{"id": "pubmed23n0035_0", "title": "No shows: a problem in health care.", "content": "The mothers who kept their appointments were likely to be or have been head of household; they had to assume more responsibility and independence than the mothers in nuclear families. They were more likely to have been socialized in Michigan or Mexico than in Texas. They were more likely to have transportation available. They brought their children to the clinic to be sure they were all right. They tended to have prenatal care early and regularly for the same reason. The mothers who broke a number of appointments lived in nuclear families. They had never had to assume the total responsibility for their children. Unlike the good users, they were more likely to have been socialized in Texas. Some did not keep appointments because they did not have transportation. Some did not see any reason to take a child to the doctor unless he was sick. However, many of them did have prenatal care to be sure they were all right. \"Start where the patient is\" is still a good precept for public health nursing practice. Understanding where these mothers are should enable us to adapt our approach and practice to help them achieve their goal of good health care for their children.", "contents": "No shows: a problem in health care. The mothers who kept their appointments were likely to be or have been head of household; they had to assume more responsibility and independence than the mothers in nuclear families. They were more likely to have been socialized in Michigan or Mexico than in Texas. They were more likely to have transportation available. They brought their children to the clinic to be sure they were all right. They tended to have prenatal care early and regularly for the same reason. The mothers who broke a number of appointments lived in nuclear families. They had never had to assume the total responsibility for their children. Unlike the good users, they were more likely to have been socialized in Texas. Some did not keep appointments because they did not have transportation. Some did not see any reason to take a child to the doctor unless he was sick. However, many of them did have prenatal care to be sure they were all right. \"Start where the patient is\" is still a good precept for public health nursing practice. Understanding where these mothers are should enable us to adapt our approach and practice to help them achieve their goal of good health care for their children.", "PMID": 1042699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1", "title": "Altering children's distress behavior during orthopedic cast removal.", "content": "The hypothesis treated was that discrepancy between expected and experienced physical sensations (what is felt, seen, heard, tasted, and smelled) during a threatening experience will result in distress. The subjects were 84 children, 6 to 11 years of age, male and female. The threatening experience was orthopedic cast removal. Tape recorded preparatory information was used to vary systematically expectations about physical sensations. The children were randomly assigned to one of three information groups: 1) sensory information which described the sensory experience during cast removal, 2) procedure information which described the steps of the experience, 3) control group which heard no tape recorded information. Nonverbal and verbal signs of distress reactions and the pulse rate were observed during cast removal. Signs of distress were scaled from zero to two, with zero meaning no distress behaviors and two, high distress behavior. A two-factor analysis of variance (two levels of pre-fear and three levels of information) was used for analysis. As hypothesized, the mean distress score for the sensation group (.50) differed significantly from the control group mean (1.00 p less than .025). The procedure group distress score mean (.71) fell between the sensation and control group means but did not differ significantly from the control group mean. The no pre-fear group distress score mean (.52) was significantly lower than the some pre-fear group mean (1.00 p less than .02). Mean pulse rate changes for information groups for before to during cast removal were in the same order as the distress scores, but the differences were not statistically significant. The findings were similar to those from other tests of the hypothesis.", "contents": "Altering children's distress behavior during orthopedic cast removal. The hypothesis treated was that discrepancy between expected and experienced physical sensations (what is felt, seen, heard, tasted, and smelled) during a threatening experience will result in distress. The subjects were 84 children, 6 to 11 years of age, male and female. The threatening experience was orthopedic cast removal. Tape recorded preparatory information was used to vary systematically expectations about physical sensations. The children were randomly assigned to one of three information groups: 1) sensory information which described the sensory experience during cast removal, 2) procedure information which described the steps of the experience, 3) control group which heard no tape recorded information. Nonverbal and verbal signs of distress reactions and the pulse rate were observed during cast removal. Signs of distress were scaled from zero to two, with zero meaning no distress behaviors and two, high distress behavior. A two-factor analysis of variance (two levels of pre-fear and three levels of information) was used for analysis. As hypothesized, the mean distress score for the sensation group (.50) differed significantly from the control group mean (1.00 p less than .025). The procedure group distress score mean (.71) fell between the sensation and control group means but did not differ significantly from the control group mean. The no pre-fear group distress score mean (.52) was significantly lower than the some pre-fear group mean (1.00 p less than .02). Mean pulse rate changes for information groups for before to during cast removal were in the same order as the distress scores, but the differences were not statistically significant. The findings were similar to those from other tests of the hypothesis.", "PMID": 1042713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2", "title": "Delphi survey of priorities in clinical nursing research.", "content": "Using the Delphi technique, a panel of 433 nurse and nonnurse experts was surveyed regarding priorities for clinical research in nursing. Of these, 341 completed all four Delphi survey rounds. Three questions were studied: 1) Is this an area in which nursing should assume primary research responsibility? 2) How important is research on this topic for the profession of nursing? 3) What is the likelihood of change in patient welfare because of research on the topic? Although the nature and amount of data produced prohibited interpretation of the data or delineation of succinct conclusions about priorities for clinical nursing research, responses to the three questions supported these statements: The majority of research areas identified in the questionnaire are areas in which nursing should take research leadership. Although there is some overlap, priorities for professional significance and social or patient welfare relevance are different. In terms of professional significance, highest priority was given to items regarding measuring the quality of care, role, nursing process, and the research process. In terms of patient welfare, several programs of research are discernible in the items ranked in the top ten percent; these include nursing interventions related to stress, care of the aged, pain, and patient education. The Delphi technique also is described.", "contents": "Delphi survey of priorities in clinical nursing research. Using the Delphi technique, a panel of 433 nurse and nonnurse experts was surveyed regarding priorities for clinical research in nursing. Of these, 341 completed all four Delphi survey rounds. Three questions were studied: 1) Is this an area in which nursing should assume primary research responsibility? 2) How important is research on this topic for the profession of nursing? 3) What is the likelihood of change in patient welfare because of research on the topic? Although the nature and amount of data produced prohibited interpretation of the data or delineation of succinct conclusions about priorities for clinical nursing research, responses to the three questions supported these statements: The majority of research areas identified in the questionnaire are areas in which nursing should take research leadership. Although there is some overlap, priorities for professional significance and social or patient welfare relevance are different. In terms of professional significance, highest priority was given to items regarding measuring the quality of care, role, nursing process, and the research process. In terms of patient welfare, several programs of research are discernible in the items ranked in the top ten percent; these include nursing interventions related to stress, care of the aged, pain, and patient education. The Delphi technique also is described.", "PMID": 1042714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3", "title": "Relationship among health habits, social assets, psychologic well-being, life change, and alterations in health status.", "content": "To examine variables which may temper life change and enable individuals to withstand high degrees of life change without developing illness, a questionnaire was mailed to a systematically selected sample of the residents of Renton, Washington, of which 548 (57 percent) were returned. The major statistical analysis was linear correlation and multiple regression. When relationships between the major variables--health habits, social assets, psychologic well-being, and life change--and the dependent variable-alterations in health status--were examined, the single best predictor of subsequent alterations in health status for respondents in this study was found to be the magnitude of the life change. As the life changes increased, the risk of becoming ill also increased. The notion that health habits, psychologic well-being, and social assets might temper life change and make it possible to avoid a change in health status was not borne but strongly in the results of the analysis of data. These variables were weakly associated, however, with maintenance of health status.", "contents": "Relationship among health habits, social assets, psychologic well-being, life change, and alterations in health status. To examine variables which may temper life change and enable individuals to withstand high degrees of life change without developing illness, a questionnaire was mailed to a systematically selected sample of the residents of Renton, Washington, of which 548 (57 percent) were returned. The major statistical analysis was linear correlation and multiple regression. When relationships between the major variables--health habits, social assets, psychologic well-being, and life change--and the dependent variable-alterations in health status--were examined, the single best predictor of subsequent alterations in health status for respondents in this study was found to be the magnitude of the life change. As the life changes increased, the risk of becoming ill also increased. The notion that health habits, psychologic well-being, and social assets might temper life change and make it possible to avoid a change in health status was not borne but strongly in the results of the analysis of data. These variables were weakly associated, however, with maintenance of health status.", "PMID": 1042715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4", "title": "Preparation of the breast for breastfeeding.", "content": "To evaluate effectiveness of three commonly suggested methods of preparing the breasts for breastfeeding--nipple rolling, application of cream, and expression of colostrum--57 women volunteered to prepare one breast and not the other. One-third of the group used one each of the three methods. After delivery, the women completed data sheets on the subjective tenderness of both breasts, and an investigator visited them to evaluate objective measures of nipple irritation. When the treated and untreated breasts were compared, no significant differences in either objective or subjective measures of nipple sensitivity or trauma were found in any of the three groups. These findings imply that these traditional methods of preparing the breasts for breast-feeding are ineffective.", "contents": "Preparation of the breast for breastfeeding. To evaluate effectiveness of three commonly suggested methods of preparing the breasts for breastfeeding--nipple rolling, application of cream, and expression of colostrum--57 women volunteered to prepare one breast and not the other. One-third of the group used one each of the three methods. After delivery, the women completed data sheets on the subjective tenderness of both breasts, and an investigator visited them to evaluate objective measures of nipple irritation. When the treated and untreated breasts were compared, no significant differences in either objective or subjective measures of nipple sensitivity or trauma were found in any of the three groups. These findings imply that these traditional methods of preparing the breasts for breast-feeding are ineffective.", "PMID": 1042716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5", "title": "Cancer chemotherapy and management of patient problems.", "content": "Cancer chemotherapy has made major progress over the past twenty-five years with the development of effective drugs and the application of multiple drug regimens to the treatment of cancer patients. The focus of cancer therapy today is on the cure of cancer with the introduction of multiple modality therapy incorporating surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in the treatment of early disease. Thus chemotherapy is becoming commonplace and standard practice, and an awareness of the practical management of drug therapy is essential.", "contents": "Cancer chemotherapy and management of patient problems. Cancer chemotherapy has made major progress over the past twenty-five years with the development of effective drugs and the application of multiple drug regimens to the treatment of cancer patients. The focus of cancer therapy today is on the cure of cancer with the introduction of multiple modality therapy incorporating surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy in the treatment of early disease. Thus chemotherapy is becoming commonplace and standard practice, and an awareness of the practical management of drug therapy is essential.", "PMID": 1042758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6", "title": "Flow kinetics of beta-galactosidase chemically attached to nylon tubing.", "content": "Beta-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) has been attached covalently to the inner surface of nylon tubing. An experimental study has been made of the flow kinetics for the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenylgalactose, the substrate concentration and flow rate being varied. The results were analyzed in the light of the theoretical treatment of Kobayashi and Laidler, three different methods of analysis being employed. It is concluded that at the lower substrate concentrations and flow rates employed, the reactions are largely diffusion controlled; with increase in flow rate and substrate concentration the width of the Nernst diffusion layer decreases, and there is found to be less diffusion control. The values of Km(app) vary with flow rate VF, being linear in VF-1/3, and the value extrapolated to very high flow rate agrees well with the Km value for beta-galactosidase in free solution. The theory and results are shown to provide guidelines for the design of open tubular heterogeneous enzyme reactors for industrial, biomedical, and analytical applications.", "contents": "Flow kinetics of beta-galactosidase chemically attached to nylon tubing. Beta-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) has been attached covalently to the inner surface of nylon tubing. An experimental study has been made of the flow kinetics for the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenylgalactose, the substrate concentration and flow rate being varied. The results were analyzed in the light of the theoretical treatment of Kobayashi and Laidler, three different methods of analysis being employed. It is concluded that at the lower substrate concentrations and flow rates employed, the reactions are largely diffusion controlled; with increase in flow rate and substrate concentration the width of the Nernst diffusion layer decreases, and there is found to be less diffusion control. The values of Km(app) vary with flow rate VF, being linear in VF-1/3, and the value extrapolated to very high flow rate agrees well with the Km value for beta-galactosidase in free solution. The theory and results are shown to provide guidelines for the design of open tubular heterogeneous enzyme reactors for industrial, biomedical, and analytical applications.", "PMID": 1043782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7", "title": "[On the so-called posttraumatic headache (author's transl)].", "content": "Following an introduction on the notion of posttraumatic headache and on the etiology and pathogenesis of headache occurring after head injuries, the author discusses in detail the clinical aspects of such pain. Especially, a description of headache that can be expected in different types of head injury and posttraumatic complication, is presented. The importance of differential diagnosis of cephalea originating in the vertebro-cervical region and of atraumatic headache occurring casually some time after a head injury, is stressed. In the author's view, genuine chronic posttraumatic cephalea exists only in very rare cases and is always associated with considerable organic intracranial lesions. As to treatment, long-standing continuous medication with analgesics is strictly rejected. The usual therapeutic measures are mentioned and judged critically. For prophylaxis of chronic headache following head injuries, adequate primary treatment, early mobilization and early return to occupational activity seem most important. Long-lasting confinement to bed in the absence of objective clinical signs is considered as one the causes of obstinate cephalea after head injuries which are frequently only minor in degree. If psychoneurotic fixation of the accident sets in, psychiatric treatment should be commenced immediately as to prevent the establishment of irreversible neurotic symptoms. For the same reason, a pending procedure for recompensation should be settled as soon as possible. Observing the therapy explained, including guidance of patients, the prognosis of headache following head injuries proves on the whole to be very favourable.", "contents": "[On the so-called posttraumatic headache (author's transl)]. Following an introduction on the notion of posttraumatic headache and on the etiology and pathogenesis of headache occurring after head injuries, the author discusses in detail the clinical aspects of such pain. Especially, a description of headache that can be expected in different types of head injury and posttraumatic complication, is presented. The importance of differential diagnosis of cephalea originating in the vertebro-cervical region and of atraumatic headache occurring casually some time after a head injury, is stressed. In the author's view, genuine chronic posttraumatic cephalea exists only in very rare cases and is always associated with considerable organic intracranial lesions. As to treatment, long-standing continuous medication with analgesics is strictly rejected. The usual therapeutic measures are mentioned and judged critically. For prophylaxis of chronic headache following head injuries, adequate primary treatment, early mobilization and early return to occupational activity seem most important. Long-lasting confinement to bed in the absence of objective clinical signs is considered as one the causes of obstinate cephalea after head injuries which are frequently only minor in degree. If psychoneurotic fixation of the accident sets in, psychiatric treatment should be commenced immediately as to prevent the establishment of irreversible neurotic symptoms. For the same reason, a pending procedure for recompensation should be settled as soon as possible. Observing the therapy explained, including guidance of patients, the prognosis of headache following head injuries proves on the whole to be very favourable.", "PMID": 1043800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_8", "title": "Reciprocal beats initiated by artificial pacemaker.", "content": "In conclusion, the underlying mechanism for this rhythm disturbance in our patient is the re-entry phenomenon,  which is dependent upon a localized unidirectional block in the A-V junction. The predisposing factors, including digoxin and Inderal which tend to prolong A-V conduction, are considered for the mechanism of the production of the reciprocal beats in our case. Upon temporary withdrawal of digoxin and Inderal, the re-entry phenomenon has disappeared.", "contents": "Reciprocal beats initiated by artificial pacemaker. In conclusion, the underlying mechanism for this rhythm disturbance in our patient is the re-entry phenomenon,  which is dependent upon a localized unidirectional block in the A-V junction. The predisposing factors, including digoxin and Inderal which tend to prolong A-V conduction, are considered for the mechanism of the production of the reciprocal beats in our case. Upon temporary withdrawal of digoxin and Inderal, the re-entry phenomenon has disappeared.", "PMID": 1043866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_9", "title": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. IV. Physiologic bases of paroxysmal tachycardia-dependent bundle branch block.", "content": "Paroxysmal BBB may be either tachycardia-dependent which is referred to as \"phase 3 block\" or bradycardia-dependent, referred to as \"phase 4 block.\" Tachycardia-dependent BBB is related to prolonged recovery. Bradycardia-dependent BBB is related to hypopolarization and SDD. These fundamental electrophysiological properties aid in understanding of transient BBB occurring during an acute MI.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. IV. Physiologic bases of paroxysmal tachycardia-dependent bundle branch block. Paroxysmal BBB may be either tachycardia-dependent which is referred to as \"phase 3 block\" or bradycardia-dependent, referred to as \"phase 4 block.\" Tachycardia-dependent BBB is related to prolonged recovery. Bradycardia-dependent BBB is related to hypopolarization and SDD. These fundamental electrophysiological properties aid in understanding of transient BBB occurring during an acute MI.", "PMID": 1043869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_10", "title": "Effect of body position upon pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures in noncritically ill patients.", "content": "Monitoring pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressures with a Swan-Ganz catheter to detect left ventricular failure has assumed an important role in the present day management of critically ill patients. In order to obtain an accurate reading, it has been assumed that the patient must be supine and flat. This may require waking an acutely ill patient; also there are patients who cannot tolerate a flat position. The effect of position upon the PA and PCW pressures was investigated in ten cardiac out-patients who were undergoing hemodynamic studies during exercise tolerance testing. The pressures were measured with the backrest flat, then at 20 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees and with patient sitting on edge of bed with feet dangling. The only significant difference with relation to position was systolic pressure at 90 degrees in relation to  the systolic pressure in the flat position. Other pressure differences were not statistically significant and all pressure differences were of such small magnitude as not to be clinically significant. Based on these findings, it would seem that in patients with normal PA pressures, measurements can be made without lowering the backrest. Further study is needed to determine the effect of position on these pressures in critically ill patients.", "contents": "Effect of body position upon pulmonary artery and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures in noncritically ill patients. Monitoring pulmonary artery (PA) and pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressures with a Swan-Ganz catheter to detect left ventricular failure has assumed an important role in the present day management of critically ill patients. In order to obtain an accurate reading, it has been assumed that the patient must be supine and flat. This may require waking an acutely ill patient; also there are patients who cannot tolerate a flat position. The effect of position upon the PA and PCW pressures was investigated in ten cardiac out-patients who were undergoing hemodynamic studies during exercise tolerance testing. The pressures were measured with the backrest flat, then at 20 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees and with patient sitting on edge of bed with feet dangling. The only significant difference with relation to position was systolic pressure at 90 degrees in relation to  the systolic pressure in the flat position. Other pressure differences were not statistically significant and all pressure differences were of such small magnitude as not to be clinically significant. Based on these findings, it would seem that in patients with normal PA pressures, measurements can be made without lowering the backrest. Further study is needed to determine the effect of position on these pressures in critically ill patients.", "PMID": 1043876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_11", "title": "Transcriptional control of peptidoglycan precursor synthesis during sporulation in Bacillus sphaericus.", "content": "Synthesis of enzymes functional in the synthesis of nucleotide precursors of peptidoglycan ceases upon initiation of sporulation in Bacillus sphaericus. During sporulation, two periods of synthesis of these enzymes occur. The first starts at spore septum formation and is conincident with forespore engulfment; it involves the synthesis of those enzymes required for making the precursor of vegetative-type peptidoglycan, including L-lysyl ligase but no mesodiaminopimelyl ligase. The second period occurs shortly before the appearance of cortex. It involves the synthesis of diaminopimelyl ligase and the other enzymes needed for making the precursor of cortical peptidoglycan, but not lysyl ligase. Both events are a consequence of derepression at the level of transcription. Neither period of synthesis occurs in asporogenous mutants whose morphological block is at the point of spore septum formation.", "contents": "Transcriptional control of peptidoglycan precursor synthesis during sporulation in Bacillus sphaericus. Synthesis of enzymes functional in the synthesis of nucleotide precursors of peptidoglycan ceases upon initiation of sporulation in Bacillus sphaericus. During sporulation, two periods of synthesis of these enzymes occur. The first starts at spore septum formation and is conincident with forespore engulfment; it involves the synthesis of those enzymes required for making the precursor of vegetative-type peptidoglycan, including L-lysyl ligase but no mesodiaminopimelyl ligase. The second period occurs shortly before the appearance of cortex. It involves the synthesis of diaminopimelyl ligase and the other enzymes needed for making the precursor of cortical peptidoglycan, but not lysyl ligase. Both events are a consequence of derepression at the level of transcription. Neither period of synthesis occurs in asporogenous mutants whose morphological block is at the point of spore septum formation.", "PMID": 1043879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_12", "title": "Eight steps to inpatient cardiac rehabilitation: the team effort-methodology and preliminary results.", "content": "The effects of a team approach in cardiac rehabilitation were investigated in 89 postmyocardial infarction patients. Team members followed an eight-step protocol in caring for the patients during the hospitalization phase. Risk factor modification data were collected at a mean time of 13.5 months after hospitalization. The investigated parameters included work, dietary and exercise habits, body weight, high blood pressure and cigarette smoking. Fifty-six per cent (42 of 75) of the survival group were actively working, 66 per cent (49 of 75) were adhering to a fat-controlled diet, 77 per cent (58 of 75) continued an exercise regime, 70 per cent (40 of 57) lost excess body weight, 91 per cent (21 of 23) had their blood pressure controlled and 60 per cent (27 of 45) stopped smoking cigarettes. It is concluded that an in-hospital team approach in rehabilitation of postmyocardial infarction patients is beneficial in long-term risk factor modification.", "contents": "Eight steps to inpatient cardiac rehabilitation: the team effort-methodology and preliminary results. The effects of a team approach in cardiac rehabilitation were investigated in 89 postmyocardial infarction patients. Team members followed an eight-step protocol in caring for the patients during the hospitalization phase. Risk factor modification data were collected at a mean time of 13.5 months after hospitalization. The investigated parameters included work, dietary and exercise habits, body weight, high blood pressure and cigarette smoking. Fifty-six per cent (42 of 75) of the survival group were actively working, 66 per cent (49 of 75) were adhering to a fat-controlled diet, 77 per cent (58 of 75) continued an exercise regime, 70 per cent (40 of 57) lost excess body weight, 91 per cent (21 of 23) had their blood pressure controlled and 60 per cent (27 of 45) stopped smoking cigarettes. It is concluded that an in-hospital team approach in rehabilitation of postmyocardial infarction patients is beneficial in long-term risk factor modification.", "PMID": 1043878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_13", "title": "Maximal-stress, multiple-lead exercise testing: the significance of ST-segment changes in the detection of coronary arterial occlusive disease.", "content": "Recognition of the value of objective parameters in the diagnostic evaluation for coronary arterial occlusive disease had led to increased application of maximal-stress multiple-lead electrocardiography. Changes in the ST-segment during and immediately following exercise are the most significant electrocardiographic indicators of myocardial ischemia. When such causes of ischemia as congenital anomalies, embolism, and arteritis have been excluded, exercise testing is a sensitive and specific means of detecting coronary arterial occlusion. The sensitivity and specificity of this parameter are evaluated in terms of long-term morbidity and mortality and, more recently, through correlation of electrocardiographic results with angiographic evidence. In our series of 308 patients undergoing both exercise testing and coronary arteriography, the sensitivity factor for 80 negative stress tests approached 95 per cent, with only four false-negative resting and exercise electrocardiograms. For 129 patients with ST-segment changes indicative of myocardial ischemia, angiography demonstrated significant coronary stenosis in 84 per cent of the cases. Of the twenty patients with false-positive stress electrocardiograms twelve were females, wich correlates with the generally higher rate of false-negative stress-electrocardiographic response among women.", "contents": "Maximal-stress, multiple-lead exercise testing: the significance of ST-segment changes in the detection of coronary arterial occlusive disease. Recognition of the value of objective parameters in the diagnostic evaluation for coronary arterial occlusive disease had led to increased application of maximal-stress multiple-lead electrocardiography. Changes in the ST-segment during and immediately following exercise are the most significant electrocardiographic indicators of myocardial ischemia. When such causes of ischemia as congenital anomalies, embolism, and arteritis have been excluded, exercise testing is a sensitive and specific means of detecting coronary arterial occlusion. The sensitivity and specificity of this parameter are evaluated in terms of long-term morbidity and mortality and, more recently, through correlation of electrocardiographic results with angiographic evidence. In our series of 308 patients undergoing both exercise testing and coronary arteriography, the sensitivity factor for 80 negative stress tests approached 95 per cent, with only four false-negative resting and exercise electrocardiograms. For 129 patients with ST-segment changes indicative of myocardial ischemia, angiography demonstrated significant coronary stenosis in 84 per cent of the cases. Of the twenty patients with false-positive stress electrocardiograms twelve were females, wich correlates with the generally higher rate of false-negative stress-electrocardiographic response among women.", "PMID": 1043877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_14", "title": "Distribution of beta-lactamases A and B in some groups of Yersinia enterocolitica and their role in resistance.", "content": "Yersinia enterocolitica W222 (serological group 3) synthesized two different intracellular beta-lactamases, called A and B. Enzyme B was more sensitive than A to inhibition by cloxacillin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of various beta-lactam antibiotics for strains of Y. enterocolitica of groups 3 and 9 and the effect of cloxacillin on these concentrations suggested differential roles for beta-lactamases of types A anb B in penicillin and cephalosporin resistance. Type B enzymes protected Y. enterocolitica against cephalothin and cephalosporin C, wheras type A enzymes protected very efficiently against carbenicillin. Protection against other beta-lactam antibiotics was exerted by both enzymes. However, while both enzymes readily hydrolysed cephaloridine and showed no crypticity with this substrate, they only conferred a very weak protection against it. This may be because cephaloridine reached its target quickly, before it was degraded. The resistance of strains of Y. enterocolitica from groups I, 2 and I6 was also explicable in terms of a two-enzyme system, whereas strains belonging to group 5b produced only a type B lactamase and were sensitive to carbenicillin.", "contents": "Distribution of beta-lactamases A and B in some groups of Yersinia enterocolitica and their role in resistance. Yersinia enterocolitica W222 (serological group 3) synthesized two different intracellular beta-lactamases, called A and B. Enzyme B was more sensitive than A to inhibition by cloxacillin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of various beta-lactam antibiotics for strains of Y. enterocolitica of groups 3 and 9 and the effect of cloxacillin on these concentrations suggested differential roles for beta-lactamases of types A anb B in penicillin and cephalosporin resistance. Type B enzymes protected Y. enterocolitica against cephalothin and cephalosporin C, wheras type A enzymes protected very efficiently against carbenicillin. Protection against other beta-lactam antibiotics was exerted by both enzymes. However, while both enzymes readily hydrolysed cephaloridine and showed no crypticity with this substrate, they only conferred a very weak protection against it. This may be because cephaloridine reached its target quickly, before it was degraded. The resistance of strains of Y. enterocolitica from groups I, 2 and I6 was also explicable in terms of a two-enzyme system, whereas strains belonging to group 5b produced only a type B lactamase and were sensitive to carbenicillin.", "PMID": 1043915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_15", "title": "Beta-lactamases in hospital strains of gram-negative bacteria.", "content": "A collection of 98 strains of enteric Gramnegative bacteria isolated in routine investigations in a hospital laboratory all showed beta-lactamase activity, and 39 of them (40%) produced sufficient enzyme to allow determination of their relative activities against benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and cephaloridine (substrate profiles). The commonest type of beta-lactamase, detected in 33 of the 39 strains, was an \"all-purpose\" enzyme that showed similar activity against the penicillins and the cephalosporins. All 39 were resistant to multiple antibiotics. They were examined for their ability to transfer the beta-lactamase gene during R-factor transfer, and transferability of the beta-lactamase gene was demonstrated in 13 strains out of 32.", "contents": "Beta-lactamases in hospital strains of gram-negative bacteria. A collection of 98 strains of enteric Gramnegative bacteria isolated in routine investigations in a hospital laboratory all showed beta-lactamase activity, and 39 of them (40%) produced sufficient enzyme to allow determination of their relative activities against benzylpenicillin, ampicillin and cephaloridine (substrate profiles). The commonest type of beta-lactamase, detected in 33 of the 39 strains, was an \"all-purpose\" enzyme that showed similar activity against the penicillins and the cephalosporins. All 39 were resistant to multiple antibiotics. They were examined for their ability to transfer the beta-lactamase gene during R-factor transfer, and transferability of the beta-lactamase gene was demonstrated in 13 strains out of 32.", "PMID": 1043998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_16", "title": "The psychodynamics of the \"holiday syndrome\".", "content": "The holiday season is clearly a time of great emotional conflict, especially for schizophrenics. Both the occurrence of the holiday season and the psychoanalytic group process itself stimulate regression in the schizophrenic which uncovers the frustration and anger associated with dependency needs. The therapist who understands the pychodynamics set in motion by the holidays and by psychoanalytic group pschotherapy can utilize the content of group interaction during the holiday season to stimulate group process, the expression of mutual concerns, and cohesion among the members.", "contents": "The psychodynamics of the \"holiday syndrome\". The holiday season is clearly a time of great emotional conflict, especially for schizophrenics. Both the occurrence of the holiday season and the psychoanalytic group process itself stimulate regression in the schizophrenic which uncovers the frustration and anger associated with dependency needs. The therapist who understands the pychodynamics set in motion by the holidays and by psychoanalytic group pschotherapy can utilize the content of group interaction during the holiday season to stimulate group process, the expression of mutual concerns, and cohesion among the members.", "PMID": 1044024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_17", "title": "Depression: adaptation to disruption and loss.", "content": "Assisting the depressed person to cope with disruption and loss and the experiences associated with each stage of his recovery is usually a long-term process involving concerted efforts to promote a restoration of self-worth, personal control, and organization. In this article the authors have attempted to elucidate the problem of depression as a clinical phenomenon, to explore its predisposition, and, through the use of a conceptual model, to discuss its psychodynamics. The processes involved in coping with disruption and loss -- processes which tend to be evoked repeatedly during recovery and resolution since each failure or delay encountered is experienced as another loss and disruption by the individual -- were described and illustrated schematically.", "contents": "Depression: adaptation to disruption and loss. Assisting the depressed person to cope with disruption and loss and the experiences associated with each stage of his recovery is usually a long-term process involving concerted efforts to promote a restoration of self-worth, personal control, and organization. In this article the authors have attempted to elucidate the problem of depression as a clinical phenomenon, to explore its predisposition, and, through the use of a conceptual model, to discuss its psychodynamics. The processes involved in coping with disruption and loss -- processes which tend to be evoked repeatedly during recovery and resolution since each failure or delay encountered is experienced as another loss and disruption by the individual -- were described and illustrated schematically.", "PMID": 1044025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_18", "title": "Clean technique for intermittent self-catheterization.", "content": "Seven patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction who ranged in age from 16 to 54 years, and who had been on sterile intermittent self-catheterization, were changed to clean intermittent self-catheterization. Urine was monitored for one year after changing to clean technique. Urine specimens obtained while on clean technique were bacteriologically equivalent to urine specimens examined while patients were on sterile technique; the only exception to equivalent urine results were in patients who did not catheterize themselves at frequent intervals. Renal function tests on all patients were also normal. The clean, intermittent self-catheterization technique was effective, since infection did not seem to be caused by introducing bacteria into the bladder via the urethra.", "contents": "Clean technique for intermittent self-catheterization. Seven patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction who ranged in age from 16 to 54 years, and who had been on sterile intermittent self-catheterization, were changed to clean intermittent self-catheterization. Urine was monitored for one year after changing to clean technique. Urine specimens obtained while on clean technique were bacteriologically equivalent to urine specimens examined while patients were on sterile technique; the only exception to equivalent urine results were in patients who did not catheterize themselves at frequent intervals. Renal function tests on all patients were also normal. The clean, intermittent self-catheterization technique was effective, since infection did not seem to be caused by introducing bacteria into the bladder via the urethra.", "PMID": 1044036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_19", "title": "Reestablishing self-feeding in a nursing home resident.", "content": "An attempt was made to teach an elderly person to reacquire and maintain self-feeding skills. A single-subject ABAB reversal strategy, including assessment for generalization, was planned as experimental design. The treatment procedure consisted of a continuous, immediate reinforcement program contingent on self-feeding responses. Fast and stable control of self-feeding was obtained. A drop in feeding behavior resulted when the patient returned to base-line procedures. The patient died before the second treatment procedure could be carried out. The study found, however, that nursing home staff could facilitate healthy behavior through better use of behavioral management skills.", "contents": "Reestablishing self-feeding in a nursing home resident. An attempt was made to teach an elderly person to reacquire and maintain self-feeding skills. A single-subject ABAB reversal strategy, including assessment for generalization, was planned as experimental design. The treatment procedure consisted of a continuous, immediate reinforcement program contingent on self-feeding responses. Fast and stable control of self-feeding was obtained. A drop in feeding behavior resulted when the patient returned to base-line procedures. The patient died before the second treatment procedure could be carried out. The study found, however, that nursing home staff could facilitate healthy behavior through better use of behavioral management skills.", "PMID": 1044038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_20", "title": "Patients' dependence and independence levels on the prehospitalization-postdischarge continuum.", "content": "Levels of dependence and independence were studied in 26 patients who had total hip or total knee replacement procedures. Four instruments--a three-situation questionnaire, Beller's Behavioral Checklist, the D-I Scale, and the Navran Dy portion of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--were administered. Tests were given at five times: prehospitalization, presurgery, postsurgery, predischarge, and postdischarge. Dependence and independence levels were found to change along the prehospital-postdischarge continuum, according to the stress of hospitalization and surgery. There was, however, no significant difference in dependence scores between the prehospitalization and postdischarge administrations of the scales.", "contents": "Patients' dependence and independence levels on the prehospitalization-postdischarge continuum. Levels of dependence and independence were studied in 26 patients who had total hip or total knee replacement procedures. Four instruments--a three-situation questionnaire, Beller's Behavioral Checklist, the D-I Scale, and the Navran Dy portion of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory--were administered. Tests were given at five times: prehospitalization, presurgery, postsurgery, predischarge, and postdischarge. Dependence and independence levels were found to change along the prehospital-postdischarge continuum, according to the stress of hospitalization and surgery. There was, however, no significant difference in dependence scores between the prehospitalization and postdischarge administrations of the scales.", "PMID": 1044039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_21", "title": "Selected National League for Nursing achievement test scores as predictors of state board examination scores.", "content": "In a study to formulate regression equations which could be used to predict performance on the licensing examinations of graduates of an associate degree nursing program, selected sets of National League for Nursing achievement test scores were found to be effective predictors of state board examination (SBE) scores. When test score records of graduates for the years 1969-1974 were subjected to stepwise multiple regression analysis, prediction equations were empirically validated by correlation of predicted SBE scores with actual SBE scores obtained by graduates of the program.", "contents": "Selected National League for Nursing achievement test scores as predictors of state board examination scores. In a study to formulate regression equations which could be used to predict performance on the licensing examinations of graduates of an associate degree nursing program, selected sets of National League for Nursing achievement test scores were found to be effective predictors of state board examination (SBE) scores. When test score records of graduates for the years 1969-1974 were subjected to stepwise multiple regression analysis, prediction equations were empirically validated by correlation of predicted SBE scores with actual SBE scores obtained by graduates of the program.", "PMID": 1044040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_22", "title": "Effect of cigarette smoking on postural muscle tremor.", "content": "In a study of the effect of smoking on postural reflexes--specifically postural muscle tremor--in man, amplitude of postural muscle tremor, when tested in 30 subjects, was increased to a significant degree immediately following the smoking of one cigarette. Tremor amplitude continued to be significantly increased one-half hour after smoking ceased. There was no significant change in the frequency of tremor. Measurement was made using a piezo crystal accelerometer attached to the third fingers of both hands. Effects were recorded with a Sanborn Twin Viso Recorder. The findings, that smoking does affect postural reflexes, have implications for the formulation of nursing therapies, particularly in areas such as rehabilitation nursing, where the use of postural reflexes is the primary mode of intervention.", "contents": "Effect of cigarette smoking on postural muscle tremor. In a study of the effect of smoking on postural reflexes--specifically postural muscle tremor--in man, amplitude of postural muscle tremor, when tested in 30 subjects, was increased to a significant degree immediately following the smoking of one cigarette. Tremor amplitude continued to be significantly increased one-half hour after smoking ceased. There was no significant change in the frequency of tremor. Measurement was made using a piezo crystal accelerometer attached to the third fingers of both hands. Effects were recorded with a Sanborn Twin Viso Recorder. The findings, that smoking does affect postural reflexes, have implications for the formulation of nursing therapies, particularly in areas such as rehabilitation nursing, where the use of postural reflexes is the primary mode of intervention.", "PMID": 1044041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_23", "title": "Selected factors associated with professional attitude of baccalaureate nursing students.", "content": "To examine the association between professional attitude and selected situational and demographic factors of baccalaureate nursing students, 157 female students from an upper division major who had not had other college or nursing education answered a questionnaire which incorporated Osgood et al.'s Semantic Differential Test, Hogan's Professional Attitude Test, and an adaptation of the Dawson et al. instructor-leader behaviors. Eight hypotheses were tested. Professional attitude was found to be highest for students 24 to 26 years of age, who saw nursing as highly positive and highly active, had most formal and informal nursing experience, and perceived teachers as taking strong positions on their beliefs and relating to them with high consideration throughout their program and with low structuring when they were seniors. Professional attitude of students was not associated significantly with potency attributed to nursing, career choice, parents' level of education, or placement in sibling group.", "contents": "Selected factors associated with professional attitude of baccalaureate nursing students. To examine the association between professional attitude and selected situational and demographic factors of baccalaureate nursing students, 157 female students from an upper division major who had not had other college or nursing education answered a questionnaire which incorporated Osgood et al.'s Semantic Differential Test, Hogan's Professional Attitude Test, and an adaptation of the Dawson et al. instructor-leader behaviors. Eight hypotheses were tested. Professional attitude was found to be highest for students 24 to 26 years of age, who saw nursing as highly positive and highly active, had most formal and informal nursing experience, and perceived teachers as taking strong positions on their beliefs and relating to them with high consideration throughout their program and with low structuring when they were seniors. Professional attitude of students was not associated significantly with potency attributed to nursing, career choice, parents' level of education, or placement in sibling group.", "PMID": 1044044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_24", "title": "Utilization of reinforcement contracts to increase written evidence of the nursing assessment.", "content": "This study investigated if nursing personnel would increase written evidence of the nursing process if favorable consequences were arranged. The charting of 23 nurses was observed and tabulated for a three-week period. These base-line data were averaged and shared with each nurse, at which time each nurse set a goal (relative to increased charting) and chose a reward contingent upon achieving that goal. During the next three weeks the nurses were again observed, at the end of which results were tabulated and rewards given. The two periods were repeated. Results showed a sharp increase in charting during each reinforcement phase and a fall off during the second base-line period that was lower than the first base-line. The target behavior, therefore, was found to be increased by systematic reinforcement.", "contents": "Utilization of reinforcement contracts to increase written evidence of the nursing assessment. This study investigated if nursing personnel would increase written evidence of the nursing process if favorable consequences were arranged. The charting of 23 nurses was observed and tabulated for a three-week period. These base-line data were averaged and shared with each nurse, at which time each nurse set a goal (relative to increased charting) and chose a reward contingent upon achieving that goal. During the next three weeks the nurses were again observed, at the end of which results were tabulated and rewards given. The two periods were repeated. Results showed a sharp increase in charting during each reinforcement phase and a fall off during the second base-line period that was lower than the first base-line. The target behavior, therefore, was found to be increased by systematic reinforcement.", "PMID": 1044046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_25", "title": "A cross-validation study for predictors of scores on state board examinations.", "content": "Regression equations were computed and cross-validated for predicting nurses' scores on each of the five state board examinations (SBEs). Scores on five National League for Nursing (NLN) achievement tests of 101 nurses who graduated from a baccalaureate program between 1968 and 1972 were used as predictor variables. Stepwise regression analysis was used to compute the equations which were, in turn, used to predict the SBE scores for an independent sample of nurses who graduated in 1973. Cross-validation correlations between the predicted and actual obtained scores of the 1973 graduates ranged from .64 to .81. For each equation, the NLN test scores in Nursing of Children and Obstetric Nursing were consistently the best indicators of performance on the SBEs. Additionally, a factor analysis indicated that the SBEs do not measure independent entities, but that all five examinations have high loadings on the same factor. The results suggest that nursing programs should develop and validate prediction equations to assist nurses in preparing for SBEs.", "contents": "A cross-validation study for predictors of scores on state board examinations. Regression equations were computed and cross-validated for predicting nurses' scores on each of the five state board examinations (SBEs). Scores on five National League for Nursing (NLN) achievement tests of 101 nurses who graduated from a baccalaureate program between 1968 and 1972 were used as predictor variables. Stepwise regression analysis was used to compute the equations which were, in turn, used to predict the SBE scores for an independent sample of nurses who graduated in 1973. Cross-validation correlations between the predicted and actual obtained scores of the 1973 graduates ranged from .64 to .81. For each equation, the NLN test scores in Nursing of Children and Obstetric Nursing were consistently the best indicators of performance on the SBEs. Additionally, a factor analysis indicated that the SBEs do not measure independent entities, but that all five examinations have high loadings on the same factor. The results suggest that nursing programs should develop and validate prediction equations to assist nurses in preparing for SBEs.", "PMID": 1044045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_26", "title": "Nursing students' knowledge about diabetes mellitus.", "content": "This study investigated whether senior nursing students about to graduate from baccalaureate programs were knowledgeable enough about diabetes mellitus to teach diabetic patients and their families. The sample consisted of 144 volunteer subjects from four colleges in a metropolitan area. A student was considered eligible to teach diabetic patients if he could answer all questions correctly on a 34-item instrument. Three additional questions dealt with extracurricular contact with diabetes: was the student diabetic? Had he a diabetic in the immediate family? Had he taught diabetics? None of the participants answered all questions correctly; one student scored 31 correct answers. Only two questions were answered correctly by all students. The study indicated that the graduating students were not prepared to do diabetic teaching.", "contents": "Nursing students' knowledge about diabetes mellitus. This study investigated whether senior nursing students about to graduate from baccalaureate programs were knowledgeable enough about diabetes mellitus to teach diabetic patients and their families. The sample consisted of 144 volunteer subjects from four colleges in a metropolitan area. A student was considered eligible to teach diabetic patients if he could answer all questions correctly on a 34-item instrument. Three additional questions dealt with extracurricular contact with diabetes: was the student diabetic? Had he a diabetic in the immediate family? Had he taught diabetics? None of the participants answered all questions correctly; one student scored 31 correct answers. Only two questions were answered correctly by all students. The study indicated that the graduating students were not prepared to do diabetic teaching.", "PMID": 1044042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_27", "title": "Cefamandole: antimicrobial activity in vitro of a new cephalosporin.", "content": "Cefamandole, a new cephalosporin derivative, was found to have a broad spectrum of activity against a cross-section of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical material. Gram-positive cocci, except for Streptococcus faecalis, were very susceptible. Penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus also was susceptible to cefamandole. Minimal bactericidal concentrations for gram-positive cocci approximated the minimal inhibitory concentrations. Strains of Haemophilus influenzae were very susceptible to the drug. Most strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and Proteus sp. were inhibited by low concentrations. Increasing resistance occurred with larger inocula. Strains of Pseudomonas sp. were resistant to cefamandole.", "contents": "Cefamandole: antimicrobial activity in vitro of a new cephalosporin. Cefamandole, a new cephalosporin derivative, was found to have a broad spectrum of activity against a cross-section of both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical material. Gram-positive cocci, except for Streptococcus faecalis, were very susceptible. Penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus also was susceptible to cefamandole. Minimal bactericidal concentrations for gram-positive cocci approximated the minimal inhibitory concentrations. Strains of Haemophilus influenzae were very susceptible to the drug. Most strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp., and Proteus sp. were inhibited by low concentrations. Increasing resistance occurred with larger inocula. Strains of Pseudomonas sp. were resistant to cefamandole.", "PMID": 1044248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_28", "title": "Hydrolysis of D-galactosides in an open tubular lactase reactor.", "content": "Lactase (beta-galactosidase) was attached to the inner surface of nylon tubing. Tubes of various lengths were used to bring about the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside and of lactose in skim milk. The results with the former substrate were analyzed in the light of a theoretical treatment of Kobayashi and Laidler (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16, 99, 1974), with the conclusion that the reaction is intermediate between diffusion-free and completely diffusion-controlled behavior. The results with skim milk show that with a single 46 m tube and continuous circulation, 90% of the lactose is removed within 20 hr. A battery of ten such tubes, with single passage, at a flow rate of 2 cm/sec, would remove more than 99% of the lactose in less than 40 min.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of D-galactosides in an open tubular lactase reactor. Lactase (beta-galactosidase) was attached to the inner surface of nylon tubing. Tubes of various lengths were used to bring about the hydrolysis of o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactoside and of lactose in skim milk. The results with the former substrate were analyzed in the light of a theoretical treatment of Kobayashi and Laidler (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16, 99, 1974), with the conclusion that the reaction is intermediate between diffusion-free and completely diffusion-controlled behavior. The results with skim milk show that with a single 46 m tube and continuous circulation, 90% of the lactose is removed within 20 hr. A battery of ten such tubes, with single passage, at a flow rate of 2 cm/sec, would remove more than 99% of the lactose in less than 40 min.", "PMID": 1044283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_29", "title": "Kinetic studies of alpha-galactosidase-containing mold pellets on PNPG hydrolysis.", "content": "Little is known about techniques for applying untreated microbial cells containing enzymes directly to industrial processes as a biocatalyst. The kinetic behavior of alpha-galactosidase-containing spherical pellets which are formed naturally under given conditions in a submerged culture of Mortierella vinacea was studied on the hydrolysis of PNPG (p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside). The effect on intraparticle diffusion on the overall reaction rate was assessed by the use of an effectiveness factor, which was calculated by the approximate solution to the equation derived from the mass balance within a pellet. The experimental effectiveness factors were found to be represented as a single function of the modified Thiele modulus, including such parameters as pellet size, enzyme concentration in the pellet, and substrate concentration. As the diffusional effect became more significant, the marked substrate inhibition as seen for a free enzyme disappeared gradually. The effect of product inhibition on the pellets was much weaker than that for a free enzyme at a given substrate concentration. In the region of diffusion controlled reaction, it was found that the rate is proportional to the square root of the enzyme concentration in the pellet. In addition, similarly to what was reported previously for a free enzyme,the reaction in a batch system was found to be approximately representable as simple first-order kinetics in which the rate constant was dependent on the initial substrate concentration.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of alpha-galactosidase-containing mold pellets on PNPG hydrolysis. Little is known about techniques for applying untreated microbial cells containing enzymes directly to industrial processes as a biocatalyst. The kinetic behavior of alpha-galactosidase-containing spherical pellets which are formed naturally under given conditions in a submerged culture of Mortierella vinacea was studied on the hydrolysis of PNPG (p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-galactopyranoside). The effect on intraparticle diffusion on the overall reaction rate was assessed by the use of an effectiveness factor, which was calculated by the approximate solution to the equation derived from the mass balance within a pellet. The experimental effectiveness factors were found to be represented as a single function of the modified Thiele modulus, including such parameters as pellet size, enzyme concentration in the pellet, and substrate concentration. As the diffusional effect became more significant, the marked substrate inhibition as seen for a free enzyme disappeared gradually. The effect of product inhibition on the pellets was much weaker than that for a free enzyme at a given substrate concentration. In the region of diffusion controlled reaction, it was found that the rate is proportional to the square root of the enzyme concentration in the pellet. In addition, similarly to what was reported previously for a free enzyme,the reaction in a batch system was found to be approximately representable as simple first-order kinetics in which the rate constant was dependent on the initial substrate concentration.", "PMID": 1044284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_30", "title": "[Disturbances of orientation with functional psychoses (author's transl)].", "content": "It was supposed by clinical impressions that disturbances of orientation do not appear only in severe degrees of a transit-syndrome, but also in the light stadium of such a physically founded psychosis. In order to verify these impressions, a questionnaire was developed which permitted an objective scoring. This Q-Test consists of 37 questions (items), which measure the orientations of time, space, situation, and person. On the base of this questionnaire two samples were tested, the one consisting of 50 patients with functional psychoses (reversible physically founded psychoses), the other consisting of 50 patients with only neurological disturbances. The degree of the functional psychoses was determined by the \"Syndrome-Test\" (F. Bocker, 1959). The range of the scores corresponded with the clinical categories from a low degree of the transit-syndrome to a medium degree of disturbances of consciousness. The scoring was based on an standard system derived from the results of the control group (patients with only neurological disturbances). The clinical impressions could be verified by empirical and statistical methods. According to the test results, disturbances of orientation already appear during the light stadium of the transit-syndrome. Furthermore there is a high significant correlation (p. less than 001) between the degree of the functional psychoses and the degree of the disturbances of orientation. This applies to all categories of orientation. The orientation concerning time, space and situation proved to be more susceptible to disturbances than the orientation concerning the person. The very close correlation between the degrees of the functional psychoses and the degrees of the disturbances of orientation make it possible to determine the stadium of the functional psychoses promptly. The complete and very handy \"short-time-test\" will be published in a special paper.", "contents": "[Disturbances of orientation with functional psychoses (author's transl)]. It was supposed by clinical impressions that disturbances of orientation do not appear only in severe degrees of a transit-syndrome, but also in the light stadium of such a physically founded psychosis. In order to verify these impressions, a questionnaire was developed which permitted an objective scoring. This Q-Test consists of 37 questions (items), which measure the orientations of time, space, situation, and person. On the base of this questionnaire two samples were tested, the one consisting of 50 patients with functional psychoses (reversible physically founded psychoses), the other consisting of 50 patients with only neurological disturbances. The degree of the functional psychoses was determined by the \"Syndrome-Test\" (F. Bocker, 1959). The range of the scores corresponded with the clinical categories from a low degree of the transit-syndrome to a medium degree of disturbances of consciousness. The scoring was based on an standard system derived from the results of the control group (patients with only neurological disturbances). The clinical impressions could be verified by empirical and statistical methods. According to the test results, disturbances of orientation already appear during the light stadium of the transit-syndrome. Furthermore there is a high significant correlation (p. less than 001) between the degree of the functional psychoses and the degree of the disturbances of orientation. This applies to all categories of orientation. The orientation concerning time, space and situation proved to be more susceptible to disturbances than the orientation concerning the person. The very close correlation between the degrees of the functional psychoses and the degrees of the disturbances of orientation make it possible to determine the stadium of the functional psychoses promptly. The complete and very handy \"short-time-test\" will be published in a special paper.", "PMID": 1044290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_31", "title": "Chronic cannabis users: Further analysis of objective test results.", "content": "Twelve objective tests, generating 16 psychological test variables were administered to 850 chronic cannabis takers and 839 non-takers, all Egyptian males, ranging in age between 15 and 50 years, and representing various positions on continua of literacy-illiteracy and urbanism-ruralism. The tests were intended to assess different modalities of 5 broad psychological functions: speed of psychomotor performance, estimation of moderate distances, estimation of a few minutes time interval, immediate memory for digits and designs and visual-motor co-ordination. Analysis of variance based on 3 x 3 x 2 factorial design was carried out and revealed statistically significant differences between the two groups of subjects on most of the test variables. Detailed analyses showed that controls displayed better performance than drug users on the majority of the variables. Significant second order interaction effects emerged in a big number of cases denoting that, under certain conditions relating to literacy-illiteracy and urbanism-ruralism, the superiority of controls over cannabis users became much more impressive. Our findings were discussed in the light of investigations which were conducted on the psychological correlates and/or effects of long term and short term cannabis consumption. The clinical psychological literature was cited where slowness of psychomotor performance, defective visual-motor co-ordination and impaired memory for designs were reported to be associated with psychiatric disorder. It is suggested that our results point to meaningful associations between chronic cannabis consumption and manifestations of psychopathology.", "contents": "Chronic cannabis users: Further analysis of objective test results. Twelve objective tests, generating 16 psychological test variables were administered to 850 chronic cannabis takers and 839 non-takers, all Egyptian males, ranging in age between 15 and 50 years, and representing various positions on continua of literacy-illiteracy and urbanism-ruralism. The tests were intended to assess different modalities of 5 broad psychological functions: speed of psychomotor performance, estimation of moderate distances, estimation of a few minutes time interval, immediate memory for digits and designs and visual-motor co-ordination. Analysis of variance based on 3 x 3 x 2 factorial design was carried out and revealed statistically significant differences between the two groups of subjects on most of the test variables. Detailed analyses showed that controls displayed better performance than drug users on the majority of the variables. Significant second order interaction effects emerged in a big number of cases denoting that, under certain conditions relating to literacy-illiteracy and urbanism-ruralism, the superiority of controls over cannabis users became much more impressive. Our findings were discussed in the light of investigations which were conducted on the psychological correlates and/or effects of long term and short term cannabis consumption. The clinical psychological literature was cited where slowness of psychomotor performance, defective visual-motor co-ordination and impaired memory for designs were reported to be associated with psychiatric disorder. It is suggested that our results point to meaningful associations between chronic cannabis consumption and manifestations of psychopathology.", "PMID": 1044285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_32", "title": "[Pathological-anatomical aspects of vagabondage (author's transl)].", "content": "Autopsies of 65 agabonds including 2 females are evaluated. Dwarfism, kyphoskoliosis and other skeletal deformities, malformations, disfigurations of the face and tatoo-marks are frequent exteriors. Compared with autopsies in other grous of population there are also numerical differences in internal diseases: In equivalent age groups ulcers of the stomach, duodenum or gastric resection respectively are found in 35,4% of our colective, in 8, % of clinical autopsies and in 4,8% of epileptic patients. Furthermore hypertension, myocardial infarction, chronic emphysema of the lungs and active tuberculosis of the lung are more frequent than in control groups...", "contents": "[Pathological-anatomical aspects of vagabondage (author's transl)]. Autopsies of 65 agabonds including 2 females are evaluated. Dwarfism, kyphoskoliosis and other skeletal deformities, malformations, disfigurations of the face and tatoo-marks are frequent exteriors. Compared with autopsies in other grous of population there are also numerical differences in internal diseases: In equivalent age groups ulcers of the stomach, duodenum or gastric resection respectively are found in 35,4% of our colective, in 8, % of clinical autopsies and in 4,8% of epileptic patients. Furthermore hypertension, myocardial infarction, chronic emphysema of the lungs and active tuberculosis of the lung are more frequent than in control groups...", "PMID": 1044291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_33", "title": "Trends in reported illegal narcotic use in Canada: 1956-1973.", "content": "Information on reported narcotic users aids in the development of drug control policy as well as programmes of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. In Canada, such information may be obtained from a narcotic users index which classifies known narcotic drug users into three categories: \"illicit\", \"licit\", and \"professional\". This paper presents trend data on known narcotic users in Canada from 1956 to 1973 by category, location, initially reported drug, sex and age. Between 1956 and 1973, the number of known \"licit\" and \"professional\" narcotic drug users steadily decreased, while the number of \"illicit\" narcotic drug users increased by 283 per cent, with the greatest increase taking place after 1969. Heroin was the most frequent initially reported drug (representing between 80 per cent and 89 per cent of known \"illicit\" narcotic drug users). Cocaine, as an initially reported \"narcotic\", had the largest proportional increase from 1956 to 1973. There were generally more reported male users than female in all age groups, a trend that increased over the time span considered. There were recent dramatic increases in the numbers and rates of reported users in the 20-24 year-old group, which has become the dominant pattern among new cases in recent years. Although the index on which this paper is based does not provide figures on total narcotic use in Canada, it is a valuable resource for epidemiologic research. This narcotic user index may be used to make minimum estimates of the extent and geographic and social distribution of narcotic-related problems in Canada.", "contents": "Trends in reported illegal narcotic use in Canada: 1956-1973. Information on reported narcotic users aids in the development of drug control policy as well as programmes of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. In Canada, such information may be obtained from a narcotic users index which classifies known narcotic drug users into three categories: \"illicit\", \"licit\", and \"professional\". This paper presents trend data on known narcotic users in Canada from 1956 to 1973 by category, location, initially reported drug, sex and age. Between 1956 and 1973, the number of known \"licit\" and \"professional\" narcotic drug users steadily decreased, while the number of \"illicit\" narcotic drug users increased by 283 per cent, with the greatest increase taking place after 1969. Heroin was the most frequent initially reported drug (representing between 80 per cent and 89 per cent of known \"illicit\" narcotic drug users). Cocaine, as an initially reported \"narcotic\", had the largest proportional increase from 1956 to 1973. There were generally more reported male users than female in all age groups, a trend that increased over the time span considered. There were recent dramatic increases in the numbers and rates of reported users in the 20-24 year-old group, which has become the dominant pattern among new cases in recent years. Although the index on which this paper is based does not provide figures on total narcotic use in Canada, it is a valuable resource for epidemiologic research. This narcotic user index may be used to make minimum estimates of the extent and geographic and social distribution of narcotic-related problems in Canada.", "PMID": 1044286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_34", "title": "The criminal histories of male non-medical opiate users in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Although there is general agreement that there is some association between non-medical opiate use and criminality the nature, extent and significance of the association remains controversial. The most plausible explanation for an association is that crime becomes an economic necessity for the opiate user where there is, as in most countries, a legislative prohibition on licit supplies of the drugs. In the United Kingdom, however, opiate users may be prescribed the drugs and may also qualify for social security benefits. The criminal histories of three series of United Kingdom male non-medical opiate users are described. A somewhat higher proportion of the series had criminal convictions before any admitted drug misuse when compared with that expected from a general population sample. When age and the number of convictions before identification as opiate users were taken into account, there was no consistent evidence that they were more likely than expected to be convicted of further offences during the two-year period following identification. When the proportion found to have been convicted during this period was greater than expectation, it was due to the proportion convicted exclusively of drug offences. The criminal histories showed a decrease in the number of convictions for theft and other offences and an increase in the number of convictions for, and the number of users convicted of, drug offences during the stages of the drug using history, most particularly during the two years following identification as opiate users. The majority of the drug offences during this period involved opiates when most of the users were, or had been, in receipt of prescriptions for these drugs. It was concluded that the pattern of criminality of male non-medical opiate users was related both to the type of national drug control legislation and to their individual criminal histories.", "contents": "The criminal histories of male non-medical opiate users in the United Kingdom. Although there is general agreement that there is some association between non-medical opiate use and criminality the nature, extent and significance of the association remains controversial. The most plausible explanation for an association is that crime becomes an economic necessity for the opiate user where there is, as in most countries, a legislative prohibition on licit supplies of the drugs. In the United Kingdom, however, opiate users may be prescribed the drugs and may also qualify for social security benefits. The criminal histories of three series of United Kingdom male non-medical opiate users are described. A somewhat higher proportion of the series had criminal convictions before any admitted drug misuse when compared with that expected from a general population sample. When age and the number of convictions before identification as opiate users were taken into account, there was no consistent evidence that they were more likely than expected to be convicted of further offences during the two-year period following identification. When the proportion found to have been convicted during this period was greater than expectation, it was due to the proportion convicted exclusively of drug offences. The criminal histories showed a decrease in the number of convictions for theft and other offences and an increase in the number of convictions for, and the number of users convicted of, drug offences during the stages of the drug using history, most particularly during the two years following identification as opiate users. The majority of the drug offences during this period involved opiates when most of the users were, or had been, in receipt of prescriptions for these drugs. It was concluded that the pattern of criminality of male non-medical opiate users was related both to the type of national drug control legislation and to their individual criminal histories.", "PMID": 1044287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_35", "title": "Effects of maturity and plant spacing on the morphine content of two varieties of Papaver somniferum L.", "content": "Two varieties of opium poppy were grown under irrigation for one season and their capsules analysed for morphine content by gas chromatography. Harvest of the capsules at 29-33 days after flowering (mature seed) gave 6.70 kg/ha morphine as compared to 5.36 kg/ha morphine in capsules harvested at 4-6 days after flowering. With constant row spacing (30 cm between double rows on ridges 102 cm apart), a plant spacing of 6 cm gave 20 per cent more morphine than either 12- or 18-cm spacing. There was no statistical difference in morphine content between a blue- and a white-seeded variety.", "contents": "Effects of maturity and plant spacing on the morphine content of two varieties of Papaver somniferum L. Two varieties of opium poppy were grown under irrigation for one season and their capsules analysed for morphine content by gas chromatography. Harvest of the capsules at 29-33 days after flowering (mature seed) gave 6.70 kg/ha morphine as compared to 5.36 kg/ha morphine in capsules harvested at 4-6 days after flowering. With constant row spacing (30 cm between double rows on ridges 102 cm apart), a plant spacing of 6 cm gave 20 per cent more morphine than either 12- or 18-cm spacing. There was no statistical difference in morphine content between a blue- and a white-seeded variety.", "PMID": 1044288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_36", "title": "Microwave drying of microorganisms: I. Influence of the microwave energy and of the sample thickness on the drying of yeast.", "content": "The use of microwave energy for the rapid drying of yeasts is described. The influences of the microwave energy and of the sample thickness are studied. The advantages of the method over the conventional drying techniques are presented.", "contents": "Microwave drying of microorganisms: I. Influence of the microwave energy and of the sample thickness on the drying of yeast. The use of microwave energy for the rapid drying of yeasts is described. The influences of the microwave energy and of the sample thickness are studied. The advantages of the method over the conventional drying techniques are presented.", "PMID": 1044337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_37", "title": "Ovicidal levels of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic energy for the southern corn rootworm.", "content": "Eggs of southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) were subjected to electromagnetic energy at 2.45 GHz in slotted waveguide applicators to determine ovicidal threshold levels. Ovicidal levels at different intensities and exposure times are presented. Infrared measurements of temperature changes and estimates of the heating produced at the mical.", "contents": "Ovicidal levels of 2.45 GHz electromagnetic energy for the southern corn rootworm. Eggs of southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber) were subjected to electromagnetic energy at 2.45 GHz in slotted waveguide applicators to determine ovicidal threshold levels. Ovicidal levels at different intensities and exposure times are presented. Infrared measurements of temperature changes and estimates of the heating produced at the mical.", "PMID": 1044338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_38", "title": "Cochlear microphonics generated by microwave pulses.", "content": "Oscillations at 50 kHz have been recorded from the round window of guinea pigs during irradiation by 918-MHz pulsed microwaves. The oscillations promptly follow the stimulas, outlast it by about 200 musec and measure to 50 muV in amplitude. They precede the auditory nerve's response and disappear with death. They are interpreted to be a cochlear microphonic and hence to demonstrate that the microwave auditory effect, in the guinea pig at least, is accompanied by a mechanical disturbance of the hari cells of the cochlea.", "contents": "Cochlear microphonics generated by microwave pulses. Oscillations at 50 kHz have been recorded from the round window of guinea pigs during irradiation by 918-MHz pulsed microwaves. The oscillations promptly follow the stimulas, outlast it by about 200 musec and measure to 50 muV in amplitude. They precede the auditory nerve's response and disappear with death. They are interpreted to be a cochlear microphonic and hence to demonstrate that the microwave auditory effect, in the guinea pig at least, is accompanied by a mechanical disturbance of the hari cells of the cochlea.", "PMID": 1044343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_39", "title": "Dose rate distribution in triple-layered dielectric cylinder with irregular cross section irradiated by plane wave sources.", "content": "Previous investigations have shown that absorptions of microwave energy in biological bodies depend, in part, on the size and shape of the biological bodies. Calculations of dose rate distributions in regularly-shaped biological tissues have been reported. In this investigation, dose distributions are calculated for a human thigh simulated by a dielectric cylinder with irregular cross section. Method of moments is used in the investigation. The results indicate possibility of using method of moments to calculate dose distribution in a two-dimensional irregularly-shaped biological body. It is concluded that additional research is needed to determine dose rate distribution in three-dimensional irregularly-shaped biological bodies.", "contents": "Dose rate distribution in triple-layered dielectric cylinder with irregular cross section irradiated by plane wave sources. Previous investigations have shown that absorptions of microwave energy in biological bodies depend, in part, on the size and shape of the biological bodies. Calculations of dose rate distributions in regularly-shaped biological tissues have been reported. In this investigation, dose distributions are calculated for a human thigh simulated by a dielectric cylinder with irregular cross section. Method of moments is used in the investigation. The results indicate possibility of using method of moments to calculate dose distribution in a two-dimensional irregularly-shaped biological body. It is concluded that additional research is needed to determine dose rate distribution in three-dimensional irregularly-shaped biological bodies.", "PMID": 1044345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_40", "title": "Teratology, survival, and reversal learning after fetal irradiation of mice by 2450-MHz microwave energy.", "content": "In the first of two factorially designed studies, 80 primigravid mice of the C3H-HeJ strain were subjected to 2450-MHz sinusoidally modulated microwave radiation or to sham radiation (with or without an accompanying injection of 5 mg of cortisone as a teratological marker) on the 11th, 12th, 13th or 14th day of gestation. The radiation treatment consisted of a single intense dosing of microwave energy (38 mW/g for 600 sec.= 22.8 J/g) in a multi-mode cavity. On the 19th day of gestation fetuses were taken via Caesarean section and were observed for gross structural abnormalities. While radiation of dams failed reliably to increase the incidence of fetal mortality or morbidity above that of controls, the dams treated with cortisone gave birth to reliably greater numbers of stillborn and deformed fetuses. In the second experiment and during their 14th day of gestation 60 primigravid mice received the radiation of sham-radiation treatment, half with, half without, the accompanying injection of cortisone. A virtually complete failure to survive to weaning characterized the pups born of the sham-radiated cortisone-treated group of dams, but the incidence of cortisone-induced mortality was reliably reduced in pups whose dams were also radiated by microwave energy. Pups sampled from all but the depleted group were observed later as young adults for competency in mastering a series of reversal habits in a water maze. No differences in maze performances were observed in the mice as a function of their placement in the control or the radiation condition, but offspring of cortisone-treated, radiated dams made reliably more errors. Careful measurement of elevations of colonic temperatures of radiated dams shortly after treatment with cortisone revealed an averaged deltaT that is close to that observed in a comparably radiated volume of water of equivalent mass. If the finding has generality beyond the gravid mouse-it, that is, cortisone effectively and reversibly renders the mammal ectothermic-an important advance in biological dosimetry of non-ionizing radiation may be at hand.", "contents": "Teratology, survival, and reversal learning after fetal irradiation of mice by 2450-MHz microwave energy. In the first of two factorially designed studies, 80 primigravid mice of the C3H-HeJ strain were subjected to 2450-MHz sinusoidally modulated microwave radiation or to sham radiation (with or without an accompanying injection of 5 mg of cortisone as a teratological marker) on the 11th, 12th, 13th or 14th day of gestation. The radiation treatment consisted of a single intense dosing of microwave energy (38 mW/g for 600 sec.= 22.8 J/g) in a multi-mode cavity. On the 19th day of gestation fetuses were taken via Caesarean section and were observed for gross structural abnormalities. While radiation of dams failed reliably to increase the incidence of fetal mortality or morbidity above that of controls, the dams treated with cortisone gave birth to reliably greater numbers of stillborn and deformed fetuses. In the second experiment and during their 14th day of gestation 60 primigravid mice received the radiation of sham-radiation treatment, half with, half without, the accompanying injection of cortisone. A virtually complete failure to survive to weaning characterized the pups born of the sham-radiated cortisone-treated group of dams, but the incidence of cortisone-induced mortality was reliably reduced in pups whose dams were also radiated by microwave energy. Pups sampled from all but the depleted group were observed later as young adults for competency in mastering a series of reversal habits in a water maze. No differences in maze performances were observed in the mice as a function of their placement in the control or the radiation condition, but offspring of cortisone-treated, radiated dams made reliably more errors. Careful measurement of elevations of colonic temperatures of radiated dams shortly after treatment with cortisone revealed an averaged deltaT that is close to that observed in a comparably radiated volume of water of equivalent mass. If the finding has generality beyond the gravid mouse-it, that is, cortisone effectively and reversibly renders the mammal ectothermic-an important advance in biological dosimetry of non-ionizing radiation may be at hand.", "PMID": 1044344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_41", "title": "[Bacteria and resistance examination in bacterial conditions of the conjunctiva (author's transl)].", "content": "The optimal treatment of any inflammation within the area of conjunctiva, after recognition of pathogen and determination of resistance, is not always feasible in the daily practice of the ophthalmologist because usually immediate treatment is necessary. To test the (in vitro) efficacy of the medications available, determinations of pathogen and resistance were made in 100 conjunctival swabs taken from patients with inflammations of the conjunctiva and lacrimal duct. The relatively high incidence of resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline should be the reason for using more effective substances such as gentamycine and rifamycin. The pathogens and resistance found at present are important criteria for the selection of appropriate chemotherapeutic agents.", "contents": "[Bacteria and resistance examination in bacterial conditions of the conjunctiva (author's transl)]. The optimal treatment of any inflammation within the area of conjunctiva, after recognition of pathogen and determination of resistance, is not always feasible in the daily practice of the ophthalmologist because usually immediate treatment is necessary. To test the (in vitro) efficacy of the medications available, determinations of pathogen and resistance were made in 100 conjunctival swabs taken from patients with inflammations of the conjunctiva and lacrimal duct. The relatively high incidence of resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol and tetracycline should be the reason for using more effective substances such as gentamycine and rifamycin. The pathogens and resistance found at present are important criteria for the selection of appropriate chemotherapeutic agents.", "PMID": 1044369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_42", "title": "An evaluation of the epidemiology of atherothrombotic brain infarction.", "content": "Review of the epidemiology of atherothrombotic brain infarction (ABI) based largely on 18 years of prospective data from the Framingham cohort reveals that stroke is a potent force in morbidity and mortality, that hypertension is its dominant precursor, that it can be predicted and suggests that only a preventive approach can substantially reduce stroke morbidity. Data from Framingham on the relative frequency of the major types of stroke found in the community reveal that 57 percent are due to ABI and only 17 percent to intracranial hemorrhage--two-thirds of which is subarachnoid. Lacunar infarcts are common accounting for 13 percent of ABI's in men and 23 percent in women. Despite the sizeable geographic, seasonal and secular trends in stroke mortality, few environmental determinants of stroke have been uncovered. However, established hallmarks of the candidate for an atherothrombotic stroke include: hypertension (systolic or diastolic), glucose intolerance, high normal hemoglobin, the cigarette habit (men only), abnormal lipids (under age 60) and cardiac impairments. Many unresolved issues remain. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify a tenth of the general population from which half the strokes will emerge. This provides a rational basis for establishing a program of prevention.", "contents": "An evaluation of the epidemiology of atherothrombotic brain infarction. Review of the epidemiology of atherothrombotic brain infarction (ABI) based largely on 18 years of prospective data from the Framingham cohort reveals that stroke is a potent force in morbidity and mortality, that hypertension is its dominant precursor, that it can be predicted and suggests that only a preventive approach can substantially reduce stroke morbidity. Data from Framingham on the relative frequency of the major types of stroke found in the community reveal that 57 percent are due to ABI and only 17 percent to intracranial hemorrhage--two-thirds of which is subarachnoid. Lacunar infarcts are common accounting for 13 percent of ABI's in men and 23 percent in women. Despite the sizeable geographic, seasonal and secular trends in stroke mortality, few environmental determinants of stroke have been uncovered. However, established hallmarks of the candidate for an atherothrombotic stroke include: hypertension (systolic or diastolic), glucose intolerance, high normal hemoglobin, the cigarette habit (men only), abnormal lipids (under age 60) and cardiac impairments. Many unresolved issues remain. Nevertheless, it is possible to identify a tenth of the general population from which half the strokes will emerge. This provides a rational basis for establishing a program of prevention.", "PMID": 1044423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_43", "title": "Factors associated with patient evaluation of health care.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to study the relationships among patient characteristics, characteristics of a health care encounter, and patients' evaluation of that encounter. On the basis of 1739 patient-provider encounters in eleven ambulatory care settings, three relatively independent correlates of patient satisfaction were found: age; community satisfaction; and the nature and degree of continuity of care which characterized the visit. Patients' sex, marital status, religion, and the number and kind of services provided were not related to the evaluations patients made. Greatest differences in patient satisfaction were from setting to setting, and these differences probably can be attributed to the types of patients which they recruit or service (i.e., age, level of community satisfaction) and setting policy and procedures regarding continuity of care.", "contents": "Factors associated with patient evaluation of health care. The purpose of this paper is to study the relationships among patient characteristics, characteristics of a health care encounter, and patients' evaluation of that encounter. On the basis of 1739 patient-provider encounters in eleven ambulatory care settings, three relatively independent correlates of patient satisfaction were found: age; community satisfaction; and the nature and degree of continuity of care which characterized the visit. Patients' sex, marital status, religion, and the number and kind of services provided were not related to the evaluations patients made. Greatest differences in patient satisfaction were from setting to setting, and these differences probably can be attributed to the types of patients which they recruit or service (i.e., age, level of community satisfaction) and setting policy and procedures regarding continuity of care.", "PMID": 1044424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_44", "title": "Foreign medical graduates and their impact on the quality of medical care in the United States.", "content": "The literature on the level of quality of care delivered by foreign medical graduates (FMGs) has been reviewed in order to derive policy recommendations concerning their use in the United States. This review revealed a paucity in information on direct measures of the level of quality of care provided by FMGs. Differences between U.S. medical graduates (USMGs) and FMGs, especially with regard to the less than fully licensed FMGs and those FMGs at the start of graduate training, were found on examining proxy measures of quality, such as achievement of standard professional credentials or the quality of clinical training. Given this lack of evidence as to differences in performance between FMGs and USMGs, it is difficult to formulate recommendations, but four are advanced. These include (1) acknowledgment of the crucial significance of their heterogeneity, especially in regard to the quality of care provided, (2) assurance of the principle that peer-review activities are administered even-handedly to FMGs and USMGs alike, (3) improvement of the medical care capabilities of the less able provider, and (4) performance of quality of care studies, in both hospital and office practice settings, which compare FMGs with USMGs, not to ideal standards.", "contents": "Foreign medical graduates and their impact on the quality of medical care in the United States. The literature on the level of quality of care delivered by foreign medical graduates (FMGs) has been reviewed in order to derive policy recommendations concerning their use in the United States. This review revealed a paucity in information on direct measures of the level of quality of care provided by FMGs. Differences between U.S. medical graduates (USMGs) and FMGs, especially with regard to the less than fully licensed FMGs and those FMGs at the start of graduate training, were found on examining proxy measures of quality, such as achievement of standard professional credentials or the quality of clinical training. Given this lack of evidence as to differences in performance between FMGs and USMGs, it is difficult to formulate recommendations, but four are advanced. These include (1) acknowledgment of the crucial significance of their heterogeneity, especially in regard to the quality of care provided, (2) assurance of the principle that peer-review activities are administered even-handedly to FMGs and USMGs alike, (3) improvement of the medical care capabilities of the less able provider, and (4) performance of quality of care studies, in both hospital and office practice settings, which compare FMGs with USMGs, not to ideal standards.", "PMID": 1044425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_45", "title": "[Detection of Staphylococcus aureus A protein by conditioned hemagglutination].", "content": "The presence of A-protein was sought in strains of S. epidermidis and S. aureus, sensitive or resistant to methicillin. The technique used was that of passive hemagglutination of red cells of sheep, either normal or formolated and sensitised by anti-erythrocyte antibodies. A-protein was not found in any of the 157 strains of S. epidermidis. It was found in 82.5 p. cent of 360 strains of S. aureus. The methicillin resistant strains seemed less rich than the protein A-sensitive strains, which was detected more frequently when formolated red cells were used. The interest of this test for bacteriological diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "[Detection of Staphylococcus aureus A protein by conditioned hemagglutination]. The presence of A-protein was sought in strains of S. epidermidis and S. aureus, sensitive or resistant to methicillin. The technique used was that of passive hemagglutination of red cells of sheep, either normal or formolated and sensitised by anti-erythrocyte antibodies. A-protein was not found in any of the 157 strains of S. epidermidis. It was found in 82.5 p. cent of 360 strains of S. aureus. The methicillin resistant strains seemed less rich than the protein A-sensitive strains, which was detected more frequently when formolated red cells were used. The interest of this test for bacteriological diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1044500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_46", "title": "[Memory disorders in parkinsonism patients].", "content": "The experience of memory and retention weaknesses in Parkinsonian patients led us to question if these are only due to age-specific deteriorations, and if these weaknesses change during the L-Dopa therapy of the underlying disease. For this reason 30 Parkinsonian patients and 30 normal subjects of a matched control group took part in five different tests of retention and memory: digit span (Wechsler), visual retention test (Benton), Wechsler Memory Scale (subtests 4 and 7), delayed recall (Williams). The results (including some further samples of the test literature) gave some evidence of test-material-specific weaknesses in Parkinsonian patients: especially such memory decay as is dependent on the interval of retention. An organic deterioration of the intermediate term memory is suggested. This result could not be fully explained by known psychological or neurological characteristics of the underlying disease.", "contents": "[Memory disorders in parkinsonism patients]. The experience of memory and retention weaknesses in Parkinsonian patients led us to question if these are only due to age-specific deteriorations, and if these weaknesses change during the L-Dopa therapy of the underlying disease. For this reason 30 Parkinsonian patients and 30 normal subjects of a matched control group took part in five different tests of retention and memory: digit span (Wechsler), visual retention test (Benton), Wechsler Memory Scale (subtests 4 and 7), delayed recall (Williams). The results (including some further samples of the test literature) gave some evidence of test-material-specific weaknesses in Parkinsonian patients: especially such memory decay as is dependent on the interval of retention. An organic deterioration of the intermediate term memory is suggested. This result could not be fully explained by known psychological or neurological characteristics of the underlying disease.", "PMID": 1044595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_47", "title": "Knowledge, behavior, and attitudes of sixth-grade students toward family life education.", "content": "Although certain exceptions may be noted with respect to sex and type of school, generally lower socioeconomic students obtained lower mean scores on the knowledge and attitude sections of the survey instrument than their counterparts from the higher economic strata. Disadvantaged children from lower socioeconomic levels are reared in an atmosphere hardly conducive to study. Their homes are overcrowded; the children are often hungry, obtain insufficent rest, and possess little interest or motivation for the future--they just live for today. The lower socioeconomic child suffers most when he comes to school. His experiences in living have not prepared him for the demands of the typical school. Shaped by his environment, seeing himself as a person of little worth, he is called upon to conform and communicate. His value system that was bred in deprivation shows sharp contrast to the established \"middle class\" value system held by the school. Furthermore, disadvantaged children enter school with habits and attitudes that may conflict with many of the traditional modes of teaching. They have had few opportunities to learn the relationship between effort and achievement or to observe that learning has its own reward. Educators have a responsibility to provide the best type of family life education program to meet the needs of all youth. Innovative and challenging ways must be found to make family life education programs relevant to all socioeconomic strata. It would appear essential that educators should possess a thorough knowledge of the economic, social, and cultural conditions that exist in the area in which the educational process is to be conducted.", "contents": "Knowledge, behavior, and attitudes of sixth-grade students toward family life education. Although certain exceptions may be noted with respect to sex and type of school, generally lower socioeconomic students obtained lower mean scores on the knowledge and attitude sections of the survey instrument than their counterparts from the higher economic strata. Disadvantaged children from lower socioeconomic levels are reared in an atmosphere hardly conducive to study. Their homes are overcrowded; the children are often hungry, obtain insufficent rest, and possess little interest or motivation for the future--they just live for today. The lower socioeconomic child suffers most when he comes to school. His experiences in living have not prepared him for the demands of the typical school. Shaped by his environment, seeing himself as a person of little worth, he is called upon to conform and communicate. His value system that was bred in deprivation shows sharp contrast to the established \"middle class\" value system held by the school. Furthermore, disadvantaged children enter school with habits and attitudes that may conflict with many of the traditional modes of teaching. They have had few opportunities to learn the relationship between effort and achievement or to observe that learning has its own reward. Educators have a responsibility to provide the best type of family life education program to meet the needs of all youth. Innovative and challenging ways must be found to make family life education programs relevant to all socioeconomic strata. It would appear essential that educators should possess a thorough knowledge of the economic, social, and cultural conditions that exist in the area in which the educational process is to be conducted.", "PMID": 1044931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_48", "title": "What the schools can do to promote mental health.", "content": "The schools can help to ease mental health problems in several ways--preventing them from occurring and minimizing their severity and chronicity, and in assisting with the management of students who have problems. However, the most important role of the school lies in providing the best possible education. A given purpose must be examined to see where it falls  within educative, socializing, classifying, or therapeutic roles. Some tasks, such as drug education, have been poorly, carried out because they are called \"education,\" although actually they involve socialization. The school must be an integrated institution providing the best environment for the development of its pupils. This aim means providing the best education, but it also requires roles be clearly defined and followed out with a minimum of convert conflict.", "contents": "What the schools can do to promote mental health. The schools can help to ease mental health problems in several ways--preventing them from occurring and minimizing their severity and chronicity, and in assisting with the management of students who have problems. However, the most important role of the school lies in providing the best possible education. A given purpose must be examined to see where it falls  within educative, socializing, classifying, or therapeutic roles. Some tasks, such as drug education, have been poorly, carried out because they are called \"education,\" although actually they involve socialization. The school must be an integrated institution providing the best environment for the development of its pupils. This aim means providing the best education, but it also requires roles be clearly defined and followed out with a minimum of convert conflict.", "PMID": 1044932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_49", "title": "Foundations of health education.", "content": "Health education is \"the process of providing or utilizing experiences for favorably influencing understanding, attitudes, and practices relating to individual, family, and community health. As an applied science it draws its content from a variety of sources. The paradigm which depicts the foundations of health education can be visualized as five vertical pillars consisting of sociocultural, educational, psycho-behavioral, legal, and scientific foundations supporting the work of the health educator. While the components within each pillar may be altered with new developments and advances over time, the model is broad enough in scope to incorporate the changes without altering its purpose. The foundations of health viewed in this light can easily display the depth of the health education profession and will serve to orient the novice and future health educators of the underpinnings of their profession. This framework could easily be adapted for study on the college level and should serve as an orientation to those students planning to major in health.", "contents": "Foundations of health education. Health education is \"the process of providing or utilizing experiences for favorably influencing understanding, attitudes, and practices relating to individual, family, and community health. As an applied science it draws its content from a variety of sources. The paradigm which depicts the foundations of health education can be visualized as five vertical pillars consisting of sociocultural, educational, psycho-behavioral, legal, and scientific foundations supporting the work of the health educator. While the components within each pillar may be altered with new developments and advances over time, the model is broad enough in scope to incorporate the changes without altering its purpose. The foundations of health viewed in this light can easily display the depth of the health education profession and will serve to orient the novice and future health educators of the underpinnings of their profession. This framework could easily be adapted for study on the college level and should serve as an orientation to those students planning to major in health.", "PMID": 1044938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_50", "title": "Physician participation in health service management: expectations in United States and experiences in England.", "content": "Increasing governmental regulation such as called for in PSRO and health planning legislation, pressures to contain rising costs, physician strikes, and other manifestations of change suggest that traditional hospital organization and management patterns ought to be re-examined. Moreover, as the United States moves toward a governmentally financed and regulated system, experiences in Great Britain and other nationalized systems become more pertinent to us. The 1974 major reorganization of the British National Health Service provides for considerable physician participation in management. A similar participative approach to the management of the hospitals in the United States is worthy of consideration as a way to meet increasing challenges of a governmentally financed and controlled health care system.", "contents": "Physician participation in health service management: expectations in United States and experiences in England. Increasing governmental regulation such as called for in PSRO and health planning legislation, pressures to contain rising costs, physician strikes, and other manifestations of change suggest that traditional hospital organization and management patterns ought to be re-examined. Moreover, as the United States moves toward a governmentally financed and regulated system, experiences in Great Britain and other nationalized systems become more pertinent to us. The 1974 major reorganization of the British National Health Service provides for considerable physician participation in management. A similar participative approach to the management of the hospitals in the United States is worthy of consideration as a way to meet increasing challenges of a governmentally financed and controlled health care system.", "PMID": 1045011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_51", "title": "The generation of a ColE1-Apr cloning vehicle which allows detection of inserted DNA.", "content": "A 3.2 Mdal sequence of DNA, TnA, which contains the ampicillin (Ap) resistance determinant has been translocated from an R plasmid to the plasmid ColE1. A total of 12 isolates were studied. There are at least 8 sites in ColE1 at which TnA has inserted. Insertion at five of these has resulted in a Col-phenotype. One ColE1-Apr plasmid, RSF2124, was examined further and its replication properties are found to be similar to that of the parent plasmid. RSF2124 appears to be a useful plasmid vehicle for the molecular cloning of DNA from diverse prokaryotic sources: it codes for readily detectable Ap resistance and contains a single EcoRI site in a gene affecting colicin biosynthesis so that it is unable to produce colicin upon ligation to other DNA.", "contents": "The generation of a ColE1-Apr cloning vehicle which allows detection of inserted DNA. A 3.2 Mdal sequence of DNA, TnA, which contains the ampicillin (Ap) resistance determinant has been translocated from an R plasmid to the plasmid ColE1. A total of 12 isolates were studied. There are at least 8 sites in ColE1 at which TnA has inserted. Insertion at five of these has resulted in a Col-phenotype. One ColE1-Apr plasmid, RSF2124, was examined further and its replication properties are found to be similar to that of the parent plasmid. RSF2124 appears to be a useful plasmid vehicle for the molecular cloning of DNA from diverse prokaryotic sources: it codes for readily detectable Ap resistance and contains a single EcoRI site in a gene affecting colicin biosynthesis so that it is unable to produce colicin upon ligation to other DNA.", "PMID": 1045010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_52", "title": "The erosion of professional authority: a cross-cultural inquiry in the case of the physician.", "content": "The extent to which the erosion of professional authority observed in the United States is also occurring in the United Kingdom and the U.S.S.R. is examined in the case of the primary care physician. Informal interviews with health practitioners in these diverse societies revealed that the model of the professions which bases physicians' autonomy and authority on the occupational characteristic of a monopoly of specialized knowledge is subject to some revision. Education of the patient emerged as a critical factor in eroding physician authority in both countries, while patient age affected authority relations differentially in the two societies. Despite variations in the level of bureaucratization of health care, the role of the physician, as gatekeeper to non-medical benefits, served to counteract the erosion trend in both. The legacy of deference to the upper classes in Great Britain and in the U.S.S.R., an ideology of health as a citizen's obligation plus the \"mothering' ambience of a largely female personnel are varying societal characteristics which also affect physician authority.", "contents": "The erosion of professional authority: a cross-cultural inquiry in the case of the physician. The extent to which the erosion of professional authority observed in the United States is also occurring in the United Kingdom and the U.S.S.R. is examined in the case of the primary care physician. Informal interviews with health practitioners in these diverse societies revealed that the model of the professions which bases physicians' autonomy and authority on the occupational characteristic of a monopoly of specialized knowledge is subject to some revision. Education of the patient emerged as a critical factor in eroding physician authority in both countries, while patient age affected authority relations differentially in the two societies. Despite variations in the level of bureaucratization of health care, the role of the physician, as gatekeeper to non-medical benefits, served to counteract the erosion trend in both. The legacy of deference to the upper classes in Great Britain and in the U.S.S.R., an ideology of health as a citizen's obligation plus the \"mothering' ambience of a largely female personnel are varying societal characteristics which also affect physician authority.", "PMID": 1045012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_53", "title": "Decision making about patient care.", "content": "Written descriptions of four patient situations and a table of nursing actions and outcomes were presented to 47 registered nurses to investigate quantification of 185 nursing decisions about patient care. The nurses ranked the actions according to that which they considered best for the patient described, gave probabilities of the occurrence of outcomes, and assigned values to outcomes. The probability of an outcome's occurring, multiplied by the value of that outcome, and added for all outcomes of an action constituted the expected value (EV) of an action in achieving a goal. Significant agreements between the EVs and ranking of actions were obtained. The preferred action had the highest EV for 109 of the 185 decisions studied. Most decisions were justifiable in that chosen actions were desirable for achieving goals, were consistent with the nurses' knowledge of the probability of the outcomes' occurring, and were in keeping with the nurses' values for the outcomes. The findings indicated that decision theory is applicable to nursing practice, that nursing decisions can be adapted to analytical models, and that nurses can order outcomes of their actions according to their desirability and likelihood of occurrence.", "contents": "Decision making about patient care. Written descriptions of four patient situations and a table of nursing actions and outcomes were presented to 47 registered nurses to investigate quantification of 185 nursing decisions about patient care. The nurses ranked the actions according to that which they considered best for the patient described, gave probabilities of the occurrence of outcomes, and assigned values to outcomes. The probability of an outcome's occurring, multiplied by the value of that outcome, and added for all outcomes of an action constituted the expected value (EV) of an action in achieving a goal. Significant agreements between the EVs and ranking of actions were obtained. The preferred action had the highest EV for 109 of the 185 decisions studied. Most decisions were justifiable in that chosen actions were desirable for achieving goals, were consistent with the nurses' knowledge of the probability of the outcomes' occurring, and were in keeping with the nurses' values for the outcomes. The findings indicated that decision theory is applicable to nursing practice, that nursing decisions can be adapted to analytical models, and that nurses can order outcomes of their actions according to their desirability and likelihood of occurrence.", "PMID": 1045237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_54", "title": "An alcoholism training program: its effect on trainees and faculty.", "content": "Evaluation of the effect of a three-year specialized training program in alcoholism on opinions and attitudes of trainees and faculty members at the University of Washington School of Nursing showed that the program influenced both trainees and faculty in a positive direction. Trainees were found to be more accepting of alcoholism as a disease and an increasing number of faculty believed alcoholism-related courses should be a part of the curriculum.", "contents": "An alcoholism training program: its effect on trainees and faculty. Evaluation of the effect of a three-year specialized training program in alcoholism on opinions and attitudes of trainees and faculty members at the University of Washington School of Nursing showed that the program influenced both trainees and faculty in a positive direction. Trainees were found to be more accepting of alcoholism as a disease and an increasing number of faculty believed alcoholism-related courses should be a part of the curriculum.", "PMID": 1045241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_55", "title": "Registered nurses' opionions on an extended role concept.", "content": "Using a Likert-type questionnaire, opinions of 800 professional registered nurses in Texas, selected at random, were surveyed on the extended role concept as reflected by the family nurse clinician (FNC). Thirty percent of the questionnaires were returned and used for data analysis. The survey found that the nurses' years of nursing experience, employment status, field of employment, and education background influenced their opinions on the extent they thought the FNC could assume the defined responsibilities, the areas of the health care delivery system in which the FNC could exert a positive influence, and anticipated problem areas for the practicing FNC. Strongly supportive of the role, the nurses favored the FNC's assuming considerable responsibility in the delivery of primary health care.", "contents": "Registered nurses' opionions on an extended role concept. Using a Likert-type questionnaire, opinions of 800 professional registered nurses in Texas, selected at random, were surveyed on the extended role concept as reflected by the family nurse clinician (FNC). Thirty percent of the questionnaires were returned and used for data analysis. The survey found that the nurses' years of nursing experience, employment status, field of employment, and education background influenced their opinions on the extent they thought the FNC could assume the defined responsibilities, the areas of the health care delivery system in which the FNC could exert a positive influence, and anticipated problem areas for the practicing FNC. Strongly supportive of the role, the nurses favored the FNC's assuming considerable responsibility in the delivery of primary health care.", "PMID": 1045239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_56", "title": "Factors that influence attraction and retention of qualified nurse educators.", "content": "In a study to determine factors that influence attraction and retention of nurse educators, 92 faculty members in Iowa institutions of higher learning reported that the work itself was most important in attracting them to and holding them at the institution. Recognition was least important in attracting them, and salary was least important in retention.", "contents": "Factors that influence attraction and retention of qualified nurse educators. In a study to determine factors that influence attraction and retention of nurse educators, 92 faculty members in Iowa institutions of higher learning reported that the work itself was most important in attracting them to and holding them at the institution. Recognition was least important in attracting them, and salary was least important in retention.", "PMID": 1045242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_57", "title": "The collaborative process in generating a nursing research study.", "content": "The chronicle of a cooperative research venture is presented in three sections: the sequence of events and the system within which the collaboration was sponsored, the pilot study and the actual cooperative research proposal, and the stresses and strains of the collaborative process. The vagaries of events, people, and places leading to the scientific review are described. Previous research on which the study proposal was based is described so that the natural evolution of a study which extends previous work may be depicted. Interpersonal problems, opportunities, and challenges of collaboration in research are described.", "contents": "The collaborative process in generating a nursing research study. The chronicle of a cooperative research venture is presented in three sections: the sequence of events and the system within which the collaboration was sponsored, the pilot study and the actual cooperative research proposal, and the stresses and strains of the collaborative process. The vagaries of events, people, and places leading to the scientific review are described. Previous research on which the study proposal was based is described so that the natural evolution of a study which extends previous work may be depicted. Interpersonal problems, opportunities, and challenges of collaboration in research are described.", "PMID": 1045240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_58", "title": "Social and psychologic influences on employment of married nurses.", "content": "Seven summary factors were obtained from a principal components factor analysis and Varimax rotation of 21 variables, based on 145 pieces of information given by 1,998 nurses in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, in 1973. Study nurses were under 60 years of age, were married and living with spouse, and had at least one child 18 or younger. The factors were: career desirability, professional attitude, professional behavior, achievement personality, conducive home situation, economic value of work, and satisfaction with nursing. When these factors were compared with employment status-1) current employment activity of all subjects, 2) subjects whose employment status was constant for five years, highest scores were registered in both categories on career desirability, professional behavior, and economic value of work. Both groups of nurses scored lowest on satisfaction with nursing, with the five-year employees scoring lower. When the seven factors were correlated with employment status while controlling financial need and age of youngest child at home, highest correlation scores resulted for professional behavior, career desirability, and, in the case of those with financial need, on the economic value of nursing.", "contents": "Social and psychologic influences on employment of married nurses. Seven summary factors were obtained from a principal components factor analysis and Varimax rotation of 21 variables, based on 145 pieces of information given by 1,998 nurses in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, in 1973. Study nurses were under 60 years of age, were married and living with spouse, and had at least one child 18 or younger. The factors were: career desirability, professional attitude, professional behavior, achievement personality, conducive home situation, economic value of work, and satisfaction with nursing. When these factors were compared with employment status-1) current employment activity of all subjects, 2) subjects whose employment status was constant for five years, highest scores were registered in both categories on career desirability, professional behavior, and economic value of work. Both groups of nurses scored lowest on satisfaction with nursing, with the five-year employees scoring lower. When the seven factors were correlated with employment status while controlling financial need and age of youngest child at home, highest correlation scores resulted for professional behavior, career desirability, and, in the case of those with financial need, on the economic value of nursing.", "PMID": 1045246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_59", "title": "Relationship between nurses' opinions about mental illness and experience.", "content": "To examine the effect of long-term experience on a psychiatric ward on nurses' opinions about mental illness, experimental groups of nursing students (N = 11) and experienced psychiatric nurses (N = 8) and a control group of medical-surgical nurses (N = 8) were compared along the five dimensions of the Opinions about Mental Illness Scale. The medical-surgical and psychiatric nurses were matched for age and education. The experienced psychiatric nurses were found to hold significantly more authoritarian opinions about mental illness; they adhered less to a belief in interpersonal etiology than the other two groups. Compared to the nursing students, the psychiatric nurses held significantly more socially restrictive opinions about mental illness; they adhered less to current mental health ideology. However, age could not be ruled out as a variable in the latter two opinions. Factors which may contribute to opinion change in psychiatric nurses are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship between nurses' opinions about mental illness and experience. To examine the effect of long-term experience on a psychiatric ward on nurses' opinions about mental illness, experimental groups of nursing students (N = 11) and experienced psychiatric nurses (N = 8) and a control group of medical-surgical nurses (N = 8) were compared along the five dimensions of the Opinions about Mental Illness Scale. The medical-surgical and psychiatric nurses were matched for age and education. The experienced psychiatric nurses were found to hold significantly more authoritarian opinions about mental illness; they adhered less to a belief in interpersonal etiology than the other two groups. Compared to the nursing students, the psychiatric nurses held significantly more socially restrictive opinions about mental illness; they adhered less to current mental health ideology. However, age could not be ruled out as a variable in the latter two opinions. Factors which may contribute to opinion change in psychiatric nurses are discussed.", "PMID": 1045243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_60", "title": "Relationship of staff development activity to opinions about mental illness.", "content": "When 1971 and 1974 student psychiatric aides, staff psychiatric aides, and professionals at Topeka State Hospital in Kansas were given the five-factor Opinions about Mental Illness Scale as pre- and posttests, no significant differences were found in scores of the student aide groups. Significant differences, however, were found among 1974 student aides, staff aides, and professionals, with students scoring higher than professionals (p less than .05) on factors A-authoritarianism, D-social restrictiveness, and E-interpersonal etiology. Staff aides scored higher than professionals on factor B-benevolence, factor A-authoritarianism (p=.005), and factor D-social restrictiveness (p=.05). Implications for nursing are discussed.", "contents": "Relationship of staff development activity to opinions about mental illness. When 1971 and 1974 student psychiatric aides, staff psychiatric aides, and professionals at Topeka State Hospital in Kansas were given the five-factor Opinions about Mental Illness Scale as pre- and posttests, no significant differences were found in scores of the student aide groups. Significant differences, however, were found among 1974 student aides, staff aides, and professionals, with students scoring higher than professionals (p less than .05) on factors A-authoritarianism, D-social restrictiveness, and E-interpersonal etiology. Staff aides scored higher than professionals on factor B-benevolence, factor A-authoritarianism (p=.005), and factor D-social restrictiveness (p=.05). Implications for nursing are discussed.", "PMID": 1045247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_61", "title": "Nurse practitioner management of common respiratory and genitourinary infections, using protocols.", "content": "Included in this study were all patients with symptoms of respiratory tract infection and female patients with symptoms of urinary tract and vaginal infections who sought care from a hospital-based outpatient department walk-in unit which was operated in two different modes: experimental (the \"nurse-protocol mode\")-in which a nurse practitioner guided by a protocol initially evaluated all such patients and independently managed many patients- and traditional-in which only physicians managed patients. Safety, effectiveness, efficiency, and cost of care rendered for these tracer conditions in the two modes were compared. No serious illnesses were overlooked by practitioners in either mode. Eighty-six percent of patients in the nurse-protocol mode and 73 percent of patients in the traditional mode reported good symptom relief. Patients reported equivalent satisfaction with care. The time physicians spent managing patients with these complaints was reduced by 91 percent from 15.5 minutes to 1.4 minutes per patient. Personnel costs were equivalent in the two modes. Costs of laboratory tests and medications ordered were 27 percent less in the nurse-protocol mode. The study indicated that care in the nurse-protocol mode was of equivalent quality, led to equivalent patient satisfaction, allowed a substantial reduction in physician time, and reduced overall costs of care.", "contents": "Nurse practitioner management of common respiratory and genitourinary infections, using protocols. Included in this study were all patients with symptoms of respiratory tract infection and female patients with symptoms of urinary tract and vaginal infections who sought care from a hospital-based outpatient department walk-in unit which was operated in two different modes: experimental (the \"nurse-protocol mode\")-in which a nurse practitioner guided by a protocol initially evaluated all such patients and independently managed many patients- and traditional-in which only physicians managed patients. Safety, effectiveness, efficiency, and cost of care rendered for these tracer conditions in the two modes were compared. No serious illnesses were overlooked by practitioners in either mode. Eighty-six percent of patients in the nurse-protocol mode and 73 percent of patients in the traditional mode reported good symptom relief. Patients reported equivalent satisfaction with care. The time physicians spent managing patients with these complaints was reduced by 91 percent from 15.5 minutes to 1.4 minutes per patient. Personnel costs were equivalent in the two modes. Costs of laboratory tests and medications ordered were 27 percent less in the nurse-protocol mode. The study indicated that care in the nurse-protocol mode was of equivalent quality, led to equivalent patient satisfaction, allowed a substantial reduction in physician time, and reduced overall costs of care.", "PMID": 1045245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_62", "title": "Diabetes mellitus in elderly persons.", "content": "The person who develops diabetes late in life needs carefull assessment of his abilities to assume the new self-care activities required by the advent of a chronic disease. Knowledge of both the aging process and the complications and management of diabetes is needed to assist him toward this goal. His commitment may have to be to a part of the whole plan, but to the elderly person, any participation will provide a measure of independence and control over his life.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus in elderly persons. The person who develops diabetes late in life needs carefull assessment of his abilities to assume the new self-care activities required by the advent of a chronic disease. Knowledge of both the aging process and the complications and management of diabetes is needed to assist him toward this goal. His commitment may have to be to a part of the whole plan, but to the elderly person, any participation will provide a measure of independence and control over his life.", "PMID": 1045267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_63", "title": "A behavioral therapy approach to bladder retraining.", "content": "In summary, emphasis has been given to the following essential points: incontinence is a difficult problem for many elderly persons and those who are responsible for their care; the concepts of bladder retraining are simple and few in number-communication, fluid intake, and habit; contingency management is applicable to the problem of urinary incontinence and consists of a reward system not only for the patient but also for the staff. An attempt has been made to break down the necessary components that are required in a bladder retraining program that relies on contingency management. In order to institute such a program, further study and/or consultation probably should be sought.", "contents": "A behavioral therapy approach to bladder retraining. In summary, emphasis has been given to the following essential points: incontinence is a difficult problem for many elderly persons and those who are responsible for their care; the concepts of bladder retraining are simple and few in number-communication, fluid intake, and habit; contingency management is applicable to the problem of urinary incontinence and consists of a reward system not only for the patient but also for the staff. An attempt has been made to break down the necessary components that are required in a bladder retraining program that relies on contingency management. In order to institute such a program, further study and/or consultation probably should be sought.", "PMID": 1045269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_64", "title": "Delivering health care to the elderly in a high-rise: a learning experience.", "content": "Students in a gerontological nursing program can gain measningful experience in a metropolitan high-rise for the elderly, as well as provide needed services to the residents. Being involved in the planning stage for the experience proved to be almost as valuable as the experience itself. Working with well and not so well elderly persons in their own homes gives the student the experience she needs in looking for alternatives to institutional care. It also points out to the student the need for a \"preventive\" approach to health care. We found that it takes at least two quarters to solve problems that residents want settled. After their immediate needs were met, we could become more involved in increasing physical assessment skills. This is not to say that we could lose sight of the broad day-to-day problems that arose and had an effect on the residents. We learned not to plan any programs for the days when government checks or food stamps arrived, as most people left the building on those days. This experience was gratifying educationally as well as personally for both students and instructor.", "contents": "Delivering health care to the elderly in a high-rise: a learning experience. Students in a gerontological nursing program can gain measningful experience in a metropolitan high-rise for the elderly, as well as provide needed services to the residents. Being involved in the planning stage for the experience proved to be almost as valuable as the experience itself. Working with well and not so well elderly persons in their own homes gives the student the experience she needs in looking for alternatives to institutional care. It also points out to the student the need for a \"preventive\" approach to health care. We found that it takes at least two quarters to solve problems that residents want settled. After their immediate needs were met, we could become more involved in increasing physical assessment skills. This is not to say that we could lose sight of the broad day-to-day problems that arose and had an effect on the residents. We learned not to plan any programs for the days when government checks or food stamps arrived, as most people left the building on those days. This experience was gratifying educationally as well as personally for both students and instructor.", "PMID": 1045270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_65", "title": "[Typhoid fever in south Vietnam to day (author's transl)].", "content": "In South Vietnam, the first Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol were isolated at the end of 1971; this resistance spread rapidly to two-thirds of S. typhi isolated; it is due to resistance plasmids which parasite most strains of S. typhi identified in Vietnam. The typhoid endemy turned into an epidemic en 1972. The clinical symptoms of typhoid fever remained just as few as before: often only a high temperature; splenomegaly is rare, hepatomegaly more frequent. Complications, specially associated ones, have been more frequently observed since 1972; the evolution of the disease is slower. Although costly, a high dose of ampicillin often proves clinically active. For the moment, an association of trimethoprime and sulfamethoxazole remains the least expensive of efficient treatments.", "contents": "[Typhoid fever in south Vietnam to day (author's transl)]. In South Vietnam, the first Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol were isolated at the end of 1971; this resistance spread rapidly to two-thirds of S. typhi isolated; it is due to resistance plasmids which parasite most strains of S. typhi identified in Vietnam. The typhoid endemy turned into an epidemic en 1972. The clinical symptoms of typhoid fever remained just as few as before: often only a high temperature; splenomegaly is rare, hepatomegaly more frequent. Complications, specially associated ones, have been more frequently observed since 1972; the evolution of the disease is slower. Although costly, a high dose of ampicillin often proves clinically active. For the moment, an association of trimethoprime and sulfamethoxazole remains the least expensive of efficient treatments.", "PMID": 1045759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_66", "title": "Multiple drug-resistance in staphylococci, an analysis of all-nation computer-processed data.", "content": "In a previous communication from this Institute it was assessed that multiple drug resistance plays a decisive role in overall antibiotic resistance of staphylococci and that true data of the extent of multiresistance depend decisively on sufficient number of antibiotics toward which strains of a given species is tested. It was found, by analysis of more than 60 000 staphylococcal strains isolated by Public Health Laboratories in the Slovak Socialist Republic (S.S.R.) during the period of one year, that triple and quadruple resistance is the most prevalent one in staphylococci - not regarded, however, the penicillin resistance which is absolutely predominant. Present analysis also shows that resistances to streptomycin, tetracyclines, erythromycin and kanamycin (STEK type) are both most frequent and mutually selective, i.e. strains resistant to any of these drugs (and also to penicillin, i.e. PSTEK type) show resistance also to other antibiotics of this group. In contrast, chloramphenicol resistance seems not to be connected with resistance to these substances nor is resistance to newer specific anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, used only recently in this country, as is oxacillin, lincomycin and cefaloridin. Nevertheless, lincomycin seems to select a co-resistance as many lincomycin-resistant strains were resistant also to oxacillin but not vice versa. Increasing resistance of staphylococci in S.S.R. to kanamycin and particularly to erythromycin, and their frequent occurrence in multiresistance types is a warning feature which might lead to an increase of therapeutic crisis in staphylococcal infections.", "contents": "Multiple drug-resistance in staphylococci, an analysis of all-nation computer-processed data. In a previous communication from this Institute it was assessed that multiple drug resistance plays a decisive role in overall antibiotic resistance of staphylococci and that true data of the extent of multiresistance depend decisively on sufficient number of antibiotics toward which strains of a given species is tested. It was found, by analysis of more than 60 000 staphylococcal strains isolated by Public Health Laboratories in the Slovak Socialist Republic (S.S.R.) during the period of one year, that triple and quadruple resistance is the most prevalent one in staphylococci - not regarded, however, the penicillin resistance which is absolutely predominant. Present analysis also shows that resistances to streptomycin, tetracyclines, erythromycin and kanamycin (STEK type) are both most frequent and mutually selective, i.e. strains resistant to any of these drugs (and also to penicillin, i.e. PSTEK type) show resistance also to other antibiotics of this group. In contrast, chloramphenicol resistance seems not to be connected with resistance to these substances nor is resistance to newer specific anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, used only recently in this country, as is oxacillin, lincomycin and cefaloridin. Nevertheless, lincomycin seems to select a co-resistance as many lincomycin-resistant strains were resistant also to oxacillin but not vice versa. Increasing resistance of staphylococci in S.S.R. to kanamycin and particularly to erythromycin, and their frequent occurrence in multiresistance types is a warning feature which might lead to an increase of therapeutic crisis in staphylococcal infections.", "PMID": 1045837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_67", "title": "Clindamycin therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Clinical relapse and development of resistance to clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin.", "content": "A 42 year old heroin addict with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis of the mitral valve was treated with clindamycin phosphate, 600 mg intramuscularly, every 6 hours. The initial clinical response was excellent and blood cultures became negative. On the 26th day of clindamycin therapy, fever developed and six blood cultures taken during a 72 hour period grew Staph. aureus. The patient was subsequently cured with a six week course of nafcillin plus gentamicin followed by cloxacillin. The Staph. aureus isolated before clindamycin therapy and during relapse phage-typed 29/52/52A/79/80 and was resistant to penicillin G. The susceptibility of both Staph. aureus isolates to 19 antibiotics was unchanged. However, the Stahph. aureus developed marked resistance to clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin, to which the original isolate was susceptible. The resistance to clindamycin and lincomycin was heterogeneous whereas the entire cell population became homogeneously highly resistant to erythromycin. These antibiotics were not inactivated in vitro by the rapidly growing resistant Staph. aureus. The most likely site of resistance was at the 50 S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.", "contents": "Clindamycin therapy of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Clinical relapse and development of resistance to clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin. A 42 year old heroin addict with Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis of the mitral valve was treated with clindamycin phosphate, 600 mg intramuscularly, every 6 hours. The initial clinical response was excellent and blood cultures became negative. On the 26th day of clindamycin therapy, fever developed and six blood cultures taken during a 72 hour period grew Staph. aureus. The patient was subsequently cured with a six week course of nafcillin plus gentamicin followed by cloxacillin. The Staph. aureus isolated before clindamycin therapy and during relapse phage-typed 29/52/52A/79/80 and was resistant to penicillin G. The susceptibility of both Staph. aureus isolates to 19 antibiotics was unchanged. However, the Stahph. aureus developed marked resistance to clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin, to which the original isolate was susceptible. The resistance to clindamycin and lincomycin was heterogeneous whereas the entire cell population became homogeneously highly resistant to erythromycin. These antibiotics were not inactivated in vitro by the rapidly growing resistant Staph. aureus. The most likely site of resistance was at the 50 S subunit of the bacterial ribosome.", "PMID": 1045861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_68", "title": "Effects of ampicillin-amikacin and ampicillin-rifampin on enterococci.", "content": "Fifty-seven clinical isolates of enterococcus were tested for susceptibility to 10 antibiotics in a microtiter broth dilution system. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, and rifampin inhibited all strains at concentrations easily achievable in blood. Resistance to rifampin developed rapidly. Of the aminoglycosides, gentamicin was most active, followed in decreasing order by tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. High-level resistance to streptomycin was present in 26% of the strains and to kanamycin in 23% of the strains. Growth curve studies of selected strains revealed synergy with ampicillin-amikacin and antagonism with ampicillin-rifampin. It is suggested that ampicillin-gentamicin constitutes adequate initial therapy for enterococcal infections until the results of tests for high-level resistance to kanamycin and streptomycin are known and that clinical trails of ampicillin-amikacin are warranted.", "contents": "Effects of ampicillin-amikacin and ampicillin-rifampin on enterococci. Fifty-seven clinical isolates of enterococcus were tested for susceptibility to 10 antibiotics in a microtiter broth dilution system. Amoxicillin, ampicillin, vancomycin, and rifampin inhibited all strains at concentrations easily achievable in blood. Resistance to rifampin developed rapidly. Of the aminoglycosides, gentamicin was most active, followed in decreasing order by tobramycin, amikacin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. High-level resistance to streptomycin was present in 26% of the strains and to kanamycin in 23% of the strains. Growth curve studies of selected strains revealed synergy with ampicillin-amikacin and antagonism with ampicillin-rifampin. It is suggested that ampicillin-gentamicin constitutes adequate initial therapy for enterococcal infections until the results of tests for high-level resistance to kanamycin and streptomycin are known and that clinical trails of ampicillin-amikacin are warranted.", "PMID": 1045914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_69", "title": "[Considerations on the antibiotic activity (M.I.C.) revealed in 247 serotypes of Salmonella].", "content": "247 strains of Salmonella, isolated in Brescia province duriing 1973-1974 have been typed by serological methods. The MIC has been determined, using the following antibiotics: chloramphenicol, tetracycline HCL, ampicillin, doxycycline, rifampicin, cephazolin, carbenicillin, nifuratel, gentamicin, aminosidine, trimetho-prim-sulphamethoazole, nalidixic acid. The pattern of resistence of the various serotypes is quite constant. The relationship between diffusion and epidermiological factors are discussed.", "contents": "[Considerations on the antibiotic activity (M.I.C.) revealed in 247 serotypes of Salmonella]. 247 strains of Salmonella, isolated in Brescia province duriing 1973-1974 have been typed by serological methods. The MIC has been determined, using the following antibiotics: chloramphenicol, tetracycline HCL, ampicillin, doxycycline, rifampicin, cephazolin, carbenicillin, nifuratel, gentamicin, aminosidine, trimetho-prim-sulphamethoazole, nalidixic acid. The pattern of resistence of the various serotypes is quite constant. The relationship between diffusion and epidermiological factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1045970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_70", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibilities of 120 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients at a Children's Hospital. Decline of hospital staphylococci as compared with staphylococci in outpatients. A reversal.", "content": "The antibiotic sensitivities of 120 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from both hospitalized patients and outpatients at Children's Memorial Hospital, Oklahoma City were studied. The proportions of strains resistant to the commonly used antibiotics were considerably lower than that found by other workers in earlier years, except for penicillin G. Of the 120 strains, 98 (81.7%) were resistant to penicillin G, 13 (10.8%) to tetracycline, 9 (7.5%) to erythromycin, and 3 (2.5%) to clindamycin. No strains resistant against cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, or oxacillin were found. Sixteen strains (13.3%), of which 5 were inpatient  strains and 11 were outpatient strains, were found to be resistant to more than one drug. Phage group 1 or type 80/81 staphylococci were not found among multiple resistant strains from hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibilities of 120 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients at a Children's Hospital. Decline of hospital staphylococci as compared with staphylococci in outpatients. A reversal. The antibiotic sensitivities of 120 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from both hospitalized patients and outpatients at Children's Memorial Hospital, Oklahoma City were studied. The proportions of strains resistant to the commonly used antibiotics were considerably lower than that found by other workers in earlier years, except for penicillin G. Of the 120 strains, 98 (81.7%) were resistant to penicillin G, 13 (10.8%) to tetracycline, 9 (7.5%) to erythromycin, and 3 (2.5%) to clindamycin. No strains resistant against cephalothin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, or oxacillin were found. Sixteen strains (13.3%), of which 5 were inpatient  strains and 11 were outpatient strains, were found to be resistant to more than one drug. Phage group 1 or type 80/81 staphylococci were not found among multiple resistant strains from hospitalized patients.", "PMID": 1045971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_71", "title": "Olfaction in the development of social preferences in the human neonate.", "content": "Olfactory perception in the human neonate has been largely ignored. The present experiments examine the possibility that neonates can use smell to locate a food source and that they can differentiate between their own mother and another mother on the basis of smell. Head-turning to breast pads was used in perference tests. Although the neonate did not appear to be able to use smell to localize a food source, significantly more babies spent more time turning towards their own mother's breast pad than towards a clean breast pad at five days of age. By six days of age babies were showing a differential response between their own mother's breast pad and another mother's breast pad, although this differentiation was not present at two days of age.", "contents": "Olfaction in the development of social preferences in the human neonate. Olfactory perception in the human neonate has been largely ignored. The present experiments examine the possibility that neonates can use smell to locate a food source and that they can differentiate between their own mother and another mother on the basis of smell. Head-turning to breast pads was used in perference tests. Although the neonate did not appear to be able to use smell to localize a food source, significantly more babies spent more time turning towards their own mother's breast pad than towards a clean breast pad at five days of age. By six days of age babies were showing a differential response between their own mother's breast pad and another mother's breast pad, although this differentiation was not present at two days of age.", "PMID": 1045976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_72", "title": "Breathing and sucking during feeding in the newborn.", "content": "Eighteen normal full-time infants aged from 1-10 days were fed both normal saline and distilled water from a conventional feeding bottle. Fifty-four sets of observations were made when 44 infants were fed both cow's milk (Half Cream Cow & Gate) and expressed human milk. During feeding, measurements were made of breathing, sucking, and the flow of milk from a feeding bottle which incorporated an electromagnetic flowmeter transducer. Integration of the flow of milk measured the volume of milk swallowed by the baby. The results suggest that the patterns of feeding and breathing differ in some infants when different fluids are given to them.", "contents": "Breathing and sucking during feeding in the newborn. Eighteen normal full-time infants aged from 1-10 days were fed both normal saline and distilled water from a conventional feeding bottle. Fifty-four sets of observations were made when 44 infants were fed both cow's milk (Half Cream Cow & Gate) and expressed human milk. During feeding, measurements were made of breathing, sucking, and the flow of milk from a feeding bottle which incorporated an electromagnetic flowmeter transducer. Integration of the flow of milk measured the volume of milk swallowed by the baby. The results suggest that the patterns of feeding and breathing differ in some infants when different fluids are given to them.", "PMID": 1045977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_73", "title": "Early mother-infant reciprocity.", "content": "By three weeks of age, the human neonate demonstrates behaviours which are quite different with an object and with a human interactant. He also demonstrates an expectancy for interaction with his caregiver which has clearly defined limits, as demonstrated behaviourally. In microanalysis of videotape, we saw regularly a set of interactive behaviours which were demonstrable in optimal face-to-face interaction between infants and their mothers. All parts of the infant's body move in smooth circular patterns as he attends to her. His face-to-face attention to her is rhythmic with approach-withdrawal cycling of extremities. The attention phase and build-up to her cues are followed by turning away and a recovery phase in a rhythm of attention-non-attention which seems to define a cyclical homeostatic curve of attention, averaging several cycles per minute. When she violates his expectancy for rhythmic interaction by presenting a still, unresponsive face to him, he becomes visibly concerned, his movements become jerky, he averts his face, then attempts to draw her into interaction. When repeated attempts fail, he finally withdraws into an attitude of helplessness, face averted, body curled up and motionless. If she returns to her usual interactive responses, he comes alive after an initial puzzled period, and returns to his rhythmic cyclical behaviour which has previously characterized their ongoing face-to-face interaction. This attentional cycling may be diagnostic of optimal mother-infant interactions and seems not to be present in more disturbed interactions.", "contents": "Early mother-infant reciprocity. By three weeks of age, the human neonate demonstrates behaviours which are quite different with an object and with a human interactant. He also demonstrates an expectancy for interaction with his caregiver which has clearly defined limits, as demonstrated behaviourally. In microanalysis of videotape, we saw regularly a set of interactive behaviours which were demonstrable in optimal face-to-face interaction between infants and their mothers. All parts of the infant's body move in smooth circular patterns as he attends to her. His face-to-face attention to her is rhythmic with approach-withdrawal cycling of extremities. The attention phase and build-up to her cues are followed by turning away and a recovery phase in a rhythm of attention-non-attention which seems to define a cyclical homeostatic curve of attention, averaging several cycles per minute. When she violates his expectancy for rhythmic interaction by presenting a still, unresponsive face to him, he becomes visibly concerned, his movements become jerky, he averts his face, then attempts to draw her into interaction. When repeated attempts fail, he finally withdraws into an attitude of helplessness, face averted, body curled up and motionless. If she returns to her usual interactive responses, he comes alive after an initial puzzled period, and returns to his rhythmic cyclical behaviour which has previously characterized their ongoing face-to-face interaction. This attentional cycling may be diagnostic of optimal mother-infant interactions and seems not to be present in more disturbed interactions.", "PMID": 1045978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_74", "title": "Consistency and change in styles of mothering.", "content": "The idea that the immediate postpartum period is particularly important for the developing relationship between mother and child is being increasingly discussed; however, little is known of the long-term significance of the individual differences in adjustment found in this period. A longitudinal study of 70 mother-baby pairs showed that difficulities during feeds were related to longer labour and to measures of the baby's state at birth. Differences between babies in the latency with which they responded by crying to interruption of sucking (in tests of non-nutritive sucking) were also related to the smoothness of the feed. Measures of affectionate maternal behaviour were associated with differences between babies in sucking rate, and were not influenced by labour and delivery. During later observations (8-30 weeks), strong consistency in individual differences across age was found in the levels of maternal touching, vocalizing, and responsiveness to baby's vocalizing. Maternal affectionate contact during early feeds (babies up to 10 days old) was related to these later maternal measures for breast-fed babies. Other aspects of coordination and warmth in the early feeds did not correlate with later measures, which suggested that predictions based on observations early in the neonatal period should be made with caution. Measures of maternal response to crying showed little consistency across the first seven months and were influenced by how much the baby cried at earlier ages.", "contents": "Consistency and change in styles of mothering. The idea that the immediate postpartum period is particularly important for the developing relationship between mother and child is being increasingly discussed; however, little is known of the long-term significance of the individual differences in adjustment found in this period. A longitudinal study of 70 mother-baby pairs showed that difficulities during feeds were related to longer labour and to measures of the baby's state at birth. Differences between babies in the latency with which they responded by crying to interruption of sucking (in tests of non-nutritive sucking) were also related to the smoothness of the feed. Measures of affectionate maternal behaviour were associated with differences between babies in sucking rate, and were not influenced by labour and delivery. During later observations (8-30 weeks), strong consistency in individual differences across age was found in the levels of maternal touching, vocalizing, and responsiveness to baby's vocalizing. Maternal affectionate contact during early feeds (babies up to 10 days old) was related to these later maternal measures for breast-fed babies. Other aspects of coordination and warmth in the early feeds did not correlate with later measures, which suggested that predictions based on observations early in the neonatal period should be made with caution. Measures of maternal response to crying showed little consistency across the first seven months and were influenced by how much the baby cried at earlier ages.", "PMID": 1045979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_75", "title": "Prepartum and postpartum regulation of maternal behaviour in the rat.", "content": "Maternal behaviour in the rat consists of four principal components: nursing or crouching over the young, retrieving pups to the nest, body and genital licking of pups, and nest-building. Normally the onset of maternal behaviour occurs at parturition but studies reveal that the true onset is somewhat earlier, around 24 hours pre partum. The onset of maternal behaviour is hormonally determined and it is most likely that the ovarian hormone oestradiol plays a major role under the specific conditions that exist pre partum. The onset of maternal behaviour requires the resolution of tendencies of fear-avoidance of pups, based on their olfactory characteristics, and attraction to them and response to the pup stimuli that elicit maternal behaviour. In most animals this resolution occurs almost immediately but in some animals several hours of contact with the pups is required for maternal behaviour to be firmly established. After parturition, maternal behaviour appears to be regulated chiefly by stimuli from the pups, and hormones do not play a role apart from their role in lactogenesis. Size of litter, age of pups, amount of externally induced stress and other factors can affect the mother-young interaction: there is a period of special vulnerability to disruption of the mother-young interrelationship shortly after parturition which corresponds, we believe, to the period of transition from hormonal to non-hormonal regulation of maternal behaviour. Weaning and the decline of maternal behaviour is a specific phase of maternal care. Maternal behaviours gradually decline as avoidance behaviours increase.", "contents": "Prepartum and postpartum regulation of maternal behaviour in the rat. Maternal behaviour in the rat consists of four principal components: nursing or crouching over the young, retrieving pups to the nest, body and genital licking of pups, and nest-building. Normally the onset of maternal behaviour occurs at parturition but studies reveal that the true onset is somewhat earlier, around 24 hours pre partum. The onset of maternal behaviour is hormonally determined and it is most likely that the ovarian hormone oestradiol plays a major role under the specific conditions that exist pre partum. The onset of maternal behaviour requires the resolution of tendencies of fear-avoidance of pups, based on their olfactory characteristics, and attraction to them and response to the pup stimuli that elicit maternal behaviour. In most animals this resolution occurs almost immediately but in some animals several hours of contact with the pups is required for maternal behaviour to be firmly established. After parturition, maternal behaviour appears to be regulated chiefly by stimuli from the pups, and hormones do not play a role apart from their role in lactogenesis. Size of litter, age of pups, amount of externally induced stress and other factors can affect the mother-young interaction: there is a period of special vulnerability to disruption of the mother-young interrelationship shortly after parturition which corresponds, we believe, to the period of transition from hormonal to non-hormonal regulation of maternal behaviour. Weaning and the decline of maternal behaviour is a specific phase of maternal care. Maternal behaviours gradually decline as avoidance behaviours increase.", "PMID": 1045980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_76", "title": "How a rejecting baby affects mother-infant synchrony.", "content": "In any mother-infant relationship, characteristics of both the mother and infant contribute to an ongoing process of mutual modification of behaviour. With intensive observation and objective recording of behaviours, it is possible to describe individual infants, depict patterns of interaction with their mothers, and identify some of the consequences of interaction for both the mother's and the infant's developing behaviours. Even a normal infant can have behaviour patterns that play a disruptive role in the relationship. For example, an infant has been observed who, from birth through the first weeks of life, showed avoidance responses to being picked up and held. The infant's behaviour was a source of frustration and confusion to the unsuspecting parents. It is obviously difficult for the parents to respond appropriately to the needs of such an infant. And, in turn, the resulting interaction affects the infant's developing behaviours. The theme of this paper is to emphasize, though each relationship is unique, that observations made from the first days of life can permit the infant's contribution to the mother-infant relationship, and the manner in which that relationship influences his development, to be assessed.", "contents": "How a rejecting baby affects mother-infant synchrony. In any mother-infant relationship, characteristics of both the mother and infant contribute to an ongoing process of mutual modification of behaviour. With intensive observation and objective recording of behaviours, it is possible to describe individual infants, depict patterns of interaction with their mothers, and identify some of the consequences of interaction for both the mother's and the infant's developing behaviours. Even a normal infant can have behaviour patterns that play a disruptive role in the relationship. For example, an infant has been observed who, from birth through the first weeks of life, showed avoidance responses to being picked up and held. The infant's behaviour was a source of frustration and confusion to the unsuspecting parents. It is obviously difficult for the parents to respond appropriately to the needs of such an infant. And, in turn, the resulting interaction affects the infant's developing behaviours. The theme of this paper is to emphasize, though each relationship is unique, that observations made from the first days of life can permit the infant's contribution to the mother-infant relationship, and the manner in which that relationship influences his development, to be assessed.", "PMID": 1045981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_77", "title": "Mother-infant neonatal separation: some delayed consequences.", "content": "An earlier study of mothers of premature and full-term infants showed that the type and amount of social interaction between a human mother and her infant in the immediate postpartum period can influence the mother's subsequent behaviour and attitude towards the infant. Separation of a mother from her infant for as short a time as three weeks in the immediate postpartum period can lead to lowered feelings of maternal competency and decreased amounts of attachment behaviour, sometimes continuing for as long as one month after the pair have been reunited. Follow-up of these mothers and infants at 11, 12 and 15 months after discharge from the hospital showed that the effects of separation on maternal attitude and behaviour had disappeared, except that non-separated mothers continued to touch their infants more than separated mothers. Differences in maternal behaviour varied with birth order and sex of the infant and social class membership of the family. These findings are discussed in terms of ethological and social learning theories as they apply to matenal 'social attachment' in the neonatal period. The importance of considering the consequences of neonatal separation for the entire family rather than mother alone is emphasized.", "contents": "Mother-infant neonatal separation: some delayed consequences. An earlier study of mothers of premature and full-term infants showed that the type and amount of social interaction between a human mother and her infant in the immediate postpartum period can influence the mother's subsequent behaviour and attitude towards the infant. Separation of a mother from her infant for as short a time as three weeks in the immediate postpartum period can lead to lowered feelings of maternal competency and decreased amounts of attachment behaviour, sometimes continuing for as long as one month after the pair have been reunited. Follow-up of these mothers and infants at 11, 12 and 15 months after discharge from the hospital showed that the effects of separation on maternal attitude and behaviour had disappeared, except that non-separated mothers continued to touch their infants more than separated mothers. Differences in maternal behaviour varied with birth order and sex of the infant and social class membership of the family. These findings are discussed in terms of ethological and social learning theories as they apply to matenal 'social attachment' in the neonatal period. The importance of considering the consequences of neonatal separation for the entire family rather than mother alone is emphasized.", "PMID": 1045982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_78", "title": "Cognitive aspects of preverbal social interaction between human infants and adults.", "content": "Our previous studies on learning and on cognitive development in preverbal human infants indicated that motor activity and social interaction played particularly important roles in the cognitive development of infants. Closer analysis has revealed that motor activity and social interaction have some underlying common regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms can be detected more easily in infants than in older subjects. An attempt to synthesize our observations led us to the concept that there is a fundamental cognitive process in the integration of adaptive behaviour. This concept may help to elucidate the motivational and emotional aspects of social interaction, the role of mothers or other caretakers in their interactions with infants, and the unfavourable effects of early social deprivation of different types on cognitive development. Some of the assumptions on which this concept is based have been corroborated by analyses of adult-infant interaction.", "contents": "Cognitive aspects of preverbal social interaction between human infants and adults. Our previous studies on learning and on cognitive development in preverbal human infants indicated that motor activity and social interaction played particularly important roles in the cognitive development of infants. Closer analysis has revealed that motor activity and social interaction have some underlying common regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms can be detected more easily in infants than in older subjects. An attempt to synthesize our observations led us to the concept that there is a fundamental cognitive process in the integration of adaptive behaviour. This concept may help to elucidate the motivational and emotional aspects of social interaction, the role of mothers or other caretakers in their interactions with infants, and the unfavourable effects of early social deprivation of different types on cognitive development. Some of the assumptions on which this concept is based have been corroborated by analyses of adult-infant interaction.", "PMID": 1045983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_79", "title": "Parents of babies of very low birth weight: long-term follow-up.", "content": "On hundred and sixty babies of birth weight less than or equal to 1500 g who survived after perinatal intensive care have been followed up and observations have been made on their parents. In spite of attempts to minimize maternal separation and the distressing aspects of the birth and management of a baby of very low birth weight, an emotional crisis was observed in the mothers which was not fully resolved until the parents had been looking after the baby at home. The duration and degree of the crisis varied but the mothers who received sympathy and support from the baby's father appeared to have least difficulty. A rigid maternal personality and circumstances surrounding the birth which predisposed to feelings of failure and guilt appeared to prolong the crisis. Nevertheless, most of these parents subsequently formed satisfactory relationships with their children, although they tended to be over-protective and anxious. Failure to establish an adequate relationship was rare and occurred only among mothers with personality or psychiatric disorders. Although serious behaviour disorders among the children were rare, more children than would be expected were mildly over-dependent, shy and anxious at follow-up.", "contents": "Parents of babies of very low birth weight: long-term follow-up. On hundred and sixty babies of birth weight less than or equal to 1500 g who survived after perinatal intensive care have been followed up and observations have been made on their parents. In spite of attempts to minimize maternal separation and the distressing aspects of the birth and management of a baby of very low birth weight, an emotional crisis was observed in the mothers which was not fully resolved until the parents had been looking after the baby at home. The duration and degree of the crisis varied but the mothers who received sympathy and support from the baby's father appeared to have least difficulty. A rigid maternal personality and circumstances surrounding the birth which predisposed to feelings of failure and guilt appeared to prolong the crisis. Nevertheless, most of these parents subsequently formed satisfactory relationships with their children, although they tended to be over-protective and anxious. Failure to establish an adequate relationship was rare and occurred only among mothers with personality or psychiatric disorders. Although serious behaviour disorders among the children were rare, more children than would be expected were mildly over-dependent, shy and anxious at follow-up.", "PMID": 1045984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_80", "title": "Does human maternal behaviour after delivery show a characteristic pattern?", "content": "Specific kinds of maternal behaviour such as nesting, retrieving, grooming and exploring, are seen in non-human mammalian mothers immediately before, during and after delivery. In this study 22 human mothers were filmed during the first 10 minutes of contact with their normal nude full-term infants, who were placed beside them in private rooms in hospitals in Guatemala and the US; and nine mothers of premature infants were filmed on their first three visits to the nursery. Another 10 Guatemalan mothers and infants were observed for 10 minutes almost immediately after delivery in hospital. These observations were compared to maternal behaviour after home deliveries in California. After hospital delivery all US mothers, but only half of the Guatemalans, began touching their infants' extremities with their fingertips and proceeded within a few minutes to palm contact on the trunk. US mothers had an intense interest in eye-to-eye contact. Mothers of premature infants showed only fragments of this behaviour. In home births when the mothers are active participants in delivery, they pick up the infant immediately after birth, stroke its face with their fingertips and start breast-feeding within the first minutes after delivery. Initially the infant only licks the nipples. there is striking elevation in mood in the parents. These observations focus attention on reciprocal behaviour patterns that develop early between mother and infant and which serve to unite them.", "contents": "Does human maternal behaviour after delivery show a characteristic pattern? Specific kinds of maternal behaviour such as nesting, retrieving, grooming and exploring, are seen in non-human mammalian mothers immediately before, during and after delivery. In this study 22 human mothers were filmed during the first 10 minutes of contact with their normal nude full-term infants, who were placed beside them in private rooms in hospitals in Guatemala and the US; and nine mothers of premature infants were filmed on their first three visits to the nursery. Another 10 Guatemalan mothers and infants were observed for 10 minutes almost immediately after delivery in hospital. These observations were compared to maternal behaviour after home deliveries in California. After hospital delivery all US mothers, but only half of the Guatemalans, began touching their infants' extremities with their fingertips and proceeded within a few minutes to palm contact on the trunk. US mothers had an intense interest in eye-to-eye contact. Mothers of premature infants showed only fragments of this behaviour. In home births when the mothers are active participants in delivery, they pick up the infant immediately after birth, stroke its face with their fingertips and start breast-feeding within the first minutes after delivery. Initially the infant only licks the nipples. there is striking elevation in mood in the parents. These observations focus attention on reciprocal behaviour patterns that develop early between mother and infant and which serve to unite them.", "PMID": 1045987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_81", "title": "Evidence for a sensitive period in the human mother.", "content": "In certain animal species immediate separation of a mother from here young for a brief period after deliver (the sensitive period) may result in aberrant maternal behaviour. In the human, disorders of mothering, including child abuse, increase disproportionately in situations associated with early neonatal separation of mother and infant, such as prematurity. Mothers in the United States who were offered early contact with their premature infants showed differences in attachment behaviour when compared with mothers whose first contact with their infants was three weeks after delivery. Mothers who had one hour of close physical contact with their nude full-term infants within the first two hours after delivery and who had 15 extra hours of contact in the frist three days behaved significantly differently during a physical examination of the infant at one month and one year, and in their speech to their infants at two years, from a control group of mothers who had only routine contact. In a similar study in Guatemala, mothers who had 45 minutes of early extra contact showed significantly more attachment behaviour at the time of the first breast-feeding (12 hours). These and other studies in the human suggest that shortly after birth there is a sensitive period which appears to have long-lasting effects on maternal attachment and which may ultimately affect the development of the child.", "contents": "Evidence for a sensitive period in the human mother. In certain animal species immediate separation of a mother from here young for a brief period after deliver (the sensitive period) may result in aberrant maternal behaviour. In the human, disorders of mothering, including child abuse, increase disproportionately in situations associated with early neonatal separation of mother and infant, such as prematurity. Mothers in the United States who were offered early contact with their premature infants showed differences in attachment behaviour when compared with mothers whose first contact with their infants was three weeks after delivery. Mothers who had one hour of close physical contact with their nude full-term infants within the first two hours after delivery and who had 15 extra hours of contact in the frist three days behaved significantly differently during a physical examination of the infant at one month and one year, and in their speech to their infants at two years, from a control group of mothers who had only routine contact. In a similar study in Guatemala, mothers who had 45 minutes of early extra contact showed significantly more attachment behaviour at the time of the first breast-feeding (12 hours). These and other studies in the human suggest that shortly after birth there is a sensitive period which appears to have long-lasting effects on maternal attachment and which may ultimately affect the development of the child.", "PMID": 1045988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_82", "title": "Can one predict outcome of medical coma?", "content": "The combined evaluation of the motor response to stimulation and the oculovestibular (OV) reflex gives useful indicants to the outcome of medical coma. We examined 48 patients during the first 12 h and at 24 h after the onset of medical coma. We excluded patients who had ingested drugs or who had hypothermia. Motor responses to a noxious stimulus were scored on a 6 'best' and 1 'worst' scale, and the presence or absence of oculovestibular responses to icewater irrigations was recorded. Subjects were divided by outcome at three months into three groups: death or persistent vegetative state, severe disability, and moderate disability or good recovery. On the basis of the present series it was often possible to distinguish among the outcomes at or before 24 h. The patient's age and the presence or absence of pupillary responses, spontaneous eye movements and oculocephalic responses were not predictive of outcome, nor were the respiratory pattern, blood gases, blood pressure, heart rate and temperature. A minimal motor score and an absence of oculovestibular responses at 12 h always were assoicated with death. With higher motor scores, the absence of oculovestibular responses at either 12 or 24 h implied an outcome no better than severe disability. The results of the present study imply that early bedside assessments can yield accurate predictive information in medical coma.", "contents": "Can one predict outcome of medical coma? The combined evaluation of the motor response to stimulation and the oculovestibular (OV) reflex gives useful indicants to the outcome of medical coma. We examined 48 patients during the first 12 h and at 24 h after the onset of medical coma. We excluded patients who had ingested drugs or who had hypothermia. Motor responses to a noxious stimulus were scored on a 6 'best' and 1 'worst' scale, and the presence or absence of oculovestibular responses to icewater irrigations was recorded. Subjects were divided by outcome at three months into three groups: death or persistent vegetative state, severe disability, and moderate disability or good recovery. On the basis of the present series it was often possible to distinguish among the outcomes at or before 24 h. The patient's age and the presence or absence of pupillary responses, spontaneous eye movements and oculocephalic responses were not predictive of outcome, nor were the respiratory pattern, blood gases, blood pressure, heart rate and temperature. A minimal motor score and an absence of oculovestibular responses at 12 h always were assoicated with death. With higher motor scores, the absence of oculovestibular responses at either 12 or 24 h implied an outcome no better than severe disability. The results of the present study imply that early bedside assessments can yield accurate predictive information in medical coma.", "PMID": 1045989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_83", "title": "Assessment of the psychosocial outcome after severe head injury.", "content": "Rehabilitation services for the severely brain injured are often inadequate and one of the chief factors responsible is undue emphasis on the contribution of physical disability with scant attention to the serious emotional and intellectual handicaps incurred. Weakness, spasticity and dysphasis tend to recover eventually to a variable extent but mental handicap is often the cause of serious and lasting disablement. For a determination of the outcome of severe brain injury in terms of its effect on daily living, the relation between physical disability, mental handicap and social reintegration has been assessed quantitatively. Three assessment scales have been constructed and used in a study of 58 severely brain damaged patients. This revealed that the duration of post-traumatic amnesia correlates highly with the degree of social, mental and physical disability incurred. Daily living was affected primarily by impairment of intellect and personality and, to a lesser extent, by physical incapacity, but only rarely by the developments of symptoms of mental illness. Using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the time course of cognitive recovery was also assessed. Recovery curves and the relation of cognitive impairment to social and physical handicap will be demonstrated.", "contents": "Assessment of the psychosocial outcome after severe head injury. Rehabilitation services for the severely brain injured are often inadequate and one of the chief factors responsible is undue emphasis on the contribution of physical disability with scant attention to the serious emotional and intellectual handicaps incurred. Weakness, spasticity and dysphasis tend to recover eventually to a variable extent but mental handicap is often the cause of serious and lasting disablement. For a determination of the outcome of severe brain injury in terms of its effect on daily living, the relation between physical disability, mental handicap and social reintegration has been assessed quantitatively. Three assessment scales have been constructed and used in a study of 58 severely brain damaged patients. This revealed that the duration of post-traumatic amnesia correlates highly with the degree of social, mental and physical disability incurred. Daily living was affected primarily by impairment of intellect and personality and, to a lesser extent, by physical incapacity, but only rarely by the developments of symptoms of mental illness. Using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the time course of cognitive recovery was also assessed. Recovery curves and the relation of cognitive impairment to social and physical handicap will be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1045990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_84", "title": "Recovery of function after brain injury in man.", "content": "Late after-effects of cerebral trauma are difficult to study because patients tend to be seen for persisting symptoms, and not simply for their lesions. We have tried to avoid this bias by recalling periodically, over the years, 520 men with known brain injuries incurred in World War II or in Korea or Vietnam. These men are seen irrespective of clinical need and all undergo intensive behavioural and neurological assessment, which still continues. For such groups, recovery is impressive, though one third shows persistent intellectual loss. In addition, some tasks reveal specific deficits enduring unchanged, after th first 2-3 yr, for the 20-30 yr of follow-up (e.g. visual field defects, certain auditory discrimination losses, trouble on various complex perceptual tasks). These lasting deficits are linked to the site and size of focal injury, often representing remnants of more severe initially-present disorders. The extent of recovery is correlated with age at the time of trauma, the youngest faring best. Extension of such studies to cases of early brain damage (birth to five years), as indicated by hemiparesis, shows the familiar 'escape' of language after early left-hemisphere lesions but this is achieved at a price, the price being borne by non-verbal functions that normally depend on the integrity of the right hemisphere.", "contents": "Recovery of function after brain injury in man. Late after-effects of cerebral trauma are difficult to study because patients tend to be seen for persisting symptoms, and not simply for their lesions. We have tried to avoid this bias by recalling periodically, over the years, 520 men with known brain injuries incurred in World War II or in Korea or Vietnam. These men are seen irrespective of clinical need and all undergo intensive behavioural and neurological assessment, which still continues. For such groups, recovery is impressive, though one third shows persistent intellectual loss. In addition, some tasks reveal specific deficits enduring unchanged, after th first 2-3 yr, for the 20-30 yr of follow-up (e.g. visual field defects, certain auditory discrimination losses, trouble on various complex perceptual tasks). These lasting deficits are linked to the site and size of focal injury, often representing remnants of more severe initially-present disorders. The extent of recovery is correlated with age at the time of trauma, the youngest faring best. Extension of such studies to cases of early brain damage (birth to five years), as indicated by hemiparesis, shows the familiar 'escape' of language after early left-hemisphere lesions but this is achieved at a price, the price being borne by non-verbal functions that normally depend on the integrity of the right hemisphere.", "PMID": 1045991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_85", "title": "Acquired dyslexia: patterns of deficit and recovery.", "content": "These preliminary results are concerned with the quantitative description of recovery of function and the shape of the recovery curve. Four patients, in whom dylexia was the salient residual symptom of cerebral damage, are described. Individual differences in the pattern of dyslexic error and the time course of recovery are discussed; and recovery--as measured by longitudinal studies of performance in reading tasks--is analysed in terms of a model which takes into account rate of learning and the eventual asymptote. It is suggested that these or analogous techiques may be relevant both for the design of remedial programmes and for problems of prognosis.", "contents": "Acquired dyslexia: patterns of deficit and recovery. These preliminary results are concerned with the quantitative description of recovery of function and the shape of the recovery curve. Four patients, in whom dylexia was the salient residual symptom of cerebral damage, are described. Individual differences in the pattern of dyslexic error and the time course of recovery are discussed; and recovery--as measured by longitudinal studies of performance in reading tasks--is analysed in terms of a model which takes into account rate of learning and the eventual asymptote. It is suggested that these or analogous techiques may be relevant both for the design of remedial programmes and for problems of prognosis.", "PMID": 1045992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_86", "title": "Fact and theory in recovery from the aphasias.", "content": "Clinical evidence has suggested that the form of an aphasia--and perhaps potential for recovery therefrom--can be related to an exceedingly wide range of variables. Such anatomico-physiological considerations as size, depth, location and nature (e.g. penetrating missile injury, stroke, tumour, closed head injury) of the injury are frequently held to be crucial correlates, as are associated neurological deficits (e.g. presence of hemiplegia, sensory and visual field defects). Subject variables, such as age, sex and 'handedness\" (including familial handedness), complicate the picture still further, as may differences in education personality and cognitive style. Given a multidimensional problem of this magnitude the first objective of theory is to indicate putative constrainst on patterns of impaired performance. Studies of the normal population--that is, the population from which cases of brain injury are later drawn--may, we believe, aid in the elucidation of individual differences seen after injury. A more detailed knowledge of the range of possibilities concerning cerebral specialization of function and variations in task strategies seems to be required. In this context we shall review some recent reports on dichotic listening and split visual field experiments with both normal and brain-damaged subjects and also consider the role that linguistic descriptions of aphasic impairment could play in suggesting retraining procedures appropriate to the individual patient.", "contents": "Fact and theory in recovery from the aphasias. Clinical evidence has suggested that the form of an aphasia--and perhaps potential for recovery therefrom--can be related to an exceedingly wide range of variables. Such anatomico-physiological considerations as size, depth, location and nature (e.g. penetrating missile injury, stroke, tumour, closed head injury) of the injury are frequently held to be crucial correlates, as are associated neurological deficits (e.g. presence of hemiplegia, sensory and visual field defects). Subject variables, such as age, sex and 'handedness\" (including familial handedness), complicate the picture still further, as may differences in education personality and cognitive style. Given a multidimensional problem of this magnitude the first objective of theory is to indicate putative constrainst on patterns of impaired performance. Studies of the normal population--that is, the population from which cases of brain injury are later drawn--may, we believe, aid in the elucidation of individual differences seen after injury. A more detailed knowledge of the range of possibilities concerning cerebral specialization of function and variations in task strategies seems to be required. In this context we shall review some recent reports on dichotic listening and split visual field experiments with both normal and brain-damaged subjects and also consider the role that linguistic descriptions of aphasic impairment could play in suggesting retraining procedures appropriate to the individual patient.", "PMID": 1045993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_87", "title": "Early neurophysiological assessment after insult to the central nervous system.", "content": "Cerebral insult is a generic term which includes many causes of altered cerebral function. Neurophysiological investigations, closely integrated with clinical and metabolic studies, should begin at an early stage after any such insult (namely in the first few hours) to provide information on the type, severity and evolution of latered brain function. The present contribution is based on prospective studies on 200 children with closed head injuries and 500 children who had been resuscitated following cardiocirculatory or respiratory arrest. In addition to electroencephalography, other neurophysiological investigations may be carried out whenever necessary including electroretinography, evoked potential studies and polyelectromyography at the patient's bedside, whether or not in the intensive care situation. The rapid evolution of metabolic events and of both clinical and neurophysiological features characterizes the acute initial phase, in marked contrast to the more static features of long term sequelae to a cerebral insult. Experience over the past 25 yr has shown that no rule is applicable to every case because of the diversity of individual circumstances. However, a well planned early neurophysiological assessment after insult to the central nervous system has given reliable prognostic criteria for the subsequent management of each patient and for the evaluation of any complications during the first few weeks of treatment.", "contents": "Early neurophysiological assessment after insult to the central nervous system. Cerebral insult is a generic term which includes many causes of altered cerebral function. Neurophysiological investigations, closely integrated with clinical and metabolic studies, should begin at an early stage after any such insult (namely in the first few hours) to provide information on the type, severity and evolution of latered brain function. The present contribution is based on prospective studies on 200 children with closed head injuries and 500 children who had been resuscitated following cardiocirculatory or respiratory arrest. In addition to electroencephalography, other neurophysiological investigations may be carried out whenever necessary including electroretinography, evoked potential studies and polyelectromyography at the patient's bedside, whether or not in the intensive care situation. The rapid evolution of metabolic events and of both clinical and neurophysiological features characterizes the acute initial phase, in marked contrast to the more static features of long term sequelae to a cerebral insult. Experience over the past 25 yr has shown that no rule is applicable to every case because of the diversity of individual circumstances. However, a well planned early neurophysiological assessment after insult to the central nervous system has given reliable prognostic criteria for the subsequent management of each patient and for the evaluation of any complications during the first few weeks of treatment.", "PMID": 1045994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_88", "title": "Prognostic factors in stroke.", "content": "Prognostic factors in 137 patients with acute ischaemic infarction of the cerebral hemisphere were examined in a prospective study with particular reference to acute mortality, delayed mortality and the ability to regain independent living. Adverse factors in the examination on admission to hospital with regard to all these aspects were found to be a reduction of the level of consciousness to any degree and paralysis of conjugate gaze. A severe hemiplegia and advancing age indicated a bad prognosis for delayed mortality and severe disability in survivors, but did not affect acute mortality. At three weeks after the onset, inability to walk unaided, a useless hand and or urinary incontinence was associated with an increased probability of death in the next few months and of failure to regain independence in the survivors. These adverse factors appeared to correlate with infarction extending beyond the middle cerebral artery territory, severe brain swelling and recent occlusion of the internal carotid artery.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in stroke. Prognostic factors in 137 patients with acute ischaemic infarction of the cerebral hemisphere were examined in a prospective study with particular reference to acute mortality, delayed mortality and the ability to regain independent living. Adverse factors in the examination on admission to hospital with regard to all these aspects were found to be a reduction of the level of consciousness to any degree and paralysis of conjugate gaze. A severe hemiplegia and advancing age indicated a bad prognosis for delayed mortality and severe disability in survivors, but did not affect acute mortality. At three weeks after the onset, inability to walk unaided, a useless hand and or urinary incontinence was associated with an increased probability of death in the next few months and of failure to regain independence in the survivors. These adverse factors appeared to correlate with infarction extending beyond the middle cerebral artery territory, severe brain swelling and recent occlusion of the internal carotid artery.", "PMID": 1045995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_89", "title": "Development of a formal structure for clinical management decisions: a mathematical analysis.", "content": "Decision theory and the calculating power of the computer now enables us to contemplate the development of formal methods for making decisions about clinical management. In the simplest  model, it is first necessary to define all treatment decisions as an exhaustive and mutually exclusive set and similarly to define the set of consequences or outcomes of treatment. The probability of each outcome conditional on treatment has to be estimated and this consequent state of health has to be quantified as a utility. Possible methods of estimating utilities of states of health are discussed and the construction of a unidimensional utility function based on a sequence of wagers. The states of health consequent on severe brain damage can only be described multidimensionally and the model has to be extended to include this case. While such a model would allow simple treatment decisions to be formalized, it could not decide whether the cost of treatment was worth while nor whether it would pay to carry out further investigative tests and thus buy more evidence. If these additional variables are to be included in the model, it is necessary to introduce the motion of an equivalence between monetary values and utilities. This implies attaching a monetary value to any given state of health.", "contents": "Development of a formal structure for clinical management decisions: a mathematical analysis. Decision theory and the calculating power of the computer now enables us to contemplate the development of formal methods for making decisions about clinical management. In the simplest  model, it is first necessary to define all treatment decisions as an exhaustive and mutually exclusive set and similarly to define the set of consequences or outcomes of treatment. The probability of each outcome conditional on treatment has to be estimated and this consequent state of health has to be quantified as a utility. Possible methods of estimating utilities of states of health are discussed and the construction of a unidimensional utility function based on a sequence of wagers. The states of health consequent on severe brain damage can only be described multidimensionally and the model has to be extended to include this case. While such a model would allow simple treatment decisions to be formalized, it could not decide whether the cost of treatment was worth while nor whether it would pay to carry out further investigative tests and thus buy more evidence. If these additional variables are to be included in the model, it is necessary to introduce the motion of an equivalence between monetary values and utilities. This implies attaching a monetary value to any given state of health.", "PMID": 1045996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_90", "title": "Outcome of severe damage to the central nervous system. Scale, scope and philosophy of the clinical problem.", "content": "The recovery process after acute brain damage has attracted little interest from either basic or clinical scientists who seem to be most concerned with the acute stage. Much might be learnt about the mechanisms of the nervous system from study of the recovery process. The number of patients with permanent brain damage is growing as the result of the increased survival rate  from such common conditions as severe head injury and non-geriatric stroke. Response to this problem has largely come from other disciplines, and in the form of supportive care rather than scientific enquiry. Such an enquiry might seek to answer three outstanding questions. (1) What is the nature of the persisting disability? (2) Can more scientifically based rehabilitation, including physical, mental and social components, either accelerate the rate of recovery or reduce the degree of ultimate disability? (3) Can the ultimate outcome be predicted in the acute stage; and can the amount of further improvement be estimated in the later stages of recovery?", "contents": "Outcome of severe damage to the central nervous system. Scale, scope and philosophy of the clinical problem. The recovery process after acute brain damage has attracted little interest from either basic or clinical scientists who seem to be most concerned with the acute stage. Much might be learnt about the mechanisms of the nervous system from study of the recovery process. The number of patients with permanent brain damage is growing as the result of the increased survival rate  from such common conditions as severe head injury and non-geriatric stroke. Response to this problem has largely come from other disciplines, and in the form of supportive care rather than scientific enquiry. Such an enquiry might seek to answer three outstanding questions. (1) What is the nature of the persisting disability? (2) Can more scientifically based rehabilitation, including physical, mental and social components, either accelerate the rate of recovery or reduce the degree of ultimate disability? (3) Can the ultimate outcome be predicted in the acute stage; and can the amount of further improvement be estimated in the later stages of recovery?", "PMID": 1045997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_91", "title": "Prognosis after severe head injury.", "content": "Prognosis depends on establishing a relationship between the patient's state in the early stages and the ultimate outcome. Both the severity of the initial damage (including early complications) and the degree of recovery need to be defined, but practical and statistical considerations impose a limit on the number of variables which can be manipulated. Variables chosen should be those likely to be relevant, and pilot studies are more reliable than intuition in indicating which items should be included. Data chosen should be of a kind likely to be readily available for most patients and should not therefore depend on complex laboratory investigation. The most reliable indicant of initial severity appears to be the depth and duration of coma or altered consciousness, and a scale has been devised for measuring these. Measures of outcome should include separate assessment of mental and physical disability as well as the overall social consequence of the brain damage. Prognosis should be expressed as the probability (mathematically expressed) that a patient will reach certain defined outcome categories, five of which are recognized in the present study. Predictions should begin only after initial resuscitative measures are complete (say six hours after ictus); they need not be limited to the early stages but can include estimates of the degree of further improvement expected in the light of progress in the early weeks after injuries. New methods of management cannot be critically assessed unless factors influencing prognosis are reliably identified and can be matched in comparative patient groups. An estimate of prognosis is also required for the selection of patients for intensive treatment, both in the acute and in the rehabilitation stage. Without such data there is a tendency to deploy an unduly high proportion of scarce resources on patients who have little prospect of recovery; this may deny the best chance of recovery to patients with severe, but less overwhelming, brain damage.", "contents": "Prognosis after severe head injury. Prognosis depends on establishing a relationship between the patient's state in the early stages and the ultimate outcome. Both the severity of the initial damage (including early complications) and the degree of recovery need to be defined, but practical and statistical considerations impose a limit on the number of variables which can be manipulated. Variables chosen should be those likely to be relevant, and pilot studies are more reliable than intuition in indicating which items should be included. Data chosen should be of a kind likely to be readily available for most patients and should not therefore depend on complex laboratory investigation. The most reliable indicant of initial severity appears to be the depth and duration of coma or altered consciousness, and a scale has been devised for measuring these. Measures of outcome should include separate assessment of mental and physical disability as well as the overall social consequence of the brain damage. Prognosis should be expressed as the probability (mathematically expressed) that a patient will reach certain defined outcome categories, five of which are recognized in the present study. Predictions should begin only after initial resuscitative measures are complete (say six hours after ictus); they need not be limited to the early stages but can include estimates of the degree of further improvement expected in the light of progress in the early weeks after injuries. New methods of management cannot be critically assessed unless factors influencing prognosis are reliably identified and can be matched in comparative patient groups. An estimate of prognosis is also required for the selection of patients for intensive treatment, both in the acute and in the rehabilitation stage. Without such data there is a tendency to deploy an unduly high proportion of scarce resources on patients who have little prospect of recovery; this may deny the best chance of recovery to patients with severe, but less overwhelming, brain damage.", "PMID": 1045998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_92", "title": "Signs of plasticity and reconnection in spinal cord damage.", "content": "Experiments on the thalamus, dorsal column nuclei and spinal cord in the adult cat and rat show that partial destruction of afferents to these regions leads to the immediate unmasking of certain types of activity which are normally inhibited. Chronic studies show that some cells begin to respond to afferent nerve impulses after a period in which the cell seems to have lost all inputs. Sprouting of terminals from remaining areas is one possible explanation for these late changes but one must also consider the possibility that the new connections result from axons which were already present but which normally were ineffective.", "contents": "Signs of plasticity and reconnection in spinal cord damage. Experiments on the thalamus, dorsal column nuclei and spinal cord in the adult cat and rat show that partial destruction of afferents to these regions leads to the immediate unmasking of certain types of activity which are normally inhibited. Chronic studies show that some cells begin to respond to afferent nerve impulses after a period in which the cell seems to have lost all inputs. Sprouting of terminals from remaining areas is one possible explanation for these late changes but one must also consider the possibility that the new connections result from axons which were already present but which normally were ineffective.", "PMID": 1045999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_93", "title": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism.", "content": "To date, regional measurements of cerebral blood flow in humans have not been especially helpful in predicting the outcome of acute brain injury. The recent appearance within the medical environment of biologically significant pharmaceuticals labelled with the positron-emitting isotopes 15O, 13N and 11C has made possible the quantitative regional measurement of cerebral metabolism in humans. This advance, coupled with the development of radically new detection systems, will allow the safe measurement of truly regional blood flow and metabolism in humans in the near future. Such information is basic to an understanding of the pathophysiology of acute injury to the brain and the rational prediction of outcome in the individual case.", "contents": "Cerebral blood flow and metabolism. To date, regional measurements of cerebral blood flow in humans have not been especially helpful in predicting the outcome of acute brain injury. The recent appearance within the medical environment of biologically significant pharmaceuticals labelled with the positron-emitting isotopes 15O, 13N and 11C has made possible the quantitative regional measurement of cerebral metabolism in humans. This advance, coupled with the development of radically new detection systems, will allow the safe measurement of truly regional blood flow and metabolism in humans in the near future. Such information is basic to an understanding of the pathophysiology of acute injury to the brain and the rational prediction of outcome in the individual case.", "PMID": 1046000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_94", "title": "Assessment of severe damage to the brain by multiregional measurements of cerebral blood flow.", "content": "Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with a 32-detector device in patients with severe injury to the central nervous system. Most suffered head injiries in traffic accidents. Many patients were severely demented. Several were comatose or in a so-called persistent vegetative state. Flow was measured at rest and during various forms of stimulation. The resting values were on the whole markedly reduced. The flow patterns often showed distinct correlations with the original brain injury. In the best preserved patients, mental activation caused increases in flow with a normal or near-normal distribution. Cutaneous electric stimulation gave rise to increases in cortical flow even in highly reduced patients with severe brain damage. Patients with total or less than total loss of telencephalic structures with retained brainstem reflexes and respiration ('apallic' patients) did not show any changes in flow on sensory stimulation. We conclude that the technique for measuring rCBF enables us to assess severe damage to the central nervous system quantitatively and also to estimate whether higher functions are retained in severely reduced patients in coma, stupor and apallic state--patients who more or less completely lack behavioural responses.", "contents": "Assessment of severe damage to the brain by multiregional measurements of cerebral blood flow. Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured with a 32-detector device in patients with severe injury to the central nervous system. Most suffered head injiries in traffic accidents. Many patients were severely demented. Several were comatose or in a so-called persistent vegetative state. Flow was measured at rest and during various forms of stimulation. The resting values were on the whole markedly reduced. The flow patterns often showed distinct correlations with the original brain injury. In the best preserved patients, mental activation caused increases in flow with a normal or near-normal distribution. Cutaneous electric stimulation gave rise to increases in cortical flow even in highly reduced patients with severe brain damage. Patients with total or less than total loss of telencephalic structures with retained brainstem reflexes and respiration ('apallic' patients) did not show any changes in flow on sensory stimulation. We conclude that the technique for measuring rCBF enables us to assess severe damage to the central nervous system quantitatively and also to estimate whether higher functions are retained in severely reduced patients in coma, stupor and apallic state--patients who more or less completely lack behavioural responses.", "PMID": 1046001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_95", "title": "[Medical and social aspects of epilepsy (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of social aspects of epilepsy is given. Similar to the own experience the literature shows only little social prestige given to patients with epilepsy, an experience known from persons with psychiatric disorders. The prevalence rate for chronic epilepsy is 0.5%. So called genuine seizures decreased with diagnostic progress during the last years (about 50%). Lower social classes and negative social patterns are characteristic of employees with epileptic fits. Unemployed persons show normal social structure. A relation to social class and onset of epilepsy exists. Epileptics are socially immobile. Like other persons with chronic diseases epilepsy produces a special social attitude and often negative therapeutic motivation. In contrast to the literature non-hospitalized epileptics show normal intelligence. Neurotic symptoms are seen in many cases however (about 40%). Often social disturbances origin from broken home situations. There is no specific social and mental defect. According to the own experience social integration of epileptics depends upon the local economic structure. The common prejudice varies with the local area. Social drop-outs are not due to the seizures, but occur mainly in mentally retarded persons who are not able to follow therapeutic regimens. Delinquency is increased among the own patients (18%). The causes are psychoorganic syndromes, often in connection with negative therapeutic motivation and alcoholism. The tendency to specific crimes, known from the literature, could not be confirmed. Forensic problems in direct connection with epileptic fits are rare. Medical problems concerning ability to drive often occur. Many patients possess a driver licence (46.5%), gained after onset of epilepsy in 50%. But the accident rate is lower than in the general population. Special outpatient departments and therapeutic groups for epileptics--affiliated to neurological centers--can improve the exact diagnosis, therapeutic motivation and social integration.", "contents": "[Medical and social aspects of epilepsy (author's transl)]. A review of social aspects of epilepsy is given. Similar to the own experience the literature shows only little social prestige given to patients with epilepsy, an experience known from persons with psychiatric disorders. The prevalence rate for chronic epilepsy is 0.5%. So called genuine seizures decreased with diagnostic progress during the last years (about 50%). Lower social classes and negative social patterns are characteristic of employees with epileptic fits. Unemployed persons show normal social structure. A relation to social class and onset of epilepsy exists. Epileptics are socially immobile. Like other persons with chronic diseases epilepsy produces a special social attitude and often negative therapeutic motivation. In contrast to the literature non-hospitalized epileptics show normal intelligence. Neurotic symptoms are seen in many cases however (about 40%). Often social disturbances origin from broken home situations. There is no specific social and mental defect. According to the own experience social integration of epileptics depends upon the local economic structure. The common prejudice varies with the local area. Social drop-outs are not due to the seizures, but occur mainly in mentally retarded persons who are not able to follow therapeutic regimens. Delinquency is increased among the own patients (18%). The causes are psychoorganic syndromes, often in connection with negative therapeutic motivation and alcoholism. The tendency to specific crimes, known from the literature, could not be confirmed. Forensic problems in direct connection with epileptic fits are rare. Medical problems concerning ability to drive often occur. Many patients possess a driver licence (46.5%), gained after onset of epilepsy in 50%. But the accident rate is lower than in the general population. Special outpatient departments and therapeutic groups for epileptics--affiliated to neurological centers--can improve the exact diagnosis, therapeutic motivation and social integration.", "PMID": 1046002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_96", "title": "[Experimental analysis of a perceptual disturbance in schizophrenia. Desynchronization of hand-movements with uniform acoustic frequency (author's transl)].", "content": "1. In contrast to healthy adult subjects many schizophrenics are unable to drum synchronically with a uniform acoustic frequency. 2. But many schizophrenics can do this when their full attention is diverted by additional light-stimuli. 3. Healthy subjects can be induced to desynchronization, when perception of acoustic frequency is blurred. 4. This desynchronization in healthy subjects can be abolished when their full attention is diverted by additional light-stimuli.", "contents": "[Experimental analysis of a perceptual disturbance in schizophrenia. Desynchronization of hand-movements with uniform acoustic frequency (author's transl)]. 1. In contrast to healthy adult subjects many schizophrenics are unable to drum synchronically with a uniform acoustic frequency. 2. But many schizophrenics can do this when their full attention is diverted by additional light-stimuli. 3. Healthy subjects can be induced to desynchronization, when perception of acoustic frequency is blurred. 4. This desynchronization in healthy subjects can be abolished when their full attention is diverted by additional light-stimuli.", "PMID": 1046003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_97", "title": "Antistaphylococcal activity of sisomicin and four other aminoglycosides against strains sensitive and resistant to methicillin.", "content": "Five aminoglycosides were tested for inhibitory activity on 91 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 39 of which were methicillin-resistant. The antistaphylococcal activity of these antibiotics was independent of the methicillin-resistance. Their order of decreasing effectiveness was: gentamicin greater than tobramycin = sisomicin greater than amikacin greater than kanamycin. Resistant strains were only found for the latter.", "contents": "Antistaphylococcal activity of sisomicin and four other aminoglycosides against strains sensitive and resistant to methicillin. Five aminoglycosides were tested for inhibitory activity on 91 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, 39 of which were methicillin-resistant. The antistaphylococcal activity of these antibiotics was independent of the methicillin-resistance. Their order of decreasing effectiveness was: gentamicin greater than tobramycin = sisomicin greater than amikacin greater than kanamycin. Resistant strains were only found for the latter.", "PMID": 1046008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_98", "title": "A coordinated team approach to one health problem.", "content": "Rheumatoid arthritis, as a complex and chronic disease, requires the expertise of many disciplines working in a combined fashion with the patient as an active and responsible member of the health team. In-depth knowledge of the disease is vital to the nurse in assisting her in developing an effective and logical plan of care. The nurse must act as the liaison between patient and health team and coordinate the programme of treatment. The most important feature of the delivery of care to the rheumatoid patient at the Rheumatism Foundation Hospital is that the patient is involved in his plan of care from the beginning and has shared responsibility for its being carried out and its effectiveness. It is the cooperative effort between the health team and the patient which is the major feature in this very successful comprehensive approach to caring for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "A coordinated team approach to one health problem. Rheumatoid arthritis, as a complex and chronic disease, requires the expertise of many disciplines working in a combined fashion with the patient as an active and responsible member of the health team. In-depth knowledge of the disease is vital to the nurse in assisting her in developing an effective and logical plan of care. The nurse must act as the liaison between patient and health team and coordinate the programme of treatment. The most important feature of the delivery of care to the rheumatoid patient at the Rheumatism Foundation Hospital is that the patient is involved in his plan of care from the beginning and has shared responsibility for its being carried out and its effectiveness. It is the cooperative effort between the health team and the patient which is the major feature in this very successful comprehensive approach to caring for the patient with rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1046027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_99", "title": "Clinical application of electrocardiographic trend recording.", "content": "New electronic technology has made trend recording (R-R intervals versus time) feasible on a routine basis outside of acute-care units at nursing stations on regular hospital floors. The physician or nurse is able to monitor the rate and rhythm changes of his patient easily with this form of data compression which minimizes the scanning of reams of ECG paper. The information obtained from such electrocardiographic data results in improved surveillance of arrhythmias and leads to better patient care.", "contents": "Clinical application of electrocardiographic trend recording. New electronic technology has made trend recording (R-R intervals versus time) feasible on a routine basis outside of acute-care units at nursing stations on regular hospital floors. The physician or nurse is able to monitor the rate and rhythm changes of his patient easily with this form of data compression which minimizes the scanning of reams of ECG paper. The information obtained from such electrocardiographic data results in improved surveillance of arrhythmias and leads to better patient care.", "PMID": 1046033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_100", "title": "Description and uses of intracranial pressure monitoring.", "content": "Today, ICP monitoring is used to facilitate the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of abnormal ICP profiles. The level of ICP is made readily available and impending ICP abnormalities can be detected by evaluation of compensation mechanisms. ICP monitoring can also be used to evaluate methods of ICP reduction as shown in Fig 5. It can also aid in determining the prognosis. A poor prognosis is indicated by a CPP of less than 30 mm. Hg, rising ICP in spite of treatment, and loss of compliance. ICP monitoring is useful only in the experienced hands of a neurosurgical team which is better qualified to interpret data in association with the clinical picture and determine a plan of treatment. They are also fully aware of and can guard against possible infection, CSF leakage, hematoma, and its consequences.", "contents": "Description and uses of intracranial pressure monitoring. Today, ICP monitoring is used to facilitate the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of abnormal ICP profiles. The level of ICP is made readily available and impending ICP abnormalities can be detected by evaluation of compensation mechanisms. ICP monitoring can also be used to evaluate methods of ICP reduction as shown in Fig 5. It can also aid in determining the prognosis. A poor prognosis is indicated by a CPP of less than 30 mm. Hg, rising ICP in spite of treatment, and loss of compliance. ICP monitoring is useful only in the experienced hands of a neurosurgical team which is better qualified to interpret data in association with the clinical picture and determine a plan of treatment. They are also fully aware of and can guard against possible infection, CSF leakage, hematoma, and its consequences.", "PMID": 1046035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_101", "title": "Effect of family visits on the blood pressure and heart rate of patients in the coronary-care unit.", "content": "Conclusions that can be drawn from this study are: (1) the blood pressure and heart rate of CCU patients show no significant changes when the patients are awake and are not interrupted by stressful events. (2) A family visiting period of ten minutes every hour creates a stressful effect on the blood pressure and heart rate of cardiac patients in a CCU. (3) Since patients are particularly vulnerable to fatigue in the early stages of coronary illness, a ten-minute visiting period every hour for twelve hours appears to be a stressful event and indicates that the present visiting schedules are not conducive to good patient management. (4) Continuing studies should be done to determine what other type of CCU visiting time arrangements might be made to insure better patient care.", "contents": "Effect of family visits on the blood pressure and heart rate of patients in the coronary-care unit. Conclusions that can be drawn from this study are: (1) the blood pressure and heart rate of CCU patients show no significant changes when the patients are awake and are not interrupted by stressful events. (2) A family visiting period of ten minutes every hour creates a stressful effect on the blood pressure and heart rate of cardiac patients in a CCU. (3) Since patients are particularly vulnerable to fatigue in the early stages of coronary illness, a ten-minute visiting period every hour for twelve hours appears to be a stressful event and indicates that the present visiting schedules are not conducive to good patient management. (4) Continuing studies should be done to determine what other type of CCU visiting time arrangements might be made to insure better patient care.", "PMID": 1046036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_102", "title": "Injuries to major vessels: an overview of current concepts.", "content": "Injuries to major arteries and veins continue to result in loss of life and limb. Successful management of such injuries requires an integrated team approach with careful attention given to resuscitation of shock, technical aspects of surgical procedures, and adjunctive management. This review addresses current concepts relating to the problem of vascular trauma.", "contents": "Injuries to major vessels: an overview of current concepts. Injuries to major arteries and veins continue to result in loss of life and limb. Successful management of such injuries requires an integrated team approach with careful attention given to resuscitation of shock, technical aspects of surgical procedures, and adjunctive management. This review addresses current concepts relating to the problem of vascular trauma.", "PMID": 1046038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_103", "title": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. V. Physiologic bases of paroxysmal bradycardia-dependent bundle branch block.", "content": "Bradycardia-dependent bundle branch block can occur during acute cardiac ischemia or infarction. Basic cellular electrophysiology helps in understanding the mechanisms involved. A review of the previous four vignettes of this series will be helpful in studying this vignette.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. V. Physiologic bases of paroxysmal bradycardia-dependent bundle branch block. Bradycardia-dependent bundle branch block can occur during acute cardiac ischemia or infarction. Basic cellular electrophysiology helps in understanding the mechanisms involved. A review of the previous four vignettes of this series will be helpful in studying this vignette.", "PMID": 1046042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_104", "title": "Anaerobic infections.", "content": "The treatment of anaerobic infection will be improved by: (1) having a high index of suspicion of anaerobic bacteria in all infections, (2) recognition of clinical signs characteristic of some of these infections, and (3) institution of antibiotics that are likely to be appropriate before the culture results become available 4 to 7 days later.", "contents": "Anaerobic infections. The treatment of anaerobic infection will be improved by: (1) having a high index of suspicion of anaerobic bacteria in all infections, (2) recognition of clinical signs characteristic of some of these infections, and (3) institution of antibiotics that are likely to be appropriate before the culture results become available 4 to 7 days later.", "PMID": 1046048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_105", "title": "Metabolism during shock and sepsis.", "content": "The shock-induced changes in the cells of both peripheral tissues and vital organs apparently occur mainly in the energy pathways. The normal flow of these pathways is inhibited by the lack of oxygen; and both this anoxia and the consequent energy deficit inhibit the function of membranes. As a result, the active transport of gluconeogenic substrates, such as glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid, is blocked; this allows potassium efflux and sodium influx. Gluconeogenesis is inhibited either by a direct effect of endotoxin on the gluconeogenic enzymes or by the lack of ATP. Prolonged anoxia interferes with the oxidation of pyruvate and increases the intracellular and extracellular levels of lactate. The intracellular acidosis or the direct effect of endotoxin on the membranes finally causes the permeability or lysis of cellular and lysosomal membranes. Lysosomal hydrolases have been implicated in the cellular pathology of shock, the production of MDF, and the adverse effects on endothelial cells of the vascular system. Further ATP deficiency may alter protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Metabolism during shock and sepsis. The shock-induced changes in the cells of both peripheral tissues and vital organs apparently occur mainly in the energy pathways. The normal flow of these pathways is inhibited by the lack of oxygen; and both this anoxia and the consequent energy deficit inhibit the function of membranes. As a result, the active transport of gluconeogenic substrates, such as glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid, is blocked; this allows potassium efflux and sodium influx. Gluconeogenesis is inhibited either by a direct effect of endotoxin on the gluconeogenic enzymes or by the lack of ATP. Prolonged anoxia interferes with the oxidation of pyruvate and increases the intracellular and extracellular levels of lactate. The intracellular acidosis or the direct effect of endotoxin on the membranes finally causes the permeability or lysis of cellular and lysosomal membranes. Lysosomal hydrolases have been implicated in the cellular pathology of shock, the production of MDF, and the adverse effects on endothelial cells of the vascular system. Further ATP deficiency may alter protein biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1046049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_106", "title": "The diagnosis and management of severe sepsis and septic shock.", "content": "Shock due to or associated with sepsis may present a clinical picture quite different from that usually seen in hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock. Any trend which suggests increasing sepsis should be treated aggressively as if shock were present. The earlier such therapy is begun, the better the results tend to be. Perhaps the greatest errors in the therapy of severe sepsis and septic shock are (1) delayed control of the primary septic process, (2) giving too little fluid in the early phases of therapy (and too much later), and (3) delaying ventilator assistance if the patient's ventilation or blood gases are deteriorating.", "contents": "The diagnosis and management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Shock due to or associated with sepsis may present a clinical picture quite different from that usually seen in hypovolemic or cardiogenic shock. Any trend which suggests increasing sepsis should be treated aggressively as if shock were present. The earlier such therapy is begun, the better the results tend to be. Perhaps the greatest errors in the therapy of severe sepsis and septic shock are (1) delayed control of the primary septic process, (2) giving too little fluid in the early phases of therapy (and too much later), and (3) delaying ventilator assistance if the patient's ventilation or blood gases are deteriorating.", "PMID": 1046050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_107", "title": "Intermittent pseudocomplete A-V block due to A-V dissociation in presence of 2:1 A-V block.", "content": "A false pattern of intermittent complete A-V block was seen in two asymptomatic patients when A-V dissociation was superimposed on a basic 2:1 A-V block. Although the conduction disturbance occurred at the A-V nodal level in both cases, in Case 2 it resembled A-V block due to bilateral or trifascicular disease. This arrhythmia was the end result of Type I (Wenckebach) block and apparently has a better prognosis than those emerging from a Type II (Mobitz) block.", "contents": "Intermittent pseudocomplete A-V block due to A-V dissociation in presence of 2:1 A-V block. A false pattern of intermittent complete A-V block was seen in two asymptomatic patients when A-V dissociation was superimposed on a basic 2:1 A-V block. Although the conduction disturbance occurred at the A-V nodal level in both cases, in Case 2 it resembled A-V block due to bilateral or trifascicular disease. This arrhythmia was the end result of Type I (Wenckebach) block and apparently has a better prognosis than those emerging from a Type II (Mobitz) block.", "PMID": 1046054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_108", "title": "Pulmonary fat embolism: a complication of fracture.", "content": "Medical personnel must be aware of the possibility of fat embolism as a complicating factor of fractures. Ambulance, emergency room, orthopedic, and intensive-care personnel may frequently be involved in the care of these patients. Fat embolism should be suspected any time a patient exhibits bizarre mental, pulmonary, or circulatory symptoms following a fracture. Prevention may be achieved by as near immobilization of a fracture as possible. When fat embolism does occur, the course of the illness may or may not be complex. The treatment is supportive and the patient should be made as comfortable as possible.", "contents": "Pulmonary fat embolism: a complication of fracture. Medical personnel must be aware of the possibility of fat embolism as a complicating factor of fractures. Ambulance, emergency room, orthopedic, and intensive-care personnel may frequently be involved in the care of these patients. Fat embolism should be suspected any time a patient exhibits bizarre mental, pulmonary, or circulatory symptoms following a fracture. Prevention may be achieved by as near immobilization of a fracture as possible. When fat embolism does occur, the course of the illness may or may not be complex. The treatment is supportive and the patient should be made as comfortable as possible.", "PMID": 1046056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_109", "title": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. VI. Physiologic bases for the use of antiarrhythmic drugs.", "content": "Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs based on their electrophysiologic and hemodynamic properties coupled with an understanding of the transmembrane action potential of the cardiac cell (see the first of this series of six vignettes) help in the appropriate choice of therapy in a given clinical setting.", "contents": "Arrhythmias in the coronary-care unit. VI. Physiologic bases for the use of antiarrhythmic drugs. Classification of antiarrhythmic drugs based on their electrophysiologic and hemodynamic properties coupled with an understanding of the transmembrane action potential of the cardiac cell (see the first of this series of six vignettes) help in the appropriate choice of therapy in a given clinical setting.", "PMID": 1046058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_110", "title": "Delayed conversion to sinus rhythm after direct-current countershock.", "content": "Elective cardioversion for supraventricular arrhythmias has been performed in 203 patients during a 30-month period beginning in May, 1972. In five instances conversion to normal sinus rhythm occurred well after the electric shock had been delivered. The interval ranged from 4 to 105 seconds after DC countershock. In one patient, atrial fibrillation clearly persisted for eight seconds after DC countershock, however, immediately after countershock the ventricular rate became regular and, in addition to the fibrillatory activity, apparent sinus P-waves became visible and the same regular rate persisted after disappearance of fibrillatory waves. This raised the possibility of atrial dissociation. Our experience suggests that if apparent failure of conversion is noted after DC countershock, a repeat shock at a higher level should not be administered immediately but only after observing the rhythm for up to two minutes. Other possible mechanisms of delayed conversion are discussed.", "contents": "Delayed conversion to sinus rhythm after direct-current countershock. Elective cardioversion for supraventricular arrhythmias has been performed in 203 patients during a 30-month period beginning in May, 1972. In five instances conversion to normal sinus rhythm occurred well after the electric shock had been delivered. The interval ranged from 4 to 105 seconds after DC countershock. In one patient, atrial fibrillation clearly persisted for eight seconds after DC countershock, however, immediately after countershock the ventricular rate became regular and, in addition to the fibrillatory activity, apparent sinus P-waves became visible and the same regular rate persisted after disappearance of fibrillatory waves. This raised the possibility of atrial dissociation. Our experience suggests that if apparent failure of conversion is noted after DC countershock, a repeat shock at a higher level should not be administered immediately but only after observing the rhythm for up to two minutes. Other possible mechanisms of delayed conversion are discussed.", "PMID": 1046055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_111", "title": "A system for controlled microwave heating of small samples.", "content": "A system for the controlled thawing and heating of small samples in a waveguide is described. A means of maintaining constant absorbed power within the sample over a wide range of sample parameters is a major feature of the system. Provision for sensing the melting point of immersed samples is include. Samples are continuously rotated to improve heating uniformity.", "contents": "A system for controlled microwave heating of small samples. A system for the controlled thawing and heating of small samples in a waveguide is described. A means of maintaining constant absorbed power within the sample over a wide range of sample parameters is a major feature of the system. Provision for sensing the melting point of immersed samples is include. Samples are continuously rotated to improve heating uniformity.", "PMID": 1046073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_112", "title": "The transmission of reflexes in the spinal cord of cats during direct irradiation with microwaves.", "content": "The spinal of cats was directly exposed to 2450 CW microwave radiation in order to study the effect on reflex response and synaptic function. A small but statistically significant increase in the reflex response was detected in the first series of experiment, which indicates enhancement of the synaptic transmission. However, this effect was not observed in a second series of experiments in which the incident power density was increased from 10 mW/cm(2) to 20 mW/cm(2) and a more rigorous experimental design was employed. The slight changes that were observed in the second series could be attributed to small temperature variations during the experiment.", "contents": "The transmission of reflexes in the spinal cord of cats during direct irradiation with microwaves. The spinal of cats was directly exposed to 2450 CW microwave radiation in order to study the effect on reflex response and synaptic function. A small but statistically significant increase in the reflex response was detected in the first series of experiment, which indicates enhancement of the synaptic transmission. However, this effect was not observed in a second series of experiments in which the incident power density was increased from 10 mW/cm(2) to 20 mW/cm(2) and a more rigorous experimental design was employed. The slight changes that were observed in the second series could be attributed to small temperature variations during the experiment.", "PMID": 1046074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_113", "title": "Fast fixation of brain in situ by high intensity microwave irradiation: application to neurochemical studies.", "content": "The levels of acetylcholine and choline were measured in various brain regions of the rat after fixation by microwave irradiation of the head and after decapitation and subsequent freezing in liquid nitrogen. Levels of acetylcholine were increased by approximately 50% after microwave irradiation, while choline levels were reduced. These biochemical findings were correlated with virtually complex loss of acetylcholinesterase and NADH-diaphorase activity after 1 s exposure to microwave irradiation at a level of 5 kW.", "contents": "Fast fixation of brain in situ by high intensity microwave irradiation: application to neurochemical studies. The levels of acetylcholine and choline were measured in various brain regions of the rat after fixation by microwave irradiation of the head and after decapitation and subsequent freezing in liquid nitrogen. Levels of acetylcholine were increased by approximately 50% after microwave irradiation, while choline levels were reduced. These biochemical findings were correlated with virtually complex loss of acetylcholinesterase and NADH-diaphorase activity after 1 s exposure to microwave irradiation at a level of 5 kW.", "PMID": 1046075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_114", "title": "Coupling of Gaussian electromagnetic pulse into a muscle-bone model of biological structure.", "content": "The effect of angle of incidence on the transmission electromagnetic pulse with Gaussion character in biological material is studied. The model assumed is a layer of soft tissue over a semi-infinite medium of boney structure governed by alpha dispersion. The numerical results demonstrate that the transmitted pulse strength is the greatest when the pulse is incident normally on the air-tissue interface. The coupling efficiency for a one microsecond pulse is three times as big as that for a ten microsecond pulse.", "contents": "Coupling of Gaussian electromagnetic pulse into a muscle-bone model of biological structure. The effect of angle of incidence on the transmission electromagnetic pulse with Gaussion character in biological material is studied. The model assumed is a layer of soft tissue over a semi-infinite medium of boney structure governed by alpha dispersion. The numerical results demonstrate that the transmitted pulse strength is the greatest when the pulse is incident normally on the air-tissue interface. The coupling efficiency for a one microsecond pulse is three times as big as that for a ten microsecond pulse.", "PMID": 1046076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_115", "title": "Microwave auditory effect- a comparison of some possible transduction mechanisms.", "content": "When human subjects are irradiated with pulse modulated microwave energy they report the perception of a sound that appears to originate from within or slightly behing the head. Three of the possible mechanisms are examined using first order mathematical approximations and several simplifying assumptions. The results show that while all three (radiation pressure, strictive force and thermal expansion) are capable of producing the phenomenon, the stress resulting from thermal expansion may be so great that it masks the effect of the others completely.", "contents": "Microwave auditory effect- a comparison of some possible transduction mechanisms. When human subjects are irradiated with pulse modulated microwave energy they report the perception of a sound that appears to originate from within or slightly behing the head. Three of the possible mechanisms are examined using first order mathematical approximations and several simplifying assumptions. The results show that while all three (radiation pressure, strictive force and thermal expansion) are capable of producing the phenomenon, the stress resulting from thermal expansion may be so great that it masks the effect of the others completely.", "PMID": 1046077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_116", "title": "[Distribution and changes of antibiotic susceptibility of genus Haemophilus (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied on the distribution and changes of antibiotic susceptibility of H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and H. parahaemolyticus isolated from clinical materials, mainly from sputum and pharyngeal swabs. In this study we used 132 strains of H. influenzae, 89 strains of H. parainfluenzae and 43 strains of H. parahaemolyticus isolated during January and June of 1975, and estimated the susceptibility for the following eighteen antibiotics by the agar plate dilution method: ampicillin, amoxicillin, ciclacillin, sulbenicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, ceftezole, cephalexin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, dibekacin, tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and colistin. We compared these with previously reported results and observed the changes of antibiotic susceptibility. Ampicillin has the strongest antibiotic activity on three species of Haemophilus and the activity of four cephalosporins was weakest. Among three species H. parahaemolyticus was most susceptible and H. influenzae least susceptible to cephalosporins. Antibiotic activity of cyclacillin was rather weak. Other twelve antibiotics have good activity on Haemophilus. We could not find any ampicillin-resistant strain, but found five (3.8%) streptomycin-resistant, one (0.8%) kanamycin-resistant, eleven (8.3%) tetracycline-resistant, and seven (5.3%) chloramphenicol-resistant strains of H. influenzae. Six years ago we found five (9.6%) streptomycin-resistant and one (1.9%) tetracycline-resistant strains, but no resistant strain to other antibiotics. Tetracycline- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains are supposed to have a tendency to increase. There were very few strains which were resistant to more than two antibiotics among H. influenzae. We found a few strains resistant to tetracycline or chloramphenicol among H. parainfluenzae and H. parahaemolyticus, and one strain of H. parainfluenzae was less susceptible to ampicillin.", "contents": "[Distribution and changes of antibiotic susceptibility of genus Haemophilus (author's transl)]. We studied on the distribution and changes of antibiotic susceptibility of H. influenzae, H. parainfluenzae and H. parahaemolyticus isolated from clinical materials, mainly from sputum and pharyngeal swabs. In this study we used 132 strains of H. influenzae, 89 strains of H. parainfluenzae and 43 strains of H. parahaemolyticus isolated during January and June of 1975, and estimated the susceptibility for the following eighteen antibiotics by the agar plate dilution method: ampicillin, amoxicillin, ciclacillin, sulbenicillin, carbenicillin, cephalothin, cefazolin, ceftezole, cephalexin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, dibekacin, tetracycline, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol and colistin. We compared these with previously reported results and observed the changes of antibiotic susceptibility. Ampicillin has the strongest antibiotic activity on three species of Haemophilus and the activity of four cephalosporins was weakest. Among three species H. parahaemolyticus was most susceptible and H. influenzae least susceptible to cephalosporins. Antibiotic activity of cyclacillin was rather weak. Other twelve antibiotics have good activity on Haemophilus. We could not find any ampicillin-resistant strain, but found five (3.8%) streptomycin-resistant, one (0.8%) kanamycin-resistant, eleven (8.3%) tetracycline-resistant, and seven (5.3%) chloramphenicol-resistant strains of H. influenzae. Six years ago we found five (9.6%) streptomycin-resistant and one (1.9%) tetracycline-resistant strains, but no resistant strain to other antibiotics. Tetracycline- and chloramphenicol-resistant strains are supposed to have a tendency to increase. There were very few strains which were resistant to more than two antibiotics among H. influenzae. We found a few strains resistant to tetracycline or chloramphenicol among H. parainfluenzae and H. parahaemolyticus, and one strain of H. parainfluenzae was less susceptible to ampicillin.", "PMID": 1046091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_117", "title": "An experimental nursing study: a behavior modification approach to nursing therapeutics in body positioning of spinal cord-injured patients.", "content": "Ten spinal cord-injured patients at a rehabilitation center were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received behavior modification training in body positioning, the other group received customary body positioning nursing care. Body positioning behaviors were modified through demonstration of body positions and shaping of body position moves with attention from the nurse as the positive reinforcer. Following treatment, the behavior modification group showed significant change in increased frequencies of daily changes of position and patient-initiated changes of position; in decreases assistance needed for change of position, and in decreased frequencies of intervals of prolonged skin pressure. There was no significant change in frequency of face lying or participation in ward activities of daily living. Replications of the study are needed for confirmation of findings.", "contents": "An experimental nursing study: a behavior modification approach to nursing therapeutics in body positioning of spinal cord-injured patients. Ten spinal cord-injured patients at a rehabilitation center were randomly assigned to two groups: one group received behavior modification training in body positioning, the other group received customary body positioning nursing care. Body positioning behaviors were modified through demonstration of body positions and shaping of body position moves with attention from the nurse as the positive reinforcer. Following treatment, the behavior modification group showed significant change in increased frequencies of daily changes of position and patient-initiated changes of position; in decreases assistance needed for change of position, and in decreased frequencies of intervals of prolonged skin pressure. There was no significant change in frequency of face lying or participation in ward activities of daily living. Replications of the study are needed for confirmation of findings.", "PMID": 1046183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_118", "title": "Human sexuality course evaluation.", "content": "A three-day human sexuality program was offered in 1974 to medical, nursing, and graduate psychology students for the second consecutive year at the University of Cincinnati. The program was designed to cover a wide range of topics; supply accurate information; encourage participants to question, explore, and assess their own sexual attitudes; and help participants develop a more tolerant attitude toward sexual beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of others. The Sexual Knowledge and Attitude Test and an evaluation form were used to measure students' pre- and postcourse knowledge, attitudes, and opinions. The total group of 186 subjects registered a significant difference between mean scores of the pre- and postcourse tests. When examined separately, nursing and medical students showed significant changes in attitudes and knowledge scores. Results of the three-day program were compared with those of a five-day program given the previous year. A profile analysis showed the differences in nursing and medical students in pre- and postcourse scores. An evaluation form demonstrated how each group of students felt about the course. This study documented that human sexuality content should be included in nursing and medical curriculums and demonstrated that an introductory concentrated course is an effective interdisciplinary experience for nursing and medical students.", "contents": "Human sexuality course evaluation. A three-day human sexuality program was offered in 1974 to medical, nursing, and graduate psychology students for the second consecutive year at the University of Cincinnati. The program was designed to cover a wide range of topics; supply accurate information; encourage participants to question, explore, and assess their own sexual attitudes; and help participants develop a more tolerant attitude toward sexual beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of others. The Sexual Knowledge and Attitude Test and an evaluation form were used to measure students' pre- and postcourse knowledge, attitudes, and opinions. The total group of 186 subjects registered a significant difference between mean scores of the pre- and postcourse tests. When examined separately, nursing and medical students showed significant changes in attitudes and knowledge scores. Results of the three-day program were compared with those of a five-day program given the previous year. A profile analysis showed the differences in nursing and medical students in pre- and postcourse scores. An evaluation form demonstrated how each group of students felt about the course. This study documented that human sexuality content should be included in nursing and medical curriculums and demonstrated that an introductory concentrated course is an effective interdisciplinary experience for nursing and medical students.", "PMID": 1046184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_119", "title": "Attitudes toward alternative models of unions and professional associations.", "content": "Within the occupation of nursing a synthesis of union and profession has been occurring so that \"new\" images of the profession and of unions are not as divergent as they traditionally were. To investigate whether nurses and nursing students are responding in terms of the traditional or the newer images of unions and professions, the relationship between motivations for entering nursing and attitudes toward unions and the profession were examined among 75 nurses and nursing students. Some support was given to the idea that nurses still respond to unions and the profession in terms of the traditional images although there was some suggestion, when comparing nursing students with nurses, that response patterns may be changing.", "contents": "Attitudes toward alternative models of unions and professional associations. Within the occupation of nursing a synthesis of union and profession has been occurring so that \"new\" images of the profession and of unions are not as divergent as they traditionally were. To investigate whether nurses and nursing students are responding in terms of the traditional or the newer images of unions and professions, the relationship between motivations for entering nursing and attitudes toward unions and the profession were examined among 75 nurses and nursing students. Some support was given to the idea that nurses still respond to unions and the profession in terms of the traditional images although there was some suggestion, when comparing nursing students with nurses, that response patterns may be changing.", "PMID": 1046182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_120", "title": "Changing perceptions of organizational communication: can short-term intervention help?", "content": "An intervention activity commensurate with specific organizational goals, directed to short-term change efforts to alter employee perceptions about their satisfaction, about such work activitiesas communication, and about opportunities to make job-related innovations was implemented for emergency room personnel in a large West Coast metropolitan hospital. When evaluated, using a research design which reduced validity threats in interpreting results, perceptions about some aspects of work were found to be more susceptible to change through short interventions than were others.", "contents": "Changing perceptions of organizational communication: can short-term intervention help? An intervention activity commensurate with specific organizational goals, directed to short-term change efforts to alter employee perceptions about their satisfaction, about such work activitiesas communication, and about opportunities to make job-related innovations was implemented for emergency room personnel in a large West Coast metropolitan hospital. When evaluated, using a research design which reduced validity threats in interpreting results, perceptions about some aspects of work were found to be more susceptible to change through short interventions than were others.", "PMID": 1046186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_121", "title": "Patient responses to being transferred during hospitalization.", "content": "When eight clinical nurse specialists and a nurse research consultant studied within-hospital transfers of patients, they found that most patients knew the reason for transfer and were neutral in reaction about it. There were no differences for sex, previous hospitalizations, frequency of transfer, age, or clinical nursing unit from which they were transferred.", "contents": "Patient responses to being transferred during hospitalization. When eight clinical nurse specialists and a nurse research consultant studied within-hospital transfers of patients, they found that most patients knew the reason for transfer and were neutral in reaction about it. There were no differences for sex, previous hospitalizations, frequency of transfer, age, or clinical nursing unit from which they were transferred.", "PMID": 1046185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_122", "title": "Professional autonomy and the work satisfaction of nursing educators.", "content": "The importance and satisfaction associated with 21 characteristics of a nurse faculty position were examined, using 1974 questionnaire data from schools of nursing at four major state universities. Teaching, supportive colleagues, keeping clinical knowledge current, and faculty autonomy were seen as the most important aspects of the job by the 154 nursing educators surveyed, while salary, fringe benefits, and other extrinsic rewards ranked substantially lower in importance. Satisfaction with the more important conditions was generally low, with lack of faculty participation in decision making a particularly noteworthy source of dissatisfaction. Importance and satisfaction ranking of the 21 characteristics remained fairly stable across the four schools and across groups broken down by martial status, experience, and other personal attributes. Increased professional autonomy, it was suggested, would benefit faculty morale, recruitment, retention, and overall effectiveness in nursing education.", "contents": "Professional autonomy and the work satisfaction of nursing educators. The importance and satisfaction associated with 21 characteristics of a nurse faculty position were examined, using 1974 questionnaire data from schools of nursing at four major state universities. Teaching, supportive colleagues, keeping clinical knowledge current, and faculty autonomy were seen as the most important aspects of the job by the 154 nursing educators surveyed, while salary, fringe benefits, and other extrinsic rewards ranked substantially lower in importance. Satisfaction with the more important conditions was generally low, with lack of faculty participation in decision making a particularly noteworthy source of dissatisfaction. Importance and satisfaction ranking of the 21 characteristics remained fairly stable across the four schools and across groups broken down by martial status, experience, and other personal attributes. Increased professional autonomy, it was suggested, would benefit faculty morale, recruitment, retention, and overall effectiveness in nursing education.", "PMID": 1046190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_123", "title": "The subjective aspects of coronary care.", "content": "An exit questionnaire to measure satisfaction with selected aspects of coronary care was given to patients following discharge from coronary care units in 11 community hospitals in the Intermountain West. Although overall satisfaction was found to be high, the responses indicated significant differences (p less than .01) in patient satisfaction among the dimensions examined. The central findings suggest the need for more attention to the nontechnical aspects of care, especially reduction of emotional trauman and improved interpersonal relations. Practical implicattions of these and other findings for the nursing profession as well as for coronary care are discussed.", "contents": "The subjective aspects of coronary care. An exit questionnaire to measure satisfaction with selected aspects of coronary care was given to patients following discharge from coronary care units in 11 community hospitals in the Intermountain West. Although overall satisfaction was found to be high, the responses indicated significant differences (p less than .01) in patient satisfaction among the dimensions examined. The central findings suggest the need for more attention to the nontechnical aspects of care, especially reduction of emotional trauman and improved interpersonal relations. Practical implicattions of these and other findings for the nursing profession as well as for coronary care are discussed.", "PMID": 1046188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_124", "title": "Pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Despite the difficulty in diagnosis and the detailed care necessary in both the acute and long-term management of the patient with pulmonary embolism, expertise in this area is requisite for the primary care physician who may expect to encounter this problem with moderate frequency among patients in his clinical practice.", "contents": "Pulmonary embolism. Despite the difficulty in diagnosis and the detailed care necessary in both the acute and long-term management of the patient with pulmonary embolism, expertise in this area is requisite for the primary care physician who may expect to encounter this problem with moderate frequency among patients in his clinical practice.", "PMID": 1046247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_125", "title": "Immunization. A continuing need.", "content": "Many vaccines are available to prevent potentially fatal disease. It is especially important for all of us who provide care to review periodically the current recommendations, since they are not static. Changes are based not only on the availability of improved vaccines, but also on knowledge of the diseases and altering societal and epidemiologic circumstances. We owe it to all our patients to be meticulous in maintaining up-to-date immunization records as well as to be knowledgeable about the indications and contraindications for each vaccine. Finally, it is important to remember that the immunization status of adults has been overlooked too often. This is no longer justifiable in light of current knowledge.", "contents": "Immunization. A continuing need. Many vaccines are available to prevent potentially fatal disease. It is especially important for all of us who provide care to review periodically the current recommendations, since they are not static. Changes are based not only on the availability of improved vaccines, but also on knowledge of the diseases and altering societal and epidemiologic circumstances. We owe it to all our patients to be meticulous in maintaining up-to-date immunization records as well as to be knowledgeable about the indications and contraindications for each vaccine. Finally, it is important to remember that the immunization status of adults has been overlooked too often. This is no longer justifiable in light of current knowledge.", "PMID": 1046248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_126", "title": "Impotence.", "content": "The first and most important assistance the physician can give to the patient who complains of impotence is to take him seriously. In most cases organic causes can be ruled out. Primary or total psychogenic impotence is also a rarity, and most cases are secondary and amenable to appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Impotence. The first and most important assistance the physician can give to the patient who complains of impotence is to take him seriously. In most cases organic causes can be ruled out. Primary or total psychogenic impotence is also a rarity, and most cases are secondary and amenable to appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 1046249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_127", "title": "Evaluating the seriousness of adolescent adjustment reactions.", "content": "Adolescents can be expected to inflict some pain on their environment periodically, and complete conformity of an adolescent is not necessarily a sign of mental health. With the exception of some particular behaviors such as a suicide attempt, auditory hallucinations, or a school phobia, one cannot make a prediction about the existence of, or seriousness of, a psychological problem of an adolescent based solely on the occurrence of any one particular antisocial act. Such typical adolescent problems such as stealing, truancy, sexual involvements, and drug use can be either a normal part of adolescent growth, the manifestation of a situational stress reaction, or the indication of a serious personality disturbance or identity crisis. Only by putting this behavior into the framework of an adolescent's age, social situation, general stress factors and developmental history can one attempt to reach a true evaluation of the seriousness of his behavior. To put it simply, one must try to understand the individual, rather than judging the behavior itself. The type of evaluation outlined here is often difficult and time consuming, but in terms of the long range help that it can be both to the teenager who is using his behavior as a means of asking for help and for the normal teenager who just needs to be told that he is not carzy, this is time and effort well spent.", "contents": "Evaluating the seriousness of adolescent adjustment reactions. Adolescents can be expected to inflict some pain on their environment periodically, and complete conformity of an adolescent is not necessarily a sign of mental health. With the exception of some particular behaviors such as a suicide attempt, auditory hallucinations, or a school phobia, one cannot make a prediction about the existence of, or seriousness of, a psychological problem of an adolescent based solely on the occurrence of any one particular antisocial act. Such typical adolescent problems such as stealing, truancy, sexual involvements, and drug use can be either a normal part of adolescent growth, the manifestation of a situational stress reaction, or the indication of a serious personality disturbance or identity crisis. Only by putting this behavior into the framework of an adolescent's age, social situation, general stress factors and developmental history can one attempt to reach a true evaluation of the seriousness of his behavior. To put it simply, one must try to understand the individual, rather than judging the behavior itself. The type of evaluation outlined here is often difficult and time consuming, but in terms of the long range help that it can be both to the teenager who is using his behavior as a means of asking for help and for the normal teenager who just needs to be told that he is not carzy, this is time and effort well spent.", "PMID": 1046250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_128", "title": "The noncompliant patient.", "content": "The failure of patient to follow recommendations is present in all practices and can have dire consequences. Prevention is possible if the factors which may contribute to noncompliance are recognized. If the physician is alert to the existence of poor compliance in his practice, successful intervention can be achieved.", "contents": "The noncompliant patient. The failure of patient to follow recommendations is present in all practices and can have dire consequences. Prevention is possible if the factors which may contribute to noncompliance are recognized. If the physician is alert to the existence of poor compliance in his practice, successful intervention can be achieved.", "PMID": 1046251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_129", "title": "Infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "Infectious mononucleosis is a unique disease in its hematologic aspects; it is different from the frequently occurring acute microbial diseases in that it affects primarily the reticuloendothelial system; and it is interesting serologically because of the heterophil antibody reaction, as well as the multiplicity of antibodies which may be produced. The diagnosis should be suspected clinically before hematology is reported - by remembering the prototypes. In fact, a patient between 16 and 25 years old who complains of sore throat and fever is more likely to have infectious mononucleosis than another disease; and if - in addition - he is jaundiced, a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is almost certain. Finally, a negative result of treatment with corticosteroid has the diagnostic significance mentioned above. Positive effect of treatment has no diagnostic significance.", "contents": "Infectious mononucleosis. Infectious mononucleosis is a unique disease in its hematologic aspects; it is different from the frequently occurring acute microbial diseases in that it affects primarily the reticuloendothelial system; and it is interesting serologically because of the heterophil antibody reaction, as well as the multiplicity of antibodies which may be produced. The diagnosis should be suspected clinically before hematology is reported - by remembering the prototypes. In fact, a patient between 16 and 25 years old who complains of sore throat and fever is more likely to have infectious mononucleosis than another disease; and if - in addition - he is jaundiced, a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is almost certain. Finally, a negative result of treatment with corticosteroid has the diagnostic significance mentioned above. Positive effect of treatment has no diagnostic significance.", "PMID": 1046252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_130", "title": "Vegetarian diets.", "content": "A growing number of Americans are choosing to follow vegetarian diets. These diets can meet the nutritional needs of individuals of all ages. Vegetarians who eat eggs and/or milk and dairy products have no special problems in obtaining adequate nutrients. Pure vegetarians, who avoid all animal products, should pay particular attention to sources of protein, calcium, and riboflavin. Supplementation of vitamin B12 is indicated in these individuals. Guidelines for both good normal nutrition and therapeutic diets can be adapted for use with a vegetarian diet.", "contents": "Vegetarian diets. A growing number of Americans are choosing to follow vegetarian diets. These diets can meet the nutritional needs of individuals of all ages. Vegetarians who eat eggs and/or milk and dairy products have no special problems in obtaining adequate nutrients. Pure vegetarians, who avoid all animal products, should pay particular attention to sources of protein, calcium, and riboflavin. Supplementation of vitamin B12 is indicated in these individuals. Guidelines for both good normal nutrition and therapeutic diets can be adapted for use with a vegetarian diet.", "PMID": 1046253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_131", "title": "Medical management of the patient with renal stones.", "content": "Although the exact cause of renal stones is largely unknown, a greater knowledge of metabolic and other factors contributing to stone formation is the basis of current treatment. A practical program of medical management that is designed to prevent recurrent surgical procedures and the loss of renal function is outlined.", "contents": "Medical management of the patient with renal stones. Although the exact cause of renal stones is largely unknown, a greater knowledge of metabolic and other factors contributing to stone formation is the basis of current treatment. A practical program of medical management that is designed to prevent recurrent surgical procedures and the loss of renal function is outlined.", "PMID": 1046254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_132", "title": "Practical prenatal care. I. Initial prenatal care.", "content": "Most factors which place the mother or fetus at risk are present at the time of the initial prenatal visit or develop during the pregnancy and before admission to the hospital. As many as 40 per cent of all high risk patients may be detected at the initial prenatal visit.", "contents": "Practical prenatal care. I. Initial prenatal care. Most factors which place the mother or fetus at risk are present at the time of the initial prenatal visit or develop during the pregnancy and before admission to the hospital. As many as 40 per cent of all high risk patients may be detected at the initial prenatal visit.", "PMID": 1046255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_133", "title": "Hiring a new health practitioner.", "content": "Individuals are now being trained to function at varying levels of expertise as primary care practitioners, and the selection of a new health practitioner appropriate to the physician's individual practice can prove to be an asset professionally, personally, and economically.", "contents": "Hiring a new health practitioner. Individuals are now being trained to function at varying levels of expertise as primary care practitioners, and the selection of a new health practitioner appropriate to the physician's individual practice can prove to be an asset professionally, personally, and economically.", "PMID": 1046256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_134", "title": "[Uropepsin change in peptic ulcer after balneological treatment at Khisar].", "content": "The author followed uropepsin in ulcer patients before and after a complex balneo-therapy in Hissar, where the following therapeutic complex was applied: 1) Tub bath--36-38 degrees C; 2) Drinking of mineral water--\"Momina S\u0103lsa\" spring (slightly mineralized, hydrocarbonate-sodium, slightly radioactive, fluor). Diet No 1 and physical excercises in hyperacidity. The author has established two-way changes in the values of the followed-up uropepsin, the high--decreased and the low--increased to normalization. The resulsts are statistically significant. Concluding he admits that uropepsin is a reliable method for investigation of the fermetformation function of gastric mucosa and for the assesment of the balneotherapy effect in sanatorium conditions.", "contents": "[Uropepsin change in peptic ulcer after balneological treatment at Khisar]. The author followed uropepsin in ulcer patients before and after a complex balneo-therapy in Hissar, where the following therapeutic complex was applied: 1) Tub bath--36-38 degrees C; 2) Drinking of mineral water--\"Momina S\u0103lsa\" spring (slightly mineralized, hydrocarbonate-sodium, slightly radioactive, fluor). Diet No 1 and physical excercises in hyperacidity. The author has established two-way changes in the values of the followed-up uropepsin, the high--decreased and the low--increased to normalization. The resulsts are statistically significant. Concluding he admits that uropepsin is a reliable method for investigation of the fermetformation function of gastric mucosa and for the assesment of the balneotherapy effect in sanatorium conditions.", "PMID": 1046344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_135", "title": "[Resistance of the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients operated on for cardiovascular diseases to penicillins, cephalosporins and the salts of heavy metals, their lysogenicity and phagotype].", "content": "The analysis of the results obtained on the study of 55 strains of Staph. aureus isolated from purulent excretion in the patients operated under conditions of artificial blood circulation provided a conclusion that most of the clinical staphylococcal cultures were highly resistant to the beta-lactamase sensitive antibiotics. It was supposed that the above strains possessed penicillinase plasmids, since all the cultures tested had penicillinase activity and were resistant to benzylpenicillin, the resistance exceeding 1.0 Unit/ml, in 70 percent of the cultures these properties were complemented with resistance to heavy metals salts and mercuric chloride. These cultures possessing penicillinase plasmids belonged mainly to the phage group, III and were polylysogenic.", "contents": "[Resistance of the Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients operated on for cardiovascular diseases to penicillins, cephalosporins and the salts of heavy metals, their lysogenicity and phagotype]. The analysis of the results obtained on the study of 55 strains of Staph. aureus isolated from purulent excretion in the patients operated under conditions of artificial blood circulation provided a conclusion that most of the clinical staphylococcal cultures were highly resistant to the beta-lactamase sensitive antibiotics. It was supposed that the above strains possessed penicillinase plasmids, since all the cultures tested had penicillinase activity and were resistant to benzylpenicillin, the resistance exceeding 1.0 Unit/ml, in 70 percent of the cultures these properties were complemented with resistance to heavy metals salts and mercuric chloride. These cultures possessing penicillinase plasmids belonged mainly to the phage group, III and were polylysogenic.", "PMID": 1046354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_136", "title": "PC-904, a novel broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin with marked antipseudomonal activity: microbiological evaluation.", "content": "PC-904, sodium 6-{d(-)-alpha-(4-hydroxy-1,5-naphthyridine-3-carboxamido) phenylacetamido}-penicillanate, is a novel semisynthetic penicillin derivative that possesses a broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities. In low concentrations, PC-904 inhibits growth against large proportions of the gram-positive and gram-negative organisms susceptible to carbenicillin and gentamicin. In addition, PC-904 is several times more potent than carbenicillin against organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella, Salmonella, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Bacteroides fragilis. Most striking are the inhibitory effects of PC-904 against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Against these two clinical isolates, PC-904 is, respectively, 35 and 100 times more active than carbenicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of PC-904 against P. aeruginosa are comparable to those of gentamicin. PC-904 acts bactericidally. The effect of inoculum size on the antibacterial activity is often small and generally comparable to carbenicillin. The rate of binding to serum protein is high (88 to 98%), but the effect of the addition of serum on the drug's activity is not marked, because such binding is reversible. It is confirmed that PC-904 has a very potent in vivo antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Against systemic infections with P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli in mice, PC-904 is 7 to 10 times, over 8 times, and 2 to 15 times more active than carbenicillin, respectively.", "contents": "PC-904, a novel broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin with marked antipseudomonal activity: microbiological evaluation. PC-904, sodium 6-{d(-)-alpha-(4-hydroxy-1,5-naphthyridine-3-carboxamido) phenylacetamido}-penicillanate, is a novel semisynthetic penicillin derivative that possesses a broad spectrum of in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities. In low concentrations, PC-904 inhibits growth against large proportions of the gram-positive and gram-negative organisms susceptible to carbenicillin and gentamicin. In addition, PC-904 is several times more potent than carbenicillin against organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Shigella, Salmonella, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Bacteroides fragilis. Most striking are the inhibitory effects of PC-904 against P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Against these two clinical isolates, PC-904 is, respectively, 35 and 100 times more active than carbenicillin. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of PC-904 against P. aeruginosa are comparable to those of gentamicin. PC-904 acts bactericidally. The effect of inoculum size on the antibacterial activity is often small and generally comparable to carbenicillin. The rate of binding to serum protein is high (88 to 98%), but the effect of the addition of serum on the drug's activity is not marked, because such binding is reversible. It is confirmed that PC-904 has a very potent in vivo antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Against systemic infections with P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, and E. coli in mice, PC-904 is 7 to 10 times, over 8 times, and 2 to 15 times more active than carbenicillin, respectively.", "PMID": 1046355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_137", "title": "Association of a penicillin resistance gene with a tetracycline resistance plasmid (PTP-2) in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "On transduction with a lysogenic strain of Straphylococcus aureus isolated from a clinical specimen and having tetracycline (TC)-penicillin (PC)-chloramphenicol (CP)-resistant plasmids, the three-drug-resistant strain was frequently obtained. By repeatedly transducing from this strain, a strain (TP-2) having stable resistance to TC and PC could be obtained. In transformation with the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of TP-2 as donor, all of the transformants obtained by selecting with either TC or PC were both TC and PC resistant. According to electron microscopy study of the covalently closed circular DNA of TP-2, the plasmid DNA size was 1.37 +/- 0.03 mum (2.84 x 10(6) daltons). The plasmid (P(TP-2)) is presumed to be a new plasmid in which the PC resistance gene was integrated into the TC-resistant plasmid.", "contents": "Association of a penicillin resistance gene with a tetracycline resistance plasmid (PTP-2) in Staphylococcus aureus. On transduction with a lysogenic strain of Straphylococcus aureus isolated from a clinical specimen and having tetracycline (TC)-penicillin (PC)-chloramphenicol (CP)-resistant plasmids, the three-drug-resistant strain was frequently obtained. By repeatedly transducing from this strain, a strain (TP-2) having stable resistance to TC and PC could be obtained. In transformation with the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of TP-2 as donor, all of the transformants obtained by selecting with either TC or PC were both TC and PC resistant. According to electron microscopy study of the covalently closed circular DNA of TP-2, the plasmid DNA size was 1.37 +/- 0.03 mum (2.84 x 10(6) daltons). The plasmid (P(TP-2)) is presumed to be a new plasmid in which the PC resistance gene was integrated into the TC-resistant plasmid.", "PMID": 1046356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_138", "title": "Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of 250 Bacteriodes fragilis subspecies tested by broth microdilution methods.", "content": "Broth dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests and biochemical identification of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies were performed by micromethods, yielding results within 48 to 72 h of isolation. The subspecies had similar minimal inhibitory concentration end points.", "contents": "Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of 250 Bacteriodes fragilis subspecies tested by broth microdilution methods. Broth dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests and biochemical identification of Bacteroides fragilis subspecies were performed by micromethods, yielding results within 48 to 72 h of isolation. The subspecies had similar minimal inhibitory concentration end points.", "PMID": 1046357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_139", "title": "Some determinants of psychological deficits associated with chronic cannabis consumption.", "content": "The present study was done in order to investigate the following general hypothesis: \"Other conditions being equal, the lower the non-drug level of proficiency on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance the smaller the size of function deficit associated with drug taking\". Twelve objective tests generating 16 test variables were administered to 850 chronic cannabis takers and 839 comparable non-takers, all males ranging in age between 15 and 50 years and representing various positions on \"literacy-illiteracy\" and \"urbanism-ruralism\". Six specific predictions were formulated; (1) Performance on the test is expected to be correlated with the level of leteracy of the subject. (2) the lower the level of literacy the smaller the size of function deficit associated with cannabis taking. (3) Performance on the tests is expected to be correlated with the level of urbanism of the subject. (4) The lower the level of urbanism (i.e. more ruralism) the smaller the size of function deficit associated with drug taking. (5) Performance on the tests is expected to correlate inversely with age. (6) The older the subject the smaller the amount of function deficit associated with cannabis consumption. All our predictions were confirmed. The consistency of these results raises the possibility that a basic regularity governing the relationship between cannabis consumption and psychological-function deficit is being uncovered. The suggestion was made that our major hypothesis might prove valid with regard to the area of acute effects of cannabis taking as well. Our hypothesis was shown to provide a broad framework capable of integrating a number of conflicting reports both in the area of long term and that of short term cannabis use.", "contents": "Some determinants of psychological deficits associated with chronic cannabis consumption. The present study was done in order to investigate the following general hypothesis: \"Other conditions being equal, the lower the non-drug level of proficiency on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance the smaller the size of function deficit associated with drug taking\". Twelve objective tests generating 16 test variables were administered to 850 chronic cannabis takers and 839 comparable non-takers, all males ranging in age between 15 and 50 years and representing various positions on \"literacy-illiteracy\" and \"urbanism-ruralism\". Six specific predictions were formulated; (1) Performance on the test is expected to be correlated with the level of leteracy of the subject. (2) the lower the level of literacy the smaller the size of function deficit associated with cannabis taking. (3) Performance on the tests is expected to be correlated with the level of urbanism of the subject. (4) The lower the level of urbanism (i.e. more ruralism) the smaller the size of function deficit associated with drug taking. (5) Performance on the tests is expected to correlate inversely with age. (6) The older the subject the smaller the amount of function deficit associated with cannabis consumption. All our predictions were confirmed. The consistency of these results raises the possibility that a basic regularity governing the relationship between cannabis consumption and psychological-function deficit is being uncovered. The suggestion was made that our major hypothesis might prove valid with regard to the area of acute effects of cannabis taking as well. Our hypothesis was shown to provide a broad framework capable of integrating a number of conflicting reports both in the area of long term and that of short term cannabis use.", "PMID": 1046371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_140", "title": "The epidemiology of self-reported drug misuse in the United Kingdom.", "content": "Self-report methods are, in general, the only feasible way of obtaining information of the prevalence of drug misuse, other than opiate misuse, in the population. The present review examines the results of surveys of self-reported drug misuse conducted in the United Kingdom between 1968 and 1972 and discusses the findings in terms of the uses of epidemiology. The evidence from the surveys suggests that by 1972, a higher proportion of students in higher education, particularly those following courses in the social sciences, admitted to having ever misused controlled drugs compared with the general population of similar age. There were considerable local and regional variations in the prevalence of self-reported misuse. The majority of those who admitted to having ever misused drugs in the samples surveyed since 1970 said they had misused cannabis. The only individual characteristics that were found to be consistently associated with admitting to having ever misused drugs were favourable attitudes to drugs and slightly elevated neuroticism scores.", "contents": "The epidemiology of self-reported drug misuse in the United Kingdom. Self-report methods are, in general, the only feasible way of obtaining information of the prevalence of drug misuse, other than opiate misuse, in the population. The present review examines the results of surveys of self-reported drug misuse conducted in the United Kingdom between 1968 and 1972 and discusses the findings in terms of the uses of epidemiology. The evidence from the surveys suggests that by 1972, a higher proportion of students in higher education, particularly those following courses in the social sciences, admitted to having ever misused controlled drugs compared with the general population of similar age. There were considerable local and regional variations in the prevalence of self-reported misuse. The majority of those who admitted to having ever misused drugs in the samples surveyed since 1970 said they had misused cannabis. The only individual characteristics that were found to be consistently associated with admitting to having ever misused drugs were favourable attitudes to drugs and slightly elevated neuroticism scores.", "PMID": 1046372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_141", "title": "Elements of tort liability as applied to athletic injuries.", "content": "It has been the purpose of this paper to stress the legal issues that could face physical education and athletic personnel in schools. A number of generalizations have been focused upon with the help of specific cases from legal records. The law is not always as clear-cut as many of the cases indicate. Gray areas are often present in defendent/plaintiff battles. Should a legal case grow out of your program, get a good lawyer. In the meantime, use foreseeability and take every reasonable precaution to prevent torts from occurring.", "contents": "Elements of tort liability as applied to athletic injuries. It has been the purpose of this paper to stress the legal issues that could face physical education and athletic personnel in schools. A number of generalizations have been focused upon with the help of specific cases from legal records. The law is not always as clear-cut as many of the cases indicate. Gray areas are often present in defendent/plaintiff battles. Should a legal case grow out of your program, get a good lawyer. In the meantime, use foreseeability and take every reasonable precaution to prevent torts from occurring.", "PMID": 1046491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_142", "title": "Loss of resistance to methicillin and other antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus associated with a chronic empyema.", "content": "A chronic empyema was investigated in a patient during a period of seven years. A strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and four other antibiotics was isolated and the loss of all these determinants was shown to occur in vitro. A similarly sensitive organism was obtained directly from the patient during the later stages of his illness and the homogeneity of the phage patterns indicate that the organism was a true variant which evolved from the highly resistant one.", "contents": "Loss of resistance to methicillin and other antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus associated with a chronic empyema. A chronic empyema was investigated in a patient during a period of seven years. A strain of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to methicillin and four other antibiotics was isolated and the loss of all these determinants was shown to occur in vitro. A similarly sensitive organism was obtained directly from the patient during the later stages of his illness and the homogeneity of the phage patterns indicate that the organism was a true variant which evolved from the highly resistant one.", "PMID": 1046549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_143", "title": "The role of the nurse in patient education. Focus: the cardiac patient.", "content": "Although nursing perceives patient teaching as an essential function, there is significant disparity between policy and practice. The evidence cited shows that nurses are not doing effective, consistent patient teaching and are not perceived by patients and doctors as competent in patient teaching. It appears that nurses do not view patient teaching as a priority and that nurses are not held accountable for patient teaching. Patient teaching seems to be done only \"if there is time.\" It is often done on an informal and largely voluntary basis by motivated nurses. Nurses must awaken to the fact that patient education is not a luxury, but a necessity if patients are to receive maximum benefit from today's knowledge of treatment, prevention, and control of disease. Multiple factors interfere with nurse's doing adequate patient teaching, including inadequate preparation to teach and discrepancies in acceptance of teaching as the nurse's role. These obstacles can be overcome; they must be overcome if nursing is to make a significant contribution toward quality health care.", "contents": "The role of the nurse in patient education. Focus: the cardiac patient. Although nursing perceives patient teaching as an essential function, there is significant disparity between policy and practice. The evidence cited shows that nurses are not doing effective, consistent patient teaching and are not perceived by patients and doctors as competent in patient teaching. It appears that nurses do not view patient teaching as a priority and that nurses are not held accountable for patient teaching. Patient teaching seems to be done only \"if there is time.\" It is often done on an informal and largely voluntary basis by motivated nurses. Nurses must awaken to the fact that patient education is not a luxury, but a necessity if patients are to receive maximum benefit from today's knowledge of treatment, prevention, and control of disease. Multiple factors interfere with nurse's doing adequate patient teaching, including inadequate preparation to teach and discrepancies in acceptance of teaching as the nurse's role. These obstacles can be overcome; they must be overcome if nursing is to make a significant contribution toward quality health care.", "PMID": 1046618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_144", "title": "A program for rehabilitation in coronary heart disease.", "content": "A practical, easily applied approach to coronary heart disease rehabilitation has been reviewed. Good rehabilitation is nothing more than total patient care that begins on admission to hospital and continues for the remainder of the patient's life. Optimization of medical care, psychosocial and vocational adjustment, activity progression, reconditioning, and patient education must be constantly sought at all stages of the program. Consistency and thoroughness can be assured through the use of a few helpful forms and handouts. The real and potential benefits of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program amply justify the effort in all clinical settings.", "contents": "A program for rehabilitation in coronary heart disease. A practical, easily applied approach to coronary heart disease rehabilitation has been reviewed. Good rehabilitation is nothing more than total patient care that begins on admission to hospital and continues for the remainder of the patient's life. Optimization of medical care, psychosocial and vocational adjustment, activity progression, reconditioning, and patient education must be constantly sought at all stages of the program. Consistency and thoroughness can be assured through the use of a few helpful forms and handouts. The real and potential benefits of a comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation program amply justify the effort in all clinical settings.", "PMID": 1046619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_145", "title": "The patient with congestive heart failure. Teaching implications.", "content": "If a decrease in hospital readmissions and a reduction in the length of hospital stays as well as an improvement in the general health and quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure can occur with an educational process, then efforts in this direction should continue and be constantly improved. There is no magic formula in helping patients learn. The success of the teaching will depend on the individual patient's ability, willingness, and understanding, but it also depends on the ability, knowledge, imagination, and effort put forth on the part of the nurse teacher. Organizing group classes and employing pre-printed instructions and information, instead of on-the-spot written instructions by each individual teacher, are ways to enhance the success of the teaching as well as increasing interest on the part of the patients. Although these methods were not discussed by this author here, their use needs to be explored.", "contents": "The patient with congestive heart failure. Teaching implications. If a decrease in hospital readmissions and a reduction in the length of hospital stays as well as an improvement in the general health and quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure can occur with an educational process, then efforts in this direction should continue and be constantly improved. There is no magic formula in helping patients learn. The success of the teaching will depend on the individual patient's ability, willingness, and understanding, but it also depends on the ability, knowledge, imagination, and effort put forth on the part of the nurse teacher. Organizing group classes and employing pre-printed instructions and information, instead of on-the-spot written instructions by each individual teacher, are ways to enhance the success of the teaching as well as increasing interest on the part of the patients. Although these methods were not discussed by this author here, their use needs to be explored.", "PMID": 1046623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_146", "title": "Patient education and the prevention of endocarditis.", "content": "Bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis has received scant attention in nursing and medical literature in the past. Nurses must participate in prevention as well as in curative measures to enable patients to enjoy optimal health. Information about the manifestations, risk, and prevention of B.E. as well as successful patient approaches has been presented to assist the reader to recognize susceptible patients and to teach them protective measures.", "contents": "Patient education and the prevention of endocarditis. Bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis has received scant attention in nursing and medical literature in the past. Nurses must participate in prevention as well as in curative measures to enable patients to enjoy optimal health. Information about the manifestations, risk, and prevention of B.E. as well as successful patient approaches has been presented to assist the reader to recognize susceptible patients and to teach them protective measures.", "PMID": 1046624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_147", "title": "Myocardial infarction and stress.", "content": "Some stress and adaptation are necessary in life. Scientific study is showing, however, a significant correlation between stress and coronary artery disease when the stress is continuous or extreme. It is becoming increasingly clear that although mortality has fallen to 8% in some of our CCU's no program for the reduction of morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary artery disease will be complete until we understand its relationship to stress and the difficulties of pre- and posthospital life. We, as nurses, hav a unique responsibility and challenge as we care for the whole person, his life, his faith, and his hope. Bodily effects of stress can be minimized by supportive interpersonal relationships and patient education.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction and stress. Some stress and adaptation are necessary in life. Scientific study is showing, however, a significant correlation between stress and coronary artery disease when the stress is continuous or extreme. It is becoming increasingly clear that although mortality has fallen to 8% in some of our CCU's no program for the reduction of morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary artery disease will be complete until we understand its relationship to stress and the difficulties of pre- and posthospital life. We, as nurses, hav a unique responsibility and challenge as we care for the whole person, his life, his faith, and his hope. Bodily effects of stress can be minimized by supportive interpersonal relationships and patient education.", "PMID": 1046625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_148", "title": "Sexuality and the middle-aged cardiac patient.", "content": "Counseling for the resumption of sexual activity deserves as much attention in a cardiac rehabilitation program as walking or jogging. Research findings enable the counselor to give specific sexual advice. The energey expenditure during coitus for long-married couples is equivalent to that of climbing stairs, and consequently the risk of heart attack is low. However, clustering of psychosocial and physiologic demands, such as illicit affairs, outbursts of anger, alcohol, and hearty meals, may precipitate reinfarction or death. A sexual activities program is successful only if each partner is committed to give and receive pleasure. Knowledgeable and sensitive counseling will enable the couple to explore extra-coital options for lovemaking prior to the resumption of intercourse. This writer has observed that once couples are \"turned on\" to the pleasuring exercises, coital activity is attempted at an earlier date without untoward side effects in the cardiac patient.", "contents": "Sexuality and the middle-aged cardiac patient. Counseling for the resumption of sexual activity deserves as much attention in a cardiac rehabilitation program as walking or jogging. Research findings enable the counselor to give specific sexual advice. The energey expenditure during coitus for long-married couples is equivalent to that of climbing stairs, and consequently the risk of heart attack is low. However, clustering of psychosocial and physiologic demands, such as illicit affairs, outbursts of anger, alcohol, and hearty meals, may precipitate reinfarction or death. A sexual activities program is successful only if each partner is committed to give and receive pleasure. Knowledgeable and sensitive counseling will enable the couple to explore extra-coital options for lovemaking prior to the resumption of intercourse. This writer has observed that once couples are \"turned on\" to the pleasuring exercises, coital activity is attempted at an earlier date without untoward side effects in the cardiac patient.", "PMID": 1046627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_149", "title": "Smoking and the heart patient.", "content": "It has been shown that inhaled smoke and its toxic constituents, specifically nicotine and carbon monoxide, are positively correlated with an increase in the incidence, progression, and lethal consequences of coronary heart disease. Smoking is a complex habit made up of both pharmacologic and psychosociologic determinants. Unlearning the habit may take time. The nurse is an ideal person to counsel the hospitalized smoker, since she is close to the patient and is seen by the patient as a credible health worker. Once the smoker has begun his relearning process the biggest problem will be staying off cigarettes in the months and years that follow. Family members should be included in the counseling process as they will be needed for support and encouragement. Follow-up is necessary either on a one-to-one basis or in a smoking clinic. In addition to counseling, the nurse has a responsibility to speak our publicly to maintain optimum smoking health standards.", "contents": "Smoking and the heart patient. It has been shown that inhaled smoke and its toxic constituents, specifically nicotine and carbon monoxide, are positively correlated with an increase in the incidence, progression, and lethal consequences of coronary heart disease. Smoking is a complex habit made up of both pharmacologic and psychosociologic determinants. Unlearning the habit may take time. The nurse is an ideal person to counsel the hospitalized smoker, since she is close to the patient and is seen by the patient as a credible health worker. Once the smoker has begun his relearning process the biggest problem will be staying off cigarettes in the months and years that follow. Family members should be included in the counseling process as they will be needed for support and encouragement. Follow-up is necessary either on a one-to-one basis or in a smoking clinic. In addition to counseling, the nurse has a responsibility to speak our publicly to maintain optimum smoking health standards.", "PMID": 1046628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_150", "title": "Nursing responsibility in child abuse.", "content": "The major intent of this presentation was to demonstrate: nursing responsibility according to legal mandate, using the example of legislation signed into Michigan Public Law in September, 1975; components of child abuse and neglect services including identification, reporting, diagnosing, and treatment; and to identify for other health professionals providing services to families and children, the nurse's role in dealing with the child abuse and neglect phenomenon.", "contents": "Nursing responsibility in child abuse. The major intent of this presentation was to demonstrate: nursing responsibility according to legal mandate, using the example of legislation signed into Michigan Public Law in September, 1975; components of child abuse and neglect services including identification, reporting, diagnosing, and treatment; and to identify for other health professionals providing services to families and children, the nurse's role in dealing with the child abuse and neglect phenomenon.", "PMID": 1046634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_151", "title": "Peptic ulcer disease.", "content": "Commentary and update: X-ray diagnosis, gastric analysis, and endoscopic biopsy cytology; dietary therapy, antacids, and anticholinergics.", "contents": "Peptic ulcer disease. Commentary and update: X-ray diagnosis, gastric analysis, and endoscopic biopsy cytology; dietary therapy, antacids, and anticholinergics.", "PMID": 1046682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_152", "title": "Abdominal pain in children.", "content": "Chronic vague abdominal pain is an extremely common complaint in children over 5 years, with a peak incidence in the 8 to 10 year group. In over 90 per cent of the cases no serious underlying organic disease will be discovered. Most disease states can be ruled out by a careful history, a meticulous physical examination, and a few simple laboratory tests such as urinalysis, sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, white blood count determination, and examination of a blood smear. If organic disease is present there are often clues in the history and the examination. The kidney is often the culprit--an intravenous pyelogram should be done if disease is suspected. Barium enema is the next most valuable test. Duodenal ulcers and abdominal epilepsy are rare and are over-diagnosed. If no organic cause is found, the parents must be convinced that the pain is real, and that \"functional\" does not mean \"imaginary.\" This is best explained by comparing with \"headache\"--the headache resulting from stress and tension hurts every bit as much as the headache caused by a brain tumor or other intracranial pathology. Having convinced the patient and his parents that no serious disease exists, no further investigation should be carried out unless new signs or symptoms appear. The child must be returned to full activity immediately.", "contents": "Abdominal pain in children. Chronic vague abdominal pain is an extremely common complaint in children over 5 years, with a peak incidence in the 8 to 10 year group. In over 90 per cent of the cases no serious underlying organic disease will be discovered. Most disease states can be ruled out by a careful history, a meticulous physical examination, and a few simple laboratory tests such as urinalysis, sedimentation rate, hemoglobin, white blood count determination, and examination of a blood smear. If organic disease is present there are often clues in the history and the examination. The kidney is often the culprit--an intravenous pyelogram should be done if disease is suspected. Barium enema is the next most valuable test. Duodenal ulcers and abdominal epilepsy are rare and are over-diagnosed. If no organic cause is found, the parents must be convinced that the pain is real, and that \"functional\" does not mean \"imaginary.\" This is best explained by comparing with \"headache\"--the headache resulting from stress and tension hurts every bit as much as the headache caused by a brain tumor or other intracranial pathology. Having convinced the patient and his parents that no serious disease exists, no further investigation should be carried out unless new signs or symptoms appear. The child must be returned to full activity immediately.", "PMID": 1046683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_153", "title": "Potassium. The intracellular cation.", "content": "Normally the concentration of potassium in the extracellular space is maintained within relatively narrow bounds; in disease, these boundaries may be exceeded. Hyperkalemia and sometimes hypokalemia must be considered medical emergencies, to be treated promptly, effectively, and appropriately.", "contents": "Potassium. The intracellular cation. Normally the concentration of potassium in the extracellular space is maintained within relatively narrow bounds; in disease, these boundaries may be exceeded. Hyperkalemia and sometimes hypokalemia must be considered medical emergencies, to be treated promptly, effectively, and appropriately.", "PMID": 1046684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_154", "title": "Abnormalities of extracellular fluid volume and sodium concentration.", "content": "Each of the five true hyponatremias is discussed as a defect in the free water-excreting mechanisms of the body, in order to formulate a rational approach to diagnosis and treatment. One artificial and three real causes of elevations in plasma sodium are also discussed.", "contents": "Abnormalities of extracellular fluid volume and sodium concentration. Each of the five true hyponatremias is discussed as a defect in the free water-excreting mechanisms of the body, in order to formulate a rational approach to diagnosis and treatment. One artificial and three real causes of elevations in plasma sodium are also discussed.", "PMID": 1046685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_155", "title": "Fungal infections of the skin.", "content": "Fungial infections of the skin can be diagnosed and treated in a simple, economic manner. They must first be properly identified so that specific, effective therapy can be instituted.", "contents": "Fungal infections of the skin. Fungial infections of the skin can be diagnosed and treated in a simple, economic manner. They must first be properly identified so that specific, effective therapy can be instituted.", "PMID": 1046686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_156", "title": "The current status of hip replacement.", "content": "Total hip arthroplasty, since the release of methylmethacrylate, is being performed in this country at the rate of about 15,000 per year. For the older patient, virtual absence of pain, improved function, and a short-term rehabilitative effort, make total hip arthroplasty the procedure of choice in the treatment of severe noninfected hip disease. For other patients, successful salvage of previously failed hip surgeries is now possible. Finally, there are those younger patients for whom no other form of therapy is possible to provide pain-free function. Although not a panacea for all hip disease, the total hip arthroplasty has provided pain-free existence with improved function and a return to a useful life for patients with previously inoperable hip disease, no matter what the etiology.", "contents": "The current status of hip replacement. Total hip arthroplasty, since the release of methylmethacrylate, is being performed in this country at the rate of about 15,000 per year. For the older patient, virtual absence of pain, improved function, and a short-term rehabilitative effort, make total hip arthroplasty the procedure of choice in the treatment of severe noninfected hip disease. For other patients, successful salvage of previously failed hip surgeries is now possible. Finally, there are those younger patients for whom no other form of therapy is possible to provide pain-free function. Although not a panacea for all hip disease, the total hip arthroplasty has provided pain-free existence with improved function and a return to a useful life for patients with previously inoperable hip disease, no matter what the etiology.", "PMID": 1046687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_157", "title": "Evaluating suicidal risk.", "content": "Suicide is seldom, if ever, a comfortable subject to deal with. Medical school curricula, for various reasons, are too often unable to include the subject in a useful way, and consequently physicians feel unprepared when confronted with a severely depressed or desperate patient in practice. In addition, suicide is an unsettling reality because it relects and reminds us of our own frailty and humanity. Nearly everyone has had an experience of depression or some fleeting thought of suicide at some time in his life. Growing up can often be almost unbearably painful at certain times during adolescence. Middle age inevitably brings with it losses, possibly of loved ones, and with this uncertainties about whether it is really all worth the effort. And as age advances, health and vigor and aspirations slowly depart. Exactly when, at times of crisis such as these, suicidal thoughts take over and lead to action is difficult to define, but the physician must always be prepared for this possibility. Factors have been described which may be useful in alerting the physician to the possibility of suicide. Physical illness may give rise to feelings of hopelessness to which the physician must stay attuned; the patient may also use physical illness as a pretext for seeking help for deeper things that trouble him. As Havens points out, neither reassurance, nor criticism, nor abbreviating the interview will help the situation of a desperate patient. Clarification of the patient's feelings and thoughts are mandatory. Psychiatric consultation can be an important adjunct in achieving this goal and may at times be life saving.", "contents": "Evaluating suicidal risk. Suicide is seldom, if ever, a comfortable subject to deal with. Medical school curricula, for various reasons, are too often unable to include the subject in a useful way, and consequently physicians feel unprepared when confronted with a severely depressed or desperate patient in practice. In addition, suicide is an unsettling reality because it relects and reminds us of our own frailty and humanity. Nearly everyone has had an experience of depression or some fleeting thought of suicide at some time in his life. Growing up can often be almost unbearably painful at certain times during adolescence. Middle age inevitably brings with it losses, possibly of loved ones, and with this uncertainties about whether it is really all worth the effort. And as age advances, health and vigor and aspirations slowly depart. Exactly when, at times of crisis such as these, suicidal thoughts take over and lead to action is difficult to define, but the physician must always be prepared for this possibility. Factors have been described which may be useful in alerting the physician to the possibility of suicide. Physical illness may give rise to feelings of hopelessness to which the physician must stay attuned; the patient may also use physical illness as a pretext for seeking help for deeper things that trouble him. As Havens points out, neither reassurance, nor criticism, nor abbreviating the interview will help the situation of a desperate patient. Clarification of the patient's feelings and thoughts are mandatory. Psychiatric consultation can be an important adjunct in achieving this goal and may at times be life saving.", "PMID": 1046688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_158", "title": "Moles that cause concern.", "content": "It is strongly recommended that any pigmented lesion which cannot be diagnosed with certainty as benign should be excised and pathologically examined. In addition, any mole which is removed, no matter for what purpose, whether it is suspected of having malignant or premalignant changes or for cosmetic and functional purposes, should always be pathologically examined. If the lesion is suspected of showing malignant change, then if technically possible it should be completely excised. If the location is such, or if it is a sufficiently large lesion, that a simple complete excision cannot be performed at that time, then it is justifiable and good medical practice to do an incisional biopsy. However, if the pathological report shows that the tumor is malignant then the necessary radical surgery should be performed within 7 to 10 days of the initial biopsy. Under these circumstances, incisional biopsy does not adversely affect the prognosis. Under these circumstances, the incisional biopsy prevents unnecessary radical and sometimes mutilating surgery being performed for the treatment of a benign pigmented tumor.", "contents": "Moles that cause concern. It is strongly recommended that any pigmented lesion which cannot be diagnosed with certainty as benign should be excised and pathologically examined. In addition, any mole which is removed, no matter for what purpose, whether it is suspected of having malignant or premalignant changes or for cosmetic and functional purposes, should always be pathologically examined. If the lesion is suspected of showing malignant change, then if technically possible it should be completely excised. If the location is such, or if it is a sufficiently large lesion, that a simple complete excision cannot be performed at that time, then it is justifiable and good medical practice to do an incisional biopsy. However, if the pathological report shows that the tumor is malignant then the necessary radical surgery should be performed within 7 to 10 days of the initial biopsy. Under these circumstances, incisional biopsy does not adversely affect the prognosis. Under these circumstances, the incisional biopsy prevents unnecessary radical and sometimes mutilating surgery being performed for the treatment of a benign pigmented tumor.", "PMID": 1046689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_159", "title": "Grief, mourning, and pathological mourning.", "content": "An individual may present with a multitude of symptoms following an acute loss. Helping the patient go through the essential \"grief work\" may prevent prolonged and serious alterations in social adjustment as well as potential medical disease.", "contents": "Grief, mourning, and pathological mourning. An individual may present with a multitude of symptoms following an acute loss. Helping the patient go through the essential \"grief work\" may prevent prolonged and serious alterations in social adjustment as well as potential medical disease.", "PMID": 1046690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_160", "title": "Second thoughts on dementia. Evaluation and management of patients with mild dementia.", "content": "The early recognition of dementia along with consideration of differential diagnosis and elucidation of its underlying causes is of paramount importance because many of these conditions are remediable, given proper diagnosis and adequate treatment. The purpose of this article is to emphasize possible alternatives to the grim sentence of slowly progressive irreversible deterioration of personality and intellect when the verdict of dementia is pronounced.", "contents": "Second thoughts on dementia. Evaluation and management of patients with mild dementia. The early recognition of dementia along with consideration of differential diagnosis and elucidation of its underlying causes is of paramount importance because many of these conditions are remediable, given proper diagnosis and adequate treatment. The purpose of this article is to emphasize possible alternatives to the grim sentence of slowly progressive irreversible deterioration of personality and intellect when the verdict of dementia is pronounced.", "PMID": 1046691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_161", "title": "Psychological aspects of family practice.", "content": "The double diagnosis is a tool which can be used to develop an expanding ecologic perception of the patient and his illness. Intrafamily relationships can be related to the development of recurrent physical illness among family members, and an increased understanding of the relevance of such data can clarify the epidemiology of many clinical syndromes, thus allowing the formulation of a more comprehensive plan of medical management.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of family practice. The double diagnosis is a tool which can be used to develop an expanding ecologic perception of the patient and his illness. Intrafamily relationships can be related to the development of recurrent physical illness among family members, and an increased understanding of the relevance of such data can clarify the epidemiology of many clinical syndromes, thus allowing the formulation of a more comprehensive plan of medical management.", "PMID": 1046692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_162", "title": "Detection and control of hypertension: challenge to all nurses.", "content": "The Task Force members strongly recommend that every nurse become accountable to the hypertensive population- whether detected or undetected- to get them into the health care system. For concrete help with this major undertaking, every nurse should study the report of the Task Force when it become available.", "contents": "Detection and control of hypertension: challenge to all nurses. The Task Force members strongly recommend that every nurse become accountable to the hypertensive population- whether detected or undetected- to get them into the health care system. For concrete help with this major undertaking, every nurse should study the report of the Task Force when it become available.", "PMID": 1046901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_163", "title": "[Method of determining the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin].", "content": "The effect of the incubation temperature, i.e. 37 and 30 degrees and the effect of addition of 5 per cent of sodium chloride to the nutrient medium was studied with respect to the results of sensitivity determination of staphylococci to methicillin by 3 methods, such as serial dilutions in liquid and solid media and replica method applied to separate colonies. With the use of all 3 methods incubation of the samples at a temperature of 30 degrees increased the rate of staphylococcal cultures resistant to methicillin. Addition of sodium chloride to the solid nutrient medium increased the level of detecting methicillin resistant cultures in the samples incubated at a temperature of 37 degrees and decreased it in the samples incubated at 30 degrees.", "contents": "[Method of determining the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to methicillin]. The effect of the incubation temperature, i.e. 37 and 30 degrees and the effect of addition of 5 per cent of sodium chloride to the nutrient medium was studied with respect to the results of sensitivity determination of staphylococci to methicillin by 3 methods, such as serial dilutions in liquid and solid media and replica method applied to separate colonies. With the use of all 3 methods incubation of the samples at a temperature of 30 degrees increased the rate of staphylococcal cultures resistant to methicillin. Addition of sodium chloride to the solid nutrient medium increased the level of detecting methicillin resistant cultures in the samples incubated at a temperature of 37 degrees and decreased it in the samples incubated at 30 degrees.", "PMID": 1046955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_164", "title": "Drugs and PGO waves in the lateral geniculate body of the curarized cat. IV. The effects of acetylcholine, GABA and benzodiazepines on PGO wave activity.", "content": "The possible involvement of cholinergic mechanisms and of GABA in the modulation and generation of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves was studied using PGO waves induced by the benzoquinolizine derivative, Ro 4-1284 ( =PGO(1284)), and by p-chlorophenylalanine (=PGO(PCPA)), and continuously recorded and counted in the lateral geniculate bodies of unanaesthetized immobilized cats. Atropine had no significant effect on PGO(1284) but markedly depressed the density of PGO(PCPA) this effect of atropine was absent when the synthesis of noradrenaline (NA) was inhibited in addition to that of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Arecoline and eserine at a low dose increased the density of PGO(PCPA). Both the stimulation of nicotinic receptors by nicotine and their blockade by mecamylamine reduced the amplitude of PGO(1284) and PGO(PCPA). Eserine, 0.3 mg kg(-1) i.v., had a similar effect. GABA injected into a lateral brain ventricle augmented the density of PGO(PCPA) but not the PGO(1284). Increasing the level of endogenous GABA by amino oxyacetic acid (AOAA) and by hydroxylamine affected PGO waves like GABA. Bicuculline tended to decrease the density of PGO(PCPA). Chlordiazepoxide increased the density of PGO(1284) and, more markedly, that of PGO(PCPA). The latter effect was prevented by atropine and by lesions placed in the amygdala, the septum and medial forebrain bundle several days prior to the acute experiment. It is concluded that synapse with nicotinic cholinergic receptors are prsent either in the neuronal network of the pontine reticular cells which trigger the PGO waves or within the pathway leading from this trigger area to the lateral geniculate body or within this structure. It is tentatively suggested that the noradrenergic neurones which depress the formaton of PGO waves, are under a modulating influence from limbic forebrain structures. The suggested pathway originating in the forebrain and projecting to the locus coeruleus seems to be inhibitory for the NA-neurones involved in the modulation of PGO waves and to contain muscarinic cholinergic and GABA-ergic synapse. Chlordiazepoxide might augment the density of PGO(PCPA) either by activating this pathway in the limbic forebrain or by enhancing GABA-ergic transmission at its ending.", "contents": "Drugs and PGO waves in the lateral geniculate body of the curarized cat. IV. The effects of acetylcholine, GABA and benzodiazepines on PGO wave activity. The possible involvement of cholinergic mechanisms and of GABA in the modulation and generation of ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves was studied using PGO waves induced by the benzoquinolizine derivative, Ro 4-1284 ( =PGO(1284)), and by p-chlorophenylalanine (=PGO(PCPA)), and continuously recorded and counted in the lateral geniculate bodies of unanaesthetized immobilized cats. Atropine had no significant effect on PGO(1284) but markedly depressed the density of PGO(PCPA) this effect of atropine was absent when the synthesis of noradrenaline (NA) was inhibited in addition to that of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Arecoline and eserine at a low dose increased the density of PGO(PCPA). Both the stimulation of nicotinic receptors by nicotine and their blockade by mecamylamine reduced the amplitude of PGO(1284) and PGO(PCPA). Eserine, 0.3 mg kg(-1) i.v., had a similar effect. GABA injected into a lateral brain ventricle augmented the density of PGO(PCPA) but not the PGO(1284). Increasing the level of endogenous GABA by amino oxyacetic acid (AOAA) and by hydroxylamine affected PGO waves like GABA. Bicuculline tended to decrease the density of PGO(PCPA). Chlordiazepoxide increased the density of PGO(1284) and, more markedly, that of PGO(PCPA). The latter effect was prevented by atropine and by lesions placed in the amygdala, the septum and medial forebrain bundle several days prior to the acute experiment. It is concluded that synapse with nicotinic cholinergic receptors are prsent either in the neuronal network of the pontine reticular cells which trigger the PGO waves or within the pathway leading from this trigger area to the lateral geniculate body or within this structure. It is tentatively suggested that the noradrenergic neurones which depress the formaton of PGO waves, are under a modulating influence from limbic forebrain structures. The suggested pathway originating in the forebrain and projecting to the locus coeruleus seems to be inhibitory for the NA-neurones involved in the modulation of PGO waves and to contain muscarinic cholinergic and GABA-ergic synapse. Chlordiazepoxide might augment the density of PGO(PCPA) either by activating this pathway in the limbic forebrain or by enhancing GABA-ergic transmission at its ending.", "PMID": 1046975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_165", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of infections of the urinary tract.", "content": "Infection of the urinary tract is life-threatening, particularly in the patient who is already critically ill. Avoidance of instrumentation, meticulous catheter care, and frequent bacterial screening are required. Prophylactic antibiotics should probably be avoided in favor of rapid, adequate treatment with the indicated antibiotic when infection is identified. Suprapubic aspiration of urine is a significant advance in diagnosis, providing rapid, accurate information with no increased risks.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of infections of the urinary tract. Infection of the urinary tract is life-threatening, particularly in the patient who is already critically ill. Avoidance of instrumentation, meticulous catheter care, and frequent bacterial screening are required. Prophylactic antibiotics should probably be avoided in favor of rapid, adequate treatment with the indicated antibiotic when infection is identified. Suprapubic aspiration of urine is a significant advance in diagnosis, providing rapid, accurate information with no increased risks.", "PMID": 1047054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_166", "title": "The diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory failure in sepsis.", "content": "Early diagnosis is mandatory in the adult respiratory distress syndromes, particularly in sepsis, and therapy should begin as soon as there is a reasonable suspicion that this problem is developing. Blood-gas changes cannot usually be appreciated clinically until the respiratory problem is quite severe. Accordingly, serial blood-gas analyses should be performed in any septic patient who has an increased chance of developing ARDS. Any deterioration in the patient's condition, blood gases, or ventilatory effort should be considered as an indication for early ventilatory assistance. Control of the primary process, high tidal volumes, PEEP, and careful dehydration are the mainstays of therapy. Serial blood gases and careful observation of the patient's effective compliance are essential to determine the optimal ventilator settings and the optimal PEEP. Early administration of massive steroids should be considered if the patient fails to respond to correction of the underlying etiologic problem (particularly sepsis), careful progressive dehydration, and optimal expansion of the alveoli (using high tidal volumes and/or PEEP).", "contents": "The diagnosis and treatment of acute respiratory failure in sepsis. Early diagnosis is mandatory in the adult respiratory distress syndromes, particularly in sepsis, and therapy should begin as soon as there is a reasonable suspicion that this problem is developing. Blood-gas changes cannot usually be appreciated clinically until the respiratory problem is quite severe. Accordingly, serial blood-gas analyses should be performed in any septic patient who has an increased chance of developing ARDS. Any deterioration in the patient's condition, blood gases, or ventilatory effort should be considered as an indication for early ventilatory assistance. Control of the primary process, high tidal volumes, PEEP, and careful dehydration are the mainstays of therapy. Serial blood gases and careful observation of the patient's effective compliance are essential to determine the optimal ventilator settings and the optimal PEEP. Early administration of massive steroids should be considered if the patient fails to respond to correction of the underlying etiologic problem (particularly sepsis), careful progressive dehydration, and optimal expansion of the alveoli (using high tidal volumes and/or PEEP).", "PMID": 1047056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_167", "title": "Enhanced transformability with heterospecific deoxyribonucleic acid in a Streptococcus sanguis mutant impaired in ribonucleic acid polymerase activity.", "content": "We have induced with nitrosoguanidine in Streptococcus sanguis a mutation conferring inability to grow and synthesize ribonucleic acid (RNA) at 42 C, the optimal temperature for growth and RNA synthesis in the parental strain. The mutation (ts) is transferable via transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and is replaceable by its wild-type allele with fairly high efficiency in transformation reactions. The ts mutation is unlinked to the sites of mutation conferring resistance of rifampin (rifr) and streptolydigin (stgr), known to affect the beta subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Extracts from strains carrying the ts mutation are more sensitive to elevated temperatures than are parental extracts when assayed for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The conclusion that the mutation causes a temperature-sensitive defect in some component of this enzyme (other than beta) is supported by the finding that the polymerase activity of a heat-inactivated ts stgr extract cannot be increased by addition of an unheated ts stgs extract, which is itself inactivated by streptolydigin. S. sanguis recipients carrying the ts mutation are highly transformable with heterospecific DNA, especially at the restrictive temperature.", "contents": "Enhanced transformability with heterospecific deoxyribonucleic acid in a Streptococcus sanguis mutant impaired in ribonucleic acid polymerase activity. We have induced with nitrosoguanidine in Streptococcus sanguis a mutation conferring inability to grow and synthesize ribonucleic acid (RNA) at 42 C, the optimal temperature for growth and RNA synthesis in the parental strain. The mutation (ts) is transferable via transforming deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and is replaceable by its wild-type allele with fairly high efficiency in transformation reactions. The ts mutation is unlinked to the sites of mutation conferring resistance of rifampin (rifr) and streptolydigin (stgr), known to affect the beta subunit of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Extracts from strains carrying the ts mutation are more sensitive to elevated temperatures than are parental extracts when assayed for DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The conclusion that the mutation causes a temperature-sensitive defect in some component of this enzyme (other than beta) is supported by the finding that the polymerase activity of a heat-inactivated ts stgr extract cannot be increased by addition of an unheated ts stgs extract, which is itself inactivated by streptolydigin. S. sanguis recipients carrying the ts mutation are highly transformable with heterospecific DNA, especially at the restrictive temperature.", "PMID": 1047061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_168", "title": "Hepatobiliary complications of sepsis.", "content": "Jaundice developing in critically ill or injuried patients should probably be thought of as a manifestation of severe sepsis until proven otherwise. Septic jaundice occurs in about 50 to 60 per cent of patients with generalized peritonitis. Biochemically, jaundice associated with bilirubin (particularly the direct fraction) and liver enzymes (particularly the alkaline phosphatase) and a decrease in the serum albumin. Histologically there is intrahepatic cholestasis. The etiology of these changes in unknown, but they appear to be due to an end organ response to sepsis. Optimal treatment involves control of the sepsis and maintenance of a glood flow of well-oxygenated blood to the liver.", "contents": "Hepatobiliary complications of sepsis. Jaundice developing in critically ill or injuried patients should probably be thought of as a manifestation of severe sepsis until proven otherwise. Septic jaundice occurs in about 50 to 60 per cent of patients with generalized peritonitis. Biochemically, jaundice associated with bilirubin (particularly the direct fraction) and liver enzymes (particularly the alkaline phosphatase) and a decrease in the serum albumin. Histologically there is intrahepatic cholestasis. The etiology of these changes in unknown, but they appear to be due to an end organ response to sepsis. Optimal treatment involves control of the sepsis and maintenance of a glood flow of well-oxygenated blood to the liver.", "PMID": 1047057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_169", "title": "Pulmonary infections.", "content": "It is likely that nosocomial pneumonias will continue to be a problem in critical-care areas. If there are to be breakthroughs, they will probably come in the area of prevention, not treatment. Scrupulously sterile techniques when using inhalation therapy equipment, suctioning patients, and changing tracheal tubes remains the mainstay of prevention. Early recognition and aggressive therapy of nosocomial pneumonias have had limited success in decreasing morbidity and mortality rates.", "contents": "Pulmonary infections. It is likely that nosocomial pneumonias will continue to be a problem in critical-care areas. If there are to be breakthroughs, they will probably come in the area of prevention, not treatment. Scrupulously sterile techniques when using inhalation therapy equipment, suctioning patients, and changing tracheal tubes remains the mainstay of prevention. Early recognition and aggressive therapy of nosocomial pneumonias have had limited success in decreasing morbidity and mortality rates.", "PMID": 1047055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_170", "title": "Digitalis excess mimicking the sick sinus syndrome.", "content": "Symptomatic bradycardia-tachycardia is often a feature of sick sinus syndrome. However, when alternating brady-tachycardia results from excessive use of digitalis preparations or electrolyte imbalance, it is iatrogenic and therefore not considered to be SSS per se. Sick sinus syndrome is applied to the following arrhythmias providing they are not iatrogenically induced: (1) sinus bradycardia usually unresponsive to atropine therapy or exercise, (2) sino-atrial block or arrest with long pauses, and (3) alternating bradycardia or tachycardia.", "contents": "Digitalis excess mimicking the sick sinus syndrome. Symptomatic bradycardia-tachycardia is often a feature of sick sinus syndrome. However, when alternating brady-tachycardia results from excessive use of digitalis preparations or electrolyte imbalance, it is iatrogenic and therefore not considered to be SSS per se. Sick sinus syndrome is applied to the following arrhythmias providing they are not iatrogenically induced: (1) sinus bradycardia usually unresponsive to atropine therapy or exercise, (2) sino-atrial block or arrest with long pauses, and (3) alternating bradycardia or tachycardia.", "PMID": 1047059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_171", "title": "Antistaphylococcal activity and beta-lactamase resistance of newer cephalosporins.", "content": "Four newer cephalosporins (cefazolin, cefamandole, SK&F 59962, and cefoxitin) were investigated for determination of their antistaphylococcal activity and relative stability to staphylococcal beta-lactamase (penicillinase). Crude preparations of beta-lactamase from recent clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were used. Cefamandole and SK&F 59962 were highly active against both large and small inocula of staphylococci and were resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase. Cefoxitin, although resistant to beta-lactamase, possessed less antibacterial potency but was still approximately as active as methicillin. Cefazolin was somewhat more susceptible to staphylococcal beta-lactamase than the other three agents and resembled cephaloridine in this respect. With minor exceptions, a correlation was found between the susceptibility of different agents to beta-lactamase and the magnitude of the effect of inoculum size when the drugs were tested against large and small inocula of staphylococci.", "contents": "Antistaphylococcal activity and beta-lactamase resistance of newer cephalosporins. Four newer cephalosporins (cefazolin, cefamandole, SK&F 59962, and cefoxitin) were investigated for determination of their antistaphylococcal activity and relative stability to staphylococcal beta-lactamase (penicillinase). Crude preparations of beta-lactamase from recent clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were used. Cefamandole and SK&F 59962 were highly active against both large and small inocula of staphylococci and were resistant to staphylococcal beta-lactamase. Cefoxitin, although resistant to beta-lactamase, possessed less antibacterial potency but was still approximately as active as methicillin. Cefazolin was somewhat more susceptible to staphylococcal beta-lactamase than the other three agents and resembled cephaloridine in this respect. With minor exceptions, a correlation was found between the susceptibility of different agents to beta-lactamase and the magnitude of the effect of inoculum size when the drugs were tested against large and small inocula of staphylococci.", "PMID": 1047087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_172", "title": "Nafcillin-gentamicin synergism in experimental staphylococcal endocarditis.", "content": "The bactericidal rate of nafcillin and the combination of nafcillin and gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus were compared in vitro and in experimental endocarditis. The combination proved synergistic against 8 strains of S. aureus in broth. In rabbits with S. aureus endocarditis, the organism was eradicated more rapidly from cardiac vegetations when animals were treated with the combination than with nafcillin alone. Gentamicin alone was ineffective. This combination is under study in the therapy of acute endocarditis caused by penicillinase-producing S. aureus.", "contents": "Nafcillin-gentamicin synergism in experimental staphylococcal endocarditis. The bactericidal rate of nafcillin and the combination of nafcillin and gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus were compared in vitro and in experimental endocarditis. The combination proved synergistic against 8 strains of S. aureus in broth. In rabbits with S. aureus endocarditis, the organism was eradicated more rapidly from cardiac vegetations when animals were treated with the combination than with nafcillin alone. Gentamicin alone was ineffective. This combination is under study in the therapy of acute endocarditis caused by penicillinase-producing S. aureus.", "PMID": 1047088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_173", "title": "Genetic and molecular characterisation of resistance determinants in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus-aureus.", "content": "A genetic analysis of resistance to antibiotics in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was performed. Demonstration of plasmid-specific DNA either in transductants that had received antibiotic-resistance markers from multiply-resistant strains, or in segregants of methicillin-resistant strains that had lost unstable determinants except the one under study, indicated that markers of resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol and neomycin are present on separate, mutually compatible plasmids. Absence of covalently closed circular DNA was demonstrated in transductants that were resistant to methicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and streptomycin, as well as in segregants that had lost the penicillinase, chloramphenicol and neomycin plasmid, but were still resistant to methicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin and the sulphonamides. Analysis of plasmid DNA either in a 5-20% neutral sucrose gradient or by electron microscopy revealed the presence of three readily distinguishable plasmids. The molecular weights of these plasmids were estimated by comparing the sedimentation rate constants with those of known reference plasmids and by contour-length measurements. The molecular weight of the penicillinase plasmid was estimated to be 20 X 10(6) daltons, that of the chloramphenicol plasmid 3 X 10(6) daltons and that of the plasmid carrying the neomycin resistance marker 37 X 10(6) daltons.", "contents": "Genetic and molecular characterisation of resistance determinants in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus-aureus. A genetic analysis of resistance to antibiotics in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was performed. Demonstration of plasmid-specific DNA either in transductants that had received antibiotic-resistance markers from multiply-resistant strains, or in segregants of methicillin-resistant strains that had lost unstable determinants except the one under study, indicated that markers of resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol and neomycin are present on separate, mutually compatible plasmids. Absence of covalently closed circular DNA was demonstrated in transductants that were resistant to methicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin and streptomycin, as well as in segregants that had lost the penicillinase, chloramphenicol and neomycin plasmid, but were still resistant to methicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, streptomycin and the sulphonamides. Analysis of plasmid DNA either in a 5-20% neutral sucrose gradient or by electron microscopy revealed the presence of three readily distinguishable plasmids. The molecular weights of these plasmids were estimated by comparing the sedimentation rate constants with those of known reference plasmids and by contour-length measurements. The molecular weight of the penicillinase plasmid was estimated to be 20 X 10(6) daltons, that of the chloramphenicol plasmid 3 X 10(6) daltons and that of the plasmid carrying the neomycin resistance marker 37 X 10(6) daltons.", "PMID": 1047111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_174", "title": "[Drug sensitivity of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis].", "content": "Drug-sensitivity of 70 strains of Y. enterocolitica and 24 of Y. pseudotuberculosis including reference strains and isolates from men or animals were determined by the agar plate-dilution method. All the strains of Y. enterocolitica were relatively resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins, while all of Y. pseudotuberculosis were sensitive to both of the agents. Most of the strains of both species excluding 13 resistant ones were sensitive to streptomycin. The resistant strains, however, were sensitive to other aminoglycoside antibiotics, i.e. kanamycin, paromomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin and amikacin. All of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Most of the strains excluding 3 resistant ones were highly sensitive to tetracycline. The resistant strains were also resistant to doxycycline and methacycline but not to minocycline. All of them were resistant to erythromycin, to lincomycin and to novobiocin. Most of them excluding 7 resistant strains were sensitive to sulfisoxazole. All of them were sensitive to nalidixic acid, piromidic acid, and also to dihydroxymethylfuratrizine. A new synthetic agent, fosfomycin showed a relatively wide range of activity to the strains, but none of resistant strains were noticed. These resistant strains were all found in the isolates from men and animals but not in reference strains. Among these resistant strains, resistance patterns were as follows; TC, SM, SA in 3 of Y. enterocolitica, SM, SA in 3 of Y. enterocolitica and in 1 of Y. pseudotuberculosis, and SM in 3 of the both species, respectively. As for polypeptide antibiotics, polymyxin B and colistin, some strains of the both species showed an uncontinous susceptibility, i.e. inhibited growth at a certain lower concentration but growth at a higher concentration.", "contents": "[Drug sensitivity of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis]. Drug-sensitivity of 70 strains of Y. enterocolitica and 24 of Y. pseudotuberculosis including reference strains and isolates from men or animals were determined by the agar plate-dilution method. All the strains of Y. enterocolitica were relatively resistant to penicillins and cephalosporins, while all of Y. pseudotuberculosis were sensitive to both of the agents. Most of the strains of both species excluding 13 resistant ones were sensitive to streptomycin. The resistant strains, however, were sensitive to other aminoglycoside antibiotics, i.e. kanamycin, paromomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, dibekacin and amikacin. All of the strains were sensitive to chloramphenicol. Most of the strains excluding 3 resistant ones were highly sensitive to tetracycline. The resistant strains were also resistant to doxycycline and methacycline but not to minocycline. All of them were resistant to erythromycin, to lincomycin and to novobiocin. Most of them excluding 7 resistant strains were sensitive to sulfisoxazole. All of them were sensitive to nalidixic acid, piromidic acid, and also to dihydroxymethylfuratrizine. A new synthetic agent, fosfomycin showed a relatively wide range of activity to the strains, but none of resistant strains were noticed. These resistant strains were all found in the isolates from men and animals but not in reference strains. Among these resistant strains, resistance patterns were as follows; TC, SM, SA in 3 of Y. enterocolitica, SM, SA in 3 of Y. enterocolitica and in 1 of Y. pseudotuberculosis, and SM in 3 of the both species, respectively. As for polypeptide antibiotics, polymyxin B and colistin, some strains of the both species showed an uncontinous susceptibility, i.e. inhibited growth at a certain lower concentration but growth at a higher concentration.", "PMID": 1047115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_175", "title": "Instructional change in health care education.", "content": "Faculty in the nursing, medical, and pharmacy schools of a midwestern university health sciences center responded to a two-part instrument intended to determine the extent of 1) their commitment to implement recommended changes in their teaching activities and 2) their perceptions of the extent to which such changes had been implemented throughout their respective schools. Factor analysis and analysis of variance revealed variable degrees of commitment to change in teaching activities, as well as perceptions that such changes had not been implemented widely throughout the schools. The data suggested that faculty adjusted traditional instructional practices to fit new resources and expanded programs, rather than implementing changes in their instructional methods and techniques as the overall programs changed.", "contents": "Instructional change in health care education. Faculty in the nursing, medical, and pharmacy schools of a midwestern university health sciences center responded to a two-part instrument intended to determine the extent of 1) their commitment to implement recommended changes in their teaching activities and 2) their perceptions of the extent to which such changes had been implemented throughout their respective schools. Factor analysis and analysis of variance revealed variable degrees of commitment to change in teaching activities, as well as perceptions that such changes had not been implemented widely throughout the schools. The data suggested that faculty adjusted traditional instructional practices to fit new resources and expanded programs, rather than implementing changes in their instructional methods and techniques as the overall programs changed.", "PMID": 1047287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_176", "title": "Effect of acquisition of knowledge on self-evaluation and the relationship of self-evaluation to perception of real and ideal self-concept.", "content": "To investigate the effect of knowledge acquisition on self-evaluation and self-concept 69 graduate nursing students--25 in an experimental group, 18 in control group I, and 26 in control group II--enrolled in three nursing courses provided demographic data, self-evaluation of entering behavior, and personality test data. The latter two tests were given on pre- and posttest bases. Seven hypotheses were tested. Overall results showed: The experimental group which was taught by means of mastery learning acquired significantly more knowledge than the control groups which received the traditional lecture-discussion method of learning; there was an inverse relationship between knowledge acquisition and self-evaluation of entering behavior; positive correlation between \"amount of overestimation or underestimation of previous knowledge'' and extremes of self-concept was partially supported; in general, single students were less able to evaluate accurately by what they thought they knew than were married subjects; employment was inversely related with knowledge acquisition and course grade. The relationship between self-concept and acquisition of knowledge was not significant.", "contents": "Effect of acquisition of knowledge on self-evaluation and the relationship of self-evaluation to perception of real and ideal self-concept. To investigate the effect of knowledge acquisition on self-evaluation and self-concept 69 graduate nursing students--25 in an experimental group, 18 in control group I, and 26 in control group II--enrolled in three nursing courses provided demographic data, self-evaluation of entering behavior, and personality test data. The latter two tests were given on pre- and posttest bases. Seven hypotheses were tested. Overall results showed: The experimental group which was taught by means of mastery learning acquired significantly more knowledge than the control groups which received the traditional lecture-discussion method of learning; there was an inverse relationship between knowledge acquisition and self-evaluation of entering behavior; positive correlation between \"amount of overestimation or underestimation of previous knowledge'' and extremes of self-concept was partially supported; in general, single students were less able to evaluate accurately by what they thought they knew than were married subjects; employment was inversely related with knowledge acquisition and course grade. The relationship between self-concept and acquisition of knowledge was not significant.", "PMID": 1047284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_177", "title": "Role, function, and decision making in community mental health.", "content": "In this study, opinions of 44 nurses who worked in urban community mental health settings were solicited in interviews that covered their role, functions, and part in the decision-making process. Most were found to have a limited view of their role and functions, one that was based more on their duties than on the possibilities in the field. Nurses with at least a baccalaureate degree and head nurses and clinical specialists believed they had a part in the decision-making process.", "contents": "Role, function, and decision making in community mental health. In this study, opinions of 44 nurses who worked in urban community mental health settings were solicited in interviews that covered their role, functions, and part in the decision-making process. Most were found to have a limited view of their role and functions, one that was based more on their duties than on the possibilities in the field. Nurses with at least a baccalaureate degree and head nurses and clinical specialists believed they had a part in the decision-making process.", "PMID": 1047286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_178", "title": "Community health nurses' preferences for systems of protection.", "content": "This study examined community staff nurses' and nursing students' preferences for escort protection in areas in which they would refuse to go alone and investigated the nurses' comfort in performing tasks in the presence of a protector. Influence of type of agency, student--staff status, role performance, and evasion on preferences were made for health care delivery based on the findings.", "contents": "Community health nurses' preferences for systems of protection. This study examined community staff nurses' and nursing students' preferences for escort protection in areas in which they would refuse to go alone and investigated the nurses' comfort in performing tasks in the presence of a protector. Influence of type of agency, student--staff status, role performance, and evasion on preferences were made for health care delivery based on the findings.", "PMID": 1047285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_179", "title": "The process of clinical judgment in nursing practice: the component of personality.", "content": "An exploratory study of the relationship of personality in the process of clinical judgment in nursing practice pointed out that changes in the profession--the extended role of nurses and the increasing number of men and older women who enter nursing--necessitate reexamination of the nurses' personality profile, development of a device to measure \"successful'' and \"effective'' clinical judgment, and evaluation of the effect of personality on nursing process.", "contents": "The process of clinical judgment in nursing practice: the component of personality. An exploratory study of the relationship of personality in the process of clinical judgment in nursing practice pointed out that changes in the profession--the extended role of nurses and the increasing number of men and older women who enter nursing--necessitate reexamination of the nurses' personality profile, development of a device to measure \"successful'' and \"effective'' clinical judgment, and evaluation of the effect of personality on nursing process.", "PMID": 1047289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_180", "title": "Movement tempo and the experience of time.", "content": "To test the relationship between preferred rate of movement and time estimation; to attempt to control for conscious compensation in relation to time estimation; and to determine whether a trend emerges relating slowed rates of walking to time estimation; and to determine whether a trend emerges relating slowed rates of walking to time estimation by incorporating an additional slower rate, 90 healthy volunteer subjects between 18 and 45 years of age, drawn from the student population of a large, metropolitan university, were tested while walking on a finely calibrated treadmill. Three rates of walking were utilized: the individual's preferred rate and two rates slower than his preferred rate--one 30% slower, another 50% slower. While the subjects walked at the imposed rates, they were added to estimate a 40-second interval by two methods: one designed to control for conscious compensation and one to allow for compensation. They estimated the interval by activating a buzzer at the beginning of the interval and again when they felt 40 seconds had elapsed. Auxiliary data related to body temperature, pulse, and time competence (a scale of Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory) were also collected. The entire procedure required approximately one hour. Relationships were analyzed by simple correlation and two-way analysis of variance for repeated measurements. The relationship between preferred rate of walking and time estimation was not supported. Controlled conscious compensation did not make a difference in time estimation, as indicated by F ratio. The difference in time estimation in relation to rate of walking was statistically significant (p less than .001), and the trend was in the direction hypothesized. The time ratio score of the POI did not correlate with time estimates, and there was a low negative correlation between age and time.", "contents": "Movement tempo and the experience of time. To test the relationship between preferred rate of movement and time estimation; to attempt to control for conscious compensation in relation to time estimation; and to determine whether a trend emerges relating slowed rates of walking to time estimation; and to determine whether a trend emerges relating slowed rates of walking to time estimation by incorporating an additional slower rate, 90 healthy volunteer subjects between 18 and 45 years of age, drawn from the student population of a large, metropolitan university, were tested while walking on a finely calibrated treadmill. Three rates of walking were utilized: the individual's preferred rate and two rates slower than his preferred rate--one 30% slower, another 50% slower. While the subjects walked at the imposed rates, they were added to estimate a 40-second interval by two methods: one designed to control for conscious compensation and one to allow for compensation. They estimated the interval by activating a buzzer at the beginning of the interval and again when they felt 40 seconds had elapsed. Auxiliary data related to body temperature, pulse, and time competence (a scale of Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory) were also collected. The entire procedure required approximately one hour. Relationships were analyzed by simple correlation and two-way analysis of variance for repeated measurements. The relationship between preferred rate of walking and time estimation was not supported. Controlled conscious compensation did not make a difference in time estimation, as indicated by F ratio. The difference in time estimation in relation to rate of walking was statistically significant (p less than .001), and the trend was in the direction hypothesized. The time ratio score of the POI did not correlate with time estimates, and there was a low negative correlation between age and time.", "PMID": 1047290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_181", "title": "Faculty and student perceptions of effective classroom teaching in nursing.", "content": "The purpose of this three-stage study was to identify and validate constructs which students use in differentiating among teachers. In stage I, six theoretical constructs thought to be involved in teaching effectiveness were identified; these were revised through a faculty content validity study. In stage II, a known-groups validity study, all items and constructs were found to be used by students in differentiating between good and poor teachers. In stage III, students' ratings of current teachers were collected and factor analyzed. Two factors, individualized prescriptive approach and systematic theoretical presentation, were identified. An analogy was drawn between these factors and elements of nursing process. The category structure which had been derived through the faculty content validity study was not supported.", "contents": "Faculty and student perceptions of effective classroom teaching in nursing. The purpose of this three-stage study was to identify and validate constructs which students use in differentiating among teachers. In stage I, six theoretical constructs thought to be involved in teaching effectiveness were identified; these were revised through a faculty content validity study. In stage II, a known-groups validity study, all items and constructs were found to be used by students in differentiating between good and poor teachers. In stage III, students' ratings of current teachers were collected and factor analyzed. Two factors, individualized prescriptive approach and systematic theoretical presentation, were identified. An analogy was drawn between these factors and elements of nursing process. The category structure which had been derived through the faculty content validity study was not supported.", "PMID": 1047294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_182", "title": "Predictive value of selected admission criteria for graduate nursing education.", "content": "To determine if there are admission criteria that predict success in graduate nursing education, an investigation was conducted of 193 graduates who had successfully completed the masters nursing program at a private eastern university. Admission criteria and other variables chosen were nursing, nonnursing, and cumulative undergraduate grade point averages (GPAs); verbal, quantitative, and combined Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores; age at entrance; number of years intervening between attainment of the bachelors and completion of the masters degree; and, number of years intervening between the basic nursing education and the completion of the masters degree. Each variable was correlated with masters GPA for degree of association. Pearson's coefficient of correlation was used to analyze the data. Subgroups were analyzed in relation to the chosen area of clinical concentration: community health, psychiatric, medical-surgical, and maternal-child nursing; basic nursing education: diploma or generic baccalaureate; and, marital status: single or married. Nursing, nonnursing, and cumulative undergraduate GPAs were found to be weakly associated with the masters GPA except for the psychiatric subgroup which showed a moderate correlation between the cumulative under-graduate and the masters GPAs. Weak associations were found between verbal, quantitative, and total GRE scores and the masters GPA, with two exceptions: for psychiatric and community health subgroups there were moderate degrees of association between verbal GRE scores and the masters GPA. Age was not an effective criterion for predicting degree of success in the program. Both measures of intervening years were found to be weakly associated with the masters GPA.", "contents": "Predictive value of selected admission criteria for graduate nursing education. To determine if there are admission criteria that predict success in graduate nursing education, an investigation was conducted of 193 graduates who had successfully completed the masters nursing program at a private eastern university. Admission criteria and other variables chosen were nursing, nonnursing, and cumulative undergraduate grade point averages (GPAs); verbal, quantitative, and combined Graduate Record Examination (GRE) scores; age at entrance; number of years intervening between attainment of the bachelors and completion of the masters degree; and, number of years intervening between the basic nursing education and the completion of the masters degree. Each variable was correlated with masters GPA for degree of association. Pearson's coefficient of correlation was used to analyze the data. Subgroups were analyzed in relation to the chosen area of clinical concentration: community health, psychiatric, medical-surgical, and maternal-child nursing; basic nursing education: diploma or generic baccalaureate; and, marital status: single or married. Nursing, nonnursing, and cumulative undergraduate GPAs were found to be weakly associated with the masters GPA except for the psychiatric subgroup which showed a moderate correlation between the cumulative under-graduate and the masters GPAs. Weak associations were found between verbal, quantitative, and total GRE scores and the masters GPA, with two exceptions: for psychiatric and community health subgroups there were moderate degrees of association between verbal GRE scores and the masters GPA. Age was not an effective criterion for predicting degree of success in the program. Both measures of intervening years were found to be weakly associated with the masters GPA.", "PMID": 1047293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_183", "title": "Sexuality of nurses: correlations of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.", "content": "In a study of relationships among knowledge, attitudes, and statements of nursing behavior about sexuality, degree of comfort with sexual situations was measured with a Professional Sexual Role Inventory (PSRI), using ridit analysis. The PSRI and the Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test were administered in groups to 107 professional family planning nurses and 64 senior nursing students. The major hypothesis--the more knowledge a nurse has of human sexuality, the more favorable will be her attitude toward it and the more comfortable she will be in professional situations with sexual overtones--was supported. Significant positive correlations between sexual knowledge and attitudes and written responses indicated comfort in handling sexual situations. Analyses of variance of the test scores--by age, race, marital status, religion, religiosity, frequency of church attendance, and urbanization--demonstrated areas of sexuality which might be incorporated into nursing inservice training and education.", "contents": "Sexuality of nurses: correlations of knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. In a study of relationships among knowledge, attitudes, and statements of nursing behavior about sexuality, degree of comfort with sexual situations was measured with a Professional Sexual Role Inventory (PSRI), using ridit analysis. The PSRI and the Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test were administered in groups to 107 professional family planning nurses and 64 senior nursing students. The major hypothesis--the more knowledge a nurse has of human sexuality, the more favorable will be her attitude toward it and the more comfortable she will be in professional situations with sexual overtones--was supported. Significant positive correlations between sexual knowledge and attitudes and written responses indicated comfort in handling sexual situations. Analyses of variance of the test scores--by age, race, marital status, religion, religiosity, frequency of church attendance, and urbanization--demonstrated areas of sexuality which might be incorporated into nursing inservice training and education.", "PMID": 1047292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_184", "title": "The teenager with pubertal delay.", "content": "All adolescents are concerned about their growth and development, and 2 to 3 per cent may have a delay in pubertal maturation. In most cases this is constitutional, and careful evaluation and thoughtful management will help alleviate their anxiety.", "contents": "The teenager with pubertal delay. All adolescents are concerned about their growth and development, and 2 to 3 per cent may have a delay in pubertal maturation. In most cases this is constitutional, and careful evaluation and thoughtful management will help alleviate their anxiety.", "PMID": 1047443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_185", "title": "Closed head injury: a simplified approach.", "content": "In early evaluation of the head-injured patient one must continuously be alert for signs requiring operative intervention. If a neurologic deficit is in evolution, it should manifest itself by producing a change which will not be missed by careful frequent clinical evaluation.", "contents": "Closed head injury: a simplified approach. In early evaluation of the head-injured patient one must continuously be alert for signs requiring operative intervention. If a neurologic deficit is in evolution, it should manifest itself by producing a change which will not be missed by careful frequent clinical evaluation.", "PMID": 1047444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_186", "title": "When adoptive families ask for help.", "content": "As the adopted child enters adolescence and becomes more acutely aware of the biologic link of the generations, he often manifests behavior which is confusing to his parents. He may need to know more about his natural parents or even begin a search for them. At other stages in his development, but particularly at this time when his dual identity presents a special form of the adolescent identity crisis, both parents and child may need help and support in dealing with the feelings that emerge.", "contents": "When adoptive families ask for help. As the adopted child enters adolescence and becomes more acutely aware of the biologic link of the generations, he often manifests behavior which is confusing to his parents. He may need to know more about his natural parents or even begin a search for them. At other stages in his development, but particularly at this time when his dual identity presents a special form of the adolescent identity crisis, both parents and child may need help and support in dealing with the feelings that emerge.", "PMID": 1047445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_187", "title": "Hyperlipoproteinemia: diagnosis and management.", "content": "The hyperlipidemias are fairly common and require proper understanding. They may cause major complications, they may present as secondary manifestations of a number of common diseases, and, finally, a diagnosis of primary hyperlipidemia has significant implications for the patient's family.", "contents": "Hyperlipoproteinemia: diagnosis and management. The hyperlipidemias are fairly common and require proper understanding. They may cause major complications, they may present as secondary manifestations of a number of common diseases, and, finally, a diagnosis of primary hyperlipidemia has significant implications for the patient's family.", "PMID": 1047448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_188", "title": "Is the cervix normal? How do you arrive at that conclusion?", "content": "It is the responsibility of practicing physicians to determine, at the earliest possible time, the presence or absence of neoplastic disease of the cervix. Modes of treatment for cervical cancer will vary according to geographic location, the expertise of those providing treatment, and current clinical trials.", "contents": "Is the cervix normal? How do you arrive at that conclusion? It is the responsibility of practicing physicians to determine, at the earliest possible time, the presence or absence of neoplastic disease of the cervix. Modes of treatment for cervical cancer will vary according to geographic location, the expertise of those providing treatment, and current clinical trials.", "PMID": 1047447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_189", "title": "Constipation.", "content": "Careful understanding of the multiple factors which play a role in constipation precedes successful treatment. A method is described which employs elimination of factors interfering with normal bowel function. Refraining of spontaneous defecation is described.", "contents": "Constipation. Careful understanding of the multiple factors which play a role in constipation precedes successful treatment. A method is described which employs elimination of factors interfering with normal bowel function. Refraining of spontaneous defecation is described.", "PMID": 1047449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_190", "title": "Weight problems in adolescence.", "content": "Even the normal adolescent must incorporate into his body image radical changes in size, body proportions, and sexual characteristics. Obesity and anorexia, which are commonplace, may be sensitive problems to deal with.", "contents": "Weight problems in adolescence. Even the normal adolescent must incorporate into his body image radical changes in size, body proportions, and sexual characteristics. Obesity and anorexia, which are commonplace, may be sensitive problems to deal with.", "PMID": 1047451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_191", "title": "The effect of vasopressin upon the excretion of calcium by the sheep.", "content": "Vasopressin (140 muU/min) was infused intravenously into 12 conscious merino ewes for 2 hr. Urine flow rate and free water clearance were consistently reduced. There was no effect upon renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate or the rate of excretion of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride or phosphate. Although all animals received 75 mmol calcium chloride into the rumen on the previous day, five commenced the experiment with calcium excretion rates of less than 1 mumol/min. In these, vasopressin further decreased calcium excretion. In seven animals with calcium excretion rates between 2 and 20 mumol/min vasopressin had no effect upon either total calcium or free ionized calcium excretion rate.", "contents": "The effect of vasopressin upon the excretion of calcium by the sheep. Vasopressin (140 muU/min) was infused intravenously into 12 conscious merino ewes for 2 hr. Urine flow rate and free water clearance were consistently reduced. There was no effect upon renal plasma flow, glomerular filtration rate or the rate of excretion of sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride or phosphate. Although all animals received 75 mmol calcium chloride into the rumen on the previous day, five commenced the experiment with calcium excretion rates of less than 1 mumol/min. In these, vasopressin further decreased calcium excretion. In seven animals with calcium excretion rates between 2 and 20 mumol/min vasopressin had no effect upon either total calcium or free ionized calcium excretion rate.", "PMID": 1047455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_192", "title": "Uncharted cholinergic nerves in the rabbit parotid gland.", "content": "Cholinergic nerves are shown to be left in the rabbit parotid gland after avulsion of the auriculo-temporal nerve: a cholinesterase inhibitor injected through the duct caused secretion, thereby revealing leakage of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve endings, and acetylcholinesterase positive nerves were found histochemically. The incomplete cholinergic denervation offers an explanation to the fact that some choline acetyltransferase activity remains in the 'denervated' glands.", "contents": "Uncharted cholinergic nerves in the rabbit parotid gland. Cholinergic nerves are shown to be left in the rabbit parotid gland after avulsion of the auriculo-temporal nerve: a cholinesterase inhibitor injected through the duct caused secretion, thereby revealing leakage of acetylcholine from cholinergic nerve endings, and acetylcholinesterase positive nerves were found histochemically. The incomplete cholinergic denervation offers an explanation to the fact that some choline acetyltransferase activity remains in the 'denervated' glands.", "PMID": 1047456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_193", "title": "Taurine transport rates between plasma and tissues in adult and 7-day-old mice.", "content": "Transport rates for taurine from plasma to liver, kidney, heart, spleen and femoral muscle were evaluated in adult and 7-day-old mice in vivo. The mice were injected with [35S]taurine and the specific radioactivity of taurine was determined in the above tissues at varying intervals from 10 min up to 48 hr after the injection. A multicompartment model was fitted to the data and the transport rates with their confidence limits were estimated using a digital computer. The tissue-plasma exchange rate was generally faster in adult mice than in 7-day-old mice. The transport rates between the plasma and the brain or muscle were low, while taurine penetrated into the liver and kidneys very rapidly. There was no distinct correlation between the calculated transport rates and the tissue taurine concentrations. The metabolic breakdown of taurine in the tissues was slow, since only negligible amounts of radioactivity were recovered in the metabolites of taurine, isethionic acid and inorganic sulphate. It seems unlikely that either the magnitudes of the transport rates between the plasma and the tissues or taurine breakdown rates in situ act as the primary factor determining the taurine levels in tissues.", "contents": "Taurine transport rates between plasma and tissues in adult and 7-day-old mice. Transport rates for taurine from plasma to liver, kidney, heart, spleen and femoral muscle were evaluated in adult and 7-day-old mice in vivo. The mice were injected with [35S]taurine and the specific radioactivity of taurine was determined in the above tissues at varying intervals from 10 min up to 48 hr after the injection. A multicompartment model was fitted to the data and the transport rates with their confidence limits were estimated using a digital computer. The tissue-plasma exchange rate was generally faster in adult mice than in 7-day-old mice. The transport rates between the plasma and the brain or muscle were low, while taurine penetrated into the liver and kidneys very rapidly. There was no distinct correlation between the calculated transport rates and the tissue taurine concentrations. The metabolic breakdown of taurine in the tissues was slow, since only negligible amounts of radioactivity were recovered in the metabolites of taurine, isethionic acid and inorganic sulphate. It seems unlikely that either the magnitudes of the transport rates between the plasma and the tissues or taurine breakdown rates in situ act as the primary factor determining the taurine levels in tissues.", "PMID": 1047457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_194", "title": "The effect of plasma potassium in determining normal rates of excretion of potassium in dogs.", "content": "Doses of 5-15 mmol KCl or KHCO3 (less than the daily intake in food) given by stomach tube or intravenous infusion, produced increases in plasma K and in K excretion, the time delay between change in plasma K and  rate of excretion being minimal. Without doses of K salts in control experiments, plasma K concentration was about 4 mmol/1 and K excretion about 5 mumol/min. After doses of KCl or KHCO3, plasma K and rate of excretion of K both increased, increase of 0-5 mmol/1 in plasma K being associated with an increase of about 35 mumo1/min in K excretion. Increased excretion of K was accompanied by a small increase in Na excretion. Excretion of both C1 and HCO3 increased, C1 more after HCO3 more after KHCO3. The results indicate that within normal ranges, plasma K is an important factor determining the rate of excretion of K.", "contents": "The effect of plasma potassium in determining normal rates of excretion of potassium in dogs. Doses of 5-15 mmol KCl or KHCO3 (less than the daily intake in food) given by stomach tube or intravenous infusion, produced increases in plasma K and in K excretion, the time delay between change in plasma K and  rate of excretion being minimal. Without doses of K salts in control experiments, plasma K concentration was about 4 mmol/1 and K excretion about 5 mumol/min. After doses of KCl or KHCO3, plasma K and rate of excretion of K both increased, increase of 0-5 mmol/1 in plasma K being associated with an increase of about 35 mumo1/min in K excretion. Increased excretion of K was accompanied by a small increase in Na excretion. Excretion of both C1 and HCO3 increased, C1 more after HCO3 more after KHCO3. The results indicate that within normal ranges, plasma K is an important factor determining the rate of excretion of K.", "PMID": 1047458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_195", "title": "Respiratory responses to CO2-rebreathing in Nigerian men.", "content": "In 36 young Nigerian men, ventilatory capacity and the changes in ventilation, tidal volume and tidal P CO2 during oxic CO2-rebreathing have been measured. CO2 response lines and breathing rhythms have been determined and analysed in relation to the anthropometric and lung function data. Previous findings that Nigerian men have a substantially lower ventilatory capacity than Europeans at a standard height and age are confirmed. Breathing rhythms in Nigerians appear to be the same as in other ethnic groups studied. CO2-sensitivity varies with FVC, as found previously in Europeans and New Guineans. However, at a standard FVC of 41, Nigerian men have the same CO2-sensitivity as Europeans, and not a lower value like New Guineans.", "contents": "Respiratory responses to CO2-rebreathing in Nigerian men. In 36 young Nigerian men, ventilatory capacity and the changes in ventilation, tidal volume and tidal P CO2 during oxic CO2-rebreathing have been measured. CO2 response lines and breathing rhythms have been determined and analysed in relation to the anthropometric and lung function data. Previous findings that Nigerian men have a substantially lower ventilatory capacity than Europeans at a standard height and age are confirmed. Breathing rhythms in Nigerians appear to be the same as in other ethnic groups studied. CO2-sensitivity varies with FVC, as found previously in Europeans and New Guineans. However, at a standard FVC of 41, Nigerian men have the same CO2-sensitivity as Europeans, and not a lower value like New Guineans.", "PMID": 1047459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_196", "title": "Salmonella typhi strain with transmissible multiple resistance.", "content": "A case of typhoid fever caused by multiple drug resistant S typhi by R factor was clinically and bacteriologically studied. The clinical course was weakly influenced by successive chloramphenicol (21 days) and ampicillin (7 days) therapy; recovery occured after 62 days of disease including 2 relapses) as a result of the combined effect of immunization by disease and septrin administration (9 days). Two strains of S. typhi were isolated, one of them from blood culture before treatment, being Vi A degraded, sensitive to antibiotics A, C, T (strain 221) and the other from stool culture, after 4 days chloramphenicol treatment, being untypable with adapted Vi II phages, resistant to A, S, C, T (strain 552). Resistance markers were transferred within 4 conjugation systems, from strain 552 - as donor - to E. coli K12, to S. typhi A and to S. typhi 221 - as recipient-, the resistance level found was equal to that of the donor for all the determinants. The fi- character of the resistance factor was established and its possible restrictive effect in explaining the presence of two lytic patterns was discussed. The importance of the occurence of multiple drug-resistant S. typhi in certain areas, as well as chemical and epidemiological consequences, is emphasized.", "contents": "Salmonella typhi strain with transmissible multiple resistance. A case of typhoid fever caused by multiple drug resistant S typhi by R factor was clinically and bacteriologically studied. The clinical course was weakly influenced by successive chloramphenicol (21 days) and ampicillin (7 days) therapy; recovery occured after 62 days of disease including 2 relapses) as a result of the combined effect of immunization by disease and septrin administration (9 days). Two strains of S. typhi were isolated, one of them from blood culture before treatment, being Vi A degraded, sensitive to antibiotics A, C, T (strain 221) and the other from stool culture, after 4 days chloramphenicol treatment, being untypable with adapted Vi II phages, resistant to A, S, C, T (strain 552). Resistance markers were transferred within 4 conjugation systems, from strain 552 - as donor - to E. coli K12, to S. typhi A and to S. typhi 221 - as recipient-, the resistance level found was equal to that of the donor for all the determinants. The fi- character of the resistance factor was established and its possible restrictive effect in explaining the presence of two lytic patterns was discussed. The importance of the occurence of multiple drug-resistant S. typhi in certain areas, as well as chemical and epidemiological consequences, is emphasized.", "PMID": 1047600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_197", "title": "The microdilution antibiotic susceptibility test. Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "A micro broth-dilution method was developed for the antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bacteroides frgilis. Eighty strains of B. fragilis were tested against six antibiotics using the agar dilution test as the reference method. The microdilution test yielded results in 24 hours, and agreement with the reference test was satisfactory. Certain subspecies-specific patterns of antibiotic susceptibility were observed. However, larger numbers of subspecies should be evaluated before subspeciation of B. fragilis can be used as a reliable predictor of antibiotic susceptibility.", "contents": "The microdilution antibiotic susceptibility test. Bacteroides fragilis. A micro broth-dilution method was developed for the antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bacteroides frgilis. Eighty strains of B. fragilis were tested against six antibiotics using the agar dilution test as the reference method. The microdilution test yielded results in 24 hours, and agreement with the reference test was satisfactory. Certain subspecies-specific patterns of antibiotic susceptibility were observed. However, larger numbers of subspecies should be evaluated before subspeciation of B. fragilis can be used as a reliable predictor of antibiotic susceptibility.", "PMID": 1047602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_198", "title": "Peters' anomaly with the fetal transfusion syndrome.", "content": "Of identical twins with the fetal transfusion syndrome, the second twin who was anemic and hypoxemic from early gestation had Peters' anomaly by histologic examination of the host cornea excised during corneal transplantation at 7 months of age. The absence of a normally positioned lens with the incorporation of lens epithelium, capsule, and cortex within the posterior corneal stroma suggested a developmental disturbance in the separation of the lens from the cornea. The severe lenticular disturbance, microphthalmos, and fetal growth retardation in this case reflected early anemia and the resultant hypoxemia. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the fetal transfusion syndrome and Peters' anomaly have been associated.", "contents": "Peters' anomaly with the fetal transfusion syndrome. Of identical twins with the fetal transfusion syndrome, the second twin who was anemic and hypoxemic from early gestation had Peters' anomaly by histologic examination of the host cornea excised during corneal transplantation at 7 months of age. The absence of a normally positioned lens with the incorporation of lens epithelium, capsule, and cortex within the posterior corneal stroma suggested a developmental disturbance in the separation of the lens from the cornea. The severe lenticular disturbance, microphthalmos, and fetal growth retardation in this case reflected early anemia and the resultant hypoxemia. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the fetal transfusion syndrome and Peters' anomaly have been associated.", "PMID": 1047616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_199", "title": "[Behavior of Vibrio cholerae strains of the biotype El Tor isolated in Apulia in 1973, in relation to various antibiotics and chemotherapeutics].", "content": "The tests carried out on the strains of Vibrio cholerae of the El Tor biotype, isolated during the epidemic in Apulia in 1973, brought to light the sensitivity of all the strains to various antibiotics and chemotherapeutic substances. Only one initially sensitive strain, when it was isolated again in the same patient, proved to be resistant to tetracycline. On the basis of this discovery and others communicated in published works, the Authors outline the problems posed by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, especially when the resistance involves R factors.", "contents": "[Behavior of Vibrio cholerae strains of the biotype El Tor isolated in Apulia in 1973, in relation to various antibiotics and chemotherapeutics]. The tests carried out on the strains of Vibrio cholerae of the El Tor biotype, isolated during the epidemic in Apulia in 1973, brought to light the sensitivity of all the strains to various antibiotics and chemotherapeutic substances. Only one initially sensitive strain, when it was isolated again in the same patient, proved to be resistant to tetracycline. On the basis of this discovery and others communicated in published works, the Authors outline the problems posed by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, especially when the resistance involves R factors.", "PMID": 1047628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_200", "title": "In vitro and in vivo comparative evaluations of injectable cephalosporin derivatives and ampicillin.", "content": "The in vitro and in vivo activity of the 5 injectable cephalosporins, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephacetrile, and ampicillin was compared. No gram-positive organisms resistant to any of the cephalosporin derivatives were encountered. The MIC of ampicillin for gram-positive organisms was distributed over a wide range. The antibacterial activity of cefazolin, cephaloridine and ampicillin was high against gram-negative organisms. Ampicillin was potently effective especially against P. mirabilis and cefazolin especially against K. pneumoniae. The protecting effect of the 5 cephalosporins on experimental infections in mice was compared. The effect of cefazolin and cephaloridine was more marked than that of the others. These results may be explained by the fact that the other 3 cephalospoirins are rapidly metabolized in the living body.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo comparative evaluations of injectable cephalosporin derivatives and ampicillin. The in vitro and in vivo activity of the 5 injectable cephalosporins, cefazolin, cephaloridine, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephacetrile, and ampicillin was compared. No gram-positive organisms resistant to any of the cephalosporin derivatives were encountered. The MIC of ampicillin for gram-positive organisms was distributed over a wide range. The antibacterial activity of cefazolin, cephaloridine and ampicillin was high against gram-negative organisms. Ampicillin was potently effective especially against P. mirabilis and cefazolin especially against K. pneumoniae. The protecting effect of the 5 cephalosporins on experimental infections in mice was compared. The effect of cefazolin and cephaloridine was more marked than that of the others. These results may be explained by the fact that the other 3 cephalospoirins are rapidly metabolized in the living body.", "PMID": 1047636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_201", "title": "Effect of lung inflation on alveolar permeability to solutes.", "content": "The alveolar epithelium separates gas and liquid phases in the lung. Osmotic forces available for separating these phases will be determined by the solute permeability of the epithelium. The relative rates of diffusion of several simultaneously studied solutes of known molecular size have been used for measuring the equivalent pore radius across the alveolar epithelium in vivo in the perinatal period and in adult animals. In perinatal sheep, the equivalent pore radius increases from 0.5 nm in the fetal state to 1.5-4.5 nm during the first minutes of spontaneous ventilation. Postnatal animals, 12-60 hours of age, have pore radii of 0.7-1.4 nm. Static inflation of the lungs, in fetal lambs, produced pressure-dependent increases in pore radii. In adult sheep and rabbits the measured radius of equivalent pores across the epithelium in vivo was positively correlated with the degree of inflation of the lungs (P less than 0.005). Measurements varied from 0.5 nm at low levels of inflation to large leaks at high levels. These experiments indicate that solute permeability across the alveolar epithelium is a dynamic function of the inflation of the lung, rather than a static feature.", "contents": "Effect of lung inflation on alveolar permeability to solutes. The alveolar epithelium separates gas and liquid phases in the lung. Osmotic forces available for separating these phases will be determined by the solute permeability of the epithelium. The relative rates of diffusion of several simultaneously studied solutes of known molecular size have been used for measuring the equivalent pore radius across the alveolar epithelium in vivo in the perinatal period and in adult animals. In perinatal sheep, the equivalent pore radius increases from 0.5 nm in the fetal state to 1.5-4.5 nm during the first minutes of spontaneous ventilation. Postnatal animals, 12-60 hours of age, have pore radii of 0.7-1.4 nm. Static inflation of the lungs, in fetal lambs, produced pressure-dependent increases in pore radii. In adult sheep and rabbits the measured radius of equivalent pores across the epithelium in vivo was positively correlated with the degree of inflation of the lungs (P less than 0.005). Measurements varied from 0.5 nm at low levels of inflation to large leaks at high levels. These experiments indicate that solute permeability across the alveolar epithelium is a dynamic function of the inflation of the lung, rather than a static feature.", "PMID": 1047637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_202", "title": "Comparative aspects of salt and water transport across lung.", "content": "Calculation suggests that the outward flux of water from the surface of the lung into the expired air could be driven by a relatively small standing osmotic gradient. The structure of this alveolar epithelium does not appear to possess the characteristics of a typical secretory epithelium. These considerations argue against the occurrence of active transport in the alveoli of the adult mammalian lung.", "contents": "Comparative aspects of salt and water transport across lung. Calculation suggests that the outward flux of water from the surface of the lung into the expired air could be driven by a relatively small standing osmotic gradient. The structure of this alveolar epithelium does not appear to possess the characteristics of a typical secretory epithelium. These considerations argue against the occurrence of active transport in the alveoli of the adult mammalian lung.", "PMID": 1047638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_203", "title": "Mechanism of alveolar flooding in acute pulmonary oedema.", "content": "In severe pulmonary oedema, the alveoli fill rapidly with fluid of essentially the same protein composition as free interstitial fluid. The usual explanation is that the normally 'tight' alveolar epithelial intercellular junctions suddenly become freely permeable to proteins. But the pathophysiological basis for such a change is unknown. In seven anaesthetized dogs one lower lobe was filled with iso-osmotic fluid containing 125I-labelled albumin. The calculated alveolus-blood albumin permeability over three hours averaged 0.06 X 10(-7) cm/s. It decreased nearly 50% when the alveolar tracer concentration was tripled for three more hours. At autopsy, large interstitial free fluid cuffs around blood vessels and airways were found. Isolated lung lobes were filled with isosmotic fluid containing tracer albumin at 10 and 20 cmH2O (0.98-1.96 kPa) airway pressure. Free interstitial fluid cuffs developed within 30 and 10 minutes, respectively. The tracer protein concentration in the cuff fluid averaged 0.9 that of the alveolar fluid. It is postulated that the terminal airway epithelium is normally permeable to protein and water. In acute pulmonary oedema alveolar flooding may occur along the same pathway after the loose interstitial tissue space is fluid-filled and its pressure exceeds that in the airway. The anatomical site of the bulk fluid and protein leak has not been identified.", "contents": "Mechanism of alveolar flooding in acute pulmonary oedema. In severe pulmonary oedema, the alveoli fill rapidly with fluid of essentially the same protein composition as free interstitial fluid. The usual explanation is that the normally 'tight' alveolar epithelial intercellular junctions suddenly become freely permeable to proteins. But the pathophysiological basis for such a change is unknown. In seven anaesthetized dogs one lower lobe was filled with iso-osmotic fluid containing 125I-labelled albumin. The calculated alveolus-blood albumin permeability over three hours averaged 0.06 X 10(-7) cm/s. It decreased nearly 50% when the alveolar tracer concentration was tripled for three more hours. At autopsy, large interstitial free fluid cuffs around blood vessels and airways were found. Isolated lung lobes were filled with isosmotic fluid containing tracer albumin at 10 and 20 cmH2O (0.98-1.96 kPa) airway pressure. Free interstitial fluid cuffs developed within 30 and 10 minutes, respectively. The tracer protein concentration in the cuff fluid averaged 0.9 that of the alveolar fluid. It is postulated that the terminal airway epithelium is normally permeable to protein and water. In acute pulmonary oedema alveolar flooding may occur along the same pathway after the loose interstitial tissue space is fluid-filled and its pressure exceeds that in the airway. The anatomical site of the bulk fluid and protein leak has not been identified.", "PMID": 1047639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_204", "title": "Intracellular and subcellular oedema and dehydration.", "content": "Changes in intracellular water content appear to be common abnormalities induced by a wide variety of pathogenic mechanisms. Such changes in cell water produce changes in the water in various subcellular organelles bound by semipermeable membranes. Cell and subcell functions then alter in their turn. In isolated alveolar macrophages (rabbit), intracellular and intramitochondrial oedema reduces mitochondrial O2 utilization. Metabolic control is maintained because lactate production reverses (Pasteur effect). On reconstitution, O2 utilization and lactate production return towards normal, indicating reversibility. Cellular and intramitochondrial dehydration also reduces mitochondrial O2 utilization but metabolic control is lost because lactate production also decreases. Osmotic reconstitution does not reverse the abnormality. Exposure to hypotonic media leads to release of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase, EC 3.2.1.31) to the extracellular phase of isolated alveolar macrophages. Some of this release is caused by exocytosis although, at low osmotic concentrations, intralysosomal oedema ultimately ruptures lysosomes, with extensive discharge of enzyme. In turn, lysosomal enzymes may injure more normal cells. Impairment of energy metabolism caused by hypoxia leads to intracellular oedema, because Na+ accumulates in the cells when ATP is no longer available for the sodium pump. Continued studies of the disorders in cell physiology caused by changes in cell and subcell water should provide important new insights into a wide variety of disease states (including pulmonary oedema).", "contents": "Intracellular and subcellular oedema and dehydration. Changes in intracellular water content appear to be common abnormalities induced by a wide variety of pathogenic mechanisms. Such changes in cell water produce changes in the water in various subcellular organelles bound by semipermeable membranes. Cell and subcell functions then alter in their turn. In isolated alveolar macrophages (rabbit), intracellular and intramitochondrial oedema reduces mitochondrial O2 utilization. Metabolic control is maintained because lactate production reverses (Pasteur effect). On reconstitution, O2 utilization and lactate production return towards normal, indicating reversibility. Cellular and intramitochondrial dehydration also reduces mitochondrial O2 utilization but metabolic control is lost because lactate production also decreases. Osmotic reconstitution does not reverse the abnormality. Exposure to hypotonic media leads to release of lysosomal enzymes (beta-glucuronidase, EC 3.2.1.31) to the extracellular phase of isolated alveolar macrophages. Some of this release is caused by exocytosis although, at low osmotic concentrations, intralysosomal oedema ultimately ruptures lysosomes, with extensive discharge of enzyme. In turn, lysosomal enzymes may injure more normal cells. Impairment of energy metabolism caused by hypoxia leads to intracellular oedema, because Na+ accumulates in the cells when ATP is no longer available for the sodium pump. Continued studies of the disorders in cell physiology caused by changes in cell and subcell water should provide important new insights into a wide variety of disease states (including pulmonary oedema).", "PMID": 1047640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_205", "title": "Clinical disorders of lung liquid.", "content": "Clinical pulmonary oedema is often persistent and of sudden onset, suggesting a vicious circle, i.e. positive feedback. It is difficult to produce in animals by any haemodynamic manoeuvres, but the important neurogenic component can be illustrated by acutely increasing cerebrospinal fluid pressure of rabbits to 300 mmHg (40 kPa). Breathing stops virtually at once, and restarts when cerebrospinal fluid pressure is again reduced. With cerebral ischaemia lasting for up to 2 min, all is well; with longer times pulmonary oedema is almost invariable and often eventually fatal, although the animals may otherwise apparently recover. Comparable events sometimes follow subarachnoid haemorrhage in man. A few hypotheses on the pathogenesis of pulmonary oedema in man are offered.", "contents": "Clinical disorders of lung liquid. Clinical pulmonary oedema is often persistent and of sudden onset, suggesting a vicious circle, i.e. positive feedback. It is difficult to produce in animals by any haemodynamic manoeuvres, but the important neurogenic component can be illustrated by acutely increasing cerebrospinal fluid pressure of rabbits to 300 mmHg (40 kPa). Breathing stops virtually at once, and restarts when cerebrospinal fluid pressure is again reduced. With cerebral ischaemia lasting for up to 2 min, all is well; with longer times pulmonary oedema is almost invariable and often eventually fatal, although the animals may otherwise apparently recover. Comparable events sometimes follow subarachnoid haemorrhage in man. A few hypotheses on the pathogenesis of pulmonary oedema in man are offered.", "PMID": 1047641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_206", "title": "The permeability of lung capillary and alveolar walls as determinants of liquid movements in the lung.", "content": "The lungs of the exteriorized fetal lamb offer an unusually good opportunity for measuring the permeability of lung capillary and alveolar walls, because access to plasma, interstitial fluid and alveolar liquid can be obtained without seriously disturbing their physiological relationships. Although there are probably some differences in permeability between fetal and air-breathing lungs, the underlying pattern appears to be similar. Large water-soluble molecules, including proteins, can penetrate capillary but not alveolar walls. The latter appear to be impermeable to molecules with diffusion radii greater than 0.5-0.6 nm. Pore theory can be used to characterize these permeabilities and to obtain estimates of osmotic reflection coefficients for various water-soluble substances. From them, predictions can be made of the bulk movements of liquid to be expected in a variety of circumstances, including the adaptation of the lungs at birth, lung oedema and drowning in sea water or fresh water.", "contents": "The permeability of lung capillary and alveolar walls as determinants of liquid movements in the lung. The lungs of the exteriorized fetal lamb offer an unusually good opportunity for measuring the permeability of lung capillary and alveolar walls, because access to plasma, interstitial fluid and alveolar liquid can be obtained without seriously disturbing their physiological relationships. Although there are probably some differences in permeability between fetal and air-breathing lungs, the underlying pattern appears to be similar. Large water-soluble molecules, including proteins, can penetrate capillary but not alveolar walls. The latter appear to be impermeable to molecules with diffusion radii greater than 0.5-0.6 nm. Pore theory can be used to characterize these permeabilities and to obtain estimates of osmotic reflection coefficients for various water-soluble substances. From them, predictions can be made of the bulk movements of liquid to be expected in a variety of circumstances, including the adaptation of the lungs at birth, lung oedema and drowning in sea water or fresh water.", "PMID": 1047642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_207", "title": "Interstitial fluid and transcapillary fluid balance in the lung.", "content": "Alterations in extravascular lung water content when capillary pressure or plasma colloid osmotic pressure is increased have been evaluated in isolated, continuously weighed, plasma-perfused pairs of rabbit lungs. After modest increases in left atrial pressure, most preparations rapidly reached a new stable weight, and thus a new transcapillary fluid balance, but no significant increase in extravascular lung water content could be detected. In preparations where there was still a steady, slow gain in weight and thus still some transvascular filtration of fluid 15 min after the increase in pressure, a moderate but significant increase in extravascular water could be detected. It is concluded that only very small transvascular shifts of fluid occur in the lungs when capillary pressure changes, as long as this change is kept below the level that causes oedema. This limitation of pressure-induced transvascular shifts of fluid in the lung could be explained by the existence, close to the capillaries, of a small interstitial space containing fluid with a high protein concentration. Alterations in the colloid osmotic pressure exerted by this fluid would then contribute markedly towards continuous readjustment of the transcapillary fluid balance in the lung. Experiments by other workers indicate that alveolar pressure can markedly affect the transcapillary fluid balance of the isolated perfused lung.", "contents": "Interstitial fluid and transcapillary fluid balance in the lung. Alterations in extravascular lung water content when capillary pressure or plasma colloid osmotic pressure is increased have been evaluated in isolated, continuously weighed, plasma-perfused pairs of rabbit lungs. After modest increases in left atrial pressure, most preparations rapidly reached a new stable weight, and thus a new transcapillary fluid balance, but no significant increase in extravascular lung water content could be detected. In preparations where there was still a steady, slow gain in weight and thus still some transvascular filtration of fluid 15 min after the increase in pressure, a moderate but significant increase in extravascular water could be detected. It is concluded that only very small transvascular shifts of fluid occur in the lungs when capillary pressure changes, as long as this change is kept below the level that causes oedema. This limitation of pressure-induced transvascular shifts of fluid in the lung could be explained by the existence, close to the capillaries, of a small interstitial space containing fluid with a high protein concentration. Alterations in the colloid osmotic pressure exerted by this fluid would then contribute markedly towards continuous readjustment of the transcapillary fluid balance in the lung. Experiments by other workers indicate that alveolar pressure can markedly affect the transcapillary fluid balance of the isolated perfused lung.", "PMID": 1047643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_208", "title": "Dynamics of subatmospheric pressure in the pulmonary interstitial fluid.", "content": "Systems analyses are presented for several aspects of pulmonary fluid dynamics, especially those related to (1) transport of fluid between the pulmonary interstitial spaces and the alveoli, (2) the possibility of a mechanism for concentrating protein in the lymph vessels, and (3) the effects of very high resistance to fluid flow in the alveolar septal wall. The analysis of fluid transport between the interstitial space and the alveoli, assuming that there is no active secretory or active absorptive process, shows that the interstitial fluid pressure in the normal lung cannot be more positive than the fluid pressure in the alveoli. Since the surface tension of this fluid causes it to have a subatmospheric pressure, the calculated maximum pressure for interstitial fluid in the normal lung is about -2 mmHg (-0.266 kPa). At any pressure more positive than this the alveoli will fill with fluid. The systems analyses for concentrating protein in the pulmonary lymphatics and for the effects of high resistance to fluid flow in the alveolar septal wall offer possible explanations for very negative pressures of pulmonary interstitial fluid, even though calculations of the interstitial fluid pressure based on the assumption that the colloid osmotic pressure of pulmonary interstitial fluid is equal to the osmotic pressure of pulmonary lymph give estimated pressures of pulmonary interstitial fluid approaching 0 mmHg.", "contents": "Dynamics of subatmospheric pressure in the pulmonary interstitial fluid. Systems analyses are presented for several aspects of pulmonary fluid dynamics, especially those related to (1) transport of fluid between the pulmonary interstitial spaces and the alveoli, (2) the possibility of a mechanism for concentrating protein in the lymph vessels, and (3) the effects of very high resistance to fluid flow in the alveolar septal wall. The analysis of fluid transport between the interstitial space and the alveoli, assuming that there is no active secretory or active absorptive process, shows that the interstitial fluid pressure in the normal lung cannot be more positive than the fluid pressure in the alveoli. Since the surface tension of this fluid causes it to have a subatmospheric pressure, the calculated maximum pressure for interstitial fluid in the normal lung is about -2 mmHg (-0.266 kPa). At any pressure more positive than this the alveoli will fill with fluid. The systems analyses for concentrating protein in the pulmonary lymphatics and for the effects of high resistance to fluid flow in the alveolar septal wall offer possible explanations for very negative pressures of pulmonary interstitial fluid, even though calculations of the interstitial fluid pressure based on the assumption that the colloid osmotic pressure of pulmonary interstitial fluid is equal to the osmotic pressure of pulmonary lymph give estimated pressures of pulmonary interstitial fluid approaching 0 mmHg.", "PMID": 1047644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_209", "title": "The nature of pituitary large growth hormone as studied by immunoabsorption.", "content": "Porcine pituitaries were homogenized in neutral pH buffer and the supernatant layer after centrifugation was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The void volume peak contained 0.2-0.5% of the immunoreactive growth hormone (large GH), the remainder (small GH) eluted at Kd 0.6. The isolation of large GH was attempted with anti-GH coupled to Sepharose 2B: of the immunoreactive large GH 50-60% was absorbed to a large excess of anti-GH Sepharose during an 18 h incubation at 4 degrees C. Over 80% of the absorbed immunoreactivity could be eluted with neutral 6M-sodium thiocyanate at 4 degrees C. The eluate, when rechromatographed, contained small GH, RNA which had absorbed to anti-GH Sepharose remained in the void volume on rechromatography. RNA was also absorbed when Sepharose-coupled bovine serum gamma-globulin was substituted for anti-GH Sepharose or when rat liver was substituted for porcine pituitaries. No RNA was absorbed when large GH was converted into small GH with 6M-NaSCN and rechromatographed before immunoabsorption. However, significant absorption of prolactin was found. After a two-hour incubation of porcine pituitary slices with [3H]leucine, GH dissociated from large GH had a specific activity 10-100 times that of small GH but appeared similar to it by gel chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We conclude that pituitary large GH represents a different metabolic pool from pituitary small GH and may be newly synthesized small GH not yet incorporated into granules, thus being susceptible to non-specific binding to RNA during the extraction procedure.", "contents": "The nature of pituitary large growth hormone as studied by immunoabsorption. Porcine pituitaries were homogenized in neutral pH buffer and the supernatant layer after centrifugation was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The void volume peak contained 0.2-0.5% of the immunoreactive growth hormone (large GH), the remainder (small GH) eluted at Kd 0.6. The isolation of large GH was attempted with anti-GH coupled to Sepharose 2B: of the immunoreactive large GH 50-60% was absorbed to a large excess of anti-GH Sepharose during an 18 h incubation at 4 degrees C. Over 80% of the absorbed immunoreactivity could be eluted with neutral 6M-sodium thiocyanate at 4 degrees C. The eluate, when rechromatographed, contained small GH, RNA which had absorbed to anti-GH Sepharose remained in the void volume on rechromatography. RNA was also absorbed when Sepharose-coupled bovine serum gamma-globulin was substituted for anti-GH Sepharose or when rat liver was substituted for porcine pituitaries. No RNA was absorbed when large GH was converted into small GH with 6M-NaSCN and rechromatographed before immunoabsorption. However, significant absorption of prolactin was found. After a two-hour incubation of porcine pituitary slices with [3H]leucine, GH dissociated from large GH had a specific activity 10-100 times that of small GH but appeared similar to it by gel chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. We conclude that pituitary large GH represents a different metabolic pool from pituitary small GH and may be newly synthesized small GH not yet incorporated into granules, thus being susceptible to non-specific binding to RNA during the extraction procedure.", "PMID": 1047645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_210", "title": "Hyperthyroidism.", "content": "Hyperthyroidism is a clinically dramatic but usually benign syndrome that is most commonly associated with the clinical triad known as Graves' disease. Although the diagnosis and treatment usually are straightforward and clinically rewarding, there are occasional patients in whom considerable clinical and laboratory expertise are required before the problem is identified and solved. Although among the most common endocrine disorders, the etiology of the hyperfunction of the thyroid gland in Graves' disease remains unknown and the mechanism by which thyroid hormones produce their effect is equally obscure. However, if the rate of progress in the past decade is typical, both these questions may well be answered before another 10 years have elapsed.", "contents": "Hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism is a clinically dramatic but usually benign syndrome that is most commonly associated with the clinical triad known as Graves' disease. Although the diagnosis and treatment usually are straightforward and clinically rewarding, there are occasional patients in whom considerable clinical and laboratory expertise are required before the problem is identified and solved. Although among the most common endocrine disorders, the etiology of the hyperfunction of the thyroid gland in Graves' disease remains unknown and the mechanism by which thyroid hormones produce their effect is equally obscure. However, if the rate of progress in the past decade is typical, both these questions may well be answered before another 10 years have elapsed.", "PMID": 1047646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_211", "title": "[The clinical picture, motor activity, electro-encephalographic, neurophysiologic and linguistic findings in a case of left-sided hemispherectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a patient aged 35 the left cerebral hemisphere was surgically removed for a cerebral angioma. Cerebral function has been examined clinically and from neurophysiologic, neuropsychologic and linguistic aspects. History, pre-and postoperative clinical findings are described. Post-operative motor-activity was registered continuously with 6 electromyograms. It is described, compared with a case of right sided hemispherectomy and discussed. On the basis of a survey of the literature the cerebral activity before and after operation, examined with quantitative EEG analysis, is described and discussed. After a general exposition of the linguistic ability of the right non-dominant hemisphere it is shown that this must have been a case of left dominance. On this assumption the formal-quantitative linguistic findings after left-sided hemispherectomy are described. The neuro-psychologic tests, pre- and post-operatively carried out with several techniques (LPS, HAWIE, FLT, Token-Test), are compared with each other and the results of further tests (a short form of the \"Minnesota-test and our own collection of aphasia tests) after hemispherectomy added. After a survey of relevant descriptions in the literature the postoperative linguistic findings (lexic and morphology, syntax, relationship between idea and expressive realization) are described and compared with similar findings in the literature.", "contents": "[The clinical picture, motor activity, electro-encephalographic, neurophysiologic and linguistic findings in a case of left-sided hemispherectomy (author's transl)]. In a patient aged 35 the left cerebral hemisphere was surgically removed for a cerebral angioma. Cerebral function has been examined clinically and from neurophysiologic, neuropsychologic and linguistic aspects. History, pre-and postoperative clinical findings are described. Post-operative motor-activity was registered continuously with 6 electromyograms. It is described, compared with a case of right sided hemispherectomy and discussed. On the basis of a survey of the literature the cerebral activity before and after operation, examined with quantitative EEG analysis, is described and discussed. After a general exposition of the linguistic ability of the right non-dominant hemisphere it is shown that this must have been a case of left dominance. On this assumption the formal-quantitative linguistic findings after left-sided hemispherectomy are described. The neuro-psychologic tests, pre- and post-operatively carried out with several techniques (LPS, HAWIE, FLT, Token-Test), are compared with each other and the results of further tests (a short form of the \"Minnesota-test and our own collection of aphasia tests) after hemispherectomy added. After a survey of relevant descriptions in the literature the postoperative linguistic findings (lexic and morphology, syntax, relationship between idea and expressive realization) are described and compared with similar findings in the literature.", "PMID": 1047658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_212", "title": "Microwave oven for improved biological solids determination.", "content": "This paper describes the evaluation of the use of microwave power to evaporate the water from biological solids in the suspended solids analysis for wastewater treatment plants. when microwave power was applied to the sample at a level of 1.8 watts per gram of water a constant weight was achieved in twelve minutes. This compares with sixty minutes drying time in the conventional test where thermal ovens are utilized. Solids results from microwaves oven drying were more precise than the results from drying with a thermal oven.", "contents": "Microwave oven for improved biological solids determination. This paper describes the evaluation of the use of microwave power to evaporate the water from biological solids in the suspended solids analysis for wastewater treatment plants. when microwave power was applied to the sample at a level of 1.8 watts per gram of water a constant weight was achieved in twelve minutes. This compares with sixty minutes drying time in the conventional test where thermal ovens are utilized. Solids results from microwaves oven drying were more precise than the results from drying with a thermal oven.", "PMID": 1047660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_213", "title": "The relation of sex, age, and weight of mice to microwave radiation sensitivity.", "content": "It is of interest to determine whether the weanling mouse, the sexually mature mouse, or the aged mouse of both sexes are similarly sensitive to microwave radiation. This study included 114 male and female mice irradiated to death with 2450 MHZ microwave radiation at 7.5 watts forward power, a minimum of 14 mice being used for any single set of variables. Weanling mice of 1 month of age are fully developed with respect to most organ systems except the reproductive. Two month old mice are sexually and otherwise mature, fully capable of survival and reproduction. The age mice of both sexes were ex-breeders which had been used for constant litter production for at least 12 months, and had waning reproductive potential. They were therefore about 14 months of age. It was found that the male mice on the average weighed more than the females (least difference at weaning) and both showed considerable weight increase with age; that weanling males irradiated to death absorbed slightly more radiant energy than did the weanling females, but they were also slightly heavier; that time to death under constant exposure from the beam increased with age for both sexes, indicating increasing microwave resistance with age and/or weight; that the mean absorbed dose at death did not show significant differences related to age or weight within the same sex; that the males showed slight increase in radio-tolerance with age and/or weight as measured by the absorbed dose at death when compared with the females which showed a decline in radio-tolerance with age and/or weight; that in all cases sex seemed to be somewhat more important than did age or weight in determining the lethal absorbed dose at death; and that it took longer longer for the older mice to die due probably to the fact that the rate of absorption of radiation was slower with their increased weight. It is the absorbed dose in joules per gram that is biologically significant and the data shows that the mean absorbed dose to death within either sex shows no significant difference with respect to age or weight, but that the difference between the sexes are significant, particularly among the aged ex-breeders.", "contents": "The relation of sex, age, and weight of mice to microwave radiation sensitivity. It is of interest to determine whether the weanling mouse, the sexually mature mouse, or the aged mouse of both sexes are similarly sensitive to microwave radiation. This study included 114 male and female mice irradiated to death with 2450 MHZ microwave radiation at 7.5 watts forward power, a minimum of 14 mice being used for any single set of variables. Weanling mice of 1 month of age are fully developed with respect to most organ systems except the reproductive. Two month old mice are sexually and otherwise mature, fully capable of survival and reproduction. The age mice of both sexes were ex-breeders which had been used for constant litter production for at least 12 months, and had waning reproductive potential. They were therefore about 14 months of age. It was found that the male mice on the average weighed more than the females (least difference at weaning) and both showed considerable weight increase with age; that weanling males irradiated to death absorbed slightly more radiant energy than did the weanling females, but they were also slightly heavier; that time to death under constant exposure from the beam increased with age for both sexes, indicating increasing microwave resistance with age and/or weight; that the mean absorbed dose at death did not show significant differences related to age or weight within the same sex; that the males showed slight increase in radio-tolerance with age and/or weight as measured by the absorbed dose at death when compared with the females which showed a decline in radio-tolerance with age and/or weight; that in all cases sex seemed to be somewhat more important than did age or weight in determining the lethal absorbed dose at death; and that it took longer longer for the older mice to die due probably to the fact that the rate of absorption of radiation was slower with their increased weight. It is the absorbed dose in joules per gram that is biologically significant and the data shows that the mean absorbed dose to death within either sex shows no significant difference with respect to age or weight, but that the difference between the sexes are significant, particularly among the aged ex-breeders.", "PMID": 1047661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_214", "title": "Microwave heating of malignant mouse tumors and tissue equivalent phantom systems.", "content": "Studies were conducted on the free-field heating of mammary tumors on the flank of mice and of tissue equivalent phantoms. A 200 watt, P.M., 2450 MHZ source was marginal in heating 1 cm tumors from room ambient to 38 degrees C. A technique was developed using warm air to raise the thermal baseline of the tumors to body core temperature and microwaves to produce significant hyperthermal levels. This allowed the production tumor temperatures of 45 degrees with greatly reduced microwave power and with significantly more uniform temperatures. However, the non-uniformity in temperature achieved with monodirectional microwave heating is still considered to be excessive: +/- 1 degrees C.", "contents": "Microwave heating of malignant mouse tumors and tissue equivalent phantom systems. Studies were conducted on the free-field heating of mammary tumors on the flank of mice and of tissue equivalent phantoms. A 200 watt, P.M., 2450 MHZ source was marginal in heating 1 cm tumors from room ambient to 38 degrees C. A technique was developed using warm air to raise the thermal baseline of the tumors to body core temperature and microwaves to produce significant hyperthermal levels. This allowed the production tumor temperatures of 45 degrees with greatly reduced microwave power and with significantly more uniform temperatures. However, the non-uniformity in temperature achieved with monodirectional microwave heating is still considered to be excessive: +/- 1 degrees C.", "PMID": 1047699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_215", "title": "Training public school teachers in population dynamics: An evaluation of the urban life-population education workshops in Baltimore.", "content": "Nine population education workshops were held for city school teachers in Baltimore, Maryland during the 1972-73 academic year. The original program schedule was modified two times, at the end of the third workshop and the sixth. Each change resulted in fewer formal presentations, more teacher discussions and greater teacher involvement in the workshop program. From the ideas generated by the workshops, curriculum units suitable for elementary and secondary school students were produced. An evaluation of the program showed that teachers' knowledge of selected demographic concepts and facts increased between the pre-workshop period and the post-workshop period. The changes were greater in the later workshops. The changes in knowledge were statistically significant. While there was some regression to pre-test levels, the teachers retained a substantiol portion of the knowledge they received when measured a second time after the workshop. High school teachers showed greater effective changes in knowledge than lower grade teachers. However, interest in population education appears to be wide-spread among all teachers including lower grade teachers. It is suggested that in the future, programs in population education consider conducting separate workshops for teachers of the same or similar grade level.", "contents": "Training public school teachers in population dynamics: An evaluation of the urban life-population education workshops in Baltimore. Nine population education workshops were held for city school teachers in Baltimore, Maryland during the 1972-73 academic year. The original program schedule was modified two times, at the end of the third workshop and the sixth. Each change resulted in fewer formal presentations, more teacher discussions and greater teacher involvement in the workshop program. From the ideas generated by the workshops, curriculum units suitable for elementary and secondary school students were produced. An evaluation of the program showed that teachers' knowledge of selected demographic concepts and facts increased between the pre-workshop period and the post-workshop period. The changes were greater in the later workshops. The changes in knowledge were statistically significant. While there was some regression to pre-test levels, the teachers retained a substantiol portion of the knowledge they received when measured a second time after the workshop. High school teachers showed greater effective changes in knowledge than lower grade teachers. However, interest in population education appears to be wide-spread among all teachers including lower grade teachers. It is suggested that in the future, programs in population education consider conducting separate workshops for teachers of the same or similar grade level.", "PMID": 1047777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_216", "title": "Uptake and liberation of mepacrine in blood platelets.", "content": "1. Isolated platelets of guinea pigs incubated in Tyrode showed a rapid accumulation of 14C-mepacrine which was less dependent on temperature than that of 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). 2. The uptake of mepacrine was not inhibited by imipramine, cocaine, ouabain, KCN, NaF, and reserpine. 3. Various 5HT-liberating drugs, e.g. Ro 4-1284 (benzoquinolizine derivative with reserpine-like action), amphetamine, tyramine and imipramine did not markedly affect the 14C-mepacrine content of platelets previously loaded with this compound. 4. Thrombin and chlorpromazine caused a liberation of 14C-mepacrine from the platelts which was however, less pronounced than that of 14C-5HT. 5. From these and previous findings it is concluded that 14C-mepacrine accumulates in the 5HT storage organelles by a reserpine-insensitive mechanism not dependent on an active transport at the cytoplasmatic membrane level.", "contents": "Uptake and liberation of mepacrine in blood platelets. 1. Isolated platelets of guinea pigs incubated in Tyrode showed a rapid accumulation of 14C-mepacrine which was less dependent on temperature than that of 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). 2. The uptake of mepacrine was not inhibited by imipramine, cocaine, ouabain, KCN, NaF, and reserpine. 3. Various 5HT-liberating drugs, e.g. Ro 4-1284 (benzoquinolizine derivative with reserpine-like action), amphetamine, tyramine and imipramine did not markedly affect the 14C-mepacrine content of platelets previously loaded with this compound. 4. Thrombin and chlorpromazine caused a liberation of 14C-mepacrine from the platelts which was however, less pronounced than that of 14C-5HT. 5. From these and previous findings it is concluded that 14C-mepacrine accumulates in the 5HT storage organelles by a reserpine-insensitive mechanism not dependent on an active transport at the cytoplasmatic membrane level.", "PMID": 1047793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_217", "title": "Radiologic evaluation of the patient with suspected pulmonary thromboembolic disease.", "content": "The risks of anticoagulant and surgical therapy for pulmonary thromboembolic disease make a high degree of diagnostic certainty imperative. The pitfalls inherent in basing the diagnosis on clinical and laboratory information are discussed, and the radiologic and isotopic studies available to the clinician are presented, with special emphasis on their sensitivity and specificity and guidelines for their intelligent use.", "contents": "Radiologic evaluation of the patient with suspected pulmonary thromboembolic disease. The risks of anticoagulant and surgical therapy for pulmonary thromboembolic disease make a high degree of diagnostic certainty imperative. The pitfalls inherent in basing the diagnosis on clinical and laboratory information are discussed, and the radiologic and isotopic studies available to the clinician are presented, with special emphasis on their sensitivity and specificity and guidelines for their intelligent use.", "PMID": 1047833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_218", "title": "Medical treatment of the adolescent drug abuser. An opportunity for rehabilitative intervention.", "content": "Illnesses related to both the pharmacologic properties of abused substances and their methods of administration often bring the teenager to medical attention and may provide sufficient motivation for the adolescent to seek help beyond the acute problem. Successful treatment of an overdose reaction, an abstinence syndrome, or any other medical complication of drug abuse may give the physician a unique opportunity to begine further evalution for future care.", "contents": "Medical treatment of the adolescent drug abuser. An opportunity for rehabilitative intervention. Illnesses related to both the pharmacologic properties of abused substances and their methods of administration often bring the teenager to medical attention and may provide sufficient motivation for the adolescent to seek help beyond the acute problem. Successful treatment of an overdose reaction, an abstinence syndrome, or any other medical complication of drug abuse may give the physician a unique opportunity to begine further evalution for future care.", "PMID": 1047834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_219", "title": "Neuromotor disorders of the esophagus.", "content": "Esophageal motility studies are helpful in diagnosing hypertensive and hypotensive disorders of the esophagus and its sphincters, including the exact measurement of the strength of contraction, temporal sequence and duration of the pathophysiology involved. In addition, the assessment of the extent of neuromotor involvement may be of great help to the surgeon in planning a myotomy. PH metering is probably the most accurate way to assess reflux in hypotonic states.", "contents": "Neuromotor disorders of the esophagus. Esophageal motility studies are helpful in diagnosing hypertensive and hypotensive disorders of the esophagus and its sphincters, including the exact measurement of the strength of contraction, temporal sequence and duration of the pathophysiology involved. In addition, the assessment of the extent of neuromotor involvement may be of great help to the surgeon in planning a myotomy. PH metering is probably the most accurate way to assess reflux in hypotonic states.", "PMID": 1047835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_220", "title": "Crohn's disease.", "content": "Crohn's disease is manifested by fissure ulcers, transmural inflammation with lymphocytes, and granulomata affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract. There seems to be a genetic predisposition, conditioned perhaps by environmental factors and possibly a virus. The disease is characterized by spontaneous fistulae, internal and external, anal lesions, stricture formation, and healing by fibrosis. The presenting symptoms are intestinal and systemic (Table 2). Systemic manifestations, such as arthritis, skin lesions, episcleritis and uveitis, pericholangitis, hydronephrosis, renal stones, amyloidosis, arrested maturation, fever, and anemia occur as complications of the intestinal disease. Medical treatment is empirical and supportive. Surgical treatment is reserved for complications. The incidence of Crohn's disease seems to be increasing because our diagnostic techniques are improving, but our treatment is unsatisfactory.", "contents": "Crohn's disease. Crohn's disease is manifested by fissure ulcers, transmural inflammation with lymphocytes, and granulomata affecting any part of the gastrointestinal tract. There seems to be a genetic predisposition, conditioned perhaps by environmental factors and possibly a virus. The disease is characterized by spontaneous fistulae, internal and external, anal lesions, stricture formation, and healing by fibrosis. The presenting symptoms are intestinal and systemic (Table 2). Systemic manifestations, such as arthritis, skin lesions, episcleritis and uveitis, pericholangitis, hydronephrosis, renal stones, amyloidosis, arrested maturation, fever, and anemia occur as complications of the intestinal disease. Medical treatment is empirical and supportive. Surgical treatment is reserved for complications. The incidence of Crohn's disease seems to be increasing because our diagnostic techniques are improving, but our treatment is unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 1047836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_221", "title": "Abnormal uterine bleeding.", "content": "The management of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding requires a logical, rational approach, and an awareness of etiologic factors. A careful history and examination should attempt to answer these questions: (1) Is the bleeding truly from the uterus? (2) Is the bleeding superimposed upon ovulatory cycles or (3) is the bleeding anovulatory? The endometrial biopsy obtained during the bleeding episode, and the basal temperature chart are diagnostically useful. Massive uterine bleeding not due to a complication of pregnancy, neoplasis, or blood dyscrasia, usually responds immediately to curettage, done in operating room or office; follow-up hormonal therapy with progesterone and a progestational agent should control the episode. More chronic forms of abnormal uterine bleeding are approached by identifying and treating the etiologic cause. If the cause is not correctable (e.g., obesity), most patients will respond satisfactorily to the cyclic administration of a progestational agent, or, if indicated, to induction of ovulation.", "contents": "Abnormal uterine bleeding. The management of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding requires a logical, rational approach, and an awareness of etiologic factors. A careful history and examination should attempt to answer these questions: (1) Is the bleeding truly from the uterus? (2) Is the bleeding superimposed upon ovulatory cycles or (3) is the bleeding anovulatory? The endometrial biopsy obtained during the bleeding episode, and the basal temperature chart are diagnostically useful. Massive uterine bleeding not due to a complication of pregnancy, neoplasis, or blood dyscrasia, usually responds immediately to curettage, done in operating room or office; follow-up hormonal therapy with progesterone and a progestational agent should control the episode. More chronic forms of abnormal uterine bleeding are approached by identifying and treating the etiologic cause. If the cause is not correctable (e.g., obesity), most patients will respond satisfactorily to the cyclic administration of a progestational agent, or, if indicated, to induction of ovulation.", "PMID": 1047837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_222", "title": "[Nomenclature of laboratory animals].", "content": "It is essential to use a correct nomenclature for laboratory animals to avoid mistakes in the strain and stock designation, just as it is important to use the correct species name. Firstly the rules of the nomenclature for inbred animals (strains) are dealt with. The strain symbol is followed by a slant line and an appropriate substrain symbol and possible additional symbols. Different types of symbols and combinations are discussed and examples are given. Next the nomenclature of the outbred animals (stocks) is treated. The code of the breeder is followed by a colon, the stock symbol and possible additional symbols.", "contents": "[Nomenclature of laboratory animals]. It is essential to use a correct nomenclature for laboratory animals to avoid mistakes in the strain and stock designation, just as it is important to use the correct species name. Firstly the rules of the nomenclature for inbred animals (strains) are dealt with. The strain symbol is followed by a slant line and an appropriate substrain symbol and possible additional symbols. Different types of symbols and combinations are discussed and examples are given. Next the nomenclature of the outbred animals (stocks) is treated. The code of the breeder is followed by a colon, the stock symbol and possible additional symbols.", "PMID": 1047963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_223", "title": "Multidrug-resistant Proteus rettgeri: an emerging problem.", "content": "The recent development of multidrug-resistant strains of Proteus rettgeri prompted a 6-year review of infections with this organism. Ninety percent of infections involved the urinary tract. Fifty percent of infections occurred on the neurology ward, where a progressive annual increase in attack rate was noted. Statistically significant (P less than 0.005) increases in total length of hospitalization, length of hospitalization before infection, presence and duration of indwelling Foley catheterization, prior exposure to antibiotics, and the prevalence of paraplegia were present in P. rettgeri urinary tract infections as compared with a control group. A progressive increase in resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, and gentamicin occurred during 6 years. Disc diffusion sensitivities of recent isolates show total resistance to commonly tested antibiotics. Eighty percent or more of strains are inhibited, however, by 3.13 mug/ml of amikacin and cefoxitin, and 0.4 mug/ml of ticarcillin.", "contents": "Multidrug-resistant Proteus rettgeri: an emerging problem. The recent development of multidrug-resistant strains of Proteus rettgeri prompted a 6-year review of infections with this organism. Ninety percent of infections involved the urinary tract. Fifty percent of infections occurred on the neurology ward, where a progressive annual increase in attack rate was noted. Statistically significant (P less than 0.005) increases in total length of hospitalization, length of hospitalization before infection, presence and duration of indwelling Foley catheterization, prior exposure to antibiotics, and the prevalence of paraplegia were present in P. rettgeri urinary tract infections as compared with a control group. A progressive increase in resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin, ampicillin, and gentamicin occurred during 6 years. Disc diffusion sensitivities of recent isolates show total resistance to commonly tested antibiotics. Eighty percent or more of strains are inhibited, however, by 3.13 mug/ml of amikacin and cefoxitin, and 0.4 mug/ml of ticarcillin.", "PMID": 1047989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_224", "title": "[ANT(4')I: a new aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase found in \"staphylococcus aureus\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A new nucleotidyltransferase has been obtained from clinical isolates of kanamycin, amikacin, tobramycin, neomycin and lividomycin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The enzyme has been purified by affinity chromatography then characterized in a kinetic and physicochemical point of view. The results obtained support that the target of this enzyme is the 4'-hydroxyl group of a number of aminoglycosides. We propose to call it ANT(4')I.", "contents": "[ANT(4')I: a new aminoglycoside nucleotidyltransferase found in \"staphylococcus aureus\" (author's transl)]. A new nucleotidyltransferase has been obtained from clinical isolates of kanamycin, amikacin, tobramycin, neomycin and lividomycin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The enzyme has been purified by affinity chromatography then characterized in a kinetic and physicochemical point of view. The results obtained support that the target of this enzyme is the 4'-hydroxyl group of a number of aminoglycosides. We propose to call it ANT(4')I.", "PMID": 1047990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_225", "title": "Urinary tract infection in children: general practice survey.", "content": "Urinary tract infection was in 15 per cent of 804 children presenting in general practice with symptoms suggestive of infection. Only 18 per cent of children with specific urinary symptoms and eight per cent of those with non specific symptoms were infected. All children with a proven urinary infection were investigated radiologically, and one third of these had an abnormality on a micturition cystourethrogram or intravenous pyelogram. Urine culture is the only way of detecting urinary infection, and radiological investigation is essential in all cases of proven infection.", "contents": "Urinary tract infection in children: general practice survey. Urinary tract infection was in 15 per cent of 804 children presenting in general practice with symptoms suggestive of infection. Only 18 per cent of children with specific urinary symptoms and eight per cent of those with non specific symptoms were infected. All children with a proven urinary infection were investigated radiologically, and one third of these had an abnormality on a micturition cystourethrogram or intravenous pyelogram. Urine culture is the only way of detecting urinary infection, and radiological investigation is essential in all cases of proven infection.", "PMID": 1048004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_226", "title": "Influenza.", "content": "The most universally employed measurement of the impact of epidemics and pandemics is the excess of mortality due to influenza and pneumonia. Other criteria are absenteeism from school and work, and all three will show positive indications when epidemics are of substantial size. During the 1974-1975 influenza season in Houston, school and industrial absenteeism and the increase in influenza and pneumonia deaths, despite a newly devised statistical procedure, did not signal an epidemic. However, a system of community surveillance of febrile respiratory illness with cultures for influenza virus during late January and early February 1975 gave unmistakable evidence of an influenza epidemic, with more than 600 virus isolations and an estimated occurrence of 50,000 cases of the disease. It is believed that this type of study can explore facets of the epidemiology of the disease not hitherto adequately examined. From this surveillance, which will continue through the summer months, it is hoped to gain further knowledge of the occurrence of antigenic drift and shift, and of the details of the early origin and progress of epidemics. Current speculation is that there will be another world pandemic before 1980 caused by a derivative of A strains presently circulating; in 1985-1991, a pandemic is predicted to be caused by a virus antigenically related to the swine agent of 1918. The purity of vaccines has been increased in recent years through ultracentrifugation and high-efficiency filtration, so that dosages can be increased while severity of reactions is reduced. The current level of dosage of vaccine for adults is 1200 chick cell agglutinating units, almost double what it was a dozen years ago. Recently, vaccines have been prepared more rapidly by the use of viral recombinants that incorporate the surface antigens of newly emerged epidemic strains into the core of older strains that grow well in embryonated eggs. This practical device greatly reduces the lead time in the preparation of new vaccines. The main problem in immunization against influenza is the need to reimmunize every 1-3 years. This creates an enormous requirement for vaccine and therefore a problem of selection of recipients. Currently, it is recommended that aged persons and those with cardiovascular, pulmonary and other chronic illnesses should receive the vaccine. Pregnant women are not more susceptible than others to the disease, and they should receive vaccine only if they have some other indications for immunization. Schoolchildren probably are important in transmission of the disease, but at present there is no special recommendation to immunize them. Young children occasionally have severe febrile convulsions when immunized against influenza, and those with this history probably should not be immunized. Amantadine is useful as a prophylactic agent in A(H3N2) influenza infections, and several reports suggest therapeutic benefits as well. Its benefits probably have not been fully utilized...", "contents": "Influenza. The most universally employed measurement of the impact of epidemics and pandemics is the excess of mortality due to influenza and pneumonia. Other criteria are absenteeism from school and work, and all three will show positive indications when epidemics are of substantial size. During the 1974-1975 influenza season in Houston, school and industrial absenteeism and the increase in influenza and pneumonia deaths, despite a newly devised statistical procedure, did not signal an epidemic. However, a system of community surveillance of febrile respiratory illness with cultures for influenza virus during late January and early February 1975 gave unmistakable evidence of an influenza epidemic, with more than 600 virus isolations and an estimated occurrence of 50,000 cases of the disease. It is believed that this type of study can explore facets of the epidemiology of the disease not hitherto adequately examined. From this surveillance, which will continue through the summer months, it is hoped to gain further knowledge of the occurrence of antigenic drift and shift, and of the details of the early origin and progress of epidemics. Current speculation is that there will be another world pandemic before 1980 caused by a derivative of A strains presently circulating; in 1985-1991, a pandemic is predicted to be caused by a virus antigenically related to the swine agent of 1918. The purity of vaccines has been increased in recent years through ultracentrifugation and high-efficiency filtration, so that dosages can be increased while severity of reactions is reduced. The current level of dosage of vaccine for adults is 1200 chick cell agglutinating units, almost double what it was a dozen years ago. Recently, vaccines have been prepared more rapidly by the use of viral recombinants that incorporate the surface antigens of newly emerged epidemic strains into the core of older strains that grow well in embryonated eggs. This practical device greatly reduces the lead time in the preparation of new vaccines. The main problem in immunization against influenza is the need to reimmunize every 1-3 years. This creates an enormous requirement for vaccine and therefore a problem of selection of recipients. Currently, it is recommended that aged persons and those with cardiovascular, pulmonary and other chronic illnesses should receive the vaccine. Pregnant women are not more susceptible than others to the disease, and they should receive vaccine only if they have some other indications for immunization. Schoolchildren probably are important in transmission of the disease, but at present there is no special recommendation to immunize them. Young children occasionally have severe febrile convulsions when immunized against influenza, and those with this history probably should not be immunized. Amantadine is useful as a prophylactic agent in A(H3N2) influenza infections, and several reports suggest therapeutic benefits as well. Its benefits probably have not been fully utilized...", "PMID": 1048031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_227", "title": "[Attemted suicide in adolescents].", "content": "The suicidal history of 91 adolescents aged between 14 and 25 years is examined. There are predominantly crises of juvenile development, abnormal young personalities, neurotic depression and psychoses. The questions of broken-home-situations or chronic conflicts and actual motives leading to the suicide attempts are analyzed. Psychoanalytic aspects, the various tendencies leading to suicide attempts and problems of contemporary history and prophylaxis are discussed.", "contents": "[Attemted suicide in adolescents]. The suicidal history of 91 adolescents aged between 14 and 25 years is examined. There are predominantly crises of juvenile development, abnormal young personalities, neurotic depression and psychoses. The questions of broken-home-situations or chronic conflicts and actual motives leading to the suicide attempts are analyzed. Psychoanalytic aspects, the various tendencies leading to suicide attempts and problems of contemporary history and prophylaxis are discussed.", "PMID": 1048076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_228", "title": "[The prevalence of alcoholism (abuse and dependence) in the state of Bremen].", "content": "An attempt was made to establish the prevalence of alcoholism in the State of Bremen in 1973. A sample of the adult population was sent a questionnaire. The selection of questions was based on the principles of the WHO definition of 1952 and on dependence on alcohol. Amount of drinks, behavior, psychosocial consequences and dependence on alcohol were gone into. The assessment of answers was weighted. When very strict criteria are applied, alcoholism existed among 2-2.5% of the population samples. With slightly less strict criteria which probably correspond more closely with reality, it was 3-4%. This, calculated for the whole population of Bremen, shows a prevalence of at least 1.6-2%, probably 2-3%. Alcoholism is not evenly distributed between sexes, age groups, social status and income-groups. The relation between men and women is 2 to 1. Most alcoholics are found among those aged 16-29 years and among unskilled workers, in the income group between 800 and 1399 DM p/month and among those not stating their income. The smallest number of alcoholics was in the group between 40 and 49 years old, among people not in top positions of the civil service or in business and in the lowest income group (less than DM 800 p/month). It is remarkable that no difference was found to be related to educational standards.", "contents": "[The prevalence of alcoholism (abuse and dependence) in the state of Bremen]. An attempt was made to establish the prevalence of alcoholism in the State of Bremen in 1973. A sample of the adult population was sent a questionnaire. The selection of questions was based on the principles of the WHO definition of 1952 and on dependence on alcohol. Amount of drinks, behavior, psychosocial consequences and dependence on alcohol were gone into. The assessment of answers was weighted. When very strict criteria are applied, alcoholism existed among 2-2.5% of the population samples. With slightly less strict criteria which probably correspond more closely with reality, it was 3-4%. This, calculated for the whole population of Bremen, shows a prevalence of at least 1.6-2%, probably 2-3%. Alcoholism is not evenly distributed between sexes, age groups, social status and income-groups. The relation between men and women is 2 to 1. Most alcoholics are found among those aged 16-29 years and among unskilled workers, in the income group between 800 and 1399 DM p/month and among those not stating their income. The smallest number of alcoholics was in the group between 40 and 49 years old, among people not in top positions of the civil service or in business and in the lowest income group (less than DM 800 p/month). It is remarkable that no difference was found to be related to educational standards.", "PMID": 1048077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_229", "title": "[Disturbances of CSF circulation, pathophysiologic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects].", "content": "Disturbances of CSF circulation arise from the anatomic narrows of the CSF spaces and from the dependence on venous pressure of CSF absorption in the superior sagittal sinus. The author discusses the modern concepts of CSF production and circulation, the causal mechanism for hydrocephalus and the chances of compensating for a rise in CSF pressure by transependymal migration. CSF circulation (CSFc) disturbances can be subdivided into primary processes arising in the internal and external CSF spaces and secondary which are due to distant consequences of intracranial processes via interaction of the blood/CSF volume and parenchyma of the brain within the closed capsule of the skull according to the teaching of Monroe-Kellie. Extra-cranial processes in the neck, the mediastinum and heart are primary CSFc disturbances which-via an increase in intracranial venous pressure-lead to a reduction of CSF absorption. Among the hypotonic CSFc disturbances loss of CSF volume due to fistulae, diagnostic or surgical measures are the most important. 205 cases from the literature are the basis of a description of the clinical picture, the main subjective symptoms and neurologic signs. The problems of diagnosis of CSFc disturvances are demonstrated on 3 cases from the author's department. They were due to a colloid cyst of the foramen of Monroe, a stenosis of the aqueduct and a \"normal pressure hydrocephalus\". The relative value of additional technical investigations into the diagnosis of CSFc disturbances is assessed critically. The techniques of PEG, ventriculography and radioisotope cisterno- and ventriculography are compared and their special indications determined. Treatment of hypotonic CSFc disturbances is surgical revision and/or an atrio-ventricular shunt. Conservative measures only effect postponement. Treatment of hypotonic CSFc disturbances for which loss of CSF volume cannot be established, has so far had only unsatisfactory results.", "contents": "[Disturbances of CSF circulation, pathophysiologic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects]. Disturbances of CSF circulation arise from the anatomic narrows of the CSF spaces and from the dependence on venous pressure of CSF absorption in the superior sagittal sinus. The author discusses the modern concepts of CSF production and circulation, the causal mechanism for hydrocephalus and the chances of compensating for a rise in CSF pressure by transependymal migration. CSF circulation (CSFc) disturbances can be subdivided into primary processes arising in the internal and external CSF spaces and secondary which are due to distant consequences of intracranial processes via interaction of the blood/CSF volume and parenchyma of the brain within the closed capsule of the skull according to the teaching of Monroe-Kellie. Extra-cranial processes in the neck, the mediastinum and heart are primary CSFc disturbances which-via an increase in intracranial venous pressure-lead to a reduction of CSF absorption. Among the hypotonic CSFc disturbances loss of CSF volume due to fistulae, diagnostic or surgical measures are the most important. 205 cases from the literature are the basis of a description of the clinical picture, the main subjective symptoms and neurologic signs. The problems of diagnosis of CSFc disturvances are demonstrated on 3 cases from the author's department. They were due to a colloid cyst of the foramen of Monroe, a stenosis of the aqueduct and a \"normal pressure hydrocephalus\". The relative value of additional technical investigations into the diagnosis of CSFc disturbances is assessed critically. The techniques of PEG, ventriculography and radioisotope cisterno- and ventriculography are compared and their special indications determined. Treatment of hypotonic CSFc disturbances is surgical revision and/or an atrio-ventricular shunt. Conservative measures only effect postponement. Treatment of hypotonic CSFc disturbances for which loss of CSF volume cannot be established, has so far had only unsatisfactory results.", "PMID": 1048078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_230", "title": "3-Deacetoxy-7-(alpha-amino-1-cyclohexenylacetamido) cephalosporanic acid (SCE-100), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin. II. Comparative in vivo antibacterial activities of SCE-100 and cephalexin (CEX).", "content": "The protective activity of 3-deacetoxy-7-(alpha-amino-1-cyclohexenylacetamido) cephalosporanic acid (SCE-100) against experimental intraperitoneal infections in mice caused by several strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including penicillin resistant strains, was compared with that of cephalexin (CEX). Comparable protective effects by oral administration of SCE-100 and CEX were observed in mice infected with Gram-positive organisms, while in mice infected with Gram-negative organisms SCE-100 was less active than CEX. SCE-100 showed a protective effect in infections of mice with either penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli. The oral ED50 of SCE-100 was similar to or slightly larger than the subcutaneous value.", "contents": "3-Deacetoxy-7-(alpha-amino-1-cyclohexenylacetamido) cephalosporanic acid (SCE-100), a new semisynthetic cephalosporin. II. Comparative in vivo antibacterial activities of SCE-100 and cephalexin (CEX). The protective activity of 3-deacetoxy-7-(alpha-amino-1-cyclohexenylacetamido) cephalosporanic acid (SCE-100) against experimental intraperitoneal infections in mice caused by several strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, including penicillin resistant strains, was compared with that of cephalexin (CEX). Comparable protective effects by oral administration of SCE-100 and CEX were observed in mice infected with Gram-positive organisms, while in mice infected with Gram-negative organisms SCE-100 was less active than CEX. SCE-100 showed a protective effect in infections of mice with either penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli. The oral ED50 of SCE-100 was similar to or slightly larger than the subcutaneous value.", "PMID": 1048101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_231", "title": "Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin theraphy for shigellosis in ambulatory.", "content": "One-hundred seventy-four infants and children with acute diarrhea were treated as ambulatory patients with either ampicillin (100 mg/kg/day orally in four divided doses) or trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (10 mg TMP and 50 mg SMX/KG/day orally in two divided doses). There were 65 patients with shigellosis. Responses of those treated with TMP/SMX and of those with susceptible Shigella treated with ampicillin were comparable. Patients with resistant organisms failed to respond to ampicillin. All Shigella, including ampicillin-resistant strains, were suseptible in vitro to TMP/SMX, and patients with ampicillin-resistant strains responded favorably to treatment with TMP/SMX. TMP/SMX appears to be the best, currently available drug for the treatment of shigellosis.", "contents": "Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and ampicillin theraphy for shigellosis in ambulatory. One-hundred seventy-four infants and children with acute diarrhea were treated as ambulatory patients with either ampicillin (100 mg/kg/day orally in four divided doses) or trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (10 mg TMP and 50 mg SMX/KG/day orally in two divided doses). There were 65 patients with shigellosis. Responses of those treated with TMP/SMX and of those with susceptible Shigella treated with ampicillin were comparable. Patients with resistant organisms failed to respond to ampicillin. All Shigella, including ampicillin-resistant strains, were suseptible in vitro to TMP/SMX, and patients with ampicillin-resistant strains responded favorably to treatment with TMP/SMX. TMP/SMX appears to be the best, currently available drug for the treatment of shigellosis.", "PMID": 1048183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_232", "title": "The hemodynamic effects of intrauterine hypoxia: an experimental model in newborn lambs.", "content": "An experimental animal model of intrauterine hypoxia and respiratory distress in newborn lambs was produced by inducing maternal hypotension. Serial hemodynamic data indicated that the oxygenation defect in the lambs was due to right-to-left shunting of blood through fetal channels rather than within the lungs. Shunting was mainly across the foramen ovale, but, in severely distressed animals, significant right-to-left shunt also occurred through the ductus arteriosus. Left-to-right shunts across the ductus arteriosus were found in lambs with milder respiratory distress. The implications of perinatal hypoxia as it affects the pulmonary vascular bed in human neonates with the respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) and persistence of the fetal circulation are discussed. It is speculated that the early pulmonary vascular esponses in the two diseases may be identical.", "contents": "The hemodynamic effects of intrauterine hypoxia: an experimental model in newborn lambs. An experimental animal model of intrauterine hypoxia and respiratory distress in newborn lambs was produced by inducing maternal hypotension. Serial hemodynamic data indicated that the oxygenation defect in the lambs was due to right-to-left shunting of blood through fetal channels rather than within the lungs. Shunting was mainly across the foramen ovale, but, in severely distressed animals, significant right-to-left shunt also occurred through the ductus arteriosus. Left-to-right shunts across the ductus arteriosus were found in lambs with milder respiratory distress. The implications of perinatal hypoxia as it affects the pulmonary vascular bed in human neonates with the respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) and persistence of the fetal circulation are discussed. It is speculated that the early pulmonary vascular esponses in the two diseases may be identical.", "PMID": 1048184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_233", "title": "[Clinical investigation of amoxicillin (clamoxyl 'Beecham') granules in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Amoxicillin granule (100 mg AMPC potency per 1.0 g granule) was administered to pediatric patients with the following results. 1) AAMPC serum concentration and the urinary recovery of two preparations (Clamoxyl 'Beecham' and Sawacillin 'Fujisawa') granule were compared in a cross over trial in 5 healthy adult volunteers. No significant difference in the results was observed between the two granules. 2) The peak serum concentration after oral administration of 10 mg/kg AMPC to 5 children gave an average of 5.06 mug/ml 1 hour after administration. The 6-hour urinary excretion was distributed 51.4 approximatley 78.9%. 3) AMPC was administered at a dose of about 20 mg/kg/day to 35 children with acute pediatric infections that is scarlet fever, acute tonsillitis, tonsillitis lacunalis, acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma +bronchitis and infectious impetigo. An effective therapeutic result was obtained in all cases. 4) The granule was well accepted by young children, and at a dose level of about 20 mg/kg/day for a week no disorder on hepatorenal function was observed in any og the patients.", "contents": "[Clinical investigation of amoxicillin (clamoxyl 'Beecham') granules in pediatrics (author's transl)]. Amoxicillin granule (100 mg AMPC potency per 1.0 g granule) was administered to pediatric patients with the following results. 1) AAMPC serum concentration and the urinary recovery of two preparations (Clamoxyl 'Beecham' and Sawacillin 'Fujisawa') granule were compared in a cross over trial in 5 healthy adult volunteers. No significant difference in the results was observed between the two granules. 2) The peak serum concentration after oral administration of 10 mg/kg AMPC to 5 children gave an average of 5.06 mug/ml 1 hour after administration. The 6-hour urinary excretion was distributed 51.4 approximatley 78.9%. 3) AMPC was administered at a dose of about 20 mg/kg/day to 35 children with acute pediatric infections that is scarlet fever, acute tonsillitis, tonsillitis lacunalis, acute bronchitis, bronchial asthma +bronchitis and infectious impetigo. An effective therapeutic result was obtained in all cases. 4) The granule was well accepted by young children, and at a dose level of about 20 mg/kg/day for a week no disorder on hepatorenal function was observed in any og the patients.", "PMID": 1048199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_234", "title": "Colostomates' reactions to hospitalization and colostomy surgery.", "content": "Six patients having colostomy surgery on an emergency or urgent basis were observed during the morning care period for the entire length of hospitalization. The primary purpose of this clinical study was to provide nurses with information on new colostomates' behaviors which have implications for nursing care during hospitalization and in planning for discharge. The evidence presented strongly suggests that colostomates' reactions and behaviors reflect their struggling with catastrophic events, the resolution of which is not reached by discharge. Colostomates are unique because of the nature of their surgery and the specific learning needs entailed, plus the skill, time, and money required to provide care. Yet their anxieties, fears, affects, the nature of their information-seeking and goal-setting, their efforts to deal with reality by controlling imput, and the ways in which they seek help and socialize, are all themes common among other groups of patients experiencing stress as the result of sudden illness or injury.", "contents": "Colostomates' reactions to hospitalization and colostomy surgery. Six patients having colostomy surgery on an emergency or urgent basis were observed during the morning care period for the entire length of hospitalization. The primary purpose of this clinical study was to provide nurses with information on new colostomates' behaviors which have implications for nursing care during hospitalization and in planning for discharge. The evidence presented strongly suggests that colostomates' reactions and behaviors reflect their struggling with catastrophic events, the resolution of which is not reached by discharge. Colostomates are unique because of the nature of their surgery and the specific learning needs entailed, plus the skill, time, and money required to provide care. Yet their anxieties, fears, affects, the nature of their information-seeking and goal-setting, their efforts to deal with reality by controlling imput, and the ways in which they seek help and socialize, are all themes common among other groups of patients experiencing stress as the result of sudden illness or injury.", "PMID": 1048487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_235", "title": "Urinary diversion. Select aspects of nursing management.", "content": "Transition from non-ostomate to ostomate can be an incredibly traumatic experience for the unprepared as well as the prepared individual. Nursing management should resolve when possible those problems that can make life with a urinary diversion unbearable. Successful nursing management will solidly and emphatically underscore everything each member of the rehabilitation team assures and teaches about rehabilitation potential.", "contents": "Urinary diversion. Select aspects of nursing management. Transition from non-ostomate to ostomate can be an incredibly traumatic experience for the unprepared as well as the prepared individual. Nursing management should resolve when possible those problems that can make life with a urinary diversion unbearable. Successful nursing management will solidly and emphatically underscore everything each member of the rehabilitation team assures and teaches about rehabilitation potential.", "PMID": 1048488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_236", "title": "An ostomy information clinic. A community resource.", "content": "This article has included some facets of discussions that take place at the Ostomy Information Clinic in Milwaukee. All types of ostomates attend one or more clinics to obtain information and help with management of their ostomies. Topics explored are management of drainage, odor control, use of the cone irrigation, digestion, nutrition and diet, and travel tips. In addition to ostomates, nurses often attend the clinics with or without their patients. Consultation is also provided to the Visiting Nurses' Association and local hospital nursing staffs. I would like to encourage other nurses to consider conducting ostomy information clinics in conjunction with the American Cancer Society. Not only is there a great need, but it is a personally rewarding and satisfactory experience.", "contents": "An ostomy information clinic. A community resource. This article has included some facets of discussions that take place at the Ostomy Information Clinic in Milwaukee. All types of ostomates attend one or more clinics to obtain information and help with management of their ostomies. Topics explored are management of drainage, odor control, use of the cone irrigation, digestion, nutrition and diet, and travel tips. In addition to ostomates, nurses often attend the clinics with or without their patients. Consultation is also provided to the Visiting Nurses' Association and local hospital nursing staffs. I would like to encourage other nurses to consider conducting ostomy information clinics in conjunction with the American Cancer Society. Not only is there a great need, but it is a personally rewarding and satisfactory experience.", "PMID": 1048489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_237", "title": "Development of an enterostomal therapy education program.", "content": "The establishment and conduct of an enterostomal therapy education program is predicated on the firm belief in quality care for the patient with a stoma, on utilization of the registered nurse E.T. assigned in the Department of Nursing for delivery of service to stoma patients, on professional and administrative support, and on an appropriate educational climate.", "contents": "Development of an enterostomal therapy education program. The establishment and conduct of an enterostomal therapy education program is predicated on the firm belief in quality care for the patient with a stoma, on utilization of the registered nurse E.T. assigned in the Department of Nursing for delivery of service to stoma patients, on professional and administrative support, and on an appropriate educational climate.", "PMID": 1048490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_238", "title": "Psychotherapeutic intervention with the addict-client.", "content": "In order for the nurse therapist to be most effective with the narcotic-addicted client, she should be aware that his behavioral style many times reflects dependence, low self-esteem, and impaired reality testing. The major defense mechanisms used by the client are denial, projection, and manipulation. An attitude of hopeful expectancy on the part of the nurse is most important therapeutically in the treatment of the addict. Some therapeutic interpersonal interventions between the nurse and client are contracting, goal-setting, limit-setting, and the sharing of the responsibility for growth between the client and the nurse. The total treatment program for the client must also be scrutinized, and more than physiologic detoxification and one-to-one therapy must be provided in order for the client to have the maximum opportunity for change.", "contents": "Psychotherapeutic intervention with the addict-client. In order for the nurse therapist to be most effective with the narcotic-addicted client, she should be aware that his behavioral style many times reflects dependence, low self-esteem, and impaired reality testing. The major defense mechanisms used by the client are denial, projection, and manipulation. An attitude of hopeful expectancy on the part of the nurse is most important therapeutically in the treatment of the addict. Some therapeutic interpersonal interventions between the nurse and client are contracting, goal-setting, limit-setting, and the sharing of the responsibility for growth between the client and the nurse. The total treatment program for the client must also be scrutinized, and more than physiologic detoxification and one-to-one therapy must be provided in order for the client to have the maximum opportunity for change.", "PMID": 1048497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_239", "title": "Response of the regional lymphatic system of the sheep to acute stress and adrenaline.", "content": "An acute pain stimulus resulted in elevated lymph flow and output of cells from the popliteal lymph node of the sheep in the first 15 min after the stress. Efferent lymph flow increased by an average of 93% above the mean resting flow and cell output rose by an average of 170% during this period, but by 30 min after the stress, values for both lymph flow and cell output had returned to normal. The cell content of the efferent lymph was significantly higher in the first 15 min after the acute stress and it is suggested that there is a sizeable pool of lymphocytes within the resting popliteal node which can be mobilized into the lymph by an acute stress. A single intravenous injection of 1 mg adrenaline the efferent lymph flow in all the sheep examined but gave rise to an increased cell output in only 50% of the sheep. This indicated that there may be other factors, possibly hormonal, involved in the movement of the pool of lymphocytes out of the regional lymph node following acute stress. Both acute pain stress and adrenaline resulted in an increased afferent popliteal lymph flow and output of cells from the regional tissues in the first 15 min after administration. The results are suggestive of a small pool of lymphocytes in the regional tissues which may be readily mobilized by either acute stress or adrenaline. Part of the increases in efferent and afferent lymph flow observed following acute stress and adrenaline appeared to be due to an increased lymph formation, presumably as a result of an increased capillary pressure. Nevertheless, it is considered that the greater part of the increased flow of lymph from both regions resulted from an accelerated movement of performed lymph.", "contents": "Response of the regional lymphatic system of the sheep to acute stress and adrenaline. An acute pain stimulus resulted in elevated lymph flow and output of cells from the popliteal lymph node of the sheep in the first 15 min after the stress. Efferent lymph flow increased by an average of 93% above the mean resting flow and cell output rose by an average of 170% during this period, but by 30 min after the stress, values for both lymph flow and cell output had returned to normal. The cell content of the efferent lymph was significantly higher in the first 15 min after the acute stress and it is suggested that there is a sizeable pool of lymphocytes within the resting popliteal node which can be mobilized into the lymph by an acute stress. A single intravenous injection of 1 mg adrenaline the efferent lymph flow in all the sheep examined but gave rise to an increased cell output in only 50% of the sheep. This indicated that there may be other factors, possibly hormonal, involved in the movement of the pool of lymphocytes out of the regional lymph node following acute stress. Both acute pain stress and adrenaline resulted in an increased afferent popliteal lymph flow and output of cells from the regional tissues in the first 15 min after administration. The results are suggestive of a small pool of lymphocytes in the regional tissues which may be readily mobilized by either acute stress or adrenaline. Part of the increases in efferent and afferent lymph flow observed following acute stress and adrenaline appeared to be due to an increased lymph formation, presumably as a result of an increased capillary pressure. Nevertheless, it is considered that the greater part of the increased flow of lymph from both regions resulted from an accelerated movement of performed lymph.", "PMID": 1048598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_240", "title": "Increased water drinking induced by sodium depletion in sheep.", "content": "Forty-eight hours of sodium depletion by acute cannulation of a parotid duct, via the buccal papilla, in the sheep, resulted in a progressive decrease in salivary secretion rate, salivary, urinary and plasma [Na] and no change in plasma [K]. In the first 24 h of Na depletion water intake was significantly increased. As normal sheep parotid saliva [Na] is higher than plasma [Na] and salivary loss over the first 24 h represented Na loss in excess of water relative to extracellular proportions, increased water intake was not osmotically induced. However, the animals did not replace their water deficit on either of the 2 days of Na depletion. This would appear to be valuable experimental model of increased water intake probably induced by hypovaolaemia, but uncomplicated concurrent osmotic stimuli, or any other factors which might result with the other commonly used experimental stimuli of thirst such as haemorrhage.", "contents": "Increased water drinking induced by sodium depletion in sheep. Forty-eight hours of sodium depletion by acute cannulation of a parotid duct, via the buccal papilla, in the sheep, resulted in a progressive decrease in salivary secretion rate, salivary, urinary and plasma [Na] and no change in plasma [K]. In the first 24 h of Na depletion water intake was significantly increased. As normal sheep parotid saliva [Na] is higher than plasma [Na] and salivary loss over the first 24 h represented Na loss in excess of water relative to extracellular proportions, increased water intake was not osmotically induced. However, the animals did not replace their water deficit on either of the 2 days of Na depletion. This would appear to be valuable experimental model of increased water intake probably induced by hypovaolaemia, but uncomplicated concurrent osmotic stimuli, or any other factors which might result with the other commonly used experimental stimuli of thirst such as haemorrhage.", "PMID": 1048599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_241", "title": "[Incidence and treatment of salmonella carriers in tejus and tortoises (author's transl)].", "content": "In seven groups of teju-lizards and tortoises, twenty-five tejus and thirty tortoises were found to be harbouring Salmonella. The serotypes of the Salmonella organisms harboured by these animals were identified. The animals positive for Salmonella were treated with 75 mg. of ampicillin and 250 mg. of chloramphenicol per animal daily. Of the animals treated for five days, twenty out of twenty-three (both tejus and tortoises) became free from Salmonella. The strains of Salmonella isolated after treatment all were adequately sensitive to the antibiotics administered. All animals, i.e. two tejus and seven tortoises, became negative following treatment for ten days. In seven strains of Salmonella isolated from tejus prior to treatment, sensitivity to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and terramycin was determined. Sensitivity to the three first-named antibiotics ranged from adequate to moderate, sensitivity to terramycine being slight or absent. In five out of six cases, serotypes other than those isolated prior to treatment were isolated from those animals which continued to be positive after treatment.", "contents": "[Incidence and treatment of salmonella carriers in tejus and tortoises (author's transl)]. In seven groups of teju-lizards and tortoises, twenty-five tejus and thirty tortoises were found to be harbouring Salmonella. The serotypes of the Salmonella organisms harboured by these animals were identified. The animals positive for Salmonella were treated with 75 mg. of ampicillin and 250 mg. of chloramphenicol per animal daily. Of the animals treated for five days, twenty out of twenty-three (both tejus and tortoises) became free from Salmonella. The strains of Salmonella isolated after treatment all were adequately sensitive to the antibiotics administered. All animals, i.e. two tejus and seven tortoises, became negative following treatment for ten days. In seven strains of Salmonella isolated from tejus prior to treatment, sensitivity to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and terramycin was determined. Sensitivity to the three first-named antibiotics ranged from adequate to moderate, sensitivity to terramycine being slight or absent. In five out of six cases, serotypes other than those isolated prior to treatment were isolated from those animals which continued to be positive after treatment.", "PMID": 1048747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_242", "title": "[Functional analysis in experimental respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "After injection of an anti-lung -serum a respiratory distress syndrome could be produced in spontaneously-breathing guinea pigs. Reduced compliance, increased resistance and work of breathing was found. Morphological investigations showed intraalveolar and interstitial bleedings and a lung edema. Biochemically a decreased total phospholipid content could be found. Surface tension characteristics, examined with the Langmuir balance, were deteriorated. A complete restitution of surface tension parameters and total phospholipid content was obtained by administration of bromhexin metabolit Na 872.", "contents": "[Functional analysis in experimental respiratory distress syndrome (author's transl)]. After injection of an anti-lung -serum a respiratory distress syndrome could be produced in spontaneously-breathing guinea pigs. Reduced compliance, increased resistance and work of breathing was found. Morphological investigations showed intraalveolar and interstitial bleedings and a lung edema. Biochemically a decreased total phospholipid content could be found. Surface tension characteristics, examined with the Langmuir balance, were deteriorated. A complete restitution of surface tension parameters and total phospholipid content was obtained by administration of bromhexin metabolit Na 872.", "PMID": 1048828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_243", "title": "Clinical, epidemiologic and bacteriologic observations of an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a large community hospital.", "content": "Over a 12 month period, 61 isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MR-SA) were obtained in 23 hospitalized patients. Eight-six per cent of the patients were over 50 years of age, and 91 per cent were in the postoperative period. In 10 patients (42 per cent), MR-SA was the major pathogen, producing either pneumonia, empyema, osteomyelitis, lung abscess, enterocolitis, wound infection or bacteremia with sepsis. Three patients in this group died despite therapy with antibiotics with in vitro activity against these organisms. All the patients probably acquired their MR-SA in the hospital, and five carriers of the organism were identified among hospital personnel. This outbreak demonstrates the ability of MR-SA not only to colonize many patients in a relatively brief period of time, but also to produce serious disease.", "contents": "Clinical, epidemiologic and bacteriologic observations of an outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at a large community hospital. Over a 12 month period, 61 isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MR-SA) were obtained in 23 hospitalized patients. Eight-six per cent of the patients were over 50 years of age, and 91 per cent were in the postoperative period. In 10 patients (42 per cent), MR-SA was the major pathogen, producing either pneumonia, empyema, osteomyelitis, lung abscess, enterocolitis, wound infection or bacteremia with sepsis. Three patients in this group died despite therapy with antibiotics with in vitro activity against these organisms. All the patients probably acquired their MR-SA in the hospital, and five carriers of the organism were identified among hospital personnel. This outbreak demonstrates the ability of MR-SA not only to colonize many patients in a relatively brief period of time, but also to produce serious disease.", "PMID": 1048860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_244", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in Saigon, South Vietnam.", "content": "Methicillin resistant staphylococci are unevenly distributed throughout the world; the explanation for this is not known. During a survey of local hospitals for methicillin resistance, a number of strains from South Vietnam became available for study. Tests were performed in microtiter plates using various concentrations of several antibiol. With the larger number of organisms in the inoculum, 17% of strains required 12.5 mug/ml or more of methicillin for inhibition. This is in contrast to a very low percentage of methicillin resistant staphylococci from local sources encountered in our laboratory. An unexpected finding was the occurrence of considerable lincomycin resistance in staphylococci from South Vietnam.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in Saigon, South Vietnam. Methicillin resistant staphylococci are unevenly distributed throughout the world; the explanation for this is not known. During a survey of local hospitals for methicillin resistance, a number of strains from South Vietnam became available for study. Tests were performed in microtiter plates using various concentrations of several antibiol. With the larger number of organisms in the inoculum, 17% of strains required 12.5 mug/ml or more of methicillin for inhibition. This is in contrast to a very low percentage of methicillin resistant staphylococci from local sources encountered in our laboratory. An unexpected finding was the occurrence of considerable lincomycin resistance in staphylococci from South Vietnam.", "PMID": 1048876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_245", "title": "Drug abuse in Afghanistan.", "content": "1. The two major drugs abused in Afghanistan are hashish and opium. Opium is either smoked or eaten. Hashish is only smoked. 2. Solitary abuse of one single drug, either hashish or opium, is the common feature of drug abuse in Afghanistan. 3. Abuse of other patent drugs as well as multiple drug abuse by the same individual, increasingly common elsewhere, is quite rare. 4. Self-treatment is a major cause of drug abuse in Afghanistan while escape from boredom and lack of work and motivation is another. 5. Hashish as well as opium is commonly abused by people of a low socioeconomical standard. 6. Alcohol, a more recent introduction by the upper class, is becoming popular among city dwellers with major risks involved for the future. 7. Drug abuse in Afghanistan has so far not created problems comparable to those in the West, although there is no guarantee that in future it will not do so. Coercive measures aimed at depriving an individual of his drug of choice may involve the greater risk of drug substitution which will then be an even more difficult problem to manage. 8. Factors involved in prevention as well as cure of the drug-dependent population in Afghanistan have been discussed.", "contents": "Drug abuse in Afghanistan. 1. The two major drugs abused in Afghanistan are hashish and opium. Opium is either smoked or eaten. Hashish is only smoked. 2. Solitary abuse of one single drug, either hashish or opium, is the common feature of drug abuse in Afghanistan. 3. Abuse of other patent drugs as well as multiple drug abuse by the same individual, increasingly common elsewhere, is quite rare. 4. Self-treatment is a major cause of drug abuse in Afghanistan while escape from boredom and lack of work and motivation is another. 5. Hashish as well as opium is commonly abused by people of a low socioeconomical standard. 6. Alcohol, a more recent introduction by the upper class, is becoming popular among city dwellers with major risks involved for the future. 7. Drug abuse in Afghanistan has so far not created problems comparable to those in the West, although there is no guarantee that in future it will not do so. Coercive measures aimed at depriving an individual of his drug of choice may involve the greater risk of drug substitution which will then be an even more difficult problem to manage. 8. Factors involved in prevention as well as cure of the drug-dependent population in Afghanistan have been discussed.", "PMID": 1048930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_246", "title": "[Synopsis of transvestism and transsexualism (author's transl)].", "content": "A general review of literature delivers information about relevant publications pertaining to the question of transvestism and transsexualism. By and large German and Angloamerican literature is quoted on this subject. Consideration has been given to the variations of the syndrome in both males and females. The display of these symptoms is mainly in accordance with the psychopathological structure of the clinical picture. Symptomatologic and psychodynamically related sexual deviations (fetishism, effeminated homosexuality) as well as endogenous psychoses have been considered from a differential diagnostic point of view. The differential nosology characterizes the efforts made in dealing with the heterogenity of the syndromes. Moreover it is indicative of the sexually specific styles of manifestation. In the etiological approach somatogenic (chromosomal, hormonal and cerebral) and psychogenetic types are differentiated. Interesting results in child and family therapy have been mentioned on the latter type. The contributions of psychotherapy, behavior therapy and surgical operations aiming at sexual transformation including their legal repercussions have been given full consideration in the therapy chapter.", "contents": "[Synopsis of transvestism and transsexualism (author's transl)]. A general review of literature delivers information about relevant publications pertaining to the question of transvestism and transsexualism. By and large German and Angloamerican literature is quoted on this subject. Consideration has been given to the variations of the syndrome in both males and females. The display of these symptoms is mainly in accordance with the psychopathological structure of the clinical picture. Symptomatologic and psychodynamically related sexual deviations (fetishism, effeminated homosexuality) as well as endogenous psychoses have been considered from a differential diagnostic point of view. The differential nosology characterizes the efforts made in dealing with the heterogenity of the syndromes. Moreover it is indicative of the sexually specific styles of manifestation. In the etiological approach somatogenic (chromosomal, hormonal and cerebral) and psychogenetic types are differentiated. Interesting results in child and family therapy have been mentioned on the latter type. The contributions of psychotherapy, behavior therapy and surgical operations aiming at sexual transformation including their legal repercussions have been given full consideration in the therapy chapter.", "PMID": 1048936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_247", "title": "International aspects of problems associated with the use of psychoactive drugs.", "content": "Problems of terminology, use and consumption, advertising, effectiveness and appropriate information and education on psychoactive drugs are outlined and advantages of international collaboration in attempts to establish standards for controlled clinical trials in psychopharmacology are discussed.", "contents": "International aspects of problems associated with the use of psychoactive drugs. Problems of terminology, use and consumption, advertising, effectiveness and appropriate information and education on psychoactive drugs are outlined and advantages of international collaboration in attempts to establish standards for controlled clinical trials in psychopharmacology are discussed.", "PMID": 1048933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_248", "title": "Research into expressions of attitudes about drugs--what use is it?", "content": "The authors draw attention to an assumption often implicit in presentation and utilisation of attitude data, that attitudes are the cause of behaviour. They then present attitude data collected from English schoolchildren with various levels of familiarity with drugs--these data could be interpreted in many ways and are compatible with the hypothesis that pupils' social experiences and behaviour may precede and influence their attitudes. It is suggested that the concept of the \"transitional process\" between socially available roles may be useful to researchers, evaluators and programme planners.", "contents": "Research into expressions of attitudes about drugs--what use is it? The authors draw attention to an assumption often implicit in presentation and utilisation of attitude data, that attitudes are the cause of behaviour. They then present attitude data collected from English schoolchildren with various levels of familiarity with drugs--these data could be interpreted in many ways and are compatible with the hypothesis that pupils' social experiences and behaviour may precede and influence their attitudes. It is suggested that the concept of the \"transitional process\" between socially available roles may be useful to researchers, evaluators and programme planners.", "PMID": 1048932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_249", "title": "Pharmacological activity of three fractions obtained by smoking cannabis through a water pipe.", "content": "In a collaborative work, six chemical fractions obtained from smoke of cannabis, prepared by the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, were assayed pharmacologically at the Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil. The chemical fractions, obtained through burning cannabis mixed with a special tobacco through a water pipe similar to that used by Greek smokers, were: fraction IS composed of water-soluble compounds, fraction IIS made up of water-insoluble substances that condensed at the top of the water phase due to their low solubility; and fraction IIIS, of water-insoluble highly volatile substances, corresponding to the part that reaches the human lungs. Fractions IB, IIB and IIIB were placebo fractions obtained from burning only the special tobacco, called \"tubeki\", which is mixed with cannabis by the Greek smokers. The six fractions were assayed pharmacologically, in a blind fashion, using the following methods: barbiturate sleeping time in mice, catatonia in mice, corneal reflex in rabbits (Gayer test), and spontaneous motor activity in mice. Fraction IS, and its placebo fraction IB, were inactive in all methods employed, revealing no water-soluble active substances in cannabis. Fraction IIS revealed to be the most active as it induced significant effects in all 4 methods used; its IIB placebo fraction was inactive. Fraction IIIS, composed of the only substances that reach the human lungs, was moderately active; it produced significant effects on barbiturate sleeping time of mice and on the corneal reflex of rabbits, but was inactive in inducing catatonia and in decreasing spontaneous motor activity of mice. These results indicate that devices such as the water pipe used by Greek smokers retain active principles from cannabis.", "contents": "Pharmacological activity of three fractions obtained by smoking cannabis through a water pipe. In a collaborative work, six chemical fractions obtained from smoke of cannabis, prepared by the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens, were assayed pharmacologically at the Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Brazil. The chemical fractions, obtained through burning cannabis mixed with a special tobacco through a water pipe similar to that used by Greek smokers, were: fraction IS composed of water-soluble compounds, fraction IIS made up of water-insoluble substances that condensed at the top of the water phase due to their low solubility; and fraction IIIS, of water-insoluble highly volatile substances, corresponding to the part that reaches the human lungs. Fractions IB, IIB and IIIB were placebo fractions obtained from burning only the special tobacco, called \"tubeki\", which is mixed with cannabis by the Greek smokers. The six fractions were assayed pharmacologically, in a blind fashion, using the following methods: barbiturate sleeping time in mice, catatonia in mice, corneal reflex in rabbits (Gayer test), and spontaneous motor activity in mice. Fraction IS, and its placebo fraction IB, were inactive in all methods employed, revealing no water-soluble active substances in cannabis. Fraction IIS revealed to be the most active as it induced significant effects in all 4 methods used; its IIB placebo fraction was inactive. Fraction IIIS, composed of the only substances that reach the human lungs, was moderately active; it produced significant effects on barbiturate sleeping time of mice and on the corneal reflex of rabbits, but was inactive in inducing catatonia and in decreasing spontaneous motor activity of mice. These results indicate that devices such as the water pipe used by Greek smokers retain active principles from cannabis.", "PMID": 1048934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_250", "title": "The effectiveness of hourly cuff deflation in minimizing tracheal damage.", "content": "The efficacy of hourly endotracheal tube cuff deflations in minimizing tracheal damage has not been clearly established. Two investigations which specifically address this question arrive at differing conclusions. These investigations fail to report important variables which may have explained the difference in their results. The present study examined the effects of hourly cuff deflations in minimizing tracheal damage in mechanically ventilated, anesthetized dogs over a 72 hour test period. Variables which may influence tracheal damage were measured and reported. Three groups of dogs received either continuous cuff inflation, hourly 5 minute cuff deflations, or a continuous air leak. The air leak group had significanlty less damage than the continuous inflation group (P less than 0.05) and the hourly deflation group (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the continuous inflation group and the 5 minute hourly deflation group.", "contents": "The effectiveness of hourly cuff deflation in minimizing tracheal damage. The efficacy of hourly endotracheal tube cuff deflations in minimizing tracheal damage has not been clearly established. Two investigations which specifically address this question arrive at differing conclusions. These investigations fail to report important variables which may have explained the difference in their results. The present study examined the effects of hourly cuff deflations in minimizing tracheal damage in mechanically ventilated, anesthetized dogs over a 72 hour test period. Variables which may influence tracheal damage were measured and reported. Three groups of dogs received either continuous cuff inflation, hourly 5 minute cuff deflations, or a continuous air leak. The air leak group had significanlty less damage than the continuous inflation group (P less than 0.05) and the hourly deflation group (P less than 0.01). There was no significant difference between the continuous inflation group and the 5 minute hourly deflation group.", "PMID": 1048944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_251", "title": "Multiple drug resistance in Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica from cattle and swine.", "content": "The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 262 strains of Pasteurella multocida and 141 strains of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from cattle and swine from 1971 to 1974 were analyzed for patterns of resistance to streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, using a modified Kirby-Bauer procedure. Resistance was recorded for 80.5% of the isolants of P multocida and 92.2% of those of P haemolytica. Resistance to streptomycin was most frequent, followed by resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. Most cultures of P multocida and P haemolytica were susceptible to chloramphenicol. There were 9 patterns of resistance with the aforementioned antibiotics. The combinations, streptomycin and penicillin and streptomycin and tetracycline, each accounted for approximately 10% of the resistance patterns of P multocida. Approximately half of the 14 isolants of P haemolytica were resistant to the combination of streptomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline. These observations underscore the need for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolants of P multocida and P haemolytica.", "contents": "Multiple drug resistance in Pasteurella multocida and Pasteurella haemolytica from cattle and swine. The results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing on 262 strains of Pasteurella multocida and 141 strains of Pasteurella haemolytica isolated from cattle and swine from 1971 to 1974 were analyzed for patterns of resistance to streptomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol, using a modified Kirby-Bauer procedure. Resistance was recorded for 80.5% of the isolants of P multocida and 92.2% of those of P haemolytica. Resistance to streptomycin was most frequent, followed by resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. Most cultures of P multocida and P haemolytica were susceptible to chloramphenicol. There were 9 patterns of resistance with the aforementioned antibiotics. The combinations, streptomycin and penicillin and streptomycin and tetracycline, each accounted for approximately 10% of the resistance patterns of P multocida. Approximately half of the 14 isolants of P haemolytica were resistant to the combination of streptomycin, penicillin, and tetracycline. These observations underscore the need for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical isolants of P multocida and P haemolytica.", "PMID": 1048955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_252", "title": "MORLUC numeric system for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae.", "content": "Foul hundred eighty-six members of the Enterobacteriaceae representing nine genera were identified by conventional methods, and the results were compared with MORLUC (Biotrol Company Inc., Jamaica, N.Y.). MORLUC, an acronym for melibiose, ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-beta-galactopyranoside), rhamnose, lysine decarboxylase, urease, and citrate, are six prepackaged reagent-impregnated paper loops which are sealed within a plastic packet. The hydrogen sulfide reaction obtained from a triple sugar iron slant is coupled with MORLUC results and is readily converted into a three-digit numerical code, which is referenced on a preprinted single page listing. Additionally, the triple sugar iron is used to confirm the glucose fermentation by an unknown isolate. Comparisons of individual MORLUC tests and standard methods results in a better than 92% agreement, except for unrease. Four hundred sixty-six of the 486 bacterial isolates, or 96% of the strains which were numerically identified by MORLUC, agreed with conventional diagnoses.", "contents": "MORLUC numeric system for the identification of Enterobacteriaceae. Foul hundred eighty-six members of the Enterobacteriaceae representing nine genera were identified by conventional methods, and the results were compared with MORLUC (Biotrol Company Inc., Jamaica, N.Y.). MORLUC, an acronym for melibiose, ONPG (o-nitrophenyl-beta-galactopyranoside), rhamnose, lysine decarboxylase, urease, and citrate, are six prepackaged reagent-impregnated paper loops which are sealed within a plastic packet. The hydrogen sulfide reaction obtained from a triple sugar iron slant is coupled with MORLUC results and is readily converted into a three-digit numerical code, which is referenced on a preprinted single page listing. Additionally, the triple sugar iron is used to confirm the glucose fermentation by an unknown isolate. Comparisons of individual MORLUC tests and standard methods results in a better than 92% agreement, except for unrease. Four hundred sixty-six of the 486 bacterial isolates, or 96% of the strains which were numerically identified by MORLUC, agreed with conventional diagnoses.", "PMID": 1048956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_253", "title": "Intra-abdominal sepsis.", "content": "Intra-abdominal sepsis remains one of the major challenges to the surgeon. With a proper appreciation of the bacteriology and pathophysiology involved and an awareness of new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, hopefully, mortality and morbidity rates can be reduced.", "contents": "Intra-abdominal sepsis. Intra-abdominal sepsis remains one of the major challenges to the surgeon. With a proper appreciation of the bacteriology and pathophysiology involved and an awareness of new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, hopefully, mortality and morbidity rates can be reduced.", "PMID": 1048948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_254", "title": "Pseudo A-V block. Part I.", "content": "An example of junctional premature beats with concealed conduction has been presented. The arrhythmia mimics Mobitz Type II second-degree A-V block. Awareness of this arrhythmia when added to the fact that Mobitz Type II block is rarely seen with IWMI will prevent an improper or hasty diagnosis. Cardiac arrhythmias should be interpreted and managed in context of the clinical setting.", "contents": "Pseudo A-V block. Part I. An example of junctional premature beats with concealed conduction has been presented. The arrhythmia mimics Mobitz Type II second-degree A-V block. Awareness of this arrhythmia when added to the fact that Mobitz Type II block is rarely seen with IWMI will prevent an improper or hasty diagnosis. Cardiac arrhythmias should be interpreted and managed in context of the clinical setting.", "PMID": 1048954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_255", "title": "Relationship between resistance to metallic ions and production of beta-lactamase in strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Thirty five strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were tested for resistance to penicillin G, erythomycin, metallic ions Zn, As3, As5, Cd, Hg, Pb and activity of beta-lactamase. These studies have shown that the majority of tested staphylococci were resistant to penicillin G, erythromycin, and produced beta-lactamase. No correlation between the activity of beta-lactamase and the resistance to metallic ions has been shown.", "contents": "Relationship between resistance to metallic ions and production of beta-lactamase in strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Thirty five strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis were tested for resistance to penicillin G, erythomycin, metallic ions Zn, As3, As5, Cd, Hg, Pb and activity of beta-lactamase. These studies have shown that the majority of tested staphylococci were resistant to penicillin G, erythromycin, and produced beta-lactamase. No correlation between the activity of beta-lactamase and the resistance to metallic ions has been shown.", "PMID": 1048968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_256", "title": "Contraception and the adolescent female.", "content": "Although most teenagers have some knowledge of birth control methods, most sexually active adolescents do not  use one consistently. Some young women are too apathetic or irresponsible to use birth control, even if the method is available. However, most teenagers do not want to become pregnant. If factual information is given, the method is easily accessible and is acceptable to them, and if they have come to terms with their own sexuality, most young women will accept the responsibility of preventing an unwanted pregnancy.", "contents": "Contraception and the adolescent female. Although most teenagers have some knowledge of birth control methods, most sexually active adolescents do not  use one consistently. Some young women are too apathetic or irresponsible to use birth control, even if the method is available. However, most teenagers do not want to become pregnant. If factual information is given, the method is easily accessible and is acceptable to them, and if they have come to terms with their own sexuality, most young women will accept the responsibility of preventing an unwanted pregnancy.", "PMID": 1048988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_257", "title": "Nursing behaviors in bereavement: an exploratory study.", "content": "Twenty-five pairs of terminally ill patients and their loved ones were studied to determine nursing behaviors which offer greatest support, comfort, and ease of suffering to the loved ones. The Q-sort methodology, consisting of 88 cards, each with one behavior, was used. A three-tier classification of behaviors was derived: those that promote the dying patient's comfort and hygiene; those that indicate understanding of the emotional needs of the dying patient; and those that indicate understanding of the impact on the bereaved of grief, grieving, and loss. The most-desired behaviors pertained to the patient, and the most-desired behavior of the total group was to \"keep the patient well groomed.\" The least-desired behavior (ranked 88th) was to \"encourage me to cry.\"", "contents": "Nursing behaviors in bereavement: an exploratory study. Twenty-five pairs of terminally ill patients and their loved ones were studied to determine nursing behaviors which offer greatest support, comfort, and ease of suffering to the loved ones. The Q-sort methodology, consisting of 88 cards, each with one behavior, was used. A three-tier classification of behaviors was derived: those that promote the dying patient's comfort and hygiene; those that indicate understanding of the emotional needs of the dying patient; and those that indicate understanding of the impact on the bereaved of grief, grieving, and loss. The most-desired behaviors pertained to the patient, and the most-desired behavior of the total group was to \"keep the patient well groomed.\" The least-desired behavior (ranked 88th) was to \"encourage me to cry.\"", "PMID": 1049052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_258", "title": "Perceived dimensions of job satisfaction for staff registered nurses.", "content": "To measure the importance of dimensions of job satisfaction 144 females registered staff nurses in four East Coast metropolitan hospitals were given an 18-item Likert-type instrument. Results indicated that the traditional intrinsic/extrinsic dichotomy, which exists in elements of job satisfaction, did not apply. The nurses perceived their job satisfaction in a more complex fashion, in that four statistically independent dimensions emerged with \"relationship orientations\" accounting for almost 24 percent of the total variance. The study implies that previous considerations in job satisfaction for the professional may need to be reexamined in terms beyond the traditional in trinsic/extrinsic dichotomy.", "contents": "Perceived dimensions of job satisfaction for staff registered nurses. To measure the importance of dimensions of job satisfaction 144 females registered staff nurses in four East Coast metropolitan hospitals were given an 18-item Likert-type instrument. Results indicated that the traditional intrinsic/extrinsic dichotomy, which exists in elements of job satisfaction, did not apply. The nurses perceived their job satisfaction in a more complex fashion, in that four statistically independent dimensions emerged with \"relationship orientations\" accounting for almost 24 percent of the total variance. The study implies that previous considerations in job satisfaction for the professional may need to be reexamined in terms beyond the traditional in trinsic/extrinsic dichotomy.", "PMID": 1049054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_259", "title": "Values of male nursing students.", "content": "Values of male nursing students (MNS) at the Ohio State University (OSU) were compared with values of OSU female nursing students, collegiate men in general, medical students, teachers, and personnel and guidance workers, using the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values Scale. The scale measures relative importance to the subject of six basic interests: theoretical, economic, esthetic, social, political, and religious. The sample included 34 men and 841 women who entered the School of Nursing in 1971, 1972, and 1973. The OSU groups scored highest on the social scale, lowest on the economic scale. Males scored higher than females on theoretical and lower on religious scales. When OSU males' scores were compared with national norms, MNS scored higher than general college males on social and esthetic scales and lower on economic and political scales; MNS scored higher than medical students on economic and social scales and lower on theoretical scale; MNS scored higher than teachers on esthetic and social scales and lower on the religious scale; and MNS scored higher than personnel and guidance workers on the esthetic scale.", "contents": "Values of male nursing students. Values of male nursing students (MNS) at the Ohio State University (OSU) were compared with values of OSU female nursing students, collegiate men in general, medical students, teachers, and personnel and guidance workers, using the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values Scale. The scale measures relative importance to the subject of six basic interests: theoretical, economic, esthetic, social, political, and religious. The sample included 34 men and 841 women who entered the School of Nursing in 1971, 1972, and 1973. The OSU groups scored highest on the social scale, lowest on the economic scale. Males scored higher than females on theoretical and lower on religious scales. When OSU males' scores were compared with national norms, MNS scored higher than general college males on social and esthetic scales and lower on economic and political scales; MNS scored higher than medical students on economic and social scales and lower on theoretical scale; MNS scored higher than teachers on esthetic and social scales and lower on the religious scale; and MNS scored higher than personnel and guidance workers on the esthetic scale.", "PMID": 1049056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_260", "title": "Orientation of senior nursing students toward access to contraceptives.", "content": "Attitudes of 264 senior students of nursing toward providing contraception services to all who want them were assessed in 1974 through a questionnaire. In general, the students expressed permissive attitudes toward dispensing contraceptives to all except one group-very young tennagers. They were reluctant to endorse educating young people about contraception prior to puberty; one-half considered 15 or older the best age to educate. When contraceptive dispersal outside professional control was considered, students evidenced restricitive attitudes. Less than one-third endorsed placing nonprescription contraceptives in vending machines or food markets. Students with more permissive attitudes toward free access to contraceptives were more likely to express permissive attitudes toward premarital sex, nontraditional views of woman's role, and high concern about population problems. They were less likely to consider religion important, to attend sectarian schools, or to be of the Catholic faith.", "contents": "Orientation of senior nursing students toward access to contraceptives. Attitudes of 264 senior students of nursing toward providing contraception services to all who want them were assessed in 1974 through a questionnaire. In general, the students expressed permissive attitudes toward dispensing contraceptives to all except one group-very young tennagers. They were reluctant to endorse educating young people about contraception prior to puberty; one-half considered 15 or older the best age to educate. When contraceptive dispersal outside professional control was considered, students evidenced restricitive attitudes. Less than one-third endorsed placing nonprescription contraceptives in vending machines or food markets. Students with more permissive attitudes toward free access to contraceptives were more likely to express permissive attitudes toward premarital sex, nontraditional views of woman's role, and high concern about population problems. They were less likely to consider religion important, to attend sectarian schools, or to be of the Catholic faith.", "PMID": 1049053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_261", "title": "Relationship of sex role identity to occupational image of female nursing sutdents.", "content": "In this study to determine whether a relationship exists between sex role identity and image of nursing, sex role identity was measured by the Mf scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the image of nursing was measured by Frank's (1969) Image of Nursing Questionnaire (INQ). In the spring of 1973, the MMPI Mf scale and the INQ were administered to 430 female senior nursing students in two baccalaureate, five associate degree, and five diploma programs in northern Illinois. A secondary purpose of the study was to determine whether identifiable groups, i.e., students who differed in age, type of nursing program, and education and occupation of parents, differed in their image of nursing. Sex role identity had a significant (p less than .001) positive relationship to image of nursing. The student's image of nursing was more in harmony with the image advanced by the profession when the student's sex role identity was more masculine. However, analysis of variance indicated that students with a highly feminine sex role identity had significantly lower total INQ scores and were, therefore, in disharmony with the professional image of nursing. Graduates of associate degree and baccalaureate programs had an image of nursing more in harmony with that advanced by the profession than students who graduated from diploma prgorams. Underlying causes for these findings and implications for nursing were explored.", "contents": "Relationship of sex role identity to occupational image of female nursing sutdents. In this study to determine whether a relationship exists between sex role identity and image of nursing, sex role identity was measured by the Mf scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and the image of nursing was measured by Frank's (1969) Image of Nursing Questionnaire (INQ). In the spring of 1973, the MMPI Mf scale and the INQ were administered to 430 female senior nursing students in two baccalaureate, five associate degree, and five diploma programs in northern Illinois. A secondary purpose of the study was to determine whether identifiable groups, i.e., students who differed in age, type of nursing program, and education and occupation of parents, differed in their image of nursing. Sex role identity had a significant (p less than .001) positive relationship to image of nursing. The student's image of nursing was more in harmony with the image advanced by the profession when the student's sex role identity was more masculine. However, analysis of variance indicated that students with a highly feminine sex role identity had significantly lower total INQ scores and were, therefore, in disharmony with the professional image of nursing. Graduates of associate degree and baccalaureate programs had an image of nursing more in harmony with that advanced by the profession than students who graduated from diploma prgorams. Underlying causes for these findings and implications for nursing were explored.", "PMID": 1049058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_262", "title": "Patients with hypertension: a study of manifest needs with self-actualization.", "content": "Nursing intervention may help patients with hypertension reduce their anxieties. Two successful instruments for determining areas in which patients need counseling and/or nursing intervention are the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and the Personal Orientation Inventory.", "contents": "Patients with hypertension: a study of manifest needs with self-actualization. Nursing intervention may help patients with hypertension reduce their anxieties. Two successful instruments for determining areas in which patients need counseling and/or nursing intervention are the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and the Personal Orientation Inventory.", "PMID": 1049055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_263", "title": "Disease-related learning and disease control in diabetics as a function of locus of control.", "content": "This study investigated the relationship between the individual difference variable, locus of control, and a patient's response to diabetes. Since internal persons have been found to be active information seekers as compared to external persons, it was predicted that internal diabetics would know more about their disease and would, therefore, demonstrate more control over it. As predicted, internal diabetics did have more diabetic information, although this superiority over externals diminished as the length of the disease increased. Contrary to prediction, internal diabetics seemed to incur more problems with disease than externals as the disease progressed. This finding was interpreted as presenting a limiting case to the usual thinking about the superiority of an internal's response to problem situations.", "contents": "Disease-related learning and disease control in diabetics as a function of locus of control. This study investigated the relationship between the individual difference variable, locus of control, and a patient's response to diabetes. Since internal persons have been found to be active information seekers as compared to external persons, it was predicted that internal diabetics would know more about their disease and would, therefore, demonstrate more control over it. As predicted, internal diabetics did have more diabetic information, although this superiority over externals diminished as the length of the disease increased. Contrary to prediction, internal diabetics seemed to incur more problems with disease than externals as the disease progressed. This finding was interpreted as presenting a limiting case to the usual thinking about the superiority of an internal's response to problem situations.", "PMID": 1049057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_264", "title": "Effect of pulse palpation on cardiac arrhythmia in coronary care patients.", "content": "In a study of 62 coronary care patients, 31 of whom exhibited types of cardiac arrhythmia, the frequency of ectopic beats changed significantly when a nurse palpated the pulse. This finding suggests that autonomic responses to human contact can significantly alter the rate of ectopic impulse generation. These findings further suggest that studies of cardiac arrhythmia should attend to the nature of the social field in which data are collected.", "contents": "Effect of pulse palpation on cardiac arrhythmia in coronary care patients. In a study of 62 coronary care patients, 31 of whom exhibited types of cardiac arrhythmia, the frequency of ectopic beats changed significantly when a nurse palpated the pulse. This finding suggests that autonomic responses to human contact can significantly alter the rate of ectopic impulse generation. These findings further suggest that studies of cardiac arrhythmia should attend to the nature of the social field in which data are collected.", "PMID": 1049059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_265", "title": "Health care for women: I. Current social and behavioral issues. The medical interview. Problems in communication.", "content": "Medicine is a middle-class phenomenon. The medical interview, an encounter often shrouded with emotion for the patient, may be carried on in jargon with which the patient is not familiar. Major breakdowns in communication exist when doctors cannot or will not speak the patient's language, or vice versa. Recent research examines how much patients are led to feel that they must communicate in the doctor's language, as well as the extent of miscommunication.", "contents": "Health care for women: I. Current social and behavioral issues. The medical interview. Problems in communication. Medicine is a middle-class phenomenon. The medical interview, an encounter often shrouded with emotion for the patient, may be carried on in jargon with which the patient is not familiar. Major breakdowns in communication exist when doctors cannot or will not speak the patient's language, or vice versa. Recent research examines how much patients are led to feel that they must communicate in the doctor's language, as well as the extent of miscommunication.", "PMID": 1049127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_266", "title": "Team obstetrics and the nurse-midwife. Issues in patient acceptance.", "content": "In this discussion we have presented findings from a study of patient acceptance of a nurse-midwife. The significance of the initial encounter for patient acceptance has been interpreted in terms of a primacy effect. The negative effect of the obstetrician's presence during initial encounters between patient and nurse-midwife has been discussed in terms of expectation theory. The theory leads us to predict that the patient's perceptions of competence of the nurse-midwife were more favorable when the obstetrician was absent from the initial encounter than when he was present. Finally we have interpreted the overall ease of communication between the nurse-midwife and patients as a result of mutual participation, and complementary rather than crossed interactions. This ease of communication is a major factor accounting for the general enthusiasm of patients for the nurse-midwife in the provision of office care. The importance of interpersonal relationships between health professionals and patients for effective patient care cannot be overstated. Romano has stressed the importance of the doctor-patient relationship in obstetrics and gynecology because of the many anxieties and concerns of women concerning their health problems. Hopefully, our findings will encourage physicians to explore the role of mid-level health professionals and particularly nurse-midwives in enhancing the overall quality of health care for women.", "contents": "Team obstetrics and the nurse-midwife. Issues in patient acceptance. In this discussion we have presented findings from a study of patient acceptance of a nurse-midwife. The significance of the initial encounter for patient acceptance has been interpreted in terms of a primacy effect. The negative effect of the obstetrician's presence during initial encounters between patient and nurse-midwife has been discussed in terms of expectation theory. The theory leads us to predict that the patient's perceptions of competence of the nurse-midwife were more favorable when the obstetrician was absent from the initial encounter than when he was present. Finally we have interpreted the overall ease of communication between the nurse-midwife and patients as a result of mutual participation, and complementary rather than crossed interactions. This ease of communication is a major factor accounting for the general enthusiasm of patients for the nurse-midwife in the provision of office care. The importance of interpersonal relationships between health professionals and patients for effective patient care cannot be overstated. Romano has stressed the importance of the doctor-patient relationship in obstetrics and gynecology because of the many anxieties and concerns of women concerning their health problems. Hopefully, our findings will encourage physicians to explore the role of mid-level health professionals and particularly nurse-midwives in enhancing the overall quality of health care for women.", "PMID": 1049128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_267", "title": "Prevention of unwanted pregnancy among teenagers.", "content": "A psychosocial constellation that appears to predispose many teenage girls to risk unwanted pregnancy includes hostility in the parents' marriage, alienation from the mother, and a seductive father-daughter relationship. The dynamics which lead into sexual acting out include attempts to (1) compensate for low self-esteem by seeking male approval and (2) reduce anxiety over sexual fantasies or behavior with the father by counterphobic coital contacts with other men. Provision of a contraceptive method alone is sometimes insufficient to protect a woman with these dynamics from unwanted pregnancy because her conflicts over dependency needs and sexuality may interfere with taking responsibility for reliable use of contraceptives. Supplementary intervention, either by the primary care physician, a psychiatrist, or other mental health professional, is recommended where the high risk family history is evident.", "contents": "Prevention of unwanted pregnancy among teenagers. A psychosocial constellation that appears to predispose many teenage girls to risk unwanted pregnancy includes hostility in the parents' marriage, alienation from the mother, and a seductive father-daughter relationship. The dynamics which lead into sexual acting out include attempts to (1) compensate for low self-esteem by seeking male approval and (2) reduce anxiety over sexual fantasies or behavior with the father by counterphobic coital contacts with other men. Provision of a contraceptive method alone is sometimes insufficient to protect a woman with these dynamics from unwanted pregnancy because her conflicts over dependency needs and sexuality may interfere with taking responsibility for reliable use of contraceptives. Supplementary intervention, either by the primary care physician, a psychiatrist, or other mental health professional, is recommended where the high risk family history is evident.", "PMID": 1049129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_268", "title": "Sexual and contraceptive behavior in young unmarried women.", "content": "The psychological determinants of sexual and contraceptive behavior among young women are complex, variable over time, and individually unique. While the approach of an individual clinician or clinical program can be shaped by certain common developmental sequences, a given individual's behavior is determined by many factors which come together in a unique way at a given point in time, and thus the most successful encounter will be that which involves face-to-face, one-to-one contact between client and practitioner.", "contents": "Sexual and contraceptive behavior in young unmarried women. The psychological determinants of sexual and contraceptive behavior among young women are complex, variable over time, and individually unique. While the approach of an individual clinician or clinical program can be shaped by certain common developmental sequences, a given individual's behavior is determined by many factors which come together in a unique way at a given point in time, and thus the most successful encounter will be that which involves face-to-face, one-to-one contact between client and practitioner.", "PMID": 1049131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_269", "title": "Female s-xual response. Hormonal and behavioral interactions.", "content": "Recent studies suggest that hormones do play a role in the expression of female sexual behavior, and the inconsistency of findings between various groups does not mean that hormonal effects can be disregarded. Hormones may interact with other situational variables to sometimes enhance sexual behavior, and at other times suppress it. Sexual activity may itself trigger alterations in hormone levels, just as hormones may activate changes in behavior.", "contents": "Female s-xual response. Hormonal and behavioral interactions. Recent studies suggest that hormones do play a role in the expression of female sexual behavior, and the inconsistency of findings between various groups does not mean that hormonal effects can be disregarded. Hormones may interact with other situational variables to sometimes enhance sexual behavior, and at other times suppress it. Sexual activity may itself trigger alterations in hormone levels, just as hormones may activate changes in behavior.", "PMID": 1049132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_270", "title": "Social factors in the psychology of menstruation, birth, and menopause.", "content": "Information about possible social influences on the psychology of reproduction, supplemented by a clinical understanding of the psychodynamics of the individual and scientific knowledge about the effects of hormones on behavior, provides insight into the experience of a particular woman in a particular social milieu. Such insight is an appropriate basis for effective treatment of many of the clinical problems in the area of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynecology.", "contents": "Social factors in the psychology of menstruation, birth, and menopause. Information about possible social influences on the psychology of reproduction, supplemented by a clinical understanding of the psychodynamics of the individual and scientific knowledge about the effects of hormones on behavior, provides insight into the experience of a particular woman in a particular social milieu. Such insight is an appropriate basis for effective treatment of many of the clinical problems in the area of psychosomatic obstetrics and gynecology.", "PMID": 1049133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_271", "title": "Early human interaction: mother and child.", "content": "Studies of the differing means of definition problems of parturition and neonatal dependence, the extent of human variability underlying them, and the possibilities for enrichment of experience in early human interaction call into question such standard practices as isolation of the newborn, separation of mother and infant immediately after birth, and division of the family unit at the very time when it is symbolically and in reality becoming a family unit.", "contents": "Early human interaction: mother and child. Studies of the differing means of definition problems of parturition and neonatal dependence, the extent of human variability underlying them, and the possibilities for enrichment of experience in early human interaction call into question such standard practices as isolation of the newborn, separation of mother and infant immediately after birth, and division of the family unit at the very time when it is symbolically and in reality becoming a family unit.", "PMID": 1049134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_272", "title": "Burns; office evaluation and management.", "content": "Accidental burn injuries are common. Estimates by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare indicate that two million individuals of all ages sustain burn injuries each year. One hundred thousand of these require hospitalization and the remainder are managed as out-patients. Physicians involved in primary care are potentially responsible for initial evaluation, decision-making about referral and hospitalization, and office treatment of individuals who do not require hospitalization.", "contents": "Burns; office evaluation and management. Accidental burn injuries are common. Estimates by the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare indicate that two million individuals of all ages sustain burn injuries each year. One hundred thousand of these require hospitalization and the remainder are managed as out-patients. Physicians involved in primary care are potentially responsible for initial evaluation, decision-making about referral and hospitalization, and office treatment of individuals who do not require hospitalization.", "PMID": 1049137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_273", "title": "Psychiatric consultation for physically ill children.", "content": "In addition to age-appropriate information about his physical condition and its treatment, the child needs help with the feelings associated with being ill or injured. If the feelings are so powerful that a state of despair exists, or are strongly defended against with self-defeating and unresponsive behavior, consultation with the child psychiatrist should be requested.", "contents": "Psychiatric consultation for physically ill children. In addition to age-appropriate information about his physical condition and its treatment, the child needs help with the feelings associated with being ill or injured. If the feelings are so powerful that a state of despair exists, or are strongly defended against with self-defeating and unresponsive behavior, consultation with the child psychiatrist should be requested.", "PMID": 1049138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_274", "title": "The \"barker\" (neonatal respiratory distress) syndrome in the pig: its occurrence in the field.", "content": "A new syndrome, characterised by acute respiratory distress and by abnormalities of the skin, hair and thyroid, was the apparent cause of neonatal death in 35 (24 per cent) of 146 piglets sired by a large white boar in four small commercial pig units. The syndrome appears to be of genetic origin, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Its similarities with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn infant and the \"barker\" syndrome of the newborn foal are discussed.", "contents": "The \"barker\" (neonatal respiratory distress) syndrome in the pig: its occurrence in the field. A new syndrome, characterised by acute respiratory distress and by abnormalities of the skin, hair and thyroid, was the apparent cause of neonatal death in 35 (24 per cent) of 146 piglets sired by a large white boar in four small commercial pig units. The syndrome appears to be of genetic origin, inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. Its similarities with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn infant and the \"barker\" syndrome of the newborn foal are discussed.", "PMID": 1049184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_275", "title": "[Present possibilities of antibiotic therapy in chronic non-specific respiratory diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Due to the mainly infectious genesis drug-therapy with antibiotics is essential in chronic non-specific respiratory diseases. But they are only indicated when a bacterial infection is suspected. The broad spectrum antibiotics usually have a reliable efficacy. Bacteriological examination is no obligate supposition. But it is necessary if new drugs with limited effectiveness are intended to be given. In most cases of chronic bronchitis an intermittent application is sufficient. A continuous treatment is indicated only in a few cases. Some details of antibiotic therapy (kind of drugs, dosage, duration of treatment, side-effects etc.) are discussed. The possibility of antibiotic therapy in respiratory virus infections is inquired.", "contents": "[Present possibilities of antibiotic therapy in chronic non-specific respiratory diseases (author's transl)]. Due to the mainly infectious genesis drug-therapy with antibiotics is essential in chronic non-specific respiratory diseases. But they are only indicated when a bacterial infection is suspected. The broad spectrum antibiotics usually have a reliable efficacy. Bacteriological examination is no obligate supposition. But it is necessary if new drugs with limited effectiveness are intended to be given. In most cases of chronic bronchitis an intermittent application is sufficient. A continuous treatment is indicated only in a few cases. Some details of antibiotic therapy (kind of drugs, dosage, duration of treatment, side-effects etc.) are discussed. The possibility of antibiotic therapy in respiratory virus infections is inquired.", "PMID": 1049185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_276", "title": "What is nuclear medicine all about?", "content": "The field of nuclear medicine, defined as the application of radioactive tracers to medical diagnosis and treatment, has progressed significantly over recent years. At one time, only measurements of the concentrations of the radioactive tracers or other chemicals in blood, urine or other biologic material could be obtained at various intervals after the administration of a tracer or chemical. Therefore, prior to development of radiation detectors that reveal the distribution of radioactive tracers within the body, the function of the body could be studied only as a whole. It now is possible to study both regional and total body function by using the many radioactive tracers available and suitable imaging devices. By using the short-lived tracers (which have improved the quality of the images and reduced the radiation dose to the patient) and the recently developed scintillation camera, rapid dynamic studies of the course of the tracers through regions of the body may be performed, so that both spatial and temporal resolution is obtained. The use of computers has added a new dimension to the field of nuclear medicine. It is possible to improve greatly the quality of the information obtained. As a result, the regional distribution of radioactivity can be quantified and the changes that take place over a period of time in serial studies evaluated. Thus using a variety of radioactive tracers, each measuring a specific function, we can construct a mosaic of quantitative measurements of regional function. In this way, nuclear medicine may develop a body of coherent knowledge and become a clinical science as well as a collection of useful technics.", "contents": "What is nuclear medicine all about? The field of nuclear medicine, defined as the application of radioactive tracers to medical diagnosis and treatment, has progressed significantly over recent years. At one time, only measurements of the concentrations of the radioactive tracers or other chemicals in blood, urine or other biologic material could be obtained at various intervals after the administration of a tracer or chemical. Therefore, prior to development of radiation detectors that reveal the distribution of radioactive tracers within the body, the function of the body could be studied only as a whole. It now is possible to study both regional and total body function by using the many radioactive tracers available and suitable imaging devices. By using the short-lived tracers (which have improved the quality of the images and reduced the radiation dose to the patient) and the recently developed scintillation camera, rapid dynamic studies of the course of the tracers through regions of the body may be performed, so that both spatial and temporal resolution is obtained. The use of computers has added a new dimension to the field of nuclear medicine. It is possible to improve greatly the quality of the information obtained. As a result, the regional distribution of radioactivity can be quantified and the changes that take place over a period of time in serial studies evaluated. Thus using a variety of radioactive tracers, each measuring a specific function, we can construct a mosaic of quantitative measurements of regional function. In this way, nuclear medicine may develop a body of coherent knowledge and become a clinical science as well as a collection of useful technics.", "PMID": 1049209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_277", "title": "[Effects of methamphetamine and a reserpine-like drug on norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism in the rat brain].", "content": "Simple and sensitive methods for the separation and determination of catecholamines and their metabolites by thinlayer microcrystalline cellulose chromatography have been developed and applied to the analysis of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) metabolism in the brain of Wistar rats given 12C-NE or 14C-DA intraventricularly. 14C-DA in the whole brain declined more rapidly than did 14C-NE. The percentage of unchanged 14C-NE in total radioactivity in the brain of rats administered 14C-NI was high, while on the other hand, the percentage of unchanged 14C-DA in cases of 14C-DA was low. In the metabolism of 14C-DA, the deaminated and O-methylated deaminated metabolites showed transient and delayed temporary rises, respectively. Drugs which affect the metabolism of catecholamines were also examined. Methamphetamine reduced NE, deaminated and O-methylated deaminated metabolites, and markedly elevated normetanephrine in the brain of rats given 14C-NE. Regarding the metabolism of DA, methamphetamine increased 3-methoxytyramine and homovanillic acid and reduced deaminated metabolites, but had no effect on DA and NE. On the other hand, a reserpine-like drug (Ro4-1284) reduced NE and increased deaminated and O-methylated deaminated metabolites in the metabolism of NE, and reduced to a great extent DA and NE and increased homovanillic acid in the metabolism of DA. From these results, it is concluded that the effect of methamphetamine was more evident in NE metabolism than DA, while the effect of Ro4-1284 was more evident in DA metabolism than NE.", "contents": "[Effects of methamphetamine and a reserpine-like drug on norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism in the rat brain]. Simple and sensitive methods for the separation and determination of catecholamines and their metabolites by thinlayer microcrystalline cellulose chromatography have been developed and applied to the analysis of norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) metabolism in the brain of Wistar rats given 12C-NE or 14C-DA intraventricularly. 14C-DA in the whole brain declined more rapidly than did 14C-NE. The percentage of unchanged 14C-NE in total radioactivity in the brain of rats administered 14C-NI was high, while on the other hand, the percentage of unchanged 14C-DA in cases of 14C-DA was low. In the metabolism of 14C-DA, the deaminated and O-methylated deaminated metabolites showed transient and delayed temporary rises, respectively. Drugs which affect the metabolism of catecholamines were also examined. Methamphetamine reduced NE, deaminated and O-methylated deaminated metabolites, and markedly elevated normetanephrine in the brain of rats given 14C-NE. Regarding the metabolism of DA, methamphetamine increased 3-methoxytyramine and homovanillic acid and reduced deaminated metabolites, but had no effect on DA and NE. On the other hand, a reserpine-like drug (Ro4-1284) reduced NE and increased deaminated and O-methylated deaminated metabolites in the metabolism of NE, and reduced to a great extent DA and NE and increased homovanillic acid in the metabolism of DA. From these results, it is concluded that the effect of methamphetamine was more evident in NE metabolism than DA, while the effect of Ro4-1284 was more evident in DA metabolism than NE.", "PMID": 1049210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_278", "title": "His bundle recordings: their contribution to the understanding of human electrophysiology.", "content": "His bundle electrocardiography has increased our understanding of the electrophysiology of the conducting system and has confirmed a number concepts which evolved from analysis of surface electrocardiograms. Electrophysiologic evaluation of conduction disease in the cardiac catheterization laboratory has become an accepted diagnostic procedure in determining the site of atrioventricular and ventriculo-atrial block as well as in the evaluation of patients with pre-excitation resulting from conduction through Kent and James bundles. Recent reports suggest that His bundle electrograms may prove to be of clinical and therapeutic significance in determining the site of re-entry in patients with PSVT as well as in determining the short-term prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by incomplete bundle branch block. As our knowledge and understanding of the basic mechanisms, specific therapy, and prognosis of cardiac arrhythmias are expanded, the data derived from His bundle electrocardiography will become more useful in the clinical practice of cardiology.", "contents": "His bundle recordings: their contribution to the understanding of human electrophysiology. His bundle electrocardiography has increased our understanding of the electrophysiology of the conducting system and has confirmed a number concepts which evolved from analysis of surface electrocardiograms. Electrophysiologic evaluation of conduction disease in the cardiac catheterization laboratory has become an accepted diagnostic procedure in determining the site of atrioventricular and ventriculo-atrial block as well as in the evaluation of patients with pre-excitation resulting from conduction through Kent and James bundles. Recent reports suggest that His bundle electrograms may prove to be of clinical and therapeutic significance in determining the site of re-entry in patients with PSVT as well as in determining the short-term prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by incomplete bundle branch block. As our knowledge and understanding of the basic mechanisms, specific therapy, and prognosis of cardiac arrhythmias are expanded, the data derived from His bundle electrocardiography will become more useful in the clinical practice of cardiology.", "PMID": 1049215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_279", "title": "Myoglobinuria.", "content": "Myoglobinuria is still considered to be an uncommon occurrence, however, with the advent of better diagnostic tests it is being increasingly recognized as a potentially life-threatening complication of muscle necrosis. The pathologic consequences of myoglobinuria, including respiratory failure, hyperkalemia, and acute renal failure demand recognition by all who work in areas where this syndrome may develop. This article describes the role of myoglobin in the muscle and how myoglobinuria may develop. It includes the symptoms, differential diagnosis, and treatment of myoglobinuria and possible complications.", "contents": "Myoglobinuria. Myoglobinuria is still considered to be an uncommon occurrence, however, with the advent of better diagnostic tests it is being increasingly recognized as a potentially life-threatening complication of muscle necrosis. The pathologic consequences of myoglobinuria, including respiratory failure, hyperkalemia, and acute renal failure demand recognition by all who work in areas where this syndrome may develop. This article describes the role of myoglobin in the muscle and how myoglobinuria may develop. It includes the symptoms, differential diagnosis, and treatment of myoglobinuria and possible complications.", "PMID": 1049218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_280", "title": "The amount of blood withdrawn for diagnostic tests in critically ill patients.", "content": "This study involved the measurement of blood withdrawn from critically ill patients for diagnostic tests during their first 3 days in eight intensive-care units. The study was conducted over a 2 to 3 week period. Data were collected on the number of draws performed per day, the total volume of blood withdrawn per day, and the volume of blood per draw on 253 patients. The subject population was divided into four general diagnostic categories: Post-open-heart surgical, surgical, medical, and cardiac. Approximately 85 per cent of the blood samples were drawn via venipuncture with arterial and capillary samples performed less frequently. The results demonstrate that the total volume of blood withdrawn differed among the diagnostic categories and hospitals. The average amount ranged from 20 ml. per day in surgical patients to 50 ml. per day in post-open-heart surgical patients. The volumes withdrawn daily from the subjects were generally lower than the authors had anticipated.", "contents": "The amount of blood withdrawn for diagnostic tests in critically ill patients. This study involved the measurement of blood withdrawn from critically ill patients for diagnostic tests during their first 3 days in eight intensive-care units. The study was conducted over a 2 to 3 week period. Data were collected on the number of draws performed per day, the total volume of blood withdrawn per day, and the volume of blood per draw on 253 patients. The subject population was divided into four general diagnostic categories: Post-open-heart surgical, surgical, medical, and cardiac. Approximately 85 per cent of the blood samples were drawn via venipuncture with arterial and capillary samples performed less frequently. The results demonstrate that the total volume of blood withdrawn differed among the diagnostic categories and hospitals. The average amount ranged from 20 ml. per day in surgical patients to 50 ml. per day in post-open-heart surgical patients. The volumes withdrawn daily from the subjects were generally lower than the authors had anticipated.", "PMID": 1049217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_281", "title": "Ventricular pseudo-bigeminy due to sustained myoclonus.", "content": "An elderly unconsciocus patient with anteroseptal myocardial infarction showing ventricular pseudo-bigeminy (artifact) due to sustained myoclonus is reported. The reason why the artifacts coincided with his cardiac contraction is not clearly understood. The artifact is completely eliminated following intravenous injection of succinylcholine chloride. This is the first reported case of such a puzzling electrocardiographic finding to our knowledge. It is extremely important to distinguish between a true and pseudo-arrhythmia. Otherwise, an erroneous diagnosis frequently leads to an erroneous therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Ventricular pseudo-bigeminy due to sustained myoclonus. An elderly unconsciocus patient with anteroseptal myocardial infarction showing ventricular pseudo-bigeminy (artifact) due to sustained myoclonus is reported. The reason why the artifacts coincided with his cardiac contraction is not clearly understood. The artifact is completely eliminated following intravenous injection of succinylcholine chloride. This is the first reported case of such a puzzling electrocardiographic finding to our knowledge. It is extremely important to distinguish between a true and pseudo-arrhythmia. Otherwise, an erroneous diagnosis frequently leads to an erroneous therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 1049219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_282", "title": "Pseudo A-V block. Part II.", "content": "This vignette demonstrates the importance of analyzing arrhythmias in the context of their particular clinical setting. Analysis and treatment of an arrhythmia without clinical information leads to errors in judgment. Arrhythmias may be interpreted as a didactic exercise that is used in the process of teaching and learning. However, when the question is asked, \"How do you treat this arrhythmia?\", then all clinical information ambient to the arrhythmia in question has to be available for analysis and judgment.", "contents": "Pseudo A-V block. Part II. This vignette demonstrates the importance of analyzing arrhythmias in the context of their particular clinical setting. Analysis and treatment of an arrhythmia without clinical information leads to errors in judgment. Arrhythmias may be interpreted as a didactic exercise that is used in the process of teaching and learning. However, when the question is asked, \"How do you treat this arrhythmia?\", then all clinical information ambient to the arrhythmia in question has to be available for analysis and judgment.", "PMID": 1049224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_283", "title": "The relation of dose rate of microwave radiation to the time of death and total absorbed dose in the mouse.", "content": "This experiment demonstrates that for microwave radiation, absorbed dose determination alone is not dosimetrically sufficient. The average absorbed dose to death in this experiment increases as the rate of absorption decreases. This observation is not surprising since microwave energy produces heating of the biological tissues. Hence, with a higher rate of heating the body of an animal, the less it is able to retain homeostasis through metabolic regulation than with a lower rate of heating. The absorbed dose rate and the duration of exposure must both be determined in any microwave biological effects experiments.", "contents": "The relation of dose rate of microwave radiation to the time of death and total absorbed dose in the mouse. This experiment demonstrates that for microwave radiation, absorbed dose determination alone is not dosimetrically sufficient. The average absorbed dose to death in this experiment increases as the rate of absorption decreases. This observation is not surprising since microwave energy produces heating of the biological tissues. Hence, with a higher rate of heating the body of an animal, the less it is able to retain homeostasis through metabolic regulation than with a lower rate of heating. The absorbed dose rate and the duration of exposure must both be determined in any microwave biological effects experiments.", "PMID": 1049243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_284", "title": "On the role of storage granules in the functional utilization of newly synthesized dopamine.", "content": "Previous studies have provided evidence for the prime importance of newly synthesized dopamine as compared with the large endogenous stores of amine in the functional mobilization of dopamine under conditions of a heavy demand on the neuron such as in the presence of a neuroleptic. The present study was designed to examine the role of storage granules in the utilization of newly synthesized dopamine and to examine the mechanism of the cataleptic action of reserpine-like drugs. It was found that the injection of a small dose of L-Dopa did not reverse the catalepsy produced by the short-acting dopamine depleter, Ro 4-1284, either when the depleter was given alone or was given after tyrosine hydroxylase blockade by alpha-methyltyrosine, provided that the L-Dopa was given at a time when Ro 4-1284 was present. However, the same dose of L-Dopa quickly reversed catalepsy when given at a time of dopamine depletion but in the absence of Ro 4-1284. Since alpha-methyltyrosine alone does not produce catalepsy until exhaustion of the large endogenous dopamine pool, but quickly potentiates neuroleptic-induced catalepsy, it is suggested that under normal conditions the slow transfer of stored dopamine to a releasable site is sufficiently rapid to maintain striatal function. However, the transfer rate appears to be too slow for adequate mobilization of the store under conditions of a heavy demand. It is further suggested that a prime role of storage granules is to channel newly synthesized dopamine into the synaptic cleft. Reserpine-like drugs appear to produce catalepsy, not by depletion per se of the main dopamine pool, but by interference with this granule channeling function.", "contents": "On the role of storage granules in the functional utilization of newly synthesized dopamine. Previous studies have provided evidence for the prime importance of newly synthesized dopamine as compared with the large endogenous stores of amine in the functional mobilization of dopamine under conditions of a heavy demand on the neuron such as in the presence of a neuroleptic. The present study was designed to examine the role of storage granules in the utilization of newly synthesized dopamine and to examine the mechanism of the cataleptic action of reserpine-like drugs. It was found that the injection of a small dose of L-Dopa did not reverse the catalepsy produced by the short-acting dopamine depleter, Ro 4-1284, either when the depleter was given alone or was given after tyrosine hydroxylase blockade by alpha-methyltyrosine, provided that the L-Dopa was given at a time when Ro 4-1284 was present. However, the same dose of L-Dopa quickly reversed catalepsy when given at a time of dopamine depletion but in the absence of Ro 4-1284. Since alpha-methyltyrosine alone does not produce catalepsy until exhaustion of the large endogenous dopamine pool, but quickly potentiates neuroleptic-induced catalepsy, it is suggested that under normal conditions the slow transfer of stored dopamine to a releasable site is sufficiently rapid to maintain striatal function. However, the transfer rate appears to be too slow for adequate mobilization of the store under conditions of a heavy demand. It is further suggested that a prime role of storage granules is to channel newly synthesized dopamine into the synaptic cleft. Reserpine-like drugs appear to produce catalepsy, not by depletion per se of the main dopamine pool, but by interference with this granule channeling function.", "PMID": 1049242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_285", "title": "The Roy adaptation model. Using the adaptation model in a practitioner curriculum.", "content": "We believe that nurse practitioner role mastery should occur through supplementation of former roles, beginning early and continuing throughout the entire educational process, rather than through realignment to a new role. The educational process should therefore enable the student to identify with and build upon her role as a nurse, rather than abandoning it and adapting to a new quasi-role. If role mastery is to occur by gradual assimilation rather than by abrupt change, a nursing model is needed on which both preparation for and practice in the role can be based. The adaptation model provides the necessary framework to give direction to practitioner education; offers a relevant way of viewing the older adult in relation to his environment; and delineates guidelines for nurse practitioner action.", "contents": "The Roy adaptation model. Using the adaptation model in a practitioner curriculum. We believe that nurse practitioner role mastery should occur through supplementation of former roles, beginning early and continuing throughout the entire educational process, rather than through realignment to a new role. The educational process should therefore enable the student to identify with and build upon her role as a nurse, rather than abandoning it and adapting to a new quasi-role. If role mastery is to occur by gradual assimilation rather than by abrupt change, a nursing model is needed on which both preparation for and practice in the role can be based. The adaptation model provides the necessary framework to give direction to practitioner education; offers a relevant way of viewing the older adult in relation to his environment; and delineates guidelines for nurse practitioner action.", "PMID": 1049428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_286", "title": "A model for areawide coordination of pediatric clinical experiences.", "content": "In the opinion of the project committee, clinical experience should be a primary consideration in the curriculum design process, not merely a stepsister to the cognitive aspects. Further, clinical experiences enable practitioners to develop the competencies required for meeting the needs of people they serve; thus, educational objectives should be based on the present and future health care needs of the consumers. In this project, the nursing needs of the child/family have been carefully delineated, and the available learning environments have been identified and assessed. One educational constraint unique to clinical practice is that the immediate welfare of the client must supersede the educational objectives of the learner. In this model, we have taken great pains to safeguard the client requirements. The person who is ill--especially the child--is vulnerable to fatigue, fright, insecurity, and sensory overload. The quotas developed for this study provide essential learning for the student but at the same time protect the integrity of the patient. Intensive study of clinical learning experiences by nursing is long overdue. We believe we have described one approach toward facilitating educationally sound curriculum and clinical decisions. The model as it stands provides variables, parameters, conditions, and assumptions which can now be manipulated and tested by those seeking answers to clinical resource allocation. Only by careful allocation and cooperative use of clinical facilities is it possible to provide appropriate learning experiences while maintaining the integrity of the care process.", "contents": "A model for areawide coordination of pediatric clinical experiences. In the opinion of the project committee, clinical experience should be a primary consideration in the curriculum design process, not merely a stepsister to the cognitive aspects. Further, clinical experiences enable practitioners to develop the competencies required for meeting the needs of people they serve; thus, educational objectives should be based on the present and future health care needs of the consumers. In this project, the nursing needs of the child/family have been carefully delineated, and the available learning environments have been identified and assessed. One educational constraint unique to clinical practice is that the immediate welfare of the client must supersede the educational objectives of the learner. In this model, we have taken great pains to safeguard the client requirements. The person who is ill--especially the child--is vulnerable to fatigue, fright, insecurity, and sensory overload. The quotas developed for this study provide essential learning for the student but at the same time protect the integrity of the patient. Intensive study of clinical learning experiences by nursing is long overdue. We believe we have described one approach toward facilitating educationally sound curriculum and clinical decisions. The model as it stands provides variables, parameters, conditions, and assumptions which can now be manipulated and tested by those seeking answers to clinical resource allocation. Only by careful allocation and cooperative use of clinical facilities is it possible to provide appropriate learning experiences while maintaining the integrity of the care process.", "PMID": 1049431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_287", "title": "A framework for family assessment in chronic illness.", "content": "Family assessment can enable the nurse to expand the internal and external resource potential of the family unit. Specifically, the nurse may be able to determine what information the client and family need to cope effectively with the illness condition. Additionally, the nurse may supply the family with consumer information regarding qualifications, cost, and appropriate points of entry for additional health and welfare services, and intervene as client advocate by documenting more specific information relevant to the agency's criteria for acceptance. With an adequate knowledge base obtained through the use of such an assessment, and with knowledge of local health-care delivery systems and community agencies, the nurse will be able to assist the family more fully. Specific information about resources, points of entry, costs, and quality of services may be offered to the family members to enable them to evaluate alternative courses of action appropriate to the specific situation and select the most beneficial solution.", "contents": "A framework for family assessment in chronic illness. Family assessment can enable the nurse to expand the internal and external resource potential of the family unit. Specifically, the nurse may be able to determine what information the client and family need to cope effectively with the illness condition. Additionally, the nurse may supply the family with consumer information regarding qualifications, cost, and appropriate points of entry for additional health and welfare services, and intervene as client advocate by documenting more specific information relevant to the agency's criteria for acceptance. With an adequate knowledge base obtained through the use of such an assessment, and with knowledge of local health-care delivery systems and community agencies, the nurse will be able to assist the family more fully. Specific information about resources, points of entry, costs, and quality of services may be offered to the family members to enable them to evaluate alternative courses of action appropriate to the specific situation and select the most beneficial solution.", "PMID": 1049434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_288", "title": "Inducible oxacillin-hydrolyzing penicillinase in Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fish.", "content": "An inducible penicillinase was shown to be present in a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila isolated from freshwater fish. Enzyme induction was observed with benzylpenicillin or 6-aminopenicillanic acid, and the enzyme was cell bound. The penicillinase was purified 50-fold from a crude cell extract. The molecular weight was estimated to be 23,000 by gel filtration. The pH and temperature optima for the enzyme activity were 8.0 and 35 degrees C, respectively. The penicillinase showed a unique substrate profile by hydrolyzing oxacillin about twice as rapidly as benzylpenicillin. The enzyme activity was weakly inhibited by sodium chloride but was not affected by p-chloromercuribenzoate. The property of penicillinase production by the A. hydrophila strain could not be transferred to Escherichia coli and also could not be eliminated from the bacteria by ethidium bromide treatment.", "contents": "Inducible oxacillin-hydrolyzing penicillinase in Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from fish. An inducible penicillinase was shown to be present in a strain of Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila isolated from freshwater fish. Enzyme induction was observed with benzylpenicillin or 6-aminopenicillanic acid, and the enzyme was cell bound. The penicillinase was purified 50-fold from a crude cell extract. The molecular weight was estimated to be 23,000 by gel filtration. The pH and temperature optima for the enzyme activity were 8.0 and 35 degrees C, respectively. The penicillinase showed a unique substrate profile by hydrolyzing oxacillin about twice as rapidly as benzylpenicillin. The enzyme activity was weakly inhibited by sodium chloride but was not affected by p-chloromercuribenzoate. The property of penicillinase production by the A. hydrophila strain could not be transferred to Escherichia coli and also could not be eliminated from the bacteria by ethidium bromide treatment.", "PMID": 1049517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_289", "title": "Genotypic stability of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus at supraoptimal temperature.", "content": "Methicillin resistance in a highly resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus could not be diminished by elevated temperature. After 100 subcultures at 43 degrees C the resistance to methicillin was retained when determined at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Genotypic stability of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus at supraoptimal temperature. Methicillin resistance in a highly resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus could not be diminished by elevated temperature. After 100 subcultures at 43 degrees C the resistance to methicillin was retained when determined at 37 degrees C.", "PMID": 1049518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_290", "title": "Intestinal exfoliated cells in infant diarrhoea: changes in cell renewal and disaccharidase activities.", "content": "Lactase deficiency, manifested clinically by lactose malabsorption, is often the only biochemical evidence of a residual disturbance of jejunal mucosal function after Escherichia coli enteropathy in the infant. Villous morphology is usually normal. A sustained depression of the processes of biochemical differentiation of lactase biosynthesis has been postulated to explain similar states of lactase deficiency, but a possible influence of altered epithelial cell turnover on the mucosal lactase levels has not been investigated. In ten infants with a residual lactose malabsorption, after E. coli infection, jejunal cell renewal activity and disaccharidase activities were studied by analysis of the exfoliated cells collected by lumenal perfusion. Significant increases in DNA and protein exfoliation and in the brush border activities of sucrase and lactase were observed during recovery from the malabsorptive disturbance. DNA and protein efflux increased almost linearly during a 20-day period. Lactase was initially four times more deficient than sucrase activity in the exfoliated cells. Both enzyme activities increased at almost identical rates. Therefore, it took longer for lactase activity to return to normal levels. The lactase/sucrase ratios approached normal at the end of the 20-day period. The changes in the exfoliating levels of the two enzymes, when analysed in relation to the increases in cell renewal activity, suggested a relationship between sucrase and lactase levels and cell age.", "contents": "Intestinal exfoliated cells in infant diarrhoea: changes in cell renewal and disaccharidase activities. Lactase deficiency, manifested clinically by lactose malabsorption, is often the only biochemical evidence of a residual disturbance of jejunal mucosal function after Escherichia coli enteropathy in the infant. Villous morphology is usually normal. A sustained depression of the processes of biochemical differentiation of lactase biosynthesis has been postulated to explain similar states of lactase deficiency, but a possible influence of altered epithelial cell turnover on the mucosal lactase levels has not been investigated. In ten infants with a residual lactose malabsorption, after E. coli infection, jejunal cell renewal activity and disaccharidase activities were studied by analysis of the exfoliated cells collected by lumenal perfusion. Significant increases in DNA and protein exfoliation and in the brush border activities of sucrase and lactase were observed during recovery from the malabsorptive disturbance. DNA and protein efflux increased almost linearly during a 20-day period. Lactase was initially four times more deficient than sucrase activity in the exfoliated cells. Both enzyme activities increased at almost identical rates. Therefore, it took longer for lactase activity to return to normal levels. The lactase/sucrase ratios approached normal at the end of the 20-day period. The changes in the exfoliating levels of the two enzymes, when analysed in relation to the increases in cell renewal activity, suggested a relationship between sucrase and lactase levels and cell age.", "PMID": 1049554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_291", "title": "Viral gastroenteritis: recent progress, remaining problems.", "content": "Infants and young children are particularly susceptible to a recently identified viral enteritis which is highly contagious and seems both common and universal. In this disease, virus invades the upper intestinal epithelium, causing acute diarrhoea with early fever and vomiting. We studied a similar disease in pigs, infecting three-week-old animals with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE), which also invades the upper intestinal epithelium. In this model, diarrhoea is massive 16-40 hours after infection, when stools contain increased electrolytes but no excess of sugar. In the jejunum of intact pigs at the 40-hour stage we found altered Na+ and water flux, decreased mucosal activities of disaccharidases and Na+, K+-ATPase, but normal adenylate cyclase activity. At the same stage the response of Na+ flux to glucose was blunted in jejunal epithelium studied in Ussing short-circuit chambers and in suspensions of villous cells; Cl- flux responded normally to theophylline, and thymidine kinase and sucrase activities of cells isolated from jejunal villi were similar to those found in crypt cells. Probably by 40 hours after infection most virus has been shed from the mucosa. Viral diarrhoea clearly differs from enterotoxigenic diarrhoea. Consideration of its pathogenesis must take into account the dynamic nature of the mucosal epithelium and the factors governing differentiation of enterocytes as they migrate from crypt to villus. Sufficient information is available now to characterize one specific and apparently prevalent viral enteritis in man and to identify additional viral enteritides. There is hope that preventative therapy can be developed. Our understanding of the mechanisms of viral diarrhoea is limited, but the availability of an animal model and the promise of others makes us optimistic that these deficiencies can be remedied. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis of viral diarrhoea should better the active therapy of affected infants and children.", "contents": "Viral gastroenteritis: recent progress, remaining problems. Infants and young children are particularly susceptible to a recently identified viral enteritis which is highly contagious and seems both common and universal. In this disease, virus invades the upper intestinal epithelium, causing acute diarrhoea with early fever and vomiting. We studied a similar disease in pigs, infecting three-week-old animals with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE), which also invades the upper intestinal epithelium. In this model, diarrhoea is massive 16-40 hours after infection, when stools contain increased electrolytes but no excess of sugar. In the jejunum of intact pigs at the 40-hour stage we found altered Na+ and water flux, decreased mucosal activities of disaccharidases and Na+, K+-ATPase, but normal adenylate cyclase activity. At the same stage the response of Na+ flux to glucose was blunted in jejunal epithelium studied in Ussing short-circuit chambers and in suspensions of villous cells; Cl- flux responded normally to theophylline, and thymidine kinase and sucrase activities of cells isolated from jejunal villi were similar to those found in crypt cells. Probably by 40 hours after infection most virus has been shed from the mucosa. Viral diarrhoea clearly differs from enterotoxigenic diarrhoea. Consideration of its pathogenesis must take into account the dynamic nature of the mucosal epithelium and the factors governing differentiation of enterocytes as they migrate from crypt to villus. Sufficient information is available now to characterize one specific and apparently prevalent viral enteritis in man and to identify additional viral enteritides. There is hope that preventative therapy can be developed. Our understanding of the mechanisms of viral diarrhoea is limited, but the availability of an animal model and the promise of others makes us optimistic that these deficiencies can be remedied. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis of viral diarrhoea should better the active therapy of affected infants and children.", "PMID": 1049555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_292", "title": "Breast-feeding, weaning and the diarrhoeal syndrome in a Guatemalan Indian village.", "content": "Prospective studies in Mayan Indian children living in their natural setting were carried out from 1964 through 1974; observations began at birth and extended at least throughout the first three years of life. Adequate growth and survival were characteristic of exclusively breast-fed infants in the first months of life. Despite the high rate of infection, children exhibited a considerable resistance to intestinal protozoa, enterobacteriaceae and enteric viruses. Resistance against colonic invaders is attributed to the bifidus flora, and that against agents acting in the small bowel, to specific antibodies present in colostrum and milk. Diarrhoeal disease was least in this period and increased with weaning to reach maximum peaks at the time of weaning. The protracted weaning consisted of progressive administration of foods of low biological value given under deficient sanitary conditions. The nutrient value of the diet as a function of the child's weight was adequate in protein but in most cases it was markedly deficient in calories. Infectious diseases, particularly diarrhoea, were found associated with pronounced reductions in the already deficient calorie intake. Infection and infectious disease were common particularly during the first 6 to 18 months of life. Weight loss was a frequent finding during and after episodes of disease. The consequence of the malnutrition-infection interaction is a marked stunting of growth, clearly evident from examination of the growth curves of village children. Nutrient intake did not correlate with growth velocity. By contrast, the duration of breast-feeding was strongly associated with growth in the linear segment of the curve, while in the period of faster growth the correlation was inverse. On the other hand, morbidity was inversely correlated with calorie and protein intake and this was more obvious in the second than in the first year of life. The data indicate that infection is one of the leading factors associated with reduced calorie (and protein) intakes during the critical period of onset of malnutrition and mortality in childhood. By preventing infection, particularly diarrhoea, the food intake, nutrition and growth of children could be significantly improved.", "contents": "Breast-feeding, weaning and the diarrhoeal syndrome in a Guatemalan Indian village. Prospective studies in Mayan Indian children living in their natural setting were carried out from 1964 through 1974; observations began at birth and extended at least throughout the first three years of life. Adequate growth and survival were characteristic of exclusively breast-fed infants in the first months of life. Despite the high rate of infection, children exhibited a considerable resistance to intestinal protozoa, enterobacteriaceae and enteric viruses. Resistance against colonic invaders is attributed to the bifidus flora, and that against agents acting in the small bowel, to specific antibodies present in colostrum and milk. Diarrhoeal disease was least in this period and increased with weaning to reach maximum peaks at the time of weaning. The protracted weaning consisted of progressive administration of foods of low biological value given under deficient sanitary conditions. The nutrient value of the diet as a function of the child's weight was adequate in protein but in most cases it was markedly deficient in calories. Infectious diseases, particularly diarrhoea, were found associated with pronounced reductions in the already deficient calorie intake. Infection and infectious disease were common particularly during the first 6 to 18 months of life. Weight loss was a frequent finding during and after episodes of disease. The consequence of the malnutrition-infection interaction is a marked stunting of growth, clearly evident from examination of the growth curves of village children. Nutrient intake did not correlate with growth velocity. By contrast, the duration of breast-feeding was strongly associated with growth in the linear segment of the curve, while in the period of faster growth the correlation was inverse. On the other hand, morbidity was inversely correlated with calorie and protein intake and this was more obvious in the second than in the first year of life. The data indicate that infection is one of the leading factors associated with reduced calorie (and protein) intakes during the critical period of onset of malnutrition and mortality in childhood. By preventing infection, particularly diarrhoea, the food intake, nutrition and growth of children could be significantly improved.", "PMID": 1049556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_293", "title": "[Attempted suicide in L\u00fcbeck 1947-1968, data and tendencies (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of 2937 case notes of patients admitted for attempted suicide to the department in L\u00fcbeck between 1947 and 1968. This series can be seen as resentative for the L\u00fcbeck region. During this period the number of cases has increased about fourfold and has been rising since. Mortality could be reduced to 3% or below. Earlier typical differences between the sexes have since approached each other so that in the end men and women showed the same increase by age during the third decennium. Women were admitted significantly more frequently than men. Drugs, particularly sleeping pills and transquilizers, have greatly increased in suicide attempta. Earlier attempts occurred in 30% of cases. Measured by additional diagnoses, the morbidity of the series lay be 44.8%.", "contents": "[Attempted suicide in L\u00fcbeck 1947-1968, data and tendencies (author's transl)]. Evaluation of 2937 case notes of patients admitted for attempted suicide to the department in L\u00fcbeck between 1947 and 1968. This series can be seen as resentative for the L\u00fcbeck region. During this period the number of cases has increased about fourfold and has been rising since. Mortality could be reduced to 3% or below. Earlier typical differences between the sexes have since approached each other so that in the end men and women showed the same increase by age during the third decennium. Women were admitted significantly more frequently than men. Drugs, particularly sleeping pills and transquilizers, have greatly increased in suicide attempta. Earlier attempts occurred in 30% of cases. Measured by additional diagnoses, the morbidity of the series lay be 44.8%.", "PMID": 1049557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_294", "title": "[Origin and treatment of the hypokalemic paresis (author's transl)].", "content": "The abuse of laxatives and a prolonged treatment with diuretics has to be brought into consideration as the most common cause for renal or intestinal loss of potassium. Besides characteristical alterations at the E.C.G. and besides intestinal disturbances there do occur again and again acute, life-threatening aspects of cases connected with tetraplegias and a respiratory failure. By means of 3 cases from our hospital and 27 casuistics in literature symptomatology and dynamic in the development of hypokaliemia is discussed. The mean of potassium in the serum of the 16 patients, those having quadriplegias, ran up to 1,7 mval/l (range 1,4-2,5). Paralysis develops peracutely in 4 of the cases within hours and in 12 of the cases within days. In the anamnesis symptoms of adynamia could be traced with nearly every patient. A functional psychosis (reversible physically founded psychosis) couldn't be detected in any of the cases. With the help of a administration of potassium one could achieve a total retrogression of the symptoms. Besides this a normalisation of the acide-base equilibrium is required because of a metabolic alkalosis, detectable in most of the cases.", "contents": "[Origin and treatment of the hypokalemic paresis (author's transl)]. The abuse of laxatives and a prolonged treatment with diuretics has to be brought into consideration as the most common cause for renal or intestinal loss of potassium. Besides characteristical alterations at the E.C.G. and besides intestinal disturbances there do occur again and again acute, life-threatening aspects of cases connected with tetraplegias and a respiratory failure. By means of 3 cases from our hospital and 27 casuistics in literature symptomatology and dynamic in the development of hypokaliemia is discussed. The mean of potassium in the serum of the 16 patients, those having quadriplegias, ran up to 1,7 mval/l (range 1,4-2,5). Paralysis develops peracutely in 4 of the cases within hours and in 12 of the cases within days. In the anamnesis symptoms of adynamia could be traced with nearly every patient. A functional psychosis (reversible physically founded psychosis) couldn't be detected in any of the cases. With the help of a administration of potassium one could achieve a total retrogression of the symptoms. Besides this a normalisation of the acide-base equilibrium is required because of a metabolic alkalosis, detectable in most of the cases.", "PMID": 1049558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_295", "title": "[Interaction of phsychologic and somatic factors in headache (author's transl)].", "content": "It appears that a uniform \"psychosomatic headache\" does not exist. This is due to 1. the variety of phenomenology, 2. the variety of causes and 3. the variety of results in the psychodiagnostic and psychotherapeutic field. Analysis of the factors active in headache was attempted in a field study and on the basis of a systematic survey of many years of clinical experience. Within the framework of the concept of multifactorial causation of headaches we found 3 particularly important factors: vasolability, depression and the cervical spine. From the psychodynamic situation disturbing factors appear to be able to produce or maintain headache in this way. Physical examination by itself without taking psychodynamics into account will have to be called just as incomplete as an approach based exclusively on depth psychology alone. The questions on endogeneicity versus exogenicity have to be thought about both from points of phenomenology and individual analysis of the psychodynamic background of every patient, as part of a complex concept of treatment. Headache as an early sign of schizophrenia is rare but should not be forgotten. Among the many factors causing headache it is by no means always clear what is cause and what effect. Often there appears to be interaction which continues in the end autonomously or increases. It has been described on the example of the painspiral in the region of the cervical spine. For diagnosis we try to determine the various pathogenic factors via an anterospective program of examination. This will serve as the basis for our \"targetted polypragmasia\" i.e. we attempt to influence at one and the same time many of the factors which have been recognized as pathogenic. Drugtherapy apart we favor somatic vegetative stimulation. The results of our field study (strong preponderance of headaches among the non-manual professions together with clinical experience) support our view that in this way we enter an etiologically highly effective circuit. The effectiveness of phsychotherapy lies for the greater number of headache-patients within the zone of initial clearance, less in the direct action on the syndrome of pain. As main therapy psychotherapy has proved effective only in individual cases of predominantly psychogenic headache. We could also discuss the role of neuroleptic sleep cures which soothe psychologically and act also biochemically. No short-cuts and no sound simple prescriptions for the treatment of headache could be given. But the author hopes to have contributed to understanding of a complex field which may result in multi-layered but also clearly defined factors and their more effective therapy.", "contents": "[Interaction of phsychologic and somatic factors in headache (author's transl)]. It appears that a uniform \"psychosomatic headache\" does not exist. This is due to 1. the variety of phenomenology, 2. the variety of causes and 3. the variety of results in the psychodiagnostic and psychotherapeutic field. Analysis of the factors active in headache was attempted in a field study and on the basis of a systematic survey of many years of clinical experience. Within the framework of the concept of multifactorial causation of headaches we found 3 particularly important factors: vasolability, depression and the cervical spine. From the psychodynamic situation disturbing factors appear to be able to produce or maintain headache in this way. Physical examination by itself without taking psychodynamics into account will have to be called just as incomplete as an approach based exclusively on depth psychology alone. The questions on endogeneicity versus exogenicity have to be thought about both from points of phenomenology and individual analysis of the psychodynamic background of every patient, as part of a complex concept of treatment. Headache as an early sign of schizophrenia is rare but should not be forgotten. Among the many factors causing headache it is by no means always clear what is cause and what effect. Often there appears to be interaction which continues in the end autonomously or increases. It has been described on the example of the painspiral in the region of the cervical spine. For diagnosis we try to determine the various pathogenic factors via an anterospective program of examination. This will serve as the basis for our \"targetted polypragmasia\" i.e. we attempt to influence at one and the same time many of the factors which have been recognized as pathogenic. Drugtherapy apart we favor somatic vegetative stimulation. The results of our field study (strong preponderance of headaches among the non-manual professions together with clinical experience) support our view that in this way we enter an etiologically highly effective circuit. The effectiveness of phsychotherapy lies for the greater number of headache-patients within the zone of initial clearance, less in the direct action on the syndrome of pain. As main therapy psychotherapy has proved effective only in individual cases of predominantly psychogenic headache. We could also discuss the role of neuroleptic sleep cures which soothe psychologically and act also biochemically. No short-cuts and no sound simple prescriptions for the treatment of headache could be given. But the author hopes to have contributed to understanding of a complex field which may result in multi-layered but also clearly defined factors and their more effective therapy.", "PMID": 1049559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_296", "title": "[Atypical symptoms in spinal tumors--peripheral and pseudoperipheral symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "Sciatic symptoms and positive sciatic findings may represent a leading, but at the same time missleading symptom of a spinal tumor in every possible level for months and years ahead. The study of literature--so far scarcely taken notice of in German speaking Countries--as well as own observations lead to an organisation or array of the atypical symptoms, i.e. remote symptoms of tumors above the 12th thoracic vertebra shown as predominantly \"central pseudoperipheral sciatica\", more rare general peripheral findings in the lumbosacral region due to early tumoral irritation of the spinothalamic tract or the dorsal funiculi or congestional changes of the spinal fluid as well in the vascular apparatus. Tumors below the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra show an almost indistinguishable mixture of remote and local symptoms of the above nature preceeding typical clinical tumor manifestations.", "contents": "[Atypical symptoms in spinal tumors--peripheral and pseudoperipheral symptoms (author's transl)]. Sciatic symptoms and positive sciatic findings may represent a leading, but at the same time missleading symptom of a spinal tumor in every possible level for months and years ahead. The study of literature--so far scarcely taken notice of in German speaking Countries--as well as own observations lead to an organisation or array of the atypical symptoms, i.e. remote symptoms of tumors above the 12th thoracic vertebra shown as predominantly \"central pseudoperipheral sciatica\", more rare general peripheral findings in the lumbosacral region due to early tumoral irritation of the spinothalamic tract or the dorsal funiculi or congestional changes of the spinal fluid as well in the vascular apparatus. Tumors below the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra show an almost indistinguishable mixture of remote and local symptoms of the above nature preceeding typical clinical tumor manifestations.", "PMID": 1049560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_297", "title": "[An important cause of shoulder-pain: the \"incisura scapulae syndrome\" (author's transl)].", "content": "Analysis of 124 of the author's cases shows that an isolated mechanical compression of the suprascapular nerve lies often at the bottom of shoulder pain without obvious cause. The term \"incisura scapulae syndrome\" is recommended. Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this tunnel-syndrome are described in detail.", "contents": "[An important cause of shoulder-pain: the \"incisura scapulae syndrome\" (author's transl)]. Analysis of 124 of the author's cases shows that an isolated mechanical compression of the suprascapular nerve lies often at the bottom of shoulder pain without obvious cause. The term \"incisura scapulae syndrome\" is recommended. Causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this tunnel-syndrome are described in detail.", "PMID": 1049561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_298", "title": "[Continuing registration of muscle temperature during electromyography].", "content": "Measurements of muscle temperature were performed during and after contractions of human skeletal muscle using an electromyography-needle-electrode, which contains a thermo-element. The investigations aimed at explaining a drop in temperature during contraction, earlier described, and getting some aspects of possible employment of temperature measurements carried out simultaneously with electromyography. 1. The course of temperature during contraction (increase or decrease) depends on the heat of contraction, blood flow through muscle, penetration depth of the thermoelement, gradient of temperature and efficacy of a compression of blood vessels. It results from a superimposition of the single effects. 2. A decrease in temperature in various extremity muscles during contraction is explained by a compression of blood vessles caused by the shortening of muscle, as described earlier by other authors. 3. The interpretation of temperature curves, especially the quantitative interpretation, becomes very uncertain because of various sources of error. A differentiation between muscle heat and influence of blood flow is not sufficiently possible. 4. Nevertheless measurements carried out under conditions of disturbed blood supply, myopathies and polyneuropathies consistent with experiments performed during cooling and warming muscle in a water-bath, causing a reactive hyperemia or a defective circulation by using a blood pressure instrument show that changes in blood circulation are expressed by changes in temperature curves. Measurements carried out simultaneously on agonists and antagonists show satisfactorily the contrary changes in blood circulation known from the literature.", "contents": "[Continuing registration of muscle temperature during electromyography]. Measurements of muscle temperature were performed during and after contractions of human skeletal muscle using an electromyography-needle-electrode, which contains a thermo-element. The investigations aimed at explaining a drop in temperature during contraction, earlier described, and getting some aspects of possible employment of temperature measurements carried out simultaneously with electromyography. 1. The course of temperature during contraction (increase or decrease) depends on the heat of contraction, blood flow through muscle, penetration depth of the thermoelement, gradient of temperature and efficacy of a compression of blood vessels. It results from a superimposition of the single effects. 2. A decrease in temperature in various extremity muscles during contraction is explained by a compression of blood vessles caused by the shortening of muscle, as described earlier by other authors. 3. The interpretation of temperature curves, especially the quantitative interpretation, becomes very uncertain because of various sources of error. A differentiation between muscle heat and influence of blood flow is not sufficiently possible. 4. Nevertheless measurements carried out under conditions of disturbed blood supply, myopathies and polyneuropathies consistent with experiments performed during cooling and warming muscle in a water-bath, causing a reactive hyperemia or a defective circulation by using a blood pressure instrument show that changes in blood circulation are expressed by changes in temperature curves. Measurements carried out simultaneously on agonists and antagonists show satisfactorily the contrary changes in blood circulation known from the literature.", "PMID": 1049562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_299", "title": "[Clinical electrodiagnostic findings in peroneal muscular atrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "43 patients and 27 relatives suffering from a hypertrophic type of peroneal muscular atrophy have been examined. Following the classification of peroneal muscular atrophy by Dyck and Lambert early age of onset and considerable reduction of nerve conduction velocity served as criteria for allotting them to the hypertrophic type. In all patients a typical deformity of the foot developed before the age of 10. Among the relatives there were some without this deformity and with only slight clinical signs. Assessing consistency and thickness of peripheral nerves by palpation proved difficult and unreliable. These findings also varied considerably between members of one family. The motor nerve conduction velocity was less than one half of the normal on average. Even those patients with only minor clinical signs had a nerve conduction velocity reduced by one fifth. In about 60% of the patients there was dominant inheritance, in 3 it was recessive and in about one third nothing was known. 10 of the patients without dominant inheritance had rather severe neurologic disturbance and a kyphoscoliosis. Whether this is hypertrophic neuritis of Dejerine und Sottas is discussed. Data form the literature differ. Another common type of peroneal muscular atrophy is the neuronal type. In contrast to the hypertrophic type it generally begins in adults and nerve conduction velocity is hardly affected.", "contents": "[Clinical electrodiagnostic findings in peroneal muscular atrophy (author's transl)]. 43 patients and 27 relatives suffering from a hypertrophic type of peroneal muscular atrophy have been examined. Following the classification of peroneal muscular atrophy by Dyck and Lambert early age of onset and considerable reduction of nerve conduction velocity served as criteria for allotting them to the hypertrophic type. In all patients a typical deformity of the foot developed before the age of 10. Among the relatives there were some without this deformity and with only slight clinical signs. Assessing consistency and thickness of peripheral nerves by palpation proved difficult and unreliable. These findings also varied considerably between members of one family. The motor nerve conduction velocity was less than one half of the normal on average. Even those patients with only minor clinical signs had a nerve conduction velocity reduced by one fifth. In about 60% of the patients there was dominant inheritance, in 3 it was recessive and in about one third nothing was known. 10 of the patients without dominant inheritance had rather severe neurologic disturbance and a kyphoscoliosis. Whether this is hypertrophic neuritis of Dejerine und Sottas is discussed. Data form the literature differ. Another common type of peroneal muscular atrophy is the neuronal type. In contrast to the hypertrophic type it generally begins in adults and nerve conduction velocity is hardly affected.", "PMID": 1049563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_300", "title": "Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus paraphrophilus laryngo-epiglottitis.", "content": "A case of life-threatening laryngo-epiglottitis is reported, caused by ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus paraphrophilus. Clinicians and microbiologists should be aware of a beta-lactamase-mediated resistance among Haemophilus species other than H. influenzae.", "contents": "Ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus paraphrophilus laryngo-epiglottitis. A case of life-threatening laryngo-epiglottitis is reported, caused by ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus paraphrophilus. Clinicians and microbiologists should be aware of a beta-lactamase-mediated resistance among Haemophilus species other than H. influenzae.", "PMID": 1049588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_301", "title": "Preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of a tool for the assessment of body position and motor activity.", "content": "A recently developed tool which symbolically records body position, gross motor activity, and the intensity of this activity has potential for use in a variety of settings. To examine the instrument for interrater reliability and validity, activity of 14 children engaged in normal play was observed and recorded by two raters. Scores obtained were compared to actometer scores. The technique, it was concluded, is a reliable and sensitive method of assessing and recording changes in body position and activity levels which warrants further study in other situations.", "contents": "Preliminary investigation of the reliability and validity of a tool for the assessment of body position and motor activity. A recently developed tool which symbolically records body position, gross motor activity, and the intensity of this activity has potential for use in a variety of settings. To examine the instrument for interrater reliability and validity, activity of 14 children engaged in normal play was observed and recorded by two raters. Scores obtained were compared to actometer scores. The technique, it was concluded, is a reliable and sensitive method of assessing and recording changes in body position and activity levels which warrants further study in other situations.", "PMID": 1049855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_302", "title": "Changes in nursing students' stereotypic attitudes toward old people.", "content": "The twofold purpose of this study was to determine if: 1) student stereotyped attitudes toward old people would diminish during an eight-week introduction to a professional nursing course which featured laboratory and classroom components on health-illness concepts in the care of geriatric patients, and 2) changes in student attitude toward the aged were related to instructor attitude toward old people. Eighty nursing students were randomly assigned to ten faculty members for experimental treatment which consisted of nursing home laboratory experiences and within-group interaction and instruction. Students were pre- and posttested using the Attitude toward Old People Questionnaire. The same instrument was used to assess instructors' attitudes at the beginning of the course. Results revealed that students' stereotypic attitudes were decreased during the course and that the amount of change in student attitude was functionally related to faculty attitude toward the aged.", "contents": "Changes in nursing students' stereotypic attitudes toward old people. The twofold purpose of this study was to determine if: 1) student stereotyped attitudes toward old people would diminish during an eight-week introduction to a professional nursing course which featured laboratory and classroom components on health-illness concepts in the care of geriatric patients, and 2) changes in student attitude toward the aged were related to instructor attitude toward old people. Eighty nursing students were randomly assigned to ten faculty members for experimental treatment which consisted of nursing home laboratory experiences and within-group interaction and instruction. Students were pre- and posttested using the Attitude toward Old People Questionnaire. The same instrument was used to assess instructors' attitudes at the beginning of the course. Results revealed that students' stereotypic attitudes were decreased during the course and that the amount of change in student attitude was functionally related to faculty attitude toward the aged.", "PMID": 1049856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_303", "title": "Health needs of the elderly.", "content": "Elderly residents in two high-rise apartments in Erie, Pennsylvania, were surveyed to identify health needs in this type of congregate dwelling. Responses to a 20-item structured questionnaire were analyzed in relation to health condition, physical functioning, and access to medical care. When the elderly surveyed were divided into subsamples of males living alone, females living alone, and pairs, some differences were found. For example, females living alone had most difficulty in ambulatory activities (physical functioning) and 24.3 percent of the total elderly surveyed were not well in health condition. Recommendations included: A nurse practitioner could assess their health status at a specified health center or in their own apartments. Community groups or a home health aide could provide assistance for the 32 percent of the elderly surveyed who indicated difficulty with physical functioning activities. For the 11.7 percent who reported no access to medical care, a counseling or referral service monitored by a health professional could be provided.", "contents": "Health needs of the elderly. Elderly residents in two high-rise apartments in Erie, Pennsylvania, were surveyed to identify health needs in this type of congregate dwelling. Responses to a 20-item structured questionnaire were analyzed in relation to health condition, physical functioning, and access to medical care. When the elderly surveyed were divided into subsamples of males living alone, females living alone, and pairs, some differences were found. For example, females living alone had most difficulty in ambulatory activities (physical functioning) and 24.3 percent of the total elderly surveyed were not well in health condition. Recommendations included: A nurse practitioner could assess their health status at a specified health center or in their own apartments. Community groups or a home health aide could provide assistance for the 32 percent of the elderly surveyed who indicated difficulty with physical functioning activities. For the 11.7 percent who reported no access to medical care, a counseling or referral service monitored by a health professional could be provided.", "PMID": 1049857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_304", "title": "Children's retention of dental hygiene instruction. Report of a pilot study.", "content": "Following three days of instruction in dental hygiene regarding correct brushing, plaque control, and nutrition, 23 hospitalized children between 4 and 13 significantly (p less than .05) improved practices in plaque control and brushing.", "contents": "Children's retention of dental hygiene instruction. Report of a pilot study. Following three days of instruction in dental hygiene regarding correct brushing, plaque control, and nutrition, 23 hospitalized children between 4 and 13 significantly (p less than .05) improved practices in plaque control and brushing.", "PMID": 1049861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_305", "title": "Empathy training as the major thrust of a staff development program.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to develop a human-relations-modeled staff development program and obtain an objective measure of the level of empathy of registered nurses who practiced in an acute- and chronic-care hospital. The short-term human-relations-modeled staff development program was designed specifically to assist nurses who scored low in empathy to increase their abilities to perceive and respond with greater empathy. The study indicated that all nurses tested possessed an extremely low level of empathy, that the staff development program significantly raised their levels of empathy, but that more training was needed to enable all or the majority of subjects to reach at least the minimal facilitative level necessary to help another person successfully.", "contents": "Empathy training as the major thrust of a staff development program. The purpose of the study was to develop a human-relations-modeled staff development program and obtain an objective measure of the level of empathy of registered nurses who practiced in an acute- and chronic-care hospital. The short-term human-relations-modeled staff development program was designed specifically to assist nurses who scored low in empathy to increase their abilities to perceive and respond with greater empathy. The study indicated that all nurses tested possessed an extremely low level of empathy, that the staff development program significantly raised their levels of empathy, but that more training was needed to enable all or the majority of subjects to reach at least the minimal facilitative level necessary to help another person successfully.", "PMID": 1049860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_306", "title": "Effect of nursing reassurance on patient vocal stress levels.", "content": "To compare effect of two types of nursing reassurances on patient anxiety or stress, as measured vocally by the Psychological Stress Evaluator, 23 subjects with confirmed pregnancies were interviewed by two registered nurses regarding their concerns about hospitalization. Each subject served as her own control. Vocal stress was measured from audiotapes of the nurse-subject interactions. Fourteen subjects; received \"knowledgeable\" (R2) reassurance; nine received \"superficial\" (R1) reassurance. Both types of nursing reassurances seemed to be effective with regard to vocal stress patterns. Three subjects who received knowledgeable reassurance showed decreased vocal stress: no subjects who received superficialreassurance showed decrease. There were no significant differences in the interaction length among the three groups of vocal stress patterns of subjects who received knowledgeable reassurance or between the two groups who received superficial reassurance. The data suggested that differences in vocal stress did not result from more or less talking by the subjects. Distribution of vocal stress changes observed in both types of reassurance led to investigation of the patient variable of denial as a possible explanation for the reason why knowledgeable reassurance was associated with increases in vocal stress for some subjects. The results that knowledgeable reassurance may be more beneficial regarding the reduction of stress than superficial reassurance, but only for subjects who do not utilize denial or avoidance as a coping mechanism. The study indicated that, for the majority, one of the benefits of academically promulgated knowledgeable reassurance is probably not the immediate reduction of subject anxiety or stress.", "contents": "Effect of nursing reassurance on patient vocal stress levels. To compare effect of two types of nursing reassurances on patient anxiety or stress, as measured vocally by the Psychological Stress Evaluator, 23 subjects with confirmed pregnancies were interviewed by two registered nurses regarding their concerns about hospitalization. Each subject served as her own control. Vocal stress was measured from audiotapes of the nurse-subject interactions. Fourteen subjects; received \"knowledgeable\" (R2) reassurance; nine received \"superficial\" (R1) reassurance. Both types of nursing reassurances seemed to be effective with regard to vocal stress patterns. Three subjects who received knowledgeable reassurance showed decreased vocal stress: no subjects who received superficialreassurance showed decrease. There were no significant differences in the interaction length among the three groups of vocal stress patterns of subjects who received knowledgeable reassurance or between the two groups who received superficial reassurance. The data suggested that differences in vocal stress did not result from more or less talking by the subjects. Distribution of vocal stress changes observed in both types of reassurance led to investigation of the patient variable of denial as a possible explanation for the reason why knowledgeable reassurance was associated with increases in vocal stress for some subjects. The results that knowledgeable reassurance may be more beneficial regarding the reduction of stress than superficial reassurance, but only for subjects who do not utilize denial or avoidance as a coping mechanism. The study indicated that, for the majority, one of the benefits of academically promulgated knowledgeable reassurance is probably not the immediate reduction of subject anxiety or stress.", "PMID": 1049859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_307", "title": "The chronotherapy of corticosteroids: practical application of chronobiologic findings to nursing.", "content": "In this paper evidence is presented pointing to the significance of when to treat along with why, what, and how much. Because of the circadian organization of the pituitary-adrenal axis, the long-term management of steroid-dependent patients must recognize and take into consideration the advantages of chronotherapy with corticosteroids. Thus, when corticosteroids are administered either daily or on alternate days, adrenal suppression and possibly growth disturbance can be minimized by timing to the circadian crest in adrenocortical function. As more findings are accumulated from ongoing and planned investigations, it can be expected that in the near future chronotherapeutics will become established in the practice of clinical and hospital nursing.", "contents": "The chronotherapy of corticosteroids: practical application of chronobiologic findings to nursing. In this paper evidence is presented pointing to the significance of when to treat along with why, what, and how much. Because of the circadian organization of the pituitary-adrenal axis, the long-term management of steroid-dependent patients must recognize and take into consideration the advantages of chronotherapy with corticosteroids. Thus, when corticosteroids are administered either daily or on alternate days, adrenal suppression and possibly growth disturbance can be minimized by timing to the circadian crest in adrenocortical function. As more findings are accumulated from ongoing and planned investigations, it can be expected that in the near future chronotherapeutics will become established in the practice of clinical and hospital nursing.", "PMID": 1049887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_308", "title": "Amputation: two views.", "content": "It has been over one year now since his surgery, and Allen has returned to school and work, ambulating on his prosthesis most of the time. As his phantom limb pain decreased and his proficiency in walking increased, his acceptance of his amputation has been demonstrated in his comments and references to himself and his relations with others. As he states, the more comfortable he is about his amputation, the easier it is for others to accept and relate to him. This, I think, is the key to approaching that final stage of acceptance mentioned earlier. The more we can help our patients accept their amputation initially by supporting them through this crisis period, the easier it will be for them to relate to others and grow emotionally from these relationships.", "contents": "Amputation: two views. It has been over one year now since his surgery, and Allen has returned to school and work, ambulating on his prosthesis most of the time. As his phantom limb pain decreased and his proficiency in walking increased, his acceptance of his amputation has been demonstrated in his comments and references to himself and his relations with others. As he states, the more comfortable he is about his amputation, the easier it is for others to accept and relate to him. This, I think, is the key to approaching that final stage of acceptance mentioned earlier. The more we can help our patients accept their amputation initially by supporting them through this crisis period, the easier it will be for them to relate to others and grow emotionally from these relationships.", "PMID": 1049891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_309", "title": "Rehabilitation of the patient with a lower extremity amputation.", "content": "Preservation of life is an incomplete and inadequate objective for the lower extremity amputee. A comprehensive rehabilitation program must be designed to meet his individual needs. This is the responsibility of the professional community that purports to treat disease and maintain the health of the population. The multidisciplinary team functions in a coordinated effort to identify and resolve the amputee's problems, and to establish realistic goals during each phase of his rehabilitation program. The rehabilitation process begins when the prospective LE amputee is identified and continues until he has achieved optimal independence; that is, he has learned to cope with his disability within the boundaries of his normal environment.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of the patient with a lower extremity amputation. Preservation of life is an incomplete and inadequate objective for the lower extremity amputee. A comprehensive rehabilitation program must be designed to meet his individual needs. This is the responsibility of the professional community that purports to treat disease and maintain the health of the population. The multidisciplinary team functions in a coordinated effort to identify and resolve the amputee's problems, and to establish realistic goals during each phase of his rehabilitation program. The rehabilitation process begins when the prospective LE amputee is identified and continues until he has achieved optimal independence; that is, he has learned to cope with his disability within the boundaries of his normal environment.", "PMID": 1049892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_310", "title": "Nursing care of the patient in a cast brace.", "content": "To establish realistic outcomes and formulate workable nursing care plans for the patient in a cast brace, the nurse must understand the concept of cast bracing, the patient's response to the injury and previous treatee is often the most persistent problem, and vigilant observations along with supportive care may prevent the skin from breaking down and the patient from becoming discouraged. Since the purpose of cast brace treatment is to hasten healing, maintain knee and hip joint function, and shorten the rehabilitation period, the smooth progression of activity and prevention of problems due to the cast brace are priorities.", "contents": "Nursing care of the patient in a cast brace. To establish realistic outcomes and formulate workable nursing care plans for the patient in a cast brace, the nurse must understand the concept of cast bracing, the patient's response to the injury and previous treatee is often the most persistent problem, and vigilant observations along with supportive care may prevent the skin from breaking down and the patient from becoming discouraged. Since the purpose of cast brace treatment is to hasten healing, maintain knee and hip joint function, and shorten the rehabilitation period, the smooth progression of activity and prevention of problems due to the cast brace are priorities.", "PMID": 1049899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_311", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of the placenta of the ewe: phagocytosis of erythrocytes by the chorionic epithelium at the central depression of the cotyledon.", "content": "Extravasated maternal blood, which escapes from capillaries and larger blood vessels within the tips of the maternal septa, is responsible for the characteristic pigmentation of the central depression of the ovine cotyledon in the last third of pregnancy. The chorionic epithelium of this region is actively engaged in the uptake and subsequent breakdown of maternal erythrocytes, which may represent an important source of iron for the foetus during the period of maximum intra-uterine growth.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of the placenta of the ewe: phagocytosis of erythrocytes by the chorionic epithelium at the central depression of the cotyledon. Extravasated maternal blood, which escapes from capillaries and larger blood vessels within the tips of the maternal septa, is responsible for the characteristic pigmentation of the central depression of the ovine cotyledon in the last third of pregnancy. The chorionic epithelium of this region is actively engaged in the uptake and subsequent breakdown of maternal erythrocytes, which may represent an important source of iron for the foetus during the period of maximum intra-uterine growth.", "PMID": 1050016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_312", "title": "Changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate and haematocrit during acute hyperkalaemia in conscious sheep.", "content": "The systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, heart rate and haematocrit were measured at 15 minute intervals before, during and after 2 hour infusions of 0-4 mol.l-1 NaCl at 2-2 ml min-1 into conscious intact sheep and 0-4 mol. l-1 KCl at 2-2 ml. min-1 into conscious sheep which were either intact or adrenalectomized. The haemotocrit was also measured in splenectomized sheep receiving 0-4 mol. l-1 KCl. The NaCl infusion had no significant effect on blood pressure(BP), heart rate and haematocrit. Both intact and adrenalectomized sheep were able to withstand an increase in plasma potassium concentration in excess of 50% of the preinfusion concentration before any substantial fall in BP occurred. In intact and adrenalectomized sheep, heart rate and haematocrit increased rapidly and progressively throughout the potassium infusions and at maximum plasma potassium concentration the mean increments in these parameters for both groups of sheep were 21-6+/-2-69 beats/min and 7-5+/-0-47% respectively. Heart rate and haematocrit were more closely correlated with the plasma potassium concentration than with any other variable measured in these experiments. Adrenalectomy did not reduce the ability of the sheep to maintain their BP or to increase their heart rate and haematocrit. As the mean increase in haematocrit during potassium infusion into splenectomized sheep was 1-3+/-0-45% most of the increase in haematocrit observed in the potassium-infused intact and adrenalectomized sheep was caused by ejection of red cells from the spleen into the circulation.", "contents": "Changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate and haematocrit during acute hyperkalaemia in conscious sheep. The systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, heart rate and haematocrit were measured at 15 minute intervals before, during and after 2 hour infusions of 0-4 mol.l-1 NaCl at 2-2 ml min-1 into conscious intact sheep and 0-4 mol. l-1 KCl at 2-2 ml. min-1 into conscious sheep which were either intact or adrenalectomized. The haemotocrit was also measured in splenectomized sheep receiving 0-4 mol. l-1 KCl. The NaCl infusion had no significant effect on blood pressure(BP), heart rate and haematocrit. Both intact and adrenalectomized sheep were able to withstand an increase in plasma potassium concentration in excess of 50% of the preinfusion concentration before any substantial fall in BP occurred. In intact and adrenalectomized sheep, heart rate and haematocrit increased rapidly and progressively throughout the potassium infusions and at maximum plasma potassium concentration the mean increments in these parameters for both groups of sheep were 21-6+/-2-69 beats/min and 7-5+/-0-47% respectively. Heart rate and haematocrit were more closely correlated with the plasma potassium concentration than with any other variable measured in these experiments. Adrenalectomy did not reduce the ability of the sheep to maintain their BP or to increase their heart rate and haematocrit. As the mean increase in haematocrit during potassium infusion into splenectomized sheep was 1-3+/-0-45% most of the increase in haematocrit observed in the potassium-infused intact and adrenalectomized sheep was caused by ejection of red cells from the spleen into the circulation.", "PMID": 1050017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_313", "title": "The effect of intravenous infusion of hyperosmotic sodium and potassium chloride solutions on cephalic blood flow in conscious sheep.", "content": "The rate of flow of plasma and blood through the head of conscious sheep was measured before, during and after the intravenous infusion of 1 mol. 1(-1) NaCl and 1 mol. 1(-1) KCl at 0-8--1-0 ml. min-1 for 2 hours. The plasma flow was estimated by indicator-dilution technique using sodium para-aminohippurate which was shown to be a satisfactory indicator substance. Short periods of rumination were found to cause marked increases in cephalic blood flow. The infusion of hyperosmotic sodium chloride caused no consistent changes in the rates of cephalic plasma flow and blood flow. During potassium infusion plasma and blood flows increased as the plasma potassium concentration increased up to approximately 6 mmol.1(-1). Further increases in plasma potassium concentration were associated with a progressive return of these flow rates to or below the pre-infusion levels. This pattern of change in the rate of plasma flow through the head of the sheep was very similar to that previously reported for renal plasma flow during hyperkalaemia in conscious sheep. At its maximum the cephalic plasma flow was 1-163+/-0-029 (S.E. of mean) times the pre-infusion flow rate. Cephalic blood flow tended to reach maximum rates at slightly higher plasma potassium concentrations and thereafter, to fall more slowly than the plasma flow due to concomitant increases in haematocrit. Maximum cephalic blood flow was 1-176+/-0-032 times the pre-infusion flow rate. The lowest rates of cephalic plasma and blood flow occurred during the first 30 minutes following cessation of potassium infusion.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous infusion of hyperosmotic sodium and potassium chloride solutions on cephalic blood flow in conscious sheep. The rate of flow of plasma and blood through the head of conscious sheep was measured before, during and after the intravenous infusion of 1 mol. 1(-1) NaCl and 1 mol. 1(-1) KCl at 0-8--1-0 ml. min-1 for 2 hours. The plasma flow was estimated by indicator-dilution technique using sodium para-aminohippurate which was shown to be a satisfactory indicator substance. Short periods of rumination were found to cause marked increases in cephalic blood flow. The infusion of hyperosmotic sodium chloride caused no consistent changes in the rates of cephalic plasma flow and blood flow. During potassium infusion plasma and blood flows increased as the plasma potassium concentration increased up to approximately 6 mmol.1(-1). Further increases in plasma potassium concentration were associated with a progressive return of these flow rates to or below the pre-infusion levels. This pattern of change in the rate of plasma flow through the head of the sheep was very similar to that previously reported for renal plasma flow during hyperkalaemia in conscious sheep. At its maximum the cephalic plasma flow was 1-163+/-0-029 (S.E. of mean) times the pre-infusion flow rate. Cephalic blood flow tended to reach maximum rates at slightly higher plasma potassium concentrations and thereafter, to fall more slowly than the plasma flow due to concomitant increases in haematocrit. Maximum cephalic blood flow was 1-176+/-0-032 times the pre-infusion flow rate. The lowest rates of cephalic plasma and blood flow occurred during the first 30 minutes following cessation of potassium infusion.", "PMID": 1050018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_314", "title": "Stomach motility in insulin-treated sheep.", "content": "The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on the motility of the reticulum, rumen and abomasum of sheep was investigated using small lightly inflated balloons connected to transducers and a multichannel recorder. The principle response recorded was an inhibition of reticulo-ruminal and abomasal motility, occurring in 'resting' cycles only, and not during eating or rumination. The only hypermotility recorded was that shown by the abomasum just before the onset of inhibition. Ruminating cycles were recorded as frequently during hypoglycaemia as in control periods, and showed no abnormality. The inhibition was reversed by intravenous glucose or adrenaline and by feeding or ruminating.", "contents": "Stomach motility in insulin-treated sheep. The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on the motility of the reticulum, rumen and abomasum of sheep was investigated using small lightly inflated balloons connected to transducers and a multichannel recorder. The principle response recorded was an inhibition of reticulo-ruminal and abomasal motility, occurring in 'resting' cycles only, and not during eating or rumination. The only hypermotility recorded was that shown by the abomasum just before the onset of inhibition. Ruminating cycles were recorded as frequently during hypoglycaemia as in control periods, and showed no abnormality. The inhibition was reversed by intravenous glucose or adrenaline and by feeding or ruminating.", "PMID": 1050019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_315", "title": "A search for the factors responsible for absence of recovery of the normal vascular response to oxytocin following sympathetic nerve injury.", "content": "In dogs following crush injury to the lumbar sympathetic trunk, reflex vasoconstriction reappears in 4-6 months but the normal vasodilator response to oxytocin does not return even 12 months after crush. Histochemical examination of the walls of the blood vessels shows that division or crush of the lumbar sympathetic trunk or removal of terminal ganglia leads to decentralization, not denervation of the blood vessels. True denervation follows division or crush of the sciatic and femoral nerves. Following recovery from sciatic or femoral crush the pattern of peripheral innervation appears histochemically normal. However, there is no return of the normal vasodilator response to oxytocin. It is concluded that a normal response to oxytocin does not return even after long-term recovery from sympathetic injury, nor does its effect depend on a normal pattern of peripheral adrenergic innervation, but on an unknown more central activity of the sympathetic nervous system.", "contents": "A search for the factors responsible for absence of recovery of the normal vascular response to oxytocin following sympathetic nerve injury. In dogs following crush injury to the lumbar sympathetic trunk, reflex vasoconstriction reappears in 4-6 months but the normal vasodilator response to oxytocin does not return even 12 months after crush. Histochemical examination of the walls of the blood vessels shows that division or crush of the lumbar sympathetic trunk or removal of terminal ganglia leads to decentralization, not denervation of the blood vessels. True denervation follows division or crush of the sciatic and femoral nerves. Following recovery from sciatic or femoral crush the pattern of peripheral innervation appears histochemically normal. However, there is no return of the normal vasodilator response to oxytocin. It is concluded that a normal response to oxytocin does not return even after long-term recovery from sympathetic injury, nor does its effect depend on a normal pattern of peripheral adrenergic innervation, but on an unknown more central activity of the sympathetic nervous system.", "PMID": 1050020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_316", "title": "The effect of the anions, phosphate and sulphate, on normal rates of excretion of potassium in dogs.", "content": "Small doses of (NH4)2HPO4 or KH2PO4 by stomach tube caused increase in plasma PO4 and PO4 excretion. Above a threshold of 0-8 mmol. 1(-1), increase of plasma PO4 by 0-5 mmol. 1(-1) caused PO4 excretion to increase by about 35 mumol. min.-1 After KH2PO4 this relationship was not altered by the concurrent increases in plasma K and K excretion. After doses of (NH4)2SO4 or K2SO4, excretion of SO4 was similarly related to plasma SO4 and was independent of plasma K and K excretion. An effect of PO4 on K excretion was observed after doses of (NH4)2HPO4, when increased excretion of PO4 was accompanied by increased excretion of K without change in plasma K. There was also increased excretion of NH4 and a small increase in Na excretion. The changes were similar to those produced by (NH4)2SO4 [O'Connor and Summerill, 1976]. KH2PO4 and K2SO4 produced increase in plasma K and increased excretion of K not significantly different from the changes produced by KCl or KHCO3 [Baylis and O'Connor, 1976]. After KH2PO2 or K2SO4, the urinary anion was PO4 or SO4, instead of Cl and HCO3. Any effect of anions on K excretion was much less than the effect of increase in plasma K. At low rates of excretion of K, increased urinary excretion of impermeant anion can determine increased excretion of K. However, the effect of anion is small in comparison with the effect of increase in plasma K.", "contents": "The effect of the anions, phosphate and sulphate, on normal rates of excretion of potassium in dogs. Small doses of (NH4)2HPO4 or KH2PO4 by stomach tube caused increase in plasma PO4 and PO4 excretion. Above a threshold of 0-8 mmol. 1(-1), increase of plasma PO4 by 0-5 mmol. 1(-1) caused PO4 excretion to increase by about 35 mumol. min.-1 After KH2PO4 this relationship was not altered by the concurrent increases in plasma K and K excretion. After doses of (NH4)2SO4 or K2SO4, excretion of SO4 was similarly related to plasma SO4 and was independent of plasma K and K excretion. An effect of PO4 on K excretion was observed after doses of (NH4)2HPO4, when increased excretion of PO4 was accompanied by increased excretion of K without change in plasma K. There was also increased excretion of NH4 and a small increase in Na excretion. The changes were similar to those produced by (NH4)2SO4 [O'Connor and Summerill, 1976]. KH2PO4 and K2SO4 produced increase in plasma K and increased excretion of K not significantly different from the changes produced by KCl or KHCO3 [Baylis and O'Connor, 1976]. After KH2PO2 or K2SO4, the urinary anion was PO4 or SO4, instead of Cl and HCO3. Any effect of anions on K excretion was much less than the effect of increase in plasma K. At low rates of excretion of K, increased urinary excretion of impermeant anion can determine increased excretion of K. However, the effect of anion is small in comparison with the effect of increase in plasma K.", "PMID": 1050021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_317", "title": "The projection of the retina, including the 'red area' on to the optic tectum of the pigeon.", "content": "The optic tectum of the pigeon has been mapped physiologically, including much of the inferior surface. There are two separate regions of high magnification factor, the projection areas of the fovea and the middle of the red area in the retina, each of which has a correspondingly high density of neurones in the ganglion cell layer.", "contents": "The projection of the retina, including the 'red area' on to the optic tectum of the pigeon. The optic tectum of the pigeon has been mapped physiologically, including much of the inferior surface. There are two separate regions of high magnification factor, the projection areas of the fovea and the middle of the red area in the retina, each of which has a correspondingly high density of neurones in the ganglion cell layer.", "PMID": 1050022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_318", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in Danish hospitals from January 1st, 1966, to December 31st, 1974.", "content": "During the years 1966-1974, 167,297 strains isolated from 167,297 patients or staff members in Danish hospitals were registered at Staten Seruminstitu. All the strains were phage-typed and examined for production of a 'Tween'-80-splitting enzyme and resistance to mercuric chloride. 158,236 strains were examined for resistance to antibiotics. Since 1968, a steep decrease in the number of strains resistant to three or more antibiotics (multiple-resistant) and in strains of the 83A complex was noticed. In recent years an increase in strains belonging to phage-group I and in those referred to as miscellaneous and non-identified was registered. The increase in the non-typable strains might be explained by the shift of the concentration of the typing phages from 1000 X RTD to 100 X RTD. It is concluded that at least two factors may have contributed to the reduction of the multiple-resistant strains: an altered antibiotic policy, restricting the use of streptomycin and tetracyclines, and an improved hospital hygiene, diminishing the spread of identical strains within the various departments. However, it is emphasized that the consumption of methicillin is still increasing.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in Danish hospitals from January 1st, 1966, to December 31st, 1974. During the years 1966-1974, 167,297 strains isolated from 167,297 patients or staff members in Danish hospitals were registered at Staten Seruminstitu. All the strains were phage-typed and examined for production of a 'Tween'-80-splitting enzyme and resistance to mercuric chloride. 158,236 strains were examined for resistance to antibiotics. Since 1968, a steep decrease in the number of strains resistant to three or more antibiotics (multiple-resistant) and in strains of the 83A complex was noticed. In recent years an increase in strains belonging to phage-group I and in those referred to as miscellaneous and non-identified was registered. The increase in the non-typable strains might be explained by the shift of the concentration of the typing phages from 1000 X RTD to 100 X RTD. It is concluded that at least two factors may have contributed to the reduction of the multiple-resistant strains: an altered antibiotic policy, restricting the use of streptomycin and tetracyclines, and an improved hospital hygiene, diminishing the spread of identical strains within the various departments. However, it is emphasized that the consumption of methicillin is still increasing.", "PMID": 1050144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_319", "title": "[Effect of antibiotics on the resistance of white mice to infection caused by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus strains].", "content": "The effect of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline on the animal resistance to infection caused by the antibiotic resistant staphylococci was studied. It was found that the effect of the antibiotics on the infectious process outcome was not limited by their antibacterial properties. Changes in the natural resistance of the host under the effect of the antibiotics were not always the same and depended on both the antibiotic type and the moment of its administration.", "contents": "[Effect of antibiotics on the resistance of white mice to infection caused by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus strains]. The effect of benzylpenicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline on the animal resistance to infection caused by the antibiotic resistant staphylococci was studied. It was found that the effect of the antibiotics on the infectious process outcome was not limited by their antibacterial properties. Changes in the natural resistance of the host under the effect of the antibiotics were not always the same and depended on both the antibiotic type and the moment of its administration.", "PMID": 1050180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_320", "title": "[Study of the L-transforming action on Brucella cells of tetracycline, streptomycin, rifampicin and their combinations with penicillin in in vitro experiments].", "content": "The in vitro study of the possible formation of L-forms of Brucella under the effect of tetracycline, streptomycin, rifampicin or their combinations with penicillin showed that passages of various Brucella species on media containing increasing concentrations of the antibiotics resulted in insignificant morphological changes in the cells. Passages of the same cultures on media containing combinations of the above antibiotics with penicillin resulted in more significant changes in the cell morphology, up to formation of spheroplasts. No L-transformation was observed under the experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Study of the L-transforming action on Brucella cells of tetracycline, streptomycin, rifampicin and their combinations with penicillin in in vitro experiments]. The in vitro study of the possible formation of L-forms of Brucella under the effect of tetracycline, streptomycin, rifampicin or their combinations with penicillin showed that passages of various Brucella species on media containing increasing concentrations of the antibiotics resulted in insignificant morphological changes in the cells. Passages of the same cultures on media containing combinations of the above antibiotics with penicillin resulted in more significant changes in the cell morphology, up to formation of spheroplasts. No L-transformation was observed under the experimental conditions.", "PMID": 1050181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_321", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibilities of streptococci from the mouth and blood of patients treated with penicillin or lincomycin and clindamycin.", "content": "Patients undergoing dental extractions were non-randomly allocated to three groups, one of which received no antibiotic, one benzylpenicillin followed by oral penicillin for 5 days, and the third intramuscular lincomycin followed by oral clindamycin. Dental extraction was performed at the beginning of the course of chemotherapy. Streptococci were isolated from the extracted teeth, from blood cultures collected before and immediately after dental extraction, and from sutures removed from the gums 5-7 days after the operation. The species of these organisms was determined, and their susceptibilities to penicillin, clindamycin, cephaloridine, erythromycin and tetracycline were assessed. The majority of streptococci isolated from teeth belonged to the species Streptococcus sanguis, S. mitior, S. mutans and S. milleri. Occasional isolates of each of these organisms collected before the antibiotic could take effect were resistant to penicillin. Three of these species, but not S. mutans, were the commonest streptococci to be isolated from the blood after dental extraction. Penicillin completely suppressed dental bacteriaemia under the conditions of our investigation, and lincomycin reduced the incidence by about 60 per cent. The commonest streptococci from sutures were also S. sanguis, S. mitior, S. mutans and S. milleri. S. faecalis was also isolated, but only in patients who had received antibiotics. Among the non-faecalis organisms, penicillin resistance was significantly more frequent among isolates from patients given penicillin than from patients not given this antibiotic, and clindamycin resistance was significantly more frequent among isolates from patients given lincomycin and clindamycin than from patients not given these antibiotics.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibilities of streptococci from the mouth and blood of patients treated with penicillin or lincomycin and clindamycin. Patients undergoing dental extractions were non-randomly allocated to three groups, one of which received no antibiotic, one benzylpenicillin followed by oral penicillin for 5 days, and the third intramuscular lincomycin followed by oral clindamycin. Dental extraction was performed at the beginning of the course of chemotherapy. Streptococci were isolated from the extracted teeth, from blood cultures collected before and immediately after dental extraction, and from sutures removed from the gums 5-7 days after the operation. The species of these organisms was determined, and their susceptibilities to penicillin, clindamycin, cephaloridine, erythromycin and tetracycline were assessed. The majority of streptococci isolated from teeth belonged to the species Streptococcus sanguis, S. mitior, S. mutans and S. milleri. Occasional isolates of each of these organisms collected before the antibiotic could take effect were resistant to penicillin. Three of these species, but not S. mutans, were the commonest streptococci to be isolated from the blood after dental extraction. Penicillin completely suppressed dental bacteriaemia under the conditions of our investigation, and lincomycin reduced the incidence by about 60 per cent. The commonest streptococci from sutures were also S. sanguis, S. mitior, S. mutans and S. milleri. S. faecalis was also isolated, but only in patients who had received antibiotics. Among the non-faecalis organisms, penicillin resistance was significantly more frequent among isolates from patients given penicillin than from patients not given this antibiotic, and clindamycin resistance was significantly more frequent among isolates from patients given lincomycin and clindamycin than from patients not given these antibiotics.", "PMID": 1050385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_322", "title": "The school nurse as a health counselor.", "content": "It is difficult for school nurses to meet the many and varied demands of students, school personnel, and parents. This is especially true since the expectations of each may differ in different circumstances. However, if the school nurse has a clear perception of her own role and its inherent limits, if she takes every opportunity for staff development through inservice education or graduate work in counseling and human development, then she is in a unique and invaluable position to assume a role of major importance in the pupil personnel team within the school.", "contents": "The school nurse as a health counselor. It is difficult for school nurses to meet the many and varied demands of students, school personnel, and parents. This is especially true since the expectations of each may differ in different circumstances. However, if the school nurse has a clear perception of her own role and its inherent limits, if she takes every opportunity for staff development through inservice education or graduate work in counseling and human development, then she is in a unique and invaluable position to assume a role of major importance in the pupil personnel team within the school.", "PMID": 1050529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_323", "title": "The effects of study abroad on health educators' attitudes toward international health efforts.", "content": "The major hypothesis of this study was that graduate level course work about internationl health matters carried out in an international setting would reduce hostility and increase cooperativeness in attitudes toward international relations. An eight week program of this type was executed and a comparison of pre- and post-program measurements of these attitudes confirmed the hypotheses. However, it was noted even though statistically significant shifts occured, there were many students who reported negative changes or no change at all. It was also found there were moderately strong correlations between hostility and cooperation. The implications of these findings are that programs of this nature can have a positive impact on attitudes such as these, but that there may be mediating variables tied closely to participant receptiveness to the message of the program; variables which might be important to consider in selection and screening. However, if this were true, it might also be true that those individuals capable of greatest gains may be in least need of such a program and vice versa.", "contents": "The effects of study abroad on health educators' attitudes toward international health efforts. The major hypothesis of this study was that graduate level course work about internationl health matters carried out in an international setting would reduce hostility and increase cooperativeness in attitudes toward international relations. An eight week program of this type was executed and a comparison of pre- and post-program measurements of these attitudes confirmed the hypotheses. However, it was noted even though statistically significant shifts occured, there were many students who reported negative changes or no change at all. It was also found there were moderately strong correlations between hostility and cooperation. The implications of these findings are that programs of this nature can have a positive impact on attitudes such as these, but that there may be mediating variables tied closely to participant receptiveness to the message of the program; variables which might be important to consider in selection and screening. However, if this were true, it might also be true that those individuals capable of greatest gains may be in least need of such a program and vice versa.", "PMID": 1050531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_324", "title": "[Factors of multiple resistance to antibiotics in nodule bacteria].", "content": "Multiple resistance to antibiotics (penicillin, levomycetin, neomycin, tetracycline) was found in 15% of collection strains of nodule bacteria and in strains isolated from natural environment.", "contents": "[Factors of multiple resistance to antibiotics in nodule bacteria]. Multiple resistance to antibiotics (penicillin, levomycetin, neomycin, tetracycline) was found in 15% of collection strains of nodule bacteria and in strains isolated from natural environment.", "PMID": 1050635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_325", "title": "Comparison of the epidemiology of bacterial resistance to mecillinam and ampicillin.", "content": "Mecillinam is a new type of beta-lactam antibiotic (an amidinopenicillanic acid) that is particularly active against Enterobacteriaceae and is taken orally as in the form of an ester, pivmecillinam. Assessment of any new antibiotic should include a survey of levels of bacterial resistance and investigation of its capacity to select resistant organisms or harm the commensal flora. Antibiotic resistance patterns of 2,000 Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the urine of patients with significant urinary tract infections were therefore determined. Mecillinam-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were found to be much less common than ampicillin-amoxycillin-resistant organisms both in the community and in hospital patients. Most ampicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from infected urines were susceptible to mecillinam, but the relatively rare mecillinam-resistant organisms were usually resistant to ampicillin and cephaloridine. The fecal flora of 26 healthy volunteers who served as controls or were given repeated courses of therapeutic doses of either ampicillin or pivmecillinam was studied. Pivmecillinam had only a transient effect on the aerobic fecal flora and in contrast to ampicillin did not increase populations of resistant Enterobacteriaceae, which would be a potential hazard to the patient and contaminate the environment.", "contents": "Comparison of the epidemiology of bacterial resistance to mecillinam and ampicillin. Mecillinam is a new type of beta-lactam antibiotic (an amidinopenicillanic acid) that is particularly active against Enterobacteriaceae and is taken orally as in the form of an ester, pivmecillinam. Assessment of any new antibiotic should include a survey of levels of bacterial resistance and investigation of its capacity to select resistant organisms or harm the commensal flora. Antibiotic resistance patterns of 2,000 Enterobacteriaceae isolated from the urine of patients with significant urinary tract infections were therefore determined. Mecillinam-resistant Enterobacteriaceae were found to be much less common than ampicillin-amoxycillin-resistant organisms both in the community and in hospital patients. Most ampicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from infected urines were susceptible to mecillinam, but the relatively rare mecillinam-resistant organisms were usually resistant to ampicillin and cephaloridine. The fecal flora of 26 healthy volunteers who served as controls or were given repeated courses of therapeutic doses of either ampicillin or pivmecillinam was studied. Pivmecillinam had only a transient effect on the aerobic fecal flora and in contrast to ampicillin did not increase populations of resistant Enterobacteriaceae, which would be a potential hazard to the patient and contaminate the environment.", "PMID": 1051328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_326", "title": "[Effects of lithium chloride administered in combination with methamphetamine or a reserpine- like drug on brain norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism in rats].", "content": "Lithium chloride (LiCl) was injected acutely (2.4 mEq/kg, i.p.) or subacutely (2.5 mEq/kg X 2/day for 4.5 days, i.p.) in rats treated concurrently with methamphetamine (MAPT) or a reserpine-like drug (Ro4-1284), and effects of LiCl on behavior as well as metabolism of brain norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were investigated. Acute administration of LiCl suppressed the MAPT-induced hyper-locomotor activity but did not affect the Ro4-1284-induced behavioral depression. LiCl administered subacutely increased the MAPT-induced stereotyped behavior, and it reduced the Ro4-1284-induced initial transient excitation in spontaneous locomotor activity and tended to facilitate the recovery from behavioral depression. As for NE and DA metabolism, LiCl administered subacutely inhibited the MAPT-induced decrease of the deaminated NE metabolites and Ro4-1284-induced decrease of DA metabolism and the Ro4-1284-induced alterations in NE metabolism. From these results, it is likely that the inhibitory effect of LiCl on the MAPT and Ro-1284-induced changes in NE and DA metabolism may to some extent be involved in the therapeutic effects on manic-depressive illness.", "contents": "[Effects of lithium chloride administered in combination with methamphetamine or a reserpine- like drug on brain norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism in rats]. Lithium chloride (LiCl) was injected acutely (2.4 mEq/kg, i.p.) or subacutely (2.5 mEq/kg X 2/day for 4.5 days, i.p.) in rats treated concurrently with methamphetamine (MAPT) or a reserpine-like drug (Ro4-1284), and effects of LiCl on behavior as well as metabolism of brain norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were investigated. Acute administration of LiCl suppressed the MAPT-induced hyper-locomotor activity but did not affect the Ro4-1284-induced behavioral depression. LiCl administered subacutely increased the MAPT-induced stereotyped behavior, and it reduced the Ro4-1284-induced initial transient excitation in spontaneous locomotor activity and tended to facilitate the recovery from behavioral depression. As for NE and DA metabolism, LiCl administered subacutely inhibited the MAPT-induced decrease of the deaminated NE metabolites and Ro4-1284-induced decrease of DA metabolism and the Ro4-1284-induced alterations in NE metabolism. From these results, it is likely that the inhibitory effect of LiCl on the MAPT and Ro-1284-induced changes in NE and DA metabolism may to some extent be involved in the therapeutic effects on manic-depressive illness.", "PMID": 1051410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_327", "title": "[Differential diagnosis and syndrome-genetic problems and aspects of drug-induced psychoses in juveniles (author's transl)].", "content": "Acute and chronic psychotic states in juvenile drug addicts demand careful observation of syndrome-genetic and differential diagnostic factors. Not only the diagnosis of a schizophrenic or affective juvenile psychosis and their differentiation from phase-specific developmental crises may often be difficult. A further problematic field are special aspects of symptomatic psychoses and particularly states due to drug addiction with hashish, LSD and amphetamines and the effect of drugs on already existing endogenous psychoses. This demands subtile phenomenologic description and syndrome-genetic assessment. One will have to take into account the complexity of drug effects and whether a psychosis existed already before addiction, whether drugs have provoked a latent psychosis, whether a purely symptomatic psychosis mimics a schizophrenia or whether irreversible personality changes with secondary psychotic behavior have developed.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis and syndrome-genetic problems and aspects of drug-induced psychoses in juveniles (author's transl)]. Acute and chronic psychotic states in juvenile drug addicts demand careful observation of syndrome-genetic and differential diagnostic factors. Not only the diagnosis of a schizophrenic or affective juvenile psychosis and their differentiation from phase-specific developmental crises may often be difficult. A further problematic field are special aspects of symptomatic psychoses and particularly states due to drug addiction with hashish, LSD and amphetamines and the effect of drugs on already existing endogenous psychoses. This demands subtile phenomenologic description and syndrome-genetic assessment. One will have to take into account the complexity of drug effects and whether a psychosis existed already before addiction, whether drugs have provoked a latent psychosis, whether a purely symptomatic psychosis mimics a schizophrenia or whether irreversible personality changes with secondary psychotic behavior have developed.", "PMID": 1051411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_328", "title": "[Neuropsychiatric disorders of the diseases of exocrine pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Neuropsychiatric and psychosomatic disorders occurring the exocrine pancreatic diseases are not rare, nevertheless didn't it seem to be very interesting in research and there exists no summarizing work of this disorders. Therefore we tried to give a comprehensive representation of those neuropsychiatric problems which are connected with the function of this organ. At first we give a description of psychopathology and pathogenesis of the functional pancreatic psychosis. The problematic of the reciprocal relationship of nervous system and pancreatitis, alcoholism and pancreatitis are demonstrated as well as the psychic disorders occurring the pancreas insufficiency, cystes of pancreas and congenital pancreatic diseases. Psychosomatic and mental disorders of pancreas carcinoma and mucoviscidosis are shown in detail. The question of the interrelation between pancreatic function and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or parathyreotic diseases are discussed just as themes of neuropsychiatric pharmacotherapie and pancreatic function and mental disorders in pancreatic treatment.", "contents": "[Neuropsychiatric disorders of the diseases of exocrine pancreas (author's transl)]. Neuropsychiatric and psychosomatic disorders occurring the exocrine pancreatic diseases are not rare, nevertheless didn't it seem to be very interesting in research and there exists no summarizing work of this disorders. Therefore we tried to give a comprehensive representation of those neuropsychiatric problems which are connected with the function of this organ. At first we give a description of psychopathology and pathogenesis of the functional pancreatic psychosis. The problematic of the reciprocal relationship of nervous system and pancreatitis, alcoholism and pancreatitis are demonstrated as well as the psychic disorders occurring the pancreas insufficiency, cystes of pancreas and congenital pancreatic diseases. Psychosomatic and mental disorders of pancreas carcinoma and mucoviscidosis are shown in detail. The question of the interrelation between pancreatic function and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or parathyreotic diseases are discussed just as themes of neuropsychiatric pharmacotherapie and pancreatic function and mental disorders in pancreatic treatment.", "PMID": 1051412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_329", "title": "[Arteriovenous malformation of the dura and spontaneous intracerebral hematoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare arterio-venous angiomas of the dura may accompany other pathologic conditions of the brain and meninges without producing signs of their own. When combined with intracranial hemorrhage, angiographic analysis of venous drainage of the malformation may solve the question whether there is a connection or not. This is shown on a case of unusual combination of an arterio-venous angioma of purely dural type with intracerebral hemorrhage.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous malformation of the dura and spontaneous intracerebral hematoma (author's transl)]. The rare arterio-venous angiomas of the dura may accompany other pathologic conditions of the brain and meninges without producing signs of their own. When combined with intracranial hemorrhage, angiographic analysis of venous drainage of the malformation may solve the question whether there is a connection or not. This is shown on a case of unusual combination of an arterio-venous angioma of purely dural type with intracerebral hemorrhage.", "PMID": 1051413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_330", "title": "[Sciatic and gluteal nerve lesions during coma and anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "We observed 5 patients with sciatic nerve lesions after coma or general anesthesia; in 2 cases there were also the gluteal nerves involved. These lesions are probably caused by direct nerve pressure. In 4 cases axonotmesis with a delayed and incomplete recovery was seen.", "contents": "[Sciatic and gluteal nerve lesions during coma and anesthesia (author's transl)]. We observed 5 patients with sciatic nerve lesions after coma or general anesthesia; in 2 cases there were also the gluteal nerves involved. These lesions are probably caused by direct nerve pressure. In 4 cases axonotmesis with a delayed and incomplete recovery was seen.", "PMID": 1051414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_331", "title": "[Fundamental studies on combination of antibiotics; especially on pharmacokinetics. I. Combination of gentamicin with sulbenicillin or cephacetrile (author's transl)].", "content": "1. When gentamicin (GM) and sulbenicillin (SBPC) or cephacetrile (CEC), in combination with pre- or post-treatment, were injected intravenously to the rat, their pharmacokinetics were investigated. 2. The antibiotics in the samples were separated by paper electrophoretic technique and their concentrations were determined by cup thin layer plate method using Bacillus subtilis as the test organism. 3. The biological half-life of SBPC in the serum was shortened in pretreatment with GM and prolonged in posttreatment with GM, while that of GM did not vary in pre- or post-treatment with SBPC. 4. The half-life of CEC was prolonged in treatment with GM, while that of GM did not vary. 5. These phenomena may be considered to be produced as the results of a concentration ratio of SBPC and GM or of CEC and GM, and protein binding of these antibiotics, as far as plasma initial levels, tissue distribution, urinary excretion and protein binding of these antibiotics are concerned.", "contents": "[Fundamental studies on combination of antibiotics; especially on pharmacokinetics. I. Combination of gentamicin with sulbenicillin or cephacetrile (author's transl)]. 1. When gentamicin (GM) and sulbenicillin (SBPC) or cephacetrile (CEC), in combination with pre- or post-treatment, were injected intravenously to the rat, their pharmacokinetics were investigated. 2. The antibiotics in the samples were separated by paper electrophoretic technique and their concentrations were determined by cup thin layer plate method using Bacillus subtilis as the test organism. 3. The biological half-life of SBPC in the serum was shortened in pretreatment with GM and prolonged in posttreatment with GM, while that of GM did not vary in pre- or post-treatment with SBPC. 4. The half-life of CEC was prolonged in treatment with GM, while that of GM did not vary. 5. These phenomena may be considered to be produced as the results of a concentration ratio of SBPC and GM or of CEC and GM, and protein binding of these antibiotics, as far as plasma initial levels, tissue distribution, urinary excretion and protein binding of these antibiotics are concerned.", "PMID": 1051432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_332", "title": "Narcolepsy. Diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Narcolepsy may affect as many as 200,000 Americans. The illness involves a neurologic defect in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The chief symptoms are sleepiness, inappropriate sleep episodes, and cataplexy. A characteristic history of cataplexy establishes the diagnosis. Narcoleptic patients also frequently complain of hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, blackouts (or automatic behavior), and disturbed nocturnal sleep. Narcolepsy usually develops in adolescence and is a life-long illness. Symptoms may also appear in young children who may be misdiagnosed as hyperactive or psychotic. No completely satisfactory treatment is available at the present time. The current treatments of choice are methylphenidate (for sleepiness and sleep episodes) and imipramine (for cataplexy). Medication dosages must be adjusted for individual patients. A careful history of the illness can rule out hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, and epilepsy. Sleep apnea is a serious complication of narcolepsy and may be life threatening.", "contents": "Narcolepsy. Diagnosis and treatment. Narcolepsy may affect as many as 200,000 Americans. The illness involves a neurologic defect in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The chief symptoms are sleepiness, inappropriate sleep episodes, and cataplexy. A characteristic history of cataplexy establishes the diagnosis. Narcoleptic patients also frequently complain of hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep paralysis, blackouts (or automatic behavior), and disturbed nocturnal sleep. Narcolepsy usually develops in adolescence and is a life-long illness. Symptoms may also appear in young children who may be misdiagnosed as hyperactive or psychotic. No completely satisfactory treatment is available at the present time. The current treatments of choice are methylphenidate (for sleepiness and sleep episodes) and imipramine (for cataplexy). Medication dosages must be adjusted for individual patients. A careful history of the illness can rule out hypothyroidism, hypoglycemia, and epilepsy. Sleep apnea is a serious complication of narcolepsy and may be life threatening.", "PMID": 1051517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_333", "title": "Prenatal genetic counseling.", "content": "Current medical practice is using an increasing number of new and sophisticated techniques to deal with the fetus during pregnancy and not focusing exclusively on the immediate perinatal period. Some of these techniques deal with the occurrence or risk of serious genetic disease in the newborn. These procedures, which offer alternatives to the birth of seriously defective children, pose new problems in critical decision-making for contemporary parents. Proper medical care for the mother in such situations requires an understanding of the psychological as well as the medical and genetic aspects of each situation. It includes careful and caring communication of this information to the parents early in the gestational period, supportive care during the pregnancy and the procedures, and supportive counseling and follow-up afterwards. Properly applied, current genetic counseling diagnostic techniques as used by the physician can be extremely helpful to his patients in achieving the healthy family they desire.", "contents": "Prenatal genetic counseling. Current medical practice is using an increasing number of new and sophisticated techniques to deal with the fetus during pregnancy and not focusing exclusively on the immediate perinatal period. Some of these techniques deal with the occurrence or risk of serious genetic disease in the newborn. These procedures, which offer alternatives to the birth of seriously defective children, pose new problems in critical decision-making for contemporary parents. Proper medical care for the mother in such situations requires an understanding of the psychological as well as the medical and genetic aspects of each situation. It includes careful and caring communication of this information to the parents early in the gestational period, supportive care during the pregnancy and the procedures, and supportive counseling and follow-up afterwards. Properly applied, current genetic counseling diagnostic techniques as used by the physician can be extremely helpful to his patients in achieving the healthy family they desire.", "PMID": 1051521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_334", "title": "Reactions to hysterectomy: fact or fiction?", "content": "Elective hysterectomy has become culturally patterned as a normal part of the life cycle with more than half of all American women destined for hysterectomy if current rates continue. In keeping with this widespread acceptance, both women and their doctors frequently express satisfaction with the operation. The sequelae that do occur appear to be serious in only a few women, though more minor disturbances do appear in a sizable number. Repeated or controlled studies indicate that hysterectomy may yield problems for some women in the following areas: rejection by male partners,  hot flushes after conservation of ovarian tissue, severe hot flushes after ovariectomy, long-term psychourinary problems, weight changes, lingering fatigue and prolonged convalescence, painful intercourse, depression, sleep disturbances, and other psychiatric symptoms. Prospective studies using matched control groups are needed which follow patients at least 2 years postoperatively, as repeated studies have shown \"sleeper effect\" after hysterectomy with sequelae developing after the first 6 months or even after 1 year. The impact of varying surgical techniques and the long-term endocrine impact of hysterectomy need to be detailed as well as further study undertaken on the psychosomatic sequelae.", "contents": "Reactions to hysterectomy: fact or fiction? Elective hysterectomy has become culturally patterned as a normal part of the life cycle with more than half of all American women destined for hysterectomy if current rates continue. In keeping with this widespread acceptance, both women and their doctors frequently express satisfaction with the operation. The sequelae that do occur appear to be serious in only a few women, though more minor disturbances do appear in a sizable number. Repeated or controlled studies indicate that hysterectomy may yield problems for some women in the following areas: rejection by male partners,  hot flushes after conservation of ovarian tissue, severe hot flushes after ovariectomy, long-term psychourinary problems, weight changes, lingering fatigue and prolonged convalescence, painful intercourse, depression, sleep disturbances, and other psychiatric symptoms. Prospective studies using matched control groups are needed which follow patients at least 2 years postoperatively, as repeated studies have shown \"sleeper effect\" after hysterectomy with sequelae developing after the first 6 months or even after 1 year. The impact of varying surgical techniques and the long-term endocrine impact of hysterectomy need to be detailed as well as further study undertaken on the psychosomatic sequelae.", "PMID": 1051527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_335", "title": "[Pathogenicity of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro study].", "content": "Pathogenicity of methicillin-resistant (MR) strains of S. aureus is difficult to determine from clinical or epidemiological data. The degree of their pathogenicity has been tested in an in vitro phagocytic assay using isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), since PMN are considered to be the main defense mechanism against infections by S. aureus. In the phagocytic assay, survival of MetR strains was measured simultaneously with that of a methicillin-sensitive (MetS) control strain. After 30 and 60 min of incubation, MetR strains survived the phagocytic action of PMN better than the MetS strain. Amplification of resistance towards the antibiotic in three MetR strains did not modify their survival in the phagocytic assay. In conclusion, MetR strains have a definite pathogenic potential and this potential is not affected by the level of resistance towards methicillin.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. In vitro study]. Pathogenicity of methicillin-resistant (MR) strains of S. aureus is difficult to determine from clinical or epidemiological data. The degree of their pathogenicity has been tested in an in vitro phagocytic assay using isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), since PMN are considered to be the main defense mechanism against infections by S. aureus. In the phagocytic assay, survival of MetR strains was measured simultaneously with that of a methicillin-sensitive (MetS) control strain. After 30 and 60 min of incubation, MetR strains survived the phagocytic action of PMN better than the MetS strain. Amplification of resistance towards the antibiotic in three MetR strains did not modify their survival in the phagocytic assay. In conclusion, MetR strains have a definite pathogenic potential and this potential is not affected by the level of resistance towards methicillin.", "PMID": 1051536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_336", "title": "The incidence of drug use and associated factors in two small towns: a community survey.", "content": "The article reports the results of a 1974 drug survey in two rural municipalities in the Pacific Northwest. Drug use in these towns was found to be similar to drug use in urban areas. It appears that towns size 2,500 to 50,000 have been absorbed into the national drug culture while only farmers and people living in very small towns still experience relatively low rates of drug use. Other findings include attitudes toward and needs met by drug use, the effect of parental drug use on perceived children's drug use, and the relationships between drug use and age, sex, and general health. In the past few years, articles have appeared describing adult drug use in the United States as a whole, or in selected urban populations. The most comprehensive study is a national survey of a representative sample of 2,552 adults completed in 1971 (1-3). Among the regional reports are studies carried out in California (4,5) and New York (6,7). What these studies have in common is the absence of data on rural or small town drug use as compared with urban drug use. A national study by Cahalan, Cisin, and Crossley (8) does analyse rural-urban differences, but only for alcohol use. No comprehensive treatment of this topic exists in the literature. The research reported in the present article represents an attempt to begin to fill in this void data on small town drug use in a rural setting.", "contents": "The incidence of drug use and associated factors in two small towns: a community survey. The article reports the results of a 1974 drug survey in two rural municipalities in the Pacific Northwest. Drug use in these towns was found to be similar to drug use in urban areas. It appears that towns size 2,500 to 50,000 have been absorbed into the national drug culture while only farmers and people living in very small towns still experience relatively low rates of drug use. Other findings include attitudes toward and needs met by drug use, the effect of parental drug use on perceived children's drug use, and the relationships between drug use and age, sex, and general health. In the past few years, articles have appeared describing adult drug use in the United States as a whole, or in selected urban populations. The most comprehensive study is a national survey of a representative sample of 2,552 adults completed in 1971 (1-3). Among the regional reports are studies carried out in California (4,5) and New York (6,7). What these studies have in common is the absence of data on rural or small town drug use as compared with urban drug use. A national study by Cahalan, Cisin, and Crossley (8) does analyse rural-urban differences, but only for alcohol use. No comprehensive treatment of this topic exists in the literature. The research reported in the present article represents an attempt to begin to fill in this void data on small town drug use in a rural setting.", "PMID": 1051622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_337", "title": "A note on the cannabinoid content of Jamaican ganja.", "content": "There has been considerable recent interest in the study of Jamaican ganja users as a potentially valuable source of information on the effects of long-term cannabis consumption. However, reported data on the cannabinoid content of Jamaican material have been limited to those of Rubin and Comitas for a small number of samples of unknown representativeness. In the present study, the cannabinoid content was determined on 36 samples purchased from various ganja dealers at two different periods, derived from crops treated differently with respect to fertilization, and representing the range of types locally considered to differ in quality or potency. The analytical results agreed well with those of Rubin and Comitas, and indicated that samples with a delta9-THC content of 4.0% or more were apt to be comparatively rare. The median value was 2.3% by weight. Some of the variation in the THC content of the samples was clearly attributable to the different seasons in which they were purchased, and some may have been due to differences in the type of fertilizer used in cultivation. Local judgement as to the potency of samples proved generally sound, although by no means infallible.", "contents": "A note on the cannabinoid content of Jamaican ganja. There has been considerable recent interest in the study of Jamaican ganja users as a potentially valuable source of information on the effects of long-term cannabis consumption. However, reported data on the cannabinoid content of Jamaican material have been limited to those of Rubin and Comitas for a small number of samples of unknown representativeness. In the present study, the cannabinoid content was determined on 36 samples purchased from various ganja dealers at two different periods, derived from crops treated differently with respect to fertilization, and representing the range of types locally considered to differ in quality or potency. The analytical results agreed well with those of Rubin and Comitas, and indicated that samples with a delta9-THC content of 4.0% or more were apt to be comparatively rare. The median value was 2.3% by weight. Some of the variation in the THC content of the samples was clearly attributable to the different seasons in which they were purchased, and some may have been due to differences in the type of fertilizer used in cultivation. Local judgement as to the potency of samples proved generally sound, although by no means infallible.", "PMID": 1051625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_338", "title": "Separation of cannabinoids.", "content": "The three main cannabinoids--cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabinol (CBN)-can be isolated from purified extract of cannabis by preparative gas chromatography in satisfactory amounts and with a degree of purity similar to that of the sample substances provided by the United Nations Narcotics Laboratory.", "contents": "Separation of cannabinoids. The three main cannabinoids--cannabidiol (CBD), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabinol (CBN)-can be isolated from purified extract of cannabis by preparative gas chromatography in satisfactory amounts and with a degree of purity similar to that of the sample substances provided by the United Nations Narcotics Laboratory.", "PMID": 1051626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_339", "title": "Metal ion content of specific areas of the rat brain after 1600 MHz radiofrequency irradiation.", "content": "Rats were exposed to a hyperthermal environment or 1600 MHz radiation for 10 minutes to achieve equivalent rectal temperature increase (4 degrees C). Brain areas were quantitatively assayed for changes in magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc, iron, sodium, and potassium. Iron was increased in several brain regions of both hyperthermal and irradiated animals. Copper content of the cortex was also increased in both experimental groups, whereas zinc was decreased in the hypothalamus. Magnesium was increased in the cortex and medulla of the irradiated rats.", "contents": "Metal ion content of specific areas of the rat brain after 1600 MHz radiofrequency irradiation. Rats were exposed to a hyperthermal environment or 1600 MHz radiation for 10 minutes to achieve equivalent rectal temperature increase (4 degrees C). Brain areas were quantitatively assayed for changes in magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc, iron, sodium, and potassium. Iron was increased in several brain regions of both hyperthermal and irradiated animals. Copper content of the cortex was also increased in both experimental groups, whereas zinc was decreased in the hypothalamus. Magnesium was increased in the cortex and medulla of the irradiated rats.", "PMID": 1051643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_340", "title": "Structuring the black family for survival and growth.", "content": "The options presented in this article provide an additional frame of reference for understanding some of the relationships between the parts, the whole, and the environment in which they exist, on the assumption that a \"holistic\" view may give a more accurate picture of the problem, as well as suggest some possible solutions. The black family, as the primary unit of socialization for the black community, must maximize the survival and facilitate the growth of its members. From a social systems persepctive, the relationship of the black family's internal structure to the external environment provides important insights. Internal boundaries must be firm but permeable to maximize both survival (firm boundaries) and growth (permeable boundaries). Assaults from the external environment must be managed to provide psychic relief for family members. What becomes clear, in structuring the black family to cope with boundary intrusions, is the way in which family members can organize, prepare, and preserve the integrity of the family system without losing sight of the task.", "contents": "Structuring the black family for survival and growth. The options presented in this article provide an additional frame of reference for understanding some of the relationships between the parts, the whole, and the environment in which they exist, on the assumption that a \"holistic\" view may give a more accurate picture of the problem, as well as suggest some possible solutions. The black family, as the primary unit of socialization for the black community, must maximize the survival and facilitate the growth of its members. From a social systems persepctive, the relationship of the black family's internal structure to the external environment provides important insights. Internal boundaries must be firm but permeable to maximize both survival (firm boundaries) and growth (permeable boundaries). Assaults from the external environment must be managed to provide psychic relief for family members. What becomes clear, in structuring the black family to cope with boundary intrusions, is the way in which family members can organize, prepare, and preserve the integrity of the family system without losing sight of the task.", "PMID": 1051672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_341", "title": "Sexuality in the baccalaureate nursing curriculum.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-one baccalaureate nursing programs responded to a survey indicating how and to what extent concepts of human sexuality were incorporated into the nursing curricula. A majority of programs provided for all topic areas listed on the questionnaire with those related to reproduction being most prevalent in the curricula. Most respondents believed that baccalaureate graduates should be able to provide sex education for youth, counsel regarding healthy sex function, minimize the incidence of sexual dysfunction by educating adults, and counsel clients regarding sexual problems after illness or surgery. In nearly every instance, there was a perceived gap between what the curriculum provided and between the graduates' knowledge and competencies.", "contents": "Sexuality in the baccalaureate nursing curriculum. One hundred and fifty-one baccalaureate nursing programs responded to a survey indicating how and to what extent concepts of human sexuality were incorporated into the nursing curricula. A majority of programs provided for all topic areas listed on the questionnaire with those related to reproduction being most prevalent in the curricula. Most respondents believed that baccalaureate graduates should be able to provide sex education for youth, counsel regarding healthy sex function, minimize the incidence of sexual dysfunction by educating adults, and counsel clients regarding sexual problems after illness or surgery. In nearly every instance, there was a perceived gap between what the curriculum provided and between the graduates' knowledge and competencies.", "PMID": 1051682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_342", "title": "Secretory and structural effects of 6-hydroxy-dopamine on normal parotid glands of rats, and at different times after surgical sympathectomy.", "content": "The effects of i.v. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 100 mg/kg, have been studied on parotid glands of rats at 12, 24, 48, 72 hr and 3 weeks after avulsion of the right superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The salivary flow from normal left control glands and from right glands 12 hr after ganglionectomy were similar, but at longer times after ganglionectomy the secretory response from the test glands was greatly reduced. Morphological assessment showed that 6-OHDA induced a massive depletion of secretory granules from all control glands and also at 12 hr after ganglionectomy but at 48 and 72 hr there was considerably less depletion of granules on the ganglionectomized side. It is thought that at the longer times after ganglionectomy the secretion from the test glands is caused by circulating catecholamines released by the action of 6-OHDS on adrenergic nerves elsewhere, plus a possible small direct secretogogue effect oomy are thought to be attributable to the release of catecholamines from adrenergic nerves within the gland.", "contents": "Secretory and structural effects of 6-hydroxy-dopamine on normal parotid glands of rats, and at different times after surgical sympathectomy. The effects of i.v. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 100 mg/kg, have been studied on parotid glands of rats at 12, 24, 48, 72 hr and 3 weeks after avulsion of the right superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The salivary flow from normal left control glands and from right glands 12 hr after ganglionectomy were similar, but at longer times after ganglionectomy the secretory response from the test glands was greatly reduced. Morphological assessment showed that 6-OHDA induced a massive depletion of secretory granules from all control glands and also at 12 hr after ganglionectomy but at 48 and 72 hr there was considerably less depletion of granules on the ganglionectomized side. It is thought that at the longer times after ganglionectomy the secretion from the test glands is caused by circulating catecholamines released by the action of 6-OHDS on adrenergic nerves elsewhere, plus a possible small direct secretogogue effect oomy are thought to be attributable to the release of catecholamines from adrenergic nerves within the gland.", "PMID": 1051689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_343", "title": "Divergent changes in the rate of development of pressure in the left ventricle and in the performance of the heart as a pump.", "content": "Dog hearts were prepared in situ so that heart rate (HR), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and mean aortic pressure (MAP) could be controlled separately during computation of left ventricular dP/dt max and external stroke work (SW). Progressive increases in HR consistently raised dP/dt max over a wide range, and consistently lowered SW except at low rates. Progressive increases in LVEDP or MAP consistently raised both dP/dt max and SW. Infusion of noradrenaline consistently raided both dP/dt max and SW, except at very high HR when only dP/dt max was consistently raised. Our results lead us to question the validity of equating changes in pre-ejection measurements with changes in performance of the heart as a pump under abnormal conditions and in the assessment of inotropic agents.", "contents": "Divergent changes in the rate of development of pressure in the left ventricle and in the performance of the heart as a pump. Dog hearts were prepared in situ so that heart rate (HR), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and mean aortic pressure (MAP) could be controlled separately during computation of left ventricular dP/dt max and external stroke work (SW). Progressive increases in HR consistently raised dP/dt max over a wide range, and consistently lowered SW except at low rates. Progressive increases in LVEDP or MAP consistently raised both dP/dt max and SW. Infusion of noradrenaline consistently raided both dP/dt max and SW, except at very high HR when only dP/dt max was consistently raised. Our results lead us to question the validity of equating changes in pre-ejection measurements with changes in performance of the heart as a pump under abnormal conditions and in the assessment of inotropic agents.", "PMID": 1051690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_344", "title": "The effect of cholesterol oleate treatment of mice on the rosette forming cell response against sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "Mice injected with a single dose of 60 mg cholesterol oleate emulsion showed substantial blockade of the monoclear phagocyte system measured by the rate of vascular clearance of radio-labelled sheep erythrocytes. The labelled rythrocytes, in lipid treated mice, localized mainly in the spleen, contrasting with control mice in which localization was mainly in the liver. Treatment with this lipid, 24 hr before the intravenous of two different doses of sheep erythrocytes, resulted in significant depression of the rosette forming cell response in the spleen, whereas the responses in the lymph nodes of both control and lipid treated mice were at a low level and not significantly different. Intravenously administered cholesterol oleate emulsion is known to localize mainly in the Kupffer cells and in splenic red pulp macrophages. Cultured macrophages treated with this lipid show inhibition of antigen-binding and depressed phagocytosis of heterologous erythrocytes. The lipid does not affect lymphocytes. These findings are in keeping with the hypothesis that macrophages play a direct role in the induction of an immune response against a particulate antigen.", "contents": "The effect of cholesterol oleate treatment of mice on the rosette forming cell response against sheep erythrocytes. Mice injected with a single dose of 60 mg cholesterol oleate emulsion showed substantial blockade of the monoclear phagocyte system measured by the rate of vascular clearance of radio-labelled sheep erythrocytes. The labelled rythrocytes, in lipid treated mice, localized mainly in the spleen, contrasting with control mice in which localization was mainly in the liver. Treatment with this lipid, 24 hr before the intravenous of two different doses of sheep erythrocytes, resulted in significant depression of the rosette forming cell response in the spleen, whereas the responses in the lymph nodes of both control and lipid treated mice were at a low level and not significantly different. Intravenously administered cholesterol oleate emulsion is known to localize mainly in the Kupffer cells and in splenic red pulp macrophages. Cultured macrophages treated with this lipid show inhibition of antigen-binding and depressed phagocytosis of heterologous erythrocytes. The lipid does not affect lymphocytes. These findings are in keeping with the hypothesis that macrophages play a direct role in the induction of an immune response against a particulate antigen.", "PMID": 1051691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_345", "title": "Changes in urinary water and electrolyte excretion in sodium-loaded sheep in response to intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin.", "content": "Mature sheep receiving supplements of sodium chloride into the rumen were given intravenous infusions of arginine vasopressin at rates varying from 4-6-23 pmol/min (2-10 mU/min). Infusion of the hormone led to an increase in urine flow and to increases in the amounts of sodium and chloride excreted, the effect on flow was, however, the greater so that the osmolality of the urine fell during the infusions. In sheep given intravenous infusions of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution addition of vasopressin to the infusate led to the formation of a larger volume of urine containing a higher proportion of the infused salt load compared to when the salt solution alone was given. As before the effect on flow was the greater and hence the osmolality of the urine was lower when the hormone was given. In other experiments intravenous infusion of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution at rates providing 2-8 mmol NaCl/min led to increases in urine flow and increases in sodium and chloride excretion, the size of these increases being proportional to infusion rate. Plasma vasopressin levels markedly increased during these infusions, the levels seen being similar to those seen in sheep given vasopressin in amounts which increased both urine flow and electrolyte excretion. This suggests that during hypertonic salt loading vasopressin probably contributes directly to the increases in urine flow and the increases in electrolyte excretion which are seen. Further evidence in support of this was obtained in experiments in which a greater natriuretic response was seen in sheep given a hypertonic sodium chloride solution into the carotid artery as opposed to the given a hypertonic sodium chloride solution into the carotid artery as opposed to the jugular vein and where it was shown that plasma vasopressin levels were indeed higher when the solution was given into the artery.", "contents": "Changes in urinary water and electrolyte excretion in sodium-loaded sheep in response to intravenous infusion of arginine vasopressin. Mature sheep receiving supplements of sodium chloride into the rumen were given intravenous infusions of arginine vasopressin at rates varying from 4-6-23 pmol/min (2-10 mU/min). Infusion of the hormone led to an increase in urine flow and to increases in the amounts of sodium and chloride excreted, the effect on flow was, however, the greater so that the osmolality of the urine fell during the infusions. In sheep given intravenous infusions of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution addition of vasopressin to the infusate led to the formation of a larger volume of urine containing a higher proportion of the infused salt load compared to when the salt solution alone was given. As before the effect on flow was the greater and hence the osmolality of the urine was lower when the hormone was given. In other experiments intravenous infusion of a hypertonic sodium chloride solution at rates providing 2-8 mmol NaCl/min led to increases in urine flow and increases in sodium and chloride excretion, the size of these increases being proportional to infusion rate. Plasma vasopressin levels markedly increased during these infusions, the levels seen being similar to those seen in sheep given vasopressin in amounts which increased both urine flow and electrolyte excretion. This suggests that during hypertonic salt loading vasopressin probably contributes directly to the increases in urine flow and the increases in electrolyte excretion which are seen. Further evidence in support of this was obtained in experiments in which a greater natriuretic response was seen in sheep given a hypertonic sodium chloride solution into the carotid artery as opposed to the given a hypertonic sodium chloride solution into the carotid artery as opposed to the jugular vein and where it was shown that plasma vasopressin levels were indeed higher when the solution was given into the artery.", "PMID": 1051692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_346", "title": "[The cephalosporins and their clinical value].", "content": "Up to now cephalothin was the only parenteral and cephalexin the only oral cephalosporin for clinical use in the GDR. The paper deals with several newer cephalosporins. Of these cephazolin shows some advantages, especially in antibacterial activity and serum levels.  There is no metabolization and a better local tolerability compared with cephalothin. Cephapirin has no and cephacetril only inessential advantages. The antibacterial activity of the also well tolerated cephradin is less than that of cephalothin. Certain favourable pharmacokinetic properties such as high lymph and tissue levels, related to serum levels, slight protein binding, high distribution volume and a better stability against beta-lactamases lead to a superiority over cephalothin and diminish the disadvantages compared with cephazolin. The oral form of cephradin very equals to cephalexin.", "contents": "[The cephalosporins and their clinical value]. Up to now cephalothin was the only parenteral and cephalexin the only oral cephalosporin for clinical use in the GDR. The paper deals with several newer cephalosporins. Of these cephazolin shows some advantages, especially in antibacterial activity and serum levels.  There is no metabolization and a better local tolerability compared with cephalothin. Cephapirin has no and cephacetril only inessential advantages. The antibacterial activity of the also well tolerated cephradin is less than that of cephalothin. Certain favourable pharmacokinetic properties such as high lymph and tissue levels, related to serum levels, slight protein binding, high distribution volume and a better stability against beta-lactamases lead to a superiority over cephalothin and diminish the disadvantages compared with cephazolin. The oral form of cephradin very equals to cephalexin.", "PMID": 1051781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_347", "title": "[Purification and properties of beta-galactosidase from fungus, Curvularia inaequalis].", "content": "Highly purfied beta-galactosidase from fungus Curvularia inaequalis cultural fluid with a specific activity of 50 units per mg of protein was obtained by 2-fold purification of the enzyme, using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and on hydroxylapatite. The enzyme was found to hydrolyze o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (pH optimum of 3.7--4.5) and lactose (pH optimum 3.9--5.3). The isoelectric point was observed at pH 4.4 the temperature optimum was 60 degrees C. The molecular weight (115 000--126 000) and the amino acid composition of the enzyme were determined. Km values for o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and lactose were 0.55-10(-3) M and 4.5-10(-3) M respectively. Disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed a single band with a specific activity. The homogeneity of the enzyme was found in ultracentrifuge.", "contents": "[Purification and properties of beta-galactosidase from fungus, Curvularia inaequalis]. Highly purfied beta-galactosidase from fungus Curvularia inaequalis cultural fluid with a specific activity of 50 units per mg of protein was obtained by 2-fold purification of the enzyme, using chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and on hydroxylapatite. The enzyme was found to hydrolyze o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (pH optimum of 3.7--4.5) and lactose (pH optimum 3.9--5.3). The isoelectric point was observed at pH 4.4 the temperature optimum was 60 degrees C. The molecular weight (115 000--126 000) and the amino acid composition of the enzyme were determined. Km values for o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and lactose were 0.55-10(-3) M and 4.5-10(-3) M respectively. Disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel revealed a single band with a specific activity. The homogeneity of the enzyme was found in ultracentrifuge.", "PMID": 1051894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_348", "title": "Transferrin: physiology and function in iron transport.", "content": "Since its identification about 30 years ago transferrin has attracted the interest of many investigators concerned with its structure, metal-binding properties, genetic polymorphism, and especially its role in the transport of iron within the body. Transferrin's two iron-binding sites appear to be structurally identical with equivalent iron binding after addition of iron in vitro. However, since the experiments of Fletcher and Huehns, the functional homogeneity of transferrin-bound iron has been questioned. Understanding of the precise mechanism of iron release from transferrin to receptor sites on reticulocytes and other tissues active in iron exchange is incomplete. Considerable evidence has been assembled from rats to support the Fletcher-Huehns hypothesis of selective release of A-site iron to erythrocyte precursors and placenta while B-site iron is delivered to hepatocytes. Results of experiments in rabbit and human systems remain controversial. Reasons for this controversy include: variations in the technique of iron addition to transferrin with the possibility of non-specific binding; variations in reticulocytes used in preparing selectively labelled transferrin and in its biological assay; and artifacts introduced in mixed-species experiments. Until methods are more refined and the transferrin-iron receptor interaction is better understood, the controversy about transferrins's iron transport function will persist.", "contents": "Transferrin: physiology and function in iron transport. Since its identification about 30 years ago transferrin has attracted the interest of many investigators concerned with its structure, metal-binding properties, genetic polymorphism, and especially its role in the transport of iron within the body. Transferrin's two iron-binding sites appear to be structurally identical with equivalent iron binding after addition of iron in vitro. However, since the experiments of Fletcher and Huehns, the functional homogeneity of transferrin-bound iron has been questioned. Understanding of the precise mechanism of iron release from transferrin to receptor sites on reticulocytes and other tissues active in iron exchange is incomplete. Considerable evidence has been assembled from rats to support the Fletcher-Huehns hypothesis of selective release of A-site iron to erythrocyte precursors and placenta while B-site iron is delivered to hepatocytes. Results of experiments in rabbit and human systems remain controversial. Reasons for this controversy include: variations in the technique of iron addition to transferrin with the possibility of non-specific binding; variations in reticulocytes used in preparing selectively labelled transferrin and in its biological assay; and artifacts introduced in mixed-species experiments. Until methods are more refined and the transferrin-iron receptor interaction is better understood, the controversy about transferrins's iron transport function will persist.", "PMID": 1052027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_349", "title": "Control of iron delivery to haemoglobin in erythroid cells.", "content": "This paper reviews and reports the results of experiments on the mechanism by which iron is delivered from extracellular transferrin to reticulocyte mitochondria in which haem is synthesized. It is suggested that transferrin donates the iron directly to mitochondria. Transferrin seems to be bound to mitochondria during the process of iron release. When the release of iron from transferrin is blocked by haem, the iron-transferrin complex remains bound to mitochondria so that the total amount of transferrin molecules associated with mitochondria increases in haem-treated reticulocytes. This also leads to an increase in the number of transferrin molecules in the cytosol. In haem-deficient reticulocytes, the rate of dissociation of iron from transferrin is accelerated and the uptake of iron by mitochondria is increased. When the synthesis of haem is inhibited, the non-haem iron in the cytosol (i.e. mainly low-molecular-weight and ferritin iron) comes from mitochondria. Greater amounts of non-haem iron can also be induced in reticulocytes incubated with highly saturated transferrin but, in this case, iron does not seem to be accumulated in mitochondria. These results represent an experimental basis for the elucidation of the excessive non-haem iron accumulation in erythroid cells observed in various clinical conditions.", "contents": "Control of iron delivery to haemoglobin in erythroid cells. This paper reviews and reports the results of experiments on the mechanism by which iron is delivered from extracellular transferrin to reticulocyte mitochondria in which haem is synthesized. It is suggested that transferrin donates the iron directly to mitochondria. Transferrin seems to be bound to mitochondria during the process of iron release. When the release of iron from transferrin is blocked by haem, the iron-transferrin complex remains bound to mitochondria so that the total amount of transferrin molecules associated with mitochondria increases in haem-treated reticulocytes. This also leads to an increase in the number of transferrin molecules in the cytosol. In haem-deficient reticulocytes, the rate of dissociation of iron from transferrin is accelerated and the uptake of iron by mitochondria is increased. When the synthesis of haem is inhibited, the non-haem iron in the cytosol (i.e. mainly low-molecular-weight and ferritin iron) comes from mitochondria. Greater amounts of non-haem iron can also be induced in reticulocytes incubated with highly saturated transferrin but, in this case, iron does not seem to be accumulated in mitochondria. These results represent an experimental basis for the elucidation of the excessive non-haem iron accumulation in erythroid cells observed in various clinical conditions.", "PMID": 1052029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_350", "title": "Iron status, immune response and susceptibility to infection.", "content": "Nutritional factors can modulate immune responses. The concentration of iron, amongst other nutrients, influences host defence mechanisms. In experimentally induced iron deficiency in animals, morbidity and mortality on bacterial challenge are increased several-fold. Cell-mediated immunity and intra-cellular bacterial killing by polymorphonuclear leucocytes are impaired in iron-deficient individuals. This impairment is likely to be mediated by the effect of iron lack on cell proliferation, DNA synthesis and activity of iron-containing and iron-dependent enzymes involved in killing and elimination of microbes. Conversely, the availability of the free iron is a critical determinant for bacterial multiplication. It is not surprising then that epidemiological and clinical data on the frequency of infections--bacterial, fungal and others--in iron-deficient, iron-overloaded and healthy groups differ so widely. Vulnerability to infection based on the individual's iron status must be the net result of the effect of iron, or the lack of it, on microbial growth on the one hand and on immunocompetence of the host on the other. The key to keeping these interactions within physiological bounds is 'optimal iron nutrition'.", "contents": "Iron status, immune response and susceptibility to infection. Nutritional factors can modulate immune responses. The concentration of iron, amongst other nutrients, influences host defence mechanisms. In experimentally induced iron deficiency in animals, morbidity and mortality on bacterial challenge are increased several-fold. Cell-mediated immunity and intra-cellular bacterial killing by polymorphonuclear leucocytes are impaired in iron-deficient individuals. This impairment is likely to be mediated by the effect of iron lack on cell proliferation, DNA synthesis and activity of iron-containing and iron-dependent enzymes involved in killing and elimination of microbes. Conversely, the availability of the free iron is a critical determinant for bacterial multiplication. It is not surprising then that epidemiological and clinical data on the frequency of infections--bacterial, fungal and others--in iron-deficient, iron-overloaded and healthy groups differ so widely. Vulnerability to infection based on the individual's iron status must be the net result of the effect of iron, or the lack of it, on microbial growth on the one hand and on immunocompetence of the host on the other. The key to keeping these interactions within physiological bounds is 'optimal iron nutrition'.", "PMID": 1052033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_351", "title": "Lysosomal disruption in the pathogenesis of hepatic damage in primary and secondary haemochromatosis.", "content": "The disruption of lysosomes with release of their content of lytic enzymes was an early concept for the possible role of these organelles in the pathogenesis of tissue damage. Many examples are known of primary lysosomal storage diseases due to a congenital deficiency of certain acid hydrolases. It is suggested that iron overload due to either primary haemochromatosis or transfusional siderosis is a form of acquired secondary lysosomal storage disease. Subcellular fractionation experiments and electron microscopic studies have shown that liver tissue from patients with iron overload has iron-laden lysosomes. Similar results have been found in iron-overloaded rats. In patients, but not in experimental animals, enzymic analyses have shown increased activities of acid hydrolases and strikingly enhanced lysosomal fragility in liver homogenates. When it has been possible to deplete the patients of the excessive iron, these parameters have returned to normal. The possible mechanisms by which the iron compounds disrupt lysosomes, including distension with ferritin or haemosiderin or free-radical-mediated membrane damage, will be discussed.", "contents": "Lysosomal disruption in the pathogenesis of hepatic damage in primary and secondary haemochromatosis. The disruption of lysosomes with release of their content of lytic enzymes was an early concept for the possible role of these organelles in the pathogenesis of tissue damage. Many examples are known of primary lysosomal storage diseases due to a congenital deficiency of certain acid hydrolases. It is suggested that iron overload due to either primary haemochromatosis or transfusional siderosis is a form of acquired secondary lysosomal storage disease. Subcellular fractionation experiments and electron microscopic studies have shown that liver tissue from patients with iron overload has iron-laden lysosomes. Similar results have been found in iron-overloaded rats. In patients, but not in experimental animals, enzymic analyses have shown increased activities of acid hydrolases and strikingly enhanced lysosomal fragility in liver homogenates. When it has been possible to deplete the patients of the excessive iron, these parameters have returned to normal. The possible mechanisms by which the iron compounds disrupt lysosomes, including distension with ferritin or haemosiderin or free-radical-mediated membrane damage, will be discussed.", "PMID": 1052036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_352", "title": "The liver in thalassaemia major: ultrastructural observations.", "content": "During a study of pathogenetic mechanisms in the hepatic cirrhosis of thalassaemia major, 16 liver biopsies were examined by electron microscopy. Previous ultrastructural studies of liver cells during iron overload have shown electron-dense iron as lysosomal haemosiderin, and as lysosomal and cell-sap ferritin. In this study, all biopsies, regardless of the patient's age, showed ferritin molecules within lysosomes in a specific pattern in relationship with regularly arranged lamellae. This membrane-associated lysosomal ferritin is considered to be a stage in the segregation of iron seen in iron overload. The dimensions and electron density of individual ferritin molecules indicate differences between cell sap and lysosomal ferritin. Intracellular ferritin transport and iron-seclusion mechanisms are reconsidered in view of these findings. The liver biopsies of thalassaemic infants also provide information about the causal relationship between iron overload and collagen deposition. Since the collagen deposition precedes any morphological evidence of cellular injury (other than the increased iron content), the primary cirrhotogenic factor in thalassaemia is apparently not cell necrosis but possibly excessive collagen deposition induced by iron.", "contents": "The liver in thalassaemia major: ultrastructural observations. During a study of pathogenetic mechanisms in the hepatic cirrhosis of thalassaemia major, 16 liver biopsies were examined by electron microscopy. Previous ultrastructural studies of liver cells during iron overload have shown electron-dense iron as lysosomal haemosiderin, and as lysosomal and cell-sap ferritin. In this study, all biopsies, regardless of the patient's age, showed ferritin molecules within lysosomes in a specific pattern in relationship with regularly arranged lamellae. This membrane-associated lysosomal ferritin is considered to be a stage in the segregation of iron seen in iron overload. The dimensions and electron density of individual ferritin molecules indicate differences between cell sap and lysosomal ferritin. Intracellular ferritin transport and iron-seclusion mechanisms are reconsidered in view of these findings. The liver biopsies of thalassaemic infants also provide information about the causal relationship between iron overload and collagen deposition. Since the collagen deposition precedes any morphological evidence of cellular injury (other than the increased iron content), the primary cirrhotogenic factor in thalassaemia is apparently not cell necrosis but possibly excessive collagen deposition induced by iron.", "PMID": 1052035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_353", "title": "Iron centres and rate-limiting spans in the respiratory chains of mitochondria from adult and fetal rats.", "content": "The respiratory chain is a mosaic of complexes functionally linked through the mobile intermediates ubiquinone and cytochrome c. Changes in content of complexes that are not rat-limiting might not be reflected in the overall respiratory rate but may be revealed by titration with specific inhibitors. Oxidation of succinate by membranes of liver mitochondria from fetal, adult and starved rats was titrated with antimycin. Initial respiratory rates were similar but antimycin-titration curves were markedly different. The results indicate that the content of Complex III (cytochrome b-c1 span) is much lower in mitochondria from fetal and starved adult rats than in controls. In no case however is Complex III initially rat-limiting, and in fetal and starved adult rats it seems that a much lower content of functional Complex III is required to sustain a given respiratory rate. A possible explanation is a compensatory optimization of the pool function of ubiquinone, through increases in its content or its mobility in the mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "Iron centres and rate-limiting spans in the respiratory chains of mitochondria from adult and fetal rats. The respiratory chain is a mosaic of complexes functionally linked through the mobile intermediates ubiquinone and cytochrome c. Changes in content of complexes that are not rat-limiting might not be reflected in the overall respiratory rate but may be revealed by titration with specific inhibitors. Oxidation of succinate by membranes of liver mitochondria from fetal, adult and starved rats was titrated with antimycin. Initial respiratory rates were similar but antimycin-titration curves were markedly different. The results indicate that the content of Complex III (cytochrome b-c1 span) is much lower in mitochondria from fetal and starved adult rats than in controls. In no case however is Complex III initially rat-limiting, and in fetal and starved adult rats it seems that a much lower content of functional Complex III is required to sustain a given respiratory rate. A possible explanation is a compensatory optimization of the pool function of ubiquinone, through increases in its content or its mobility in the mitochondrial membrane.", "PMID": 1052039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_354", "title": "An intracellular transit iron pool.", "content": "It seems likely that iron which has crossed the cell membrane and has been released from transferrin enters a labile intermediate pool from which it is available for haem synthesis, for the activation of iron-dependent enzymes, for incorporation into ferritin or for a return to extracellular transferrin. Enlargement of this pool stimulates ferritin synthesis. Iron probably enters the transit pool not only from transferrin but also as a result of endogenous haem breakdown and the mobilization of ferritin iron. Evidence for the occurrence of the transit pool has been obtained for reticuloendothelial cells, red cells precursors, cultured Chang cells and liver. It is suggested that the transit pool consists of a low molecular weight complex and that this is a major source of the iron chelated by agents such as desferrioxamine. No more precise characterization has been possible up to the present time.", "contents": "An intracellular transit iron pool. It seems likely that iron which has crossed the cell membrane and has been released from transferrin enters a labile intermediate pool from which it is available for haem synthesis, for the activation of iron-dependent enzymes, for incorporation into ferritin or for a return to extracellular transferrin. Enlargement of this pool stimulates ferritin synthesis. Iron probably enters the transit pool not only from transferrin but also as a result of endogenous haem breakdown and the mobilization of ferritin iron. Evidence for the occurrence of the transit pool has been obtained for reticuloendothelial cells, red cells precursors, cultured Chang cells and liver. It is suggested that the transit pool consists of a low molecular weight complex and that this is a major source of the iron chelated by agents such as desferrioxamine. No more precise characterization has been possible up to the present time.", "PMID": 1052040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_355", "title": "The development of agricultural antibiotics in Japan.", "content": "Agricultural antibiotics are very hopeful biodegradable pesticides which are expected to be from environmental pollution. The outline of the present status of agricultural antibiotics used or tested at present for practical application in Japan is presental in this paper.", "contents": "The development of agricultural antibiotics in Japan. Agricultural antibiotics are very hopeful biodegradable pesticides which are expected to be from environmental pollution. The outline of the present status of agricultural antibiotics used or tested at present for practical application in Japan is presental in this paper.", "PMID": 1052044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_356", "title": "Ferritin phenotypes: structure and metabolism.", "content": "Recent advances in our understanding of the biochemistry of ferritin have provided new insights into its role in iron metabolism. Findings of multiple structural forms in many tissues may have important consequences for ferritin's function and metabolism. This article reviews the molecular basis of apoferritin heterogeneity and discusses mechanisms operating in the phenotypic expression of ferritin in normal and malignant cells.", "contents": "Ferritin phenotypes: structure and metabolism. Recent advances in our understanding of the biochemistry of ferritin have provided new insights into its role in iron metabolism. Findings of multiple structural forms in many tissues may have important consequences for ferritin's function and metabolism. This article reviews the molecular basis of apoferritin heterogeneity and discusses mechanisms operating in the phenotypic expression of ferritin in normal and malignant cells.", "PMID": 1052037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_357", "title": "The new mother's view of herself.", "content": "A woman's attitude to breast-feeding is usually determined more by feeling than by rational thought; it is built on her adolescent views of the development of secondary sexual characteristics and subsequently on the breasts' part in sexual attraction. Early in pregnancy a mother is aware that fixed advice is more often offered than explanatory discussion. When birth is imminent, disinclination to breast-feed may be part of an unrecognized reluctance to submit to the changes which motherhood will bring. After the birth of her first child a mother finds herself enduring the discomforts of heightened moods and only too ready to interpret difficulties as signs of her inadequacy. Yet at the same time she is likely to discover her delight in her baby's repose and her own tranquillity at times of feeding.", "contents": "The new mother's view of herself. A woman's attitude to breast-feeding is usually determined more by feeling than by rational thought; it is built on her adolescent views of the development of secondary sexual characteristics and subsequently on the breasts' part in sexual attraction. Early in pregnancy a mother is aware that fixed advice is more often offered than explanatory discussion. When birth is imminent, disinclination to breast-feed may be part of an unrecognized reluctance to submit to the changes which motherhood will bring. After the birth of her first child a mother finds herself enduring the discomforts of heightened moods and only too ready to interpret difficulties as signs of her inadequacy. Yet at the same time she is likely to discover her delight in her baby's repose and her own tranquillity at times of feeding.", "PMID": 1052045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_358", "title": "Lactation education: the learning of the 'obvious'.", "content": "As far as the human mother is concerned, breast-feeding is hardly an instinctive act. Its success is based on the transmittal of accumulated experience in how to tackle breast-feeding problems. In rural societies where this experience is still intact and the mothers are well supported in the period just after the birth of the child, the best policy is non-interference. In transitional and urban societies, however, the traditional know-how and support is often lost, and failure to breast-feed usually results; here, lactation education is in its place. The knowledge of health personnel about how to teach mothers to breast-feed is often scanty. Medical text-books are weak on this point--more often than not, the information given is a mere extrapolation of bottle-feeding techniques to breast-feeding. Re-education is necessary, so that the advice given to mothers is simple, uniform and based on experience and insight. 'Moralizing' is unnecessary and should be avoided. There are several channels for the spreading of information about breast-feeding: mothers' groups, health services in general, mass media and schools. The importance of the policy makers should not be overlooked: at least in urban areas, several of their decisions will finally affect the method of infant feeding.", "contents": "Lactation education: the learning of the 'obvious'. As far as the human mother is concerned, breast-feeding is hardly an instinctive act. Its success is based on the transmittal of accumulated experience in how to tackle breast-feeding problems. In rural societies where this experience is still intact and the mothers are well supported in the period just after the birth of the child, the best policy is non-interference. In transitional and urban societies, however, the traditional know-how and support is often lost, and failure to breast-feed usually results; here, lactation education is in its place. The knowledge of health personnel about how to teach mothers to breast-feed is often scanty. Medical text-books are weak on this point--more often than not, the information given is a mere extrapolation of bottle-feeding techniques to breast-feeding. Re-education is necessary, so that the advice given to mothers is simple, uniform and based on experience and insight. 'Moralizing' is unnecessary and should be avoided. There are several channels for the spreading of information about breast-feeding: mothers' groups, health services in general, mass media and schools. The importance of the policy makers should not be overlooked: at least in urban areas, several of their decisions will finally affect the method of infant feeding.", "PMID": 1052049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_359", "title": "The response of the hospital doctor to the health requirements of a changing society.", "content": "Before the advent of the National Health Service in 1948 most hospital doctors were in close contact with the primary care of, at least, a section of the community both by their continuing close contacts with general practitioners and as a result of often having spent some part of their careers as general practitioners. Since 1948 this awareness of the health aspirations of the community has weakened as a result of advances in the care of disease which have made the hospital doctor increasingly dependent on sophisticated facilities and, thus, focused his attention on hospital care rather than on the community. Hospital staff must re-establish their link with primary care and must perceive clearly the ways in which they contribute to the health of their community. They must be conscious of the proportion of available resources that are used in hospital and be prepared to regulate demands so that there is equality in the distribution of resources in the health field. Hospitals are not only expensive but have become extravagant; it is the responsibility of the hospital doctor to curb extravagance. If private practice is to continue, it must be integrated into the health service, not excluded from it. Finally, the patient must be recognized as a member of a family and of a community that is both curious and concerned about health. The hospital doctor must communicate with patience, understanding and clarity. In this relationship he also has a part to play in health education and prevention of disease. He must remove the mystery from his art and enter into useful discussions with government and community.", "contents": "The response of the hospital doctor to the health requirements of a changing society. Before the advent of the National Health Service in 1948 most hospital doctors were in close contact with the primary care of, at least, a section of the community both by their continuing close contacts with general practitioners and as a result of often having spent some part of their careers as general practitioners. Since 1948 this awareness of the health aspirations of the community has weakened as a result of advances in the care of disease which have made the hospital doctor increasingly dependent on sophisticated facilities and, thus, focused his attention on hospital care rather than on the community. Hospital staff must re-establish their link with primary care and must perceive clearly the ways in which they contribute to the health of their community. They must be conscious of the proportion of available resources that are used in hospital and be prepared to regulate demands so that there is equality in the distribution of resources in the health field. Hospitals are not only expensive but have become extravagant; it is the responsibility of the hospital doctor to curb extravagance. If private practice is to continue, it must be integrated into the health service, not excluded from it. Finally, the patient must be recognized as a member of a family and of a community that is both curious and concerned about health. The hospital doctor must communicate with patience, understanding and clarity. In this relationship he also has a part to play in health education and prevention of disease. He must remove the mystery from his art and enter into useful discussions with government and community.", "PMID": 1052051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_360", "title": "The place of academic research.", "content": "The medically qualified academic research worker under university aegis but within the National Health Service has recently been subjected to frightening forces. His traditional role of being allowed and financed to do what he wants is questioned in an age of economic crisis and of concern about how to spend limited resources. The call for 'relevance' in academic research makes sense when looked at from society's viewpoint but nonsense when looked at from the research worker's viewpoint. Recent personal experience has generated a proposal for the resolution, in part, of these conflicting claims; namely, the university hospital. Unless academic research continues to flourish within our present framework, the quality of the practitioners of medicine and paramedical subjects will drop slowly over the next 20 years as the spirit of enquiry dies!", "contents": "The place of academic research. The medically qualified academic research worker under university aegis but within the National Health Service has recently been subjected to frightening forces. His traditional role of being allowed and financed to do what he wants is questioned in an age of economic crisis and of concern about how to spend limited resources. The call for 'relevance' in academic research makes sense when looked at from society's viewpoint but nonsense when looked at from the research worker's viewpoint. Recent personal experience has generated a proposal for the resolution, in part, of these conflicting claims; namely, the university hospital. Unless academic research continues to flourish within our present framework, the quality of the practitioners of medicine and paramedical subjects will drop slowly over the next 20 years as the spirit of enquiry dies!", "PMID": 1052052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_361", "title": "Health education, cancer and postgraduate training.", "content": "Cancer as a term encompasses a multitude of diseases and is consequently misunderstood. Today, it is still considered sinister and, too often, synonymous with death. It is a complex subject, exciting and challenging, yet the myths associated with cancer are perpetuated even by professionals in the health service. This can be attributed to the scant knowledge of its nature and prognosis, the progress made and the services available. When one considers the breadth of basic training needed to prepare both doctors and nurses to practise it is understandable. In a health service based on disease it is difficult to consider prevention as a priority. Financial implications are enormous and inhibit this aspect of the work in thefield of cancer and allied diseases. However, it is estimated that 80--90% of cancers are caused by environmental influences and can, in theory, be prevented. Efforts to promote health and prevent disease are costly and too often ineffective. Early diagnosis is another contentious subject; efforts are being directed to the establishment of clinics for patients presenting with symptoms rather than detection of symptom-free subjects. Improved approaches to prevention, recognition and acceptance through an understanding of cancer will alleviate the task of those directly involved in the cure and control of the disease. Health education in relation to cancer needs to be directed equally at health service professionals and the public. It would be unacceptable and inaccurate to describe the cancer services anywhere as incapable of further improvement. Research and therapy must go hand in hand and depend on the participation of the patient as a knowledgeable member of the team, rather than as a passive recipient of care. Death should not be considered failure, rather the completion of care. We face constantly the risk of despondency and the efforts of the team must be sustained with optimism and encouragement. Achievements have been made and will be made, however slowly, and the end justifies the effort. The need for postgraduate training is greater now than ever before. Adaptability to rapid change, vision and continuity are vital in our technologically orientated society. This should be considered a prerequisite to ensure improved standards of patient care at home and in hospital.", "contents": "Health education, cancer and postgraduate training. Cancer as a term encompasses a multitude of diseases and is consequently misunderstood. Today, it is still considered sinister and, too often, synonymous with death. It is a complex subject, exciting and challenging, yet the myths associated with cancer are perpetuated even by professionals in the health service. This can be attributed to the scant knowledge of its nature and prognosis, the progress made and the services available. When one considers the breadth of basic training needed to prepare both doctors and nurses to practise it is understandable. In a health service based on disease it is difficult to consider prevention as a priority. Financial implications are enormous and inhibit this aspect of the work in thefield of cancer and allied diseases. However, it is estimated that 80--90% of cancers are caused by environmental influences and can, in theory, be prevented. Efforts to promote health and prevent disease are costly and too often ineffective. Early diagnosis is another contentious subject; efforts are being directed to the establishment of clinics for patients presenting with symptoms rather than detection of symptom-free subjects. Improved approaches to prevention, recognition and acceptance through an understanding of cancer will alleviate the task of those directly involved in the cure and control of the disease. Health education in relation to cancer needs to be directed equally at health service professionals and the public. It would be unacceptable and inaccurate to describe the cancer services anywhere as incapable of further improvement. Research and therapy must go hand in hand and depend on the participation of the patient as a knowledgeable member of the team, rather than as a passive recipient of care. Death should not be considered failure, rather the completion of care. We face constantly the risk of despondency and the efforts of the team must be sustained with optimism and encouragement. Achievements have been made and will be made, however slowly, and the end justifies the effort. The need for postgraduate training is greater now than ever before. Adaptability to rapid change, vision and continuity are vital in our technologically orientated society. This should be considered a prerequisite to ensure improved standards of patient care at home and in hospital.", "PMID": 1052053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_362", "title": "The difficulties of changing.", "content": "In general, our psychological equipment develops in such a way that we get information of predictive value through the senses; we tend to record constancies and consistencies of events and behave as though these are persistent. We are mostly unaware of the power of the stores of relevant experience (assumptions, expectations, attitudes) that condition our perceptions and therefore cannot question them, nor in many circumstances is there need to do so. In fairly constant conditions they are useful in helping us to see, quickly and effortlessly, what we expect to see. But in rapid changes this is not so; we can no longer rely on our psychological equipment and we become uncertain, confused and, in extreme cases, antagonistic, fearful and impotent. Examples of assumptions that influence medical education and medical treatment are given. Ability to respond effectively to change requires confidence to examine and restructure basic assumptions. The value of interaction in small groups in helping to achieve this is indicated.", "contents": "The difficulties of changing. In general, our psychological equipment develops in such a way that we get information of predictive value through the senses; we tend to record constancies and consistencies of events and behave as though these are persistent. We are mostly unaware of the power of the stores of relevant experience (assumptions, expectations, attitudes) that condition our perceptions and therefore cannot question them, nor in many circumstances is there need to do so. In fairly constant conditions they are useful in helping us to see, quickly and effortlessly, what we expect to see. But in rapid changes this is not so; we can no longer rely on our psychological equipment and we become uncertain, confused and, in extreme cases, antagonistic, fearful and impotent. Examples of assumptions that influence medical education and medical treatment are given. Ability to respond effectively to change requires confidence to examine and restructure basic assumptions. The value of interaction in small groups in helping to achieve this is indicated.", "PMID": 1052056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_363", "title": "Implications of shortening the time spent in hospital.", "content": "The decision to shorten the time spent in most areas of hospital care is extremely complex and hinges on the balance of numerous resulting credits and debits, which are largely unknown. The length of stay in hospital can be stabilized for many categories of medical care but the likely benefits may be disappointingly small in the face of unchanged demand for health care. Furthermore, a sustained reduction in length of stay could bring with it logistic contractual and personal problems, the costs of which could outweigh the benefits of stabilization. The best delivery of health care in a closed financial system seems to depend on a joint consideration of output per unit time and a provision of a service that comes near to satisfying the true need for that service. The appropriate level of service will be decided from a study of the true prevalence of the need and the ability of the service to satisfy it. The enthusiastic pursuit of traditional efficiency without adequate information may be counterproductive--by increasing demand, by demoralizing the health personnel and by diverting some of the demand into private practice. Our first priority is the rationalization of demand; this will need the combined efforts and goodwill of the consumer and the supplier. Only when demand has been rationalized may we expect a net benefit from shortening length of stay.", "contents": "Implications of shortening the time spent in hospital. The decision to shorten the time spent in most areas of hospital care is extremely complex and hinges on the balance of numerous resulting credits and debits, which are largely unknown. The length of stay in hospital can be stabilized for many categories of medical care but the likely benefits may be disappointingly small in the face of unchanged demand for health care. Furthermore, a sustained reduction in length of stay could bring with it logistic contractual and personal problems, the costs of which could outweigh the benefits of stabilization. The best delivery of health care in a closed financial system seems to depend on a joint consideration of output per unit time and a provision of a service that comes near to satisfying the true need for that service. The appropriate level of service will be decided from a study of the true prevalence of the need and the ability of the service to satisfy it. The enthusiastic pursuit of traditional efficiency without adequate information may be counterproductive--by increasing demand, by demoralizing the health personnel and by diverting some of the demand into private practice. Our first priority is the rationalization of demand; this will need the combined efforts and goodwill of the consumer and the supplier. Only when demand has been rationalized may we expect a net benefit from shortening length of stay.", "PMID": 1052057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_364", "title": "The nurse's contribution to care.", "content": "The concept of health needs as envisaged by the nurse and the challenge of the changing setting to nursing are explored with regard to the nurse's contribution to care against the background of change. Advances in medical science and technology tend to result in increasing specialization in health care and a complex organizational structure for its delivery. These and other factors tend towards fragmentation of care. Care is the concern of all health workers and needs collaboration based on mutual trust and respect. The nurse makes not the only but a unique contribution to care. In the primary care team she has information about the patient as a 'whole' person and about his or her family on the basis of which she can assess total needs and make appropriate arrangements for these to be met. She communicates with the medical and other members of the health professions in the interest of coordinated and total care, including continuity of care between home and hospital, where appropriate. In hospital, nurses are the only professional workers providing a continuous and direct caring service. Care is a concept implying a measure of constancy and continuity. These two aspects, reinforced by communication, coordination, explanation, education and empathy, are some of the main components in the nurse's contribution to care.", "contents": "The nurse's contribution to care. The concept of health needs as envisaged by the nurse and the challenge of the changing setting to nursing are explored with regard to the nurse's contribution to care against the background of change. Advances in medical science and technology tend to result in increasing specialization in health care and a complex organizational structure for its delivery. These and other factors tend towards fragmentation of care. Care is the concern of all health workers and needs collaboration based on mutual trust and respect. The nurse makes not the only but a unique contribution to care. In the primary care team she has information about the patient as a 'whole' person and about his or her family on the basis of which she can assess total needs and make appropriate arrangements for these to be met. She communicates with the medical and other members of the health professions in the interest of coordinated and total care, including continuity of care between home and hospital, where appropriate. In hospital, nurses are the only professional workers providing a continuous and direct caring service. Care is a concept implying a measure of constancy and continuity. These two aspects, reinforced by communication, coordination, explanation, education and empathy, are some of the main components in the nurse's contribution to care.", "PMID": 1052058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_365", "title": "Some quandaries facing the health visitor in these times of change,.", "content": "Several dilemmas face personnel in the National Health Service as they endeavour to provide quality care while both costs and the level of consumer expectation rise. Amongst the specific aspects of concern to the health visitor are, in particular, role perceptions and role expansion, the problems consequent upon the integration of preventive workers within traditionally curative settings, the perplexities of those concerned with the rightful deployment of skills and resources within the primary health care team, and the need to create group cohesion and efficiency against a background of different professional cultural heritages. The changing pattern of disease raises several issues, in particular the contribution that health visitors might make to the total health care system. The overall aim is to examine a few of the areas where there may be conflict and to look at the way in which such conflicts could be harnessed for further cooperation and communication, so improving group harmony and community health care.", "contents": "Some quandaries facing the health visitor in these times of change,. Several dilemmas face personnel in the National Health Service as they endeavour to provide quality care while both costs and the level of consumer expectation rise. Amongst the specific aspects of concern to the health visitor are, in particular, role perceptions and role expansion, the problems consequent upon the integration of preventive workers within traditionally curative settings, the perplexities of those concerned with the rightful deployment of skills and resources within the primary health care team, and the need to create group cohesion and efficiency against a background of different professional cultural heritages. The changing pattern of disease raises several issues, in particular the contribution that health visitors might make to the total health care system. The overall aim is to examine a few of the areas where there may be conflict and to look at the way in which such conflicts could be harnessed for further cooperation and communication, so improving group harmony and community health care.", "PMID": 1052059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_366", "title": "Commitment and concern in the health service.", "content": "As part of a general review of the use of local health services resources, a specific enquiry was mounted to examine the recurring complaint of a lack of identity or sense of belonging made by staff working in the largest district of the Grampian Health Board. The investigation pointed to clearly identifiable sources of confusion and concern: (a) a need to identify with and feel committed to the health service; (b) a sense of purpose and direction; (c) satisfaction with the conditions of service; (d) an understanding of an individual's role and its relationship to others'. It is relatively easy to list the problems, such as friction between occupational groups, lack of commitment, uncertainty over duties and authority, reluctance to delegate and resistance to, or even outright rejection of, decisions apparently at variance with professional advice. In addition to these internal stresses the health service is perpetually beset by two other external problems, namely what it is expected to achieve and the finance allowed to attain its goals. The various groups within the service are in no way agreed on roles and responsibilities, Without agreement goals cannot be defined. Without goals, use of resources cannot be rationalized. Without a demonstrably fair distribution of resources, neither the public nor health service staff will feel confident or committed. Somewhere this cycle must be broken.", "contents": "Commitment and concern in the health service. As part of a general review of the use of local health services resources, a specific enquiry was mounted to examine the recurring complaint of a lack of identity or sense of belonging made by staff working in the largest district of the Grampian Health Board. The investigation pointed to clearly identifiable sources of confusion and concern: (a) a need to identify with and feel committed to the health service; (b) a sense of purpose and direction; (c) satisfaction with the conditions of service; (d) an understanding of an individual's role and its relationship to others'. It is relatively easy to list the problems, such as friction between occupational groups, lack of commitment, uncertainty over duties and authority, reluctance to delegate and resistance to, or even outright rejection of, decisions apparently at variance with professional advice. In addition to these internal stresses the health service is perpetually beset by two other external problems, namely what it is expected to achieve and the finance allowed to attain its goals. The various groups within the service are in no way agreed on roles and responsibilities, Without agreement goals cannot be defined. Without goals, use of resources cannot be rationalized. Without a demonstrably fair distribution of resources, neither the public nor health service staff will feel confident or committed. Somewhere this cycle must be broken.", "PMID": 1052060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_367", "title": "French medical research: the risk of 'demedicalization'.", "content": "French medical research is at present financed almost entirely by INSERM (Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherceh M\u00e9dicale). The INSERM budget (286 million francs in 1975) supports research in laboratoreis in university hospitals by doctors who have both clinical and teaching commitments and, especially, by more than a thousand 'statutory research workers' employed by INSERM. Research in INSERM laboratories now tends to be fundamental biological research rather than directed towards pathological problems. Among the reasons for this are (i) the mode of recruitment of staturtory research workers; (ii) the difficulties of clinical investigation, which are due mainly to the way the hospitals function and to lack of interest by the hospital administration in medical research; (iii) the small number of university doctors actively involved in research. Research on fundamental biological problems in INSERM laboratories is making excellent progress, due to the quality of the research workers, and it may pay in the long run. But medical research is now tending to become an 'ivory tower' for the victorious researchers, who sometimes scorn the clinicians. Medical research will, if no measures are taken, 'demedicalize.' Institutes of pure biological research could soon be isolated within the medical faculties and doctors may become even less scientific and investigative than they are today. This situation could be modified by: (i) re-evaluating the role of research in a university hospital career, making it impossible for a doctor to attain high levels of promotion unless he does some research (this could be done by asking doctors interested in such a career to work for several years in an INSERM laboratory after their training and before they take up clinical responsibilities); (ii) awarding clinicians, exceptionally, the status of research worker; (iii) increasing considerably the participation of the universities in financing medical research, a participation which at present is absurdly low and is every decreasing.", "contents": "French medical research: the risk of 'demedicalization'. French medical research is at present financed almost entirely by INSERM (Institut National de la Sant\u00e9 et de la Recherceh M\u00e9dicale). The INSERM budget (286 million francs in 1975) supports research in laboratoreis in university hospitals by doctors who have both clinical and teaching commitments and, especially, by more than a thousand 'statutory research workers' employed by INSERM. Research in INSERM laboratories now tends to be fundamental biological research rather than directed towards pathological problems. Among the reasons for this are (i) the mode of recruitment of staturtory research workers; (ii) the difficulties of clinical investigation, which are due mainly to the way the hospitals function and to lack of interest by the hospital administration in medical research; (iii) the small number of university doctors actively involved in research. Research on fundamental biological problems in INSERM laboratories is making excellent progress, due to the quality of the research workers, and it may pay in the long run. But medical research is now tending to become an 'ivory tower' for the victorious researchers, who sometimes scorn the clinicians. Medical research will, if no measures are taken, 'demedicalize.' Institutes of pure biological research could soon be isolated within the medical faculties and doctors may become even less scientific and investigative than they are today. This situation could be modified by: (i) re-evaluating the role of research in a university hospital career, making it impossible for a doctor to attain high levels of promotion unless he does some research (this could be done by asking doctors interested in such a career to work for several years in an INSERM laboratory after their training and before they take up clinical responsibilities); (ii) awarding clinicians, exceptionally, the status of research worker; (iii) increasing considerably the participation of the universities in financing medical research, a participation which at present is absurdly low and is every decreasing.", "PMID": 1052062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_368", "title": "Client-oriented medicine.", "content": "Both weak (Illich) and strong (Kerr White, Cochrane) cases have been made for radical changes in medical education and medical practice. The real needs of patients and of the community are considered to be incompletely served by the prevailing emphasis on acute hospital medicine, to the comparative neglect of primary care in the community and of the needs of particular 'client groups', e.g. the mentally and physically handicapped, and the elderly. Inherent in this approach are emphases on information systems related to morbidity rather than to mortality; on 'care' rather than on 'cure'; on quality control relating to 'outcomes' rather than to 'structure' or 'process' of practice; and on controlled trials of both new and accepted forms of treatment. Difficulties in this approach include the taxonomic incongruity of 'client-group' statistics and the 'disease-system' categories of biomedicine; the therapeutic expectations of the consciously ill; the intellectual interest and the immediacy of specialized clinical practice; and the necessary and profitable links between medical science and the general corpus of science. Nevertheless, and in the full recognition that what is socially desirable may not be scientifically feasible, there is a need in the research context to explore methods of assessing the 'health service priorities' to be attached to biomedical categories. However, these priorities are in themselves multiple, and their relative weighting involves value judgements which are not completely quantifiable.", "contents": "Client-oriented medicine. Both weak (Illich) and strong (Kerr White, Cochrane) cases have been made for radical changes in medical education and medical practice. The real needs of patients and of the community are considered to be incompletely served by the prevailing emphasis on acute hospital medicine, to the comparative neglect of primary care in the community and of the needs of particular 'client groups', e.g. the mentally and physically handicapped, and the elderly. Inherent in this approach are emphases on information systems related to morbidity rather than to mortality; on 'care' rather than on 'cure'; on quality control relating to 'outcomes' rather than to 'structure' or 'process' of practice; and on controlled trials of both new and accepted forms of treatment. Difficulties in this approach include the taxonomic incongruity of 'client-group' statistics and the 'disease-system' categories of biomedicine; the therapeutic expectations of the consciously ill; the intellectual interest and the immediacy of specialized clinical practice; and the necessary and profitable links between medical science and the general corpus of science. Nevertheless, and in the full recognition that what is socially desirable may not be scientifically feasible, there is a need in the research context to explore methods of assessing the 'health service priorities' to be attached to biomedical categories. However, these priorities are in themselves multiple, and their relative weighting involves value judgements which are not completely quantifiable.", "PMID": 1052063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_369", "title": "Government needs and public expectations.", "content": "The priorities for research which emerge from looking at the health needs of patients collectively are examined here. Priorities, however imperfect, are discernible when the five indices of where the main burdens on the health services lie are examined; those indices are inpatient days, outpatient referrals, general practitioner consultations, sickness-benefit days, and loss of life expectancy. Housing, employment, nutrition, etc., are equally relevant to health and to the question of priorities in medical research. It is important in dealing with government needs and public expectations to be clear what health and social services cannot do and what people must do for themselves.", "contents": "Government needs and public expectations. The priorities for research which emerge from looking at the health needs of patients collectively are examined here. Priorities, however imperfect, are discernible when the five indices of where the main burdens on the health services lie are examined; those indices are inpatient days, outpatient referrals, general practitioner consultations, sickness-benefit days, and loss of life expectancy. Housing, employment, nutrition, etc., are equally relevant to health and to the question of priorities in medical research. It is important in dealing with government needs and public expectations to be clear what health and social services cannot do and what people must do for themselves.", "PMID": 1052064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_370", "title": "International coordination of biomedical research.", "content": "Recent efforts at international coordination in biomedical research have taken place at two levels. At the level of the working clinician and scientist, European regionalism has become increasingly manifest in such organizations as the European Society for Clinical Investigation, the European Organization for Research into the Treatment of Cancer, the European Molecular Biology Organization and many others. These have developed largely, though not entirely, independently of government funding. At the level of science policy, i.e. of bodies supporting biomedical research mainly from public funds, the major developments have been the Comit\u00e9 de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale of the European Community and the much wider association of European Medical Research Councils, based on the whole of Western Europe; in October 1975 the latter group became incorporated into the new European Science Foundation as the first Standing Committee of that body. Wider, interregional, cooperation presents greater problems, though there have been some modest successes, and the multinational drive on research into six of the major health problems of the Third World now being proposed by WHO holds further promise for the future.", "contents": "International coordination of biomedical research. Recent efforts at international coordination in biomedical research have taken place at two levels. At the level of the working clinician and scientist, European regionalism has become increasingly manifest in such organizations as the European Society for Clinical Investigation, the European Organization for Research into the Treatment of Cancer, the European Molecular Biology Organization and many others. These have developed largely, though not entirely, independently of government funding. At the level of science policy, i.e. of bodies supporting biomedical research mainly from public funds, the major developments have been the Comit\u00e9 de la Recherche M\u00e9dicale of the European Community and the much wider association of European Medical Research Councils, based on the whole of Western Europe; in October 1975 the latter group became incorporated into the new European Science Foundation as the first Standing Committee of that body. Wider, interregional, cooperation presents greater problems, though there have been some modest successes, and the multinational drive on research into six of the major health problems of the Third World now being proposed by WHO holds further promise for the future.", "PMID": 1052065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_371", "title": "Delineation of clinical conditions: conceptual models of 'physical' and 'mental disorders.", "content": "The dysfunctional consequences of the Cartesian dichotomy have been enhanced by the power of biomedical technology. Technical virtuosity reifies the mechanical model and widens the gap between what patients seek and doctors provide. Patients suffer 'illnesses'; doctors diagnose and treat 'diseases'. Illnesses are experiences of discontinuities in states of being and perceived role performances. Diseases, in the scientific paradigm of modern medicine, are abnormalities in the function and/or structure of body organs and systems. Traditional healers also redefine illness as disease: because they share symbols and metaphors consonant with lay beliefs, their healing rituals are more responsive to the psychosocial context of illness. Psychiatric disorders offer an illuminating perspective on the basic medical dilemma. The paradigms for psychiatric practice include multiple and ostensibly contradictory models: organic, psychodynamic, behavioural and social. This m\u00e9lange of concepts stems from the fact that the fundamental manifestations of psychosis are disordered behaviours. The psychotic patient remains a person; his self-concept and relationships with others are cental to the therapeutic encounter, whatever pharmacological adjuncts are employed. The same truths hold for all patients. The social matrix determines when and how the patient seeks what kind of help, his 'compliance' with the recommended regimen and, to a significant extent, the functional outcome. When physicians dismiss illness because ascertainable 'disease' is absent, they fail to meet their socially assigned responsibility. It is essential to reintegrate 'scientific' and 'social' concepts of disease and illness as a basis for a functional system of medical research and care.", "contents": "Delineation of clinical conditions: conceptual models of 'physical' and 'mental disorders. The dysfunctional consequences of the Cartesian dichotomy have been enhanced by the power of biomedical technology. Technical virtuosity reifies the mechanical model and widens the gap between what patients seek and doctors provide. Patients suffer 'illnesses'; doctors diagnose and treat 'diseases'. Illnesses are experiences of discontinuities in states of being and perceived role performances. Diseases, in the scientific paradigm of modern medicine, are abnormalities in the function and/or structure of body organs and systems. Traditional healers also redefine illness as disease: because they share symbols and metaphors consonant with lay beliefs, their healing rituals are more responsive to the psychosocial context of illness. Psychiatric disorders offer an illuminating perspective on the basic medical dilemma. The paradigms for psychiatric practice include multiple and ostensibly contradictory models: organic, psychodynamic, behavioural and social. This m\u00e9lange of concepts stems from the fact that the fundamental manifestations of psychosis are disordered behaviours. The psychotic patient remains a person; his self-concept and relationships with others are cental to the therapeutic encounter, whatever pharmacological adjuncts are employed. The same truths hold for all patients. The social matrix determines when and how the patient seeks what kind of help, his 'compliance' with the recommended regimen and, to a significant extent, the functional outcome. When physicians dismiss illness because ascertainable 'disease' is absent, they fail to meet their socially assigned responsibility. It is essential to reintegrate 'scientific' and 'social' concepts of disease and illness as a basis for a functional system of medical research and care.", "PMID": 1052067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_372", "title": "Clinical science.", "content": "The most obvious achievements of clinical science have been in the elucidation of symptoms and signs and the patterns of disordered function due to failure of the organs or to nutritional disturbances. The benefits of clinical research are both direct--through improved practice--and indirect--through improved teaching and contributions to biological science. It is suggested that the clinical scientist, experienced in both clinical and research work, has a potential not to be expected from collaboration between non-scientific clinicians and non-clinical scientists. Problems which particularly affect clinical research include: ethics; difficulty in being experimentally rigorous; the need to be opportunistic; dependence on transient workers; excessive conern with the end stages of irreversible disease; triviality; uncritical and premature imitation of research in practice. Clinical science is always threatened by a tendency for its problems to be regarded simply as applied problems of basic science. The roles of the clinical scientist should include: elucidating clinical phenomena, about most of which we remain very ignorant; collaboration with basic scientists on the one hand and with community scientists on the other; and clarifying the description and analysis of illnesses.", "contents": "Clinical science. The most obvious achievements of clinical science have been in the elucidation of symptoms and signs and the patterns of disordered function due to failure of the organs or to nutritional disturbances. The benefits of clinical research are both direct--through improved practice--and indirect--through improved teaching and contributions to biological science. It is suggested that the clinical scientist, experienced in both clinical and research work, has a potential not to be expected from collaboration between non-scientific clinicians and non-clinical scientists. Problems which particularly affect clinical research include: ethics; difficulty in being experimentally rigorous; the need to be opportunistic; dependence on transient workers; excessive conern with the end stages of irreversible disease; triviality; uncritical and premature imitation of research in practice. Clinical science is always threatened by a tendency for its problems to be regarded simply as applied problems of basic science. The roles of the clinical scientist should include: elucidating clinical phenomena, about most of which we remain very ignorant; collaboration with basic scientists on the one hand and with community scientists on the other; and clarifying the description and analysis of illnesses.", "PMID": 1052068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_373", "title": "The value to medical practice of basic and applied medical research done twenty years ago.", "content": "Research can be justified in many ways besides the improvement of clinical practice--for example, by providing the intellectual excitement necessary for teachers and students. The value of present-day research cannot be assessed; but that of twenty years ago can be, at least in respect of current medical practice. An analysis has been made of all the papers published in 1956 in the American Journal of Physiology, the Journal of Physiology (London), the Journal of Clinical Investigation, and Clinical Science. This shows an overwhelming impact on current medical practice coming from clinical departments, and a comparatively very small influence of work coming from preclinical departments. If this conclusion is correct and generally applicable, it has some relevance to the funding of medical research.", "contents": "The value to medical practice of basic and applied medical research done twenty years ago. Research can be justified in many ways besides the improvement of clinical practice--for example, by providing the intellectual excitement necessary for teachers and students. The value of present-day research cannot be assessed; but that of twenty years ago can be, at least in respect of current medical practice. An analysis has been made of all the papers published in 1956 in the American Journal of Physiology, the Journal of Physiology (London), the Journal of Clinical Investigation, and Clinical Science. This shows an overwhelming impact on current medical practice coming from clinical departments, and a comparatively very small influence of work coming from preclinical departments. If this conclusion is correct and generally applicable, it has some relevance to the funding of medical research.", "PMID": 1052069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_374", "title": "Problem-solving in science.", "content": "Problem-solving is a characteristic activity of scientists, Theoretical problems are formulated as a consequence of scientists' thirst for knowledge, and their solutions take the form of general propositions, termed hypotheses, which are consistent with, and provide provisionally satisfactory explanations of, empirical observations. Practical problems appear as the result of feedback from the extra-scientific world of everyday life, industry and professional practice. Their solutions provide an improved basis for decision-making in terms of existing options or increase the number of options from which a choice may be made. The categories theoretical and practical are not mutually exclusive: practical problems often generate interesting theoretical problems, and the solution of a theoretical problem may entrain the solution of a host of practical problems. All hypotheses are provisional because it is impossible to establish the truth of a generalization by rigorous deduction from any number of particular instances, though a single instance may suffice to refute it. This asymmetry forms the basis of Popper's analysis of scientific methodology. This analysis, though acceptable in the main, is open to criticism in the following respects; (1) it ignores the contribution to scientific progress made by unplanned perceptions; (2) it ignores the contribution of hypotheses which do not generate testable predictions; (3) it does not do justice to the extra-logical component in knowing (Polanyi's tacit dimension); and (4) its treatment of practical problems in inadequate.", "contents": "Problem-solving in science. Problem-solving is a characteristic activity of scientists, Theoretical problems are formulated as a consequence of scientists' thirst for knowledge, and their solutions take the form of general propositions, termed hypotheses, which are consistent with, and provide provisionally satisfactory explanations of, empirical observations. Practical problems appear as the result of feedback from the extra-scientific world of everyday life, industry and professional practice. Their solutions provide an improved basis for decision-making in terms of existing options or increase the number of options from which a choice may be made. The categories theoretical and practical are not mutually exclusive: practical problems often generate interesting theoretical problems, and the solution of a theoretical problem may entrain the solution of a host of practical problems. All hypotheses are provisional because it is impossible to establish the truth of a generalization by rigorous deduction from any number of particular instances, though a single instance may suffice to refute it. This asymmetry forms the basis of Popper's analysis of scientific methodology. This analysis, though acceptable in the main, is open to criticism in the following respects; (1) it ignores the contribution to scientific progress made by unplanned perceptions; (2) it ignores the contribution of hypotheses which do not generate testable predictions; (3) it does not do justice to the extra-logical component in knowing (Polanyi's tacit dimension); and (4) its treatment of practical problems in inadequate.", "PMID": 1052071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_375", "title": "[GSP--a polypeptide from the pancreas with gastrin-like effect].", "content": "A peptide has been extracted from porcine pancreas which is capable to stimulate gastric acid secretion in the rat. This peptide consists of 13 aminoacids, it's molecular weight is about 1300. In comparison with antral gastrin there are several biochemical differences: GSP (gastrosecretagogue pancreatic polypeptide) reacts differently in gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and electrophoreses and has a different aminoacid composition. The 4 amino acids of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin are not all present. GSP does not react with gastrin antibodies in radioimmunoassay. GSP may be a new gastrointestinal hormone by means of which the pancreas takes part in the regulation of gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "[GSP--a polypeptide from the pancreas with gastrin-like effect]. A peptide has been extracted from porcine pancreas which is capable to stimulate gastric acid secretion in the rat. This peptide consists of 13 aminoacids, it's molecular weight is about 1300. In comparison with antral gastrin there are several biochemical differences: GSP (gastrosecretagogue pancreatic polypeptide) reacts differently in gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography and electrophoreses and has a different aminoacid composition. The 4 amino acids of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin are not all present. GSP does not react with gastrin antibodies in radioimmunoassay. GSP may be a new gastrointestinal hormone by means of which the pancreas takes part in the regulation of gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 1052074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_376", "title": "Variation in karyotype in Hemerocallis.", "content": "Fifty two taxa have been studied, out of which forty five, including the species; H. citrina, H. dumortierii, H. multiflora, H. forrestii and H. thunbergil are diploid with 22 chromosomes in the somatic complement. H. fulva var. Europa, H. fulva var. cypriana, H. kwanso \"Flore Pleno\" and H. disticha \"Flore Pleno\" are triploid with thirty three chromosomes in the somatic complement. One cultivar \"Mrs. David Hall\" is tetraploid with forty four chromosomes. Besides this two aneuploid clones \"Garden Lady\" and cv. \"29\" with 2n=23 and 2n=29 chromosomes respectively were also encountered. Essentially four basic karyotypes are recognizable; A(IV + 8L + 1J + 1I), B(IV + 7L + 2J + 1I), C(9L+ 1J + 1I) and d(8L + 2J + 1I), where V stands for median, L for submedian, J for subterminal and I for terminal centromere. Thirty two taxa could be relegated to these four types and 17 can be resolved as combinations of these four types. These fall under AB, AC, AD or BC, BD and CD classes. The number of nucleolar chromosomes does not show any correlation with the grade of ploidy, whereas 2, 3 or  telocentric chromosomes were consistantly found in diploid, triploid and tetraploid taxa respectively. The possible origin of telocentric chromosomes and aneuploid taxa has been discussed.", "contents": "Variation in karyotype in Hemerocallis. Fifty two taxa have been studied, out of which forty five, including the species; H. citrina, H. dumortierii, H. multiflora, H. forrestii and H. thunbergil are diploid with 22 chromosomes in the somatic complement. H. fulva var. Europa, H. fulva var. cypriana, H. kwanso \"Flore Pleno\" and H. disticha \"Flore Pleno\" are triploid with thirty three chromosomes in the somatic complement. One cultivar \"Mrs. David Hall\" is tetraploid with forty four chromosomes. Besides this two aneuploid clones \"Garden Lady\" and cv. \"29\" with 2n=23 and 2n=29 chromosomes respectively were also encountered. Essentially four basic karyotypes are recognizable; A(IV + 8L + 1J + 1I), B(IV + 7L + 2J + 1I), C(9L+ 1J + 1I) and d(8L + 2J + 1I), where V stands for median, L for submedian, J for subterminal and I for terminal centromere. Thirty two taxa could be relegated to these four types and 17 can be resolved as combinations of these four types. These fall under AB, AC, AD or BC, BD and CD classes. The number of nucleolar chromosomes does not show any correlation with the grade of ploidy, whereas 2, 3 or  telocentric chromosomes were consistantly found in diploid, triploid and tetraploid taxa respectively. The possible origin of telocentric chromosomes and aneuploid taxa has been discussed.", "PMID": 1052077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_377", "title": "The existential plight in cancer: significance of the first 100 days.", "content": "The Existential Plight in cancer is a poorly recognized but significant period. It starts with the definite diagnosis and continues for two to three months into the illness, approximately 100 days. The chief signs are the predominance of life/death concerns, e-en over worries about health or physical symptoms. One hundred and twenty newly diagnosed cancer patients were interviewed, tested, and followed from about ten days after diagnosis at four to six week intervals until three to four months had elapsed. Plight was analyzed from the viewpoint of coping strategies, resolution of problems, vulnerability, total mood disturbance, and predominant concerns. Patients who had higher emotional distress during this period had many regrets about the past, were pessimistic, came from a multiproblem family, and had marital problems. The widowed or divorced had higher vulnerability, as did patients who anticipated little or no support from significant others. Although vulnerability increased with advanced staging and many symptoms, at the time of diagnosis psychosocial distress crossed diagnostic and prognostic boundaries, enabling investigation to predict within limits those patients who will cope effectively or fail to cope with cancer and its ramifications.", "contents": "The existential plight in cancer: significance of the first 100 days. The Existential Plight in cancer is a poorly recognized but significant period. It starts with the definite diagnosis and continues for two to three months into the illness, approximately 100 days. The chief signs are the predominance of life/death concerns, e-en over worries about health or physical symptoms. One hundred and twenty newly diagnosed cancer patients were interviewed, tested, and followed from about ten days after diagnosis at four to six week intervals until three to four months had elapsed. Plight was analyzed from the viewpoint of coping strategies, resolution of problems, vulnerability, total mood disturbance, and predominant concerns. Patients who had higher emotional distress during this period had many regrets about the past, were pessimistic, came from a multiproblem family, and had marital problems. The widowed or divorced had higher vulnerability, as did patients who anticipated little or no support from significant others. Although vulnerability increased with advanced staging and many symptoms, at the time of diagnosis psychosocial distress crossed diagnostic and prognostic boundaries, enabling investigation to predict within limits those patients who will cope effectively or fail to cope with cancer and its ramifications.", "PMID": 1052080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_378", "title": "Psychosocial and medical effects of vasectomy in a sample of health plan subscribers.", "content": "The effects of vasectomy on psychosocial adjustment assessed by interviews, and on physical health assessed by physicians and other medical personnel, were examined by comparing 33 vasectomized men with a matched group of 33 non-vasectomized men in a pre-paid health plan. Consistent with favorable self-reports in earlier studies, the vasectomized men experienced no greater marital, job, or general living stress than the non-vasectomized men. In fact the psychosocial adjustment of the vasectomized men appeared superior to that of the non-vasectomized men, perhaps because of reduced anxiety about unwanted pregnancy. The hypothesis advanced by some investigators that vasectomized men exaggerate their masculinity in an overcompensating maneuver to reduce a perceived threat to their masculinity was not supported; instead, men volunteering for vasectomy exhibited as many masculine traits prior to the operation as after it. There was no evidence that vasectomy led to either impairment or enhancement of medical health.", "contents": "Psychosocial and medical effects of vasectomy in a sample of health plan subscribers. The effects of vasectomy on psychosocial adjustment assessed by interviews, and on physical health assessed by physicians and other medical personnel, were examined by comparing 33 vasectomized men with a matched group of 33 non-vasectomized men in a pre-paid health plan. Consistent with favorable self-reports in earlier studies, the vasectomized men experienced no greater marital, job, or general living stress than the non-vasectomized men. In fact the psychosocial adjustment of the vasectomized men appeared superior to that of the non-vasectomized men, perhaps because of reduced anxiety about unwanted pregnancy. The hypothesis advanced by some investigators that vasectomized men exaggerate their masculinity in an overcompensating maneuver to reduce a perceived threat to their masculinity was not supported; instead, men volunteering for vasectomy exhibited as many masculine traits prior to the operation as after it. There was no evidence that vasectomy led to either impairment or enhancement of medical health.", "PMID": 1052081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_379", "title": "Psychoanalysis applied to medicine: a personal note.", "content": "The psychoanalyst has much to contribute to medicine, more through the teaching of observational skills and an appreciation of relationships than through the teaching of psychoanalytic technique or languate itself. The analyst can promote tolerance in the physician of the unusual, an examination of the impediments of habitual ways of working and seeing, and a facility in the patient to \"be himself\". Attention to the unusual, as illustrated through experience in training-cum-research seminars, can enhance the doctor's satisfaction with his professional life while offering improved care to his patients. When psychoanalyst, physician and patient interact in their roles as people, there is hope of an improved quality of human existence for all.", "contents": "Psychoanalysis applied to medicine: a personal note. The psychoanalyst has much to contribute to medicine, more through the teaching of observational skills and an appreciation of relationships than through the teaching of psychoanalytic technique or languate itself. The analyst can promote tolerance in the physician of the unusual, an examination of the impediments of habitual ways of working and seeing, and a facility in the patient to \"be himself\". Attention to the unusual, as illustrated through experience in training-cum-research seminars, can enhance the doctor's satisfaction with his professional life while offering improved care to his patients. When psychoanalyst, physician and patient interact in their roles as people, there is hope of an improved quality of human existence for all.", "PMID": 1052082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_380", "title": "Teamwork: a multidisciplinary pediatric-liaison service.", "content": "Psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers are often consulted about the same hospitalized patient. Since each may differ in their training, orientation and experience, the opinions expressed by them to the consultee may differ. The authors have described a multidisciplinary liaison team operating within a pediatric teaching hospital. The consultants work as a team in close collaboration with each other and with the psychiatric nurse clinician and an occupational therapist. The team approach has specific advantages. It allows for a concise and unified approach to the emotional and social needs of the patients. It presents a forum for informal consultations and interdisciplinary meetings. In addition, teaching opportunities are many as each discipline learns from the other.", "contents": "Teamwork: a multidisciplinary pediatric-liaison service. Psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers are often consulted about the same hospitalized patient. Since each may differ in their training, orientation and experience, the opinions expressed by them to the consultee may differ. The authors have described a multidisciplinary liaison team operating within a pediatric teaching hospital. The consultants work as a team in close collaboration with each other and with the psychiatric nurse clinician and an occupational therapist. The team approach has specific advantages. It allows for a concise and unified approach to the emotional and social needs of the patients. It presents a forum for informal consultations and interdisciplinary meetings. In addition, teaching opportunities are many as each discipline learns from the other.", "PMID": 1052083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_381", "title": "The relationship between language and disease concepts.", "content": "The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, well-known in anthropological linguistics, postulates that language may not only describe the world we inhabit but also mould the way we experience it. This paper argues that an individual's language may similarly determine his conception of disease. Possible relationships between linguistic features and disease concepts are cited for the Eskimo, the Navaho, and the Chines, and it is suggested that, in European languages, the extensive use of spatial metaphors to express abstract concepts may encourage a more rigid categorization of disease and inhibit the ability to conceive of multiple factors in disease causation. The use of nouns rather than verbs to express the idea of illness could lead to a static view of disease and tends to separate illnesses as distinct entities rather than defining them as aspects of bodily functioning. The bipolar structure of Indo-European languages, setting subject against predicate and noun against verb, may play a part in the persistence of the mind-body dichotomy and restrict the holistic perception of man with nature. These linguistic features, in leading to a conception of disease as a rigidly defined, unchanging, unicausal thing, may encourage an over-use of surgery and lead to difficulty in perceiving social and psychological factors in disease.", "contents": "The relationship between language and disease concepts. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, well-known in anthropological linguistics, postulates that language may not only describe the world we inhabit but also mould the way we experience it. This paper argues that an individual's language may similarly determine his conception of disease. Possible relationships between linguistic features and disease concepts are cited for the Eskimo, the Navaho, and the Chines, and it is suggested that, in European languages, the extensive use of spatial metaphors to express abstract concepts may encourage a more rigid categorization of disease and inhibit the ability to conceive of multiple factors in disease causation. The use of nouns rather than verbs to express the idea of illness could lead to a static view of disease and tends to separate illnesses as distinct entities rather than defining them as aspects of bodily functioning. The bipolar structure of Indo-European languages, setting subject against predicate and noun against verb, may play a part in the persistence of the mind-body dichotomy and restrict the holistic perception of man with nature. These linguistic features, in leading to a conception of disease as a rigidly defined, unchanging, unicausal thing, may encourage an over-use of surgery and lead to difficulty in perceiving social and psychological factors in disease.", "PMID": 1052084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_382", "title": "Consultation in the intensive care nursery.", "content": "The paper describes a group-oriented mental health consultation program which was established for the staff of a pediatric special care nursery. The initial phase of consultation was designed 1) to deal with work stresses in providing acute medical care for premature infants who are at high risk for later emotional and developmental disturbances; and 2) to facilitate intrastaff communication in an atmosphere of strenuous physical demands from patients, and moral dilemmas raised by infants' life-threatening conditions. Also discussed are problems experienced by staff in providing psychological support to families of hospitalized infants. The author reviews implications for crisis intervention to help mitigate families' mental stress and to facilitate the emotional attachment to their infants.", "contents": "Consultation in the intensive care nursery. The paper describes a group-oriented mental health consultation program which was established for the staff of a pediatric special care nursery. The initial phase of consultation was designed 1) to deal with work stresses in providing acute medical care for premature infants who are at high risk for later emotional and developmental disturbances; and 2) to facilitate intrastaff communication in an atmosphere of strenuous physical demands from patients, and moral dilemmas raised by infants' life-threatening conditions. Also discussed are problems experienced by staff in providing psychological support to families of hospitalized infants. The author reviews implications for crisis intervention to help mitigate families' mental stress and to facilitate the emotional attachment to their infants.", "PMID": 1052085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_383", "title": "Interpersonal resistance to change: a study of a fat woman who became thin.", "content": "The paper reports on the psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy of a very obese woman who, after a rather prolonged therapy, \"decided\" to reduce. During the weight loss process, significant reactions were noted from her son, daughter, brothers, sisters-in-law, customers, employees, husband, and therapist, which became crucial interferences with the continuing weight loss and specific resistances in the therapy. The identification of and the working through of these resistances significantly increased and consolidated her self-understanding. In that the response to major psychological changes was minimal as compared to the response to her physical change, it is hypothesized that physical change is more basically related to sense of self-continuity and hence more threatening to experience and observe.", "contents": "Interpersonal resistance to change: a study of a fat woman who became thin. The paper reports on the psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy of a very obese woman who, after a rather prolonged therapy, \"decided\" to reduce. During the weight loss process, significant reactions were noted from her son, daughter, brothers, sisters-in-law, customers, employees, husband, and therapist, which became crucial interferences with the continuing weight loss and specific resistances in the therapy. The identification of and the working through of these resistances significantly increased and consolidated her self-understanding. In that the response to major psychological changes was minimal as compared to the response to her physical change, it is hypothesized that physical change is more basically related to sense of self-continuity and hence more threatening to experience and observe.", "PMID": 1052086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_384", "title": "Psychiatric day hospital treatment of terminally ill patients.", "content": "The psychiatric Day Hospital offers a forum for working out bereavement issues of terminally ill patients. Through individual and group psychotherapy, patients and their families are assisted in coping with the issues of death and dying. Coordination of medical, surgical, and psychiatric treatment of dying patients is enhanced by Day Hospital educational and treatment programs which afford continuity of care at the interface area between treatment specialties.", "contents": "Psychiatric day hospital treatment of terminally ill patients. The psychiatric Day Hospital offers a forum for working out bereavement issues of terminally ill patients. Through individual and group psychotherapy, patients and their families are assisted in coping with the issues of death and dying. Coordination of medical, surgical, and psychiatric treatment of dying patients is enhanced by Day Hospital educational and treatment programs which afford continuity of care at the interface area between treatment specialties.", "PMID": 1052087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_385", "title": "Psychiatric status of diabetic youth in good and poor control.", "content": "Two groups -- identified as \"good control\" and \"poor control\" -- of 40 diabetic youth, between 6 years and 18 years, matched for age, sex and duration of diabetes, were interviewed by a child psychiatrist who was not aware of the status of their diabetic control. After each interview psychiatric diagnoses, interpersonal conflicts and noninterpersonal conflicts were determined. At the same time, mothers completed a children's behavioral-emotional symptom checklist. Six psychiatric diagnoses were made (7 1/2 per cent occurrence): four in the poor control group and two in the good control group, not a significant difference. Fifty per cent of the psychiatric diagnoses were found in the prepubertal girls who had the earliest onset of diabetes. A significantly greater number of patients in poor control had interpersonal conflicts compared with patients in the good control group. Mothers of patients in poor control had checked significantly more behaviors as slight and considerable-severe problems compared to mothers of patients in good control. Five per cent of the patients in good control and fifteen per cent of the patients in poor control stated that they experienced a \"different\" self-image because of their diabetes. The frequency of psychiatric diagnoses (7 1/2 per cent) for the entire group was not higher than literature reports of serious psychiatric disorders in normal population studies.", "contents": "Psychiatric status of diabetic youth in good and poor control. Two groups -- identified as \"good control\" and \"poor control\" -- of 40 diabetic youth, between 6 years and 18 years, matched for age, sex and duration of diabetes, were interviewed by a child psychiatrist who was not aware of the status of their diabetic control. After each interview psychiatric diagnoses, interpersonal conflicts and noninterpersonal conflicts were determined. At the same time, mothers completed a children's behavioral-emotional symptom checklist. Six psychiatric diagnoses were made (7 1/2 per cent occurrence): four in the poor control group and two in the good control group, not a significant difference. Fifty per cent of the psychiatric diagnoses were found in the prepubertal girls who had the earliest onset of diabetes. A significantly greater number of patients in poor control had interpersonal conflicts compared with patients in the good control group. Mothers of patients in poor control had checked significantly more behaviors as slight and considerable-severe problems compared to mothers of patients in good control. Five per cent of the patients in good control and fifteen per cent of the patients in poor control stated that they experienced a \"different\" self-image because of their diabetes. The frequency of psychiatric diagnoses (7 1/2 per cent) for the entire group was not higher than literature reports of serious psychiatric disorders in normal population studies.", "PMID": 1052088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_386", "title": "The psychiatrist as teacher in primary care residency training: the first year.", "content": "Increasing development of postgraduate primary care training programs to meet manpower needs is supported by flexibility in the Boards of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics to include experience in psychiatry; with this change, liaison psychiatrists will become progressively more involved and closely integrated into such training. This report outlines the first year experience of a psychiatrist in one innovative three year program in pediatrics and medicine, and describes some common problems and issues, along with teaching goals and some developing methodologies. Although the number of trainees in this first year cohort is small, preliminary results reported by a feedback component of an independent evaluation team attached to the program suggest that the interns are receptive to the psychiatric input and that they consider the initial contribution by psychiatry to have as much usefulness to their training in primary care as the more traditional pediatric and medical components.", "contents": "The psychiatrist as teacher in primary care residency training: the first year. Increasing development of postgraduate primary care training programs to meet manpower needs is supported by flexibility in the Boards of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics to include experience in psychiatry; with this change, liaison psychiatrists will become progressively more involved and closely integrated into such training. This report outlines the first year experience of a psychiatrist in one innovative three year program in pediatrics and medicine, and describes some common problems and issues, along with teaching goals and some developing methodologies. Although the number of trainees in this first year cohort is small, preliminary results reported by a feedback component of an independent evaluation team attached to the program suggest that the interns are receptive to the psychiatric input and that they consider the initial contribution by psychiatry to have as much usefulness to their training in primary care as the more traditional pediatric and medical components.", "PMID": 1052089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_387", "title": "An unusual adverse reaction to self-medication with prednisone: an irrational crime during a fugue-state.", "content": "During five years of self-medication with Prednisone, a forty-one-year old asthmatic businessman experienced periods of euphoria, psychomotor hyperactivity, and poor judgement; a period of depression and anxiety during temporary steroid withdrawal; and finally, with resumption of Prednisone, episodes of grandiosity and bizarre fugue-like behavior, with adoption of a second identity and culminating in an irrational crime. Steroids were then withdrawn, and the patient resumed his premorbid personality, but had amnesia for much of his previous behavior. The literature on hysterical fugues and corticosteroid-induced mental disturbance is reviewed. The patient's reactions are analyzed in terms of his premorbid neurotic conflicts, the psychological stresses acting upon him, and the effects of Prednisone on his central nervous system.", "contents": "An unusual adverse reaction to self-medication with prednisone: an irrational crime during a fugue-state. During five years of self-medication with Prednisone, a forty-one-year old asthmatic businessman experienced periods of euphoria, psychomotor hyperactivity, and poor judgement; a period of depression and anxiety during temporary steroid withdrawal; and finally, with resumption of Prednisone, episodes of grandiosity and bizarre fugue-like behavior, with adoption of a second identity and culminating in an irrational crime. Steroids were then withdrawn, and the patient resumed his premorbid personality, but had amnesia for much of his previous behavior. The literature on hysterical fugues and corticosteroid-induced mental disturbance is reviewed. The patient's reactions are analyzed in terms of his premorbid neurotic conflicts, the psychological stresses acting upon him, and the effects of Prednisone on his central nervous system.", "PMID": 1052090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_388", "title": "On the subsarcolemmal localization of phenazine ethosulfate-linked alpha-glycerophasphate dehydrogenase activity in pigeon pectoralis white muscle fibres.", "content": "In this study frozen sections of avian striated muscles were incubated for mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate de hydrognease (alpha=GPD) reaction, and the effect of menadione, phenazine methosulfate (PMS) or phenazine ethosulfate (PES) as intermediate electron acceptors was evaluated. Under histochemical conditions, PMS or PES-linked alpha-GPD reaction was poor in the chicken posterior latissimus dorsi and chicken pectoralis muscles. However, PMS or PES-linked alpha-GPD reaction was present characteristically in the subsarcolemmal mitochondria of the \"broad white\" fibres of the pigeon pectoralis muscle only; the subsarcolemmal mitochondria of the narrow red fibres lacked such a reaction pattern. The above reaction pattern, however, differed when compared with the menadione-linked alpha-GPD reaction. The present histochemical evidence suggests the existence of an inherent heterogeneity in the mitochondrial populations of the different avian striated muscle fibres studied.", "contents": "On the subsarcolemmal localization of phenazine ethosulfate-linked alpha-glycerophasphate dehydrogenase activity in pigeon pectoralis white muscle fibres. In this study frozen sections of avian striated muscles were incubated for mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate de hydrognease (alpha=GPD) reaction, and the effect of menadione, phenazine methosulfate (PMS) or phenazine ethosulfate (PES) as intermediate electron acceptors was evaluated. Under histochemical conditions, PMS or PES-linked alpha-GPD reaction was poor in the chicken posterior latissimus dorsi and chicken pectoralis muscles. However, PMS or PES-linked alpha-GPD reaction was present characteristically in the subsarcolemmal mitochondria of the \"broad white\" fibres of the pigeon pectoralis muscle only; the subsarcolemmal mitochondria of the narrow red fibres lacked such a reaction pattern. The above reaction pattern, however, differed when compared with the menadione-linked alpha-GPD reaction. The present histochemical evidence suggests the existence of an inherent heterogeneity in the mitochondrial populations of the different avian striated muscle fibres studied.", "PMID": 1052091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_389", "title": "Pharmaco-histochemical studies on a specific monoamine in the gustatory epithelia of the rabbit.", "content": "The foliate, vallate and fungiform papillae of the rabbit's tongue were studied fluorescence-histochemically under normal and experimental conditions. In normal animals a yellow fluorescence suggesting the presence of a serotonin-like monoamine was demonstrated only in taste bud cells of the foliate papilla, though its intensity was very weak. The fluorescence disappeared completely following reserpine treatment, while it was significantly enhanced by the treatment with nialamide. The fluorescence of taste bud cells could be clearly distinguished from that of catecholamines by the treatment with alpha-MMT followed by nialamide. When 5-HTP, 5-HT and 5,6-DHT were administered separately, each of these drugs was selectively taken up in taste bud cells of the foliate and vallate papillae, but no fluorescent cells were observed in the fungiform papilla. From the present results, it seems reasonable to conclude that the fluorigenic amine of taste bud cells may be 5-HT (serotonin), or at least an indoleamine derivative. Also, it is suggested that the taste bud of the vallate papilla contains a cell type which can potentially synthesize a biogenic amine in situ, or is actually synthesizing it in a very small amount just like in the case of the taste bud of the foliate one.", "contents": "Pharmaco-histochemical studies on a specific monoamine in the gustatory epithelia of the rabbit. The foliate, vallate and fungiform papillae of the rabbit's tongue were studied fluorescence-histochemically under normal and experimental conditions. In normal animals a yellow fluorescence suggesting the presence of a serotonin-like monoamine was demonstrated only in taste bud cells of the foliate papilla, though its intensity was very weak. The fluorescence disappeared completely following reserpine treatment, while it was significantly enhanced by the treatment with nialamide. The fluorescence of taste bud cells could be clearly distinguished from that of catecholamines by the treatment with alpha-MMT followed by nialamide. When 5-HTP, 5-HT and 5,6-DHT were administered separately, each of these drugs was selectively taken up in taste bud cells of the foliate and vallate papillae, but no fluorescent cells were observed in the fungiform papilla. From the present results, it seems reasonable to conclude that the fluorigenic amine of taste bud cells may be 5-HT (serotonin), or at least an indoleamine derivative. Also, it is suggested that the taste bud of the vallate papilla contains a cell type which can potentially synthesize a biogenic amine in situ, or is actually synthesizing it in a very small amount just like in the case of the taste bud of the foliate one.", "PMID": 1052092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_390", "title": "Absorption cytophotometry: evaluation of three methods for the determination of DNA in Feulgen stained nuclei.", "content": "Three methods for the evaluation of the relative amount of DNA per nucleus by absorption cytophotometry are compared. A combination of the two-wavelength method (Patau, 1952; Ornstein, 1952), the one-wavelength two-area method (Garcia, 1965) and the determination of transmission through nuclear plugs is proposed in order to estimate systematic errors made by absorption cytophotometry.", "contents": "Absorption cytophotometry: evaluation of three methods for the determination of DNA in Feulgen stained nuclei. Three methods for the evaluation of the relative amount of DNA per nucleus by absorption cytophotometry are compared. A combination of the two-wavelength method (Patau, 1952; Ornstein, 1952), the one-wavelength two-area method (Garcia, 1965) and the determination of transmission through nuclear plugs is proposed in order to estimate systematic errors made by absorption cytophotometry.", "PMID": 1052093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_391", "title": "Polyacrylamide gel technique for the histochemical demonstration of soluble enzymes.", "content": "Soluble enzymes were immobilized and visualized by polyacrylamide gel slabs, impregnated with the incubation medium including auxiliary enzymes. The method has several advantages over existing techniques which make use of gel films or a semipermeable membrane. The diffusion of tissue compounds is effectively limited, while auxiliary enzymes may be operative. Moreover the viscosity of the medium is temperature-independent so that the incubation temperature can be varied. To demonstrate the suitability of the method glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase and aldolase were visulaized in human or rat skeletal muscle. Cytosolic and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were both visualized in the absence of added NAD+ and menadione. For the visualization of ATP producint enzymes, like creatine kinase and pyruvate kinase, the method is not suitable.", "contents": "Polyacrylamide gel technique for the histochemical demonstration of soluble enzymes. Soluble enzymes were immobilized and visualized by polyacrylamide gel slabs, impregnated with the incubation medium including auxiliary enzymes. The method has several advantages over existing techniques which make use of gel films or a semipermeable membrane. The diffusion of tissue compounds is effectively limited, while auxiliary enzymes may be operative. Moreover the viscosity of the medium is temperature-independent so that the incubation temperature can be varied. To demonstrate the suitability of the method glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, hexokinase, phosphoglucomutase and aldolase were visulaized in human or rat skeletal muscle. Cytosolic and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were both visualized in the absence of added NAD+ and menadione. For the visualization of ATP producint enzymes, like creatine kinase and pyruvate kinase, the method is not suitable.", "PMID": 1052094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_392", "title": "A new approach to building social work knowledge.", "content": "A vehicle such as an information reporting and summarization system (IRSS) is needed to assist social workers in building social work knowledge. The IRSS moves toward this goal in two important ways: (a) by requiring that social workers strive to formulate unambiguously detailed categories and classifications for use in making descriptive generalizations of their individual cases; and (b) by enabling social workers to generate descriptive generalizations extending over a multiplicity of cases. In this way it provides social workers with the kinds of empirical data necessary to verify and build thier knowledge.", "contents": "A new approach to building social work knowledge. A vehicle such as an information reporting and summarization system (IRSS) is needed to assist social workers in building social work knowledge. The IRSS moves toward this goal in two important ways: (a) by requiring that social workers strive to formulate unambiguously detailed categories and classifications for use in making descriptive generalizations of their individual cases; and (b) by enabling social workers to generate descriptive generalizations extending over a multiplicity of cases. In this way it provides social workers with the kinds of empirical data necessary to verify and build thier knowledge.", "PMID": 1052096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_393", "title": "Consultation with community care facilities.", "content": "An innovative application of consultation to community care facilities, also known as board and care homes, is presented in order to improve services to chronically mentally ill persons. An extended Caplanian model for establishing an effective consultant-consultee relationship with administrators is described with reference to the following tasks: (a) understanding the setting; (b) recognizing an unmet need; (c) resolving problems of entry; and (d) negotiating a contract for case consultation and for program consultation. Interventions that reduce theme interference with work efficiency are described by examining realistic conflict resolutions utilizing problem clarification, expressing understanding, sharing feelings, and exploring solutions. The results include development of a climate of responsibility among the chronically mentally ill residents and more effective use of community resources.", "contents": "Consultation with community care facilities. An innovative application of consultation to community care facilities, also known as board and care homes, is presented in order to improve services to chronically mentally ill persons. An extended Caplanian model for establishing an effective consultant-consultee relationship with administrators is described with reference to the following tasks: (a) understanding the setting; (b) recognizing an unmet need; (c) resolving problems of entry; and (d) negotiating a contract for case consultation and for program consultation. Interventions that reduce theme interference with work efficiency are described by examining realistic conflict resolutions utilizing problem clarification, expressing understanding, sharing feelings, and exploring solutions. The results include development of a climate of responsibility among the chronically mentally ill residents and more effective use of community resources.", "PMID": 1052098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_394", "title": "Family counselors in a pediatric specialty clinic setting.", "content": "Numerous studies point up the psychosocial needs of chronically ill children, as well as the fragmentation or lack of services to meet these needs. Following an earlier study demonstrating the effectiveness of nonprofessional family counselors in improving the self-concept of children with chronic illness, this project placed five counselors in the pediatric specialty clinics of a teaching hospital. They were well accepted by all professional staff, and they provided a variety of services for families, improved communication among and coordination of care givers, and felt satisfaction in this role. This program provided an important expansion of social work services at low cost.", "contents": "Family counselors in a pediatric specialty clinic setting. Numerous studies point up the psychosocial needs of chronically ill children, as well as the fragmentation or lack of services to meet these needs. Following an earlier study demonstrating the effectiveness of nonprofessional family counselors in improving the self-concept of children with chronic illness, this project placed five counselors in the pediatric specialty clinics of a teaching hospital. They were well accepted by all professional staff, and they provided a variety of services for families, improved communication among and coordination of care givers, and felt satisfaction in this role. This program provided an important expansion of social work services at low cost.", "PMID": 1052099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_395", "title": "Initiation of a quality assurance program for social work practice in a teaching hospital.", "content": "This first-stage paper describes the steps taken in implementing a quality assurance program. The rationale for writing social work protocols based on medical diagnosis or tasks rather than on psychosocial diagnosis is explained in detail. Protocols for adult rheumatoid arthritis, pediatric cancer, adult discharge planning, and adult nursing home placement are included to demonstrate the result of the medical diagnosis/task approach.", "contents": "Initiation of a quality assurance program for social work practice in a teaching hospital. This first-stage paper describes the steps taken in implementing a quality assurance program. The rationale for writing social work protocols based on medical diagnosis or tasks rather than on psychosocial diagnosis is explained in detail. Protocols for adult rheumatoid arthritis, pediatric cancer, adult discharge planning, and adult nursing home placement are included to demonstrate the result of the medical diagnosis/task approach.", "PMID": 1052100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_396", "title": "Interdisciplinary education for health professionals: issues and directions.", "content": "With the increasing use of the team approach in health care delivery, many patterns of team practice have evolved. There is cumulating concern about how comprehensive care can be delivered and how to train health professionals for this model. Educators and practitioners and examining and experimenting with approaches to holistic training. This paper summarizes some of the issues in interdisciplinary training of health professionals and makes a number of recommendations.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary education for health professionals: issues and directions. With the increasing use of the team approach in health care delivery, many patterns of team practice have evolved. There is cumulating concern about how comprehensive care can be delivered and how to train health professionals for this model. Educators and practitioners and examining and experimenting with approaches to holistic training. This paper summarizes some of the issues in interdisciplinary training of health professionals and makes a number of recommendations.", "PMID": 1052101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_397", "title": "Interprofessional education and social work: a survey.", "content": "In 1974, the author surveyed all graduate schools of social work to determine how team concepts were being introduced to master's degree level students. A 76% response rate was achieved; 31% of the schools offered joint courses with other professional schools, 17%  offered courses on teamwork itself within the school of social work, 10% had virtually no content on interprofessional collaboration, and the majority attempted to introduce this content through the practicum and the overall curriculum, especially health courses. These modalities are further described along with advantages and disadvantages of various approaches.", "contents": "Interprofessional education and social work: a survey. In 1974, the author surveyed all graduate schools of social work to determine how team concepts were being introduced to master's degree level students. A 76% response rate was achieved; 31% of the schools offered joint courses with other professional schools, 17%  offered courses on teamwork itself within the school of social work, 10% had virtually no content on interprofessional collaboration, and the majority attempted to introduce this content through the practicum and the overall curriculum, especially health courses. These modalities are further described along with advantages and disadvantages of various approaches.", "PMID": 1052102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_398", "title": "Evidence of reservior hosts of Brucella mellitensis.", "content": "Serological reactors to Brucella melitensis were found among goats and eland in Chilanga. The only clinical evidence of disease were abortion among the goats, and circumstances did not allow for isolation of the organism in the laboratory. No gross pathological lesions were observed on post mortem examination of the goats. The public health significance relates to the ease of Br. melitensis transmission between reservoir hosts and human beings.", "contents": "Evidence of reservior hosts of Brucella mellitensis. Serological reactors to Brucella melitensis were found among goats and eland in Chilanga. The only clinical evidence of disease were abortion among the goats, and circumstances did not allow for isolation of the organism in the laboratory. No gross pathological lesions were observed on post mortem examination of the goats. The public health significance relates to the ease of Br. melitensis transmission between reservoir hosts and human beings.", "PMID": 1052104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_399", "title": "The treatment of trichomonal vaginitis using single dose tinidazole (Fasigyn-Pfizer).", "content": "A total of twenty eight patients living in a around the City of Lusaka, Zambia were subjected to a drug trial to determine the effect of a single oral dose of Tinidazole (Fasigyn Pfizer) in the treatment of Trichomonal Vaginitis. All the twenty eight patients were proven cases of Trichomonal Vaginitis from microscopy of cervical smears. Two grammes of Fasigyn were used as a single oral dose with yeast as Placebo. Twenty patients were originally treated with Fasigyn and eight received yeast. However two patients in the Fasigyn group absconded, but one later reported satisfactory results. The husbands of two others were untreated. Four patients had other vaginal infections. A microscopic cure rate of 100% and a corrected clinical cure rate of 93.3% was obtained using fasigyn. The side effects were minimal and the patients themselves regarded them as mild.", "contents": "The treatment of trichomonal vaginitis using single dose tinidazole (Fasigyn-Pfizer). A total of twenty eight patients living in a around the City of Lusaka, Zambia were subjected to a drug trial to determine the effect of a single oral dose of Tinidazole (Fasigyn Pfizer) in the treatment of Trichomonal Vaginitis. All the twenty eight patients were proven cases of Trichomonal Vaginitis from microscopy of cervical smears. Two grammes of Fasigyn were used as a single oral dose with yeast as Placebo. Twenty patients were originally treated with Fasigyn and eight received yeast. However two patients in the Fasigyn group absconded, but one later reported satisfactory results. The husbands of two others were untreated. Four patients had other vaginal infections. A microscopic cure rate of 100% and a corrected clinical cure rate of 93.3% was obtained using fasigyn. The side effects were minimal and the patients themselves regarded them as mild.", "PMID": 1052105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_400", "title": "Bancroftian filariasis. An autochthonous case in Zambia.", "content": "The first report of an autochthonous case of Wuchereira bancrofti in Zambia is presented. Observations are made on the diagnostic features of the microfilatiae particularly in relation to their periodicity and aggulutination in sequestrinated blood. The criteria used to identify the worms in section and the problems in diagnosis are outlined. Though imported cases have also been diagnosed it is considered that bancroftian filariasis is probably endemic. Further comprehensive investigations are recommended in ecologically transmissable areas.", "contents": "Bancroftian filariasis. An autochthonous case in Zambia. The first report of an autochthonous case of Wuchereira bancrofti in Zambia is presented. Observations are made on the diagnostic features of the microfilatiae particularly in relation to their periodicity and aggulutination in sequestrinated blood. The criteria used to identify the worms in section and the problems in diagnosis are outlined. Though imported cases have also been diagnosed it is considered that bancroftian filariasis is probably endemic. Further comprehensive investigations are recommended in ecologically transmissable areas.", "PMID": 1052106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_401", "title": "Rabies in Zambian children.", "content": "Human rabies encephalitis is of particular interest of the doctors working in developing countries. When a person has been exposed to a suspect or rabid animal or human being specific antirabid treatment should be given. Ten of the twelve rabid children seen at Arthur Davison Hospital for Children over a 6 year period are described and the literature on treatment reviewed.", "contents": "Rabies in Zambian children. Human rabies encephalitis is of particular interest of the doctors working in developing countries. When a person has been exposed to a suspect or rabid animal or human being specific antirabid treatment should be given. Ten of the twelve rabid children seen at Arthur Davison Hospital for Children over a 6 year period are described and the literature on treatment reviewed.", "PMID": 1052108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_402", "title": "Singleton breach presentation planned for vaginal delivery.", "content": "A retrospective study of 156 consecutive cases of singleton breach presentation planned for vaginal delivery is presented. The incidence of caesarean section was not increased when compared with that for all Hospital and Clinic confinements. The perinatal mortality and prematurity rates were high. The incidence of cord prolapse was increased especially with the footling breech. The need for an experienced Obstetrician and Anaesthetist to conduct all deliveries was demonstrated. Factors influencing the assessment of feto-pelvic proportion and the occurrence of trauma and asphyxia in the management of breech labour and delivery are discussed. The continued place of external cephalic version is justified by the perinatal mortality rate.", "contents": "Singleton breach presentation planned for vaginal delivery. A retrospective study of 156 consecutive cases of singleton breach presentation planned for vaginal delivery is presented. The incidence of caesarean section was not increased when compared with that for all Hospital and Clinic confinements. The perinatal mortality and prematurity rates were high. The incidence of cord prolapse was increased especially with the footling breech. The need for an experienced Obstetrician and Anaesthetist to conduct all deliveries was demonstrated. Factors influencing the assessment of feto-pelvic proportion and the occurrence of trauma and asphyxia in the management of breech labour and delivery are discussed. The continued place of external cephalic version is justified by the perinatal mortality rate.", "PMID": 1052107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_403", "title": "The risk of birth defects: Jacobs v. Theimer and parents' right to know.", "content": "This Article discusses the Texas Supreme Court's holding in Jacobs v. Theimer that the parents of a defective child had a cause of action for damages against a physician for alleged negligent failure to inform the mother during pregnancy that she had contracted rubella and therefore might have a defective child, thereby causing her to lose the opportunity to have an abortion. The Article raises a number of questions that post-Jacobs courts probably will confront concerning the duty of physicians and genetic counselors to keep their clients informed; describes some social and medical developments--including recent progress in medical genetics and prenatal diagnosis--which are likely to make Jacobs a significant precedent; evaluates the court's decision to allow a damage suit only for the costs of treating and caring for the child's defects; and briefly addresses the question of whether the Jacobs case comes within the sphere of suits for what has come to be known as \"wrongful birth\" and \"wrongful life.\"", "contents": "The risk of birth defects: Jacobs v. Theimer and parents' right to know. This Article discusses the Texas Supreme Court's holding in Jacobs v. Theimer that the parents of a defective child had a cause of action for damages against a physician for alleged negligent failure to inform the mother during pregnancy that she had contracted rubella and therefore might have a defective child, thereby causing her to lose the opportunity to have an abortion. The Article raises a number of questions that post-Jacobs courts probably will confront concerning the duty of physicians and genetic counselors to keep their clients informed; describes some social and medical developments--including recent progress in medical genetics and prenatal diagnosis--which are likely to make Jacobs a significant precedent; evaluates the court's decision to allow a damage suit only for the costs of treating and caring for the child's defects; and briefly addresses the question of whether the Jacobs case comes within the sphere of suits for what has come to be known as \"wrongful birth\" and \"wrongful life.\"", "PMID": 1052109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_404", "title": "Comment: litigation involving manufacturers' liability for defective medical products: judicial perspectives.", "content": "In this Comment, Judge Rosenn discusses, from a judicial perspective, the development of manufacturer's liability for defective medical products, with particular attention to the evolution of the strict liability doctrine, the courts' willingness to apply that doctrine to medical manufacturers, and recent suggestions for seriated trials as a means of more effective resolution of the complex litigation that arises in cases of alleged faculty design of medical products.", "contents": "Comment: litigation involving manufacturers' liability for defective medical products: judicial perspectives. In this Comment, Judge Rosenn discusses, from a judicial perspective, the development of manufacturer's liability for defective medical products, with particular attention to the evolution of the strict liability doctrine, the courts' willingness to apply that doctrine to medical manufacturers, and recent suggestions for seriated trials as a means of more effective resolution of the complex litigation that arises in cases of alleged faculty design of medical products.", "PMID": 1052110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_405", "title": "Liability of manufacturers and providers of health related goods and services: confronting the dilemma.", "content": "In this Article, Theodore Cooper, M.D., Assistant Secretary for Health at HEW, contends that the crush of lawsuits brought by aggrieved health care consumers against medical professionals and institutions, and drug and medical equipment manufacturers, may be the result, in large part, of a widely held impression--often encouraged by members of the health professions and industries themselves--that medicine has unlimited powers to heal. Dr. Cooper suggests that those involved in providing health care services and products--and members of the legal profession-have a responsibility to inform the public that this expectation is unrealistic and that everyone suffers when the number of such lawsuits and the size of damage awards are excessive.", "contents": "Liability of manufacturers and providers of health related goods and services: confronting the dilemma. In this Article, Theodore Cooper, M.D., Assistant Secretary for Health at HEW, contends that the crush of lawsuits brought by aggrieved health care consumers against medical professionals and institutions, and drug and medical equipment manufacturers, may be the result, in large part, of a widely held impression--often encouraged by members of the health professions and industries themselves--that medicine has unlimited powers to heal. Dr. Cooper suggests that those involved in providing health care services and products--and members of the legal profession-have a responsibility to inform the public that this expectation is unrealistic and that everyone suffers when the number of such lawsuits and the size of damage awards are excessive.", "PMID": 1052111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_406", "title": "A social episode model of human sexual behavior.", "content": "A social episode model of sexual behavior is proposed with emphasis placed on arousal as a crucial variable. This model argues against a disease or deficiency concept of homosexuality. However, the authors also hold that it may be coercive to push clients to accept their homosexuality, and that a therapist should adequately respond to a valid sexual orientation request. The social-sexual episode is divided into two relatively independent stages, preparatory and consummatory. A mathematical analysis is included, and the model is related to Freeman and Meyer (1975) wherein changes in sexual preferences were successfully made. Other validation sources for the model are presented.", "contents": "A social episode model of human sexual behavior. A social episode model of sexual behavior is proposed with emphasis placed on arousal as a crucial variable. This model argues against a disease or deficiency concept of homosexuality. However, the authors also hold that it may be coercive to push clients to accept their homosexuality, and that a therapist should adequately respond to a valid sexual orientation request. The social-sexual episode is divided into two relatively independent stages, preparatory and consummatory. A mathematical analysis is included, and the model is related to Freeman and Meyer (1975) wherein changes in sexual preferences were successfully made. Other validation sources for the model are presented.", "PMID": 1052113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_407", "title": "Analysis of public attitudes toward homosexual behavior.", "content": "Data from a 1974 representative survey of the white American adult population indicate that most white Americans (75%) disapprove of homosexual relations. Those persons who tend to hold more favorable attitudes toward homosexual relations are those under 30 years of age, those living in larger urban centers, and those with college experience.", "contents": "Analysis of public attitudes toward homosexual behavior. Data from a 1974 representative survey of the white American adult population indicate that most white Americans (75%) disapprove of homosexual relations. Those persons who tend to hold more favorable attitudes toward homosexual relations are those under 30 years of age, those living in larger urban centers, and those with college experience.", "PMID": 1052117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_408", "title": "On the validity of typologies of gay males.", "content": "The classical dichotomization of male homosexuals into passive and active or insertee and inserter types is tested against empirical evidence. Data on the sexual preferences of 243 male homosexuals are analyzed to determine the extent to which they fit the insertee-inserter dichotomy. The fit between the dichotomy and the data is found to be very poor. The most popular set of sexual preferences is for all roles combined, both active and passive anal and oral. It is suggested that the concepts of oral and anal may better characterize the sexual preferences of male homosexuals than those of insertee and inserter. A variety of complex interaction effects among sexual preferences are also reported.", "contents": "On the validity of typologies of gay males. The classical dichotomization of male homosexuals into passive and active or insertee and inserter types is tested against empirical evidence. Data on the sexual preferences of 243 male homosexuals are analyzed to determine the extent to which they fit the insertee-inserter dichotomy. The fit between the dichotomy and the data is found to be very poor. The most popular set of sexual preferences is for all roles combined, both active and passive anal and oral. It is suggested that the concepts of oral and anal may better characterize the sexual preferences of male homosexuals than those of insertee and inserter. A variety of complex interaction effects among sexual preferences are also reported.", "PMID": 1052115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_409", "title": "A psychiatrist's experience in a primary health care setting.", "content": "Psychiatrists have, for years, offered consultation to their nonpsychiatrist colleagues in many settings and have worked with them in a variety of ways. The development of new programs in primary medical care offers new challenges and opportunities to the liaison psychiatrist. This paper describes the experience of a full-time psychiatrist in a hospital-based primary health care setting. Special problems are encountered in developing working relationships with patients, physicians, nurses, social workers, administrators, and other members of the health care team. Effective resolution of these problems makes it possible to offer comprehensive mental health services as an integral part of primary health care. This psychiatrist's role differs from other consultation-liaison functions by virtue of full-time economic, patient care, academic, geographic and administrative assimilation into the primary health care setting itself. It is suggested that this role is an effective way to bring supportive and educational psychiatric services to patients and providers of all levels of sophistication and need.", "contents": "A psychiatrist's experience in a primary health care setting. Psychiatrists have, for years, offered consultation to their nonpsychiatrist colleagues in many settings and have worked with them in a variety of ways. The development of new programs in primary medical care offers new challenges and opportunities to the liaison psychiatrist. This paper describes the experience of a full-time psychiatrist in a hospital-based primary health care setting. Special problems are encountered in developing working relationships with patients, physicians, nurses, social workers, administrators, and other members of the health care team. Effective resolution of these problems makes it possible to offer comprehensive mental health services as an integral part of primary health care. This psychiatrist's role differs from other consultation-liaison functions by virtue of full-time economic, patient care, academic, geographic and administrative assimilation into the primary health care setting itself. It is suggested that this role is an effective way to bring supportive and educational psychiatric services to patients and providers of all levels of sophistication and need.", "PMID": 1052122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_410", "title": "The so-called \"inappropriate\" psychiatric consultation request on a medical or surgical ward.", "content": "Seven cases of psychiatric consultations on medical and surgical wards are reviewed to show how intrapsychic conflicts in the staff may make the consultation request appear inappropriate. On deeper examination, such requests may signify staff dysfunction caused by arousal of conflictual feelings about the behavior of illness of the patient. Mutilated, mute patients appear to arouse fear of agression in their caregivers, who in turn reject such patients, see them as alien and violent, and become illogical in their management. Patients who publicly display sexual behaviors appear to arouse shame over exhibitionism, voyeurism, and masturbation; their caregivers become too passive to effect common-sense measures appropriate to the situation. Very sick and dying patients and ungrateful, demanding patients can arouse anger and despair. Their caregivers may become depressed about failure, feeling helpless and out of control; using projection, they can see such patients as evil or suicidal, and may eventually turn against themselves. The psychiatric consultant, recognizing the conflicts that make the requests seem inappropriate, seeks to substitute higher-level cognitive operations and coping behaviors in the staff (distancing, rationalization, intellectualization, undoing, and altruism) for distortion projection, over-identification, reaction formation, and turning against the self.", "contents": "The so-called \"inappropriate\" psychiatric consultation request on a medical or surgical ward. Seven cases of psychiatric consultations on medical and surgical wards are reviewed to show how intrapsychic conflicts in the staff may make the consultation request appear inappropriate. On deeper examination, such requests may signify staff dysfunction caused by arousal of conflictual feelings about the behavior of illness of the patient. Mutilated, mute patients appear to arouse fear of agression in their caregivers, who in turn reject such patients, see them as alien and violent, and become illogical in their management. Patients who publicly display sexual behaviors appear to arouse shame over exhibitionism, voyeurism, and masturbation; their caregivers become too passive to effect common-sense measures appropriate to the situation. Very sick and dying patients and ungrateful, demanding patients can arouse anger and despair. Their caregivers may become depressed about failure, feeling helpless and out of control; using projection, they can see such patients as evil or suicidal, and may eventually turn against themselves. The psychiatric consultant, recognizing the conflicts that make the requests seem inappropriate, seeks to substitute higher-level cognitive operations and coping behaviors in the staff (distancing, rationalization, intellectualization, undoing, and altruism) for distortion projection, over-identification, reaction formation, and turning against the self.", "PMID": 1052121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_411", "title": "A case of chronic factitious illness.", "content": "A twenty-four-year-old woman is presented with multiple previous hospitalizations for joint and muscle pains. Guarded in her description of symptoms, she reports that \"lupus\" has been diagnosed at several hospitals over the past few years, unable to recall the name of any other than on previous hospital. The medical work-up failed to show any abnormality except that compatible with previously diagnosed von Willebrand's disease. In the discussion of the case, the patient's desire to be taken care of is seen as a major dynamic, causing her to fabricate illness. The diagnoses of Munchausen Syndrome, malingering, conversion reaction and hypochondriasis are discussed and differentiated from each other, and the treatment of Munchausen Syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "A case of chronic factitious illness. A twenty-four-year-old woman is presented with multiple previous hospitalizations for joint and muscle pains. Guarded in her description of symptoms, she reports that \"lupus\" has been diagnosed at several hospitals over the past few years, unable to recall the name of any other than on previous hospital. The medical work-up failed to show any abnormality except that compatible with previously diagnosed von Willebrand's disease. In the discussion of the case, the patient's desire to be taken care of is seen as a major dynamic, causing her to fabricate illness. The diagnoses of Munchausen Syndrome, malingering, conversion reaction and hypochondriasis are discussed and differentiated from each other, and the treatment of Munchausen Syndrome is discussed.", "PMID": 1052123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_412", "title": "Some experiences through family-psychotherapy for psychotics in Japan.", "content": "My experiences of family-psychotherapy for psychotics in Japan, are discussed. The emphasis is put on the emotional problems which had been elicited among the hospital staffs; nurses, psychologists, and social workers. Applying a new type of the therapy, such as family-psychotherapy, has important factors beside the theoretical effect of them. We divided the course of family therapy into four clinical stages, from fragmented way of communication in the family to integrated one. My experiences which I have had in Japan, where the psychiatry itself has had a organic orientation, seem to be very helpful for those countries where the family-psychotherapy is not popular yet.", "contents": "Some experiences through family-psychotherapy for psychotics in Japan. My experiences of family-psychotherapy for psychotics in Japan, are discussed. The emphasis is put on the emotional problems which had been elicited among the hospital staffs; nurses, psychologists, and social workers. Applying a new type of the therapy, such as family-psychotherapy, has important factors beside the theoretical effect of them. We divided the course of family therapy into four clinical stages, from fragmented way of communication in the family to integrated one. My experiences which I have had in Japan, where the psychiatry itself has had a organic orientation, seem to be very helpful for those countries where the family-psychotherapy is not popular yet.", "PMID": 1052125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_413", "title": "Michael and Christine confront their elders.", "content": "This article is an account of an incident at a special school, involving a pupil, a young teacher, and two senior members of staff. The article offers some reflections and conclusions on the special challenges to be faced when making relationships with the young. Reference is made to Winnicott, Lomas, Bridgeland et al, in suggesting connections between the insights and skills of both therapy and of teaching.", "contents": "Michael and Christine confront their elders. This article is an account of an incident at a special school, involving a pupil, a young teacher, and two senior members of staff. The article offers some reflections and conclusions on the special challenges to be faced when making relationships with the young. Reference is made to Winnicott, Lomas, Bridgeland et al, in suggesting connections between the insights and skills of both therapy and of teaching.", "PMID": 1052124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_414", "title": "Psychological factors in the etiology of ulcerative colitis: objectlessness and rage.", "content": "In this second investigation of psychological factors in the etiology of ulcerative colitis, the author again utilizes unusual cases characterized by limited variables preceding illness. The first investigation involved several patients whose partial deafness antedated their illness. A significant point was that prior to developing their illness, all these patients had arrived at a state of objectlessness which was abetted by the deafness. This report presents four ulcerative colitis patients with pre-existing organic problems affecting their mental status. Two of the patients are severely mentally retarded. A third patient has rapidly advancing multiple sclerosis, and a fourth--actually an addition to the earlier study--has long-standing partial deafness. Aside from the objectlessness which was also prominent in the earlier group, all four patients demonstrate a consistent pattern of vicious self-directed rage. This paper takes into account the interaction between the rage and the state of objectlessness in the production of illness.", "contents": "Psychological factors in the etiology of ulcerative colitis: objectlessness and rage. In this second investigation of psychological factors in the etiology of ulcerative colitis, the author again utilizes unusual cases characterized by limited variables preceding illness. The first investigation involved several patients whose partial deafness antedated their illness. A significant point was that prior to developing their illness, all these patients had arrived at a state of objectlessness which was abetted by the deafness. This report presents four ulcerative colitis patients with pre-existing organic problems affecting their mental status. Two of the patients are severely mentally retarded. A third patient has rapidly advancing multiple sclerosis, and a fourth--actually an addition to the earlier study--has long-standing partial deafness. Aside from the objectlessness which was also prominent in the earlier group, all four patients demonstrate a consistent pattern of vicious self-directed rage. This paper takes into account the interaction between the rage and the state of objectlessness in the production of illness.", "PMID": 1052131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_415", "title": "Pediatric referrals to psychiatry: I. Comparison of referrals and nonreferrals.", "content": "Age, sex and duration of hospital stay of 220 patients consecutively referred to psychiatry (Group I) and of their fellow 2065 nonreferred patients (Group II) were compared. Overall, Group I was significantly older, remained in hospital longer, and included more girls than boys, whereas Group II included slightly more boys than girls. Separation of Group II into those whose primary discharge diagnosis was psychiatric or nonpsychiatric revealed that mean age and duration of hospital stay of the former were almost identical, and the sex distribution was similar, to those of Group I. These findings suggest that children referred for psychiatric evaluation differ from their nonreferred fellows discharged with a nonpsychiatric diagnosis but not from nonreferred fellows discharged with a psychiatric diagnosis.", "contents": "Pediatric referrals to psychiatry: I. Comparison of referrals and nonreferrals. Age, sex and duration of hospital stay of 220 patients consecutively referred to psychiatry (Group I) and of their fellow 2065 nonreferred patients (Group II) were compared. Overall, Group I was significantly older, remained in hospital longer, and included more girls than boys, whereas Group II included slightly more boys than girls. Separation of Group II into those whose primary discharge diagnosis was psychiatric or nonpsychiatric revealed that mean age and duration of hospital stay of the former were almost identical, and the sex distribution was similar, to those of Group I. These findings suggest that children referred for psychiatric evaluation differ from their nonreferred fellows discharged with a nonpsychiatric diagnosis but not from nonreferred fellows discharged with a psychiatric diagnosis.", "PMID": 1052132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_416", "title": "Pediatric referrals to psychiatry: II. Factors relating to delays in referral.", "content": "Delays in  requesting psychiatric consultation were examined, in relation to 220 referrals from a medical ward in a pediatric hospital, to determine why children referred for psychiatric evaluation remained in hospital longer than the non-referred. Request delays did not correlate with age, sex, or length of hospitalization, but were likely to be shorter for acutely ill patients and those whose admission diagnosis evidenced the pediatrician's awareness of the possibility of significant emotional factors. The onus may be on the psychiatrist to increase the medical staff's awareness of the possibility that emotional factors often contribute to their patient's ills. This increased awareness may result in prompt referrals to psychiatry, and shorter, less costly hospitalization.", "contents": "Pediatric referrals to psychiatry: II. Factors relating to delays in referral. Delays in  requesting psychiatric consultation were examined, in relation to 220 referrals from a medical ward in a pediatric hospital, to determine why children referred for psychiatric evaluation remained in hospital longer than the non-referred. Request delays did not correlate with age, sex, or length of hospitalization, but were likely to be shorter for acutely ill patients and those whose admission diagnosis evidenced the pediatrician's awareness of the possibility of significant emotional factors. The onus may be on the psychiatrist to increase the medical staff's awareness of the possibility that emotional factors often contribute to their patient's ills. This increased awareness may result in prompt referrals to psychiatry, and shorter, less costly hospitalization.", "PMID": 1052133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_417", "title": "A phase in the psychotherapy of a juvenile onset diabetic patient.", "content": "The psychotherapy of a juvenile onset diabetic patient, who initially presented with problems of poor diabetic management and depression, is discussed. Pertinent details of the first two years of treatment are presented to show the interrelationship between the medical and psychiatric problems. The patient severely mismanaged her illness around the tenth anniversary of her father's death. The patient's behavior and attitude toward her own illness were associated with guilt relating to the death of her father, also diabetic. During the anniversary period the patient was able to gain insight into the dynamics of her behavior, and from then on, succeeded in adequate management of her diabetes. The events in this case are linked to relevant literature.", "contents": "A phase in the psychotherapy of a juvenile onset diabetic patient. The psychotherapy of a juvenile onset diabetic patient, who initially presented with problems of poor diabetic management and depression, is discussed. Pertinent details of the first two years of treatment are presented to show the interrelationship between the medical and psychiatric problems. The patient severely mismanaged her illness around the tenth anniversary of her father's death. The patient's behavior and attitude toward her own illness were associated with guilt relating to the death of her father, also diabetic. During the anniversary period the patient was able to gain insight into the dynamics of her behavior, and from then on, succeeded in adequate management of her diabetes. The events in this case are linked to relevant literature.", "PMID": 1052134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_418", "title": "Psychiatric problems of the 1970's.", "content": "This paper describes some of the social trends of the 1970's that may be affecting patterns of psychiatric needs and presents data showing their impact. It suggests possible psychiatric and sociopolitical responses to meet these needs. Patients were studied in the outpatient and inpatient services of the Shands Teaching Hospital and Student Mental Health Services at the University of Florida. The main findings were that single youth, both females and especially males, were requiring less help since the winding down of American participation in the Vietnam War, perhaps indicating that youth are feeling less alienated from the national effort. Black women are seeking help more than ever before, probably because the black liberation movement has offered them hope that psychiatry can help them. Despite the women's liberation movement, white women still remain the largest group of psychiatric outpatients, as they were in the 1950's and 1960's.", "contents": "Psychiatric problems of the 1970's. This paper describes some of the social trends of the 1970's that may be affecting patterns of psychiatric needs and presents data showing their impact. It suggests possible psychiatric and sociopolitical responses to meet these needs. Patients were studied in the outpatient and inpatient services of the Shands Teaching Hospital and Student Mental Health Services at the University of Florida. The main findings were that single youth, both females and especially males, were requiring less help since the winding down of American participation in the Vietnam War, perhaps indicating that youth are feeling less alienated from the national effort. Black women are seeking help more than ever before, probably because the black liberation movement has offered them hope that psychiatry can help them. Despite the women's liberation movement, white women still remain the largest group of psychiatric outpatients, as they were in the 1950's and 1960's.", "PMID": 1052135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_419", "title": "The effect of pentoxifylline ('Trental') on cerebral blood flow: a double-blind study.", "content": "A double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study was carried out in 20 geriatric patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency ot asses the effect of pentoxifylline on cerebral blood flow. Using 99m Tc cerebral scinitigraphy and a gamma comera/computer system, the pattern of blood flow in 5 brain areas was manitored after a single intravenous infusion of 200 mg pentoxifylline (10 ml) and after 10 ml saline solution. The results showed that, with the exception of one brain area, there was a statistically significant increase both in regional and hemispheric cerebral blood flow after pentoxifylline. It is of particular interst that global hemispheric blood flow, which gives an indication of total blood supply to the brain, showed approximately the same percentage increase on both sides with pentoxifylline.", "contents": "The effect of pentoxifylline ('Trental') on cerebral blood flow: a double-blind study. A double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study was carried out in 20 geriatric patients with cerebrovascular insufficiency ot asses the effect of pentoxifylline on cerebral blood flow. Using 99m Tc cerebral scinitigraphy and a gamma comera/computer system, the pattern of blood flow in 5 brain areas was manitored after a single intravenous infusion of 200 mg pentoxifylline (10 ml) and after 10 ml saline solution. The results showed that, with the exception of one brain area, there was a statistically significant increase both in regional and hemispheric cerebral blood flow after pentoxifylline. It is of particular interst that global hemispheric blood flow, which gives an indication of total blood supply to the brain, showed approximately the same percentage increase on both sides with pentoxifylline.", "PMID": 1052162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_420", "title": "Pre-clinical toxicological studies with muzolimine.", "content": "Toxicological studies were carried out to assess the acute, sub-chronic and embryotoxicity of muzolimine, administered orally to a number of animal species. The results showed that muzolimine had only slight acute toxicity, of the same degree in the mouse, rat, rabbit and dog. In the sub-chronic toxicity studies over 90 days, the presenting symptom in rats and dogs was a pronounced diuresis and, apart from the kidney, no other organ or organ systems were impaired. Macroscopic and microscopic changes in the kidney were the pharmacological result of overdosage, i.e. excessive diuresis, and not due to typical toxic renal damage. Embryotoxicity studies on pregnant rats and rabbits showed that toxic (rat) or lethal doses (rabbits) had no embryotoxic or teratogenic effects.", "contents": "Pre-clinical toxicological studies with muzolimine. Toxicological studies were carried out to assess the acute, sub-chronic and embryotoxicity of muzolimine, administered orally to a number of animal species. The results showed that muzolimine had only slight acute toxicity, of the same degree in the mouse, rat, rabbit and dog. In the sub-chronic toxicity studies over 90 days, the presenting symptom in rats and dogs was a pronounced diuresis and, apart from the kidney, no other organ or organ systems were impaired. Macroscopic and microscopic changes in the kidney were the pharmacological result of overdosage, i.e. excessive diuresis, and not due to typical toxic renal damage. Embryotoxicity studies on pregnant rats and rabbits showed that toxic (rat) or lethal doses (rabbits) had no embryotoxic or teratogenic effects.", "PMID": 1052163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_421", "title": "Human studies on the bioavailability of a quaternary ammonium compounds, tiemonium iodide and tiemonium methosulphate.", "content": "Five volunteers were administered capsules containing 14C-labelled tiemonium iodide and 4 volunteers received capsules of 14C-labelled tiemonium methosulphate. Serum, urine and faecal levels of tiemonium were measured. The percentage of the dose absorbed was determined after a further labelled intravenous injection into 3 of the volunteers. The drug appeared to be poorly absorved, as expected for quaternary ammonium compounds, but there was no difference in the bioavailability of these two tiemonium salts.", "contents": "Human studies on the bioavailability of a quaternary ammonium compounds, tiemonium iodide and tiemonium methosulphate. Five volunteers were administered capsules containing 14C-labelled tiemonium iodide and 4 volunteers received capsules of 14C-labelled tiemonium methosulphate. Serum, urine and faecal levels of tiemonium were measured. The percentage of the dose absorbed was determined after a further labelled intravenous injection into 3 of the volunteers. The drug appeared to be poorly absorved, as expected for quaternary ammonium compounds, but there was no difference in the bioavailability of these two tiemonium salts.", "PMID": 1052164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_422", "title": "Control of hypertension with single daily doses of sotalol hydrochloride.", "content": "A study was carried out in 12 previously untreated hypertensive patients to assess the efficacy of sotalol given in a once-daily dosage regimen. After an initial dosage titration period (mean 3 weeks) during which diastolic pressure was stabilized at less than 100 mmHg, all patients were satisfactorily maintained on a constant once-daily dose of sotalol for 3 months. Eight of the 12 patients required 320 mg or less daily (mean dose 190 mg). Whilst blood pressure remained controlled for at least 26 hours after daily doses the pulse rate, counted at the same time, showed escape from beta-blockade. Side-effects (vivid dreams) were reported in only 1 patient.", "contents": "Control of hypertension with single daily doses of sotalol hydrochloride. A study was carried out in 12 previously untreated hypertensive patients to assess the efficacy of sotalol given in a once-daily dosage regimen. After an initial dosage titration period (mean 3 weeks) during which diastolic pressure was stabilized at less than 100 mmHg, all patients were satisfactorily maintained on a constant once-daily dose of sotalol for 3 months. Eight of the 12 patients required 320 mg or less daily (mean dose 190 mg). Whilst blood pressure remained controlled for at least 26 hours after daily doses the pulse rate, counted at the same time, showed escape from beta-blockade. Side-effects (vivid dreams) were reported in only 1 patient.", "PMID": 1052165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_423", "title": "Reactivity of the beta-93 SH groups in Hb K\u00f6ln.", "content": "The beta-93 SH groups were found to be present in freshly purified Hb K\u00f6ln, but over a period of several days storage they gradually oxidized to form inter-beta chain disulfide bonds. It is suggested that this gradual oxidation accounts for the low SH values which have been reported. The SH groups of Hb K\u00f6ln were also found to react more readily than normal with H2O2 and O2-.", "contents": "Reactivity of the beta-93 SH groups in Hb K\u00f6ln. The beta-93 SH groups were found to be present in freshly purified Hb K\u00f6ln, but over a period of several days storage they gradually oxidized to form inter-beta chain disulfide bonds. It is suggested that this gradual oxidation accounts for the low SH values which have been reported. The SH groups of Hb K\u00f6ln were also found to react more readily than normal with H2O2 and O2-.", "PMID": 1052166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_424", "title": "Homozygous cases for hemoglobin J Mexico (alpha54 (E3)Gln replaced by Glu) evidence for a duplicated alpha gene with unequal expression.", "content": "Hemoglobin J Mexico has been found in five generations of a large Algerian family. Nine subjects have 55% Hb J although their parents, siblings and offspring may have 31%, the usual quantity found in heterozygotes. Those with 55% Hb J are considered to be homozygous for a chromosome carrying both a normal alpha chain locus and a locus for alphaJ. The proportion of the abnormal hemoglobin in all the subjects is in favor of an unequal expression of both loci, the amount of protein synthesis directed by the alpha J gene being greater than that directed by the alpha A. In two heterozygotes a slightly higher proportion of the Hb J (38%) suggests the presence of a single normal alpha chain locus in trans. An associated alpha-thalassemia was excluded by biosynthetic studies in this family.", "contents": "Homozygous cases for hemoglobin J Mexico (alpha54 (E3)Gln replaced by Glu) evidence for a duplicated alpha gene with unequal expression. Hemoglobin J Mexico has been found in five generations of a large Algerian family. Nine subjects have 55% Hb J although their parents, siblings and offspring may have 31%, the usual quantity found in heterozygotes. Those with 55% Hb J are considered to be homozygous for a chromosome carrying both a normal alpha chain locus and a locus for alphaJ. The proportion of the abnormal hemoglobin in all the subjects is in favor of an unequal expression of both loci, the amount of protein synthesis directed by the alpha J gene being greater than that directed by the alpha A. In two heterozygotes a slightly higher proportion of the Hb J (38%) suggests the presence of a single normal alpha chain locus in trans. An associated alpha-thalassemia was excluded by biosynthetic studies in this family.", "PMID": 1052168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_425", "title": "Separation of human hemoglobins by DEAE-cellulose chromatography using glycine-KCN-NaC1 developers.", "content": "This chromatographic procedure uses DEAE-cellulose as ion exchanger and glycine-KCN-NaC1 solutions as developers. Blood samples from several adults and newborn infants with alpha, beta, delta, or gamma chains variants have been analysed. The hemoglobins are eluted as compact and symmetrical zones, and the separation of many hemoglobin types is greatly improved. The procedure is relatively fast, simple, and inexpensive.", "contents": "Separation of human hemoglobins by DEAE-cellulose chromatography using glycine-KCN-NaC1 developers. This chromatographic procedure uses DEAE-cellulose as ion exchanger and glycine-KCN-NaC1 solutions as developers. Blood samples from several adults and newborn infants with alpha, beta, delta, or gamma chains variants have been analysed. The hemoglobins are eluted as compact and symmetrical zones, and the separation of many hemoglobin types is greatly improved. The procedure is relatively fast, simple, and inexpensive.", "PMID": 1052169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_426", "title": "Hemoglobin Riyadh--alpha2beta2 (120(GH3)Lys replaced by Asn). A new variant found in association with alpha-thalassemia and iron deficiency.", "content": "On a field trip toSaudi Arabia (M.A.F.E.H.) in which the relationship between alpha-thalassemia and iron deficiency was studied, a fast moving hemoglobin variant was noted in a 30 year old Saudi Arabian woman. Analysis of the hemoglobin variant showed that the amino acid substitution was beta120 Lys replaced by Asn. This variant had not been described previously and has been named Hb Riyadh. There was also present an alpha-thalassemia and details are given of the imbalance of globin chain synthesis. It was possible to improve considerably the balance in vitro by the addition of hemin.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Riyadh--alpha2beta2 (120(GH3)Lys replaced by Asn). A new variant found in association with alpha-thalassemia and iron deficiency. On a field trip toSaudi Arabia (M.A.F.E.H.) in which the relationship between alpha-thalassemia and iron deficiency was studied, a fast moving hemoglobin variant was noted in a 30 year old Saudi Arabian woman. Analysis of the hemoglobin variant showed that the amino acid substitution was beta120 Lys replaced by Asn. This variant had not been described previously and has been named Hb Riyadh. There was also present an alpha-thalassemia and details are given of the imbalance of globin chain synthesis. It was possible to improve considerably the balance in vitro by the addition of hemin.", "PMID": 1052171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_427", "title": "beta+-Thalassemia trait: hematologic and hemoglobin synthesis studies.", "content": "In Thailand, two types of high Hb A2-beta-thalassemia genes: beta0-thalassemia (beta0-thal) or classical beta-thalassemia and beta+-thalassemia (beta+-thal) or mild beta-thalassemia exist. This study presents hematologic data and globin chain synthesis in peripheral blood of the genuine beta+-thal heterozygotes in comparison with those of the beta0-thal heterozygotes. Thirty individuals of Thai and Chinese extraction with the beta+-thal heterozygosity were hematologically examined. The hematologic means of hemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Hb A2 and alkali denaturation hemoglobin of the beta+-thal traits were, 11.7 g%, 67.8 mu3, 21.5 gammagamma, 32.1%, 4.94% and 1.20% respectively. These were not statistically different from those of the beta0-thal traits of our previous study(1). The globin chain synthesis in reticulocytes were performed by incorporation of 3H-Leucine for 3 hours. The mean of total radioactivity alpha/beta ratio in 11 normal controls was 1.07 +/- SD 0.03. The mean of alpha/beta ratio in 9 beta+-thal traits was 2.03 +/- SD 0.10 which was significantly different from that in 7 beta0-thal traits of 2.28 +/- SD 0.07. Our globin chain synthesis thus appears to be helpful of discriminating the beta+-thal trait from the beta0-thal trait.", "contents": "beta+-Thalassemia trait: hematologic and hemoglobin synthesis studies. In Thailand, two types of high Hb A2-beta-thalassemia genes: beta0-thalassemia (beta0-thal) or classical beta-thalassemia and beta+-thalassemia (beta+-thal) or mild beta-thalassemia exist. This study presents hematologic data and globin chain synthesis in peripheral blood of the genuine beta+-thal heterozygotes in comparison with those of the beta0-thal heterozygotes. Thirty individuals of Thai and Chinese extraction with the beta+-thal heterozygosity were hematologically examined. The hematologic means of hemoglobin concentration, MCV, MCH, MCHC, Hb A2 and alkali denaturation hemoglobin of the beta+-thal traits were, 11.7 g%, 67.8 mu3, 21.5 gammagamma, 32.1%, 4.94% and 1.20% respectively. These were not statistically different from those of the beta0-thal traits of our previous study(1). The globin chain synthesis in reticulocytes were performed by incorporation of 3H-Leucine for 3 hours. The mean of total radioactivity alpha/beta ratio in 11 normal controls was 1.07 +/- SD 0.03. The mean of alpha/beta ratio in 9 beta+-thal traits was 2.03 +/- SD 0.10 which was significantly different from that in 7 beta0-thal traits of 2.28 +/- SD 0.07. Our globin chain synthesis thus appears to be helpful of discriminating the beta+-thal trait from the beta0-thal trait.", "PMID": 1052172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_428", "title": "Hemoglobin Willamette (alpha2beta2 51Pro replaced by Apg (D2)) a new abnormal human hemoglobin.", "content": "A hemoglobin variant with the same electrophoretic mobility as hemoglobin S was found in three generations of a black family. No clinical symptoms or findings were present in subjects heterozygous for this mutant. Except for target forms of mature erythrocytes, they have no abnormal hematologic findings. Structural studies demonstrated a previously undescribed substitution, beta51 Pro replaced by Arg, in the abnormal fraction which accounts for about one-third of the total hemoglobin. This fraction is more unstable in vitro at 65 degrees than normal A hemoglobin. Both whole blood and purified abnormal hemoglobin have increased oxygen affinity and a slightly decreased Bohr effect.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Willamette (alpha2beta2 51Pro replaced by Apg (D2)) a new abnormal human hemoglobin. A hemoglobin variant with the same electrophoretic mobility as hemoglobin S was found in three generations of a black family. No clinical symptoms or findings were present in subjects heterozygous for this mutant. Except for target forms of mature erythrocytes, they have no abnormal hematologic findings. Structural studies demonstrated a previously undescribed substitution, beta51 Pro replaced by Arg, in the abnormal fraction which accounts for about one-third of the total hemoglobin. This fraction is more unstable in vitro at 65 degrees than normal A hemoglobin. Both whole blood and purified abnormal hemoglobin have increased oxygen affinity and a slightly decreased Bohr effect.", "PMID": 1052170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_429", "title": "Hemoglobin Baylor (alpha2beta281(EF5) leu replaced by Arg)--an unstable mutant with high oxygen affinity.", "content": "The amino acid substitution in a new hemoglobin variant, Hb Baylor (alpha2beta281 (EF5) Leu replaced by Arg), has been determined by application of column chromatography and amino acid analysis of the tryptic peptides. The hemoglobin is somewhat unstable and it has a high oxygen affinity. The propositus shows the opposing hematologic effects of these two properties--the instability being associated with increased destruction, and the high O2 affinity with increased production, of erythrocytes.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Baylor (alpha2beta281(EF5) leu replaced by Arg)--an unstable mutant with high oxygen affinity. The amino acid substitution in a new hemoglobin variant, Hb Baylor (alpha2beta281 (EF5) Leu replaced by Arg), has been determined by application of column chromatography and amino acid analysis of the tryptic peptides. The hemoglobin is somewhat unstable and it has a high oxygen affinity. The propositus shows the opposing hematologic effects of these two properties--the instability being associated with increased destruction, and the high O2 affinity with increased production, of erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1052173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_430", "title": "Altered erythropoiesis and increased hemolysis in hemoglobin M Akita (M Hyde Park beta92 His replaced by Tyr) disease.", "content": "Hb M Akita disease is a cyanotic hemoglobinopathy found in Akita Prefecture, Japan. The abnormal hemoglobin was found to be the same as Hb M Hyde Park (beta92 His replaced by Tyr) by chemical analysis in 1967. In this disease signs of accelerated hemolysis (serum bilirubin, 2.4 mg/dl; splenomegaly, 2 finger breadths; Hb, 10.7 g/dl; reticulocyte index, 2.7) were noted, but the causes of its slight anemia were revealed to be fairly complex by ferrokinetic study, RBC life-span measurement, and 99mTc myeloscintigram. The anemia in this disease is caused not only by shortened erythrocyte survival (T 1/2 = 11.5 days by 51Cr-tagging method) and sequestration of red cells in the spleen (Spleen: liver ratio = 2.5 approximately 3.0 by 51Cr-surface counting), but also by slow supply of erythrocytes to the peripheral blood from the bone marrow, presumably, related to the existence of unstable Hb M Akita and its derivative (Hb Akita) in the erythroid cells. Both Carrell's isopropanol test and Heinz body formation test were positive. In spite of maximally increased total erythropoiesis (8 times as high as the normal level; M:E ratio = 0.22:1.0), supply of red cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood was significantly decreased. The distribution of hematopoietic sites throughout the body was reasonably uniform.", "contents": "Altered erythropoiesis and increased hemolysis in hemoglobin M Akita (M Hyde Park beta92 His replaced by Tyr) disease. Hb M Akita disease is a cyanotic hemoglobinopathy found in Akita Prefecture, Japan. The abnormal hemoglobin was found to be the same as Hb M Hyde Park (beta92 His replaced by Tyr) by chemical analysis in 1967. In this disease signs of accelerated hemolysis (serum bilirubin, 2.4 mg/dl; splenomegaly, 2 finger breadths; Hb, 10.7 g/dl; reticulocyte index, 2.7) were noted, but the causes of its slight anemia were revealed to be fairly complex by ferrokinetic study, RBC life-span measurement, and 99mTc myeloscintigram. The anemia in this disease is caused not only by shortened erythrocyte survival (T 1/2 = 11.5 days by 51Cr-tagging method) and sequestration of red cells in the spleen (Spleen: liver ratio = 2.5 approximately 3.0 by 51Cr-surface counting), but also by slow supply of erythrocytes to the peripheral blood from the bone marrow, presumably, related to the existence of unstable Hb M Akita and its derivative (Hb Akita) in the erythroid cells. Both Carrell's isopropanol test and Heinz body formation test were positive. In spite of maximally increased total erythropoiesis (8 times as high as the normal level; M:E ratio = 0.22:1.0), supply of red cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood was significantly decreased. The distribution of hematopoietic sites throughout the body was reasonably uniform.", "PMID": 1052175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_431", "title": "Another form of the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (the Atlanta type)?", "content": "The propositus in a Black family has elevated Hb-F and approximately equal amounts of Hb-A and Hb-S. Hematological and chemical studies of the propositus and his family show elevated Hb-F in the father and a sibling and sickle cell trait in the mother and another sibling. This family is believed to have a form of the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in which beta chains are produced in cis to the determinant.", "contents": "Another form of the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (the Atlanta type)? The propositus in a Black family has elevated Hb-F and approximately equal amounts of Hb-A and Hb-S. Hematological and chemical studies of the propositus and his family show elevated Hb-F in the father and a sibling and sickle cell trait in the mother and another sibling. This family is believed to have a form of the hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in which beta chains are produced in cis to the determinant.", "PMID": 1052176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_432", "title": "Gamma chain variants in Jamaican newborns.", "content": "15,661 cord bloods from Jamaican infants were examined for abnormal hemoglobins using alkaline cellulose acetate electrophoresis for the initial screening, supplemented by acid agar gel electrophoresis for samples exhibiting abnormal hemoglobin bands. Of the 16 electrophoretic variants which were detected, six were fully characterized and found to be: four Hb F Port Royal (alpha2 Ggamma2 125 Glu replaced by Ala) and two Hb F Victoria Jubilee (alpha2Agamma2 80 Asp replaced by Tyr). The Hb F Port Royal samples each constituted about one eighth of the total Hb F as did seven additional samples presumed to be Hb F Port Royal. The infants with this variant exhibited no special hematological characteristics or other consistent associations. Both Hb F Victoria Jubilee samples occurred in somewhat lower proportions of the total Hb F compared with Hb F Port Royal and exhibited an apparent increase of free alpha chains in the whole hemolysate. The data available on detectable gamma chain variants suggest that a specific point mutation may occur in either a HbGgamma or a HbAgamma locus.", "contents": "Gamma chain variants in Jamaican newborns. 15,661 cord bloods from Jamaican infants were examined for abnormal hemoglobins using alkaline cellulose acetate electrophoresis for the initial screening, supplemented by acid agar gel electrophoresis for samples exhibiting abnormal hemoglobin bands. Of the 16 electrophoretic variants which were detected, six were fully characterized and found to be: four Hb F Port Royal (alpha2 Ggamma2 125 Glu replaced by Ala) and two Hb F Victoria Jubilee (alpha2Agamma2 80 Asp replaced by Tyr). The Hb F Port Royal samples each constituted about one eighth of the total Hb F as did seven additional samples presumed to be Hb F Port Royal. The infants with this variant exhibited no special hematological characteristics or other consistent associations. Both Hb F Victoria Jubilee samples occurred in somewhat lower proportions of the total Hb F compared with Hb F Port Royal and exhibited an apparent increase of free alpha chains in the whole hemolysate. The data available on detectable gamma chain variants suggest that a specific point mutation may occur in either a HbGgamma or a HbAgamma locus.", "PMID": 1052178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_433", "title": "Globin synthesis during erythroid cell maturation in alpha thalassemia.", "content": "Globin chain synthesis was examined in erythroid cells of increasing maturity, fractionated from bone marrow of two patients with hemoglobin H disease and in one alpha thalassemia 1 heterozygote. In contrast to beta thalassemia where a gradient of alpha/beta chain ratios increasing with erythroid cell maturation is observed, in alpha thalassemia the alpha/beta chain ratio remains constant throughout maturation. This finding suggests that in alpha thalassemia there is no modification of the imbalance in globin chain synthesis either by increased alpha chain production or decreased beta chain synthesis in erythroid precursors. Furthermore, the constant alpha/beta ratio reflects a limited degree of beta chain destruction, indicating that the ability of the excess beta chains to associate into tetramers protects them from proteolytic digestion.", "contents": "Globin synthesis during erythroid cell maturation in alpha thalassemia. Globin chain synthesis was examined in erythroid cells of increasing maturity, fractionated from bone marrow of two patients with hemoglobin H disease and in one alpha thalassemia 1 heterozygote. In contrast to beta thalassemia where a gradient of alpha/beta chain ratios increasing with erythroid cell maturation is observed, in alpha thalassemia the alpha/beta chain ratio remains constant throughout maturation. This finding suggests that in alpha thalassemia there is no modification of the imbalance in globin chain synthesis either by increased alpha chain production or decreased beta chain synthesis in erythroid precursors. Furthermore, the constant alpha/beta ratio reflects a limited degree of beta chain destruction, indicating that the ability of the excess beta chains to associate into tetramers protects them from proteolytic digestion.", "PMID": 1052177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_434", "title": "Hemoglobin British Columbia (alpha2beta2 101(G3)Glu replaced by Lys). A new variant with high oxygen affinity.", "content": "Hemoglobin British Columbia was found in an East Indian living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Its structure was demonstrated to be alpha2beta2 101(G3)Glu replaced by Lys. It has a significant increase in oxygen affinity, decrease in heme-heme interaction, but normal Bohr effect. Unlike Hb Rush (beta101 Glu replaced by Glu), it is as stable as Hb A to heat and alcohol denaturation. By both cellulose acetate electrophoresis and chromatography the undissociated Hb British Columbia moves between Hb S and Hb A rather than behaving like Hb C. However, the dissociated abnormal beta chain behaves like beta C. The substitution is at the alpha2beta2 contact region. Except for a mild erythrocytosis, the propositus has normal hematological findings.", "contents": "Hemoglobin British Columbia (alpha2beta2 101(G3)Glu replaced by Lys). A new variant with high oxygen affinity. Hemoglobin British Columbia was found in an East Indian living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Its structure was demonstrated to be alpha2beta2 101(G3)Glu replaced by Lys. It has a significant increase in oxygen affinity, decrease in heme-heme interaction, but normal Bohr effect. Unlike Hb Rush (beta101 Glu replaced by Glu), it is as stable as Hb A to heat and alcohol denaturation. By both cellulose acetate electrophoresis and chromatography the undissociated Hb British Columbia moves between Hb S and Hb A rather than behaving like Hb C. However, the dissociated abnormal beta chain behaves like beta C. The substitution is at the alpha2beta2 contact region. Except for a mild erythrocytosis, the propositus has normal hematological findings.", "PMID": 1052179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_435", "title": "Hb-Alberta or alpha2beta2 (101(G3) Glu replaced by Gly), a new high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobin variant causing erythrocytosis.", "content": "Hb-Alberta has been found in a 51 year old Caucasian male with erythrocytosis. The substitution in this variant involves the glutamyl residue in position 101(G3) of the beta chain which is replaced by a glycyl residue. Hb-Alberta accounts for about 45% in the heterozygote, and readily forms hybrid tetramers with other hemoglobins. The oxygen affinity of Hb-Alberta is greatly increased, its Bohr effect reduced, and its subunit interaction greatly diminished.", "contents": "Hb-Alberta or alpha2beta2 (101(G3) Glu replaced by Gly), a new high-oxygen-affinity hemoglobin variant causing erythrocytosis. Hb-Alberta has been found in a 51 year old Caucasian male with erythrocytosis. The substitution in this variant involves the glutamyl residue in position 101(G3) of the beta chain which is replaced by a glycyl residue. Hb-Alberta accounts for about 45% in the heterozygote, and readily forms hybrid tetramers with other hemoglobins. The oxygen affinity of Hb-Alberta is greatly increased, its Bohr effect reduced, and its subunit interaction greatly diminished.", "PMID": 1052180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_436", "title": "Asymetric tetramer in a second occurrence of hemoglobin Porto Alegre alpha A2betaAbeta9Ser replaced by Cys.", "content": "Hemoglobin Porto Alegre is an abnormal human hemoglobin which polymerizes by formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds between the mutant cysteinyl residues at the beta9 position. Biochemical studies of this abnormal hemoglobin from a heterozygous carrier of a second family of carriers indicates that an asymmetric tetramer alphaA2betaAbeta9 Ser replaces Cys is formed after polymerization. Functional studies of the polymer indicate that its oxygen binding properties are unaffected by the polymerization and that its oxygen affinity is somewhat higher than that of normal hemoglobin; it has a slightly reduced heme-heme interaction and a normal Bohr effect.", "contents": "Asymetric tetramer in a second occurrence of hemoglobin Porto Alegre alpha A2betaAbeta9Ser replaced by Cys. Hemoglobin Porto Alegre is an abnormal human hemoglobin which polymerizes by formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds between the mutant cysteinyl residues at the beta9 position. Biochemical studies of this abnormal hemoglobin from a heterozygous carrier of a second family of carriers indicates that an asymmetric tetramer alphaA2betaAbeta9 Ser replaces Cys is formed after polymerization. Functional studies of the polymer indicate that its oxygen binding properties are unaffected by the polymerization and that its oxygen affinity is somewhat higher than that of normal hemoglobin; it has a slightly reduced heme-heme interaction and a normal Bohr effect.", "PMID": 1052181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_437", "title": "The significance of certain catastrophic dreams.", "content": "Four examples of catastrophic dreams in which the dream action progressed to include the total destruction of the dreamer's body image are presented. This feature of total destruction of the body image possesses a special heuristic significance because it is a variance with Freund's clinical experience which helped to shape his view of the factors responsible for the creation of traumatic neurosis. He felt that nothing resembling death can ever have been experienced and therefore he dismissed the idea that the traumatic neurosis could arise a direct result of the fear of death. Each of the dreams revived a real life traumatic event which had caused a registration in the mind of a shattering experience without causing the destruction of the actual body at the same time. When the same traumatic event was revived in the dream the ego functions available at that time were evidently insufficient either to modify the traumatic event or to awaken the dreamer prior to its denouement. The powerless ego of the dreamer seemed to have been derived from the powerless ego of the patient at the traumatic moment in waking life which was carried over into the dream as a part of the representation of the traumatic event. The destruction of the body image in these dreams apparently played a role in the production of symptoms characteristic of the dissociative syndromes. On the morning following the dream three of the patients awakened in a depersonalized state and the fourth in a catatonic state.", "contents": "The significance of certain catastrophic dreams. Four examples of catastrophic dreams in which the dream action progressed to include the total destruction of the dreamer's body image are presented. This feature of total destruction of the body image possesses a special heuristic significance because it is a variance with Freund's clinical experience which helped to shape his view of the factors responsible for the creation of traumatic neurosis. He felt that nothing resembling death can ever have been experienced and therefore he dismissed the idea that the traumatic neurosis could arise a direct result of the fear of death. Each of the dreams revived a real life traumatic event which had caused a registration in the mind of a shattering experience without causing the destruction of the actual body at the same time. When the same traumatic event was revived in the dream the ego functions available at that time were evidently insufficient either to modify the traumatic event or to awaken the dreamer prior to its denouement. The powerless ego of the dreamer seemed to have been derived from the powerless ego of the patient at the traumatic moment in waking life which was carried over into the dream as a part of the representation of the traumatic event. The destruction of the body image in these dreams apparently played a role in the production of symptoms characteristic of the dissociative syndromes. On the morning following the dream three of the patients awakened in a depersonalized state and the fourth in a catatonic state.", "PMID": 1052184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_438", "title": "Indications for psychotherapy in a psychiatric clinic population. Reliability and validity of evaluations.", "content": "A half-year survey was made on an in-patient clinic population as to a specific kind of short-term dynamic psychotherapy. The reliability and validity of the evaluations are discussed. It was found that a moderate accordance in evaluations could be found between the evaluators, with a high degree of reliability.", "contents": "Indications for psychotherapy in a psychiatric clinic population. Reliability and validity of evaluations. A half-year survey was made on an in-patient clinic population as to a specific kind of short-term dynamic psychotherapy. The reliability and validity of the evaluations are discussed. It was found that a moderate accordance in evaluations could be found between the evaluators, with a high degree of reliability.", "PMID": 1052185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_439", "title": "Anorexia nervosa: a case study.", "content": "D.R., a single 19-year-old female experiencing anorexia nervosa, was admitted to a mental health center inpatient unit weighing 64 lb, approximately 54 lb underweight, with liver, kidney, and pancreas damage. D.R. was hospitalized for 59 days. Treatment consisted of utilizing a hierarchy of reinforcements in the form of privileges mutually agreed upon between patient and therapist, psychodynamic and supportive psychotherapy, and involvement in the ward milieu therapeutic program. All privileges had to be earned. Access to food was controlled by the staff. For pounds gained privileges were granted, for pounds lost privileges were curtailed. Dynamically, D.R.'s eating behavior was viewed as an unconscious spite and revenge reaction toward her parents as well as an attempt to elicit attention. At the time of discharge D.R. weighed 104.5 lb. Prior to discharge D.R. agreed that if her weight dropped below 100 lb she would return for readmission. Five months later D.R.'s weight stabilized between 102 and 104 lb. Two years later, D.R.'s weight remains at that level. The study cautions against using solely a behavior modification approach in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa: a case study. D.R., a single 19-year-old female experiencing anorexia nervosa, was admitted to a mental health center inpatient unit weighing 64 lb, approximately 54 lb underweight, with liver, kidney, and pancreas damage. D.R. was hospitalized for 59 days. Treatment consisted of utilizing a hierarchy of reinforcements in the form of privileges mutually agreed upon between patient and therapist, psychodynamic and supportive psychotherapy, and involvement in the ward milieu therapeutic program. All privileges had to be earned. Access to food was controlled by the staff. For pounds gained privileges were granted, for pounds lost privileges were curtailed. Dynamically, D.R.'s eating behavior was viewed as an unconscious spite and revenge reaction toward her parents as well as an attempt to elicit attention. At the time of discharge D.R. weighed 104.5 lb. Prior to discharge D.R. agreed that if her weight dropped below 100 lb she would return for readmission. Five months later D.R.'s weight stabilized between 102 and 104 lb. Two years later, D.R.'s weight remains at that level. The study cautions against using solely a behavior modification approach in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.", "PMID": 1052188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_440", "title": "Anxiety and rehabilitation after myocardial infarction.", "content": "General and specific anxiety, connected with the fact of myocardial infarction (MI), were investigated in 105 patients before and at the end of posthospitalization rehabilitation. Results as regards general anxiety were compared with data of 63 employed men free of coronary disease and with 34 comparable rheumatic patients. The patients with MI, before the comprehensive rehabilitation, compared with both control groups, have had higher levels of general anxiety in a statistically significant way. At the end of rehabilitation there were no significant differences. There was a significant positive correlation between general and specific anxiety, connected with the fact of MI. During the organized comprehensive posthospitalization rehabilitation, we see that there is a statisticallysignificant decrease of general and specific anxiety.", "contents": "Anxiety and rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. General and specific anxiety, connected with the fact of myocardial infarction (MI), were investigated in 105 patients before and at the end of posthospitalization rehabilitation. Results as regards general anxiety were compared with data of 63 employed men free of coronary disease and with 34 comparable rheumatic patients. The patients with MI, before the comprehensive rehabilitation, compared with both control groups, have had higher levels of general anxiety in a statistically significant way. At the end of rehabilitation there were no significant differences. There was a significant positive correlation between general and specific anxiety, connected with the fact of MI. During the organized comprehensive posthospitalization rehabilitation, we see that there is a statisticallysignificant decrease of general and specific anxiety.", "PMID": 1052187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_441", "title": "A longitudinal study of some physiological parameters and autogenic training.", "content": "Physiological parameters were studied over 4.5 months in normal high-school girls. One group frequently practised autogenic training (AT) whereas the other (control) did not. After 4.5 months the physiology of the AT, but not the control group had changed to some extent. The mean increase in finger skin temperature in the final session was significantly greater in the AT group than in the control group, especially in subjects who experienced hand warmth during AT. No significant differenced between groups were apparent for finger blood flow, but within the AT group the girls who experienced hand warmth showed a significantly greater blood flow than those who did not experience hand warmth. The electroencephalogram (EEG) of the AT group showed significantly more 'slow' (delta and theta) and less fast (alpha and beta) activity than at the beginning of the project. Microvibration (MV) of the thumb did not differ significantly in any comparisons. Both in the AT and control group means there were no significant differences between the periods before, during and after AT although significant changes did occur in some individuals of the AT group in the final session. In particular, in 3 of 14 AT subjects respiration rate decreases markedly even though weekly training had not included any breathing exercies. The results suggest that the effects of AT are predominantly long-term, resulting in gradual physiological changes that are maintained to some extent between practice periods.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of some physiological parameters and autogenic training. Physiological parameters were studied over 4.5 months in normal high-school girls. One group frequently practised autogenic training (AT) whereas the other (control) did not. After 4.5 months the physiology of the AT, but not the control group had changed to some extent. The mean increase in finger skin temperature in the final session was significantly greater in the AT group than in the control group, especially in subjects who experienced hand warmth during AT. No significant differenced between groups were apparent for finger blood flow, but within the AT group the girls who experienced hand warmth showed a significantly greater blood flow than those who did not experience hand warmth. The electroencephalogram (EEG) of the AT group showed significantly more 'slow' (delta and theta) and less fast (alpha and beta) activity than at the beginning of the project. Microvibration (MV) of the thumb did not differ significantly in any comparisons. Both in the AT and control group means there were no significant differences between the periods before, during and after AT although significant changes did occur in some individuals of the AT group in the final session. In particular, in 3 of 14 AT subjects respiration rate decreases markedly even though weekly training had not included any breathing exercies. The results suggest that the effects of AT are predominantly long-term, resulting in gradual physiological changes that are maintained to some extent between practice periods.", "PMID": 1052190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_442", "title": "Attention and intrinsic rewards in the control of psychophysiologic states.", "content": "Attention is a process which regulates the information obtained from a stimulus. In this paper I view selective attention as a means of arriving at different psychophysiologic states. Special consideration is given to the self-regulation of enjoyment by selective attention to intrinsically rewarding activities.", "contents": "Attention and intrinsic rewards in the control of psychophysiologic states. Attention is a process which regulates the information obtained from a stimulus. In this paper I view selective attention as a means of arriving at different psychophysiologic states. Special consideration is given to the self-regulation of enjoyment by selective attention to intrinsically rewarding activities.", "PMID": 1052189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_443", "title": "Large bowel disorders. II. Psychopathology and alexithymia.", "content": "Psychopathology and alexithymia were investigated in a consecutive series of 60 patients suffering from large bowel disorders (ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and appendicitis). Patients with irritable bowel syndrome reported the highest percentage of psychiatric illness and the lowest alexithymic score. Conversely, patients with ulcerative colitis showed very pronounced alexithymic traits with limited psychopathology. Implications for psychosomatic research and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Large bowel disorders. II. Psychopathology and alexithymia. Psychopathology and alexithymia were investigated in a consecutive series of 60 patients suffering from large bowel disorders (ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and appendicitis). Patients with irritable bowel syndrome reported the highest percentage of psychiatric illness and the lowest alexithymic score. Conversely, patients with ulcerative colitis showed very pronounced alexithymic traits with limited psychopathology. Implications for psychosomatic research and treatment are discussed.", "PMID": 1052191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_444", "title": "Sensory perceptual limitation in schizophrenia.", "content": "Sensory perception and selective attention capacity of schizophrenic patients have drawn particular interest. Schizophrenic patients show a peculiar deficit in screening and processing of incoming sensory data. Review of the literature suggests a breakdown in the selective-inhibitory function of attention in schizophrenic patients facing multiple sensory modalities. Although disorganization of attention is a focal point in schizophrenic perception, the influence of memory on the perceptual process deserves further investigation. Distracting sensory stimuli particularly of an auditory nature seem to interfere with visual perception and motor performance in these patients. Avoidance of sensory overload and improving selective attention through psychotherapy though of some therapeutic value, requires further exploration. A case of a young schizophrenic patient exposed to distractible environmental stimuli was presented and discussed.", "contents": "Sensory perceptual limitation in schizophrenia. Sensory perception and selective attention capacity of schizophrenic patients have drawn particular interest. Schizophrenic patients show a peculiar deficit in screening and processing of incoming sensory data. Review of the literature suggests a breakdown in the selective-inhibitory function of attention in schizophrenic patients facing multiple sensory modalities. Although disorganization of attention is a focal point in schizophrenic perception, the influence of memory on the perceptual process deserves further investigation. Distracting sensory stimuli particularly of an auditory nature seem to interfere with visual perception and motor performance in these patients. Avoidance of sensory overload and improving selective attention through psychotherapy though of some therapeutic value, requires further exploration. A case of a young schizophrenic patient exposed to distractible environmental stimuli was presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1052192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_445", "title": "Dysthymia: an atypical protracted depression. A preliminary report.", "content": "The author reports on 86 cases of protracted disorders - without significant changed consciousness - which he named dysthymia. The clinical manifestations were characterized by peculiar emotional disorders, polymorphous autonomic and vascular shifts. These states occurred in the majority of cases after some somatic diseases in conjunction with other physical or psychological stresses in individuals with anxiety traits and 'neurocirculatory asthenia'. The first phase of the disease was accompanied by anxiety, restlessness, autonomic and vascular paroxysms, anorexia, insomnia and disturbances of other physiological functions. Subsequently dysphoric mood, somatic concerns, pseudoneurotic and neurotic syndromes appeared. The outcome of the disorders was either with slow practical recovery or with a relatively stable personality change in the form of weakened volition, a reduction of energy, and a narrowing of the 'zone of comfort' due to the impairment of homeostatic functions. Often hypochondriasis could develop on the background of such features. Dysthymia is viewed as a special entity which must not be included either in the group of neuroses or in the group of typical organic brain syndromes, or in the group of endogenous psychoses.", "contents": "Dysthymia: an atypical protracted depression. A preliminary report. The author reports on 86 cases of protracted disorders - without significant changed consciousness - which he named dysthymia. The clinical manifestations were characterized by peculiar emotional disorders, polymorphous autonomic and vascular shifts. These states occurred in the majority of cases after some somatic diseases in conjunction with other physical or psychological stresses in individuals with anxiety traits and 'neurocirculatory asthenia'. The first phase of the disease was accompanied by anxiety, restlessness, autonomic and vascular paroxysms, anorexia, insomnia and disturbances of other physiological functions. Subsequently dysphoric mood, somatic concerns, pseudoneurotic and neurotic syndromes appeared. The outcome of the disorders was either with slow practical recovery or with a relatively stable personality change in the form of weakened volition, a reduction of energy, and a narrowing of the 'zone of comfort' due to the impairment of homeostatic functions. Often hypochondriasis could develop on the background of such features. Dysthymia is viewed as a special entity which must not be included either in the group of neuroses or in the group of typical organic brain syndromes, or in the group of endogenous psychoses.", "PMID": 1052193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_446", "title": "Large bowel disorders. I. Illness configuration and life events.", "content": "Stressful life events preceding disease onset were investigated in a consecutive series of 60 patients with large bowel disorders (ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and appendicitis), using Paykel's methodology. Ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome were frequently preceded by events generally regarded as undesirable and involving losses or exits from the social field, which would be specific of a depressed population, while appendicitis seemed to reflect more generic psychosocial difficulties.", "contents": "Large bowel disorders. I. Illness configuration and life events. Stressful life events preceding disease onset were investigated in a consecutive series of 60 patients with large bowel disorders (ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and appendicitis), using Paykel's methodology. Ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome were frequently preceded by events generally regarded as undesirable and involving losses or exits from the social field, which would be specific of a depressed population, while appendicitis seemed to reflect more generic psychosocial difficulties.", "PMID": 1052195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_447", "title": "A family systems approach to home dialysis.", "content": "Dramatic increases in the cost of the end stage renal disease program are producing an emphasis on home dialysis with the patient and his family carrying the responsibility for this treatment. This requires an adjustment of the family's emotional system and role assignment to sustain members through the continued stress of chronic catastrophic illness. We are suggesting a model of intervention in which family members are encouraged to recognize stress caused by one member's illness and to make necessary changes in the family functioning.", "contents": "A family systems approach to home dialysis. Dramatic increases in the cost of the end stage renal disease program are producing an emphasis on home dialysis with the patient and his family carrying the responsibility for this treatment. This requires an adjustment of the family's emotional system and role assignment to sustain members through the continued stress of chronic catastrophic illness. We are suggesting a model of intervention in which family members are encouraged to recognize stress caused by one member's illness and to make necessary changes in the family functioning.", "PMID": 1052194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_448", "title": "Use of artificial circulation in resuscitation of drowned dogs.", "content": "The effectiveness of artificial circulation by the method of Bryukhonenko and his colleagues in the resuscitation of dogs that had died from drowning in fresh- or salt-water was studied. Eight out of ten dogs were revived after freshwater drowning 'death' lasting from 10.5 to 21 min, when a variant of the artificial circulation method, dog donor with a venous pump of the artificial heart, was used. Resuscitated dogs remained alive from 3 to 72 h and died from pulmonary oedema. Artificial circulation appeared to be more effective in resuscitation of dogs drowned in saltwater. Their clinical 'death' lasted up to 31.5 min; clinically signs of pulmonary oedema were not observed in any of them, though some signs of oedema were revealed by histological studies. Of the 42 dogs in this series, all the main functions of the central nervous system were restored in 18 with clinical 'death' for up to 25 min. Resuscitation was performed by one of two methods, either the dog donor plus venous pump of the artificial heart, or the method of Bryukhonenko. The effectiveness of artificial circulation for resuscitation of dogs from drowning was demonstrated.", "contents": "Use of artificial circulation in resuscitation of drowned dogs. The effectiveness of artificial circulation by the method of Bryukhonenko and his colleagues in the resuscitation of dogs that had died from drowning in fresh- or salt-water was studied. Eight out of ten dogs were revived after freshwater drowning 'death' lasting from 10.5 to 21 min, when a variant of the artificial circulation method, dog donor with a venous pump of the artificial heart, was used. Resuscitated dogs remained alive from 3 to 72 h and died from pulmonary oedema. Artificial circulation appeared to be more effective in resuscitation of dogs drowned in saltwater. Their clinical 'death' lasted up to 31.5 min; clinically signs of pulmonary oedema were not observed in any of them, though some signs of oedema were revealed by histological studies. Of the 42 dogs in this series, all the main functions of the central nervous system were restored in 18 with clinical 'death' for up to 25 min. Resuscitation was performed by one of two methods, either the dog donor plus venous pump of the artificial heart, or the method of Bryukhonenko. The effectiveness of artificial circulation for resuscitation of dogs from drowning was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1052196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_449", "title": "Programmed management of acute cervical cord trauma.", "content": "Results in ten patients admitted with the diagnosis of complete traumatic quadriplegia and with fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on aggressive emergency surgical treatment of these lesions such as tracheostomy, laminectomy and cord cooling, incorporated into a detailed protocol of overall management.", "contents": "Programmed management of acute cervical cord trauma. Results in ten patients admitted with the diagnosis of complete traumatic quadriplegia and with fracture-dislocation of the cervical spine are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on aggressive emergency surgical treatment of these lesions such as tracheostomy, laminectomy and cord cooling, incorporated into a detailed protocol of overall management.", "PMID": 1052197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_450", "title": "An evaluation of basilic vein catheterization.", "content": "Percutaneous 'blind' catheterization of the basilic vein with a 14 gauge Intramedicut resulted in an intrathoracic placement in 85.4% of cases. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed. Accurate localization can only be confirmed by a chest radiograph.", "contents": "An evaluation of basilic vein catheterization. Percutaneous 'blind' catheterization of the basilic vein with a 14 gauge Intramedicut resulted in an intrathoracic placement in 85.4% of cases. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are discussed. Accurate localization can only be confirmed by a chest radiograph.", "PMID": 1052198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_451", "title": "Plasma cortisol monitoring acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A study of the concentration of unconjugated plasma cortisol in nine patients with acute myocardial infarction has been made. The effectiveness of monitoring this factor in assessment of the clinical course and establishing early treatment in this condition is also reported.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol monitoring acute myocardial infarction. A study of the concentration of unconjugated plasma cortisol in nine patients with acute myocardial infarction has been made. The effectiveness of monitoring this factor in assessment of the clinical course and establishing early treatment in this condition is also reported.", "PMID": 1052199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_452", "title": "Changes in blood viscosity and plasma proteins in myocardial infarction.", "content": "A clinical study of some biological and biochemical factors was carried out on patients with acute myocardial infarction. It was shown that: (i) the plasma viscosity was highly correlated to the clinical evolution of myocardial infarction; (ii) the variations of plasma viscosity were related to changes in the connection of fibrinogen and globulin; (iii) the highest correlation was between the plasma viscosity and alpha2-globulin concentration. The monitoring of these may be useful in the clinical evaluation of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Changes in blood viscosity and plasma proteins in myocardial infarction. A clinical study of some biological and biochemical factors was carried out on patients with acute myocardial infarction. It was shown that: (i) the plasma viscosity was highly correlated to the clinical evolution of myocardial infarction; (ii) the variations of plasma viscosity were related to changes in the connection of fibrinogen and globulin; (iii) the highest correlation was between the plasma viscosity and alpha2-globulin concentration. The monitoring of these may be useful in the clinical evaluation of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1052200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_453", "title": "Plasma cortisol in open-heart surgery.", "content": "In view of disagreements about changes in plasma cortisol, during and after open-heart surgery, a group of patients was studied with both unconjugated plasma cortisol, and anaesthetic, surgical and pharmacological factors that could interfere with the response, being analysed.", "contents": "Plasma cortisol in open-heart surgery. In view of disagreements about changes in plasma cortisol, during and after open-heart surgery, a group of patients was studied with both unconjugated plasma cortisol, and anaesthetic, surgical and pharmacological factors that could interfere with the response, being analysed.", "PMID": 1052201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_454", "title": "The role of shock in the pathogenesis of fat embolism after trauma.", "content": "Experimental studies and pathological investigations indicate that intrusion of fat into the circulation is common after trauma. This may not have any effect unless frank hypovolaemia supervenes upon changes in the blood vessels, manifested by a deficient vasomotility in shock. After fat embolism disseminated intravascular coagulopathy may occur as a consequence of the haematological changes and disturbances of capillaries. The morphological appearance of massive post-traumatic fat embolism evolves from the compensatory effect of accumulated synergistic factors that primarily induced the changes. From this point of view fat embolism should be recognized in the additional important role of an epiphenomenon of post-traumatic shock.", "contents": "The role of shock in the pathogenesis of fat embolism after trauma. Experimental studies and pathological investigations indicate that intrusion of fat into the circulation is common after trauma. This may not have any effect unless frank hypovolaemia supervenes upon changes in the blood vessels, manifested by a deficient vasomotility in shock. After fat embolism disseminated intravascular coagulopathy may occur as a consequence of the haematological changes and disturbances of capillaries. The morphological appearance of massive post-traumatic fat embolism evolves from the compensatory effect of accumulated synergistic factors that primarily induced the changes. From this point of view fat embolism should be recognized in the additional important role of an epiphenomenon of post-traumatic shock.", "PMID": 1052202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_455", "title": "The application of competency-based education to consultation-liaison psychiatry: I. Data gathering and case formulation.", "content": "In the first of three papers, the authors present a competency-based model for training in consultation-liasison psychiatry which addresses the issues of how residents are taught to collect and formulate patient data. This model emphasizes the use of behavioral statements to describe the process of how a consultation is done. By comparing the resident's performance with prestated behavioral objectives, a method for residency supervision is offered. The second paper carries this one step further with the application of the model to clinical intervention strategies. The final paper discusses the implications of this approach to some of the issues that surround residency training in this field.", "contents": "The application of competency-based education to consultation-liaison psychiatry: I. Data gathering and case formulation. In the first of three papers, the authors present a competency-based model for training in consultation-liasison psychiatry which addresses the issues of how residents are taught to collect and formulate patient data. This model emphasizes the use of behavioral statements to describe the process of how a consultation is done. By comparing the resident's performance with prestated behavioral objectives, a method for residency supervision is offered. The second paper carries this one step further with the application of the model to clinical intervention strategies. The final paper discusses the implications of this approach to some of the issues that surround residency training in this field.", "PMID": 1052204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_456", "title": "The application of competency-based education to consultation-liaison psychiatry: II. intervention knowledge and skills.", "content": "Although psychological and pharmacological intervention is an important aspect of the treatment of patients seen in consultation on medical and surgical wards, little attention has been directed to the method of training psychiatric residents in these areas. In this paper, the authors continue the application of the competency-based model of training to the problems of clinical intervention. Behavioral objectives are presented as a focus for residency supervision and their application to a clinical situation is illustrated. The objectives are designed to consider the activities of the consulting psychiatrists as he relates to the patient as well as other members of the treatment milieu.", "contents": "The application of competency-based education to consultation-liaison psychiatry: II. intervention knowledge and skills. Although psychological and pharmacological intervention is an important aspect of the treatment of patients seen in consultation on medical and surgical wards, little attention has been directed to the method of training psychiatric residents in these areas. In this paper, the authors continue the application of the competency-based model of training to the problems of clinical intervention. Behavioral objectives are presented as a focus for residency supervision and their application to a clinical situation is illustrated. The objectives are designed to consider the activities of the consulting psychiatrists as he relates to the patient as well as other members of the treatment milieu.", "PMID": 1052205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_457", "title": "Grief-related facsimile illness.", "content": "One aspect of the grief process which is frequently mentioned in the literature on mourning but has not yet received adequate clinical attention is the tendency for the bereaved to assume symptoms and behavior of the deceased. This paper presents evidence that pathologic identificantion 1) is an important clinical syndrome that is frequently misdiagnosed and mistreated, 2) defines a population at high medical and surgical risk, 3) can be diagnosed by history alone, and 4) carries a good prognosis when identified and properly managed. Four of a series of ten clinical cases are presented and discussed. Analysis of the cases reveals a number of common features, including 1) an arrest of the normal grief process; 2) a presentation of symptoms identical or nearly identical to those experienced by the deceased; 3) previous ineffective and inappropriate treatment endeavors; 4) referral for reasons other than a recognition of an abnormal grief state; and 5) improvement or recovery during treatment aimed at facilitating the grief response. Based on a survey of the literature and the clinical material analyzed, the authors conclude that patients who present with psychologic identification with the deceased have a distinct clinical syndrome (grief-related facsimile illness) for which recognition is important to institute proper management. Contrary to the reports in the literature, it frequently presents as other than hypochondriasis. When identified, this syndrome carries a good prognosis.", "contents": "Grief-related facsimile illness. One aspect of the grief process which is frequently mentioned in the literature on mourning but has not yet received adequate clinical attention is the tendency for the bereaved to assume symptoms and behavior of the deceased. This paper presents evidence that pathologic identificantion 1) is an important clinical syndrome that is frequently misdiagnosed and mistreated, 2) defines a population at high medical and surgical risk, 3) can be diagnosed by history alone, and 4) carries a good prognosis when identified and properly managed. Four of a series of ten clinical cases are presented and discussed. Analysis of the cases reveals a number of common features, including 1) an arrest of the normal grief process; 2) a presentation of symptoms identical or nearly identical to those experienced by the deceased; 3) previous ineffective and inappropriate treatment endeavors; 4) referral for reasons other than a recognition of an abnormal grief state; and 5) improvement or recovery during treatment aimed at facilitating the grief response. Based on a survey of the literature and the clinical material analyzed, the authors conclude that patients who present with psychologic identification with the deceased have a distinct clinical syndrome (grief-related facsimile illness) for which recognition is important to institute proper management. Contrary to the reports in the literature, it frequently presents as other than hypochondriasis. When identified, this syndrome carries a good prognosis.", "PMID": 1052207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_458", "title": "The application of competency-based education to consultation-liaison psychiatry: III. Implications.", "content": "In this paper the authors consider the implications of a competency-based model of education in relation to issues that affect the training of consultation-liaison psychiatrists. These issues include program design, the integration of consultation-liaison psychiatry to psychiatry in general, and the relationship of consultation-liaison psychiatry to medicine. Training programs in consultation-liaison psychiatry need to respond to the issues that derive from each of these areas. The authors argue that the competency-based model provides a framework which offers guidelines for designing a program that addresses these concerns.", "contents": "The application of competency-based education to consultation-liaison psychiatry: III. Implications. In this paper the authors consider the implications of a competency-based model of education in relation to issues that affect the training of consultation-liaison psychiatrists. These issues include program design, the integration of consultation-liaison psychiatry to psychiatry in general, and the relationship of consultation-liaison psychiatry to medicine. Training programs in consultation-liaison psychiatry need to respond to the issues that derive from each of these areas. The authors argue that the competency-based model provides a framework which offers guidelines for designing a program that addresses these concerns.", "PMID": 1052206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_459", "title": "Possible sequelae of trauma and somatic disorder in early life.", "content": "All children experience trauma. The age, state of development and constitutional factors will determine whether some children will have a traumatic effect. Trauma occurring before the age of three, at a time when the ego has not developed its synthetic and integrative functions, may be reproduced in later life as an isolated symptom, by selected sensations involved in a sensory imprint or screen sensation of the trauma as a simple recording. After the age of three, under the influence of a more mature ego, excessive traumatic stimuli will be integrated and elaborated in symptom formations as phobias or other conditions and extended as part of the total personality. Recurrence in later life is triggered by events related not only to the original experience, but also to the content of its elaboration. The earlier in life the trauma occurs, the more likely that somatic imprints of primitive physiological symptoms would result as an archaic, biological defense or screen sensations. Recurrent sensory imprints or screens may appear as organic illness or functional somatic symptoms. Diagnostically, a detailed early life history is necessary to uncover the presence of a sensory screen memory of a trauma and so avoid diagnostic medical search for organic causation. Case material illustrating the two groups are presented. Indications for psychoanalysis and for supportive psychotherapy are discussed from our theoretical framework as well as from the literature.", "contents": "Possible sequelae of trauma and somatic disorder in early life. All children experience trauma. The age, state of development and constitutional factors will determine whether some children will have a traumatic effect. Trauma occurring before the age of three, at a time when the ego has not developed its synthetic and integrative functions, may be reproduced in later life as an isolated symptom, by selected sensations involved in a sensory imprint or screen sensation of the trauma as a simple recording. After the age of three, under the influence of a more mature ego, excessive traumatic stimuli will be integrated and elaborated in symptom formations as phobias or other conditions and extended as part of the total personality. Recurrence in later life is triggered by events related not only to the original experience, but also to the content of its elaboration. The earlier in life the trauma occurs, the more likely that somatic imprints of primitive physiological symptoms would result as an archaic, biological defense or screen sensations. Recurrent sensory imprints or screens may appear as organic illness or functional somatic symptoms. Diagnostically, a detailed early life history is necessary to uncover the presence of a sensory screen memory of a trauma and so avoid diagnostic medical search for organic causation. Case material illustrating the two groups are presented. Indications for psychoanalysis and for supportive psychotherapy are discussed from our theoretical framework as well as from the literature.", "PMID": 1052208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_460", "title": "Health practice at the technologic/folk interface: witchcraft as a culture-specific diagnosis.", "content": "\"Witchcraft illness\" is a widespread belief among many people, even after acculturation to technological concepts of illness etiology. Two cases are presented to show that such beliefs can complicate physical or psychological dysfunctions, or themselves can be the primary origin of physical or psychological dysfunctions. In both instances, witchcraft beliefs take on a dynamic of their own and must be resolved both in terms of the patient's culture as well as the clinician's treatment plan. Considering such phenomena from the vantage point of family systems provides useful insights into etiology as well as amelioration. The latter requires engaging all parties in the health care system-clinician, patient, family, and indigenous health caretakers.", "contents": "Health practice at the technologic/folk interface: witchcraft as a culture-specific diagnosis. \"Witchcraft illness\" is a widespread belief among many people, even after acculturation to technological concepts of illness etiology. Two cases are presented to show that such beliefs can complicate physical or psychological dysfunctions, or themselves can be the primary origin of physical or psychological dysfunctions. In both instances, witchcraft beliefs take on a dynamic of their own and must be resolved both in terms of the patient's culture as well as the clinician's treatment plan. Considering such phenomena from the vantage point of family systems provides useful insights into etiology as well as amelioration. The latter requires engaging all parties in the health care system-clinician, patient, family, and indigenous health caretakers.", "PMID": 1052209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_461", "title": "Discrepant cortisol values: comparison of radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding technics.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays are expected to yield values representing the antigen, i.e., insulin, growth, cortisol, etc. employed in producing the antibody. However, in a recent study of a synthetic ACTH which involved the measurement of cortisol levels (1), we found that above 20gamma%, the radioimmunoassay (RIA) yields cortisol values distinctly above those obtained with the competitive protein binding (CPB) technic. We now suggest a possible explanation for this discrepancy and have calculated a correction factor.", "contents": "Discrepant cortisol values: comparison of radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding technics. Radioimmunoassays are expected to yield values representing the antigen, i.e., insulin, growth, cortisol, etc. employed in producing the antibody. However, in a recent study of a synthetic ACTH which involved the measurement of cortisol levels (1), we found that above 20gamma%, the radioimmunoassay (RIA) yields cortisol values distinctly above those obtained with the competitive protein binding (CPB) technic. We now suggest a possible explanation for this discrepancy and have calculated a correction factor.", "PMID": 1052257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_462", "title": "Civil background variables significant to the development of psychiatric disorders during military service.", "content": "The author served as a military psychiatrist for one year. In this article, he presents material from a personally conducted examination of soldiers with psychiatric disorders. He has also collected material on two control groups of soldiers. He has also processed patient material collected by other military psychiatrists. Both patient groups are compared with the two control groups concerning various civilian background factors. The study shows that the patients differ from the controls regarding a number of negative factors in their civilian background. These factors can be seen as predisposing to the development of psychiatric disorders while in the Military. The author concludes that these factors  ought to be identified at the conscription examination, which is a present in adequate from a psychiatric viewpoint. An effort should be made at conscription to construct a profile of the individual's adaptability. The possibility of the development of a psychiatric disorder could thus be better evaluated.", "contents": "Civil background variables significant to the development of psychiatric disorders during military service. The author served as a military psychiatrist for one year. In this article, he presents material from a personally conducted examination of soldiers with psychiatric disorders. He has also collected material on two control groups of soldiers. He has also processed patient material collected by other military psychiatrists. Both patient groups are compared with the two control groups concerning various civilian background factors. The study shows that the patients differ from the controls regarding a number of negative factors in their civilian background. These factors can be seen as predisposing to the development of psychiatric disorders while in the Military. The author concludes that these factors  ought to be identified at the conscription examination, which is a present in adequate from a psychiatric viewpoint. An effort should be made at conscription to construct a profile of the individual's adaptability. The possibility of the development of a psychiatric disorder could thus be better evaluated.", "PMID": 1052258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_463", "title": "Psychiatry on the prevention of crime.", "content": "The main endeavor of Forensic Psychiatry is to find out the causes, to investigate the psychodynamics of crime, hence based on them, to try to prevent or to treat them. In this connection, I will not enter into details today about the position of delinquency into psychodynamics, as they have elsewhere been described; I only would emphasize some cases which take place during the state so-called \"hystero-epilepsy\" of Charcot.", "contents": "Psychiatry on the prevention of crime. The main endeavor of Forensic Psychiatry is to find out the causes, to investigate the psychodynamics of crime, hence based on them, to try to prevent or to treat them. In this connection, I will not enter into details today about the position of delinquency into psychodynamics, as they have elsewhere been described; I only would emphasize some cases which take place during the state so-called \"hystero-epilepsy\" of Charcot.", "PMID": 1052259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_464", "title": "Etiology and the prevention of wars. (Preliminary thoughts).", "content": "There is a suggestion in the previous paper that a way out to convey the overwhelming progress and \"heavy\" civilization of humanity may be to explore the Space, the Universe, and it, indeeed, results in an excellent job what American and Soviets together are these days endeavoring toward new exploration in Space. Let us see now, is this way out going to give the solution of our problem, hence avoid wars in the world?", "contents": "Etiology and the prevention of wars. (Preliminary thoughts). There is a suggestion in the previous paper that a way out to convey the overwhelming progress and \"heavy\" civilization of humanity may be to explore the Space, the Universe, and it, indeeed, results in an excellent job what American and Soviets together are these days endeavoring toward new exploration in Space. Let us see now, is this way out going to give the solution of our problem, hence avoid wars in the world?", "PMID": 1052260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_465", "title": "Obesity related to the use of psychotropic drugs, considered in its organic aspect.", "content": "The purpose of this brief work is to study and make a general survey of the problem of obesity as related in whatever way, to the use of psychotropic drugs. It is a fact learned through clinical experience and knowledge by clinics and researchers working in the field of psychotropic drugs that patients subjected to extended therapy with such drugs show, in a considerable number of cases, an increase in body weight. We consider that this obesity, the pathogenetic cause of which is attributed to the action of psychotropic drugs, constitutes a serious disadvantageous side-effect of those drugs, since a large number of mental patients discontinue their drug therapy for the reasons that it is responsible for the increase in their body weight. It is a known fact discontinuation of the psychotropic drug treatment generally results in a relapse of their mental disorder.", "contents": "Obesity related to the use of psychotropic drugs, considered in its organic aspect. The purpose of this brief work is to study and make a general survey of the problem of obesity as related in whatever way, to the use of psychotropic drugs. It is a fact learned through clinical experience and knowledge by clinics and researchers working in the field of psychotropic drugs that patients subjected to extended therapy with such drugs show, in a considerable number of cases, an increase in body weight. We consider that this obesity, the pathogenetic cause of which is attributed to the action of psychotropic drugs, constitutes a serious disadvantageous side-effect of those drugs, since a large number of mental patients discontinue their drug therapy for the reasons that it is responsible for the increase in their body weight. It is a known fact discontinuation of the psychotropic drug treatment generally results in a relapse of their mental disorder.", "PMID": 1052261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_466", "title": "Inappropriate counter-regulatory hormone levels in insulin treated diabetes.", "content": "The data herein presented describe, identify, and quantitate interrelationships among blood glucose and serum insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon levels of hospitalized insulin-treated diabetic patients. The findings indicate that conventional diet and insulin therapy of diabetes mellitus is almost always accompanied by inappropriate counter-regulation by growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon. The data are consonant with the hypothesis that a shortage of insulin is only one of the multihormonal defects of diabetes.", "contents": "Inappropriate counter-regulatory hormone levels in insulin treated diabetes. The data herein presented describe, identify, and quantitate interrelationships among blood glucose and serum insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon levels of hospitalized insulin-treated diabetic patients. The findings indicate that conventional diet and insulin therapy of diabetes mellitus is almost always accompanied by inappropriate counter-regulation by growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon. The data are consonant with the hypothesis that a shortage of insulin is only one of the multihormonal defects of diabetes.", "PMID": 1052263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_467", "title": "Obesity related to the use of psychotropic drugs, considered in its psychodynamic aspect.", "content": "It is a well known fact that one of the side-effects of the psychotropic drugs is a disturbance of body weight in the form of obesity. We believe this to be a serious side-effect because obesity is often the main reason why the patient discontinues his psychopharmaaceutical therapy, thereby causing a recrudescence of his mental illness. We have proposed that this type of obesity be designated by the diagnostic term \"psychopharmacotherapeutic obesity\". This paper contains a formulation and discussion of views and concepts related to a consideration of the psychodynamic aspect of the subject. Special emphasis has been given to commenting on the problem of psychopharmacotherapeutic obesity from the standpoint of etiogenesis, psychological effects, and its importance in relation and conjunction with the development and formation of the individuals' psychosomatic identity.", "contents": "Obesity related to the use of psychotropic drugs, considered in its psychodynamic aspect. It is a well known fact that one of the side-effects of the psychotropic drugs is a disturbance of body weight in the form of obesity. We believe this to be a serious side-effect because obesity is often the main reason why the patient discontinues his psychopharmaaceutical therapy, thereby causing a recrudescence of his mental illness. We have proposed that this type of obesity be designated by the diagnostic term \"psychopharmacotherapeutic obesity\". This paper contains a formulation and discussion of views and concepts related to a consideration of the psychodynamic aspect of the subject. Special emphasis has been given to commenting on the problem of psychopharmacotherapeutic obesity from the standpoint of etiogenesis, psychological effects, and its importance in relation and conjunction with the development and formation of the individuals' psychosomatic identity.", "PMID": 1052264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_468", "title": "Relationship between parental attitude towards the emotionally disturbed child and nocturnal enuresis.", "content": "In a study of children with nocturnal enuresis a close relationship was found between disturbed family environment and the frequency of enuresis. It will appear that negative parental attitudes in contrast to positive ones, as defined in this paper, are predisposing factors for the appearance of nocturnal enuresis. It is well known that nocturnal enuresis is one of the most serious problems encountered in children. It is estimated that over 25 percent of the children examined in Child Guidance Clinics suffer from nocturnal enuresis. In fact enuresis is considered the most common reason for referral of children to such Clinics. Much has been said about the etiology of nocturnal enuresis, and the organic factor was considered to be of primary importance by physicians of past generations. Spina bifida, local infections, small cyst, adenoids, epilepsy and mental retardation were at times considered as the main causes. Today the organic factor is accepted as an important one in a percentage not exceeding that of five percent. As a psychological psychosomatic phenomenon, nocturnal enuresis is considered to be the result of many interacting factors. One of the psychological factors is known to be the child-parent relationship and the influence of the family environment as a whole. The purpose of this paper is the study of the influence of the family environment on the frequency of nocturnal enuresis regardless of the parents' reactions to the enuresis itself.", "contents": "Relationship between parental attitude towards the emotionally disturbed child and nocturnal enuresis. In a study of children with nocturnal enuresis a close relationship was found between disturbed family environment and the frequency of enuresis. It will appear that negative parental attitudes in contrast to positive ones, as defined in this paper, are predisposing factors for the appearance of nocturnal enuresis. It is well known that nocturnal enuresis is one of the most serious problems encountered in children. It is estimated that over 25 percent of the children examined in Child Guidance Clinics suffer from nocturnal enuresis. In fact enuresis is considered the most common reason for referral of children to such Clinics. Much has been said about the etiology of nocturnal enuresis, and the organic factor was considered to be of primary importance by physicians of past generations. Spina bifida, local infections, small cyst, adenoids, epilepsy and mental retardation were at times considered as the main causes. Today the organic factor is accepted as an important one in a percentage not exceeding that of five percent. As a psychological psychosomatic phenomenon, nocturnal enuresis is considered to be the result of many interacting factors. One of the psychological factors is known to be the child-parent relationship and the influence of the family environment as a whole. The purpose of this paper is the study of the influence of the family environment on the frequency of nocturnal enuresis regardless of the parents' reactions to the enuresis itself.", "PMID": 1052265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_469", "title": "Visual and auditory cognitive processing affected by epilepsy.", "content": "Neuropsychological studies on epileptic patients may be expected to reveal specific cognitive dysfunction even in patients with normal general intellectual ability. Difficulties in cognitive processing by visual-spatial and auditory-verbal modes are indicated by this investigation employing the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Token Test, with epileptics of normal intelligence. Impairment in capacity for sustained, focused attention significantly affects performance of epileptic patients on these clinical measures, and others as well which require vigilance and attention and sensory-perceptual discrimination.", "contents": "Visual and auditory cognitive processing affected by epilepsy. Neuropsychological studies on epileptic patients may be expected to reveal specific cognitive dysfunction even in patients with normal general intellectual ability. Difficulties in cognitive processing by visual-spatial and auditory-verbal modes are indicated by this investigation employing the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Token Test, with epileptics of normal intelligence. Impairment in capacity for sustained, focused attention significantly affects performance of epileptic patients on these clinical measures, and others as well which require vigilance and attention and sensory-perceptual discrimination.", "PMID": 1052266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_470", "title": "The psilocybin-induced \"state of drunkenness\" in normal volunteers and schizophrenics.", "content": "The effects of the psilocybin, a psychomimetic substance, on mental junctioning were investigated in normal volunteers as well as in schizophrenics. The disturbances induced constitute a psychoneurotoxic syndrome--\"a state of drunkenness\"--of about four hours duration which develops in three distinct phases. The basic mental symptoms of this syndrome consist of disturbances of the apperception, sensory perception and emotion. A moderate impairment of egofunctioning or reality appraisal and an inability to integrate different mental processes are observed. The psychomotor behavior is mainly harmonized to the prevailing emotional state and to the experiences caused by perceptual alterations, in a lesser degree. These changes, according to our observations, are more severe and more \"psychotic-like\" in schizophrenics rather than in normals. Psychopathological analysis of these changes proves that the whole syndrome cannot be considered as related to the spontaneously triggered functional psychoses or to the organic ones and, therefore, the term \"model-psychosis\" according to our opinion, is unsatisfactory.", "contents": "The psilocybin-induced \"state of drunkenness\" in normal volunteers and schizophrenics. The effects of the psilocybin, a psychomimetic substance, on mental junctioning were investigated in normal volunteers as well as in schizophrenics. The disturbances induced constitute a psychoneurotoxic syndrome--\"a state of drunkenness\"--of about four hours duration which develops in three distinct phases. The basic mental symptoms of this syndrome consist of disturbances of the apperception, sensory perception and emotion. A moderate impairment of egofunctioning or reality appraisal and an inability to integrate different mental processes are observed. The psychomotor behavior is mainly harmonized to the prevailing emotional state and to the experiences caused by perceptual alterations, in a lesser degree. These changes, according to our observations, are more severe and more \"psychotic-like\" in schizophrenics rather than in normals. Psychopathological analysis of these changes proves that the whole syndrome cannot be considered as related to the spontaneously triggered functional psychoses or to the organic ones and, therefore, the term \"model-psychosis\" according to our opinion, is unsatisfactory.", "PMID": 1052267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_471", "title": "\"Short and long-term therapies in psychosomatic disorders\".", "content": "Narcoanalysis (narcosynthesis) as well as psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy (psychoanalytic psychotherapy) are both, in my opinion, practical and useful short-term methods of therapy in psychosomatic disorders. Psychoanalytic psychoterapy may also be used as an alternative to narcoanalysis when the latter method decisively fails the therapist. In selecting candidates for psychotherapy in psychosomatic practice, 3 essential factors should be taken into consideration, viz. the time of onset of the illness, the patient's personality structure and his intellectual capacities.", "contents": "\"Short and long-term therapies in psychosomatic disorders\". Narcoanalysis (narcosynthesis) as well as psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy (psychoanalytic psychotherapy) are both, in my opinion, practical and useful short-term methods of therapy in psychosomatic disorders. Psychoanalytic psychoterapy may also be used as an alternative to narcoanalysis when the latter method decisively fails the therapist. In selecting candidates for psychotherapy in psychosomatic practice, 3 essential factors should be taken into consideration, viz. the time of onset of the illness, the patient's personality structure and his intellectual capacities.", "PMID": 1052268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_472", "title": "Functional cerebral asymmetry and performance. I. Reaction time to words and dot patterns as a function of EEG alpha asymmetry.", "content": "Alpha activity in left and right hemispheres was recorded while subjects performed in verbal and nonverbal target detection/reaction time tasks. Alpha in the right hemisphere was paradoxically enhanced during the nonverbal task, but RT varied as a function of differential hemispheric arousal in the expected manner--e.g., RT to words was fastest in the performance set showing greatest relative left hemisphere arousal.", "contents": "Functional cerebral asymmetry and performance. I. Reaction time to words and dot patterns as a function of EEG alpha asymmetry. Alpha activity in left and right hemispheres was recorded while subjects performed in verbal and nonverbal target detection/reaction time tasks. Alpha in the right hemisphere was paradoxically enhanced during the nonverbal task, but RT varied as a function of differential hemispheric arousal in the expected manner--e.g., RT to words was fastest in the performance set showing greatest relative left hemisphere arousal.", "PMID": 1052269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_473", "title": "Functional cerebral asymmetry and performance II. Individual differences in reaction time to word and pattern stimuli triggered by asymmetric alpha bursts.", "content": "The difference in mean square values of EEG alpha in left and right hemispheres recorded from parietal scalp regions of 5 female and 6 male human Ss was used to trigger 50 msec presentations of words or random dot patterns, and reaction times to correctly detected target stimuli were obtained. In 9 of 11 Ss the effect of left and right triggering was opposite for word and pattern stimuli, although in only 4 Ss were results consistent with a simple interpretation of alpha as an \"idling\" rhythm. The results support the hypothesis of complementary hempheric specialization and indicate that overt performance depends on the state of functional cerebral asymmetry.", "contents": "Functional cerebral asymmetry and performance II. Individual differences in reaction time to word and pattern stimuli triggered by asymmetric alpha bursts. The difference in mean square values of EEG alpha in left and right hemispheres recorded from parietal scalp regions of 5 female and 6 male human Ss was used to trigger 50 msec presentations of words or random dot patterns, and reaction times to correctly detected target stimuli were obtained. In 9 of 11 Ss the effect of left and right triggering was opposite for word and pattern stimuli, although in only 4 Ss were results consistent with a simple interpretation of alpha as an \"idling\" rhythm. The results support the hypothesis of complementary hempheric specialization and indicate that overt performance depends on the state of functional cerebral asymmetry.", "PMID": 1052270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_474", "title": "War Sailor syndrome.", "content": "One third of the Norwegian sailors in the merchant navy, who survived World War II, are today disabled and on invalid pension. The majority suffer from a syndrome which is very similar to that present in the concentration camp survivors. The syndrome falls into two parts, the one consisting of non-neurotic anxiety repeating the terrors of war time, the other being a brain-organic one. This last part has in a few cases been confirmed by neuroradiology and neuropsychology. This is taken as an indicator that prolonged stress, as constant fear of death, may cause brain damage without physical trauma.", "contents": "War Sailor syndrome. One third of the Norwegian sailors in the merchant navy, who survived World War II, are today disabled and on invalid pension. The majority suffer from a syndrome which is very similar to that present in the concentration camp survivors. The syndrome falls into two parts, the one consisting of non-neurotic anxiety repeating the terrors of war time, the other being a brain-organic one. This last part has in a few cases been confirmed by neuroradiology and neuropsychology. This is taken as an indicator that prolonged stress, as constant fear of death, may cause brain damage without physical trauma.", "PMID": 1052273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_475", "title": "Management of pain through cerebral activation. An experimental analogue of alexithymia.", "content": "The present experiment was designed to explore the relationship between pain, language and cerebral functioning in normal subjects, as an analogue to alexithymia. Left hemisphere cerebral activation, as measured by an EEG-alpha ratio score, was found to be associated with a reported increase in painful sensation during painful stimulation. Right hemisphere activation was found to be associated with a decrease in reported pain. The results were interpreted in terms of the mobilization of fantasy processes, following experimental instructions, which seem to be mediated by right hemisphere activation. Uninstructed subjects, lacking a stable visualization, utilize a left-hemisphere, verbal mode to cope with the pain. It is suggested that left-hemisphere mobilization, and a lack of right-hemisphere processing of painful stimulation may be in part responsible for the alexithymic patients' psychosomatic symptoms.", "contents": "Management of pain through cerebral activation. An experimental analogue of alexithymia. The present experiment was designed to explore the relationship between pain, language and cerebral functioning in normal subjects, as an analogue to alexithymia. Left hemisphere cerebral activation, as measured by an EEG-alpha ratio score, was found to be associated with a reported increase in painful sensation during painful stimulation. Right hemisphere activation was found to be associated with a decrease in reported pain. The results were interpreted in terms of the mobilization of fantasy processes, following experimental instructions, which seem to be mediated by right hemisphere activation. Uninstructed subjects, lacking a stable visualization, utilize a left-hemisphere, verbal mode to cope with the pain. It is suggested that left-hemisphere mobilization, and a lack of right-hemisphere processing of painful stimulation may be in part responsible for the alexithymic patients' psychosomatic symptoms.", "PMID": 1052274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_476", "title": "Gestosis and the psychosomatic phenomenon--an empirical investigation.", "content": "Patients suffering from psychosomatic diseases in the strict sense of the term (asthma, ulcers, colitis etc.) have characteristic object relations which we call the 'relation blanche'. The present investigation aims at finding out whether similar features can be observed in patients suffering from early and late gestosis. The results indicate that there is a definite connection between gestosis and the group of strictly psychosomatic diseases, thus confirming our hypothesis that gestosis does not primarily represent a neurotic conflict situation nor a psychotic breakdown.", "contents": "Gestosis and the psychosomatic phenomenon--an empirical investigation. Patients suffering from psychosomatic diseases in the strict sense of the term (asthma, ulcers, colitis etc.) have characteristic object relations which we call the 'relation blanche'. The present investigation aims at finding out whether similar features can be observed in patients suffering from early and late gestosis. The results indicate that there is a definite connection between gestosis and the group of strictly psychosomatic diseases, thus confirming our hypothesis that gestosis does not primarily represent a neurotic conflict situation nor a psychotic breakdown.", "PMID": 1052275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_477", "title": "Psychometric investigation in 48 Dutch patients suffering from psoriasis.", "content": "48 psoriasis were compared with patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic diseases, with regard to neuroticism, extraversion and self-defensive attitude. In addition, a Social Anxiety Scale was administered to the psoriasis patients to evaluate the patient's concern of his appearance in social situations. Finally, some psychometric data, which differentiated between the males and the females of the psoriasis group, are discussed.", "contents": "Psychometric investigation in 48 Dutch patients suffering from psoriasis. 48 psoriasis were compared with patients suffering from a variety of psychosomatic diseases, with regard to neuroticism, extraversion and self-defensive attitude. In addition, a Social Anxiety Scale was administered to the psoriasis patients to evaluate the patient's concern of his appearance in social situations. Finally, some psychometric data, which differentiated between the males and the females of the psoriasis group, are discussed.", "PMID": 1052276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_478", "title": "Borderline hypertensives volunteering for follow-up and biofeedback. A preliminary study: locus of control characteristics.", "content": "We compared the locus of control scores of the following groups: (1) 19 male borderline hypertensives volunteering for biofeedback treatment; (2) 100 consecutive males who were screened for hypertension; (3) 30 male cancer patients receiving radiation therapy, and (4) the normative data from college students. The biofeedback volunteer group was significantly more internal in locus of control as compared to all other groups. The locus of control of the borderline hypertensives within the screened population did not differ from the normotensives, but the screened population as a whole had a relatively internal locus of control. Our findings imply that the 'internals' may be more attracted to self-control treatments like biofeedback, and data generated from this particular population may have limited generalizability, especially in regard to 'externals'.", "contents": "Borderline hypertensives volunteering for follow-up and biofeedback. A preliminary study: locus of control characteristics. We compared the locus of control scores of the following groups: (1) 19 male borderline hypertensives volunteering for biofeedback treatment; (2) 100 consecutive males who were screened for hypertension; (3) 30 male cancer patients receiving radiation therapy, and (4) the normative data from college students. The biofeedback volunteer group was significantly more internal in locus of control as compared to all other groups. The locus of control of the borderline hypertensives within the screened population did not differ from the normotensives, but the screened population as a whole had a relatively internal locus of control. Our findings imply that the 'internals' may be more attracted to self-control treatments like biofeedback, and data generated from this particular population may have limited generalizability, especially in regard to 'externals'.", "PMID": 1052277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_479", "title": "A 4-year follow-up study of in-patient psychosomatic patients.", "content": "The subjects of the inquiry were 13 psychosomatic patients who had all undergone psychotherapy in the special research unit of the University Clinic for Psychosomatics in Giessen (FRG) in 1971. Data collection took place at the beginning (time a) and end (time b) of in-patient treatment, and then again 4 years later (time c). The same test battery was administered each time. The results indicate that a significant change in the patients' self-image came about during in-patient treatment and the catamnesis carried out 4 years later attests to the stability of this development. The question of whether this change reflects the patient's adjustment to the ideals of his therapist--conformity with the 'norm'--or can be interpreted as a criterium for true ego development in the sense of an expansion of his psychic possibilities, is discussed.", "contents": "A 4-year follow-up study of in-patient psychosomatic patients. The subjects of the inquiry were 13 psychosomatic patients who had all undergone psychotherapy in the special research unit of the University Clinic for Psychosomatics in Giessen (FRG) in 1971. Data collection took place at the beginning (time a) and end (time b) of in-patient treatment, and then again 4 years later (time c). The same test battery was administered each time. The results indicate that a significant change in the patients' self-image came about during in-patient treatment and the catamnesis carried out 4 years later attests to the stability of this development. The question of whether this change reflects the patient's adjustment to the ideals of his therapist--conformity with the 'norm'--or can be interpreted as a criterium for true ego development in the sense of an expansion of his psychic possibilities, is discussed.", "PMID": 1052278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_480", "title": "Disability, psychosomatic disease, and psychoneurosis. The problem of differential vulnerability.", "content": "A pattern of cognitive and of affective development characterizing three classes of psychiatric patients is presented: (1) disabled persons, usually unskilled laborers showing a 'somatization reaction', are unable to form abstract categories and, as well, to describe the physiological correlates of 'inner' feelings; (2) psychosomatic patients may show highly developed cognitive skills, although they may not; but they uniformly show a similar inability to 'know' and describe inner feelings; (3) 'neurotic' patients, most dramatically in the phobic category, often show both well-developed cognitive skills and a high degree of sensitivity to, and ability to describe, the symptom complex of anxiety in physiologically relevant forms, with maintenance of meaningful relations with supportive (often 'overprotectively' supportive) family members. These three different states can be diagrammed as follows: (1) -, -; (2) +/-, -; (3) +, +. The suggestion appears that these differences have to do with vulnerability, and that there may be in the general population three separable populations at risk for the development of these three categories of psychiatric disorder. The vulnerability so identified seems to be inversely proportional to 'suitability for interpretative psychotherapy'.", "contents": "Disability, psychosomatic disease, and psychoneurosis. The problem of differential vulnerability. A pattern of cognitive and of affective development characterizing three classes of psychiatric patients is presented: (1) disabled persons, usually unskilled laborers showing a 'somatization reaction', are unable to form abstract categories and, as well, to describe the physiological correlates of 'inner' feelings; (2) psychosomatic patients may show highly developed cognitive skills, although they may not; but they uniformly show a similar inability to 'know' and describe inner feelings; (3) 'neurotic' patients, most dramatically in the phobic category, often show both well-developed cognitive skills and a high degree of sensitivity to, and ability to describe, the symptom complex of anxiety in physiologically relevant forms, with maintenance of meaningful relations with supportive (often 'overprotectively' supportive) family members. These three different states can be diagrammed as follows: (1) -, -; (2) +/-, -; (3) +, +. The suggestion appears that these differences have to do with vulnerability, and that there may be in the general population three separable populations at risk for the development of these three categories of psychiatric disorder. The vulnerability so identified seems to be inversely proportional to 'suitability for interpretative psychotherapy'.", "PMID": 1052279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_481", "title": "Borderlines: problems of self and object separation.", "content": "The borderline has deficiencies in the capacity to maintain stable self and object representations and in establishing 'emotional separateness' from others. In order to create and maintain a 'propitious treatment situation' and a 'therapeutic alliance' the therapist must work with unusual sensitivity and repetitiveness on the ground rules of the therapeutic environment. Explicit clarifications of the therapist's usual constructive attitudes, as a caring, responsive, neutral and real person must be continuously emphasized. The intense psychotic transference potential that leads to therapeutic complications and disruptions can be worked through, if recognized early, through countertransference clues, acceptance of positive aspects of the countertransference and technical moves that enhance the patient's capacity for individuation and separation, all this within the framework of a structured and consistent therapeutic situation. These assertions are illustrated by specific instances from treatment processes.", "contents": "Borderlines: problems of self and object separation. The borderline has deficiencies in the capacity to maintain stable self and object representations and in establishing 'emotional separateness' from others. In order to create and maintain a 'propitious treatment situation' and a 'therapeutic alliance' the therapist must work with unusual sensitivity and repetitiveness on the ground rules of the therapeutic environment. Explicit clarifications of the therapist's usual constructive attitudes, as a caring, responsive, neutral and real person must be continuously emphasized. The intense psychotic transference potential that leads to therapeutic complications and disruptions can be worked through, if recognized early, through countertransference clues, acceptance of positive aspects of the countertransference and technical moves that enhance the patient's capacity for individuation and separation, all this within the framework of a structured and consistent therapeutic situation. These assertions are illustrated by specific instances from treatment processes.", "PMID": 1052280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_482", "title": "Psychotherapy and sociology: flirtation, marriage or divorce?", "content": "Psychotherapy and sociology are themselves products of mixed marriages; each experiences problems of identity and their children face problems of legitimacy. This paper considers the relevance of some sociological perspectives to the psychotherapeutic process, using the following analogies; (1) Flirtation: Why the attraction? 'going steady' or 'femme fatale'? (2) Marriage: Mutual enrichment, cross-fertilisation and new life? Examples of shared perspectives in the work of E. Becker, Erikson, Goffman etc. Influence of psychosocial contexts on psychotherapeutic processes. (3) Divorce: Too little shared life or too much destructive criticism? If the world within man and the world between men are interrelated, psychotherapy and sociology--although at times uneasy bedfellows--have much to give each other.", "contents": "Psychotherapy and sociology: flirtation, marriage or divorce? Psychotherapy and sociology are themselves products of mixed marriages; each experiences problems of identity and their children face problems of legitimacy. This paper considers the relevance of some sociological perspectives to the psychotherapeutic process, using the following analogies; (1) Flirtation: Why the attraction? 'going steady' or 'femme fatale'? (2) Marriage: Mutual enrichment, cross-fertilisation and new life? Examples of shared perspectives in the work of E. Becker, Erikson, Goffman etc. Influence of psychosocial contexts on psychotherapeutic processes. (3) Divorce: Too little shared life or too much destructive criticism? If the world within man and the world between men are interrelated, psychotherapy and sociology--although at times uneasy bedfellows--have much to give each other.", "PMID": 1052281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_483", "title": "A context study of psychological conditions prior to shifts in blood pressure.", "content": "Shifts in intra-arterially registered blood pressure during an initial interview were studied in 4 young patients with essential hypertension by means of the Symptom Context Method. The relationships found between both formal variables and thematic categories of speech anteceding blood pressure shifts were in terms of patient and interviewer. All patients showed an increased rate of speech before blood pressure elevations, and in 3 of them the thematic content of 'personal failing, personal failure', 'loss of status of being useful and needed', and 'failure of others to meet the standards of the patient' was more often present before pressure elevations than decreases.", "contents": "A context study of psychological conditions prior to shifts in blood pressure. Shifts in intra-arterially registered blood pressure during an initial interview were studied in 4 young patients with essential hypertension by means of the Symptom Context Method. The relationships found between both formal variables and thematic categories of speech anteceding blood pressure shifts were in terms of patient and interviewer. All patients showed an increased rate of speech before blood pressure elevations, and in 3 of them the thematic content of 'personal failing, personal failure', 'loss of status of being useful and needed', and 'failure of others to meet the standards of the patient' was more often present before pressure elevations than decreases.", "PMID": 1052282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_484", "title": "Psychological and physiopathological study on coronary patients.", "content": "In this paper the AA have tried to define the relationship between psychopathological characteristics or symptoms and angina attacks in coronary patients. The research plan was agreed upon and carried out as a collaborative program between psychiatrists and internists with the goal of reaching a more comprehensive approach to the psychosomatic patient. In 20 patients suffering from nocturnal angina attacks the polygraphic sleep recording was performed; 10 of them received psychodiagnostic examination (MMPI). In 8 cases during sleep recordings hemodynamic monitoring was also performed. The MMPI data were compared with 82 other individuals who had myocardial infarction (56 ss) and diurnal angina (26 ss) and 34 control subjects without cardiac disease. The results show that the sleep patterns were strongly affected and the most relevant alterations were recorded during the nights with ischemic episodes. No significant correlations were found between ischemic episodes and sleep stages. In no instance did the hemodynamic monitoring show an increase in the parameters related to myocardial oxygen consumption. The psychological data showed that the most severe symptomatology was observed in the nocturnal angina patients where the disease seems to be mostly related to a functional pathogenic mechanism.", "contents": "Psychological and physiopathological study on coronary patients. In this paper the AA have tried to define the relationship between psychopathological characteristics or symptoms and angina attacks in coronary patients. The research plan was agreed upon and carried out as a collaborative program between psychiatrists and internists with the goal of reaching a more comprehensive approach to the psychosomatic patient. In 20 patients suffering from nocturnal angina attacks the polygraphic sleep recording was performed; 10 of them received psychodiagnostic examination (MMPI). In 8 cases during sleep recordings hemodynamic monitoring was also performed. The MMPI data were compared with 82 other individuals who had myocardial infarction (56 ss) and diurnal angina (26 ss) and 34 control subjects without cardiac disease. The results show that the sleep patterns were strongly affected and the most relevant alterations were recorded during the nights with ischemic episodes. No significant correlations were found between ischemic episodes and sleep stages. In no instance did the hemodynamic monitoring show an increase in the parameters related to myocardial oxygen consumption. The psychological data showed that the most severe symptomatology was observed in the nocturnal angina patients where the disease seems to be mostly related to a functional pathogenic mechanism.", "PMID": 1052283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_485", "title": "Area in the rat brain producing rhythmical slow activity after chemical stimulation.", "content": "Serotonin, carbamylcholine, norephinephrine, and various control substances were implanted stereotaxically into various areas of the rat brain, and the effects of the compounds in altering the hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA) were noted. Both carbamylcholine and serotonin implanted into the tip of the diagonal bands of Broca were observed to produce a regular rhythm of 7 Hz in both dorsal and ventral hippocampal recording sites. Carbamylcholine implanted into the medial parolfactory area consistently elicited RSA only in the ventral hippocampus recording area, while carbamylcholine implanted into the lower limb of the diagonal bands elicited the rhythm only in dorsal hippocampal recording sites. In rats in which the rhythm was elicited by serotonin, no effect was seen upon further implantation of carbamylcholine, whereas the converse was not true. These results are interpreted as suggesting a serotonergic influence upon hippocampal RSA separate from the usual cholinergic system which seemed to be inhibitory in nature.", "contents": "Area in the rat brain producing rhythmical slow activity after chemical stimulation. Serotonin, carbamylcholine, norephinephrine, and various control substances were implanted stereotaxically into various areas of the rat brain, and the effects of the compounds in altering the hippocampal rhythmical slow activity (RSA) were noted. Both carbamylcholine and serotonin implanted into the tip of the diagonal bands of Broca were observed to produce a regular rhythm of 7 Hz in both dorsal and ventral hippocampal recording sites. Carbamylcholine implanted into the medial parolfactory area consistently elicited RSA only in the ventral hippocampus recording area, while carbamylcholine implanted into the lower limb of the diagonal bands elicited the rhythm only in dorsal hippocampal recording sites. In rats in which the rhythm was elicited by serotonin, no effect was seen upon further implantation of carbamylcholine, whereas the converse was not true. These results are interpreted as suggesting a serotonergic influence upon hippocampal RSA separate from the usual cholinergic system which seemed to be inhibitory in nature.", "PMID": 1052284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_486", "title": "No specific thalamic influence on cell composition, sugar or electrolytes of peripheral blood.", "content": "Cellular components, blood sugar, and serum electrolyte concentrations of chloride, sodium and potassium were analyzed serially in 20 patients who underwent either stereotactic thalamotomy, frontal internal capsulotomy or subcaudate tractotomy. No significant changes were seen during the interventions either after electrical stimulation or coagulation of the target area, but 3 h after the operation the neutrophile granulocyte count was significantly raised. This reaction reached a peak by the morning of the first posoperative day. Other cellular elements, blood sugar, and serum electrolytes remained unchanged. We believe that the leukocytosis is not a specific effect of the thalamic lesions, but a nonspecific stress reaction, similar to that seen after air encephalography.", "contents": "No specific thalamic influence on cell composition, sugar or electrolytes of peripheral blood. Cellular components, blood sugar, and serum electrolyte concentrations of chloride, sodium and potassium were analyzed serially in 20 patients who underwent either stereotactic thalamotomy, frontal internal capsulotomy or subcaudate tractotomy. No significant changes were seen during the interventions either after electrical stimulation or coagulation of the target area, but 3 h after the operation the neutrophile granulocyte count was significantly raised. This reaction reached a peak by the morning of the first posoperative day. Other cellular elements, blood sugar, and serum electrolytes remained unchanged. We believe that the leukocytosis is not a specific effect of the thalamic lesions, but a nonspecific stress reaction, similar to that seen after air encephalography.", "PMID": 1052285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_487", "title": "A therapeutic approach and objective test in the treatment of tremor.", "content": "Medical treatment of tremor is deceptive. The biochemical disturbance causing its appearance is not known, so that no specific treatment can be applied. Many substances have been proposed for their antitremulant properties, but clinical results must be interpreted with caution as tremor is a labile symptom which is under many influences. The authors have analysed the clinical effect of an interesting antitremulant drug and have reported an original method for measuring tremor.", "contents": "A therapeutic approach and objective test in the treatment of tremor. Medical treatment of tremor is deceptive. The biochemical disturbance causing its appearance is not known, so that no specific treatment can be applied. Many substances have been proposed for their antitremulant properties, but clinical results must be interpreted with caution as tremor is a labile symptom which is under many influences. The authors have analysed the clinical effect of an interesting antitremulant drug and have reported an original method for measuring tremor.", "PMID": 1052286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_488", "title": "Electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making.", "content": "Understanding of the electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making is necessary to ensure reliable results in surgical procedures using this technique. A radiofrequency lesion is produced by tissue electrocoagulation. Its method of formation and factors affecting heat generation and loss are discussed. Guidelines for making radiofrequency lesions, based on electrophysiologic principles are outlined.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making. Understanding of the electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making is necessary to ensure reliable results in surgical procedures using this technique. A radiofrequency lesion is produced by tissue electrocoagulation. Its method of formation and factors affecting heat generation and loss are discussed. Guidelines for making radiofrequency lesions, based on electrophysiologic principles are outlined.", "PMID": 1052287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_489", "title": "RF lesion generation.", "content": "Although the technique of RF lesion generation is a well-established medical technique, most professionals using it do not understand the basic principles of electronics by which the phenomenon occurs. A review of this with special attention to the 'indifferent' or 'dispersive' electrode would lead to better practice and less adverse effects, such as patient skin burns.", "contents": "RF lesion generation. Although the technique of RF lesion generation is a well-established medical technique, most professionals using it do not understand the basic principles of electronics by which the phenomenon occurs. A review of this with special attention to the 'indifferent' or 'dispersive' electrode would lead to better practice and less adverse effects, such as patient skin burns.", "PMID": 1052288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_490", "title": "Field trial of compact travel dialysis system.", "content": "To increase mobility for home hemodialysis patients, a portable, light weight hemodialysis system has been bench and field tested. The combination of a 21 L dialysate reservoir and small, high speed blood and dialysate pumps has permitted the entire system to be contained in a twenty two pound, 22 X 13 X 6 inch aluminum suitcase. Initial evaluation in hospitalized patients has shown the system to be safe and efficient. Acceptable clearances of creatinine and urea are maintained throughout a five hour dialysis by changing the bath at 120 and 210 minutes. Successful application of the system in travel by 3 patients, who perfomed a total of 12 dialyses in their hotel rooms while on vacation, indicates the broad potential of the new system.", "contents": "Field trial of compact travel dialysis system. To increase mobility for home hemodialysis patients, a portable, light weight hemodialysis system has been bench and field tested. The combination of a 21 L dialysate reservoir and small, high speed blood and dialysate pumps has permitted the entire system to be contained in a twenty two pound, 22 X 13 X 6 inch aluminum suitcase. Initial evaluation in hospitalized patients has shown the system to be safe and efficient. Acceptable clearances of creatinine and urea are maintained throughout a five hour dialysis by changing the bath at 120 and 210 minutes. Successful application of the system in travel by 3 patients, who perfomed a total of 12 dialyses in their hotel rooms while on vacation, indicates the broad potential of the new system.", "PMID": 1052289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_491", "title": "Theoretical considerations on molecular transport in dialysis and sorbent therapy for uremia.", "content": "The technology of uremic blood purification has grown rapidly over the past decade and has provided the clinician with a wide range of therapeutic options. These options involve mass transfer processes which may be primarily due to diffusion or convection, or a combination of both mechanisms. However, regardless of the mechanism of molecular transport, evaluation of the clinical utility of these therapies requires studies which provide sufficient data to solve the appropriate rate equations and to close mass balances. Data from the recent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and sorbent literature are analyzed to show the magnitude of variability in both patient and therapy-related mass balance paramters for urea nitrogen (U) and middle molecules (MM) and to provide unambiguous comparisons for some of these therapies. A theoretical model is developed to describe sorbent-mediated gut elimination of solute as a first-order clearance limited by sorbent saturation. The model is used to analyze data in the literature on AL (OH)3 facilitated gut clearance of phosphate and indicates a gut P clearance of approximately 20 ml/min with maximum removal of approximately 800 mg P/24 hrs. Similar analysis of oxystarch indicated a gut U clearance of 2.5 ml/min and maximum removal of 1.5 gm/24 hrs.", "contents": "Theoretical considerations on molecular transport in dialysis and sorbent therapy for uremia. The technology of uremic blood purification has grown rapidly over the past decade and has provided the clinician with a wide range of therapeutic options. These options involve mass transfer processes which may be primarily due to diffusion or convection, or a combination of both mechanisms. However, regardless of the mechanism of molecular transport, evaluation of the clinical utility of these therapies requires studies which provide sufficient data to solve the appropriate rate equations and to close mass balances. Data from the recent hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and sorbent literature are analyzed to show the magnitude of variability in both patient and therapy-related mass balance paramters for urea nitrogen (U) and middle molecules (MM) and to provide unambiguous comparisons for some of these therapies. A theoretical model is developed to describe sorbent-mediated gut elimination of solute as a first-order clearance limited by sorbent saturation. The model is used to analyze data in the literature on AL (OH)3 facilitated gut clearance of phosphate and indicates a gut P clearance of approximately 20 ml/min with maximum removal of approximately 800 mg P/24 hrs. Similar analysis of oxystarch indicated a gut U clearance of 2.5 ml/min and maximum removal of 1.5 gm/24 hrs.", "PMID": 1052290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_492", "title": "Sorbent regeneration of peritoneal dialysate: an approach to ambulatory dialysis.", "content": "Sorbent regeneration of peritoneal dialysate has been shown to be feasible in experimental and preliminary clinical studies and provides a realistic basis for the optimization of dialysis therapy and the potential development of an ambulatory dialysis system. Peritoneal dialysis efficiency can be significantly enhanced by continuous dialysate flow techniques and the mass transfer of uremic solutes can be theoretically augmented by the increased dialysis time made possible by a wearable design. Further optimization of end stage renal failure therapy may be achieved by the combined use of various methods for blood purification.", "contents": "Sorbent regeneration of peritoneal dialysate: an approach to ambulatory dialysis. Sorbent regeneration of peritoneal dialysate has been shown to be feasible in experimental and preliminary clinical studies and provides a realistic basis for the optimization of dialysis therapy and the potential development of an ambulatory dialysis system. Peritoneal dialysis efficiency can be significantly enhanced by continuous dialysate flow techniques and the mass transfer of uremic solutes can be theoretically augmented by the increased dialysis time made possible by a wearable design. Further optimization of end stage renal failure therapy may be achieved by the combined use of various methods for blood purification.", "PMID": 1052291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_493", "title": "Cold carbon apparatus for hemodialysis.", "content": "A prototype of artificial kidney with regeneration of the dialysis fluid in active carbon at low temperature is presented. The data obtained through a series of simulated dialysis show that carbon adsorbs, besides creatinine and other compounds, urea in satisfactory quantities. Furthermore, the possibility of completely regenerating carbon with tap water washing makes the routine use of an artificial kidney based on a cold operating carbon depurator extremely practical.", "contents": "Cold carbon apparatus for hemodialysis. A prototype of artificial kidney with regeneration of the dialysis fluid in active carbon at low temperature is presented. The data obtained through a series of simulated dialysis show that carbon adsorbs, besides creatinine and other compounds, urea in satisfactory quantities. Furthermore, the possibility of completely regenerating carbon with tap water washing makes the routine use of an artificial kidney based on a cold operating carbon depurator extremely practical.", "PMID": 1052292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_494", "title": "Current nursing practice in dialysis care: a summary.", "content": "The provision of comprehensive care to patients requiring maintenance hemodialysis has developed into a complex multidisciplinary effort involving nurses at all levels. Nephrology nursing has evolved over 15 years into a model of so-called \"expanded practice,\" i.e., one in which technical expertise and broad scientific and professional education are necessary as well as significant commitment to quality of care. This practice includes unusual responsibility for management of many aspects of patient care. Described in this paper are the specific responsibilities expected of nurses in hemodialysis, including the response to clinical problems during dialysis. Also reviewed are the more independent contributions of nurses to home and self-care dialysis. An outline of recommended educational content for nephrology nurses is included.", "contents": "Current nursing practice in dialysis care: a summary. The provision of comprehensive care to patients requiring maintenance hemodialysis has developed into a complex multidisciplinary effort involving nurses at all levels. Nephrology nursing has evolved over 15 years into a model of so-called \"expanded practice,\" i.e., one in which technical expertise and broad scientific and professional education are necessary as well as significant commitment to quality of care. This practice includes unusual responsibility for management of many aspects of patient care. Described in this paper are the specific responsibilities expected of nurses in hemodialysis, including the response to clinical problems during dialysis. Also reviewed are the more independent contributions of nurses to home and self-care dialysis. An outline of recommended educational content for nephrology nurses is included.", "PMID": 1052293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_495", "title": "Distribution of evoked potentials on stimulation of the human pulvinar.", "content": "The distribution of the evoked cortical potentials recorded during stereotactic pulvinectomy is analyzed. The evoked cortical potential shows maximal amplitude in the precentral area, with decreasing amplitude in the parietal and anterior temporal area, and minimal amplitude in the occipital area. The pulvinar has been histologically considered to have dense connections with the parietal lobe and no connection with the frontal lobe. However, our results suggest that the pulvinar has a dense functional connection with the frontal cortex, through which the pulvinar plays a role in motor function.", "contents": "Distribution of evoked potentials on stimulation of the human pulvinar. The distribution of the evoked cortical potentials recorded during stereotactic pulvinectomy is analyzed. The evoked cortical potential shows maximal amplitude in the precentral area, with decreasing amplitude in the parietal and anterior temporal area, and minimal amplitude in the occipital area. The pulvinar has been histologically considered to have dense connections with the parietal lobe and no connection with the frontal lobe. However, our results suggest that the pulvinar has a dense functional connection with the frontal cortex, through which the pulvinar plays a role in motor function.", "PMID": 1052294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_496", "title": "Several clinical aspects of thalamic pulvinotomy.", "content": "Several clinical aspects of thalamic pulvinotomy were investigated. Influence of electrical stimulation of pulvinar on consciousness, speech, memory, evoked response, emotion, intelligence, character, ophthalmic and auditory examinations were studied during operation and compared between pre-, post, and during operation.", "contents": "Several clinical aspects of thalamic pulvinotomy. Several clinical aspects of thalamic pulvinotomy were investigated. Influence of electrical stimulation of pulvinar on consciousness, speech, memory, evoked response, emotion, intelligence, character, ophthalmic and auditory examinations were studied during operation and compared between pre-, post, and during operation.", "PMID": 1052295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_497", "title": "Vascular lesions of the thalamus on the dominant and nondominant side.", "content": "A clinicopathological study was done on 87 subjects with VPL lesions due to vascular pathology, with special reference to the difference of clinical manifestations between the right and left sides. Thalamic pain was far more common in VPL lesions on the right side. The responsible lesions for thalamic pain were observed in lesions of VPL and VPL extending to the internal capsule, while in the lesions of the VPL extending to the centrum medianum, central pain was rare. 2 cases with aphasia due to thalamic hemorrhage were found in this series, both in the dominant hemisphere. It is suggested that the thalamus in the dominant hemisphere may be related to speech and in the nondominant to a central pain mechanism.", "contents": "Vascular lesions of the thalamus on the dominant and nondominant side. A clinicopathological study was done on 87 subjects with VPL lesions due to vascular pathology, with special reference to the difference of clinical manifestations between the right and left sides. Thalamic pain was far more common in VPL lesions on the right side. The responsible lesions for thalamic pain were observed in lesions of VPL and VPL extending to the internal capsule, while in the lesions of the VPL extending to the centrum medianum, central pain was rare. 2 cases with aphasia due to thalamic hemorrhage were found in this series, both in the dominant hemisphere. It is suggested that the thalamus in the dominant hemisphere may be related to speech and in the nondominant to a central pain mechanism.", "PMID": 1052296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_498", "title": "Role of computerized transverse axial tomography on stereotactic surgery of the diencephalon. A preliminary report of 67 cases.", "content": "67 cases of various functional disorders of the diencephalon were examined by EMI scanner. The patients were composed of 38 cases of parkinsonism, 7 cases of thalamic syndrome, 6 cases of choreoathetoid movement, 2 cases of dystonia, 11 cases of involuntary movement of unknown etiology and 1 case of torticollis, tic, and ballismus, respectively. In parkinsonism, 79% showed diffuse cerebral atrophy, 5% had focal low density in the substantia nigra and the thalamus, whereas 16% remained normal. Pre- and postoperative assessment with CT scan was briefly discussed with reference to stereotactic surgery of the diencephalon.", "contents": "Role of computerized transverse axial tomography on stereotactic surgery of the diencephalon. A preliminary report of 67 cases. 67 cases of various functional disorders of the diencephalon were examined by EMI scanner. The patients were composed of 38 cases of parkinsonism, 7 cases of thalamic syndrome, 6 cases of choreoathetoid movement, 2 cases of dystonia, 11 cases of involuntary movement of unknown etiology and 1 case of torticollis, tic, and ballismus, respectively. In parkinsonism, 79% showed diffuse cerebral atrophy, 5% had focal low density in the substantia nigra and the thalamus, whereas 16% remained normal. Pre- and postoperative assessment with CT scan was briefly discussed with reference to stereotactic surgery of the diencephalon.", "PMID": 1052297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_499", "title": "Correlation between the neural noise in the thalamus after cerebrovascular disease and computerized tomography. A case report.", "content": "The case is presented of a 45-year-old man who suffered from a sudden attack of unconsciousness with right hemiplegia and later developed a spastic hemiparesis accompanied by involuntary movement of the right upper limb. CT scan revealed an old putaminal hemorrhage and almost intact thalamus, but neural noise recordings during the stereotactic thalamotomy of this case showed marked decrease of the neural activity in the thalamus suggesting some functional changes.", "contents": "Correlation between the neural noise in the thalamus after cerebrovascular disease and computerized tomography. A case report. The case is presented of a 45-year-old man who suffered from a sudden attack of unconsciousness with right hemiplegia and later developed a spastic hemiparesis accompanied by involuntary movement of the right upper limb. CT scan revealed an old putaminal hemorrhage and almost intact thalamus, but neural noise recordings during the stereotactic thalamotomy of this case showed marked decrease of the neural activity in the thalamus suggesting some functional changes.", "PMID": 1052298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_500", "title": "The thalamus in the motor system.", "content": "The ventrolateral (VL) and anterior (VA) are the main thalamic relay for cerebellar and pallidal efferents going to the motor cortex. Four aspects of the function of these nuclei are briefly considered. (1) It is well known that these thalamic structures are not a simple relay on the way to the motor cortex, but that they have a gating function for the cerebellar afferents. The gating mechanism is active during slow-wave sleep, with deafferentation and with the use of various anesthetics. Possibly, it might play a role in the central organization of movement. (2) The organization at the unitary level of the projections between VL and motor cortex is examined and their role in the command of motor synergies through the motor cortex is strongly suggested. (3). It appears that unitary activity of VL neurons is not only related to movement but also to postural changes associated with movement. (4) The sensory input to VL nucleus is briefly analyzed. The inefficacy of exteroceptive stimulation in awake animals, in contrast with the effect of the same stimulation in anesthetized preparations, is discussed.", "contents": "The thalamus in the motor system. The ventrolateral (VL) and anterior (VA) are the main thalamic relay for cerebellar and pallidal efferents going to the motor cortex. Four aspects of the function of these nuclei are briefly considered. (1) It is well known that these thalamic structures are not a simple relay on the way to the motor cortex, but that they have a gating function for the cerebellar afferents. The gating mechanism is active during slow-wave sleep, with deafferentation and with the use of various anesthetics. Possibly, it might play a role in the central organization of movement. (2) The organization at the unitary level of the projections between VL and motor cortex is examined and their role in the command of motor synergies through the motor cortex is strongly suggested. (3). It appears that unitary activity of VL neurons is not only related to movement but also to postural changes associated with movement. (4) The sensory input to VL nucleus is briefly analyzed. The inefficacy of exteroceptive stimulation in awake animals, in contrast with the effect of the same stimulation in anesthetized preparations, is discussed.", "PMID": 1052299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_501", "title": "Long-term follow-up results of bilateral thalamotomy for parkinsonism.", "content": "27 patients who underwent bilateral thalamotomy for parkinsonism over the past 10 years have been clinically evaluated. Mean follow-up period was 6.2 years after second surgery. In these cases, 8 returned to full social life without any medication, 4 were capable of social life with medical treatment, 6 were self-sufficient and 3 were semi-self-sufficient in ADL, respectively. Therapeutic drug doses were reduced in all cases. L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia was not observed after second surgery. Speech disturbance, which was not severe, was recognized in 12 cases as a complication.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up results of bilateral thalamotomy for parkinsonism. 27 patients who underwent bilateral thalamotomy for parkinsonism over the past 10 years have been clinically evaluated. Mean follow-up period was 6.2 years after second surgery. In these cases, 8 returned to full social life without any medication, 4 were capable of social life with medical treatment, 6 were self-sufficient and 3 were semi-self-sufficient in ADL, respectively. Therapeutic drug doses were reduced in all cases. L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia was not observed after second surgery. Speech disturbance, which was not severe, was recognized in 12 cases as a complication.", "PMID": 1052300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_502", "title": "Emotional slow negative potential shift (CNV) in the thalamus.", "content": "In order to know the functional relationship between CNV recorded at the vertex and activity of the thalamic nucleus, the CNV at the vertex and the intrathalamic slow potentials responding to an S1-S2-R paradigm were recorded during thalamotomy under local anesthesia. It might be concluded that the activity of the medial thalamus and medial parts of the subthalamic area not only generate slow potential shifts corresponding to S1-S2-R, but also play an important role in controlling the CNV at the vertex.", "contents": "Emotional slow negative potential shift (CNV) in the thalamus. In order to know the functional relationship between CNV recorded at the vertex and activity of the thalamic nucleus, the CNV at the vertex and the intrathalamic slow potentials responding to an S1-S2-R paradigm were recorded during thalamotomy under local anesthesia. It might be concluded that the activity of the medial thalamus and medial parts of the subthalamic area not only generate slow potential shifts corresponding to S1-S2-R, but also play an important role in controlling the CNV at the vertex.", "PMID": 1052301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_503", "title": "Readiness potentials recorded from the scalp and depth leads.", "content": "Readiness potentials on voluntary hand movements were recorded from the scalp (C3, C4), premotor cortex, subcortical white matter and VL nucleus of the thalamus. Subjects were healthy right-handed men and patients with involuntary movement disorders. We obtained a slow negative shift of brain electrical potentials from the scalp and cortex preceding voluntary hand movements. The mean time interval between the onset of the readiness potential and the onset of motor activity (mean T) was 0.8 sec on right hand movements and 1.0 sec on left hand movements in healthy men. In cases with parkinsonism, the mean T value was 1.4 sec in patients with akinesia, 1.1 sec in those without akinesia. The amplitude of readiness potentials was higher in the scalp contralateral to the hand movement. The readiness potentials recorded from the VL nucleus and white matter were reversed in polarity from those of scalp and cortex. Simultaneous recordings from cortex and VL nucleus showed early onset of readiness potentials from the cortex by approximately 0.1 sec compared with the VL nucleus.", "contents": "Readiness potentials recorded from the scalp and depth leads. Readiness potentials on voluntary hand movements were recorded from the scalp (C3, C4), premotor cortex, subcortical white matter and VL nucleus of the thalamus. Subjects were healthy right-handed men and patients with involuntary movement disorders. We obtained a slow negative shift of brain electrical potentials from the scalp and cortex preceding voluntary hand movements. The mean time interval between the onset of the readiness potential and the onset of motor activity (mean T) was 0.8 sec on right hand movements and 1.0 sec on left hand movements in healthy men. In cases with parkinsonism, the mean T value was 1.4 sec in patients with akinesia, 1.1 sec in those without akinesia. The amplitude of readiness potentials was higher in the scalp contralateral to the hand movement. The readiness potentials recorded from the VL nucleus and white matter were reversed in polarity from those of scalp and cortex. Simultaneous recordings from cortex and VL nucleus showed early onset of readiness potentials from the cortex by approximately 0.1 sec compared with the VL nucleus.", "PMID": 1052302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_504", "title": "Physiologically defined VIM nucleus. Its special reference to control of tremor.", "content": "In the course of stereotactic surgery for some 100 parkinsonian patients, correlative study of recording and stimulation has been done in and around the thalamic nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM) under local anesthesia. The VIM nucleus is roughly identified either by the increase of neural noise level or radiological measurement. More accurately, in the thus identified VIM, sensory neurons related to kinesthetic sense of the contralateral extremity were found in about half of the cases. Electrical stimulation of this point at threshold intensity produced paresthesia on the contralateral area around its receptive field. With increased stimulus intensity, increment of grouping discharge in EMG of that part was pertinent in the majority of cases. A small localized lesion at such a thalamic point was shown to be quite effective for alleviation of tremor without any neurological, especially sensory, deficit.", "contents": "Physiologically defined VIM nucleus. Its special reference to control of tremor. In the course of stereotactic surgery for some 100 parkinsonian patients, correlative study of recording and stimulation has been done in and around the thalamic nucleus ventralis intermedius (VIM) under local anesthesia. The VIM nucleus is roughly identified either by the increase of neural noise level or radiological measurement. More accurately, in the thus identified VIM, sensory neurons related to kinesthetic sense of the contralateral extremity were found in about half of the cases. Electrical stimulation of this point at threshold intensity produced paresthesia on the contralateral area around its receptive field. With increased stimulus intensity, increment of grouping discharge in EMG of that part was pertinent in the majority of cases. A small localized lesion at such a thalamic point was shown to be quite effective for alleviation of tremor without any neurological, especially sensory, deficit.", "PMID": 1052303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_505", "title": "Influence of subcortical stimulation on amygdaloid kindled cats.", "content": "Amygdaloid kindling seizures with threshold stimulation was modified by electrical stimulation of certain subcortical structures such as the VL, the CGM and the MRF. Low frequency stimulations of the VL and the CGM (10 Hz) were effective for seizure inhibition. On the contrary, high frequency stimulation of the MRF (300 Hz) tended to facilitate the generalization of the seizure.", "contents": "Influence of subcortical stimulation on amygdaloid kindled cats. Amygdaloid kindling seizures with threshold stimulation was modified by electrical stimulation of certain subcortical structures such as the VL, the CGM and the MRF. Low frequency stimulations of the VL and the CGM (10 Hz) were effective for seizure inhibition. On the contrary, high frequency stimulation of the MRF (300 Hz) tended to facilitate the generalization of the seizure.", "PMID": 1052305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_506", "title": "Some physiological aspects of the basal ganglia. Excitation of the neurons of the globus pallidus by the brain stem structures.", "content": "The caudate efferent fibers to the globus pallidus are inhibitory in nature. The pallidothalamic fibers are also inhibitory, exerting monosynaptic IPSPs on the thalamic cells located anteroventrally to the ventrolateral nucleus. Therefore, these two inhibitory neuronal circuits make a double inhibitory chain. To operate the inhibitory circuit, excitatory input to the pallidum is necessary. Stimulation of the ipsilateral brain stem including lemniscus medialis, mesencephalic reticular formation and some other structures, produces short latency excitation of the pallidal cells.", "contents": "Some physiological aspects of the basal ganglia. Excitation of the neurons of the globus pallidus by the brain stem structures. The caudate efferent fibers to the globus pallidus are inhibitory in nature. The pallidothalamic fibers are also inhibitory, exerting monosynaptic IPSPs on the thalamic cells located anteroventrally to the ventrolateral nucleus. Therefore, these two inhibitory neuronal circuits make a double inhibitory chain. To operate the inhibitory circuit, excitatory input to the pallidum is necessary. Stimulation of the ipsilateral brain stem including lemniscus medialis, mesencephalic reticular formation and some other structures, produces short latency excitation of the pallidal cells.", "PMID": 1052304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_507", "title": "Postural dependence of reaction time in normal subjects and patients with focal brain lesions.", "content": "EMG reaction times (EMG-RTs) of triceps brachii muscle of normal subjects and patients with focal brain lesions were measured at two different positions of the shoulder joint. The difference of EMG-RTs between the two positions was smaller in patients with VL-thalamotomy, cerebellar or frontal premotor lesions than in normal subjects and patients with hemiplegia. It is assumed that cerebellum, VL-nucleus and the premotor area are related to the proprioceptive control of RTs.", "contents": "Postural dependence of reaction time in normal subjects and patients with focal brain lesions. EMG reaction times (EMG-RTs) of triceps brachii muscle of normal subjects and patients with focal brain lesions were measured at two different positions of the shoulder joint. The difference of EMG-RTs between the two positions was smaller in patients with VL-thalamotomy, cerebellar or frontal premotor lesions than in normal subjects and patients with hemiplegia. It is assumed that cerebellum, VL-nucleus and the premotor area are related to the proprioceptive control of RTs.", "PMID": 1052307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_508", "title": "Analysis of tremulous movements after thalamotomy correlated to intrathalamic therapeutic lesions.", "content": "Residual tremulous movements after thalamotomy were examined using an accelerometer and EMG. Various types of tremor-provoking procedures were performed and the tremulous movements were classified according to the pattern of modificiation by these procedures. Four types of postoperative tremulous movements were noted, and a correlation was made to the intrathalamic therapeutic lesions.", "contents": "Analysis of tremulous movements after thalamotomy correlated to intrathalamic therapeutic lesions. Residual tremulous movements after thalamotomy were examined using an accelerometer and EMG. Various types of tremor-provoking procedures were performed and the tremulous movements were classified according to the pattern of modificiation by these procedures. Four types of postoperative tremulous movements were noted, and a correlation was made to the intrathalamic therapeutic lesions.", "PMID": 1052306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_509", "title": "Generation in vitro of deletions in the broad host range plasmid RK2 using phage Mu insertions and a restriction endonuclease.", "content": "Several non-lethal deletions of the broad host range plasmid RK2 (molecular weight of 37.6 . 10(6) have been produced in vitro. The method employed relied on the single HindIII restriction nuclease site in RK2 and the ability of phage Mu to insert and thereby add new HindIII restriction sites at various positions in the plasmid. The deleted plasmids have in each case lost kanamycin (Km) resistance, and in two cases are defective in self-transmissibility. The method used to reduce the size of the RK2 plasmid also results in the cloning of each of the two ends of the Mu phage DNA on the plasmid derivatives.", "contents": "Generation in vitro of deletions in the broad host range plasmid RK2 using phage Mu insertions and a restriction endonuclease. Several non-lethal deletions of the broad host range plasmid RK2 (molecular weight of 37.6 . 10(6) have been produced in vitro. The method employed relied on the single HindIII restriction nuclease site in RK2 and the ability of phage Mu to insert and thereby add new HindIII restriction sites at various positions in the plasmid. The deleted plasmids have in each case lost kanamycin (Km) resistance, and in two cases are defective in self-transmissibility. The method used to reduce the size of the RK2 plasmid also results in the cloning of each of the two ends of the Mu phage DNA on the plasmid derivatives.", "PMID": 1052320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_510", "title": "In vitro site-directed mutagenesis: generation and properties of an infectious extracistronic mutant of bacteriophage Qbeta.", "content": "An infectious extracistronic mutant of phage Qbeta has been prepared by site-directed mutagenesis. Qbeta RNA minus strands containing the mutagenic base analog N4-hydroxy-CMP instead of UMP at position 39 from the 5' end were synthesized in vitro and used as template for Qbeta replicase to synthesize one generation of plus strands. E. coli spheroplasts were infected with the newly synthesized plus strands and phage recovered from single plaques. RNA sequence analysis revealed that four out of the eighteen phage clones analyzed contained RNA with an A leads to G transition at position 40 from the 3' end (which corresponds to position 39 of the minus strand). Thus, the viability of phage Qbeta does not depend on a unique nucleotide sequence in the 3'-extracistronic RNA segment. Upon in vivo propagation of mutant 40, spontaneous true revertants arose with high frequency and overgrew the parental clone within about 10 passages, indicating a selective disadvantage of the extracistronic mutant. Replication of mixtures of wild type and mutant RNA in vitro resulted in a decrease of the proportion of mutated RNA in the progeny plus strands. The fact that Qbeta RNA containing an A leads to G transition in nucleotide--40 of Qbeta RNA is less efficiently replicated in vitro may explain the selective disadvantage of the mutant phage in vivo. The preparation of an infectious mutated RNA by site-directed mutagenesis shows that the method is suitable to produce specific nucleotide exchanges without impairing the biological competence of the RNA.", "contents": "In vitro site-directed mutagenesis: generation and properties of an infectious extracistronic mutant of bacteriophage Qbeta. An infectious extracistronic mutant of phage Qbeta has been prepared by site-directed mutagenesis. Qbeta RNA minus strands containing the mutagenic base analog N4-hydroxy-CMP instead of UMP at position 39 from the 5' end were synthesized in vitro and used as template for Qbeta replicase to synthesize one generation of plus strands. E. coli spheroplasts were infected with the newly synthesized plus strands and phage recovered from single plaques. RNA sequence analysis revealed that four out of the eighteen phage clones analyzed contained RNA with an A leads to G transition at position 40 from the 3' end (which corresponds to position 39 of the minus strand). Thus, the viability of phage Qbeta does not depend on a unique nucleotide sequence in the 3'-extracistronic RNA segment. Upon in vivo propagation of mutant 40, spontaneous true revertants arose with high frequency and overgrew the parental clone within about 10 passages, indicating a selective disadvantage of the extracistronic mutant. Replication of mixtures of wild type and mutant RNA in vitro resulted in a decrease of the proportion of mutated RNA in the progeny plus strands. The fact that Qbeta RNA containing an A leads to G transition in nucleotide--40 of Qbeta RNA is less efficiently replicated in vitro may explain the selective disadvantage of the mutant phage in vivo. The preparation of an infectious mutated RNA by site-directed mutagenesis shows that the method is suitable to produce specific nucleotide exchanges without impairing the biological competence of the RNA.", "PMID": 1052322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_511", "title": "A general method for inserting specific DNA sequences into cloning vehicles.", "content": "A general method has been developed to introduce any double-stranded DNA molecule into cloning vehicles at different restriction endonuclease sites. In this method a chemically synthesized decadeoxyribonucleotide duplex, containing a specific restriction endonuclease sequence, is joinlex DNA is cut by the same restriction endonuclease to generate the cohesive ends. It is then inserted into the restriction endonuclease cleavage site of the cloning vehicle. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new method, we have inserted separately the synthetic lac operator DNA at the Bam I and HindIII cleavage sites of the plasmid pMB9 DNA.", "contents": "A general method for inserting specific DNA sequences into cloning vehicles. A general method has been developed to introduce any double-stranded DNA molecule into cloning vehicles at different restriction endonuclease sites. In this method a chemically synthesized decadeoxyribonucleotide duplex, containing a specific restriction endonuclease sequence, is joinlex DNA is cut by the same restriction endonuclease to generate the cohesive ends. It is then inserted into the restriction endonuclease cleavage site of the cloning vehicle. To demonstrate the feasibility of this new method, we have inserted separately the synthetic lac operator DNA at the Bam I and HindIII cleavage sites of the plasmid pMB9 DNA.", "PMID": 1052323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_512", "title": "[Growth and reproduction of mitochondria in loach oocytes].", "content": "The size and number of mitochondria markedly increase at the early stages of oogenesis in the loach (Misgurnus fossilis). The growth of mitochondrial membranes in the oocytes is characterized by the contact with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the period of slow growth of oocytes, the number of mitochondria increases 82 times and by the beginning of vitellogenesis 240 times. Two fractions of mitochondria were noted in the early oocytes: dividing mitochondria localized in the perinuclear zone and non-dividing ones in the periphery of the oocyte. In the period of slow growth of oocytes, 1--2% of dumb-bell-like mitochondria were found. It was calculated that the doubling of the number of mitochondria in the early oocytes proceeded during 1.5 months.", "contents": "[Growth and reproduction of mitochondria in loach oocytes]. The size and number of mitochondria markedly increase at the early stages of oogenesis in the loach (Misgurnus fossilis). The growth of mitochondrial membranes in the oocytes is characterized by the contact with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the period of slow growth of oocytes, the number of mitochondria increases 82 times and by the beginning of vitellogenesis 240 times. Two fractions of mitochondria were noted in the early oocytes: dividing mitochondria localized in the perinuclear zone and non-dividing ones in the periphery of the oocyte. In the period of slow growth of oocytes, 1--2% of dumb-bell-like mitochondria were found. It was calculated that the doubling of the number of mitochondria in the early oocytes proceeded during 1.5 months.", "PMID": 1052335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_513", "title": "[Characteristics of the mammalian capacity of regeneration].", "content": "In spite of certain limitations of the regenerative ability in mammals, they are characterized by four types of regenerative processes: regeneration of parenchymatous organs, regeneration of parts of organs, intraorganic regeneration, intracellular regeneration. These types of regenerative processes may be called forth both by surgery and pathological factors: infection, irradiation, effect of toxic agents etc. The restoration following the destruction caused by pathological factors is an extremely widespread process and it should be paid more attention when analyzing the regenerative ability in mammals. The characteristics of the latter is complicated by the insufficient progress of comparative-evolutionary studies concerning all types of restoration, especially that caused by pathological factors.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the mammalian capacity of regeneration]. In spite of certain limitations of the regenerative ability in mammals, they are characterized by four types of regenerative processes: regeneration of parenchymatous organs, regeneration of parts of organs, intraorganic regeneration, intracellular regeneration. These types of regenerative processes may be called forth both by surgery and pathological factors: infection, irradiation, effect of toxic agents etc. The restoration following the destruction caused by pathological factors is an extremely widespread process and it should be paid more attention when analyzing the regenerative ability in mammals. The characteristics of the latter is complicated by the insufficient progress of comparative-evolutionary studies concerning all types of restoration, especially that caused by pathological factors.", "PMID": 1052336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_514", "title": "[Liver growth fraction, its composition with regard to cell ploidy and changes with aging].", "content": "All the hepatocytes incorporating 3H-thymidine under the continuous labeling during the liver regeneration were classed with the fraction of liver growth (proliferative pool). The continuous labeling of proliferating cells was ensured by the injection of a high dose of 3H-thymidine prior to the operation. It was shown that after partial hepatectomy in young mice the label is incorporated by practically all parenchyma whereas in old ones its significant part does not proliferate. Highly ploid cell types predominated among hepatocytes which lost their ability of reproduction.", "contents": "[Liver growth fraction, its composition with regard to cell ploidy and changes with aging]. All the hepatocytes incorporating 3H-thymidine under the continuous labeling during the liver regeneration were classed with the fraction of liver growth (proliferative pool). The continuous labeling of proliferating cells was ensured by the injection of a high dose of 3H-thymidine prior to the operation. It was shown that after partial hepatectomy in young mice the label is incorporated by practically all parenchyma whereas in old ones its significant part does not proliferate. Highly ploid cell types predominated among hepatocytes which lost their ability of reproduction.", "PMID": 1052337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_515", "title": "[Protein synthesis in loach embryos isolated from the yolk and cultivated in vitro].", "content": "Changes in protein synthesis in the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) blastoderms cultivated in vitro in the Holtfreter solution after their separation from the yolk at the early and late-blastula stages were assessed by biochemical and autoradiographic methods. The embryos incubated in vitro at the from blastula stage are characterized by the sharp activation of protein synthesis and the vegetal-animal gradient of protein synthesis, as well as in the control embryos; such embryos gastrulate and proceed to primary differentiation. On the contrary, in the embryos incubated from the early blastula stage the protein synthesis is inhibited and no regional differences in its intensity are noted; such embryos do not proceed to gastrulation. Possible causes of the protein synthesis activation in differentiating blastoderms and interrelationship between the character of protein synthesis and the ability of embryos for differentiation are discussed. The protein synthesis activation and the vegetal-animal gradient appearance are considered as a biochemical criterion of primary differentiation during gastrulation in fish embryos.", "contents": "[Protein synthesis in loach embryos isolated from the yolk and cultivated in vitro]. Changes in protein synthesis in the loach (Misgurnus fossilis) blastoderms cultivated in vitro in the Holtfreter solution after their separation from the yolk at the early and late-blastula stages were assessed by biochemical and autoradiographic methods. The embryos incubated in vitro at the from blastula stage are characterized by the sharp activation of protein synthesis and the vegetal-animal gradient of protein synthesis, as well as in the control embryos; such embryos gastrulate and proceed to primary differentiation. On the contrary, in the embryos incubated from the early blastula stage the protein synthesis is inhibited and no regional differences in its intensity are noted; such embryos do not proceed to gastrulation. Possible causes of the protein synthesis activation in differentiating blastoderms and interrelationship between the character of protein synthesis and the ability of embryos for differentiation are discussed. The protein synthesis activation and the vegetal-animal gradient appearance are considered as a biochemical criterion of primary differentiation during gastrulation in fish embryos.", "PMID": 1052338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_516", "title": "[Disorders in the formation of the hematologic status of mice following rat lymph node transplantation during the early postnatal period].", "content": "The cell composition of peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen of CBA mice after the transplantation ca. 20.10(6) lymph node cells of a Wistar rat, sensitized against mouse liver antigens 10--15 days prior to the transplantation, during first 24 hrs after birth was studied. The runt disease developed in 100% recipients and was characterized by sharp disturbances of the formation of immuno- and hemopoietic systems. All runting animals suffered from aplastic anemia, leukopenia with predominance of hyperlobular neutrophils and histio-monocytes in the peripheral blood. The total number of cells in bone marrow decreased almost 15 times. The elimination of erythroid line was coupled with relative augmentation of undifferentiated myeloid and monocytoid cells. The cellular pool of spleen increased twice and more. The intensive proliferation of histio-monocytes and macrophages was accompanied by the destruction and depletion of lymphatic structures. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the incorporation of \"not-self\" genetic information, such as non-syngeneic lymphocytes, during the early postnatal period may not only induced some genuine immunological effects, but inhibit the normal way of differentiation in proliferating cell systems due to the lack of their mutual adaptation as well.", "contents": "[Disorders in the formation of the hematologic status of mice following rat lymph node transplantation during the early postnatal period]. The cell composition of peripheral blood, bone marrow and spleen of CBA mice after the transplantation ca. 20.10(6) lymph node cells of a Wistar rat, sensitized against mouse liver antigens 10--15 days prior to the transplantation, during first 24 hrs after birth was studied. The runt disease developed in 100% recipients and was characterized by sharp disturbances of the formation of immuno- and hemopoietic systems. All runting animals suffered from aplastic anemia, leukopenia with predominance of hyperlobular neutrophils and histio-monocytes in the peripheral blood. The total number of cells in bone marrow decreased almost 15 times. The elimination of erythroid line was coupled with relative augmentation of undifferentiated myeloid and monocytoid cells. The cellular pool of spleen increased twice and more. The intensive proliferation of histio-monocytes and macrophages was accompanied by the destruction and depletion of lymphatic structures. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that the incorporation of \"not-self\" genetic information, such as non-syngeneic lymphocytes, during the early postnatal period may not only induced some genuine immunological effects, but inhibit the normal way of differentiation in proliferating cell systems due to the lack of their mutual adaptation as well.", "PMID": 1052339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_517", "title": "[Role of the cell nucleus in the mechanism of the effect of auxin on Acetabularia mediterranea].", "content": "The effect of an auxin, naphthyl acetic acid (NAA), upon nuclear and anuclear fragments of adult Acetabularia cells was studied. In the darkness, NAA stimulated the release from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of informational agents programming the formation of caps and exerted no marked effect upon the anuclear fragments. NAA activated RNA synthesis and accelerated the decrease of its content in the nucleus. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that NAA influences the morphogenesis (cap regeneration) while strengthening the synthesis and passage from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of agents, apparently, of ribonucleic nature responsible for the formation of caps.", "contents": "[Role of the cell nucleus in the mechanism of the effect of auxin on Acetabularia mediterranea]. The effect of an auxin, naphthyl acetic acid (NAA), upon nuclear and anuclear fragments of adult Acetabularia cells was studied. In the darkness, NAA stimulated the release from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of informational agents programming the formation of caps and exerted no marked effect upon the anuclear fragments. NAA activated RNA synthesis and accelerated the decrease of its content in the nucleus. A suggestion is put forward to the effect that NAA influences the morphogenesis (cap regeneration) while strengthening the synthesis and passage from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of agents, apparently, of ribonucleic nature responsible for the formation of caps.", "PMID": 1052340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_518", "title": "[Early activation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in axolotl embryos].", "content": "The incorporation of labeled precursors (3H- and 14C-uridine) into the fractions of salt-insoluble RNAs and or rRNA was studied in the axolotl embryos at different stages of early development (from the end of synchronous cleavage divisions until the end of gastrulation). RNA preparations isolated from the embryos at all stages studied contained incorporated radioactivity. The radioactivity of salt-insoluble RNAs markedly increased at the beginning of blastulation and continued to grow, but less steeply, at the subsequent developmental stages. The sedimentation analysis has shown that the label is incorporated into the precursors and mature molecules of rRNA, beginning at least from the blastulation.", "contents": "[Early activation of ribosomal RNA synthesis in axolotl embryos]. The incorporation of labeled precursors (3H- and 14C-uridine) into the fractions of salt-insoluble RNAs and or rRNA was studied in the axolotl embryos at different stages of early development (from the end of synchronous cleavage divisions until the end of gastrulation). RNA preparations isolated from the embryos at all stages studied contained incorporated radioactivity. The radioactivity of salt-insoluble RNAs markedly increased at the beginning of blastulation and continued to grow, but less steeply, at the subsequent developmental stages. The sedimentation analysis has shown that the label is incorporated into the precursors and mature molecules of rRNA, beginning at least from the blastulation.", "PMID": 1052341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_519", "title": "Specific affinity fractionation of lymphocytes using glass or plastic bead columns.", "content": "This paper describes column fractionation techniques for separating different lymphocyte subpopulations. For this purpose columns can be coupled with antigen, specific antibodies to membrane determinants on lymphocytes, or immune complexes or aggregated immunoglobulins, which interact with Fc receptors.", "contents": "Specific affinity fractionation of lymphocytes using glass or plastic bead columns. This paper describes column fractionation techniques for separating different lymphocyte subpopulations. For this purpose columns can be coupled with antigen, specific antibodies to membrane determinants on lymphocytes, or immune complexes or aggregated immunoglobulins, which interact with Fc receptors.", "PMID": 1052388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_520", "title": "Fractionation of immunocompetent cells with different physical properties.", "content": "This paper deals with recent developments in the fractionation of immunocompetent cells with different physical properties, using preparative free flow cell electrophoresis, fractionation of cells according to their size and density.", "contents": "Fractionation of immunocompetent cells with different physical properties. This paper deals with recent developments in the fractionation of immunocompetent cells with different physical properties, using preparative free flow cell electrophoresis, fractionation of cells according to their size and density.", "PMID": 1052389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_521", "title": "Purification, fractionation and assay of antibody-dependent lymphocytic effector cells (K cells) in human blood.", "content": "In this article we present methods for the purification and fractionation of human blood lymphocytes, which have been used in our laboratory to characterize antibody-dependent cytotoxic effector cells (K cells). The assay system consists of highly purified lymphocytes, 51Cr-labelled chicken erythrocytes (Ec) and IgG rabbit anti-Ec in high dilutions. Various ways of comparing K-cell potentials of different lymphocyte preparations in this system are discussed. When purified lymphocytes are partially depleted (60-85% depletion) of cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E+ cells), the K-cell activity of the depleted fraction is increased, indicating the the majority of the E+ cells are inactive in this assay. Depletion of EAC-rosette-forming cells shows that most or all K cells have complement receptors. For depletion of B cells, the lymphocytes may be passed through glass bead columns, charg ed with F(ab')2 fragments of human IgG and F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit antibodies to the F(ab')2 part of human IgG. These columns give high yields of B-cell depleted fractions. These preparations are rich in E+ cells and contain approximately 80% of the Fc-receptor lymphocytes which form rosettes with bovine erythrocytes, coated with IgG antibodies. Their K-cell activity is unchanged or slightly elevated, indicating the mature B cells, i.e. SIg+ cells, have little or no K-cell activity. In contrast, passage of the lymphocytes through immune complex columns (ovalbumin/anti-ovalbumin) leads to approximately 70% depletion of Fc receptor-bearing cells, while most of the B cells (SIg+ cells) pass through the columns. The relative frequency of E+ cells in the passed fraction frequently shows a slight reduction. These preaparations have a very low K-cell activity, indicating that K cells are lymphocytes with Fc receptors of relatively strong avidity.", "contents": "Purification, fractionation and assay of antibody-dependent lymphocytic effector cells (K cells) in human blood. In this article we present methods for the purification and fractionation of human blood lymphocytes, which have been used in our laboratory to characterize antibody-dependent cytotoxic effector cells (K cells). The assay system consists of highly purified lymphocytes, 51Cr-labelled chicken erythrocytes (Ec) and IgG rabbit anti-Ec in high dilutions. Various ways of comparing K-cell potentials of different lymphocyte preparations in this system are discussed. When purified lymphocytes are partially depleted (60-85% depletion) of cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes (E+ cells), the K-cell activity of the depleted fraction is increased, indicating the the majority of the E+ cells are inactive in this assay. Depletion of EAC-rosette-forming cells shows that most or all K cells have complement receptors. For depletion of B cells, the lymphocytes may be passed through glass bead columns, charg ed with F(ab')2 fragments of human IgG and F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit antibodies to the F(ab')2 part of human IgG. These columns give high yields of B-cell depleted fractions. These preparations are rich in E+ cells and contain approximately 80% of the Fc-receptor lymphocytes which form rosettes with bovine erythrocytes, coated with IgG antibodies. Their K-cell activity is unchanged or slightly elevated, indicating the mature B cells, i.e. SIg+ cells, have little or no K-cell activity. In contrast, passage of the lymphocytes through immune complex columns (ovalbumin/anti-ovalbumin) leads to approximately 70% depletion of Fc receptor-bearing cells, while most of the B cells (SIg+ cells) pass through the columns. The relative frequency of E+ cells in the passed fraction frequently shows a slight reduction. These preaparations have a very low K-cell activity, indicating that K cells are lymphocytes with Fc receptors of relatively strong avidity.", "PMID": 1052390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_522", "title": "Isolation of lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages.", "content": "This paper presents the standard procedure for isolating lymphocytes and granulocytes from blood, using the Isopaque-Ficoll technique. A procedure for isolating granulocytes and macrophages from peritoneal fluid is also described.", "contents": "Isolation of lymphocytes, granulocytes and macrophages. This paper presents the standard procedure for isolating lymphocytes and granulocytes from blood, using the Isopaque-Ficoll technique. A procedure for isolating granulocytes and macrophages from peritoneal fluid is also described.", "PMID": 1052391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_523", "title": "The optical quality of the monochromatic retinal image as a function of focus.", "content": "Changes in retinal image quality with focus for an aberration-free eye with a 5-mm pupil are discussed in terms of both geometrical and physical optics. Further modulation transfer function curves illustrate the effect of spherical aberration. These theoretical results are compared with analogous experimental data obtained at different wavelengths with quasi-monochromatic illumination, using a double-pass photo-electric, scanning instrument. The comparison shows that the approximations of geometrical optics predict ocular performance quite well, provided that the errors of focus are reasonably large (greater than or equal to 0.5 DS for a 5-mm entrance pupil). Possible sources of error in the experimental measurements are indicated.", "contents": "The optical quality of the monochromatic retinal image as a function of focus. Changes in retinal image quality with focus for an aberration-free eye with a 5-mm pupil are discussed in terms of both geometrical and physical optics. Further modulation transfer function curves illustrate the effect of spherical aberration. These theoretical results are compared with analogous experimental data obtained at different wavelengths with quasi-monochromatic illumination, using a double-pass photo-electric, scanning instrument. The comparison shows that the approximations of geometrical optics predict ocular performance quite well, provided that the errors of focus are reasonably large (greater than or equal to 0.5 DS for a 5-mm entrance pupil). Possible sources of error in the experimental measurements are indicated.", "PMID": 1052436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_524", "title": "The specific blocking of humoral immune cytolysis mediated by anti-tumor antibodies degraded by lysosomal enzymes of tumor origin.", "content": "The IgG fraction from rabbit antisera against a mouse plasmacytoma (RaPCT-IgG) was incubated, under acidic conditions, with lysosomal extracts (LE)  derived from the corresponding tumors. The LE-treated IgG demonstrated a significant decrease in its complement-dependent cytotoxic potential when compared to RaPCT-IgG incubated without LE under the same conditions (control IgG). Ammonium sulfate (AS) precipitation of the control IgG and the LE-treated IgG preparations at 40% saturation of AS revealed that some of the IgG lost its precipitability at this AS concentration after LE treatment, but could be precipitated at 60% or 70% saturation. The LE-treated IgG and control IgG fractions that precipitated by 40% saturated AS showed similar gel filtration profiles. The LE-treated IgG fraction precipitating at 70% saturation of AS (but not at 40%) showed a different gel filtration profile. This fraction was separated into several subfractions, some with an apparent lower molecular weight. Some of these subfractions which still contained antigenic IgG lacked any expression of antigenic Fc, and were not cytotoxic to tumor cells. They could, however, rebind to tumor cells and block the complement-dependent cytotoxic activity of native RaPCT-IgG. Lysosomal enzymes of tumor origin seem, therefore, to convert cytotoxic anti-tumor antibodies into molecules devoid of Fc but still retaining their antigen binding activity. Such an activity, if occurring in vivo might enhance tumor growth.", "contents": "The specific blocking of humoral immune cytolysis mediated by anti-tumor antibodies degraded by lysosomal enzymes of tumor origin. The IgG fraction from rabbit antisera against a mouse plasmacytoma (RaPCT-IgG) was incubated, under acidic conditions, with lysosomal extracts (LE)  derived from the corresponding tumors. The LE-treated IgG demonstrated a significant decrease in its complement-dependent cytotoxic potential when compared to RaPCT-IgG incubated without LE under the same conditions (control IgG). Ammonium sulfate (AS) precipitation of the control IgG and the LE-treated IgG preparations at 40% saturation of AS revealed that some of the IgG lost its precipitability at this AS concentration after LE treatment, but could be precipitated at 60% or 70% saturation. The LE-treated IgG and control IgG fractions that precipitated by 40% saturated AS showed similar gel filtration profiles. The LE-treated IgG fraction precipitating at 70% saturation of AS (but not at 40%) showed a different gel filtration profile. This fraction was separated into several subfractions, some with an apparent lower molecular weight. Some of these subfractions which still contained antigenic IgG lacked any expression of antigenic Fc, and were not cytotoxic to tumor cells. They could, however, rebind to tumor cells and block the complement-dependent cytotoxic activity of native RaPCT-IgG. Lysosomal enzymes of tumor origin seem, therefore, to convert cytotoxic anti-tumor antibodies into molecules devoid of Fc but still retaining their antigen binding activity. Such an activity, if occurring in vivo might enhance tumor growth.", "PMID": 1052439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_525", "title": "The double-contrast enema: myths and misconceptions.", "content": "The role of the double-contrast enema (DCE) remains contraversial since no controlled comparison between the barium enema (BE) and the DCE has been performed. As a result of our experience with routine use of the DCE, we believe that it is the most sensitive technique for the detection of polypoid, annular, and inflammatory lesions in the colon. There are many commonly held myths and misconceptions regarding the DCE and these are discussed and refuted. The advantages of the DCE over the BE are discussed and illustrated.", "contents": "The double-contrast enema: myths and misconceptions. The role of the double-contrast enema (DCE) remains contraversial since no controlled comparison between the barium enema (BE) and the DCE has been performed. As a result of our experience with routine use of the DCE, we believe that it is the most sensitive technique for the detection of polypoid, annular, and inflammatory lesions in the colon. There are many commonly held myths and misconceptions regarding the DCE and these are discussed and refuted. The advantages of the DCE over the BE are discussed and illustrated.", "PMID": 1052440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_526", "title": "Double-contrast examination of the esophagus.", "content": "A simple technique for double-contrast esophagography is described. The technique involves successive swallows of an excellent coating barium mixture and water to create the double contrast effect. Clinical and radiologic situations in which double contrast esophagography have proven helpful include: (a) the detection of small esophageal tumors; (b) delineation of the morphologic features of neoplastic and inflammatory disease; and (c) assessment of the total vertical extent of esophageal disease. Accurate and/or confident diagnosis is aided considerably with double-contrast esophagography.", "contents": "Double-contrast examination of the esophagus. A simple technique for double-contrast esophagography is described. The technique involves successive swallows of an excellent coating barium mixture and water to create the double contrast effect. Clinical and radiologic situations in which double contrast esophagography have proven helpful include: (a) the detection of small esophageal tumors; (b) delineation of the morphologic features of neoplastic and inflammatory disease; and (c) assessment of the total vertical extent of esophageal disease. Accurate and/or confident diagnosis is aided considerably with double-contrast esophagography.", "PMID": 1052441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_527", "title": "The esophageal and small-bowel manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis. A pathophysiologic explanation of the roentgenographic signs.", "content": "Goetz suggested progressive systemic sclerosis as replacement for sclerderma because of recognized systemic visceral involvement. Gastrointestinal manifestations are caused by atrophy and fibrous replacement of the submucosa and muscularis of the bowel. The clinical picture, roentenographic findings, pathology, and pathophysiology of this condition are discussed.", "contents": "The esophageal and small-bowel manifestations of progressive systemic sclerosis. A pathophysiologic explanation of the roentgenographic signs. Goetz suggested progressive systemic sclerosis as replacement for sclerderma because of recognized systemic visceral involvement. Gastrointestinal manifestations are caused by atrophy and fibrous replacement of the submucosa and muscularis of the bowel. The clinical picture, roentenographic findings, pathology, and pathophysiology of this condition are discussed.", "PMID": 1052442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_528", "title": "Gastric antral diaphragm.", "content": "Roentgenographic abnormalities in 3 patients with antral diaphragm are presented. Barium studies revealed the diaphragm as a persistent, circumferential defect in the distal antrum, often associated with peptic ulcers or gastric outlet obstruction. At endoscopy the central aperture does not change during peristalsis in contrast to the pylorus, which does. Since the lesion can be excised, its preoperative demonstration by barium studies and endoscopy is emphasized.", "contents": "Gastric antral diaphragm. Roentgenographic abnormalities in 3 patients with antral diaphragm are presented. Barium studies revealed the diaphragm as a persistent, circumferential defect in the distal antrum, often associated with peptic ulcers or gastric outlet obstruction. At endoscopy the central aperture does not change during peristalsis in contrast to the pylorus, which does. Since the lesion can be excised, its preoperative demonstration by barium studies and endoscopy is emphasized.", "PMID": 1052443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_529", "title": "Clinical involvement of mesenteric and antimesenteric borders of small bowel loops. I. Normal pattern and relationships.", "content": "Anatomic features of the mesentery, as it contributes to the characteristic course and coiled nature of small bowel loops, are analyzed in detail. An understanding of the anatomic definition and relationships of the loops of small intestine permits roentgen identification of their mesenteric and antimesenteric borders. It is established that (a) the concave margin of a small bowel loop, facing toward the axis of the root of the mesentery, is the mesenteric border; and (b) the convex margin of a small bowel loop, facing away from the axis of the root of the mesentery, constitutes the antimesenteric border. The ability to distinguish between the mesenteric and antimesenteric borders of small bowel loops further refines the capabilities of radiologic diagnosis in a variety of intraabdominal disease processes.", "contents": "Clinical involvement of mesenteric and antimesenteric borders of small bowel loops. I. Normal pattern and relationships. Anatomic features of the mesentery, as it contributes to the characteristic course and coiled nature of small bowel loops, are analyzed in detail. An understanding of the anatomic definition and relationships of the loops of small intestine permits roentgen identification of their mesenteric and antimesenteric borders. It is established that (a) the concave margin of a small bowel loop, facing toward the axis of the root of the mesentery, is the mesenteric border; and (b) the convex margin of a small bowel loop, facing away from the axis of the root of the mesentery, constitutes the antimesenteric border. The ability to distinguish between the mesenteric and antimesenteric borders of small bowel loops further refines the capabilities of radiologic diagnosis in a variety of intraabdominal disease processes.", "PMID": 1052444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_530", "title": "Lesions associated with familial polyposis coli: studies of lesions of lesions of the stomach, duodenum, bones, and teeth.", "content": "The entire gastrointestinal tract and bones were examined systematically in 24 patients (10 pedigrees) in whom familial polyposis coli was diagnosed. Polypoid lesions were observed in the stomach in as high as 68.2% of the cases, and in the duodenum in 90%. Abnormalities were noted in the skeleton in 50% and in the mandible in 81.3%. The authors emphasize the possibility that familial polyposis coli is substantially the same entity as Gardner's Syndrome.", "contents": "Lesions associated with familial polyposis coli: studies of lesions of lesions of the stomach, duodenum, bones, and teeth. The entire gastrointestinal tract and bones were examined systematically in 24 patients (10 pedigrees) in whom familial polyposis coli was diagnosed. Polypoid lesions were observed in the stomach in as high as 68.2% of the cases, and in the duodenum in 90%. Abnormalities were noted in the skeleton in 50% and in the mandible in 81.3%. The authors emphasize the possibility that familial polyposis coli is substantially the same entity as Gardner's Syndrome.", "PMID": 1052445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_531", "title": "The Japanese-style double-contrast examination of the stomach.", "content": "Western radiologists are using the Japanese-style double-contrast examination of the stomach with increasing frequency. Extensive experience now indicates that the double-contrast technique greatly increases the accuracy of the radiologic examination of the stomach. Lesions characterized by small irregularities in the mucosal surface of the stomach, such as superficial carcinomas, small or shallow ulcers, gastric erosions, and ulcer scars, are particularly apt to be detected only by double-contrast technique. The double-contrast study also increases the detectability of lesions in the proximal stomach, where compression and palpation are difficult to apply effectively.", "contents": "The Japanese-style double-contrast examination of the stomach. Western radiologists are using the Japanese-style double-contrast examination of the stomach with increasing frequency. Extensive experience now indicates that the double-contrast technique greatly increases the accuracy of the radiologic examination of the stomach. Lesions characterized by small irregularities in the mucosal surface of the stomach, such as superficial carcinomas, small or shallow ulcers, gastric erosions, and ulcer scars, are particularly apt to be detected only by double-contrast technique. The double-contrast study also increases the detectability of lesions in the proximal stomach, where compression and palpation are difficult to apply effectively.", "PMID": 1052446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_532", "title": "Abdominal desmoid masses in Gardner's syndrome.", "content": "Abdominal masses, \"desmoid tumors,\"  occur in approximately 4% of patients with Gardner's Syndrome, usually 1--3 years after total colectomy. Histologic sections usually resemble those of an infiltrating fibrous tumour, a desmoid lesion. The radiographic pattern may be similar to any diffuse abdominal retroperitoneal tumor, metastatic disease, lymphoma, or possibly retractile mesenteritis. The clinical setting usually differentiates these entities.", "contents": "Abdominal desmoid masses in Gardner's syndrome. Abdominal masses, \"desmoid tumors,\"  occur in approximately 4% of patients with Gardner's Syndrome, usually 1--3 years after total colectomy. Histologic sections usually resemble those of an infiltrating fibrous tumour, a desmoid lesion. The radiographic pattern may be similar to any diffuse abdominal retroperitoneal tumor, metastatic disease, lymphoma, or possibly retractile mesenteritis. The clinical setting usually differentiates these entities.", "PMID": 1052447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_533", "title": "Colonic lymphangioma.", "content": "Eleven cases of colonic lymphangioma, including 3 that have not been reported previously, are reviewed. Radiologic analysis reveals that 9 presented as polypoidal mucosal lesions and only 2 had characteristic features at a submucosal lesion. A predominant occurence in females (70%) and during the sixth and seventh decades are noted.", "contents": "Colonic lymphangioma. Eleven cases of colonic lymphangioma, including 3 that have not been reported previously, are reviewed. Radiologic analysis reveals that 9 presented as polypoidal mucosal lesions and only 2 had characteristic features at a submucosal lesion. A predominant occurence in females (70%) and during the sixth and seventh decades are noted.", "PMID": 1052448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_534", "title": "Five-hour reinforcement cholecystography.", "content": "Pathologic diagnoses were reviewed in 115 patients in whom gallbladder disease was diagnosed radiogically based on nonopacification with the calcium ipodate rapid reinforcement technique. In all instances, the gallbladder was diseased. Therefore, the rapid reinforcement technique is valid and considerably reduces the time necessary to complete reinforcement cholecystography. Because the time required in only 5 h, increased convenience and decreased cost may be realized without compromising diagnostic accurracy.", "contents": "Five-hour reinforcement cholecystography. Pathologic diagnoses were reviewed in 115 patients in whom gallbladder disease was diagnosed radiogically based on nonopacification with the calcium ipodate rapid reinforcement technique. In all instances, the gallbladder was diseased. Therefore, the rapid reinforcement technique is valid and considerably reduces the time necessary to complete reinforcement cholecystography. Because the time required in only 5 h, increased convenience and decreased cost may be realized without compromising diagnostic accurracy.", "PMID": 1052449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_535", "title": "Tomography of the gallbladder in oral cholecystography.", "content": "Tomography was used to supplement 327 oral cholecystograms in which the findings, including nonvisualized gallbladder, were inconclusive. In 136 cases, operative and tomographic findings were correlated. In 286 cases (87%), tomography provided conclusive diagnostic information. A diagnosis was possible in 108 of 111 cases in which the gallbladder had been visualized on conventional films and in 179 of 216 cases in which the gallbladder had not been visualized. Tomography of the gallbladder is an easily accomplished procedure that usually adds enough information to the inconclusive cholecystogram to permit accurate diagnosis and eliminate the need for reexamination.", "contents": "Tomography of the gallbladder in oral cholecystography. Tomography was used to supplement 327 oral cholecystograms in which the findings, including nonvisualized gallbladder, were inconclusive. In 136 cases, operative and tomographic findings were correlated. In 286 cases (87%), tomography provided conclusive diagnostic information. A diagnosis was possible in 108 of 111 cases in which the gallbladder had been visualized on conventional films and in 179 of 216 cases in which the gallbladder had not been visualized. Tomography of the gallbladder is an easily accomplished procedure that usually adds enough information to the inconclusive cholecystogram to permit accurate diagnosis and eliminate the need for reexamination.", "PMID": 1052450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_536", "title": "Sulfatide cholecystosis.", "content": "Polypoid masses metachromatic sulfatides have been found at autopsy in the gallbladder of patients with metachromatic leucodystrophy. In a 10-year-old girl with this disease oral cholecystrography demonstrated a filling defect, which was felt to represent a polyp. In the proper clinical setting, sulfatide cholecystosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder.", "contents": "Sulfatide cholecystosis. Polypoid masses metachromatic sulfatides have been found at autopsy in the gallbladder of patients with metachromatic leucodystrophy. In a 10-year-old girl with this disease oral cholecystrography demonstrated a filling defect, which was felt to represent a polyp. In the proper clinical setting, sulfatide cholecystosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder.", "PMID": 1052451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_537", "title": "I. Observations on the adenoma as precursor to ordinary large bowel carcinoma.", "content": "The very common hyperplastic polyp is not a neoplasm and is unrelated to either adenoma or carcinoma. Adenomas, which are only one-tenth as common, are true neoplasms. Depending on size, and probably related to a sessile mode of growth, in adenomas one may readily observe intramucosal carcinoma and/or early invasive cancer. Although microscopic examination has been performed on many thousands of minute mucosal lesions (e.g., 5 mm or less), \"early\" cancer, defined cancer, defined as intramucosal carcinoma with or without microinvasion, does not seem to occur unassociated with adenoma. The apparent nonexistence of small foci of intramucosal carcinoma, with or without microinvasion, in normal mucosa, and their frequency in adenomas, are two fundamental pathologic facts. They seem to disprove the proposition that cancer calls ordinarily arise de novo from the normal cells of the crypt of Lieberk\u00fchn without the interposition of a stage in the neoplastic process that we recognize as adenoma.", "contents": "I. Observations on the adenoma as precursor to ordinary large bowel carcinoma. The very common hyperplastic polyp is not a neoplasm and is unrelated to either adenoma or carcinoma. Adenomas, which are only one-tenth as common, are true neoplasms. Depending on size, and probably related to a sessile mode of growth, in adenomas one may readily observe intramucosal carcinoma and/or early invasive cancer. Although microscopic examination has been performed on many thousands of minute mucosal lesions (e.g., 5 mm or less), \"early\" cancer, defined cancer, defined as intramucosal carcinoma with or without microinvasion, does not seem to occur unassociated with adenoma. The apparent nonexistence of small foci of intramucosal carcinoma, with or without microinvasion, in normal mucosa, and their frequency in adenomas, are two fundamental pathologic facts. They seem to disprove the proposition that cancer calls ordinarily arise de novo from the normal cells of the crypt of Lieberk\u00fchn without the interposition of a stage in the neoplastic process that we recognize as adenoma.", "PMID": 1052452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_538", "title": "II. Malignant potential of gastric polyps.", "content": "The malignant potential of gastric polyps is correlated to their features. The vast majority can be divided into two types: hyperplastic polyp and ademona. Hyperplastic polyp is composed of well-differentiated glands and rarely becomes malignant. It is small, smooth-surfaced, often multiple, and randomly distributed. Adenoma is composed of dysplastic glands and often becomes malignant. The small adenoma is flat-surfaced and slightly raised. The large adenoma is papillary and broad-based. Adenoma is usually single and located in the antrum. In either case, a separate independent carcinoma may be present in the same stomach.", "contents": "II. Malignant potential of gastric polyps. The malignant potential of gastric polyps is correlated to their features. The vast majority can be divided into two types: hyperplastic polyp and ademona. Hyperplastic polyp is composed of well-differentiated glands and rarely becomes malignant. It is small, smooth-surfaced, often multiple, and randomly distributed. Adenoma is composed of dysplastic glands and often becomes malignant. The small adenoma is flat-surfaced and slightly raised. The large adenoma is papillary and broad-based. Adenoma is usually single and located in the antrum. In either case, a separate independent carcinoma may be present in the same stomach.", "PMID": 1052453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_539", "title": "Clinical and roentgen features of the intestinal polyposis syndromes.", "content": "The intestinal polyposis syndromes represent a challenging diagnostic problem for the radiologist. These syndromes include: familial multiple polyposis, Gardner's, Peutz-Jeghers, Turcot's, Cronkhite-Canada and juvenile polyposis. The polyposis syndromes can usually be differentiated from one another on the basis of the clinical history, examination of the mucocutaneous tissues and roentgen findings. Numerous other conditions, however, may mimmic a polyposis syndrome, and must be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Clinical and roentgen features of the intestinal polyposis syndromes. The intestinal polyposis syndromes represent a challenging diagnostic problem for the radiologist. These syndromes include: familial multiple polyposis, Gardner's, Peutz-Jeghers, Turcot's, Cronkhite-Canada and juvenile polyposis. The polyposis syndromes can usually be differentiated from one another on the basis of the clinical history, examination of the mucocutaneous tissues and roentgen findings. Numerous other conditions, however, may mimmic a polyposis syndrome, and must be considered in the differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1052454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_540", "title": "Tuberculous esophagitis.", "content": "Roentgenographic changes in a case of tuberculosis involving the esophagus were ulceration and narrowing of the esophagus, and sinus tracts to the mediastinum. Disseminated tuberculosis was discovered only at autopsy. The diagnosis of tuberculous esophagitis in a patient with no other demonstrable tuberculous lesions is difficult, as clinical and roentgenographic findings are not specific.", "contents": "Tuberculous esophagitis. Roentgenographic changes in a case of tuberculosis involving the esophagus were ulceration and narrowing of the esophagus, and sinus tracts to the mediastinum. Disseminated tuberculosis was discovered only at autopsy. The diagnosis of tuberculous esophagitis in a patient with no other demonstrable tuberculous lesions is difficult, as clinical and roentgenographic findings are not specific.", "PMID": 1052455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_541", "title": "Intestinal tuberculosis.", "content": "Intestinal tuberculosis is a disease with protective clinical manifestations. The radiographic changes in the bowel are similarly varied but often highly suggestive if not characteristic. The key radiologic changes in the bowel, with emphasis on the ileocecal area, are described and the clinical and pathologic features are reviewed.", "contents": "Intestinal tuberculosis. Intestinal tuberculosis is a disease with protective clinical manifestations. The radiographic changes in the bowel are similarly varied but often highly suggestive if not characteristic. The key radiologic changes in the bowel, with emphasis on the ileocecal area, are described and the clinical and pathologic features are reviewed.", "PMID": 1052456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_542", "title": "Postvagotomy unmasking of nontropical sprue.", "content": "Adult celiac disease which became clinically evident after exophagectomy and vagotomy is described. The diagnosis was suggested by small bowel roentgenography and confirmed by intestinal biopsy and response to a gluten-free diet. The possibility that vagotomy unmasks asymptomatic adult celiac disease is discussed.", "contents": "Postvagotomy unmasking of nontropical sprue. Adult celiac disease which became clinically evident after exophagectomy and vagotomy is described. The diagnosis was suggested by small bowel roentgenography and confirmed by intestinal biopsy and response to a gluten-free diet. The possibility that vagotomy unmasks asymptomatic adult celiac disease is discussed.", "PMID": 1052457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_543", "title": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: a pathophysiologic explanation of the roentgenographic signs.", "content": "Pneumatosis intestinalis was first described by DuVernoi in 1730. The roentgenographic, gross, and microscopic apthologic changes are secondary to noncommunicating gas-filled cysts which occur either in submucosa or subserosa. The clinical findings, roentgenologic signs, and treatment are discussed. A differential diagnosis and pathophysiologic explanation for the changes are presented.", "contents": "Pneumatosis cystoides intestinalis: a pathophysiologic explanation of the roentgenographic signs. Pneumatosis intestinalis was first described by DuVernoi in 1730. The roentgenographic, gross, and microscopic apthologic changes are secondary to noncommunicating gas-filled cysts which occur either in submucosa or subserosa. The clinical findings, roentgenologic signs, and treatment are discussed. A differential diagnosis and pathophysiologic explanation for the changes are presented.", "PMID": 1052458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_544", "title": "Factors interferring with the opacification of a normal gallbladder.", "content": "Various factors extrinsic to the biliary system are known to interfere with the contrast opacification of a normal gallbladder. Some of these factors are rather infrequent, but as group, they become significant. Unless ruled out, they may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of nonopacification because of a diseased condition, when the gallbladder is inreality normal.", "contents": "Factors interferring with the opacification of a normal gallbladder. Various factors extrinsic to the biliary system are known to interfere with the contrast opacification of a normal gallbladder. Some of these factors are rather infrequent, but as group, they become significant. Unless ruled out, they may lead to the erroneous diagnosis of nonopacification because of a diseased condition, when the gallbladder is inreality normal.", "PMID": 1052459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_545", "title": "The role of radionuclide imaging in disease of the alimentary tract.", "content": "The current status of radionuclide imaging studies of the liver, spleen, and pancreas is reviewed. Although current instrumentation and radiopharmaceuticals allow considerably better images than in the past, the overall accuracy of detecting liver metastases remains at 80%. The specificity of detecting hepatic space occupying disease has been enhanced by additional radionuclide studies which reveal the vascular and metabolic properties of the lesion.--The frequency of spleen imaging has increased since 99mTc-labeled colloids have been used. In most instances, it is obtained as a coincidental portion of the liver scintigraphic examination although it has significant primary indications such as in the elucidation of masses in or trauma to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.--Selenium-75 selenomethionine pancreatic scintigraphy is best performed with serial Anger Camera images. Interfering hepatic activity is best removed by electronic subtraction techniques; if available. Careful attention to patient selection for the procedure is important. The mean true-positive and negative rates are 86% and 20%, respectively.", "contents": "The role of radionuclide imaging in disease of the alimentary tract. The current status of radionuclide imaging studies of the liver, spleen, and pancreas is reviewed. Although current instrumentation and radiopharmaceuticals allow considerably better images than in the past, the overall accuracy of detecting liver metastases remains at 80%. The specificity of detecting hepatic space occupying disease has been enhanced by additional radionuclide studies which reveal the vascular and metabolic properties of the lesion.--The frequency of spleen imaging has increased since 99mTc-labeled colloids have been used. In most instances, it is obtained as a coincidental portion of the liver scintigraphic examination although it has significant primary indications such as in the elucidation of masses in or trauma to the left upper quadrant of the abdomen.--Selenium-75 selenomethionine pancreatic scintigraphy is best performed with serial Anger Camera images. Interfering hepatic activity is best removed by electronic subtraction techniques; if available. Careful attention to patient selection for the procedure is important. The mean true-positive and negative rates are 86% and 20%, respectively.", "PMID": 1052460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_546", "title": "Computed tomography of the abdomen: initial experience.", "content": "Computed tomography has provided a new dimension in the roentgenologic evaluation of the abdomen. Normal structures not visible on conventional examinations are clearly identified. Abnormalities are recognized by their alterations in anatomic form or by their effect on tissue absorption values. Our early experience suggests that in the abdomen computed tomography will be most valuable in detecting lesions in those sites least accessible to conventional roentgenographic methods such as the liver, spleen, pancreas and retroperitoneum.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the abdomen: initial experience. Computed tomography has provided a new dimension in the roentgenologic evaluation of the abdomen. Normal structures not visible on conventional examinations are clearly identified. Abnormalities are recognized by their alterations in anatomic form or by their effect on tissue absorption values. Our early experience suggests that in the abdomen computed tomography will be most valuable in detecting lesions in those sites least accessible to conventional roentgenographic methods such as the liver, spleen, pancreas and retroperitoneum.", "PMID": 1052461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_547", "title": "The arterial blood supply to the liver in cirrhosis.", "content": "Of 21 patients with cirrhosis of the liver 9 had collateral arterial flow to the liver from the superior mesenteric artery. The degree of collateral arterial flow in cirrhosis was related to the presence of centrifugal portal flow, the degree of bilirubinemia and the presence of a markedly enlarged spleen with increased splenic blood flow. Of 27 non-cirrhotic 6 had collateral arterial flow to the liver from the superior mesenteric artery. The greatest degree of collateral arterial flow was associated with celiac stenosis in 4/6 patients. One patient had pancreatitis and an explanation was not evident in one patient.", "contents": "The arterial blood supply to the liver in cirrhosis. Of 21 patients with cirrhosis of the liver 9 had collateral arterial flow to the liver from the superior mesenteric artery. The degree of collateral arterial flow in cirrhosis was related to the presence of centrifugal portal flow, the degree of bilirubinemia and the presence of a markedly enlarged spleen with increased splenic blood flow. Of 27 non-cirrhotic 6 had collateral arterial flow to the liver from the superior mesenteric artery. The greatest degree of collateral arterial flow was associated with celiac stenosis in 4/6 patients. One patient had pancreatitis and an explanation was not evident in one patient.", "PMID": 1052462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_548", "title": "Gastrointestinal edema in cirrhotics. Radiographic manifestations and pathogenesis with emphasis on colonic involvement.", "content": "The radiologic manifestations of gastrointestinal edema observed as a complication of liver cirrhosis are described. We reviewed 22 consecutive patients with colonic and small bowel edema and present forms of intestinal involvement previously not reported. The pathophysiology of bowel edema is discussed and an attempt is made to correlate several factors. Our studies suggest that the production of intestinal edema is the result of a complex mechanism involving multiple factors on both sides of the capillary membrane. What appears crucial is not the absolute level of any disruptive force, but rather, the combination of several factors: 1. the ability of the lymphatic system to handle excessive flow; 2. the oncotic pressure; 3. the hydrostatic pressure and portal hypertension with or without venous collaterals. In this context, portal hypertension seems to play a dominant role since it correlates best with intestinal edema and explains its usual distribution.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal edema in cirrhotics. Radiographic manifestations and pathogenesis with emphasis on colonic involvement. The radiologic manifestations of gastrointestinal edema observed as a complication of liver cirrhosis are described. We reviewed 22 consecutive patients with colonic and small bowel edema and present forms of intestinal involvement previously not reported. The pathophysiology of bowel edema is discussed and an attempt is made to correlate several factors. Our studies suggest that the production of intestinal edema is the result of a complex mechanism involving multiple factors on both sides of the capillary membrane. What appears crucial is not the absolute level of any disruptive force, but rather, the combination of several factors: 1. the ability of the lymphatic system to handle excessive flow; 2. the oncotic pressure; 3. the hydrostatic pressure and portal hypertension with or without venous collaterals. In this context, portal hypertension seems to play a dominant role since it correlates best with intestinal edema and explains its usual distribution.", "PMID": 1052463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_549", "title": "Portal thrombosis: high incidence following splenectomy for portal hypertension.", "content": "The authors report the incidence of portal thrombosis in their experience, of patients who have been operated on for splenectomy as treatment for portal hypertension with splenomegaly and hypersplenism without a portal systemic shunt. In 161 patients studied angiographically for portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, portal thrombosis was shown in 19 patients. Of these 19 patients 13 previously splenectomized. Only 6 were never operated upon.", "contents": "Portal thrombosis: high incidence following splenectomy for portal hypertension. The authors report the incidence of portal thrombosis in their experience, of patients who have been operated on for splenectomy as treatment for portal hypertension with splenomegaly and hypersplenism without a portal systemic shunt. In 161 patients studied angiographically for portal hypertension due to cirrhosis, portal thrombosis was shown in 19 patients. Of these 19 patients 13 previously splenectomized. Only 6 were never operated upon.", "PMID": 1052464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_550", "title": "Lymphangiectasia of the small intestine: description and pathophysiology of the roentgenographic signs.", "content": "Waldmann in 1961 redefined primary protein-losing gastroenteropathy and renamed the condition \"lymphangiectasia\". This abnormality, usually seen in infancy, is characterized by enlargement of folds and signs of hypersecretion in the small bowel. Enlargement of folds occurs secondary to edema of the valvulvae conniventes and lymphatic dilatation. Hypersecretion may be the result of rupture of dilated lymphatics or transudation of protein across an intact capillary epithelium. The clinical, roentgenographic, and pathologic findings are described. The pathophysiology of this condition is discussed.", "contents": "Lymphangiectasia of the small intestine: description and pathophysiology of the roentgenographic signs. Waldmann in 1961 redefined primary protein-losing gastroenteropathy and renamed the condition \"lymphangiectasia\". This abnormality, usually seen in infancy, is characterized by enlargement of folds and signs of hypersecretion in the small bowel. Enlargement of folds occurs secondary to edema of the valvulvae conniventes and lymphatic dilatation. Hypersecretion may be the result of rupture of dilated lymphatics or transudation of protein across an intact capillary epithelium. The clinical, roentgenographic, and pathologic findings are described. The pathophysiology of this condition is discussed.", "PMID": 1052465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_551", "title": "Infiltrating carcinoma simulating achalasia.", "content": "Three cases of carcinoma infiltrating the esophagus and simulating achalasia are presented and the differential diagnostic problems discussed. The radiologic distinction between achalasia and carcinoma can be extremely difficult. Any rigidity, irregularity, nodularity, or ulceration of the distal-most esophagus or gastric fundus or symptoms of short duration in older patients should alert the  radiologist to the possibility of carcinoma. It is suggested that all patients with suspected achalasia undergo esophageal and gastric endoscopy with biopsy and esophageal manometry to confirm the diagnosis, expecially if pneumatic dilatation is contemplated.", "contents": "Infiltrating carcinoma simulating achalasia. Three cases of carcinoma infiltrating the esophagus and simulating achalasia are presented and the differential diagnostic problems discussed. The radiologic distinction between achalasia and carcinoma can be extremely difficult. Any rigidity, irregularity, nodularity, or ulceration of the distal-most esophagus or gastric fundus or symptoms of short duration in older patients should alert the  radiologist to the possibility of carcinoma. It is suggested that all patients with suspected achalasia undergo esophageal and gastric endoscopy with biopsy and esophageal manometry to confirm the diagnosis, expecially if pneumatic dilatation is contemplated.", "PMID": 1052466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_552", "title": "Metastasis to the esophagus.", "content": "Tumor metastatic to the esophagus is a rare lesion. Two cases, primary in pancreas and rectum, are described. There are no distinguishing radiologic features.", "contents": "Metastasis to the esophagus. Tumor metastatic to the esophagus is a rare lesion. Two cases, primary in pancreas and rectum, are described. There are no distinguishing radiologic features.", "PMID": 1052467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_553", "title": "Esophago-gastric invagination in patients with sliding hiatus hernia.", "content": "Intussusception of the distal esophagus into a reducible hiatus hernia is described in nine female and three male patients. The main radiographic feature is demonstration of a lobulated fundal mass of changeable size and configuration surrounding the narrowed distal esophageal segment. This pseudotumor is produced by inversion of the hiatus hernia into the stomach, and may be mistaken for a neoplasm. Disinvagination invariably occurs when maneuvers directed toward demonstration of a sliding hernia are utilized during upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopy. It is emphasized that esophago-gastric invagination frequently accounts for masses shown in the cardia of older women with intermittent dysphagia and crampy epigastric pain.", "contents": "Esophago-gastric invagination in patients with sliding hiatus hernia. Intussusception of the distal esophagus into a reducible hiatus hernia is described in nine female and three male patients. The main radiographic feature is demonstration of a lobulated fundal mass of changeable size and configuration surrounding the narrowed distal esophageal segment. This pseudotumor is produced by inversion of the hiatus hernia into the stomach, and may be mistaken for a neoplasm. Disinvagination invariably occurs when maneuvers directed toward demonstration of a sliding hernia are utilized during upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopy. It is emphasized that esophago-gastric invagination frequently accounts for masses shown in the cardia of older women with intermittent dysphagia and crampy epigastric pain.", "PMID": 1052468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_554", "title": "Unusual gastrointestinal features in a child with pernicious anemia.", "content": "Pernicious anemia in childhood is a rare disease. The radiologic demonstration of gastric mucosal atrophy led directly to this diagnosis in an 11-year-old girl. In addition, there was deformity of the pyloric antrum and superficial ulceration in the stomach and duodenum. Endoscopy and biopsy confirmed these findings.", "contents": "Unusual gastrointestinal features in a child with pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia in childhood is a rare disease. The radiologic demonstration of gastric mucosal atrophy led directly to this diagnosis in an 11-year-old girl. In addition, there was deformity of the pyloric antrum and superficial ulceration in the stomach and duodenum. Endoscopy and biopsy confirmed these findings.", "PMID": 1052469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_555", "title": "Benign lymphoid hyperplasia of the duodenal bulb.", "content": "Four cases of benign lymphoid hyperplasia (BLH) of the duodenal bulb are reported. The roentgen findings of this entity are presented and the literature on BLH of the gastrointestinal tract is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Benign lymphoid hyperplasia of the duodenal bulb. Four cases of benign lymphoid hyperplasia (BLH) of the duodenal bulb are reported. The roentgen findings of this entity are presented and the literature on BLH of the gastrointestinal tract is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1052470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_556", "title": "Angiographic manifestions of regional enteritis.", "content": "Regional enteritis may be a protean disease, easily diagnosed when the common clinical presentation is noted. Occasionally, however, \"atypical\" features lead to the clinical suspicion of neoplastic disease. Four patients underwent angiographic evaluation in this clinical setting, all demonstrating similar changes in the mesenteric arteries. A serrated, \"corkscrew\" pattern was present and corresponded well to the perivascular fibrosis noted histologically. Recognition of this angiographic pattern may be important in differentiating neoplastic from inflammatory disease processes.", "contents": "Angiographic manifestions of regional enteritis. Regional enteritis may be a protean disease, easily diagnosed when the common clinical presentation is noted. Occasionally, however, \"atypical\" features lead to the clinical suspicion of neoplastic disease. Four patients underwent angiographic evaluation in this clinical setting, all demonstrating similar changes in the mesenteric arteries. A serrated, \"corkscrew\" pattern was present and corresponded well to the perivascular fibrosis noted histologically. Recognition of this angiographic pattern may be important in differentiating neoplastic from inflammatory disease processes.", "PMID": 1052471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_557", "title": "Idiopathic inferior mesenteric venous thrombosis demonstrated by angiography.", "content": "Idiopathic thrombosis of the inferior mesenteric vein, not associated with portal vein thrombosis, is an uncommonly diagnosed lesion. We are reporting a case of inferior mesenteric vein thrombosis diagnosed preoperatively by angiography. We believe this to be the first case in the literature of this particular lesion demonstrated conclusively by angiography before surgery.", "contents": "Idiopathic inferior mesenteric venous thrombosis demonstrated by angiography. Idiopathic thrombosis of the inferior mesenteric vein, not associated with portal vein thrombosis, is an uncommonly diagnosed lesion. We are reporting a case of inferior mesenteric vein thrombosis diagnosed preoperatively by angiography. We believe this to be the first case in the literature of this particular lesion demonstrated conclusively by angiography before surgery.", "PMID": 1052472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_558", "title": "Pneumoperitoneum and appendicitis.", "content": "Pneumoperitoneum was observed in five patients with acute perforative appendicitis (APA). In each case this radiographic observation led to an incorrect diagnosis. Free intraperitoneal gas is found in a small number of patients with APA and has no apparent effect on the course or prognosis of the disease.", "contents": "Pneumoperitoneum and appendicitis. Pneumoperitoneum was observed in five patients with acute perforative appendicitis (APA). In each case this radiographic observation led to an incorrect diagnosis. Free intraperitoneal gas is found in a small number of patients with APA and has no apparent effect on the course or prognosis of the disease.", "PMID": 1052473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_559", "title": "Starch granulomatous peritonitis.", "content": "An unusual case of recurrent starch granulomatous peritonitis that presented as a long-standing paralytic ileus is described and the literature pertaining to this unusual entity is reviewed. The roentgenographic finding of severe prolonged paralytic ileus usually developing late in the post-operative period should suggest the possibility of this disease.", "contents": "Starch granulomatous peritonitis. An unusual case of recurrent starch granulomatous peritonitis that presented as a long-standing paralytic ileus is described and the literature pertaining to this unusual entity is reviewed. The roentgenographic finding of severe prolonged paralytic ileus usually developing late in the post-operative period should suggest the possibility of this disease.", "PMID": 1052474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_560", "title": "Practical application of diagnostic virus serology.", "content": "A number of virologists have suggested that current methods of virus serology are impractical and should be discontinued. An evaluation of the results in our laboratory showed positive confirmation in 1,571 of 6,599 suspected clinical cases or 23.6% including hundreds of cases which were still in the hospital or under the care of the physician. Further analysis of these 1,571 cases revealed that 75.9% had antibody titers in the acute specimen. These results suggest that optimal utilization is not being made of information currently available and that a practical service can be provided locally in most cases with existing techniques simply by more frequent sampling and testing of the patients' sera.", "contents": "Practical application of diagnostic virus serology. A number of virologists have suggested that current methods of virus serology are impractical and should be discontinued. An evaluation of the results in our laboratory showed positive confirmation in 1,571 of 6,599 suspected clinical cases or 23.6% including hundreds of cases which were still in the hospital or under the care of the physician. Further analysis of these 1,571 cases revealed that 75.9% had antibody titers in the acute specimen. These results suggest that optimal utilization is not being made of information currently available and that a practical service can be provided locally in most cases with existing techniques simply by more frequent sampling and testing of the patients' sera.", "PMID": 1052501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_561", "title": "Microbial contamination of mist therapy units on six pediatric wards.", "content": "A study was conducted in six pediatric wards to investigated factors that influence microbial contamination of mist therapy units. Most samples from nebulizer reservoirs were positive for gram-negative bacilli which multiplied rapidly in distilled water and reached levels as high as 3.0 X 10(8) viable microorganisms per ml. High prevalence rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coliform bacteria as well as high levels of gram-negative bacilli were found to be associated with infrequent and inadequate cleaning and disinfection of the nebulizing equipment. In one of the wards exhibiting high rates, a move to new quarters permitted the implementation of improved cleaning and maintenance procedures for mist therapy units. The result was a significant reduction of microbial contamination. This study reemphasizes the role of microbiological surveillance in assuring proper care of nebulizing equipment in the hospital.", "contents": "Microbial contamination of mist therapy units on six pediatric wards. A study was conducted in six pediatric wards to investigated factors that influence microbial contamination of mist therapy units. Most samples from nebulizer reservoirs were positive for gram-negative bacilli which multiplied rapidly in distilled water and reached levels as high as 3.0 X 10(8) viable microorganisms per ml. High prevalence rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and coliform bacteria as well as high levels of gram-negative bacilli were found to be associated with infrequent and inadequate cleaning and disinfection of the nebulizing equipment. In one of the wards exhibiting high rates, a move to new quarters permitted the implementation of improved cleaning and maintenance procedures for mist therapy units. The result was a significant reduction of microbial contamination. This study reemphasizes the role of microbiological surveillance in assuring proper care of nebulizing equipment in the hospital.", "PMID": 1052502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_562", "title": "Quantitative relationship between airborne viable and total particles.", "content": "The numbers of viable and total particles in a microbiological laboratory and in a class 100,000 clean room were examined for a predictable relationship to aid the monitoring of airborne microbial contamination. Six-stage Andersen samplers were used to enumerate viable particles and a modified Royco particle counter was used to enumerate total particles. Over 99% of the total particles present in both areas were less than 1 micron in size; however, only 1 in 10,000 of the particles this size were viable. At the other end of the particle size scale, it was found that less than 0.1% of the total particles were greater than 5.4 micron in size, but only 4.5% of these particles were viable. Viable particles make up only a very small portion of the total particles making any correlation undetectable. An analysis of the combined data from both areas using only total and viable particles over 5.4 micron showed a positive correlation. An analysis of the data from each area individually showed no correlation. Estimation of viable particulates from enumeration of total particulates in the large particle ranges may be possible only in areas where a high degree of environmental control is exercised.", "contents": "Quantitative relationship between airborne viable and total particles. The numbers of viable and total particles in a microbiological laboratory and in a class 100,000 clean room were examined for a predictable relationship to aid the monitoring of airborne microbial contamination. Six-stage Andersen samplers were used to enumerate viable particles and a modified Royco particle counter was used to enumerate total particles. Over 99% of the total particles present in both areas were less than 1 micron in size; however, only 1 in 10,000 of the particles this size were viable. At the other end of the particle size scale, it was found that less than 0.1% of the total particles were greater than 5.4 micron in size, but only 4.5% of these particles were viable. Viable particles make up only a very small portion of the total particles making any correlation undetectable. An analysis of the combined data from both areas using only total and viable particles over 5.4 micron showed a positive correlation. An analysis of the data from each area individually showed no correlation. Estimation of viable particulates from enumeration of total particulates in the large particle ranges may be possible only in areas where a high degree of environmental control is exercised.", "PMID": 1052503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_563", "title": "A biological safety centrifuge.", "content": "The Washington State Public Health Laboratories has devised a metho to capture and remove aerosols produced during centrifugation. The method to adapt any centrifuge having an enclosed chamber with an air intake hole in the lid, and an exhaust hole in the bottom of the chamber, is discussed.", "contents": "A biological safety centrifuge. The Washington State Public Health Laboratories has devised a metho to capture and remove aerosols produced during centrifugation. The method to adapt any centrifuge having an enclosed chamber with an air intake hole in the lid, and an exhaust hole in the bottom of the chamber, is discussed.", "PMID": 1052504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_564", "title": "Overview of quantitation of intestinal helminth infections.", "content": "Some of the problems in comparing the incidence of helminthic infections at different time periods are discussed. The relation between egg counts and clinical infection is also discussed. True random sampling is essential if statistically valid data are to be collected.", "contents": "Overview of quantitation of intestinal helminth infections. Some of the problems in comparing the incidence of helminthic infections at different time periods are discussed. The relation between egg counts and clinical infection is also discussed. True random sampling is essential if statistically valid data are to be collected.", "PMID": 1052505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_565", "title": "Biology of soil-transmitted helminths: the massive infection.", "content": "Soil-transmitted helminth infections when light-to-moderate usually are well tolerated, but heavy-to massive infections invariably cause disease. A massive infection with Ascaris lumbricoides may cause intestinal obstruction, liver abscess, or some other condition requiring surgical treatment; more regularly, however, ascaris disease is a form of malnutrition. Trichuris trichiura causes diarrhea and dysentery and, at times, rectal prolapse. The hookworms, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, cause blood-loss from the intestine resulting in anemia. Necator infection is acquired percutaneously, and is more frequently massive than is that of Ancylostoma which may be acquired percutaneously or orally. Estimates of egg output in the feces, based on egg-counts by dilution, direct smear, or thick-film techniques, provide a reliable index of light, medium, or heavy infection. Acquisition of heavy infection with Ascaris and Trichuris depends on favorable qualities of the soil, and on the sorting action of rain which transports and concentrates the eggs of helminths in locations where survival and transmission are favored. The high frequency of heavy hookworm infection in southeastern United States and probably elsewhere may depend largely on the presence of feces-burying dung beetles. Human infection with soil-transmitted helminths of dogs and cats has become a serious public health problem attributable to the persistence of rural mores in the urban setting.", "contents": "Biology of soil-transmitted helminths: the massive infection. Soil-transmitted helminth infections when light-to-moderate usually are well tolerated, but heavy-to massive infections invariably cause disease. A massive infection with Ascaris lumbricoides may cause intestinal obstruction, liver abscess, or some other condition requiring surgical treatment; more regularly, however, ascaris disease is a form of malnutrition. Trichuris trichiura causes diarrhea and dysentery and, at times, rectal prolapse. The hookworms, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale, cause blood-loss from the intestine resulting in anemia. Necator infection is acquired percutaneously, and is more frequently massive than is that of Ancylostoma which may be acquired percutaneously or orally. Estimates of egg output in the feces, based on egg-counts by dilution, direct smear, or thick-film techniques, provide a reliable index of light, medium, or heavy infection. Acquisition of heavy infection with Ascaris and Trichuris depends on favorable qualities of the soil, and on the sorting action of rain which transports and concentrates the eggs of helminths in locations where survival and transmission are favored. The high frequency of heavy hookworm infection in southeastern United States and probably elsewhere may depend largely on the presence of feces-burying dung beetles. Human infection with soil-transmitted helminths of dogs and cats has become a serious public health problem attributable to the persistence of rural mores in the urban setting.", "PMID": 1052507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_566", "title": "Performance evaluation of Wisconsin laboratories performing implied consent alcohol determinations.", "content": "Hospital, clinic, and public health laboratories are licensed to perform implied consent blood and urine alcohol determination. Methods include enzymatic, gas chromatographic, and distillation. The techniques of evaluation/certification are outlined. The performance exhibited no consistent bias toward high or low values. The distribution of participants' values, i.e. precision, indicated a 3% coefficient of variation performance. Laboratories showed an increase in quality of performance with time, especially after the initial 6 month period. Quality of results varied in the order: gas chromatographic, enzymatic, and distillation methods.", "contents": "Performance evaluation of Wisconsin laboratories performing implied consent alcohol determinations. Hospital, clinic, and public health laboratories are licensed to perform implied consent blood and urine alcohol determination. Methods include enzymatic, gas chromatographic, and distillation. The techniques of evaluation/certification are outlined. The performance exhibited no consistent bias toward high or low values. The distribution of participants' values, i.e. precision, indicated a 3% coefficient of variation performance. Laboratories showed an increase in quality of performance with time, especially after the initial 6 month period. Quality of results varied in the order: gas chromatographic, enzymatic, and distillation methods.", "PMID": 1052517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_567", "title": "Laboratory screening of hemoglobinopathies.", "content": "A procedure for the laboratory screening of hemoglobinopathies is described. The procedure employs hemoglobin electrophoresis followed by solubility testing to confirm presence of sickling hemoglobins. All initial screening tests are carried out on whole blood specimens collected on filter paper. The use of filter paper facilitates collection and results in considerable saving in time and mailing cost. The results of the first year screening confirm the findings of earlier studies that blood specimens collected on filter paper are satisfactory for electrophoresis and solubility tests. All tests are relatively easy to perform using readily available commercial reagents. The procedure is particularly suitable for public health laboratories in carrying out hemoglobinopathy screening programs.", "contents": "Laboratory screening of hemoglobinopathies. A procedure for the laboratory screening of hemoglobinopathies is described. The procedure employs hemoglobin electrophoresis followed by solubility testing to confirm presence of sickling hemoglobins. All initial screening tests are carried out on whole blood specimens collected on filter paper. The use of filter paper facilitates collection and results in considerable saving in time and mailing cost. The results of the first year screening confirm the findings of earlier studies that blood specimens collected on filter paper are satisfactory for electrophoresis and solubility tests. All tests are relatively easy to perform using readily available commercial reagents. The procedure is particularly suitable for public health laboratories in carrying out hemoglobinopathy screening programs.", "PMID": 1052518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_568", "title": "Biodegradable semipermeable microcapsules containing enzymes, hormones, vaccines, and other biologicals.", "content": "Semipermeable microcapsules were prepared using biodegradable material as the enclosing membranes. For instance, polylactic acid was used as membrane material to microencapsulate biologically active materials. Asparaginase microencapsulated within polylactic acids functions effectively in converting external asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonium. By variations in permeability characteristics, insulin microencapsulated within polylactic acid can be released at pre-adjusted rates. Thus, release rates of 50% in 5 hours, 50% in 20 hours, and 2.5% in 24 hours have been demonstrated. Drugs and vaccines have also been similarily microencapsulated. The advantage of the biodegradable microcapsules is the ability of the body to convert the injected polymer material to normal body metabolites (e.g., CO2 and H2O in the case of polylactic acid) after completion of its function.", "contents": "Biodegradable semipermeable microcapsules containing enzymes, hormones, vaccines, and other biologicals. Semipermeable microcapsules were prepared using biodegradable material as the enclosing membranes. For instance, polylactic acid was used as membrane material to microencapsulate biologically active materials. Asparaginase microencapsulated within polylactic acids functions effectively in converting external asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonium. By variations in permeability characteristics, insulin microencapsulated within polylactic acid can be released at pre-adjusted rates. Thus, release rates of 50% in 5 hours, 50% in 20 hours, and 2.5% in 24 hours have been demonstrated. Drugs and vaccines have also been similarily microencapsulated. The advantage of the biodegradable microcapsules is the ability of the body to convert the injected polymer material to normal body metabolites (e.g., CO2 and H2O in the case of polylactic acid) after completion of its function.", "PMID": 1052520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_569", "title": "Platelet retention by albuminated glass and polystyrene beads.", "content": "Ex vivo platelet retention by albuminated glass and polystyrene beads has been evaluated as a function of flow rate, bead surface area, blood exposure time and albumin treatment. The stability of the albumin coatings as well as scanning electron microscopy of the various surfaces before and after blood exposure has also been included. Results indicate that platelet retention is sensitive to changes in the above parameters and that albumin pretreatment of different substrates can decrease platelet retention. This decrease is substrate dependent in that platelet retention is different for the albuminated glass and polystyrene substrates. Chemical analysis of the substrate materials by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as bulk chemical analysis is also reported.", "contents": "Platelet retention by albuminated glass and polystyrene beads. Ex vivo platelet retention by albuminated glass and polystyrene beads has been evaluated as a function of flow rate, bead surface area, blood exposure time and albumin treatment. The stability of the albumin coatings as well as scanning electron microscopy of the various surfaces before and after blood exposure has also been included. Results indicate that platelet retention is sensitive to changes in the above parameters and that albumin pretreatment of different substrates can decrease platelet retention. This decrease is substrate dependent in that platelet retention is different for the albuminated glass and polystyrene substrates. Chemical analysis of the substrate materials by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as bulk chemical analysis is also reported.", "PMID": 1052521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_570", "title": "The adhesion of thin carbon films to metallic substrates.", "content": "As part of the development of carbon-coated prosthetic devices, the adhesion of thin carbon films to metallic substrates has been studied. The bond strength of carbon films about 5000 A thick on Ti-6A1-4V and stainless steel was measured in a pull test and found to be greater than 4700 psi. Auger electron spectroscopy showed a reactive film/substrate interface. The ultimate bond strength was found to be dependent on the substrate and the deposition parameters.", "contents": "The adhesion of thin carbon films to metallic substrates. As part of the development of carbon-coated prosthetic devices, the adhesion of thin carbon films to metallic substrates has been studied. The bond strength of carbon films about 5000 A thick on Ti-6A1-4V and stainless steel was measured in a pull test and found to be greater than 4700 psi. Auger electron spectroscopy showed a reactive film/substrate interface. The ultimate bond strength was found to be dependent on the substrate and the deposition parameters.", "PMID": 1052522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_571", "title": "Construction of a double-stranded deoxyribonucleotide sequence of 45 base pairs designed to code for S-peptide 2-14 of bovine ribonuclease A.", "content": "An artificial DNA duplex, each strand consisting of 45 monomers, is constructed from chemically synthesized deoxyribo\u00f6ligonucleotides. The resulting bihelical polymer may code for a modified S-peptide of Ribonuclease A. This is the first synthetic duplex designed to code for a eukaryotic message.", "contents": "Construction of a double-stranded deoxyribonucleotide sequence of 45 base pairs designed to code for S-peptide 2-14 of bovine ribonuclease A. An artificial DNA duplex, each strand consisting of 45 monomers, is constructed from chemically synthesized deoxyribo\u00f6ligonucleotides. The resulting bihelical polymer may code for a modified S-peptide of Ribonuclease A. This is the first synthetic duplex designed to code for a eukaryotic message.", "PMID": 1052525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_572", "title": "Specific binding of the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis to the DNA of histidine operon.", "content": "Studies were done to examine direct binding of the first enzyme of the histidine biosynthetic pathway (phosphoribosyltransferase) to 32P-labeled phi80dhis DNA and competition of this binding by unlabeled homologous DNA and by various preparations of unlabeled heterologous DNA, including that from a defective phi80 bacteriophage carrying the histidine operon with a deletion of part of its operator region. Our findings show that phosphoribosyltransferase binds specifically to site in or near the regulatory region of the histidine operon. The stability of the complex formed by interaction of the enzyme with the DNA was markedly decreased by the substrates of the enzyme and was slightly increased by the allosteric inhibitor, histidine. These findings are consistent with previous data that indicate that phosphoribosyltransferase plays a role in regulating expression of the histidine operon.", "contents": "Specific binding of the first enzyme for histidine biosynthesis to the DNA of histidine operon. Studies were done to examine direct binding of the first enzyme of the histidine biosynthetic pathway (phosphoribosyltransferase) to 32P-labeled phi80dhis DNA and competition of this binding by unlabeled homologous DNA and by various preparations of unlabeled heterologous DNA, including that from a defective phi80 bacteriophage carrying the histidine operon with a deletion of part of its operator region. Our findings show that phosphoribosyltransferase binds specifically to site in or near the regulatory region of the histidine operon. The stability of the complex formed by interaction of the enzyme with the DNA was markedly decreased by the substrates of the enzyme and was slightly increased by the allosteric inhibitor, histidine. These findings are consistent with previous data that indicate that phosphoribosyltransferase plays a role in regulating expression of the histidine operon.", "PMID": 1052526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_573", "title": "In vitro synthesis of large peptide molecules using glucosylated single-stranded bacteriophage T4D DNA template.", "content": "Denatured Bacteriophage T4D DNA is able to stimulate aminoacid incorporation into TCA-precipitable material in an in vitro protein synthesis system according to base DNA sequences. Newly synthesized polypeptides remain associated with ribosomes and have a molecular weight in range of 15,000 to 45,000 Daltons.", "contents": "In vitro synthesis of large peptide molecules using glucosylated single-stranded bacteriophage T4D DNA template. Denatured Bacteriophage T4D DNA is able to stimulate aminoacid incorporation into TCA-precipitable material in an in vitro protein synthesis system according to base DNA sequences. Newly synthesized polypeptides remain associated with ribosomes and have a molecular weight in range of 15,000 to 45,000 Daltons.", "PMID": 1052527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_574", "title": "A new method of DNA denaturation mapping.", "content": "Described is a new method for DNA denaturation mapping utilizing glyoxal (ethanedial) to stabilize the denatured regions. The extent of glyoxal reaction can be easily and sensitively measured using an assay based on the intercalation of ethidium into duplex DNA. Thus denturation maps can be produced in a controlled way under a wide variety of conditions.", "contents": "A new method of DNA denaturation mapping. Described is a new method for DNA denaturation mapping utilizing glyoxal (ethanedial) to stabilize the denatured regions. The extent of glyoxal reaction can be easily and sensitively measured using an assay based on the intercalation of ethidium into duplex DNA. Thus denturation maps can be produced in a controlled way under a wide variety of conditions.", "PMID": 1052528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_575", "title": "The spatial configuration of ordered polynucleotide chains. II. The poly(rA) helix.", "content": "Approximate details of the spatial configuration of the ordered single-stranded poly(rA) molecule in dilute solution have been obtained in a combined theoretical analysis of base stacking and chain flexibility. Only those regularly repeating structures which fulfill the criterion of conformational flexibility (based upon all available experimental and theoretical evidence of preferred bond rotations) and which also exhibit the right-handed base stacking pattern observed in nmr investigations of poly(rA) are deemed suitable single-stranded helices. In addition, the helical geometry of the stacked structures is required to be consistent with the experimentally observed dimensions of both completely ordered and partially ordered poly(rA) chains. Only a single category of poly(rA) helices (very similar in all conformational details to the individual chains of the poly(rA) double-stranded X-ray structure) is thus obtained. Other conformationally feasible polynucleotide helices characterized simply by a parallel and overlapping base stacking arrangement are also discussed.", "contents": "The spatial configuration of ordered polynucleotide chains. II. The poly(rA) helix. Approximate details of the spatial configuration of the ordered single-stranded poly(rA) molecule in dilute solution have been obtained in a combined theoretical analysis of base stacking and chain flexibility. Only those regularly repeating structures which fulfill the criterion of conformational flexibility (based upon all available experimental and theoretical evidence of preferred bond rotations) and which also exhibit the right-handed base stacking pattern observed in nmr investigations of poly(rA) are deemed suitable single-stranded helices. In addition, the helical geometry of the stacked structures is required to be consistent with the experimentally observed dimensions of both completely ordered and partially ordered poly(rA) chains. Only a single category of poly(rA) helices (very similar in all conformational details to the individual chains of the poly(rA) double-stranded X-ray structure) is thus obtained. Other conformationally feasible polynucleotide helices characterized simply by a parallel and overlapping base stacking arrangement are also discussed.", "PMID": 1052529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_576", "title": "Partial purification and characterization of two cytoplasmic DNA polymerases from ungerminated wheat.", "content": "Two DNA polymerases have been purified from the 105,000 x g supernatant of ungerminated wheat. The purification stages included: high speed centrifugation, salt fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-150 filtration and phosphocellulose chromatography. Several properties of the two enzyme (called A and B according to the order of elution from the phosphocellulose column) have been studied. Enzyme A has a sedimentation coefficient of about 7 S, utilizes activated DNA and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides as well as poly rA-dT12, while B has a sedimentation coefficient of about 6.2 and uses only activated DNA and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides as templates. Other parameters like KCl effect, MnCl2 effect, optimum pH, etc. Allow us to distinguish clearly between both DNA polymerases.", "contents": "Partial purification and characterization of two cytoplasmic DNA polymerases from ungerminated wheat. Two DNA polymerases have been purified from the 105,000 x g supernatant of ungerminated wheat. The purification stages included: high speed centrifugation, salt fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Sephadex G-150 filtration and phosphocellulose chromatography. Several properties of the two enzyme (called A and B according to the order of elution from the phosphocellulose column) have been studied. Enzyme A has a sedimentation coefficient of about 7 S, utilizes activated DNA and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides as well as poly rA-dT12, while B has a sedimentation coefficient of about 6.2 and uses only activated DNA and synthetic polydeoxynucleotides as templates. Other parameters like KCl effect, MnCl2 effect, optimum pH, etc. Allow us to distinguish clearly between both DNA polymerases.", "PMID": 1052530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_577", "title": "Studies on bacteriophage fd DNA. III. Nucleotide sequence preceding the RNA start-site on a promoter-containing fragment.", "content": "A short DNA fragment containing a strong promoter was isolated from phage fd replicative form DNA with the use of restriction endonucleases, and the sequence of 110 nucleotides in the region preceding the RNA start-site was determined. The sequence was : (5') CGGTCTGGTTCGCTTTGAGGCTCGAATTAAAACGCGATATTTGAAGTCTTTCGGGCTTCCTCTTAATCTTTTTGATCGAATTCGCTTTGCTTCTGACTATAATAGACAGG (3').", "contents": "Studies on bacteriophage fd DNA. III. Nucleotide sequence preceding the RNA start-site on a promoter-containing fragment. A short DNA fragment containing a strong promoter was isolated from phage fd replicative form DNA with the use of restriction endonucleases, and the sequence of 110 nucleotides in the region preceding the RNA start-site was determined. The sequence was : (5') CGGTCTGGTTCGCTTTGAGGCTCGAATTAAAACGCGATATTTGAAGTCTTTCGGGCTTCCTCTTAATCTTTTTGATCGAATTCGCTTTGCTTCTGACTATAATAGACAGG (3').", "PMID": 1052531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_578", "title": "Alterations of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities in the immature quail oviduct in response to estrogen stimulation.", "content": "Administration of diethylstilbestrol, an estrogen analogue, to immature female quails causes an increase of extractable DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities from the oviduct. At least two forms of polymerases have been determined, a high molecular weight polymerase (210,000 daltons) and a low molecular weight polymerase (34,000 daltons) calculated from column chromatography Sephadex G-200. During the primary hormone stimulation the amount of extractable enzyme reaches a maximum on the fifth day after daily injections of the hormone. In the period of withdrawal the activities decrease and reach values similar to those determined in the unstimulated oviducts. During secondary stimulation the polymerase activities increase again the first day; subsequently the values decrease drastically. The alterations in enzyme activity correlate with the DNA synthesis in the oviduct, as measured by analytical determination of the DNA content.", "contents": "Alterations of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities in the immature quail oviduct in response to estrogen stimulation. Administration of diethylstilbestrol, an estrogen analogue, to immature female quails causes an increase of extractable DNA-dependent DNA polymerase activities from the oviduct. At least two forms of polymerases have been determined, a high molecular weight polymerase (210,000 daltons) and a low molecular weight polymerase (34,000 daltons) calculated from column chromatography Sephadex G-200. During the primary hormone stimulation the amount of extractable enzyme reaches a maximum on the fifth day after daily injections of the hormone. In the period of withdrawal the activities decrease and reach values similar to those determined in the unstimulated oviducts. During secondary stimulation the polymerase activities increase again the first day; subsequently the values decrease drastically. The alterations in enzyme activity correlate with the DNA synthesis in the oviduct, as measured by analytical determination of the DNA content.", "PMID": 1052532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_579", "title": "The terminal sequences of Bombyx mori 18S ribosomal RNA.", "content": "The 5' and 3' terminal T1 oligonucleotides of 32p-labelled B. mori 18S ribosomal RNA were isolated by a two dimensional electrophoretic (diagonal) technique. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the 3' terminal fragment, (G)AUCAUUAOH, is identical to that previously obtained from the 18S rRNA of several other eukaryotic species. The sequence of the B. mori 5' terminal fragment is pUCCUCG.", "contents": "The terminal sequences of Bombyx mori 18S ribosomal RNA. The 5' and 3' terminal T1 oligonucleotides of 32p-labelled B. mori 18S ribosomal RNA were isolated by a two dimensional electrophoretic (diagonal) technique. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that the 3' terminal fragment, (G)AUCAUUAOH, is identical to that previously obtained from the 18S rRNA of several other eukaryotic species. The sequence of the B. mori 5' terminal fragment is pUCCUCG.", "PMID": 1052533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_580", "title": "Comparison of nucleotide sequences in HeLa cell mRNA and hnRNA.", "content": "Nearest neighbour analysis of nucleotides in vertebrate DNA has revealed a marked deficiency in the frequency of occurrence of the sequence CpGp. By use of the fingerprinting technique of Sanger et al. (1965) to characterise the nucleotide sequences of HeLa cell hnRNA after T1 RNAase digestion, we have shown that this deficiency also occurs in hnRNA and that it appears to be a general transcript of DNA. This is also true of the hnRNA that contains poly(A). Whilst a deficiency of CpGp occurs also in poly(A) containing mRNA from HeLa cells the deficiency is less marked than in the case of total hnRNA, or poly(A) containing hnRNA. Another difference between mRNA and hnRNA lies in the level of occurrence of the sequence UpApGp. These results are discussed with reference to the possible relationship of hnRNA to mRNA.", "contents": "Comparison of nucleotide sequences in HeLa cell mRNA and hnRNA. Nearest neighbour analysis of nucleotides in vertebrate DNA has revealed a marked deficiency in the frequency of occurrence of the sequence CpGp. By use of the fingerprinting technique of Sanger et al. (1965) to characterise the nucleotide sequences of HeLa cell hnRNA after T1 RNAase digestion, we have shown that this deficiency also occurs in hnRNA and that it appears to be a general transcript of DNA. This is also true of the hnRNA that contains poly(A). Whilst a deficiency of CpGp occurs also in poly(A) containing mRNA from HeLa cells the deficiency is less marked than in the case of total hnRNA, or poly(A) containing hnRNA. Another difference between mRNA and hnRNA lies in the level of occurrence of the sequence UpApGp. These results are discussed with reference to the possible relationship of hnRNA to mRNA.", "PMID": 1052534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_581", "title": "Physico-chemical and biological study of excision-repair of UV--irradiated phiX174 RF DNA in vitro.", "content": "We have studied excision-repair of UV-irradiated phiX174 RFI DNA in vitro with UV-specific endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus (UV-endo), DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli and DNA ligase from phage T4 infected E. coli. Excision-repair was measured a) by physico-chemical methods, i.e. by determination of the conversion of RF I DNA into RF II DNA by UV-endo and by the subsequent conversion of RF II DNA ligase, b) by biological methods i. e. by measuring the ability of the reaction product to form phages upon incubation with spheroplasts from the appropriate strains of E. coli. Using the first method, we have shown, that more than 90% of the pyrimidine dimers can be repaired in vitro; with the latter method we have shown, that the molecules which are repaired as defined by method a) have regained full biological activity. Exonuclease III was found to be not essential for excision-repair in vitro and also did not stimulate repair. From this result we conclude that UV-endo generates 3'OH endgroups, in agreement with results obtained by Hamilton et al. (1974). The usefulness of the method presented in this paper with regard to the study of excision-repair is discussed.", "contents": "Physico-chemical and biological study of excision-repair of UV--irradiated phiX174 RF DNA in vitro. We have studied excision-repair of UV-irradiated phiX174 RFI DNA in vitro with UV-specific endonuclease from Micrococcus luteus (UV-endo), DNA polymerase I from Escherichia coli and DNA ligase from phage T4 infected E. coli. Excision-repair was measured a) by physico-chemical methods, i.e. by determination of the conversion of RF I DNA into RF II DNA by UV-endo and by the subsequent conversion of RF II DNA ligase, b) by biological methods i. e. by measuring the ability of the reaction product to form phages upon incubation with spheroplasts from the appropriate strains of E. coli. Using the first method, we have shown, that more than 90% of the pyrimidine dimers can be repaired in vitro; with the latter method we have shown, that the molecules which are repaired as defined by method a) have regained full biological activity. Exonuclease III was found to be not essential for excision-repair in vitro and also did not stimulate repair. From this result we conclude that UV-endo generates 3'OH endgroups, in agreement with results obtained by Hamilton et al. (1974). The usefulness of the method presented in this paper with regard to the study of excision-repair is discussed.", "PMID": 1052535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_582", "title": "Low-angle neutron scattering from chromatin subunit particles.", "content": "Monomer chromatin particles containing 140 base pairs of DNA and eight histone molecules have been studied by neutron scattering. From measurements in various H2O/D2O mixtures, radii of gyration and the average scattering density of the particle were determined. The radius of gyration under conditions when scattering from the DNA dominates is 50A, and when scattering from the protein dominates, 30A. Consequently the core of the particle is largely occupied by the histones while the outer shell consists of DNA together with some of the histone.", "contents": "Low-angle neutron scattering from chromatin subunit particles. Monomer chromatin particles containing 140 base pairs of DNA and eight histone molecules have been studied by neutron scattering. From measurements in various H2O/D2O mixtures, radii of gyration and the average scattering density of the particle were determined. The radius of gyration under conditions when scattering from the DNA dominates is 50A, and when scattering from the protein dominates, 30A. Consequently the core of the particle is largely occupied by the histones while the outer shell consists of DNA together with some of the histone.", "PMID": 1052536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_583", "title": "Synthesis of substituted 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydropyrimidines.", "content": "The reaction of 5-substituted uracils with fluorine in acetic acid and other solvents and the following treatment with different alcohols yielded the corresponding 5-fluoro-5,6-substituted-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. Thymine gave 5-fluoro-5-methyl-6-alkoxy-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. 5-Halogeno uracils and 5-nitrol uracil were converted into 5-fluoro-5-halogeno-6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyramidines and the 5-nitroanalogue, respectively. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by mass spectrometry.", "contents": "Synthesis of substituted 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. The reaction of 5-substituted uracils with fluorine in acetic acid and other solvents and the following treatment with different alcohols yielded the corresponding 5-fluoro-5,6-substituted-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. Thymine gave 5-fluoro-5-methyl-6-alkoxy-5,6-dihydropyrimidines. 5-Halogeno uracils and 5-nitrol uracil were converted into 5-fluoro-5-halogeno-6-hydroxy-5,6-dihydropyramidines and the 5-nitroanalogue, respectively. The structures of the compounds were confirmed by mass spectrometry.", "PMID": 1052537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_584", "title": "A facile synthesis of 5-(perfluoroalkyl)-pyrimidines.", "content": "In the paper a synthetic two stage procedure is described for the preparation of perfluoroalkylated derivatives of uracil and its nucleosides. Using copper bronze a perfluoroalkyl-copper-complex is formed from perfluoralkyl iodides in polar aprotic solvents, such as DMSO, and under inert conditions. The reaction of this complex with uracil, uridine and 2-deoxyuridine leads to the corresponding 5-substituted perfluoralkyl derivatives. It is shown by mass spectra that the substitution always takes place at the 5-position of the pyrimidine. The chemical and physical properties of the formed compounds are described.", "contents": "A facile synthesis of 5-(perfluoroalkyl)-pyrimidines. In the paper a synthetic two stage procedure is described for the preparation of perfluoroalkylated derivatives of uracil and its nucleosides. Using copper bronze a perfluoroalkyl-copper-complex is formed from perfluoralkyl iodides in polar aprotic solvents, such as DMSO, and under inert conditions. The reaction of this complex with uracil, uridine and 2-deoxyuridine leads to the corresponding 5-substituted perfluoralkyl derivatives. It is shown by mass spectra that the substitution always takes place at the 5-position of the pyrimidine. The chemical and physical properties of the formed compounds are described.", "PMID": 1052538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_585", "title": "Nucleotides. VI. Syntheses and spectral properties of some deazaadenylyl-deazaadenosines (dinucleoside monophosphates with unusual CD-spectrum) and closely related dinucleoside monophosphates.", "content": "Nine dinucleoside phosphates containing 1-deaza-(1A) and 3-deazaadenosine (3A) were prepared. Hypochromicity and CD spectra of these dimers were determined. It was found that varying degrees of base-stacking are operative with these oligonucleotides and their CD spectra fall into three classes. The first class CD spectra which are more or less similar in profile to those of adenylyl-(3'-5')-adenosine includes the CD spectra of 1A2'p5'A, 1A3'p5A, 3A2'p5'A and 3A3'p5'A. The second class includes the CD spectra of A2'p5'1A and A3'p5'1A whose characteristic is that the positive Cotton band appears in the range of 280-310 nm. The third type CD spectra has the characteristics that the negative Cotton band appears in the longer wavelength region and th CD spectra are similar in profile to those of L-adenylyl-(3'-5')-L-adenosine which has the \"left-handed helical\" conformation. The CD spectra of A2'p5'3A, A3'p5'3A and 3A3'p5'A belong to this class. Another salient observation emerging from the CD-determination is that 3A3'p5'3A has the spectrum quite different from that of poly 3-deazaadenylic acid.", "contents": "Nucleotides. VI. Syntheses and spectral properties of some deazaadenylyl-deazaadenosines (dinucleoside monophosphates with unusual CD-spectrum) and closely related dinucleoside monophosphates. Nine dinucleoside phosphates containing 1-deaza-(1A) and 3-deazaadenosine (3A) were prepared. Hypochromicity and CD spectra of these dimers were determined. It was found that varying degrees of base-stacking are operative with these oligonucleotides and their CD spectra fall into three classes. The first class CD spectra which are more or less similar in profile to those of adenylyl-(3'-5')-adenosine includes the CD spectra of 1A2'p5'A, 1A3'p5A, 3A2'p5'A and 3A3'p5'A. The second class includes the CD spectra of A2'p5'1A and A3'p5'1A whose characteristic is that the positive Cotton band appears in the range of 280-310 nm. The third type CD spectra has the characteristics that the negative Cotton band appears in the longer wavelength region and th CD spectra are similar in profile to those of L-adenylyl-(3'-5')-L-adenosine which has the \"left-handed helical\" conformation. The CD spectra of A2'p5'3A, A3'p5'3A and 3A3'p5'A belong to this class. Another salient observation emerging from the CD-determination is that 3A3'p5'3A has the spectrum quite different from that of poly 3-deazaadenylic acid.", "PMID": 1052539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_586", "title": "Isolation of mouse reticulocyte globin messenger ribonucleoprotein by affinity chromatography using oligo(T)-cellulose.", "content": "Mouse globin messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) has been isolated from reticulocyte polysomes by affinity chromatography to oligo(T)-cellulose, using a procedure modified from that of Lindberg and Sundquist. The messenger RNA and protein moieties fo the mRNP are indistinguishable from those isolated by less rapid techniques, such as zonal ultracentrifugation.", "contents": "Isolation of mouse reticulocyte globin messenger ribonucleoprotein by affinity chromatography using oligo(T)-cellulose. Mouse globin messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) has been isolated from reticulocyte polysomes by affinity chromatography to oligo(T)-cellulose, using a procedure modified from that of Lindberg and Sundquist. The messenger RNA and protein moieties fo the mRNP are indistinguishable from those isolated by less rapid techniques, such as zonal ultracentrifugation.", "PMID": 1052540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_587", "title": "Effect of RNA synthesis on the binding of 3H-cortisol to nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles from rat liver carrying DNA-like RNA in vivo.", "content": "3H-cortisol was found to associate with rat liver nuclear 30S ribonucleoprotein particles carrying D-RNA in vivo. No interaction was detectable when RNA synthesis was inhibited by alpha-amanitine. The association appears to be specifically for RNP carrying RNA synthesized after the administration of cortisol to adrenalectomized rats. The DNA/protein/RNA ratio of rat liver nuclei was not effected by alpha-amanitine under our conditions. However, the drug caused a 5-10 fold decrease in nuclear uptake of cortisol. The results are discussed in relation to a supposed transfer of cortisol-receptor complexes from the chromatin template to the nascent RNA chains.", "contents": "Effect of RNA synthesis on the binding of 3H-cortisol to nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles from rat liver carrying DNA-like RNA in vivo. 3H-cortisol was found to associate with rat liver nuclear 30S ribonucleoprotein particles carrying D-RNA in vivo. No interaction was detectable when RNA synthesis was inhibited by alpha-amanitine. The association appears to be specifically for RNP carrying RNA synthesized after the administration of cortisol to adrenalectomized rats. The DNA/protein/RNA ratio of rat liver nuclei was not effected by alpha-amanitine under our conditions. However, the drug caused a 5-10 fold decrease in nuclear uptake of cortisol. The results are discussed in relation to a supposed transfer of cortisol-receptor complexes from the chromatin template to the nascent RNA chains.", "PMID": 1052541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_588", "title": "Mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine. IX. The UV-induced cleavage of the N-O bond in N4-hydroxy-and N4-methoxycytidine and N6-methoxyadenosine.", "content": "The principal UV-induced (lambda = 2546nm) reaction of N4-hydroxy- and N4methoxycytidines and N6-methoxyadenosine in neutral aqueous solutions is cleavage of the exocyclic N-O bond with the respective formation of cytidine and adenosine. Quantum yields are 2.8x10(-3) and 2.2x10(-3) M/E for the first two compounds and 9.1x10(-3) M/E for N6-methoxyadenosine.", "contents": "Mechanism of the mutagenic action of hydroxylamine. IX. The UV-induced cleavage of the N-O bond in N4-hydroxy-and N4-methoxycytidine and N6-methoxyadenosine. The principal UV-induced (lambda = 2546nm) reaction of N4-hydroxy- and N4methoxycytidines and N6-methoxyadenosine in neutral aqueous solutions is cleavage of the exocyclic N-O bond with the respective formation of cytidine and adenosine. Quantum yields are 2.8x10(-3) and 2.2x10(-3) M/E for the first two compounds and 9.1x10(-3) M/E for N6-methoxyadenosine.", "PMID": 1052542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_589", "title": "The preparation and properties of 4-thiouridine containing 2'-5' and 3'-5' dinucleoside monophosphates.", "content": "2'-5' and 3'-5' dinucleoside monophosphates containing 4-thiouridine were prepared by the thiolation of the cytosine containing compounds and purified by chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column. The chromatographic and optical properties of the isomers are compared.", "contents": "The preparation and properties of 4-thiouridine containing 2'-5' and 3'-5' dinucleoside monophosphates. 2'-5' and 3'-5' dinucleoside monophosphates containing 4-thiouridine were prepared by the thiolation of the cytosine containing compounds and purified by chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex column. The chromatographic and optical properties of the isomers are compared.", "PMID": 1052543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_590", "title": "Metrizamide density gradients of sea urchin chromatin: fractions rich and poor in nascent DNA.", "content": "A crude, lightly sheared chromatin preparation obtained from a mixture of [methyl-3H] thymidine pulse and [2-14C] thymidine long-labeled sea urchin embryos (swimming blastulae), was centrifuged in metrizamide to form an isopycnic gradient. The buoyant density of the 3H pulse labeled chromatin was slightly higher than that of the 14C labeled bulk chromatin. The 3H/14C ratios in the higher and lower density regions of the overlapping radioactivity peaks, indicated the presence of fractions rich and poor in nascent DNA in these two density regions. After 15 min chase, the difference disappeared, indicating that the chromatin fractions with nascent DNA have a half-life shorter than 15 min.", "contents": "Metrizamide density gradients of sea urchin chromatin: fractions rich and poor in nascent DNA. A crude, lightly sheared chromatin preparation obtained from a mixture of [methyl-3H] thymidine pulse and [2-14C] thymidine long-labeled sea urchin embryos (swimming blastulae), was centrifuged in metrizamide to form an isopycnic gradient. The buoyant density of the 3H pulse labeled chromatin was slightly higher than that of the 14C labeled bulk chromatin. The 3H/14C ratios in the higher and lower density regions of the overlapping radioactivity peaks, indicated the presence of fractions rich and poor in nascent DNA in these two density regions. After 15 min chase, the difference disappeared, indicating that the chromatin fractions with nascent DNA have a half-life shorter than 15 min.", "PMID": 1052544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_591", "title": "A modified procedure for the preparation of di- and triribonucleotides from pancreatic ribonuclease digest of RNA.", "content": "A novel procedure for the separation of oligonucleotides from pancreatic RNase-digest of RNA is described. The method involves a group-separation of uracil-containing and of cytosine-containing nucleotides on Dowex 50W. The obtained groups are further separated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 by a linear gradient of NH4HCO3.", "contents": "A modified procedure for the preparation of di- and triribonucleotides from pancreatic ribonuclease digest of RNA. A novel procedure for the separation of oligonucleotides from pancreatic RNase-digest of RNA is described. The method involves a group-separation of uracil-containing and of cytosine-containing nucleotides on Dowex 50W. The obtained groups are further separated on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 by a linear gradient of NH4HCO3.", "PMID": 1052545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_592", "title": "Spontaneous conversions to aldosterone.", "content": "Corticosterone (B) and a less polar form or derivative of 18-hydroxycorticosterone obtained by dissolving the mother-steroid in 0.01 N HCl, (L), were assayed as precursors to aldosterone in: 1) samples only containing buffer (C); 2) samples containing buffer and boiled adrenal tissue (phi); 3) samples containing surviving quartered rat adrenals (G). The yields of aldosterone from B were the following: 1.24% in sample (C); 0.21% in sample pHI; and 5.03% in sample (G). The yields of aldosterone from L were the following: 2.66 % in sample (C); 2.30% in sample (phi) ; and 2.47% in sample (G). A factor inhibiting the conversion of B, but not of L, to aldosterone was present in samples containing boiled tissue.", "contents": "Spontaneous conversions to aldosterone. Corticosterone (B) and a less polar form or derivative of 18-hydroxycorticosterone obtained by dissolving the mother-steroid in 0.01 N HCl, (L), were assayed as precursors to aldosterone in: 1) samples only containing buffer (C); 2) samples containing buffer and boiled adrenal tissue (phi); 3) samples containing surviving quartered rat adrenals (G). The yields of aldosterone from B were the following: 1.24% in sample (C); 0.21% in sample pHI; and 5.03% in sample (G). The yields of aldosterone from L were the following: 2.66 % in sample (C); 2.30% in sample (phi) ; and 2.47% in sample (G). A factor inhibiting the conversion of B, but not of L, to aldosterone was present in samples containing boiled tissue.", "PMID": 1052597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_593", "title": "Incorporation of sialyl groups into a brain unidentified compound with lipophilic properties.", "content": "Lactosylceramide (I), galactosylceramide (II) and lipids extracted from rat brain with methanol (III) were assayed as AcNeu acceptors from CMP-[3H] AcNeu. Rat brain microsomes in 3.2% Triton CF54 or the 100 000 g supernatant of these microsomes were used as enzyme source. For quantification of reaction  products two methods were used: a) precipitation with a TCA-PTA reagent followed by extraction of the precipitate with C:M (2:1) ; b) extraction with C:M (2:1) and partition by Folch's method without salt; radioactivity was measured in the washed lower phase. No incorporation into II was detected. Using method a), incorporation into I and III was obtained. It was also found that 35% of the activity toward I and 65% of that toward III was solubilized. Using method b) of quantification, radioactivity was found in the lower phase when III was the acceptor. The product of sialylation of III was soluble in ether. Run in a column of Sephadex LH20 was eluted with chloroform in the same fraction in which a proteolipid fraction was eluted. The possibilities that the compound is either a proteolipid protein or a glycopeptide containing sialic acid are discussed.", "contents": "Incorporation of sialyl groups into a brain unidentified compound with lipophilic properties. Lactosylceramide (I), galactosylceramide (II) and lipids extracted from rat brain with methanol (III) were assayed as AcNeu acceptors from CMP-[3H] AcNeu. Rat brain microsomes in 3.2% Triton CF54 or the 100 000 g supernatant of these microsomes were used as enzyme source. For quantification of reaction  products two methods were used: a) precipitation with a TCA-PTA reagent followed by extraction of the precipitate with C:M (2:1) ; b) extraction with C:M (2:1) and partition by Folch's method without salt; radioactivity was measured in the washed lower phase. No incorporation into II was detected. Using method a), incorporation into I and III was obtained. It was also found that 35% of the activity toward I and 65% of that toward III was solubilized. Using method b) of quantification, radioactivity was found in the lower phase when III was the acceptor. The product of sialylation of III was soluble in ether. Run in a column of Sephadex LH20 was eluted with chloroform in the same fraction in which a proteolipid fraction was eluted. The possibilities that the compound is either a proteolipid protein or a glycopeptide containing sialic acid are discussed.", "PMID": 1052598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_594", "title": "Possible mechanism of photophosphorylation in Rhodopseudomonas viridis.", "content": "Photophosphorylation in the presence of (32P) inorganic phosphate (Pi) and ADP or Pi and (beta 32P) -ADP was carried out in membranes of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. When Pi and (32P)-ADP were used, 32Pi and (32P)-ATP were detected by ion exchange chromatography and the specific activity of the (beta 32P)-ADP recovered was substantially diminished. Moreover, when the (32P)-ATP was analyzed, the radioactivity was equally distributed between its beta and gamma position. When 32Pi and ADP were used instead, most of the radioactivity was found as (32P)-ATP although consistently (beta-32P)-ADP was detected. When the (32P)-ATP was analyzed, 90% of the label was found in its gamma phosphate and the remaining in its beta position. These results cannot be explained as a direct addition of phosphate to ADP as being the sole mechanism of photophosphorylation, and we propose that this pattern of labeling may be explained by a transphosphorylation reaction between one bound and one free ADP.", "contents": "Possible mechanism of photophosphorylation in Rhodopseudomonas viridis. Photophosphorylation in the presence of (32P) inorganic phosphate (Pi) and ADP or Pi and (beta 32P) -ADP was carried out in membranes of Rhodopseudomonas viridis. When Pi and (32P)-ADP were used, 32Pi and (32P)-ATP were detected by ion exchange chromatography and the specific activity of the (beta 32P)-ADP recovered was substantially diminished. Moreover, when the (32P)-ATP was analyzed, the radioactivity was equally distributed between its beta and gamma position. When 32Pi and ADP were used instead, most of the radioactivity was found as (32P)-ATP although consistently (beta-32P)-ADP was detected. When the (32P)-ATP was analyzed, 90% of the label was found in its gamma phosphate and the remaining in its beta position. These results cannot be explained as a direct addition of phosphate to ADP as being the sole mechanism of photophosphorylation, and we propose that this pattern of labeling may be explained by a transphosphorylation reaction between one bound and one free ADP.", "PMID": 1052599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_595", "title": "Transfer of glucose-1-phosphate from UDP-glucose to lipid acceptors in plants.", "content": "Particulated preparations from pea seedlings formed lipid-linked glucose from UDP (14C)-glucose and endogenous acceptors at 0 C. The product has been identified as a polyprenyl pyrophosphate-glucose based on the following results: a) the glucolipid is labile to mild acid hydrolysis; b) when chromatographed in alkaline solvents, glucose-1,2-cyclic phosphate is obtained; c) the pattern elution of a DEAE-cellulose column fits in well with a pyrophosphate derivative; d) exogenous polyprenyl phosphate stimulated the incorporation of glucose into lipids; e) when incubated with (beta-32P)-UDP-glucose, radioactivity is incorporated into lipids; f) the reaction is reversed by 5 mM UMP. It is suggested that the glucolipid is an intermediate in glycan biosynthesis.", "contents": "Transfer of glucose-1-phosphate from UDP-glucose to lipid acceptors in plants. Particulated preparations from pea seedlings formed lipid-linked glucose from UDP (14C)-glucose and endogenous acceptors at 0 C. The product has been identified as a polyprenyl pyrophosphate-glucose based on the following results: a) the glucolipid is labile to mild acid hydrolysis; b) when chromatographed in alkaline solvents, glucose-1,2-cyclic phosphate is obtained; c) the pattern elution of a DEAE-cellulose column fits in well with a pyrophosphate derivative; d) exogenous polyprenyl phosphate stimulated the incorporation of glucose into lipids; e) when incubated with (beta-32P)-UDP-glucose, radioactivity is incorporated into lipids; f) the reaction is reversed by 5 mM UMP. It is suggested that the glucolipid is an intermediate in glycan biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1052600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_596", "title": "Studies on cow liver porphobilinogen deaminase.", "content": "Further properties of cow liver deaminase are reported. Highly purified deaminase migrated as a single badn on starch and polycrylamide gels electrophoresis. Molecular weight determinations by means of gel filtration on calibrated columns of Sephadex G-100, Sepharose 4 B and B 10-Gel P-100, gave values of 40 000 +/- 4 000. Data obtained suggest that cow liver deaminase exists as a single polypeptide chain. Heating partially purified preparations of deminase resulted in an enhancement of activity. Added cosynthetase to these fractions increased the percentage of uroporphyrinogen III formed but also diminished total uroporphyrinogens synthesis. The action of several compounds added to the system was studied. Thiol reagents and divalent metals as Hg 2+ , Pb2+, (d2+ and Zn2+ inhibited deaminase, indicating the presence of thiol groups essential for activity, probably involved in the cyclization step. Certain concentrations of sodium, potassium and magnesium salts enhanced activity. Several chelators tested were without effect on the deminase. Some dicarboxylic acids and 2-methoxy-5-nitrotropone inhibited the enzyme.", "contents": "Studies on cow liver porphobilinogen deaminase. Further properties of cow liver deaminase are reported. Highly purified deaminase migrated as a single badn on starch and polycrylamide gels electrophoresis. Molecular weight determinations by means of gel filtration on calibrated columns of Sephadex G-100, Sepharose 4 B and B 10-Gel P-100, gave values of 40 000 +/- 4 000. Data obtained suggest that cow liver deaminase exists as a single polypeptide chain. Heating partially purified preparations of deminase resulted in an enhancement of activity. Added cosynthetase to these fractions increased the percentage of uroporphyrinogen III formed but also diminished total uroporphyrinogens synthesis. The action of several compounds added to the system was studied. Thiol reagents and divalent metals as Hg 2+ , Pb2+, (d2+ and Zn2+ inhibited deaminase, indicating the presence of thiol groups essential for activity, probably involved in the cyclization step. Certain concentrations of sodium, potassium and magnesium salts enhanced activity. Several chelators tested were without effect on the deminase. Some dicarboxylic acids and 2-methoxy-5-nitrotropone inhibited the enzyme.", "PMID": 1052601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_597", "title": "Endocrine function of the testis in streptozotocin diabetic rats.", "content": "The effects of experimental induced diabetes on the production, metabolism and transport of androgens in the rat testis were examined. Streptozotocin diabetes diminishes the serum and testicular levels of testosterone and increases the enzymic activity that converts testosterone to 5 alpha reduced metabolites, in the seminiferous tubules. The concentration of the androgen binding protein (ABP) in caput epididymis was also reduced in diabetic animals. Although the changes observed could be attributed to differences in gonadotropin production, these phenomena appear to be related to insulin deficiency, since the testes from diabetic rats treated for two weeks with insulin were capable to restore the parameters studied at levels comparable to that observed in normal animals. These data indicate that the testicular function may be regulated by the action of insulin.", "contents": "Endocrine function of the testis in streptozotocin diabetic rats. The effects of experimental induced diabetes on the production, metabolism and transport of androgens in the rat testis were examined. Streptozotocin diabetes diminishes the serum and testicular levels of testosterone and increases the enzymic activity that converts testosterone to 5 alpha reduced metabolites, in the seminiferous tubules. The concentration of the androgen binding protein (ABP) in caput epididymis was also reduced in diabetic animals. Although the changes observed could be attributed to differences in gonadotropin production, these phenomena appear to be related to insulin deficiency, since the testes from diabetic rats treated for two weeks with insulin were capable to restore the parameters studied at levels comparable to that observed in normal animals. These data indicate that the testicular function may be regulated by the action of insulin.", "PMID": 1052602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_598", "title": "Tetrapyrroles as substrates and inhibitors of porphyrinogen carboxy - lyase from rat liver.", "content": "Porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase is an enzyme of the haem pathway which catalyses the stepwise decarboxylation of porphyrinogens with different number of carboxyl groups. This enzyme has a low substrate specificity since at least eighteen porphyrinogens were proved to be decarboxylated by the enzyme. In order to clarify this complex process of decarboxylation, studies were carried out using a purified enzyme preparation from rat liver. We studied the behavior of the enzyme in the presence of uroporphyrinogens I, II, III, and IV. The effect of different porphyrins, porphyrinogens and haemin on uroprophyrinogen decarboxylation was also studied to see the influence of nature and position of the side chains of pyrroles as well as the oxidation state in the tetrapyrrolic ring. The liver enzyme decarboxylates the four isomers or uroporphyrinogen. The relative accumulation of intermediates porphyrinogens formed was different from that of isomer III. Uroporphyrinogen IV is an efficient substrate for the porphyrinogen carboxyl-lyase since it was decarboxylated at higher rate than the normal uroporphyrinogen III. The elimination of a carboxyl group of an acetic acid residue located between an acetic and a propionic acid side chain appears to be easier than the one corresponding to an acetic between two propionics or between a methyl and a propionic acid residue. The presence of vicinal propionic side chains in the position 6 and 7 of the reduced porphyrin ring is an important, but not essential requirement for the binding of the enzyme to porphyrinogen. It was found that coproporphyrinogen III inhibits markedly uroporphyrinogen decarboxylation and that haemin also has inhibitory effect on this reaction. The results of the inhibitory studies suggest one or both of the propionic acid residues located in positions 2 and 4 as important factors in the tetrapyrrole enzyme binding. Some other evidence would indicate that possibly the propionic acid side chain at the position 4 may be particularly important. The reduced state of the tetrapyrrolic ring is essential for the decarboxylation process: thus would allow the side chains to adopt a steric disposition facilitating its binding to the enzyme.", "contents": "Tetrapyrroles as substrates and inhibitors of porphyrinogen carboxy - lyase from rat liver. Porphyrinogen carboxy-lyase is an enzyme of the haem pathway which catalyses the stepwise decarboxylation of porphyrinogens with different number of carboxyl groups. This enzyme has a low substrate specificity since at least eighteen porphyrinogens were proved to be decarboxylated by the enzyme. In order to clarify this complex process of decarboxylation, studies were carried out using a purified enzyme preparation from rat liver. We studied the behavior of the enzyme in the presence of uroporphyrinogens I, II, III, and IV. The effect of different porphyrins, porphyrinogens and haemin on uroprophyrinogen decarboxylation was also studied to see the influence of nature and position of the side chains of pyrroles as well as the oxidation state in the tetrapyrrolic ring. The liver enzyme decarboxylates the four isomers or uroporphyrinogen. The relative accumulation of intermediates porphyrinogens formed was different from that of isomer III. Uroporphyrinogen IV is an efficient substrate for the porphyrinogen carboxyl-lyase since it was decarboxylated at higher rate than the normal uroporphyrinogen III. The elimination of a carboxyl group of an acetic acid residue located between an acetic and a propionic acid side chain appears to be easier than the one corresponding to an acetic between two propionics or between a methyl and a propionic acid residue. The presence of vicinal propionic side chains in the position 6 and 7 of the reduced porphyrin ring is an important, but not essential requirement for the binding of the enzyme to porphyrinogen. It was found that coproporphyrinogen III inhibits markedly uroporphyrinogen decarboxylation and that haemin also has inhibitory effect on this reaction. The results of the inhibitory studies suggest one or both of the propionic acid residues located in positions 2 and 4 as important factors in the tetrapyrrole enzyme binding. Some other evidence would indicate that possibly the propionic acid side chain at the position 4 may be particularly important. The reduced state of the tetrapyrrolic ring is essential for the decarboxylation process: thus would allow the side chains to adopt a steric disposition facilitating its binding to the enzyme.", "PMID": 1052603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_599", "title": "The relationship between the red cell forms and surface area during thyroxine induced metamorphosis in Rana cyanophlyctis.", "content": "A study of the effect of exogenous thyroxine on the red cell form and surface area during Rana cyanophyctis metamorphosis is made. Haemoglobin presents changes in its affinity for O2 with age. A loss of 35 per cent in the mean surface is recorded on the eleventh day after thyroxine treatment. The early appearance of adult erythrocytes, compared with control is due to a change in the time scale of metamorphosis.", "contents": "The relationship between the red cell forms and surface area during thyroxine induced metamorphosis in Rana cyanophlyctis. A study of the effect of exogenous thyroxine on the red cell form and surface area during Rana cyanophyctis metamorphosis is made. Haemoglobin presents changes in its affinity for O2 with age. A loss of 35 per cent in the mean surface is recorded on the eleventh day after thyroxine treatment. The early appearance of adult erythrocytes, compared with control is due to a change in the time scale of metamorphosis.", "PMID": 1052605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_600", "title": "[Essential fatty acids and their transformations in the animals (author's transl)].", "content": "The research of essential fatty acids biochemistry in Argentina was initiated approximately twenty years ago. These investigations together with the outstanding findings obtained in other countries proved the existence of different types of reactions. The essential fatty acids, linolenic and alpha linolenic, are converted by desaturation and elongation reactions in higher homologs building families of fatty acids. These reactions are regulated by dietary components, hormones, temperature and products of reaction. Retroconversion reactions transform the higher homologs, especially of 22 carbons back again to lower homologs avoiding beta oxidation. They are incorporated in the lipids to build the lipoproteic membranes increasing their fluidity. Specific acids are converted to prostaglandins that function as specific hormones.", "contents": "[Essential fatty acids and their transformations in the animals (author's transl)]. The research of essential fatty acids biochemistry in Argentina was initiated approximately twenty years ago. These investigations together with the outstanding findings obtained in other countries proved the existence of different types of reactions. The essential fatty acids, linolenic and alpha linolenic, are converted by desaturation and elongation reactions in higher homologs building families of fatty acids. These reactions are regulated by dietary components, hormones, temperature and products of reaction. Retroconversion reactions transform the higher homologs, especially of 22 carbons back again to lower homologs avoiding beta oxidation. They are incorporated in the lipids to build the lipoproteic membranes increasing their fluidity. Specific acids are converted to prostaglandins that function as specific hormones.", "PMID": 1052606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_601", "title": "Histological lesion and testosterone biosynthesis impairment in testes from autoimmune rabbits.", "content": "The aim of the present report is to study comparatively the biosynthesis of testosterone in normal and autoimmune rabbit testes, with different degrees of histological lesion, by in vitro double tracer incubation experiments. For this purpose (3H)-pregnenolone and (14C)-progesterone were used as precursors in the presence of testicular homogenates from both groups of animals. In the autoimmune animals, an impairment in the biotransformation of the precursors leading to a lesser synthesis of testosterone was demonstrated. An accumulation of dehydroepiandrosterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione was frequently found. It was also shown that the metabolic impairment seemed to be produced at an earlier stage than the histological modifications. On the other hand, a correlation between the degree of testicular damage and the intensity of metabolic impairment could not be demonstrated conclusively.", "contents": "Histological lesion and testosterone biosynthesis impairment in testes from autoimmune rabbits. The aim of the present report is to study comparatively the biosynthesis of testosterone in normal and autoimmune rabbit testes, with different degrees of histological lesion, by in vitro double tracer incubation experiments. For this purpose (3H)-pregnenolone and (14C)-progesterone were used as precursors in the presence of testicular homogenates from both groups of animals. In the autoimmune animals, an impairment in the biotransformation of the precursors leading to a lesser synthesis of testosterone was demonstrated. An accumulation of dehydroepiandrosterone, 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione was frequently found. It was also shown that the metabolic impairment seemed to be produced at an earlier stage than the histological modifications. On the other hand, a correlation between the degree of testicular damage and the intensity of metabolic impairment could not be demonstrated conclusively.", "PMID": 1052607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_602", "title": "A simple method for measuring 125I by liquid scintillation counting.", "content": "Scintillation solutions containing surface active substances, soluble in Toluene, could be used for efficient counting of 125I. The use of Triton X-114 in the proportion 30% v/v with a Toluene-2,5-Diphenyloxazole basic scintillation solution, provides a method for the measurement of liquid and solid samples with 50% efficiency and aqueous sample capacity up to 25%.", "contents": "A simple method for measuring 125I by liquid scintillation counting. Scintillation solutions containing surface active substances, soluble in Toluene, could be used for efficient counting of 125I. The use of Triton X-114 in the proportion 30% v/v with a Toluene-2,5-Diphenyloxazole basic scintillation solution, provides a method for the measurement of liquid and solid samples with 50% efficiency and aqueous sample capacity up to 25%.", "PMID": 1052608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_603", "title": "Clinical and catamnestical data of intracranial hypertension of uncertain origin in childhood.", "content": "In 9 cases out of 400 children with intracranial hypertension no obvious patomechanism was discovered, though in 6 cases inflammatory diseases were found in the case history. The etiology of this interesting type of intracranial hypertension is still unsolved, even the unity of the our 9 cases is unproven. All cases improved following the administered therapy. We can confirm that no relapse occured, the patients were observed regularly.", "contents": "Clinical and catamnestical data of intracranial hypertension of uncertain origin in childhood. In 9 cases out of 400 children with intracranial hypertension no obvious patomechanism was discovered, though in 6 cases inflammatory diseases were found in the case history. The etiology of this interesting type of intracranial hypertension is still unsolved, even the unity of the our 9 cases is unproven. All cases improved following the administered therapy. We can confirm that no relapse occured, the patients were observed regularly.", "PMID": 1052614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_604", "title": "Growth of the skull in babies with intracranial hypertension.", "content": "There are unknown all laws which determine the growth of the skull in the case of a hydrocephalic syndrom. Many factors depend certainly on the pathomechanism of the proper hydrocephalus. There is individual difference. Particularly is very uneasy to explain the definitive type of the skull after the treatment of the hydrocephalic syndrom.", "contents": "Growth of the skull in babies with intracranial hypertension. There are unknown all laws which determine the growth of the skull in the case of a hydrocephalic syndrom. Many factors depend certainly on the pathomechanism of the proper hydrocephalus. There is individual difference. Particularly is very uneasy to explain the definitive type of the skull after the treatment of the hydrocephalic syndrom.", "PMID": 1052624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_605", "title": "Ballooning posterior leaflet syndrome: syncope and sudden death.", "content": "Two of four patients with ballooning posterior leaflet syndrome died suddenly and the remaining two developed a near-fatal arrhythmia. These four patients demonstrate the potentially fatal nature of the ballooning posterior leaflet syndrome.", "contents": "Ballooning posterior leaflet syndrome: syncope and sudden death. Two of four patients with ballooning posterior leaflet syndrome died suddenly and the remaining two developed a near-fatal arrhythmia. These four patients demonstrate the potentially fatal nature of the ballooning posterior leaflet syndrome.", "PMID": 1052661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_606", "title": "Effect of exercise alone on the weight of obese women.", "content": "Eleven obese women progressively increased periods of walking each day for one year or longer while no dietary restriction was imposed. No weight loss occurred until walking exceeded 30 minutes daily. Generally, weight loss paralleled length of time spent walking. When a certain amount of walking was maintained and weight stabilized at a lower level, more weight loss occurred when walking was increased. Weight loss was slow and proceeded at a rate much less than anticipated if no compensatory increase in food intake had occurred. A marked decrease in skinfold thickness over the upper part of the arm occurred, suggesting that loss of fat accounted for most, if not all, of the weight loss.", "contents": "Effect of exercise alone on the weight of obese women. Eleven obese women progressively increased periods of walking each day for one year or longer while no dietary restriction was imposed. No weight loss occurred until walking exceeded 30 minutes daily. Generally, weight loss paralleled length of time spent walking. When a certain amount of walking was maintained and weight stabilized at a lower level, more weight loss occurred when walking was increased. Weight loss was slow and proceeded at a rate much less than anticipated if no compensatory increase in food intake had occurred. A marked decrease in skinfold thickness over the upper part of the arm occurred, suggesting that loss of fat accounted for most, if not all, of the weight loss.", "PMID": 1052662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_607", "title": "Amebic colitis mistaken for inflammatory bowel disease.", "content": "In ten patients, amebic colitis was mistakenly diagnosed as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease of the colon because of the similarity of history, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies as well as findings on proctoscopic and barium enema examination. Multiple stool examinations failed to demonstrate ova or trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. Routine examinations of stools for ova and parasites are inadequate and even a meticulous search for amebas in fresh stool, in scrapings from bowel ulcer, or in biopsy material may give negative results. The indirect hemagglutination test was shown to be a reliable diagnostic test in the evaluation of these cases. Because corticosteroid treatment of patients with amebic colitis may lead to undesirable complications the indirect hemagglutination test results should be obtained in patients in whom such diagnostic confusion is likely.", "contents": "Amebic colitis mistaken for inflammatory bowel disease. In ten patients, amebic colitis was mistakenly diagnosed as ulcerative colitis or Crohn disease of the colon because of the similarity of history, physical examination, and routine laboratory studies as well as findings on proctoscopic and barium enema examination. Multiple stool examinations failed to demonstrate ova or trophozoites of Entamoeba histolytica. Routine examinations of stools for ova and parasites are inadequate and even a meticulous search for amebas in fresh stool, in scrapings from bowel ulcer, or in biopsy material may give negative results. The indirect hemagglutination test was shown to be a reliable diagnostic test in the evaluation of these cases. Because corticosteroid treatment of patients with amebic colitis may lead to undesirable complications the indirect hemagglutination test results should be obtained in patients in whom such diagnostic confusion is likely.", "PMID": 1052663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_608", "title": "Remediable defects in Crohn disease: a prospective study of 63 patients.", "content": "To identify potentially remediable abnormalities in Crohn disease, 63 patients had evaluations performed for anemia, electrolyte deficiencies, defects of carbohydrate, fat, nitrogen, and vitamin B12 absorption, and jejunal bacterial overgrowth. Ninety percent of the group had two or more potentially correctable defects. More than 50% had anemia associated with iron or folate deficiency of vitamin B12 malabsorption; 33% had low levels of serum sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium either singly or in combination; 22% had lactose intolerance, fat malabsorption was persent in 31%; 75% had evidence of disturbed protein metabolism; and bacterial overgrowth of the upper part of the small bowel was identified in 30% of 47 patients.", "contents": "Remediable defects in Crohn disease: a prospective study of 63 patients. To identify potentially remediable abnormalities in Crohn disease, 63 patients had evaluations performed for anemia, electrolyte deficiencies, defects of carbohydrate, fat, nitrogen, and vitamin B12 absorption, and jejunal bacterial overgrowth. Ninety percent of the group had two or more potentially correctable defects. More than 50% had anemia associated with iron or folate deficiency of vitamin B12 malabsorption; 33% had low levels of serum sodium, potassium, calcium, or magnesium either singly or in combination; 22% had lactose intolerance, fat malabsorption was persent in 31%; 75% had evidence of disturbed protein metabolism; and bacterial overgrowth of the upper part of the small bowel was identified in 30% of 47 patients.", "PMID": 1052664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_609", "title": "An unusual outbreak of brucellosis.", "content": "A Brucella melitensis infection involved three persons. The infections were acquired by contact with a culture suspension that had been spilled during a laboratory exercise. One of the patients had only indirect contact with the spilled culture, probably contact with contaminated fomites. Another of the patients developed a clinical remission before treatment with antibiotics and relapsed after six months. This patient also had a positive bone marrow culture when blood cultures were negative. The type of antibody response persisting in the sera of convalescents was studied by treating the sera with mercaptoethanol and rabbit antihuman IgM sera. In the patient who relapsed, IgG antibody predominated, whereas IgM persisted for over two years in the patient without relapsing disease.", "contents": "An unusual outbreak of brucellosis. A Brucella melitensis infection involved three persons. The infections were acquired by contact with a culture suspension that had been spilled during a laboratory exercise. One of the patients had only indirect contact with the spilled culture, probably contact with contaminated fomites. Another of the patients developed a clinical remission before treatment with antibiotics and relapsed after six months. This patient also had a positive bone marrow culture when blood cultures were negative. The type of antibody response persisting in the sera of convalescents was studied by treating the sera with mercaptoethanol and rabbit antihuman IgM sera. In the patient who relapsed, IgG antibody predominated, whereas IgM persisted for over two years in the patient without relapsing disease.", "PMID": 1052665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_610", "title": "Single-dose metyrapone test: review of a four-year experience.", "content": "Subnormal plasma 11-deoxycortisol (compound S) responses to metyrapone were found in patients with adrenal insufficiency or with Cushing syndrome caused by adrenal tumors and in those receiving long-term glucocorticoid or diphenylhydantoin sodium therapy. High normal or exaggerated responses were seen in women receiving oral contraceptives, patients with Cushing syndrome caused by adrenal hyperplasia, and those with untreated hypothyroidism. Diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, congestive failure, and obesity also were associated with exaggerated responses. Subnormal plasma S responses were observed in 15 patients who responded normally to a repeat test or to the standard metyrapone test. The abnormal response resulted from insufficient metyrapone, administration at the wrong time, or delay in obtaining the blood sample. The single-dose metyrapone test may be the procedure of choice in screening for adrenal insufficiency.", "contents": "Single-dose metyrapone test: review of a four-year experience. Subnormal plasma 11-deoxycortisol (compound S) responses to metyrapone were found in patients with adrenal insufficiency or with Cushing syndrome caused by adrenal tumors and in those receiving long-term glucocorticoid or diphenylhydantoin sodium therapy. High normal or exaggerated responses were seen in women receiving oral contraceptives, patients with Cushing syndrome caused by adrenal hyperplasia, and those with untreated hypothyroidism. Diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, congestive failure, and obesity also were associated with exaggerated responses. Subnormal plasma S responses were observed in 15 patients who responded normally to a repeat test or to the standard metyrapone test. The abnormal response resulted from insufficient metyrapone, administration at the wrong time, or delay in obtaining the blood sample. The single-dose metyrapone test may be the procedure of choice in screening for adrenal insufficiency.", "PMID": 1052666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_611", "title": "Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients.", "content": "We measured the levels of serum folate and vitamin B12 in newly discovered hypothyroid (n =56) and hyperthyroid (n =47) patients and in age- and sex-matched control subjects (n =103). Except for one patient with latent pernicious anemia, serum folate and vitamin B12 levels did not differ greatly in our patients and in our control subjects. Another patient was receiving monthly injections of cyanocobalamin for previously diagnosed pernicious anemia. We conclude that abnormalities of thyroid function per se did not alter serum folate or vitamin B12 levels in our patients.", "contents": "Serum folate and vitamin B12 levels in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients. We measured the levels of serum folate and vitamin B12 in newly discovered hypothyroid (n =56) and hyperthyroid (n =47) patients and in age- and sex-matched control subjects (n =103). Except for one patient with latent pernicious anemia, serum folate and vitamin B12 levels did not differ greatly in our patients and in our control subjects. Another patient was receiving monthly injections of cyanocobalamin for previously diagnosed pernicious anemia. We conclude that abnormalities of thyroid function per se did not alter serum folate or vitamin B12 levels in our patients.", "PMID": 1052667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_612", "title": "Clinical presentation of infection in granulocytopenic patients.", "content": "Inability to accurately diagnose infection in granulocytopenic patients is a major cause for morbidity and mortality, and prompted this study of 344 infections (pharyngitis, skin infection, pneumonia, anorectal infection, and urinary tract infection) in a select group of cancer patients. Strikingly similar alterations in clinical presentation were found for all infections that developed in profoundly granulocytopenic patients. Physical findings of exudate, fluctuation, ulceration or fissure, local heat, swelling, and regional adenopathy were all less prevalent in the granulocytopenic patient, while fever was much more common. Only erythema and local pain or tenderness were present in practically all patients regardless of site of infection or level of granulocyte count. A better understanding of how granulocytopenia affects the presentation of infection should lead to earlier and more accurate diagnosis and potentially to more successful therapy.", "contents": "Clinical presentation of infection in granulocytopenic patients. Inability to accurately diagnose infection in granulocytopenic patients is a major cause for morbidity and mortality, and prompted this study of 344 infections (pharyngitis, skin infection, pneumonia, anorectal infection, and urinary tract infection) in a select group of cancer patients. Strikingly similar alterations in clinical presentation were found for all infections that developed in profoundly granulocytopenic patients. Physical findings of exudate, fluctuation, ulceration or fissure, local heat, swelling, and regional adenopathy were all less prevalent in the granulocytopenic patient, while fever was much more common. Only erythema and local pain or tenderness were present in practically all patients regardless of site of infection or level of granulocyte count. A better understanding of how granulocytopenia affects the presentation of infection should lead to earlier and more accurate diagnosis and potentially to more successful therapy.", "PMID": 1052668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_613", "title": "Guanidine in type B botulism.", "content": "On two occasions, guanidine produced clinical and electrophysiological improvement in a 54-year-old man with botulism, type B. However, guanidine was ineffective for autonomic dysfunction. There were no intolerable side effects. Our experience showed that guanidine is also effective in botulism, type B, as adjunctive therapy.", "contents": "Guanidine in type B botulism. On two occasions, guanidine produced clinical and electrophysiological improvement in a 54-year-old man with botulism, type B. However, guanidine was ineffective for autonomic dysfunction. There were no intolerable side effects. Our experience showed that guanidine is also effective in botulism, type B, as adjunctive therapy.", "PMID": 1052669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_614", "title": "A study of geniculate unit activity during cryogenic blockade of the primary visual cortex in the cat.", "content": "In cats under nembutal or chloralose anesthesia, unilateral temporary cryogenic blockades of the primary visual cortex were performed and their influence on unitary responses to restricted light spots was tested in the ipsilateral geniculate nucleus. No significant effect could thus be observed, at variance with previous positive results obtained by our group in structures like superior colliculus and pulvinar complex using the same experimental procedure.", "contents": "A study of geniculate unit activity during cryogenic blockade of the primary visual cortex in the cat. In cats under nembutal or chloralose anesthesia, unilateral temporary cryogenic blockades of the primary visual cortex were performed and their influence on unitary responses to restricted light spots was tested in the ipsilateral geniculate nucleus. No significant effect could thus be observed, at variance with previous positive results obtained by our group in structures like superior colliculus and pulvinar complex using the same experimental procedure.", "PMID": 1052677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_615", "title": "Autoradiographic tracing of the cerebellar projections from the lateral reticular nucleus in the cat.", "content": "The autoradiographic technique was used for tracing the efferent fibers from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in cats. The terminal fields lie within the granular layer of both the ipsi- and the contralateral cerebellar cortex. The projections are symmetrical, but more pronounced on the ipsilateral side. The main portion of LRN projects to lobuli I--V, to the rostral part of lobulus VI, the most caudal part of lobulus VII, to lobulus VIII, as well as to lobulus simplex, the medial parts of the lobulus ansiformis and to the lobulus paramedianus. Medio-laterally arranged bands of dense mossy fiber terminations, directed rostro-caudally, lend support to an organized projection of the lateral reticulocerebellar fibers and further evidence for a division of the cerebellar cortex into longitudinal zones (Voogd et al., 1967, 1969). Evidence for a cerebellar re-representation of the LRN spinal segmental arrangement is not obvious, although it can not be excluded. The fibers to the contralateral side seem to mainly follow the course of the olivo-cerebellar fibers, crossing at brain stem levels. Following the general criteria for the identification of a terminal field, few, if any, fibers can be traced to the cerebellar nuclei and to regions outside the cerebellum.", "contents": "Autoradiographic tracing of the cerebellar projections from the lateral reticular nucleus in the cat. The autoradiographic technique was used for tracing the efferent fibers from the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN) in cats. The terminal fields lie within the granular layer of both the ipsi- and the contralateral cerebellar cortex. The projections are symmetrical, but more pronounced on the ipsilateral side. The main portion of LRN projects to lobuli I--V, to the rostral part of lobulus VI, the most caudal part of lobulus VII, to lobulus VIII, as well as to lobulus simplex, the medial parts of the lobulus ansiformis and to the lobulus paramedianus. Medio-laterally arranged bands of dense mossy fiber terminations, directed rostro-caudally, lend support to an organized projection of the lateral reticulocerebellar fibers and further evidence for a division of the cerebellar cortex into longitudinal zones (Voogd et al., 1967, 1969). Evidence for a cerebellar re-representation of the LRN spinal segmental arrangement is not obvious, although it can not be excluded. The fibers to the contralateral side seem to mainly follow the course of the olivo-cerebellar fibers, crossing at brain stem levels. Following the general criteria for the identification of a terminal field, few, if any, fibers can be traced to the cerebellar nuclei and to regions outside the cerebellum.", "PMID": 1052678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_616", "title": "Cats raised in a one-directional world: effects on receptive fields in visual cortex and superior colliculus.", "content": "Cats were reared in a visual environment in which irregularly-shaped patches of luminescent paint moved constantly leftward. The distribution of preferred directions and orientations of cortical neurons in these cats was examined. Most cortical neurons encountered had leftward components in their preferred directions, and although no anisotropy of orientation was present in the rearing environment, most cortical neurons responded optimally to stimuli oriented at or near vertical. Variations in the strength of the induced bias of direction and orientation were noted among the different subclasses of cortical neurons. Preferred velocities of cortical neurons did not appear matched to the velocity of stimuli in the rearing environment. The ocular dominance distribution among cortical neurons in the unidirectional cats was skewed toward the contralateral eye relative to normal cats. The distribution of preferred directions in collicular neurons was largely unaltered by the rearing procedures employed. As in normal cats, units in the left colliculus more frequently responded best to rightward stimulus movement while those in the right colliculus preferred leftward movement. The ocular dominance distribution among collicular units was somewhat skewed toward the contralateral eye.", "contents": "Cats raised in a one-directional world: effects on receptive fields in visual cortex and superior colliculus. Cats were reared in a visual environment in which irregularly-shaped patches of luminescent paint moved constantly leftward. The distribution of preferred directions and orientations of cortical neurons in these cats was examined. Most cortical neurons encountered had leftward components in their preferred directions, and although no anisotropy of orientation was present in the rearing environment, most cortical neurons responded optimally to stimuli oriented at or near vertical. Variations in the strength of the induced bias of direction and orientation were noted among the different subclasses of cortical neurons. Preferred velocities of cortical neurons did not appear matched to the velocity of stimuli in the rearing environment. The ocular dominance distribution among cortical neurons in the unidirectional cats was skewed toward the contralateral eye relative to normal cats. The distribution of preferred directions in collicular neurons was largely unaltered by the rearing procedures employed. As in normal cats, units in the left colliculus more frequently responded best to rightward stimulus movement while those in the right colliculus preferred leftward movement. The ocular dominance distribution among collicular units was somewhat skewed toward the contralateral eye.", "PMID": 1052679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_617", "title": "Pyramidal tract control over cutaneous and kinesthetic sensory transmission in the cat thalamus.", "content": "In the thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB) of the cat, effects of electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract (PT) upon activities of 112 relay cells and 18 internuncial cells were examined. Single PT shocks to the cerebral peduncle elicited short-latency discharges in 31 relay cells (mean latency, 1.4 +/- 0.5 msec). When weak PT stimuli were employed as conditioning shocks, facilitatory effects upon responses to medial lemniscal (ML) stimulation were observed. It was revealed that VB relay cells were excited monosynaptically via collaterals of the fast PT fibers. Among 31 PT-excited cells 22 were fired by movements of joints (joint-movement units) and they made up 88% of all the joint-movement units. A majority of the relay cells responding to stimulation of hairs (hair units) did not receive excitatory effects from PT, except some special ones which represented long hairs at the distal or proximal end of the forearm-forepaw. In 44 relay cells repetitive PT shocks suppressed both evoked responses to ML stimulation and spontaneous discharges for 70--100 msec. Of these, 34 were hair units. The PT-induced inhibition in the hair units increased as their receptive fields shifted from the trunk towards the digits. Some intracellular recordings showed that the PT-induced inhibition was due to IPSPs generated disynaptically. Among 18 interneurons presumed to be inhibitory 10 responded with short latencies to PT stimulation. These were mostly the interneurons which presumably subserve the recurrent collateral inhibition in VB.", "contents": "Pyramidal tract control over cutaneous and kinesthetic sensory transmission in the cat thalamus. In the thalamic ventrobasal complex (VB) of the cat, effects of electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract (PT) upon activities of 112 relay cells and 18 internuncial cells were examined. Single PT shocks to the cerebral peduncle elicited short-latency discharges in 31 relay cells (mean latency, 1.4 +/- 0.5 msec). When weak PT stimuli were employed as conditioning shocks, facilitatory effects upon responses to medial lemniscal (ML) stimulation were observed. It was revealed that VB relay cells were excited monosynaptically via collaterals of the fast PT fibers. Among 31 PT-excited cells 22 were fired by movements of joints (joint-movement units) and they made up 88% of all the joint-movement units. A majority of the relay cells responding to stimulation of hairs (hair units) did not receive excitatory effects from PT, except some special ones which represented long hairs at the distal or proximal end of the forearm-forepaw. In 44 relay cells repetitive PT shocks suppressed both evoked responses to ML stimulation and spontaneous discharges for 70--100 msec. Of these, 34 were hair units. The PT-induced inhibition in the hair units increased as their receptive fields shifted from the trunk towards the digits. Some intracellular recordings showed that the PT-induced inhibition was due to IPSPs generated disynaptically. Among 18 interneurons presumed to be inhibitory 10 responded with short latencies to PT stimulation. These were mostly the interneurons which presumably subserve the recurrent collateral inhibition in VB.", "PMID": 1052680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_618", "title": "Ontogenesis of receptive field characteristics in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rabbit.", "content": "The responses of rabbit dorsal lateral geniculate neurons to light or optic nerve shock were tested for 415 units in 43 rabbit pups 2--20 days of age. Units were driven by optic nerve shock at the youngest ages tested, but could not be driven by light until postnatal day six. Examples of each of the three prominent categories of receptive fields found in the adult were first observed at 8 days of age. Cells with receptive field properties not characteristic of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult were encountered until 17 days of age. The percentage of neurons with uniform and motion sensitive receptive fields approached adult levels soon after eye opening (11--12 days) but the percentage of cells with concentric receptive fields showed a steady increase throughout the neonatal period studied. The relevance of our data to the development of the visual response in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and striate cortex is discussed.", "contents": "Ontogenesis of receptive field characteristics in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the rabbit. The responses of rabbit dorsal lateral geniculate neurons to light or optic nerve shock were tested for 415 units in 43 rabbit pups 2--20 days of age. Units were driven by optic nerve shock at the youngest ages tested, but could not be driven by light until postnatal day six. Examples of each of the three prominent categories of receptive fields found in the adult were first observed at 8 days of age. Cells with receptive field properties not characteristic of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult were encountered until 17 days of age. The percentage of neurons with uniform and motion sensitive receptive fields approached adult levels soon after eye opening (11--12 days) but the percentage of cells with concentric receptive fields showed a steady increase throughout the neonatal period studied. The relevance of our data to the development of the visual response in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and striate cortex is discussed.", "PMID": 1052681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_619", "title": "Somatosensory evoked potentials and magnitude of perception.", "content": "With step indentations of the index finger tip in randomized order, via a mechanostimulator, the tactile receptors of human skin were adequately stimulated. Recording the EEG over the contralateral and ipsilateral cortex, the evoked potentials and their 95% confidence limits were analysed. Simultaneously the psychophysical magnitude estimations were analysed. 1. The perceptual estimations were linearly related to step amplitude. 2. The early components of the E.P. show no obvious correlation to stimulus amplitude. 3. The later components (with peak latencies of 120 msec or more) show a monotone, non-linear rising function with respect to stimulus amplitude. 4. The early waves of the evoked potentials up to about 120 msec are well localized over the contralateral postcentral hand area while the late components resemble the alpha rhythm in wave length and distribution over both hemispheres. The possible role of alpha-synchronisation in the later components is discussed.", "contents": "Somatosensory evoked potentials and magnitude of perception. With step indentations of the index finger tip in randomized order, via a mechanostimulator, the tactile receptors of human skin were adequately stimulated. Recording the EEG over the contralateral and ipsilateral cortex, the evoked potentials and their 95% confidence limits were analysed. Simultaneously the psychophysical magnitude estimations were analysed. 1. The perceptual estimations were linearly related to step amplitude. 2. The early components of the E.P. show no obvious correlation to stimulus amplitude. 3. The later components (with peak latencies of 120 msec or more) show a monotone, non-linear rising function with respect to stimulus amplitude. 4. The early waves of the evoked potentials up to about 120 msec are well localized over the contralateral postcentral hand area while the late components resemble the alpha rhythm in wave length and distribution over both hemispheres. The possible role of alpha-synchronisation in the later components is discussed.", "PMID": 1052683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_620", "title": "[The basis of diagnostic and therapeutic decisions (author's transl)].", "content": "The recent logical and psychological results of the theories of probability, utility and decision are valid also for medicine. Their principles and methods are briefly described. The review deals with the special conditions for their application in medicine. Diagnostic methods are derived from the principles of exclusion and pattern recognition. Concerning treatment the importance of the so called therapeutic index as a quotient of possible benefit and injury is stressed. From these elements decision rules are developed for the usual clinical situations.", "contents": "[The basis of diagnostic and therapeutic decisions (author's transl)]. The recent logical and psychological results of the theories of probability, utility and decision are valid also for medicine. Their principles and methods are briefly described. The review deals with the special conditions for their application in medicine. Diagnostic methods are derived from the principles of exclusion and pattern recognition. Concerning treatment the importance of the so called therapeutic index as a quotient of possible benefit and injury is stressed. From these elements decision rules are developed for the usual clinical situations.", "PMID": 1052686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_621", "title": "[Renal calcium excretion in primary hyperparathyroidism and idiopathic hypercalciuria (author's transl)].", "content": "The tubular reabsorption of calcium is increased in primary hyperparathyroidism as compared to control subjects and patients with resorptive hypercalciuria. The mean percentage of filtered calcium being reabsorbed by the renal tubules is decreased in primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalciuria. This might point towards a maximal tubular transport capacity being exceeded in some cases of primary hyperparathyroidism whereas a relative hypoparathyroidism with decreased stimulation of tubular calcium reabsorption might be involved in hypercalciuria.", "contents": "[Renal calcium excretion in primary hyperparathyroidism and idiopathic hypercalciuria (author's transl)]. The tubular reabsorption of calcium is increased in primary hyperparathyroidism as compared to control subjects and patients with resorptive hypercalciuria. The mean percentage of filtered calcium being reabsorbed by the renal tubules is decreased in primary hyperparathyroidism and hypercalciuria. This might point towards a maximal tubular transport capacity being exceeded in some cases of primary hyperparathyroidism whereas a relative hypoparathyroidism with decreased stimulation of tubular calcium reabsorption might be involved in hypercalciuria.", "PMID": 1052687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_622", "title": "[DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in human leukocytes. II different specific activities of the polymerases A and B in acute and chronic leukemia and their prognostic relevance (author's transl)].", "content": "Specific Activities of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases A and B have been determined in nuclei from leukocytes in acute and chronic leukemia. Enzyme activities, dependent on exogenous DNA template, were determined in homogenates of nuclei from isolated mononuclear cells or from isolated granulocytes. Activities of polymerases A and B have been found significantly elevated in homogenates of nuclei from mononuclear cells in acute myelocytic leukemia, while they were found subnormal in corresponding cell fractions from chronic myelocytic leukemia and chronic lymphatic leukemia. During cytostatic treatment polymerase activities were approaching normal values. The prognostic relevance of these data for the course of human leukemia is discussed.", "contents": "[DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in human leukocytes. II different specific activities of the polymerases A and B in acute and chronic leukemia and their prognostic relevance (author's transl)]. Specific Activities of DNA-dependent RNA polymerases A and B have been determined in nuclei from leukocytes in acute and chronic leukemia. Enzyme activities, dependent on exogenous DNA template, were determined in homogenates of nuclei from isolated mononuclear cells or from isolated granulocytes. Activities of polymerases A and B have been found significantly elevated in homogenates of nuclei from mononuclear cells in acute myelocytic leukemia, while they were found subnormal in corresponding cell fractions from chronic myelocytic leukemia and chronic lymphatic leukemia. During cytostatic treatment polymerase activities were approaching normal values. The prognostic relevance of these data for the course of human leukemia is discussed.", "PMID": 1052688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_623", "title": "[Vitamin B6-deficiency and -substitution in chronic uremia (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with chronic renal failure on potatoe-egg-diet (0.4 g protein/kg body weight) an alimentary vitamin B6-deficiency occurs, which can be overcome by 20 mg vitamin B6/day. Chronic hemodialysis causes a vitamin B6 loss which amounts to a quantity similar to the daily urinary excretion in normal persons. No hints for an inhibition of the synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate could be found.", "contents": "[Vitamin B6-deficiency and -substitution in chronic uremia (author's transl)]. In patients with chronic renal failure on potatoe-egg-diet (0.4 g protein/kg body weight) an alimentary vitamin B6-deficiency occurs, which can be overcome by 20 mg vitamin B6/day. Chronic hemodialysis causes a vitamin B6 loss which amounts to a quantity similar to the daily urinary excretion in normal persons. No hints for an inhibition of the synthesis of pyridoxal phosphate could be found.", "PMID": 1052689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_624", "title": "[The effect of natural and synthetic secretin on insulin secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of natural secretin (G.I.H.) and synthetic secretin (W\u00fcnsch) on the secretion of insulin was investigated. Natural as well as synthetic secretin causes a short uniphasic release of insulin without influence on the concentration of glucose in the serum. Since the insulin releasing effect on synthetic secretin was demonstrated, it is clear, that the release of insulin by preparations of natural secretin mentioned in medical literature is not due to contamination by other peptides.", "contents": "[The effect of natural and synthetic secretin on insulin secretion (author's transl)]. The effect of natural secretin (G.I.H.) and synthetic secretin (W\u00fcnsch) on the secretion of insulin was investigated. Natural as well as synthetic secretin causes a short uniphasic release of insulin without influence on the concentration of glucose in the serum. Since the insulin releasing effect on synthetic secretin was demonstrated, it is clear, that the release of insulin by preparations of natural secretin mentioned in medical literature is not due to contamination by other peptides.", "PMID": 1052690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_625", "title": "[Spurious thrombocytopenia caused by granulocyte platelet rosettes (platelet satellitism) (author's transl)].", "content": "Extraordinary platelet adherence to polymorphonuclear leukocytes was seen in EDTA anticoagulated blood smears of two patients. From the same blood samples platelets were greatly reduced in number. Platelet satellitism (granulocyte platelet rosettes) is a rare phenomenon in vitro, only seen in EDTA anticoagulated blood, and the platelets surrounded polymorphonuclear leukocytes only. Phagocytosis of platelets was also observed. The cause of platelet satellitism is unknown. Capillary blood should be investigated in order to prevent a false thrombocytopenia.", "contents": "[Spurious thrombocytopenia caused by granulocyte platelet rosettes (platelet satellitism) (author's transl)]. Extraordinary platelet adherence to polymorphonuclear leukocytes was seen in EDTA anticoagulated blood smears of two patients. From the same blood samples platelets were greatly reduced in number. Platelet satellitism (granulocyte platelet rosettes) is a rare phenomenon in vitro, only seen in EDTA anticoagulated blood, and the platelets surrounded polymorphonuclear leukocytes only. Phagocytosis of platelets was also observed. The cause of platelet satellitism is unknown. Capillary blood should be investigated in order to prevent a false thrombocytopenia.", "PMID": 1052691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_626", "title": "[Differentiation of cytoplasmatic, mitochondrial and lysosomal enzymes by fractional extraction of rat liver].", "content": "Enzymes of extramitochondrial, mitochondrial and lysosomal origin were differentiated by the method of fractional tissue extraction from rat liver. It could be confirmed that soluble enzymes of the extramitochondrial (cytoplasmatic) compartment (glycerine aldehydphosphate-dehydrogenase, argininosuccinate lyase) and soluble enzymes of the mitochondrial matrix can be differentiated easily according to their different intracellular localisation. Additionally, our results emphasize that soluble enzymes of both compartements and marker-enzymes of the lysosomal cell space which are known to be structurally-bound, can be differentiated too. However, the method failed to establish significant differences between enzymes located in the submitochondrial compartment (adenylatekinase, monaminooxidase and succinic-dehydrogenase) and lysosomal enzymes (cathepsin-D and N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase).", "contents": "[Differentiation of cytoplasmatic, mitochondrial and lysosomal enzymes by fractional extraction of rat liver]. Enzymes of extramitochondrial, mitochondrial and lysosomal origin were differentiated by the method of fractional tissue extraction from rat liver. It could be confirmed that soluble enzymes of the extramitochondrial (cytoplasmatic) compartment (glycerine aldehydphosphate-dehydrogenase, argininosuccinate lyase) and soluble enzymes of the mitochondrial matrix can be differentiated easily according to their different intracellular localisation. Additionally, our results emphasize that soluble enzymes of both compartements and marker-enzymes of the lysosomal cell space which are known to be structurally-bound, can be differentiated too. However, the method failed to establish significant differences between enzymes located in the submitochondrial compartment (adenylatekinase, monaminooxidase and succinic-dehydrogenase) and lysosomal enzymes (cathepsin-D and N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase).", "PMID": 1052693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_627", "title": "[The red blood cell aggregation in men with coronary risk factors].", "content": "1. The in vitro test for red blood cell aggregation has been improved, the coefficient of variation was decreased to 14.2%. 2. By the improved method the earlier findings were confirmed with high statistical significance that heavy smokers have a significantly higher red blood cell aggregation value in comparison with nonsmokers. 3. It could be shown that other coronary risk factors, especially hypercholesterolaemia, increase the aggregation value too. 4. The aggregation of red blood cells increases in the presence of several coronary risk factors in the same patient to higher values than expected from the addition of the aggregations caused by single risk factors.", "contents": "[The red blood cell aggregation in men with coronary risk factors]. 1. The in vitro test for red blood cell aggregation has been improved, the coefficient of variation was decreased to 14.2%. 2. By the improved method the earlier findings were confirmed with high statistical significance that heavy smokers have a significantly higher red blood cell aggregation value in comparison with nonsmokers. 3. It could be shown that other coronary risk factors, especially hypercholesterolaemia, increase the aggregation value too. 4. The aggregation of red blood cells increases in the presence of several coronary risk factors in the same patient to higher values than expected from the addition of the aggregations caused by single risk factors.", "PMID": 1052694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_628", "title": "[Community psychiatry. Definition and various types].", "content": "In recent years, community mental health programs have been developed throughout the world. Basic training in clinical psychiatry is considered the best background for community work, if motivation and training are adequate to transfer basic goals from the individual or the family to a population group. At present there are many concepts in the field, but no uniformity in terminology, and this results in different uses of such concepts in particular aspects of therapy, practice or research. Considered within the field of public health, community psychiatry has, as its main goals, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.", "contents": "[Community psychiatry. Definition and various types]. In recent years, community mental health programs have been developed throughout the world. Basic training in clinical psychiatry is considered the best background for community work, if motivation and training are adequate to transfer basic goals from the individual or the family to a population group. At present there are many concepts in the field, but no uniformity in terminology, and this results in different uses of such concepts in particular aspects of therapy, practice or research. Considered within the field of public health, community psychiatry has, as its main goals, primary, secondary and tertiary prevention.", "PMID": 1052696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_629", "title": "[Semiology and clinical aspects of gerontopsychiatric dementia].", "content": "The need for a multidisciplinary study of the psychiatrical diseases of the elderly is postulated. That is: physical, psychiatrical, neuropsychological, psychological and social. The use of an adequate semiological study, including neuropsychological and neurological aspects not only leads to the diagnosis of dementia but also allows the physician to determine which nervous and mental functions are not disintegrated and which may be of use in establishing human relations and autonomous independent activity in the elderly patient. Ten patients over 60 years of age were chosen from three different institutions. Each one received a complete standardized gerontopsychiatrical clinical study. All activities, including creative ones were put under observation in order to evaluate just how much elderly patients use the best of their possibilities. Even in the most adequate institutions and with patients who were not deeply incapacitated physically and mentally it was found that their activities and interpersonal relationship were limitated and reduced. The conclusion is that these findings may be explained by the physical diseases, the frequent psychotic and depressive symptoms plus the isolation of the institution within the community.", "contents": "[Semiology and clinical aspects of gerontopsychiatric dementia]. The need for a multidisciplinary study of the psychiatrical diseases of the elderly is postulated. That is: physical, psychiatrical, neuropsychological, psychological and social. The use of an adequate semiological study, including neuropsychological and neurological aspects not only leads to the diagnosis of dementia but also allows the physician to determine which nervous and mental functions are not disintegrated and which may be of use in establishing human relations and autonomous independent activity in the elderly patient. Ten patients over 60 years of age were chosen from three different institutions. Each one received a complete standardized gerontopsychiatrical clinical study. All activities, including creative ones were put under observation in order to evaluate just how much elderly patients use the best of their possibilities. Even in the most adequate institutions and with patients who were not deeply incapacitated physically and mentally it was found that their activities and interpersonal relationship were limitated and reduced. The conclusion is that these findings may be explained by the physical diseases, the frequent psychotic and depressive symptoms plus the isolation of the institution within the community.", "PMID": 1052697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_630", "title": "[Childhood psychoses. Classification and clinical picture].", "content": "The classification of childhood psychoses formulated by the \"Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry\" (G.A.P.) is reviewed. Infantile psychoses are divided into three groups: A) Psychoses in infancy and early childhood. B) Psychoses in late childhood. C) Psychoses in the adolescence. The second part of this paper describes the different clinical pictures of infantile psychoses, including case histories.", "contents": "[Childhood psychoses. Classification and clinical picture]. The classification of childhood psychoses formulated by the \"Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry\" (G.A.P.) is reviewed. Infantile psychoses are divided into three groups: A) Psychoses in infancy and early childhood. B) Psychoses in late childhood. C) Psychoses in the adolescence. The second part of this paper describes the different clinical pictures of infantile psychoses, including case histories.", "PMID": 1052699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_631", "title": "[Psychodynamic theory of childhood psychoses].", "content": "A review of the different concepts of childhood psychoses is made. Margaret Mahler's observations of normal and psychotic children concerning their relationship with their mothers during their first years of life are reviewed. Through the discussion of the concepts that Mahler has reached, understanding the dynamics of growth and their alterations, we obtain a clear understanding of the defects in psychological functions observed in the psychoses, including early infantile autism (Kanner) and symbiotic psychosis (Mahler). A correlation of events occurring at different levels of growth: object relations, cognitive growth, psychosexual development, growth of anxiety, etc., is attempted.", "contents": "[Psychodynamic theory of childhood psychoses]. A review of the different concepts of childhood psychoses is made. Margaret Mahler's observations of normal and psychotic children concerning their relationship with their mothers during their first years of life are reviewed. Through the discussion of the concepts that Mahler has reached, understanding the dynamics of growth and their alterations, we obtain a clear understanding of the defects in psychological functions observed in the psychoses, including early infantile autism (Kanner) and symbiotic psychosis (Mahler). A correlation of events occurring at different levels of growth: object relations, cognitive growth, psychosexual development, growth of anxiety, etc., is attempted.", "PMID": 1052700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_632", "title": "[Psychoanalytical understanding of childhood psychoses].", "content": "This short paper, placed in the symposium on child psychiatry within the Congress, is concerned with the psychoanalytic points of view which support the theory of treatment of children with autistic phenomena. After a brief description of the clinical of an autistic three-year boy with mutism, a theoretical point of view is elaborated through a concise revision of the contributions of various classical authors; focusing mainly on M. Mahler and the symbiotic and separation-individuation processes, M. Klein and the schizo-paranoid mechanisms, and finally the technique of treatment based on the transference-countertransference phenomena in the analytic situation.", "contents": "[Psychoanalytical understanding of childhood psychoses]. This short paper, placed in the symposium on child psychiatry within the Congress, is concerned with the psychoanalytic points of view which support the theory of treatment of children with autistic phenomena. After a brief description of the clinical of an autistic three-year boy with mutism, a theoretical point of view is elaborated through a concise revision of the contributions of various classical authors; focusing mainly on M. Mahler and the symbiotic and separation-individuation processes, M. Klein and the schizo-paranoid mechanisms, and finally the technique of treatment based on the transference-countertransference phenomena in the analytic situation.", "PMID": 1052701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_633", "title": "[Clinical diagnosis of childhood psychoses].", "content": "I have tried to summarize the different points of view in regard to clinical diagnosis of child psychosis. The main purpose is to reach a more universal agreement to base a diagnosis that allows us not only to facilitate an early diagnosis but also its treatment and above all better bases for research. Infantile psychosis varies at different levels of growth, according to age, however it is considered that psychosis in children is basically a disturbance in ego-functions. This is clearly evident in the thinking process, in affect, perception, motility, language, individualization, disturbance of object relations, and lost of contact with reality. The basic points for the diagnosis of child psychosis proposed by the \"Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry\" and initially studied by the English working party headed by Goldberg and col. are discussed: disturbances of their interpersonal relationships, indifference or preoccupation with inanimate objects, lack or failure in speech development, alteration in sensorial perception, bizarre or stereotyped behavior, resistance to change routines or change of environment, poor personal identification, crises of anger or panic which are not predictable and finally an uneven intellectual development.", "contents": "[Clinical diagnosis of childhood psychoses]. I have tried to summarize the different points of view in regard to clinical diagnosis of child psychosis. The main purpose is to reach a more universal agreement to base a diagnosis that allows us not only to facilitate an early diagnosis but also its treatment and above all better bases for research. Infantile psychosis varies at different levels of growth, according to age, however it is considered that psychosis in children is basically a disturbance in ego-functions. This is clearly evident in the thinking process, in affect, perception, motility, language, individualization, disturbance of object relations, and lost of contact with reality. The basic points for the diagnosis of child psychosis proposed by the \"Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry\" and initially studied by the English working party headed by Goldberg and col. are discussed: disturbances of their interpersonal relationships, indifference or preoccupation with inanimate objects, lack or failure in speech development, alteration in sensorial perception, bizarre or stereotyped behavior, resistance to change routines or change of environment, poor personal identification, crises of anger or panic which are not predictable and finally an uneven intellectual development.", "PMID": 1052702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_634", "title": "[Childhood psychoses and the family].", "content": "This paper reviews 328 child psychiatric case histories over a period of 3 years; 19 were classified as psychoses. Five cases presented frank clinical symptomatology and 14 were detected by psychological testing. Individual and family therapy were used. The most important findings were the following: 1. Immature parents, with a dominant mother figure and a weak father figure. 2. Lack of a good father-child relationship. 3. Poor communication among family members. 4. Parents' rejection of their responsability in managing the psychotic child.", "contents": "[Childhood psychoses and the family]. This paper reviews 328 child psychiatric case histories over a period of 3 years; 19 were classified as psychoses. Five cases presented frank clinical symptomatology and 14 were detected by psychological testing. Individual and family therapy were used. The most important findings were the following: 1. Immature parents, with a dominant mother figure and a weak father figure. 2. Lack of a good father-child relationship. 3. Poor communication among family members. 4. Parents' rejection of their responsability in managing the psychotic child.", "PMID": 1052704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_635", "title": "[Treatment and prognosis of childhood psychoses].", "content": "Over the years, a wide range of treatment efforts have been made with these patients in a variety of clinical settings. Review of the data indicates that, in general, a probing, interpretative approach has led to increased anxiety, aggravation of symptoms and deterioration of adaptation. A practical, forthright, supportive approach with parents along with ego-supportive therapy for the patient that includes special education and appropriate recreational and work activities has been most effective. In those cases in which withdrawal into mutism and only sensuous play has occured by the age of 5 years response to treatment has been minimal. Periodic separation from the family is often indicated for both, patient and family.", "contents": "[Treatment and prognosis of childhood psychoses]. Over the years, a wide range of treatment efforts have been made with these patients in a variety of clinical settings. Review of the data indicates that, in general, a probing, interpretative approach has led to increased anxiety, aggravation of symptoms and deterioration of adaptation. A practical, forthright, supportive approach with parents along with ego-supportive therapy for the patient that includes special education and appropriate recreational and work activities has been most effective. In those cases in which withdrawal into mutism and only sensuous play has occured by the age of 5 years response to treatment has been minimal. Periodic separation from the family is often indicated for both, patient and family.", "PMID": 1052705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_636", "title": "[Epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders under a social security system (Institute of Social Security and Services for Government Workers)].", "content": "The present study, fourth in the national literature about general psychiatric epidemiology, refers the experience of a social security system through the study of a sample obtained in a year of work of an important neurologic and psychiatric clinic of this system, studying relevant characteristics of 1 054 subjects in a total 7 102 acute and chronic psychiatric patients, showing a prevalence of 180 per 100 000 habitants. We found 36 different psychiatric disorders, most of them psychoneurotic in ambulatory patients and psychotic forms in hospitalized. The last ones made the 0.022% of the total sample. The biggest frecuency is made by young adults with moderate predominance of females than males. The sample is formed near the 10% by patients of 26 states of Mexican Republic. The period of major frecuency are the months of vacations of government workers, most of them of Public Education Secretary (Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica). We comment some epidemiological articles of Mexican medical literature concerning psychiatric disorders and some socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of mental pathology in our country.", "contents": "[Epidemiological study of psychiatric disorders under a social security system (Institute of Social Security and Services for Government Workers)]. The present study, fourth in the national literature about general psychiatric epidemiology, refers the experience of a social security system through the study of a sample obtained in a year of work of an important neurologic and psychiatric clinic of this system, studying relevant characteristics of 1 054 subjects in a total 7 102 acute and chronic psychiatric patients, showing a prevalence of 180 per 100 000 habitants. We found 36 different psychiatric disorders, most of them psychoneurotic in ambulatory patients and psychotic forms in hospitalized. The last ones made the 0.022% of the total sample. The biggest frecuency is made by young adults with moderate predominance of females than males. The sample is formed near the 10% by patients of 26 states of Mexican Republic. The period of major frecuency are the months of vacations of government workers, most of them of Public Education Secretary (Secretar\u00eda de Educaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica). We comment some epidemiological articles of Mexican medical literature concerning psychiatric disorders and some socioeconomic and cultural characteristics of mental pathology in our country.", "PMID": 1052706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_637", "title": "[Sex chromatin in a population of patients of 2 psychiatric hospitals].", "content": "The purposes of the present study were, first, to determine the proportion of hospitalized psychiatric patients with sex chromatin aberrations and, second, to map the frequency of cells containing Barr bodies as a function of the age of patient. Of the 531 male patients studied, 0.7 per cent contained one or more Barr bodies; 0.5 per cent of the 587 female patients analyzed gave evidence of sex chromatin anomalies. No correlation could be demonstrated between the frequency of cells with Barr bodies and the age of the patients.", "contents": "[Sex chromatin in a population of patients of 2 psychiatric hospitals]. The purposes of the present study were, first, to determine the proportion of hospitalized psychiatric patients with sex chromatin aberrations and, second, to map the frequency of cells containing Barr bodies as a function of the age of patient. Of the 531 male patients studied, 0.7 per cent contained one or more Barr bodies; 0.5 per cent of the 587 female patients analyzed gave evidence of sex chromatin anomalies. No correlation could be demonstrated between the frequency of cells with Barr bodies and the age of the patients.", "PMID": 1052708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_638", "title": "[Evaluation of penfluridol in hospitalized chronic psychotic patients].", "content": "Thirty female patients were studied while taking penfluridol, continuous neuroleptic antipsychotic medication given orally. These patients were hospitalized making observation and control adequate in 73.3% of the cases. Colateral effects that we observed were minimum and variable in nearly all the patients, and many of these effects are of little significance as they are observed with other neuroleptics.", "contents": "[Evaluation of penfluridol in hospitalized chronic psychotic patients]. Thirty female patients were studied while taking penfluridol, continuous neuroleptic antipsychotic medication given orally. These patients were hospitalized making observation and control adequate in 73.3% of the cases. Colateral effects that we observed were minimum and variable in nearly all the patients, and many of these effects are of little significance as they are observed with other neuroleptics.", "PMID": 1052710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_639", "title": "[Photic epilepsy].", "content": "Fourteen cases of patients with photoconvulsive response during intermitent luminous stimulation (eleven women and three men) are reviewed. The frequency of the photoconvulsive response was higher between 10 and 20 years of age (eleven cases). Most of the patients (twelve) presented some form of epilepsy and only two had psychomotor retardation without epilepsy. Comment is made on differences published by other authors and possible explanations of such differences are proposed.", "contents": "[Photic epilepsy]. Fourteen cases of patients with photoconvulsive response during intermitent luminous stimulation (eleven women and three men) are reviewed. The frequency of the photoconvulsive response was higher between 10 and 20 years of age (eleven cases). Most of the patients (twelve) presented some form of epilepsy and only two had psychomotor retardation without epilepsy. Comment is made on differences published by other authors and possible explanations of such differences are proposed.", "PMID": 1052712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_640", "title": "[Psychopharmological research with EMD 16-923 in patients with different degrees of anxiety].", "content": "Sixty patients, ages 15 to 59, mostly neurotics, were used to study the effect of mepiprazol on the anxiety syndrome. The drug was compared to oxacepam. The results with mepiprazol were considered acceptable with no important collateral effects.", "contents": "[Psychopharmological research with EMD 16-923 in patients with different degrees of anxiety]. Sixty patients, ages 15 to 59, mostly neurotics, were used to study the effect of mepiprazol on the anxiety syndrome. The drug was compared to oxacepam. The results with mepiprazol were considered acceptable with no important collateral effects.", "PMID": 1052713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_641", "title": "[Various norms for measuring depression].", "content": "Through comparison of five groups of normals, psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients, we considered the usefulness of the Self-Rating Depression Scale of W. W. K. Zung in our country, and need for assessing depression. Our results allow discrimination of depression as a symptom, syndrome and other depressive disturbance, and shows indices for various diagnostic categories.", "contents": "[Various norms for measuring depression]. Through comparison of five groups of normals, psychiatric and non-psychiatric patients, we considered the usefulness of the Self-Rating Depression Scale of W. W. K. Zung in our country, and need for assessing depression. Our results allow discrimination of depression as a symptom, syndrome and other depressive disturbance, and shows indices for various diagnostic categories.", "PMID": 1052714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_642", "title": "[Responsible parenthood and attitude to procreation].", "content": "A study of what responsible parenthood means for 137 university female students and 142 working class women was made. Using a modification of the semantic differential measuring scale, 10 questions were made to explore if responsible parenthood means personal development of children or family planning. Through factor analysis it was seen that for both groups the concept basically means to understand children better and to give them a better education. A minor percentage of university women answered about family planning. This work was due to help the Mexican Government Education Campaign to decrease birth rate in the country. Ways to improve this campaign are suggested taking as a base the results of this study.", "contents": "[Responsible parenthood and attitude to procreation]. A study of what responsible parenthood means for 137 university female students and 142 working class women was made. Using a modification of the semantic differential measuring scale, 10 questions were made to explore if responsible parenthood means personal development of children or family planning. Through factor analysis it was seen that for both groups the concept basically means to understand children better and to give them a better education. A minor percentage of university women answered about family planning. This work was due to help the Mexican Government Education Campaign to decrease birth rate in the country. Ways to improve this campaign are suggested taking as a base the results of this study.", "PMID": 1052715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_643", "title": "[Drug therapy profile of viloxazine. Open clinical trial with 34 patients].", "content": "In an open study with viloxazine in 34 patients we obtained nine excellent results, twelve improvements, eight patients worsened, and five maintained a status quo. The most frequent side effects were gastrointestinal, in particular nausea and vomiting. There was no drug interference with neuroleptics and anxiolitics used simultaneously in the treatment of the patients studied. From this study we can ascertain the existence of three therapeutic dimensions of viloxazine: anxiolytic, energizing, and antidepressive. Doses of 50 to 150 mg., of 150 to 250 or 300 mg., and up to dosages of 400 mg. per diem respectively produce and in that order, the above-mentioned effects.", "contents": "[Drug therapy profile of viloxazine. Open clinical trial with 34 patients]. In an open study with viloxazine in 34 patients we obtained nine excellent results, twelve improvements, eight patients worsened, and five maintained a status quo. The most frequent side effects were gastrointestinal, in particular nausea and vomiting. There was no drug interference with neuroleptics and anxiolitics used simultaneously in the treatment of the patients studied. From this study we can ascertain the existence of three therapeutic dimensions of viloxazine: anxiolytic, energizing, and antidepressive. Doses of 50 to 150 mg., of 150 to 250 or 300 mg., and up to dosages of 400 mg. per diem respectively produce and in that order, the above-mentioned effects.", "PMID": 1052716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_644", "title": "[Towards effective treatment in child psychiatry].", "content": "The author suggests that psychoanalytic theory, developmental theories and family dynamics theories are insufficient to allow for a comprehensive treatment of children. Adding elements of Systems Theory, he proposes that in every case, individual, familial and ecological factors be devised to solve problems in each area. He illustrates the approach with the clinical report of a successfully treated case of vitiligo.", "contents": "[Towards effective treatment in child psychiatry]. The author suggests that psychoanalytic theory, developmental theories and family dynamics theories are insufficient to allow for a comprehensive treatment of children. Adding elements of Systems Theory, he proposes that in every case, individual, familial and ecological factors be devised to solve problems in each area. He illustrates the approach with the clinical report of a successfully treated case of vitiligo.", "PMID": 1052717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_645", "title": "[Paroxysmal epileptic headache].", "content": "Epileptic paroxystic headache consists of an episode of pain that starts suddenly, in a varying area that is usually the same for the same patient, of medium to high intensity, lasting from a few seconds to minutes and, rarely, hours; the episode subsides spontaneously and tends to recur. This was found in 32 of 125 patients studied by the author. Average age of onset was 11 years, with 80% of cases presenting it in the first or second decade of life. Once diagnosed, the condition was present a maximum of 41 years and a minimum of one month, with an average of six years. Headache lasted from 30 seconds to 4 hours; in 62% of cases it was 15 minutes or less. Pain was severe in 24 patients and moderate in 8. Epileptic paroxystic headache can be the only epileptic symptom (31%) or be associated with other ictal manifestations, independently (56.2%) or simultaneously (12.5%). EEG studies showed focalization in temporal lobe (56%), in the midbrain (12.5%) or in other areas. Treatment with hydantoine, primidone and methylsuccimide gave excellent results. Differential diagnosis with other paroxystic headaches is noted.", "contents": "[Paroxysmal epileptic headache]. Epileptic paroxystic headache consists of an episode of pain that starts suddenly, in a varying area that is usually the same for the same patient, of medium to high intensity, lasting from a few seconds to minutes and, rarely, hours; the episode subsides spontaneously and tends to recur. This was found in 32 of 125 patients studied by the author. Average age of onset was 11 years, with 80% of cases presenting it in the first or second decade of life. Once diagnosed, the condition was present a maximum of 41 years and a minimum of one month, with an average of six years. Headache lasted from 30 seconds to 4 hours; in 62% of cases it was 15 minutes or less. Pain was severe in 24 patients and moderate in 8. Epileptic paroxystic headache can be the only epileptic symptom (31%) or be associated with other ictal manifestations, independently (56.2%) or simultaneously (12.5%). EEG studies showed focalization in temporal lobe (56%), in the midbrain (12.5%) or in other areas. Treatment with hydantoine, primidone and methylsuccimide gave excellent results. Differential diagnosis with other paroxystic headaches is noted.", "PMID": 1052718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_646", "title": "[Separation anxiety and reunion in the transference in 4 children].", "content": "In four ongoing cases treated with psychoanalytic psychotherapy, the reactions presented before and after a Christmas break and the place of such reactions in the transference are examined. Separation-anxiety was evident and expressed clearly in typical reactions. However, during the reunion, the reactions took diverse forms: failure to recognise the therapist; use of maniac defenses, use of body language and self injury; verbal and motor inhibition, use of symbolic angry material and concern for a fantasied baby.", "contents": "[Separation anxiety and reunion in the transference in 4 children]. In four ongoing cases treated with psychoanalytic psychotherapy, the reactions presented before and after a Christmas break and the place of such reactions in the transference are examined. Separation-anxiety was evident and expressed clearly in typical reactions. However, during the reunion, the reactions took diverse forms: failure to recognise the therapist; use of maniac defenses, use of body language and self injury; verbal and motor inhibition, use of symbolic angry material and concern for a fantasied baby.", "PMID": 1052719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_647", "title": "Uterine prolapse in pregnancy caused by a very large mucinous cyst.", "content": "The literature review and a case report of a 25 years old patient who started to suffer from an extemely large abdomen, sever oedema, dyspnea, and uterine prolapse from the 30th week in her third pregnancy because of a very large mucinous cyst. The prolapsed uterus improved with bed rest. She delivered at term with no complication. The cyst was removed three weeks after the delivery with about ten litres of mucoid secretion in it. The patient left hospital on the tenth post operative day.", "contents": "Uterine prolapse in pregnancy caused by a very large mucinous cyst. The literature review and a case report of a 25 years old patient who started to suffer from an extemely large abdomen, sever oedema, dyspnea, and uterine prolapse from the 30th week in her third pregnancy because of a very large mucinous cyst. The prolapsed uterus improved with bed rest. She delivered at term with no complication. The cyst was removed three weeks after the delivery with about ten litres of mucoid secretion in it. The patient left hospital on the tenth post operative day.", "PMID": 1052726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_648", "title": "Purpura hyperglobulinemica (Waldenstrom).", "content": "A case of hyperglobulinemic purpura of Waldenstrom with involvement of trunk and arms of 10 years duration has been presented. The patient had mild anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, positive rheumatoid factor and no evidence of immonological abnormalities associated for with systemic lupus erythematosus. A brief review of clinical manifestation and pathogenesis is cited.", "contents": "Purpura hyperglobulinemica (Waldenstrom). A case of hyperglobulinemic purpura of Waldenstrom with involvement of trunk and arms of 10 years duration has been presented. The patient had mild anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, positive rheumatoid factor and no evidence of immonological abnormalities associated for with systemic lupus erythematosus. A brief review of clinical manifestation and pathogenesis is cited.", "PMID": 1052727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_649", "title": "The family role in the aetiology of schizophrenia in Iran.", "content": "The family characteristics of 100 Schizophrenic patients were compared with the family characteristics of 100 subjects recognized as normal. It was confirmed that the family disruptions amond the schizophrenics was significantly more than in the non-psychiatric group. This study could not find a family which could be specifically called as schizophrenic family, but what was found was a general defective and conflictive parent-child communication, but not a specific type of communication. Based on such findings, it was concluded that it is such dysfunction in parent-child communication which negatively affects the child's identification process, specifically when the child is going through the formative years of life. The influence of inadequate family atmosphere was also discussed in relation with few studies and it was inferred that such inappropriate family conditions are among other precipitating factors in the etiology of schizophrenia, becasue the of predisposing factors are regarded as dependent on genetic constitution.", "contents": "The family role in the aetiology of schizophrenia in Iran. The family characteristics of 100 Schizophrenic patients were compared with the family characteristics of 100 subjects recognized as normal. It was confirmed that the family disruptions amond the schizophrenics was significantly more than in the non-psychiatric group. This study could not find a family which could be specifically called as schizophrenic family, but what was found was a general defective and conflictive parent-child communication, but not a specific type of communication. Based on such findings, it was concluded that it is such dysfunction in parent-child communication which negatively affects the child's identification process, specifically when the child is going through the formative years of life. The influence of inadequate family atmosphere was also discussed in relation with few studies and it was inferred that such inappropriate family conditions are among other precipitating factors in the etiology of schizophrenia, becasue the of predisposing factors are regarded as dependent on genetic constitution.", "PMID": 1052728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_650", "title": "Increased induced abortion rate in 1966, an aspect of a Japanese folk superstition.", "content": "Adecrease of about 463 000 live births occurred in Japan in 1966, constituting a sharp departure from the linear trend before and after. This was partly caused by contraception and partly by induced abortion. The induced abortion rate, 43.1 per 1000 births in the year (a total of 65 000), was significantly higher than the 30.6 expected (46.200 total) from the regression trend computed from the years 1963 to 1969. No epidemics were reported in 1966 which might have caused the increase in abortion. It is more likely to be due to observance of Hinoe-Uma (Elder Fire-Horse), which comes round every sixty years by zodiac almanac. This event represents a superstition observed only by the Japanese, in whcih it is a bad omen for female babies to be born in the year. 1966 was the most recent year of Hinoe-Uma.", "contents": "Increased induced abortion rate in 1966, an aspect of a Japanese folk superstition. Adecrease of about 463 000 live births occurred in Japan in 1966, constituting a sharp departure from the linear trend before and after. This was partly caused by contraception and partly by induced abortion. The induced abortion rate, 43.1 per 1000 births in the year (a total of 65 000), was significantly higher than the 30.6 expected (46.200 total) from the regression trend computed from the years 1963 to 1969. No epidemics were reported in 1966 which might have caused the increase in abortion. It is more likely to be due to observance of Hinoe-Uma (Elder Fire-Horse), which comes round every sixty years by zodiac almanac. This event represents a superstition observed only by the Japanese, in whcih it is a bad omen for female babies to be born in the year. 1966 was the most recent year of Hinoe-Uma.", "PMID": 1052742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_651", "title": "Eruption of permanent teeth in West African (Gambian) children in relation to age, sex and physique.", "content": "Dental records of 635 West African (Gambian) children within the age range of 4.5-14 yr yielded 2108 examinations for boys and 1863 for girls. There was no difference between eruption ages of homologous permanent teeth on the left and the right side of the same jaw. Except for PM1 and PM2, teeth in the lower jaw erupted earlier. There was a clear sex difference in eruption age, which was earlier in females. Calendar age can be estimated from the state of permanent dentition, though the error of the estimate increases with the number of teeth, being about 0.5 years for 1 or 2 teeth and increasing to slightly over 1 year for 12 teeth or more. There was an association between the number of teeth erupted at a given age and height and weight of the children. Also children with fewer teeth at a given age contain a greater proportion of children below standard weight or height for that age. This effect disappeared when children were classified in terms of weight for height.", "contents": "Eruption of permanent teeth in West African (Gambian) children in relation to age, sex and physique. Dental records of 635 West African (Gambian) children within the age range of 4.5-14 yr yielded 2108 examinations for boys and 1863 for girls. There was no difference between eruption ages of homologous permanent teeth on the left and the right side of the same jaw. Except for PM1 and PM2, teeth in the lower jaw erupted earlier. There was a clear sex difference in eruption age, which was earlier in females. Calendar age can be estimated from the state of permanent dentition, though the error of the estimate increases with the number of teeth, being about 0.5 years for 1 or 2 teeth and increasing to slightly over 1 year for 12 teeth or more. There was an association between the number of teeth erupted at a given age and height and weight of the children. Also children with fewer teeth at a given age contain a greater proportion of children below standard weight or height for that age. This effect disappeared when children were classified in terms of weight for height.", "PMID": 1052743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_652", "title": "Comparative study of haemoglobin types of two populations of eastern Senegal--Bedik and Niokholonko.", "content": "The haemoglobin types of 1487 of the East Senegal Bedik and Niokholonko populations have been studied. There are significant differences between them, the most likely explanation of which is that the populations are of different origins. The Bedik appear to be the most ancient known settlers in East Senegal: they possess only A and S haemoglobins. The Niolholonko came later, probably from Mali: they have a lower frequency of S genes but AC and AD phenotypes are also encountered among them.", "contents": "Comparative study of haemoglobin types of two populations of eastern Senegal--Bedik and Niokholonko. The haemoglobin types of 1487 of the East Senegal Bedik and Niokholonko populations have been studied. There are significant differences between them, the most likely explanation of which is that the populations are of different origins. The Bedik appear to be the most ancient known settlers in East Senegal: they possess only A and S haemoglobins. The Niolholonko came later, probably from Mali: they have a lower frequency of S genes but AC and AD phenotypes are also encountered among them.", "PMID": 1052744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_653", "title": "Sex ratio of live births in south-western Nigeria.", "content": "Among European and North American whites, the proportion of males among live births is about 51.4%, while among negroes in the United States the figure is 50.7%. To test the correctness of the common assumption that the proportion among Africans is the same as that for negroes in the United States, records over seven years for Yorubas of south-western Nigeria have been examined. Among 548 558 hospital live births the male proportion was 51.37%, while vital registration records for one urban and one rural town showed a figure of 51.39% in 315 735 live births. Of the total 864 331 live births, the overall proportion was 51.4 +/- 0.05%, significantly higher than the 50.7% for American negroes.", "contents": "Sex ratio of live births in south-western Nigeria. Among European and North American whites, the proportion of males among live births is about 51.4%, while among negroes in the United States the figure is 50.7%. To test the correctness of the common assumption that the proportion among Africans is the same as that for negroes in the United States, records over seven years for Yorubas of south-western Nigeria have been examined. Among 548 558 hospital live births the male proportion was 51.37%, while vital registration records for one urban and one rural town showed a figure of 51.39% in 315 735 live births. Of the total 864 331 live births, the overall proportion was 51.4 +/- 0.05%, significantly higher than the 50.7% for American negroes.", "PMID": 1052745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_654", "title": "Sexual differentiation in the innominate bone studied by multivariate analysis.", "content": "A series of 60 innominate bones of known age and sex were measured producing 17 absolute measurements from which 7 indices were created. These bones were used in forming reference groups to develop a computer-applied discriminant function for sexual allocation. One set of data was discarded because the sexual attribution of the bone was found to be inadequate. From the remaining 59 bones 58 were sexed correctly when the discrininant function was applied to them retrospectively; 54 were sexed correctly with a probability exceeding 0.95. It is likely, however, that the accuracy achieved here would not be reached by applying information from this reference group to new material.", "contents": "Sexual differentiation in the innominate bone studied by multivariate analysis. A series of 60 innominate bones of known age and sex were measured producing 17 absolute measurements from which 7 indices were created. These bones were used in forming reference groups to develop a computer-applied discriminant function for sexual allocation. One set of data was discarded because the sexual attribution of the bone was found to be inadequate. From the remaining 59 bones 58 were sexed correctly when the discrininant function was applied to them retrospectively; 54 were sexed correctly with a probability exceeding 0.95. It is likely, however, that the accuracy achieved here would not be reached by applying information from this reference group to new material.", "PMID": 1052746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_655", "title": "The 1972 Cuban national child growth study as an example of population health monitoring: design and methods.", "content": "A stratified 3-stage random sample of 50 360 children ages 0-19 drawn from the whole population of Cuba was measured in a large-scale growth study during 1972-73. Fifteen anthropometric measurements were taken and puberty stages and menarche status were assessed. Hand-wrist radiographs were done on 10% of the sample. Information regarding the social and education status of the parents was obtained and parental heights were measured. One year later, 30% of the sample were re-measured and 10% re-X-rayed. The overall response rate was 96% at pre-school and primary school age, and a lettle less later. Quality control sessions were held at which the nine measuring teams compared results. No significant differences were found between teams working different parts of the island. Differences between duplicate measurements of stature by individual measurers had standard deviations approximating 0.20 cm. Individual measurers' means differed from the grand means of all measurers by up to +/- 0.2 cm for stature, +/- 0.4 cm for sitting height and +/- 0.5 mm (7% of mean) for triceps skinfold. One or more measurements lay outside the 3rd-97th centile limits in 21% of individuals. Scrutiny of these individuals' records resulted in elimination of measurements in amounts ranging from 0.1% (triceps skinfold) to 1.1% (crown-rump length). Problems of planning and execution of growth surveys designed to set national standards are described, and solutions given or suggested.", "contents": "The 1972 Cuban national child growth study as an example of population health monitoring: design and methods. A stratified 3-stage random sample of 50 360 children ages 0-19 drawn from the whole population of Cuba was measured in a large-scale growth study during 1972-73. Fifteen anthropometric measurements were taken and puberty stages and menarche status were assessed. Hand-wrist radiographs were done on 10% of the sample. Information regarding the social and education status of the parents was obtained and parental heights were measured. One year later, 30% of the sample were re-measured and 10% re-X-rayed. The overall response rate was 96% at pre-school and primary school age, and a lettle less later. Quality control sessions were held at which the nine measuring teams compared results. No significant differences were found between teams working different parts of the island. Differences between duplicate measurements of stature by individual measurers had standard deviations approximating 0.20 cm. Individual measurers' means differed from the grand means of all measurers by up to +/- 0.2 cm for stature, +/- 0.4 cm for sitting height and +/- 0.5 mm (7% of mean) for triceps skinfold. One or more measurements lay outside the 3rd-97th centile limits in 21% of individuals. Scrutiny of these individuals' records resulted in elimination of measurements in amounts ranging from 0.1% (triceps skinfold) to 1.1% (crown-rump length). Problems of planning and execution of growth surveys designed to set national standards are described, and solutions given or suggested.", "PMID": 1052747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_656", "title": "Human foetal measurements between 50 and 150 days of gestation, in relation to crown-heel length.", "content": "Weights and a number of linear measurements were related to crown-heel length in fresh apparently normal foetuses ranging from 8 to 21 weeks' post-menstrual age. The average relationships agreed remarkably well with results reported many years ago on the basis of preserved specimens mostly from spontaneous abortions. There was no evidence of sex differences.", "contents": "Human foetal measurements between 50 and 150 days of gestation, in relation to crown-heel length. Weights and a number of linear measurements were related to crown-heel length in fresh apparently normal foetuses ranging from 8 to 21 weeks' post-menstrual age. The average relationships agreed remarkably well with results reported many years ago on the basis of preserved specimens mostly from spontaneous abortions. There was no evidence of sex differences.", "PMID": 1052748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_657", "title": "Population structure of the Juang tribe in Orissa, India.", "content": "The coefficient of kinship of the Juangs, a very primitive tribe in the state of Orissa in eastern India, is estimated. The Juang population is sub-divided into two breeding groups: one practising shifting cultivation in the hilly regions of the former state Keonjher and Pal-Lahara, called here \"primitive group\"; the other settled in Dhenkanal and practising normal Indian agriculture, called here \"advanced group\". From the migration matrix the mean eoefficient of kinship in a population subdivided by geographically restricted clans is estimated to be 0.0045 for the primitive group and 0.0324 for the advanced group. These values correspond to Alpine and Micronesian isolates, respectively. Estimates from genealogies of randomly paired sibships are substantially smaller (0.0016 and 0.0131, respectively), but are biased downward by incompleteness of pedigrees and by neglect of restricted migration within each group. Therefore the estimates from the migration matrix are presumably more reliable in this material, and perhaps commonly in tribal populations.", "contents": "Population structure of the Juang tribe in Orissa, India. The coefficient of kinship of the Juangs, a very primitive tribe in the state of Orissa in eastern India, is estimated. The Juang population is sub-divided into two breeding groups: one practising shifting cultivation in the hilly regions of the former state Keonjher and Pal-Lahara, called here \"primitive group\"; the other settled in Dhenkanal and practising normal Indian agriculture, called here \"advanced group\". From the migration matrix the mean eoefficient of kinship in a population subdivided by geographically restricted clans is estimated to be 0.0045 for the primitive group and 0.0324 for the advanced group. These values correspond to Alpine and Micronesian isolates, respectively. Estimates from genealogies of randomly paired sibships are substantially smaller (0.0016 and 0.0131, respectively), but are biased downward by incompleteness of pedigrees and by neglect of restricted migration within each group. Therefore the estimates from the migration matrix are presumably more reliable in this material, and perhaps commonly in tribal populations.", "PMID": 1052749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_658", "title": "The age at menarche in Somalia.", "content": "The mean age at menarche calculated by the recollected-age method for 524 Somalian girls, all over 16 years of age, was 14.78 +/- 0.07 years. The subjects, gathered from schools and other communities in the capital and from the Catholic Missions in Benadir and Upper and Lower Giuba, originated from all the regions of the country. Regions showed a significant difference in menarcheal age.", "contents": "The age at menarche in Somalia. The mean age at menarche calculated by the recollected-age method for 524 Somalian girls, all over 16 years of age, was 14.78 +/- 0.07 years. The subjects, gathered from schools and other communities in the capital and from the Catholic Missions in Benadir and Upper and Lower Giuba, originated from all the regions of the country. Regions showed a significant difference in menarcheal age.", "PMID": 1052750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_659", "title": "Serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Oraon tribe, India.", "content": "Blood specimens from 134 Oraon, a Dravidian-speaking tribe in Bihar, India, have been tested for haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, phosphoglucomutase, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, and malate dehydrogenase types by starch gel electrophoresis. Low Hp1 and high TfD gene frequencies emerge.", "contents": "Serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Oraon tribe, India. Blood specimens from 134 Oraon, a Dravidian-speaking tribe in Bihar, India, have been tested for haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, phosphoglucomutase, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, and malate dehydrogenase types by starch gel electrophoresis. Low Hp1 and high TfD gene frequencies emerge.", "PMID": 1052751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_660", "title": "Foetal growth from 50 to 150 days of gestation.", "content": "Weight and several linear measurements have been related to postmenstrual age in a series of fresh, apparently normal foetuses, ranging in age from 8 to 21 weeks. Although the correlation between these variables and age was high, the prediction of foetal age from such measurements can never be precise, due in part to difficulties inherent in the concept of postmenstrual age. The average relationships agreed in general with those in previous reports, including those based on spontaneous abortion material.", "contents": "Foetal growth from 50 to 150 days of gestation. Weight and several linear measurements have been related to postmenstrual age in a series of fresh, apparently normal foetuses, ranging in age from 8 to 21 weeks. Although the correlation between these variables and age was high, the prediction of foetal age from such measurements can never be precise, due in part to difficulties inherent in the concept of postmenstrual age. The average relationships agreed in general with those in previous reports, including those based on spontaneous abortion material.", "PMID": 1052752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_661", "title": "Effects of exercise therapy on total and component tissue leg volumes of patients undergoing rehabilitation from lower limb injury.", "content": "Anthropometric and X-ray data were collected on 20 young male patients undergoing a systematic programme of exercise therapy following fracture of the leg and consequent immobilization for 25--254 (mean 117) days. Estimates of total leg volume, calculated from X-ray or from anthropometric measurements, were essentially interchangeable in both the injured and uninjured legs. A procedure for estimating muscle volume from total leg volume is given. At the start of rehabilitation, muscle volume was significantly smaller (860 ml, 16 per cent) in the injured than in the uninjured leg. By the end of rehabilitation (mean 50 days) the injured leg had siginficantly increased by 360 ml (8 per cent) over its initial volume, and the uninjured one had increased but not significantly (120 ml, 2 per cent), so that the injured leg was still approximately 11 per cent (620 ml) small than the uninjured. The initial degree of atrophy and the period of immobilization were not significantly correlated, although the latter showed a negative relationship (P greater than 0.05) with the rate of increase of muscle volume in the injured leg. No significant correlation was found between the ratio of injured/uninjured leg volumes and muscle width measurements at 1/3 subischial, at 12.7 cm above the knee joint space or at the maximum calf. In systematic studies involving atrophy muscle volume must therefore be estimated either by anthropometry or by X-ray measurements.", "contents": "Effects of exercise therapy on total and component tissue leg volumes of patients undergoing rehabilitation from lower limb injury. Anthropometric and X-ray data were collected on 20 young male patients undergoing a systematic programme of exercise therapy following fracture of the leg and consequent immobilization for 25--254 (mean 117) days. Estimates of total leg volume, calculated from X-ray or from anthropometric measurements, were essentially interchangeable in both the injured and uninjured legs. A procedure for estimating muscle volume from total leg volume is given. At the start of rehabilitation, muscle volume was significantly smaller (860 ml, 16 per cent) in the injured than in the uninjured leg. By the end of rehabilitation (mean 50 days) the injured leg had siginficantly increased by 360 ml (8 per cent) over its initial volume, and the uninjured one had increased but not significantly (120 ml, 2 per cent), so that the injured leg was still approximately 11 per cent (620 ml) small than the uninjured. The initial degree of atrophy and the period of immobilization were not significantly correlated, although the latter showed a negative relationship (P greater than 0.05) with the rate of increase of muscle volume in the injured leg. No significant correlation was found between the ratio of injured/uninjured leg volumes and muscle width measurements at 1/3 subischial, at 12.7 cm above the knee joint space or at the maximum calf. In systematic studies involving atrophy muscle volume must therefore be estimated either by anthropometry or by X-ray measurements.", "PMID": 1052753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_662", "title": "Skin reflectance results from Holy Island, Northumberland.", "content": "The skin reflectance values at three EEL filters: 601, 605, and 609 of 100 inhabitants of Holy Island, Northumberland, are reported. They show no sex differences but a significant age difference and a marked regional difference. A method for examining regional differences in skin colour is introduced.", "contents": "Skin reflectance results from Holy Island, Northumberland. The skin reflectance values at three EEL filters: 601, 605, and 609 of 100 inhabitants of Holy Island, Northumberland, are reported. They show no sex differences but a significant age difference and a marked regional difference. A method for examining regional differences in skin colour is introduced.", "PMID": 1052754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_663", "title": "Prediction of adult height of girls from height and dental maturity at ages 6-10 years.", "content": "The relationship between height and dental development was studied in 56 healthy girls by the use of the chronological age at the references point of the eruption curve of the permanent teeth. There was a high correlation between age plus height at this reference point and adult height. When growth rate was taken into account, the correlation increased. It is thus possible to predict final body height from the age at which the eruption of the first twelve permanent teeth occurs plus the height at that time. The residual standard deviation of predicted adult height was 2.3 cm.", "contents": "Prediction of adult height of girls from height and dental maturity at ages 6-10 years. The relationship between height and dental development was studied in 56 healthy girls by the use of the chronological age at the references point of the eruption curve of the permanent teeth. There was a high correlation between age plus height at this reference point and adult height. When growth rate was taken into account, the correlation increased. It is thus possible to predict final body height from the age at which the eruption of the first twelve permanent teeth occurs plus the height at that time. The residual standard deviation of predicted adult height was 2.3 cm.", "PMID": 1052755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_664", "title": "Quantitative study of the ABO system in several groups of African populations.", "content": "Agglutination percentages of red blood cells from European and from three African populations (Twareg from Mali, Sara from Central African Republic, and Niokholonko from Senegal) in the ABO system have been compared. The results show a greater agglutinability of group O erythrocytes with anti-H sera, for African subjects than for Europeans. No significant difference was noted between African and European B subjects, except for the Niokholonko, whose agglutination percentage was slightly higher with anti-B. The study of group A disclosed a large number of Aint in all African populations studied. The AB African red cells seem to be less agglutinable with anti-A and anti-A1 sera than European ones; A and A1 antigens may be depressed by a strong B antigen.", "contents": "Quantitative study of the ABO system in several groups of African populations. Agglutination percentages of red blood cells from European and from three African populations (Twareg from Mali, Sara from Central African Republic, and Niokholonko from Senegal) in the ABO system have been compared. The results show a greater agglutinability of group O erythrocytes with anti-H sera, for African subjects than for Europeans. No significant difference was noted between African and European B subjects, except for the Niokholonko, whose agglutination percentage was slightly higher with anti-B. The study of group A disclosed a large number of Aint in all African populations studied. The AB African red cells seem to be less agglutinable with anti-A and anti-A1 sera than European ones; A and A1 antigens may be depressed by a strong B antigen.", "PMID": 1052756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_665", "title": "Estimating the age of the human foetus from crown-rump measurements.", "content": "When data from various sources were compared, it was found that estimates of foetal age based upon crown-rump measurements varied considerably. These variations are probably related to the positions in which the foetuses were measured. Tables relating foetal age to foetal length should therefore specify the precise posture in which the foetus was placed for measurement. A standard readily reproducible position is proposed for the foetus when recording its length and it is suggested that crown-rump length should be related to \"conceptual\" age instead of the more conventional \"menstrual\" age.", "contents": "Estimating the age of the human foetus from crown-rump measurements. When data from various sources were compared, it was found that estimates of foetal age based upon crown-rump measurements varied considerably. These variations are probably related to the positions in which the foetuses were measured. Tables relating foetal age to foetal length should therefore specify the precise posture in which the foetus was placed for measurement. A standard readily reproducible position is proposed for the foetus when recording its length and it is suggested that crown-rump length should be related to \"conceptual\" age instead of the more conventional \"menstrual\" age.", "PMID": 1052757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_666", "title": "Were girl babies sacrificed to a folk superstition in 1966 in Japan?", "content": "Although it was expected by observers in Japan that the potency of belief in the superstition of the year of Fire-horse would be made apparent by a decrease in births and an increase of the induced abortion rate, an increase of infant mortality rate was not anticipated. However, an analysis of the early neonatal mortality rate of accidents and violence revealed a remarkable increase for girls but not for boys in 1966, the most recent year of Fire-horse. This fact is consistent with the superstition that women born in the year of Fire-horse are ill-fated.", "contents": "Were girl babies sacrificed to a folk superstition in 1966 in Japan? Although it was expected by observers in Japan that the potency of belief in the superstition of the year of Fire-horse would be made apparent by a decrease in births and an increase of the induced abortion rate, an increase of infant mortality rate was not anticipated. However, an analysis of the early neonatal mortality rate of accidents and violence revealed a remarkable increase for girls but not for boys in 1966, the most recent year of Fire-horse. This fact is consistent with the superstition that women born in the year of Fire-horse are ill-fated.", "PMID": 1052758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_667", "title": "Body composition changes during lactation in a New Guinea population.", "content": "Some body composition changes during lactation in women of Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea, suggest that body fat reserves, measured by changes in weight, diminish during the course of lactation and that subcutaneous fat reserves diminish with parity. The data are discussed in terms of the possible nutritional control of fertility of women in a subsistence economy.", "contents": "Body composition changes during lactation in a New Guinea population. Some body composition changes during lactation in women of Karkar Island, Papua New Guinea, suggest that body fat reserves, measured by changes in weight, diminish during the course of lactation and that subcutaneous fat reserves diminish with parity. The data are discussed in terms of the possible nutritional control of fertility of women in a subsistence economy.", "PMID": 1052759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_668", "title": "A consideration of the chi-square test of Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium in a non-multinomial situation.", "content": "The multinomial Dirichlet distribution was used to study the effect of correlation between observations in a sample on the frequency of rejection of the Hardy--Weinberg Law when in fact it was true in the population being sampled. It was shown that the usual X2 goodness-of-fit test of Hardy--Weinberg is very sensitive to non-multinomial sampling. In view of the lack of statistical power of the test to detect deviations due to in breeding, it is likely that whenever H--W is rejected using samples of size 100 or less, the underlying causation is sample correlation rather than failure of the H--W law to be true. Related to these findings is, of course, the effect of pooling heterogeneous frequencies or, in the case of contingency tables, Simpson's paradox (see Simpson, 1951).", "contents": "A consideration of the chi-square test of Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium in a non-multinomial situation. The multinomial Dirichlet distribution was used to study the effect of correlation between observations in a sample on the frequency of rejection of the Hardy--Weinberg Law when in fact it was true in the population being sampled. It was shown that the usual X2 goodness-of-fit test of Hardy--Weinberg is very sensitive to non-multinomial sampling. In view of the lack of statistical power of the test to detect deviations due to in breeding, it is likely that whenever H--W is rejected using samples of size 100 or less, the underlying causation is sample correlation rather than failure of the H--W law to be true. Related to these findings is, of course, the effect of pooling heterogeneous frequencies or, in the case of contingency tables, Simpson's paradox (see Simpson, 1951).", "PMID": 1052761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_669", "title": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in fibroblasts: isozymes in normal and variant states.", "content": "Electorphoretic properties of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in cultured skin fibroblasts of normal humans and individuals with different enzyme variants have been studied. Normal fibroblast lysates showed four activity bands, each slower moving than the erythrocyte enzyme. The transferase variants revealed different mobilities analogous to those found in erythrocytes. These findings suggest that subunits of human transferase associate variously with one another in a manner specific for each tissue and that in transferase variant states, an altered subunit results in a characteristic alteration in electrophoretic mobility which is analogous for each tissue.", "contents": "Galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in fibroblasts: isozymes in normal and variant states. Electorphoretic properties of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase in cultured skin fibroblasts of normal humans and individuals with different enzyme variants have been studied. Normal fibroblast lysates showed four activity bands, each slower moving than the erythrocyte enzyme. The transferase variants revealed different mobilities analogous to those found in erythrocytes. These findings suggest that subunits of human transferase associate variously with one another in a manner specific for each tissue and that in transferase variant states, an altered subunit results in a characteristic alteration in electrophoretic mobility which is analogous for each tissue.", "PMID": 1052762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_670", "title": "Genetics of acheiropodia (\"The handless and footless families of Brazil\"): IV. Sex ratio, consanguinity and birth order.", "content": "The sex ratio among acheiropods is shown to be not significantly different from the sex ratio among their normal sibs, as well as among other segments of the family (parental sibships, cousin sibships and other sibships). The frequency of consanguineous marriages among the parents of acheiropods (82%) is one of the highest thus far reported among parents of individuals affected with rare autosomal recessive anomalies or diseases. No evidence was found of any overall positive or negative birth order effect on the incidence of acheiropodia. These results further strengthen the hypothesis of a simple genetic mechanism for acheiropodia, namely autosomal recessive inheritance, without any detectable complication as regards sex ratio, consanguinity and birth order. Although the family size from heterozygous parents (producing at least one acheiropod) was twice as large as family sizes in other segments of the families (8 against 4), we have at present no evidence to support either heterozygous advantage or reproductive compensation.", "contents": "Genetics of acheiropodia (\"The handless and footless families of Brazil\"): IV. Sex ratio, consanguinity and birth order. The sex ratio among acheiropods is shown to be not significantly different from the sex ratio among their normal sibs, as well as among other segments of the family (parental sibships, cousin sibships and other sibships). The frequency of consanguineous marriages among the parents of acheiropods (82%) is one of the highest thus far reported among parents of individuals affected with rare autosomal recessive anomalies or diseases. No evidence was found of any overall positive or negative birth order effect on the incidence of acheiropodia. These results further strengthen the hypothesis of a simple genetic mechanism for acheiropodia, namely autosomal recessive inheritance, without any detectable complication as regards sex ratio, consanguinity and birth order. Although the family size from heterozygous parents (producing at least one acheiropod) was twice as large as family sizes in other segments of the families (8 against 4), we have at present no evidence to support either heterozygous advantage or reproductive compensation.", "PMID": 1052763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_671", "title": "The estimation of pairwise relationships.", "content": "Relationships between the individuals of a population have been previously studied from the point of view of prediction. Edwards (1967) suggested that the problem of detailed population structure could also be studied from the point of view of inference. Even where inferences of practical applicability cannot be made, such an approach can increase understanding of the relation between genealogical and genetic structure. In this paper we consider a specific problem which provides an introduction to the ideas and methods of genealogical inference. This is the problem of estimating the pairwise relationship between two individuals on the basis of their phenotypes at several loci. There is no theoretical problem in the extension from pairwise to joint relationship.", "contents": "The estimation of pairwise relationships. Relationships between the individuals of a population have been previously studied from the point of view of prediction. Edwards (1967) suggested that the problem of detailed population structure could also be studied from the point of view of inference. Even where inferences of practical applicability cannot be made, such an approach can increase understanding of the relation between genealogical and genetic structure. In this paper we consider a specific problem which provides an introduction to the ideas and methods of genealogical inference. This is the problem of estimating the pairwise relationship between two individuals on the basis of their phenotypes at several loci. There is no theoretical problem in the extension from pairwise to joint relationship.", "PMID": 1052764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_672", "title": "Observation on the familial appearance of diseases associated with metabolic disorders of the mother.", "content": "The familial appearnace of diseases in which a metabolic disorder of the mother causes foetal damage is examined and illustrated with typical pedigrees. The expected frequencies with which relatives of the probands are at risk are tabulated, and the effect of reduced maternal fertility is discussed. The familial appearance of disease is compared with that produced by maternal--foetal antigenic imcompatibility.", "contents": "Observation on the familial appearance of diseases associated with metabolic disorders of the mother. The familial appearnace of diseases in which a metabolic disorder of the mother causes foetal damage is examined and illustrated with typical pedigrees. The expected frequencies with which relatives of the probands are at risk are tabulated, and the effect of reduced maternal fertility is discussed. The familial appearance of disease is compared with that produced by maternal--foetal antigenic imcompatibility.", "PMID": 1052765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_673", "title": "Aconitase polymorphism in man.", "content": "1. An electrophoretic method is described which resolves two groups of aconitase isozymes in human tissues, one group corresponding to the mitochondrial and the other to the soluble enzyme. This method has been used to screen human populations for electrophoretic variation. 2. Variant phenotypes of both the mitochondrial and the soluble aconitase are described, and family studies and sib-pair data demonstrate that the variation is genetically determined. 3. The variant isozyme patterns are accounted for in terms of allelic variation at two independent gene loci, ACONM and ACONS, which encode the mitochondrial and the soluble aconitase respectively. The electrophoretic survey has so far revealed two alleles at ACONM and seven alleles at ACONS. 4. The electrophoretic patterns shown by heterozygous individuals indicate that both soluble and mitochondrial aconitase are monomeric. The variant patterns also indicate that certain minor aconitase components resolved under the electrophoretic conditions employed represent 'secondary' isozymes of the primary translation products. 5. Population data on Europenas and Nigerians are presented and it is shown that both rare and common electrophoretic variants are segregating in the human species. The variation due to the three most common ACONS alleles in the Nigerians constitues a polymorphism.", "contents": "Aconitase polymorphism in man. 1. An electrophoretic method is described which resolves two groups of aconitase isozymes in human tissues, one group corresponding to the mitochondrial and the other to the soluble enzyme. This method has been used to screen human populations for electrophoretic variation. 2. Variant phenotypes of both the mitochondrial and the soluble aconitase are described, and family studies and sib-pair data demonstrate that the variation is genetically determined. 3. The variant isozyme patterns are accounted for in terms of allelic variation at two independent gene loci, ACONM and ACONS, which encode the mitochondrial and the soluble aconitase respectively. The electrophoretic survey has so far revealed two alleles at ACONM and seven alleles at ACONS. 4. The electrophoretic patterns shown by heterozygous individuals indicate that both soluble and mitochondrial aconitase are monomeric. The variant patterns also indicate that certain minor aconitase components resolved under the electrophoretic conditions employed represent 'secondary' isozymes of the primary translation products. 5. Population data on Europenas and Nigerians are presented and it is shown that both rare and common electrophoretic variants are segregating in the human species. The variation due to the three most common ACONS alleles in the Nigerians constitues a polymorphism.", "PMID": 1052766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_674", "title": "Cytogenetics and infertility in man. I. Karyotype and seminal analysis: results of a five-year survey of men attending a subfertility clinic.", "content": "A systematic survey of 1599 male patients attending a subfertility clinic has shown that 2.2% were chromosomally abnormal. This frequency was approximately five times higher than that found among the normal male population. The majority of chromosome abnormalities (at least in chromatin-negative males) appeared to be exerting their effect on male fertility through disturbance of spermatogenesis. The contribution made by chromosome abnormalities causing recurrent abortion in wives was negligible. The possible reasons underlying impairment of spermatogenesis in man are discussed in relation to the findings in other species, and the suggestion that some elimination of chromosomally unbalanced gametes occurs from the human male germ line is proposed.", "contents": "Cytogenetics and infertility in man. I. Karyotype and seminal analysis: results of a five-year survey of men attending a subfertility clinic. A systematic survey of 1599 male patients attending a subfertility clinic has shown that 2.2% were chromosomally abnormal. This frequency was approximately five times higher than that found among the normal male population. The majority of chromosome abnormalities (at least in chromatin-negative males) appeared to be exerting their effect on male fertility through disturbance of spermatogenesis. The contribution made by chromosome abnormalities causing recurrent abortion in wives was negligible. The possible reasons underlying impairment of spermatogenesis in man are discussed in relation to the findings in other species, and the suggestion that some elimination of chromosomally unbalanced gametes occurs from the human male germ line is proposed.", "PMID": 1052767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_675", "title": "The use of lod scores for the determination of the order of loci on a chromosome.", "content": "A method is given for calculating the probabilities of the possible gene orders for a group of syntenic loci using lod scores calculated for each pair of loci in the group. Applying it, we find the most probable gene order for the five loci on chromosome 1 to be PGM1; Rh; PGD; PEP-C; Fy. However, the probabilities for other orders such that Rh lies between PGM1 and PGD with PEP-C and Fy outside these three are of a similar order of magnitude and no firm conclusions can be given. The probability for other possible orders is negligible.", "contents": "The use of lod scores for the determination of the order of loci on a chromosome. A method is given for calculating the probabilities of the possible gene orders for a group of syntenic loci using lod scores calculated for each pair of loci in the group. Applying it, we find the most probable gene order for the five loci on chromosome 1 to be PGM1; Rh; PGD; PEP-C; Fy. However, the probabilities for other orders such that Rh lies between PGM1 and PGD with PEP-C and Fy outside these three are of a similar order of magnitude and no firm conclusions can be given. The probability for other possible orders is negligible.", "PMID": 1052768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_676", "title": "Thy-1 variants of mouse lymphomas: biochemical characterization of the genetic defect.", "content": "The surface proteins of Thy-1 positive mouse lymphomas and Thy-1 negative variants were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate and by immunological studies. The loss of the serologically defined Thy-1 antigenic determinant correlated with the absence of a radioactive band corresponding to a T lymphocyte-specific surface glycoprotein, T25, on autoradiographs of the iodinated proteins of Thy-1 negative variants. Reexpression of Thy-1 on hybrid cells dervied from fusions of complementary Thy-1 negative variants correlated with the reappearance of T25. Quantitative absorption studies using an antiserum which specifically recognized T25 confirmed that the Thy-1 negative variants have no detectable T25 (less than 0.03 of that of the Thy-1 positive lines) on their surface. Biosynthetic labeling studies revealed that none of the Thy-1 negative variants synthesized T25. However, synthesis of an immunologically cross-reactive molecule could be detected in two variants. On the basis of these results, we propose a model which describes a possible structure of the Thy-1 antigenic determinant and explains the biochemical nature of the genetic lesions leading to the loss of Thy-1 in these variants.", "contents": "Thy-1 variants of mouse lymphomas: biochemical characterization of the genetic defect. The surface proteins of Thy-1 positive mouse lymphomas and Thy-1 negative variants were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination and characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulphate and by immunological studies. The loss of the serologically defined Thy-1 antigenic determinant correlated with the absence of a radioactive band corresponding to a T lymphocyte-specific surface glycoprotein, T25, on autoradiographs of the iodinated proteins of Thy-1 negative variants. Reexpression of Thy-1 on hybrid cells dervied from fusions of complementary Thy-1 negative variants correlated with the reappearance of T25. Quantitative absorption studies using an antiserum which specifically recognized T25 confirmed that the Thy-1 negative variants have no detectable T25 (less than 0.03 of that of the Thy-1 positive lines) on their surface. Biosynthetic labeling studies revealed that none of the Thy-1 negative variants synthesized T25. However, synthesis of an immunologically cross-reactive molecule could be detected in two variants. On the basis of these results, we propose a model which describes a possible structure of the Thy-1 antigenic determinant and explains the biochemical nature of the genetic lesions leading to the loss of Thy-1 in these variants.", "PMID": 1052769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_677", "title": "Formation of a keratinizing epithelium in culture by a cloned cell line derived from a teratoma.", "content": "From a transplantable mouse teratoma it has been possible to derive an established keratinizing cell line (XB) which grows well in cultures containing lethally irradiated 3T3 fibroblasts at the correct density. Single cells of the keratinizing line grow into colonies each consisting of a stratified squamous epithelium. The keratinizing nature of the colonies has been demonstrated by specific staining with Rhodanile blue, and by light and electron microscopy of sections through the colonies. A function of fibroblasts appears to be a strict requirement for keratinization and an important though less strict requirement for cell growth. The fibroblast function can be carried out by medium harvested from 3T3 cultures. It is possible to detect keratinizing colonies in primary cultures of disaggregated teratoma cells combined with 3T3 cells. Such colonies appeared in cultures of a transplantable teratoma with an overall frequency of 6 X 10(-6) of the cells plated. Nonkeratinizing colonies of cells with otherwise very similar appearance were about 10 fold more abundant. Since both the keratinizing and the related nonkeratinizing colonies can be identified in the living state, it is possible to isolate them from the primary cultures.", "contents": "Formation of a keratinizing epithelium in culture by a cloned cell line derived from a teratoma. From a transplantable mouse teratoma it has been possible to derive an established keratinizing cell line (XB) which grows well in cultures containing lethally irradiated 3T3 fibroblasts at the correct density. Single cells of the keratinizing line grow into colonies each consisting of a stratified squamous epithelium. The keratinizing nature of the colonies has been demonstrated by specific staining with Rhodanile blue, and by light and electron microscopy of sections through the colonies. A function of fibroblasts appears to be a strict requirement for keratinization and an important though less strict requirement for cell growth. The fibroblast function can be carried out by medium harvested from 3T3 cultures. It is possible to detect keratinizing colonies in primary cultures of disaggregated teratoma cells combined with 3T3 cells. Such colonies appeared in cultures of a transplantable teratoma with an overall frequency of 6 X 10(-6) of the cells plated. Nonkeratinizing colonies of cells with otherwise very similar appearance were about 10 fold more abundant. Since both the keratinizing and the related nonkeratinizing colonies can be identified in the living state, it is possible to isolate them from the primary cultures.", "PMID": 1052770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_678", "title": "Serial cultivation of strains of human epidermal keratinocytes: the formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells.", "content": "Human diploid epidermis epidermal cells have been successfully grown in serial culture. To initiate colony formation, they require the presence of fibroblasts, but proliferation of fibroblasts must be controlled so that the epidermal cell population is not overgrown. Both conditions can be achieved by the use of lethally irradiated 3T3 cells at the correct density. When trypsinized human skin cells are plated together with the 3T3 cells, the growth of the human fibroblasts is largely suppressed, but epidermal cells grow from single cells into colonies. Each colony consists of keratinocytes ultimately forming a stratified squamous epithelium in which the dividing cells are confined to the lowest layer(s). Hydrocortisone is added to the medium, since in secondary and subsequent subcultures it makes the colony morphology more oderly and distinctive, and maintains proliferation at a slightly greater rate. Under these culture conditions, it is possible to isolate keratinocyte clones free of viable fibroblasts. Like human diploid fibroblasts, human diploid keratinocytes appear to have a finite culture lifetime. For 7 strains studied, the culture lifetime ranged from 20-50 cell generations. The plating efficiency of the epidermal cells taken directly from skin was usually 0.1-1.0%. On subsequent transfer of the cultures initiated from newborns, the plating efficiency rose to 10% or higher, but was most often in the range of 1-5% and dropped sharply toward the end of their culture life. The plating efficiency and culture lifetime were lower for keratinocytes of older persons.", "contents": "Serial cultivation of strains of human epidermal keratinocytes: the formation of keratinizing colonies from single cells. Human diploid epidermis epidermal cells have been successfully grown in serial culture. To initiate colony formation, they require the presence of fibroblasts, but proliferation of fibroblasts must be controlled so that the epidermal cell population is not overgrown. Both conditions can be achieved by the use of lethally irradiated 3T3 cells at the correct density. When trypsinized human skin cells are plated together with the 3T3 cells, the growth of the human fibroblasts is largely suppressed, but epidermal cells grow from single cells into colonies. Each colony consists of keratinocytes ultimately forming a stratified squamous epithelium in which the dividing cells are confined to the lowest layer(s). Hydrocortisone is added to the medium, since in secondary and subsequent subcultures it makes the colony morphology more oderly and distinctive, and maintains proliferation at a slightly greater rate. Under these culture conditions, it is possible to isolate keratinocyte clones free of viable fibroblasts. Like human diploid fibroblasts, human diploid keratinocytes appear to have a finite culture lifetime. For 7 strains studied, the culture lifetime ranged from 20-50 cell generations. The plating efficiency of the epidermal cells taken directly from skin was usually 0.1-1.0%. On subsequent transfer of the cultures initiated from newborns, the plating efficiency rose to 10% or higher, but was most often in the range of 1-5% and dropped sharply toward the end of their culture life. The plating efficiency and culture lifetime were lower for keratinocytes of older persons.", "PMID": 1052771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_679", "title": "Sequence organization of the human genome.", "content": "The organization of three sequence classes--single copy, repetitive, and inverted repeated sequences--within the human genome has been studied by renaturation techniques, hydroxylapatite binding methods, and DNA hyperchromism. Repetitive sequence classes are distributed throughout 80% or more of the genome. Slightly more than half of the genome consists of short single copy sequences, with a length of about 2 kb interpersed with repetitive sequences. The average length of the repetitive sequences is also small and approximates the length of these sequences found in other organisms. The sequence organization of the human genome therefore resembles the sequence organization found in Xenopus and sea urchin. The inverted repeats are essentially randomly positioned with respect to both sequence class and sequence arrangement, so that all three sequence classes are found to be mutally interspersed in a portion of the genome.", "contents": "Sequence organization of the human genome. The organization of three sequence classes--single copy, repetitive, and inverted repeated sequences--within the human genome has been studied by renaturation techniques, hydroxylapatite binding methods, and DNA hyperchromism. Repetitive sequence classes are distributed throughout 80% or more of the genome. Slightly more than half of the genome consists of short single copy sequences, with a length of about 2 kb interpersed with repetitive sequences. The average length of the repetitive sequences is also small and approximates the length of these sequences found in other organisms. The sequence organization of the human genome therefore resembles the sequence organization found in Xenopus and sea urchin. The inverted repeats are essentially randomly positioned with respect to both sequence class and sequence arrangement, so that all three sequence classes are found to be mutally interspersed in a portion of the genome.", "PMID": 1052772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_680", "title": "The organization of sea urchin histone genes.", "content": "Sucrose gradient analysis of total sea urchin DNA cleaved with the EcoRI and Hind III restriction endonucleases and identification of histone coding gene sequences by hybridization with histone mRNA have elucidated the basic organization of the histone gene repeat unit. These data, plus results obtained by electrophoretic analysis of purified endonuclease-cleaved sea urchin histone DNA and hybridization with cRNA transcribed from the eucaryotic segment of constructed plasmid chimeras cloned in E. coli, show that the several DNA sequences coding for individual histone proteins are intermingled in a 7 kilobase (kb) repeat unit. Cleavage of total sea urchin DNA with EcoRI produces 2.2 and 4.8 kb fragments, and which are contained in a 7 kb Hind III fragment. Cleavage with both enzymes reveals that the 2.2 kb EcoRI fragment contains a Hind III site 0.15--0.2 kb from an end. RNA.DNA hybridization between chimeric palsmic DNA and purified individual mRNAs isolated from sea urchin embryo polyribosomes has been used to assign coding sequences to either the 2.2 or 4.8 kb region of the histone DNA repeat unit. A map of the histone genes is proposed.", "contents": "The organization of sea urchin histone genes. Sucrose gradient analysis of total sea urchin DNA cleaved with the EcoRI and Hind III restriction endonucleases and identification of histone coding gene sequences by hybridization with histone mRNA have elucidated the basic organization of the histone gene repeat unit. These data, plus results obtained by electrophoretic analysis of purified endonuclease-cleaved sea urchin histone DNA and hybridization with cRNA transcribed from the eucaryotic segment of constructed plasmid chimeras cloned in E. coli, show that the several DNA sequences coding for individual histone proteins are intermingled in a 7 kilobase (kb) repeat unit. Cleavage of total sea urchin DNA with EcoRI produces 2.2 and 4.8 kb fragments, and which are contained in a 7 kb Hind III fragment. Cleavage with both enzymes reveals that the 2.2 kb EcoRI fragment contains a Hind III site 0.15--0.2 kb from an end. RNA.DNA hybridization between chimeric palsmic DNA and purified individual mRNAs isolated from sea urchin embryo polyribosomes has been used to assign coding sequences to either the 2.2 or 4.8 kb region of the histone DNA repeat unit. A map of the histone genes is proposed.", "PMID": 1052773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_681", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of human placenta cytoplasmic initiator tRNA.", "content": "Cytoplasmic initiator tRNA from human placenta has been purified. The nucleotide sequence of this tRNA has been determined and found identical to that of initiator tRNA from mammalian cytoplasm.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of human placenta cytoplasmic initiator tRNA. Cytoplasmic initiator tRNA from human placenta has been purified. The nucleotide sequence of this tRNA has been determined and found identical to that of initiator tRNA from mammalian cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1052774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_682", "title": "Treatment of hypoparathyroidism with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.", "content": "Five patients with hypoparathyroidism (three post thyroidectomy and two idiopathic) were treated with synthetic 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) for up to 6 months. In each case daily oral administration of 1 microgram 1,25-(OH)2-D3, either alone or with additional calcium, raised ther serum calcium into the normal range. The serum phosphorus and the renal tubular reabsorption of phosphorus fell during treatment. None of these patients developed hypercalcaemia and no other complications of treatment have been recorded. 1,25-(OH)2D3 seems to represent a significant improvement over conventional methods for treating hypoparathyroidism.", "contents": "Treatment of hypoparathyroidism with 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Five patients with hypoparathyroidism (three post thyroidectomy and two idiopathic) were treated with synthetic 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2-D3) for up to 6 months. In each case daily oral administration of 1 microgram 1,25-(OH)2-D3, either alone or with additional calcium, raised ther serum calcium into the normal range. The serum phosphorus and the renal tubular reabsorption of phosphorus fell during treatment. None of these patients developed hypercalcaemia and no other complications of treatment have been recorded. 1,25-(OH)2D3 seems to represent a significant improvement over conventional methods for treating hypoparathyroidism.", "PMID": 1052776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_683", "title": "The heterogeneity of gastrin, with reference to conversion of gastrin-17.", "content": "High-resolution gel chromatography monitored by a sensitive radioimmunoassay for gastrin has disclosed that gastrin circulates in twenty different components. Since the assay is specific for the biological active sequence of gastrin (-Trp-Met-Asp-PheNH2), we conclude that all the twenty circulating molecular forms of gastrin encountered in this study may participate in the regulation of gastric acid secretion. There are two dominating forms of gastrin in serum: gastrin-34-like components and gastrin-17-like components. The former constituted 60% and the latter constitutes approximately 30% of the immunoreactive gastrins. We suggest that extragastrointestinal conversion of gastrin-17, released from tissue, is an important source of gastric-34-like components. Such conversion has been observed in intact man and pig. Studies with the isolated perfused porcine liver indicate that the liver is important in the metabolism of gastrin-17, and that conversion may be a hepatic function.", "contents": "The heterogeneity of gastrin, with reference to conversion of gastrin-17. High-resolution gel chromatography monitored by a sensitive radioimmunoassay for gastrin has disclosed that gastrin circulates in twenty different components. Since the assay is specific for the biological active sequence of gastrin (-Trp-Met-Asp-PheNH2), we conclude that all the twenty circulating molecular forms of gastrin encountered in this study may participate in the regulation of gastric acid secretion. There are two dominating forms of gastrin in serum: gastrin-34-like components and gastrin-17-like components. The former constituted 60% and the latter constitutes approximately 30% of the immunoreactive gastrins. We suggest that extragastrointestinal conversion of gastrin-17, released from tissue, is an important source of gastric-34-like components. Such conversion has been observed in intact man and pig. Studies with the isolated perfused porcine liver indicate that the liver is important in the metabolism of gastrin-17, and that conversion may be a hepatic function.", "PMID": 1052777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_684", "title": "A re-examination of the conformation of secretin in water.", "content": "An examination of a series of peptides corresponding to partial sequences of secretin and the application of empirical conformational parameters to the sequence has reopened the question about the position of the short helical stretch in the folded chain. In earlier studies, this was tentatively placed near the N-terminus, while newly accumulated evidence points to the C-terminal area. The possible role of ion pairs in the stabilization of the folding was investigated by the preparation and examination of synthetic analogues of the C-terminal tricosapeptide part of secretin. The carboxyl groups of glutamic acid (in position 9) and of aspartic acid (in position 15) were replaced by carboxamides. The 9-glutamine and the 15-asparagine analogues show a significant decrease in helical character. This loss of \"structure\" is even more pronounced in the 9-glutamine-15-asparagine tricosapeptide. Thus, ion-pair formation is indeed implicated as one of the forces which stabilize the folded conformation of the chain. Possible correlations between biological activity and secretin-like architecture were studied on several smooth muscle preparations.", "contents": "A re-examination of the conformation of secretin in water. An examination of a series of peptides corresponding to partial sequences of secretin and the application of empirical conformational parameters to the sequence has reopened the question about the position of the short helical stretch in the folded chain. In earlier studies, this was tentatively placed near the N-terminus, while newly accumulated evidence points to the C-terminal area. The possible role of ion pairs in the stabilization of the folding was investigated by the preparation and examination of synthetic analogues of the C-terminal tricosapeptide part of secretin. The carboxyl groups of glutamic acid (in position 9) and of aspartic acid (in position 15) were replaced by carboxamides. The 9-glutamine and the 15-asparagine analogues show a significant decrease in helical character. This loss of \"structure\" is even more pronounced in the 9-glutamine-15-asparagine tricosapeptide. Thus, ion-pair formation is indeed implicated as one of the forces which stabilize the folded conformation of the chain. Possible correlations between biological activity and secretin-like architecture were studied on several smooth muscle preparations.", "PMID": 1052778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_685", "title": "Regulation of calcitonin secretion in vitro.", "content": "We have developed methods for the long-term maintenance of monolayer cultures of both human and trout calcitonin-secreting (C-) cells (Roos et al., 1974a, 1975). Secreted calcitonin (CT) can be measured by specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays for human calcitonin (HCT) and trout calcitonin (TCT) (Deftos, 1971; Deftos et al., 1974; Roos et al., 1974b). The combined application of these cell culture and radioimmunoassay methods to the in vitro study of CT secretion has revealed fundamental differences in the regulation by divalent ions of CT secretion in mammalian and nonmammalian C-cells. Our results also indicate a specific role for secretin as a CT secretagogue in trout. In addition to establishing the individual secretory effects of calcium and the enteric polypeptide hormones on the C-cells of both species, we have investigated the combined effects of these agents in both human and trout C-cell cultures. The noncompetitive augmentation of the secretory effects resulting from the actions of specific combinations of these secretagogues in each of these C-cell populations suggests that CT secretion is regulated by co-ordinate interaction of specific ionic and peptide secretagogues. An elucidation of the cellular mechanisms involved in such multifactorial control of C-cell function should result from the continued investigation of CT secretion in these C-cell cultures.", "contents": "Regulation of calcitonin secretion in vitro. We have developed methods for the long-term maintenance of monolayer cultures of both human and trout calcitonin-secreting (C-) cells (Roos et al., 1974a, 1975). Secreted calcitonin (CT) can be measured by specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays for human calcitonin (HCT) and trout calcitonin (TCT) (Deftos, 1971; Deftos et al., 1974; Roos et al., 1974b). The combined application of these cell culture and radioimmunoassay methods to the in vitro study of CT secretion has revealed fundamental differences in the regulation by divalent ions of CT secretion in mammalian and nonmammalian C-cells. Our results also indicate a specific role for secretin as a CT secretagogue in trout. In addition to establishing the individual secretory effects of calcium and the enteric polypeptide hormones on the C-cells of both species, we have investigated the combined effects of these agents in both human and trout C-cell cultures. The noncompetitive augmentation of the secretory effects resulting from the actions of specific combinations of these secretagogues in each of these C-cell populations suggests that CT secretion is regulated by co-ordinate interaction of specific ionic and peptide secretagogues. An elucidation of the cellular mechanisms involved in such multifactorial control of C-cell function should result from the continued investigation of CT secretion in these C-cell cultures.", "PMID": 1052779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_686", "title": "Structure activity studies on somatostatin.", "content": "Seven synthetic analogues of somatostatin helped clarify structural requirements for suppression of growth hormone secretion in rats. Size of the ring is not critical; deletions of serine-13, lysine-4 or asparagine-5 result in peptides which retain an appreciable fraction of the activity. The analogue des-Ala1, Gly2, Asn5-somatostatin lowers plasma growth hormone and insulin levels without affecting plasma glucagon levels significantly.", "contents": "Structure activity studies on somatostatin. Seven synthetic analogues of somatostatin helped clarify structural requirements for suppression of growth hormone secretion in rats. Size of the ring is not critical; deletions of serine-13, lysine-4 or asparagine-5 result in peptides which retain an appreciable fraction of the activity. The analogue des-Ala1, Gly2, Asn5-somatostatin lowers plasma growth hormone and insulin levels without affecting plasma glucagon levels significantly.", "PMID": 1052780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_687", "title": "Analogues of human calcitonin. IV. Influence of leucine substitutions in positions 12, 16 and 19 on hypocalcaemic activity in the rat.", "content": "The replacement of the three aromatic amino acids in positions 12, 16 and 19 of human calcitonin (HCT) by leucine residues, which occupy the corresponding positions, in ultimobranchial, e.g. salmon and eel, calcitonins, increased the hypocalcaemic potency of the peptide, as determined by bioassay on the rat, about 10-fold. The individual substitutions were not all equally augmentative: leucine (12) enhanced the activity of HCT about 4--5 times, but leucine (16) and (19) afforded no increase at all. Combination of leucine (12) with a deamino cysteine at the N-terminus yielded an analogue 10 times more potent than HCT. Another analogue containing valine in position 8 in place of methionine as well as the three leucine substituents in position 12, 16 and 19 proved more active than the tri-leucine analogue, but the additional introduction of tyrosine (22) nearly doubled the hypocalcaemic potency of the latter. The duration of the hypocalcaemic effects of the substituted peptides closely followed the changes in potency.", "contents": "Analogues of human calcitonin. IV. Influence of leucine substitutions in positions 12, 16 and 19 on hypocalcaemic activity in the rat. The replacement of the three aromatic amino acids in positions 12, 16 and 19 of human calcitonin (HCT) by leucine residues, which occupy the corresponding positions, in ultimobranchial, e.g. salmon and eel, calcitonins, increased the hypocalcaemic potency of the peptide, as determined by bioassay on the rat, about 10-fold. The individual substitutions were not all equally augmentative: leucine (12) enhanced the activity of HCT about 4--5 times, but leucine (16) and (19) afforded no increase at all. Combination of leucine (12) with a deamino cysteine at the N-terminus yielded an analogue 10 times more potent than HCT. Another analogue containing valine in position 8 in place of methionine as well as the three leucine substituents in position 12, 16 and 19 proved more active than the tri-leucine analogue, but the additional introduction of tyrosine (22) nearly doubled the hypocalcaemic potency of the latter. The duration of the hypocalcaemic effects of the substituted peptides closely followed the changes in potency.", "PMID": 1052782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_688", "title": "Hereditary bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasaemia: response to synthetic human calcitonin.", "content": "Four cases of familial bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasaemia were treated with synthetic human calcitonin. Prior to therapy, all four cases were characterized by marked bone deformity, pain, tenderness and elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. Treatment with calcitonin produced in each case a striking clinical, biochemical and radiographic remission. Pain and tenderness was greatly diminished and urinary hydroxyproline and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly decreased. Radiographic regression of the bony abnormalities was apparent as early as 4 1/2 months after the start of treatment. Prior to therapy bones exhibit no real organization. After calcitonin treatment, the radiographic appearance of a normal cortex and medullary cavity was clearly evident for the first time.", "contents": "Hereditary bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasaemia: response to synthetic human calcitonin. Four cases of familial bone dysplasia with hyperphosphatasaemia were treated with synthetic human calcitonin. Prior to therapy, all four cases were characterized by marked bone deformity, pain, tenderness and elevated levels of serum alkaline phosphatase and urinary hydroxyproline. Treatment with calcitonin produced in each case a striking clinical, biochemical and radiographic remission. Pain and tenderness was greatly diminished and urinary hydroxyproline and serum alkaline phosphatase levels were significantly decreased. Radiographic regression of the bony abnormalities was apparent as early as 4 1/2 months after the start of treatment. Prior to therapy bones exhibit no real organization. After calcitonin treatment, the radiographic appearance of a normal cortex and medullary cavity was clearly evident for the first time.", "PMID": 1052783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_689", "title": "The relationship between oestrogen status and bone loss in post-menopausal women.", "content": "The relationships between the rate of change of metacarpal cortical width, urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio, net absorption of calcium and maturation value of vaginal smear have been examined in normal post-menopausal women and crush fracture cases. Rapid bone loss, high bone resorption and low calcium absorption are shown to be associated with poor oestrogen status, with crush fracture cases presenting an exaggerated view of the normal post-menopausal situation.", "contents": "The relationship between oestrogen status and bone loss in post-menopausal women. The relationships between the rate of change of metacarpal cortical width, urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio, net absorption of calcium and maturation value of vaginal smear have been examined in normal post-menopausal women and crush fracture cases. Rapid bone loss, high bone resorption and low calcium absorption are shown to be associated with poor oestrogen status, with crush fracture cases presenting an exaggerated view of the normal post-menopausal situation.", "PMID": 1052784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_690", "title": "Modes of inactivation of neurohypophysial hormones: significance of plasma disappearance rate for their physiological responses.", "content": "Analogues of oxytocin and deaminooxytocin with 4-glutamine replaced by 4-glutamic acid methyl ester readily lose their uterotonic activity when incubated with rat serum, presumably by hydrolysis to the much less active 4-glutamic acid derivatives. On the other hand, inactivation of the deaminooxytocin analogue in the rat uterus, as demonstrated by the \"oil-bath\" technique, is only slightly more rapid than that of deaminooxytocin and distinctly slower than that of oxytocin. Its in situ/in vitro ratio of uterotonic activity is less than 0.1 whereas that for deaminooxytocin is about 3 and also the peristence of the uterotonic effect in situ is slightly less than that of deaminooxytocin. The results with these \"rapidly inactivated\" analogues can be used as proof of some predictions of the three-compartment model for tissue distribution of neurohypophysial hormones and its influence upon the time course of a biological response published earlier. The potential use of analogues of neurohypophysial hormones as probes for inactivation mechanisms and the results thus far obtained are discussed.", "contents": "Modes of inactivation of neurohypophysial hormones: significance of plasma disappearance rate for their physiological responses. Analogues of oxytocin and deaminooxytocin with 4-glutamine replaced by 4-glutamic acid methyl ester readily lose their uterotonic activity when incubated with rat serum, presumably by hydrolysis to the much less active 4-glutamic acid derivatives. On the other hand, inactivation of the deaminooxytocin analogue in the rat uterus, as demonstrated by the \"oil-bath\" technique, is only slightly more rapid than that of deaminooxytocin and distinctly slower than that of oxytocin. Its in situ/in vitro ratio of uterotonic activity is less than 0.1 whereas that for deaminooxytocin is about 3 and also the peristence of the uterotonic effect in situ is slightly less than that of deaminooxytocin. The results with these \"rapidly inactivated\" analogues can be used as proof of some predictions of the three-compartment model for tissue distribution of neurohypophysial hormones and its influence upon the time course of a biological response published earlier. The potential use of analogues of neurohypophysial hormones as probes for inactivation mechanisms and the results thus far obtained are discussed.", "PMID": 1052786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_691", "title": "Contributions of pressure and flow sensitivity to autoregulation in mesenteric arterioles.", "content": "The relative influence of presence and flow on dilation of arterioles with pressure reduction was examined in preparations of cat mesentery. Erythrocyte velocity and diameter were measured in individual arterioles during stepwise reduction in mesenteric arterial pressure. Volume flow was calculated from velocity and diameter data. Approximately half of the arterioles which dilated with pressure reduction also showed an increase in volume flow. In a second series of experiments, a graded reduction of flow in single arterioles was produced by local downstream occlusion. Graded occlusion caused dilation. In a third series, flow in single arterioles was completely stopped by downstream occlusion, and arterial pressure was then lowered. Most arterioles dilated with pressure reduction. In a fourth series, flow in the total preparation was completely stopped and static intravascular pressure set by a reservoir. Elevation of static pressure typically produced arteriolar constriction. We conclude from these studies that the mesenteric arteriole is sensitive both to intravascular pressure and flow, with the former probably more important than the latter in the phenomenon of autoregulation.", "contents": "Contributions of pressure and flow sensitivity to autoregulation in mesenteric arterioles. The relative influence of presence and flow on dilation of arterioles with pressure reduction was examined in preparations of cat mesentery. Erythrocyte velocity and diameter were measured in individual arterioles during stepwise reduction in mesenteric arterial pressure. Volume flow was calculated from velocity and diameter data. Approximately half of the arterioles which dilated with pressure reduction also showed an increase in volume flow. In a second series of experiments, a graded reduction of flow in single arterioles was produced by local downstream occlusion. Graded occlusion caused dilation. In a third series, flow in single arterioles was completely stopped by downstream occlusion, and arterial pressure was then lowered. Most arterioles dilated with pressure reduction. In a fourth series, flow in the total preparation was completely stopped and static intravascular pressure set by a reservoir. Elevation of static pressure typically produced arteriolar constriction. We conclude from these studies that the mesenteric arteriole is sensitive both to intravascular pressure and flow, with the former probably more important than the latter in the phenomenon of autoregulation.", "PMID": 1052803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_692", "title": "Mechanism of pellet egestion in great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus).", "content": "To study the mechanism of oral pellet egestion in great-horned owls, bipolar electrodes and strain-gauge transducers were chronically implanted in the esophagus, muscular stomach, and duodenum of six owls. Recordings from conscious owls plus simultaneous radiographic observations revealed characteristic gastrointestinal motility patterns associated with egestion. Beginning at about 12 min before egestion, gastric contractions formed the final shape of the pellet and pushed it into the lower esophagus. The pellet was moved out of the esophagus by antiperistalsis during the last 8--10 s before egestion. During pellet egestion, contractions of abdominal muscles were not detected. Pellet egestion appears to be unlike either emesis in mammals with a simple stomach or regurgitation in ruminants.", "contents": "Mechanism of pellet egestion in great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus). To study the mechanism of oral pellet egestion in great-horned owls, bipolar electrodes and strain-gauge transducers were chronically implanted in the esophagus, muscular stomach, and duodenum of six owls. Recordings from conscious owls plus simultaneous radiographic observations revealed characteristic gastrointestinal motility patterns associated with egestion. Beginning at about 12 min before egestion, gastric contractions formed the final shape of the pellet and pushed it into the lower esophagus. The pellet was moved out of the esophagus by antiperistalsis during the last 8--10 s before egestion. During pellet egestion, contractions of abdominal muscles were not detected. Pellet egestion appears to be unlike either emesis in mammals with a simple stomach or regurgitation in ruminants.", "PMID": 1052819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_693", "title": "Regulation of avian insulin secretion by isolated perfused chicken pancreas.", "content": "Chicken insulin secretory responses to glucose, glucagon, tolbutamide, and lack of Mg2+ were measured using isolated perfused in situ chicken pancreata. Although elevating perfusate glucose concentration from 100 to 250 mg/100 ml failed to increase insulin release, 500 mg glucose/100 ml provoked a transient 5-min insulin response. Additionally, 700 mg glucose/100 ml resulted in both a transient response and subsequent elevation in secretory rate that continued throughout the following 50-min stimulatory period. Glucagon (500 microgram/ml) and omission of perfusate Mg2+ potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin output by 6 and 25%, respectively. A faster release of insulin (less than 1 min) occurred during tolbutamide infusion (0.13 mg/ml) than with either 500 or 700 mg glucose per 100 ml (2-3 min); however, secretory rates declined to near basal levels within 5 min. Mammalian-like insulin responses to glucose, glucagon, Mg2+ lack, and tolbutamide suggest similarities between avian and mammalian beta-cell insulin secretory mechanisms. Nevertheless, the relatively high chicken insulin release threshold and low insulin output to glucose indicate that chicken pancreata are relatively glucose insensitive.", "contents": "Regulation of avian insulin secretion by isolated perfused chicken pancreas. Chicken insulin secretory responses to glucose, glucagon, tolbutamide, and lack of Mg2+ were measured using isolated perfused in situ chicken pancreata. Although elevating perfusate glucose concentration from 100 to 250 mg/100 ml failed to increase insulin release, 500 mg glucose/100 ml provoked a transient 5-min insulin response. Additionally, 700 mg glucose/100 ml resulted in both a transient response and subsequent elevation in secretory rate that continued throughout the following 50-min stimulatory period. Glucagon (500 microgram/ml) and omission of perfusate Mg2+ potentiated glucose-stimulated insulin output by 6 and 25%, respectively. A faster release of insulin (less than 1 min) occurred during tolbutamide infusion (0.13 mg/ml) than with either 500 or 700 mg glucose per 100 ml (2-3 min); however, secretory rates declined to near basal levels within 5 min. Mammalian-like insulin responses to glucose, glucagon, Mg2+ lack, and tolbutamide suggest similarities between avian and mammalian beta-cell insulin secretory mechanisms. Nevertheless, the relatively high chicken insulin release threshold and low insulin output to glucose indicate that chicken pancreata are relatively glucose insensitive.", "PMID": 1052820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_694", "title": "Biophysical properties of mycobacteriophages.", "content": "Biophysical characterization of two mycobacteriophages (Phlei phage and Butyricum phage) was carried out. Biophysical parameters obtained were: (i) buoyant densities in CsCl of I . 51 g/ml for both phages; (ii) sedimentation coefficient of 490 S and 410 S; (iii) DNA content of 42 and 34% and (iv) mol. wt. calculated by electron microscopic dimensions to be 123 x 10(6) and 116 x 10(6) for Butyricum and Phlei phage, respectively.", "contents": "Biophysical properties of mycobacteriophages. Biophysical characterization of two mycobacteriophages (Phlei phage and Butyricum phage) was carried out. Biophysical parameters obtained were: (i) buoyant densities in CsCl of I . 51 g/ml for both phages; (ii) sedimentation coefficient of 490 S and 410 S; (iii) DNA content of 42 and 34% and (iv) mol. wt. calculated by electron microscopic dimensions to be 123 x 10(6) and 116 x 10(6) for Butyricum and Phlei phage, respectively.", "PMID": 1052827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_695", "title": "Civil background variables significant to the development of psychiatric disorders during military service.", "content": "The author served as a military psychiatrist for one year. In this article, he presents material from a personally conducted examination of soldiers with psychiatric disorders. He has also collected material on two control groups of soldiers. He has also processed patient material collected by other military psychiatrists. Both patient groups are compared with the two control groups concerning various civilian background factors. The study shows that the patients differ from the controls regarding a number of negative factors in their civilian background. These factors can be seen as predisposing to the development of psychiatric disorders while in the Military. The author concludes that these factors ought to be identified at the conscription examination, which is at present inadequate from a psychiatric viewpoint. An effort should be made at conscription to construct a profile of the individual's adaptability. The possibility of the development of a psychiatric disorder could thus be better evaluated.", "contents": "Civil background variables significant to the development of psychiatric disorders during military service. The author served as a military psychiatrist for one year. In this article, he presents material from a personally conducted examination of soldiers with psychiatric disorders. He has also collected material on two control groups of soldiers. He has also processed patient material collected by other military psychiatrists. Both patient groups are compared with the two control groups concerning various civilian background factors. The study shows that the patients differ from the controls regarding a number of negative factors in their civilian background. These factors can be seen as predisposing to the development of psychiatric disorders while in the Military. The author concludes that these factors ought to be identified at the conscription examination, which is at present inadequate from a psychiatric viewpoint. An effort should be made at conscription to construct a profile of the individual's adaptability. The possibility of the development of a psychiatric disorder could thus be better evaluated.", "PMID": 1052828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_696", "title": "Psychiatry on the prevention of crime.", "content": "The main endeavor of Forensic Psychiatry is to find out the causes, to investigate the psychodynamics of crime, hence based on them, to try to prevent or to treat them. In this connection, I will not enter into details today about the position of delinquency into psychodynamics, as they have elsewhere been described, I only would emphasize so-called \"hystero-epilepsy\" of Charcot.", "contents": "Psychiatry on the prevention of crime. The main endeavor of Forensic Psychiatry is to find out the causes, to investigate the psychodynamics of crime, hence based on them, to try to prevent or to treat them. In this connection, I will not enter into details today about the position of delinquency into psychodynamics, as they have elsewhere been described, I only would emphasize so-called \"hystero-epilepsy\" of Charcot.", "PMID": 1052829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_697", "title": "Etiology and the prevention of wars (preliminary thoughts).", "content": "There is a suggestion in the previous paper that a way out to convey the overwhelming progress and \"heavy\" civilization of humanity may be to explore the Space, the Universe, and it, indeed, results in an excellent job what American and Soviets together are these days endeavoring toward new exploration in Space. Let us see now, is this way out going to give the solution of our problem, hence avoid wars in the world?", "contents": "Etiology and the prevention of wars (preliminary thoughts). There is a suggestion in the previous paper that a way out to convey the overwhelming progress and \"heavy\" civilization of humanity may be to explore the Space, the Universe, and it, indeed, results in an excellent job what American and Soviets together are these days endeavoring toward new exploration in Space. Let us see now, is this way out going to give the solution of our problem, hence avoid wars in the world?", "PMID": 1052830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_698", "title": "Visual and auditory cognitive processing affected by epilepsy.", "content": "Neuropsychological studies of epileptic patients may be expected to reveal specific cognitive dysfunction even in patients with normal general intellectual ability. Difficulties in cognitive processing by visual-spatial and auditory-verbal modes are indicated by this investigation employing the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Token Test, with epileptics of normal intelligence. Impairment in capacity for sustained, focused attention significantly affects performance of epileptic patients on these clinical measures, and others as well which require vigilance and attention and sensory-perceptual discrimination.", "contents": "Visual and auditory cognitive processing affected by epilepsy. Neuropsychological studies of epileptic patients may be expected to reveal specific cognitive dysfunction even in patients with normal general intellectual ability. Difficulties in cognitive processing by visual-spatial and auditory-verbal modes are indicated by this investigation employing the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Token Test, with epileptics of normal intelligence. Impairment in capacity for sustained, focused attention significantly affects performance of epileptic patients on these clinical measures, and others as well which require vigilance and attention and sensory-perceptual discrimination.", "PMID": 1052831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_699", "title": "Inappropriate counter-regulatory hormone levels in insulin treated diabetes.", "content": "The data herein presented describe, identify, and quantitate interrelationships among blood glucose and serum insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon levels of hospitalized insulin-treated diabetic patients. The findings indicate that conventional diet and insulin therapy of diabetes mellitus is almost always accompanied by inappropriate counter-regulation by growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon. The data are consonant with the hypothesis that a shortage of insulin is only one of the multihormonal defects of diabetes.", "contents": "Inappropriate counter-regulatory hormone levels in insulin treated diabetes. The data herein presented describe, identify, and quantitate interrelationships among blood glucose and serum insulin, growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon levels of hospitalized insulin-treated diabetic patients. The findings indicate that conventional diet and insulin therapy of diabetes mellitus is almost always accompanied by inappropriate counter-regulation by growth hormone, cortisol, and glucagon. The data are consonant with the hypothesis that a shortage of insulin is only one of the multihormonal defects of diabetes.", "PMID": 1052833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_700", "title": "A controlled comparative trial of unilateral and bilateral sinusoidal and pulse E.C.T. in endogenous depression.", "content": "Sixty-six depressed patients who achieved a score of 6 or more on the Newcastle Scale were randomly allocated to 3 different modes of E.C.T.--unilateral sinusoidal, bilateral sinusoidal and pulse. Outcome, one month after completition of 6 or more E.C.T., was assessed by mean fall in Hamilton's score. Overall, there was a highly significant improvement but among the 3 groups there were no significant differences, findings not accounted for by differences in mean age, numbers of E.C.T. given or mean initial Hamilton's score among the groups. The practical and theoretical implications of the results were discussed. There seems little justification for the continued use of bilateral sinusoidal E.C.T. as opposed to other methods.", "contents": "A controlled comparative trial of unilateral and bilateral sinusoidal and pulse E.C.T. in endogenous depression. Sixty-six depressed patients who achieved a score of 6 or more on the Newcastle Scale were randomly allocated to 3 different modes of E.C.T.--unilateral sinusoidal, bilateral sinusoidal and pulse. Outcome, one month after completition of 6 or more E.C.T., was assessed by mean fall in Hamilton's score. Overall, there was a highly significant improvement but among the 3 groups there were no significant differences, findings not accounted for by differences in mean age, numbers of E.C.T. given or mean initial Hamilton's score among the groups. The practical and theoretical implications of the results were discussed. There seems little justification for the continued use of bilateral sinusoidal E.C.T. as opposed to other methods.", "PMID": 1052834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_701", "title": "Mood studies of alcoholic patients.", "content": "A series of mood studies of alcoholics before, during, and after participation in an inpatient treatment program is reviewed. Data highlight the extreme affective heterogeneity which characterizes alcoholics.", "contents": "Mood studies of alcoholic patients. A series of mood studies of alcoholics before, during, and after participation in an inpatient treatment program is reviewed. Data highlight the extreme affective heterogeneity which characterizes alcoholics.", "PMID": 1052836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_702", "title": "[Dermatoglyphics and creases in a family with brachydactyly (type Drinkwater I) to the question of the relation between dematoglyphics and four-finger-crease (author's transl)].", "content": "Dermatoglyphics and creases of three persons (grandmother, mother, son) with brachydactyly (type Drinkwater I) were examined. The finger prints showed only arches and loops of very low quantitative value. On the palm the increased frequency of a high ending of line D, of thenar patterns as well as the general tendency to form an ulnar loop on the hypothenar region were striking. All the three persons had a classical transverse crease (four-finger-crease) on both hands. The relation between dermatoglyphics and transverse crease is discussed from the aspect of the etiology of the four-finger-crease.", "contents": "[Dermatoglyphics and creases in a family with brachydactyly (type Drinkwater I) to the question of the relation between dematoglyphics and four-finger-crease (author's transl)]. Dermatoglyphics and creases of three persons (grandmother, mother, son) with brachydactyly (type Drinkwater I) were examined. The finger prints showed only arches and loops of very low quantitative value. On the palm the increased frequency of a high ending of line D, of thenar patterns as well as the general tendency to form an ulnar loop on the hypothenar region were striking. All the three persons had a classical transverse crease (four-finger-crease) on both hands. The relation between dermatoglyphics and transverse crease is discussed from the aspect of the etiology of the four-finger-crease.", "PMID": 1052862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_703", "title": "A study of \"palthi\" posture among Indians.", "content": "\"Palthi\" (leg-folding) posture has been studied in a random survey of 864 right handed and 37 left handed persons, ranging from 5 to 66 years of age and belonging to the Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (Central India). The results show that the frequency of L-type \"Palthi\" (i.e. left leg crossed above the right leg) is significantly greater than that of R-type, and that it is not correlated either with age, sex, or handedness. Since \"Palthi\" is fairly under voluntary control, the cerebral dominance may be an important factor in the genesis of this posture pattern. This is well in keeping with the revised concept of cerebral dominance.", "contents": "A study of \"palthi\" posture among Indians. \"Palthi\" (leg-folding) posture has been studied in a random survey of 864 right handed and 37 left handed persons, ranging from 5 to 66 years of age and belonging to the Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (Central India). The results show that the frequency of L-type \"Palthi\" (i.e. left leg crossed above the right leg) is significantly greater than that of R-type, and that it is not correlated either with age, sex, or handedness. Since \"Palthi\" is fairly under voluntary control, the cerebral dominance may be an important factor in the genesis of this posture pattern. This is well in keeping with the revised concept of cerebral dominance.", "PMID": 1052863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_704", "title": "Some morphological measures in tubercular patients and their comparison with normals.", "content": "One hundred and fifty tubercular patients from the Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Department Medical College, Patiala, were compared with the normal population of the same ages from Patiala district. The tubercular patients and the normal individuals do not differ significantly in height, lower extremity length, bicristal breadth and humerus bicondylar diameter. However, the values of weight, sitting height, biacromial diameter, chest circumference and femur bicondylar diameter are significantly less among the patients. The indices--sitting height/height, lower extremity length/sitting height, biacromial diameter/bicristal breadth--also show significant differences in the physique of the two groups.", "contents": "Some morphological measures in tubercular patients and their comparison with normals. One hundred and fifty tubercular patients from the Tuberculosis and Chest Diseases Department Medical College, Patiala, were compared with the normal population of the same ages from Patiala district. The tubercular patients and the normal individuals do not differ significantly in height, lower extremity length, bicristal breadth and humerus bicondylar diameter. However, the values of weight, sitting height, biacromial diameter, chest circumference and femur bicondylar diameter are significantly less among the patients. The indices--sitting height/height, lower extremity length/sitting height, biacromial diameter/bicristal breadth--also show significant differences in the physique of the two groups.", "PMID": 1052864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_705", "title": "[Body shape and temperature regulation. Studies on Indian students].", "content": "On a sample of n = 23 Indian students associations between the heat loss ability after thermic stress and anthropometric variables (body height, body weight, body surface, weight/surface ratio) could be seen. The biological meaning of these findings is discussed with special reference to the climatic associated geographical variability of the human physique.", "contents": "[Body shape and temperature regulation. Studies on Indian students]. On a sample of n = 23 Indian students associations between the heat loss ability after thermic stress and anthropometric variables (body height, body weight, body surface, weight/surface ratio) could be seen. The biological meaning of these findings is discussed with special reference to the climatic associated geographical variability of the human physique.", "PMID": 1052867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_706", "title": "Differential drug therapy of the hyperlipoproteinaemias. The efficacy of lipid lowering drugs alone and in combination.", "content": "In a trial of lipid lowering drugs a 6 week course of treatment gives reasonably reproducible post-treatment values. Comparison of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels after treatment should be preferred to percentage reductions, in both individual patients and groups of patients. Therapy with clofibrate combined with Bufor gives lower post-treatment values than does either drug alone. Cholestyramine drugs like Cuemid and Questran give post-treatment cholesterol values which cannot be predicted from the result of clofibrate treatment alone.", "contents": "Differential drug therapy of the hyperlipoproteinaemias. The efficacy of lipid lowering drugs alone and in combination. In a trial of lipid lowering drugs a 6 week course of treatment gives reasonably reproducible post-treatment values. Comparison of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels after treatment should be preferred to percentage reductions, in both individual patients and groups of patients. Therapy with clofibrate combined with Bufor gives lower post-treatment values than does either drug alone. Cholestyramine drugs like Cuemid and Questran give post-treatment cholesterol values which cannot be predicted from the result of clofibrate treatment alone.", "PMID": 1052927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_707", "title": "[Chromosomal proteins: histones and acid proteins].", "content": "Experimental data about the chemistry and the biology of chromosomal proteins are reviewed. Paragraphs include: aminoacid sequential data and post-translational covalent modications of histones, histone chemical differences in different tissues of the same species and in homologous organs of different species, histone synthesis subcellular localization and its association with DNA synthesis, histone synthesis transcriptional and translational control, histone synthesis during meiosis, oogenesis and early embryogenesis. The possible role of histones as controllers of gene expression is discussed and a model of primary structure of chromatine is proposed. The \"acidic proteins\" data concern the high tissue eterogenity of these proteins and their role in the steroid-hormon-controlled gene expression. The possible role of acidic proteins as general controllers of gene expression in eucariotic cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Chromosomal proteins: histones and acid proteins]. Experimental data about the chemistry and the biology of chromosomal proteins are reviewed. Paragraphs include: aminoacid sequential data and post-translational covalent modications of histones, histone chemical differences in different tissues of the same species and in homologous organs of different species, histone synthesis subcellular localization and its association with DNA synthesis, histone synthesis transcriptional and translational control, histone synthesis during meiosis, oogenesis and early embryogenesis. The possible role of histones as controllers of gene expression is discussed and a model of primary structure of chromatine is proposed. The \"acidic proteins\" data concern the high tissue eterogenity of these proteins and their role in the steroid-hormon-controlled gene expression. The possible role of acidic proteins as general controllers of gene expression in eucariotic cells is discussed.", "PMID": 1053013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_708", "title": "Recent developments in automatic refraction.", "content": "A detailed description of the Ophthalmetron is given. This is an automatic refractometer using the principle of infra-red retinoscopy and having a sensitivity range from -18.00 D to +17.00 D with a resolution of 0.25 D. By means of a rapid light scan across the patient's pupil the instrument determines the direction of motion of the retinal reflex in all meridians and a movement null-point is determined electronically. Results are then plotted automatically on a chart drum. Some early validation studies have shown the Ophthalmetron to provide a refraction end-point in good agreement with conventional retinoscopic findings. The paper concludes with an appendix in which the features of three commercially available automatic refractometers are compared.", "contents": "Recent developments in automatic refraction. A detailed description of the Ophthalmetron is given. This is an automatic refractometer using the principle of infra-red retinoscopy and having a sensitivity range from -18.00 D to +17.00 D with a resolution of 0.25 D. By means of a rapid light scan across the patient's pupil the instrument determines the direction of motion of the retinal reflex in all meridians and a movement null-point is determined electronically. Results are then plotted automatically on a chart drum. Some early validation studies have shown the Ophthalmetron to provide a refraction end-point in good agreement with conventional retinoscopic findings. The paper concludes with an appendix in which the features of three commercially available automatic refractometers are compared.", "PMID": 1053018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_709", "title": "Structural and functional analysis of ribosome subunits isolated from mouse liver following a toxic dose of dimethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Ribosomal subunits, isolated from mouse liver after a single dose of 50 mg/Kg b. w. of DMN, have been tested for their structural and functional properties. CsCl analysis has shown that after DMN treatment no loss of structural proteins occurs in both 40 S and 60 S ribosome subunits. It has been also demonstrated that these subunits are able to synthetize in the poly-U programmed system at low Mg++ concentrations, in the presence of heterologous initiation factors, at the same efficiency as the corresponding controls.", "contents": "Structural and functional analysis of ribosome subunits isolated from mouse liver following a toxic dose of dimethylnitrosamine. Ribosomal subunits, isolated from mouse liver after a single dose of 50 mg/Kg b. w. of DMN, have been tested for their structural and functional properties. CsCl analysis has shown that after DMN treatment no loss of structural proteins occurs in both 40 S and 60 S ribosome subunits. It has been also demonstrated that these subunits are able to synthetize in the poly-U programmed system at low Mg++ concentrations, in the presence of heterologous initiation factors, at the same efficiency as the corresponding controls.", "PMID": 1053014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_710", "title": "Eye movements in heterophoria.", "content": "Reference is made to earlier reports by the author in which versional recovery eye movements were observed during the cover test in the non-occluded eye in case of heterophoria. This provided support for Hering's Law, although the magnitude of the versional movement did not relate to the degree of heterophoria. Recent studies of eye movements during the cover test on very small heterophorias have suggested there is a threshold value below which these versional recovery movements are absent, and that is presence depends on such factors as the size of the phoria, the degree of ocular motor dominance and patient concentration.", "contents": "Eye movements in heterophoria. Reference is made to earlier reports by the author in which versional recovery eye movements were observed during the cover test in the non-occluded eye in case of heterophoria. This provided support for Hering's Law, although the magnitude of the versional movement did not relate to the degree of heterophoria. Recent studies of eye movements during the cover test on very small heterophorias have suggested there is a threshold value below which these versional recovery movements are absent, and that is presence depends on such factors as the size of the phoria, the degree of ocular motor dominance and patient concentration.", "PMID": 1053019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_711", "title": "Responses of simple and non-oriented cells to stimuli of variable duration in areas 17 and 18 of cat visual cortex.", "content": "Single unitresponses to photic stimuli of variable duration were studied in the cat visual areas 17 and 18. The closed-chamber technique was used to record extracellularly impulsive electrical activity in locally anaesthetized, Flaxedil-paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats. Stimulus duration ranges between 0.020 and 10 sec, the background luminance and the intensity of stimuli being constant. We found a first group of cells which fire independently of the stimulus duration; a second group which fire in close relation to the stimulus duration in a rather wide range of values, and a third group which fire monotonously as long as the stimulus goes on. The three groups of cells are supposed to be three functionally different types of cortical cells.", "contents": "Responses of simple and non-oriented cells to stimuli of variable duration in areas 17 and 18 of cat visual cortex. Single unitresponses to photic stimuli of variable duration were studied in the cat visual areas 17 and 18. The closed-chamber technique was used to record extracellularly impulsive electrical activity in locally anaesthetized, Flaxedil-paralyzed and artificially ventilated cats. Stimulus duration ranges between 0.020 and 10 sec, the background luminance and the intensity of stimuli being constant. We found a first group of cells which fire independently of the stimulus duration; a second group which fire in close relation to the stimulus duration in a rather wide range of values, and a third group which fire monotonously as long as the stimulus goes on. The three groups of cells are supposed to be three functionally different types of cortical cells.", "PMID": 1053015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_712", "title": "Stereopsis measured by random-dot patterns--a new clinical test.", "content": "Comparative measures are presented of stereo-acuity by random-dot stereograms using a phase difference haploscope and a Titmus stereogram. Using two groups of fifteen subjects each, one with full binocular vision and the other of small-angle strabismic amblyopes, greater discrimination between subject groups was found with the random-dot stereograms. It is concluded that random-dot stereograms produced by crossed Polaroid would be a more effective clinical means of determining stereo-acuity.", "contents": "Stereopsis measured by random-dot patterns--a new clinical test. Comparative measures are presented of stereo-acuity by random-dot stereograms using a phase difference haploscope and a Titmus stereogram. Using two groups of fifteen subjects each, one with full binocular vision and the other of small-angle strabismic amblyopes, greater discrimination between subject groups was found with the random-dot stereograms. It is concluded that random-dot stereograms produced by crossed Polaroid would be a more effective clinical means of determining stereo-acuity.", "PMID": 1053020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_713", "title": "The effect of pilocarpine on the ACA ratio.", "content": "The results of an experiment on ten subjects of the combined effects of pilocarpine and phenyleprine on the accommodation/convergence association (ACA) ratio. Using the gradient test method a significant decrease in the ACA ratio was found at the p=0.01 level. A physiological basis for this effect is hypothesized.", "contents": "The effect of pilocarpine on the ACA ratio. The results of an experiment on ten subjects of the combined effects of pilocarpine and phenyleprine on the accommodation/convergence association (ACA) ratio. Using the gradient test method a significant decrease in the ACA ratio was found at the p=0.01 level. A physiological basis for this effect is hypothesized.", "PMID": 1053021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_714", "title": "Visual acuity and colour vision tests--a preliminary report.", "content": "Results are reported of a preliminary survey of colour vision changes in fifteen patients with central serous retinopathy. Colour vision was monitored with the HRR plates, 100-hue test and Nagel anomaloscope. In those patients revealing an acquired dyschromatopsia the defect had a tritan-like response. However, diagnosis is made difficult because of the positively correlated trend between 100-hue error score and visual acuity.", "contents": "Visual acuity and colour vision tests--a preliminary report. Results are reported of a preliminary survey of colour vision changes in fifteen patients with central serous retinopathy. Colour vision was monitored with the HRR plates, 100-hue test and Nagel anomaloscope. In those patients revealing an acquired dyschromatopsia the defect had a tritan-like response. However, diagnosis is made difficult because of the positively correlated trend between 100-hue error score and visual acuity.", "PMID": 1053022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_715", "title": "The design of diagnostic tests for defective colour vision.", "content": "Pseudoisochromatic plates are among the most popular tests for defective colour vision. They are particularly good for screening but are less good in assessing the degree and type of the colour vision defect. To select colours for use in diagnostic plates a large number of colour defective subjects have made colour matches with the Lovibond Tintometer and the isochromatic data collected. Pseudoisochromatic plates have been printed using pairs of colours only and incorporating both a random dot and a regular dot format. These plates have proved effective in a clinical trial. Not only must pairs of inks be carefully selected to lie upon appropriate isochromatic lines but the luminance contrast between the two colours must be kept within 5%. Failure to control luminance contrast is as much a source of error in currently available pseudoischromatic tests as the inappropriate use of colour.", "contents": "The design of diagnostic tests for defective colour vision. Pseudoisochromatic plates are among the most popular tests for defective colour vision. They are particularly good for screening but are less good in assessing the degree and type of the colour vision defect. To select colours for use in diagnostic plates a large number of colour defective subjects have made colour matches with the Lovibond Tintometer and the isochromatic data collected. Pseudoisochromatic plates have been printed using pairs of colours only and incorporating both a random dot and a regular dot format. These plates have proved effective in a clinical trial. Not only must pairs of inks be carefully selected to lie upon appropriate isochromatic lines but the luminance contrast between the two colours must be kept within 5%. Failure to control luminance contrast is as much a source of error in currently available pseudoischromatic tests as the inappropriate use of colour.", "PMID": 1053023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_716", "title": "[Transversions and transitions].", "content": "The investigation of 163 spontaneous point mutations of the human hemoglobin and the analysis of the genetic code make it possible to estimate the relative probability of transversions, which happens to be 0.30. From 23 possible nonsense mutations 15 are the transversions. Hence the genetic code provides the low probability of the mutational termination of the protein chain. The most dangerous are the mutations in the codon UGG (Trp).", "contents": "[Transversions and transitions]. The investigation of 163 spontaneous point mutations of the human hemoglobin and the analysis of the genetic code make it possible to estimate the relative probability of transversions, which happens to be 0.30. From 23 possible nonsense mutations 15 are the transversions. Hence the genetic code provides the low probability of the mutational termination of the protein chain. The most dangerous are the mutations in the codon UGG (Trp).", "PMID": 1053035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_717", "title": "[Stereochemical analysis of the polypeptide chains secondary structure by Courtauld space-filling models. I. Dipeptide allowed conformations].", "content": "For all the 20 natural amino acid residues the conformations, permitted by taking into account steric interactions (a small variation of valent angles was admitted) and interactions with the solvent (water) were singled out.", "contents": "[Stereochemical analysis of the polypeptide chains secondary structure by Courtauld space-filling models. I. Dipeptide allowed conformations]. For all the 20 natural amino acid residues the conformations, permitted by taking into account steric interactions (a small variation of valent angles was admitted) and interactions with the solvent (water) were singled out.", "PMID": 1053036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_718", "title": "[Investigation of DNA complexes with histones F3 and F3+F2a2].", "content": "Characteristic viscosity, sedimentation constant and optical anisotropy were studied of the complexes formed between DNA and histone fractions F3 and F3+F2a2. The parameters mentioned continuously change with the increase of protein content within the complex. Analysis of experimental data shows that binding of a histone bads to a decrease of size and thermodynamic rigidity of the DNA molecule. On the basis of results obtained a model of F3 histone binding with DNA is suggested, amino acid sequence of this protein being taken into account. Comparison of behaviour of nucleohistones DNA+F3 and DNA+F1 studied previously testifies different way of binding of these histones to DNA.", "contents": "[Investigation of DNA complexes with histones F3 and F3+F2a2]. Characteristic viscosity, sedimentation constant and optical anisotropy were studied of the complexes formed between DNA and histone fractions F3 and F3+F2a2. The parameters mentioned continuously change with the increase of protein content within the complex. Analysis of experimental data shows that binding of a histone bads to a decrease of size and thermodynamic rigidity of the DNA molecule. On the basis of results obtained a model of F3 histone binding with DNA is suggested, amino acid sequence of this protein being taken into account. Comparison of behaviour of nucleohistones DNA+F3 and DNA+F1 studied previously testifies different way of binding of these histones to DNA.", "PMID": 1053037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_719", "title": "[DNA nuclear satellites of the genus Brassica].", "content": "Distribution of nuclear DNA of nine species of the genus Brassica in caesium chloride density gradient has been studied. It has been shown that the amount of the satellite DNA component with the density of 1.704 g.cm-3 varies within a wide range. It is completely absent in B. oleracea and its amount reaches 37% in B. nigra. The other species have an intermediate position. The absence of the latent satellite DNA component in B. oleracea has been shown by equilibrium ultracentrifugation in Cs2SO4 density gradient containing Hg++. Denaturation-renaturation properties of the nuclear DNA of B juncea have been studied.", "contents": "[DNA nuclear satellites of the genus Brassica]. Distribution of nuclear DNA of nine species of the genus Brassica in caesium chloride density gradient has been studied. It has been shown that the amount of the satellite DNA component with the density of 1.704 g.cm-3 varies within a wide range. It is completely absent in B. oleracea and its amount reaches 37% in B. nigra. The other species have an intermediate position. The absence of the latent satellite DNA component in B. oleracea has been shown by equilibrium ultracentrifugation in Cs2SO4 density gradient containing Hg++. Denaturation-renaturation properties of the nuclear DNA of B juncea have been studied.", "PMID": 1053038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_720", "title": "[Rheiological behaviour of deoxyribonucleoprotein systems of chromatin. I. DNP in high ionic strength solutions (0.7 M NaCl)].", "content": "The rheological behaviour of deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) in high ionic strength solutions (0,7 M NaCl) is indicative of the presence, in these systems, of linearly ordered DNP microstructures, which are reversibly destroyed by mechanical influences. The examination of the models of spatial network which are capable of providing the limit of fluidity for low concentrated DNP solutions permits to abandon the model of bound tracery network. The existence of interrupted network is proposed which is formed by fixation of microstructures in the secondary potential minimum without direct contact. It is concluded that DNP is able to organize liquid-cristalline structures with linear orientation of the axes of microstructural elements. The possibility of superhelical organization of such microstructures is not excluded. The long-range surface forces take part in stabilization of DNP-microstructures.", "contents": "[Rheiological behaviour of deoxyribonucleoprotein systems of chromatin. I. DNP in high ionic strength solutions (0.7 M NaCl)]. The rheological behaviour of deoxyribonucleoprotein (DNP) in high ionic strength solutions (0,7 M NaCl) is indicative of the presence, in these systems, of linearly ordered DNP microstructures, which are reversibly destroyed by mechanical influences. The examination of the models of spatial network which are capable of providing the limit of fluidity for low concentrated DNP solutions permits to abandon the model of bound tracery network. The existence of interrupted network is proposed which is formed by fixation of microstructures in the secondary potential minimum without direct contact. It is concluded that DNP is able to organize liquid-cristalline structures with linear orientation of the axes of microstructural elements. The possibility of superhelical organization of such microstructures is not excluded. The long-range surface forces take part in stabilization of DNP-microstructures.", "PMID": 1053039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_721", "title": "[Investigation of the structure of nitrogenase by means of electron microscopy combined with optical diffraction].", "content": "Nitrogenase molecules are observed in electron micrographs as hepta or octa hedral rings about 100 angstrom in diameter and stick-like particle 95 angstrom wide and as long as 300 angstrom and more. The electron microscopy pattern was investigated by the optical diffraction technique. It is shown that the nitrogenase molecule has a cylindrical helical structure. The helical parameters of this structure have been determined. The molecule is composed of a family of discrete helixes (number of helixes 8), the spacing between the nearest subunits along the vertical axis being 25 angstrom and the period of the structure about 50 angstrom. It is supposed that the stick-like particle as a side-view projection of the polymerized round molecules. A hypothetic model of the protein is presented.", "contents": "[Investigation of the structure of nitrogenase by means of electron microscopy combined with optical diffraction]. Nitrogenase molecules are observed in electron micrographs as hepta or octa hedral rings about 100 angstrom in diameter and stick-like particle 95 angstrom wide and as long as 300 angstrom and more. The electron microscopy pattern was investigated by the optical diffraction technique. It is shown that the nitrogenase molecule has a cylindrical helical structure. The helical parameters of this structure have been determined. The molecule is composed of a family of discrete helixes (number of helixes 8), the spacing between the nearest subunits along the vertical axis being 25 angstrom and the period of the structure about 50 angstrom. It is supposed that the stick-like particle as a side-view projection of the polymerized round molecules. A hypothetic model of the protein is presented.", "PMID": 1053041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_722", "title": "[Membrane proteins of the hydrocarbon oxidation system in Pseudomonas denitirficans].", "content": "Pseudomonas denitrificans membranes have been isolated. Difference of membranes in peculiar protein fractions on the account of mutation in the oxidation system of higher n-alkanes is revealed. Reorganization of membrane connected with the change of protein showing the property of structural protein and taking part in alkane oxidation is observed. Participation of structural protein in providing substrate specificity of oxidation complex is supposed.", "contents": "[Membrane proteins of the hydrocarbon oxidation system in Pseudomonas denitirficans]. Pseudomonas denitrificans membranes have been isolated. Difference of membranes in peculiar protein fractions on the account of mutation in the oxidation system of higher n-alkanes is revealed. Reorganization of membrane connected with the change of protein showing the property of structural protein and taking part in alkane oxidation is observed. Participation of structural protein in providing substrate specificity of oxidation complex is supposed.", "PMID": 1053040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_723", "title": "[Theoretical conformation analysis of cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate].", "content": "On the basis of calculations of conformational states of cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate it is shown that the syn-form with a gauche-trans position of the exocyclic group C(5')H2OH is preferential.", "contents": "[Theoretical conformation analysis of cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate]. On the basis of calculations of conformational states of cytidine 2',3'-cyclic phosphate it is shown that the syn-form with a gauche-trans position of the exocyclic group C(5')H2OH is preferential.", "PMID": 1053044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_724", "title": "[Globular protein hydration by a differential dielectrometric method].", "content": "A differential method is described for measuring dielectric constants and losses in aqueous protein solutions at millimetrerange wavelengths. Employment of the method allows to improve the accuracy of determining the degree of hydratation. A method has also been suggested for taking into account the contribution of ions to the dielectric constant of solutions. The differential method was used to study hydratation of nine globular proteins. The data obtained are compared with the corresponding values provided by other experimental techniques and with theoretical predictions based on some models of hydratation. Good agreement is obtained with results provided by the isopiestic and NMR techniques. The discrepancy shown for hemoglobin is discussed in the paper. As has been shown, the dielectric method registers a monomolecular surface layer of water only. With pH varying between 4.0 and 3.2, a significant increase is observed in the hydratation of serum albumin. Presumably, this effect is connected with a N--F conformational transition.", "contents": "[Globular protein hydration by a differential dielectrometric method]. A differential method is described for measuring dielectric constants and losses in aqueous protein solutions at millimetrerange wavelengths. Employment of the method allows to improve the accuracy of determining the degree of hydratation. A method has also been suggested for taking into account the contribution of ions to the dielectric constant of solutions. The differential method was used to study hydratation of nine globular proteins. The data obtained are compared with the corresponding values provided by other experimental techniques and with theoretical predictions based on some models of hydratation. Good agreement is obtained with results provided by the isopiestic and NMR techniques. The discrepancy shown for hemoglobin is discussed in the paper. As has been shown, the dielectric method registers a monomolecular surface layer of water only. With pH varying between 4.0 and 3.2, a significant increase is observed in the hydratation of serum albumin. Presumably, this effect is connected with a N--F conformational transition.", "PMID": 1053042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_725", "title": "[Site of nuclear DNA replication in embryonic cells of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius].", "content": "In the sea urchin embryonic cells, all newly synthesized nuclear DNA (n-DNA) pulse-labeled by 3H-thymidine was found within DNA-membrane complex (DNA-mc) isolated by centrifugation of lysates of nuclei after their treatment with Sarkosyl, Brij-35, or sodium dodecylsulfate through neutral sucrose (10--30%) gradients. This attachment has been shown not to be an artifact due to the unspecific effect of the detergents or the destabilization of the secondary structure of n-DNA because the association of the exogenous 14C-DNA with nuclear membrane and chromatin did not occur during the isolation of the DNA-mc. n-DNA was not replaced from DNA-mc when the latter was isolated in the excess of unlabeled denatured DNA. n-DNA associated with DNA-mc behaved as a precursor of chromosomal DNA. It is suggested that in sea urchin embryonic cells the synthesis of nuclear DNA is carried out by the replicative complex attached to the nuclear membrane.", "contents": "[Site of nuclear DNA replication in embryonic cells of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius]. In the sea urchin embryonic cells, all newly synthesized nuclear DNA (n-DNA) pulse-labeled by 3H-thymidine was found within DNA-membrane complex (DNA-mc) isolated by centrifugation of lysates of nuclei after their treatment with Sarkosyl, Brij-35, or sodium dodecylsulfate through neutral sucrose (10--30%) gradients. This attachment has been shown not to be an artifact due to the unspecific effect of the detergents or the destabilization of the secondary structure of n-DNA because the association of the exogenous 14C-DNA with nuclear membrane and chromatin did not occur during the isolation of the DNA-mc. n-DNA was not replaced from DNA-mc when the latter was isolated in the excess of unlabeled denatured DNA. n-DNA associated with DNA-mc behaved as a precursor of chromosomal DNA. It is suggested that in sea urchin embryonic cells the synthesis of nuclear DNA is carried out by the replicative complex attached to the nuclear membrane.", "PMID": 1053045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_726", "title": "[Complex formation of di-oligodeoxyadenylyl-5',5'-pyrophosphatess with polyuridylic acid].", "content": "The complex formation of P1,P2-bis-trideoxyadenylyl-, P1-trideoxyadenylyl, P2-hexadeoxyadenylyl and P1,P2-bis-deoxyadenylyl-5',5-pyrophosphates with polyuridylic acid has been studied. It is shown that these compounds form triple-stranded complexes with poly-U, which have much the same absorption and circular dichroism spectra as those of (oligo-dA).2(poly-U). These results are considered as a support of an earlier suggestion about the irregular relative orientations of the oligodeoxyadenylates in the triple-stranded complexes with poly-U.", "contents": "[Complex formation of di-oligodeoxyadenylyl-5',5'-pyrophosphatess with polyuridylic acid]. The complex formation of P1,P2-bis-trideoxyadenylyl-, P1-trideoxyadenylyl, P2-hexadeoxyadenylyl and P1,P2-bis-deoxyadenylyl-5',5-pyrophosphates with polyuridylic acid has been studied. It is shown that these compounds form triple-stranded complexes with poly-U, which have much the same absorption and circular dichroism spectra as those of (oligo-dA).2(poly-U). These results are considered as a support of an earlier suggestion about the irregular relative orientations of the oligodeoxyadenylates in the triple-stranded complexes with poly-U.", "PMID": 1053043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_727", "title": "[Tyrosine residues in histones. Kinetics of histones F1 and F2A1 nitration by tetranitromethane].", "content": "The kinetics of nitration of tyrosine residues in histones F1 and F2a1 by tetranitromethane has been investigated. At low ionic strength and 30-fold molar excess of nitrating agent the nitration reaction results in fast modification of all tyrosine residues in both histones. At the same time the rates of modification of different tyrosine residues in histone F2a1 are not identical and markedly exceed the rate of N-Ac-OEt-Tyr nitration in a model system. The increase of reaction mixture ionic strength causes an increase of modification rates. The differential UV-absorption spectra of histone F1 obtained by temperature perturbation show an abnormal positive characteristic maximum at 286.8 nm. Analysis of the dependence of nitration rates of tyrosine residues in histones in saline solutions upon the ionic strength and of difference UV-absorption spectra of histones leads to a conclusion that there are specific interactions of definite parts of histone polypeptide chains. These interactions may arise from aggregation of histone molecules.", "contents": "[Tyrosine residues in histones. Kinetics of histones F1 and F2A1 nitration by tetranitromethane]. The kinetics of nitration of tyrosine residues in histones F1 and F2a1 by tetranitromethane has been investigated. At low ionic strength and 30-fold molar excess of nitrating agent the nitration reaction results in fast modification of all tyrosine residues in both histones. At the same time the rates of modification of different tyrosine residues in histone F2a1 are not identical and markedly exceed the rate of N-Ac-OEt-Tyr nitration in a model system. The increase of reaction mixture ionic strength causes an increase of modification rates. The differential UV-absorption spectra of histone F1 obtained by temperature perturbation show an abnormal positive characteristic maximum at 286.8 nm. Analysis of the dependence of nitration rates of tyrosine residues in histones in saline solutions upon the ionic strength and of difference UV-absorption spectra of histones leads to a conclusion that there are specific interactions of definite parts of histone polypeptide chains. These interactions may arise from aggregation of histone molecules.", "PMID": 1053046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_728", "title": "[Intracellular transport of nuclear ribosomal RNA in Acetabularia mediterranea].", "content": "The ribosomal RNA transport from a nucleus to a perinuclear cytoplasm and its following distribution in the cytoplasm of Acetabularia mediterranea cells were studied using transplantation of RNA-labeled rhizoid into unlabeled stalk. In addition rifamycin treatment was used for inhibition of cytoplasmic RNA synthesis. Acetabularia nuclei contain the stable RNA fractions similar to those present in some other eukaryotes. Nuclear 25S and 17S ribosomal RNA rapidly enter the rhizoid cytoplasm whereas the following trasfer of them to other regions of the cell is a very slow process. Within two days only an insignificant part of 25S and 17S ribosomal RNA is transferred from the rhizoid to the stalk and is distributed there over the base-apical gradient. No preferential transfer of the nuclear ribosomal RNA to the apical region was observed.", "contents": "[Intracellular transport of nuclear ribosomal RNA in Acetabularia mediterranea]. The ribosomal RNA transport from a nucleus to a perinuclear cytoplasm and its following distribution in the cytoplasm of Acetabularia mediterranea cells were studied using transplantation of RNA-labeled rhizoid into unlabeled stalk. In addition rifamycin treatment was used for inhibition of cytoplasmic RNA synthesis. Acetabularia nuclei contain the stable RNA fractions similar to those present in some other eukaryotes. Nuclear 25S and 17S ribosomal RNA rapidly enter the rhizoid cytoplasm whereas the following trasfer of them to other regions of the cell is a very slow process. Within two days only an insignificant part of 25S and 17S ribosomal RNA is transferred from the rhizoid to the stalk and is distributed there over the base-apical gradient. No preferential transfer of the nuclear ribosomal RNA to the apical region was observed.", "PMID": 1053047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_729", "title": "[Effect on the whole alimentary starvation on DNA synthesis in cells precursors in human bone marrow].", "content": "The rate of DNA synthesis in cells precursors of the bone marrow of 15 psychic patients was studied by tritiated thymidine autoradiography during different periods of whole alimentary starvation (duration 28 days) which was used with the aim of therapy. It was shown that starvation induced rapid, \"leap\", \"uneven\" block of DNA synthesis and decrease in mitotic index. It was found that DNA synthesis block was marked with different degree in different marrow cells. It was supposed that DNA synthesis block occured mainly during G1--S period of interphase. During the initial period of refeeding, intensification of DNA synthesis, which preceded to sharp increase in mitotic index, was observed.", "contents": "[Effect on the whole alimentary starvation on DNA synthesis in cells precursors in human bone marrow]. The rate of DNA synthesis in cells precursors of the bone marrow of 15 psychic patients was studied by tritiated thymidine autoradiography during different periods of whole alimentary starvation (duration 28 days) which was used with the aim of therapy. It was shown that starvation induced rapid, \"leap\", \"uneven\" block of DNA synthesis and decrease in mitotic index. It was found that DNA synthesis block was marked with different degree in different marrow cells. It was supposed that DNA synthesis block occured mainly during G1--S period of interphase. During the initial period of refeeding, intensification of DNA synthesis, which preceded to sharp increase in mitotic index, was observed.", "PMID": 1053049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_730", "title": "[Modifications of ribosomes from rat liver with alkylating derivatives of tRNA].", "content": "Alkylating analogs of peptidyl-tRNA: N-chloroambucilyl-14C-phenylanalyl-tRNA (1), N-iodoacetyl-14C-phenylalanyl-tRNA (2) and N-bromo-acetyl-14C-phenlalanyl-tRNA (3) were applied for the modification of the peptidyl-transferase center of the 80S ribosomes from rat liver. These analogs, being in the teronary complex poly-U: ribosome : tRNA analog, modified ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA. The modification is directed to large ribosomal subunit. It is found, that (1) modifies ribosomal proteins L5, L25, L31 and L32 and (2) modifies ribosomal proteins L4, L6, L10+L11, L13 and L30.", "contents": "[Modifications of ribosomes from rat liver with alkylating derivatives of tRNA]. Alkylating analogs of peptidyl-tRNA: N-chloroambucilyl-14C-phenylanalyl-tRNA (1), N-iodoacetyl-14C-phenylalanyl-tRNA (2) and N-bromo-acetyl-14C-phenlalanyl-tRNA (3) were applied for the modification of the peptidyl-transferase center of the 80S ribosomes from rat liver. These analogs, being in the teronary complex poly-U: ribosome : tRNA analog, modified ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RNA. The modification is directed to large ribosomal subunit. It is found, that (1) modifies ribosomal proteins L5, L25, L31 and L32 and (2) modifies ribosomal proteins L4, L6, L10+L11, L13 and L30.", "PMID": 1053050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_731", "title": "[Conformational transition within the A-form of complementary nucleic acids in solution].", "content": "Circular dichroic spectra of A-DNA in 78% ethanol and of tRNA in water and ethanol solutions have been studied at different concentrations of NaCl. An increase in the Na+ concentration from 0.5.10(-4) M to 5.10(-4) M results in a shift of the positive CD band at 264 nm of the A-DNA to a longer wavelength, 272 nm. Simultaneously, the magnitude of the 210 nm band decreases. By contrast in the case of tRNA in water solution an increase in NaCl content results in straight opposite shifts of the CD spectra. This opposite behaviour is shown to the due to a difference in ions effects in water and water-ethanol solutions, since tRNA in the ethanol solution behaves in the same way as A-DNA does in 78% ethanol. We suppose that in aqueous solution in increase in the cation concentration would stabilize the helical conformations with progressively decreasing narrow groove, i. e. more wound. At a high concentration of ethanol (60--80%) the formation of specific complex between the hydrated cations and the double-stranded regions should be taken into consideration. Thus, the hydrated cations may insert into the deep groove exerting the opposite effect of unwinding.", "contents": "[Conformational transition within the A-form of complementary nucleic acids in solution]. Circular dichroic spectra of A-DNA in 78% ethanol and of tRNA in water and ethanol solutions have been studied at different concentrations of NaCl. An increase in the Na+ concentration from 0.5.10(-4) M to 5.10(-4) M results in a shift of the positive CD band at 264 nm of the A-DNA to a longer wavelength, 272 nm. Simultaneously, the magnitude of the 210 nm band decreases. By contrast in the case of tRNA in water solution an increase in NaCl content results in straight opposite shifts of the CD spectra. This opposite behaviour is shown to the due to a difference in ions effects in water and water-ethanol solutions, since tRNA in the ethanol solution behaves in the same way as A-DNA does in 78% ethanol. We suppose that in aqueous solution in increase in the cation concentration would stabilize the helical conformations with progressively decreasing narrow groove, i. e. more wound. At a high concentration of ethanol (60--80%) the formation of specific complex between the hydrated cations and the double-stranded regions should be taken into consideration. Thus, the hydrated cations may insert into the deep groove exerting the opposite effect of unwinding.", "PMID": 1053051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_732", "title": "[Conformational features of beta-lipotropic hormone and its fragments].", "content": "Structural features of porcine and bovine beta-lipotropic hormone and fragments of porcine hormone have been studied by the methods of circular dichroism and infra-red sectroscopy and by analysis of amino acid sequence. It has been established that the structure of the hormone includes a set of regular helical forms which varies considerably with the humidity and dielectric constant of the medium. The presence of left-handed helical conformations of the poly-L-proline II type in aqueous medium and moist films and their transformations with the variation of the parameters of the medium has been demonstrated. The role of the extended left-handed helical structures in hormone functions in the blood and intercellular space is discussed.", "contents": "[Conformational features of beta-lipotropic hormone and its fragments]. Structural features of porcine and bovine beta-lipotropic hormone and fragments of porcine hormone have been studied by the methods of circular dichroism and infra-red sectroscopy and by analysis of amino acid sequence. It has been established that the structure of the hormone includes a set of regular helical forms which varies considerably with the humidity and dielectric constant of the medium. The presence of left-handed helical conformations of the poly-L-proline II type in aqueous medium and moist films and their transformations with the variation of the parameters of the medium has been demonstrated. The role of the extended left-handed helical structures in hormone functions in the blood and intercellular space is discussed.", "PMID": 1053052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_733", "title": "[Transient states in the photoreactions of chlorophyll-protein complexes].", "content": "Transient short-lived species arising in chlorophyll-protein complexes of PS I on flash excitation were studied by means of flash-photolysis and luminescence methods. Complexes were isolated from chloroplasts by the solubilisation in SDS and subsequent electrophoresis. Three different types of reactions associated with: a) the triplet state of monomeric chlorophyll; b) redox reactions in reaction centres; c) photochemical reactions of monomeric chlorophyll were established on excitation. The arrangement of different forms of chlorophyll connected with the protein globule is discussed.", "contents": "[Transient states in the photoreactions of chlorophyll-protein complexes]. Transient short-lived species arising in chlorophyll-protein complexes of PS I on flash excitation were studied by means of flash-photolysis and luminescence methods. Complexes were isolated from chloroplasts by the solubilisation in SDS and subsequent electrophoresis. Three different types of reactions associated with: a) the triplet state of monomeric chlorophyll; b) redox reactions in reaction centres; c) photochemical reactions of monomeric chlorophyll were established on excitation. The arrangement of different forms of chlorophyll connected with the protein globule is discussed.", "PMID": 1053065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_734", "title": "[Melting of DNA-total histone complexes in the presence of noradrenaline].", "content": "Study is presented of the effect of noradrenaline on thermic denaturation of DNA-total histone complexes within the range of protein concentrations which corresponds to c1/c2 0-1.7 in solutions of 10(-3) M Na+ ionic strength (c1 and c2 being the weight concentrations of protein and nucleic acid, respectively). Denaturation of these systems has been found to be strongly affected by bivalent metals contained in DNA samples. Their presence accounts for the high temperature and wide melting range of DNA and diminution of the latter with an increase of the protein concentration in DNA-histone complexes. The denaturation parametres obtained for the studied systems are in fair agreement with predictions from the clip thermodynamic theory. Noradrenaline is shown to be capable of destabilizing DNA-total histon complexes. This is due to the inactivation of bivalent metals bound with DNA by noradrenaline. It is also suggested that noradrenaline does not weaken the histone binding with a nucleic acid.", "contents": "[Melting of DNA-total histone complexes in the presence of noradrenaline]. Study is presented of the effect of noradrenaline on thermic denaturation of DNA-total histone complexes within the range of protein concentrations which corresponds to c1/c2 0-1.7 in solutions of 10(-3) M Na+ ionic strength (c1 and c2 being the weight concentrations of protein and nucleic acid, respectively). Denaturation of these systems has been found to be strongly affected by bivalent metals contained in DNA samples. Their presence accounts for the high temperature and wide melting range of DNA and diminution of the latter with an increase of the protein concentration in DNA-histone complexes. The denaturation parametres obtained for the studied systems are in fair agreement with predictions from the clip thermodynamic theory. Noradrenaline is shown to be capable of destabilizing DNA-total histon complexes. This is due to the inactivation of bivalent metals bound with DNA by noradrenaline. It is also suggested that noradrenaline does not weaken the histone binding with a nucleic acid.", "PMID": 1053066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_735", "title": "[Influence of UV-light on erythrocyte membrane structure and catalytic behaviour of membrane acetylcholine esterase].", "content": "UV-light is shown to induce the structural transitions in the erythrocyte membrane described by S-shape curves in plots of the structural response versus the irradiation dose. In contrast to the free acetylcholine esterase (AChE) UV-light acts on the membrane enzyme as a mixed inhibitor (simultaneous change in Vmax and Km). The modification of the environment structure of residual enzyme is suggested to be the main reason of this phenomenon. The effect is under the control of membrane integrity and disappears after its desintegration. Membrane AChE treated ultrasonically both prior to and after irradiation is inactivated without a Km change. The data obtained show the influence of erythrocyte membrane structure on the catalytic behaviour of membrane-bound AChE.", "contents": "[Influence of UV-light on erythrocyte membrane structure and catalytic behaviour of membrane acetylcholine esterase]. UV-light is shown to induce the structural transitions in the erythrocyte membrane described by S-shape curves in plots of the structural response versus the irradiation dose. In contrast to the free acetylcholine esterase (AChE) UV-light acts on the membrane enzyme as a mixed inhibitor (simultaneous change in Vmax and Km). The modification of the environment structure of residual enzyme is suggested to be the main reason of this phenomenon. The effect is under the control of membrane integrity and disappears after its desintegration. Membrane AChE treated ultrasonically both prior to and after irradiation is inactivated without a Km change. The data obtained show the influence of erythrocyte membrane structure on the catalytic behaviour of membrane-bound AChE.", "PMID": 1053067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_736", "title": "[Biochemical heterogeneity of mitochondria].", "content": "Rat liver mitochondria were fractionated on the basis of their sedimentation coefficients in the gradient of ficoll. The fractions (\"heavy\", \"middle\" and \"light\" mitochondria) were heterogeneous with regard to the content of protein, DNA, cytochrome a + a3 and respiratory activity. Heterogeneity of mitochondria did not result from the damage or microsomal and lysosomal contamination. The biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins in the different fractions of mitochondria was studied. In vivo incorporation of radioactive precursor into RNA was highest in the fractions of \"middle\" mitochondria, whereas in vitro the \"heavy\" mitochondria showed maximum activity in the synthesis of RNA. In vitro DNA synthes was maximum in the fractions of \"heavy\" mitochondria, protein synthesis in \"heavy\" and \"light\" mitochondria. Activity of the synthesis of RNA, DNA and proteins in vitro depends on the content of DNA and cytochrome a + a3 in the different fractions of mitochondria. It is supposed that heterogeneity of mitochondria may be connected with their biogenesis.", "contents": "[Biochemical heterogeneity of mitochondria]. Rat liver mitochondria were fractionated on the basis of their sedimentation coefficients in the gradient of ficoll. The fractions (\"heavy\", \"middle\" and \"light\" mitochondria) were heterogeneous with regard to the content of protein, DNA, cytochrome a + a3 and respiratory activity. Heterogeneity of mitochondria did not result from the damage or microsomal and lysosomal contamination. The biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins in the different fractions of mitochondria was studied. In vivo incorporation of radioactive precursor into RNA was highest in the fractions of \"middle\" mitochondria, whereas in vitro the \"heavy\" mitochondria showed maximum activity in the synthesis of RNA. In vitro DNA synthes was maximum in the fractions of \"heavy\" mitochondria, protein synthesis in \"heavy\" and \"light\" mitochondria. Activity of the synthesis of RNA, DNA and proteins in vitro depends on the content of DNA and cytochrome a + a3 in the different fractions of mitochondria. It is supposed that heterogeneity of mitochondria may be connected with their biogenesis.", "PMID": 1053068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_737", "title": "[Conformation of the denatured DNA molecule in solutions of different ionic strengths].", "content": "The conformation of the denatured DNA molecule of different molecular weights in the solutions of various ionic composition was studied by the methods of viscometry, light scattering and flow birefringence. Formaldehyde purified from metallic ions with the help of ionites was used for fixation of the denatured state of the DNA molecule. It has been shown that theories developed for flexible macromolecules are in a sufficient accordance with hydrodynamical and optical data. The unperturbed dimensions, equilibrium rigidity of the macromolecule in solutions of different ionic strengths, mu, were determined. In the range of mu greater than or equal to 0.005 the length of Kuhn's segment (A) is equal to approximately 40 A and its value increases with an increase of mu. At mu 0.001 A approximately 60 A and mu 0.0005 A approximately 85 divided by 100 A. A relation between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight of the denatured DNA molecule was established. Data on the flow birefringence in the solutions of the denatured DNA have shown that the sigh of optical anisotrophy of the macromolecule depends on the ionic strength. The observed dependency may be explained only by assuming that ionic strength influences the equilibrium orientation of nitrogen base planes with respect to the main chain of the macromolecule.", "contents": "[Conformation of the denatured DNA molecule in solutions of different ionic strengths]. The conformation of the denatured DNA molecule of different molecular weights in the solutions of various ionic composition was studied by the methods of viscometry, light scattering and flow birefringence. Formaldehyde purified from metallic ions with the help of ionites was used for fixation of the denatured state of the DNA molecule. It has been shown that theories developed for flexible macromolecules are in a sufficient accordance with hydrodynamical and optical data. The unperturbed dimensions, equilibrium rigidity of the macromolecule in solutions of different ionic strengths, mu, were determined. In the range of mu greater than or equal to 0.005 the length of Kuhn's segment (A) is equal to approximately 40 A and its value increases with an increase of mu. At mu 0.001 A approximately 60 A and mu 0.0005 A approximately 85 divided by 100 A. A relation between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight of the denatured DNA molecule was established. Data on the flow birefringence in the solutions of the denatured DNA have shown that the sigh of optical anisotrophy of the macromolecule depends on the ionic strength. The observed dependency may be explained only by assuming that ionic strength influences the equilibrium orientation of nitrogen base planes with respect to the main chain of the macromolecule.", "PMID": 1053069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_738", "title": "[Secondary structure of nuclear precursors of the informational RNA (pre-mRNA)].", "content": "The secondary structure of pre-mRNA species from mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells extracted with phenol at the temperatures either 55-65 degrees C or 65-85 degrees C was investigated. A fraction of the double helical regions of pre-mRNA was estimated by two methods: a) by recording of melting curves; b) by measuring fluorescence lifetimes of acridine orange dye adsorbed on the nucleic acid. This fraction was about 64-68%. Further lowering of ionic strength down to 0.024 results in 10-15% decrease in the fraction of double regions. Both lowering of ionic strength and increase of the temperature up to 50-55 degrees C results in despiralisation of pre-mRNA regions which contain more than 70% of AU-nucleotide pairs. Only regions containing mainly GC-nucleotide pairs remain double-stranded under heating to temperatures above 50 degrees C. These facts were established on the basis of studies of acriflavin dye complexes with pre-mRNA.", "contents": "[Secondary structure of nuclear precursors of the informational RNA (pre-mRNA)]. The secondary structure of pre-mRNA species from mouse Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells extracted with phenol at the temperatures either 55-65 degrees C or 65-85 degrees C was investigated. A fraction of the double helical regions of pre-mRNA was estimated by two methods: a) by recording of melting curves; b) by measuring fluorescence lifetimes of acridine orange dye adsorbed on the nucleic acid. This fraction was about 64-68%. Further lowering of ionic strength down to 0.024 results in 10-15% decrease in the fraction of double regions. Both lowering of ionic strength and increase of the temperature up to 50-55 degrees C results in despiralisation of pre-mRNA regions which contain more than 70% of AU-nucleotide pairs. Only regions containing mainly GC-nucleotide pairs remain double-stranded under heating to temperatures above 50 degrees C. These facts were established on the basis of studies of acriflavin dye complexes with pre-mRNA.", "PMID": 1053071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_739", "title": "[Molecular basis of olfactory reception. I. Artificial lipid membrane sensitive to odorous substances].", "content": "The properties of artificial lipid membranes modified by frog offactory preparation obtained by ultrasonic treatment of frog olfactory tissues were investigated. Out of the 24 odorous substances which were tested five active stimulants were identified each inducing a resistance drop of the modified membrane when added to the cell. The studies of this effect in solutions with different salt content demonstrated that the decrease in resistance resulted most probably from an increased membrane permeability to Na+ ions. The dyes did not affect the resistance of modified membranes. Mercury bichloride at the concentration of 5 . 10(-4) M was shown to block the responce of the membrane when added to the cell prior to stimulants. At the same time mercury biochloride did not practically affect the membrane resistance after its response to the odorants. The possible ways of increasing the sensitivity of modified membranes to odorants are discussed.", "contents": "[Molecular basis of olfactory reception. I. Artificial lipid membrane sensitive to odorous substances]. The properties of artificial lipid membranes modified by frog offactory preparation obtained by ultrasonic treatment of frog olfactory tissues were investigated. Out of the 24 odorous substances which were tested five active stimulants were identified each inducing a resistance drop of the modified membrane when added to the cell. The studies of this effect in solutions with different salt content demonstrated that the decrease in resistance resulted most probably from an increased membrane permeability to Na+ ions. The dyes did not affect the resistance of modified membranes. Mercury bichloride at the concentration of 5 . 10(-4) M was shown to block the responce of the membrane when added to the cell prior to stimulants. At the same time mercury biochloride did not practically affect the membrane resistance after its response to the odorants. The possible ways of increasing the sensitivity of modified membranes to odorants are discussed.", "PMID": 1053070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_740", "title": "[Hydrolysis of acetals and approach to the modeling mechanism of reactions involving lysozyme].", "content": "Using quantum chemistry CNDO/2 method the mechanism of reaction of polysaccharides with lysozyme was investigated. The molecule of acetal (H3C-O-CH2-O-CH3) was taken as the simplest substrate model. In the framework of the simple model the influence of interaction of the substrate with Glu-35 and Asp-52 on activation of the substrate is described. It is essential that for the maximum activation of the bond broken the optimum (but not the most energetically advantageous) arrangement of Glu-35 should be realized. The optimum arrangement of the amino acid residues of the enzyme should also be realized for the liberation of the groups which took part in the reaction, only one degree of freedom being actual in this process, and the motion of the system occurs along this degree of freedom. It was shown that substrate distortion could cause its activation.", "contents": "[Hydrolysis of acetals and approach to the modeling mechanism of reactions involving lysozyme]. Using quantum chemistry CNDO/2 method the mechanism of reaction of polysaccharides with lysozyme was investigated. The molecule of acetal (H3C-O-CH2-O-CH3) was taken as the simplest substrate model. In the framework of the simple model the influence of interaction of the substrate with Glu-35 and Asp-52 on activation of the substrate is described. It is essential that for the maximum activation of the bond broken the optimum (but not the most energetically advantageous) arrangement of Glu-35 should be realized. The optimum arrangement of the amino acid residues of the enzyme should also be realized for the liberation of the groups which took part in the reaction, only one degree of freedom being actual in this process, and the motion of the system occurs along this degree of freedom. It was shown that substrate distortion could cause its activation.", "PMID": 1053072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_741", "title": "[Nonglycosidic analogues of nucleotides. IX. Self-association of 9-(omega'-hydroxyalkyl) adenine omega'-phosphates in aqueous solutions].", "content": "The dependence of the NMR spectra of adenosine 5'-phosphate and phosphates of 9-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-, 9-(3'-hydroxypropyl)- and 9-(4'-hydroxybutyl)adenines on temperature and concentration has been investigated in aqueous solutions.", "contents": "[Nonglycosidic analogues of nucleotides. IX. Self-association of 9-(omega'-hydroxyalkyl) adenine omega'-phosphates in aqueous solutions]. The dependence of the NMR spectra of adenosine 5'-phosphate and phosphates of 9-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-, 9-(3'-hydroxypropyl)- and 9-(4'-hydroxybutyl)adenines on temperature and concentration has been investigated in aqueous solutions.", "PMID": 1053073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_742", "title": "[Generalization of the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model for the case of multisubstrate reactions].", "content": "A general equation is derived for the rate of multisubstrate reaction catalyzed by oligomeric enzyme E(R, T) liable to concerted transitions Ro in equilibrium To or Ro in equilibrium 2To. It is shown that with some assumptions about the enzymes the rate equations can be constructed from the rates of corresponding reactions catalyzed by a single active site. These single active site rate equations are known for the majority of catalysis mechanisms, otherwise they can be easily deduced. As an example the rate equation is derived for the reaction S1 + S2 + S3 in equilibrium S4 + S5 catalyzed by an oligomeric enzyme according to the ordered ter-bi mechanism.", "contents": "[Generalization of the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model for the case of multisubstrate reactions]. A general equation is derived for the rate of multisubstrate reaction catalyzed by oligomeric enzyme E(R, T) liable to concerted transitions Ro in equilibrium To or Ro in equilibrium 2To. It is shown that with some assumptions about the enzymes the rate equations can be constructed from the rates of corresponding reactions catalyzed by a single active site. These single active site rate equations are known for the majority of catalysis mechanisms, otherwise they can be easily deduced. As an example the rate equation is derived for the reaction S1 + S2 + S3 in equilibrium S4 + S5 catalyzed by an oligomeric enzyme according to the ordered ter-bi mechanism.", "PMID": 1053074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_743", "title": "[Partial fractionation and physico-chemical properties of non-histone chromatin proteins].", "content": "The non-histone chromatin proteins (NHP) were isolated by a modified Wang technique. NHP were easily dissoluble in solutions of a physiological ionic strength within a wide pH range. NHP were subdivided into 18 zones by analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. NHP have molecular weights within the range 15,000 greater than 200,000. A part of NHP showed similar molecular weight but different values of molecular charge. NHP were separated by a gel filtration into 6 fractions. Two fractions were individual proteins. The great bulk of NHP has a molecular weight less than 40,000, and 6-6.5% of NHP-more than 100,000. The fractions different from each other in a specific UV-absorbtion, fluorescence and circular dichroism. The nhp fraction of a smaller molecular weight has a smaller content of alpha-helix (8%) and the greatest polarity of the environment of tryptophan residues; the molecules of this fraction may have a loose tertial structure. Other NHP have 15-24% of alpha-helix and possibly have compact globular sites.", "contents": "[Partial fractionation and physico-chemical properties of non-histone chromatin proteins]. The non-histone chromatin proteins (NHP) were isolated by a modified Wang technique. NHP were easily dissoluble in solutions of a physiological ionic strength within a wide pH range. NHP were subdivided into 18 zones by analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. NHP have molecular weights within the range 15,000 greater than 200,000. A part of NHP showed similar molecular weight but different values of molecular charge. NHP were separated by a gel filtration into 6 fractions. Two fractions were individual proteins. The great bulk of NHP has a molecular weight less than 40,000, and 6-6.5% of NHP-more than 100,000. The fractions different from each other in a specific UV-absorbtion, fluorescence and circular dichroism. The nhp fraction of a smaller molecular weight has a smaller content of alpha-helix (8%) and the greatest polarity of the environment of tryptophan residues; the molecules of this fraction may have a loose tertial structure. Other NHP have 15-24% of alpha-helix and possibly have compact globular sites.", "PMID": 1053076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_744", "title": "[Kinetic model describing the action of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase].", "content": "Reaction rates for ATP-PPi isotope exchange (vex) and tryptophanyl-tRNA formation (vaa) catalysed concomitantly in one incubation mixture by beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (trsase) have been examined as a function of substrate concentrations. Comparison of the vex/vaa ratio found experimentally with the ratio predicted theoretically conforms the mechanism suggested earlier and permits to describe it in more detail. I. At least two reaction routes exist in which an ATP-PP: exchange is allowed. These routes are interconnected with each other via the stage at which tRNA binds to the enzyme. 2. In both these routes the low molecular weight substrates bind with enzyme in the order ATP first, tryptophan second. 3. Enzyme-aminoacyladenylate complex is an intermediate in the reaction of aminoacyl-tRNA formation. Pyrophosphate is detached from the enzyme prior to tRNA. 4. The enzyme releases AMP and tryptophanyl-tRNA in a random fashion. All the aformentioned properties are common both for trigger mechanism and Yarus-Berg mechanism which up to now were considered in literature independently.", "contents": "[Kinetic model describing the action of tryptophanyl-tRNA-synthetase]. Reaction rates for ATP-PPi isotope exchange (vex) and tryptophanyl-tRNA formation (vaa) catalysed concomitantly in one incubation mixture by beef pancreas tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (trsase) have been examined as a function of substrate concentrations. Comparison of the vex/vaa ratio found experimentally with the ratio predicted theoretically conforms the mechanism suggested earlier and permits to describe it in more detail. I. At least two reaction routes exist in which an ATP-PP: exchange is allowed. These routes are interconnected with each other via the stage at which tRNA binds to the enzyme. 2. In both these routes the low molecular weight substrates bind with enzyme in the order ATP first, tryptophan second. 3. Enzyme-aminoacyladenylate complex is an intermediate in the reaction of aminoacyl-tRNA formation. Pyrophosphate is detached from the enzyme prior to tRNA. 4. The enzyme releases AMP and tryptophanyl-tRNA in a random fashion. All the aformentioned properties are common both for trigger mechanism and Yarus-Berg mechanism which up to now were considered in literature independently.", "PMID": 1053075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_745", "title": "[Effect of porphyrin ring ligands on the affinity of heme iron to axial ligands].", "content": "To clarify the influence of protein surrounding on the heme reactivity in heme proteins the effect of interaction between a porphyrin ring and pi-acceptor molecule, 1,2,4-trimethyl-pyridinium (TMP), on the affinity of deuteroheme to axial ligands (imidazole and cyanide) has been studied as a model system. It is shown that TMP induces the fourfold decrease in equilibrium constant of imidazole to deuteroheme. From the analysis of the two stages for cyanide binding it is concluded that TMP decreases the binding constant of the first cyanide by 40 times and does not apparently influence the second ligand binding. The effect of TMP on the reactivity of deuteroheme to axial ligands is interpreted as a result of a decrease in the electron density on the iron orbitals which is due to the altered pi-eleectron density in the porphyrin pi-system through the donor-acceptor interaction with TMP molecules. The possible significance of the contacts between the porphyrin and neighboring amino acid residues in determining heme affinity to axial ligands is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of porphyrin ring ligands on the affinity of heme iron to axial ligands]. To clarify the influence of protein surrounding on the heme reactivity in heme proteins the effect of interaction between a porphyrin ring and pi-acceptor molecule, 1,2,4-trimethyl-pyridinium (TMP), on the affinity of deuteroheme to axial ligands (imidazole and cyanide) has been studied as a model system. It is shown that TMP induces the fourfold decrease in equilibrium constant of imidazole to deuteroheme. From the analysis of the two stages for cyanide binding it is concluded that TMP decreases the binding constant of the first cyanide by 40 times and does not apparently influence the second ligand binding. The effect of TMP on the reactivity of deuteroheme to axial ligands is interpreted as a result of a decrease in the electron density on the iron orbitals which is due to the altered pi-eleectron density in the porphyrin pi-system through the donor-acceptor interaction with TMP molecules. The possible significance of the contacts between the porphyrin and neighboring amino acid residues in determining heme affinity to axial ligands is discussed.", "PMID": 1053078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_746", "title": "[Dependence of fluorescence spectra of chloroplasts from the activity of photosystem 2].", "content": "By means of high sensitive spectrofluorometer the fluorescence spectra have been measured of normal chloroplasts and those with blocked photosystem 2 activity due to photoinhibition or treatment with 0.6 M tris-buffer. At room temperature fluorescence spectra of inactivated chloroplasts are similar to the spectrum of normal chloroplasts measured at low light intensity. Under excitation by intense light a decrease of intensity at 685 nm is appeared (about 3-4 times) in the fluorescence spectra of inactivated chloroplasts as compared to the spectrum of normal chloroplasts. The sharp intensity decrease of maxima at 685 and 695 nm (3-4 times) and small decrease at 680 and 730 nm (by 30-50%) are observed in low temperature fluorescence spectra of inactivated chloroplasts. Thus, the damage of photosystem 2 reaction centres is not accompanied by the preferential decrease of the only fluorescence band. The similarity of fluorescence difference spectra of chloroplasts distinguished by the state of photosystem 2 reaction centre, and the complex structure of difference spectra indicate that the variable fluorescence of chloroplasts during the induction is due to the emission of bulk chlorophyll alpha of the photosystem 2.", "contents": "[Dependence of fluorescence spectra of chloroplasts from the activity of photosystem 2]. By means of high sensitive spectrofluorometer the fluorescence spectra have been measured of normal chloroplasts and those with blocked photosystem 2 activity due to photoinhibition or treatment with 0.6 M tris-buffer. At room temperature fluorescence spectra of inactivated chloroplasts are similar to the spectrum of normal chloroplasts measured at low light intensity. Under excitation by intense light a decrease of intensity at 685 nm is appeared (about 3-4 times) in the fluorescence spectra of inactivated chloroplasts as compared to the spectrum of normal chloroplasts. The sharp intensity decrease of maxima at 685 and 695 nm (3-4 times) and small decrease at 680 and 730 nm (by 30-50%) are observed in low temperature fluorescence spectra of inactivated chloroplasts. Thus, the damage of photosystem 2 reaction centres is not accompanied by the preferential decrease of the only fluorescence band. The similarity of fluorescence difference spectra of chloroplasts distinguished by the state of photosystem 2 reaction centre, and the complex structure of difference spectra indicate that the variable fluorescence of chloroplasts during the induction is due to the emission of bulk chlorophyll alpha of the photosystem 2.", "PMID": 1053077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_747", "title": "[Intermolecular interaction of adenosine-5'-phosphate with phenylalanine and tryptophan by nuclear magnetic resonance].", "content": "Equilibrium constants (K) of the complex formation of adenosine-5'-phosphate with phenylalanine (27 l/mol) and tryptophan (67 l/mol) in water (D2O, pD 9.9) have been determined. The comparison of the equilibrium constant values allowed to find the sequence of probabilities of the approach of aromatic amino acids to adenosine-5'-phosphate (tryptophan greater than tyrosine greater than phenylalanine). It has been shown that the dependence of lg K on l/T in the system phenylalanine-adenosine-5'-phosphate is non-linear. The ranges of the positive values of enthalpy (deltaH) and entropy (deltaS) changes of the complex phenylalanine-adenosine-5'-phosphate formation in the temperature interval 28-65 degrees have been found (deltaH = 0.2-1.5 kcal/mol, delta S = 14-50 e.u.). The conclusion about the hydrophobic interaction of aromatic cycles of nucleotide and amino acids has been deduced from the received data.", "contents": "[Intermolecular interaction of adenosine-5'-phosphate with phenylalanine and tryptophan by nuclear magnetic resonance]. Equilibrium constants (K) of the complex formation of adenosine-5'-phosphate with phenylalanine (27 l/mol) and tryptophan (67 l/mol) in water (D2O, pD 9.9) have been determined. The comparison of the equilibrium constant values allowed to find the sequence of probabilities of the approach of aromatic amino acids to adenosine-5'-phosphate (tryptophan greater than tyrosine greater than phenylalanine). It has been shown that the dependence of lg K on l/T in the system phenylalanine-adenosine-5'-phosphate is non-linear. The ranges of the positive values of enthalpy (deltaH) and entropy (deltaS) changes of the complex phenylalanine-adenosine-5'-phosphate formation in the temperature interval 28-65 degrees have been found (deltaH = 0.2-1.5 kcal/mol, delta S = 14-50 e.u.). The conclusion about the hydrophobic interaction of aromatic cycles of nucleotide and amino acids has been deduced from the received data.", "PMID": 1053079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_748", "title": "[Discovery of age effect in molecular structure of collagen].", "content": "The temperature dependences of the NMR-broad line spectra of collagen from Achilles tendon have been investigated. It is found that the narrow doublet splitting collapsed at certain temperature Tx determined by age of collagen sample. The Tx varied from approx. +35 degrees C for 8 years sample to -2 degrees C for 82 years. The interpretation of results obtained is based on the theory of NMR spectra of diffusing water molecules.", "contents": "[Discovery of age effect in molecular structure of collagen]. The temperature dependences of the NMR-broad line spectra of collagen from Achilles tendon have been investigated. It is found that the narrow doublet splitting collapsed at certain temperature Tx determined by age of collagen sample. The Tx varied from approx. +35 degrees C for 8 years sample to -2 degrees C for 82 years. The interpretation of results obtained is based on the theory of NMR spectra of diffusing water molecules.", "PMID": 1053080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_749", "title": "[Double modification of cytidine residues in DNA].", "content": "The reaction of O-beta-diethylaminoethylhydroxylamine (O-beta-HA) with cytidine was studied and its mechanism was shown to be analogous to that of the reaction of hydroxylamine of O-methylhydroxylamine with cytidine. In experiments involving reaction of denatured DNA with O-beta-HA., Sephadex G-15 columns were used for the quantitative separation of normal and modified nucleosides after enzymatic hydrolysis of modified DNA by exonuclease A5 followed by alkaline phosphatase treatment. DNA cytidine residues of free cytidine with O-beta-HA. Modified cytidines can form complex with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). It was shown that one mole of PTA was bound per one mole of modified cytidine either in DNA or in free state. Electron microscopic examination of denatured DNA molecules modified by O-beta-HA and reacted with PTA revealed linear arrays of electron-scattering spots which presumably correspond to PTA molecules complexed with modified cytidine in DNA chains.", "contents": "[Double modification of cytidine residues in DNA]. The reaction of O-beta-diethylaminoethylhydroxylamine (O-beta-HA) with cytidine was studied and its mechanism was shown to be analogous to that of the reaction of hydroxylamine of O-methylhydroxylamine with cytidine. In experiments involving reaction of denatured DNA with O-beta-HA., Sephadex G-15 columns were used for the quantitative separation of normal and modified nucleosides after enzymatic hydrolysis of modified DNA by exonuclease A5 followed by alkaline phosphatase treatment. DNA cytidine residues of free cytidine with O-beta-HA. Modified cytidines can form complex with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). It was shown that one mole of PTA was bound per one mole of modified cytidine either in DNA or in free state. Electron microscopic examination of denatured DNA molecules modified by O-beta-HA and reacted with PTA revealed linear arrays of electron-scattering spots which presumably correspond to PTA molecules complexed with modified cytidine in DNA chains.", "PMID": 1053081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_750", "title": "[RNA biosynthesis in mitochondria under conditions of prolonged inhibition of protein biosynthesis in rat liver cytoplasm].", "content": "When cytoplasmic protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide (CHI) in vivo synthesis of water-soluble mitochondrial proteins and of mitochondrial RNA is decreased. These changes measured in isolated rat liver mitochondria are similar to those observed in vivo and correlate with the changes the synthesis of water-soluble proteins in mitochondria. When the cytoplasmic fraction (30,000 g-supernatant) had been added to the mitochondria showing decreased RNA synthesis, the RNA synthesis increased to the control level (the incubation conditions were favourable for the protein transport from microsomes to mitochondria). RNA synthesis in mitochondria was not stimulated by cytoplasmic fractions from the CHI-pretreated rats. After prolonged dialysis these fraction stimulated RNA synthesis even to a greater extent than cytoplasmic fractions from the untreated animals. Mitochondrial RNA polymerase activity (measured in mitochondrial extracts supplemented with exogenous DNA) was higher in extracts of mitochondria from livers of normal rats than in extracts of mitochondria from livers of animals injected with CHI.", "contents": "[RNA biosynthesis in mitochondria under conditions of prolonged inhibition of protein biosynthesis in rat liver cytoplasm]. When cytoplasmic protein synthesis is inhibited by cycloheximide (CHI) in vivo synthesis of water-soluble mitochondrial proteins and of mitochondrial RNA is decreased. These changes measured in isolated rat liver mitochondria are similar to those observed in vivo and correlate with the changes the synthesis of water-soluble proteins in mitochondria. When the cytoplasmic fraction (30,000 g-supernatant) had been added to the mitochondria showing decreased RNA synthesis, the RNA synthesis increased to the control level (the incubation conditions were favourable for the protein transport from microsomes to mitochondria). RNA synthesis in mitochondria was not stimulated by cytoplasmic fractions from the CHI-pretreated rats. After prolonged dialysis these fraction stimulated RNA synthesis even to a greater extent than cytoplasmic fractions from the untreated animals. Mitochondrial RNA polymerase activity (measured in mitochondrial extracts supplemented with exogenous DNA) was higher in extracts of mitochondria from livers of normal rats than in extracts of mitochondria from livers of animals injected with CHI.", "PMID": 1053082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_751", "title": "[Properties of satellite DNA of Phaseolus vulgaris].", "content": "Nuclear DNA components of Ph. vulgaris were preparatively separated by equilibrium ultracentrifugation in Hg++-Cs2SO4 density gradient (buoyant density of the major component in CsCl density gradient 1.694 g/cm3., satellite component--1.703 g/cm3). The properties of individual DNA fractions were investigated. The melting curve of satellite DNA of Ph. vulgaris has biphasic character. The observed heterogeneity of satellite DNA component is of intermolecular nature. This is illustrated by the splitting of unsheared satellite DNA into two components during renaturation, as well as by its behaviour in Hg++-Cs2SO4 density gradient at high rf value. The width of satellite DNA reassociation curve covers three decades of Cot. The length of the major repeating sequences of the satellite component is close to the length of phage T2 DNA. During chromatography on MAK column satellite DNA elutes earlier than the major component due to its higher GC-content. It is suggested that one of the satellite DNA fractions of Ph. vulgaris contains rRNA genes.", "contents": "[Properties of satellite DNA of Phaseolus vulgaris]. Nuclear DNA components of Ph. vulgaris were preparatively separated by equilibrium ultracentrifugation in Hg++-Cs2SO4 density gradient (buoyant density of the major component in CsCl density gradient 1.694 g/cm3., satellite component--1.703 g/cm3). The properties of individual DNA fractions were investigated. The melting curve of satellite DNA of Ph. vulgaris has biphasic character. The observed heterogeneity of satellite DNA component is of intermolecular nature. This is illustrated by the splitting of unsheared satellite DNA into two components during renaturation, as well as by its behaviour in Hg++-Cs2SO4 density gradient at high rf value. The width of satellite DNA reassociation curve covers three decades of Cot. The length of the major repeating sequences of the satellite component is close to the length of phage T2 DNA. During chromatography on MAK column satellite DNA elutes earlier than the major component due to its higher GC-content. It is suggested that one of the satellite DNA fractions of Ph. vulgaris contains rRNA genes.", "PMID": 1053083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_752", "title": "[Effect of hyperhybridization of nucleic acids].", "content": "The reasons for the effect of hyperhybridization (HH) of nucleic acids, when the degree of binding of labelled fragments in the heterologous reaction is higher than in the homologous one, are discussed. The object of investigation was DNA of salmon. HH is most demonstrative in hybridization of a DNA fraction which forms thermostable duplexes (Tm greater than or equal to 75 degrees). HH is accounted for by the fact that closely related species and intraspecies forms differ in the percentage of this fraction; therefore if a species with a small content of this fraction in the genome is chosen as a reference species, hybridization of its DNA with that of another species with a high content of the thermostable fraction, exceeds 100% with respect to the homologous fraction). A correction coefficient is suggested allowing comparison between experiments with different reference species. It appears that the genomes of less specialized, as compared with highly specialyzed species, contain more DNA forming thermostable duplexes. It is therefore recommended to use as reference DNA of species, the structure of karyotype and morphologt of which have more in common with the ancestral form.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperhybridization of nucleic acids]. The reasons for the effect of hyperhybridization (HH) of nucleic acids, when the degree of binding of labelled fragments in the heterologous reaction is higher than in the homologous one, are discussed. The object of investigation was DNA of salmon. HH is most demonstrative in hybridization of a DNA fraction which forms thermostable duplexes (Tm greater than or equal to 75 degrees). HH is accounted for by the fact that closely related species and intraspecies forms differ in the percentage of this fraction; therefore if a species with a small content of this fraction in the genome is chosen as a reference species, hybridization of its DNA with that of another species with a high content of the thermostable fraction, exceeds 100% with respect to the homologous fraction). A correction coefficient is suggested allowing comparison between experiments with different reference species. It appears that the genomes of less specialized, as compared with highly specialyzed species, contain more DNA forming thermostable duplexes. It is therefore recommended to use as reference DNA of species, the structure of karyotype and morphologt of which have more in common with the ancestral form.", "PMID": 1053084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_753", "title": "[Solubilization of chromatin by an endogenous enzymic Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent factor. Activity of residual chromatin].", "content": "An endogenous Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent factor of enzymic nature (apparently an endonuclease) digests a part of chromatin in the rat liver nuclei producing DNA fragments of an uniform size. After 60 min of incubation at 15 degrees C and pH 7.50 in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM CaCl2 87-93% of the total chromatin becomes soluble. The insoluble chromatin however contains 70-85% of the in vivo newly synthesized RNA. In regenerating liver the proportion of the insoluble residual chromatin increases while the radioactivity of the newly synthesized DNA in this fraction is highest. Residual chromatin can be solubilized by ultrasonic treatment only. The Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent dissolving factor is not present either in brain or in PMN leucocyte nuclei.", "contents": "[Solubilization of chromatin by an endogenous enzymic Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent factor. Activity of residual chromatin]. An endogenous Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent factor of enzymic nature (apparently an endonuclease) digests a part of chromatin in the rat liver nuclei producing DNA fragments of an uniform size. After 60 min of incubation at 15 degrees C and pH 7.50 in the presence of 5 mM MgCl2 and 2 mM CaCl2 87-93% of the total chromatin becomes soluble. The insoluble chromatin however contains 70-85% of the in vivo newly synthesized RNA. In regenerating liver the proportion of the insoluble residual chromatin increases while the radioactivity of the newly synthesized DNA in this fraction is highest. Residual chromatin can be solubilized by ultrasonic treatment only. The Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent dissolving factor is not present either in brain or in PMN leucocyte nuclei.", "PMID": 1053086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_754", "title": "[Integration and transfection of an arbovirus by mammalian cells].", "content": "A system: L cells chronically infected with Sindbis virus was studied. Unlike acute infection wherein the mature virions are produced, the chronically infected tissue culture produces subviral structures-infectious ribonucleoproteins. Molecular hybridization experiments revealed the integration of the viral genome (DNA-transcript) into the cellular genome. Transfection experiments showed the possibility to induce the synthesis of the virus in sensitive cells treated with DNA from the chronically infected cells.", "contents": "[Integration and transfection of an arbovirus by mammalian cells]. A system: L cells chronically infected with Sindbis virus was studied. Unlike acute infection wherein the mature virions are produced, the chronically infected tissue culture produces subviral structures-infectious ribonucleoproteins. Molecular hybridization experiments revealed the integration of the viral genome (DNA-transcript) into the cellular genome. Transfection experiments showed the possibility to induce the synthesis of the virus in sensitive cells treated with DNA from the chronically infected cells.", "PMID": 1053085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_755", "title": "[Light-induced absorption changes at 590 nm in isolated pea chloroplasts and their relation to plastocyanin].", "content": "The light-induced decrease in absorption with the minimum at 590-595 nm has been found in chloroplasts of etiolated pea seedlings by the method of dual-wavelength difference spectrophotometry. It has been shown that this effect is caused by photoreduction of the electron carrier with the absorption maximum of its oxidized form at 590 nm. Photoreduction of the carrier has been observed after excitation both by the short-wave (646 nm) and long-wave (709 nm) red light, although the latter is less effective. It has been suggested that the absorption changes at 590 nm are caused by light-induced redox conversions of plastocyanin bound to chloroplast membrane.", "contents": "[Light-induced absorption changes at 590 nm in isolated pea chloroplasts and their relation to plastocyanin]. The light-induced decrease in absorption with the minimum at 590-595 nm has been found in chloroplasts of etiolated pea seedlings by the method of dual-wavelength difference spectrophotometry. It has been shown that this effect is caused by photoreduction of the electron carrier with the absorption maximum of its oxidized form at 590 nm. Photoreduction of the carrier has been observed after excitation both by the short-wave (646 nm) and long-wave (709 nm) red light, although the latter is less effective. It has been suggested that the absorption changes at 590 nm are caused by light-induced redox conversions of plastocyanin bound to chloroplast membrane.", "PMID": 1053087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_756", "title": "[Nucleoprotein melting. I. Theory of helix-coil transition of DNA in the presence of proteins with cooperative character of interaction under conditions of reversible binding].", "content": "Helix-coil transition of DNA with attached extended ligands able to interact with one another during adsorption on DNA (cooperative or uncooperative binding) has been considered. The general formulae describing dependence of polymer melting curve on concentration of attached ligands have been obtained. It has been shown that cooperativity of interaction with DNA stipulates for two phase profile of the melting curve. The results obtained show that proteins which interact with DNA cooperatively may cause two phase helix-coil transition under conditions of reversible binding.", "contents": "[Nucleoprotein melting. I. Theory of helix-coil transition of DNA in the presence of proteins with cooperative character of interaction under conditions of reversible binding]. Helix-coil transition of DNA with attached extended ligands able to interact with one another during adsorption on DNA (cooperative or uncooperative binding) has been considered. The general formulae describing dependence of polymer melting curve on concentration of attached ligands have been obtained. It has been shown that cooperativity of interaction with DNA stipulates for two phase profile of the melting curve. The results obtained show that proteins which interact with DNA cooperatively may cause two phase helix-coil transition under conditions of reversible binding.", "PMID": 1053088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_757", "title": "[Theoretic analysis of conformation of proteins. I. Minimization of potential energy of ribonuclease S].", "content": "Variation of ribonuclease S structure is analysed with the potential energy being minimized by a computer. The function of potential energy contains the potentials of bond and angle distortions, torsional and non-valent interactions. It is shown that after 100 iterations the potential energy is decreased from the value of 6500 kcal/mole to--1012 kcal/mole, 92% of complete change of energy fitting the first ten iterations. The root mean square deviation (r. ms. d.) of final structure from the initial one is 0.232 A (0.206 A for the backbone and 0.257 A for side groups). The forbidden non-valent contacts are completely removed after minimization. R. ms. d. of the equilibrium value is decreased from 0.097 to 0.006 A for bond lengths; from 7.660 to 3.65 degrees for valence an-les and from 9.44 to 6.95 degrees for rotation angles around the peptide bonds. Distribution of tensions along the protein chain after minimization is considerably changed, the tensions decreasing in average by 100 times.", "contents": "[Theoretic analysis of conformation of proteins. I. Minimization of potential energy of ribonuclease S]. Variation of ribonuclease S structure is analysed with the potential energy being minimized by a computer. The function of potential energy contains the potentials of bond and angle distortions, torsional and non-valent interactions. It is shown that after 100 iterations the potential energy is decreased from the value of 6500 kcal/mole to--1012 kcal/mole, 92% of complete change of energy fitting the first ten iterations. The root mean square deviation (r. ms. d.) of final structure from the initial one is 0.232 A (0.206 A for the backbone and 0.257 A for side groups). The forbidden non-valent contacts are completely removed after minimization. R. ms. d. of the equilibrium value is decreased from 0.097 to 0.006 A for bond lengths; from 7.660 to 3.65 degrees for valence an-les and from 9.44 to 6.95 degrees for rotation angles around the peptide bonds. Distribution of tensions along the protein chain after minimization is considerably changed, the tensions decreasing in average by 100 times.", "PMID": 1053089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_758", "title": "[Properties of the cell-free protein synthesizing system from the fibroin region of the Bombyx mori silkgland].", "content": "Microsomes isolated from the fibroin region of the Bombyx mori silkgland synthesize in the cell-free system a glycin rich polypeptide or polypeptides presumably representing fibroin precursors. Besides microsomes the system requires ATP and ATP-generating system, GTP, soluble protein fraction and tRNA, glycine incorporation is inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide. It is shown that the synthesis of a polypeptide with high Gly/Lys ratio requires soluble protein fraction isolated from the silk gland at the end of the instar V. When the soluble protein fraction from the larvoe at the early instar V is used the Gly/Lys ratio in the product is markedly lower. These results permit to suggest that fibroin synthesis may be regulated at the level of tRNA aminoacylation.", "contents": "[Properties of the cell-free protein synthesizing system from the fibroin region of the Bombyx mori silkgland]. Microsomes isolated from the fibroin region of the Bombyx mori silkgland synthesize in the cell-free system a glycin rich polypeptide or polypeptides presumably representing fibroin precursors. Besides microsomes the system requires ATP and ATP-generating system, GTP, soluble protein fraction and tRNA, glycine incorporation is inhibited by puromycin and cycloheximide. It is shown that the synthesis of a polypeptide with high Gly/Lys ratio requires soluble protein fraction isolated from the silk gland at the end of the instar V. When the soluble protein fraction from the larvoe at the early instar V is used the Gly/Lys ratio in the product is markedly lower. These results permit to suggest that fibroin synthesis may be regulated at the level of tRNA aminoacylation.", "PMID": 1053090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_759", "title": "[Metabolism of mRNA in regenerating mouse liver: acceleration of the processing and decay of mRNA].", "content": "The kinetics of accumulation of poly(A+)mRNA in polyribosomes and the ratio: poly(A+)mRNA/(poly A-)mRNA were studied in regenerating mouse liver. It has been found, that the ratio: (poly A+)mRNA/(poly A-)mRNA was associated with the function of the cells: (poly A+)mRNA fraction has been decreased to 7% at 7 hours after partial hepatectomy and then reached the original value (25%) at 30-40 hours. The kinetics of accumulation of (poly A+)mRNA in polyribosomes during the transition from resting to growing state has revealed that both the lifetime and the presumable time of processing of the mRNAs of free and membranebound polyribosomes were decreased as compared to resting liver cells.", "contents": "[Metabolism of mRNA in regenerating mouse liver: acceleration of the processing and decay of mRNA]. The kinetics of accumulation of poly(A+)mRNA in polyribosomes and the ratio: poly(A+)mRNA/(poly A-)mRNA were studied in regenerating mouse liver. It has been found, that the ratio: (poly A+)mRNA/(poly A-)mRNA was associated with the function of the cells: (poly A+)mRNA fraction has been decreased to 7% at 7 hours after partial hepatectomy and then reached the original value (25%) at 30-40 hours. The kinetics of accumulation of (poly A+)mRNA in polyribosomes during the transition from resting to growing state has revealed that both the lifetime and the presumable time of processing of the mRNAs of free and membranebound polyribosomes were decreased as compared to resting liver cells.", "PMID": 1053091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_760", "title": "[Electron microscope study of antigen constituents of the phage DDVI and its h-mutant].", "content": "A comparative study of the fine antigen structure of phage DDVI and its h mutant using neutralization reaction and the electron microscopy of the phage-antibody complex has shown that the head and the tail of these phages have common protein constituents. The bulk of the antigens located in tail's fibers and in a base plates is also identical. However, the application of the cross-adsorbed sera has shown that the phage DDVI and the h mutant differ by only one specific antigen located in the distal part of tail's fibers.", "contents": "[Electron microscope study of antigen constituents of the phage DDVI and its h-mutant]. A comparative study of the fine antigen structure of phage DDVI and its h mutant using neutralization reaction and the electron microscopy of the phage-antibody complex has shown that the head and the tail of these phages have common protein constituents. The bulk of the antigens located in tail's fibers and in a base plates is also identical. However, the application of the cross-adsorbed sera has shown that the phage DDVI and the h mutant differ by only one specific antigen located in the distal part of tail's fibers.", "PMID": 1053093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_761", "title": "[Changes in base composition and molecular population of wheat DNA on germination].", "content": "Germination of wheat seeds results in small changes of the GC content of total DNA (from 47.5 to 49.0 mole %): at the same time the amount of 5-methylcytosine in seeds 10 hours after wetting and at day 3 of germination significantly decrease (from 6.0 to 5.4 and 5.2 mole %, respectively). The wheat genome is methylated in non-uniform fashion: moderute repeats (less than a hundred copies, interval Cot = 0,12 . 10(2)-420) possess the maximal amount of 5-methylcytosine, while the unique sequences (Cot greater than 420) have the lowest 5-methylcytosine content. Methylation of highly reiterated sequences (Cot less than 0,8 . 10(-2) is similar to that of the total DNA. At day 3 of germination the amount of 5-methycytosine in all DNA fractions is lower as compared with these fractions isolated from DNA of dormant seeds. This is probably due to (1) diminution in the amount of reiterated sequences with high 5-methylcytosine content and (2) to lowering of DNA methylation level in germinating seeds. Changes in DNA methylation may be associated with the regulation of gene activity in the differentiating plant cells at various stages of ontogenesis.", "contents": "[Changes in base composition and molecular population of wheat DNA on germination]. Germination of wheat seeds results in small changes of the GC content of total DNA (from 47.5 to 49.0 mole %): at the same time the amount of 5-methylcytosine in seeds 10 hours after wetting and at day 3 of germination significantly decrease (from 6.0 to 5.4 and 5.2 mole %, respectively). The wheat genome is methylated in non-uniform fashion: moderute repeats (less than a hundred copies, interval Cot = 0,12 . 10(2)-420) possess the maximal amount of 5-methylcytosine, while the unique sequences (Cot greater than 420) have the lowest 5-methylcytosine content. Methylation of highly reiterated sequences (Cot less than 0,8 . 10(-2) is similar to that of the total DNA. At day 3 of germination the amount of 5-methycytosine in all DNA fractions is lower as compared with these fractions isolated from DNA of dormant seeds. This is probably due to (1) diminution in the amount of reiterated sequences with high 5-methylcytosine content and (2) to lowering of DNA methylation level in germinating seeds. Changes in DNA methylation may be associated with the regulation of gene activity in the differentiating plant cells at various stages of ontogenesis.", "PMID": 1053092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_762", "title": "The pill and other drugs.", "content": "Drugs may interact with oral contraceptives by influencing their absorption, stimulating or inhibiting their metabolism, or acting through the same or physiologically opposing receptor mechanisms. Breakthrough bleeding and spotting are the warning signs that should encourage enquiry about additional drug taking. The use of powerful enzyme-inducing drugs like phenobarbitone or rifampicin, effectively rules out the use of oral contraception as a reliable method of fertility control. The problem of drug interaction with oral contraceptives should be kept in perspective; the number of reports is still very low.", "contents": "The pill and other drugs. Drugs may interact with oral contraceptives by influencing their absorption, stimulating or inhibiting their metabolism, or acting through the same or physiologically opposing receptor mechanisms. Breakthrough bleeding and spotting are the warning signs that should encourage enquiry about additional drug taking. The use of powerful enzyme-inducing drugs like phenobarbitone or rifampicin, effectively rules out the use of oral contraception as a reliable method of fertility control. The problem of drug interaction with oral contraceptives should be kept in perspective; the number of reports is still very low.", "PMID": 1053113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_763", "title": "The microsurgical treatment of labyrinthine vertigo.", "content": "In summary, (1) the fact that VNS spares auditory function makes it preferable to labyrinthectomy. A comparison of VNS and the \"Conservative\" operations on the inner ear shows that they have much the same effect on hearing. VNS by controlling vertigo may also provide an additional benefit by eliminating one of the stress factors concerned in the perpetuation of hydrops. (2) In the treatment of vertigo, VNS is now the most effective method of treatment. Because the elimination of vertigo is what chiefly concerns most of our patients, we suggest that when medical treatment and surgical decompression of the saccus endolymphaticus fail to control vertigo, then VNS is the surgical method of choice.", "contents": "The microsurgical treatment of labyrinthine vertigo. In summary, (1) the fact that VNS spares auditory function makes it preferable to labyrinthectomy. A comparison of VNS and the \"Conservative\" operations on the inner ear shows that they have much the same effect on hearing. VNS by controlling vertigo may also provide an additional benefit by eliminating one of the stress factors concerned in the perpetuation of hydrops. (2) In the treatment of vertigo, VNS is now the most effective method of treatment. Because the elimination of vertigo is what chiefly concerns most of our patients, we suggest that when medical treatment and surgical decompression of the saccus endolymphaticus fail to control vertigo, then VNS is the surgical method of choice.", "PMID": 1053124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_764", "title": "[Phonetically balanced lists for children from six to 10 years].", "content": "Two French-Canadian phonetically balanced lists, for children from six to 10 years, have been tried experimentally on a population of 100 children. The results indicate that they are equivalent to the French lists and can be used for speech discrimination testing.", "contents": "[Phonetically balanced lists for children from six to 10 years]. Two French-Canadian phonetically balanced lists, for children from six to 10 years, have been tried experimentally on a population of 100 children. The results indicate that they are equivalent to the French lists and can be used for speech discrimination testing.", "PMID": 1053155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_765", "title": "Cochlear and vestibular dysfunction resulting from physical exertion or environmental pressure changes.", "content": "Inner ear damage due to physical exertion or environmental pressure changes has been described only recently. According to Goodhill there are two possible mechanisms of injury: the explosive and the implosive. The former is triggered by increased C.S.F. pressure transmitted to the perilymph space; the latter by increased pressure in the middle ear transmitted to the perilymph space through the two windows. Sudden hearing loss or dizziness, or both, are the main symptoms. The diagnosis will be established by the history, the audiogram, and the electronystagmogram (ENG). The treatment is still controversial. As the formation of a fistula is a real possibility, an exploratory tympanotomy is suggestive on suspected cases. Due to the variety of symptoms every case has to be assessed individually. A detailed history is of utmost importance.", "contents": "Cochlear and vestibular dysfunction resulting from physical exertion or environmental pressure changes. Inner ear damage due to physical exertion or environmental pressure changes has been described only recently. According to Goodhill there are two possible mechanisms of injury: the explosive and the implosive. The former is triggered by increased C.S.F. pressure transmitted to the perilymph space; the latter by increased pressure in the middle ear transmitted to the perilymph space through the two windows. Sudden hearing loss or dizziness, or both, are the main symptoms. The diagnosis will be established by the history, the audiogram, and the electronystagmogram (ENG). The treatment is still controversial. As the formation of a fistula is a real possibility, an exploratory tympanotomy is suggestive on suspected cases. Due to the variety of symptoms every case has to be assessed individually. A detailed history is of utmost importance.", "PMID": 1053156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_766", "title": "Electrophysiologic assessment of the lower portion of the auditory pathway in the human subject. A preliminary report on auditory evoked eighth nerve and brain stem potentials including their relation to the electrocochleogram.", "content": "The electrophysiologic approaches to the assessment of electrical activity of the various portions of the human auditory pathway are reviewed. A method of detection of click evoked eighth nerve and brain stem responses with the use of surface electrodes is described. Preliminary observations in the normal subject with different stimulus parameters and in patients with unilateral deafness are presented. Simultaneous recordings of the eighth nerve and brain stem responses with the cortical evoked response and with the extratympanic electrocochleogram are described. The technique of click evoked eighth nerve and brain stem potentials offers us an additional method of objective assessment of auditory function in a human subject.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic assessment of the lower portion of the auditory pathway in the human subject. A preliminary report on auditory evoked eighth nerve and brain stem potentials including their relation to the electrocochleogram. The electrophysiologic approaches to the assessment of electrical activity of the various portions of the human auditory pathway are reviewed. A method of detection of click evoked eighth nerve and brain stem responses with the use of surface electrodes is described. Preliminary observations in the normal subject with different stimulus parameters and in patients with unilateral deafness are presented. Simultaneous recordings of the eighth nerve and brain stem responses with the cortical evoked response and with the extratympanic electrocochleogram are described. The technique of click evoked eighth nerve and brain stem potentials offers us an additional method of objective assessment of auditory function in a human subject.", "PMID": 1053157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_767", "title": "The use of electro-acoustic impedance measurements in detecting early clinical otosclerosis.", "content": "The first evidence that sodium fluoride (NaFl) can stop the otosclerotic process was recently presented. This development has placed new emphasis on the early detection of clinical otosclerosis. Electro-acoustic impedance measurements often detect minute changes in absolute impedance and compliance of the ossicular chain. The most valuable diagnostic information, however, is a negative on-off (biphasic) type of acoustic reflex. These results are often evident prior to the detection of positive clinical signs of otosclerosis. The negative on-off acoustic reflex is reviewed in this paper along with case discussions involving medical/surgical management of early otosclerosis.", "contents": "The use of electro-acoustic impedance measurements in detecting early clinical otosclerosis. The first evidence that sodium fluoride (NaFl) can stop the otosclerotic process was recently presented. This development has placed new emphasis on the early detection of clinical otosclerosis. Electro-acoustic impedance measurements often detect minute changes in absolute impedance and compliance of the ossicular chain. The most valuable diagnostic information, however, is a negative on-off (biphasic) type of acoustic reflex. These results are often evident prior to the detection of positive clinical signs of otosclerosis. The negative on-off acoustic reflex is reviewed in this paper along with case discussions involving medical/surgical management of early otosclerosis.", "PMID": 1053158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_768", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta of the stapes: an histological study.", "content": "Two cases of Van der Hoeve's Syndrome are presented with histological findings consistent with the diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta. These findings support the view that otosclerosis can be clearly differentiated histologically from osteogenesis imperfecta. Pre-operative impedance studies are recommended on each patient with osteogenesis imperfecta as a useful diagnostic adjunct to determine whether the conductive component in the hearing loss is secondary to stapedial crural deformity and/or footplate fixation.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta of the stapes: an histological study. Two cases of Van der Hoeve's Syndrome are presented with histological findings consistent with the diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta. These findings support the view that otosclerosis can be clearly differentiated histologically from osteogenesis imperfecta. Pre-operative impedance studies are recommended on each patient with osteogenesis imperfecta as a useful diagnostic adjunct to determine whether the conductive component in the hearing loss is secondary to stapedial crural deformity and/or footplate fixation.", "PMID": 1053159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_769", "title": "Meningitis following stapedectomy: its occurrence in the immediate postoperative period.", "content": "Meningitis following stapedectomy occurring in the immediate postoperative period has not been previously described. This case report documents a case of diplococcus pneumoniae meningitis occurring within 36 hours following surgery with survival of the patient.", "contents": "Meningitis following stapedectomy: its occurrence in the immediate postoperative period. Meningitis following stapedectomy occurring in the immediate postoperative period has not been previously described. This case report documents a case of diplococcus pneumoniae meningitis occurring within 36 hours following surgery with survival of the patient.", "PMID": 1053160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_770", "title": "Cochleo-vestibular manifestations of jugular foramen pathologies.", "content": "Patients presenting pathologies of the jugular foramen are presented, for whom the main symptoms are of cochleo-vestibular nature. A classification of the various pathologies is attempted, the anatomy reviewed and hypotheses capable of producing the symptom elaborated.", "contents": "Cochleo-vestibular manifestations of jugular foramen pathologies. Patients presenting pathologies of the jugular foramen are presented, for whom the main symptoms are of cochleo-vestibular nature. A classification of the various pathologies is attempted, the anatomy reviewed and hypotheses capable of producing the symptom elaborated.", "PMID": 1053161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_771", "title": "Click evoked eighth nerve and brain stem responses (electrocochleogram)--experimental observations in the cat.", "content": "The origin of waves two to five occurring in the first 10 milliseconds after repetitive click stimuli is not definitely established. Published studies have suggested that waves two and three are derived from the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex respectively and that waves four and five are generated by the inferior colliculus. Our studies of the effect of chronic brain stem lesions in the cat do not support this hypothesis of specific localization, but reveal that a more general reduction in amplitude, and at times prolongation in latency, occurs with lesions in the pons and lower midbrain and that wave one amplitude is also diminished with brain stem lesions.", "contents": "Click evoked eighth nerve and brain stem responses (electrocochleogram)--experimental observations in the cat. The origin of waves two to five occurring in the first 10 milliseconds after repetitive click stimuli is not definitely established. Published studies have suggested that waves two and three are derived from the cochlear nucleus and superior olivary complex respectively and that waves four and five are generated by the inferior colliculus. Our studies of the effect of chronic brain stem lesions in the cat do not support this hypothesis of specific localization, but reveal that a more general reduction in amplitude, and at times prolongation in latency, occurs with lesions in the pons and lower midbrain and that wave one amplitude is also diminished with brain stem lesions.", "PMID": 1053162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_772", "title": "The extrathoracic airways.", "content": "Evidence is presented in support of the view that the extrathoracic airways are more than an anatomical pathway, and that they play an important and dynamic role in respiratory upper and lower respiratory tracts are cited. The importance of rhinomanometry to functional nasal surgery is recognized and it is advocated that tests of extrathoracic airway function be further developed and standardized and that they be taken into consideration together with pulmonary tests function. Examples of pathophysiological relationships between the in the assessment of respiratory function.", "contents": "The extrathoracic airways. Evidence is presented in support of the view that the extrathoracic airways are more than an anatomical pathway, and that they play an important and dynamic role in respiratory upper and lower respiratory tracts are cited. The importance of rhinomanometry to functional nasal surgery is recognized and it is advocated that tests of extrathoracic airway function be further developed and standardized and that they be taken into consideration together with pulmonary tests function. Examples of pathophysiological relationships between the in the assessment of respiratory function.", "PMID": 1053163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_773", "title": "An acrylic dental protector in peroral endoscopy.", "content": "A simple acrylic dental prosthesis is described which achieves successful dental protection during peroral endoscopy. This prosthesis is not advocated for all cases, but certainly is well warranted for those patients whose upper dentition is at risk during endoscopy because of the prominence of the incisors, the presence of loose teeth, or with extensive restorative work. In present experience, approximately 10 per cent of patients undergoing endoscopy have such an acrylic prosthesis prepared pre-operatively. The commercially available flexible plastic dental guard is used in approximately 25 per cent of cases, and the remaining cases need no specific attention. It is felt that this prosthesis could be constructed by any dentist conversant with the technique.", "contents": "An acrylic dental protector in peroral endoscopy. A simple acrylic dental prosthesis is described which achieves successful dental protection during peroral endoscopy. This prosthesis is not advocated for all cases, but certainly is well warranted for those patients whose upper dentition is at risk during endoscopy because of the prominence of the incisors, the presence of loose teeth, or with extensive restorative work. In present experience, approximately 10 per cent of patients undergoing endoscopy have such an acrylic prosthesis prepared pre-operatively. The commercially available flexible plastic dental guard is used in approximately 25 per cent of cases, and the remaining cases need no specific attention. It is felt that this prosthesis could be constructed by any dentist conversant with the technique.", "PMID": 1053164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_774", "title": "[Substitution of venous valves in animal experiments].", "content": "60 to 70 per cent of properly transplanted autologous venous grafts with intact valves maintain the functional capability of their valves. The procedure might be of clinical importance in the treatment of the postthrombotic syndrome.", "contents": "[Substitution of venous valves in animal experiments]. 60 to 70 per cent of properly transplanted autologous venous grafts with intact valves maintain the functional capability of their valves. The procedure might be of clinical importance in the treatment of the postthrombotic syndrome.", "PMID": 1053174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_775", "title": "[Assisted circulation. The effect of cardio-synchronous peripheral arterio-arterial counterpulsation on perfusion and metabolism in the area of acute transmural myocardial ischemia].", "content": "After establishing a model of ischemia, perfusion in the ischemic area was considerably disturbed. Examination by means of 133xenon-clearance after intramyocardiac injection showed strongly delayed flowing-off compared with controls. Counterpulsation accelerates the flowing-off (perfusion). Untreated control animals reveal after inducing the model ischemia a crucial decrease of ATP concentration and an excessive increase of lactate concentration in the ischemic area. Counterpulsation may inhibit further decrease of ATP in the ischemic area.", "contents": "[Assisted circulation. The effect of cardio-synchronous peripheral arterio-arterial counterpulsation on perfusion and metabolism in the area of acute transmural myocardial ischemia]. After establishing a model of ischemia, perfusion in the ischemic area was considerably disturbed. Examination by means of 133xenon-clearance after intramyocardiac injection showed strongly delayed flowing-off compared with controls. Counterpulsation accelerates the flowing-off (perfusion). Untreated control animals reveal after inducing the model ischemia a crucial decrease of ATP concentration and an excessive increase of lactate concentration in the ischemic area. Counterpulsation may inhibit further decrease of ATP in the ischemic area.", "PMID": 1053176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_776", "title": "[The importance of drainage and the postoperative interval in truncal vagotomy for the prevention of stress ulcers in rats].", "content": "The effectiveness of truncal vagotomy to prevent stress ulcers was examined in rats. Truncal vagotomy protects safely from stress ulcer caused by immobilization. This protection continues for a longer postoperative period. After vagotomy, even repeated immobilizations cause no ulcer. There are no different results after truncal vagotomy with or without drainage operation.", "contents": "[The importance of drainage and the postoperative interval in truncal vagotomy for the prevention of stress ulcers in rats]. The effectiveness of truncal vagotomy to prevent stress ulcers was examined in rats. Truncal vagotomy protects safely from stress ulcer caused by immobilization. This protection continues for a longer postoperative period. After vagotomy, even repeated immobilizations cause no ulcer. There are no different results after truncal vagotomy with or without drainage operation.", "PMID": 1053177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_777", "title": "[Blood clotting and thrombocyte function in reversible hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "In experiments on 12 mongrel dogs, serving as models of reversible hemorrhagic shock, the influence on blood clotting and thrombocyte function was studied. Initial hypercoagulability, observed already after introduction of anesthesia, and multiplying of pathological aggregation stages dissociated from decreased number of thrombocytes suggest a considerable influence of the proceeding of reversible hemorrhagic shock on the clotting system. It is concluded that the initial hypercoagulability is not causally related to the changes of platelet function, which represent a starting mechanism for the arising of consumptive reaction in protracted and irreversible shock.", "contents": "[Blood clotting and thrombocyte function in reversible hemorrhagic shock]. In experiments on 12 mongrel dogs, serving as models of reversible hemorrhagic shock, the influence on blood clotting and thrombocyte function was studied. Initial hypercoagulability, observed already after introduction of anesthesia, and multiplying of pathological aggregation stages dissociated from decreased number of thrombocytes suggest a considerable influence of the proceeding of reversible hemorrhagic shock on the clotting system. It is concluded that the initial hypercoagulability is not causally related to the changes of platelet function, which represent a starting mechanism for the arising of consumptive reaction in protracted and irreversible shock.", "PMID": 1053178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_778", "title": "[Pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate levels in the after parenteral fat emulsion (Lipofundin) administration].", "content": "In various kinds of tests the metabolites pyruvate, lactate, and alpha-ketoglutarate were estimated after a single application of Lipofundin, resp. sorbitol solution. Within 24 hours after infusion significant changes of concentration occurred. The results are discussed. It is emphasized that Lipofundin caused no additional metabolic alterations compared with sorbitol, thus the concentration changes of pyruvate, lactate, and alpha-ketoglutarate after Lipofundin probably being caused by its content of sorbitol. Accordingly, parenteral application of fat during the immediate postoperative period is not necessary. After this period it is indicated in order to meet requirements of essential fatty acids and of energy.", "contents": "[Pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate levels in the after parenteral fat emulsion (Lipofundin) administration]. In various kinds of tests the metabolites pyruvate, lactate, and alpha-ketoglutarate were estimated after a single application of Lipofundin, resp. sorbitol solution. Within 24 hours after infusion significant changes of concentration occurred. The results are discussed. It is emphasized that Lipofundin caused no additional metabolic alterations compared with sorbitol, thus the concentration changes of pyruvate, lactate, and alpha-ketoglutarate after Lipofundin probably being caused by its content of sorbitol. Accordingly, parenteral application of fat during the immediate postoperative period is not necessary. After this period it is indicated in order to meet requirements of essential fatty acids and of energy.", "PMID": 1053179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_779", "title": "[Liver-damaging action of halothane--an animal experiment study].", "content": "After long-term exhibition to halothane (up to 96 hours), centrolobular hepatic damage (fatty degeneration, necrobiosis and necrosis) developed in rats, proportionally to the number of anesthesias and shortening of the intervals. From these results no hepatotoxic effect of halothane can be derived, since the alterations might be caused by hypoxia alone.", "contents": "[Liver-damaging action of halothane--an animal experiment study]. After long-term exhibition to halothane (up to 96 hours), centrolobular hepatic damage (fatty degeneration, necrobiosis and necrosis) developed in rats, proportionally to the number of anesthesias and shortening of the intervals. From these results no hepatotoxic effect of halothane can be derived, since the alterations might be caused by hypoxia alone.", "PMID": 1053180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_780", "title": "[Vibrational and coupling characteristics of psychophysiological function rhythms in patients with Fallot's tetralogy before and after correction of the cause].", "content": "In 24 patients (aged from 5 to 21 years) afflicted with the tetralogy of Fallot and in 11 healthy subjects of the same age, the authors studied, using correlation and spectrum analysis, the coupling and the vibrational behaviour of modulated oscillations (in a rhythm of ca. 1 min.) of some psychophysiologic functions (heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, sensomotor reaction times, short-time memory for ten-digit numbers) as expression of the central nervous coordination. The examinations were performed when the individuals were in the lying position, in the erect position and again at rest, during 10--30 min. In the subjects afflicted with the tetralogy of Fallot, the degree of synchronization or coupling (35%) was significantly lower than in the control subjects (65%). The decrease in the degree of coupling under orthostatic load was significant (P = 0.05) only in in the patients. One year after causal correction, the degree of coupling was normal (63%). From more than 400 autocorrelation functions and performance spectra (calculated to verify frequency and performance) it was deduced that the mean cycle of oscillation of the 1-minute rhythm was significantly shorter in the pre-operative state than in the postoperative state and in the control subjects. A change from the lying to the erect position manifested itself by a non-significant tendency towards period extension. The frequency deviations occurring in case of cyanotic vitium are discussed as an expression of the overall frequency behaviour of the oscillations which are continuously generated in coupled metabolic multienzyme systems, e. g., in case of anaerobic energy generation.", "contents": "[Vibrational and coupling characteristics of psychophysiological function rhythms in patients with Fallot's tetralogy before and after correction of the cause]. In 24 patients (aged from 5 to 21 years) afflicted with the tetralogy of Fallot and in 11 healthy subjects of the same age, the authors studied, using correlation and spectrum analysis, the coupling and the vibrational behaviour of modulated oscillations (in a rhythm of ca. 1 min.) of some psychophysiologic functions (heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, sensomotor reaction times, short-time memory for ten-digit numbers) as expression of the central nervous coordination. The examinations were performed when the individuals were in the lying position, in the erect position and again at rest, during 10--30 min. In the subjects afflicted with the tetralogy of Fallot, the degree of synchronization or coupling (35%) was significantly lower than in the control subjects (65%). The decrease in the degree of coupling under orthostatic load was significant (P = 0.05) only in in the patients. One year after causal correction, the degree of coupling was normal (63%). From more than 400 autocorrelation functions and performance spectra (calculated to verify frequency and performance) it was deduced that the mean cycle of oscillation of the 1-minute rhythm was significantly shorter in the pre-operative state than in the postoperative state and in the control subjects. A change from the lying to the erect position manifested itself by a non-significant tendency towards period extension. The frequency deviations occurring in case of cyanotic vitium are discussed as an expression of the overall frequency behaviour of the oscillations which are continuously generated in coupled metabolic multienzyme systems, e. g., in case of anaerobic energy generation.", "PMID": 1053181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_781", "title": "[Beta-propiolactone for cold sterilization of heart valve transplants].", "content": "Biologic cardiac valve substitutes were sterilized at room temperature using beta-propiolactone with a 0.5 vol.% solution within 120 minutes, with a 1.0 vol.% solution within 90 minutes, and with a 1.5 resp. 2.0 vol.% solution within 60 minutes. The physico-chemic properties of the graft can be influenced by appropriately chosen concentration and sterilizing period. Enlarged procedures for decontamination are not necessary because of the rapid dissolution of aqueous beta-propiolactone solutions.", "contents": "[Beta-propiolactone for cold sterilization of heart valve transplants]. Biologic cardiac valve substitutes were sterilized at room temperature using beta-propiolactone with a 0.5 vol.% solution within 120 minutes, with a 1.0 vol.% solution within 90 minutes, and with a 1.5 resp. 2.0 vol.% solution within 60 minutes. The physico-chemic properties of the graft can be influenced by appropriately chosen concentration and sterilizing period. Enlarged procedures for decontamination are not necessary because of the rapid dissolution of aqueous beta-propiolactone solutions.", "PMID": 1053182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_782", "title": "[Dye-marking and hydrogen clearance in demonstrating acute ischemic myocardial areas].", "content": "After acute myocardial infarction (produced by ligation in the dog), the authors marked the borders of infarction with disulphine blue or methylene blue and determined, by means of hydrogen clearance, the blood supply in the centre and at the margin of infarction as well as at different distances from the latter. At the margin of infarction, the value for blood flow amounted to almost 17% of the value measured prior to ligation. Only at a distance of 1 cm. from the visible margin of infarction, 50 to 80% of the initial value were obtained. The extension of the area of infarction beyond the marked visible margin must be considered in surgical interventions.", "contents": "[Dye-marking and hydrogen clearance in demonstrating acute ischemic myocardial areas]. After acute myocardial infarction (produced by ligation in the dog), the authors marked the borders of infarction with disulphine blue or methylene blue and determined, by means of hydrogen clearance, the blood supply in the centre and at the margin of infarction as well as at different distances from the latter. At the margin of infarction, the value for blood flow amounted to almost 17% of the value measured prior to ligation. Only at a distance of 1 cm. from the visible margin of infarction, 50 to 80% of the initial value were obtained. The extension of the area of infarction beyond the marked visible margin must be considered in surgical interventions.", "PMID": 1053183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_783", "title": "[An experimental model of electrically-induced coronary thrombosis in the closed chest].", "content": "The authors report on an experimental model of coronary thrombosis, electrically induced in the closed thorax. By this technique they succeeded inducing coronary thrombosis with myocardial infarction in 13 cases out of 21. In three cases just disseminated myocardial necrosis was proved. All of the other animals showed vast myocardial infarctions. Coronarography, arterial pressures, typical shifts of serum enzymes, decrease of thrombocytes and fibrinogen and elevation of spontaneous fibrinolysis during the first hours proved to be valuable for the confirmation of successful inducing of thrombosis; in individual cases, however, these estimations yield no absolute certainty.", "contents": "[An experimental model of electrically-induced coronary thrombosis in the closed chest]. The authors report on an experimental model of coronary thrombosis, electrically induced in the closed thorax. By this technique they succeeded inducing coronary thrombosis with myocardial infarction in 13 cases out of 21. In three cases just disseminated myocardial necrosis was proved. All of the other animals showed vast myocardial infarctions. Coronarography, arterial pressures, typical shifts of serum enzymes, decrease of thrombocytes and fibrinogen and elevation of spontaneous fibrinolysis during the first hours proved to be valuable for the confirmation of successful inducing of thrombosis; in individual cases, however, these estimations yield no absolute certainty.", "PMID": 1053184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_784", "title": "The effect of laser irradiation on the regeneration of muscle fibers (preliminary report).", "content": "The authors studied the process of muscular regeneration on experimental models after simple muscle injury and under the effect of low-energy laser-irradiation. It is stated that the stimulating effect not only accelerated the wound healing, but most likely influenced also the qualitative improvement of regeneration.", "contents": "The effect of laser irradiation on the regeneration of muscle fibers (preliminary report). The authors studied the process of muscular regeneration on experimental models after simple muscle injury and under the effect of low-energy laser-irradiation. It is stated that the stimulating effect not only accelerated the wound healing, but most likely influenced also the qualitative improvement of regeneration.", "PMID": 1053185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_785", "title": "[A model of thromboembolism in the femoral artery of the dog].", "content": "A method for inducing peripheric white thrombosis in the dog is described. Thrombogenesis was initiated by continuous current 10 mA for 15 minutes. In each case the intravascular electrode was inserted in the femoral artery, the intima lying close to the electrode. Electromagnetic flow measurements and angiography proved the thrombosis.", "contents": "[A model of thromboembolism in the femoral artery of the dog]. A method for inducing peripheric white thrombosis in the dog is described. Thrombogenesis was initiated by continuous current 10 mA for 15 minutes. In each case the intravascular electrode was inserted in the femoral artery, the intima lying close to the electrode. Electromagnetic flow measurements and angiography proved the thrombosis.", "PMID": 1053186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_786", "title": "[Experimental and clinical results of autotransplantation of part of the spleen].", "content": "Eleven patients with traumatic rupture of the spleen were subjected to splenectomy and autotransplantation of part of the spleen. The technique of the operation is described: 5--20% of the spleen is incised into transversal slices of 2--3 mm of thickness which are placed along the periphery of omentum majus, they are enveloped in it and are studied. The number of the applied transplants is 3--6. By means of hematological tests the authors prove that the transplants have functions close to those of the spleen. The clinical and laboratory investigations have revealed that in 9 of the patients operated no symptoms of asplenia were present, whereas in another two patients signs of hyposplenism were detected. Immune studies have demonstrated that no autoimmune reactions have followed autotransplantation of part of the spleen. The indications for the operation are mentioned: traumatic rupture of the spleen, benign tumours and cysts of the spleen with splenic parenchyme being preserved. Contraindications for autotransplantation of part of the spleen are all cases with the syndrome of hypersplenism and systemic blood disorders--lymphogranulomatosis, leucemia, reticuloses and others.", "contents": "[Experimental and clinical results of autotransplantation of part of the spleen]. Eleven patients with traumatic rupture of the spleen were subjected to splenectomy and autotransplantation of part of the spleen. The technique of the operation is described: 5--20% of the spleen is incised into transversal slices of 2--3 mm of thickness which are placed along the periphery of omentum majus, they are enveloped in it and are studied. The number of the applied transplants is 3--6. By means of hematological tests the authors prove that the transplants have functions close to those of the spleen. The clinical and laboratory investigations have revealed that in 9 of the patients operated no symptoms of asplenia were present, whereas in another two patients signs of hyposplenism were detected. Immune studies have demonstrated that no autoimmune reactions have followed autotransplantation of part of the spleen. The indications for the operation are mentioned: traumatic rupture of the spleen, benign tumours and cysts of the spleen with splenic parenchyme being preserved. Contraindications for autotransplantation of part of the spleen are all cases with the syndrome of hypersplenism and systemic blood disorders--lymphogranulomatosis, leucemia, reticuloses and others.", "PMID": 1053187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_787", "title": "[Plastic closure of a bladder wall defect by use of a pedicled auto-alloplastic prosthesis in experiments].", "content": "The problems of substituting larger areas of the bladder wall are not definitely solved. Experiments on implantation of auto-allografts resulted in complications, which prevented correct epithelization of the interior surface, due to ischemia. In successful experiments on 34 rabbits, the authors obtained sufficient blood supply of the implantate and re-epithelization of the graft's interior surface in a two-stage operation.", "contents": "[Plastic closure of a bladder wall defect by use of a pedicled auto-alloplastic prosthesis in experiments]. The problems of substituting larger areas of the bladder wall are not definitely solved. Experiments on implantation of auto-allografts resulted in complications, which prevented correct epithelization of the interior surface, due to ischemia. In successful experiments on 34 rabbits, the authors obtained sufficient blood supply of the implantate and re-epithelization of the graft's interior surface in a two-stage operation.", "PMID": 1053188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_788", "title": "[The basis of tumor verification using thermography].", "content": "The gradient between interior body temperature and external temperature was gradually measured in young pigs, since their skin resembles the properties of human skin. The interior temperature appeared to extend to 2.5 cm under the surface of skin. Then it drops, at first slowly and from 1 cm under the surface rapidly. Tumors or inflammations can only warm the skin directly when their site is 1 cm or less under the skin. Tumors which lie deeper may warm the skin via reflex zones. Warming by heat conduction is prevented by convection. Heating plates inserted 1.8 cm and 2 cm under the skin surface and heated 5 degrees beyond surrounding temperature do not warm the skin surface. This can be demonstrated by thermography. The importance of these results for thermographic tumor diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "[The basis of tumor verification using thermography]. The gradient between interior body temperature and external temperature was gradually measured in young pigs, since their skin resembles the properties of human skin. The interior temperature appeared to extend to 2.5 cm under the surface of skin. Then it drops, at first slowly and from 1 cm under the surface rapidly. Tumors or inflammations can only warm the skin directly when their site is 1 cm or less under the skin. Tumors which lie deeper may warm the skin via reflex zones. Warming by heat conduction is prevented by convection. Heating plates inserted 1.8 cm and 2 cm under the skin surface and heated 5 degrees beyond surrounding temperature do not warm the skin surface. This can be demonstrated by thermography. The importance of these results for thermographic tumor diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1053189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_789", "title": "Peripheral and gastric fibrinolysis in patients with gastric carcinoma.", "content": "The fibrinolytic system was studied in blood-samples from gastric and peripheral veins of patients with gastric carcinoma. There was a slight decrease in plasma-euglobulin fibrinolytic activity, a rise of plasma-fibrinogen level and antithrombin VI activity, and a decrease in antiplasmin activity. The changes observed are more marked in blood-samples from gastric veins. Some therapeutical implications and the role of fibrinolytic agents in malignant diseases are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Peripheral and gastric fibrinolysis in patients with gastric carcinoma. The fibrinolytic system was studied in blood-samples from gastric and peripheral veins of patients with gastric carcinoma. There was a slight decrease in plasma-euglobulin fibrinolytic activity, a rise of plasma-fibrinogen level and antithrombin VI activity, and a decrease in antiplasmin activity. The changes observed are more marked in blood-samples from gastric veins. Some therapeutical implications and the role of fibrinolytic agents in malignant diseases are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1053190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_790", "title": "[Research based on clinical observations].", "content": "The author tries to define the field of \"Clinical observations research\". According to this definition there are three main causes for several false developments in medicine: the valuation of observations and statements on the level of hypothesis, the identification of statistical correlations with causal connections, and the stopping of investigations on the level of twodimensional analysis. To get a high level of probability of results in \"Clinical observations research\" it is necessary to use methods of multivariante analysis, as it is demonstrated in three examples from the field of general surgery and traumatology.", "contents": "[Research based on clinical observations]. The author tries to define the field of \"Clinical observations research\". According to this definition there are three main causes for several false developments in medicine: the valuation of observations and statements on the level of hypothesis, the identification of statistical correlations with causal connections, and the stopping of investigations on the level of twodimensional analysis. To get a high level of probability of results in \"Clinical observations research\" it is necessary to use methods of multivariante analysis, as it is demonstrated in three examples from the field of general surgery and traumatology.", "PMID": 1053191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_791", "title": "Effects of arterial or portal ischemia on survival and metabolism of partially and totally depancreatized dogs.", "content": "The role of arterial blood flow in hepatic metabolic functions was compared to that of portal flow in two groups of totally depancreatized dogs. Survival times and glucose and nitrogen excretion were significantly greater in dogs with ligation of the hepatic artery than in dogs with an Eck fistula. The dogs with ligated hepatic arteries also showed a significantly slower rise in plasma ketones. The course of diabetes was compared in three additional groups of partially depancreatized dogs consisting of a) dogs with ligated hepatic arteries, b) dogs with Eck fistulas, and c) controls. Hepatic arterial ischemia: 1) increased survival, without insulin treatment (a--650, b--167, c--124 days) 2) did not decrease tracer-determined rate of glucose production 3) led to a greater urinary excretion of glucose, ketone bodies and nitrogen than portal ischemia. Partially depancreatized dogs with either arterial or portal hepatic ischemia maintained a high rate of glucose disappearance on acute deprivation of endogenous insulin (clamping of vessels of their pancreatic remnant) due probably to decreased insulin degradation by the ischemic liver. The dogs died in coma after losing all fat depots. There was severe fatty change in the livers of dogs with hepatic artery ligation, slight in those with Eck fistulas and no fat in the livers of controls.", "contents": "Effects of arterial or portal ischemia on survival and metabolism of partially and totally depancreatized dogs. The role of arterial blood flow in hepatic metabolic functions was compared to that of portal flow in two groups of totally depancreatized dogs. Survival times and glucose and nitrogen excretion were significantly greater in dogs with ligation of the hepatic artery than in dogs with an Eck fistula. The dogs with ligated hepatic arteries also showed a significantly slower rise in plasma ketones. The course of diabetes was compared in three additional groups of partially depancreatized dogs consisting of a) dogs with ligated hepatic arteries, b) dogs with Eck fistulas, and c) controls. Hepatic arterial ischemia: 1) increased survival, without insulin treatment (a--650, b--167, c--124 days) 2) did not decrease tracer-determined rate of glucose production 3) led to a greater urinary excretion of glucose, ketone bodies and nitrogen than portal ischemia. Partially depancreatized dogs with either arterial or portal hepatic ischemia maintained a high rate of glucose disappearance on acute deprivation of endogenous insulin (clamping of vessels of their pancreatic remnant) due probably to decreased insulin degradation by the ischemic liver. The dogs died in coma after losing all fat depots. There was severe fatty change in the livers of dogs with hepatic artery ligation, slight in those with Eck fistulas and no fat in the livers of controls.", "PMID": 1053192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_792", "title": "[Dose-response relationship of repeated injections of pentagastrin on the vagally innervated rat stomach in perfusion experiments].", "content": "In the perfusion model under urethane anesthesia Wistar rats were two times injected pentagastrin subcutaneously in a distance of 150 minutes in dose rates of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 microgram/kg b. w. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The dose of 200 microgram/kg b. w. of pentagastrin produced the maximal answer. Higher doses showed a diminished acid secretion. 2. The diminished effect of higher doses of gastrin may be caused by a hypothetical inhibitor which may be more effective after truncal vagotomy. 3. The repeated injection of pentagastrin did not show a significant difference of the answer. The second injection was given after the acid secretion has returned to the basal level. No tachyphylaxy was seen under these conditions.", "contents": "[Dose-response relationship of repeated injections of pentagastrin on the vagally innervated rat stomach in perfusion experiments]. In the perfusion model under urethane anesthesia Wistar rats were two times injected pentagastrin subcutaneously in a distance of 150 minutes in dose rates of 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 microgram/kg b. w. The results may be summarized as follows: 1. The dose of 200 microgram/kg b. w. of pentagastrin produced the maximal answer. Higher doses showed a diminished acid secretion. 2. The diminished effect of higher doses of gastrin may be caused by a hypothetical inhibitor which may be more effective after truncal vagotomy. 3. The repeated injection of pentagastrin did not show a significant difference of the answer. The second injection was given after the acid secretion has returned to the basal level. No tachyphylaxy was seen under these conditions.", "PMID": 1053193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_793", "title": "[Mechanical testing of hardness, tensile strength and ultimate elongation of prosthetic materials of plastic and elastic].", "content": "Mechanical examinations of endothesis materials were carried out aside from microscopic, physical, and chemical trials in a program of testing the biostability of such materials. The results are reported, and the changes of their using value by the course of time are discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanical testing of hardness, tensile strength and ultimate elongation of prosthetic materials of plastic and elastic]. Mechanical examinations of endothesis materials were carried out aside from microscopic, physical, and chemical trials in a program of testing the biostability of such materials. The results are reported, and the changes of their using value by the course of time are discussed.", "PMID": 1053194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_794", "title": "[Modification of cortisol-induced wound healing disorder by vitamin A].", "content": "Wound healing under application of cortisol and treatment with vitamin A was investigated in experiments on rats. Cortisol worsens the wound healing significantly, whereas it is improved by vitamin A, and even becomes normal in cortisol treated animals. The authors explain this effect by an antagonistic influence of cortisol and vitamin A on inflammation and by this on the amount of collagen. This opinion is supported by increased alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulin and decreased albumin levels in serum under vitamin A treatment, as well as by strongly decreased leucocyte count under cortisol treatment.", "contents": "[Modification of cortisol-induced wound healing disorder by vitamin A]. Wound healing under application of cortisol and treatment with vitamin A was investigated in experiments on rats. Cortisol worsens the wound healing significantly, whereas it is improved by vitamin A, and even becomes normal in cortisol treated animals. The authors explain this effect by an antagonistic influence of cortisol and vitamin A on inflammation and by this on the amount of collagen. This opinion is supported by increased alpha-1 and alpha-2 globulin and decreased albumin levels in serum under vitamin A treatment, as well as by strongly decreased leucocyte count under cortisol treatment.", "PMID": 1053195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_795", "title": "Activity of catecholamines inactivating enzymes in heart muscle during anoxic cardioplegia in cardiosurgical patients.", "content": "On the model of anoxic cardioplegia in cardiosurgical patients the influence of anoxia on the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMPT) in right auricular tissue was studied. It was found out that the activity of COMT does not change during anoxia, the activity of MAO considerably increases. With regard to catecholamines stimulating effect upon cardiac metabolism as well as to their calorigenic and oxygen wasting effect the raise of MAO activity may be regarded as favourable phenomenon, because the hastened degradation of released catecholamines at least to a certain degree diminishes the disproportion between oxygen supply and actual oxygen need of the heart and by means of that mitigates the anoxic damage of myocardium.", "contents": "Activity of catecholamines inactivating enzymes in heart muscle during anoxic cardioplegia in cardiosurgical patients. On the model of anoxic cardioplegia in cardiosurgical patients the influence of anoxia on the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMPT) in right auricular tissue was studied. It was found out that the activity of COMT does not change during anoxia, the activity of MAO considerably increases. With regard to catecholamines stimulating effect upon cardiac metabolism as well as to their calorigenic and oxygen wasting effect the raise of MAO activity may be regarded as favourable phenomenon, because the hastened degradation of released catecholamines at least to a certain degree diminishes the disproportion between oxygen supply and actual oxygen need of the heart and by means of that mitigates the anoxic damage of myocardium.", "PMID": 1053196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_796", "title": "Some methodological problems in age comparisons of EEG sleep patterns for C57BL/6J mice.", "content": "Some methodological problems encountered in age comparisons of EEG patterns are discussed in the context of an analysis of open field activity scores before and after preparation for, and recording of EEG sleep patterns. Plasma corticosterone levels 11 days after surgery for EEG electrode implantation were also measured. Activity levels were modified more for three older than for a younger group of animals following surgery/recording sessions. Corticosterone levels were appreciably elevated for the oldest group of animals. The possibility was raised that procedures designed to allow recovery from post surgical shock and adaptation to electrode connections may result in disproportionate differences across age groups.", "contents": "Some methodological problems in age comparisons of EEG sleep patterns for C57BL/6J mice. Some methodological problems encountered in age comparisons of EEG patterns are discussed in the context of an analysis of open field activity scores before and after preparation for, and recording of EEG sleep patterns. Plasma corticosterone levels 11 days after surgery for EEG electrode implantation were also measured. Activity levels were modified more for three older than for a younger group of animals following surgery/recording sessions. Corticosterone levels were appreciably elevated for the oldest group of animals. The possibility was raised that procedures designed to allow recovery from post surgical shock and adaptation to electrode connections may result in disproportionate differences across age groups.", "PMID": 1053197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_797", "title": "Misuse of analysis of covariance in aging research and some partial solutions.", "content": "Gerontological researchers are reminded of the inappropriateness of analysis of covariance wherein the covariate is correlated with the independent variable, typically age. Two partial solutions are suggested that deal with the confounding of age effects with such uncontrolled variables as, for example, initial ability level or level of education.", "contents": "Misuse of analysis of covariance in aging research and some partial solutions. Gerontological researchers are reminded of the inappropriateness of analysis of covariance wherein the covariate is correlated with the independent variable, typically age. Two partial solutions are suggested that deal with the confounding of age effects with such uncontrolled variables as, for example, initial ability level or level of education.", "PMID": 1053198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_798", "title": "Effects of immobilization stress on open field behavior and plasma corticosterone levels of aging C57BL/6J mice.", "content": "Four age groups of C57BL/6J mice (2.2, 6.2, 12.0, and 23.3 months) were subjected to either immobilization or handling (control) procedures. Open field behavior was observed before and after experimental treatments and plasma corticosterone levels were assessed 11 days following the immobilization or handling procedures. Eleven days following immobilization elevated corticosterone levels were observed for all but the 12.0 month group of mice. No behavioral effects were observed for the experimental groups, although both locomotor activity and exploratory behavior declined with advancing age. The age-related decrease in activity was entirely accounted for by scores on the initial open field test. Exploratory behavior was observed to be a more complex function of both age and experience.", "contents": "Effects of immobilization stress on open field behavior and plasma corticosterone levels of aging C57BL/6J mice. Four age groups of C57BL/6J mice (2.2, 6.2, 12.0, and 23.3 months) were subjected to either immobilization or handling (control) procedures. Open field behavior was observed before and after experimental treatments and plasma corticosterone levels were assessed 11 days following the immobilization or handling procedures. Eleven days following immobilization elevated corticosterone levels were observed for all but the 12.0 month group of mice. No behavioral effects were observed for the experimental groups, although both locomotor activity and exploratory behavior declined with advancing age. The age-related decrease in activity was entirely accounted for by scores on the initial open field test. Exploratory behavior was observed to be a more complex function of both age and experience.", "PMID": 1053199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_799", "title": "Age differences in backward dichoptic masking.", "content": "An investigation of age differences in backward dichoptic visual noise masking was carried out with young, middle-aged and old subjects. Older subjects were found to be significantly more susceptible to the backward masking effect over longer delays between the target and masking stimuli. These results indicate a decrease with age in the rate at which stimuli can be cleared through the central mechanisms concerned with perceptual processing. These data appear to support the \"stimulus persistence\" and \"arousal\" models of aging.", "contents": "Age differences in backward dichoptic masking. An investigation of age differences in backward dichoptic visual noise masking was carried out with young, middle-aged and old subjects. Older subjects were found to be significantly more susceptible to the backward masking effect over longer delays between the target and masking stimuli. These results indicate a decrease with age in the rate at which stimuli can be cleared through the central mechanisms concerned with perceptual processing. These data appear to support the \"stimulus persistence\" and \"arousal\" models of aging.", "PMID": 1053200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_800", "title": "Perceived latitude of choice of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly women.", "content": "An Importance, Locus and Range of Activities Checklist, designed to assess self-perceived latitude of choice, a self concept and a life satisfaction scale were administered to 25 institutionalized and 25 noninstitutionalized elderly females. The checklist contained statements about 37 activities of daily living which subjects rated for personal importance and degree of choice available to them. The derived latitude of choice score was based jointly on importance and choice ratings for each activity. Institutionalized respondents, living in a relatively restrictive environment, earned significantly lower latitude of choice scores than did noninstitutionalized subjects. Latitude of choice, self concept and life satisfaction scores were significantly correlated. These findings attest to the appropriateness of the technique used to assess perceived latitude of choice. Modifications of the Importance, Locus and Range of Activities Checklist designed to provide a more profound measure of latitude of choice and to improve the applicability of the scale to different categories of respondents were discussed.", "contents": "Perceived latitude of choice of institutionalized and noninstitutionalized elderly women. An Importance, Locus and Range of Activities Checklist, designed to assess self-perceived latitude of choice, a self concept and a life satisfaction scale were administered to 25 institutionalized and 25 noninstitutionalized elderly females. The checklist contained statements about 37 activities of daily living which subjects rated for personal importance and degree of choice available to them. The derived latitude of choice score was based jointly on importance and choice ratings for each activity. Institutionalized respondents, living in a relatively restrictive environment, earned significantly lower latitude of choice scores than did noninstitutionalized subjects. Latitude of choice, self concept and life satisfaction scores were significantly correlated. These findings attest to the appropriateness of the technique used to assess perceived latitude of choice. Modifications of the Importance, Locus and Range of Activities Checklist designed to provide a more profound measure of latitude of choice and to improve the applicability of the scale to different categories of respondents were discussed.", "PMID": 1053201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_801", "title": "Age differences in evoked potential correlates of a memory scanning process.", "content": "Elderly subjects when compared to young, mature subjects in a memory-scanning task were shown to have longer response times (RT). A late positive component (LPC) of the average evoked potential did not reflect this difference between groups. However, in both groups, the LPC was seen to occur with longer latency at RT increased. LPC amplitudes also declined with increasing RT. There were greater differences between left- and right-hemisphere LPC amplitude and between LPC recorded along the midline scalp in the younger group than in the older subjects.", "contents": "Age differences in evoked potential correlates of a memory scanning process. Elderly subjects when compared to young, mature subjects in a memory-scanning task were shown to have longer response times (RT). A late positive component (LPC) of the average evoked potential did not reflect this difference between groups. However, in both groups, the LPC was seen to occur with longer latency at RT increased. LPC amplitudes also declined with increasing RT. There were greater differences between left- and right-hemisphere LPC amplitude and between LPC recorded along the midline scalp in the younger group than in the older subjects.", "PMID": 1053202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_802", "title": "Effects of genetic and nutritional factors on post-natal reflex and behavioral development in the mouse.", "content": "The development of a number of reflex activities, of the electrocorticogram (ECoG), and measures of brain and body weight were assessed at different ages from birth to maturity in mice belonging to Swiss-Webster stock and two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and SEC/1Re). The animals also were tested at 60 days of age for exploratory activity and avoidance behavior. These effects of postnatal undernutrition on the measures of reflex and ECoG activity, brain and body weight and avoidance learning were determined at different ages after birth and in adult animals following dietary rehabilitation. Undernutrition during suckling period was introduced by increasing the litter size from 4 pups to 8 or 16 pups per litter. The results indicate that early malnutrition delayed the development of the reflex and ECoG activities and permanently altered brain growth and avoidance learning. The effects were different, depending on the genotype considered. The data indicate that strains characterized by a slower development of brain function do not show early signs of brain malfunction following undernutrition.", "contents": "Effects of genetic and nutritional factors on post-natal reflex and behavioral development in the mouse. The development of a number of reflex activities, of the electrocorticogram (ECoG), and measures of brain and body weight were assessed at different ages from birth to maturity in mice belonging to Swiss-Webster stock and two inbred strains (C57BL/6J and SEC/1Re). The animals also were tested at 60 days of age for exploratory activity and avoidance behavior. These effects of postnatal undernutrition on the measures of reflex and ECoG activity, brain and body weight and avoidance learning were determined at different ages after birth and in adult animals following dietary rehabilitation. Undernutrition during suckling period was introduced by increasing the litter size from 4 pups to 8 or 16 pups per litter. The results indicate that early malnutrition delayed the development of the reflex and ECoG activities and permanently altered brain growth and avoidance learning. The effects were different, depending on the genotype considered. The data indicate that strains characterized by a slower development of brain function do not show early signs of brain malfunction following undernutrition.", "PMID": 1053203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_803", "title": "The effects of subjects' age and expectations regarding an interviewer on personal space.", "content": "How close individuals seat themselves to an interviewer was studied as a function of subjects' age and expectations regarding the interviewer. An experimental approach situation was used and the subjects were 10 college students and 10 residents of a county home. Those subjects who had been told to expect an unpleasant interaction seated themselves significantly farther from the interviewer than did those who expected a pleasant interaction. Also, the older subjects seated themselves significantly farther from the interviewer than the younger subjects did. The difference between the age groups was minimal when the subjects' expectations were positive, but was pronounced when the subjects' expectations were negative. The results appear to reflect a greater susceptibility among older individuals to feeling threatened and ill-at-ease in an interpersonal situation.", "contents": "The effects of subjects' age and expectations regarding an interviewer on personal space. How close individuals seat themselves to an interviewer was studied as a function of subjects' age and expectations regarding the interviewer. An experimental approach situation was used and the subjects were 10 college students and 10 residents of a county home. Those subjects who had been told to expect an unpleasant interaction seated themselves significantly farther from the interviewer than did those who expected a pleasant interaction. Also, the older subjects seated themselves significantly farther from the interviewer than the younger subjects did. The difference between the age groups was minimal when the subjects' expectations were positive, but was pronounced when the subjects' expectations were negative. The results appear to reflect a greater susceptibility among older individuals to feeling threatened and ill-at-ease in an interpersonal situation.", "PMID": 1053204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_804", "title": "Experimental unconfounding of age and maternal responsiveness in rodents: prenatal CER conditioning to neonatal ultrasounds.", "content": "Prior to mating, virgin female Long-Evans Rattus norvegicus received 30 classical CER trials with shock as the UCS and either taped neonatal ultrasounds or a belltone as the CS. Additional animals were placed in groups controlling for exposure to shock, the ultrasounds, the belltone, and placement in the conditioning apparatus. Following mating and parturition mother-infant observations revealed that those mothers previously conditioned to neonatal ultrasounds spent more time in the lactation posture than did mothers from the other groups. The results suggest that naive mothers can be \"primed\" to exhibit greater maternal responsiveness than is characteristic of primiparous mothers.", "contents": "Experimental unconfounding of age and maternal responsiveness in rodents: prenatal CER conditioning to neonatal ultrasounds. Prior to mating, virgin female Long-Evans Rattus norvegicus received 30 classical CER trials with shock as the UCS and either taped neonatal ultrasounds or a belltone as the CS. Additional animals were placed in groups controlling for exposure to shock, the ultrasounds, the belltone, and placement in the conditioning apparatus. Following mating and parturition mother-infant observations revealed that those mothers previously conditioned to neonatal ultrasounds spent more time in the lactation posture than did mothers from the other groups. The results suggest that naive mothers can be \"primed\" to exhibit greater maternal responsiveness than is characteristic of primiparous mothers.", "PMID": 1053205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_805", "title": "Organization and recall of related sentences by elderly and young adults.", "content": "Differences between elderly and young adults in storage organization of sentence material were investigated using a modification of Mandler's (1967) sorting technique. The elderly were expected to be relatively poor at sorting organization, and would then recall less sentence material. The age groups were also compared on time taken to organize the sentences, recall organization, and performance on a short sentence comprehension test. There were no age differences in conceptual type of organization or clustering of sentences in sorting groups and recall storage organization was not related to the amount of recall. The elderly adults did require more time to acquire the sentences, and had lower recognition test scores. It was concluded that the sorting technique and measures related to it failed to detect the elderly adults' apparent difficulty in acquiring the sentences.", "contents": "Organization and recall of related sentences by elderly and young adults. Differences between elderly and young adults in storage organization of sentence material were investigated using a modification of Mandler's (1967) sorting technique. The elderly were expected to be relatively poor at sorting organization, and would then recall less sentence material. The age groups were also compared on time taken to organize the sentences, recall organization, and performance on a short sentence comprehension test. There were no age differences in conceptual type of organization or clustering of sentences in sorting groups and recall storage organization was not related to the amount of recall. The elderly adults did require more time to acquire the sentences, and had lower recognition test scores. It was concluded that the sorting technique and measures related to it failed to detect the elderly adults' apparent difficulty in acquiring the sentences.", "PMID": 1053206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_806", "title": "Age differences in life satisfaction as a function of discrepancy between real and ideal self concepts.", "content": "Six age groups were compared with respect to discrepancy between real and ideal self concepts and the relationship between life satisfaction and discrepancy in self concepts. The subjects, ranging in age from 20 to 75 years, completed two self descriptive adjective rating scales which assessed real and ideal self concept and a life satisfaction index. Significant differences were found among age groups for real and ideal self concepts, life satisfaction, and discrepancy between real and ideal self concept scores. Age was significantly correlated with real and ideal self concept, discrepancy between real and ideal self concepts and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction was significantly correlated with real self concept and discrepancy between real and ideal self concepts. Trends in the data suggested that the younger subjects (20-25 years) had lower real and ideal self ratings and were less satisfied with their lives than the elderly subjects (60-75 years).", "contents": "Age differences in life satisfaction as a function of discrepancy between real and ideal self concepts. Six age groups were compared with respect to discrepancy between real and ideal self concepts and the relationship between life satisfaction and discrepancy in self concepts. The subjects, ranging in age from 20 to 75 years, completed two self descriptive adjective rating scales which assessed real and ideal self concept and a life satisfaction index. Significant differences were found among age groups for real and ideal self concepts, life satisfaction, and discrepancy between real and ideal self concept scores. Age was significantly correlated with real and ideal self concept, discrepancy between real and ideal self concepts and life satisfaction. Life satisfaction was significantly correlated with real self concept and discrepancy between real and ideal self concepts. Trends in the data suggested that the younger subjects (20-25 years) had lower real and ideal self ratings and were less satisfied with their lives than the elderly subjects (60-75 years).", "PMID": 1053207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_807", "title": "Age-dependent changes in hippocampal theta.", "content": "The hippocampal theta rhythm in rats exhibited an age-dependent slowing in modal frequency. However, the theta rhythm of young rats with chronic respiratory infections showed a similar slowing. Respiratory disease-free hamsters also exhibited an age-dependent slowing of modal frequencies. These findings emphasize that the health status of the animal must be examined carefully in order to establish an age-dependent slowing in hippocampal rhythm.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in hippocampal theta. The hippocampal theta rhythm in rats exhibited an age-dependent slowing in modal frequency. However, the theta rhythm of young rats with chronic respiratory infections showed a similar slowing. Respiratory disease-free hamsters also exhibited an age-dependent slowing of modal frequencies. These findings emphasize that the health status of the animal must be examined carefully in order to establish an age-dependent slowing in hippocampal rhythm.", "PMID": 1053208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_808", "title": "Regional brain catechol-O-methyl transferase: age related differences in the mouse.", "content": "Activity levels of COMT were measured in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and amygdala of two strains of male mice, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, at various ages between 2 and 30 months. Determinations were made in mice housed under normal conditions and in mice exposed to a form of mild stress, an open-field apparatus, for 5 minutes. There were no major significant differences between the two strains as a function of age. However, after the open-field experience, C57BL/6J mice appeared significantly more responsive to the environment, as interpreted by increases in COMT, than DBA/2J mice. Interpretation is offered that C57BL/6J mice possess a more labile norepinephrine system, in spite of aging, than DBA/2J mice.", "contents": "Regional brain catechol-O-methyl transferase: age related differences in the mouse. Activity levels of COMT were measured in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus and amygdala of two strains of male mice, C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, at various ages between 2 and 30 months. Determinations were made in mice housed under normal conditions and in mice exposed to a form of mild stress, an open-field apparatus, for 5 minutes. There were no major significant differences between the two strains as a function of age. However, after the open-field experience, C57BL/6J mice appeared significantly more responsive to the environment, as interpreted by increases in COMT, than DBA/2J mice. Interpretation is offered that C57BL/6J mice possess a more labile norepinephrine system, in spite of aging, than DBA/2J mice.", "PMID": 1053209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_809", "title": "Behavioral differences in young and aged mice: strain differences for activity measures, operant learning, sensory discrimination, and alcohol preference.", "content": "Young and aged mice of the A/J and C57BL/6J inbred strains were given a series of behavioral tests which measured activity of various kinds, emotionally, operant learning, sensory discrimination, and alcohol preference. In general, compared with young mice, aged mice were less active, similar in emotionally, learned the operant discrimination as well, but extinguished more slowly, had poorer discrimination for sweet and bitter taste stimuli, and preferred alcohol to a lesser degree. Strain differences were obtained for most of these tests, and age-strain interactions occurred frequently indicating that behavioral changes occur at different rates for groups which differ in genetic constitution.", "contents": "Behavioral differences in young and aged mice: strain differences for activity measures, operant learning, sensory discrimination, and alcohol preference. Young and aged mice of the A/J and C57BL/6J inbred strains were given a series of behavioral tests which measured activity of various kinds, emotionally, operant learning, sensory discrimination, and alcohol preference. In general, compared with young mice, aged mice were less active, similar in emotionally, learned the operant discrimination as well, but extinguished more slowly, had poorer discrimination for sweet and bitter taste stimuli, and preferred alcohol to a lesser degree. Strain differences were obtained for most of these tests, and age-strain interactions occurred frequently indicating that behavioral changes occur at different rates for groups which differ in genetic constitution.", "PMID": 1053210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_810", "title": "Slowing of response time in young and middle-aged hypertensive patients.", "content": "Reaction time (RT) was compared in 160 hypertensive and 43 normotensive adults. After being screened for coronary and cerebrovascular disorders, each subject completed 12 variations of a serial RT task. Subjects were blocked into normotensive, nonmedicated hypertensive, and medicated hypertensive groups, and into three age groups: 18-31; 32-45; 46-59. Response slowing was observed with increasing age. Significant slowing was also seen in the medicated but not the nonmedicated hypertensive group. Plasma renin activity (PRA) interacted with the medication factor; longest RTs were obtained for treated subjects with low and normal PRA and untreated subjects with high PRA. These results were interpreted in terms of changes in ability to autoregulate cerebral blood flow as a result of vascular damage.", "contents": "Slowing of response time in young and middle-aged hypertensive patients. Reaction time (RT) was compared in 160 hypertensive and 43 normotensive adults. After being screened for coronary and cerebrovascular disorders, each subject completed 12 variations of a serial RT task. Subjects were blocked into normotensive, nonmedicated hypertensive, and medicated hypertensive groups, and into three age groups: 18-31; 32-45; 46-59. Response slowing was observed with increasing age. Significant slowing was also seen in the medicated but not the nonmedicated hypertensive group. Plasma renin activity (PRA) interacted with the medication factor; longest RTs were obtained for treated subjects with low and normal PRA and untreated subjects with high PRA. These results were interpreted in terms of changes in ability to autoregulate cerebral blood flow as a result of vascular damage.", "PMID": 1053211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_811", "title": "The ontogeny of ultrasounds in two strains of Rattus norvegicus.", "content": "The developmental course of ultrasonic signaling by neonatal rat pups (Rattus norvegicus) was monitored under varying degrees of hypothermic stress. Signal rate, peak frequency, duration, and complexity of signals were analyzed separately for two different laboratory stocks. Sprague-Dawley and Wistar/Furth. Additionally, preliminary data were obtained on maternal retrieval latencies during the 1st 4 days post-partum and compared with the emission rate of neonatal ultrasounds. On the basis of these and other data, there is evidence that mothers play an important role in mediating many early experience effects. The data suggests that rate of neonatal ultrasounds may provide an index of some aspects of rat of maturity; that there may be different periods of maximum sensitivity to external stimulation in various stocks of laboratory animals; and that differential maternal responsiveness in different stocks of laboratory animals may correlate with differences in neonatal ultrasonic calling. Implications for comparative, genetic, and developmental studies are discussed.", "contents": "The ontogeny of ultrasounds in two strains of Rattus norvegicus. The developmental course of ultrasonic signaling by neonatal rat pups (Rattus norvegicus) was monitored under varying degrees of hypothermic stress. Signal rate, peak frequency, duration, and complexity of signals were analyzed separately for two different laboratory stocks. Sprague-Dawley and Wistar/Furth. Additionally, preliminary data were obtained on maternal retrieval latencies during the 1st 4 days post-partum and compared with the emission rate of neonatal ultrasounds. On the basis of these and other data, there is evidence that mothers play an important role in mediating many early experience effects. The data suggests that rate of neonatal ultrasounds may provide an index of some aspects of rat of maturity; that there may be different periods of maximum sensitivity to external stimulation in various stocks of laboratory animals; and that differential maternal responsiveness in different stocks of laboratory animals may correlate with differences in neonatal ultrasonic calling. Implications for comparative, genetic, and developmental studies are discussed.", "PMID": 1053212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_812", "title": "Item recognition following a multiple-item study trial for young and middle-aged adults.", "content": "The presence study contrasted young and middle-aged subjects on two components of a recognition memory task (a modified verbal discrimination task) that differed in level of difficulty. No age decrement was found for the easier component requiring discriminability between the oldness and newness of items. In addition, age was not a factor in determining the effects of prior relevance or irrelevance of item information on old-new discriminability. An age decrement was found for the more difficult component requiring discriminability in terms of an old item's prior function in the study list. The decrement occurred for the identification of prior function of both right and wrong items.", "contents": "Item recognition following a multiple-item study trial for young and middle-aged adults. The presence study contrasted young and middle-aged subjects on two components of a recognition memory task (a modified verbal discrimination task) that differed in level of difficulty. No age decrement was found for the easier component requiring discriminability between the oldness and newness of items. In addition, age was not a factor in determining the effects of prior relevance or irrelevance of item information on old-new discriminability. An age decrement was found for the more difficult component requiring discriminability in terms of an old item's prior function in the study list. The decrement occurred for the identification of prior function of both right and wrong items.", "PMID": 1053213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_813", "title": "\"Spontaneously\" hypertensive mice: a potential genetic model for the study of the relationship between heart size and blood pressure.", "content": "Mice selected genetically for high and low blood pressure (BP) were compared with regard to heart weight and heart/body ratios. Two experiments were performed with mice ranging in age from 1.3 to 9 months and 11 to 23 months respectively. In a third experiment C57BL/6J mice were compared to the high and low BP mice. Heart/body ratios and heart weights, adjusted fo body weight via covariance analysis, were significantly greater for the high BP mice, but no Age x BP Genotype interaction was observed. Results were discussed in terms of a possible relationship between heart weight and BP via genetic linkage or pleiotropy. The possibility was also raised that compensatory mechanisms for high blood pressure, e.g., cardiac hypertrophy, may operate very early in development for animals who are hypertensive by virtue of selective breeding for blood pressure extremes.", "contents": "\"Spontaneously\" hypertensive mice: a potential genetic model for the study of the relationship between heart size and blood pressure. Mice selected genetically for high and low blood pressure (BP) were compared with regard to heart weight and heart/body ratios. Two experiments were performed with mice ranging in age from 1.3 to 9 months and 11 to 23 months respectively. In a third experiment C57BL/6J mice were compared to the high and low BP mice. Heart/body ratios and heart weights, adjusted fo body weight via covariance analysis, were significantly greater for the high BP mice, but no Age x BP Genotype interaction was observed. Results were discussed in terms of a possible relationship between heart weight and BP via genetic linkage or pleiotropy. The possibility was also raised that compensatory mechanisms for high blood pressure, e.g., cardiac hypertrophy, may operate very early in development for animals who are hypertensive by virtue of selective breeding for blood pressure extremes.", "PMID": 1053214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_814", "title": "The work-satisfaction, retirement-attitude typology: profile examination.", "content": "After a typology is developed based on work satisfaction and attitude toward retirement, profiles are examined of respondents appearing in four typological categories. Data at three points in time (1964, 1966, 1974) from 1,922 older (50+) employed males suggest that membranes of some types will be more susceptible to negative consequences of life-cycle change (work to retirement) than others. Findings from socioeconomic status, age, social participation, health, community, housing, family, work, morale, and longevity variables indicate pre-retirement planning approaches should be developed for those having different work-retirement attitudes.", "contents": "The work-satisfaction, retirement-attitude typology: profile examination. After a typology is developed based on work satisfaction and attitude toward retirement, profiles are examined of respondents appearing in four typological categories. Data at three points in time (1964, 1966, 1974) from 1,922 older (50+) employed males suggest that membranes of some types will be more susceptible to negative consequences of life-cycle change (work to retirement) than others. Findings from socioeconomic status, age, social participation, health, community, housing, family, work, morale, and longevity variables indicate pre-retirement planning approaches should be developed for those having different work-retirement attitudes.", "PMID": 1053215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_815", "title": "Structure of the self-concept from adolescence through old age.", "content": "The continuity over the major portion of the life-span (ages 9-89 yrs.) of the connotative structure of the self-concept was examined by factor analysis of a semantic differential instrument and found to be essentially constant. Significantly age and sex differences in scores on the four components (Achievement/Leadership, Congeniality/Sociability, Adjustment, and Masculinity-Femininity) emerged and were interpreted.", "contents": "Structure of the self-concept from adolescence through old age. The continuity over the major portion of the life-span (ages 9-89 yrs.) of the connotative structure of the self-concept was examined by factor analysis of a semantic differential instrument and found to be essentially constant. Significantly age and sex differences in scores on the four components (Achievement/Leadership, Congeniality/Sociability, Adjustment, and Masculinity-Femininity) emerged and were interpreted.", "PMID": 1053216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_816", "title": "Hemisphere-hand interactions for the matching of letters.", "content": "Young, middle aged, and older subjects were given a Posner-type physical-name matching task, in which stimuli were presented to one or both hemispheres, and a simple discrimination reaction time (DRT) task. Reaction time differed between young and middle aged groups for both tasks with shorter RT for the DRT task. Reaction time for the older group did not differ significantly from that of the middle aged group for either task, although the reaction time for the older group was longer. Reaction time was faster for all age groups when Stimulus 1 and Stimulus 2 were presented to different hemispheres for the matching task than when both stimuli were presented to the same hemisphere. Ipsilateral finger responses (hand relative to hemisphere) were slower than contralateral responses but this was true only with regard to the visual field of presentation for stimulus 2. These data indicate that sharing of information between hemispheres under certain circumstances increases the efficiency of information processing relative to that observed with unilateral visual half-field (hemisphere) presentations and that hand or finger response relative to visual field of presentation is an important factor which must be controlled and examined relative to visual field of presentation.", "contents": "Hemisphere-hand interactions for the matching of letters. Young, middle aged, and older subjects were given a Posner-type physical-name matching task, in which stimuli were presented to one or both hemispheres, and a simple discrimination reaction time (DRT) task. Reaction time differed between young and middle aged groups for both tasks with shorter RT for the DRT task. Reaction time for the older group did not differ significantly from that of the middle aged group for either task, although the reaction time for the older group was longer. Reaction time was faster for all age groups when Stimulus 1 and Stimulus 2 were presented to different hemispheres for the matching task than when both stimuli were presented to the same hemisphere. Ipsilateral finger responses (hand relative to hemisphere) were slower than contralateral responses but this was true only with regard to the visual field of presentation for stimulus 2. These data indicate that sharing of information between hemispheres under certain circumstances increases the efficiency of information processing relative to that observed with unilateral visual half-field (hemisphere) presentations and that hand or finger response relative to visual field of presentation is an important factor which must be controlled and examined relative to visual field of presentation.", "PMID": 1053217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_817", "title": "The total time principle as a substitute for the pacing variable in paired-associate tasks with the aged.", "content": "Information provided by Monge and Hultsch in support of the pacing variable was reinterpreted i terms of the total time principle. The re-analysis of the transformed data suggests that the total time principle provides a more parsimonious explanation of the data.", "contents": "The total time principle as a substitute for the pacing variable in paired-associate tasks with the aged. Information provided by Monge and Hultsch in support of the pacing variable was reinterpreted i terms of the total time principle. The re-analysis of the transformed data suggests that the total time principle provides a more parsimonious explanation of the data.", "PMID": 1053218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_818", "title": "An analysis of the effect of age on respiratory and digestive functions of the rat.", "content": "There is little published information on the pulmonary function of aged rats. The data available indicate that the elastic properties of the lung-thorax system of the rat changes with age in a fashion similar to that seen in the case of man and other mammals. However, unlike the situation observed with man, neither the internal surface area of the lungs nor the diffusing capacity of the lungs declines as the rat ages. The diffusion O2 from blood to tissues does not seem to decline with age in the rat and the utilization of O2 by the tissues is either not affected by old age or affected in a subtle fashion. There is no information on how old age influences either the motility or the secretory activity of the exocrine glands of the alimentary tract of rats. There is abundant evidence to indicate that the processes involved in the absorption of dietary carbohydrate and protein are not adversely affected by old age in rats. The data on the effect of age on the enzymatic digestive process are not totally clear, but it seems unlikely that if such changes do occur that they are of a magnitude to seriously hamper the digestive function of the senescent rat.", "contents": "An analysis of the effect of age on respiratory and digestive functions of the rat. There is little published information on the pulmonary function of aged rats. The data available indicate that the elastic properties of the lung-thorax system of the rat changes with age in a fashion similar to that seen in the case of man and other mammals. However, unlike the situation observed with man, neither the internal surface area of the lungs nor the diffusing capacity of the lungs declines as the rat ages. The diffusion O2 from blood to tissues does not seem to decline with age in the rat and the utilization of O2 by the tissues is either not affected by old age or affected in a subtle fashion. There is no information on how old age influences either the motility or the secretory activity of the exocrine glands of the alimentary tract of rats. There is abundant evidence to indicate that the processes involved in the absorption of dietary carbohydrate and protein are not adversely affected by old age in rats. The data on the effect of age on the enzymatic digestive process are not totally clear, but it seems unlikely that if such changes do occur that they are of a magnitude to seriously hamper the digestive function of the senescent rat.", "PMID": 1053219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_819", "title": "Semi-quantitative estimation of changes in noradrenaline content and intraneuronal distribution in the rat vas deferens by fluorescence histochemistry.", "content": "A semi-quantitative histochemical assay for noradrenaline was developed, based on the assumption that the rate of reaction of noradrenaline with paraformaldehyde depends on transmitter concentration. Changes in organ noradrenaline content caused by drugs or cold-stress were associated with similar changes in fluorescence intensity of organ samples taken for microscopy. Differences in the fluorescence intensity of experimental and control tissues were also found when there was no change in total noradrenaline content, suggesting that fluorescence intensity is not a simple function of whole organ noradrenaline content. Changes in the relative fluorescence of experimental tissues with different paraformaldehyde exposures suggested that the intraneuronal distribution of noradrenaline may affect the rate of development of fluorescence. Analysis of the time course of the fluorescence reaction showed that this was best described by the sum of two first-order exponential components of different half-life. Further results suggested that the first, fast component represents vesicle-bound noradrenaline, while the slow component represents extrangranular transmitter.", "contents": "Semi-quantitative estimation of changes in noradrenaline content and intraneuronal distribution in the rat vas deferens by fluorescence histochemistry. A semi-quantitative histochemical assay for noradrenaline was developed, based on the assumption that the rate of reaction of noradrenaline with paraformaldehyde depends on transmitter concentration. Changes in organ noradrenaline content caused by drugs or cold-stress were associated with similar changes in fluorescence intensity of organ samples taken for microscopy. Differences in the fluorescence intensity of experimental and control tissues were also found when there was no change in total noradrenaline content, suggesting that fluorescence intensity is not a simple function of whole organ noradrenaline content. Changes in the relative fluorescence of experimental tissues with different paraformaldehyde exposures suggested that the intraneuronal distribution of noradrenaline may affect the rate of development of fluorescence. Analysis of the time course of the fluorescence reaction showed that this was best described by the sum of two first-order exponential components of different half-life. Further results suggested that the first, fast component represents vesicle-bound noradrenaline, while the slow component represents extrangranular transmitter.", "PMID": 1053222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_820", "title": "Cryostat technique for central nervous system histofluorescence.", "content": "This paper offers a technique for obtaining monoamine histofluorescence in the CNS by means of formaldehyde perfusion followed by cryostat sectioning. No freeze-drying is involved. Cryostat sections are exposed to formaldehyde vapor to complete the fluorophore formation. The fluorescence thus obtained is bright, well localized, and does not require loading the animals with precursors. The anatomical distribution of the pathways is identical to that obtained with the classical technique. Furthermore, the fluorescence is reversible by sodium borohydride, and exhibits the expected changes in intensity with pharmacological manipulations. The sections can be exposed to a cold aqueous medium for as long as 15 min with minimal diffusion of fluorophore; this suggests potential for combining monoamine histofluorescence with other visualization techniques.", "contents": "Cryostat technique for central nervous system histofluorescence. This paper offers a technique for obtaining monoamine histofluorescence in the CNS by means of formaldehyde perfusion followed by cryostat sectioning. No freeze-drying is involved. Cryostat sections are exposed to formaldehyde vapor to complete the fluorophore formation. The fluorescence thus obtained is bright, well localized, and does not require loading the animals with precursors. The anatomical distribution of the pathways is identical to that obtained with the classical technique. Furthermore, the fluorescence is reversible by sodium borohydride, and exhibits the expected changes in intensity with pharmacological manipulations. The sections can be exposed to a cold aqueous medium for as long as 15 min with minimal diffusion of fluorophore; this suggests potential for combining monoamine histofluorescence with other visualization techniques.", "PMID": 1053221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_821", "title": "Alexithymia, 'pens\u00e9e op\u00e9atoire' and predisposition to coronopathy. Pattern 'A' of Friedman and Rosenman.", "content": "The 'behavioral pattern A' and the 'B' pattern in selected groups of male populations in the framework of a prospective and predictive study of a large population of civil service employees is compared. The Personality Inventory of Lazare, Klerman and Armor and the auto-questionnaire of Bortner were used to differentiate the 'A' and 'B' group populations. Selected cards from Murray's TAT seem more appropriate in this respect and demonstrate the lack of efficiency of certain questionnaires in areas of psychosomatic research. Moreover the selected TAT card responses provide some evidences of 'pens\u00e9e op\u00e9ratoire' or alexithymia in 'A' group subjects whatever its metapsychological implication.", "contents": "Alexithymia, 'pens\u00e9e op\u00e9atoire' and predisposition to coronopathy. Pattern 'A' of Friedman and Rosenman. The 'behavioral pattern A' and the 'B' pattern in selected groups of male populations in the framework of a prospective and predictive study of a large population of civil service employees is compared. The Personality Inventory of Lazare, Klerman and Armor and the auto-questionnaire of Bortner were used to differentiate the 'A' and 'B' group populations. Selected cards from Murray's TAT seem more appropriate in this respect and demonstrate the lack of efficiency of certain questionnaires in areas of psychosomatic research. Moreover the selected TAT card responses provide some evidences of 'pens\u00e9e op\u00e9ratoire' or alexithymia in 'A' group subjects whatever its metapsychological implication.", "PMID": 1053227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_822", "title": "[Control of pyruvate dehydrogenase in loach embryo oocytes].", "content": "The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) increases during the oocyte maturation in the loach Misgurnus fossilis due, apparently, to the decrease of pyruvate utilization in the reactions of gluconeogenesis. The activity of PDH decreases twice at the stage of gastrula. These changes in the PDH activity are not related to intertconversion of the enzyme active and inactive forms of PDH; the total PDH of oocytes and embryos is in the active form only.", "contents": "[Control of pyruvate dehydrogenase in loach embryo oocytes]. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) increases during the oocyte maturation in the loach Misgurnus fossilis due, apparently, to the decrease of pyruvate utilization in the reactions of gluconeogenesis. The activity of PDH decreases twice at the stage of gastrula. These changes in the PDH activity are not related to intertconversion of the enzyme active and inactive forms of PDH; the total PDH of oocytes and embryos is in the active form only.", "PMID": 1053231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_823", "title": "Assay for the two different types of lymphocyte complement receptors.", "content": "This paper describes the assay system for two different types of lymphocyte complement receptors, the immune adherence receptor (C3b receptor) and the C3d receptor.", "contents": "Assay for the two different types of lymphocyte complement receptors. This paper describes the assay system for two different types of lymphocyte complement receptors, the immune adherence receptor (C3b receptor) and the C3d receptor.", "PMID": 1053233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_824", "title": "The effect of formaldehyde on the toxicity and potency of pertussis vaccine.", "content": "Storage of concentrated suspensions of Bordetella pertussis organisms at 5 C for long periods of time in the presence of 0.02% thimerosal as well as heating at 56 C for 30 minutes cannot be relied upon to detoxify the vaccines. Our data show that the toxic thimerosal-killed vaccines can be rapidly detoxified by adding formalin to a final concentration of 0.025-0.05% and incubating at temperatures of 5-20 C for from one to three months. These formalin-detoxified vaccines are protective and meet present potency requirements for pertussis vaccine. Addition of larger amounts of formalin at higher temperatures may detoxify the vaccine but may also reduce the protective effect.", "contents": "The effect of formaldehyde on the toxicity and potency of pertussis vaccine. Storage of concentrated suspensions of Bordetella pertussis organisms at 5 C for long periods of time in the presence of 0.02% thimerosal as well as heating at 56 C for 30 minutes cannot be relied upon to detoxify the vaccines. Our data show that the toxic thimerosal-killed vaccines can be rapidly detoxified by adding formalin to a final concentration of 0.025-0.05% and incubating at temperatures of 5-20 C for from one to three months. These formalin-detoxified vaccines are protective and meet present potency requirements for pertussis vaccine. Addition of larger amounts of formalin at higher temperatures may detoxify the vaccine but may also reduce the protective effect.", "PMID": 1053237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_825", "title": "Further evidence for the humoral stimulation of the liver: effect of a pituitary peptide.", "content": "The capacity of a peptide isolated from hypophysis (HTH) to affect liver function is further supported by the results of pilot experiments on lipid and protein metabolism. Administration of purified peptide to rats induces reduction in plasma proteins and increase in plasma cholesterol with an abnormal free/esterifield cholesterol ratio in liver. Cholesterol in bile and bile volume excretion increase above normal and the concentration of other substances known to be modified by liver activity shows values different to normals.", "contents": "Further evidence for the humoral stimulation of the liver: effect of a pituitary peptide. The capacity of a peptide isolated from hypophysis (HTH) to affect liver function is further supported by the results of pilot experiments on lipid and protein metabolism. Administration of purified peptide to rats induces reduction in plasma proteins and increase in plasma cholesterol with an abnormal free/esterifield cholesterol ratio in liver. Cholesterol in bile and bile volume excretion increase above normal and the concentration of other substances known to be modified by liver activity shows values different to normals.", "PMID": 1053241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_826", "title": "[Etiology of childhood psychoses].", "content": "When studying etiology of childhood psychosis, causes may be divided in biological and psychodynamic. The present paper focuses on the first, which are divided in infectious, toxic, neurologic, endocrine, biochemical and genetic; these last include chromosomic alterations and hereditary factors. The relevant bibliography is reviewed. In spite of a growing list of research work, a single etiologic factor has not been found. It is probable that brain disorder in the psychotic child is psychological, mediated by chemical disturbance and with environmental correlates.", "contents": "[Etiology of childhood psychoses]. When studying etiology of childhood psychosis, causes may be divided in biological and psychodynamic. The present paper focuses on the first, which are divided in infectious, toxic, neurologic, endocrine, biochemical and genetic; these last include chromosomic alterations and hereditary factors. The relevant bibliography is reviewed. In spite of a growing list of research work, a single etiologic factor has not been found. It is probable that brain disorder in the psychotic child is psychological, mediated by chemical disturbance and with environmental correlates.", "PMID": 1053243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_827", "title": "Sex ratio in twin births.", "content": "1. Data on more than 2 1/2 million twin births suggest that the regression of sex ratio in twins on maternal age does not decline monotonically like that of singletons, but, like the incidence of dizygotic twinning, seems to rise and then fall with maternal age. 2. Accordingly it is hypothesized that the sex ratio in monozygotic twins is lower than that in dizygotic twins or that in singletons. This would account also for the low overall sex ratio in twins. 3. The data are consistent with the hypotheses that the monozygotic twin sex ratio is constant for all maternal ages at a value of about 0.496, and that the dizygotic twin maternal age-specific sex ratios are the same as the singleton sex ratios for the same maternal ages. 4. The hypothesized low sex ratio in monozygotic twins is reminiscent of that in some congenital malformations: possibly some aetiological factor is common to monzygotic twins and such congenital malformations. 5. It is suggested that the total-birth sex ratio of triplets is underestimated in national vital statistics records.", "contents": "Sex ratio in twin births. 1. Data on more than 2 1/2 million twin births suggest that the regression of sex ratio in twins on maternal age does not decline monotonically like that of singletons, but, like the incidence of dizygotic twinning, seems to rise and then fall with maternal age. 2. Accordingly it is hypothesized that the sex ratio in monozygotic twins is lower than that in dizygotic twins or that in singletons. This would account also for the low overall sex ratio in twins. 3. The data are consistent with the hypotheses that the monozygotic twin sex ratio is constant for all maternal ages at a value of about 0.496, and that the dizygotic twin maternal age-specific sex ratios are the same as the singleton sex ratios for the same maternal ages. 4. The hypothesized low sex ratio in monozygotic twins is reminiscent of that in some congenital malformations: possibly some aetiological factor is common to monzygotic twins and such congenital malformations. 5. It is suggested that the total-birth sex ratio of triplets is underestimated in national vital statistics records.", "PMID": 1053246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_828", "title": "A genetic analysis of the normal body-height growth and dental development in man.", "content": "A twin and family study on the significance of genetic factors for the variation in certain new variables of dental and body-height development is presented. Evidence of a rather strong genetic regulation of most of the variables was obtained from the analysis of the twins and sibs. The data on cousins did not allow any definite conclusions, and it was not possible to obtain a parent--offspring material. Therefore, the study did not give any information concerning the relative significance of additive genetic variation.", "contents": "A genetic analysis of the normal body-height growth and dental development in man. A twin and family study on the significance of genetic factors for the variation in certain new variables of dental and body-height development is presented. Evidence of a rather strong genetic regulation of most of the variables was obtained from the analysis of the twins and sibs. The data on cousins did not allow any definite conclusions, and it was not possible to obtain a parent--offspring material. Therefore, the study did not give any information concerning the relative significance of additive genetic variation.", "PMID": 1053247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_829", "title": "The inheritance of scholastric abilities in a sample of twins. I. Ascertainments of the sample and diagnosis of zygosity.", "content": "A sample of 149 twin pairs was ascertained by extracting all pairs of candidates with the same surname, birth date and address from the files of a public examination taken by about two thirds of the 15-year-old cohort in South Australia. Of these there were 39 opposite sex pairs and 100 same-sex pairs whose zygosity was determined by postal questionnaire. This diagnosis was checked and found to be accurate by typing 47 pairs for ten independent genetic markers. Several analyses suggest that the ascertained twin samples is fairly representative of the fraction of the cohort who took the examination so there is no evidence to suggest that between families components of variance will be underestimated for this reason.", "contents": "The inheritance of scholastric abilities in a sample of twins. I. Ascertainments of the sample and diagnosis of zygosity. A sample of 149 twin pairs was ascertained by extracting all pairs of candidates with the same surname, birth date and address from the files of a public examination taken by about two thirds of the 15-year-old cohort in South Australia. Of these there were 39 opposite sex pairs and 100 same-sex pairs whose zygosity was determined by postal questionnaire. This diagnosis was checked and found to be accurate by typing 47 pairs for ten independent genetic markers. Several analyses suggest that the ascertained twin samples is fairly representative of the fraction of the cohort who took the examination so there is no evidence to suggest that between families components of variance will be underestimated for this reason.", "PMID": 1053248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_830", "title": "The inheritance of scholastic abilities in a sample of twins. II. Genetical analysis of examinations results.", "content": "1. Examination results for 98 pairs of same-sex and 39 pairs of opposite-sex twins were available for analysis as well as measurements of IQ and height for 47 of the same sex pairs. 2. The choice of subjects taken for examination is not influenced by genetic differences within DZ pairs but seems to be mainly determined by between family cultural differences. 3. Neither the sex difference in opposite-sex pairs nor the difference between first and second born twins in same-sex pairs contributes appreciably to within pair environmental variance. However, same-sex DZ pairs are more often found in different school classes than MZ pairs. 4. No evidence for interaction between genotypes and within-family environments was found for any character. 5. The simple environmental model fails to fit the data for English, French, Geography, Mathematics and IQ whereas the simple genetical model fits. For the remaining subjects it is not possible to exclude either hypothesis. The heritablities of the examination performances are of the same magnitude as that for IQ. 6. Sampling inadequacies are revealed in the data for height but there is evidence for a substantial genetics component of phenotype variation. 7. There is evidence for heterogeneity of gene action in the subjects English and Mathematics supporting the view that there are genetically determined specific abilities acting independently of general intelligence.", "contents": "The inheritance of scholastic abilities in a sample of twins. II. Genetical analysis of examinations results. 1. Examination results for 98 pairs of same-sex and 39 pairs of opposite-sex twins were available for analysis as well as measurements of IQ and height for 47 of the same sex pairs. 2. The choice of subjects taken for examination is not influenced by genetic differences within DZ pairs but seems to be mainly determined by between family cultural differences. 3. Neither the sex difference in opposite-sex pairs nor the difference between first and second born twins in same-sex pairs contributes appreciably to within pair environmental variance. However, same-sex DZ pairs are more often found in different school classes than MZ pairs. 4. No evidence for interaction between genotypes and within-family environments was found for any character. 5. The simple environmental model fails to fit the data for English, French, Geography, Mathematics and IQ whereas the simple genetical model fits. For the remaining subjects it is not possible to exclude either hypothesis. The heritablities of the examination performances are of the same magnitude as that for IQ. 6. Sampling inadequacies are revealed in the data for height but there is evidence for a substantial genetics component of phenotype variation. 7. There is evidence for heterogeneity of gene action in the subjects English and Mathematics supporting the view that there are genetically determined specific abilities acting independently of general intelligence.", "PMID": 1053249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_831", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of salmon testes and salmon liver cytoplasmic initiator tRNA.", "content": "Initiator tRNAs from the cytoplasm of salmon testes and salmon liver have been purified. The nucleotide sequence of these initiator tRNAs has been determined and found identical to that of initiator tRNA from mammalian cytoplasm. The only difference is the extent of modification of the nuceloside located between the dihydrouridine and the anticodon stems. In the salmon tRNAs, this modified nucleoside is predominantly N2N2-dimethyl guanosine, whereas in the mammalian initiator tRNA it is N2-methyl guanosine.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of salmon testes and salmon liver cytoplasmic initiator tRNA. Initiator tRNAs from the cytoplasm of salmon testes and salmon liver have been purified. The nucleotide sequence of these initiator tRNAs has been determined and found identical to that of initiator tRNA from mammalian cytoplasm. The only difference is the extent of modification of the nuceloside located between the dihydrouridine and the anticodon stems. In the salmon tRNAs, this modified nucleoside is predominantly N2N2-dimethyl guanosine, whereas in the mammalian initiator tRNA it is N2-methyl guanosine.", "PMID": 1053250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_832", "title": "Acute effects of calcitonin on osteoclasts in man.", "content": "To determine the mechanism by which calcitonin acutely decreases bone resorption in man, salmon or human calcitonin was administered intravenously to five patients with Paget's disease of bone immediately after an iliac crest bone biopsy. After 30 min an adjacent bone biopsy was taken and both were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The results indicated that calcitonin both decreases the number of osteoclasts and alters the ultrastructure of these cells. Thes acute effects of calcitonin on osteoclasts confirm findings in other species and provide evidence in man that calcitonin, at least in part, retards bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity.", "contents": "Acute effects of calcitonin on osteoclasts in man. To determine the mechanism by which calcitonin acutely decreases bone resorption in man, salmon or human calcitonin was administered intravenously to five patients with Paget's disease of bone immediately after an iliac crest bone biopsy. After 30 min an adjacent bone biopsy was taken and both were evaluated by light and electron microscopy. The results indicated that calcitonin both decreases the number of osteoclasts and alters the ultrastructure of these cells. Thes acute effects of calcitonin on osteoclasts confirm findings in other species and provide evidence in man that calcitonin, at least in part, retards bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastic activity.", "PMID": 1053251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_833", "title": "The ectopic secretion of calcitonin by lung and breast carcinomas.", "content": "Many patients with advanced non-thyroid malignancies have elevated plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations. Breast and bronchial carcinomas contain immunoreactive calcitonin and an epidermoid bronchial carcinoma has been shown to produce immunoreactive calcitonin in vitro. We have established monolayer cultures of breast carcinomas and eight out of fifteen consecutive carcinomas released immunoreactive calcitonin; some released HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) or CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen). In addition, a primary human breast carcinoma has been shown to release and contain calcitonin after being passaged in 'nude' mice over 1 year. Chromatography of extracts and culture media of a bronchical carcinoma demonstrated that, in contrast with the other tumours, it secreted a form or forms of calcitonin having size, charge and immunological differences when compared to calcitonin M. Preliminary evaluation of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin estimations in patients with breast carcinoma showed that twenty-three out of twenty-eight patients with metastatic disease had elevated plasma calcitonin concentrations, whereas only one out of thirteen with localized disease had high levels.", "contents": "The ectopic secretion of calcitonin by lung and breast carcinomas. Many patients with advanced non-thyroid malignancies have elevated plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations. Breast and bronchial carcinomas contain immunoreactive calcitonin and an epidermoid bronchial carcinoma has been shown to produce immunoreactive calcitonin in vitro. We have established monolayer cultures of breast carcinomas and eight out of fifteen consecutive carcinomas released immunoreactive calcitonin; some released HCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin) or CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen). In addition, a primary human breast carcinoma has been shown to release and contain calcitonin after being passaged in 'nude' mice over 1 year. Chromatography of extracts and culture media of a bronchical carcinoma demonstrated that, in contrast with the other tumours, it secreted a form or forms of calcitonin having size, charge and immunological differences when compared to calcitonin M. Preliminary evaluation of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin estimations in patients with breast carcinoma showed that twenty-three out of twenty-eight patients with metastatic disease had elevated plasma calcitonin concentrations, whereas only one out of thirteen with localized disease had high levels.", "PMID": 1053252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_834", "title": "The genetic contribution to coronary heart disease through lipoprotein concentrations.", "content": "Many factors both genetic and environmental contribute to the liability to coronary heart disease and one of the genetically determined risk factors is the concentration of lipoproteins in the blood. The evidence so far is that serum cholesterol level is polygenically determined, but that in a minority of the population it is determined by a single mutant gene of large effect. There is evidence that the risk of coronary death for affected individuals is very high and that the condition warrants a maximum effort at identification and treatment. For the remainder of the population whose hyperlipidaemia is polygenically determined, the liability to coronary heart disease might be substantially reduced by simple and appropriate environmental measures aimed at reducing the total liability. The measures if correctly applied should effectively improve the population risks of early coronary death.", "contents": "The genetic contribution to coronary heart disease through lipoprotein concentrations. Many factors both genetic and environmental contribute to the liability to coronary heart disease and one of the genetically determined risk factors is the concentration of lipoproteins in the blood. The evidence so far is that serum cholesterol level is polygenically determined, but that in a minority of the population it is determined by a single mutant gene of large effect. There is evidence that the risk of coronary death for affected individuals is very high and that the condition warrants a maximum effort at identification and treatment. For the remainder of the population whose hyperlipidaemia is polygenically determined, the liability to coronary heart disease might be substantially reduced by simple and appropriate environmental measures aimed at reducing the total liability. The measures if correctly applied should effectively improve the population risks of early coronary death.", "PMID": 1053256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_835", "title": "[Behaviour of DNA-RNase A complex in the presence of formaldehyde].", "content": "A formaldehyde-produced fixation of defects caused by a despiralizing action of a protein was studied in the case of DNA-RNAase A complex. The concentration of the defects fixed was measured by kinetic formaldehyde method (KF-method). It was shown that following processes take place in the complex in the presence of formaldehyde: (a) fixation of defects; (b) unwinding of DNA; (c) inactivation of the protein. The rates of all these processes depend on the concentration of formaldehyde, phi. At formaldehyde concentrations above some critical value phic the protein is inactivated before the defects are fixed. At phi less than phic the protein inactivation proceeds more slowly than the fixation of defects; at sufficiently low formaldehyde concentration no inactivation of protein occurs practically during the fixation time (20 min). The number of new defects formed during the time of fixation is linear with the formaldehyde concentration in the region where no inactivation of the protein occurs. Therefore the initial concentration of defects can be determined through an extrapolation to zero concentration of formaldehyde. On the basis of the data obtained a method is proposed for the evaluation of the number of defects in DNA caused by the despiralizing action of proteins. A model is proposed describing the behaviour of the complexes of DNA with despiralizing proteins in the presence of formaldehyde.", "contents": "[Behaviour of DNA-RNase A complex in the presence of formaldehyde]. A formaldehyde-produced fixation of defects caused by a despiralizing action of a protein was studied in the case of DNA-RNAase A complex. The concentration of the defects fixed was measured by kinetic formaldehyde method (KF-method). It was shown that following processes take place in the complex in the presence of formaldehyde: (a) fixation of defects; (b) unwinding of DNA; (c) inactivation of the protein. The rates of all these processes depend on the concentration of formaldehyde, phi. At formaldehyde concentrations above some critical value phic the protein is inactivated before the defects are fixed. At phi less than phic the protein inactivation proceeds more slowly than the fixation of defects; at sufficiently low formaldehyde concentration no inactivation of protein occurs practically during the fixation time (20 min). The number of new defects formed during the time of fixation is linear with the formaldehyde concentration in the region where no inactivation of the protein occurs. Therefore the initial concentration of defects can be determined through an extrapolation to zero concentration of formaldehyde. On the basis of the data obtained a method is proposed for the evaluation of the number of defects in DNA caused by the despiralizing action of proteins. A model is proposed describing the behaviour of the complexes of DNA with despiralizing proteins in the presence of formaldehyde.", "PMID": 1053260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_836", "title": "[Rate of DNA replication and size of replicons in human diploid cells].", "content": "The rate of DNA replication and the distances between initiation sites (size of replicons) have been studied in human cultured fibroblasts. The modified Huberman and Riggs technique of DNA fiber autoradiography has been used: the pulse-labelled regions were analysed in DNA fibers preliminarily labelled along the whole length. This enabled us: a) to analyse the arrangement of replicons along the length of labelled DNA fibers with the lengths of 200-750 micron, reaching 2700 micron in some cases; b) to select only single DNA molecules for the analysis. This technique decreases the danger of a mistake when minor labelled regions belonging to different DNA molecules are referred to the same one. The rate of DNA replication varies from 0.2 to 1.2 micron/min, the average of 0.6 micron/min. This conforms with findings of other authors. The distances between initiation sites vary from 15 to 140 micron with the modal interval of 50-60 micron. This value is twice higher than those obtained by other authors. The possible reasons for such difference are discussed.", "contents": "[Rate of DNA replication and size of replicons in human diploid cells]. The rate of DNA replication and the distances between initiation sites (size of replicons) have been studied in human cultured fibroblasts. The modified Huberman and Riggs technique of DNA fiber autoradiography has been used: the pulse-labelled regions were analysed in DNA fibers preliminarily labelled along the whole length. This enabled us: a) to analyse the arrangement of replicons along the length of labelled DNA fibers with the lengths of 200-750 micron, reaching 2700 micron in some cases; b) to select only single DNA molecules for the analysis. This technique decreases the danger of a mistake when minor labelled regions belonging to different DNA molecules are referred to the same one. The rate of DNA replication varies from 0.2 to 1.2 micron/min, the average of 0.6 micron/min. This conforms with findings of other authors. The distances between initiation sites vary from 15 to 140 micron with the modal interval of 50-60 micron. This value is twice higher than those obtained by other authors. The possible reasons for such difference are discussed.", "PMID": 1053261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_837", "title": "Eustachian tube function in children.", "content": "Eustachian tube function of children with bilateral serous otitis media was studied in 14 ears following myringotomy and pressure equalizing tube insertion. Cases with non-Eustachian tube pathology potentially contributing to Eustachian tube dysfunction were excluded from the study. Eustachian tube function was evaluated utilizing an impedance audiometer to document neutralization of positive and negative middle ear pressures. All cases showed persistent tubal dysfunction for up to six months. Partial incomplete neutralization of positive pressure occurred in 64 per cent, but in no case could negative pressure be partially neutralized even when \"locking\" was relieved with valsalva. Continuous ventilation of the middle ear for up to six months did not allow a return to normal Eustachian tube function. This is extremely effective palliation, and should be recognized as such.", "contents": "Eustachian tube function in children. Eustachian tube function of children with bilateral serous otitis media was studied in 14 ears following myringotomy and pressure equalizing tube insertion. Cases with non-Eustachian tube pathology potentially contributing to Eustachian tube dysfunction were excluded from the study. Eustachian tube function was evaluated utilizing an impedance audiometer to document neutralization of positive and negative middle ear pressures. All cases showed persistent tubal dysfunction for up to six months. Partial incomplete neutralization of positive pressure occurred in 64 per cent, but in no case could negative pressure be partially neutralized even when \"locking\" was relieved with valsalva. Continuous ventilation of the middle ear for up to six months did not allow a return to normal Eustachian tube function. This is extremely effective palliation, and should be recognized as such.", "PMID": 1053264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_838", "title": "Behavioral characteristics of C57BL/6J. DBA/2J, and B6D2F1 mice which are potentially useful for gerontological research.", "content": "This review summarizes the behavioral characteristics of C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and B6D2F1, hybrid mice which are most likely to be of interest to gerontological scientists. Where possible, the characteristics of young and old mice are included. Where no information exists about the behavior of older mice of these genotypes, but there is reason to believe that information about mice might be useful for aging research, this information is included. The purpose of the review is to acquaint gerontologists with the availability of genetically defined animal models for aging research, to present what is known about these models, and to suggest areas of research which could profit from more attention.", "contents": "Behavioral characteristics of C57BL/6J. DBA/2J, and B6D2F1 mice which are potentially useful for gerontological research. This review summarizes the behavioral characteristics of C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and B6D2F1, hybrid mice which are most likely to be of interest to gerontological scientists. Where possible, the characteristics of young and old mice are included. Where no information exists about the behavior of older mice of these genotypes, but there is reason to believe that information about mice might be useful for aging research, this information is included. The purpose of the review is to acquaint gerontologists with the availability of genetically defined animal models for aging research, to present what is known about these models, and to suggest areas of research which could profit from more attention.", "PMID": 1053265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_839", "title": "[Influence of formaldehyde on the melting temperature of DNA].", "content": "It has been shown that formaldehyde has no marked physical effect upon DNA resulting in lowering of its melting temperature. The effect of lowering of DNA melting temperature observed earlier by other authors resulted from the process of unwinding of DNA due to chemical reactions of formaldehyde with reactive base groups.", "contents": "[Influence of formaldehyde on the melting temperature of DNA]. It has been shown that formaldehyde has no marked physical effect upon DNA resulting in lowering of its melting temperature. The effect of lowering of DNA melting temperature observed earlier by other authors resulted from the process of unwinding of DNA due to chemical reactions of formaldehyde with reactive base groups.", "PMID": 1053262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_840", "title": "[Current concepts about the determinants of germ cells].", "content": "The cytoplasm of the egg vegetal hemisphere plays the determining role in the isolation and differentiation of germ cells. Cytoplasmic factors of unknown nature prevent certanin blastomeres from somatic differentiation. In the developing germ cells, a large amount of material (in which acid proteins are a constant component) passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This fine fibrous material may take the form of nucleolus-like bodies or dense granules (polar granules in the insect eggs, dense bodies in the amphibian germ plasm, intermitochondrial cement in oocytes of various animals, chromatoid body in spermatocytes). The application of the term \"determinants of germ cells\" for designation of these structure, as it takes in the electron microscopy literature, appears to be incorrect. Their appearance is a consequence of the determining influence of cytoplasmic factors, rather than their cause. In lower invertebrates, the germ cells may arise in adult specimens due to the embryonic reserve of totipotent elements (neoblasts or interstitial cells). The transformation of these cells in the germ ones is accompanied by the release of a great amount of fine fibrous material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm as well. The problem of determinants of germ cells is considered with respect to the problem of ooplasmic segregation.", "contents": "[Current concepts about the determinants of germ cells]. The cytoplasm of the egg vegetal hemisphere plays the determining role in the isolation and differentiation of germ cells. Cytoplasmic factors of unknown nature prevent certanin blastomeres from somatic differentiation. In the developing germ cells, a large amount of material (in which acid proteins are a constant component) passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This fine fibrous material may take the form of nucleolus-like bodies or dense granules (polar granules in the insect eggs, dense bodies in the amphibian germ plasm, intermitochondrial cement in oocytes of various animals, chromatoid body in spermatocytes). The application of the term \"determinants of germ cells\" for designation of these structure, as it takes in the electron microscopy literature, appears to be incorrect. Their appearance is a consequence of the determining influence of cytoplasmic factors, rather than their cause. In lower invertebrates, the germ cells may arise in adult specimens due to the embryonic reserve of totipotent elements (neoblasts or interstitial cells). The transformation of these cells in the germ ones is accompanied by the release of a great amount of fine fibrous material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm as well. The problem of determinants of germ cells is considered with respect to the problem of ooplasmic segregation.", "PMID": 1053270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_841", "title": "[Effect of actinomycin D and sibiromycin on the embryonic and larval development of Nereis virens (Sars.)].", "content": "The morphogenetic function of nuclear apparatus has been studied by means of \"chemical enucleation\" using actinomycin D (60 microgram/ml, 3 hrs) and sibiromycin (10--100 microgram/ml, 3 hrs) at different developmental stages of Nereis virens (Sars.). The embryos were subjected to the effect of the inhibitors at the successive stages every 6 hrs beginning from the fertilization. The development proceeded in the normal way til the throchophore stage in spite of the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis what agrees with the concept of P. P. Ivanov on the existence in Polychaeta of a developmental tendency to trochophore. The first period of morphogenetic activity of the genome which ensures the transition from trochophore to metatrochophore coincides with the gastrula stage and the second period which ensures the transformation of metatrochophore into nectochaete with the final phases of the trochophore stage.", "contents": "[Effect of actinomycin D and sibiromycin on the embryonic and larval development of Nereis virens (Sars.)]. The morphogenetic function of nuclear apparatus has been studied by means of \"chemical enucleation\" using actinomycin D (60 microgram/ml, 3 hrs) and sibiromycin (10--100 microgram/ml, 3 hrs) at different developmental stages of Nereis virens (Sars.). The embryos were subjected to the effect of the inhibitors at the successive stages every 6 hrs beginning from the fertilization. The development proceeded in the normal way til the throchophore stage in spite of the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis what agrees with the concept of P. P. Ivanov on the existence in Polychaeta of a developmental tendency to trochophore. The first period of morphogenetic activity of the genome which ensures the transition from trochophore to metatrochophore coincides with the gastrula stage and the second period which ensures the transformation of metatrochophore into nectochaete with the final phases of the trochophore stage.", "PMID": 1053271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_842", "title": "Treatment of hyperthyroidism with a large initial dose of sodium iodide I 131.", "content": "A retrospective study was undertaken of 229 patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves disease treated at the Cleveland Clinic with a large initial dose of sodium iodide I 131 (mean dose, 12.7 +/- 7.5 millicuries). The results indicate that a large initial dose is the most effective therapy for this disorder. Ninety percent of this group of patients required only one dose and recovered from hyperthyroidism within 12 weeks. Because we are convinced that there is no way to prevent the development of hypothyroidism in these patients, we have prescribed permanent thyroid hormone replacement after the hyperthyroidism has been controlled. In a mean five-year follow-up of 190 patients, 174 (91.5%) were still taking thyroid hormone.", "contents": "Treatment of hyperthyroidism with a large initial dose of sodium iodide I 131. A retrospective study was undertaken of 229 patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves disease treated at the Cleveland Clinic with a large initial dose of sodium iodide I 131 (mean dose, 12.7 +/- 7.5 millicuries). The results indicate that a large initial dose is the most effective therapy for this disorder. Ninety percent of this group of patients required only one dose and recovered from hyperthyroidism within 12 weeks. Because we are convinced that there is no way to prevent the development of hypothyroidism in these patients, we have prescribed permanent thyroid hormone replacement after the hyperthyroidism has been controlled. In a mean five-year follow-up of 190 patients, 174 (91.5%) were still taking thyroid hormone.", "PMID": 1053273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_843", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma associated with multiple myeloma: report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients had the rare occurrence of multiple myeloma coexisting with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphosarcoma. It is not possible at present to resolve the question as to whether these two diseases represent part of the spectrum of a single B-cell disease or wether multiple myeloma and lymphoproliferative disorders are two separate entities, which may rarely occur by coincidence in the same patient.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphosarcoma associated with multiple myeloma: report of three cases. Three patients had the rare occurrence of multiple myeloma coexisting with chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphosarcoma. It is not possible at present to resolve the question as to whether these two diseases represent part of the spectrum of a single B-cell disease or wether multiple myeloma and lymphoproliferative disorders are two separate entities, which may rarely occur by coincidence in the same patient.", "PMID": 1053274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_844", "title": "[Effects of ketamine on the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. Variations of its effects].", "content": "Effects of chlorhydrate of Ketamine upon CSF pressure were studied in 10 patients with different intracranial pathology. In opposition to the results of other authors, in 5 patients there was no increase of pressure after the drug was applied. This difference is ascribed to the individual pathology of the patients studied, emphasizing that 4 of them were bearers of a diffuse vascular encephalopathy with intelectual damage, added to an acute vascular accident in 3 cases. For these reasons, it is presumed that a deficient auto-regulation of cerebral circulation, with diminished vasomotor reactivity, is reasponsible for the absence of hypertension after application of the drug. The study of the variations of cerebrospinal fluid pressure after chlorhydrate of Ketamine is applied may enable to measure the efficiency of the mechanisms of auto-regulation in any determined patient.", "contents": "[Effects of ketamine on the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid. Variations of its effects]. Effects of chlorhydrate of Ketamine upon CSF pressure were studied in 10 patients with different intracranial pathology. In opposition to the results of other authors, in 5 patients there was no increase of pressure after the drug was applied. This difference is ascribed to the individual pathology of the patients studied, emphasizing that 4 of them were bearers of a diffuse vascular encephalopathy with intelectual damage, added to an acute vascular accident in 3 cases. For these reasons, it is presumed that a deficient auto-regulation of cerebral circulation, with diminished vasomotor reactivity, is reasponsible for the absence of hypertension after application of the drug. The study of the variations of cerebrospinal fluid pressure after chlorhydrate of Ketamine is applied may enable to measure the efficiency of the mechanisms of auto-regulation in any determined patient.", "PMID": 1053295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_845", "title": "[Memory disorders in posterior vertebrobasilar cerebral artery insufficiency].", "content": "A clinical and neuropsychological study of 10 vascular patients with signs of circulatory insufficiency in the vertebro-basilar-posterior cerebral territory in whom the dominant symptom was loss of memory with relative idemnity of other intelectual functions is presented. In 5 cases clinical signs of acute infarct in the posterior cerebral artery territories existed in the form of amnesic infarct. The disturbances and the localization of the lesion confirmed by paraclinical examinations (EEG, angiography of the posterior circulation, radioisotope scan) are discussed.", "contents": "[Memory disorders in posterior vertebrobasilar cerebral artery insufficiency]. A clinical and neuropsychological study of 10 vascular patients with signs of circulatory insufficiency in the vertebro-basilar-posterior cerebral territory in whom the dominant symptom was loss of memory with relative idemnity of other intelectual functions is presented. In 5 cases clinical signs of acute infarct in the posterior cerebral artery territories existed in the form of amnesic infarct. The disturbances and the localization of the lesion confirmed by paraclinical examinations (EEG, angiography of the posterior circulation, radioisotope scan) are discussed.", "PMID": 1053297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_846", "title": "Epileptic seizures as an early complication of neurosurgery.", "content": "The appearance of epileptic seizures in the early postoperative period (first 10 days) after neurosurgery is an uncommon complication. A retrospective study of 600 patients operated on for glioma, meningioma, metastatic tumor, hydatid cyst, cerebral hemorrhage and head injury (100 cases each) is the subject of this report. In 6% of the total group, seizures were found during the first 10 days following surgery. They usually appeared during the first 48 hours. In most cases (78%), fits were of the partial motor type, originating in the frontoparietal (central) region. The clinical course was benign in most cases. Good control of seizures was usually obtained by common anticonvulsants and except for a few cases, the prognosis was not worsened by the appearance of these early fits. The pathophysiology of early seizures, which are not related to cerebral scarring, is discussed. It is concluded that they are related to biochemical alterations produced by surgery, similar to what happens in early post traumatic epilepsy or in cases of seizures appearing in the early stages of cerebrovascular accidents.", "contents": "Epileptic seizures as an early complication of neurosurgery. The appearance of epileptic seizures in the early postoperative period (first 10 days) after neurosurgery is an uncommon complication. A retrospective study of 600 patients operated on for glioma, meningioma, metastatic tumor, hydatid cyst, cerebral hemorrhage and head injury (100 cases each) is the subject of this report. In 6% of the total group, seizures were found during the first 10 days following surgery. They usually appeared during the first 48 hours. In most cases (78%), fits were of the partial motor type, originating in the frontoparietal (central) region. The clinical course was benign in most cases. Good control of seizures was usually obtained by common anticonvulsants and except for a few cases, the prognosis was not worsened by the appearance of these early fits. The pathophysiology of early seizures, which are not related to cerebral scarring, is discussed. It is concluded that they are related to biochemical alterations produced by surgery, similar to what happens in early post traumatic epilepsy or in cases of seizures appearing in the early stages of cerebrovascular accidents.", "PMID": 1053298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_847", "title": "[Spinomedullary compression caused by neurinomas and meningiomas].", "content": "A series of 30 spinal neurinomas and meningiomas studied in the Instituto de Neurolog\u00eda of Montevideo from 1958 to 1973 is analyzed. Seventeen neurinomas and 13 meningiomas are included. The following conclusions, in accordance with previous studies, were obtained from the clinical study and operative observations. Meningiomas were more commonly observed in females, in the sixth decade of life and were localized most frequently in the dorsal region. Neurinomas showed no preference for sex or site of the spine, and although they were more common in the sixth decade, they showed a greater dispersion in age. Clinical manifestations were similar in both groups but parasthesias were a more common initial symptom in meningiomas. Protein content of CSF was clearly greater in neurinomas. Radiological alterations of vertebrae were more frequently seen in neurinomas, but inespecific nature. Positive contrast mielography was in all cases useful for precise topographic diagnosis. Surgical results were satisfactory even in cases with severe preoperatory motor deficit.", "contents": "[Spinomedullary compression caused by neurinomas and meningiomas]. A series of 30 spinal neurinomas and meningiomas studied in the Instituto de Neurolog\u00eda of Montevideo from 1958 to 1973 is analyzed. Seventeen neurinomas and 13 meningiomas are included. The following conclusions, in accordance with previous studies, were obtained from the clinical study and operative observations. Meningiomas were more commonly observed in females, in the sixth decade of life and were localized most frequently in the dorsal region. Neurinomas showed no preference for sex or site of the spine, and although they were more common in the sixth decade, they showed a greater dispersion in age. Clinical manifestations were similar in both groups but parasthesias were a more common initial symptom in meningiomas. Protein content of CSF was clearly greater in neurinomas. Radiological alterations of vertebrae were more frequently seen in neurinomas, but inespecific nature. Positive contrast mielography was in all cases useful for precise topographic diagnosis. Surgical results were satisfactory even in cases with severe preoperatory motor deficit.", "PMID": 1053299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_848", "title": "[Abdominal complications of the ventriculo peritoneal derivations].", "content": "Thirty-nine ventriculo-peritoneal shunts in children have been analyzed since 1962 to 1976 at the Neurological Institute in Montevideo. In these cases there were 8 important abdominal complications (20%): 7 were associated with ventriculitis, all with infiltration or fistula on the trajet, 3 cases were operated on because of intestinal occlusion, 1 of them with perforative acute peritonitis. In the others, gastric distention, abdominal distention, and transient ileus were found. Five patients died, 4 of them with ventriculitis, 3 children who had suffered ventriculitis, survived. They overcame their hydrocephalus by means of ventriculo-atrial shunts, afterwards their infection was cured. From the result of the test of these cases it is gathered in view of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt disfunction, that it is necessary to: 1) As far as possible rule out ventriculitis. 2) In cases in which ventriculitis should be proved to exist and with a peritoneal reject, after the infection has been cured, one should not insist with the ventriculo-peritoneal diversion, because in this case the possibility of the relapse taking into account the abdominal intolerance, increases. After the ventriculitis should be got over with a proper bacteriological control, a ventriculo-atrial shunt must be performed. 3) The changing of the form of the divertion system is considered immediately after an abdominal aseptic intolerance is present (ileus, ascites, etc.), due to the double risk of intestinal occlusion or ventriculitis.", "contents": "[Abdominal complications of the ventriculo peritoneal derivations]. Thirty-nine ventriculo-peritoneal shunts in children have been analyzed since 1962 to 1976 at the Neurological Institute in Montevideo. In these cases there were 8 important abdominal complications (20%): 7 were associated with ventriculitis, all with infiltration or fistula on the trajet, 3 cases were operated on because of intestinal occlusion, 1 of them with perforative acute peritonitis. In the others, gastric distention, abdominal distention, and transient ileus were found. Five patients died, 4 of them with ventriculitis, 3 children who had suffered ventriculitis, survived. They overcame their hydrocephalus by means of ventriculo-atrial shunts, afterwards their infection was cured. From the result of the test of these cases it is gathered in view of a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt disfunction, that it is necessary to: 1) As far as possible rule out ventriculitis. 2) In cases in which ventriculitis should be proved to exist and with a peritoneal reject, after the infection has been cured, one should not insist with the ventriculo-peritoneal diversion, because in this case the possibility of the relapse taking into account the abdominal intolerance, increases. After the ventriculitis should be got over with a proper bacteriological control, a ventriculo-atrial shunt must be performed. 3) The changing of the form of the divertion system is considered immediately after an abdominal aseptic intolerance is present (ileus, ascites, etc.), due to the double risk of intestinal occlusion or ventriculitis.", "PMID": 1053300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_849", "title": "[Fracture luxation of the cervical spine. Different treatments].", "content": "There exist situations, such as cervical spinal cord injury which are treated by orthopedic specialists and/or neurosurgeons, with dissimilar methods. In is necessary to unify criteria or better still not commit mistakes which may worsen neurological d\u00e9ficit in these injured patients. The medical history and treatment of 16 patients with cervical spinal cord injury are discussed. The therapeutic procedures included: decompressive laminectomy, anterior fibula bone graft, Clowards' procedure and (minerva) exterior neck fixation. The evolution and complications are analyzed and in some cases connections are made in the hope of better results.", "contents": "[Fracture luxation of the cervical spine. Different treatments]. There exist situations, such as cervical spinal cord injury which are treated by orthopedic specialists and/or neurosurgeons, with dissimilar methods. In is necessary to unify criteria or better still not commit mistakes which may worsen neurological d\u00e9ficit in these injured patients. The medical history and treatment of 16 patients with cervical spinal cord injury are discussed. The therapeutic procedures included: decompressive laminectomy, anterior fibula bone graft, Clowards' procedure and (minerva) exterior neck fixation. The evolution and complications are analyzed and in some cases connections are made in the hope of better results.", "PMID": 1053301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_850", "title": "[Cauda equina syndrome caused by vertebral disk hernia].", "content": "Thirteen cases of cauda equina syndrome of discal ethiology are analyzed. The clinical characteristics and course are studied. The factors which influence the prognosis and the possibilities of treatment are analyzed.", "contents": "[Cauda equina syndrome caused by vertebral disk hernia]. Thirteen cases of cauda equina syndrome of discal ethiology are analyzed. The clinical characteristics and course are studied. The factors which influence the prognosis and the possibilities of treatment are analyzed.", "PMID": 1053303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_851", "title": "[Possibilities in the field of craniofacial surgery].", "content": "Four cases which illustrate possibilities of a new field in craneofacial surgery are presented. Using certain surgical principles, various conditions whose previous treatment was unsastisfactory, can be corrected. Hope is thus given to many persons with severe facial deformities.", "contents": "[Possibilities in the field of craniofacial surgery]. Four cases which illustrate possibilities of a new field in craneofacial surgery are presented. Using certain surgical principles, various conditions whose previous treatment was unsastisfactory, can be corrected. Hope is thus given to many persons with severe facial deformities.", "PMID": 1053304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_852", "title": "[Rupture of intracranial aneurysm during angiography. Report of a case and review of the literature].", "content": "A case of rupture of an intracranial aneurysm during angiography is presented. The possible mechanisms and pathological aspects of this complication are discussed. A review of the literature was done, and correlations were made. It was found that rupture in this condition is more frequent among aneurysms of the carotid artery, in female patients, with a high incidence of mortality.", "contents": "[Rupture of intracranial aneurysm during angiography. Report of a case and review of the literature]. A case of rupture of an intracranial aneurysm during angiography is presented. The possible mechanisms and pathological aspects of this complication are discussed. A review of the literature was done, and correlations were made. It was found that rupture in this condition is more frequent among aneurysms of the carotid artery, in female patients, with a high incidence of mortality.", "PMID": 1053305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_853", "title": "[Pott's disease of cervical topography. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The authors present a case of cervical Pott's disease with severe neurological impairment and with a favourable course with medical and surgical treatment. The diagnostic difficulties and the possibilities of treatment at the present stage are discussed.", "contents": "[Pott's disease of cervical topography. Apropos of a case]. The authors present a case of cervical Pott's disease with severe neurological impairment and with a favourable course with medical and surgical treatment. The diagnostic difficulties and the possibilities of treatment at the present stage are discussed.", "PMID": 1053306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_854", "title": "Pupillary sparing in oculomotor palsy from temporal lobe astrocytoma. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases are reported of pupillary sparing in oculomotor palsy from temporal lobe astrocytoma. In one of them it was the first manifestation of recurrence of tumour. Tumour infiltration with resultant nerve ischemia is suggested to be the responsible pathological process.", "contents": "Pupillary sparing in oculomotor palsy from temporal lobe astrocytoma. Report of two cases. Two cases are reported of pupillary sparing in oculomotor palsy from temporal lobe astrocytoma. In one of them it was the first manifestation of recurrence of tumour. Tumour infiltration with resultant nerve ischemia is suggested to be the responsible pathological process.", "PMID": 1053307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_855", "title": "[Epidemiology of 500 adult epileptics from a hospital population].", "content": "On the basis of 500 epileptic patients treated in the Out-Patient Department of the \"Instituto de Neurolog\u00eda\", Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas, Montevideo, Uruguay, an epidemiological study is undertaken. Data obtained correspond to the period extending between 1965 and 1975. A precodified data registering system was used and the analysis was done by mechanical processes. It is mainly a descriptive analysis of the group of patients and their seizures, including 20 items. As far as social aspects are concerned, education levels and occupation are analyzed, encountering similar levels as those of the general population in this country. As to etiological factors, a high incidence of familiar history of epilepsy (17%) and of perinatal pathology (19%) is found. An analytical study of the seizures and their provoking factors is performed. Etiological factors are analyzed dividing the patients in two groups according to the age of beginning of seizures (before or after 25 years) and in the younger groups perinatal factors and epilepsy of unknown origin predominate, while in the older group vascular and tumoral causes are more frequent.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of 500 adult epileptics from a hospital population]. On the basis of 500 epileptic patients treated in the Out-Patient Department of the \"Instituto de Neurolog\u00eda\", Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas, Montevideo, Uruguay, an epidemiological study is undertaken. Data obtained correspond to the period extending between 1965 and 1975. A precodified data registering system was used and the analysis was done by mechanical processes. It is mainly a descriptive analysis of the group of patients and their seizures, including 20 items. As far as social aspects are concerned, education levels and occupation are analyzed, encountering similar levels as those of the general population in this country. As to etiological factors, a high incidence of familiar history of epilepsy (17%) and of perinatal pathology (19%) is found. An analytical study of the seizures and their provoking factors is performed. Etiological factors are analyzed dividing the patients in two groups according to the age of beginning of seizures (before or after 25 years) and in the younger groups perinatal factors and epilepsy of unknown origin predominate, while in the older group vascular and tumoral causes are more frequent.", "PMID": 1053309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_856", "title": "Specific hydrolysis of methionyl-tRNA Met f catalyzed by a purified peptide.", "content": "A peptide initiation factor purified from rat liver and promoting the binding of initiator tRNA and model initiators to 40S and 80S ribosome at an acid pH liberates methionine and N-acetylmethionine from Trna Met f at neutral reaction. Phenylalanyl-tRNA, N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA and methionyl-tRNA Met m are not hydrolyzed under the same conditions. Hydrolysis of methionyl-tRNA Met f is stimulated by the presence of the 40S ribosomal subunit and preceeds at 37 degrees C until all the substrate has been split. No hydrolysis of initiator tRNA or N-acetylmethionyl-tRNA Met f occurs at 0 degrees C. Hydrolysis is slightly stimulated by GTP and MG2+ but not by KCl. The binding and hydrolyzing activity associated with a single protein factor may have an important function in regulating the rate of peptide initiation.", "contents": "Specific hydrolysis of methionyl-tRNA Met f catalyzed by a purified peptide. A peptide initiation factor purified from rat liver and promoting the binding of initiator tRNA and model initiators to 40S and 80S ribosome at an acid pH liberates methionine and N-acetylmethionine from Trna Met f at neutral reaction. Phenylalanyl-tRNA, N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA and methionyl-tRNA Met m are not hydrolyzed under the same conditions. Hydrolysis of methionyl-tRNA Met f is stimulated by the presence of the 40S ribosomal subunit and preceeds at 37 degrees C until all the substrate has been split. No hydrolysis of initiator tRNA or N-acetylmethionyl-tRNA Met f occurs at 0 degrees C. Hydrolysis is slightly stimulated by GTP and MG2+ but not by KCl. The binding and hydrolyzing activity associated with a single protein factor may have an important function in regulating the rate of peptide initiation.", "PMID": 1053320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_857", "title": "Renal cortical outline evaluation in excretory urography.", "content": "Capillary phase nephrogram films and tomography were used to evaluate renal cortical outlines and renal parenchymal masses. The method of examination and the results are presented, showing the capillary phase film to be beneficial and to play a significant role in excretory urography. No increase in the incidence of side effects was noted with the rapid injection technique.", "contents": "Renal cortical outline evaluation in excretory urography. Capillary phase nephrogram films and tomography were used to evaluate renal cortical outlines and renal parenchymal masses. The method of examination and the results are presented, showing the capillary phase film to be beneficial and to play a significant role in excretory urography. No increase in the incidence of side effects was noted with the rapid injection technique.", "PMID": 1053322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_858", "title": "Detection of renovascular hypertension: saralasin test versus renin determinations.", "content": "Angiotensin blockade was established in hypertensive patients with the competitive inhibitor saralasin and the blood pressure response was compared to prior renin determinations. Two patients with subsequently confirmed renovascular hypertension had normal peripheral renin and non-lateralizing renal vein renin ratios, yet both showed a clear-cut lowering of blood pressure after administration of the blocking agent, indicating the presence of renin-mediated hypertension. Thus, direct in vivo testing with saralasin appears to offer certain advantages over renin determinations.", "contents": "Detection of renovascular hypertension: saralasin test versus renin determinations. Angiotensin blockade was established in hypertensive patients with the competitive inhibitor saralasin and the blood pressure response was compared to prior renin determinations. Two patients with subsequently confirmed renovascular hypertension had normal peripheral renin and non-lateralizing renal vein renin ratios, yet both showed a clear-cut lowering of blood pressure after administration of the blocking agent, indicating the presence of renin-mediated hypertension. Thus, direct in vivo testing with saralasin appears to offer certain advantages over renin determinations.", "PMID": 1053323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_859", "title": "Renal vein thrombosis.", "content": "The manifestations, clinical course and treatment of 14 patients with non-malignant renal vein thrombosis are described. Most patients (10 of 14) had generalized vague illness and nephrotic syndrome but 4 were initially seen with acute symptoms of flank pain, hematuria or hypertension. Renal vein thrombosis affected young men 2.5 times more often than women and occurred on the left side 2.6 times more commonly than on the right or both sides. Red blood cell casts in the urinary sediment, heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia were useful indicators of the disease. Excretory urographic signs were suggestive of renal vein thrombosis in all patients and these were corroborated by angiographic studies. Systemic anticoagulation with or without a renal failure program and diuretics, or simply a combination of the last 2 modalities, was used in 9 patients. In 2 of the 9 patients who were unresponsive the adjuvant use of cyclophosphamide and steroids effected a cure. The remaining 5 patients underwent nephrectomy or thrombectomy. All 14 patients were followed for 1 to 7 years (mean 1.6 years). Ten patients were cured or improved, 1 patient was unchanged, and in the remaining 3 patients the condition deteriorated and they subsequently required a renal allograft. The rationale for various forms of treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Renal vein thrombosis. The manifestations, clinical course and treatment of 14 patients with non-malignant renal vein thrombosis are described. Most patients (10 of 14) had generalized vague illness and nephrotic syndrome but 4 were initially seen with acute symptoms of flank pain, hematuria or hypertension. Renal vein thrombosis affected young men 2.5 times more often than women and occurred on the left side 2.6 times more commonly than on the right or both sides. Red blood cell casts in the urinary sediment, heavy proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia were useful indicators of the disease. Excretory urographic signs were suggestive of renal vein thrombosis in all patients and these were corroborated by angiographic studies. Systemic anticoagulation with or without a renal failure program and diuretics, or simply a combination of the last 2 modalities, was used in 9 patients. In 2 of the 9 patients who were unresponsive the adjuvant use of cyclophosphamide and steroids effected a cure. The remaining 5 patients underwent nephrectomy or thrombectomy. All 14 patients were followed for 1 to 7 years (mean 1.6 years). Ten patients were cured or improved, 1 patient was unchanged, and in the remaining 3 patients the condition deteriorated and they subsequently required a renal allograft. The rationale for various forms of treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 1053324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_860", "title": "Selective transcatheter arterial embolization of renal carcinoma: an original technique.", "content": "The association of pharmaco-angiography with norepinephrine and transcatheter arterial embolization is a technique used to obstruct arteries invaded by renal carcinoma. We treated 4 patients with this method before nephrectomy and recommend its use as a complement to an operation for renal carcinoma or as definitive treatment in poor surgical candidates.", "contents": "Selective transcatheter arterial embolization of renal carcinoma: an original technique. The association of pharmaco-angiography with norepinephrine and transcatheter arterial embolization is a technique used to obstruct arteries invaded by renal carcinoma. We treated 4 patients with this method before nephrectomy and recommend its use as a complement to an operation for renal carcinoma or as definitive treatment in poor surgical candidates.", "PMID": 1053325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_861", "title": "Management of the ureterotomy incision in 100 consecutive ureterolithotomies.", "content": "We reviewed retrospectively 100 consecutive ureterolithotomies in an attempt to determine if the choice of the ureterotomy closure significantly altered the postoperative course and morbidity rate. No dramatic difference was found when comparing ureterotomies left open, those closed loosely with interrupted sutures and those closed with continuous sutures. Parameters studied were the duration of postoperative urinary drainage, hospital stay and fever. Postoperative radiographic findings among the 3 groups are discussed.", "contents": "Management of the ureterotomy incision in 100 consecutive ureterolithotomies. We reviewed retrospectively 100 consecutive ureterolithotomies in an attempt to determine if the choice of the ureterotomy closure significantly altered the postoperative course and morbidity rate. No dramatic difference was found when comparing ureterotomies left open, those closed loosely with interrupted sutures and those closed with continuous sutures. Parameters studied were the duration of postoperative urinary drainage, hospital stay and fever. Postoperative radiographic findings among the 3 groups are discussed.", "PMID": 1053326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_862", "title": "The flush versus the protruding urinary stoma.", "content": "All too often arbitrary or theoretical considerations are the determinants of the external stomal dimensions at the time of ureterointestinal diversion. To the patient this facet of the operation becomes one of immediate, lasting and paramount importance. A comparative analysis of the experiences of 125 stoma patients suggests that there are distinct advantages to the protruding nipple insofar as the patient is concerned. Management and clinical problems of the flush and the protruding urinary stoma are discussed.", "contents": "The flush versus the protruding urinary stoma. All too often arbitrary or theoretical considerations are the determinants of the external stomal dimensions at the time of ureterointestinal diversion. To the patient this facet of the operation becomes one of immediate, lasting and paramount importance. A comparative analysis of the experiences of 125 stoma patients suggests that there are distinct advantages to the protruding nipple insofar as the patient is concerned. Management and clinical problems of the flush and the protruding urinary stoma are discussed.", "PMID": 1053327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_863", "title": "Pelvic exenteration: complications of urinary diversion.", "content": "We report complications directly related to urinary diversion among 32 patients who underwent pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancy. Eight patients (25 per cent) sustained 10 major complications, including 8 urinary fistulas and 2 fistulas from the entero-enterostomy sites. The frequency of these complications was greater among patients who had had total exenteration than among those who had had anterior exenteration. We attempt to identify factors responsible for these complications and discuss methods for reducing the morbidity related to urinary diversion in these patients.", "contents": "Pelvic exenteration: complications of urinary diversion. We report complications directly related to urinary diversion among 32 patients who underwent pelvic exenteration for gynecologic malignancy. Eight patients (25 per cent) sustained 10 major complications, including 8 urinary fistulas and 2 fistulas from the entero-enterostomy sites. The frequency of these complications was greater among patients who had had total exenteration than among those who had had anterior exenteration. We attempt to identify factors responsible for these complications and discuss methods for reducing the morbidity related to urinary diversion in these patients.", "PMID": 1053328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_864", "title": "Retroperitoneal iliac fossa abscess presenting as primary disease of the genitourinary tract.", "content": "An iliac fossa abscess is a clinical entity that has not been described in the urologic literature. Three patients presenting with urologic symptoms were evaluated and found to have iliac fossa abscesses. It is important for the urologist to be aware of the existence, diagnosis and treatment of this entity.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal iliac fossa abscess presenting as primary disease of the genitourinary tract. An iliac fossa abscess is a clinical entity that has not been described in the urologic literature. Three patients presenting with urologic symptoms were evaluated and found to have iliac fossa abscesses. It is important for the urologist to be aware of the existence, diagnosis and treatment of this entity.", "PMID": 1053329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_865", "title": "Urethral calculi.", "content": "The diagnosis and management of 34 men and 13 women with urethral calculi are reviewed. A majority of patients presented with dysuria, weak stream and perineal pain. Diagnosis was made radiographically in only 42 per cent but was confirmed in all patients who underwent cystourethroscopy. All patients had lower urinary tract lesions or previous prostatic operations and 47 per cent were infected. Migrant urethral calculi were encountered 10 times more often than were native stones and a metabolic cause was found in 10 of 18 patients studied. In men penile urethral calculi were removed transurethrally and all bulbous and most posterior urethral stones were guided endoscopically into the bladder. Most of these stones were irrigated out or removed by transurethral litholapaxy; the remaining few, together with vesical calculi, required cystolithotomy. In all 13 women calculi were removed at the time of urethral diverticulectomy. A majority of 17 men (76.5 per cent) and the 4 women who were followed for an average of 5.3 years have remained free of trouble.", "contents": "Urethral calculi. The diagnosis and management of 34 men and 13 women with urethral calculi are reviewed. A majority of patients presented with dysuria, weak stream and perineal pain. Diagnosis was made radiographically in only 42 per cent but was confirmed in all patients who underwent cystourethroscopy. All patients had lower urinary tract lesions or previous prostatic operations and 47 per cent were infected. Migrant urethral calculi were encountered 10 times more often than were native stones and a metabolic cause was found in 10 of 18 patients studied. In men penile urethral calculi were removed transurethrally and all bulbous and most posterior urethral stones were guided endoscopically into the bladder. Most of these stones were irrigated out or removed by transurethral litholapaxy; the remaining few, together with vesical calculi, required cystolithotomy. In all 13 women calculi were removed at the time of urethral diverticulectomy. A majority of 17 men (76.5 per cent) and the 4 women who were followed for an average of 5.3 years have remained free of trouble.", "PMID": 1053331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_866", "title": "Urethral strictures: treatment with intralesional steroids.", "content": "A review of steroid management of urethral strictures is presented. The 96 patients were followed for a year or more after urethral injection with triamcinolone. Intralesional steroid may be used in many types of strictures but it is especially useful in those cases with strictures in the distal urethra or the meatus, those occurring after radical prostatectomy and in some cases when 1 or more urethroplasties have been done. Every practicing urologist can benefit from using stricture injection in selected cases.", "contents": "Urethral strictures: treatment with intralesional steroids. A review of steroid management of urethral strictures is presented. The 96 patients were followed for a year or more after urethral injection with triamcinolone. Intralesional steroid may be used in many types of strictures but it is especially useful in those cases with strictures in the distal urethra or the meatus, those occurring after radical prostatectomy and in some cases when 1 or more urethroplasties have been done. Every practicing urologist can benefit from using stricture injection in selected cases.", "PMID": 1053332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_867", "title": "Benign periurethral masses in women.", "content": "Benign periurethral masses were encountered in 4 women. The masses included 2 vaginal leiomyomas, 1 of which was found simultaneously with a urethral diverticulum, a fibrocystic urethral mass and hyperplastic glandular tissue obstructing the bladder outlet and resembling male prostate. The physical and endoscopic features were helpful in establishing the benign nature and extent of the lesions. Although the bladder base was deformed on an excretory urographic cystogram in each case the radiographic features were non-specific except as they applied to a urethral diverticulum. Transvaginal needle biopsy is recommended in contemplation of open surgical excision. Leiomyomas are best approached transvaginally and anterior urethral masses can be reached suprapubically.", "contents": "Benign periurethral masses in women. Benign periurethral masses were encountered in 4 women. The masses included 2 vaginal leiomyomas, 1 of which was found simultaneously with a urethral diverticulum, a fibrocystic urethral mass and hyperplastic glandular tissue obstructing the bladder outlet and resembling male prostate. The physical and endoscopic features were helpful in establishing the benign nature and extent of the lesions. Although the bladder base was deformed on an excretory urographic cystogram in each case the radiographic features were non-specific except as they applied to a urethral diverticulum. Transvaginal needle biopsy is recommended in contemplation of open surgical excision. Leiomyomas are best approached transvaginally and anterior urethral masses can be reached suprapubically.", "PMID": 1053333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_868", "title": "Carcinoma of the penis.", "content": "This study updates the experience at our hospital with cancer of the penis, which now includes 122 consecutive cases seen between 1940 and 1974 with 100 per cent followup. Historical, clinical, pathological, therapeutic and followup data were extracted for all cases in a digital code for transfer to computer storage. Life tables giving cumulative survival rates through 10 years with standard deviations and age corrections were calculated for each variable. The data were tabulated for publication to emphasize the prognostic significance of individual variables for the purpose of prospective research planning. The data were then evaluated regarding indications for prophylactic inguinal lymph node dissections, if any.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the penis. This study updates the experience at our hospital with cancer of the penis, which now includes 122 consecutive cases seen between 1940 and 1974 with 100 per cent followup. Historical, clinical, pathological, therapeutic and followup data were extracted for all cases in a digital code for transfer to computer storage. Life tables giving cumulative survival rates through 10 years with standard deviations and age corrections were calculated for each variable. The data were tabulated for publication to emphasize the prognostic significance of individual variables for the purpose of prospective research planning. The data were then evaluated regarding indications for prophylactic inguinal lymph node dissections, if any.", "PMID": 1053334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_869", "title": "Separation of X and Y spermatozoa.", "content": "Results with different methods to separate X and Y spermatozoa and a diversity of findings are described. Results with the filtration of spermatozoa have been reported, possibly leading the way to enhance pre-conceptional selection of male offspring aided by artificial insemination.", "contents": "Separation of X and Y spermatozoa. Results with different methods to separate X and Y spermatozoa and a diversity of findings are described. Results with the filtration of spermatozoa have been reported, possibly leading the way to enhance pre-conceptional selection of male offspring aided by artificial insemination.", "PMID": 1053335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_870", "title": "The seminoma decoy: measurement of serum human chorionic gonadotropin in patients with seminoma.", "content": "Serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels were determined in 20 patients with histologically proved seminoma. The test was positive in 2 of the 20 patients and was predictive of non-seminomatous metastasis in each case. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin is a useful tumor marker in detecting and following non-seminomatous metastases in men with pure seminoma of the testis.", "contents": "The seminoma decoy: measurement of serum human chorionic gonadotropin in patients with seminoma. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels were determined in 20 patients with histologically proved seminoma. The test was positive in 2 of the 20 patients and was predictive of non-seminomatous metastasis in each case. Serum human chorionic gonadotropin is a useful tumor marker in detecting and following non-seminomatous metastases in men with pure seminoma of the testis.", "PMID": 1053336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_871", "title": "More than 10 years of experience with reconstructed scrotums.", "content": "Relatively few cases of genital injuries are reported in Japan except during times of war. One of the problems in severe genital avulsion may be the plastic surgical repair of the injured structures. In Western countries the Howard technique is considered the most practical method of scrotoplasty. Two patients with extensive scrotal avulsions were treated, one in 1959 and the other in 1960, by a method of plastic repair that retained the intact testes hanging between the thighs. By coincidence, both injuries were caused when the patients' clothing was caught in the revolving cylinder of a windlass on a ship. Both patients have been followed for more than 10 years after scrotal reconstruction. The method used for scrotal reconstruction and the long-term results are discussed.", "contents": "More than 10 years of experience with reconstructed scrotums. Relatively few cases of genital injuries are reported in Japan except during times of war. One of the problems in severe genital avulsion may be the plastic surgical repair of the injured structures. In Western countries the Howard technique is considered the most practical method of scrotoplasty. Two patients with extensive scrotal avulsions were treated, one in 1959 and the other in 1960, by a method of plastic repair that retained the intact testes hanging between the thighs. By coincidence, both injuries were caused when the patients' clothing was caught in the revolving cylinder of a windlass on a ship. Both patients have been followed for more than 10 years after scrotal reconstruction. The method used for scrotal reconstruction and the long-term results are discussed.", "PMID": 1053337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_872", "title": "Use of radioisotope scan in evaluation of intrascrotal lesions.", "content": "There were 98 patients with a variety of intrascrotal lesions studied with a radioisotope 99mtechnetium-pertechnetate scanning technique. Retrospective analysis in 50 patients subjected to an operation revealed a 94 per cent accuracy of the scan in the differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and epididymitis as compared to a clinical accuracy of 48 per cent. In 7 patients with a scan diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis with abscess the diagnosis was confirmed during the operation or by followup examination. While the scan has been a simple, safe, rapid and reliable technique to differentiate acute and subacute lesions, it has proved to be of limited diagnostic significance in cases of chronic intrascrotal lesions and carcinoma.", "contents": "Use of radioisotope scan in evaluation of intrascrotal lesions. There were 98 patients with a variety of intrascrotal lesions studied with a radioisotope 99mtechnetium-pertechnetate scanning technique. Retrospective analysis in 50 patients subjected to an operation revealed a 94 per cent accuracy of the scan in the differential diagnosis of testicular torsion and epididymitis as compared to a clinical accuracy of 48 per cent. In 7 patients with a scan diagnosis of epididymo-orchitis with abscess the diagnosis was confirmed during the operation or by followup examination. While the scan has been a simple, safe, rapid and reliable technique to differentiate acute and subacute lesions, it has proved to be of limited diagnostic significance in cases of chronic intrascrotal lesions and carcinoma.", "PMID": 1053338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_873", "title": "The management of post-prostatectomy vesical neck contracture.", "content": "Current evidence suggests that the small fibrous hyperplastic intraurethral prostate traumatized by wide extensive electroresection is the most important etiologic factor in post-prostatectomy vesical neck contracture. The preferred mode of management has not been well defined. Although transurethral resection is most often used recurrent contractures occur frequently. We report the complete objective and symptomatic relief of obstruction in 8 patients with post-prostatectomy bladder neck contracture treated with cold knife incision. This simple technique appears to obviate recurrent contracture and may well be the treatment of choice for this condition.", "contents": "The management of post-prostatectomy vesical neck contracture. Current evidence suggests that the small fibrous hyperplastic intraurethral prostate traumatized by wide extensive electroresection is the most important etiologic factor in post-prostatectomy vesical neck contracture. The preferred mode of management has not been well defined. Although transurethral resection is most often used recurrent contractures occur frequently. We report the complete objective and symptomatic relief of obstruction in 8 patients with post-prostatectomy bladder neck contracture treated with cold knife incision. This simple technique appears to obviate recurrent contracture and may well be the treatment of choice for this condition.", "PMID": 1053339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_874", "title": "Modification of lymphocyte responsiveness by hormone used in the treatment of urologic malignancies.", "content": "Recognition that the immune system may be important in regulating the clinical evolution of tumors and that corticosteroids suppress immune responses lends relevance to determining the concentrations in which sex hormones, currently used in the treatment of urologic malignancies exert immunosuppressive effects. We have investigated the effects of the sex hormones, diethylstilbestrol, diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, testosterone and progesterone, on in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis as determined by 3H thymidine incorporation after stimulation with phytomitogens and alloantigens, and compared their effects to the effects of cortisol. Compared to cortisol these sex hormones are relatively weak suppressors of lymphocyte blastogenesis (cortisol 10(-7) M, progesterone 5 times 10(-6) M, testosterone 5 times 10(-5) M, diethylstilbestrol 5 times 10(-5) M and diethylstilbestrol diphosphate 10(-3) M) and probably are not significantly immunosuppressive in commonly used pharmacologic dosages. Similar results were observed with the T lymphocyte mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and in the combined T and B cell mitogen pokeweed. The fact that alloantigen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis also was suppressed by diethylstilbestrol indicates that sex hormones exert their effects on the lymphocytes and not on the mitogens. Furthermore, sex hormones were not found to be cytotoxic to lymphocytes. It is postulated that the sex hormones tested act by suboptimal binding to glucocorticoid receptors in the lymphocytes and that the relative immunosuppressive potency of a given hormone is related to its affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor.", "contents": "Modification of lymphocyte responsiveness by hormone used in the treatment of urologic malignancies. Recognition that the immune system may be important in regulating the clinical evolution of tumors and that corticosteroids suppress immune responses lends relevance to determining the concentrations in which sex hormones, currently used in the treatment of urologic malignancies exert immunosuppressive effects. We have investigated the effects of the sex hormones, diethylstilbestrol, diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, testosterone and progesterone, on in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis as determined by 3H thymidine incorporation after stimulation with phytomitogens and alloantigens, and compared their effects to the effects of cortisol. Compared to cortisol these sex hormones are relatively weak suppressors of lymphocyte blastogenesis (cortisol 10(-7) M, progesterone 5 times 10(-6) M, testosterone 5 times 10(-5) M, diethylstilbestrol 5 times 10(-5) M and diethylstilbestrol diphosphate 10(-3) M) and probably are not significantly immunosuppressive in commonly used pharmacologic dosages. Similar results were observed with the T lymphocyte mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A, and in the combined T and B cell mitogen pokeweed. The fact that alloantigen-stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis also was suppressed by diethylstilbestrol indicates that sex hormones exert their effects on the lymphocytes and not on the mitogens. Furthermore, sex hormones were not found to be cytotoxic to lymphocytes. It is postulated that the sex hormones tested act by suboptimal binding to glucocorticoid receptors in the lymphocytes and that the relative immunosuppressive potency of a given hormone is related to its affinity for the glucocorticoid receptor.", "PMID": 1053340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_875", "title": "Sphincterometry in the diagnosis of male bladder outflow obstruction.", "content": "Pressure patterns recorded during urethral sphincterometry in 281 male patients have been analyzed and measurements of prostatic length, peak, plateau height and pressure area have been made. These parameters show significant correlations with the established pressure-flow index of urethral resistance. Sphincterometry is a useful adjunct to the established urodynamic techniques for the diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction in the male patient.", "contents": "Sphincterometry in the diagnosis of male bladder outflow obstruction. Pressure patterns recorded during urethral sphincterometry in 281 male patients have been analyzed and measurements of prostatic length, peak, plateau height and pressure area have been made. These parameters show significant correlations with the established pressure-flow index of urethral resistance. Sphincterometry is a useful adjunct to the established urodynamic techniques for the diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction in the male patient.", "PMID": 1053341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_876", "title": "The syndrome of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.", "content": "The syndrome of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia is described in a series of patients with a variety of neurological diseases. Bladder function studies using cystometry, sphincter electromyography and electromyelography revealed that sphincter dyssynergia may be associated with detrusor hyperreflexia as well as detrusor areflexia. Impaired function of the pyramidal tracts was documented in all patients and the majority showed impaired segmental innervation of the bladder and urethra.", "contents": "The syndrome of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia. The syndrome of detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia is described in a series of patients with a variety of neurological diseases. Bladder function studies using cystometry, sphincter electromyography and electromyelography revealed that sphincter dyssynergia may be associated with detrusor hyperreflexia as well as detrusor areflexia. Impaired function of the pyramidal tracts was documented in all patients and the majority showed impaired segmental innervation of the bladder and urethra.", "PMID": 1053342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_877", "title": "Experience with the artificial urinary sphincter at Michigan.", "content": "Between August 1973 and May 1975, 9 patients with various causes of urinary incontinence were treated with the implantable artificial sphincter. Of these 9 patients 6 remained continent on long-term followup. Complications, observed in 5 patients, were corrected successfully in 2 but were treated unsuccessfully in 3 and resulted in partial or complete removal of the prosthesis. The need for screening the patient preoperatively, meticulous operative techniques and continuous postoperative surveillance is emphasized. An orderly method of evaluating the problem is presented.", "contents": "Experience with the artificial urinary sphincter at Michigan. Between August 1973 and May 1975, 9 patients with various causes of urinary incontinence were treated with the implantable artificial sphincter. Of these 9 patients 6 remained continent on long-term followup. Complications, observed in 5 patients, were corrected successfully in 2 but were treated unsuccessfully in 3 and resulted in partial or complete removal of the prosthesis. The need for screening the patient preoperatively, meticulous operative techniques and continuous postoperative surveillance is emphasized. An orderly method of evaluating the problem is presented.", "PMID": 1053343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_878", "title": "The demonstration of vesicoureteral reflux under general anesthesia.", "content": "With the improved quality and increased availability of voiding cystourethrography in children while they are awake many have considered obsolete the static cystogram done with the child asleep in conjunction with cystoscopy. Our review of 100 girls undergoing both studies as part of the same urological evaluation for urinary tract infection reveals that they are useful and complementary at times.", "contents": "The demonstration of vesicoureteral reflux under general anesthesia. With the improved quality and increased availability of voiding cystourethrography in children while they are awake many have considered obsolete the static cystogram done with the child asleep in conjunction with cystoscopy. Our review of 100 girls undergoing both studies as part of the same urological evaluation for urinary tract infection reveals that they are useful and complementary at times.", "PMID": 1053344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_879", "title": "Comparative results of urological evaluation of children with initial and recurrent urinary tract infection.", "content": "Complete urologic evaluation was done on male and female children having initial or recurrent urinary tract infection. Of 200 girls having recurrent urinary tract infection 43 per cent showed ureterovesical reflux on the cystogram. Of 39 boys with recurrent urinary tract infection 41 per cent had reflux. Thus, the incidence of reflux is comparable in male versus female patients. Of 47 girls studied after only 1 episode of urinary tract infection 36 per cent had reflux and of 20 boys studied after initial infection 45 per cent had reflux. The data indicate that initial or recurrent urinary tract infection in boys or girls is of equal significance. All other factors being equal, failure to evaluate a patient urologically after 1 or more episodes of urinary tract infection solely because of the sex of the child could mean that a potentially severe urinary tract abnormality can be undetected and untreated.", "contents": "Comparative results of urological evaluation of children with initial and recurrent urinary tract infection. Complete urologic evaluation was done on male and female children having initial or recurrent urinary tract infection. Of 200 girls having recurrent urinary tract infection 43 per cent showed ureterovesical reflux on the cystogram. Of 39 boys with recurrent urinary tract infection 41 per cent had reflux. Thus, the incidence of reflux is comparable in male versus female patients. Of 47 girls studied after only 1 episode of urinary tract infection 36 per cent had reflux and of 20 boys studied after initial infection 45 per cent had reflux. The data indicate that initial or recurrent urinary tract infection in boys or girls is of equal significance. All other factors being equal, failure to evaluate a patient urologically after 1 or more episodes of urinary tract infection solely because of the sex of the child could mean that a potentially severe urinary tract abnormality can be undetected and untreated.", "PMID": 1053345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_880", "title": "Obstructive uropathy in the neonate: the case for early definitive correction.", "content": "Recently, early temporary supravesical urinary diversions undoubtedly have saved the lives of many neonates with severe obstructive uropathy. These procedures will continue to have an important role in the management of such patients. However, the initial success of these procedures should not obscure the difficulties that they might initiate in the ultimate rehabilitation of the urinary tract. In many instances it may be safer and more reliable to carry out a primary, definitive, corrective procedure initially.", "contents": "Obstructive uropathy in the neonate: the case for early definitive correction. Recently, early temporary supravesical urinary diversions undoubtedly have saved the lives of many neonates with severe obstructive uropathy. These procedures will continue to have an important role in the management of such patients. However, the initial success of these procedures should not obscure the difficulties that they might initiate in the ultimate rehabilitation of the urinary tract. In many instances it may be safer and more reliable to carry out a primary, definitive, corrective procedure initially.", "PMID": 1053346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_881", "title": "Bilateral renal vein and inferior vena cava thrombosis with nephrotic syndrome treated by thrombectomy: case report with 3-year followup.", "content": "A previously healthy 19-year-old woman taking anovulatory medication presented with symptoms of the nephrotic syndrome and lupus erythematosus. Diagnosis of inferior vena cava and bilateral renal vein thrombosis was made angiographically. The patient was treated successfully by thrombectomy and anticoagulation, and remains well 3 years later. Laboratory data indicate normal renal function and only mild proteinuria. This is the longest followup of a patient with this entity reported in the literature.", "contents": "Bilateral renal vein and inferior vena cava thrombosis with nephrotic syndrome treated by thrombectomy: case report with 3-year followup. A previously healthy 19-year-old woman taking anovulatory medication presented with symptoms of the nephrotic syndrome and lupus erythematosus. Diagnosis of inferior vena cava and bilateral renal vein thrombosis was made angiographically. The patient was treated successfully by thrombectomy and anticoagulation, and remains well 3 years later. Laboratory data indicate normal renal function and only mild proteinuria. This is the longest followup of a patient with this entity reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1053347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_882", "title": "Late complications of abdominal aortic grafting: urologic aspects.", "content": "After an abdominal aortic operation late suture line failure with hemorrhage and false aneurysm formation can produce symptoms and/or findings of urologic disease. The urologist should be aware of the non-urologic implications in such instances.", "contents": "Late complications of abdominal aortic grafting: urologic aspects. After an abdominal aortic operation late suture line failure with hemorrhage and false aneurysm formation can produce symptoms and/or findings of urologic disease. The urologist should be aware of the non-urologic implications in such instances.", "PMID": 1053349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_883", "title": "Prostatectomy in hemophilia.", "content": "The advent of factor VIII concentrates has made it possible for true hemophiliac patients to survive to an age when prostatic obstruction is common. Formerly, operative procedures in these patients were limited to life-threatening situations but now prostatic operations should not be feared as long as adequate serum levels of factor VIII can be achieved and maintained throughout the wound healing period. Allergic reactions, hepatitis and cost are significant factors to consider when the concentrates are administered but hemophiliac patients are able to undergo treatment without a significantly increased risk to their lives.", "contents": "Prostatectomy in hemophilia. The advent of factor VIII concentrates has made it possible for true hemophiliac patients to survive to an age when prostatic obstruction is common. Formerly, operative procedures in these patients were limited to life-threatening situations but now prostatic operations should not be feared as long as adequate serum levels of factor VIII can be achieved and maintained throughout the wound healing period. Allergic reactions, hepatitis and cost are significant factors to consider when the concentrates are administered but hemophiliac patients are able to undergo treatment without a significantly increased risk to their lives.", "PMID": 1053351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_884", "title": "Symposium: Methods of reconstruction in tympanoplasty. I. Management of fixation of malleolus head and incudal body in tympanoplasty.", "content": "Depending upon the presence or absence of stapedial mobility, treatment of ossicular fixation will vary. Methods and indication to preserve the fixed malleolar head and neck are discussed and positive indications for removal of the incus are enumerated. A description of various surgical techniques of interposition of the incus between the mobile malleus and stapes to relieve stapes fixation and restore continuity are described in detail.", "contents": "Symposium: Methods of reconstruction in tympanoplasty. I. Management of fixation of malleolus head and incudal body in tympanoplasty. Depending upon the presence or absence of stapedial mobility, treatment of ossicular fixation will vary. Methods and indication to preserve the fixed malleolar head and neck are discussed and positive indications for removal of the incus are enumerated. A description of various surgical techniques of interposition of the incus between the mobile malleus and stapes to relieve stapes fixation and restore continuity are described in detail.", "PMID": 1053354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_885", "title": "Symposium: Methods of reconstruction in tympanoplasty. III. The anterior canal wall bulge: indications and techniques for removal.", "content": "The bulge of the osseous anterior canal wall frequently prevents visualization not only of the margins of the perforation but also of the pathologic changes in the middle ear. In such instances, removal of this bone is absolutely necessary. In other instances, removal of the bulge facilitates both the surgical procedure and postoperative care. While the skin over the bulge may be sacrificed, it is preferable to preserve the skin by creating either a laterally or medially based flap. This provides access to the bone which is removed with motor driven burrs. The techniques are essentially the same whether the approach is through the canal or from behind the ear.", "contents": "Symposium: Methods of reconstruction in tympanoplasty. III. The anterior canal wall bulge: indications and techniques for removal. The bulge of the osseous anterior canal wall frequently prevents visualization not only of the margins of the perforation but also of the pathologic changes in the middle ear. In such instances, removal of this bone is absolutely necessary. In other instances, removal of the bulge facilitates both the surgical procedure and postoperative care. While the skin over the bulge may be sacrificed, it is preferable to preserve the skin by creating either a laterally or medially based flap. This provides access to the bone which is removed with motor driven burrs. The techniques are essentially the same whether the approach is through the canal or from behind the ear.", "PMID": 1053355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_886", "title": "Symposium: Methods of reconstruction in tympanoplasty. IV. Conchal perichondrium as a tympanic graft with maintenance of drum conization.", "content": "Tympanoplasty reconstruction of the eardrum approached normal anatomy and function with the use of connective tissue to replace the substantia media. Perichondrium taken from the concha is preferred because it lies flat and is easy to manipulate. Grafts placed on the outer surface of the remnant tend to lateralize with loss of drum conization. Grafts placed on the undersurface of the remnant do not have this disadvantage.", "contents": "Symposium: Methods of reconstruction in tympanoplasty. IV. Conchal perichondrium as a tympanic graft with maintenance of drum conization. Tympanoplasty reconstruction of the eardrum approached normal anatomy and function with the use of connective tissue to replace the substantia media. Perichondrium taken from the concha is preferred because it lies flat and is easy to manipulate. Grafts placed on the outer surface of the remnant tend to lateralize with loss of drum conization. Grafts placed on the undersurface of the remnant do not have this disadvantage.", "PMID": 1053356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_887", "title": "Symposium: Methods of reconstruction in tympanoplasty. V. Prevention of blunting the anterior canal drum head contour--Plester technique.", "content": "A technique of grafting tympanic membrane perforations which incorporates the sandwiching of a temporalis facial graft between the epithelial and connective tissue layers of the remaining drumhead is presented.", "contents": "Symposium: Methods of reconstruction in tympanoplasty. V. Prevention of blunting the anterior canal drum head contour--Plester technique. A technique of grafting tympanic membrane perforations which incorporates the sandwiching of a temporalis facial graft between the epithelial and connective tissue layers of the remaining drumhead is presented.", "PMID": 1053357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_888", "title": "Maintenance of conization of the drumhead in tympanoplasty.", "content": "Temporal fascia placed medially to the tympanic remnants with the malleus handle exteriorized has been used successfully in over 1,200 tympanoplasties with adequate conization of the drumhead produced in most cases.", "contents": "Maintenance of conization of the drumhead in tympanoplasty. Temporal fascia placed medially to the tympanic remnants with the malleus handle exteriorized has been used successfully in over 1,200 tympanoplasties with adequate conization of the drumhead produced in most cases.", "PMID": 1053358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_889", "title": "Homograft replacement of the tympanic membrane.", "content": "This paper presents the authors' experiences with one method of reconstruction of the tympanic membrane when it is totally absent or when there is a fixed, retracted, defective, or absent malleus. Ten patients undergoing surgery for chronic suppurative otitis media between April, 1971, and January, 1973, had homograft tympanic membranes and/or ossicles used to reconstruct the defect in the tympanic membrane or ossicular mechanism. The patients had certain clinical and surgical characteristics in common: 1. all had either an absent tympanic membrane or almost total perforation of it; 2. all were operated upon in the absence of acute infection or active drainage; cholesteatoma, if present, was totally removed; 3. all had patent eustachian tubes; 4. all had intact middle ear mucosa at the time of utilization of the homograft; 5. all patients were operated upon by the same surgeon; 6. all of the homografts were obtained within 24 hours and were used within one month after the death of the donor; 7. all of the homografts used had been preserved in 70 percent ethyl alcohol; 8. all of the homograft materials came from donors who were under 40 years of age at the time of death and who died of accidental causes. (None of the donors was known to have any pre-existing disease); 9. all homografts, after being placed in proper position in the recipient, were covered with ear canal skin; 10. all patients received homografts that were from the corresponding ear of the donor. (In other words, right ear homografts were used in the patient's right ear, etc.); 11. whenever the tympanic ring was greater than the size of the homograft, the patient's temporalis fascia was used in conjunction with the homograft tympanic membrane to bridge the defect; 12. all patients had the middle ear packed with gelfoam prior to inserting the homograft (compressed gelfoam was used also for the outer packing); 13. none of the patients had tissue-typing procedures carried out in an effort to match the donor and the recipient, nor was any attempt made to match the sex of the donor and the recipient; and 14. all patients received antibiotics postoperatively; however, none received immunosuppressive therapy postoperatively. In 3 of 10 patients receiving homografts, the malleus was normal, and only the tympanic membrane was reconstructed. In seven others there was a fixed, retracted, defective or absent malleus in addition to the tympanic membrane defect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "Homograft replacement of the tympanic membrane. This paper presents the authors' experiences with one method of reconstruction of the tympanic membrane when it is totally absent or when there is a fixed, retracted, defective, or absent malleus. Ten patients undergoing surgery for chronic suppurative otitis media between April, 1971, and January, 1973, had homograft tympanic membranes and/or ossicles used to reconstruct the defect in the tympanic membrane or ossicular mechanism. The patients had certain clinical and surgical characteristics in common: 1. all had either an absent tympanic membrane or almost total perforation of it; 2. all were operated upon in the absence of acute infection or active drainage; cholesteatoma, if present, was totally removed; 3. all had patent eustachian tubes; 4. all had intact middle ear mucosa at the time of utilization of the homograft; 5. all patients were operated upon by the same surgeon; 6. all of the homografts were obtained within 24 hours and were used within one month after the death of the donor; 7. all of the homografts used had been preserved in 70 percent ethyl alcohol; 8. all of the homograft materials came from donors who were under 40 years of age at the time of death and who died of accidental causes. (None of the donors was known to have any pre-existing disease); 9. all homografts, after being placed in proper position in the recipient, were covered with ear canal skin; 10. all patients received homografts that were from the corresponding ear of the donor. (In other words, right ear homografts were used in the patient's right ear, etc.); 11. whenever the tympanic ring was greater than the size of the homograft, the patient's temporalis fascia was used in conjunction with the homograft tympanic membrane to bridge the defect; 12. all patients had the middle ear packed with gelfoam prior to inserting the homograft (compressed gelfoam was used also for the outer packing); 13. none of the patients had tissue-typing procedures carried out in an effort to match the donor and the recipient, nor was any attempt made to match the sex of the donor and the recipient; and 14. all patients received antibiotics postoperatively; however, none received immunosuppressive therapy postoperatively. In 3 of 10 patients receiving homografts, the malleus was normal, and only the tympanic membrane was reconstructed. In seven others there was a fixed, retracted, defective or absent malleus in addition to the tympanic membrane defect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "PMID": 1053359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_890", "title": "Ossicular chain reconstruction.", "content": "This study represents a review of 121 patients who underwent ossicular chain reconstruction during a five-year period. They depict a general cross section of the sequelae of chronic otitis media. There was no selection of \"favorable\" cases. Ninety have been followed for one year or more. Hearing results in the most favorable cases (malleus handle and stapes arch present), were improved by the employment of a sculptured, fitted incus prosthesis between the handle and capitulum. Postoperative hearing was improved to within 10 db of the postoperative bone level in about half of the cases. Hearing was 20 db or better in more than 80 percent.", "contents": "Ossicular chain reconstruction. This study represents a review of 121 patients who underwent ossicular chain reconstruction during a five-year period. They depict a general cross section of the sequelae of chronic otitis media. There was no selection of \"favorable\" cases. Ninety have been followed for one year or more. Hearing results in the most favorable cases (malleus handle and stapes arch present), were improved by the employment of a sculptured, fitted incus prosthesis between the handle and capitulum. Postoperative hearing was improved to within 10 db of the postoperative bone level in about half of the cases. Hearing was 20 db or better in more than 80 percent.", "PMID": 1053360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_891", "title": "The use of tragal cartilage in ossicular reconstruction.", "content": "Readily available tragal cartilage has been found to be a very beneficial autogenous graft source for construction of prostheses to correct those defects in the ossicular chain that frequently occur when the incudostapedial joint is destroyed by middle ear pathology, particularly by the retraction of the posterior, superior quadrant of the tympanic membrane against and/or around the incudostapedial connection. This is true whether there be only erosion of the incus just at the joint, or whether there is erosion of the entire long process of the incus together with the superstructure of the stapes. The various types of deformity and the particular tragal cartilage prosthesis tailored for each deformity, and designed for maximum gain in hearing, are presented together with representative pre- and postoperative audiograms for the variety of types.", "contents": "The use of tragal cartilage in ossicular reconstruction. Readily available tragal cartilage has been found to be a very beneficial autogenous graft source for construction of prostheses to correct those defects in the ossicular chain that frequently occur when the incudostapedial joint is destroyed by middle ear pathology, particularly by the retraction of the posterior, superior quadrant of the tympanic membrane against and/or around the incudostapedial connection. This is true whether there be only erosion of the incus just at the joint, or whether there is erosion of the entire long process of the incus together with the superstructure of the stapes. The various types of deformity and the particular tragal cartilage prosthesis tailored for each deformity, and designed for maximum gain in hearing, are presented together with representative pre- and postoperative audiograms for the variety of types.", "PMID": 1053362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_892", "title": "Stapes fixation in chronic middle ear disease.", "content": "Rigid stapes fixation is not uncommonly found in chronic otitis media and can be caused by several conditions. Careful stapedectomy with some form of ossicular chain reconstruction is the treatment of choice, usually as a second stage procedure. Hearing results to date have been gratifying.", "contents": "Stapes fixation in chronic middle ear disease. Rigid stapes fixation is not uncommonly found in chronic otitis media and can be caused by several conditions. Careful stapedectomy with some form of ossicular chain reconstruction is the treatment of choice, usually as a second stage procedure. Hearing results to date have been gratifying.", "PMID": 1053363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_893", "title": "Ossicular reconstruction in tympanoplasty - mobile stapes without crural arches, fixed stapes with and without crural arches.", "content": "A description of ossicular reconstruction in problems with the stapes using autograft and/or homograft ossicles is given. The inverted stapes is employed for otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis. The two ossicle reconstruction is used in cases of a mobile footplate with absent crural arches. The reshaped incus is repositioned between the malleus handle and oval window when the stapes is fixed and there also exists a lateral ossicular chain defect. Loose connective tissue is an effective seal for the oval window and is a means of stabilizing ossicular functions.", "contents": "Ossicular reconstruction in tympanoplasty - mobile stapes without crural arches, fixed stapes with and without crural arches. A description of ossicular reconstruction in problems with the stapes using autograft and/or homograft ossicles is given. The inverted stapes is employed for otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis. The two ossicle reconstruction is used in cases of a mobile footplate with absent crural arches. The reshaped incus is repositioned between the malleus handle and oval window when the stapes is fixed and there also exists a lateral ossicular chain defect. Loose connective tissue is an effective seal for the oval window and is a means of stabilizing ossicular functions.", "PMID": 1053364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_894", "title": "Plastipore total ossicular replacement prosthesis.", "content": "In those ears in which the incus and/or malleus are missing or not suitable, a columella made of high density polyethylene sponge has proven to be very effective. Tissue readily grows into the large pores of this material so that it is well tolerated in the body. During the last six months 54 have been implanted with no rejection so far and a good hearing gain in 43 or 80 percent.", "contents": "Plastipore total ossicular replacement prosthesis. In those ears in which the incus and/or malleus are missing or not suitable, a columella made of high density polyethylene sponge has proven to be very effective. Tissue readily grows into the large pores of this material so that it is well tolerated in the body. During the last six months 54 have been implanted with no rejection so far and a good hearing gain in 43 or 80 percent.", "PMID": 1053366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_895", "title": "Triple ossicular fixation.", "content": "A technique for overcoming conductive deafness secondary to fixation of all three ossicles is described in detail. This procedure is also applicable to previously fenestrated ears.", "contents": "Triple ossicular fixation. A technique for overcoming conductive deafness secondary to fixation of all three ossicles is described in detail. This procedure is also applicable to previously fenestrated ears.", "PMID": 1053367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_896", "title": "Symposium: Congenital anomalies of the middle ear. I. Epitympanic fixation of incus and malleus.", "content": "Epitympanic fixation of the incus and malleus may be surgically corrected by transcanal atticotomy and removal of the fixed incudomalleolar mass. Restoration of serviceable hearing has resulted in five of six cases by repositioning the natural incus or using a homograft incus.", "contents": "Symposium: Congenital anomalies of the middle ear. I. Epitympanic fixation of incus and malleus. Epitympanic fixation of the incus and malleus may be surgically corrected by transcanal atticotomy and removal of the fixed incudomalleolar mass. Restoration of serviceable hearing has resulted in five of six cases by repositioning the natural incus or using a homograft incus.", "PMID": 1053368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_897", "title": "Symposium: Congenital anomalies of the middle ear. II. Vascular anomalies of the middle ear.", "content": "Of all the abnormal situations that one encounters in performing a tympanotomy, probably the last one to be thought of is vascular anomalies, and yet, potentially, this is one of the most hazardous of anomalous problems with which we have to deal. Most of the anomalies which have been reported concern the persistent stapedial artery. This artery arises from the stump of the second aortic arch (stapedio-hyoid artery), it traverses the developing stapes bone, leaving behind a monument to its existence - the obturator foramen of the stapes. The artery exits from the middle ear along the horizontal portion of the facial nerve, traversing this area for a variable distance and then usually divides into an intra-cranial branch and a sphenoidal branch. The stapedial artery in its development before its regression, gives rise to the anlage of many important cranial arteries. These vessels are usually anastomosed with and distributed by the branches of the internal maxillary artery and the ophthalmic artery. The hyoid artery is represented in the adult by the carotico tympanic artery. Anomalies involving the internal carotid artery are much more rare. The anomalies that have thus far been reported are: 1. Absence of the internal carotids. 2. Aneurysms. 3. Unusual courses. Venous anomalies are generally uncommon and are usually represented by an abnormally placed jugular bulb which can simulate a glomus jugulari tumor.", "contents": "Symposium: Congenital anomalies of the middle ear. II. Vascular anomalies of the middle ear. Of all the abnormal situations that one encounters in performing a tympanotomy, probably the last one to be thought of is vascular anomalies, and yet, potentially, this is one of the most hazardous of anomalous problems with which we have to deal. Most of the anomalies which have been reported concern the persistent stapedial artery. This artery arises from the stump of the second aortic arch (stapedio-hyoid artery), it traverses the developing stapes bone, leaving behind a monument to its existence - the obturator foramen of the stapes. The artery exits from the middle ear along the horizontal portion of the facial nerve, traversing this area for a variable distance and then usually divides into an intra-cranial branch and a sphenoidal branch. The stapedial artery in its development before its regression, gives rise to the anlage of many important cranial arteries. These vessels are usually anastomosed with and distributed by the branches of the internal maxillary artery and the ophthalmic artery. The hyoid artery is represented in the adult by the carotico tympanic artery. Anomalies involving the internal carotid artery are much more rare. The anomalies that have thus far been reported are: 1. Absence of the internal carotids. 2. Aneurysms. 3. Unusual courses. Venous anomalies are generally uncommon and are usually represented by an abnormally placed jugular bulb which can simulate a glomus jugulari tumor.", "PMID": 1053369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_898", "title": "Symposium: Congenital anomalies of the middle ear. III. Congenital anomalies of the middle ear.", "content": "Congenital anomalies of the middle ear have been considered rare. The tremendous volume of middle ear surgery performed during the last 15 years has brought attention to numerous anomalies of the facial nerve, ossicles, and middle ear cleft, suggesting that middle ear anomalies are not as rare as once believed. This paper discusses anomalies of the descending and horizontal facial nerve which have been previously reported. The literature of anomalies of the ossicles is reviewed. A very rare anomaly of the carotid artery presenting in the middle ear is described and its surgical treatment outlined. Two anomalies of the middle ear associated with other branchial arch anomalies are reported and their treatment results discussed.", "contents": "Symposium: Congenital anomalies of the middle ear. III. Congenital anomalies of the middle ear. Congenital anomalies of the middle ear have been considered rare. The tremendous volume of middle ear surgery performed during the last 15 years has brought attention to numerous anomalies of the facial nerve, ossicles, and middle ear cleft, suggesting that middle ear anomalies are not as rare as once believed. This paper discusses anomalies of the descending and horizontal facial nerve which have been previously reported. The literature of anomalies of the ossicles is reviewed. A very rare anomaly of the carotid artery presenting in the middle ear is described and its surgical treatment outlined. Two anomalies of the middle ear associated with other branchial arch anomalies are reported and their treatment results discussed.", "PMID": 1053370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_899", "title": "Symposium: Congenital anomalies of the middle ear. IV. Management of profuse perilymph leak.", "content": "Profuse perilymph leak during an otological operation can be controlled by inserting an epidural teflon cannula into the lumbar subarachnoid space and draining away the excess spinal fluid. After about 100 cc is removed the perilymph leak stops, and the oval window can be sealed with a living seal, such as vein, and the operation completed. The catheter is left in the subarachnoid space for about four days, with a bottle on the distal end positioned to remove no more than 150 cc of spinal fluid per day. Results with two patients in which this maneuver was used to control profuse perilymph leak are reported.", "contents": "Symposium: Congenital anomalies of the middle ear. IV. Management of profuse perilymph leak. Profuse perilymph leak during an otological operation can be controlled by inserting an epidural teflon cannula into the lumbar subarachnoid space and draining away the excess spinal fluid. After about 100 cc is removed the perilymph leak stops, and the oval window can be sealed with a living seal, such as vein, and the operation completed. The catheter is left in the subarachnoid space for about four days, with a bottle on the distal end positioned to remove no more than 150 cc of spinal fluid per day. Results with two patients in which this maneuver was used to control profuse perilymph leak are reported.", "PMID": 1053371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_900", "title": "Facial nerve grafting.", "content": "The extratemporal part of the facial nerve and its primary branches may be successfully reconstructed with a suitable nerve graft obtained from the upper cervical region. Special attention to meticulous suturing of the nerve graft to the main trunk of the facial nerve and the branches to the eye and lips should result in satisfactory restoration of facial function in most patients.", "contents": "Facial nerve grafting. The extratemporal part of the facial nerve and its primary branches may be successfully reconstructed with a suitable nerve graft obtained from the upper cervical region. Special attention to meticulous suturing of the nerve graft to the main trunk of the facial nerve and the branches to the eye and lips should result in satisfactory restoration of facial function in most patients.", "PMID": 1053372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_901", "title": "Ototoxicity of tobramycin sulfate.", "content": "Fifty-four healthy guinea pigs were studied histologically for evaluation of Tobramycin sulfate ototoxicity. They were treated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg/day under different schedules. Loss of hair cells occurred when dosage of 1,200 mg/kg was reached. Animals receiving 700 mg/kg were without damage to the inner ear. Outer hair cell loss occurred first in the basal turn, spreading upward. Inner hair cell loss began in the apical turn, progressing downward. When a total dose of 1,400 mg/kg was reached by (two) different schedules the higher daily dose produced about twice the hair cell loss; therefore, the ototoxic effect depends on the total dose but even more on the increased blood concentration.", "contents": "Ototoxicity of tobramycin sulfate. Fifty-four healthy guinea pigs were studied histologically for evaluation of Tobramycin sulfate ototoxicity. They were treated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg/day under different schedules. Loss of hair cells occurred when dosage of 1,200 mg/kg was reached. Animals receiving 700 mg/kg were without damage to the inner ear. Outer hair cell loss occurred first in the basal turn, spreading upward. Inner hair cell loss began in the apical turn, progressing downward. When a total dose of 1,400 mg/kg was reached by (two) different schedules the higher daily dose produced about twice the hair cell loss; therefore, the ototoxic effect depends on the total dose but even more on the increased blood concentration.", "PMID": 1053373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_902", "title": "Traumatic esophagopericardial fistula.", "content": "The pathological state of esophagopericardial fistula is a rare phenomenon. Its etiology may be either traumatic or disease induced. In either event, it is a most serious condition with a frequently fatal outcome. This case report concerns itself with an iatrogenic induced esophagopericardial fistula which was successfully treated by a thoracotomy and pericardotomy.", "contents": "Traumatic esophagopericardial fistula. The pathological state of esophagopericardial fistula is a rare phenomenon. Its etiology may be either traumatic or disease induced. In either event, it is a most serious condition with a frequently fatal outcome. This case report concerns itself with an iatrogenic induced esophagopericardial fistula which was successfully treated by a thoracotomy and pericardotomy.", "PMID": 1053374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_903", "title": "The effect on perilymph of the alteration of serum glucose or calcium concentration.", "content": "In the experimentally-induced hyper- or hypoglycemic state, perilymph glucose concentration paralleled the blood concentration, although a delay of about one hour was observed between the time of maximum concentration of glucose in perilymph and its concentration in blood. In hypercalcemia, perilymph calcium concentration steadily increased over a three-hour period, although blood calcium concentration fluctuated during this time. After an initial increase in the CSF calcium concentration, there were insignificant changes during the second and third hours. In animals with thyrocalcitonin-induced hypocalcemia, although blood calcium concentration steadily decreased, its concentration in perilymph and CSF remained practically constant. The present findings suggest that the chemical composition of perilymph can be altered by changing the blood concentration of glucose or calcium. The marked difference of behavior noted between glucose and calcium in these experiments would indicate the existence of different mechanisms for maintaining the homeostatic state for these two substances.", "contents": "The effect on perilymph of the alteration of serum glucose or calcium concentration. In the experimentally-induced hyper- or hypoglycemic state, perilymph glucose concentration paralleled the blood concentration, although a delay of about one hour was observed between the time of maximum concentration of glucose in perilymph and its concentration in blood. In hypercalcemia, perilymph calcium concentration steadily increased over a three-hour period, although blood calcium concentration fluctuated during this time. After an initial increase in the CSF calcium concentration, there were insignificant changes during the second and third hours. In animals with thyrocalcitonin-induced hypocalcemia, although blood calcium concentration steadily decreased, its concentration in perilymph and CSF remained practically constant. The present findings suggest that the chemical composition of perilymph can be altered by changing the blood concentration of glucose or calcium. The marked difference of behavior noted between glucose and calcium in these experiments would indicate the existence of different mechanisms for maintaining the homeostatic state for these two substances.", "PMID": 1053375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_904", "title": "Prosthetic rehabilitation of large midfacial defects.", "content": "Advanced tumors of the midfacial region often require removal of the nose, upper lip, portions of the maxilla, and other adjacent structures. When the resultant defects do not lend themselves to surgical reconstruction, prosthetic appliances may be used successfully to restore the functions of speech and swallowing to near-normal levels. The degree of success depends upon the nature of the previous treatment, the existing surgical defect, and the adaptability of the patient. The most important anatomical consideration is the form and amount of the remaining maxilla. Recent advances in the development of the polyurethanes have resulted in lighter, more flexible, and, therefore, better tolerated prostheses. Close cooperation between the surgeon and the prosthodontist is necessary if successful rehabilitation of these patients is to be achieved.", "contents": "Prosthetic rehabilitation of large midfacial defects. Advanced tumors of the midfacial region often require removal of the nose, upper lip, portions of the maxilla, and other adjacent structures. When the resultant defects do not lend themselves to surgical reconstruction, prosthetic appliances may be used successfully to restore the functions of speech and swallowing to near-normal levels. The degree of success depends upon the nature of the previous treatment, the existing surgical defect, and the adaptability of the patient. The most important anatomical consideration is the form and amount of the remaining maxilla. Recent advances in the development of the polyurethanes have resulted in lighter, more flexible, and, therefore, better tolerated prostheses. Close cooperation between the surgeon and the prosthodontist is necessary if successful rehabilitation of these patients is to be achieved.", "PMID": 1053376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_905", "title": "Lymphangiomatous macroglossia.", "content": "Lymphangiomatous macroglossia, or giant tongue, usually presents within the first two years of life. The tongue enlarges to the point of protrusion from the mouth with resultant ulceration and frank necrosis of the tip. There may be associated malocclusion and prognathia produced by the enlargement of the tongue. The pathology and clinical manifestations of lymphangioma of the tongue are discussed in this paper, and a case report is presented.", "contents": "Lymphangiomatous macroglossia. Lymphangiomatous macroglossia, or giant tongue, usually presents within the first two years of life. The tongue enlarges to the point of protrusion from the mouth with resultant ulceration and frank necrosis of the tip. There may be associated malocclusion and prognathia produced by the enlargement of the tongue. The pathology and clinical manifestations of lymphangioma of the tongue are discussed in this paper, and a case report is presented.", "PMID": 1053377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_906", "title": "Dermatologic therapy with immunosuppressive agents.", "content": "The use of powerful immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine in the treatment of serious skin diseases is a relatively recent development whose efficacy is borne out in many studies. Using an immunosuppressant often makes possible an appreciable reduction in dosage of steroid necessary to control disease and, in turn, a reduction in incidence of serious side effects of protracted steroid therapy.", "contents": "Dermatologic therapy with immunosuppressive agents. The use of powerful immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, and azathioprine in the treatment of serious skin diseases is a relatively recent development whose efficacy is borne out in many studies. Using an immunosuppressant often makes possible an appreciable reduction in dosage of steroid necessary to control disease and, in turn, a reduction in incidence of serious side effects of protracted steroid therapy.", "PMID": 1053378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_907", "title": "Ill patient with unknown or hidden pregnancy.", "content": "Many pregnancies are inadvertently interrupted because diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are potentially teratogenic are unwittingly instituted. To prevent this ever-present possibility, it is essential that the family physician as well as the hospital's admitting physician know for certain whether a patient in her childbearing years is pregnant. The simple direct question \"Are you pregnant?\" unfortunately does not always elicit a reliable answer. The patient may not know that she is pregnant, a common occurrence in early pregnancy, or for any of a number of reasons she may choose to conceal her pregnancy. A pregnancy test thus becomes an important diagnostic tool in the armamentarium of every conscientious physician. It should be given routinely to all women of childbearing age before instituting extensive diagnostic x-ray studies, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy that may be contraindicated in pregnancy. Because most contraindicated procedures are performed in a hospital, it is suggested that a pregnancy test on urine be made mandatory on a woman's admission to a hospital.", "contents": "Ill patient with unknown or hidden pregnancy. Many pregnancies are inadvertently interrupted because diagnostic and therapeutic procedures that are potentially teratogenic are unwittingly instituted. To prevent this ever-present possibility, it is essential that the family physician as well as the hospital's admitting physician know for certain whether a patient in her childbearing years is pregnant. The simple direct question \"Are you pregnant?\" unfortunately does not always elicit a reliable answer. The patient may not know that she is pregnant, a common occurrence in early pregnancy, or for any of a number of reasons she may choose to conceal her pregnancy. A pregnancy test thus becomes an important diagnostic tool in the armamentarium of every conscientious physician. It should be given routinely to all women of childbearing age before instituting extensive diagnostic x-ray studies, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy that may be contraindicated in pregnancy. Because most contraindicated procedures are performed in a hospital, it is suggested that a pregnancy test on urine be made mandatory on a woman's admission to a hospital.", "PMID": 1053379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_908", "title": "Genital infection with type 2 herpes simplex virus. A common venereal disease.", "content": "Current evidence leaves little doubt that genital herpes is primarily a venereal disease. Like gonorrhea, it is frequently subclinical or asymptomatic. A high rate of infection is found among patients attending venereal disease clinics and among persons of low socioeconomic status. The infection (primary or recurrent) is generally self-limiting, but in a pregnant woman it poses a significant risk to the fetus. It also has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. The Papanicolaou smear is a useful tool for early detection. Effective antiviral therapy for genital herpes is unavailable. Photodynamic inactivation appears promising in recurrent herpes but may be hazardous; malignant transformation of infected cells subjected to this process has been demonstrated in vitro.", "contents": "Genital infection with type 2 herpes simplex virus. A common venereal disease. Current evidence leaves little doubt that genital herpes is primarily a venereal disease. Like gonorrhea, it is frequently subclinical or asymptomatic. A high rate of infection is found among patients attending venereal disease clinics and among persons of low socioeconomic status. The infection (primary or recurrent) is generally self-limiting, but in a pregnant woman it poses a significant risk to the fetus. It also has been linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer. The Papanicolaou smear is a useful tool for early detection. Effective antiviral therapy for genital herpes is unavailable. Photodynamic inactivation appears promising in recurrent herpes but may be hazardous; malignant transformation of infected cells subjected to this process has been demonstrated in vitro.", "PMID": 1053388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_909", "title": "Transpubic urethroplasty.", "content": "Eleven patients underwent transpubic repair of membranous urethral strictures. Excision of the wedge of pubic bone was not associated with orthopedic disability and provided excellent exposure for primary anastomosis of the urethra. Distal urethral mobilization and incision of the intercrural septum provided adequate urethral length for tension-free anastomosis. Satisfactory results were achieved in all patients, without adversely affecting continence or potency.", "contents": "Transpubic urethroplasty. Eleven patients underwent transpubic repair of membranous urethral strictures. Excision of the wedge of pubic bone was not associated with orthopedic disability and provided excellent exposure for primary anastomosis of the urethra. Distal urethral mobilization and incision of the intercrural septum provided adequate urethral length for tension-free anastomosis. Satisfactory results were achieved in all patients, without adversely affecting continence or potency.", "PMID": 1053412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_910", "title": "Analysis of the treatment of basilar skull fractures with and without antibiotics.", "content": "The efficacy of chemoprophylaxis in the treatment of basilar skull fractures was studied in 129 patients over a 2-year period; antibiotics were found ineffective in preventing central nervous system infections, and in some cases may have proved harmful. It is suggested that a more rational approach to the treatment of basilar skull fractures includes close observation of the patient for early signs of meningitis, and if these should develop, treatment with antibiotics appropriate to the organism involved.", "contents": "Analysis of the treatment of basilar skull fractures with and without antibiotics. The efficacy of chemoprophylaxis in the treatment of basilar skull fractures was studied in 129 patients over a 2-year period; antibiotics were found ineffective in preventing central nervous system infections, and in some cases may have proved harmful. It is suggested that a more rational approach to the treatment of basilar skull fractures includes close observation of the patient for early signs of meningitis, and if these should develop, treatment with antibiotics appropriate to the organism involved.", "PMID": 1053427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_911", "title": "Methods of destroying house dust pyroglyphid mites.", "content": "Attempts to reduce the growth of house dust pyroglyphid mites by vacuum cleaning, and modifications of temperature and humidity are useful but not sufficient. Their absence in dust from hospital beds which are disinfected led the authors to test PARAGERM AK, a non toxic bactericidal and fungicidal spray. This proved highly effective as an acaricide, killing off cultures of Dermatophagoides spp. and other mites with acceptable and easily produced concentrations, thus providing a new way of combating the house dust allergy mite.", "contents": "Methods of destroying house dust pyroglyphid mites. Attempts to reduce the growth of house dust pyroglyphid mites by vacuum cleaning, and modifications of temperature and humidity are useful but not sufficient. Their absence in dust from hospital beds which are disinfected led the authors to test PARAGERM AK, a non toxic bactericidal and fungicidal spray. This proved highly effective as an acaricide, killing off cultures of Dermatophagoides spp. and other mites with acceptable and easily produced concentrations, thus providing a new way of combating the house dust allergy mite.", "PMID": 1053428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_912", "title": "A detailed investigation of circulating IgE levels in a normal population.", "content": "Total circulating IgE levels were measured in a carefully selected normal population, using a highly sensitive double antibody assay. The mean level of 36.3 u/ml found in this group is much lower than that reported in all previous studies. No circadian rhythm was evident, but IgE levels varied slightly from day-to-day. IgE levels in 100 serum samples were compared using the double antibody assay and the Phadebas test kit, based on a solid phase technique. A poor correlation was obtained with values below 100 u/ml, however, there was an excellent correlation for samples with IgE levels above this figure.", "contents": "A detailed investigation of circulating IgE levels in a normal population. Total circulating IgE levels were measured in a carefully selected normal population, using a highly sensitive double antibody assay. The mean level of 36.3 u/ml found in this group is much lower than that reported in all previous studies. No circadian rhythm was evident, but IgE levels varied slightly from day-to-day. IgE levels in 100 serum samples were compared using the double antibody assay and the Phadebas test kit, based on a solid phase technique. A poor correlation was obtained with values below 100 u/ml, however, there was an excellent correlation for samples with IgE levels above this figure.", "PMID": 1053429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_913", "title": "Secretory and humoral immunologic response of atopic and non-atopic individuals to intranasally administered antigen.", "content": "Groups of twelve asymptomatic atopic and fourteen non-atopic individuals were immunized with tetanus toxoid 7.5 Lf units X 2 by means of nasal droplets. Serum and nasal secretion samples were collected on days 1, 15 and 36. Protein content of dialysed secretions was determined by the Lowry method and 1.0 mg/ml samples used for specific antibody assays by passive haemagglutination (PHA) and radioimmunosorption (RISA) employing cyanogen bromide activated Sephadex G-25. IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgD were quantitated by single radial diffusion (SRD), and IgE by the RISA technique. Mean PHA secretion titres rose significantly in both groups during the course of the study. Serum and nasal secretion RISA IgA anti-toxoid levels were higher in the non-atopic group throughout the course of immunization but both groups showed a significant increase in mean levels following immunization (P less than 0.05). Conversely nasal secretion IgE-anti-toxoid levels were significantly higher in the atopic group throughout the course of immunization although no quantitative increase in levels was noted. Total IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgM levels in serum and secretions did not rise during the course of immunization but nasal wash IgA levels rose in both groups. IgD levels were significantly higher in serum and nasal secretions of the atopic group. Our results suggest that atopic and non-atopic individuals differ quantitatively in Ig class specific antibody production following topical mucous membrane immunization.", "contents": "Secretory and humoral immunologic response of atopic and non-atopic individuals to intranasally administered antigen. Groups of twelve asymptomatic atopic and fourteen non-atopic individuals were immunized with tetanus toxoid 7.5 Lf units X 2 by means of nasal droplets. Serum and nasal secretion samples were collected on days 1, 15 and 36. Protein content of dialysed secretions was determined by the Lowry method and 1.0 mg/ml samples used for specific antibody assays by passive haemagglutination (PHA) and radioimmunosorption (RISA) employing cyanogen bromide activated Sephadex G-25. IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgD were quantitated by single radial diffusion (SRD), and IgE by the RISA technique. Mean PHA secretion titres rose significantly in both groups during the course of the study. Serum and nasal secretion RISA IgA anti-toxoid levels were higher in the non-atopic group throughout the course of immunization but both groups showed a significant increase in mean levels following immunization (P less than 0.05). Conversely nasal secretion IgE-anti-toxoid levels were significantly higher in the atopic group throughout the course of immunization although no quantitative increase in levels was noted. Total IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgM levels in serum and secretions did not rise during the course of immunization but nasal wash IgA levels rose in both groups. IgD levels were significantly higher in serum and nasal secretions of the atopic group. Our results suggest that atopic and non-atopic individuals differ quantitatively in Ig class specific antibody production following topical mucous membrane immunization.", "PMID": 1053430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_914", "title": "Mites and house dust allergy. IV. Antigen and allergen(s) of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract.", "content": "The antigenic composition of D. pteronyssinus extract was investigated by using antisera raised in rabbits by injection of the mite extract in Freund's adjuvant. Immunodiffusion analysis revealed the presence in the mite extract of many antigenic constituents, most of which were also common to human dander and house dust extracts. Four antigenic components not shared by human dander appeared to be common to D. farinae extract. D. pteronyssinus extract was then fractionated on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex. Immunodiffusion analysis of the most active fraction revealed, after heat-treatment, the presence of three precipitin lines, one of which appeared not to be shared by nutrient medium or by D. farinae extract constituents. When the anti-mite rabbit serum was fixed to an immunosorbent and incubated with a house dust extract it was constantly able to induce a strong decrease or a complete loss of the allergenicity of the dust extract in man. These results suggest that mite allergen(s) are immunogenic in the rabbit and provide more direct evidence for identity of the allergens in house dust and mite.", "contents": "Mites and house dust allergy. IV. Antigen and allergen(s) of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus extract. The antigenic composition of D. pteronyssinus extract was investigated by using antisera raised in rabbits by injection of the mite extract in Freund's adjuvant. Immunodiffusion analysis revealed the presence in the mite extract of many antigenic constituents, most of which were also common to human dander and house dust extracts. Four antigenic components not shared by human dander appeared to be common to D. farinae extract. D. pteronyssinus extract was then fractionated on Sephadex G-75 and DEAE-Sephadex. Immunodiffusion analysis of the most active fraction revealed, after heat-treatment, the presence of three precipitin lines, one of which appeared not to be shared by nutrient medium or by D. farinae extract constituents. When the anti-mite rabbit serum was fixed to an immunosorbent and incubated with a house dust extract it was constantly able to induce a strong decrease or a complete loss of the allergenicity of the dust extract in man. These results suggest that mite allergen(s) are immunogenic in the rabbit and provide more direct evidence for identity of the allergens in house dust and mite.", "PMID": 1053431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_915", "title": "Ragweed hay fever: treatment by local passive administration of IgG antibody.", "content": "To determine whether the local administration of IgG antibodies might reduce the symptoms of ragweed hay fever, we tested the effect of this treatment in fourteen patients in a double-blind pilot trial. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, treatment and placebo, and their symptoms and medication usage were determined during the ragweed pollination season. One group used a nasal spray consisting of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing human serum albumin, whereas the other used PBS containing purified IgG from a subject with a high titre of IgG antibody to partially purified ragweed antigen E. Treated and control groups used comparable quantities of nasal spray, and neither noted any ill effects. Comparison of individual symptoms of hay fever, medication usage, and total symptom scores showed no significant differences between the groups except a lessening of eye symptoms (P less than 0.05) in the treated group. The results suggest that nasal administration of IgG antibody up to five times daily does not alter the severity of symptoms in ragweed hay fever. Furthermore, total serum IgE protein and specific IgE levels increased comparably in both groups, suggesting that passive administration of IgG antibody does not suppress the production of IgE antibody during the pollination season.", "contents": "Ragweed hay fever: treatment by local passive administration of IgG antibody. To determine whether the local administration of IgG antibodies might reduce the symptoms of ragweed hay fever, we tested the effect of this treatment in fourteen patients in a double-blind pilot trial. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, treatment and placebo, and their symptoms and medication usage were determined during the ragweed pollination season. One group used a nasal spray consisting of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) containing human serum albumin, whereas the other used PBS containing purified IgG from a subject with a high titre of IgG antibody to partially purified ragweed antigen E. Treated and control groups used comparable quantities of nasal spray, and neither noted any ill effects. Comparison of individual symptoms of hay fever, medication usage, and total symptom scores showed no significant differences between the groups except a lessening of eye symptoms (P less than 0.05) in the treated group. The results suggest that nasal administration of IgG antibody up to five times daily does not alter the severity of symptoms in ragweed hay fever. Furthermore, total serum IgE protein and specific IgE levels increased comparably in both groups, suggesting that passive administration of IgG antibody does not suppress the production of IgE antibody during the pollination season.", "PMID": 1053432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_916", "title": "Half-life of C1INH in hereditary angioneurotic oedema (HAE).", "content": "The half-life of 125I labelled C1INH was determined in patients with HAE and normal controls. There was no significant difference between these two groups. The half-life in the HAE patients was 67.7 hr +/- 4.9 hr (s.d.) and in the normals 64 hr +/- 1.4 hr (s.d.). This finding is consistent with a defect in synthesis as an explanation of the low serum C1INH levels in HAE patients.", "contents": "Half-life of C1INH in hereditary angioneurotic oedema (HAE). The half-life of 125I labelled C1INH was determined in patients with HAE and normal controls. There was no significant difference between these two groups. The half-life in the HAE patients was 67.7 hr +/- 4.9 hr (s.d.) and in the normals 64 hr +/- 1.4 hr (s.d.). This finding is consistent with a defect in synthesis as an explanation of the low serum C1INH levels in HAE patients.", "PMID": 1053433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_917", "title": "Appearance of basophils in the sputum of patients with bronchial asthma.", "content": "A total of 108 samples of sputum obtained from twenty patients with bronchial asthma were examined for appearance of basophils and eosinophils. Both cell types are present in sputum during an asthmatic attack and disappear at the conclusion of the attack. Their presence correlates with the severity of the disease. It has previously been demonstrated that the blood basophils count falls during attacks of bronchial asthma, and the present study suggests that basophils move from the blood stream into bronchial tissue during the acute phase of an asthmatic attack.", "contents": "Appearance of basophils in the sputum of patients with bronchial asthma. A total of 108 samples of sputum obtained from twenty patients with bronchial asthma were examined for appearance of basophils and eosinophils. Both cell types are present in sputum during an asthmatic attack and disappear at the conclusion of the attack. Their presence correlates with the severity of the disease. It has previously been demonstrated that the blood basophils count falls during attacks of bronchial asthma, and the present study suggests that basophils move from the blood stream into bronchial tissue during the acute phase of an asthmatic attack.", "PMID": 1053434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_918", "title": "Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--the macrolide antibiotic Spiramycin.", "content": "One year after starting work in the pharmaceutical industry a 35-year-old non-atopic maintenance engineer developed attacks of sneezing, coughing and breathlessness. These occurred at home during the evening and early morning, never at work during the day. His employment involved contact with a wide variety of chemical agents including the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin. Inhalation challenge tests carried out in hospital with gradually increasing quantities of spiramycin reproduced his symptoms and led to the development of late asthmatic reactions, during which the FEV1 fell by 25% and the FEV1/FVC ratio by 15%. No change occurred in the single breath CO transfer factor nor were crepitations heard over the lung fields which remained normal on chest X-ray. The patient showed positive immediate skin prick tests to spiramycin and developed blood eosinophilia during the late asthma attacks. Inhalation of sodium cromoglycate either before, or before and hourly after the provocation challenge for 6 hr, failed to prevent the late asthma, although its onset was further delayed. On leaving the pharmaceutical industry the patient's symptoms improved but did not finally clear until his wife, who had worked in a clerical capacity in the same factory also ceased her employment.", "contents": "Asthma due to inhaled chemical agents--the macrolide antibiotic Spiramycin. One year after starting work in the pharmaceutical industry a 35-year-old non-atopic maintenance engineer developed attacks of sneezing, coughing and breathlessness. These occurred at home during the evening and early morning, never at work during the day. His employment involved contact with a wide variety of chemical agents including the macrolide antibiotic spiramycin. Inhalation challenge tests carried out in hospital with gradually increasing quantities of spiramycin reproduced his symptoms and led to the development of late asthmatic reactions, during which the FEV1 fell by 25% and the FEV1/FVC ratio by 15%. No change occurred in the single breath CO transfer factor nor were crepitations heard over the lung fields which remained normal on chest X-ray. The patient showed positive immediate skin prick tests to spiramycin and developed blood eosinophilia during the late asthma attacks. Inhalation of sodium cromoglycate either before, or before and hourly after the provocation challenge for 6 hr, failed to prevent the late asthma, although its onset was further delayed. On leaving the pharmaceutical industry the patient's symptoms improved but did not finally clear until his wife, who had worked in a clerical capacity in the same factory also ceased her employment.", "PMID": 1053435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_919", "title": "In vitro diagnosis of atopic allergy. The occurrence and clustering of positive RAST results as a function of age and total IgE concentration.", "content": "Specific IgE antibodies were determined on a routine basis in patient sera using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) with a panel of ten common allergens. Total IgE was also assayed. Of all positive RAST reactions observed, 74% were against the following allergens: horse and cat epithelium, birch and timothy pollen, and house dust. Clustering (occurrence together with significantly elevated frequencies) accompanied both positive reactions to some animal danders and food allergens. Children in all age groups had significantly more positive food RAST results than adults, and this explains the clustering among food allergen results. Children aged 0-4 years had few positive pollen results. Among those with at least one positive RAST result, the mean number of positive results was 3.3, a figure which did not vary with age. In the present patient population 37% had a total IgE above the upper reference (normal) limit, and of these 95% had at least one positive RAST result. A normal or low IgE value was found to be less informative.", "contents": "In vitro diagnosis of atopic allergy. The occurrence and clustering of positive RAST results as a function of age and total IgE concentration. Specific IgE antibodies were determined on a routine basis in patient sera using the radioallergosorbent test (RAST) with a panel of ten common allergens. Total IgE was also assayed. Of all positive RAST reactions observed, 74% were against the following allergens: horse and cat epithelium, birch and timothy pollen, and house dust. Clustering (occurrence together with significantly elevated frequencies) accompanied both positive reactions to some animal danders and food allergens. Children in all age groups had significantly more positive food RAST results than adults, and this explains the clustering among food allergen results. Children aged 0-4 years had few positive pollen results. Among those with at least one positive RAST result, the mean number of positive results was 3.3, a figure which did not vary with age. In the present patient population 37% had a total IgE above the upper reference (normal) limit, and of these 95% had at least one positive RAST result. A normal or low IgE value was found to be less informative.", "PMID": 1053436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_920", "title": "Seasonal asthma and the house-dust mite in tropical Africa.", "content": "The relationship between seasonal asthma and sensitivity to the house-dust mite has been investigated in a country with large seasonal variations in relative humidity. Of seventy-eight African asthmatics, 64.1% gave a history probably suggestive of sensitivity to house-dust, and 55.1% a history strongly suggestive of such sensitivity. On skin testing, 35.9% had strong reactions to the house-dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, compared with 1.9% of fifty-one matched controls without symptoms of chest disease. Few had either a history or skin tests suggestive of pollen or mould sensitivity. Most of the asthmatics were worse during the hot, wet season when the humidity is highest. This is also the time when in-patient asthmatics are most numerous. D. pteronyssinus grows well in warm, damp conditions and it is suggested that sensitivity to this mite may play a significant role in the marked seasonal changes seen in our asthmatic patients.", "contents": "Seasonal asthma and the house-dust mite in tropical Africa. The relationship between seasonal asthma and sensitivity to the house-dust mite has been investigated in a country with large seasonal variations in relative humidity. Of seventy-eight African asthmatics, 64.1% gave a history probably suggestive of sensitivity to house-dust, and 55.1% a history strongly suggestive of such sensitivity. On skin testing, 35.9% had strong reactions to the house-dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, compared with 1.9% of fifty-one matched controls without symptoms of chest disease. Few had either a history or skin tests suggestive of pollen or mould sensitivity. Most of the asthmatics were worse during the hot, wet season when the humidity is highest. This is also the time when in-patient asthmatics are most numerous. D. pteronyssinus grows well in warm, damp conditions and it is suggested that sensitivity to this mite may play a significant role in the marked seasonal changes seen in our asthmatic patients.", "PMID": 1053437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_921", "title": "Betamethasone valerate in the treatment of summer hay fever.", "content": "Betamethasone valerate nasal aerosol in a daily dose of 400 micrograms was compared with a placebo in a double-blind trial involving 103 patients with summer hay fever. The patients' and physicians' preference for the active compound was statistically significant (P less than 0.001), with 88% of the patients receiving betamethasone valerate obtaining substantial relief of symptoms. The analysis of patients' daily symptom scores showed that nasal symptoms were significantly reduced by the active aerosol (P less than 0.001). A day-by-day comparison of nasal symptom scores with pollen counts indicated a decreasing allergic response as the season progressed; possible reasons for this are discussed. No clinically significant side effects were observed. Short tetracosactrin tests from ten randomly chosen patients on betamethasone valerate showed no abnormality and nasal swabs for Candida culture from a further thirty-two patients were negative. It is concluded that intranasal betamethasone valerate is an effective and safe form of therapy for seasonal rhinitis.", "contents": "Betamethasone valerate in the treatment of summer hay fever. Betamethasone valerate nasal aerosol in a daily dose of 400 micrograms was compared with a placebo in a double-blind trial involving 103 patients with summer hay fever. The patients' and physicians' preference for the active compound was statistically significant (P less than 0.001), with 88% of the patients receiving betamethasone valerate obtaining substantial relief of symptoms. The analysis of patients' daily symptom scores showed that nasal symptoms were significantly reduced by the active aerosol (P less than 0.001). A day-by-day comparison of nasal symptom scores with pollen counts indicated a decreasing allergic response as the season progressed; possible reasons for this are discussed. No clinically significant side effects were observed. Short tetracosactrin tests from ten randomly chosen patients on betamethasone valerate showed no abnormality and nasal swabs for Candida culture from a further thirty-two patients were negative. It is concluded that intranasal betamethasone valerate is an effective and safe form of therapy for seasonal rhinitis.", "PMID": 1053438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_922", "title": "Clinical and immunological studies of beekeepers.", "content": "Thirty-four beekeepers were interviewed and their blood assayed for the presence of antibodies reacting with bee venom, bee venom phospholipase A (PLA), and whole bee body extract. Following a bee sting, most beekeepers experienced only minimal local tissue reaction. Their serum contained high levels of total antibodies (primarily IgG) reacting to bee venom and phospholipase A. These antibody titres correlated with the frequency of bee stings. Bee venom and PLA specific IgE antibodies were present in serum of some beekeepers. Beekeepers who had experienced allergic reactions were characterized by low total antibody and high venom specific IgE antibody titres. Bee body IgE antibodies were found in varying degree and did not correlate with levels of venom IgE antibodies. There was no difference in the titres of bee body IgE in the sera of beekeepers with and without systemic reactions. The data suggest that allergic reactions are mediated by venom specific IgE and immunity is at least in part a function of other antibodies, probably primarily IgG.", "contents": "Clinical and immunological studies of beekeepers. Thirty-four beekeepers were interviewed and their blood assayed for the presence of antibodies reacting with bee venom, bee venom phospholipase A (PLA), and whole bee body extract. Following a bee sting, most beekeepers experienced only minimal local tissue reaction. Their serum contained high levels of total antibodies (primarily IgG) reacting to bee venom and phospholipase A. These antibody titres correlated with the frequency of bee stings. Bee venom and PLA specific IgE antibodies were present in serum of some beekeepers. Beekeepers who had experienced allergic reactions were characterized by low total antibody and high venom specific IgE antibody titres. Bee body IgE antibodies were found in varying degree and did not correlate with levels of venom IgE antibodies. There was no difference in the titres of bee body IgE in the sera of beekeepers with and without systemic reactions. The data suggest that allergic reactions are mediated by venom specific IgE and immunity is at least in part a function of other antibodies, probably primarily IgG.", "PMID": 1053439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_923", "title": "Immunological features of asthma (Part II). A report to the Research Committee of the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association.", "content": "A serological comparison was made of two groups of 120 matched asthmatic and healthy subjects, between the ages of 20 and 49 years and matched for age and sex, in terms of serum total levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE and of specific antibody levels in each immunoglobulin class to five common UK allergens. The relationship of clinical features to the serological tests was also examined in the asthmatic subjects. The following statistically significant findings were shown. The patients had higher levels than the controls of total globulins and of IgG, IgA and IgD but not IgM. In both patients and controls the females had higher IgM levels than the males. The total IgE levels were higher in patients than in the controls and the male patients had higher levels than the female patients. Total IgE levels were also related, to the numbers of first degree relatives with asthma, hay fever and eczema, to the severity of hay fever and to the amount of time off work in the male patients. In those male patients with exercise induced asthma the total IgE levels were lower than in those not showing this reaction. As for the other immunoglobulins, the only significant differences were a higher IgG level in patients with FEV1 or PFR greater than 50% predicted and a higher IgD level in patients with hay fever. Radio-immunodiffusion tests for specific precipitins were positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in comparable numbers of asthmatics (25.8%) and controls (21.7%). Positive precipitin tests were uncommon in tests with extracts of grass pollen, Aspergillus fumigatus, cat and dog hair in the patients and even less so in the controls. Positive RAST tests for specific IgE antibodies were obtained in patients and controls respectively, against D. pteronyssinus 59% and 11%, grass pollen 37.0 and 12%, and A. fumigatus 6% and 4%. The male patients showed the closest significant relationship of specific IgE to D. pteronyssinus and the history of house dust allergy, positive skin test and nasal test. In the females only the skin and specific IgE tests were related. Both sexes showed a significant association between specific IgE to grass pollen and positive skin tests and nasal tests, but only the males showed an association with the history. The sizes of skin test weal to D. pteronyssinus were related to the levels of specific IgE antibody. No differences were found between the four skin test groups and between the asthmatics and the control subjects in the incidence of bacterial precipitins and auto-antibodies.", "contents": "Immunological features of asthma (Part II). A report to the Research Committee of the British Thoracic and Tuberculosis Association. A serological comparison was made of two groups of 120 matched asthmatic and healthy subjects, between the ages of 20 and 49 years and matched for age and sex, in terms of serum total levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE and of specific antibody levels in each immunoglobulin class to five common UK allergens. The relationship of clinical features to the serological tests was also examined in the asthmatic subjects. The following statistically significant findings were shown. The patients had higher levels than the controls of total globulins and of IgG, IgA and IgD but not IgM. In both patients and controls the females had higher IgM levels than the males. The total IgE levels were higher in patients than in the controls and the male patients had higher levels than the female patients. Total IgE levels were also related, to the numbers of first degree relatives with asthma, hay fever and eczema, to the severity of hay fever and to the amount of time off work in the male patients. In those male patients with exercise induced asthma the total IgE levels were lower than in those not showing this reaction. As for the other immunoglobulins, the only significant differences were a higher IgG level in patients with FEV1 or PFR greater than 50% predicted and a higher IgD level in patients with hay fever. Radio-immunodiffusion tests for specific precipitins were positive for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in comparable numbers of asthmatics (25.8%) and controls (21.7%). Positive precipitin tests were uncommon in tests with extracts of grass pollen, Aspergillus fumigatus, cat and dog hair in the patients and even less so in the controls. Positive RAST tests for specific IgE antibodies were obtained in patients and controls respectively, against D. pteronyssinus 59% and 11%, grass pollen 37.0 and 12%, and A. fumigatus 6% and 4%. The male patients showed the closest significant relationship of specific IgE to D. pteronyssinus and the history of house dust allergy, positive skin test and nasal test. In the females only the skin and specific IgE tests were related. Both sexes showed a significant association between specific IgE to grass pollen and positive skin tests and nasal tests, but only the males showed an association with the history. The sizes of skin test weal to D. pteronyssinus were related to the levels of specific IgE antibody. No differences were found between the four skin test groups and between the asthmatics and the control subjects in the incidence of bacterial precipitins and auto-antibodies.", "PMID": 1053440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_924", "title": "Pigeon breeders' disease--a prevalence study and review.", "content": "Among fifty-three Salt Lake City, Utah area pigeon fanciers, 21% were found to have the clinical picture of pigeon breeders' disease. This is a much higher frequency than has been observed previously. Abnormal spirometry and increased skin reactivity to pigeon sera were found more often, statistically significantly, in symptomatic than in exposed asymptomatic fanciers. Pigeon breeders' disease is associated with a variety of abnormal findings; skin test, precipitins, pulmonary function changes and radiographic derangements; but unfortunately none of these are diagnostic. Pigeon breeders' disease is best identified by clinical criteria.", "contents": "Pigeon breeders' disease--a prevalence study and review. Among fifty-three Salt Lake City, Utah area pigeon fanciers, 21% were found to have the clinical picture of pigeon breeders' disease. This is a much higher frequency than has been observed previously. Abnormal spirometry and increased skin reactivity to pigeon sera were found more often, statistically significantly, in symptomatic than in exposed asymptomatic fanciers. Pigeon breeders' disease is associated with a variety of abnormal findings; skin test, precipitins, pulmonary function changes and radiographic derangements; but unfortunately none of these are diagnostic. Pigeon breeders' disease is best identified by clinical criteria.", "PMID": 1053441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_925", "title": "RAST, skin and nasal tests and the history in grass pollen allergy.", "content": "A comparison of the RAST (Phadebas), skin prick test, nasal test and a history of hay fever was made in 141 subjects, eighty-seven being prick test positive, with three concentrations of extracts of Sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum), Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), Meadow fescue (Festuca elatior), Rye (Lolium perenne), Timothy (Phleum pratense), Meadow (Poa pratensis). In adequate concentration any of the species extracts would have sufficed for skin tests, with Cocksfoot pollen the most potent. Correlations found were: positive RAST/prick test, 98%; positive prick test/RAST, 89%; positive RAST/nasal test, 75%, and the higher the RAST the closer the correlation and the higher the nasal sensitivity; nasal test positive/RAST negative, 17%; positive history/RAST, 91%; positive history/prick test, 92%.", "contents": "RAST, skin and nasal tests and the history in grass pollen allergy. A comparison of the RAST (Phadebas), skin prick test, nasal test and a history of hay fever was made in 141 subjects, eighty-seven being prick test positive, with three concentrations of extracts of Sweet vernal (Anthoxanthum odoratum), Cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata), Meadow fescue (Festuca elatior), Rye (Lolium perenne), Timothy (Phleum pratense), Meadow (Poa pratensis). In adequate concentration any of the species extracts would have sufficed for skin tests, with Cocksfoot pollen the most potent. Correlations found were: positive RAST/prick test, 98%; positive prick test/RAST, 89%; positive RAST/nasal test, 75%, and the higher the RAST the closer the correlation and the higher the nasal sensitivity; nasal test positive/RAST negative, 17%; positive history/RAST, 91%; positive history/prick test, 92%.", "PMID": 1053442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_926", "title": "Extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to rat serum proteins.", "content": "In a research assistant with recurrent episodes of extrinsic allergic alveolitis on exposure to rats, typical systemic and pulmonary reactions on inhalation and positive reaction on prick testing were elicited only by tests with rat serum; precipitins were present against rat serum and rat pelt, but not rat fur, and were also present against rat urine, which may contain large amounts of serum protein and which may have been a main source of antigenic exposure.", "contents": "Extrinsic allergic alveolitis due to rat serum proteins. In a research assistant with recurrent episodes of extrinsic allergic alveolitis on exposure to rats, typical systemic and pulmonary reactions on inhalation and positive reaction on prick testing were elicited only by tests with rat serum; precipitins were present against rat serum and rat pelt, but not rat fur, and were also present against rat urine, which may contain large amounts of serum protein and which may have been a main source of antigenic exposure.", "PMID": 1053443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_927", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on rat skin autografts.", "content": "The epidermis of rat skin autografts was studied during the first 14 days of the healing period using light and electron microscopy. Patches of necrotic cells were found on the second and third days while the major part of the cells only showed minor changes from normal skin. At the ultrastructural level the last mentioned cells showed changes, comprising wrinkling of nuclear envelope, aggregation of chromatin, irregular and swollen mitochondria, appearance of different types of vacuoles and a reduction in size and number of keratohyalin granules. These changes were most pronounced on the third day after transplantation. After 8 days only minor changes from the normal epidermis were found and after 14 days the epidermis of skin autografts exhibited a complete healing and regeneration.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on rat skin autografts. The epidermis of rat skin autografts was studied during the first 14 days of the healing period using light and electron microscopy. Patches of necrotic cells were found on the second and third days while the major part of the cells only showed minor changes from normal skin. At the ultrastructural level the last mentioned cells showed changes, comprising wrinkling of nuclear envelope, aggregation of chromatin, irregular and swollen mitochondria, appearance of different types of vacuoles and a reduction in size and number of keratohyalin granules. These changes were most pronounced on the third day after transplantation. After 8 days only minor changes from the normal epidermis were found and after 14 days the epidermis of skin autografts exhibited a complete healing and regeneration.", "PMID": 1053444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_928", "title": "On the [4-14C]progesterone metabolism of keloid and hypertrophic scar. A preliminary report.", "content": "Tissue specimens from keloids (K) and hypertrophic scars (H), as well as from the healthy skin in their vicinity (KS resp. HS) were incubated in a medium containing [4-14C]progesterone. The metabolites were isolated and verified with thin layer chromatography. All investigated tissue types produced as metabolites of progesterone 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 20 alpha-diol, as well as probably 3 alpha/beta-hydroxy-5-pregnan-20 one. The diffusion of progesterone from the medium into the tissue was most effective in K, in sharp contrast to H. The ability of the tissue to take up progesterone from the medium was nearly double in HS as compared with KS. HS seems to metabolize progesterone nearly with the same effectivity as K, and those both twice as much as KS. There were also marked differences in the division of metabolites between the tissue and the medium.", "contents": "On the [4-14C]progesterone metabolism of keloid and hypertrophic scar. A preliminary report. Tissue specimens from keloids (K) and hypertrophic scars (H), as well as from the healthy skin in their vicinity (KS resp. HS) were incubated in a medium containing [4-14C]progesterone. The metabolites were isolated and verified with thin layer chromatography. All investigated tissue types produced as metabolites of progesterone 5 alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione, 5 alpha-pregnane-3 alpha, 20 alpha-diol, as well as probably 3 alpha/beta-hydroxy-5-pregnan-20 one. The diffusion of progesterone from the medium into the tissue was most effective in K, in sharp contrast to H. The ability of the tissue to take up progesterone from the medium was nearly double in HS as compared with KS. HS seems to metabolize progesterone nearly with the same effectivity as K, and those both twice as much as KS. There were also marked differences in the division of metabolites between the tissue and the medium.", "PMID": 1053445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_929", "title": "Wound healing with adhesive zinc tape. An animal experimental study.", "content": "Wound healing was studied in rats given a diet with a subnormal zinc content (10 ppm). It is concluded that wound healing is impaired in the zinc deficient group compared with animals given a zinc-supplemented diet (150 ppm). Local supplementation of zinc with adhesive zinc tape treatment did not return wound healing to normal in the zinc deficient animals. Histological differences were observed between wounds treated with adhesive zinc tape and those treated with a gauze sponge. In particular, a more pronounced giant cell formation was observed in the gauze treated wound. Simultaneously these wounds showed peak activities of the alkaline phosphatases. A reduction of wound contraction was found in tape-treated wounds. A change in macrophage and fibroblast function during local zinc treatment is suggested. Some effects of wound healing on zinc metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Wound healing with adhesive zinc tape. An animal experimental study. Wound healing was studied in rats given a diet with a subnormal zinc content (10 ppm). It is concluded that wound healing is impaired in the zinc deficient group compared with animals given a zinc-supplemented diet (150 ppm). Local supplementation of zinc with adhesive zinc tape treatment did not return wound healing to normal in the zinc deficient animals. Histological differences were observed between wounds treated with adhesive zinc tape and those treated with a gauze sponge. In particular, a more pronounced giant cell formation was observed in the gauze treated wound. Simultaneously these wounds showed peak activities of the alkaline phosphatases. A reduction of wound contraction was found in tape-treated wounds. A change in macrophage and fibroblast function during local zinc treatment is suggested. Some effects of wound healing on zinc metabolism are discussed.", "PMID": 1053446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_930", "title": "On the occurrence of cysteinyldopa and dopa in melanocytes and benign nevi cells.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated a specific cytoplasmic fluorescence in human melanocytes, as well as in pigmented nevi and in malignant melanomas, when the formaldehyde histofluorescence method for visualization of certain catechol and indole derivatives was used. In malignant melanoma two fluorogenic substances, dopa and cysteinyldopa, were found previously. In human melanocytes and benign nevi cells the fluorogenic catechols have so far not been characterized, since chemical analyses are difficult to perform on skin, due to the small amounts of catechols present. However, using split thickness skin quantitative determinations are possible by sensitive fluorometric methods. The chemical analyses of cysteinyldopa showed that in human adult skin most or all was located in the superficial layers. The only specific fluorescence in the thin skin was found in dendritic melanocytes. The findings leave little doubt that cysteinyldopa is stored in melanocytes although the possibility of a concomitant occurrence of other thioethers is not excluded. Nevi and giant nevi were also similarly studied and we found considerable amounts of cysteinyldopa in the nevi. It seems as if the cysteinyldopa is stored in the fluorescent nevi cells. There was no consistent difference in the content of the catechol derivatives between intradermal and compound nevi.", "contents": "On the occurrence of cysteinyldopa and dopa in melanocytes and benign nevi cells. Previous studies have demonstrated a specific cytoplasmic fluorescence in human melanocytes, as well as in pigmented nevi and in malignant melanomas, when the formaldehyde histofluorescence method for visualization of certain catechol and indole derivatives was used. In malignant melanoma two fluorogenic substances, dopa and cysteinyldopa, were found previously. In human melanocytes and benign nevi cells the fluorogenic catechols have so far not been characterized, since chemical analyses are difficult to perform on skin, due to the small amounts of catechols present. However, using split thickness skin quantitative determinations are possible by sensitive fluorometric methods. The chemical analyses of cysteinyldopa showed that in human adult skin most or all was located in the superficial layers. The only specific fluorescence in the thin skin was found in dendritic melanocytes. The findings leave little doubt that cysteinyldopa is stored in melanocytes although the possibility of a concomitant occurrence of other thioethers is not excluded. Nevi and giant nevi were also similarly studied and we found considerable amounts of cysteinyldopa in the nevi. It seems as if the cysteinyldopa is stored in the fluorescent nevi cells. There was no consistent difference in the content of the catechol derivatives between intradermal and compound nevi.", "PMID": 1053447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_931", "title": "A retrospective study of 304 cases of malignant melanoma in Malm\u00f6 1952-71.", "content": "In the city of Malm\u00f6 with about 250 000 inhabitants and only one hospital, all cases of malignant melanoma are referred to the departments of plastic surgery and radiotherapy. Altogether 304 cases were treated between 1952 and 1971 and all patients were accounted for at the follow-up. This figure does not include cases of superficial melanoma, Hutchinsons melanoma or eye melanoma. The incidence of melanoma increased from 3.4 to 8.0 per 100 000 inhabitants during the period. The treatment was the same during the years. The results of the treatment are presented in relation to the stage of disease, surgical procedure used, site of the tumour and sex. The overall 5-year survival rate without recurrence was 62%, while 6% were alive with recurrence. The corresponding figures for stage I cases were 71% and 7%. Total biopsy of the tumour before more radical surgery was not found to have any disadvantage. In view of the good results, we intend to continue the present method of treatment with addition of adjuvant chemotherapy in the \"poor risk\" groups.", "contents": "A retrospective study of 304 cases of malignant melanoma in Malm\u00f6 1952-71. In the city of Malm\u00f6 with about 250 000 inhabitants and only one hospital, all cases of malignant melanoma are referred to the departments of plastic surgery and radiotherapy. Altogether 304 cases were treated between 1952 and 1971 and all patients were accounted for at the follow-up. This figure does not include cases of superficial melanoma, Hutchinsons melanoma or eye melanoma. The incidence of melanoma increased from 3.4 to 8.0 per 100 000 inhabitants during the period. The treatment was the same during the years. The results of the treatment are presented in relation to the stage of disease, surgical procedure used, site of the tumour and sex. The overall 5-year survival rate without recurrence was 62%, while 6% were alive with recurrence. The corresponding figures for stage I cases were 71% and 7%. Total biopsy of the tumour before more radical surgery was not found to have any disadvantage. In view of the good results, we intend to continue the present method of treatment with addition of adjuvant chemotherapy in the \"poor risk\" groups.", "PMID": 1053448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_932", "title": "The influence of primary periosteoplasty on maxillary growth and deciduous occlusion in cases of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. A longitudinal study from infancy to the age of 5.", "content": "The influence of infant periosteoplasty upon the growth of the maxilla, its form and size, and the prevalence of malocclusion in the deciduous dentition was investigated. The material consisted of 66 patients with total unilateral clefts of the primary and secondary palate. Thirty-six had periosteoplasty performed in conjunction with cleft-lip and/or palate repair. Thirty patients were operated upon without periosteoplasty and served as controls. Repair of the lip had a notable effect upon the width of the alveolar cleft and palatal cleft, both in the periosteoplasty cases and in the controls, with no certain difference between the groups. Following lip repair, the anterior width of the alveolar arch was slightly reduced. After palatal repair a further reduction was noted in the deciduous dentition, both in the cases treated with periosteoplasty and in the controls, while the posterior width of the palate across the tuberosities increased during growth. In the deciduous dentition, no differences were found in intercanine and intermolar dimensions between the periosteoplasty cases and the controls. Thus, the new bone formed in the cleft area after periosteoplasty does not seem to withstand the contracting forces introduced by palate surgery. An increased length of the buccal alveolar arch on the cleft side, compared with that on the non-cleft side, was found at both the lip repair and the palate repair in the periosteoplasty cases, as well as in the controls. In the deciduous dentition, this difference was negligible. In the deciduous dentition an anterior position of the lateral maxillary segment proved more common in the periosteoplasty cases than in the controls. On the non-cleft side, there was an increased frequency of mesial occlusion and a corresponding decrease of neutral and distal occlusion in the periosteoplasty cases. No increased frequency of anterior crossbite was found even after repeated periosteoplasty, nor was the maxillary dental-arch length unfavourably influenced. Descriptive analysis of occlusion revealed an increase of buccal crossbite in the periosteoplasty cases of a select group of the widest clefts, treated by repeated periosteoplasty. These cases also had the highest total occlusal score according to the numerical classification, while the total occlusal score after one periosteoplasty in patients with less wider clefts was smaller than in the controls. In all patients who had undergone periosteoplasty new bone formed within the alveolar cleft. A good amount of new bone developed in about half the number of cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "The influence of primary periosteoplasty on maxillary growth and deciduous occlusion in cases of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate. A longitudinal study from infancy to the age of 5. The influence of infant periosteoplasty upon the growth of the maxilla, its form and size, and the prevalence of malocclusion in the deciduous dentition was investigated. The material consisted of 66 patients with total unilateral clefts of the primary and secondary palate. Thirty-six had periosteoplasty performed in conjunction with cleft-lip and/or palate repair. Thirty patients were operated upon without periosteoplasty and served as controls. Repair of the lip had a notable effect upon the width of the alveolar cleft and palatal cleft, both in the periosteoplasty cases and in the controls, with no certain difference between the groups. Following lip repair, the anterior width of the alveolar arch was slightly reduced. After palatal repair a further reduction was noted in the deciduous dentition, both in the cases treated with periosteoplasty and in the controls, while the posterior width of the palate across the tuberosities increased during growth. In the deciduous dentition, no differences were found in intercanine and intermolar dimensions between the periosteoplasty cases and the controls. Thus, the new bone formed in the cleft area after periosteoplasty does not seem to withstand the contracting forces introduced by palate surgery. An increased length of the buccal alveolar arch on the cleft side, compared with that on the non-cleft side, was found at both the lip repair and the palate repair in the periosteoplasty cases, as well as in the controls. In the deciduous dentition, this difference was negligible. In the deciduous dentition an anterior position of the lateral maxillary segment proved more common in the periosteoplasty cases than in the controls. On the non-cleft side, there was an increased frequency of mesial occlusion and a corresponding decrease of neutral and distal occlusion in the periosteoplasty cases. No increased frequency of anterior crossbite was found even after repeated periosteoplasty, nor was the maxillary dental-arch length unfavourably influenced. Descriptive analysis of occlusion revealed an increase of buccal crossbite in the periosteoplasty cases of a select group of the widest clefts, treated by repeated periosteoplasty. These cases also had the highest total occlusal score according to the numerical classification, while the total occlusal score after one periosteoplasty in patients with less wider clefts was smaller than in the controls. In all patients who had undergone periosteoplasty new bone formed within the alveolar cleft. A good amount of new bone developed in about half the number of cases.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "PMID": 1053449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_933", "title": "Submucous cleft palate.", "content": "A report is given of 47 patients with submucous cleft palate operated on during the period 1965 to 1974. The average age of the patients when referred for surgery was high (10.8 years). Eleven patients, or nearly one out of four, had tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy performed before the correct diagnosis was made. Sixteen of the patients had a history of recurrent middle ear disease, and 18 patients had another congenital anomaly, the most frequent one being a cleft of the primary palate. Nineteen patients were operated upon with a von Langenbeck palatorraphy, and 28 with a von Langenbeck procedure + a superiorly based pharyngeal flap. Three of the patients were operated on twice. The result with regard to velopharyngeal function was recorded as good in 34 cases, fair in 10, and poor in 3 cases. The results were better in patients operated upon under the age of 7 years. The operative procedures now recommended are: A von Langenbeck (or push-back) closure of the palate combined with a levator sling reconstruction and a superiorly based pharyngeal flap. The possibility for an optimal result is best when the operation is performed at an early age, i.e. as soon as a diagnosis of SMCP and velopharyngeal incompetence has been made. For this reason it is important that better information about the symptoms and signs of SMCP is given to doctors, dentists and speech therapists, who refer these patients to the cleft palate clinic.", "contents": "Submucous cleft palate. A report is given of 47 patients with submucous cleft palate operated on during the period 1965 to 1974. The average age of the patients when referred for surgery was high (10.8 years). Eleven patients, or nearly one out of four, had tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy performed before the correct diagnosis was made. Sixteen of the patients had a history of recurrent middle ear disease, and 18 patients had another congenital anomaly, the most frequent one being a cleft of the primary palate. Nineteen patients were operated upon with a von Langenbeck palatorraphy, and 28 with a von Langenbeck procedure + a superiorly based pharyngeal flap. Three of the patients were operated on twice. The result with regard to velopharyngeal function was recorded as good in 34 cases, fair in 10, and poor in 3 cases. The results were better in patients operated upon under the age of 7 years. The operative procedures now recommended are: A von Langenbeck (or push-back) closure of the palate combined with a levator sling reconstruction and a superiorly based pharyngeal flap. The possibility for an optimal result is best when the operation is performed at an early age, i.e. as soon as a diagnosis of SMCP and velopharyngeal incompetence has been made. For this reason it is important that better information about the symptoms and signs of SMCP is given to doctors, dentists and speech therapists, who refer these patients to the cleft palate clinic.", "PMID": 1053450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_934", "title": "Mandibular fractures. I. An analysis of their etiology and location in 286 patients.", "content": "Case histories were studied of 286 patients treated for mandibular fractures by the Department of Plastic Surgery in conjunction with the Dental Department at Odense University Hospital between 1964 and 1973. 46.5% of the patients were aged 18-30 years; and 73.4% were male. Mandibular fractures associated with mid-face fractures were most frequently caused by traffic accidents (81%). When the mandible alone was fractured traffic accidents accounted for 50%, while assaults were responsible for 20%. Accidents at work only occurred among the men. Of the 487 mandibular fractures the most frequent site was the condylar process (36%) where half of the fractures in women were localized. Assaults most frequently caused fracture of the angle of the mandible; while falls were most frequently responsible for fracture of the condylar process. The fracture distribution in dentulous and edentulous mandibles differed despite the aetiology being the same.", "contents": "Mandibular fractures. I. An analysis of their etiology and location in 286 patients. Case histories were studied of 286 patients treated for mandibular fractures by the Department of Plastic Surgery in conjunction with the Dental Department at Odense University Hospital between 1964 and 1973. 46.5% of the patients were aged 18-30 years; and 73.4% were male. Mandibular fractures associated with mid-face fractures were most frequently caused by traffic accidents (81%). When the mandible alone was fractured traffic accidents accounted for 50%, while assaults were responsible for 20%. Accidents at work only occurred among the men. Of the 487 mandibular fractures the most frequent site was the condylar process (36%) where half of the fractures in women were localized. Assaults most frequently caused fracture of the angle of the mandible; while falls were most frequently responsible for fracture of the condylar process. The fracture distribution in dentulous and edentulous mandibles differed despite the aetiology being the same.", "PMID": 1053451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_935", "title": "Surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis axillae.", "content": "58 patients have been operated on for axillary hyperhidrosis by excision of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The hyperhidrotic area was determined by application of a cr\u00eape paper in the axilla. Either 60% or 90% of the hyperhidrotic area was excised, using a bat-like pattern. Only after excision of 90% of the hyperhidrotic area acceptable results were achieved. In a series of 22 patients with 90% excision bilaterally 18 had excellent results, three were good, and one was poor. The entire series was without complication. The advantage of this technique is its simplicity, freedom from complication, performance on an out-patient basis, and short convalescent time.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of hyperhidrosis axillae. 58 patients have been operated on for axillary hyperhidrosis by excision of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The hyperhidrotic area was determined by application of a cr\u00eape paper in the axilla. Either 60% or 90% of the hyperhidrotic area was excised, using a bat-like pattern. Only after excision of 90% of the hyperhidrotic area acceptable results were achieved. In a series of 22 patients with 90% excision bilaterally 18 had excellent results, three were good, and one was poor. The entire series was without complication. The advantage of this technique is its simplicity, freedom from complication, performance on an out-patient basis, and short convalescent time.", "PMID": 1053452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_936", "title": "Leprosy wound healing with ordinary adhesive tape. A preliminary report.", "content": "The use of adhesive tape as wound treatment in leprosy cases is described and found to be superior to the classical dressing as regards security and facility of application, and for the rapidity and quality of healing. Its use as a \"preventive\" treatment is stressed. The results of this study seem to justify the following conclusions: The adhesive tape is easy to handle, it heals the leprosy wounds in about half the time necessary for the classical dressing and it costs about 50 times less.", "contents": "Leprosy wound healing with ordinary adhesive tape. A preliminary report. The use of adhesive tape as wound treatment in leprosy cases is described and found to be superior to the classical dressing as regards security and facility of application, and for the rapidity and quality of healing. Its use as a \"preventive\" treatment is stressed. The results of this study seem to justify the following conclusions: The adhesive tape is easy to handle, it heals the leprosy wounds in about half the time necessary for the classical dressing and it costs about 50 times less.", "PMID": 1053453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_937", "title": "Spontaneous partial regression of malignant melanoma and its first metastasis. Case report.", "content": "A case of malignant melanoma with partial regression of the original lesion and its first metastasis is reported. At the time of almost complete disappearance of the primary lesion a lymph node metastasis was removed and it consisted of necrotic tissue containing masses of melanin pigment. There then was a rather rapid progress of the original lesion and of other metastases and the patient died of disseminated metastases of malignant melanoma three years after the operation.", "contents": "Spontaneous partial regression of malignant melanoma and its first metastasis. Case report. A case of malignant melanoma with partial regression of the original lesion and its first metastasis is reported. At the time of almost complete disappearance of the primary lesion a lymph node metastasis was removed and it consisted of necrotic tissue containing masses of melanin pigment. There then was a rather rapid progress of the original lesion and of other metastases and the patient died of disseminated metastases of malignant melanoma three years after the operation.", "PMID": 1053454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_938", "title": "Pediatric arterial injuries.", "content": "Forty-three children were treated for peripheral arterial injuries. Single injuries of the radial, ulnar, anterior or posterior tibial arteries with good collateral supply were best treated by ligation. Injuries about the elbow or knee, associated with fractures, carried the highest morbidity. Early arteriography, prompt exploration in doubtful cases, and a high level of expertise are essential for good results in these two areas.", "contents": "Pediatric arterial injuries. Forty-three children were treated for peripheral arterial injuries. Single injuries of the radial, ulnar, anterior or posterior tibial arteries with good collateral supply were best treated by ligation. Injuries about the elbow or knee, associated with fractures, carried the highest morbidity. Early arteriography, prompt exploration in doubtful cases, and a high level of expertise are essential for good results in these two areas.", "PMID": 1053458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_939", "title": "Incidence, predisposing factors and outcome of pharyngocutaneous fistulas complicating head and neck cancer surgery.", "content": "A major complication of head and neck cancer surgery following radiation and extensive resection is pharyngocutaneous fistula. A retrospective analysis of 36 fistula patients out of 376 major head and neck procedures between January 1971 and July 1973 revealed certain guidelines for improved clinical management. Since a large discrepancy existed in the incidence of fistulas between the different surgical procedures, each operative group was examined separately. The incidence, predisposing factors, and methods of treatment for this complication following composite jaw-neck resections and various laryngeal procedures are analyzed and discussed.", "contents": "Incidence, predisposing factors and outcome of pharyngocutaneous fistulas complicating head and neck cancer surgery. A major complication of head and neck cancer surgery following radiation and extensive resection is pharyngocutaneous fistula. A retrospective analysis of 36 fistula patients out of 376 major head and neck procedures between January 1971 and July 1973 revealed certain guidelines for improved clinical management. Since a large discrepancy existed in the incidence of fistulas between the different surgical procedures, each operative group was examined separately. The incidence, predisposing factors, and methods of treatment for this complication following composite jaw-neck resections and various laryngeal procedures are analyzed and discussed.", "PMID": 1053455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_940", "title": "Electrophysiologic and electrocardiographic consequences of congestive heart failure.", "content": "In order to determine the effect of altered autonomic tone in patients with reduced left ventricular function and congestive failure on atrioventricular conduction, the refractory periods of the A-V conducting system were compared in forty-five patients with normal left ventricular function and fifteen patients with a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure greater than 12 mmHg and a left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50% with symptoms of congestive failure. All patients in the study had resting heart rates of 90 beats per minute or less. Patients with congestive failure were found to have a significant reduction in the functional refractory period of the A-V node (390 +/- 29 msec versus 430 +/- 38 msec; P less than 0.01) and the effective refractory period of the total A-V conducting system (275 +/- 34 msec versus 311 +/- 45 msec; P less than 0.01). In addition, patients with congestive failure had a higher incidence of aberrant conduction of premature atrial contractions (14 of 15 versus 22 of 45; P less than 0.01) and a significantly higher incidence of left bundle branch aberration (50% versus 20%; P less than 0.01). The results indicate significant facilitation of A-V nodal conduction in patients with congestive failure probably due to enhanced sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic inhibition. These findings may increase the ability of the clinician to understand electrophysiologic changes in congestive heart failure.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic and electrocardiographic consequences of congestive heart failure. In order to determine the effect of altered autonomic tone in patients with reduced left ventricular function and congestive failure on atrioventricular conduction, the refractory periods of the A-V conducting system were compared in forty-five patients with normal left ventricular function and fifteen patients with a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure greater than 12 mmHg and a left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50% with symptoms of congestive failure. All patients in the study had resting heart rates of 90 beats per minute or less. Patients with congestive failure were found to have a significant reduction in the functional refractory period of the A-V node (390 +/- 29 msec versus 430 +/- 38 msec; P less than 0.01) and the effective refractory period of the total A-V conducting system (275 +/- 34 msec versus 311 +/- 45 msec; P less than 0.01). In addition, patients with congestive failure had a higher incidence of aberrant conduction of premature atrial contractions (14 of 15 versus 22 of 45; P less than 0.01) and a significantly higher incidence of left bundle branch aberration (50% versus 20%; P less than 0.01). The results indicate significant facilitation of A-V nodal conduction in patients with congestive failure probably due to enhanced sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic inhibition. These findings may increase the ability of the clinician to understand electrophysiologic changes in congestive heart failure.", "PMID": 1053459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_941", "title": "Raynaud's phenomenon in hypothyroidism.", "content": "Two patients with Raynaud's phenomenon were found to be hypothyroid and their symptoms disappeared with thyroid replacement therapy. Vascular reactivity studies in one patient demonstrated decreased vasomotor tone after therapy. Raynaud's phenomenon may be an expression of altered autonomic function in hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Raynaud's phenomenon in hypothyroidism. Two patients with Raynaud's phenomenon were found to be hypothyroid and their symptoms disappeared with thyroid replacement therapy. Vascular reactivity studies in one patient demonstrated decreased vasomotor tone after therapy. Raynaud's phenomenon may be an expression of altered autonomic function in hypothyroidism.", "PMID": 1053460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_942", "title": "Treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs with ostial incapacity (standard surgico-medical technique).", "content": "The following technique is normally used in our Phlebology Centre for varicose veins with ostial incapacity of the internal saphenous vein: A first stage, consisting of an enlarged crossectomy of the internal saphenous vein, combined with a stripping operation, more often long than short. In a second stage it is essential to follow the course of the varicose condition, which is undertaken by the medical team, using a postoperative sclerosing technique. The advantage of this combined technique is that it produces stable results with a minimum number of incisions, so that the results in the great majority of cases, are very satisfactory from the aesthetic point of view.", "contents": "Treatment of varicose veins of the lower limbs with ostial incapacity (standard surgico-medical technique). The following technique is normally used in our Phlebology Centre for varicose veins with ostial incapacity of the internal saphenous vein: A first stage, consisting of an enlarged crossectomy of the internal saphenous vein, combined with a stripping operation, more often long than short. In a second stage it is essential to follow the course of the varicose condition, which is undertaken by the medical team, using a postoperative sclerosing technique. The advantage of this combined technique is that it produces stable results with a minimum number of incisions, so that the results in the great majority of cases, are very satisfactory from the aesthetic point of view.", "PMID": 1053461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_943", "title": "Hemodynamic changes in arteriosclerotic vs. non-arteriosclerotic rats during the acute stages of myocardial infarction.", "content": "Non-arteriosclerotic (virgin), male and female, Sprague-Dawley rats and arteriosclerotic (breeder), male and female rats were subjected to an acute myocardial infarct when injected with two subcutaneous doses of isoproterenol. Female rats, especially female breeder rats with advanced arteriosclerosis, survived their infarcts in superior fashion to male rats or those with the least severe arterial disease. Animals with severe arteriosclerosis showed the least loss of body weight and greatest increase in heart weight on Day 3 when cardiac necrosis reaches its zenith. Blood pressure and pulse pressure was most seriously reduced in animals with no or early arteriosclerosis only, being best maintained in the animals with the most severe arterial disease. Heart rate was not greatly altered in any of the various groups. Ventricular function, i.e., cardiac output, stroke volume, cardiac index, and left ventricular minute work, was severely impaired in the non-arteriosclerotic animals and in those with the least arterial disease. Total peripheral resistance was also least elevated and myocardial contractile strength (peak flow and max dF/dt) was greatest in female breeders with the most advanced arterial disease. Most intriguing, is the seemingly paradoxical but consistent finding that female breeders which develop the most severe arterial disease are able to best maintain cardiac function during the acute stress of myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes in arteriosclerotic vs. non-arteriosclerotic rats during the acute stages of myocardial infarction. Non-arteriosclerotic (virgin), male and female, Sprague-Dawley rats and arteriosclerotic (breeder), male and female rats were subjected to an acute myocardial infarct when injected with two subcutaneous doses of isoproterenol. Female rats, especially female breeder rats with advanced arteriosclerosis, survived their infarcts in superior fashion to male rats or those with the least severe arterial disease. Animals with severe arteriosclerosis showed the least loss of body weight and greatest increase in heart weight on Day 3 when cardiac necrosis reaches its zenith. Blood pressure and pulse pressure was most seriously reduced in animals with no or early arteriosclerosis only, being best maintained in the animals with the most severe arterial disease. Heart rate was not greatly altered in any of the various groups. Ventricular function, i.e., cardiac output, stroke volume, cardiac index, and left ventricular minute work, was severely impaired in the non-arteriosclerotic animals and in those with the least arterial disease. Total peripheral resistance was also least elevated and myocardial contractile strength (peak flow and max dF/dt) was greatest in female breeders with the most advanced arterial disease. Most intriguing, is the seemingly paradoxical but consistent finding that female breeders which develop the most severe arterial disease are able to best maintain cardiac function during the acute stress of myocardial ischemia.", "PMID": 1053462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_944", "title": "Vertigo of delayed onset after sudden deafness.", "content": "An entity of episodic true vertigo of delayed onset following sudden and profound sensorineural hearing loss is described. Data on 12 patients and three case reports are presented. The latency between sudden deafness and the onset of the vertigo varied from 1 to 68 years. The vestibular symptoms are identical to the vestibular symptoms of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, and there is some evidence that endolymphatic hydrops in the previously deafened ear represents at least part of the labyrinthine pathology. Labyrinthectomy in the deaf ear was curative. Tentatively, this entity is best considered a variant of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "contents": "Vertigo of delayed onset after sudden deafness. An entity of episodic true vertigo of delayed onset following sudden and profound sensorineural hearing loss is described. Data on 12 patients and three case reports are presented. The latency between sudden deafness and the onset of the vertigo varied from 1 to 68 years. The vestibular symptoms are identical to the vestibular symptoms of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease, and there is some evidence that endolymphatic hydrops in the previously deafened ear represents at least part of the labyrinthine pathology. Labyrinthectomy in the deaf ear was curative. Tentatively, this entity is best considered a variant of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease.", "PMID": 1053456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_945", "title": "Correlation of cold pressor response with coronary atherosclerosis and left ventricular performance.", "content": "A comparison of cold pressor response with coronary arteriography and left ventriculography was made in 26 consecutive patients having chest pain suggesting coronary heart disease. Patients with normal coronary arteriograms and normal left ventriculograms showed normal cold pressor responses. Patients with coronary atherosclerosis and normal left ventricular performance showed an exaggerated cold pressor response, whereas patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis and poor left ventricular performance did not exhibit an exaggerated cold pressor response. In patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction having dyskinesia or akinesia of the inferior wall, the cold pressor response was not impaired. In contrast, patients with anterior wall myocardial infarction and dyskinesia or akinesia of the anterior wall showed a marked impairment of the left ventricular performance and no exaggeration of the cold pressor response.", "contents": "Correlation of cold pressor response with coronary atherosclerosis and left ventricular performance. A comparison of cold pressor response with coronary arteriography and left ventriculography was made in 26 consecutive patients having chest pain suggesting coronary heart disease. Patients with normal coronary arteriograms and normal left ventriculograms showed normal cold pressor responses. Patients with coronary atherosclerosis and normal left ventricular performance showed an exaggerated cold pressor response, whereas patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis and poor left ventricular performance did not exhibit an exaggerated cold pressor response. In patients with inferior wall myocardial infarction having dyskinesia or akinesia of the inferior wall, the cold pressor response was not impaired. In contrast, patients with anterior wall myocardial infarction and dyskinesia or akinesia of the anterior wall showed a marked impairment of the left ventricular performance and no exaggeration of the cold pressor response.", "PMID": 1053463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_946", "title": "Painful leg syndrome (pseudo-phlebitis).", "content": "Lower extremity venography is essential to confirm the diagnosis of phlebitis when the clinical situation is not completely typical. 8 patients are presented, 6 of whom had been given prolonged prior anticoagulant therapy for phlebitis and pulmonary embolus. Normal venograms and reassurance led to resolution of symptoms in all cases.", "contents": "Painful leg syndrome (pseudo-phlebitis). Lower extremity venography is essential to confirm the diagnosis of phlebitis when the clinical situation is not completely typical. 8 patients are presented, 6 of whom had been given prolonged prior anticoagulant therapy for phlebitis and pulmonary embolus. Normal venograms and reassurance led to resolution of symptoms in all cases.", "PMID": 1053466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_947", "title": "Deep vein thrombosis treated with streptokinase or heparin. A randomized study.", "content": "Randomly assigned streptokinase or heparin therapy was studied in 50 patients with deep vein thrombosis of less than 2 weeks' duration. Venography was performed prior to therapy, after 3 days, and after 10 days. Two radiologists who were unaware of the patient's therapy compiled a single average lytic score for each patient at each time interval. Lysis of venous thrombi was significantly greater with streptokinase than with heparin after 3 days, but not after 10 days of treatment. Lytic scores achieved with streptokinase were significantly better than those achieved with heparin therapy (P less than .01) in male patients who were symptomatic for 3 days or less. In females, regardless of the duration of symptoms, thrombolytic results obtained with streptokinase were not significantly different than results obtained with heparin.", "contents": "Deep vein thrombosis treated with streptokinase or heparin. A randomized study. Randomly assigned streptokinase or heparin therapy was studied in 50 patients with deep vein thrombosis of less than 2 weeks' duration. Venography was performed prior to therapy, after 3 days, and after 10 days. Two radiologists who were unaware of the patient's therapy compiled a single average lytic score for each patient at each time interval. Lysis of venous thrombi was significantly greater with streptokinase than with heparin after 3 days, but not after 10 days of treatment. Lytic scores achieved with streptokinase were significantly better than those achieved with heparin therapy (P less than .01) in male patients who were symptomatic for 3 days or less. In females, regardless of the duration of symptoms, thrombolytic results obtained with streptokinase were not significantly different than results obtained with heparin.", "PMID": 1053467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_948", "title": "Furosemide and plasma renin activity in essential hypertension.", "content": "Changes in arterial blood pressure, renal electrolyte excretion, and plasma renin activity in response to repeated doses of furosemide were measured in 12 patients with essential hypertension admitted to the medical service for electrolyte balance studies. Eighty and 120 mg/day furosemide in divided doses for 5 to 10 days produced a prompt increase in renal sodium excretion. Urinary Na/K concentration ratios, which were elevated during peak natriuresis, returned to control levels following the initial diuretic response. In 2 patients with high initial levels of plasma renin activity, arterial blood pressure was not reduced by furosemide, and more potent antihypertensive agents were required to control the blood pressure. In the remaining patients, furosemide produced a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There was a general upward shift of plasma renin levels in terms of 24-hour renal sodium excretion in those who demonstrated an antihypertensive response to the drug. However, the average increase in plasma renin activity after repeated doses of furosemide was not statistically significant and no correlation was demonstrated between the level of plasma renin activity after furosemide and the blood pressure lowering effect of the drug.", "contents": "Furosemide and plasma renin activity in essential hypertension. Changes in arterial blood pressure, renal electrolyte excretion, and plasma renin activity in response to repeated doses of furosemide were measured in 12 patients with essential hypertension admitted to the medical service for electrolyte balance studies. Eighty and 120 mg/day furosemide in divided doses for 5 to 10 days produced a prompt increase in renal sodium excretion. Urinary Na/K concentration ratios, which were elevated during peak natriuresis, returned to control levels following the initial diuretic response. In 2 patients with high initial levels of plasma renin activity, arterial blood pressure was not reduced by furosemide, and more potent antihypertensive agents were required to control the blood pressure. In the remaining patients, furosemide produced a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There was a general upward shift of plasma renin levels in terms of 24-hour renal sodium excretion in those who demonstrated an antihypertensive response to the drug. However, the average increase in plasma renin activity after repeated doses of furosemide was not statistically significant and no correlation was demonstrated between the level of plasma renin activity after furosemide and the blood pressure lowering effect of the drug.", "PMID": 1053468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_949", "title": "The syndrome of nonejection click-late systolic murmur and mitral valve prolapse. A case report and review of the subject.", "content": "The syndrome of nonejection click-late systolic murmur and mitral valve prolapse is reviewed. A patient with this syndrome is reported. Physical findings, important diagnostic studies, and possible complications are discussed.", "contents": "The syndrome of nonejection click-late systolic murmur and mitral valve prolapse. A case report and review of the subject. The syndrome of nonejection click-late systolic murmur and mitral valve prolapse is reviewed. A patient with this syndrome is reported. Physical findings, important diagnostic studies, and possible complications are discussed.", "PMID": 1053470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_950", "title": "Gas-forming clostridial mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. A case report.", "content": "Gas-forming mycotic aneurysms are extremely rare. A case is reported in which rupture of a gas-forming mycotic aneurysm of the distal abdominal aorta due to Clostridium paraputrificum occurred in an elderly male with a myeloproliferative disorder and a necrotic carcinoma of the colon.", "contents": "Gas-forming clostridial mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. A case report. Gas-forming mycotic aneurysms are extremely rare. A case is reported in which rupture of a gas-forming mycotic aneurysm of the distal abdominal aorta due to Clostridium paraputrificum occurred in an elderly male with a myeloproliferative disorder and a necrotic carcinoma of the colon.", "PMID": 1053471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_951", "title": "An unusual case of reno-vascular hypertension with multiple arterial stenosis.", "content": "A case of juvenile reno-vascular hypertension is presented. Extensive involvement of aorta and its branches was found. The possible inflammatory or congenital origin of the arterial lesion is discussed.", "contents": "An unusual case of reno-vascular hypertension with multiple arterial stenosis. A case of juvenile reno-vascular hypertension is presented. Extensive involvement of aorta and its branches was found. The possible inflammatory or congenital origin of the arterial lesion is discussed.", "PMID": 1053472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_952", "title": "Thromboangitis obliterans: a clinical study with special emphasis on venous involvement.", "content": "Sixty-one cases of thromboangitis obliterans (TAO) were studied during 1969-70. Nearly all were males, smokers, of poor socio-economic status. Average age of presentation was 34.2 years. A majority (64%) presented with claudication pain. About one fifth gave history of migratory thrombophlebitis and venography and histological investigations suggested that sixty per cent had venous involvement. Nearly half the patients had involvement of upper limb vessels. Clinical and arteriographic studies showed femoral-popliteal junction to be the commonest site of block. No evidence of coronary artery disease, cerebral vascular disease, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism was seen in these patients. Arteriographic findings were unlike atherosclerosis obliterans (ASO). From this study we conclude that thromboangitis obliterans (TAO) is a separate and distinct clinical and pathologic entity and the incidence of venous involvement is very high if venographic investigations are combined with clinical examination.", "contents": "Thromboangitis obliterans: a clinical study with special emphasis on venous involvement. Sixty-one cases of thromboangitis obliterans (TAO) were studied during 1969-70. Nearly all were males, smokers, of poor socio-economic status. Average age of presentation was 34.2 years. A majority (64%) presented with claudication pain. About one fifth gave history of migratory thrombophlebitis and venography and histological investigations suggested that sixty per cent had venous involvement. Nearly half the patients had involvement of upper limb vessels. Clinical and arteriographic studies showed femoral-popliteal junction to be the commonest site of block. No evidence of coronary artery disease, cerebral vascular disease, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism was seen in these patients. Arteriographic findings were unlike atherosclerosis obliterans (ASO). From this study we conclude that thromboangitis obliterans (TAO) is a separate and distinct clinical and pathologic entity and the incidence of venous involvement is very high if venographic investigations are combined with clinical examination.", "PMID": 1053473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_953", "title": "Exercise testing and portable ECG recording in arrhythmia-prone patients.", "content": "To detect transient arrhythmias or conduction disturbances, 200 patients with the symptoms of palpitations, syncope or dizziness, and patients with coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, arrhythmias or conduction disturbances on resting 12-lead electrocardiogram, were studied by submaximal treadmill exercise and portable Holter recording. Thirty-nine patients (19.5%) had arrhythmias on the resting 12-lead ECG, 136 patients (68%) showed arrhythmias either on treadmill or Holter recording or both. Eighty-nine patients (44.5%) showed arrhythmias on exercise, while 123 patients (61.5%) had rhythm or conduction disturbances on Holter recording. Twenty-two patients (11%) had arrhythmias only on treadmill walking, while 68 (34%) had arrhythmias only with the Holter. In six patients different arrhythmias was noted by each method. Although the Holter recording technique affords a higher yield of recording transient arrhythmias than did exercise testing, both methods are useful and complementary in evaluating the ambulatory patients suspected of having rhythm or conduction disturbances.", "contents": "Exercise testing and portable ECG recording in arrhythmia-prone patients. To detect transient arrhythmias or conduction disturbances, 200 patients with the symptoms of palpitations, syncope or dizziness, and patients with coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, arrhythmias or conduction disturbances on resting 12-lead electrocardiogram, were studied by submaximal treadmill exercise and portable Holter recording. Thirty-nine patients (19.5%) had arrhythmias on the resting 12-lead ECG, 136 patients (68%) showed arrhythmias either on treadmill or Holter recording or both. Eighty-nine patients (44.5%) showed arrhythmias on exercise, while 123 patients (61.5%) had rhythm or conduction disturbances on Holter recording. Twenty-two patients (11%) had arrhythmias only on treadmill walking, while 68 (34%) had arrhythmias only with the Holter. In six patients different arrhythmias was noted by each method. Although the Holter recording technique affords a higher yield of recording transient arrhythmias than did exercise testing, both methods are useful and complementary in evaluating the ambulatory patients suspected of having rhythm or conduction disturbances.", "PMID": 1053474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_954", "title": "The rational use of diuretics in the treatment of arterial hypertension.", "content": "The development of modern pharmacologic diuretic agents has revolutionized the therapy of arterial hypertension. The diuretics currently available are easily administered orally, are effective in the presence of alkalosis or acidosis, are non-toxic and have a low incidence of side effects which are readily circumvented or treated. Loop diuretics such as furosemide have the capacity to be effective in patients with diminished renal function or clinical situations that have a powerful stimulus to sodium retention. In clinical circumstances when renal potassium loss is to be prevented such as in patients receiving digitalis, the addition of a potassium-sparing diuretic to either a thiazide or furosemide will achieve the clinical goal of providing an effective diuresis while inhibiting potassium excretion. The mechanism of antihypertensive activity of the diuretic agents appears to be the reduction of extracellular fluid volumes and plasma volumes. Hence, the clinical dictum that to be effective as an antihypertensive agent, diuretics should be administered in diuretic doses. Besides being the cornerstone of initial antihypertensive therapy, diuretics also play an important role in antihypertensive therapy of patients with moderate to severe hypertension who are receiving potent antihypertensive drugs of the vasodilator or sympatholytic class of compounds. Indeed, one of the most important steps in the successful therapy of these patients receiving multiple drugs, is the re-assessment of the diuretic agent. The sodium retention and consequent fluid volume expansion associated with the administration of these potent antihypertensive agents may often cause these patients to develop apparent drug resistance since the thiazide diuretics are not potent enough to counteract the powerful stimulus to sodium retention caused by these antihypertensive agents. The re-evaluation of the diuretic agent at this point will usually necessitate the substitution of furosemide for thiazide or the doubling of the dose of the present loop diuretic. A working knowledge of the physiology of urine formation and the sites of action of currently available diuretic agents will enable the clinician to tailor the diuretic agent to the clinical circumstances of an individual patient and allow the clinician to rationally select a diuretic for the treatment of arterial hypertension.", "contents": "The rational use of diuretics in the treatment of arterial hypertension. The development of modern pharmacologic diuretic agents has revolutionized the therapy of arterial hypertension. The diuretics currently available are easily administered orally, are effective in the presence of alkalosis or acidosis, are non-toxic and have a low incidence of side effects which are readily circumvented or treated. Loop diuretics such as furosemide have the capacity to be effective in patients with diminished renal function or clinical situations that have a powerful stimulus to sodium retention. In clinical circumstances when renal potassium loss is to be prevented such as in patients receiving digitalis, the addition of a potassium-sparing diuretic to either a thiazide or furosemide will achieve the clinical goal of providing an effective diuresis while inhibiting potassium excretion. The mechanism of antihypertensive activity of the diuretic agents appears to be the reduction of extracellular fluid volumes and plasma volumes. Hence, the clinical dictum that to be effective as an antihypertensive agent, diuretics should be administered in diuretic doses. Besides being the cornerstone of initial antihypertensive therapy, diuretics also play an important role in antihypertensive therapy of patients with moderate to severe hypertension who are receiving potent antihypertensive drugs of the vasodilator or sympatholytic class of compounds. Indeed, one of the most important steps in the successful therapy of these patients receiving multiple drugs, is the re-assessment of the diuretic agent. The sodium retention and consequent fluid volume expansion associated with the administration of these potent antihypertensive agents may often cause these patients to develop apparent drug resistance since the thiazide diuretics are not potent enough to counteract the powerful stimulus to sodium retention caused by these antihypertensive agents. The re-evaluation of the diuretic agent at this point will usually necessitate the substitution of furosemide for thiazide or the doubling of the dose of the present loop diuretic. A working knowledge of the physiology of urine formation and the sites of action of currently available diuretic agents will enable the clinician to tailor the diuretic agent to the clinical circumstances of an individual patient and allow the clinician to rationally select a diuretic for the treatment of arterial hypertension.", "PMID": 1053479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_955", "title": "Onset and clinicopathological course in Buerger's disease.", "content": "From clinicopathological study, vasculitis of Buerger's disease seemed to start at small branch arteries and veins and progress to the trunk artery with thrombus. Progress of vascular lesions in trunk artery was gradual in general; the pathogenesis was briefly discussed.", "contents": "Onset and clinicopathological course in Buerger's disease. From clinicopathological study, vasculitis of Buerger's disease seemed to start at small branch arteries and veins and progress to the trunk artery with thrombus. Progress of vascular lesions in trunk artery was gradual in general; the pathogenesis was briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1053484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_956", "title": "Budd-Chiari syndrome due to obstruction of the inferior vena cava. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by membranous occlusion of the proximal portion of the inferior vena cava are presented. Both were treated surgically, using the modified technique of Kimura in one case, and a resection with direct vision and extracorporeal circulation in the other. Both patients progressed well. We discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome, the diagnostic means that can be used, and the importance of early treatment.", "contents": "Budd-Chiari syndrome due to obstruction of the inferior vena cava. A report of two cases. Two cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by membranous occlusion of the proximal portion of the inferior vena cava are presented. Both were treated surgically, using the modified technique of Kimura in one case, and a resection with direct vision and extracorporeal circulation in the other. Both patients progressed well. We discuss the etiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome, the diagnostic means that can be used, and the importance of early treatment.", "PMID": 1053485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_957", "title": "Cardio-auditory syndrome of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen.", "content": "An 8-year-old deaf-mute girl experienced syncopal attacks. Past medical history revealed cardiac arrhythmia which had developed following an abdominal surgery for a twisted ovarian cyst. Electrocardiogram showed a Q-Tc interval of 40/100 second. The diagnosis was Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Etiology, physiopathology, clinical picture, and management of the disease are discussed.", "contents": "Cardio-auditory syndrome of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen. An 8-year-old deaf-mute girl experienced syncopal attacks. Past medical history revealed cardiac arrhythmia which had developed following an abdominal surgery for a twisted ovarian cyst. Electrocardiogram showed a Q-Tc interval of 40/100 second. The diagnosis was Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome. Etiology, physiopathology, clinical picture, and management of the disease are discussed.", "PMID": 1053486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_958", "title": "Exercise testing in young asymptomatic diabetic patients.", "content": "The cardiovascular response to submaximal bicycle exercise was studied in a group of 19 asymptomatic diabetic patients aged 18 to 39, including 11 males and 8 females and 18 control subjects (9 males and 9 females, aged 20 to 34 years). The maximum heart rate achieved by the control subjects (group I), 175.9 +/- 8.9 beats/min, was greater than that achieved by the diabetic patients (group II), 159.4 +/- 17.8 beats/min, (P less than 0.01). The work load at which the maximum heart rate was reached was lower in diabetic males, 681 +/- 155.4 kg m/min, than in healthy males, 866.7 +/- 139.9 kg m/min, (P less than 0.02). Although systolic blood pressure elevations were comparable during exercise and the postexercise period, the increase in diastolic blood pressure during exercise in the diabetic patients was greater than in control subjects (P less than 0.001). This difference, however, was only observed in the males and not in the females. The difference in diastolic blood pressure was again noted between the groups in the postexercise period; that of group II was higher than that of group I (P less than 0.01). This was particularly notable in the older diabetics (aged 31 to 40 years). One patient in group II developed ischemic ST segment changes, and 1 subject in each group was found to have J junction depression of 1.0 mm or more. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the possible pathophysiology of the diabetic patients.", "contents": "Exercise testing in young asymptomatic diabetic patients. The cardiovascular response to submaximal bicycle exercise was studied in a group of 19 asymptomatic diabetic patients aged 18 to 39, including 11 males and 8 females and 18 control subjects (9 males and 9 females, aged 20 to 34 years). The maximum heart rate achieved by the control subjects (group I), 175.9 +/- 8.9 beats/min, was greater than that achieved by the diabetic patients (group II), 159.4 +/- 17.8 beats/min, (P less than 0.01). The work load at which the maximum heart rate was reached was lower in diabetic males, 681 +/- 155.4 kg m/min, than in healthy males, 866.7 +/- 139.9 kg m/min, (P less than 0.02). Although systolic blood pressure elevations were comparable during exercise and the postexercise period, the increase in diastolic blood pressure during exercise in the diabetic patients was greater than in control subjects (P less than 0.001). This difference, however, was only observed in the males and not in the females. The difference in diastolic blood pressure was again noted between the groups in the postexercise period; that of group II was higher than that of group I (P less than 0.01). This was particularly notable in the older diabetics (aged 31 to 40 years). One patient in group II developed ischemic ST segment changes, and 1 subject in each group was found to have J junction depression of 1.0 mm or more. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the possible pathophysiology of the diabetic patients.", "PMID": 1053487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_959", "title": "Antiprogesterone effect and midcycle (periovulatory) contraception.", "content": "Based on the sequential changes of hormones in plasma and of progesterone binding sites in the uterus, it is suggested to give once a month, at midcycle (around ovulation), either progesterone itself or a parent compound binding to progesterone receptor. The aim is an antiprogesterone effect occurring presumably through a decrease of receptor functioning ultimately expressed some days later by lack of implantation.", "contents": "Antiprogesterone effect and midcycle (periovulatory) contraception. Based on the sequential changes of hormones in plasma and of progesterone binding sites in the uterus, it is suggested to give once a month, at midcycle (around ovulation), either progesterone itself or a parent compound binding to progesterone receptor. The aim is an antiprogesterone effect occurring presumably through a decrease of receptor functioning ultimately expressed some days later by lack of implantation.", "PMID": 1053488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_960", "title": "Suppression of lactation by an antiestrogen, tamoxifen.", "content": "The efficacy of a new antiestrogen, tamoxifen, in the suppression of lactation was tested in a placebo-controlled double-blind trial in 150 puerperal women. It proved to be very effective in preventing milk secretion and breast engorgement when its administration was commenced within two hours after delivery. No side effects were observed. Two dosage schedules were compared.", "contents": "Suppression of lactation by an antiestrogen, tamoxifen. The efficacy of a new antiestrogen, tamoxifen, in the suppression of lactation was tested in a placebo-controlled double-blind trial in 150 puerperal women. It proved to be very effective in preventing milk secretion and breast engorgement when its administration was commenced within two hours after delivery. No side effects were observed. Two dosage schedules were compared.", "PMID": 1053489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_961", "title": "Pressure in the hydrocephalic fetal head during the first stage of labor.", "content": "Intraamniotic pressure was studied in the 30th week of amenorrhea in relationship with fetal intracranial pressure with open-tip catheters. The fetus had a severe hydrocephalus (echoscopy 16 cm) due to a teratologic malformation of the cerebrum. Clinically nonoperative treatment was indicated. Intracranial pressure (X) was invariably higher than intraamniotic pressure (Y) between contractions: Y = 2.04 + 0.54 X, and during contractions: Y = 5.30 + 0.55 X. There was no definite relationship between intrauterine and intracranial pressure, and the fetal tachogram. A definite relationship was established with the supine position of the patient and decelerations in the fetal tachogram. It is suggested that when fetal cardiac decelerations are seen during the first stage of labor it seems advisable to look for factors such as umbilical cord compression and decrease of materno-placental perfusion rather than fetal head compression.", "contents": "Pressure in the hydrocephalic fetal head during the first stage of labor. Intraamniotic pressure was studied in the 30th week of amenorrhea in relationship with fetal intracranial pressure with open-tip catheters. The fetus had a severe hydrocephalus (echoscopy 16 cm) due to a teratologic malformation of the cerebrum. Clinically nonoperative treatment was indicated. Intracranial pressure (X) was invariably higher than intraamniotic pressure (Y) between contractions: Y = 2.04 + 0.54 X, and during contractions: Y = 5.30 + 0.55 X. There was no definite relationship between intrauterine and intracranial pressure, and the fetal tachogram. A definite relationship was established with the supine position of the patient and decelerations in the fetal tachogram. It is suggested that when fetal cardiac decelerations are seen during the first stage of labor it seems advisable to look for factors such as umbilical cord compression and decrease of materno-placental perfusion rather than fetal head compression.", "PMID": 1053490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_962", "title": "Maternal malnutrition, low birthweight and related phenomena in man. Physiological and behavioral interactions.", "content": "The variables producing lowered birthweight include prematurity, maternal genetic tendencies, low prepregnancy weight, low weight gain during pregnancy, pathologies of pregnancy, multiple births, maternal malnutrition, and intrauterine growth retardation. Reductions in intelligence related to low birthweight are distributed equally among different socioeconomic groups. However, when mental subnormality is used as the criterion of impairment, low socioeconomic status is a better predictor of poor outcome than low birthweight. Even when general intelligence is not impaired, low birthweight children show specific cognitive, perceptual and behavioral signs of organic brain damage. In the absence of frank congenital abnormality, absolute birthweight is a better predictor of impaired intelligence than intrauterine growth retardation. Maternal malnutrition during the period of pregnancy does not influence offspring intelligence. Malnutrition throughout the maternal and offspring lifespan does impair intelligence, especially when surrounding social conditions are counterproductive to its development.", "contents": "Maternal malnutrition, low birthweight and related phenomena in man. Physiological and behavioral interactions. The variables producing lowered birthweight include prematurity, maternal genetic tendencies, low prepregnancy weight, low weight gain during pregnancy, pathologies of pregnancy, multiple births, maternal malnutrition, and intrauterine growth retardation. Reductions in intelligence related to low birthweight are distributed equally among different socioeconomic groups. However, when mental subnormality is used as the criterion of impairment, low socioeconomic status is a better predictor of poor outcome than low birthweight. Even when general intelligence is not impaired, low birthweight children show specific cognitive, perceptual and behavioral signs of organic brain damage. In the absence of frank congenital abnormality, absolute birthweight is a better predictor of impaired intelligence than intrauterine growth retardation. Maternal malnutrition during the period of pregnancy does not influence offspring intelligence. Malnutrition throughout the maternal and offspring lifespan does impair intelligence, especially when surrounding social conditions are counterproductive to its development.", "PMID": 1053491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_963", "title": "Helping the hypertensive patient to help himself.", "content": "The control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension is an important challenge in everyday medical practice. It can do much to reduce complications, but too often we fall short of our therapeutic goals. Much more can be done to help our patients help themselves if physicians, along with their paramedical staffs and their patients, make the effort. The results are gratifying in terms of motivation and successful long-term control of the blood pressure and the risks associated with hypertension. This paper outlines objectives and practical approaches to patient education and self-care of this common medical problem.", "contents": "Helping the hypertensive patient to help himself. The control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension is an important challenge in everyday medical practice. It can do much to reduce complications, but too often we fall short of our therapeutic goals. Much more can be done to help our patients help themselves if physicians, along with their paramedical staffs and their patients, make the effort. The results are gratifying in terms of motivation and successful long-term control of the blood pressure and the risks associated with hypertension. This paper outlines objectives and practical approaches to patient education and self-care of this common medical problem.", "PMID": 1053494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_964", "title": "Advising parents of severely atypical children.", "content": "The family physician is often the primary source of continuing guidance for the parents of autistic, schizophrenic, or brain-damaged children. It is essential to anticipate problems in such areas as use of medication, early education, reactions of siblings, and stresses within the lives of the parents. The family physician can help parents find the resources to cope with the multitude of problems confronting them and their children.", "contents": "Advising parents of severely atypical children. The family physician is often the primary source of continuing guidance for the parents of autistic, schizophrenic, or brain-damaged children. It is essential to anticipate problems in such areas as use of medication, early education, reactions of siblings, and stresses within the lives of the parents. The family physician can help parents find the resources to cope with the multitude of problems confronting them and their children.", "PMID": 1053495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_965", "title": "Importance of obstetrics in a comprehensive family practice.", "content": "Four family practices in the San Francisco Bay Area, two of which did not include obstetrics and two of which did, were examined with reference to their patient populations and to the number of families for which they provided comprehensive, continuous family care. The groups practicing without obstetrics were found to do acute care primarily and, to a lesser extent, long-term care internal medicine, with very little pediatrics or gynecology. The groups practicing with obstetrics did significantly more minor surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, and psychotherapy. During the six-week study, the group practicing with obstetrics saw five times as many patients who were members of families receiving continuous, comprehensive care from the practice under observation. Psychotherapy done by the group including obstetrics was primarily family therapy; for the other group, individual therapy. If larger studies support these findings, then important implications are suggested for training programs in family practice and for the resident deciding to enter practice.", "contents": "Importance of obstetrics in a comprehensive family practice. Four family practices in the San Francisco Bay Area, two of which did not include obstetrics and two of which did, were examined with reference to their patient populations and to the number of families for which they provided comprehensive, continuous family care. The groups practicing without obstetrics were found to do acute care primarily and, to a lesser extent, long-term care internal medicine, with very little pediatrics or gynecology. The groups practicing with obstetrics did significantly more minor surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, and psychotherapy. During the six-week study, the group practicing with obstetrics saw five times as many patients who were members of families receiving continuous, comprehensive care from the practice under observation. Psychotherapy done by the group including obstetrics was primarily family therapy; for the other group, individual therapy. If larger studies support these findings, then important implications are suggested for training programs in family practice and for the resident deciding to enter practice.", "PMID": 1053496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_966", "title": "Obstetrics in family practice: a personal and political perspective.", "content": "A heated debate is currently taking place concerning the style, methods and location of future obstetrical and neonatal care. On the one hand, there is a trend toward increasing technology of obstetrical and neonatal care with some professional groups favoring regionalization of these services to large regional centers. On the other hand, there are counterforces to such regionalization including community hospitals, many practicing obstetricians, nurse midwives, the women's liberation movement, the \"alternative lifestyle movement,\" the Leboyer concept of delivery, the family-centered maternity care movement, and the family practice movement. This paper explores these issues and presents important reasons for family-oriented obstetric and neonatal care involving the family physician in community settings readily accessible to patients. The inclusion of obstetrical care as an integral part of family practice is important to the growth and development of the specialty.", "contents": "Obstetrics in family practice: a personal and political perspective. A heated debate is currently taking place concerning the style, methods and location of future obstetrical and neonatal care. On the one hand, there is a trend toward increasing technology of obstetrical and neonatal care with some professional groups favoring regionalization of these services to large regional centers. On the other hand, there are counterforces to such regionalization including community hospitals, many practicing obstetricians, nurse midwives, the women's liberation movement, the \"alternative lifestyle movement,\" the Leboyer concept of delivery, the family-centered maternity care movement, and the family practice movement. This paper explores these issues and presents important reasons for family-oriented obstetric and neonatal care involving the family physician in community settings readily accessible to patients. The inclusion of obstetrical care as an integral part of family practice is important to the growth and development of the specialty.", "PMID": 1053497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_967", "title": "An audit of obstetric care in a university family medicine department and an obstetrics-gynecology department.", "content": "The care of obstetric patients in a university family medicine department was compared with that in the obstetrics-gynecology department of the same university. The obstetric service patients tended to be at higher risk due to a higher black population (24.2 percent vs 6.3 percent), greater prepregnancy weight (mean 154.0 lbs vs 113.9 lbs), and a greater number of patients referred from the community because of prenatal complications. However, the family medicine patients had a higher incidence of premature rupture of membranes (26 percent vs 11 percent), and were therefore at risk for several complications. Family medicine nulliparas had first stages of labor which lasted an average of 12.2 hours as opposed to obstetric service nulliparas whose first stages averaged only 9.2 hours. There were more family medicine than obstetric service patients who received no anesthesia (18.0 percent vs 10.2 percent). Elective low forceps were used more often by obstetric service physicians than by family physicians (28.2 percent vs 15.3 percent). Mothers on the family medicine service had more puerperal complications than those on the obstetric service (16.0 percent vs 5.6 percent). No serious discrepancies in quality of care could be found between the two services.", "contents": "An audit of obstetric care in a university family medicine department and an obstetrics-gynecology department. The care of obstetric patients in a university family medicine department was compared with that in the obstetrics-gynecology department of the same university. The obstetric service patients tended to be at higher risk due to a higher black population (24.2 percent vs 6.3 percent), greater prepregnancy weight (mean 154.0 lbs vs 113.9 lbs), and a greater number of patients referred from the community because of prenatal complications. However, the family medicine patients had a higher incidence of premature rupture of membranes (26 percent vs 11 percent), and were therefore at risk for several complications. Family medicine nulliparas had first stages of labor which lasted an average of 12.2 hours as opposed to obstetric service nulliparas whose first stages averaged only 9.2 hours. There were more family medicine than obstetric service patients who received no anesthesia (18.0 percent vs 10.2 percent). Elective low forceps were used more often by obstetric service physicians than by family physicians (28.2 percent vs 15.3 percent). Mothers on the family medicine service had more puerperal complications than those on the obstetric service (16.0 percent vs 5.6 percent). No serious discrepancies in quality of care could be found between the two services.", "PMID": 1053498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_968", "title": "In-Training Performance Assessment in family practice.", "content": "The In-Training Performance Assessment (ITPA) is an evaluation instrument derived from 174 basic objectives in family medicine. The instrument was applied to two consecutive classes of fourth-year medical undergraduates during the family medicine clerkship. Comparisons were made of two scoring systems: one measuring mastery of the objectives using the criterion of performance expected of a fully qualified family physician, the other using traditional categories of \"poor\", \"satisfactory\", \"good\", and \"outstanding\". The mastery evaluation model made it more difficult to achieve the objectives but had no effect on the discriminatory ability of the objectives when compared with the traditional evaluation method. The mastery model showed \"management\" to have the greatest differential between medical students and qualified family physicians. The evaluating supervisor was most influenced by the student's assessment in \"problem-solving\" using the traditional method, and by \"management\" using the mastery model. Management skills accounted for 89 percent of the variance of the overall competence assessments.", "contents": "In-Training Performance Assessment in family practice. The In-Training Performance Assessment (ITPA) is an evaluation instrument derived from 174 basic objectives in family medicine. The instrument was applied to two consecutive classes of fourth-year medical undergraduates during the family medicine clerkship. Comparisons were made of two scoring systems: one measuring mastery of the objectives using the criterion of performance expected of a fully qualified family physician, the other using traditional categories of \"poor\", \"satisfactory\", \"good\", and \"outstanding\". The mastery evaluation model made it more difficult to achieve the objectives but had no effect on the discriminatory ability of the objectives when compared with the traditional evaluation method. The mastery model showed \"management\" to have the greatest differential between medical students and qualified family physicians. The evaluating supervisor was most influenced by the student's assessment in \"problem-solving\" using the traditional method, and by \"management\" using the mastery model. Management skills accounted for 89 percent of the variance of the overall competence assessments.", "PMID": 1053499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_969", "title": "An in-training examination for residents in family practice.", "content": "An in-training examination for family practice residents has been developed and used in a regional network residency program over the past three years. The most striking result has been the strong preference expressed by residents for question-specific feedback in order to facilitate learning after taking the examination. A well-designed in-training examination has the potential to meet both individual resident and program goals as an additional measure of resident performance and growth, as well as of the effectiveness of teaching in the various curricular areas. In-training examinations for residents are in use by 12 other specialties in medicine, and have been well-accepted by program directors and residents. A nationally-sponsored in-training examination for family practice residents is needed which includes maximal teaching capability through comprehensive and specific feedback.", "contents": "An in-training examination for residents in family practice. An in-training examination for family practice residents has been developed and used in a regional network residency program over the past three years. The most striking result has been the strong preference expressed by residents for question-specific feedback in order to facilitate learning after taking the examination. A well-designed in-training examination has the potential to meet both individual resident and program goals as an additional measure of resident performance and growth, as well as of the effectiveness of teaching in the various curricular areas. In-training examinations for residents are in use by 12 other specialties in medicine, and have been well-accepted by program directors and residents. A nationally-sponsored in-training examination for family practice residents is needed which includes maximal teaching capability through comprehensive and specific feedback.", "PMID": 1053500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_970", "title": "Syncope.", "content": "Syncope is usually easily diagnosed, but sometimes it is confused with hypoglycemia, epilepsy, cerebral vascular disease, \"drop attacks\", hyperventilation attacks, and hysterical faints. Syncope is usually a benign disorder, but sometimes it is a manifestation of a serious neurologic or cardiac disease. This paper provides an approach to the evaluation and management of patients with this disorder.", "contents": "Syncope. Syncope is usually easily diagnosed, but sometimes it is confused with hypoglycemia, epilepsy, cerebral vascular disease, \"drop attacks\", hyperventilation attacks, and hysterical faints. Syncope is usually a benign disorder, but sometimes it is a manifestation of a serious neurologic or cardiac disease. This paper provides an approach to the evaluation and management of patients with this disorder.", "PMID": 1053501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_971", "title": "Management of the multiproblem seductive patient.", "content": "A seductive gesture by a patient towards a physician is not uncommon in clinical practice, and presents a variety of problems in maintenance of the doctor-patient relationship and management of the patient's medical problems. Medical, psychological, and social factors must be considered in resolving these problems. This Grand Rounds presents such a case and discusses alternative approaches to patient management and the role of other health professionals in the care of such patients.", "contents": "Management of the multiproblem seductive patient. A seductive gesture by a patient towards a physician is not uncommon in clinical practice, and presents a variety of problems in maintenance of the doctor-patient relationship and management of the patient's medical problems. Medical, psychological, and social factors must be considered in resolving these problems. This Grand Rounds presents such a case and discusses alternative approaches to patient management and the role of other health professionals in the care of such patients.", "PMID": 1053502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_972", "title": "Effect of selenium compounds on selenium content, growth and 35S-cystine metabolism of skin fibroblasts from normal and cystinotic individuals.", "content": "Kidney samples from children with the inborn metabolic disease cystinosis contain 4 times more selenium (Se) than do kidney samples from normal individuals (p = 0.1). However, when cultured skin fibroblasts from cystinotic patients and normal control individuals are incubated in Se-D,L-methionine, Se-D,L-cystine, Se-cystamine X HCl, Se-urea, selenite or in medium without added selenium, only the cystinotic fibroblasts grown in Se-urea or selenite (SeO3=) contain more selenium than do the corresponding normal cells (p less than 0.05). In both types of cultured fibroblasts, the order of descending toxicity per ppm selenium is: Se-urea greater than Se-cystamine greater than Se-cystine greater than or equal to SeO3= much greater than Se-methionine. High (apparently toxic) concentrations of Se-urea and Se-cystamine lower the elevated intracellular free (nonprotein) cystine content of cystinotic fibroblasts to less than 60% of control values; at lower concentrations, these compounds raise the cystine content of these cells to over 140% of control values. Appropriate concentrations of SeO3=, Se-cystine and Se-methionine also elevate the free cystine content of the cystinotic cells. During a 75 minute incubation in 35S-cystine, the incorporation of 35S into the acid precipitable (protein) fraction of both cell types is significantly inhibited by Se-cystamine (approximately 55% control; p less than 0.05). The incorporation of 35S-cystine into glutathione is inhibited by Se-cystine (approximately 40% control) in both fibroblast types (p less than 0.05). In cystinotic cells, Se-cystamine significantly reduces incorporation of 35S-cystine into the cystine pool (40% control) as does SeO3= (67% control; p less than 0.05). Protein and glutathione synthesis in cystinotic fibroblasts are more strongly inhibited by Se-cystine and SeO3=, respectively, than in normal fibroblasts (p less than 0.05). These studies demonstrate that selenium compounds exhibit a different sequence of toxicity in fibroblasts than in the intact animal and that some previously unreported metabolic effects (i.e. inhibition of glutathione synthesis) may contribute to their toxicity.", "contents": "Effect of selenium compounds on selenium content, growth and 35S-cystine metabolism of skin fibroblasts from normal and cystinotic individuals. Kidney samples from children with the inborn metabolic disease cystinosis contain 4 times more selenium (Se) than do kidney samples from normal individuals (p = 0.1). However, when cultured skin fibroblasts from cystinotic patients and normal control individuals are incubated in Se-D,L-methionine, Se-D,L-cystine, Se-cystamine X HCl, Se-urea, selenite or in medium without added selenium, only the cystinotic fibroblasts grown in Se-urea or selenite (SeO3=) contain more selenium than do the corresponding normal cells (p less than 0.05). In both types of cultured fibroblasts, the order of descending toxicity per ppm selenium is: Se-urea greater than Se-cystamine greater than Se-cystine greater than or equal to SeO3= much greater than Se-methionine. High (apparently toxic) concentrations of Se-urea and Se-cystamine lower the elevated intracellular free (nonprotein) cystine content of cystinotic fibroblasts to less than 60% of control values; at lower concentrations, these compounds raise the cystine content of these cells to over 140% of control values. Appropriate concentrations of SeO3=, Se-cystine and Se-methionine also elevate the free cystine content of the cystinotic cells. During a 75 minute incubation in 35S-cystine, the incorporation of 35S into the acid precipitable (protein) fraction of both cell types is significantly inhibited by Se-cystamine (approximately 55% control; p less than 0.05). The incorporation of 35S-cystine into glutathione is inhibited by Se-cystine (approximately 40% control) in both fibroblast types (p less than 0.05). In cystinotic cells, Se-cystamine significantly reduces incorporation of 35S-cystine into the cystine pool (40% control) as does SeO3= (67% control; p less than 0.05). Protein and glutathione synthesis in cystinotic fibroblasts are more strongly inhibited by Se-cystine and SeO3=, respectively, than in normal fibroblasts (p less than 0.05). These studies demonstrate that selenium compounds exhibit a different sequence of toxicity in fibroblasts than in the intact animal and that some previously unreported metabolic effects (i.e. inhibition of glutathione synthesis) may contribute to their toxicity.", "PMID": 1053514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_973", "title": "Reactions of bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II) complexes with tumor cells and mitochondria.", "content": "The respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is inhibited by 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde bis (thiosemicarbazanato) copper (II). State 3 oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from tumor cells is also inhibited, with the effect more pronounced using glutamate or pyruvate-malate as substrates than with succinate. The disruption of oxidative phosphorylation in bovine heart mitochondria is qualitatively similar. The principal site of inhibition is in coupling site one, energetically between the electron transport site chain and the locus of uncoupling by 2,4-dinitrophenol. This appears to contain thiol groups which are oxidized by the complex. For a series of bis (thiosemicarbazonato) copper complexes, the extent of inhibition of heart mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is correlated with the reduction potentials of the complexes and with their in vitro cytotoxic effects against Walker 256 carcinoma tumor cells.", "contents": "Reactions of bis(thiosemicarbazonato) copper(II) complexes with tumor cells and mitochondria. The respiration of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is inhibited by 3-ethoxy-2-oxobutyraldehyde bis (thiosemicarbazanato) copper (II). State 3 oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from tumor cells is also inhibited, with the effect more pronounced using glutamate or pyruvate-malate as substrates than with succinate. The disruption of oxidative phosphorylation in bovine heart mitochondria is qualitatively similar. The principal site of inhibition is in coupling site one, energetically between the electron transport site chain and the locus of uncoupling by 2,4-dinitrophenol. This appears to contain thiol groups which are oxidized by the complex. For a series of bis (thiosemicarbazonato) copper complexes, the extent of inhibition of heart mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation is correlated with the reduction potentials of the complexes and with their in vitro cytotoxic effects against Walker 256 carcinoma tumor cells.", "PMID": 1053515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_974", "title": "Inhibition of the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H mice: effects of selenium and of selenium-antagonistic elements and their possible role in human breast cancer.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of selenium on the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H mice is statistically significant even at toxic levels of selenium (5 and 15 ppm of Se in form of selenite added to the supply water), no evidence for stimulation of tumor growth by selenium has been obtained. Arsenite lowers the tumor incidence at higher dosage (80 ppm of As in supply water) as well, but animals developing tumors under these conditions demonstrate significantly enhanced tumor growth rates. The addition of subtoxic concentrations of zinc (200 ppm in form of ZnCl2) to supply water containing 5 ppm of Se abolishes the cancer-protecting effect of selenium. The latter result is of possible importance with respect to the human breast cancer mortality experience: The calculated dietary zinc intakes of average adults in 28 countries correlate with the female age-corrected mortalities from breast cancer directly, with P less than 0.005. The zinc concentrations in whole blood from donors in different parts of the U.S.A. are also directly correlated with the female breast cancer mortalities.", "contents": "Inhibition of the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H mice: effects of selenium and of selenium-antagonistic elements and their possible role in human breast cancer. The inhibitory effect of selenium on the genesis of spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H mice is statistically significant even at toxic levels of selenium (5 and 15 ppm of Se in form of selenite added to the supply water), no evidence for stimulation of tumor growth by selenium has been obtained. Arsenite lowers the tumor incidence at higher dosage (80 ppm of As in supply water) as well, but animals developing tumors under these conditions demonstrate significantly enhanced tumor growth rates. The addition of subtoxic concentrations of zinc (200 ppm in form of ZnCl2) to supply water containing 5 ppm of Se abolishes the cancer-protecting effect of selenium. The latter result is of possible importance with respect to the human breast cancer mortality experience: The calculated dietary zinc intakes of average adults in 28 countries correlate with the female age-corrected mortalities from breast cancer directly, with P less than 0.005. The zinc concentrations in whole blood from donors in different parts of the U.S.A. are also directly correlated with the female breast cancer mortalities.", "PMID": 1053516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_975", "title": "Radionuclide and angiographic studies of placental circulation in man and rhesus monkey.", "content": "Imaging maternal and fetal circulation during perfusion of isolated human placental lobules was performed. Radionuclide and contrast angiograms, specimen scans, and histologic preparations obtained on human material during in vitro investigations were compared to the results obtained in vivo on pregnant rhesus monkeys. The distribution of maternal blood flow within the placenta appeared similar in both human and rhesus studies. The 'spurts' of radiopaque medium shown on the contrast angiograms correlated with the appearance of areas of increased radioactivity. These 'hot spots' are located where the uteroplacental spiral arteries open into the intervillous space or where the perfusion cannulae irrigate the maternal side of the placenta. Time-radioactivity curves reached an early peak and remained the same as did their distribution on delayed scans. The 15 to 30 micron microspheres injected into the intervillous spaces are not removed onto the venous side by maternal flow through arteriovenous communications (or 'shunts') but are retained in localized areas of the intervillous space adjacent to the spiral arteries. Many of these microspheres adhere to the 'brush border' of the chorionic villi syncytiotrophoblast. These comparative studies confirm that rhesus monkeys and perfused human placental lobules are relevant models to investigate uteroplacental hemodynamics.", "contents": "Radionuclide and angiographic studies of placental circulation in man and rhesus monkey. Imaging maternal and fetal circulation during perfusion of isolated human placental lobules was performed. Radionuclide and contrast angiograms, specimen scans, and histologic preparations obtained on human material during in vitro investigations were compared to the results obtained in vivo on pregnant rhesus monkeys. The distribution of maternal blood flow within the placenta appeared similar in both human and rhesus studies. The 'spurts' of radiopaque medium shown on the contrast angiograms correlated with the appearance of areas of increased radioactivity. These 'hot spots' are located where the uteroplacental spiral arteries open into the intervillous space or where the perfusion cannulae irrigate the maternal side of the placenta. Time-radioactivity curves reached an early peak and remained the same as did their distribution on delayed scans. The 15 to 30 micron microspheres injected into the intervillous spaces are not removed onto the venous side by maternal flow through arteriovenous communications (or 'shunts') but are retained in localized areas of the intervillous space adjacent to the spiral arteries. Many of these microspheres adhere to the 'brush border' of the chorionic villi syncytiotrophoblast. These comparative studies confirm that rhesus monkeys and perfused human placental lobules are relevant models to investigate uteroplacental hemodynamics.", "PMID": 1053518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_976", "title": "Evaluation of fetal heart rate in relation to the intrauterine 20 mm Hg level.", "content": "The purpose of the author's study was to investigate whether any changes in fetal heart rate (FHR) and in fetal acid-base status could be observed when the intrauterine pressure rises above 20 mm Hg. 16 primigravidae were studied. In 11 out of 16 patients labor was induced by amniotomy, in 9 cases oxytocin was given, and in 12 patients pethidine and promethazine (Phenergan) was administered. Two new parameters were introduced into the study of the collected material: the peak variation in FHR (bpm) i.e. the difference between the highest and lowest FHR over a given period of time; the contraction energy, i.e. the product of duration and intensity of intrauterine contractions as measured from the 20 mm Hg level. In 15 out of 16 women the mean peak variation in FHR was highest during a uterine contraction (greater than 20 mm Hg). After a uterine contraction (less than 20 mm Hg) the mean peak variation did not immediately return to control values. It is suggested that in the 16 patients studied, the increase in FHR peak variation during uterine contraction is basically caused by a slight transient fetal hypoxia, exaggerated during the expulsion period of labor by cord entanglement.", "contents": "Evaluation of fetal heart rate in relation to the intrauterine 20 mm Hg level. The purpose of the author's study was to investigate whether any changes in fetal heart rate (FHR) and in fetal acid-base status could be observed when the intrauterine pressure rises above 20 mm Hg. 16 primigravidae were studied. In 11 out of 16 patients labor was induced by amniotomy, in 9 cases oxytocin was given, and in 12 patients pethidine and promethazine (Phenergan) was administered. Two new parameters were introduced into the study of the collected material: the peak variation in FHR (bpm) i.e. the difference between the highest and lowest FHR over a given period of time; the contraction energy, i.e. the product of duration and intensity of intrauterine contractions as measured from the 20 mm Hg level. In 15 out of 16 women the mean peak variation in FHR was highest during a uterine contraction (greater than 20 mm Hg). After a uterine contraction (less than 20 mm Hg) the mean peak variation did not immediately return to control values. It is suggested that in the 16 patients studied, the increase in FHR peak variation during uterine contraction is basically caused by a slight transient fetal hypoxia, exaggerated during the expulsion period of labor by cord entanglement.", "PMID": 1053519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_977", "title": "Prevention of postpartum venous thrombosis with low doses of heparin.", "content": "Postpartum superficial and deep venous thrombosis were found in 22.3% and 5.3% of women with varicose veins who delivered vaginally, or by cesarean section. The preventive use of low doses of heparin (5,000 U every 12 h injected subcutaneously) in 116 parturients with varicose veins reduced significantly the incidence of postpartum venous thrombosis. None of the 26 women with previous thrombosis who received preventive treatment, developed such an event.", "contents": "Prevention of postpartum venous thrombosis with low doses of heparin. Postpartum superficial and deep venous thrombosis were found in 22.3% and 5.3% of women with varicose veins who delivered vaginally, or by cesarean section. The preventive use of low doses of heparin (5,000 U every 12 h injected subcutaneously) in 116 parturients with varicose veins reduced significantly the incidence of postpartum venous thrombosis. None of the 26 women with previous thrombosis who received preventive treatment, developed such an event.", "PMID": 1053520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_978", "title": "Maternal anticonvulsants and perinatal risk.", "content": "According to data found in the literature, children born to epileptic mothers on anticonvulsant therapy have an increased perinatal mortality rate, namely 2-3 times the average. The congenital malformations attributed to anticonvulsant drugs cannot fully account for this high mortality rate. A case is described in which a severe bleeding disorder manifested itself in successive offspring. A discussion follows in which this defect in blood coagulation in the newborn and the role played by vitamin K is considered as representing an important and preventable cause of neonatal death and morbidity. Other features of the postnatal syndrome (CNS depression, congenital heart disease, withdrawal symptoms, anemia) are mentioned in the case report. Suggested preventative measures employing vitamin K, folic acid and vitamin D are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Maternal anticonvulsants and perinatal risk. According to data found in the literature, children born to epileptic mothers on anticonvulsant therapy have an increased perinatal mortality rate, namely 2-3 times the average. The congenital malformations attributed to anticonvulsant drugs cannot fully account for this high mortality rate. A case is described in which a severe bleeding disorder manifested itself in successive offspring. A discussion follows in which this defect in blood coagulation in the newborn and the role played by vitamin K is considered as representing an important and preventable cause of neonatal death and morbidity. Other features of the postnatal syndrome (CNS depression, congenital heart disease, withdrawal symptoms, anemia) are mentioned in the case report. Suggested preventative measures employing vitamin K, folic acid and vitamin D are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1053521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_979", "title": "Parental smoking. Its effects on fetus and child health.", "content": "Smoking is a risk factor in pregnancy. Maternal smoking reduces the birthweight by 150-250 g (dose-response relationship), shifting the birthweight (and length) distribution to the left. Reduction of birthweight without shortening of gestation creates a group of small-for-date babies. Intrauterine hypoxia seems responsible for the growth retardation in smokers' babies as in babies of mothers living at high altitudes. Cigarette smoking of the mother affects fetal oxygenation, due to high levels of COHb in the blood of both mother and child. This observation is strongly supported by animal experiments. The total of (abortions), stillbirths, early and late neonatal mortality (especially stillbirths) is higher in babies of smoking than in those of nonsmoking mothers and highest among the poor. Approximately 5% of all stillbirths and neonatal deaths must be attributed to the increased mortality risk for the infant of mothers who smoke during the second half of pregnancy. Pregnancies of smoking mothers show about the same increase in infant wastage as pregnancies at high altitudes. The babies of smoking mothers show little excess of congenital malformations, if any. The placenta coefficient is increased. This symptom of compensatory placental hypertrophy cannot avert some impairment of fetal nutrition. There is less preeclamptic toxemia in smokers than in nonsmokers, but a higher incidence of antepartum hemorrhage and placental separation. Concerning long-term effects, smoking during pregnancy seems to be associated with a slight impairment of mental and physical growth. When the mother is nonsmoker and the father smokes more than ten cigarettes daily, an increase in perinatal mortality seems probable. Smoke aggravates the asthma of children in about two-thirds of those whose parents smoke. Healthy children of smokers are sick more frequently (primarily respiratory illness) than those of nonsmokers. Smoking parents and teachers stimulate their children and pupils to start smoking. Once smokers children may remain smokers. From the polemics on cause (smoking) and association (smoker) regarding the effects of parental smoking on the health of the fetus, the conclusion must be that health workers involved in obstetrics have great responsibilities in the antismoking campaign.", "contents": "Parental smoking. Its effects on fetus and child health. Smoking is a risk factor in pregnancy. Maternal smoking reduces the birthweight by 150-250 g (dose-response relationship), shifting the birthweight (and length) distribution to the left. Reduction of birthweight without shortening of gestation creates a group of small-for-date babies. Intrauterine hypoxia seems responsible for the growth retardation in smokers' babies as in babies of mothers living at high altitudes. Cigarette smoking of the mother affects fetal oxygenation, due to high levels of COHb in the blood of both mother and child. This observation is strongly supported by animal experiments. The total of (abortions), stillbirths, early and late neonatal mortality (especially stillbirths) is higher in babies of smoking than in those of nonsmoking mothers and highest among the poor. Approximately 5% of all stillbirths and neonatal deaths must be attributed to the increased mortality risk for the infant of mothers who smoke during the second half of pregnancy. Pregnancies of smoking mothers show about the same increase in infant wastage as pregnancies at high altitudes. The babies of smoking mothers show little excess of congenital malformations, if any. The placenta coefficient is increased. This symptom of compensatory placental hypertrophy cannot avert some impairment of fetal nutrition. There is less preeclamptic toxemia in smokers than in nonsmokers, but a higher incidence of antepartum hemorrhage and placental separation. Concerning long-term effects, smoking during pregnancy seems to be associated with a slight impairment of mental and physical growth. When the mother is nonsmoker and the father smokes more than ten cigarettes daily, an increase in perinatal mortality seems probable. Smoke aggravates the asthma of children in about two-thirds of those whose parents smoke. Healthy children of smokers are sick more frequently (primarily respiratory illness) than those of nonsmokers. Smoking parents and teachers stimulate their children and pupils to start smoking. Once smokers children may remain smokers. From the polemics on cause (smoking) and association (smoker) regarding the effects of parental smoking on the health of the fetus, the conclusion must be that health workers involved in obstetrics have great responsibilities in the antismoking campaign.", "PMID": 1053522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_980", "title": "Intermittent low-dose administration of prostaglandins intraamniotically in pathological pregnancies. A comparison with oxytocin and ergometrine.", "content": "The effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on uterine contractility were compared with the effects of oxytocin and ergometrine. All patients had an intrauterine death. 5 patients were induced with prostaglandin F2 alpha, given intraamniotically in low doses, starting with 125 micrograms. Doses were increased in relation to uterine activity. 5 other patients were induced by intravenous administration of oxytocin and ergometrine. Uterine pressure was monitored by a transabdominal open-tip catheter system. Results were quantitated in tonus (mm Hg), amplitude (mm Hg), frequency (number of contractions per 10 min), Montevideo units, active and total pressure areas per 20 min. Possible biochemical and coagulation changes were controlled before, during and after induction. Changes did not occur. Intermittent increasing small doses of PGF2 alpha increased uterine activity exponentially. Hypertonia persisting longer than 5 min was seldom seen with oxytocin or with PGF2 alpha. Ergometrine increased frequency of uterine contractions, without influencing tonus, probably due to a specific effect on the 'archemyometrium'. The induction-delivery interval was shorter in the PGF2 alpha group (range: 6-15 h) than in the oxytocin group (range: 7-24 h). In the latter group more inductions were necessary to complete delivery. Using PGF2 alpha in these small doses did not cause any side effects. With the intraamniotic injections, starting with 125 micrograms PGF2 alpha, clinical results are the same as those reported in the literature for high doses.", "contents": "Intermittent low-dose administration of prostaglandins intraamniotically in pathological pregnancies. A comparison with oxytocin and ergometrine. The effects of prostaglandin F2 alpha on uterine contractility were compared with the effects of oxytocin and ergometrine. All patients had an intrauterine death. 5 patients were induced with prostaglandin F2 alpha, given intraamniotically in low doses, starting with 125 micrograms. Doses were increased in relation to uterine activity. 5 other patients were induced by intravenous administration of oxytocin and ergometrine. Uterine pressure was monitored by a transabdominal open-tip catheter system. Results were quantitated in tonus (mm Hg), amplitude (mm Hg), frequency (number of contractions per 10 min), Montevideo units, active and total pressure areas per 20 min. Possible biochemical and coagulation changes were controlled before, during and after induction. Changes did not occur. Intermittent increasing small doses of PGF2 alpha increased uterine activity exponentially. Hypertonia persisting longer than 5 min was seldom seen with oxytocin or with PGF2 alpha. Ergometrine increased frequency of uterine contractions, without influencing tonus, probably due to a specific effect on the 'archemyometrium'. The induction-delivery interval was shorter in the PGF2 alpha group (range: 6-15 h) than in the oxytocin group (range: 7-24 h). In the latter group more inductions were necessary to complete delivery. Using PGF2 alpha in these small doses did not cause any side effects. With the intraamniotic injections, starting with 125 micrograms PGF2 alpha, clinical results are the same as those reported in the literature for high doses.", "PMID": 1053524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_981", "title": "Ovarian morphology in oligomenorrhea.", "content": "An account is given of the ovarian histology on 38 patients complaining of oligomenorrhea. The majority of these patients, 22, had polycystic ovaries, but in 11 the ovaries were comparatively normal in appearance. In another 3 they were small and inactive. The remaining 2 cases had chromosomal anomalies. The polycystic ovaries could be divided into two groups, one showing little follicular activity, the other a great deal. The maturation of most follicles in all ovaries appeared to be restricted and antral follicles rarely grew beyond a diameter of 4-5 mm. It is suggested that this degree of maturation is related to a low tonic secretion of FSH. An excessive production of luteinized thecal cells was found around most antral follicles. Polycystic change in these ovaries is mainly due to the presence of many atretic follicles. Luteinized thecal cells persist after atresia and it is suggested that this may be the result of a tonic secretion of LH. The lack of preantral and antral follicles in one group of polycystic ovaries may indicate a prolongation of the atretic process. Ovulation occurs with considerable frequency in these women. The mechanism is obscure.", "contents": "Ovarian morphology in oligomenorrhea. An account is given of the ovarian histology on 38 patients complaining of oligomenorrhea. The majority of these patients, 22, had polycystic ovaries, but in 11 the ovaries were comparatively normal in appearance. In another 3 they were small and inactive. The remaining 2 cases had chromosomal anomalies. The polycystic ovaries could be divided into two groups, one showing little follicular activity, the other a great deal. The maturation of most follicles in all ovaries appeared to be restricted and antral follicles rarely grew beyond a diameter of 4-5 mm. It is suggested that this degree of maturation is related to a low tonic secretion of FSH. An excessive production of luteinized thecal cells was found around most antral follicles. Polycystic change in these ovaries is mainly due to the presence of many atretic follicles. Luteinized thecal cells persist after atresia and it is suggested that this may be the result of a tonic secretion of LH. The lack of preantral and antral follicles in one group of polycystic ovaries may indicate a prolongation of the atretic process. Ovulation occurs with considerable frequency in these women. The mechanism is obscure.", "PMID": 1053525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_982", "title": "Immature delivery after intrauterine Candida albicans infection.", "content": "The case is presented of a patient who delivered an immature infant after an intrauterine candidial infection in the presence of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). 8 other cases of intrauterine Candida infection leading to immature deliveries were gathered from the literature. On the basis of the pathologic findings, the medium of infection is thought to be the amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Immature delivery after intrauterine Candida albicans infection. The case is presented of a patient who delivered an immature infant after an intrauterine candidial infection in the presence of an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). 8 other cases of intrauterine Candida infection leading to immature deliveries were gathered from the literature. On the basis of the pathologic findings, the medium of infection is thought to be the amniotic fluid.", "PMID": 1053526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_983", "title": "An approach to the treatment of hypertension in the aged.", "content": "Because of the multiplicity of disease conditions and diminished tolerance for drugs in the aged, it is necessary to know concomitant pathologic conditions to determine which antihypertensive drug to use. In the Philadelphia Geriatric Center, there are about 1,000 residents, between 70 and 100 years of age. About 40% have hypertension; almost 50% have or once had depression; there are many cases of hiatal hernia and/or peptic ulcer; in one subdivision of residents, almost 40% have renal disease with BUN above 30 mg/100 ml. In antihypertensive treatment, some individuals respond fairly well to reassurance and weight reduction, when obese, even without drugs. All are given a low-salt diet. A diuretic is first used--thiazide in cases of good renal function, furosemide with impaired renal function. Liquid potassium supplements are given. If there is but little reduction in blood pressure in several weeks, methyldopa is added in ascending doses, in cases with or without renal impairment. In hypertension with impaired renal function, furosemide and/or methyldopa were especially valuable. Furosemide as an antihypertensive drug was also noted to delay the onset of congestive heart failure. Since reserpine can aggravate peptic ulcer and can precipitate or aggravate depression, it should seldom be used to treat hypertension in the aged. Guanethidine is rarely used, since it can cause cerebrovascular insufficiency and marked weakness. High blood pressure should be reduced slowly in the aged, to avoid untoward effects.", "contents": "An approach to the treatment of hypertension in the aged. Because of the multiplicity of disease conditions and diminished tolerance for drugs in the aged, it is necessary to know concomitant pathologic conditions to determine which antihypertensive drug to use. In the Philadelphia Geriatric Center, there are about 1,000 residents, between 70 and 100 years of age. About 40% have hypertension; almost 50% have or once had depression; there are many cases of hiatal hernia and/or peptic ulcer; in one subdivision of residents, almost 40% have renal disease with BUN above 30 mg/100 ml. In antihypertensive treatment, some individuals respond fairly well to reassurance and weight reduction, when obese, even without drugs. All are given a low-salt diet. A diuretic is first used--thiazide in cases of good renal function, furosemide with impaired renal function. Liquid potassium supplements are given. If there is but little reduction in blood pressure in several weeks, methyldopa is added in ascending doses, in cases with or without renal impairment. In hypertension with impaired renal function, furosemide and/or methyldopa were especially valuable. Furosemide as an antihypertensive drug was also noted to delay the onset of congestive heart failure. Since reserpine can aggravate peptic ulcer and can precipitate or aggravate depression, it should seldom be used to treat hypertension in the aged. Guanethidine is rarely used, since it can cause cerebrovascular insufficiency and marked weakness. High blood pressure should be reduced slowly in the aged, to avoid untoward effects.", "PMID": 1053527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_984", "title": "The spectrum of arteriographic findings in Osler-Weber-Rendu disease.", "content": "In Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, visceral organs are frequently involved in addition to cutaneous and mucous membranous lesions. Detailed arteriographic investigation of 5 patients with this abnormality disclosed characteristic angiodysplastic lesions involving the lungs, liver, spleen, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract and mesentery. Arterial and aortic aneurysms appear to be an integral part of this abnormality. Common to angiodysplastic lesions is a variable degree of arteriovenous shunting. The arteriographic characteristics and the hemodynamic significance of major visceral arteriovenous shunts in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are discussed.", "contents": "The spectrum of arteriographic findings in Osler-Weber-Rendu disease. In Osler-Weber-Rendu syndrome, visceral organs are frequently involved in addition to cutaneous and mucous membranous lesions. Detailed arteriographic investigation of 5 patients with this abnormality disclosed characteristic angiodysplastic lesions involving the lungs, liver, spleen, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract and mesentery. Arterial and aortic aneurysms appear to be an integral part of this abnormality. Common to angiodysplastic lesions is a variable degree of arteriovenous shunting. The arteriographic characteristics and the hemodynamic significance of major visceral arteriovenous shunts in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia are discussed.", "PMID": 1053528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_985", "title": "Treatment of the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome with permanent demand pacing.", "content": "The bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia alternating with sinus bradycardia and episodes of sinus node arrest) has previously presented a complicated therapeutic dilemma when excitatory and suppressive drugs have been utilized. A patient with this syndrome successfully treated with a permanent ventricular transvenous demand pacemaker is presented. Various aspects of this syndrome as well as facets of diagnosis and treatment have been reviewed and discussed. Significant underlying cardiac disease was ruled out in this patient by the usual diagnostic methods including left heart catheterization and coronary angiography. An interesting possibility of the relationship of vagal stimulation secondary to hiatus hernia as an etiologic factor in this syndrome has been discussed. The opinion is expressed that the currently preferred method of treatment is the insertion of a permanent transvenous pacemaker alone or in conjunction with antiarrhythmic drugs, preferably digitalis and propranolol.", "contents": "Treatment of the bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome with permanent demand pacing. The bradycardia-tachycardia syndrome (paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia alternating with sinus bradycardia and episodes of sinus node arrest) has previously presented a complicated therapeutic dilemma when excitatory and suppressive drugs have been utilized. A patient with this syndrome successfully treated with a permanent ventricular transvenous demand pacemaker is presented. Various aspects of this syndrome as well as facets of diagnosis and treatment have been reviewed and discussed. Significant underlying cardiac disease was ruled out in this patient by the usual diagnostic methods including left heart catheterization and coronary angiography. An interesting possibility of the relationship of vagal stimulation secondary to hiatus hernia as an etiologic factor in this syndrome has been discussed. The opinion is expressed that the currently preferred method of treatment is the insertion of a permanent transvenous pacemaker alone or in conjunction with antiarrhythmic drugs, preferably digitalis and propranolol.", "PMID": 1053530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_986", "title": "Renal artery embolectomy.", "content": "A patient with rheumatic heart disease developed right renal artery embolism and was treated by renal artery embolectomy. After a brief historical data, etiologic factors, clinicopathologic points, and treatment of the disease have been discussed.", "contents": "Renal artery embolectomy. A patient with rheumatic heart disease developed right renal artery embolism and was treated by renal artery embolectomy. After a brief historical data, etiologic factors, clinicopathologic points, and treatment of the disease have been discussed.", "PMID": 1053531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_987", "title": "False positive 125I fibrinogen test.", "content": "125I fibrinogen test was performed in 20 selected patients who presented with symptoms suggestive of deep venous thrombosis. The incidence of a false positive study was found to be very high: 90%. An increased accumulation of fibrinogen was noted over recent, well-healed surgical incisions, diffuse or focal inflammatory sites, hematoma and also, following a venogram or arthrogram test. The large number of coincidental circumstances that result in an abnormal accumulation of 125I fibrinogen lead us to believe that venogram is the procedure of choice in patients with symptoms simulating thrombophlebitis.", "contents": "False positive 125I fibrinogen test. 125I fibrinogen test was performed in 20 selected patients who presented with symptoms suggestive of deep venous thrombosis. The incidence of a false positive study was found to be very high: 90%. An increased accumulation of fibrinogen was noted over recent, well-healed surgical incisions, diffuse or focal inflammatory sites, hematoma and also, following a venogram or arthrogram test. The large number of coincidental circumstances that result in an abnormal accumulation of 125I fibrinogen lead us to believe that venogram is the procedure of choice in patients with symptoms simulating thrombophlebitis.", "PMID": 1053532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_988", "title": "Acute and chronic venous insufficiency in the finger.", "content": "Venous hypertension with subsequent chronic venous insufficiency and its sequelae in the hand is reported as an uncommon complication of arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis.", "contents": "Acute and chronic venous insufficiency in the finger. Venous hypertension with subsequent chronic venous insufficiency and its sequelae in the hand is reported as an uncommon complication of arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis.", "PMID": 1053534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_989", "title": "The role of metal ions in the activation of arginase.", "content": "The role of metal ions as activators of arginase hydrolyzing arginine were studied. The metal ion is assumed to form a complex with arginine and to promote the enzymatic reaction. The activating ability of the metal ion appears to be governed by the chelating ability and/or the coordination numbers which determine whether the metal ion combines with the enzyme or the substrate (or both substrate and enzyme) and factors which influence the configuration of the resulting complexes.", "contents": "The role of metal ions in the activation of arginase. The role of metal ions as activators of arginase hydrolyzing arginine were studied. The metal ion is assumed to form a complex with arginine and to promote the enzymatic reaction. The activating ability of the metal ion appears to be governed by the chelating ability and/or the coordination numbers which determine whether the metal ion combines with the enzyme or the substrate (or both substrate and enzyme) and factors which influence the configuration of the resulting complexes.", "PMID": 1053535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_990", "title": "Protein-metal ion interaction: volume effects produced by the interaction of proteins with metal ions.", "content": "The interaction of metal cations with single chain globular proteins produces volume increases, the magnitude of which is determined primarily by the ion and to a lesser extent by the protein. The cations are listed in ascending order of volume change: K(I) less than Mg(II) less than Sr(II) less than Ca(II) less than Co(II) less than Ni(II) less than Cd(II) less than Zn(II) less than Cu(II) less than Pb(II). This sequence held for all cation-protein systems investigated except for Cd(II) which produced a slightly larger volume effect than Zn(II) with lysozyme. The volume changes attributed to protein-cation interaction are positive and range from 8 ml/10(5) g of protein for the reaction on 0.05 M KNO3 with bovine plasma albumin to 2320 ml/10(5) g of protein produced by the 0.20 M Pb(NO3)2-myoglobin system. A similar classification scheme was not possible for the proteins. For example, volume increases of 45, 50, 80 and 95 ml/10(5) g of protein were produced when 0.05 M Mg(II) reacted with bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, sperm whale myoglobin and lysozyme, respectively. However, when 0.2 M Pb(II) was the reactant the values were 1930, 846, 2320, and 1120 ml/10(5) g of protein. Volume effects produced by Cr(III), Al(III) and Fe(III) were determined, but the calculated results are considered dubious because the volume changes are a complicated function of protein-cation and protein-proton interaction.", "contents": "Protein-metal ion interaction: volume effects produced by the interaction of proteins with metal ions. The interaction of metal cations with single chain globular proteins produces volume increases, the magnitude of which is determined primarily by the ion and to a lesser extent by the protein. The cations are listed in ascending order of volume change: K(I) less than Mg(II) less than Sr(II) less than Ca(II) less than Co(II) less than Ni(II) less than Cd(II) less than Zn(II) less than Cu(II) less than Pb(II). This sequence held for all cation-protein systems investigated except for Cd(II) which produced a slightly larger volume effect than Zn(II) with lysozyme. The volume changes attributed to protein-cation interaction are positive and range from 8 ml/10(5) g of protein for the reaction on 0.05 M KNO3 with bovine plasma albumin to 2320 ml/10(5) g of protein produced by the 0.20 M Pb(NO3)2-myoglobin system. A similar classification scheme was not possible for the proteins. For example, volume increases of 45, 50, 80 and 95 ml/10(5) g of protein were produced when 0.05 M Mg(II) reacted with bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, sperm whale myoglobin and lysozyme, respectively. However, when 0.2 M Pb(II) was the reactant the values were 1930, 846, 2320, and 1120 ml/10(5) g of protein. Volume effects produced by Cr(III), Al(III) and Fe(III) were determined, but the calculated results are considered dubious because the volume changes are a complicated function of protein-cation and protein-proton interaction.", "PMID": 1053536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_991", "title": "Malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in livers of Ni-deficient rats.", "content": "In experiments using rats it was shown that inadequate dietary supply of Ni reduces growth and lowers the erythrocyte count, hematocrit and hemoglobin level in blood, that the Ni supply affects the trace element content of iron, copper and zinc in various body organs, and that the absorption of iron is greatly impaired by Ni deficiency. For further biochemical criteria on the essentiality of nickel, the activities of two dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were measured in liver homogenates from two generations of rats at 30 and 50 days of age. In the 30-day-old rats of both the F1 and F2 generation, the activity of the malate dehydrogenase fell to about two-thirds the level of control animals. In the liver of the 50-day-old rats the activity of this enzyme was about the same in deficient animals as in the controls. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Ni-deficient rats was reduced by 85% in the F1 generation and by 56% in the F2 generation at 30 days of age as compared with control levels. In 50-day-old rats the activity had fallen to half the level of control animals at 30 days of age. At the age of 50 days, there was no significant difference between the deficient and the control groups of either generation.", "contents": "Malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in livers of Ni-deficient rats. In experiments using rats it was shown that inadequate dietary supply of Ni reduces growth and lowers the erythrocyte count, hematocrit and hemoglobin level in blood, that the Ni supply affects the trace element content of iron, copper and zinc in various body organs, and that the absorption of iron is greatly impaired by Ni deficiency. For further biochemical criteria on the essentiality of nickel, the activities of two dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were measured in liver homogenates from two generations of rats at 30 and 50 days of age. In the 30-day-old rats of both the F1 and F2 generation, the activity of the malate dehydrogenase fell to about two-thirds the level of control animals. In the liver of the 50-day-old rats the activity of this enzyme was about the same in deficient animals as in the controls. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Ni-deficient rats was reduced by 85% in the F1 generation and by 56% in the F2 generation at 30 days of age as compared with control levels. In 50-day-old rats the activity had fallen to half the level of control animals at 30 days of age. At the age of 50 days, there was no significant difference between the deficient and the control groups of either generation.", "PMID": 1053537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_992", "title": "Cobalt(III) complexes of bidentate azotyrosine analogs.", "content": "As analogs for cobalt(III) complexes of bidentate azotyrosine in proteins, several cobalt(III) complexes of bidentate azophenols have been prepared and characterized. Tris(2-phenylazo-p-cresolato)cobalt(III) was shown to be a poor model complex for this purpose; while cobalt(III) complexes of either 2-phenylazo-p-cresol or 2-(4-carboxyphenylazo)-4,5-dimethylphenol with the linear tetradentate ligand ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid are very useful as model complexes. The complexes were characterized by magnetic susceptibility, visible spectra and 1H NMR. In the case of one of the mixed ligand complexes, a detailed description of the stereochemistry was possible. Comparisons of the spectral characteristics of metal complexes with bidentate and tridentate azophenols are made. These model studies are essential to a program involving the site specific modification of proteins with substitution inert metal ions.", "contents": "Cobalt(III) complexes of bidentate azotyrosine analogs. As analogs for cobalt(III) complexes of bidentate azotyrosine in proteins, several cobalt(III) complexes of bidentate azophenols have been prepared and characterized. Tris(2-phenylazo-p-cresolato)cobalt(III) was shown to be a poor model complex for this purpose; while cobalt(III) complexes of either 2-phenylazo-p-cresol or 2-(4-carboxyphenylazo)-4,5-dimethylphenol with the linear tetradentate ligand ethylenediamine-N,N'-diacetic acid are very useful as model complexes. The complexes were characterized by magnetic susceptibility, visible spectra and 1H NMR. In the case of one of the mixed ligand complexes, a detailed description of the stereochemistry was possible. Comparisons of the spectral characteristics of metal complexes with bidentate and tridentate azophenols are made. These model studies are essential to a program involving the site specific modification of proteins with substitution inert metal ions.", "PMID": 1053538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_993", "title": "Inhibition of L-alanine aminotransferase by lithium salts.", "content": "Pharmacologic concentrations of either LiCl, LiN03 and LiF or the lithium salts of pyruvic or glutamic acids inhibit the formation of alanine arising from the transamination of glutamate in the presence of pyruvate. Lithium pyruvate is the most effective inhibitor, while the addition of K+ to the incubation reaction can effectively reduce this inhibition. Some possible modes of action of the lithium ion is presented.", "contents": "Inhibition of L-alanine aminotransferase by lithium salts. Pharmacologic concentrations of either LiCl, LiN03 and LiF or the lithium salts of pyruvic or glutamic acids inhibit the formation of alanine arising from the transamination of glutamate in the presence of pyruvate. Lithium pyruvate is the most effective inhibitor, while the addition of K+ to the incubation reaction can effectively reduce this inhibition. Some possible modes of action of the lithium ion is presented.", "PMID": 1053539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_994", "title": "Coordination of biogenic amines with synaptosomal and vesicular metal ions: equilibrium and spectral studies in model systems.", "content": "Thermodynamic equilibrium studies using model systems were carried out on the nature and extent of coordination of twelve different biogenic amines and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) with the bivalent metal ions, viz., Ca2+ and Zn2+, which occur in the subcellular fractions of the brain, at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C and at an ionic strength of 1.0 (KNO3). In the combined presence of the individual monoamines and ATP the metal ions were predominantly coordinated by ATP in the pH range 3.0 to 6.5 with binding constants (log KML) of 2.84 +/- 0.06 and 3.19 +/- 0.39 for the Ca2+ and Zn2+ chelates, respectively. Each of the monoamines coordinated with the metal-ATP chelate above pH 6. The stabilities of the chelates of some of the amines with Ca2+ -ATP (1:1) system were NE, 2.33 +/- 0.33; AA, 2.24 +/- 0.19; OA, 1.94 +/- 0.29; NMeN, 1.60 +/- 0.22; DA, 2.14 +/- 0.09. Values for the Zn2+-ATP-amine systems were: NE, 8.35 +/- 0.26; OA, 4.53 +/- 0.07; DA, 10.05 +/- 0.39. Absorption spectral studies were carried out in order to examine the nature of coordination of NE, DA, TA, and AA with Cu2+, Fe2+, and Mg2+ ions in the combined presence of ATP. Results of the spectral studies taken together with the (thermodynamic) equilibrium data have indicated that in the pH range of biological interest, the catechol amines (NE and DA) and ATP are both coordinated to the \"synaptosomal and vesicular\" metal ions. The results further indicated that both the pyrocatechol and the ethanolamine groups of NE might be involved in the coordination of Cu2+. However, the interaction of the ethanolamine group of the NE molecule with the rest of the metal ions was not indicated.", "contents": "Coordination of biogenic amines with synaptosomal and vesicular metal ions: equilibrium and spectral studies in model systems. Thermodynamic equilibrium studies using model systems were carried out on the nature and extent of coordination of twelve different biogenic amines and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) with the bivalent metal ions, viz., Ca2+ and Zn2+, which occur in the subcellular fractions of the brain, at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C and at an ionic strength of 1.0 (KNO3). In the combined presence of the individual monoamines and ATP the metal ions were predominantly coordinated by ATP in the pH range 3.0 to 6.5 with binding constants (log KML) of 2.84 +/- 0.06 and 3.19 +/- 0.39 for the Ca2+ and Zn2+ chelates, respectively. Each of the monoamines coordinated with the metal-ATP chelate above pH 6. The stabilities of the chelates of some of the amines with Ca2+ -ATP (1:1) system were NE, 2.33 +/- 0.33; AA, 2.24 +/- 0.19; OA, 1.94 +/- 0.29; NMeN, 1.60 +/- 0.22; DA, 2.14 +/- 0.09. Values for the Zn2+-ATP-amine systems were: NE, 8.35 +/- 0.26; OA, 4.53 +/- 0.07; DA, 10.05 +/- 0.39. Absorption spectral studies were carried out in order to examine the nature of coordination of NE, DA, TA, and AA with Cu2+, Fe2+, and Mg2+ ions in the combined presence of ATP. Results of the spectral studies taken together with the (thermodynamic) equilibrium data have indicated that in the pH range of biological interest, the catechol amines (NE and DA) and ATP are both coordinated to the \"synaptosomal and vesicular\" metal ions. The results further indicated that both the pyrocatechol and the ethanolamine groups of NE might be involved in the coordination of Cu2+. However, the interaction of the ethanolamine group of the NE molecule with the rest of the metal ions was not indicated.", "PMID": 1053540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_995", "title": "Methylation of chloroplatinate by methylcobalamin.", "content": "Incubation of microM levels of K2PtCl6 and methylcobalamin (MeB-12) results in the complete conversion of MeB-12 to aquoB-12. Demethylation is optimal at pH 2.0 and is accelerated by the addition of K2PtCl4. The reaction is stoichiometric between MeB-12 and K2PtCl6 (1:1). Incubation of 40 microM K2PtCl6 with either 40 microM [Me-14C]MeB-12 or [Me-3H]MeB-12 followed by lyophilization converts 70% of the label to a stable form which is associated with Pt upon subsequent paper chromatography and electrophoresis. There is no preferential loss of 3H relative to 14C in the reaction product. When 50 mumoles each of [Me-14C]MeB-12 and K2PtCl6 were reacted and subjected to column chromatography, a labeled UV-absorbing product was separated with a 14C/Pt ratio of 0.9-1.2. The 14C-Pt product has absorption maxima at 260 nm and 208 nm with a minimum at 240 nm (A240 nm/A260 nm = 0.5). Proton NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of an H-C-Pt covalent bonding pattern (J for 1H, 195Pt = 78.2 Hz; tau for 194Pt-Me + 196Pt-Me = 6.956).", "contents": "Methylation of chloroplatinate by methylcobalamin. Incubation of microM levels of K2PtCl6 and methylcobalamin (MeB-12) results in the complete conversion of MeB-12 to aquoB-12. Demethylation is optimal at pH 2.0 and is accelerated by the addition of K2PtCl4. The reaction is stoichiometric between MeB-12 and K2PtCl6 (1:1). Incubation of 40 microM K2PtCl6 with either 40 microM [Me-14C]MeB-12 or [Me-3H]MeB-12 followed by lyophilization converts 70% of the label to a stable form which is associated with Pt upon subsequent paper chromatography and electrophoresis. There is no preferential loss of 3H relative to 14C in the reaction product. When 50 mumoles each of [Me-14C]MeB-12 and K2PtCl6 were reacted and subjected to column chromatography, a labeled UV-absorbing product was separated with a 14C/Pt ratio of 0.9-1.2. The 14C-Pt product has absorption maxima at 260 nm and 208 nm with a minimum at 240 nm (A240 nm/A260 nm = 0.5). Proton NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of an H-C-Pt covalent bonding pattern (J for 1H, 195Pt = 78.2 Hz; tau for 194Pt-Me + 196Pt-Me = 6.956).", "PMID": 1053541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_996", "title": "Cyclization of the phosphorus chain of the methylene-bridged analogs of adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "The phosphorus-containing side chains of two methylene-bridged analogs of adenosine triphosphate have been cyclized to produce the corresponding analogs of monoadenosine-5'-trimetaphosphate. (The structures are given in the journal.) The molecules, which were generated in anhydrous media through a carbodimide-mediated condensation, were characterized by 31P nuclear-magnetic resonance, and the white-noise 1H decoupled spectra were simulated. These molecules are quite reactive and readily converted to their corresponding linear forms upon hydrolysis. The second structure contains an asymmetric phosphorus atom, and both of the possible cyclic molecules have been observed and the diasteroisomeric mixture has been isolated.", "contents": "Cyclization of the phosphorus chain of the methylene-bridged analogs of adenosine triphosphate. The phosphorus-containing side chains of two methylene-bridged analogs of adenosine triphosphate have been cyclized to produce the corresponding analogs of monoadenosine-5'-trimetaphosphate. (The structures are given in the journal.) The molecules, which were generated in anhydrous media through a carbodimide-mediated condensation, were characterized by 31P nuclear-magnetic resonance, and the white-noise 1H decoupled spectra were simulated. These molecules are quite reactive and readily converted to their corresponding linear forms upon hydrolysis. The second structure contains an asymmetric phosphorus atom, and both of the possible cyclic molecules have been observed and the diasteroisomeric mixture has been isolated.", "PMID": 1053542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_997", "title": "Binders of intravenously administered 65-zinc in rat liver cytoplasm.", "content": "The fate of an i.v. injected trace dose of 65Zn2+ in the rat, was studied over a period of 10 days after injection. Tissue distributions were determined and a special study was made of 65Zn binders in liver cytoplasm. A total of 6 65Zn-binding fractions were observed in liver cytoplasm with apparent molecular weights of about 113,000, 66,400, 47,400, 29,000, 23,000 and 11,400. A time study showed that 4 hours after the injection the most prominent cytoplasmatic 65Zn binders are the 113,000, 66,400 and 23,000 molecular weight fractions. A tentative identification of the main Zn binders in the six 65Zn fractions is given, using the collected data regarding their apparent molecular weight, time dependent prominence and content of stable Zn.", "contents": "Binders of intravenously administered 65-zinc in rat liver cytoplasm. The fate of an i.v. injected trace dose of 65Zn2+ in the rat, was studied over a period of 10 days after injection. Tissue distributions were determined and a special study was made of 65Zn binders in liver cytoplasm. A total of 6 65Zn-binding fractions were observed in liver cytoplasm with apparent molecular weights of about 113,000, 66,400, 47,400, 29,000, 23,000 and 11,400. A time study showed that 4 hours after the injection the most prominent cytoplasmatic 65Zn binders are the 113,000, 66,400 and 23,000 molecular weight fractions. A tentative identification of the main Zn binders in the six 65Zn fractions is given, using the collected data regarding their apparent molecular weight, time dependent prominence and content of stable Zn.", "PMID": 1053543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_998", "title": "Conformational properties of the osmium tetraoxide bispyridine ester of 1-methylthymine and a comment on the linearity of the trans O=Os=O group.", "content": "The preparation and crystal and molecular structure of the osmium tetraoxide bispyridine ester of 1-methylthymine are reported. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1, with a = 11.493(6)A, b = 16.655(7)A, c = 6.082(2)A, alpha = 92.07(3) degrees, beta = 90.58(3) degrees, gamma = 71.36(4) degrees, V = 1102.4 A3, Dm = 1.85(1) g cm-3, DC = 1.84 g cm-3. The unit cell contains 2 osmium tetraoxide bispyridine esters of 1-methylthymine, 2 waters of crystallization and 1 disordered pyridine of solvation. Intensities for 3814 independent reflections were collected by counter methods. The structure was solved by standard heavy-atom techniques and has been refined by full-matrix least squares, based on F, to a final R value of 0.065. The osmium complex binds as a cis osmate ester to the C(5)-C(6) bond of the methylated pyrimidine in a fashion which is expected to be similar to the binding of the complex to thymidine residues in nucleic acids. The conformation of the 1-methylthymine ester is that of a half chair with C(6) showing a substantial deviation, 0.55 A, from the best mean plane of the thymine moiety. The primary coordination sphere about the Os(VI) atom is completed by 2 axial Os=O bonds and the binding of the 2 pyridine ligands in cis positions in the equatorial plane containing the ester linkages. The O=Os=O group is substantially nonlinear, 164.0(5) degrees, and this nonlinearity is attributed to intracomplex electronic effects.", "contents": "Conformational properties of the osmium tetraoxide bispyridine ester of 1-methylthymine and a comment on the linearity of the trans O=Os=O group. The preparation and crystal and molecular structure of the osmium tetraoxide bispyridine ester of 1-methylthymine are reported. The complex crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1, with a = 11.493(6)A, b = 16.655(7)A, c = 6.082(2)A, alpha = 92.07(3) degrees, beta = 90.58(3) degrees, gamma = 71.36(4) degrees, V = 1102.4 A3, Dm = 1.85(1) g cm-3, DC = 1.84 g cm-3. The unit cell contains 2 osmium tetraoxide bispyridine esters of 1-methylthymine, 2 waters of crystallization and 1 disordered pyridine of solvation. Intensities for 3814 independent reflections were collected by counter methods. The structure was solved by standard heavy-atom techniques and has been refined by full-matrix least squares, based on F, to a final R value of 0.065. The osmium complex binds as a cis osmate ester to the C(5)-C(6) bond of the methylated pyrimidine in a fashion which is expected to be similar to the binding of the complex to thymidine residues in nucleic acids. The conformation of the 1-methylthymine ester is that of a half chair with C(6) showing a substantial deviation, 0.55 A, from the best mean plane of the thymine moiety. The primary coordination sphere about the Os(VI) atom is completed by 2 axial Os=O bonds and the binding of the 2 pyridine ligands in cis positions in the equatorial plane containing the ester linkages. The O=Os=O group is substantially nonlinear, 164.0(5) degrees, and this nonlinearity is attributed to intracomplex electronic effects.", "PMID": 1053544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_999", "title": "A combined ultrasonic and biochemical study of fetal renal function in the term fetus.", "content": "The fetal glomerular filtration rate of plasma (GFR) and the percentage of fetal tubular reabsorption of water were measured by means of combined ultrasonic and biochemical methods in 20 normal and 10 complicated pregnancies. The duration of pregnancy varied from 35 to 42 wk. In normal pregnancy GFR of plasma varied from 2.0 to 7.1 ml/min (mean = 4.1) and tubular reabsorption of water ranged from 84.1 to 93.0% (mean = 89.8). There was no relationship with gestational age. In the group of complicated pregnancies - apart from one anencephalic case - no apparent difference in GFR and percentage tubular reabsorption between the group of normal (greater than or equal to 10th percentile) and reduced fetal birth weight (less than 10th percentile) was observed.", "contents": "A combined ultrasonic and biochemical study of fetal renal function in the term fetus. The fetal glomerular filtration rate of plasma (GFR) and the percentage of fetal tubular reabsorption of water were measured by means of combined ultrasonic and biochemical methods in 20 normal and 10 complicated pregnancies. The duration of pregnancy varied from 35 to 42 wk. In normal pregnancy GFR of plasma varied from 2.0 to 7.1 ml/min (mean = 4.1) and tubular reabsorption of water ranged from 84.1 to 93.0% (mean = 89.8). There was no relationship with gestational age. In the group of complicated pregnancies - apart from one anencephalic case - no apparent difference in GFR and percentage tubular reabsorption between the group of normal (greater than or equal to 10th percentile) and reduced fetal birth weight (less than 10th percentile) was observed.", "PMID": 1053545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1000", "title": "Chemical and biological characterization of an active substance of the human placenta.", "content": "Acetic acid extracts of human term placenta have been fractionated by pH and salt precipitations and by exclusion chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column. A partially purified fraction (F-II) possessing uterotropic activity in immature and young mice was obtained. This active fraction was submitted to the action of protein denaturating agents (heat, 8 M urea) and of specific proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin and pronase). These treatments completely destroy the uterotropic activity showing that the active substance is of protein nature. The administration of F-II to spayed mice did not produce any increase in their uterine weight suggesting that the uterotropic activity would be due to stimulation of the female gonad.", "contents": "Chemical and biological characterization of an active substance of the human placenta. Acetic acid extracts of human term placenta have been fractionated by pH and salt precipitations and by exclusion chromatography on a Sephadex G-75 column. A partially purified fraction (F-II) possessing uterotropic activity in immature and young mice was obtained. This active fraction was submitted to the action of protein denaturating agents (heat, 8 M urea) and of specific proteolytic enzymes (trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin and pronase). These treatments completely destroy the uterotropic activity showing that the active substance is of protein nature. The administration of F-II to spayed mice did not produce any increase in their uterine weight suggesting that the uterotropic activity would be due to stimulation of the female gonad.", "PMID": 1053546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1001", "title": "Biological and immunological studies of a placental gonadotropic protein.", "content": "Precocious sexual maturity, ovarian weight increase and stimulation of the sex accessory organs in impuber female mice, was induced by a partially purified protein fraction obtained from human placenta. The relationship between this biologically active protein and HCG was studied by a comparative immuno-double diffusion technique (Ouchterlony) and two agglutination inhibition tests. Results showed that this protein with gonadotropic activity is neither immunologically related to HCG nor contaminated with this hormone.", "contents": "Biological and immunological studies of a placental gonadotropic protein. Precocious sexual maturity, ovarian weight increase and stimulation of the sex accessory organs in impuber female mice, was induced by a partially purified protein fraction obtained from human placenta. The relationship between this biologically active protein and HCG was studied by a comparative immuno-double diffusion technique (Ouchterlony) and two agglutination inhibition tests. Results showed that this protein with gonadotropic activity is neither immunologically related to HCG nor contaminated with this hormone.", "PMID": 1053547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1002", "title": "Fetal growth retardation in the second trimester.", "content": "Growth of the fetal head was assessed by serial ultrasonic measurements in a prospective study of a randomly selected group of 126 mothers. Three cases exhibiting second trimester fetal head growth retardation with varying degrees of catch-up growth before term are illustrated.", "contents": "Fetal growth retardation in the second trimester. Growth of the fetal head was assessed by serial ultrasonic measurements in a prospective study of a randomly selected group of 126 mothers. Three cases exhibiting second trimester fetal head growth retardation with varying degrees of catch-up growth before term are illustrated.", "PMID": 1053548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1003", "title": "Massive feto-maternal hemorrhage as a cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity.", "content": "11 cases of massive feto-maternal hemorrhage (FMH) detected at the Leuven Blood Transfusion Center are described. Based on these case reports, a review is given of the various theoretical and practical problems related to this complication, e.g. the relative frequency of perinatal mortality and morbidity due to massive FMH, the causes and pathogenesis, the symptoms and diagnosis, the clinical varieties, and the pathophysiology as seen in the fetus and newborn. Finally, the indications for looking for large FMHs are described, and the therapeutic implications when this complication is discovered.", "contents": "Massive feto-maternal hemorrhage as a cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity. 11 cases of massive feto-maternal hemorrhage (FMH) detected at the Leuven Blood Transfusion Center are described. Based on these case reports, a review is given of the various theoretical and practical problems related to this complication, e.g. the relative frequency of perinatal mortality and morbidity due to massive FMH, the causes and pathogenesis, the symptoms and diagnosis, the clinical varieties, and the pathophysiology as seen in the fetus and newborn. Finally, the indications for looking for large FMHs are described, and the therapeutic implications when this complication is discovered.", "PMID": 1053549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1004", "title": "Tubal and uterine motility in vivo in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Previous data indicate that there are definite qualitative and quantitative patterns of tubal activity during the various phases of the menstrual cycle. In the present investigation, the simultaneous activity of the uterus and Fallopian tube was recorded in vivo in mature rhesus monkeys throughout the menstrual cycle. The observations indicate that there are characteristic patterns of both tubal and uterine activity, depending on the various phases of the menstrual cycle. The simultaneous recordings of tubal and uterine activity show that the tubal and uterine contractions are not synchronous or even have a similar pattern. The presence of a transmetrial catheter for recording of uterine activity seems to modify the patterns of tubal activity, particularly during the ovulatory phase. It seems possible that the transmetrial catheter has a similar effect as an intrauterine contraceptive device in this species.", "contents": "Tubal and uterine motility in vivo in the rhesus monkey. Previous data indicate that there are definite qualitative and quantitative patterns of tubal activity during the various phases of the menstrual cycle. In the present investigation, the simultaneous activity of the uterus and Fallopian tube was recorded in vivo in mature rhesus monkeys throughout the menstrual cycle. The observations indicate that there are characteristic patterns of both tubal and uterine activity, depending on the various phases of the menstrual cycle. The simultaneous recordings of tubal and uterine activity show that the tubal and uterine contractions are not synchronous or even have a similar pattern. The presence of a transmetrial catheter for recording of uterine activity seems to modify the patterns of tubal activity, particularly during the ovulatory phase. It seems possible that the transmetrial catheter has a similar effect as an intrauterine contraceptive device in this species.", "PMID": 1053550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1005", "title": "Hemodynamic changes associated with angina pectoris induced by maximal treadmill exercise: effect of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate on systolic time intervals.", "content": "A technique for the study of patients with angina pectoris has been described, in which systolic time interval (STI) measurements are obtained at intervals after the onset of stress-induced angina. The technique is uniquely suited to the evaluation of anti-anginal drugs. Sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (SISD) was randomly alternated with a placebo (P) tablet in a double-blind study of 20 patients with stable angina pectoris. After SISD, compared to placebo, a highly significant shortening of Q-S2 and LVET occurred (p less than 0.001) which lasted throughout the entire 120 minute study period. The hemodynamic basis for these differences was felt to be improved myocardial contractility secondary to a reduction in systemic vascular resistance and reduced venous return induced by the SISD. A significant prolongation of PEP occurred at 60 minutes post-SISD (p less than 0.01). This was attributed to an increase in the gradient between LVEDP and aortic diastolic pressure resulting from reduced venous return after SISD. The PEP/LVET ratio was significantly increased up to 60 minutes after SISD (P less than 0.05). Heart rate was uniformly higher post-SISD, compared to post-placebo values; the differences were highly significant up to 60 minutes (P less than 0.001) and remained significant at 120 minutes (p less than 0.05). The time to angina was significantly longer (immediately post SISD, p less than 0.05; 30 min, p less than 0.001; 60 mins, p less than 0.05; 120 mins, p less than 0.05); and the work load greater, for 120 minutes following SISD: the increase in the latter was highly significant for 30 minutes after SISD (p less than 0.001) and remained significant up to 120 minutes (60 mins, p less than 0.05; 120 mins, p less than 0.05). These observations were attributed to an improvement in myocardial function due to the sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. A high degree of correlation was found to exist between heart rate and the STI. This correlation was negative for the QS2 interval (-0.996) and LVET (-0.993) and positive for PEP (+0.817) and the PEP/LVET ratio (+0.950).", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes associated with angina pectoris induced by maximal treadmill exercise: effect of sublingual isosorbide dinitrate on systolic time intervals. A technique for the study of patients with angina pectoris has been described, in which systolic time interval (STI) measurements are obtained at intervals after the onset of stress-induced angina. The technique is uniquely suited to the evaluation of anti-anginal drugs. Sublingual isosorbide dinitrate (SISD) was randomly alternated with a placebo (P) tablet in a double-blind study of 20 patients with stable angina pectoris. After SISD, compared to placebo, a highly significant shortening of Q-S2 and LVET occurred (p less than 0.001) which lasted throughout the entire 120 minute study period. The hemodynamic basis for these differences was felt to be improved myocardial contractility secondary to a reduction in systemic vascular resistance and reduced venous return induced by the SISD. A significant prolongation of PEP occurred at 60 minutes post-SISD (p less than 0.01). This was attributed to an increase in the gradient between LVEDP and aortic diastolic pressure resulting from reduced venous return after SISD. The PEP/LVET ratio was significantly increased up to 60 minutes after SISD (P less than 0.05). Heart rate was uniformly higher post-SISD, compared to post-placebo values; the differences were highly significant up to 60 minutes (P less than 0.001) and remained significant at 120 minutes (p less than 0.05). The time to angina was significantly longer (immediately post SISD, p less than 0.05; 30 min, p less than 0.001; 60 mins, p less than 0.05; 120 mins, p less than 0.05); and the work load greater, for 120 minutes following SISD: the increase in the latter was highly significant for 30 minutes after SISD (p less than 0.001) and remained significant up to 120 minutes (60 mins, p less than 0.05; 120 mins, p less than 0.05). These observations were attributed to an improvement in myocardial function due to the sublingual isosorbide dinitrate. A high degree of correlation was found to exist between heart rate and the STI. This correlation was negative for the QS2 interval (-0.996) and LVET (-0.993) and positive for PEP (+0.817) and the PEP/LVET ratio (+0.950).", "PMID": 1053551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1006", "title": "When does a fourth sound become an atrial gallop?", "content": "A study of the fourth sound was conducted on 100 normal subjects (ages 1-88 years) and 42 clinical cases with either aortic stenosis, systemic hypertension or coronary heart disease. This study was based on the graphic recognition of a presystolic sound when the tracing was taken with the use of one or more of 5 different high pass filters. Attention was paid to the existence of the fourth sound, its magnitude, and its vibrational frequency. In general it was accepted that a magnitude of 1/2 of the first heart sound or a frequency of 30 Hz denoted a pathologic fourth sound. However, exceptions were found among normal subjects, so that only the combination of the two criteria could be considered highly significant for a pathologic phenomenon (gallop). Patients with aortic stenosis presented an increase in magnitude of the fourth sound but incidence and vibrational frequency were similar to those of controls. Patients with hypertension had a greater incidence of fourth sounds, especially in middle age (100%); middle age patients usually had a greater magnitude while older patients had more often an increase in vibrational frequency. Patients with coronary heart disease (evidence of old infarcts) had an increase in the incidence, magnitude, and vibrational frequency in comparison with controls. These data and the cause of the fourth sound are discussed. The fourth sound has been repeatedly studied in the past, both as an auscultatory finding and a graphic phenomenon. Attempts were made for separating the normal fourth sound from that denoting a pathological phenomenon but, so far, no clear cut criteria for the differentiation have been obtained. We thought, therefore, that a new study was indicated.", "contents": "When does a fourth sound become an atrial gallop? A study of the fourth sound was conducted on 100 normal subjects (ages 1-88 years) and 42 clinical cases with either aortic stenosis, systemic hypertension or coronary heart disease. This study was based on the graphic recognition of a presystolic sound when the tracing was taken with the use of one or more of 5 different high pass filters. Attention was paid to the existence of the fourth sound, its magnitude, and its vibrational frequency. In general it was accepted that a magnitude of 1/2 of the first heart sound or a frequency of 30 Hz denoted a pathologic fourth sound. However, exceptions were found among normal subjects, so that only the combination of the two criteria could be considered highly significant for a pathologic phenomenon (gallop). Patients with aortic stenosis presented an increase in magnitude of the fourth sound but incidence and vibrational frequency were similar to those of controls. Patients with hypertension had a greater incidence of fourth sounds, especially in middle age (100%); middle age patients usually had a greater magnitude while older patients had more often an increase in vibrational frequency. Patients with coronary heart disease (evidence of old infarcts) had an increase in the incidence, magnitude, and vibrational frequency in comparison with controls. These data and the cause of the fourth sound are discussed. The fourth sound has been repeatedly studied in the past, both as an auscultatory finding and a graphic phenomenon. Attempts were made for separating the normal fourth sound from that denoting a pathological phenomenon but, so far, no clear cut criteria for the differentiation have been obtained. We thought, therefore, that a new study was indicated.", "PMID": 1053554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1007", "title": "Daily tobacco consumption and electrocardiography [P1 and T1].", "content": "The unfavorable electrocardiographic effect of cigarette consumption in a large sample of health professionals [doctors and their wives] confirms earlier such reports in smaller groups.", "contents": "Daily tobacco consumption and electrocardiography [P1 and T1]. The unfavorable electrocardiographic effect of cigarette consumption in a large sample of health professionals [doctors and their wives] confirms earlier such reports in smaller groups.", "PMID": 1053556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1008", "title": "Incidence of venous thromboembolic disease in nonpregnant women of childbearing age.", "content": "Data from 12 Cincinnati hospitals were examined to determine the incidence of venous thromboembolic disease in nonpregnant women of reproductive age. The incidence of superficial and deep vein thromboembolic disease in women age 15 to 44 was 1.09 cases per 1,000 women per year; for women age 20 to 44 the incidence was 1.3 cases for 1,000 women per year. These figures include idiopathic and non-idiopathic cases and thus are representative of the general population of nonpregnant women of reproductive age. The incidence of pulmonary embolism was approximately 1 case per 5,000 women age 20 to 44. There were two deaths from pulmonary embolism, giving a mortality rate of 11.3 deaths per million women age 15 to 44.", "contents": "Incidence of venous thromboembolic disease in nonpregnant women of childbearing age. Data from 12 Cincinnati hospitals were examined to determine the incidence of venous thromboembolic disease in nonpregnant women of reproductive age. The incidence of superficial and deep vein thromboembolic disease in women age 15 to 44 was 1.09 cases per 1,000 women per year; for women age 20 to 44 the incidence was 1.3 cases for 1,000 women per year. These figures include idiopathic and non-idiopathic cases and thus are representative of the general population of nonpregnant women of reproductive age. The incidence of pulmonary embolism was approximately 1 case per 5,000 women age 20 to 44. There were two deaths from pulmonary embolism, giving a mortality rate of 11.3 deaths per million women age 15 to 44.", "PMID": 1053557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1009", "title": "Role of surgery in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.", "content": "The records of 9939 patients hospitalized for tuberculosis between 1963 and 1972 inclusive were reviewed with respect to patients who were treated surgically. During this period there was a steady decline in the number of patients thus treated; the success of antimicrobial drug therapy has altered the frequency of various surgical procedures, and pulmonary resection is now the procedure of choice, with a growing reluctance to perform segmental resection. Morbidity and complications among the patients in this series have been within acceptable limits. The problem of residual space has been minimal. Bronchopleural fistula with empyema (incidence, 3.1%) has been the most serious complication, accounting for the largest proportion of deaths. The mortality of 2.8% is comparable to that reported in the literature. Though mild to moderate respiratory insufficiency developed in some patients, none was seriously incapacitated. The majority of surviving patients have remained well, with their disease under control. In a number of patients reactivation of the disease occurred, probably because of conservative resection and discontinuance of drug therapy due to misunderstanding between patient and physician.", "contents": "Role of surgery in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. The records of 9939 patients hospitalized for tuberculosis between 1963 and 1972 inclusive were reviewed with respect to patients who were treated surgically. During this period there was a steady decline in the number of patients thus treated; the success of antimicrobial drug therapy has altered the frequency of various surgical procedures, and pulmonary resection is now the procedure of choice, with a growing reluctance to perform segmental resection. Morbidity and complications among the patients in this series have been within acceptable limits. The problem of residual space has been minimal. Bronchopleural fistula with empyema (incidence, 3.1%) has been the most serious complication, accounting for the largest proportion of deaths. The mortality of 2.8% is comparable to that reported in the literature. Though mild to moderate respiratory insufficiency developed in some patients, none was seriously incapacitated. The majority of surviving patients have remained well, with their disease under control. In a number of patients reactivation of the disease occurred, probably because of conservative resection and discontinuance of drug therapy due to misunderstanding between patient and physician.", "PMID": 1053560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1010", "title": "Experience with surgical salvage in pulmonary tuberculosis: application to general thoracic surgery.", "content": "The diminishing incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and the increasing effectiveness of drug therapy have resulted in an almost complete disappearance of surgical problems in the management of patients with this disease. However, the lessons learned from the management of such problems should not be forgotten, for they are equally applicable to the management of disabling and life-endangering problems in general thoracic surgical practice. \"Salvage\" situations develop when therapeutic requirements for control of disease are combined with factors affecting a patient's health so as to increase the surgical risk beyond the range usually considered acceptable. Attempts to salvage patients are indicated when treatment has failed to arrest disease, when life expectancy is threatened, or when return to normal activity is imperiled. Risk may be increased because of age, inadequate cardiopulmonary reserve, or chronic toxemia; in tuberculosis, risk may be increased because of positive sputum culture or resistance of organisms. Experience with 146 tuberculous patients has provided a basis for evaluation of the indications for resection, prophylactic and therapeutic thoracoplasty, and closure of bronchopleural fistulas in general thoracic surgical salvage. Both infection in residual spaces and bronchopleural fistulas are serious complications that can be controlled by thoracoplasty and pedicled muscle grafts. Prophylactic use of osteoplastic thoracoplasty and intercostal muscle grafts warrant more serious consideration. In established complications a \"tailored\" thoracoplasty can also be combined with an intercostal muscle graft.", "contents": "Experience with surgical salvage in pulmonary tuberculosis: application to general thoracic surgery. The diminishing incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and the increasing effectiveness of drug therapy have resulted in an almost complete disappearance of surgical problems in the management of patients with this disease. However, the lessons learned from the management of such problems should not be forgotten, for they are equally applicable to the management of disabling and life-endangering problems in general thoracic surgical practice. \"Salvage\" situations develop when therapeutic requirements for control of disease are combined with factors affecting a patient's health so as to increase the surgical risk beyond the range usually considered acceptable. Attempts to salvage patients are indicated when treatment has failed to arrest disease, when life expectancy is threatened, or when return to normal activity is imperiled. Risk may be increased because of age, inadequate cardiopulmonary reserve, or chronic toxemia; in tuberculosis, risk may be increased because of positive sputum culture or resistance of organisms. Experience with 146 tuberculous patients has provided a basis for evaluation of the indications for resection, prophylactic and therapeutic thoracoplasty, and closure of bronchopleural fistulas in general thoracic surgical salvage. Both infection in residual spaces and bronchopleural fistulas are serious complications that can be controlled by thoracoplasty and pedicled muscle grafts. Prophylactic use of osteoplastic thoracoplasty and intercostal muscle grafts warrant more serious consideration. In established complications a \"tailored\" thoracoplasty can also be combined with an intercostal muscle graft.", "PMID": 1053561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1011", "title": "Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia of the lung simulating carcinoma: pseudolymphoma with inflammatory changes.", "content": "Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia of the lung developed in a 45-year-old man who was a heavy smoker. Slow growth of the lesion 3 years after biopsy and the finding of atypical cells in the sputum and bronchial washings strongly suggested a malignant lesion. There were no systemic manifestations other than dyspnea, which may have been related to allergy. The lesion was angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia of the hyaline-vascular type. Invasion by lymphoid cells of both blood vessels and bronchioles suggested that the pathogenesis was probably infectious or inflammatory; also, the nature of the infiltrate indicated an immune mechanism. The course of the disease, as in other cases reported, has been benign, though a patchy density has developed in contralateral lung 4 years after lobectomy.", "contents": "Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia of the lung simulating carcinoma: pseudolymphoma with inflammatory changes. Angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia of the lung developed in a 45-year-old man who was a heavy smoker. Slow growth of the lesion 3 years after biopsy and the finding of atypical cells in the sputum and bronchial washings strongly suggested a malignant lesion. There were no systemic manifestations other than dyspnea, which may have been related to allergy. The lesion was angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia of the hyaline-vascular type. Invasion by lymphoid cells of both blood vessels and bronchioles suggested that the pathogenesis was probably infectious or inflammatory; also, the nature of the infiltrate indicated an immune mechanism. The course of the disease, as in other cases reported, has been benign, though a patchy density has developed in contralateral lung 4 years after lobectomy.", "PMID": 1053562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1012", "title": "The Farfan back operation: technique and results.", "content": "A total of 94 Farfan back operations were performed on 82 patients. As a group these patients were typical of those undergoing discoidectomy, with or without fusion. The follow-up period was from 3 to 5 years. Overall, the results were excellent, good or satisfactory in 85% of the patients; with one-level fusions the proportion of such results was 93%. The commonest cause of failure was extrusion of the bone graft.", "contents": "The Farfan back operation: technique and results. A total of 94 Farfan back operations were performed on 82 patients. As a group these patients were typical of those undergoing discoidectomy, with or without fusion. The follow-up period was from 3 to 5 years. Overall, the results were excellent, good or satisfactory in 85% of the patients; with one-level fusions the proportion of such results was 93%. The commonest cause of failure was extrusion of the bone graft.", "PMID": 1053563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1013", "title": "Electromyographic and nerve conduction studies in idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head.", "content": "Clinical features and results of nerve conduction and electromyographic investigations were studied in 13 consecutive patients with idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. Of these patients, one was a diabetic, one had received steroids and six gave a history of high alcohol intake. Neurologic abnormalities were present in 9 of the 13 cases. Specimens were available for examination in the nine patients who underwent operation. This study suggests that disturbance in the neuromuscular system at a clinical or subclinical level could be common to idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head and its various associated disorders and might be a pathogenetic factor.", "contents": "Electromyographic and nerve conduction studies in idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. Clinical features and results of nerve conduction and electromyographic investigations were studied in 13 consecutive patients with idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head. Of these patients, one was a diabetic, one had received steroids and six gave a history of high alcohol intake. Neurologic abnormalities were present in 9 of the 13 cases. Specimens were available for examination in the nine patients who underwent operation. This study suggests that disturbance in the neuromuscular system at a clinical or subclinical level could be common to idiopathic ischemic necrosis of the femoral head and its various associated disorders and might be a pathogenetic factor.", "PMID": 1053564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1014", "title": "Photographic maps for coronary artery operations: how to make them easily.", "content": "A modification of the Tagarno 35-mm cin\u00e9-film projector has been devised primarily for the cardiac surgeon, to produce excellent pictures of opacified coronary arteries. A combined screen and photographic holder allows the surgeon to view an image 10.2 X 12.7 cm and to make positive prints of selected frames in a matter of seconds. No photographic experience is needed.", "contents": "Photographic maps for coronary artery operations: how to make them easily. A modification of the Tagarno 35-mm cin\u00e9-film projector has been devised primarily for the cardiac surgeon, to produce excellent pictures of opacified coronary arteries. A combined screen and photographic holder allows the surgeon to view an image 10.2 X 12.7 cm and to make positive prints of selected frames in a matter of seconds. No photographic experience is needed.", "PMID": 1053565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1015", "title": "The Warren (distal splenorenal) shunt for portal hypertension.", "content": "The Warren distal splenorenal shunt, designed to decompress esophagogastric varices selectively while preserving portal venous inflow to the liver, was performed in 18 patients who had bled from esophageal varices. In 14 cirrhosis was micronodular, in 3 it was macronodular, and in 1 primary biliary. Two patients died within 1 month of surgery (operative mortality, 11%). Three patients died between 2 and 12 months after operation (1-year mortality, 28%). All five patients who died within 1 year had severe liver disease at the time of operation. None sustained further hemorrhage. Only one survivor requires protein restriction and none have fluid retention.", "contents": "The Warren (distal splenorenal) shunt for portal hypertension. The Warren distal splenorenal shunt, designed to decompress esophagogastric varices selectively while preserving portal venous inflow to the liver, was performed in 18 patients who had bled from esophageal varices. In 14 cirrhosis was micronodular, in 3 it was macronodular, and in 1 primary biliary. Two patients died within 1 month of surgery (operative mortality, 11%). Three patients died between 2 and 12 months after operation (1-year mortality, 28%). All five patients who died within 1 year had severe liver disease at the time of operation. None sustained further hemorrhage. Only one survivor requires protein restriction and none have fluid retention.", "PMID": 1053566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1016", "title": "Anorectal and perianal complications of hematologic malignant neoplasms.", "content": "Among 17 adults with hematologic malignant neoplasms in whom anorectal complications developed, the overall mortality was 53%; for those in whom the disease was not in remission the mortality was 69%, compared with zero for patients who were in remission. All but one of the deaths were directly attributable to septicemia secondary to the anorectal lesion. Over half of the patients had a history of previous anorectal problems or disordered bowel pattern preceding the anorectal complication. The anorectal lesions affecting these 17 patients included prolapsed hemorrhoids (in 5); discrete ulcers in the anal canal and surrounding cellulitis (8); necrosis of the anus and perianal area (2); and perirectal abscesses (2). Only the abscesses responded to surgical drainage. Treatment of the other lesions was conservative: bowel function was maintained as normal as possible, good perineal hygiene was practised and stool softeners were used, while efforts were directed towards achieving remission of the hematologic neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Anorectal and perianal complications of hematologic malignant neoplasms. Among 17 adults with hematologic malignant neoplasms in whom anorectal complications developed, the overall mortality was 53%; for those in whom the disease was not in remission the mortality was 69%, compared with zero for patients who were in remission. All but one of the deaths were directly attributable to septicemia secondary to the anorectal lesion. Over half of the patients had a history of previous anorectal problems or disordered bowel pattern preceding the anorectal complication. The anorectal lesions affecting these 17 patients included prolapsed hemorrhoids (in 5); discrete ulcers in the anal canal and surrounding cellulitis (8); necrosis of the anus and perianal area (2); and perirectal abscesses (2). Only the abscesses responded to surgical drainage. Treatment of the other lesions was conservative: bowel function was maintained as normal as possible, good perineal hygiene was practised and stool softeners were used, while efforts were directed towards achieving remission of the hematologic neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 1053567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1017", "title": "Tension pneumoperitoneum: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Tension pneumoperitoneum in an 81-year-old man resulted from the perforation of an ulcer on the posterior aspect of the first stage of the duodenum into the lesser sac. This condition, though rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the massively distended abdomen. A number of different causes of this condition have been reported, most of which are associated with various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Treatment is early laparotomy.", "contents": "Tension pneumoperitoneum: case report and review of the literature. Tension pneumoperitoneum in an 81-year-old man resulted from the perforation of an ulcer on the posterior aspect of the first stage of the duodenum into the lesser sac. This condition, though rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of the massively distended abdomen. A number of different causes of this condition have been reported, most of which are associated with various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Treatment is early laparotomy.", "PMID": 1053568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1018", "title": "Maternal blood supply to the coneptus.", "content": "This presentation gives an unorthodox account of the relationship of uteroplacental vessels to the structural units of the placenta, the lobules, and its development. Contrary to current opinion, neither the villous stems nor the ostia of maternal arteries have a one-to-one relation to placental lobules. Both are interlobular, and thus supply portions of adjacent lobules. The involvement of whole lobules, usually multiple, in degenerative processes such as infarction as is seen particularly in the placentas of stillborn infants, may indicate a general lowering of perfusion pressure in the intervillous space rather than occlusion of one artery. Just how maternal blood circulates within a lobule, is not known. In visualizing the development of the lobule it is only necessary to realize the commonly observed fact that anchoring points of large villi coming down along the sides of the lobules, are frequently if not regularly associated with the convolutes and ostia of maternal arteries. The areas containing both, form a network; how the intervening areas are formed into lobules is unknown.", "contents": "Maternal blood supply to the coneptus. This presentation gives an unorthodox account of the relationship of uteroplacental vessels to the structural units of the placenta, the lobules, and its development. Contrary to current opinion, neither the villous stems nor the ostia of maternal arteries have a one-to-one relation to placental lobules. Both are interlobular, and thus supply portions of adjacent lobules. The involvement of whole lobules, usually multiple, in degenerative processes such as infarction as is seen particularly in the placentas of stillborn infants, may indicate a general lowering of perfusion pressure in the intervillous space rather than occlusion of one artery. Just how maternal blood circulates within a lobule, is not known. In visualizing the development of the lobule it is only necessary to realize the commonly observed fact that anchoring points of large villi coming down along the sides of the lobules, are frequently if not regularly associated with the convolutes and ostia of maternal arteries. The areas containing both, form a network; how the intervening areas are formed into lobules is unknown.", "PMID": 1053574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1019", "title": "Buerger's syndrome.", "content": "All cases diagnosed as Buerger's disease at The Mount Sinai Hospital from 1933-1963 have been reviewed. A large majority were found to have well-known vascular problems other than what we now consider as Buerger's disease. Only two specimens from 33 amputations had the characteristic histologic findings that Buerger described. It is suggested that the terminology Buerger's disease be replaced by Buerger's syndrome. In 1908, while at The Mount Sinai Hospital, Dr. Leo Buerger described a clinical entity with its histologic counterpart that soon became known as \"Buerger's disease.\" The clinical picture was essentially that of arterial insufficiency, mainly in the lower extremities, in a young, Jewish, adult male who smoked. It was frequently associated with a migrating thrombophlebitis. The histologic picture was not as clearly defined but was stated to differ from arteriosclerosis in that normal vessel was found proximal and distal to the lesion, canalization of the occlusive lesion occurred, capillary ingrowth was present in the media, and there was an absence of elastic tissue in the organizing process. It should be noted that most of Buerger's specimens consisted of veins removed during an episode of acute thrombophlebitis. He specifically stated that only in the early stages of the disease, when phlebitis was the main finding, could the lesion be separated from the various stages of arteriosclerosis. In recent years, doubt has been cast on the existence of the clinical or pathological picture described by Buerger. Accordingly, it was thought advisable to review the case records and pathologic specimens of patients discharged from The Mount Sinai Hospital with the diagnosis of Buerger's disease over a recent 30-year period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "Buerger's syndrome. All cases diagnosed as Buerger's disease at The Mount Sinai Hospital from 1933-1963 have been reviewed. A large majority were found to have well-known vascular problems other than what we now consider as Buerger's disease. Only two specimens from 33 amputations had the characteristic histologic findings that Buerger described. It is suggested that the terminology Buerger's disease be replaced by Buerger's syndrome. In 1908, while at The Mount Sinai Hospital, Dr. Leo Buerger described a clinical entity with its histologic counterpart that soon became known as \"Buerger's disease.\" The clinical picture was essentially that of arterial insufficiency, mainly in the lower extremities, in a young, Jewish, adult male who smoked. It was frequently associated with a migrating thrombophlebitis. The histologic picture was not as clearly defined but was stated to differ from arteriosclerosis in that normal vessel was found proximal and distal to the lesion, canalization of the occlusive lesion occurred, capillary ingrowth was present in the media, and there was an absence of elastic tissue in the organizing process. It should be noted that most of Buerger's specimens consisted of veins removed during an episode of acute thrombophlebitis. He specifically stated that only in the early stages of the disease, when phlebitis was the main finding, could the lesion be separated from the various stages of arteriosclerosis. In recent years, doubt has been cast on the existence of the clinical or pathological picture described by Buerger. Accordingly, it was thought advisable to review the case records and pathologic specimens of patients discharged from The Mount Sinai Hospital with the diagnosis of Buerger's disease over a recent 30-year period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "PMID": 1053580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1020", "title": "Cerebral angioma and aneurysm of the cervical internal carotid artery.", "content": "A case of internal carotid artery aneurysm in association with a congenital cerebral arterio-venous malformation is described. The carotid artery aneurysm was resected with primary anastomosis of the redundant artery, with satisfactory recovery.", "contents": "Cerebral angioma and aneurysm of the cervical internal carotid artery. A case of internal carotid artery aneurysm in association with a congenital cerebral arterio-venous malformation is described. The carotid artery aneurysm was resected with primary anastomosis of the redundant artery, with satisfactory recovery.", "PMID": 1053581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1021", "title": "Massive calcification of the myocardium.", "content": "A case of dystrophic calcification of the myocardium is reported. The clinical, fluoroscopic, hemodynamic and angiographic findings are described, and correlate well with the lesions discovered at surgery. In this case, the diagnosis was originally suspected because of the calcification noted during fluoroscopy.", "contents": "Massive calcification of the myocardium. A case of dystrophic calcification of the myocardium is reported. The clinical, fluoroscopic, hemodynamic and angiographic findings are described, and correlate well with the lesions discovered at surgery. In this case, the diagnosis was originally suspected because of the calcification noted during fluoroscopy.", "PMID": 1053583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1022", "title": "Cardiac effects of insulin, glucose, and potassium.", "content": "Glucose-insulin-potassium (G.I.P.) infusions have been recommended as a useful adjunct to the management of severe congestive heart failure. Ten patients with cardiac disease underwent a diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Pressures and cardiac output were obtained prior to and immediately after the 10 minute infusion of a mixture containing 50 grams of glucose, 10 mEq of potassium and 20 units of insulin. (Table: see text). G.I.P. infusions can increase the cardiac index. This is due to a combined effect of volume expansion and catecholamine stimulation.", "contents": "Cardiac effects of insulin, glucose, and potassium. Glucose-insulin-potassium (G.I.P.) infusions have been recommended as a useful adjunct to the management of severe congestive heart failure. Ten patients with cardiac disease underwent a diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Pressures and cardiac output were obtained prior to and immediately after the 10 minute infusion of a mixture containing 50 grams of glucose, 10 mEq of potassium and 20 units of insulin. (Table: see text). G.I.P. infusions can increase the cardiac index. This is due to a combined effect of volume expansion and catecholamine stimulation.", "PMID": 1053584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1023", "title": "The cervical aortic arch anomaly.", "content": "Although the cervical aortic arch anomaly occurs rarely, it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulsatile masses in the neck. The eighteenth case of this anomaly is presented herein. Review of the previous literature demonstrates the consistent pattern of branching anomalies associated with the cervical aortic arch and indicates the complex nature of this anomaly. Studies of these patients in biplane (frontal and lateral), as well as the right posterior oblique projection in order to precisely define the order of branching, is recommended, particularly when surgical intervention is indicated.", "contents": "The cervical aortic arch anomaly. Although the cervical aortic arch anomaly occurs rarely, it should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of pulsatile masses in the neck. The eighteenth case of this anomaly is presented herein. Review of the previous literature demonstrates the consistent pattern of branching anomalies associated with the cervical aortic arch and indicates the complex nature of this anomaly. Studies of these patients in biplane (frontal and lateral), as well as the right posterior oblique projection in order to precisely define the order of branching, is recommended, particularly when surgical intervention is indicated.", "PMID": 1053585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1024", "title": "Exertion and acute coronary artery injury.", "content": "Twelve cases of myocardial infarction as related to strenuous exertion are presented with the pathological findings in several of these cases. Three cases with coronary arteriography are also presented. The pathology of coronary arteriosclerotic plaques and the vulnerability to acute injury is reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that strenuous exertion can cause acute injury to coronary artery plaques due to the unusual stressful whip-like action to which coronary arteries are subject. These injuries may initiate as cracks in the plaques or subintimal hemorrhages and proceed to coronary occlusion and ultimate myocardial infarction. With this concept in mind we use the term of \"crack in the plaque\" (Black's Crack in the Plaque) to account for the sudden appearance of clinical coronary artery disease appearing during or shortly after exertion, or other stressful situations in patients without previous existing evidence of clinical coronary artery disease. This could also account for exacerbation of symptoms or death occurring after exertion in previously quiescent asymptomatic known coronary artery disease subjects. This concept may explain some of the puzzling features of coronary disease.", "contents": "Exertion and acute coronary artery injury. Twelve cases of myocardial infarction as related to strenuous exertion are presented with the pathological findings in several of these cases. Three cases with coronary arteriography are also presented. The pathology of coronary arteriosclerotic plaques and the vulnerability to acute injury is reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that strenuous exertion can cause acute injury to coronary artery plaques due to the unusual stressful whip-like action to which coronary arteries are subject. These injuries may initiate as cracks in the plaques or subintimal hemorrhages and proceed to coronary occlusion and ultimate myocardial infarction. With this concept in mind we use the term of \"crack in the plaque\" (Black's Crack in the Plaque) to account for the sudden appearance of clinical coronary artery disease appearing during or shortly after exertion, or other stressful situations in patients without previous existing evidence of clinical coronary artery disease. This could also account for exacerbation of symptoms or death occurring after exertion in previously quiescent asymptomatic known coronary artery disease subjects. This concept may explain some of the puzzling features of coronary disease.", "PMID": 1053586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1025", "title": "Termination of atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia with rapid atrial stimulation.", "content": "The results in this series of fifty-seven patients confirms the safety and reliability of rapid atrial stimulation to terminate atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia. Transthoracic wires implanted at thoracotomy or transvenously placed atrial electrodes can be used for the confident intracardiac electrocardiographic diagnosis of tachyarrhythmias and for atrial stimulation. Our experience represents the second largest reported series of patients to undergo cardioversion by this method. In all but five of fifty-seven patients either the atrial tachyarrhythmia was converted to normal sinus rhythm or the flutter-tachycardia was terminated with resultant atrial fibrillation. In forty-three patients sinus rhythm was eventually re-established after atrial stimulation. Various aspects of rapid atrial stimulation, including it's preference over precordial shock, have been discussed. We feel particular consideration should be given cardioversion by rapid atrial stimulation in patients with possible digitalis toxicity and in all patients who have atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, or junctional tachycardia after open heart surgery.", "contents": "Termination of atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia with rapid atrial stimulation. The results in this series of fifty-seven patients confirms the safety and reliability of rapid atrial stimulation to terminate atrial flutter and atrial tachycardia. Transthoracic wires implanted at thoracotomy or transvenously placed atrial electrodes can be used for the confident intracardiac electrocardiographic diagnosis of tachyarrhythmias and for atrial stimulation. Our experience represents the second largest reported series of patients to undergo cardioversion by this method. In all but five of fifty-seven patients either the atrial tachyarrhythmia was converted to normal sinus rhythm or the flutter-tachycardia was terminated with resultant atrial fibrillation. In forty-three patients sinus rhythm was eventually re-established after atrial stimulation. Various aspects of rapid atrial stimulation, including it's preference over precordial shock, have been discussed. We feel particular consideration should be given cardioversion by rapid atrial stimulation in patients with possible digitalis toxicity and in all patients who have atrial flutter, atrial tachycardia, or junctional tachycardia after open heart surgery.", "PMID": 1053587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1026", "title": "The effect of phentolamine on conduction in the bundle of His.", "content": "A His bundle electrogram was obtained in a 65 year old male with syncopal episodes. A split bundle of His deflection was recorded. After the intravenous administration of phentolamine, a marked shortening of the H-H' interval was observed. This signifies an improvement in conduction at the bundle of His level.", "contents": "The effect of phentolamine on conduction in the bundle of His. A His bundle electrogram was obtained in a 65 year old male with syncopal episodes. A split bundle of His deflection was recorded. After the intravenous administration of phentolamine, a marked shortening of the H-H' interval was observed. This signifies an improvement in conduction at the bundle of His level.", "PMID": 1053590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1027", "title": "Changes in enzyme levels in human skeletal muscle during obstructive arteriopathy of the lower limbs.", "content": "Some enzymatic activities have been assayed in the gastrocnemius muscle of patients with obstructive arteriopathy of the lower limbs. The specific activities of all the examined glycolytic enzymes, of malate dehydrogenase and of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are significantly decreased while the specific activities of two lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin A, are significantly higher than in the controls. Therefore it may be inferred that the metabolic capacity of glycolysis and of Krebs cycle are lowered. On the other hand the increased specific activity of lysosomal enzymes suggests the hypothesis that the above mentioned modifications and the morphologic alterations of the muscle and of the small blood vessels might be ascribed, at least partly, to a release of lysosomal hydrolases in active form.", "contents": "Changes in enzyme levels in human skeletal muscle during obstructive arteriopathy of the lower limbs. Some enzymatic activities have been assayed in the gastrocnemius muscle of patients with obstructive arteriopathy of the lower limbs. The specific activities of all the examined glycolytic enzymes, of malate dehydrogenase and of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are significantly decreased while the specific activities of two lysosomal enzymes, beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin A, are significantly higher than in the controls. Therefore it may be inferred that the metabolic capacity of glycolysis and of Krebs cycle are lowered. On the other hand the increased specific activity of lysosomal enzymes suggests the hypothesis that the above mentioned modifications and the morphologic alterations of the muscle and of the small blood vessels might be ascribed, at least partly, to a release of lysosomal hydrolases in active form.", "PMID": 1053591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1028", "title": "Thrombolytic treatment with i.v. brinase of advanced arterial obliterative disease of the limbs.", "content": "The material includes 17 patients suffering from different degrees of chronic peripheral arterial disease (11 chronic patients stage III and IV, two patients with acute arterial occlusion, and four patients stage II). Presence and extent of arterial occlusion was ascertained by initial arteriography. In twelve of the patients amputation had been considered. The patients were treated by a series of i.v. infusions of brinase, a proteolytic enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. The brinase inhibitor capacity in plasma was determined by the azocollagen technique. Dosage of brinase was calculated to retain a rest-inhibitor capacity in order to avoid free proteolytic activity. In five patients the enzyme was also given preoperatively by intra-arterial instillation prior to a series of i.v. brinase infusions. Thirteen patients showed clinical improvement after brinase treatment. The condition of two patients remained unchanged, and in two patients amputation could not be avoided. In fourteen patients the treatment results were followed by measurement of peripheral systolic blood pressure. In ten patients obvious increase of the peripheral systolic blood pressure was observed. Cutaneous microcirculation was studied in seven patients by i.v. sequential fluorescein angiography and signs of improved microcirculation (appearance time, intensity and/or extent of fluorescence) were found in all examined patients. One patient with acute arterial occlusion of the right leg with obstruction of blood flow from the external iliac artery showed complete disobliteration after a series of i.v. brinase infusions. Bleeding complications associated with brinase treatment were not observed in the material. In three patients brinase treatment was discontinued because of complications (2 brinase, 1 heparin).", "contents": "Thrombolytic treatment with i.v. brinase of advanced arterial obliterative disease of the limbs. The material includes 17 patients suffering from different degrees of chronic peripheral arterial disease (11 chronic patients stage III and IV, two patients with acute arterial occlusion, and four patients stage II). Presence and extent of arterial occlusion was ascertained by initial arteriography. In twelve of the patients amputation had been considered. The patients were treated by a series of i.v. infusions of brinase, a proteolytic enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae. The brinase inhibitor capacity in plasma was determined by the azocollagen technique. Dosage of brinase was calculated to retain a rest-inhibitor capacity in order to avoid free proteolytic activity. In five patients the enzyme was also given preoperatively by intra-arterial instillation prior to a series of i.v. brinase infusions. Thirteen patients showed clinical improvement after brinase treatment. The condition of two patients remained unchanged, and in two patients amputation could not be avoided. In fourteen patients the treatment results were followed by measurement of peripheral systolic blood pressure. In ten patients obvious increase of the peripheral systolic blood pressure was observed. Cutaneous microcirculation was studied in seven patients by i.v. sequential fluorescein angiography and signs of improved microcirculation (appearance time, intensity and/or extent of fluorescence) were found in all examined patients. One patient with acute arterial occlusion of the right leg with obstruction of blood flow from the external iliac artery showed complete disobliteration after a series of i.v. brinase infusions. Bleeding complications associated with brinase treatment were not observed in the material. In three patients brinase treatment was discontinued because of complications (2 brinase, 1 heparin).", "PMID": 1053595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1029", "title": "Dosage of i.v. brinase in man based on brinase inhibitor capacity and coagulation studies.", "content": "In 17 patients a total of 148 brinase infusions were given. All patients but two had anticoagulant treatment (dicoumarol or heparin) during the brinase series. Dosage of brinase was based on determination of brinase inhibitor capacity in plasma (azocollagen technique) prior to infusion of the enzyme. Iv infusion of brinase lowered inhibitors in plasma. Good correlation was found between expected lowering and measured inhibitor values after brinase infusion. The stipulated safety margin for brinase inhibitor capacity could be maintained. alpha 1-antitrypsin showed irregular changes and alpha 2-macroglobulin values were decreased by iv infusions of brinase. Fibrinogen values were somewhat lowered after iv brinase infusion. Values for fibrinogen degradation products increased and the ethanol gelation test became positive. Thrombotest values were lowered and the activated partial thromboplastin time was prolonged in patients receiving dicoumarol and iv heparin respectively. Changes in other coagulation parameters were insignificant. In two patients transient renal failure was recorded, laboratory data indicated intravascular coagulation as a possible cause. None of these two patients were on anticoagulant treatment. One patient developed a haematoma of the forefoot during massive iv heparin treatment during a series of iv infusions of brinase. Bleeding complications due to brinase treatment were not observed.", "contents": "Dosage of i.v. brinase in man based on brinase inhibitor capacity and coagulation studies. In 17 patients a total of 148 brinase infusions were given. All patients but two had anticoagulant treatment (dicoumarol or heparin) during the brinase series. Dosage of brinase was based on determination of brinase inhibitor capacity in plasma (azocollagen technique) prior to infusion of the enzyme. Iv infusion of brinase lowered inhibitors in plasma. Good correlation was found between expected lowering and measured inhibitor values after brinase infusion. The stipulated safety margin for brinase inhibitor capacity could be maintained. alpha 1-antitrypsin showed irregular changes and alpha 2-macroglobulin values were decreased by iv infusions of brinase. Fibrinogen values were somewhat lowered after iv brinase infusion. Values for fibrinogen degradation products increased and the ethanol gelation test became positive. Thrombotest values were lowered and the activated partial thromboplastin time was prolonged in patients receiving dicoumarol and iv heparin respectively. Changes in other coagulation parameters were insignificant. In two patients transient renal failure was recorded, laboratory data indicated intravascular coagulation as a possible cause. None of these two patients were on anticoagulant treatment. One patient developed a haematoma of the forefoot during massive iv heparin treatment during a series of iv infusions of brinase. Bleeding complications due to brinase treatment were not observed.", "PMID": 1053596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1030", "title": "Combined thoracic aorta and right carotid artery angiography in trauma.", "content": "In the critically injured patient, time is of the essence; a method is described for performing a thoracic aortogram for possible ruptured aorta, followed by a right carotid cerebral angiogram as a screening procedure to rule out cerebral vascular shift, using the pigtail catheter.", "contents": "Combined thoracic aorta and right carotid artery angiography in trauma. In the critically injured patient, time is of the essence; a method is described for performing a thoracic aortogram for possible ruptured aorta, followed by a right carotid cerebral angiogram as a screening procedure to rule out cerebral vascular shift, using the pigtail catheter.", "PMID": 1053597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1031", "title": "The role of angiography in the management of intestinal carcinoid.", "content": "Carcinoid tumors of the intestine may present with bowel obstruction or with the carcinoid syndrome. Confirmation of the diagnosis by biochemical means is easy. Management is often surgical and a number of different procedures have been advocated, e.g. resection of the primary, hemicolectomy and lately, partial hepatectomy. The angiographic features of two cases are presented and discussed; the usefulness of the information so gleaned in the choice of management is stressed.", "contents": "The role of angiography in the management of intestinal carcinoid. Carcinoid tumors of the intestine may present with bowel obstruction or with the carcinoid syndrome. Confirmation of the diagnosis by biochemical means is easy. Management is often surgical and a number of different procedures have been advocated, e.g. resection of the primary, hemicolectomy and lately, partial hepatectomy. The angiographic features of two cases are presented and discussed; the usefulness of the information so gleaned in the choice of management is stressed.", "PMID": 1053600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1032", "title": "Arteriointestinal fistula: report of a case following surgery for trauma.", "content": "A case of an arteriointestinal fistula following surgery for trauma is reported. In prevention of this complication, it is suggested that temporary ileostomy and mucous fistula be considered in cases of combined right colon and intra-abdominal vascular injuries to eliminate a leaking bowel anastomosis as a source of contamination of the vascular repair.", "contents": "Arteriointestinal fistula: report of a case following surgery for trauma. A case of an arteriointestinal fistula following surgery for trauma is reported. In prevention of this complication, it is suggested that temporary ileostomy and mucous fistula be considered in cases of combined right colon and intra-abdominal vascular injuries to eliminate a leaking bowel anastomosis as a source of contamination of the vascular repair.", "PMID": 1053598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1033", "title": "Effect of papaverine hydrochloride on cerebral blood flow as measured by forehead thermograms.", "content": "Using the atraumatic diagnostic technique of forehead thermography to indirectly evaluate cerebral arterial circulation, nine patients with vascular disease in the extracranial or intracranial carotid arterial system were given 300 mg. papaverine hydrochloride. All patients demonstrated some degree of improvement after the drug was administered as determined by comparing control thermograms to thermograms obtained 1, 4 and 8 hours after administration of the drug. Improvement was attributed to increased cerebral blood flow due to the direct vasodilating effect of papaverine hydrochloride. In conclusion, this study suggests that if potential stroke victims can be detected at an early stage with thermography (and/or with other atraumatic diagnostic techniques), drug therapy may prove to be of immediate therapeutic value. The response of any given patient to drug therapy may be determined simply and atraumatically by thermographic examinations in which each patient is used as his own control.", "contents": "Effect of papaverine hydrochloride on cerebral blood flow as measured by forehead thermograms. Using the atraumatic diagnostic technique of forehead thermography to indirectly evaluate cerebral arterial circulation, nine patients with vascular disease in the extracranial or intracranial carotid arterial system were given 300 mg. papaverine hydrochloride. All patients demonstrated some degree of improvement after the drug was administered as determined by comparing control thermograms to thermograms obtained 1, 4 and 8 hours after administration of the drug. Improvement was attributed to increased cerebral blood flow due to the direct vasodilating effect of papaverine hydrochloride. In conclusion, this study suggests that if potential stroke victims can be detected at an early stage with thermography (and/or with other atraumatic diagnostic techniques), drug therapy may prove to be of immediate therapeutic value. The response of any given patient to drug therapy may be determined simply and atraumatically by thermographic examinations in which each patient is used as his own control.", "PMID": 1053602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1034", "title": "The effect of propranolol and verapamil on atrial and atrioventricular refractory periods in man.", "content": "The atrial effective (ERP) and relative (RRP) refractory periods were examined at high atrial pacing rates in 12 patients before and after intravenous injection of propranolol, and in 5 patients before and after injection of verapamil, using the technique of paired pacing. Seven of the patients had A-V block grade II-III and 10 patients had sinus rhythm. The range of atrial ERP in all patients was found to be 200 to 270 msec. and the range of atrial RRP was 230 to 330 msec. The atrial ERP and RRP were longer at a pacing rate of 160 per minute than at a pacing rate of 240 per minute. The conduction delay between the second impulse and the atrial depolarization was found to be due to increased interval between the stimulus and the start of the depolarization wave. The atrial ERP increased after injection of propranolol in 8 of 12 patients, decreased in 3 patients and was unchanged in one patient. The atrial RRP increased in 7 patients, decreased in one patient and was unchanged in 4 patients. In all patients the changes were of moderate degree. The conduction delay between the stimulating impulse and the atrial response was shorter after propranolol in 7 patients, longer in one patient and unchanged in 4 patients. The ERP of the atrioventricular conducting tissue was 220 to more than 380 millisec. After injection of propranolol it increased in all of 3 patients in whom it could be measured. After injection of verapamil no significant effects on the atrial ERP and RRP were found. ERP of the atrioventricular conducting tissue was lengthened in 4 of 5 patients, and the degree of A-V block during rapid atrial pacing increased after injection of verapamil. It is suggested that the effect of propranolol on atrial arrhythmias is due to its effect on ectopic pacemaker activity rather than any effect on the refractory period of the atrium. The effects of verapamil on the atrioventricular conducting tissue may explain some of the antiarrhythmic effects of this drug.", "contents": "The effect of propranolol and verapamil on atrial and atrioventricular refractory periods in man. The atrial effective (ERP) and relative (RRP) refractory periods were examined at high atrial pacing rates in 12 patients before and after intravenous injection of propranolol, and in 5 patients before and after injection of verapamil, using the technique of paired pacing. Seven of the patients had A-V block grade II-III and 10 patients had sinus rhythm. The range of atrial ERP in all patients was found to be 200 to 270 msec. and the range of atrial RRP was 230 to 330 msec. The atrial ERP and RRP were longer at a pacing rate of 160 per minute than at a pacing rate of 240 per minute. The conduction delay between the second impulse and the atrial depolarization was found to be due to increased interval between the stimulus and the start of the depolarization wave. The atrial ERP increased after injection of propranolol in 8 of 12 patients, decreased in 3 patients and was unchanged in one patient. The atrial RRP increased in 7 patients, decreased in one patient and was unchanged in 4 patients. In all patients the changes were of moderate degree. The conduction delay between the stimulating impulse and the atrial response was shorter after propranolol in 7 patients, longer in one patient and unchanged in 4 patients. The ERP of the atrioventricular conducting tissue was 220 to more than 380 millisec. After injection of propranolol it increased in all of 3 patients in whom it could be measured. After injection of verapamil no significant effects on the atrial ERP and RRP were found. ERP of the atrioventricular conducting tissue was lengthened in 4 of 5 patients, and the degree of A-V block during rapid atrial pacing increased after injection of verapamil. It is suggested that the effect of propranolol on atrial arrhythmias is due to its effect on ectopic pacemaker activity rather than any effect on the refractory period of the atrium. The effects of verapamil on the atrioventricular conducting tissue may explain some of the antiarrhythmic effects of this drug.", "PMID": 1053603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1035", "title": "Dosage titration with furosemide in congestive heart failure patients.", "content": "Clinical status and diuretic requirements of a group of congestive heart failure patients were re-evaluated. A group of 115 congestive heart failure patients were hospitalized, given a comprehensive medical examination and treated with placebo for four weeks. Thirteen patients did not exhibit signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure during this phase. The remaining 102 patients were treated with 40 mg furosemide per day for a second 4-week period. Fifty-three required 80-120 mg furosemide per day and 49 were successfully controlled at 40 mg per day. Ten patients dropped out voluntarily and 39 were controlled for an additional four weeks at a dose of 20 mg bid furosemide. In the final phase, dosage was lowered to 20 mg per day and 24 of the 39 patients, (62%), were successfully controlled for four weeks, while 14, (36%), were controlled for eight weeks. Results of this study suggest that a number of congestive heart failure patients can be controlled with relatively low doses of furosemide and that there is a need for periodic re-evaluation of the clinical status and diuretic requirements of patients on maintenance therapy.", "contents": "Dosage titration with furosemide in congestive heart failure patients. Clinical status and diuretic requirements of a group of congestive heart failure patients were re-evaluated. A group of 115 congestive heart failure patients were hospitalized, given a comprehensive medical examination and treated with placebo for four weeks. Thirteen patients did not exhibit signs and symptoms of congestive heart failure during this phase. The remaining 102 patients were treated with 40 mg furosemide per day for a second 4-week period. Fifty-three required 80-120 mg furosemide per day and 49 were successfully controlled at 40 mg per day. Ten patients dropped out voluntarily and 39 were controlled for an additional four weeks at a dose of 20 mg bid furosemide. In the final phase, dosage was lowered to 20 mg per day and 24 of the 39 patients, (62%), were successfully controlled for four weeks, while 14, (36%), were controlled for eight weeks. Results of this study suggest that a number of congestive heart failure patients can be controlled with relatively low doses of furosemide and that there is a need for periodic re-evaluation of the clinical status and diuretic requirements of patients on maintenance therapy.", "PMID": 1053607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1036", "title": "The single dose method of administering cholestyramine.", "content": "A new and simplified method for the administration of cholestyramine is presented. It has been our finding that the total daily dose of the resin (as indicated below) may be administered once a day in a single dose at any time during the waking hours, without reference to meals, and the resulting degree of cholesterol lowering is as great or greater than that obtained by the same dose with the traditional method of t.i.d. administration of cholestyramine. Doses of 12 or 16 gm per day, have been administered as a single dose to adult patients. We have not encountered side effects from the administration of this resin as a single dose, however an occasional patient has objected to the volume involved, and has preferred to take a smaller volume 2 or 3 times daily. Because of the bulk involved in the administration of larger doses, we have found it expedient to give doses of 24 gms per day by dividing the dose in half and administering it twice daily without reference to meals. The 21 patients in our study who received cholestyramine in the single daily dose obtained an average reduction of their serum cholesterol of 21.58% over baseline values. Twenty patients receiving a somewhat larger dose, administered twice daily (b.i.d. dose), obtained a 27.57% reduction in the serum cholesterol, and out of this entire series there were 22 patients who had at other times received the cholestyramine by the t.i.d. regimen. They had obtained a 25.61% reduction of their serum cholesterol (by the t.i.d. regimen). All 3 average percent reductions compared to 0 are highly significant (p is less than 0.0001). One hundred forty out-patients treated by the conventional t.i.d. program of administration obtained a 16.8% reduction in the serum cholesterol. This includes some patients taking relatively small and less effective doses. Our entire series of 238 patients (to be reported subsequently) treated as out-patients have obtained an average reduction of 22% of their serum cholesterols. There has been no statistically significant influence on the levels of the serum triglycerides during cholestyramine therapy in this series (results on 69 patients showed an average rise of 5.9 mg per 100 ml in the serum triglycerides). See discussion in text. Some studies have indicated a rise of serum triglycerides during cholestyramine therapy. It is recommended that triglycerides be monitored periodically during the course of cholestyramine treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "contents": "The single dose method of administering cholestyramine. A new and simplified method for the administration of cholestyramine is presented. It has been our finding that the total daily dose of the resin (as indicated below) may be administered once a day in a single dose at any time during the waking hours, without reference to meals, and the resulting degree of cholesterol lowering is as great or greater than that obtained by the same dose with the traditional method of t.i.d. administration of cholestyramine. Doses of 12 or 16 gm per day, have been administered as a single dose to adult patients. We have not encountered side effects from the administration of this resin as a single dose, however an occasional patient has objected to the volume involved, and has preferred to take a smaller volume 2 or 3 times daily. Because of the bulk involved in the administration of larger doses, we have found it expedient to give doses of 24 gms per day by dividing the dose in half and administering it twice daily without reference to meals. The 21 patients in our study who received cholestyramine in the single daily dose obtained an average reduction of their serum cholesterol of 21.58% over baseline values. Twenty patients receiving a somewhat larger dose, administered twice daily (b.i.d. dose), obtained a 27.57% reduction in the serum cholesterol, and out of this entire series there were 22 patients who had at other times received the cholestyramine by the t.i.d. regimen. They had obtained a 25.61% reduction of their serum cholesterol (by the t.i.d. regimen). All 3 average percent reductions compared to 0 are highly significant (p is less than 0.0001). One hundred forty out-patients treated by the conventional t.i.d. program of administration obtained a 16.8% reduction in the serum cholesterol. This includes some patients taking relatively small and less effective doses. Our entire series of 238 patients (to be reported subsequently) treated as out-patients have obtained an average reduction of 22% of their serum cholesterols. There has been no statistically significant influence on the levels of the serum triglycerides during cholestyramine therapy in this series (results on 69 patients showed an average rise of 5.9 mg per 100 ml in the serum triglycerides). See discussion in text. Some studies have indicated a rise of serum triglycerides during cholestyramine therapy. It is recommended that triglycerides be monitored periodically during the course of cholestyramine treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)", "PMID": 1053608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1037", "title": "Traumatic subclavian arteriovenous fistulae.", "content": "Arteriovenous (A-V) fistulae can be congenital or acquired. Acquired arteriovenous fistulae are met with during war as well as civilian practice as a result of penetrating injuries causing perforation in an artery and a vein which are surrounded usually by a firm sheath like the femoral, carotid or subclavian sheath, resulting in a communication between the artery and the vein. In the past, these fistulae were treated either by ligation of the feeding artery or by quadruple ligation after waiting for the collateral circulation to develop and feed the affected limb. The goal of the modern vascular surgeon, however, is to resume vascular continuity of both artery and vein. We were recently faced with a subclavian arteriovenous fistula and aneurysm caused by a gunshot wound of many years' duration. Searching the literature on a detailed technique for complete repair of such a fistula proved fruitless. Hence, we were thrown upon our own resources. We planned this operation which proved safe and successful. Repair of a subclavian arteriovenous fistula is a challenging piece of surgery. The location of this fistula under the clavical and its proximity and connection to important structures in the neck and the thoracic outlet makes its correction difficult and hazardous. The purpose of this paper is to present this method of safe repair and discuss the pitfalls and safeguards.", "contents": "Traumatic subclavian arteriovenous fistulae. Arteriovenous (A-V) fistulae can be congenital or acquired. Acquired arteriovenous fistulae are met with during war as well as civilian practice as a result of penetrating injuries causing perforation in an artery and a vein which are surrounded usually by a firm sheath like the femoral, carotid or subclavian sheath, resulting in a communication between the artery and the vein. In the past, these fistulae were treated either by ligation of the feeding artery or by quadruple ligation after waiting for the collateral circulation to develop and feed the affected limb. The goal of the modern vascular surgeon, however, is to resume vascular continuity of both artery and vein. We were recently faced with a subclavian arteriovenous fistula and aneurysm caused by a gunshot wound of many years' duration. Searching the literature on a detailed technique for complete repair of such a fistula proved fruitless. Hence, we were thrown upon our own resources. We planned this operation which proved safe and successful. Repair of a subclavian arteriovenous fistula is a challenging piece of surgery. The location of this fistula under the clavical and its proximity and connection to important structures in the neck and the thoracic outlet makes its correction difficult and hazardous. The purpose of this paper is to present this method of safe repair and discuss the pitfalls and safeguards.", "PMID": 1053610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1038", "title": "Dental auxiliaries, universities, and academic freedom.", "content": "The practicing dental profession lately has asked questions regarding the propriety of research programs designed to investigate the use of expanded duty dental auxiliaries. The dental schools see paraprofessional research as socially responsive. Dental societies recognize the usefulness of auxiliaries but feel their responsibilities should be limited. This paper examines the status of dental auxiliaries, universities, and academic freedom.", "contents": "Dental auxiliaries, universities, and academic freedom. The practicing dental profession lately has asked questions regarding the propriety of research programs designed to investigate the use of expanded duty dental auxiliaries. The dental schools see paraprofessional research as socially responsive. Dental societies recognize the usefulness of auxiliaries but feel their responsibilities should be limited. This paper examines the status of dental auxiliaries, universities, and academic freedom.", "PMID": 1053626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1039", "title": "Use of acid cleanser in endodontic therapy.", "content": "The use of a 50percent citric acid cleanser in root canals after pulpectomy produced well-cleaned surfaces as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Compared with other cleaning agents, this cleanser provided improved penetration of rosin into the dentinal tubules and better wall adaptation of gutta-percha. No contraindication has been encountered in clinical practice. Application of the cleanser directly to the exposed pulp resulted in satisfactory destruction similar to the results obtained with strong acids.", "contents": "Use of acid cleanser in endodontic therapy. The use of a 50percent citric acid cleanser in root canals after pulpectomy produced well-cleaned surfaces as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Compared with other cleaning agents, this cleanser provided improved penetration of rosin into the dentinal tubules and better wall adaptation of gutta-percha. No contraindication has been encountered in clinical practice. Application of the cleanser directly to the exposed pulp resulted in satisfactory destruction similar to the results obtained with strong acids.", "PMID": 1053627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1040", "title": "Close-up photography in the dental office.", "content": "Photographs taken by the dentist can be used in his professional contacts, in office administration, and for patient education and motivation. The parts of a camera including viewing systems, lenses, shutters, diaphragm, and film are described. The technique for close-up, intraoral photography requires special lens systems and proper lighting. The correct method for focusing is described.", "contents": "Close-up photography in the dental office. Photographs taken by the dentist can be used in his professional contacts, in office administration, and for patient education and motivation. The parts of a camera including viewing systems, lenses, shutters, diaphragm, and film are described. The technique for close-up, intraoral photography requires special lens systems and proper lighting. The correct method for focusing is described.", "PMID": 1053628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1041", "title": "Nonfatal anaphylaxis caused by oral penicillin: report of case.", "content": "Severe allergic reactions may occur after the ingestion of oral penicillin. It is essential that the dentist who prescribes the drug is familiar with the rationale for therapy and is equipped to initiate urgently needed treatment.", "contents": "Nonfatal anaphylaxis caused by oral penicillin: report of case. Severe allergic reactions may occur after the ingestion of oral penicillin. It is essential that the dentist who prescribes the drug is familiar with the rationale for therapy and is equipped to initiate urgently needed treatment.", "PMID": 1053629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1042", "title": "An esthetic transitional treatment for amelogenesis imperfecta: report of two cases.", "content": "The literature pertaining to amelogenesis imperfecta is reviewed as it applies specificity to two reports of cases. Psychologic, mechanical, or economic factors may warrant a transitional treatment of the teeth. Treatment with the use of an etchant and composite material and glaze is described.", "contents": "An esthetic transitional treatment for amelogenesis imperfecta: report of two cases. The literature pertaining to amelogenesis imperfecta is reviewed as it applies specificity to two reports of cases. Psychologic, mechanical, or economic factors may warrant a transitional treatment of the teeth. Treatment with the use of an etchant and composite material and glaze is described.", "PMID": 1053630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1043", "title": "Duration of amnesia during sedation with diazepam and pentazocine: preliminary report.", "content": "Fifteen student volunteers participated in a study to determine the duration of amnesia obtained with diazepam and with pentazocine. The group that received pentazocine experienced only slight sedation and no amnesia. There was extreme variance in the level of sedation and in the incidence and duration of amnesia in the group that received diazepam. When amnesia occurred, it lasted for an average of 24 minutes. All students in the group that received a combination of diazepam and pentazocine were well sedated; the average duration of amnesia was 25 minutes.", "contents": "Duration of amnesia during sedation with diazepam and pentazocine: preliminary report. Fifteen student volunteers participated in a study to determine the duration of amnesia obtained with diazepam and with pentazocine. The group that received pentazocine experienced only slight sedation and no amnesia. There was extreme variance in the level of sedation and in the incidence and duration of amnesia in the group that received diazepam. When amnesia occurred, it lasted for an average of 24 minutes. All students in the group that received a combination of diazepam and pentazocine were well sedated; the average duration of amnesia was 25 minutes.", "PMID": 1053647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1044", "title": "Fenestrated palatal mucosal grafts for vestibuloplasty.", "content": "Vestibuloplasties with fenestrated palatal mucosal grafts were successful in eight patients. The fenestrated palatal mucosa provides a tough, full-thickness, resilient mucosal graft from a limited donor site. The operating time is decreased, bleeding is minimized, and healing time of the donor site is shortened. Fenestration allows seepage of blood and tissue fluids from beneath the graft. The fenestrated grafts are readily adaptable to any irregularities of the edentulous mandibular ridge.", "contents": "Fenestrated palatal mucosal grafts for vestibuloplasty. Vestibuloplasties with fenestrated palatal mucosal grafts were successful in eight patients. The fenestrated palatal mucosa provides a tough, full-thickness, resilient mucosal graft from a limited donor site. The operating time is decreased, bleeding is minimized, and healing time of the donor site is shortened. Fenestration allows seepage of blood and tissue fluids from beneath the graft. The fenestrated grafts are readily adaptable to any irregularities of the edentulous mandibular ridge.", "PMID": 1053648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1045", "title": "Complex odontoma of the maxillary sinus: report of case.", "content": "During a screening examination for orthodontic evaluation and for possible partial anodontia, a large radiopaque mass was found in the right maxillary sinus of a 12-year-old boy. Further radiographic views were used to locate and establish a working diagnosis. The mass was removed with use of a standard Caldwell-Luc approach. It was diagnosed histologically as a complex odontoma.", "contents": "Complex odontoma of the maxillary sinus: report of case. During a screening examination for orthodontic evaluation and for possible partial anodontia, a large radiopaque mass was found in the right maxillary sinus of a 12-year-old boy. Further radiographic views were used to locate and establish a working diagnosis. The mass was removed with use of a standard Caldwell-Luc approach. It was diagnosed histologically as a complex odontoma.", "PMID": 1053650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1046", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia is a genetic disease that may become apparent after exposure to drugs; some of these drugs are commonly used by the oral surgeon. One in 14,000 young, apparently health individuals may be affected; mortality is 64 percent. Many cases of malignant hyperthermia can be prevented if an adequate history is obtained. Oral surgeons should be familiar with the prevention, diagnosis, and initial treatment of malignant hyperthermia.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia. Malignant hyperthermia is a genetic disease that may become apparent after exposure to drugs; some of these drugs are commonly used by the oral surgeon. One in 14,000 young, apparently health individuals may be affected; mortality is 64 percent. Many cases of malignant hyperthermia can be prevented if an adequate history is obtained. Oral surgeons should be familiar with the prevention, diagnosis, and initial treatment of malignant hyperthermia.", "PMID": 1053652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1047", "title": "Simplified technique to reduce perioral edema in intraoral sagittal split osteotomies.", "content": "A simplified technique has been developed for the prevention of the severe perioral edema that is routinely associated with intraoral sagittal split osteotomies of the ascending ramus of the mandible. By the use of gauze sutured through the cheeks in the region of the oral commissures, trauma caused by retraction of instruments is significantly diminished.", "contents": "Simplified technique to reduce perioral edema in intraoral sagittal split osteotomies. A simplified technique has been developed for the prevention of the severe perioral edema that is routinely associated with intraoral sagittal split osteotomies of the ascending ramus of the mandible. By the use of gauze sutured through the cheeks in the region of the oral commissures, trauma caused by retraction of instruments is significantly diminished.", "PMID": 1053655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1048", "title": "Periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens.", "content": "A review of the literature and a case report of PMNR that lasted more than 20 years is presented. The previously unreported use of large doses of erythromycin taken orally as a treatment alternative is offered.", "contents": "Periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens. A review of the literature and a case report of PMNR that lasted more than 20 years is presented. The previously unreported use of large doses of erythromycin taken orally as a treatment alternative is offered.", "PMID": 1053656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1049", "title": "Long-term effect of benzene in C57BL/6N mice.", "content": "Weaning male C57BL/6N mice received repeated subcutaneous injections of benzene in corn oil for 54 weeks. These mice and surviving controls were killed 104 weeks after the first injection. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in benzene-injected mice. A high incidence of amyloidosis developed in  mice of all treated and untreated groups. Butyinitrosourea, used as a positive control, induced lymphomas or leukemias (in most exposed mice) and intestinal tumors in a few.", "contents": "Long-term effect of benzene in C57BL/6N mice. Weaning male C57BL/6N mice received repeated subcutaneous injections of benzene in corn oil for 54 weeks. These mice and surviving controls were killed 104 weeks after the first injection. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity in benzene-injected mice. A high incidence of amyloidosis developed in  mice of all treated and untreated groups. Butyinitrosourea, used as a positive control, induced lymphomas or leukemias (in most exposed mice) and intestinal tumors in a few.", "PMID": 1053658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1050", "title": "Primary malignant hemangioendothelioma of the gingiva. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Primary malignant tumors of vascular origin are exceedingly rare in the oral cavity. Consequently, knowledge of their clinical and pathologic features is scanty. The varied array of terms applied to malignant vascular tumors has only further confused the issue. This article presents a review of twenty examples of oral malignant vascular tumors, with a report of a single personally studied case. Specifically, this case presented as a soft-tissue gingival lesion which subsequently invaded bone and represents a malignant hemangioendothelioma.", "contents": "Primary malignant hemangioendothelioma of the gingiva. Report of a case and review of the literature. Primary malignant tumors of vascular origin are exceedingly rare in the oral cavity. Consequently, knowledge of their clinical and pathologic features is scanty. The varied array of terms applied to malignant vascular tumors has only further confused the issue. This article presents a review of twenty examples of oral malignant vascular tumors, with a report of a single personally studied case. Specifically, this case presented as a soft-tissue gingival lesion which subsequently invaded bone and represents a malignant hemangioendothelioma.", "PMID": 1053668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1051", "title": "Migratory glossitis. A clinical-histologic review of seventy cases.", "content": "The observations on seventy patients with migratory glossitis and follow-up experiences over a period of 10 years are recorded. Women represented 65.7 per cent of the total, and most cases occurred in patients over 40 years of age. In 20 per cent of the patients other anomalies of the tongue were associated, and in 20 per cent subjective complaints were associated with psychic stress. Histologic investigations showed an inflammatory reaction of the epithelium and of the underlying connective tissue. The patient must be reassured of the benign nature of the tongue lesion. At follow-up examination, the lesions were present but no malignant change was observed.", "contents": "Migratory glossitis. A clinical-histologic review of seventy cases. The observations on seventy patients with migratory glossitis and follow-up experiences over a period of 10 years are recorded. Women represented 65.7 per cent of the total, and most cases occurred in patients over 40 years of age. In 20 per cent of the patients other anomalies of the tongue were associated, and in 20 per cent subjective complaints were associated with psychic stress. Histologic investigations showed an inflammatory reaction of the epithelium and of the underlying connective tissue. The patient must be reassured of the benign nature of the tongue lesion. At follow-up examination, the lesions were present but no malignant change was observed.", "PMID": 1053669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1052", "title": "Studies on oral lichen planus. III. Clinical and histologic correlations in 213 patients.", "content": "Two hundred thirteen adults in whom oral lichen planus had been diagnosed were studied in order to compare clinical and microscopic findings. In spite of considerable variabilities in both aspects, there was clinical and histologic agreement in 96 per cent. Alertness on the part of the clinician and pathologist is essential for diagnosis of atypical cases.", "contents": "Studies on oral lichen planus. III. Clinical and histologic correlations in 213 patients. Two hundred thirteen adults in whom oral lichen planus had been diagnosed were studied in order to compare clinical and microscopic findings. In spite of considerable variabilities in both aspects, there was clinical and histologic agreement in 96 per cent. Alertness on the part of the clinician and pathologist is essential for diagnosis of atypical cases.", "PMID": 1053670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1053", "title": "Dental pulp histology observed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "This article describes the appearance of routine decalcified and paraffin-embedded histologic sections of the human dental pulp as observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tissue sections were cut at 12 mum in order to increase the three-dimensional effect. The technique was particularly successful in revealing the three-dimensional structure of pulpal blood vessels and nervous tissue. Possible interodontoblastic attachments were revealed at x10,000.", "contents": "Dental pulp histology observed by scanning electron microscopy. This article describes the appearance of routine decalcified and paraffin-embedded histologic sections of the human dental pulp as observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The tissue sections were cut at 12 mum in order to increase the three-dimensional effect. The technique was particularly successful in revealing the three-dimensional structure of pulpal blood vessels and nervous tissue. Possible interodontoblastic attachments were revealed at x10,000.", "PMID": 1053671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1054", "title": "Developmental submandibular gland defect of the mandible. Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "The literature relative to developmental submandibular gland defect of the mandible is reviewed, and an interesting case is presented. Evaluation for more serious systemic disease which may manifest radiolucencies in the region of the angle of the mandible is made.", "contents": "Developmental submandibular gland defect of the mandible. Review of the literature and report of a case. The literature relative to developmental submandibular gland defect of the mandible is reviewed, and an interesting case is presented. Evaluation for more serious systemic disease which may manifest radiolucencies in the region of the angle of the mandible is made.", "PMID": 1053672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1055", "title": "Conservation of human research teeth by controlling cavity depth.", "content": "In order for the dental profession to obtain reliable data as to whether new or experimental restorative materials and adjunct agents are more or less irritating to pulp tissues than dental products currently in use, pulp studies at the national and international level are being standardized to enhance corroboration. The purpose of this study was to reduce the number of human teeth required in any experimental pulp toxicity study by controlling the problem of cavity depth. Many valuable teeth are wasted by making cavity preparations that are either too shallow or too deep, with consequent pulp exposures. This needs to be corrected.", "contents": "Conservation of human research teeth by controlling cavity depth. In order for the dental profession to obtain reliable data as to whether new or experimental restorative materials and adjunct agents are more or less irritating to pulp tissues than dental products currently in use, pulp studies at the national and international level are being standardized to enhance corroboration. The purpose of this study was to reduce the number of human teeth required in any experimental pulp toxicity study by controlling the problem of cavity depth. Many valuable teeth are wasted by making cavity preparations that are either too shallow or too deep, with consequent pulp exposures. This needs to be corrected.", "PMID": 1053673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1056", "title": "Compact foreign-made dental x-ray generators: an evaluation of their acceptability for effective dental radiography. II. Image characteristics and observer performance.", "content": "Imported generators, while inexpensive and compact, feature fixed peak kilovoltage and fixed milliamperage levels. These generators, because of the relative inflexibility of their operating characteristics, cannot be modified to produce radiographic image characteristics of equal diagnostic value to the domestic generators without compromises which are unacceptable.", "contents": "Compact foreign-made dental x-ray generators: an evaluation of their acceptability for effective dental radiography. II. Image characteristics and observer performance. Imported generators, while inexpensive and compact, feature fixed peak kilovoltage and fixed milliamperage levels. These generators, because of the relative inflexibility of their operating characteristics, cannot be modified to produce radiographic image characteristics of equal diagnostic value to the domestic generators without compromises which are unacceptable.", "PMID": 1053674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1057", "title": "Application of a lateral compression clamp in the management of mandibular fractures.", "content": "A lateral compression clamp system has been used in the treatment of fractures of the mandible. It provides rigid fixation and promotes earlier osteogenesis at the fracture site. Intermaxillary fixation can often be eliminated in edentulous persons and greatly reduced in duration when necessary as an adjunct to fixation in patients with teeth. These significant qualities make the compression clamp quite beneficial in the treatment plan and postoperative management of many otherwise difficult cases. Having evaluated our experiences with compression clamps, we believe that this approach deserves further attention and may contribute to a solution of the controversy that often exists regarding the management of mandibular fractures in both edentulous patients and those with a compromised complement of teeth.", "contents": "Application of a lateral compression clamp in the management of mandibular fractures. A lateral compression clamp system has been used in the treatment of fractures of the mandible. It provides rigid fixation and promotes earlier osteogenesis at the fracture site. Intermaxillary fixation can often be eliminated in edentulous persons and greatly reduced in duration when necessary as an adjunct to fixation in patients with teeth. These significant qualities make the compression clamp quite beneficial in the treatment plan and postoperative management of many otherwise difficult cases. Having evaluated our experiences with compression clamps, we believe that this approach deserves further attention and may contribute to a solution of the controversy that often exists regarding the management of mandibular fractures in both edentulous patients and those with a compromised complement of teeth.", "PMID": 1053675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1058", "title": "The storage of teeth before reimplantation in monkeys. A histologic study.", "content": "This study is a histologic comparison of twenty teeth which were extracted, endodontically treated, stored for 7 days at +4 degrees C. and at -10 degrees C., and subsequently reimplanted in ten monkeys. In these monkeys, as controls, ten more teeth were extracted, endodontically treated, and immediately reimplanted. Up to 1 year, 100 per cent success was obtained in those teeth stored at +4 degrees C. before reimplantation, and only 50 per cent success was obtained in those teeth stored at -10 degrees C. before reimplantation.", "contents": "The storage of teeth before reimplantation in monkeys. A histologic study. This study is a histologic comparison of twenty teeth which were extracted, endodontically treated, stored for 7 days at +4 degrees C. and at -10 degrees C., and subsequently reimplanted in ten monkeys. In these monkeys, as controls, ten more teeth were extracted, endodontically treated, and immediately reimplanted. Up to 1 year, 100 per cent success was obtained in those teeth stored at +4 degrees C. before reimplantation, and only 50 per cent success was obtained in those teeth stored at -10 degrees C. before reimplantation.", "PMID": 1053676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1059", "title": "Metastatic renal adenocarcinoma presenting as periapical pathosis in the maxilla.", "content": "A case is reported because of the infrequency with which tumors metastasize from the kidney to the maxilla. It is of special interest because it presented as a periapical pathosis associated with a nonvital tooth and emphasizes the value of routine histopathologic examination of tissue.", "contents": "Metastatic renal adenocarcinoma presenting as periapical pathosis in the maxilla. A case is reported because of the infrequency with which tumors metastasize from the kidney to the maxilla. It is of special interest because it presented as a periapical pathosis associated with a nonvital tooth and emphasizes the value of routine histopathologic examination of tissue.", "PMID": 1053677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1060", "title": "Congenital midline fistula of the tongue.", "content": "A possibly unknown entity of congenital midline fistula of the tongue, hitherto not mentioned in the literature, is reported. The embryologic basis of it is explained and the role of the tuberculum impar in the development of the anterior two thirds of the tongue is discussed.", "contents": "Congenital midline fistula of the tongue. A possibly unknown entity of congenital midline fistula of the tongue, hitherto not mentioned in the literature, is reported. The embryologic basis of it is explained and the role of the tuberculum impar in the development of the anterior two thirds of the tongue is discussed.", "PMID": 1053678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1061", "title": "Lingual osseous choristoma. Report of two cases.", "content": "The lingual osseous choristoma is a rare benign lesion of the tongue, and it is difficult to make a correct preoperative diagnosis of these lesions. Two cases are presented in this article.", "contents": "Lingual osseous choristoma. Report of two cases. The lingual osseous choristoma is a rare benign lesion of the tongue, and it is difficult to make a correct preoperative diagnosis of these lesions. Two cases are presented in this article.", "PMID": 1053679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1062", "title": "Temporomandibular joint arthroplasty with fascia lata.", "content": "Two patients with temporomandibular joint arthralgia and ankylosis were managed with arthroplasty and insertion of fascia lata. The role of physiotherapy, chances of facial nerve damage, role of steroids, and advantages of fascia lata are discussed.", "contents": "Temporomandibular joint arthroplasty with fascia lata. Two patients with temporomandibular joint arthralgia and ankylosis were managed with arthroplasty and insertion of fascia lata. The role of physiotherapy, chances of facial nerve damage, role of steroids, and advantages of fascia lata are discussed.", "PMID": 1053680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1063", "title": "An experimental study of intraoral carcinogenesis in rats.", "content": "A new method has been devised for preparing artificial cecal pouches lined with mucous epithelium in the lower lips of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats in order to make carcinogens act continuously for a long time in the oral mucosa. When a 0.5 per cent mineral oil solution of DMBA, a crystal of MC, and a crystal of NG were administered, squamous-cell carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, papilloma, adenoma sebaceum. neurofibroma, fibroma, hemangiosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, hemangioma, and lymphangioma were successfully produced in the oral mucosa of rats. In addition, interesting findings were obtained concerning tissue changes in the process of carcinogensis in the mucous epithelium.", "contents": "An experimental study of intraoral carcinogenesis in rats. A new method has been devised for preparing artificial cecal pouches lined with mucous epithelium in the lower lips of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats in order to make carcinogens act continuously for a long time in the oral mucosa. When a 0.5 per cent mineral oil solution of DMBA, a crystal of MC, and a crystal of NG were administered, squamous-cell carcinoma, carcinoma in situ, papilloma, adenoma sebaceum. neurofibroma, fibroma, hemangiosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, hemangioma, and lymphangioma were successfully produced in the oral mucosa of rats. In addition, interesting findings were obtained concerning tissue changes in the process of carcinogensis in the mucous epithelium.", "PMID": 1053682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1064", "title": "The effect of high cervical cordotomy on portal vein plasma serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in dogs with and without superior mesenteric artery occlusion.", "content": "In ten dogs undergoing high cervical cardotomy, there was a statistically significant fall in plasma serotonin (5-HT) levels in portal vein blood; no further change in plasma 5-HT occurred after superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion, which is an effective stimulus for 5-HT release. In five dogs undergoing high cervical corotomy with no SMA occlusion, there was a comparable fall in portal vein plasma 5-HT levels. The 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) values in portal vein blood in the two groups of dogs above fell to comparable levels. These findings  indicate (1) that maintenance of the normal plasma 5-HT level in portal vein blood in this experimental model is dependent on the integrity of the spinal cord and (2) that SMA occlusion in animals with a high cervical cordotomy does not result in further changes in the plasma 5-HT level in portal vein blood.", "contents": "The effect of high cervical cordotomy on portal vein plasma serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels in dogs with and without superior mesenteric artery occlusion. In ten dogs undergoing high cervical cardotomy, there was a statistically significant fall in plasma serotonin (5-HT) levels in portal vein blood; no further change in plasma 5-HT occurred after superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion, which is an effective stimulus for 5-HT release. In five dogs undergoing high cervical corotomy with no SMA occlusion, there was a comparable fall in portal vein plasma 5-HT levels. The 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) values in portal vein blood in the two groups of dogs above fell to comparable levels. These findings  indicate (1) that maintenance of the normal plasma 5-HT level in portal vein blood in this experimental model is dependent on the integrity of the spinal cord and (2) that SMA occlusion in animals with a high cervical cordotomy does not result in further changes in the plasma 5-HT level in portal vein blood.", "PMID": 1053683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1065", "title": "Purinylhydantoins. Facile conversion of the naturally occurring N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)-L-amino acids into 3-pruin-6-ylhydantoins and 3-cyclohexyl-1-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)hydantoins.", "content": "The naturally occurring N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)-L-threonine (PCT, 1b), N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)glycine (PCG, 1a), and some of their analogs were converted into novel purine derivatives, the purinylhydantoins. The PCT and PCG underwent intramolecular cyclization in the presence of N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (CDD) to give the 3-purin-6-ylhydantoins (2a-c). The same hydantoins were also obtained when the PCT and PCG were allowed to react through the mixed anhydride formed from cyclohexyl isocyanate or ethyl chloroformate. 1,3-Dicyclohexyl-1-(N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)aminoacyl)ureas 3a and 3c, by-products obtained from the DCC reaction, were rapidly converted in aqueous NaOH to another type of purinylhydantoins, the 3-cyclohexyl-1-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)hydantoins 4a and 4b. Compound 4a when heated in base underwent hydrolysis of the hydantoin ring giving biuret N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)glycine (5a) and N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)glycine cyclohexylamide (6a). The characterization of these hydantoins was carried out by uv, nmr, and mass spectrometry. The 3-purin-6-ylhydantoins and 3-cyclohexyl-1-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)hydantoins showed growth inhibitory activity in the cultured leukemic cells, while the parent amino acid compounds were inactive.", "contents": "Purinylhydantoins. Facile conversion of the naturally occurring N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)-L-amino acids into 3-pruin-6-ylhydantoins and 3-cyclohexyl-1-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)hydantoins. The naturally occurring N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)-L-threonine (PCT, 1b), N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)glycine (PCG, 1a), and some of their analogs were converted into novel purine derivatives, the purinylhydantoins. The PCT and PCG underwent intramolecular cyclization in the presence of N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (CDD) to give the 3-purin-6-ylhydantoins (2a-c). The same hydantoins were also obtained when the PCT and PCG were allowed to react through the mixed anhydride formed from cyclohexyl isocyanate or ethyl chloroformate. 1,3-Dicyclohexyl-1-(N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)aminoacyl)ureas 3a and 3c, by-products obtained from the DCC reaction, were rapidly converted in aqueous NaOH to another type of purinylhydantoins, the 3-cyclohexyl-1-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)hydantoins 4a and 4b. Compound 4a when heated in base underwent hydrolysis of the hydantoin ring giving biuret N-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)glycine (5a) and N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)glycine cyclohexylamide (6a). The characterization of these hydantoins was carried out by uv, nmr, and mass spectrometry. The 3-purin-6-ylhydantoins and 3-cyclohexyl-1-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)hydantoins showed growth inhibitory activity in the cultured leukemic cells, while the parent amino acid compounds were inactive.", "PMID": 1053684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1066", "title": "Hypofibrinogenemia associated with vincristine and prednisone therapy in lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and one with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia developed transient hypofibrinogenemia during a course of treatment with vincristine and prednisone. There was no evidence of overt, disseminated intravascular coagulation or significant liver impairment. Fibrinogen survival using homologous-125-I-labelled fibrinogen was measured in two patients; it was moderately shortened in both, perhaps indicating subclinical intravascular coagulation. Rapid lysis of leukemic cells might have been responsible for activating coagulation and fibrinolysis in vivo. These four patients, however, were not different in any clinical or laboratory parameter from nine others with lymphoblastic leukemia similarly treated and investigated without observing any defect in their fibrinogen. There were no bleeding complications and the fibrinogen level became normal within 13 to 30 days.", "contents": "Hypofibrinogenemia associated with vincristine and prednisone therapy in lymphoblastic leukemia. Three patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and one with lymphosarcoma cell leukemia developed transient hypofibrinogenemia during a course of treatment with vincristine and prednisone. There was no evidence of overt, disseminated intravascular coagulation or significant liver impairment. Fibrinogen survival using homologous-125-I-labelled fibrinogen was measured in two patients; it was moderately shortened in both, perhaps indicating subclinical intravascular coagulation. Rapid lysis of leukemic cells might have been responsible for activating coagulation and fibrinolysis in vivo. These four patients, however, were not different in any clinical or laboratory parameter from nine others with lymphoblastic leukemia similarly treated and investigated without observing any defect in their fibrinogen. There were no bleeding complications and the fibrinogen level became normal within 13 to 30 days.", "PMID": 1053692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1067", "title": "Total body irradiation (TBI) as primary therapy for advanced lymphosarcoma.", "content": "The natural history of lymphocytic lymphomas is such that diffuse involvement usually is present at diagnosis. Extensive lymphatic irradiation with tumoricidal doses is seldom an appropriate form of treatment, as most patients require systemic therapy. We have investigated total body irradiation (TBI) as an alternative to chemotherapy. A series of 39 consecutive untreated patients with generalized disease is reviewed. Actuarial 5-year survival rates for the well-differentiated, poorly differentiated nodular, and poorly differentiated diffuse histologic types are 100%, 78%, and 56% respectively. The single major complication, acute myelocytic leukemia, has developed in 2 of the 8 patients given extensive nodal irradiation as a supplement to TBI. None of the 31 patients receiving only TBI as initial therapy has shown evidence of a myeloproliferative disorder to date.", "contents": "Total body irradiation (TBI) as primary therapy for advanced lymphosarcoma. The natural history of lymphocytic lymphomas is such that diffuse involvement usually is present at diagnosis. Extensive lymphatic irradiation with tumoricidal doses is seldom an appropriate form of treatment, as most patients require systemic therapy. We have investigated total body irradiation (TBI) as an alternative to chemotherapy. A series of 39 consecutive untreated patients with generalized disease is reviewed. Actuarial 5-year survival rates for the well-differentiated, poorly differentiated nodular, and poorly differentiated diffuse histologic types are 100%, 78%, and 56% respectively. The single major complication, acute myelocytic leukemia, has developed in 2 of the 8 patients given extensive nodal irradiation as a supplement to TBI. None of the 31 patients receiving only TBI as initial therapy has shown evidence of a myeloproliferative disorder to date.", "PMID": 1053693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1068", "title": "Combined modality therapy of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The progressive improvement in the prognosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia has been a result of two major developments: 1) the more efficient use of chemotherapeutic agents, particularly the use of combinations of agents and the discovery that agents effective at one stage of disease may be inappropriate at another stage, and 2) the prevention with irradiation of central nervous system relapse. As many as one-half of children with this disease may enjoy long-term leukemia-free survival. However, further studies are needed to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of therapy. This paper reviews the evolution of some of these studies.", "contents": "Combined modality therapy of acute lymphocytic leukemia. The progressive improvement in the prognosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia has been a result of two major developments: 1) the more efficient use of chemotherapeutic agents, particularly the use of combinations of agents and the discovery that agents effective at one stage of disease may be inappropriate at another stage, and 2) the prevention with irradiation of central nervous system relapse. As many as one-half of children with this disease may enjoy long-term leukemia-free survival. However, further studies are needed to improve the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of therapy. This paper reviews the evolution of some of these studies.", "PMID": 1053694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1069", "title": "Cell density-dependent growth in agar of bone marrow cells from tumor-bearing BALB/c mice in the absence of a colony-stimulating factor.", "content": "Bone marrow cells from BALB/c mice with myeloid leukemia, lymphosarcoma, erythroblastosis, or mammary tumor produce small clusters in semisolid agar cultures in the absence of specific colony-stimulating factor. This spontaneous growth is observed only when high cell numbers (5 x 10 5 cells/ml) are plated. The phenomenon was encountered only when mice had an elevated number of mature or immature granulocytes in the peripheral blood. Removal of the adherent cells from the bone marrow did not abolish spontaneous growth, indicating that this colony-stimulating factor independency is not due to a high number of colony-stimulating cells in the bone marrow cells. This excluded the possibility that the spontaneous growth was due to a high endogenous stimulating activity of the bone marrow from tumor-bearing mice.", "contents": "Cell density-dependent growth in agar of bone marrow cells from tumor-bearing BALB/c mice in the absence of a colony-stimulating factor. Bone marrow cells from BALB/c mice with myeloid leukemia, lymphosarcoma, erythroblastosis, or mammary tumor produce small clusters in semisolid agar cultures in the absence of specific colony-stimulating factor. This spontaneous growth is observed only when high cell numbers (5 x 10 5 cells/ml) are plated. The phenomenon was encountered only when mice had an elevated number of mature or immature granulocytes in the peripheral blood. Removal of the adherent cells from the bone marrow did not abolish spontaneous growth, indicating that this colony-stimulating factor independency is not due to a high number of colony-stimulating cells in the bone marrow cells. This excluded the possibility that the spontaneous growth was due to a high endogenous stimulating activity of the bone marrow from tumor-bearing mice.", "PMID": 1053695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1070", "title": "Decreased lymphocyte adenosine deaminase activity in acute lymphocytic leukemia children and their parents.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase has been measured in the lymphocytes of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia and in those of their parents. The activity was found to be significantly lower in both acute lymphocytic leukemia children in remission and relapse and in the parents of acute lymphocytic leukemia children when compared with normal adults and children of similar ages.", "contents": "Decreased lymphocyte adenosine deaminase activity in acute lymphocytic leukemia children and their parents. Adenosine deaminase has been measured in the lymphocytes of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia and in those of their parents. The activity was found to be significantly lower in both acute lymphocytic leukemia children in remission and relapse and in the parents of acute lymphocytic leukemia children when compared with normal adults and children of similar ages.", "PMID": 1053696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1071", "title": "Inhibition by 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) of human lymphoblast cultures in G2 phase of the cell cycle.", "content": "4'-Demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-0-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with oncolytic activity against a variety of neoplasms, Unlike the parent compound and other derivatives, which cause methaphase arrest, 4'-Demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-0-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) apparently blocks the entry of CCRF-CEM cells into mitosis by inhibiting cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The inhibition of precursor incorporation into DNA, RNA, and the protein, if observed, was delayed and probably secondary to inhibition of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Inhibition by 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-O-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) of human lymphoblast cultures in G2 phase of the cell cycle. 4'-Demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-0-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) is a semisynthetic derivative of podophyllotoxin with oncolytic activity against a variety of neoplasms, Unlike the parent compound and other derivatives, which cause methaphase arrest, 4'-Demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9-(4,6-0-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glucopyranoside) apparently blocks the entry of CCRF-CEM cells into mitosis by inhibiting cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. The inhibition of precursor incorporation into DNA, RNA, and the protein, if observed, was delayed and probably secondary to inhibition of cells in the G2 phase of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 1053697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1072", "title": "Alterations in ribonuclease activities in the plasma, spleen, and thymus of tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Six transplantable murine tumor models were evaluated for changes in RNase activity. This study was conducted with spleen and thymus homogenates, as well as with plasma collected from tumor-bearing mice. Nuclease activity directed against the synthetic substrates, polyadenylic acid, polyuridylic acid, and polycytidylic acid, was measured and the data obtained for tumor-bearing animals were compared to their normal counterparts. Elevated activity against polyuridylic acid was observed in the plasma of all tumor-bearing mice. Although not as all inclusive, RNase levels in both the spleen and thymus were generally altered as well. The observance of unilateral changes in nuclease activity directed against the synthetic substrates demonstrated that, in most cases, two or more enzymes were being detected. The assay may have some eventual value in the monitoring of cancer", "contents": "Alterations in ribonuclease activities in the plasma, spleen, and thymus of tumor-bearing mice. Six transplantable murine tumor models were evaluated for changes in RNase activity. This study was conducted with spleen and thymus homogenates, as well as with plasma collected from tumor-bearing mice. Nuclease activity directed against the synthetic substrates, polyadenylic acid, polyuridylic acid, and polycytidylic acid, was measured and the data obtained for tumor-bearing animals were compared to their normal counterparts. Elevated activity against polyuridylic acid was observed in the plasma of all tumor-bearing mice. Although not as all inclusive, RNase levels in both the spleen and thymus were generally altered as well. The observance of unilateral changes in nuclease activity directed against the synthetic substrates demonstrated that, in most cases, two or more enzymes were being detected. The assay may have some eventual value in the monitoring of cancer", "PMID": 1053698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1073", "title": "Genetic effects of radiation.", "content": "The effects of radiation on biologic systems as manifested through genetic changes have been reviewed. The use of x-radiation by the health professions represents the largest contribution of radiation dose to the people of the United States. It is apparent that the genetic effect of radiation results in the production of chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations. Recognizing this, it becomes mandatory that appropriate measures are instituted to reduce to an absolute minimum the total amount of radiation that patients receive. Strict utilization of all known protective measures and adherence to protective guidelines promulgated by the ICRP and NCRP IS IMPERATIVE. Every attempt must be made to obtain maximal diagnostic yield from all radiation exposures used for diagnostic purposes, thereby assuring maximal benefit for our patients with minimal risk to our ancestors.", "contents": "Genetic effects of radiation. The effects of radiation on biologic systems as manifested through genetic changes have been reviewed. The use of x-radiation by the health professions represents the largest contribution of radiation dose to the people of the United States. It is apparent that the genetic effect of radiation results in the production of chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations. Recognizing this, it becomes mandatory that appropriate measures are instituted to reduce to an absolute minimum the total amount of radiation that patients receive. Strict utilization of all known protective measures and adherence to protective guidelines promulgated by the ICRP and NCRP IS IMPERATIVE. Every attempt must be made to obtain maximal diagnostic yield from all radiation exposures used for diagnostic purposes, thereby assuring maximal benefit for our patients with minimal risk to our ancestors.", "PMID": 1053730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1074", "title": "Dental variation among populations. An anthropologic view.", "content": "There is considerable variation between and within populations with regard to tooth size, age of eruption, congenitally missing teeth, and crown morphology. These differences are a reflection of the ongoing process of evolution. The genetic basis for this variation is best explained by a polygenic model of inheritance. Even though tooth morpholoyg and agenesis have discontinuous distributions - usually evidence of single gene transmission - they are also  polygenic traits and are examples of \"quasi-continuous\" characteristics. These are traits which exhibit phenotypic discontinuity at the end of a continuous distribution. Postnatal conditions such as nutrition, disease, or climate seem to have little influence on normal dental variation. Most of the environmental factors which affect the dentition occur during the prenatal period. In particular the quality of the intrauterine environment appears to be most important. This suggests that good prenatal nutrition and medical care are needed for a normal and healthy dentition.", "contents": "Dental variation among populations. An anthropologic view. There is considerable variation between and within populations with regard to tooth size, age of eruption, congenitally missing teeth, and crown morphology. These differences are a reflection of the ongoing process of evolution. The genetic basis for this variation is best explained by a polygenic model of inheritance. Even though tooth morpholoyg and agenesis have discontinuous distributions - usually evidence of single gene transmission - they are also  polygenic traits and are examples of \"quasi-continuous\" characteristics. These are traits which exhibit phenotypic discontinuity at the end of a continuous distribution. Postnatal conditions such as nutrition, disease, or climate seem to have little influence on normal dental variation. Most of the environmental factors which affect the dentition occur during the prenatal period. In particular the quality of the intrauterine environment appears to be most important. This suggests that good prenatal nutrition and medical care are needed for a normal and healthy dentition.", "PMID": 1053731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1075", "title": "Gene-environment interactions during tooth development.", "content": "The nature of the interaction between the environment and the genetic information of the organism has been examined vis-a-vis the local tissue environments in which the teeth are initiated. The directive role of the dental connective tissue, the papilla, and sac in initiating the tooth bud, controlling its shape, and maintaining its differentiation emphasize the importance of the mesenchymal connective tissue elements of tooth buds. The molecular character of this tissue interaction was described and the role of collagen as a mediator of developmental information was stressed. Finally these data from experimental studies suggest that the etiology of ectodermal dysplasia and inherited diseases involving the dentition may involve the function of the connective tissue of the dintition.", "contents": "Gene-environment interactions during tooth development. The nature of the interaction between the environment and the genetic information of the organism has been examined vis-a-vis the local tissue environments in which the teeth are initiated. The directive role of the dental connective tissue, the papilla, and sac in initiating the tooth bud, controlling its shape, and maintaining its differentiation emphasize the importance of the mesenchymal connective tissue elements of tooth buds. The molecular character of this tissue interaction was described and the role of collagen as a mediator of developmental information was stressed. Finally these data from experimental studies suggest that the etiology of ectodermal dysplasia and inherited diseases involving the dentition may involve the function of the connective tissue of the dintition.", "PMID": 1053732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1076", "title": "Effects of cement bases on the stresses in amalgam restorations.", "content": "A computerized dental model was used to study the stress induced in a Class 1 amalgam restoration when supported by bases of varying materials and thickness. Under the same load, the maximum tensile stresses and deflections in the amalgam restoration increased at least threefold with a zinc oxide-eugenol base as compared with a ZnPO4 cement base.", "contents": "Effects of cement bases on the stresses in amalgam restorations. A computerized dental model was used to study the stress induced in a Class 1 amalgam restoration when supported by bases of varying materials and thickness. Under the same load, the maximum tensile stresses and deflections in the amalgam restoration increased at least threefold with a zinc oxide-eugenol base as compared with a ZnPO4 cement base.", "PMID": 1053748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1077", "title": "Dentinoenamel junction area of a resorbing permanent incisor studied by means of scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The surfaces of enamel and dentin that had become separated from each other presumably in the region of the dentinoenamel junction were examined. The enamel surface at the junction was scalloped; the scallops were made of enamel rods. The dentinal surface showed a mirror image picture, tubular in nature. Both surfaces were granulated, which may indicate that apatite crystals from the two tissues intermingle there.", "contents": "Dentinoenamel junction area of a resorbing permanent incisor studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. The surfaces of enamel and dentin that had become separated from each other presumably in the region of the dentinoenamel junction were examined. The enamel surface at the junction was scalloped; the scallops were made of enamel rods. The dentinal surface showed a mirror image picture, tubular in nature. Both surfaces were granulated, which may indicate that apatite crystals from the two tissues intermingle there.", "PMID": 1053749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1078", "title": "In vivo occlusal forces and moments: I. Forces measured in terminal hinge position and associated moments.", "content": "Microducers and modified cephalometric roentgenogram techniques were used to study maximum biting forces and moments in an adult male. The force at the second molar was approximately 10% greater than that at the first molar. At the second molar, the moment of force was approximately 15% less than its value at the first molar.", "contents": "In vivo occlusal forces and moments: I. Forces measured in terminal hinge position and associated moments. Microducers and modified cephalometric roentgenogram techniques were used to study maximum biting forces and moments in an adult male. The force at the second molar was approximately 10% greater than that at the first molar. At the second molar, the moment of force was approximately 15% less than its value at the first molar.", "PMID": 1053750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1079", "title": "In vivo occlusal forces and moments: II. Mathematical analysis and recommendations for instrumentation specifications.", "content": "Mathematical models are derived to describe in vivo maximum occlusal force and moment data generated during mandibular terminal hinge closure for the molars and premolars and for the mandibular central incisors in the straight protrusive position. Recommendations for biting force instrumentation specifications are presented.", "contents": "In vivo occlusal forces and moments: II. Mathematical analysis and recommendations for instrumentation specifications. Mathematical models are derived to describe in vivo maximum occlusal force and moment data generated during mandibular terminal hinge closure for the molars and premolars and for the mandibular central incisors in the straight protrusive position. Recommendations for biting force instrumentation specifications are presented.", "PMID": 1053751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1080", "title": "Electron microscopic study of the cytotoxicity of cadmium and mercury in vitro.", "content": "The cells treated with cadmium chloride showed severe changes: ribosomes disappeared, mitochondria showed various degrees of destruction, and the endoplasmic reticulum had a swollen and beadlike appearance. In cells treated with mercuric chloride, ribosomes increased in their density and rosette-like polysomes were predominantly observed. The effects of these two metallic ions were discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study of the cytotoxicity of cadmium and mercury in vitro. The cells treated with cadmium chloride showed severe changes: ribosomes disappeared, mitochondria showed various degrees of destruction, and the endoplasmic reticulum had a swollen and beadlike appearance. In cells treated with mercuric chloride, ribosomes increased in their density and rosette-like polysomes were predominantly observed. The effects of these two metallic ions were discussed.", "PMID": 1053752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1081", "title": "Inhibitory spectrum of a bacteriocinlike substance (mutacin) produced by some strains of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Streptococcus mutans strains were surveyed to determine their lysogenicity. Growth inhibition of the indicator strains around the inoculum of stab culture of some S mutans strains was demonstrated. Many gram-positive bacteria, including mycobacteria and streptomycetes, were sensitive to the antibacterial activity.", "contents": "Inhibitory spectrum of a bacteriocinlike substance (mutacin) produced by some strains of Streptococcus mutans. Streptococcus mutans strains were surveyed to determine their lysogenicity. Growth inhibition of the indicator strains around the inoculum of stab culture of some S mutans strains was demonstrated. Many gram-positive bacteria, including mycobacteria and streptomycetes, were sensitive to the antibacterial activity.", "PMID": 1053754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1082", "title": "Hypodontia: a polygenic trait--a family study among Israeli Jews.", "content": "A high prevalence of hypodontia was detected among 820 first degree relatives of 305 probands and there was an increased risk if a second family member was affected. Hypodontia is a common trait in the population, and a deviation from normal sex ratio was observed in those affected. These results suggest a polygenic mode of inheritance.", "contents": "Hypodontia: a polygenic trait--a family study among Israeli Jews. A high prevalence of hypodontia was detected among 820 first degree relatives of 305 probands and there was an increased risk if a second family member was affected. Hypodontia is a common trait in the population, and a deviation from normal sex ratio was observed in those affected. These results suggest a polygenic mode of inheritance.", "PMID": 1053755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1083", "title": "Effect of exogenous lipid on lipid synthesis by bone and bone cell cultures.", "content": "Newborn rat calvaria and isolated calvaria cells are capable of de novo lipid synthesis when grown in the presence or absence of exogenous lipid sources. Synthesis decreases when exogenous lipids are supplied. Several cholesterol precursors were found in these tissues and the presence of dihydrocholesterol was established for the first time.", "contents": "Effect of exogenous lipid on lipid synthesis by bone and bone cell cultures. Newborn rat calvaria and isolated calvaria cells are capable of de novo lipid synthesis when grown in the presence or absence of exogenous lipid sources. Synthesis decreases when exogenous lipids are supplied. Several cholesterol precursors were found in these tissues and the presence of dihydrocholesterol was established for the first time.", "PMID": 1053753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1084", "title": "Effect of topical applications of neutral sodium fluoride on dental careis in the rat.", "content": "A study on various regimens by which the same total amount of neutral sodium fluoride is applied to the teeth of rats showed that greater effects were observed after frequent application of 0.2% solutions than after less frequent application of more concentrated solutions.", "contents": "Effect of topical applications of neutral sodium fluoride on dental careis in the rat. A study on various regimens by which the same total amount of neutral sodium fluoride is applied to the teeth of rats showed that greater effects were observed after frequent application of 0.2% solutions than after less frequent application of more concentrated solutions.", "PMID": 1053756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1085", "title": "Objective quantification method for measuring in vivo accumulated dental plaque.", "content": "Dental plaque was collected, dried, and weighed on a gold insert that fit into the buccal aspect of a posterior crown. The plaque weight was determined by calculating the difference between the postcollection insert weight and the precollection insert weight. This system for measurement of the dry weight of in vivo accumulated dental plaque was found to be a practical means of plaque quantification.", "contents": "Objective quantification method for measuring in vivo accumulated dental plaque. Dental plaque was collected, dried, and weighed on a gold insert that fit into the buccal aspect of a posterior crown. The plaque weight was determined by calculating the difference between the postcollection insert weight and the precollection insert weight. This system for measurement of the dry weight of in vivo accumulated dental plaque was found to be a practical means of plaque quantification.", "PMID": 1053757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1086", "title": "Elasticity of impression materials: IV. Permanent deformation as a function of time.", "content": "The permanent deformation-time relationship under constant load, of 15 elastomer impression materials were studied. All materials showed a greater permanent deformation under constant load than with tensile load, except the polyether material. Silicone and polyether materials exhibited perceptibly less permanent deformation than mercaptan materials ten minutes after mixing.", "contents": "Elasticity of impression materials: IV. Permanent deformation as a function of time. The permanent deformation-time relationship under constant load, of 15 elastomer impression materials were studied. All materials showed a greater permanent deformation under constant load than with tensile load, except the polyether material. Silicone and polyether materials exhibited perceptibly less permanent deformation than mercaptan materials ten minutes after mixing.", "PMID": 1053758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1087", "title": "Assessment of microleakage using a conductimetric technique.", "content": "A new method enables the dimensional changes of a range of anterior restorative materials to be demonstrated in an artificial cavity. The cavity wall-restoration interspace was incorporated into an electrochemical cell and the changes in the current passing through this cell reflected changes in the dimensions of the interspace.", "contents": "Assessment of microleakage using a conductimetric technique. A new method enables the dimensional changes of a range of anterior restorative materials to be demonstrated in an artificial cavity. The cavity wall-restoration interspace was incorporated into an electrochemical cell and the changes in the current passing through this cell reflected changes in the dimensions of the interspace.", "PMID": 1053773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1088", "title": "Surface-chemical studies on chlorhexidine and related compounds: I. Effects at air-water, n-hexane-water, and hydroxyapatite-water interfaces.", "content": "The comparative ability of chlorhexidine diacetate and structurally related compounds to generate surface pressure at air-water and n-hexane-water interfaces, and to adsorb to hydroxyapatite, was determined. The order of effectiveness generally evident was 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-n-octylbiguanide acetate is greater than chlorhexidine diacetate 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-n-hexylbiguanide acetate is greater than 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-n-propylbiguanide acetate is greater than p-chlorophenylbiguanide acetate p-chlorophenylguanidine acetate.", "contents": "Surface-chemical studies on chlorhexidine and related compounds: I. Effects at air-water, n-hexane-water, and hydroxyapatite-water interfaces. The comparative ability of chlorhexidine diacetate and structurally related compounds to generate surface pressure at air-water and n-hexane-water interfaces, and to adsorb to hydroxyapatite, was determined. The order of effectiveness generally evident was 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-n-octylbiguanide acetate is greater than chlorhexidine diacetate 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-n-hexylbiguanide acetate is greater than 1-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-n-propylbiguanide acetate is greater than p-chlorophenylbiguanide acetate p-chlorophenylguanidine acetate.", "PMID": 1053771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1089", "title": "Dentifrice detergent: its effect on human enamel.", "content": "A scanning and transmission electron microscope study has shown that human enamel specimens treated with a mild detergent solution exhibit etching of the enamel surface. The tooth surfaces subsequently show a greater susceptibility to the acid attack than samples treated with mineral acid alone. The evidence suggests that reevaluation of sodium dodecyl sulfate and similar detergents as components of commercially available dentifrice products may be necessary.", "contents": "Dentifrice detergent: its effect on human enamel. A scanning and transmission electron microscope study has shown that human enamel specimens treated with a mild detergent solution exhibit etching of the enamel surface. The tooth surfaces subsequently show a greater susceptibility to the acid attack than samples treated with mineral acid alone. The evidence suggests that reevaluation of sodium dodecyl sulfate and similar detergents as components of commercially available dentifrice products may be necessary.", "PMID": 1053774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1090", "title": "Surface-chemical studies on chlorhexidine and related compounds: II. Interactions with monomolecular-film systems.", "content": "Interactions of chlorhexidine and structurally related biguanides with selected monomolecular-film systems (that is, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, and N-octadecylacetamide) were explored. The data reflected the significance of ionic associations between the compounds and stearic acid films and, in the instance of the biguanide analogs, indicated that the length of the alkyl chain was an important factor in the penetration process.", "contents": "Surface-chemical studies on chlorhexidine and related compounds: II. Interactions with monomolecular-film systems. Interactions of chlorhexidine and structurally related biguanides with selected monomolecular-film systems (that is, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, and N-octadecylacetamide) were explored. The data reflected the significance of ionic associations between the compounds and stearic acid films and, in the instance of the biguanide analogs, indicated that the length of the alkyl chain was an important factor in the penetration process.", "PMID": 1053772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1091", "title": "Role of afferent sensors in the initiation of swallowing in man.", "content": "Chewing and swallowing sounds that were recorded on magnetic tape by means of a paralaryngeally placed contact microphone were used to evaluate temporal relationships of the events of the swallowing cycle in young women. Temporal inter-event parameters indicate a reflex nature for the initiation of swallowing, and the effects of topical anesthesia suggest a triggering mechanism for swallowing similar to the gating theory for pain proposed by Melzack and Wall.", "contents": "Role of afferent sensors in the initiation of swallowing in man. Chewing and swallowing sounds that were recorded on magnetic tape by means of a paralaryngeally placed contact microphone were used to evaluate temporal relationships of the events of the swallowing cycle in young women. Temporal inter-event parameters indicate a reflex nature for the initiation of swallowing, and the effects of topical anesthesia suggest a triggering mechanism for swallowing similar to the gating theory for pain proposed by Melzack and Wall.", "PMID": 1053777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1092", "title": "Extractions in the presence of acute infections.", "content": "Of 1,376 extractions performed in the presence of acute infection, 327 were performed in the presence of a coexisting fascial space abscess. No serious complications were observed. It seems that the relation of dental operations to the intracranial infections has been overestimated. The extraction of teeth in cases of acute suppurative infection treats the primary dentoalveolar infection and prevents the development of fascial space abscesses.", "contents": "Extractions in the presence of acute infections. Of 1,376 extractions performed in the presence of acute infection, 327 were performed in the presence of a coexisting fascial space abscess. No serious complications were observed. It seems that the relation of dental operations to the intracranial infections has been overestimated. The extraction of teeth in cases of acute suppurative infection treats the primary dentoalveolar infection and prevents the development of fascial space abscesses.", "PMID": 1053775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1093", "title": "Potential applications of certain nickel-titanium (nitinol) alloys.", "content": "The mechanical behavior (\"shape memory\") associated with martensitic solid-state transformation in nearly equiatomic Ni-Ti alloy (55-Nitinol) has been studied. Potential dental and medical applications for 55-Nitinol (55% Ni, 1.5% Co, balance Ti, by weight) and for 60-Nitinol (60% Ni, by weight) have been suggested.", "contents": "Potential applications of certain nickel-titanium (nitinol) alloys. The mechanical behavior (\"shape memory\") associated with martensitic solid-state transformation in nearly equiatomic Ni-Ti alloy (55-Nitinol) has been studied. Potential dental and medical applications for 55-Nitinol (55% Ni, 1.5% Co, balance Ti, by weight) and for 60-Nitinol (60% Ni, by weight) have been suggested.", "PMID": 1053778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1094", "title": "Clinical correlation of hepatic flow studies.", "content": "In 100 consecutive hepatic flow studies, 84 were read as negative. Of these, 73 (87%) also had negative static images. Knowing the nature of the primary tumor did not definitively aid in predicting whether hepatic meastases would have detectable early flow. Five cases showed early flow without defects seen in the static images. Three of these were probably related to lymphomas or allied disorders with altered flow. Two cases were in individuals with gastric carcinoma who had abdoninal radiation. One extrahepatic tumor was detected in the series.", "contents": "Clinical correlation of hepatic flow studies. In 100 consecutive hepatic flow studies, 84 were read as negative. Of these, 73 (87%) also had negative static images. Knowing the nature of the primary tumor did not definitively aid in predicting whether hepatic meastases would have detectable early flow. Five cases showed early flow without defects seen in the static images. Three of these were probably related to lymphomas or allied disorders with altered flow. Two cases were in individuals with gastric carcinoma who had abdoninal radiation. One extrahepatic tumor was detected in the series.", "PMID": 1053789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1095", "title": "An inhibitory principle in the matrix of periodontally diseased roots.", "content": "The inhibitory influence shown by the periodontally diseased root resides in its organic component. Its nature is uncertain and it may be an etiologic factor in periodontal destruction. The apatite structures of healthy and diseased roots are alike in being more receptive to the growth of bone and marrow than are their respective matrices.", "contents": "An inhibitory principle in the matrix of periodontally diseased roots. The inhibitory influence shown by the periodontally diseased root resides in its organic component. Its nature is uncertain and it may be an etiologic factor in periodontal destruction. The apatite structures of healthy and diseased roots are alike in being more receptive to the growth of bone and marrow than are their respective matrices.", "PMID": 1053799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1096", "title": "Histological evaluation of effects produced in alveolar bone following gingival incision with an electrosurgical scalpel.", "content": "Gingival incisions were performed distal to each of the two lower incisors on 25 adult male guinea pigs. For every animal, electrosection with an electrosurgical scalpel was used on one side, and a conventional scalpel was used on the other. The surgical instruments in all cases were brought into direct contact with periosteum. Five animals were sacrificed at each postoperative period (12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours), and sections of the areas of surgery were prepared by standard laboratory procedures. At 12 hours postoperatively there were far more soft tissue necrosis, a more extensive inflammatory reaction, and greater destruction of periosteum after electrosurgery. No significant changes in osteocyte viability were seen after either technique. However, by 24 hours, many empty lacunae were observed in the bone associated with electrosurgery, such necrosis being even more extensive by 48 hours. In contrast, only very minor, localised areas devoid of some osteocytes were seen after use of the conventional scalpel. By 96 hours the electrosurgical connective tissue wounds were still lined by coagulum, but repair of the scalpel wounds had begun. The periosteum and bone had the same features that were seen at 48 hours. Throughout the study, no increase in osteoclasts was seen in any section, nor were significant changes in adjacent bone marrow observed.", "contents": "Histological evaluation of effects produced in alveolar bone following gingival incision with an electrosurgical scalpel. Gingival incisions were performed distal to each of the two lower incisors on 25 adult male guinea pigs. For every animal, electrosection with an electrosurgical scalpel was used on one side, and a conventional scalpel was used on the other. The surgical instruments in all cases were brought into direct contact with periosteum. Five animals were sacrificed at each postoperative period (12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours), and sections of the areas of surgery were prepared by standard laboratory procedures. At 12 hours postoperatively there were far more soft tissue necrosis, a more extensive inflammatory reaction, and greater destruction of periosteum after electrosurgery. No significant changes in osteocyte viability were seen after either technique. However, by 24 hours, many empty lacunae were observed in the bone associated with electrosurgery, such necrosis being even more extensive by 48 hours. In contrast, only very minor, localised areas devoid of some osteocytes were seen after use of the conventional scalpel. By 96 hours the electrosurgical connective tissue wounds were still lined by coagulum, but repair of the scalpel wounds had begun. The periosteum and bone had the same features that were seen at 48 hours. Throughout the study, no increase in osteoclasts was seen in any section, nor were significant changes in adjacent bone marrow observed.", "PMID": 1053800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1097", "title": "The effects of age and fluoride exposure on fluoride, citrate and carbonate content of human cementum.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the values of several chemical components of dental cementum. Extracted teeth from continuous residents of low, optimal, and high natural fluoride areas were selected to determine the effects of fluoride exposure and age on the fluoride, citrate and carbonate content of cervical and apical areas of sound and periodontally diseased human cementum. 1. For normal cementum the mean fluoride content of all 18 groups was 0.443 plus or minus 0.04%on an ash basis and 0.253 plus or minus 0.02% on a dry weight basis; the mean citrate content was 1.52 plus or minus 0.10% on an ash basis and 0.86 plus or minus 0.06% on a dry weight basis; the mean carbonate content was 4.95 plus or minus 0.39% on an ash basis and 2.79 plus or minus 0.22% on a dry weight basis. 2. For diseased cementum the mean fluoride content of all 12 groups was 0.575 plus or minus 0.03% on an ash basis and 0.342 plus or minus 0.02% on a dry weight basis; the mean citrate content was 1.19 plus or minus 0.07% on an ash basis and 0.71 plus or minus 0.05% on a dry weight basis; the mean carbonate content was 5.95 plus or minus 0.47% on an ash basis and 3.50 plus or minus 0.28% on a dry weight basis. 3. There is a general increment in fluoride content of normal cervical and apical cementum, both with age and fluoride exposure. For diseased cementum this held true for fluoride exposure but not age. 4. The mean fluoride content of cervical cementum is greater than that of apical cementum for both normal and diseased groups. For citrate and carbonate no definite statistical differences were noted between cervical and apical areas. 5. The diseased cementum has a significantly higher mean fluoride content, a significantly lower citrate content, and a slightly, but not statistically significant, higher carbonate content than normal cementum. 6. Unlike bone, no inverse fluoride/citrate or fluoride/carbonate relationship was observed. 7. For both normal and diseased groups the carbonate content of cementum of individuals over age 40 tended to be lower than for individuals 20-40 years of age.", "contents": "The effects of age and fluoride exposure on fluoride, citrate and carbonate content of human cementum. A study was conducted to determine the values of several chemical components of dental cementum. Extracted teeth from continuous residents of low, optimal, and high natural fluoride areas were selected to determine the effects of fluoride exposure and age on the fluoride, citrate and carbonate content of cervical and apical areas of sound and periodontally diseased human cementum. 1. For normal cementum the mean fluoride content of all 18 groups was 0.443 plus or minus 0.04%on an ash basis and 0.253 plus or minus 0.02% on a dry weight basis; the mean citrate content was 1.52 plus or minus 0.10% on an ash basis and 0.86 plus or minus 0.06% on a dry weight basis; the mean carbonate content was 4.95 plus or minus 0.39% on an ash basis and 2.79 plus or minus 0.22% on a dry weight basis. 2. For diseased cementum the mean fluoride content of all 12 groups was 0.575 plus or minus 0.03% on an ash basis and 0.342 plus or minus 0.02% on a dry weight basis; the mean citrate content was 1.19 plus or minus 0.07% on an ash basis and 0.71 plus or minus 0.05% on a dry weight basis; the mean carbonate content was 5.95 plus or minus 0.47% on an ash basis and 3.50 plus or minus 0.28% on a dry weight basis. 3. There is a general increment in fluoride content of normal cervical and apical cementum, both with age and fluoride exposure. For diseased cementum this held true for fluoride exposure but not age. 4. The mean fluoride content of cervical cementum is greater than that of apical cementum for both normal and diseased groups. For citrate and carbonate no definite statistical differences were noted between cervical and apical areas. 5. The diseased cementum has a significantly higher mean fluoride content, a significantly lower citrate content, and a slightly, but not statistically significant, higher carbonate content than normal cementum. 6. Unlike bone, no inverse fluoride/citrate or fluoride/carbonate relationship was observed. 7. For both normal and diseased groups the carbonate content of cementum of individuals over age 40 tended to be lower than for individuals 20-40 years of age.", "PMID": 1053801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1098", "title": "Observation of the mitochondria of the sulcular epithelium of clinically inflamed and clinically healthy gingiva.", "content": "Ten human males with an average age of 22 years, free from any known systemic disease, were selected for this study. Each subject had a mild gingivitis around at least one lower incisor tooth. This was confirmed by the color, contour, and consistency of the tissue. The area was probed for gingival sulcus depth and a radiograph confirmed that there was no interproximal bone involvement. A specimen was excised from the inflamed area and examined histologically for inflammatory cell density and an inflammatory index number was assigned to the tissue. The gingivitis was treated and personal oral hygiene instructions were explained to the subjects. Healing continued uneventfully for ten to twelve weeks. A second specimen was excised from near the original area, examined histologically, and an inflammatory index number was assigned to the tissue. The ultrastructure of the sulcular epithelium and the connective tissue adjacent to the sulcular epithelium of all specimens was examined at powers varying from 3,500 to 70,000. The sulcular epithelium showed no positively recognizable mitochondria. Mitochondria in the connective tissue adjacent to the basal layer of the sulcular epithelium were abundant and well formed. There was no correlation between the number and morphology of mitochondria in the treated and untreated specimens.", "contents": "Observation of the mitochondria of the sulcular epithelium of clinically inflamed and clinically healthy gingiva. Ten human males with an average age of 22 years, free from any known systemic disease, were selected for this study. Each subject had a mild gingivitis around at least one lower incisor tooth. This was confirmed by the color, contour, and consistency of the tissue. The area was probed for gingival sulcus depth and a radiograph confirmed that there was no interproximal bone involvement. A specimen was excised from the inflamed area and examined histologically for inflammatory cell density and an inflammatory index number was assigned to the tissue. The gingivitis was treated and personal oral hygiene instructions were explained to the subjects. Healing continued uneventfully for ten to twelve weeks. A second specimen was excised from near the original area, examined histologically, and an inflammatory index number was assigned to the tissue. The ultrastructure of the sulcular epithelium and the connective tissue adjacent to the sulcular epithelium of all specimens was examined at powers varying from 3,500 to 70,000. The sulcular epithelium showed no positively recognizable mitochondria. Mitochondria in the connective tissue adjacent to the basal layer of the sulcular epithelium were abundant and well formed. There was no correlation between the number and morphology of mitochondria in the treated and untreated specimens.", "PMID": 1053802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1099", "title": "Interproximal contact and marginal ridge relationships in periodontally healthy young males classified as to orthodontic status.", "content": "Three groups of periodontally healthy young males, classified as to orthodontic status, were evaluated for proximal contact and marginal ridge relationships in the maxillary left quadrant. The majority of anterior teeth did not have satisfactory proximal contacts on both the mesial and distal aspects. Open or defective proximal contact relationships were common in all three orthodontic groupings. In posterior areas, the orthodontically treated group had the highest percentage of open contacts. The orthodontically treated group had a significantly higher percentage of even marginal ridges in the teeth that are customarily banded.", "contents": "Interproximal contact and marginal ridge relationships in periodontally healthy young males classified as to orthodontic status. Three groups of periodontally healthy young males, classified as to orthodontic status, were evaluated for proximal contact and marginal ridge relationships in the maxillary left quadrant. The majority of anterior teeth did not have satisfactory proximal contacts on both the mesial and distal aspects. Open or defective proximal contact relationships were common in all three orthodontic groupings. In posterior areas, the orthodontically treated group had the highest percentage of open contacts. The orthodontically treated group had a significantly higher percentage of even marginal ridges in the teeth that are customarily banded.", "PMID": 1053803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1100", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia terminating as histiocytic medullary reticulosis.", "content": "A young man with acute lymphoblastic leukemia was treated with vincristine sulfate, prednisone, and intrathecally injected methotrexate sodium for central nervous system involvement. A good remission was induced, but three months later he had hepatosplenomegaly, an enlarging mediastinal mass, and progressive anemia. Histiocytic medullary reticulosis was confirmed by a bone marrow biopsy specimen. The patient died of respiratory failure because of infiltration of the lungs by malignant histiocytes.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia terminating as histiocytic medullary reticulosis. A young man with acute lymphoblastic leukemia was treated with vincristine sulfate, prednisone, and intrathecally injected methotrexate sodium for central nervous system involvement. A good remission was induced, but three months later he had hepatosplenomegaly, an enlarging mediastinal mass, and progressive anemia. Histiocytic medullary reticulosis was confirmed by a bone marrow biopsy specimen. The patient died of respiratory failure because of infiltration of the lungs by malignant histiocytes.", "PMID": 1053804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1101", "title": "Extreme elevation of serum transcobalamin I in patients with metastatic cancer.", "content": "Elevation of transcobalamin I and serum vitamin B12 levels has usually been associated with increased granulocytic proliferation, such as occurs in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Two patients with metastatic cancer had extremely high serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin I levels--greater than those seen in even the most intense granulocytic proliferation--that were not explainable by leukocytosis. The subjects' serum vitamin B12 levels were 18,750 and 21,221 pg per milliliter (normal, 471 plus or minus 174 pg per milliliter, mean plus or minus S.D.) and unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity 158,750 and 5,400 pg per milliliter (normal, 1153 plus or minus 313 pg per milliliter) respectively. The abnormally elevated serum binder was shown to be identical with transcobalamin balamin I in every respect. Levels of transcobalamin II and serum third binder were normal. The cause of the binder abnormality is unknown, but factors other than granulocyte proliferation may control or contribute to the production or accumulation of transcobalamin I.", "contents": "Extreme elevation of serum transcobalamin I in patients with metastatic cancer. Elevation of transcobalamin I and serum vitamin B12 levels has usually been associated with increased granulocytic proliferation, such as occurs in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Two patients with metastatic cancer had extremely high serum vitamin B12 and transcobalamin I levels--greater than those seen in even the most intense granulocytic proliferation--that were not explainable by leukocytosis. The subjects' serum vitamin B12 levels were 18,750 and 21,221 pg per milliliter (normal, 471 plus or minus 174 pg per milliliter, mean plus or minus S.D.) and unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity 158,750 and 5,400 pg per milliliter (normal, 1153 plus or minus 313 pg per milliliter) respectively. The abnormally elevated serum binder was shown to be identical with transcobalamin balamin I in every respect. Levels of transcobalamin II and serum third binder were normal. The cause of the binder abnormality is unknown, but factors other than granulocyte proliferation may control or contribute to the production or accumulation of transcobalamin I.", "PMID": 1053806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1102", "title": "Neisseria catarrhalis septicaemia in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "A case of septicaemia due to Neisseria catarrhalis occurring in an immunosuppressed individual is described. The clinical syndrome closely resembled that of N. meningitidis septicaemia. The potential pathogenicity in the immunosuppressed patient, of organisms usually considered harmless is stressed.", "contents": "Neisseria catarrhalis septicaemia in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A case of septicaemia due to Neisseria catarrhalis occurring in an immunosuppressed individual is described. The clinical syndrome closely resembled that of N. meningitidis septicaemia. The potential pathogenicity in the immunosuppressed patient, of organisms usually considered harmless is stressed.", "PMID": 1053846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1103", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst secondary to other osseous lesions. Report of 57 cases.", "content": "Fifty-seven aneurysmal bone cysts which were associated with or secondary to other lesions of bone are reported. The most common associations were with solitary or unicameral bone cyst, and with osteoclastoma. Other associated lesions included osteosarcoma, nonosteogenic fibroma, osteoblastoma, hemangioendothelioma, and hemangioma of bone. Five aneurysmal bone cysts were secondary to fracture or other bone trauma.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst secondary to other osseous lesions. Report of 57 cases. Fifty-seven aneurysmal bone cysts which were associated with or secondary to other lesions of bone are reported. The most common associations were with solitary or unicameral bone cyst, and with osteoclastoma. Other associated lesions included osteosarcoma, nonosteogenic fibroma, osteoblastoma, hemangioendothelioma, and hemangioma of bone. Five aneurysmal bone cysts were secondary to fracture or other bone trauma.", "PMID": 1053853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1104", "title": "Delivery of health care in hemophilia.", "content": "Data on 56 severe and 16 moderate hemophiliacs who were intensively trained in self-therapy and have completed one to five years on this program reveal several principles not emphasized by prior reports. (1) The immediate application of therapy for suspected hemarthrosis, before the appearance of physical signs, leads not only to a striking decrease in morbidity but to a slight decrease in the quantity of plasma products required. (2) Dollar costs of this method of health care delivery are considerably lower than other effective methods and now average $3500 per patient per year, in our hands. (3) Intensive education and training of patients and family members makes lay persons extremely valuable members of the health care team and produces occasional dramatic health benefits. (4) Progression of long-term problems such as hemarthrosis, formerly found in 90% of our group, still exists for 19%. (5) The failure rate is highest in the older hemophiliacs. (6) Periods of several months of prophylactic therapy have a limited but valuable role in selected cases. (7) Mechanisms for mandatory periodic comprehensive health evaluation mjst be a part of every home infusion program, in order that the inevitable failures can be detected and appropriate corrective measures instituted.", "contents": "Delivery of health care in hemophilia. Data on 56 severe and 16 moderate hemophiliacs who were intensively trained in self-therapy and have completed one to five years on this program reveal several principles not emphasized by prior reports. (1) The immediate application of therapy for suspected hemarthrosis, before the appearance of physical signs, leads not only to a striking decrease in morbidity but to a slight decrease in the quantity of plasma products required. (2) Dollar costs of this method of health care delivery are considerably lower than other effective methods and now average $3500 per patient per year, in our hands. (3) Intensive education and training of patients and family members makes lay persons extremely valuable members of the health care team and produces occasional dramatic health benefits. (4) Progression of long-term problems such as hemarthrosis, formerly found in 90% of our group, still exists for 19%. (5) The failure rate is highest in the older hemophiliacs. (6) Periods of several months of prophylactic therapy have a limited but valuable role in selected cases. (7) Mechanisms for mandatory periodic comprehensive health evaluation mjst be a part of every home infusion program, in order that the inevitable failures can be detected and appropriate corrective measures instituted.", "PMID": 1053864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1105", "title": "A boarding school for hemophiliacs: a model for the comprehensive care of hemophilic children.", "content": "Ten years' experience with boarding schools as comprehensive-care centers for hemophiliacs created by the French Red Cross has documented their effectiveness. Far from implying that hemophilic patients should be permanently isolated from society, we think that a temporary stay in a boarding school provides a model for the comprehensive care of hemophilic children. These schools have become hemophilia care centers where, on a temporary basis, patients can receive proper instruction concerning the medical, psychological, and educational problems they will encounter in society at large. At the present time, most hemophiliacs are properly treated at home, but selected cases of patients with specific problems can certainly benefit from a stay in a boarding school. Psychological studies presented here emphasized the high frequency of disturbances in patients coming from a low economic lass. One of the most important factors determining the psychological adjustment of hemophilic children seems to be understanding of the disease by the family. The cultural level of the family also influences the education and the medical care of these children. A temporary stay in a boarding school permits at least partial resolution of such problems both on a short-term and a long-term basis. During the stay, a great effort must be made to improve the local medical situation and the involvement of the parents in the problems of hemophilia. It has been shown that adolescents have greatly benefited from a self-infusion training program from both a medical and a psychological point of view. The boarding school seems to be the best means of organizing a program that requires a solid framework, psychological support, and a great amount of time. This training may be achieved in a three- to six-month period, depending on the motivations and the psychological ability of the hemophiliac. Self-infusion is a powerful tool able to transform the situation of these adolescents from one of dependence to one of autonomy and to enable them to adjust to society.", "contents": "A boarding school for hemophiliacs: a model for the comprehensive care of hemophilic children. Ten years' experience with boarding schools as comprehensive-care centers for hemophiliacs created by the French Red Cross has documented their effectiveness. Far from implying that hemophilic patients should be permanently isolated from society, we think that a temporary stay in a boarding school provides a model for the comprehensive care of hemophilic children. These schools have become hemophilia care centers where, on a temporary basis, patients can receive proper instruction concerning the medical, psychological, and educational problems they will encounter in society at large. At the present time, most hemophiliacs are properly treated at home, but selected cases of patients with specific problems can certainly benefit from a stay in a boarding school. Psychological studies presented here emphasized the high frequency of disturbances in patients coming from a low economic lass. One of the most important factors determining the psychological adjustment of hemophilic children seems to be understanding of the disease by the family. The cultural level of the family also influences the education and the medical care of these children. A temporary stay in a boarding school permits at least partial resolution of such problems both on a short-term and a long-term basis. During the stay, a great effort must be made to improve the local medical situation and the involvement of the parents in the problems of hemophilia. It has been shown that adolescents have greatly benefited from a self-infusion training program from both a medical and a psychological point of view. The boarding school seems to be the best means of organizing a program that requires a solid framework, psychological support, and a great amount of time. This training may be achieved in a three- to six-month period, depending on the motivations and the psychological ability of the hemophiliac. Self-infusion is a powerful tool able to transform the situation of these adolescents from one of dependence to one of autonomy and to enable them to adjust to society.", "PMID": 1053868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1106", "title": "Multiple myeloma and acute leukemia associated with alkylating agents.", "content": "Rapidly fatal acute myelomonocytic leukemia developed in five patients with multiple myeloma who were treated with melphalan for 28 to 54 months. In each patient, multiple myeloma responded to therapy and progress was satisfactory until the development of acute leukemia. At postmortem examination, leukemic infiltration of organs was seen, and there was little or no evidence of myeloma. Consideration of these cases and a review of the literature suggest that these circumstances represent the development of acute myelomonocytic leukemia rather than plasma cell leukemia; there also appears to be an increased incidence of acute leukemia in multiple myeloma, probably related to the alkylating agent.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma and acute leukemia associated with alkylating agents. Rapidly fatal acute myelomonocytic leukemia developed in five patients with multiple myeloma who were treated with melphalan for 28 to 54 months. In each patient, multiple myeloma responded to therapy and progress was satisfactory until the development of acute leukemia. At postmortem examination, leukemic infiltration of organs was seen, and there was little or no evidence of myeloma. Consideration of these cases and a review of the literature suggest that these circumstances represent the development of acute myelomonocytic leukemia rather than plasma cell leukemia; there also appears to be an increased incidence of acute leukemia in multiple myeloma, probably related to the alkylating agent.", "PMID": 1053891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1107", "title": "Surgical sterilization by vasectomy and its effects on the structure and function of the testis in man.", "content": "The early and late effects of vasectomy have been investigated in 40 men. Besides histopathological examination, the volume of the testis and its total content of testosterone-screting Leydig cells have been measured. The volume of the testis showed a wide normal variation (5-3-23-3 ml) but was not significantly changed by vasectomy. One month after vasectomy widespread degeneration of the germinal epithelium, thickening of the basement membrane and some intertubular fibrosis were observed. Spermatogenesis had ceased. However, cases examined 2-31/2 years later showed an essentially normal structure with active spermatogenesis. This indicates that regeneration does occur spontaneously, even without recanalization. Whether the sperms formed are functionally normal remains uncertain. The normal total Leydig cell volume was 2-2 plus or minus 0-4 ml/testis in young adults and showed a modest increase after vasectomy, rising to 2-5 plus or minus 0-5 ml after 1 month and 2-6 plus or minus 0-5 ml after 2-31/2 years. The findings have been discussed in the light of Steinach's (1927) original hypothesis that vasectomy can rejuvenate ageing males by improving the endocrine function of the testis.", "contents": "Surgical sterilization by vasectomy and its effects on the structure and function of the testis in man. The early and late effects of vasectomy have been investigated in 40 men. Besides histopathological examination, the volume of the testis and its total content of testosterone-screting Leydig cells have been measured. The volume of the testis showed a wide normal variation (5-3-23-3 ml) but was not significantly changed by vasectomy. One month after vasectomy widespread degeneration of the germinal epithelium, thickening of the basement membrane and some intertubular fibrosis were observed. Spermatogenesis had ceased. However, cases examined 2-31/2 years later showed an essentially normal structure with active spermatogenesis. This indicates that regeneration does occur spontaneously, even without recanalization. Whether the sperms formed are functionally normal remains uncertain. The normal total Leydig cell volume was 2-2 plus or minus 0-4 ml/testis in young adults and showed a modest increase after vasectomy, rising to 2-5 plus or minus 0-5 ml after 1 month and 2-6 plus or minus 0-5 ml after 2-31/2 years. The findings have been discussed in the light of Steinach's (1927) original hypothesis that vasectomy can rejuvenate ageing males by improving the endocrine function of the testis.", "PMID": 1053929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1108", "title": "In vitro colony-forming characteristics of chronic granulocytic leukemia in childhood.", "content": "Peripheral blood from a child with adult-type (Philadelphia chromosome positive) chronic granulocytic leukemia was found to contain large numbers of cells capable of colony formation in tissue culture. The majority of the colonies contained granulocytic cells. The source of these granulocytic colonies was found in a population of myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes which could be separated from the more mature granulocytic cells of the peripheral blood by sedimentation of the buffy coat on Ficoll-Hypaque. The predominance of granulocytic colonies is in contrast to our observations previously made on the peripheral blood of children with \"juvenile\" type(Ph1 chromosome negative)CGL in which large numbers of exclusively monocytic colonies were produced in tissue culture. These current studies, when interpreted in light of relevant clinical data, suggest that the \"juvenile\" and \"adult\" types of CGL represent two very different forms of chronic leukemia in childhood. The Ph1 chromosome negative form may be classified as a monocytic leukemia with a granulocytic component but the Ph1 chromosome positive adult form, even when it occurs in a child, appears to be a true granulocytic leukemia.", "contents": "In vitro colony-forming characteristics of chronic granulocytic leukemia in childhood. Peripheral blood from a child with adult-type (Philadelphia chromosome positive) chronic granulocytic leukemia was found to contain large numbers of cells capable of colony formation in tissue culture. The majority of the colonies contained granulocytic cells. The source of these granulocytic colonies was found in a population of myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes which could be separated from the more mature granulocytic cells of the peripheral blood by sedimentation of the buffy coat on Ficoll-Hypaque. The predominance of granulocytic colonies is in contrast to our observations previously made on the peripheral blood of children with \"juvenile\" type(Ph1 chromosome negative)CGL in which large numbers of exclusively monocytic colonies were produced in tissue culture. These current studies, when interpreted in light of relevant clinical data, suggest that the \"juvenile\" and \"adult\" types of CGL represent two very different forms of chronic leukemia in childhood. The Ph1 chromosome negative form may be classified as a monocytic leukemia with a granulocytic component but the Ph1 chromosome positive adult form, even when it occurs in a child, appears to be a true granulocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 1053930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1109", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukaemia: effect of elective splenectomy on the course of disease.", "content": "Conventional treatment by drugs or irradiation produces little prolongation of life in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (C.G.L.) because the onset of metamorphosis of the disease from a chronic to an acute or subacute leukaemic process is not substantially postponed. Isolated clinical observations as well as both cytogenetic and cytokinetic evidence suggest that the spleen may play a special though not exclusive role in the development of undifferentiated cell clones which lead to metamorphosis of C.G.L. The results of a study of elective splenectomy during the chronic phase of the disease are reported. Twenty-six patients with C.G.L. underwent splenectomy during clinical remission of their disease, and there were no deaths after the operation. Twenty-one patients were alive at the time of writing, two of them eight years after splenectomy. Five cases of metamorphosis of C.G.L. to a refractory phase occurred whereas 10 would have been expected, a significant difference. After the onset of metamorphosis the quality of life was better in splenectomized than in non-splenectomized patients. These results show that splenectomy is a reasonable and safe procedure in C.G.L., and its apparently beneficial effects on prognosis justify a larger controlled clinical trial.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukaemia: effect of elective splenectomy on the course of disease. Conventional treatment by drugs or irradiation produces little prolongation of life in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (C.G.L.) because the onset of metamorphosis of the disease from a chronic to an acute or subacute leukaemic process is not substantially postponed. Isolated clinical observations as well as both cytogenetic and cytokinetic evidence suggest that the spleen may play a special though not exclusive role in the development of undifferentiated cell clones which lead to metamorphosis of C.G.L. The results of a study of elective splenectomy during the chronic phase of the disease are reported. Twenty-six patients with C.G.L. underwent splenectomy during clinical remission of their disease, and there were no deaths after the operation. Twenty-one patients were alive at the time of writing, two of them eight years after splenectomy. Five cases of metamorphosis of C.G.L. to a refractory phase occurred whereas 10 would have been expected, a significant difference. After the onset of metamorphosis the quality of life was better in splenectomized than in non-splenectomized patients. These results show that splenectomy is a reasonable and safe procedure in C.G.L., and its apparently beneficial effects on prognosis justify a larger controlled clinical trial.", "PMID": 1053931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1110", "title": "Serum ferritin in acute leukaemia at presentation and during remission.", "content": "In patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia the mean serum ferritin concentration showed a twenty-five-fold increase compared with normal people, and in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.) there was a thirteen-fold increase. The high concentration of circulating ferritin seemed to be related to increased synthesis by leukaemic cells. The return of serum concentrations to normal in A.L.L. patients after successful chemotherapy suggested that ferritin concentration may be a useful index of active disease and may help in prognosis.", "contents": "Serum ferritin in acute leukaemia at presentation and during remission. In patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia the mean serum ferritin concentration showed a twenty-five-fold increase compared with normal people, and in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (A.L.L.) there was a thirteen-fold increase. The high concentration of circulating ferritin seemed to be related to increased synthesis by leukaemic cells. The return of serum concentrations to normal in A.L.L. patients after successful chemotherapy suggested that ferritin concentration may be a useful index of active disease and may help in prognosis.", "PMID": 1053932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1111", "title": "Disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy: a complication of treated central nervous system leukemia and lymphoma.", "content": "This report describes a form of disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy that has been observed in four children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and one child with Burkitt's lymphoma terminating in a leukemic phase. In addition to systemic vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, and steroids, these patients received courses of intrathecal methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and hydrocortisone, because of meningeal tumor cell infiltration. Whole brain radiation was also given either before or during intrathecal therapy. Three of the children had a progressive irreversible neurologic illness, which developed either at or shortly after the completion of combined triple intrathecal therapy, death ensuing approximately 2 months later. The neuropathologic lesions consisted of discrete multifocal necroses of coagulative type, apparently extending by confluence, and disseminated in the cerebral white matter in a random manner. In one case, extensive symmetrical demyelinating and necrotizing lesions involved the centrum ovale bilaterally. There was a remarkable absence of inflammatory cellular response and a relative paucity of macrophage reaction, with usually little or no tissue breakdown. In addition to demyelination and glial cell loss, there was striking axonal damage, with conspicuous axonal swelling both within and around the necrotizing lesions. The surrounding white matter showed focal status spongiosus and a moderate astrocytic response. Vascular fibrinoid necrosis was inconstant and, except in one case, rarely observed. The possible causal relationship of these lesions to combined triple intrathecal antimetabolite therapy and brain radiation is discussed.", "contents": "Disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy: a complication of treated central nervous system leukemia and lymphoma. This report describes a form of disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy that has been observed in four children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and one child with Burkitt's lymphoma terminating in a leukemic phase. In addition to systemic vincristine, cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, and steroids, these patients received courses of intrathecal methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, and hydrocortisone, because of meningeal tumor cell infiltration. Whole brain radiation was also given either before or during intrathecal therapy. Three of the children had a progressive irreversible neurologic illness, which developed either at or shortly after the completion of combined triple intrathecal therapy, death ensuing approximately 2 months later. The neuropathologic lesions consisted of discrete multifocal necroses of coagulative type, apparently extending by confluence, and disseminated in the cerebral white matter in a random manner. In one case, extensive symmetrical demyelinating and necrotizing lesions involved the centrum ovale bilaterally. There was a remarkable absence of inflammatory cellular response and a relative paucity of macrophage reaction, with usually little or no tissue breakdown. In addition to demyelination and glial cell loss, there was striking axonal damage, with conspicuous axonal swelling both within and around the necrotizing lesions. The surrounding white matter showed focal status spongiosus and a moderate astrocytic response. Vascular fibrinoid necrosis was inconstant and, except in one case, rarely observed. The possible causal relationship of these lesions to combined triple intrathecal antimetabolite therapy and brain radiation is discussed.", "PMID": 1053934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1112", "title": "Intracerebral calcifications appearing during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia treated with methotrexate and X-rays.", "content": "The authors present the case of a child aged 7 years who suffered from relapsing acute lymphocytic leukemia. Treatment consisting mainly of oral and intrathecal methotrexate and x-ray therapy produced remission of the hematologic symptoms. Three years after the onset of the leukemia, mental deterioration gradually appeared. Radiography of the skull revealed diffuse bilateral calcium deposits in both cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres. Four years after the onset of the disease, a hematologic relapse occurred. Behavioral disorders became more severe and the child died after a period of seizures and unconsciousness. The main pathologic data obtained by the study of a brain biopsy and after a complete postmortem examination consisted of calcifications located bilaterally in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. No signs of leukemia were present. Cerebral calcification is an extremely rare complication in the course of the therapy of lymphocytic leukemia. Its possible causes are discussed.", "contents": "Intracerebral calcifications appearing during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia treated with methotrexate and X-rays. The authors present the case of a child aged 7 years who suffered from relapsing acute lymphocytic leukemia. Treatment consisting mainly of oral and intrathecal methotrexate and x-ray therapy produced remission of the hematologic symptoms. Three years after the onset of the leukemia, mental deterioration gradually appeared. Radiography of the skull revealed diffuse bilateral calcium deposits in both cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres. Four years after the onset of the disease, a hematologic relapse occurred. Behavioral disorders became more severe and the child died after a period of seizures and unconsciousness. The main pathologic data obtained by the study of a brain biopsy and after a complete postmortem examination consisted of calcifications located bilaterally in the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. No signs of leukemia were present. Cerebral calcification is an extremely rare complication in the course of the therapy of lymphocytic leukemia. Its possible causes are discussed.", "PMID": 1053935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1113", "title": "Sequential therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "A total of 114 previously untreated patients with myeloblastic leukemia was included in a sequential therapy protocol. Daunorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone were employed for the first 3 weeks, followed by two or more 5-day courses of cytosine arabinoside and 6-mercaptopurine; there was a 5-day rest between courses. Maintenance therapy was as follows: the continuing 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate treatment was interrupted every 30 days for sequential reinforcement courses consisting of one dose of daunorubicin and vincristine and 7 days of prednisone, or by a 5-day course of cytosine arabinoside plus 6-mercaptopurine. Of the 114 patients, 48 obtained complete remission, 14 had partial remission, 16 failed to respond, and 36 died during the course of treatment. The remission rate in children (under 16) was 57%; in adults (16-45) 54%; and in those over 45, 19%. The difference in the incidence of complete remission in patients under 45 and those over 45 was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The median duration of complete remission was 8 months: 12 months in children and 5 months in adults. The over-all survival rate was 4 months: 13 months for patients with complete remission, 4 months for those with partial remission, and 1 month for patients who did not respond to therapy. The difference in survival of those with complete remission and all the others was significant (p less than 0.01).", "contents": "Sequential therapy for induction and maintenance of remission in acute myeloblastic leukemia. A total of 114 previously untreated patients with myeloblastic leukemia was included in a sequential therapy protocol. Daunorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone were employed for the first 3 weeks, followed by two or more 5-day courses of cytosine arabinoside and 6-mercaptopurine; there was a 5-day rest between courses. Maintenance therapy was as follows: the continuing 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate treatment was interrupted every 30 days for sequential reinforcement courses consisting of one dose of daunorubicin and vincristine and 7 days of prednisone, or by a 5-day course of cytosine arabinoside plus 6-mercaptopurine. Of the 114 patients, 48 obtained complete remission, 14 had partial remission, 16 failed to respond, and 36 died during the course of treatment. The remission rate in children (under 16) was 57%; in adults (16-45) 54%; and in those over 45, 19%. The difference in the incidence of complete remission in patients under 45 and those over 45 was statistically significant (p less than 0.01). The median duration of complete remission was 8 months: 12 months in children and 5 months in adults. The over-all survival rate was 4 months: 13 months for patients with complete remission, 4 months for those with partial remission, and 1 month for patients who did not respond to therapy. The difference in survival of those with complete remission and all the others was significant (p less than 0.01).", "PMID": 1053936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1114", "title": "Fibrinogen survival and fibrinolysis in acute leukemia.", "content": "Fibrinogen survival using 125I-labelled homologous fibrinogen was studied in 17 adults with acute leukemia. Five patients in complete remission had normal fibrinogen survival and turnover rate. Five of 6 patients undergoing induction therapy and 4 of 6 in relapse had shortened fibrinogen survival; the turnover rate was increased in all 12 patients. Nine of 12 patients with active disease had elevated levels of fibrinogen degradation products in the serum. Serial coagulation studies did not support the diagnosis of overt disseminated intravascular coagulation. There was no correlation between the morphological type of leukemia, chemotherapy, the presence of fever and sepsis, or liver dysfunction and fibrinogen survival. Other possible causes of the accelerated fibrinogen turnover in patients with active disease are discussed.", "contents": "Fibrinogen survival and fibrinolysis in acute leukemia. Fibrinogen survival using 125I-labelled homologous fibrinogen was studied in 17 adults with acute leukemia. Five patients in complete remission had normal fibrinogen survival and turnover rate. Five of 6 patients undergoing induction therapy and 4 of 6 in relapse had shortened fibrinogen survival; the turnover rate was increased in all 12 patients. Nine of 12 patients with active disease had elevated levels of fibrinogen degradation products in the serum. Serial coagulation studies did not support the diagnosis of overt disseminated intravascular coagulation. There was no correlation between the morphological type of leukemia, chemotherapy, the presence of fever and sepsis, or liver dysfunction and fibrinogen survival. Other possible causes of the accelerated fibrinogen turnover in patients with active disease are discussed.", "PMID": 1053937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1115", "title": "Meningeal leukemia after blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "In two patients with blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia complete remission was induced, but meningeal leukemia subsequently developed. The recognition of blast cell crisis as the presenting feature of chronic myeloid leukemia is discussed, together with treatment of this condition and its rare complication, meningeal leukemia. The development of meningeal leukemia in this disease is almost certainly due to the increased survival that has been produced by advances in therapy for blastic transformation.", "contents": "Meningeal leukemia after blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia. In two patients with blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukemia complete remission was induced, but meningeal leukemia subsequently developed. The recognition of blast cell crisis as the presenting feature of chronic myeloid leukemia is discussed, together with treatment of this condition and its rare complication, meningeal leukemia. The development of meningeal leukemia in this disease is almost certainly due to the increased survival that has been produced by advances in therapy for blastic transformation.", "PMID": 1053938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1116", "title": "Management of the acute abdomen in children with leukemia.", "content": "With the increase in remission and survival in children with acute leukemia, the complication of acute abdomen has become increasingly important in the total care of these children. A total of 286 children with acute leukemia was treated at Memorial Hospital between 1966 and 1971. Sixteen or 5.6% of these children developed an acute abdomen during the course of their disease. During the same period, many other children developed symptoms and signs mimicking an acute abdomen. Of the 9 children treated surgically, 5 were long-term survivors. Two children treated conservatively died, and 5 patients were diagnosed at autopsy. Prognosis was better in those patients in remission at the time of surgery, and where remission was maintained by immediately restarting antileukemic chemotherapy. A more aggressive surgical approach to the acute abdomen, combined with careful supportive measures, is further adding to the numbers of long-term survivors in childhood leukemia.", "contents": "Management of the acute abdomen in children with leukemia. With the increase in remission and survival in children with acute leukemia, the complication of acute abdomen has become increasingly important in the total care of these children. A total of 286 children with acute leukemia was treated at Memorial Hospital between 1966 and 1971. Sixteen or 5.6% of these children developed an acute abdomen during the course of their disease. During the same period, many other children developed symptoms and signs mimicking an acute abdomen. Of the 9 children treated surgically, 5 were long-term survivors. Two children treated conservatively died, and 5 patients were diagnosed at autopsy. Prognosis was better in those patients in remission at the time of surgery, and where remission was maintained by immediately restarting antileukemic chemotherapy. A more aggressive surgical approach to the acute abdomen, combined with careful supportive measures, is further adding to the numbers of long-term survivors in childhood leukemia.", "PMID": 1053939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1117", "title": "Primary fibrosarcoma of bone. A clinicopathologic study of 130 patients.", "content": "One hundred thirty patients with histologically verified primary fibrosarcoma of bone, unassociated with any pre-existent benign bone condition, were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1918 and 1973. This series of cases represents approximately 5% of primary malignant bone tumors treated in our institution. Eighty-nine of the lesions were medullary or central in location, and 41 were periosteal or peripheral. There was a nearly equal sex distribution, and a mean age of 38 years ranging from 4 to 83 years. This lesion exhibited a strong predilection for long bones, with the most common location being the femur (43 cases), humerus (16 cases), and tibia (12 cases). In 19 instances, bones of the head and neck area were the primary sites. The roentgenographic differential diagnoses included osteolytic osteogenic sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor, metastatic carcinoma, or solitary plasma cell myeloma. Major ablative surgery was the primary method of therapy. Amputation was performed, yielding the best curative results in high-grade tumors, while radical local excision sufficed for most low-grade periosteal fibrosarcomas. Thirty-four percent of the patients survived 5 years (27% medullary and 52% periosteal), while 28% were alive after 10 years (20% medullary and 48% periosteal). These survival rates provide further evidence that fibrosarcoma of bone is a distinct clinicopathologic entity and not a variant of osteosarcoma, which carries a much poorer 5-year survival rate of approximately 17%.", "contents": "Primary fibrosarcoma of bone. A clinicopathologic study of 130 patients. One hundred thirty patients with histologically verified primary fibrosarcoma of bone, unassociated with any pre-existent benign bone condition, were treated at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center between 1918 and 1973. This series of cases represents approximately 5% of primary malignant bone tumors treated in our institution. Eighty-nine of the lesions were medullary or central in location, and 41 were periosteal or peripheral. There was a nearly equal sex distribution, and a mean age of 38 years ranging from 4 to 83 years. This lesion exhibited a strong predilection for long bones, with the most common location being the femur (43 cases), humerus (16 cases), and tibia (12 cases). In 19 instances, bones of the head and neck area were the primary sites. The roentgenographic differential diagnoses included osteolytic osteogenic sarcoma, malignant giant cell tumor, metastatic carcinoma, or solitary plasma cell myeloma. Major ablative surgery was the primary method of therapy. Amputation was performed, yielding the best curative results in high-grade tumors, while radical local excision sufficed for most low-grade periosteal fibrosarcomas. Thirty-four percent of the patients survived 5 years (27% medullary and 52% periosteal), while 28% were alive after 10 years (20% medullary and 48% periosteal). These survival rates provide further evidence that fibrosarcoma of bone is a distinct clinicopathologic entity and not a variant of osteosarcoma, which carries a much poorer 5-year survival rate of approximately 17%.", "PMID": 1053940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1118", "title": "The treatment of acute childhood leukemia: predictions for the future based on extrapolations from  the past.", "content": "Further progress in the treatment of acute leukemia involves a careful assessment of host and disease factors in each child and the selection of a therapeutic regimen which interacts with these factors to provide the maximum chance for survival. For some children, this therapy can be carried out in the community by expertly trained hematologist-oncologists; for others, the best treatment will involve clinical research at a center. Such a general approach has the best chance of fulfilling the optimistic survival projections made by the President's Cancer Panel in 1973 for acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "The treatment of acute childhood leukemia: predictions for the future based on extrapolations from  the past. Further progress in the treatment of acute leukemia involves a careful assessment of host and disease factors in each child and the selection of a therapeutic regimen which interacts with these factors to provide the maximum chance for survival. For some children, this therapy can be carried out in the community by expertly trained hematologist-oncologists; for others, the best treatment will involve clinical research at a center. Such a general approach has the best chance of fulfilling the optimistic survival projections made by the President's Cancer Panel in 1973 for acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 1053941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1119", "title": "Fiberscopic methods for assessment of velopharyngeal closure during various activities.", "content": "Fiberscope NPF, developed to observe velopharyngeal movements easily, enables a direct visualization of the soft palate, lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls under the physiological conditions. It is most useful for the diagnosis of velopharyngeal inadequacy. It is very important that a patient himself can observe velopharyngeal movements through the eyepiece of the fiberscope in order to do self exercise.", "contents": "Fiberscopic methods for assessment of velopharyngeal closure during various activities. Fiberscope NPF, developed to observe velopharyngeal movements easily, enables a direct visualization of the soft palate, lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls under the physiological conditions. It is most useful for the diagnosis of velopharyngeal inadequacy. It is very important that a patient himself can observe velopharyngeal movements through the eyepiece of the fiberscope in order to do self exercise.", "PMID": 1053955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1120", "title": "Growth and changes in maxillary arch form in complete unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate children.", "content": "This study aims at the comparison of growth changes of the maxillary arch of 62 normals and 87 complete unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate subjects. This is achieved by measuring their maxillo-facial models, which will aid in clarifying such questions as: when and where the maxillary growth inhibition will occur, and the several aspects of growth-change. Patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate were classified into four stages: 1) six month old infants before lip and palatal closure; 2) two year old children, lip repair at six months of age; 3) three year old children, lip repair at six months and palatal closure at two years; 4) four year old children, with repairs as in stage 3. Normal subjects were also classified into four stages, to match the cleft group by age and body weight. Impressions were taken for each patient's upper jaw and upper face simultaneously under general anesthesia, and the maxillo-facial model was made. Results obtained were as follows: (1) In the normal group, the forward and downward growth of the anterior alveolar region increased considerably between stages 1 and 2 and stages 3 and 4. The growth of the anterior alveolar arch was slight during all four stages. The depth and width of the retromolar point increased gradually through all four stages, and measured the growth of the posterior alveolar region. (2) In the cleft group: at stage 1 the anterior end of the larger segment was protruded and both the larger and smaller segments, especially in the anterior region, were laterally dislocated. The height of the anterior alveolar region was found to be noticeably less than that of the normal group. At stage 2 the growth inhibition in depth and height was noted in all the alveolar points of the cleft group, especially in the anterior alveolar region, in comparison to the normal group. At stage 3 the depths in all alveolar points decreased, but no significant difference was found when compared to stage 2. However, the increase in heights was marked. At stage 4 the depths and heights of alveolar points in the cleft group were found to be smaller than those of the normal group.", "contents": "Growth and changes in maxillary arch form in complete unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate children. This study aims at the comparison of growth changes of the maxillary arch of 62 normals and 87 complete unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate subjects. This is achieved by measuring their maxillo-facial models, which will aid in clarifying such questions as: when and where the maxillary growth inhibition will occur, and the several aspects of growth-change. Patients with complete unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate were classified into four stages: 1) six month old infants before lip and palatal closure; 2) two year old children, lip repair at six months of age; 3) three year old children, lip repair at six months and palatal closure at two years; 4) four year old children, with repairs as in stage 3. Normal subjects were also classified into four stages, to match the cleft group by age and body weight. Impressions were taken for each patient's upper jaw and upper face simultaneously under general anesthesia, and the maxillo-facial model was made. Results obtained were as follows: (1) In the normal group, the forward and downward growth of the anterior alveolar region increased considerably between stages 1 and 2 and stages 3 and 4. The growth of the anterior alveolar arch was slight during all four stages. The depth and width of the retromolar point increased gradually through all four stages, and measured the growth of the posterior alveolar region. (2) In the cleft group: at stage 1 the anterior end of the larger segment was protruded and both the larger and smaller segments, especially in the anterior region, were laterally dislocated. The height of the anterior alveolar region was found to be noticeably less than that of the normal group. At stage 2 the growth inhibition in depth and height was noted in all the alveolar points of the cleft group, especially in the anterior alveolar region, in comparison to the normal group. At stage 3 the depths in all alveolar points decreased, but no significant difference was found when compared to stage 2. However, the increase in heights was marked. At stage 4 the depths and heights of alveolar points in the cleft group were found to be smaller than those of the normal group.", "PMID": 1053956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1121", "title": "Acoustic features of pharyngeal /s/ fricatives produced by speakers with cleft palate.", "content": "Acoustic features of pharyngeal /s/ substitutions spoken by persons with cleft palate were measured using digital computer processing and analysis techniques. Average short-time spectral characteristics of pharyngeal /s/ sounds produced by four speakers with cleft palate were compared with spectral features of normally gestured /s/ sounds spoken by two normal speakers. The output spectral characterized by a set of distinctive acoustic properties that differed markedly from normal /s/ sounds gestured in the front of the mouth. One consistent feature of pharyngeal /s/'s was the presence of multiple spectral maxima. Pharyngealization of /s/ consonants gave rise to spectral outputs with energy maxima appropriate to high F1 values which were relatively close to F2, as well as to relatively strong, low frequency excitation of F2 speakers with cleft palate were, in general, comparable to those of /h/ fricatives spoken by speakers of Arabic.", "contents": "Acoustic features of pharyngeal /s/ fricatives produced by speakers with cleft palate. Acoustic features of pharyngeal /s/ substitutions spoken by persons with cleft palate were measured using digital computer processing and analysis techniques. Average short-time spectral characteristics of pharyngeal /s/ sounds produced by four speakers with cleft palate were compared with spectral features of normally gestured /s/ sounds spoken by two normal speakers. The output spectral characterized by a set of distinctive acoustic properties that differed markedly from normal /s/ sounds gestured in the front of the mouth. One consistent feature of pharyngeal /s/'s was the presence of multiple spectral maxima. Pharyngealization of /s/ consonants gave rise to spectral outputs with energy maxima appropriate to high F1 values which were relatively close to F2, as well as to relatively strong, low frequency excitation of F2 speakers with cleft palate were, in general, comparable to those of /h/ fricatives spoken by speakers of Arabic.", "PMID": 1053957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1122", "title": "Structural goals in craniofacial surgery.", "content": "Major craniofacial abnormalities can be considered as a group for purposes of operative planning. Known normal relations define what is abnormal and indicate goals to be achieved with the craniofacial operative procedures. The principle syndromes with significant facial structural changes amenable to such surgical corrective procedures are craniofacial stenoses, hypertelorism, mandibulofacial dysostoses, median facial clefts, residua of encephaloceles, and trauma. Deformities primarily involve the middle and upper thirds of the face. In planning, abnormal relations and structures must be clearly defined utilizing patient examination, x-rays, dental study models, and photography. Standards of norm indicating goals for the corrective procedure are also based on studies using these tools, data from previous publications, and measurements directly from skulls. Precise measurements about the orbits and maxillary-mandibular relation are the keystone for planning. Soft tissue, nose, and ear alterations are based on already widely known concepts of norm and symmetry. Bony interocular distance, medial intercanthal distance, height and width at the orbital rim of the bony orbits, orbital shape, orbital axis, and orbital volume as determined by measurement with an exophthalmometer are useful in determining what is to be done about the orbits. Cribiform plate level, anterior cranial base, length and contour, and size of the zygomatic arches are important dimension considerations. Paranasal sinus size and location is important. These considerations are essential prior to any major facial structural changes.", "contents": "Structural goals in craniofacial surgery. Major craniofacial abnormalities can be considered as a group for purposes of operative planning. Known normal relations define what is abnormal and indicate goals to be achieved with the craniofacial operative procedures. The principle syndromes with significant facial structural changes amenable to such surgical corrective procedures are craniofacial stenoses, hypertelorism, mandibulofacial dysostoses, median facial clefts, residua of encephaloceles, and trauma. Deformities primarily involve the middle and upper thirds of the face. In planning, abnormal relations and structures must be clearly defined utilizing patient examination, x-rays, dental study models, and photography. Standards of norm indicating goals for the corrective procedure are also based on studies using these tools, data from previous publications, and measurements directly from skulls. Precise measurements about the orbits and maxillary-mandibular relation are the keystone for planning. Soft tissue, nose, and ear alterations are based on already widely known concepts of norm and symmetry. Bony interocular distance, medial intercanthal distance, height and width at the orbital rim of the bony orbits, orbital shape, orbital axis, and orbital volume as determined by measurement with an exophthalmometer are useful in determining what is to be done about the orbits. Cribiform plate level, anterior cranial base, length and contour, and size of the zygomatic arches are important dimension considerations. Paranasal sinus size and location is important. These considerations are essential prior to any major facial structural changes.", "PMID": 1053959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1123", "title": "Transverse pharyngeal flaps: a dynamic repair for velopharyngeal insufficiency.", "content": "During the past three years, forty-eight patients, ranging from five to thirty years of age, have undergone bilateral transverse pharyngeal pedicles to the palate. Thirty-nine patients had not had pharyngeal flaps prior to this procedure and the remaining nine patients had failure of production of acceptable speech after undergoing inferiorly or superiorly based flap operations. One patient suffered separation of the suture line. Dramatic improvement in speech has been noted in the remaining forty-seven patients. While it is difficult to compare the speech results to other procedures, a significant finding has been achievement of satisfactory speech in all nine patients referred for correction after failure with superiorly or inferiorly based flaps. Muscle survival, as evidenced by consistent electromyograph studies, demonstrated functioning double pharyngeal sphincters to control airway shunting during rapid spontaneous speech. The use of transverse pharyngeal flaps offers an obturator effect and the added benefit of active muscle for airstream control in speech function to correct nasality in cleft palate patients. Preservation of the integrity of the neuromuscular component of these pedicles assures survival of the tissue mass for its obturator effect. A modified procedure has been adapted for patients with failure of production of acceptable speech, after using inferiorly or superiorly based flaps.", "contents": "Transverse pharyngeal flaps: a dynamic repair for velopharyngeal insufficiency. During the past three years, forty-eight patients, ranging from five to thirty years of age, have undergone bilateral transverse pharyngeal pedicles to the palate. Thirty-nine patients had not had pharyngeal flaps prior to this procedure and the remaining nine patients had failure of production of acceptable speech after undergoing inferiorly or superiorly based flap operations. One patient suffered separation of the suture line. Dramatic improvement in speech has been noted in the remaining forty-seven patients. While it is difficult to compare the speech results to other procedures, a significant finding has been achievement of satisfactory speech in all nine patients referred for correction after failure with superiorly or inferiorly based flaps. Muscle survival, as evidenced by consistent electromyograph studies, demonstrated functioning double pharyngeal sphincters to control airway shunting during rapid spontaneous speech. The use of transverse pharyngeal flaps offers an obturator effect and the added benefit of active muscle for airstream control in speech function to correct nasality in cleft palate patients. Preservation of the integrity of the neuromuscular component of these pedicles assures survival of the tissue mass for its obturator effect. A modified procedure has been adapted for patients with failure of production of acceptable speech, after using inferiorly or superiorly based flaps.", "PMID": 1053961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1124", "title": "Prediction of velopharyngeal competency.", "content": "The question posed in this study was, are there measures which are predictive of the need for further palatal management? Articulation scores, lateral x-rays and clinical judgments of velopharyngeal competency were examined for 75 subjects in retrospect to determine their predictive value. Each of the measures resulted in at least 90% appropriate predictions. The combination of articulation score and lateral x-ray rating appeared to be the best predictor for this particular sample in that subsequent treatment was correctly predicted for 96% of the subjects. We view this study as a preliminary attempt in the prediction of further management and in future studies will consider age at the time of prediction and other possible predictor variables.", "contents": "Prediction of velopharyngeal competency. The question posed in this study was, are there measures which are predictive of the need for further palatal management? Articulation scores, lateral x-rays and clinical judgments of velopharyngeal competency were examined for 75 subjects in retrospect to determine their predictive value. Each of the measures resulted in at least 90% appropriate predictions. The combination of articulation score and lateral x-ray rating appeared to be the best predictor for this particular sample in that subsequent treatment was correctly predicted for 96% of the subjects. We view this study as a preliminary attempt in the prediction of further management and in future studies will consider age at the time of prediction and other possible predictor variables.", "PMID": 1053962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1125", "title": "Selective movement of the lateral aspects of the pharyngeal walls during velopharyngeal closure for speech, blowing, and whistling in normals.", "content": "The frontal and lateral cinefluorographic views of five normal subjects performing speech, blowing, and whistling tasks were synchronized in order to observe where the greatest degree of medial movement in the lateral aspects of the pharyngeal walls was occurring in relation to structures observed in lateral view. The results of the synchronization procedure indicates that for all five subjects, maximum medial excursion in the lateral walls of the pharynx occurred at the level of the full length of the velum and hard palate, well below the levator eminance. It is hypothesized that this observed interaction may be due to the select contraction of those fibers of the superior constrictor muscle which enter the velum via the lateral walls and those fibers attached to the pterygoid plates as well as levator muscle activity. It is also suggested that definitive physiological data must be obtained from further study of combined EMG and fluoroscopic procedures.", "contents": "Selective movement of the lateral aspects of the pharyngeal walls during velopharyngeal closure for speech, blowing, and whistling in normals. The frontal and lateral cinefluorographic views of five normal subjects performing speech, blowing, and whistling tasks were synchronized in order to observe where the greatest degree of medial movement in the lateral aspects of the pharyngeal walls was occurring in relation to structures observed in lateral view. The results of the synchronization procedure indicates that for all five subjects, maximum medial excursion in the lateral walls of the pharynx occurred at the level of the full length of the velum and hard palate, well below the levator eminance. It is hypothesized that this observed interaction may be due to the select contraction of those fibers of the superior constrictor muscle which enter the velum via the lateral walls and those fibers attached to the pterygoid plates as well as levator muscle activity. It is also suggested that definitive physiological data must be obtained from further study of combined EMG and fluoroscopic procedures.", "PMID": 1053963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1126", "title": "A telefluoroscopic study of lingual contacts made by persons with palatal defects.", "content": "Telefluoroscopic tapes were viewed to obtain evaluations of lingual contacts during the production of six consonant sounds by 69 subjects who had a history of cleft palate or velopharyngeal inadequacy. Using phonetic textbook descriptions of normal lingual contacts as standards, these observed contacts were judged to be either normal or deviant in placement, and direction of deviation was noted. Clinical records of subjects afforded medical and surgical histories as well as evaluations of the subjects' intelligibility, nasal resonance and nasal emission at the time of the taping. Evaluations of velopharyngeal adequacy made from these tapes were also available. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that some but not all speakers who have a history of palatal problems use deviant lingual contacts to produce consonant sounds. The use of deviant lingual contacts does not appear to be related to the type of palatal problem, but is significantly related to the adequacy of the velopharyngeal mechanism for speech. Those with adequate mechanisms show the least use of deviant lingual contacts, subjects with borderline adequacy show a greater use, and those with inadequate closure show the greatest use of deviant contacts. There is a significant relationship between the use of deviant lingual contacts and the presence of abnormal intelligibility and abnormal nasal resonance. The tendency toward the use of deviant lingual contacts by those with velopharyngeal insufficiency suggests that these are compensations for the inadequate valving. These compensations may increase both the intelligibility and nasal resonance problems caused by the inadequate valving. Subjects who achieved adequacy of velopharyngeal mechanism for speech before the age of mastery of consonant sounds showed significantly less tendency to use deviant contacts than those who never attained adequacy. This was reflected in intelligible speech and less tendency toward abnormal nasal resonance. It is suggested that when velopharyngeal adequacy cannot be achieved through early surgical intervention, speech therapy may be indicated to promote the development of potentially adequate articulatory patterns and to discourage the development of compensatory mechanisms.", "contents": "A telefluoroscopic study of lingual contacts made by persons with palatal defects. Telefluoroscopic tapes were viewed to obtain evaluations of lingual contacts during the production of six consonant sounds by 69 subjects who had a history of cleft palate or velopharyngeal inadequacy. Using phonetic textbook descriptions of normal lingual contacts as standards, these observed contacts were judged to be either normal or deviant in placement, and direction of deviation was noted. Clinical records of subjects afforded medical and surgical histories as well as evaluations of the subjects' intelligibility, nasal resonance and nasal emission at the time of the taping. Evaluations of velopharyngeal adequacy made from these tapes were also available. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that some but not all speakers who have a history of palatal problems use deviant lingual contacts to produce consonant sounds. The use of deviant lingual contacts does not appear to be related to the type of palatal problem, but is significantly related to the adequacy of the velopharyngeal mechanism for speech. Those with adequate mechanisms show the least use of deviant lingual contacts, subjects with borderline adequacy show a greater use, and those with inadequate closure show the greatest use of deviant contacts. There is a significant relationship between the use of deviant lingual contacts and the presence of abnormal intelligibility and abnormal nasal resonance. The tendency toward the use of deviant lingual contacts by those with velopharyngeal insufficiency suggests that these are compensations for the inadequate valving. These compensations may increase both the intelligibility and nasal resonance problems caused by the inadequate valving. Subjects who achieved adequacy of velopharyngeal mechanism for speech before the age of mastery of consonant sounds showed significantly less tendency to use deviant contacts than those who never attained adequacy. This was reflected in intelligible speech and less tendency toward abnormal nasal resonance. It is suggested that when velopharyngeal adequacy cannot be achieved through early surgical intervention, speech therapy may be indicated to promote the development of potentially adequate articulatory patterns and to discourage the development of compensatory mechanisms.", "PMID": 1053965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1127", "title": "Oral language skills of adult cleft palate speakers.", "content": "This study investigated selected oral language skills and their relationship to speech intelligibility in forty cleft palate and normal adult speakers. Connected speech samples were analyzed to determine spoken language status which included response length, grammar or syntax, and vocabulary size. The subjects were judged for intelligibility by two groups of listeners: sophisticated and unsophisticated. It was concluded: (a) cleft palate speakers used shorter responses and were more consistent in their language usage; (b) there were no significant differnences in syntax and vocabulary; (c) for cleft palate speakers there was a relationship between intelligibility and language measures; (d) unsophisticated listiners were more consisitent in intelligibility judgements, and (e) sophisticated listeners rated cleft palate speakers poorer than unsophisticated listeners.", "contents": "Oral language skills of adult cleft palate speakers. This study investigated selected oral language skills and their relationship to speech intelligibility in forty cleft palate and normal adult speakers. Connected speech samples were analyzed to determine spoken language status which included response length, grammar or syntax, and vocabulary size. The subjects were judged for intelligibility by two groups of listeners: sophisticated and unsophisticated. It was concluded: (a) cleft palate speakers used shorter responses and were more consistent in their language usage; (b) there were no significant differnences in syntax and vocabulary; (c) for cleft palate speakers there was a relationship between intelligibility and language measures; (d) unsophisticated listiners were more consisitent in intelligibility judgements, and (e) sophisticated listeners rated cleft palate speakers poorer than unsophisticated listeners.", "PMID": 1053966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1128", "title": "Polyglutamate forms of folate in resting and proliferating mammalian tissues.", "content": "1. Tritiated folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) was injected into rats whose livers were undergoing regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and into normal control rats. 2. The major form of labelled liver folate was found to be pteroylpentaglutamate in both hepatectomized and normal rats and there was no difference in the proportion of pteroylpentaglutamate to other forms of folate in the regenerating or resting liver. 3. Folate concentrations were also measured in leucocytes from normal and leukaemic patients. 4. Pteroylpolyglutamates constituted the main form of folate in both sets of cells. There was again no difference in proportion of pteroylpolyglutamate to pteroylmonoglutamate forms of folate between normal mature cells and primitive blast cells. 5. It is therefore suggested that pteroylpolyglutamates, which constitute nearly all the folates in cells actively synthesizing DNA and protein as well as in resting cells, probably act as the coenzymes in vivo for the folate-dependent reactions in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in mammalian systems.", "contents": "Polyglutamate forms of folate in resting and proliferating mammalian tissues. 1. Tritiated folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) was injected into rats whose livers were undergoing regeneration after partial hepatectomy, and into normal control rats. 2. The major form of labelled liver folate was found to be pteroylpentaglutamate in both hepatectomized and normal rats and there was no difference in the proportion of pteroylpentaglutamate to other forms of folate in the regenerating or resting liver. 3. Folate concentrations were also measured in leucocytes from normal and leukaemic patients. 4. Pteroylpolyglutamates constituted the main form of folate in both sets of cells. There was again no difference in proportion of pteroylpolyglutamate to pteroylmonoglutamate forms of folate between normal mature cells and primitive blast cells. 5. It is therefore suggested that pteroylpolyglutamates, which constitute nearly all the folates in cells actively synthesizing DNA and protein as well as in resting cells, probably act as the coenzymes in vivo for the folate-dependent reactions in DNA, RNA and protein synthesis in mammalian systems.", "PMID": 1053967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1129", "title": "[A simple photometric test for the routine determination of delta-aminolaevulinic acid in urine for the control of lead exposure].", "content": "A simple and accurate method for determining urinary concentration of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (delta-ALA) is described. It is based on an improved application of the principle, first introduced by Tomokuni and Ogata, that a colourless pyrrole derivative is produced by the action of acetic acid ethyl ester on delta-ALA, which develops a violet colour on addition of Ehrlich's reagent. The influence of interfering substances was found to account for 20 plus or minus 3% in all examined urines samples. It is, therefore, recommended that an aqueous delta-ALA standard be prepared which contains only 80% of the concentration used in the calculation. Exact values are obtained in this way and the need for setting up a calibration curve by adding delta-ALA is avoided.", "contents": "[A simple photometric test for the routine determination of delta-aminolaevulinic acid in urine for the control of lead exposure]. A simple and accurate method for determining urinary concentration of delta-aminolaevulinic acid (delta-ALA) is described. It is based on an improved application of the principle, first introduced by Tomokuni and Ogata, that a colourless pyrrole derivative is produced by the action of acetic acid ethyl ester on delta-ALA, which develops a violet colour on addition of Ehrlich's reagent. The influence of interfering substances was found to account for 20 plus or minus 3% in all examined urines samples. It is, therefore, recommended that an aqueous delta-ALA standard be prepared which contains only 80% of the concentration used in the calculation. Exact values are obtained in this way and the need for setting up a calibration curve by adding delta-ALA is avoided.", "PMID": 1053992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1130", "title": "The anterior crossbite: report of cases.", "content": "Some malocclusions, seen by the general pragtitioner, should be treated early with uncomplicated procedures. Simple anterior crossbites that do not involve other complications lend themselves to this type of interceptive treatment. Criteria for successful treatment include adequate space for movement of the involved teeth and opening of the bite to facilitate this movement. More complicated cases will necessitate further orthodontic study and techniques.", "contents": "The anterior crossbite: report of cases. Some malocclusions, seen by the general pragtitioner, should be treated early with uncomplicated procedures. Simple anterior crossbites that do not involve other complications lend themselves to this type of interceptive treatment. Criteria for successful treatment include adequate space for movement of the involved teeth and opening of the bite to facilitate this movement. More complicated cases will necessitate further orthodontic study and techniques.", "PMID": 1054049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1131", "title": "Oral ulcerations associated with indomethacin therapy: report of three cases.", "content": "Oral ulcers developed in three edentulous patients who were receiving indomethacin (Indocin) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. The lesions healed after reduction or discontinuation of the medication. These ulcers are attributed to the combined effects of the indomethacin and the dentures on the oral tissues. In older patient populations, drug-induced oral lesions must be ruled out before a dental prosthesis malfunction is implicated.", "contents": "Oral ulcerations associated with indomethacin therapy: report of three cases. Oral ulcers developed in three edentulous patients who were receiving indomethacin (Indocin) therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. The lesions healed after reduction or discontinuation of the medication. These ulcers are attributed to the combined effects of the indomethacin and the dentures on the oral tissues. In older patient populations, drug-induced oral lesions must be ruled out before a dental prosthesis malfunction is implicated.", "PMID": 1054050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1132", "title": "A descriptive survey of signs and symptoms associated with the myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "The signs and symptoms of 56 patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome were tabulated. Patients were classified by age, sex, education and professional background, frequency of complaints of pain, occlusal relationships, oral habits, and specific muscles that were tender on palpation. A coincidence of stress and tension and the onset of myofascial pain was observed. It is suggested that myofascial pain may be more common in women than in men. Muscle tenderness was associated particularly with the masseter, temporal, and lateral and medial pterygoid muscles.", "contents": "A descriptive survey of signs and symptoms associated with the myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome. The signs and symptoms of 56 patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome were tabulated. Patients were classified by age, sex, education and professional background, frequency of complaints of pain, occlusal relationships, oral habits, and specific muscles that were tender on palpation. A coincidence of stress and tension and the onset of myofascial pain was observed. It is suggested that myofascial pain may be more common in women than in men. Muscle tenderness was associated particularly with the masseter, temporal, and lateral and medial pterygoid muscles.", "PMID": 1054051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1133", "title": "Determination of optimal time lapse for recall of patients in an incremental dental care program.", "content": "The study was designed to determine the optimal recall interval for persons, ages 5 to 19 years, in the Indian Health Service dental care program and to determine the optimal number of persons to whom maintenance care could be provided at various recall intervals. Analyses used to determine the optimal number of persons and the optimal recall period are described. As expected, the number of services required increased as the maintenance interval increased. The maximum number of persons can be treated on a recall period of 25 to 27 months, but during this time persons 5 to 9 years old had significant increases in the number of services required. Therefore, the optimal recall interval for persons in this age group is to 10 to 12 months. The optimal recall interval for persons 10 to 14 years old is 25 to 27 months, and for persons 15 to 19 years old, 22 to 24 months.", "contents": "Determination of optimal time lapse for recall of patients in an incremental dental care program. The study was designed to determine the optimal recall interval for persons, ages 5 to 19 years, in the Indian Health Service dental care program and to determine the optimal number of persons to whom maintenance care could be provided at various recall intervals. Analyses used to determine the optimal number of persons and the optimal recall period are described. As expected, the number of services required increased as the maintenance interval increased. The maximum number of persons can be treated on a recall period of 25 to 27 months, but during this time persons 5 to 9 years old had significant increases in the number of services required. Therefore, the optimal recall interval for persons in this age group is to 10 to 12 months. The optimal recall interval for persons 10 to 14 years old is 25 to 27 months, and for persons 15 to 19 years old, 22 to 24 months.", "PMID": 1054052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1134", "title": "Lingual mandibular bone concavity.", "content": "The lingual mandibular bone concavity is not pathognomonic but is a radiographic bone entity. The origin of the entity and the histologic picture of the contents found within the concavity are probably related to the size and growth of the structures located in the submandibular space and the contiguous area. This accounted for the presence of normal submandibular space tissue contents in this patient and in nine of the ten patients whose conditions are reviewed in the literature. The question of whether a surgical exploration is indicated should be decided in terms of each individual case by the oral surgeon. However, only by performing a surgical exploration and submitting the tissue contents for a histopathologic examination can an accurate diagnosis be made. The general practitioner of dentistry should be aware of this bone entity and be prepared to discuss the condition with the patient and to refer the patient for exploration of the area if appropriate.", "contents": "Lingual mandibular bone concavity. The lingual mandibular bone concavity is not pathognomonic but is a radiographic bone entity. The origin of the entity and the histologic picture of the contents found within the concavity are probably related to the size and growth of the structures located in the submandibular space and the contiguous area. This accounted for the presence of normal submandibular space tissue contents in this patient and in nine of the ten patients whose conditions are reviewed in the literature. The question of whether a surgical exploration is indicated should be decided in terms of each individual case by the oral surgeon. However, only by performing a surgical exploration and submitting the tissue contents for a histopathologic examination can an accurate diagnosis be made. The general practitioner of dentistry should be aware of this bone entity and be prepared to discuss the condition with the patient and to refer the patient for exploration of the area if appropriate.", "PMID": 1054053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1135", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of gophacide as a rodenticide for use against Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus.", "content": "Laboratory tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of gophacide as a rodenticide against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus). Results of feeding tests with wild animals suggest that the compound would be more useful against mice than rats, and that 0.3% would be a near optimal concentration for field trials for both species. The hazards of using gophacide as a rodenticide are discussed.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of gophacide as a rodenticide for use against Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus. Laboratory tests were carried out to assess the efficacy of gophacide as a rodenticide against the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) and the house mouse (Mus musculus). Results of feeding tests with wild animals suggest that the compound would be more useful against mice than rats, and that 0.3% would be a near optimal concentration for field trials for both species. The hazards of using gophacide as a rodenticide are discussed.", "PMID": 1054055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1136", "title": "Field trials of the rodenticide gophacide against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.).", "content": "The acute rodenticide gophacide was tested against urban infestations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) and treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after each treatment. Seven of eight populations of mice living in premises where alternative food supplies were limited were successfully controlled when medium oatmeal bait containing gophacide at 0.1% was laid directly for 4 days. In further treatments against mice inhabiting more complex environments and having greater access to other foods, the performance of gophacide at 0.1% and at 0.25% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait was compared with that of zinc phosphide at 3.0% in the same bait-base. The poison treatments were conducted for 1 or 4 days and always after 3 days pre-baiting. Treatment success varied considerably irrespective of the type of treatment or of the poison used. In general, however, gophacide proved to be as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice.", "contents": "Field trials of the rodenticide gophacide against wild house mice (Mus musculus L.). The acute rodenticide gophacide was tested against urban infestations of the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) and treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after each treatment. Seven of eight populations of mice living in premises where alternative food supplies were limited were successfully controlled when medium oatmeal bait containing gophacide at 0.1% was laid directly for 4 days. In further treatments against mice inhabiting more complex environments and having greater access to other foods, the performance of gophacide at 0.1% and at 0.25% in a wholemeal flour/pinhead oatmeal/corn oil bait was compared with that of zinc phosphide at 3.0% in the same bait-base. The poison treatments were conducted for 1 or 4 days and always after 3 days pre-baiting. Treatment success varied considerably irrespective of the type of treatment or of the poison used. In general, however, gophacide proved to be as effective as zinc phosphide for the control of mice.", "PMID": 1054056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1137", "title": "Experimental studies on environmental contamination with infected blood during haemodialysis.", "content": "To assess the relative importance of different postulated modes of spread of hepatitis B in dialysis units, blood charged with various tracer organisms was used in simulated haemodialysis runs in four laboratories, and the resulting contamination of equipment and environment was measured semi-quantitatively. Some airborne spread of the tracer organism occurred when tubing containing contaminated blood was needled as the \"patient\" went on and came off the dialyser. Virtually no small airborne particles could be demonstrated however in simulated emergencies in which a blood line was disconnected, or even when bottles of blood were dropped on to a hard floor from a height of 2 metres. Bacillus globigii spores from contaminated blood leaked in small numbers into the dialysing fluid through apparently intact coils. T3 phage, with a particle size of the same order as hepatitis B virus, passed in small quantities through the membrane of a Kiil dialyser from blood to dialysing fluid and also in the reverse direction when added to the header tank. A number of other dialysers were also permeable to phage. Visual assessment of the appropriate moment for inserting the venous line into the \"patient\" at the onset of dialysis was shown to be unreliable, as the displaced fluid from the end of the venous line was already contaminated before it contained visible red blood cells. Considerable contamination of exposed surfaces and of the buttons on the proportionating unit cabinet occurred. Minor visible splashing of blood was a common-place of the laboratory experiments and was shown to be also a common event during routine haemodialysis in two of the dialysis units taking part in the studies.", "contents": "Experimental studies on environmental contamination with infected blood during haemodialysis. To assess the relative importance of different postulated modes of spread of hepatitis B in dialysis units, blood charged with various tracer organisms was used in simulated haemodialysis runs in four laboratories, and the resulting contamination of equipment and environment was measured semi-quantitatively. Some airborne spread of the tracer organism occurred when tubing containing contaminated blood was needled as the \"patient\" went on and came off the dialyser. Virtually no small airborne particles could be demonstrated however in simulated emergencies in which a blood line was disconnected, or even when bottles of blood were dropped on to a hard floor from a height of 2 metres. Bacillus globigii spores from contaminated blood leaked in small numbers into the dialysing fluid through apparently intact coils. T3 phage, with a particle size of the same order as hepatitis B virus, passed in small quantities through the membrane of a Kiil dialyser from blood to dialysing fluid and also in the reverse direction when added to the header tank. A number of other dialysers were also permeable to phage. Visual assessment of the appropriate moment for inserting the venous line into the \"patient\" at the onset of dialysis was shown to be unreliable, as the displaced fluid from the end of the venous line was already contaminated before it contained visible red blood cells. Considerable contamination of exposed surfaces and of the buttons on the proportionating unit cabinet occurred. Minor visible splashing of blood was a common-place of the laboratory experiments and was shown to be also a common event during routine haemodialysis in two of the dialysis units taking part in the studies.", "PMID": 1054057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1138", "title": "Myxomatosis: passive immunity in the offspring of immune rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) infested with fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi Dale) and exposed to myxoma virus.", "content": "Kittens with maternal antibodies to myxoma virus, the offspring of rabbits which had recovered from myxomatosis, were exposed to fleas contaminated with myxoma virus and/or contact with infected rabbits from birth. All kittens died or became infected before 8 weeks of age. When compared with adult animals similarly infected the kittens showed no advantage in terms of survival time or recovery rate attributable to maternal antibodies. Flea transmission of virus was found more effective than contact transmissions.", "contents": "Myxomatosis: passive immunity in the offspring of immune rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) infested with fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi Dale) and exposed to myxoma virus. Kittens with maternal antibodies to myxoma virus, the offspring of rabbits which had recovered from myxomatosis, were exposed to fleas contaminated with myxoma virus and/or contact with infected rabbits from birth. All kittens died or became infected before 8 weeks of age. When compared with adult animals similarly infected the kittens showed no advantage in terms of survival time or recovery rate attributable to maternal antibodies. Flea transmission of virus was found more effective than contact transmissions.", "PMID": 1054058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1139", "title": "Examination of slurry from cattle for pathogenic bacteria.", "content": "One hundred and eighty-seven samples of slurry from cattle were examined forthe presence of salmonellas, pathogenic leptospires and brucellas. Small numbers of salmonellas, generally less than 1/g., were isolated from 20 samples (11%). These were S. dublin (12), S. typhimurium (4), S. indiana (1), S. bredeney (1), S. cerro (1) and S. unnamed 4, 12:d:-(1). Leptospires were isolated from 56 samples (30%) but none was pathogenic for hamsters. No brucellas were isolated. The results of this survey are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of salmonellosis.", "contents": "Examination of slurry from cattle for pathogenic bacteria. One hundred and eighty-seven samples of slurry from cattle were examined forthe presence of salmonellas, pathogenic leptospires and brucellas. Small numbers of salmonellas, generally less than 1/g., were isolated from 20 samples (11%). These were S. dublin (12), S. typhimurium (4), S. indiana (1), S. bredeney (1), S. cerro (1) and S. unnamed 4, 12:d:-(1). Leptospires were isolated from 56 samples (30%) but none was pathogenic for hamsters. No brucellas were isolated. The results of this survey are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of salmonellosis.", "PMID": 1054059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1140", "title": "The effect of storage in slurry on the virulence of Salmonella dublin.", "content": "The mouse was used as a model to determine whether storage of Salmonella dublin in slurry and in broth reduces the virulence of the organism. No reduction in virulence of S. dublin stored in slurry for 36 days or in maintenance broth for 70 days was observed. The disease hazard involved in pasture-spreading of slurry contaminated with salmonellas is related to factors other than virulence.", "contents": "The effect of storage in slurry on the virulence of Salmonella dublin. The mouse was used as a model to determine whether storage of Salmonella dublin in slurry and in broth reduces the virulence of the organism. No reduction in virulence of S. dublin stored in slurry for 36 days or in maintenance broth for 70 days was observed. The disease hazard involved in pasture-spreading of slurry contaminated with salmonellas is related to factors other than virulence.", "PMID": 1054060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1141", "title": "The production and preliminary investigation of Burulin, a new skin test reagent for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection.", "content": "The preparation of a skin test antigen from Mycobacterium ulcerans by ultrasonic disintegration and filtration is described. The reagent, called Burulin, was tested in Africa in normal school children, and in patients with leprosy, tuberculosis or M. ulcerans disease. Those with tuberculosis or M. ulcerans disease were simultaneously tested with Tuberculin PPD. Burulin was found to be highly specific for patients in the reactive stage of M. ulcerans disease, and there was no cross-reaction in patients with other mycobacterioses. On the other hand, the majority of patients with M. ulcerans disease reacting to Burulin also produce positive reactions to Tuberculin PPD.", "contents": "The production and preliminary investigation of Burulin, a new skin test reagent for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection. The preparation of a skin test antigen from Mycobacterium ulcerans by ultrasonic disintegration and filtration is described. The reagent, called Burulin, was tested in Africa in normal school children, and in patients with leprosy, tuberculosis or M. ulcerans disease. Those with tuberculosis or M. ulcerans disease were simultaneously tested with Tuberculin PPD. Burulin was found to be highly specific for patients in the reactive stage of M. ulcerans disease, and there was no cross-reaction in patients with other mycobacterioses. On the other hand, the majority of patients with M. ulcerans disease reacting to Burulin also produce positive reactions to Tuberculin PPD.", "PMID": 1054061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1142", "title": "The effect of diazepam on physiologically measured stress.", "content": "Responses to stress were reduced significantly in healthy volunteer subjects when diazepam was used as a sedative.  Decreases in response to painful stimuli in a nontreated group averaged 17 percent; decreases in response to the stimuli in the group sedated with diazepam averaged 84 percent.", "contents": "The effect of diazepam on physiologically measured stress. Responses to stress were reduced significantly in healthy volunteer subjects when diazepam was used as a sedative.  Decreases in response to painful stimuli in a nontreated group averaged 17 percent; decreases in response to the stimuli in the group sedated with diazepam averaged 84 percent.", "PMID": 1054076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1143", "title": "The syndrome of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting (EEC).", "content": "Early recognition of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting of the lip and palate as a syndrome could result in more beneficial treatment for the patient.  Patients with the EEC syndrome often have ocular and auricular deficiencies that progressively become more severe. These patients are often seen first by cleft palate teams who make the diagnosis.  The patient's dental status requires frequent evaluation after corrective procedures for cleft lip and cleft palate.", "contents": "The syndrome of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting (EEC). Early recognition of ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and clefting of the lip and palate as a syndrome could result in more beneficial treatment for the patient.  Patients with the EEC syndrome often have ocular and auricular deficiencies that progressively become more severe. These patients are often seen first by cleft palate teams who make the diagnosis.  The patient's dental status requires frequent evaluation after corrective procedures for cleft lip and cleft palate.", "PMID": 1054077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1144", "title": "Psoriatic arthritis involving the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "A case of psoriatic arthritis involving a TMJ and several peripheral joints is reported and discussed.", "contents": "Psoriatic arthritis involving the temporomandibular joint. A case of psoriatic arthritis involving a TMJ and several peripheral joints is reported and discussed.", "PMID": 1054078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1145", "title": "Massive facial infection of odontogenic origin: report of case.", "content": "A case of massive facial abscess secondary to an abscessed tooth and its subsequent successful treatment is reported.", "contents": "Massive facial infection of odontogenic origin: report of case. A case of massive facial abscess secondary to an abscessed tooth and its subsequent successful treatment is reported.", "PMID": 1054079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1146", "title": "Sclerosing hemangioma of the tongue: report of case.", "content": "An instance of a large sclerosing-type hemangioma of the tongue is reported with the pathogenesis of the lesion.  A review of the literature suggests that the process is part of the natural evolution of hemangiomas and merely represents a regressive phenomenon.  In the oral cavity where there are no areas that are free of repeated trauma, chronic irritation may incite the fibrosis and other retrogressive features that have been described.", "contents": "Sclerosing hemangioma of the tongue: report of case. An instance of a large sclerosing-type hemangioma of the tongue is reported with the pathogenesis of the lesion.  A review of the literature suggests that the process is part of the natural evolution of hemangiomas and merely represents a regressive phenomenon.  In the oral cavity where there are no areas that are free of repeated trauma, chronic irritation may incite the fibrosis and other retrogressive features that have been described.", "PMID": 1054080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1147", "title": "Electrical testing for injuries of the seventh nerve.", "content": "Electrodiagnostic testing can be used to determine the extent of injury to peripheral nerves.  assessment of the function of the nerves after injury is essential for determination of the prognosis and for treatment.", "contents": "Electrical testing for injuries of the seventh nerve. Electrodiagnostic testing can be used to determine the extent of injury to peripheral nerves.  assessment of the function of the nerves after injury is essential for determination of the prognosis and for treatment.", "PMID": 1054081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1148", "title": "A new technique for making a moulage.", "content": "A new technique for making a moulage has been described; it offers several significant advantages over standard techniques.", "contents": "A new technique for making a moulage. A new technique for making a moulage has been described; it offers several significant advantages over standard techniques.", "PMID": 1054082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1149", "title": "Lap joint mandibular ostectomy.", "content": "The mandibular body ostectomy operation is indicated for specific cases of mandibular prognathism where posterior occlusion is to remain unchanged.  It may be done in one stage intraorally.  The lap joint modification has proved advantageous to the surgeon and to the patient by assuring union and by reducing the period of immobilization.", "contents": "Lap joint mandibular ostectomy. The mandibular body ostectomy operation is indicated for specific cases of mandibular prognathism where posterior occlusion is to remain unchanged.  It may be done in one stage intraorally.  The lap joint modification has proved advantageous to the surgeon and to the patient by assuring union and by reducing the period of immobilization.", "PMID": 1054083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1150", "title": "Central hemangioma of the mandible: intraoral resection and reconstruction.", "content": "A review of the literature and report of a case of central hemangioma of the mandible have been presented.  This case has merit from the standpoint of the relative rarity of the lesion within the jaws, and the means by which reconstruction was carried out.  Most significant in the presentation is a reminded to all maxillofacial surgeons that any osteolytic defect in either jaw can be a central hemangioma.  Because of the serious consequences of biopsy or of extraction of teeth, hemangioma must always be considered in the differential diagnosis; proper precautions must be taken in establishment of a final diagnosis before surgical intervention is undertaken.", "contents": "Central hemangioma of the mandible: intraoral resection and reconstruction. A review of the literature and report of a case of central hemangioma of the mandible have been presented.  This case has merit from the standpoint of the relative rarity of the lesion within the jaws, and the means by which reconstruction was carried out.  Most significant in the presentation is a reminded to all maxillofacial surgeons that any osteolytic defect in either jaw can be a central hemangioma.  Because of the serious consequences of biopsy or of extraction of teeth, hemangioma must always be considered in the differential diagnosis; proper precautions must be taken in establishment of a final diagnosis before surgical intervention is undertaken.", "PMID": 1054084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1151", "title": "Development of a simplified system for clinical evaluation of occlusal interrelationships. Part I. Acquisition of information.", "content": "The development of a standardized method of collecting data from a questionnaire and a simplified, yet relatively complete, occlusal and temporomandibular examination form has been described. The questionnaire and clinical examination form have evolved from earlier forms developed by the author1 which have been used in numerous private offices and institutions for a period of five years. These earlier forms have now been augmented and modified as a result of personal consultation with users of earlier forms and numerous clinical and academic authorites.2-27 The selection of information to be obtained through the use of the questionnaire and clinical examination forms was further influenced by the work of numerous authors.28-63 Part II of this report deals with (1) the development of a companion Data Processing Form and a method of transcribing to this form the data from the Patient Questionnaire and clinical examination forms, as well as (2) key-punch instructions consistent with data processing requirements.", "contents": "Development of a simplified system for clinical evaluation of occlusal interrelationships. Part I. Acquisition of information. The development of a standardized method of collecting data from a questionnaire and a simplified, yet relatively complete, occlusal and temporomandibular examination form has been described. The questionnaire and clinical examination form have evolved from earlier forms developed by the author1 which have been used in numerous private offices and institutions for a period of five years. These earlier forms have now been augmented and modified as a result of personal consultation with users of earlier forms and numerous clinical and academic authorites.2-27 The selection of information to be obtained through the use of the questionnaire and clinical examination forms was further influenced by the work of numerous authors.28-63 Part II of this report deals with (1) the development of a companion Data Processing Form and a method of transcribing to this form the data from the Patient Questionnaire and clinical examination forms, as well as (2) key-punch instructions consistent with data processing requirements.", "PMID": 1054086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1152", "title": "A histologic and electronic evaluation of electrosurgical currents: nonfiltered full-wave modulated vs. filtered current.", "content": "A controlled system for examining the tissue alteration and healing of electrosurgically produced wounds was established. Standardization of width, depth, stroke, amperage, average voltage, and wave form was achieved. A histologic comparison of tissue alteration and healing produced by a conventional blade and two electrosurgical currents was carried out. The need for standarization of instrumentation and clinical procedures is discussed.", "contents": "A histologic and electronic evaluation of electrosurgical currents: nonfiltered full-wave modulated vs. filtered current. A controlled system for examining the tissue alteration and healing of electrosurgically produced wounds was established. Standardization of width, depth, stroke, amperage, average voltage, and wave form was achieved. A histologic comparison of tissue alteration and healing produced by a conventional blade and two electrosurgical currents was carried out. The need for standarization of instrumentation and clinical procedures is discussed.", "PMID": 1054087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1153", "title": "Dynamic orificial resin adjustable nasal stents.", "content": "A technique is described for use of intranasal acrylic resin stents with finger springs and/or orthodontic jackscrew expanders for initiating and maintaining a desired amount of opening in the presence of scar tissue or grafts.", "contents": "Dynamic orificial resin adjustable nasal stents. A technique is described for use of intranasal acrylic resin stents with finger springs and/or orthodontic jackscrew expanders for initiating and maintaining a desired amount of opening in the presence of scar tissue or grafts.", "PMID": 1054088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1154", "title": "Friend leukemia: rapid development of erythropoietin-independent hematopoietic precursors.", "content": "Infection of mice with the polycythemia-inducing strain of Friend leukemia virus caused a rapid emergence of new erythroid precursor cells. These cells which, in the absence of erythropoietin, proliferated in vitro to form colonies and even differnetiated, quickly out-numbered the usual erythropoietin-dependent hematopoietic elements in bone marrow and spleen. Ultimately, the marrow and spleen were probably totally repopulated with this erythropoietin-independent cell.", "contents": "Friend leukemia: rapid development of erythropoietin-independent hematopoietic precursors. Infection of mice with the polycythemia-inducing strain of Friend leukemia virus caused a rapid emergence of new erythroid precursor cells. These cells which, in the absence of erythropoietin, proliferated in vitro to form colonies and even differnetiated, quickly out-numbered the usual erythropoietin-dependent hematopoietic elements in bone marrow and spleen. Ultimately, the marrow and spleen were probably totally repopulated with this erythropoietin-independent cell.", "PMID": 1054098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1155", "title": "[Therapy of consumption coagulopathy and hyperfibrinolysis with urokinase in a case of acute promyelocytic leukemia].", "content": "A case report is presented of a 20 year old patient with an acute promyelocytic leukemia. The presenting symptom was a macrohematuria caused by a consumption coagulopathy. Consumption coagulopathy has only been observed in acute promyelocytic leukemia in contrast to other coagulopathies in acute leukemia. The clotting disorder was successfully treated by administration of urokinase.", "contents": "[Therapy of consumption coagulopathy and hyperfibrinolysis with urokinase in a case of acute promyelocytic leukemia]. A case report is presented of a 20 year old patient with an acute promyelocytic leukemia. The presenting symptom was a macrohematuria caused by a consumption coagulopathy. Consumption coagulopathy has only been observed in acute promyelocytic leukemia in contrast to other coagulopathies in acute leukemia. The clotting disorder was successfully treated by administration of urokinase.", "PMID": 1054105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1156", "title": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in human leukemic cells and in normal human thymocytes.", "content": "Peripheral leukocytes from patients with and without leukemia were assayed for presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Activity of this enzyme was detected in circulating leukemic cells from 11 to 13 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in one of four with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis, but not in leukocytes from patients with other kinds of leukemia or in normal leukocytes. Its presence in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis lends biochemical support to the suggestion that some patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia undergo a lymphoblastic rather than a myeloblastic crisis. The thymocyte and leukemic-cell enzyme have the same substrate and primer preference. Normal thymocytes and leukemic cells contain two forms of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase that can be separated by phosphocellulose chromatography. The enzyme may provide a means for classifying leukemic cells on a biochemical basis independently of classic morphologic and clinical criteria.", "contents": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity in human leukemic cells and in normal human thymocytes. Peripheral leukocytes from patients with and without leukemia were assayed for presence of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Activity of this enzyme was detected in circulating leukemic cells from 11 to 13 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and in one of four with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis, but not in leukocytes from patients with other kinds of leukemia or in normal leukocytes. Its presence in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis lends biochemical support to the suggestion that some patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia undergo a lymphoblastic rather than a myeloblastic crisis. The thymocyte and leukemic-cell enzyme have the same substrate and primer preference. Normal thymocytes and leukemic cells contain two forms of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase that can be separated by phosphocellulose chromatography. The enzyme may provide a means for classifying leukemic cells on a biochemical basis independently of classic morphologic and clinical criteria.", "PMID": 1054106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1157", "title": "[Development of terminal leukemia in a patient with Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "A morphological, cytochemical, genetic and autoradiographic examination of the myeloblasts observed in the terminal phase of a patient with Hodgkin's disease is reported. Comparison is made with the literature data in an assessment of the possible aetiopathogenesis of this association, which has become increasingly frequent in recent years in coincidence with the more widespread employment of more radical radio- and polychemotherapeutical management.", "contents": "[Development of terminal leukemia in a patient with Hodgkin's disease]. A morphological, cytochemical, genetic and autoradiographic examination of the myeloblasts observed in the terminal phase of a patient with Hodgkin's disease is reported. Comparison is made with the literature data in an assessment of the possible aetiopathogenesis of this association, which has become increasingly frequent in recent years in coincidence with the more widespread employment of more radical radio- and polychemotherapeutical management.", "PMID": 1054112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1158", "title": "[Pharmacological treatment of neurotic depressions].", "content": "Neurotic depression covers all forms triggered by exogenous factors, often in conjuction with an underlying personality disposition, and includes reactive, exhaustion and neurotic depression. A feeling of sadness and loss of affection is generally present, together with anxiety provoked by insecurity and apprehension. The complexity of the picture makes treatment of the overall situation difficult with one drug only. For this reason, a series of 25 patients aged 31 to 67 yr with syndromes classifiable as neurotic depression were treated with 2 to 6 daily administrations of an association of 25 nortryptiline and 1 mg trifluoperazine. Analysis of the behaviour of a number of target symptoms showed the effectiveness of the association. There were virtually no side-effects. Success was obtained in the management of anxiety, loss of appetite, depression, irritability, weeping, failure to adapt, and remissiveness, especially in the first week of treatment.", "contents": "[Pharmacological treatment of neurotic depressions]. Neurotic depression covers all forms triggered by exogenous factors, often in conjuction with an underlying personality disposition, and includes reactive, exhaustion and neurotic depression. A feeling of sadness and loss of affection is generally present, together with anxiety provoked by insecurity and apprehension. The complexity of the picture makes treatment of the overall situation difficult with one drug only. For this reason, a series of 25 patients aged 31 to 67 yr with syndromes classifiable as neurotic depression were treated with 2 to 6 daily administrations of an association of 25 nortryptiline and 1 mg trifluoperazine. Analysis of the behaviour of a number of target symptoms showed the effectiveness of the association. There were virtually no side-effects. Success was obtained in the management of anxiety, loss of appetite, depression, irritability, weeping, failure to adapt, and remissiveness, especially in the first week of treatment.", "PMID": 1054113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1159", "title": "The use of a free connective tissue graft to increase the width of attached gingiva.", "content": "Various techniques have been employed for increasing the width of keratinized gingiva. In recent years free gingival grafting has been shown to produce more predictable results than previous methods. Wound-healing studies, however, have shown that the surface epithelium of free gingival grafts degenerates and re-epithelizes by cells proliferating from adjacent tissues. In addition, the donor site is left to heal by secondary intention and requires a dressing for 10 to 14 days. Most studies on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions support the concept that epithelium differentiates under the influence of stimuli from the underlying connective tissue. If this is so, then grafting of gingival connective tissue alone should induce keratinization in the proliferating epithelium. A case is presented which illustrates this principle. The graft effectively increased the width of keratinized gingiva. The donor site healed by primary intention, and no dressing was needed.", "contents": "The use of a free connective tissue graft to increase the width of attached gingiva. Various techniques have been employed for increasing the width of keratinized gingiva. In recent years free gingival grafting has been shown to produce more predictable results than previous methods. Wound-healing studies, however, have shown that the surface epithelium of free gingival grafts degenerates and re-epithelizes by cells proliferating from adjacent tissues. In addition, the donor site is left to heal by secondary intention and requires a dressing for 10 to 14 days. Most studies on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions support the concept that epithelium differentiates under the influence of stimuli from the underlying connective tissue. If this is so, then grafting of gingival connective tissue alone should induce keratinization in the proliferating epithelium. A case is presented which illustrates this principle. The graft effectively increased the width of keratinized gingiva. The donor site healed by primary intention, and no dressing was needed.", "PMID": 1054133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1160", "title": "Swallowing and speech after radical total glossectomy with tongue prosthesis.", "content": "Radical total glossectomy is now accepted as a useful procedure for the management of advanced cancer of the tongue. This article records our study of speech and swallowing without the tongue. An artificial tongue prosthesis has been developed and found to greatly improve these functions after total glossectomy. The special operative factors to be considered in order to permit a smooth and rapid rehabilitation regarding speech and swallowing have been stressed.", "contents": "Swallowing and speech after radical total glossectomy with tongue prosthesis. Radical total glossectomy is now accepted as a useful procedure for the management of advanced cancer of the tongue. This article records our study of speech and swallowing without the tongue. An artificial tongue prosthesis has been developed and found to greatly improve these functions after total glossectomy. The special operative factors to be considered in order to permit a smooth and rapid rehabilitation regarding speech and swallowing have been stressed.", "PMID": 1054134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1161", "title": "Healing after tooth reimplantation in monkeys. A radioautographic study.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine radioautographically the dynamics of tissue changes during healing after reimplantation of maxilliary incisors in adult rhesus monkeys. The period selected for the study was 1 day to 4 months. The study revealed that a new attachment will be restored after tooth reimplantation. Epithelial tissues start to proliferate immediately after reimplantation; this proliferation reaches its peak in 3 days. After 7 days a new junctional epithelium is re-established. Connective tissue proliferation reaches its peak in 7 days and starts mainly from the supracrestal connective tissue and the bone marrow spaces. The interface is undetectable after 7 days, being replaced by young connective tissue which re-establishes the continuity of the periodontal membrane and the supracrestal connective tissue. Orientation and maturation of the fibers are not observed until 4 months after reimplantation. Changes toward root resorption and ankylosis can be seen as early as 14 days after reimplantation.", "contents": "Healing after tooth reimplantation in monkeys. A radioautographic study. The purpose of this study was to examine radioautographically the dynamics of tissue changes during healing after reimplantation of maxilliary incisors in adult rhesus monkeys. The period selected for the study was 1 day to 4 months. The study revealed that a new attachment will be restored after tooth reimplantation. Epithelial tissues start to proliferate immediately after reimplantation; this proliferation reaches its peak in 3 days. After 7 days a new junctional epithelium is re-established. Connective tissue proliferation reaches its peak in 7 days and starts mainly from the supracrestal connective tissue and the bone marrow spaces. The interface is undetectable after 7 days, being replaced by young connective tissue which re-establishes the continuity of the periodontal membrane and the supracrestal connective tissue. Orientation and maturation of the fibers are not observed until 4 months after reimplantation. Changes toward root resorption and ankylosis can be seen as early as 14 days after reimplantation.", "PMID": 1054135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1162", "title": "Sarcoidosis and ranula of a sublingual gland.", "content": "A case is reported in which ranula was successfully managed by excision of the sublingual gland in a 26-year-old Negro man. Histopathologic examination revealed sarcoidosis of the sublingual gland. The transsected Wharton's duct was successfully transplanted in the floor of the oral cavity.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis and ranula of a sublingual gland. A case is reported in which ranula was successfully managed by excision of the sublingual gland in a 26-year-old Negro man. Histopathologic examination revealed sarcoidosis of the sublingual gland. The transsected Wharton's duct was successfully transplanted in the floor of the oral cavity.", "PMID": 1054136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1163", "title": "The feasibility of a screening procedure regarding temporomandibular joint dysfunction.", "content": "A screening examination for the assessment of tempormandibular joint dysfunction was evaluated in a series of 279 patients. Tenderness upon palpation of one or more of the muscles of mastication and/or pain upon retrusion of the mandible was noted in seventy-nine patients (28 per cent). These objective signs of temporomandibular joint dysfunction did not correlate statistically with maximum opening of the mouth, age, taking of analesics or tranquilizers, headache or dizzy spells, crepitus, and the patients dental condition.", "contents": "The feasibility of a screening procedure regarding temporomandibular joint dysfunction. A screening examination for the assessment of tempormandibular joint dysfunction was evaluated in a series of 279 patients. Tenderness upon palpation of one or more of the muscles of mastication and/or pain upon retrusion of the mandible was noted in seventy-nine patients (28 per cent). These objective signs of temporomandibular joint dysfunction did not correlate statistically with maximum opening of the mouth, age, taking of analesics or tranquilizers, headache or dizzy spells, crepitus, and the patients dental condition.", "PMID": 1054137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1164", "title": "Periodontosis in sibs.", "content": "Periodontosis is an idiopathic degeneration of the periodontium which results in migration and loss of teeth. The disease begins in the regions of the incisors and first molars. Late in the disease, other areas of the dental arches may be involved. The gingivae are not initially inflamed, and there are no associated systemic abnormalities. Local irritants cannot account for the marked alveolar destruction which leads to the tooth loss. Several heritable syndromes and periodontitis also may be associated with alveolar bone destruction. Periodontosis can be differentiated each of these on the basis of negative laboratory tests, lack of associated anomalies, distinctive pattern of bone loss and timing of onset of gingival inflammation. A family in which periodontosis was present in three of six sibs and in which ichthyosis was segregating independently of periodontosis is reported.", "contents": "Periodontosis in sibs. Periodontosis is an idiopathic degeneration of the periodontium which results in migration and loss of teeth. The disease begins in the regions of the incisors and first molars. Late in the disease, other areas of the dental arches may be involved. The gingivae are not initially inflamed, and there are no associated systemic abnormalities. Local irritants cannot account for the marked alveolar destruction which leads to the tooth loss. Several heritable syndromes and periodontitis also may be associated with alveolar bone destruction. Periodontosis can be differentiated each of these on the basis of negative laboratory tests, lack of associated anomalies, distinctive pattern of bone loss and timing of onset of gingival inflammation. A family in which periodontosis was present in three of six sibs and in which ichthyosis was segregating independently of periodontosis is reported.", "PMID": 1054138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1165", "title": "Autosomal dominant hypodontia with nail dysgenesis. Report of twenty-nine cases in six families.", "content": "Clinical details of twenty-three of twenty-nine cases of hypodontia and nail dysgenesis are presented. The classic features of severe hypodontia and a distinctive congenital nail defect were found in all families. The use of a simple method of sweat testing disclosed a minor deficiency of sweating in one family.", "contents": "Autosomal dominant hypodontia with nail dysgenesis. Report of twenty-nine cases in six families. Clinical details of twenty-three of twenty-nine cases of hypodontia and nail dysgenesis are presented. The classic features of severe hypodontia and a distinctive congenital nail defect were found in all families. The use of a simple method of sweat testing disclosed a minor deficiency of sweating in one family.", "PMID": 1054139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1166", "title": "Central adenocarcinoma of the mandible.", "content": "A seemingly straightforward clinical diagnosis of ameloblastoma was made of a large radiolucent, multicystic lesion in the mandible. Biopsy and metastatic tumor work-up revealed the tumor to be primary in the mandible. A histopathologic diagnosis of papillary adenocarcinoma of salivary gland origin was made. This article reports a well-documented primary mandibular salivary gland tumor. A review of the literature and light and electron microscopic interpretation of this tumor are presented.", "contents": "Central adenocarcinoma of the mandible. A seemingly straightforward clinical diagnosis of ameloblastoma was made of a large radiolucent, multicystic lesion in the mandible. Biopsy and metastatic tumor work-up revealed the tumor to be primary in the mandible. A histopathologic diagnosis of papillary adenocarcinoma of salivary gland origin was made. This article reports a well-documented primary mandibular salivary gland tumor. A review of the literature and light and electron microscopic interpretation of this tumor are presented.", "PMID": 1054140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1167", "title": "Keratinization in odontogenic tumors.", "content": "The potential of odontogenic epithelium to keratinize in the form of ghost cells is demonstrated in the histologic variants of a number of odontongic tumors. Although the cells lack keratohyaline granules, they do contain abundant tonofilaments and probably represent an altered form of keratin. The presence of this material in odontogenic tumors does not appear to alter clinical occurence or clinical behavior.", "contents": "Keratinization in odontogenic tumors. The potential of odontogenic epithelium to keratinize in the form of ghost cells is demonstrated in the histologic variants of a number of odontongic tumors. Although the cells lack keratohyaline granules, they do contain abundant tonofilaments and probably represent an altered form of keratin. The presence of this material in odontogenic tumors does not appear to alter clinical occurence or clinical behavior.", "PMID": 1054141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1168", "title": "Ringed enamel hyperplasia.", "content": "An apparently new disorder of enamel is briefly described.", "contents": "Ringed enamel hyperplasia. An apparently new disorder of enamel is briefly described.", "PMID": 1054142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1169", "title": "Periapical actinomycosis.", "content": "Two cases of actinomycotic lesions of the periapical tissue in relation to the molars are described. The difficulty in obtaining a positive culture for actinomycetes in spite of definite histologic evidence of actinomycosis is highlighted. Besides antibiotics, the importance of planned treatment to deal with the underlying diseased periapical tissue and the tooth is emphasized.", "contents": "Periapical actinomycosis. Two cases of actinomycotic lesions of the periapical tissue in relation to the molars are described. The difficulty in obtaining a positive culture for actinomycetes in spite of definite histologic evidence of actinomycosis is highlighted. Besides antibiotics, the importance of planned treatment to deal with the underlying diseased periapical tissue and the tooth is emphasized.", "PMID": 1054143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1170", "title": "Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "The case of a 33-year-old woman with Burkitt's lymphoma is presented. This is the third case that has been reported from India. The primary involvement was in the mandible. Endoxan was administered without response. Radiotherapy was resorted to as the second choice of treatment, but metastases developed rapidly in other organs. The patient survived for only 3 months after a diagnostic biopsy.", "contents": "Burkitt's lymphoma. The case of a 33-year-old woman with Burkitt's lymphoma is presented. This is the third case that has been reported from India. The primary involvement was in the mandible. Endoxan was administered without response. Radiotherapy was resorted to as the second choice of treatment, but metastases developed rapidly in other organs. The patient survived for only 3 months after a diagnostic biopsy.", "PMID": 1054144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1171", "title": "Oral focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (warty dyskeratoma). Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of intraoral focal acantholytic dyskeratosis are presented. These uncommon, small, nodular, keratotic lesions, with a distinct histologic pattern similar to that of Darier's disease, have been reported as warty dyskeratomas. Treatment is conservative surgical removal and follow-up. It is suggested that the histologic diagnostic term of focal acantholytic dyskeratosis be used, since there may be several clinical entities with a similar histology but different etiology.", "contents": "Oral focal acantholytic dyskeratosis (warty dyskeratoma). Report of two cases. Two cases of intraoral focal acantholytic dyskeratosis are presented. These uncommon, small, nodular, keratotic lesions, with a distinct histologic pattern similar to that of Darier's disease, have been reported as warty dyskeratomas. Treatment is conservative surgical removal and follow-up. It is suggested that the histologic diagnostic term of focal acantholytic dyskeratosis be used, since there may be several clinical entities with a similar histology but different etiology.", "PMID": 1054145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1172", "title": "Periapical destructions caused by experimental pulpal inoculation of Streptococcus mutans in rats.", "content": "The development of pulpal and periapical changes in rat molars was studied after inoculation of Streptococcus mutans (GS-5) into the pulp chamber. Before injection into the pulp Streptococcus mutans was cultured on a special collagen substrate and \"trained\" to break down collagen. The destruction of the alveolar bone periapically could be demonstrated both roentgenologically and histopathologically. Large numbers of inflammatory cells in the pulp chamber and the periapical area, as well as carious dentin, were present. The pulpally inoculated bacteria could also be recovered from the systemic blood. The identity between the pulpally inoculated bacteria and the bacteria recovered from the blood was proved by gel precipitation.", "contents": "Periapical destructions caused by experimental pulpal inoculation of Streptococcus mutans in rats. The development of pulpal and periapical changes in rat molars was studied after inoculation of Streptococcus mutans (GS-5) into the pulp chamber. Before injection into the pulp Streptococcus mutans was cultured on a special collagen substrate and \"trained\" to break down collagen. The destruction of the alveolar bone periapically could be demonstrated both roentgenologically and histopathologically. Large numbers of inflammatory cells in the pulp chamber and the periapical area, as well as carious dentin, were present. The pulpally inoculated bacteria could also be recovered from the systemic blood. The identity between the pulpally inoculated bacteria and the bacteria recovered from the blood was proved by gel precipitation.", "PMID": 1054146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1173", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity in human dental pulp.", "content": "It has been shown that the fibrinolytic activity is different in different tissues. In this investigation, performed in order to study the fibrinolytic activity in human dental pulp, the authors found a very high activity in this tissue. The importance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity in human dental pulp. It has been shown that the fibrinolytic activity is different in different tissues. In this investigation, performed in order to study the fibrinolytic activity in human dental pulp, the authors found a very high activity in this tissue. The importance of this finding is discussed.", "PMID": 1054147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1174", "title": "Radiographic densitometric evaluation of seven processing solutions.", "content": "In a comparison of seven commercially available processing solutions, it was found that the soulutions designed to reduce film-processing time produced a great amount of fog at high temperatures.", "contents": "Radiographic densitometric evaluation of seven processing solutions. In a comparison of seven commercially available processing solutions, it was found that the soulutions designed to reduce film-processing time produced a great amount of fog at high temperatures.", "PMID": 1054148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1175", "title": "Amelogenesis imperfecta. Report of two cases.", "content": "Amelogenesis imperfecta demonstrating the classic mendelian heredity factor is reported in two members of the same family.", "contents": "Amelogenesis imperfecta. Report of two cases. Amelogenesis imperfecta demonstrating the classic mendelian heredity factor is reported in two members of the same family.", "PMID": 1054149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1176", "title": "Vertebral rarefaction in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "A 16-year-old boy is reported in whom back pain, due to localised osteoporosis and partial collapse of a lumbar vertebra, drew attention to unsuspected acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The patient responded promptly to induction therapy, his symptoms disappeared, and he is presently in the maintenance programme. The skeletal lesion continues to heal slowly. Attention is drawn to this unusual presentation of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and the importance of bone-marrow examination in the study of unexplained cases of osteoporosis is emphasised.", "contents": "Vertebral rarefaction in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A 16-year-old boy is reported in whom back pain, due to localised osteoporosis and partial collapse of a lumbar vertebra, drew attention to unsuspected acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The patient responded promptly to induction therapy, his symptoms disappeared, and he is presently in the maintenance programme. The skeletal lesion continues to heal slowly. Attention is drawn to this unusual presentation of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and the importance of bone-marrow examination in the study of unexplained cases of osteoporosis is emphasised.", "PMID": 1054160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1177", "title": "Teaching behavioral principles to dental students: a pilot course.", "content": "In an effort to amalgamate the study of behavior into the dental curriculum at West Virginia University, four primary objectives were set forth by the authors 1) creating a positive learning experience, 2) providing general information concerning behavior as it relates to dentistry, 3) dealing with special problems related to the human developmental continuum, and 4) increasing the students perception of himself and his patients. These objectives were accomplished through a variety of teaching techniques including formal didactic lectures, open and informal discussions, and videotape exercises involving mock clinical situations. There was no formal grading, although the students were requested to evaluate the course. Generally the students were enthusiastic in their regard for the class, emphasizing their feelings that follow-up courses should be offered.", "contents": "Teaching behavioral principles to dental students: a pilot course. In an effort to amalgamate the study of behavior into the dental curriculum at West Virginia University, four primary objectives were set forth by the authors 1) creating a positive learning experience, 2) providing general information concerning behavior as it relates to dentistry, 3) dealing with special problems related to the human developmental continuum, and 4) increasing the students perception of himself and his patients. These objectives were accomplished through a variety of teaching techniques including formal didactic lectures, open and informal discussions, and videotape exercises involving mock clinical situations. There was no formal grading, although the students were requested to evaluate the course. Generally the students were enthusiastic in their regard for the class, emphasizing their feelings that follow-up courses should be offered.", "PMID": 1054192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1178", "title": "Confrontation and the professional maturation of dental students.", "content": "The professional maturation process through which every dental student sould pass involves perception and identification of his professional role. The process is complicated at many points by conflicts between the student's own professional role expectations and the expectations of his teachers or of society. Confrontation is described as occurring daily in the dental-school environment; many confrontational situations occur on an impromptu basis in the course of interaction between the student and his classmates, his patients, and the faculty. Other confrontational situations can be arranged deliverately by the dental educator in order to provide clinical and social experiences for the student which ordinarily would not be included in the dental curriculum. By taking advantage of the particular student-instructor relationship existing during these confrontational situations, the dental educator can reap perhaps the greatest reward to be realized from an academic career--that of being able to take an active role in the professional maturation process of his students.", "contents": "Confrontation and the professional maturation of dental students. The professional maturation process through which every dental student sould pass involves perception and identification of his professional role. The process is complicated at many points by conflicts between the student's own professional role expectations and the expectations of his teachers or of society. Confrontation is described as occurring daily in the dental-school environment; many confrontational situations occur on an impromptu basis in the course of interaction between the student and his classmates, his patients, and the faculty. Other confrontational situations can be arranged deliverately by the dental educator in order to provide clinical and social experiences for the student which ordinarily would not be included in the dental curriculum. By taking advantage of the particular student-instructor relationship existing during these confrontational situations, the dental educator can reap perhaps the greatest reward to be realized from an academic career--that of being able to take an active role in the professional maturation process of his students.", "PMID": 1054195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1179", "title": "Phenolization of bladder in treatment of massive intractable hematuria.", "content": "Intractable hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to radiation or cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) therapy could lead to serious complications; however, intravesical instillation of phenol has reduced the dilemma of this life-threatening problem. We present a case of intractable hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to cyclophosphamide therapy treated with 100 per cent phenol with no untoward side effects. Since formalin instillation into the bladder has been associated with severe complications, phenol appears to be safer and more effective in the treatment of intractable hematuria, and, therefore, its clinical trial is recommended.", "contents": "Phenolization of bladder in treatment of massive intractable hematuria. Intractable hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to radiation or cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan) therapy could lead to serious complications; however, intravesical instillation of phenol has reduced the dilemma of this life-threatening problem. We present a case of intractable hemorrhagic cystitis secondary to cyclophosphamide therapy treated with 100 per cent phenol with no untoward side effects. Since formalin instillation into the bladder has been associated with severe complications, phenol appears to be safer and more effective in the treatment of intractable hematuria, and, therefore, its clinical trial is recommended.", "PMID": 1054198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1180", "title": "Monocytic leukaemia in the dog.", "content": "Three cases of monocytic leukaemia in dogs are reported. Clinically, they all showed dullness, lymph node enlargement and hepato-spenomegaly and the overt illness was of short duration. Haematologically, the white blood cell count was raised to different degrees in each case. The great majority of white cells were monocytes and monoblasts; their cytological, cytochemical and electron microscopic features are described. Only a mild degree of anaemia was present in all cases. Pathological examinations, carried out in two of the dogs, showed widespread leukaemic infiltration of bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, liver and other organs. Differentiation of this syndrome from other forms of haemopoietic neoplasia is discussed.", "contents": "Monocytic leukaemia in the dog. Three cases of monocytic leukaemia in dogs are reported. Clinically, they all showed dullness, lymph node enlargement and hepato-spenomegaly and the overt illness was of short duration. Haematologically, the white blood cell count was raised to different degrees in each case. The great majority of white cells were monocytes and monoblasts; their cytological, cytochemical and electron microscopic features are described. Only a mild degree of anaemia was present in all cases. Pathological examinations, carried out in two of the dogs, showed widespread leukaemic infiltration of bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, liver and other organs. Differentiation of this syndrome from other forms of haemopoietic neoplasia is discussed.", "PMID": 1054199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1181", "title": "Cytology of the solitary papilloma of the bronchus.", "content": "The cytologic and histologic findings in a case of solitary squamous cell papilloma of the bronchus are reported. The cytologic features of this rare bronchial tumor included regular squamous cells, round basal cells with no atypsim and nuclear irregularity. Although these findings suggest a benign, rather than a malignant tumor, the definite nature of the tumor was established only on histologic examination of the entire surgically resected specimen.", "contents": "Cytology of the solitary papilloma of the bronchus. The cytologic and histologic findings in a case of solitary squamous cell papilloma of the bronchus are reported. The cytologic features of this rare bronchial tumor included regular squamous cells, round basal cells with no atypsim and nuclear irregularity. Although these findings suggest a benign, rather than a malignant tumor, the definite nature of the tumor was established only on histologic examination of the entire surgically resected specimen.", "PMID": 1054203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1182", "title": "Neonatal pulmonary cytology and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.", "content": "Cytologic evaluation of tracheo-bronchial washings from neonates on oxygen-respirator treatment results in a fairly distinct sequence of changes. Significant cellular alterations occurred in this study at an earlier date than expected but the results correlate somewhat with the histologic changes as reported by Banersee, Girling, and Wigglesworth. However, cytomorphic changes occured with lower oxygen concentrations than anticipated and the data thus far have not allowed us to define which infant will develop the long term sequella of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The preliminary data does suggest it may be possible to identify those infants who will develop severe metaplastic-dysplastic changes at an earlier date than usually expected.", "contents": "Neonatal pulmonary cytology and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Cytologic evaluation of tracheo-bronchial washings from neonates on oxygen-respirator treatment results in a fairly distinct sequence of changes. Significant cellular alterations occurred in this study at an earlier date than expected but the results correlate somewhat with the histologic changes as reported by Banersee, Girling, and Wigglesworth. However, cytomorphic changes occured with lower oxygen concentrations than anticipated and the data thus far have not allowed us to define which infant will develop the long term sequella of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The preliminary data does suggest it may be possible to identify those infants who will develop severe metaplastic-dysplastic changes at an earlier date than usually expected.", "PMID": 1054205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1183", "title": "Oral exfoliative cytology in female reverse smokers having stomatitis nicotina.", "content": "1. The Karyopyknotic index of the palatal and lingual mucosa is increased in female reverse smokers when compared to non-smoking females. 2. The Karyopyknotic index of the buccal mucosa did not show any change in female reverse smokers when compared to non-smoking females. 3. The Karyopyknotic index did not show any change with age in the non-smoking females. 4. Very few cases show epithelial atypia in palatal smears from female reverse smokers having stomatitis nicotina.", "contents": "Oral exfoliative cytology in female reverse smokers having stomatitis nicotina. 1. The Karyopyknotic index of the palatal and lingual mucosa is increased in female reverse smokers when compared to non-smoking females. 2. The Karyopyknotic index of the buccal mucosa did not show any change in female reverse smokers when compared to non-smoking females. 3. The Karyopyknotic index did not show any change with age in the non-smoking females. 4. Very few cases show epithelial atypia in palatal smears from female reverse smokers having stomatitis nicotina.", "PMID": 1054206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1184", "title": "Prognosis and incidence of sex chromatin in breast cancer. A preliminary report.", "content": "Results of two studies, based on a total of 126 patients (prospective--76 cases and retrospective--50 cases), on the incidence of the sex chromatin in the cancerous tissue are presented. For evaluation of prognosis in the retrospective study with a five year follow up, sex chromatin incidence was correlated with other prognositc factors such as lymph node metastasis, the disease free interval of distant metastasis and the size of the tumor. Whereas positive significant correlation between sex chromatin incidence and a five year survival time or disease free interval of distant metastasis was observed, no correlation was seen between sex chromatin counts and lymph node metastasis or the size of the tumor.", "contents": "Prognosis and incidence of sex chromatin in breast cancer. A preliminary report. Results of two studies, based on a total of 126 patients (prospective--76 cases and retrospective--50 cases), on the incidence of the sex chromatin in the cancerous tissue are presented. For evaluation of prognosis in the retrospective study with a five year follow up, sex chromatin incidence was correlated with other prognositc factors such as lymph node metastasis, the disease free interval of distant metastasis and the size of the tumor. Whereas positive significant correlation between sex chromatin incidence and a five year survival time or disease free interval of distant metastasis was observed, no correlation was seen between sex chromatin counts and lymph node metastasis or the size of the tumor.", "PMID": 1054207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1185", "title": "Bone scanning.", "content": "Scanning is based on the uptake of a nuclide by the crystal lattice of bone and is related to bone blood flow. Cancer cells do not take up the tracer. Normally, the scan visualizes the highly vascular bones. Scans are useful and are indicated in metastatic bone disease, primary bone tumors, hematologic malignancies and some non-neoplastic diseases. The scan is more sensitive than x-ray in the detection of malignant diseases of the skeleton.", "contents": "Bone scanning. Scanning is based on the uptake of a nuclide by the crystal lattice of bone and is related to bone blood flow. Cancer cells do not take up the tracer. Normally, the scan visualizes the highly vascular bones. Scans are useful and are indicated in metastatic bone disease, primary bone tumors, hematologic malignancies and some non-neoplastic diseases. The scan is more sensitive than x-ray in the detection of malignant diseases of the skeleton.", "PMID": 1054210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1186", "title": "X-ray and fine-needle biopsy in diagnosis of non-palpable breast lesions.", "content": "Using mammography and xeroradiography among 78 patients with non-palpable breast lesions, three cases of suspected carcinoma were detected. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytology after x-ray guidance of the fine-needle biopsy.", "contents": "X-ray and fine-needle biopsy in diagnosis of non-palpable breast lesions. Using mammography and xeroradiography among 78 patients with non-palpable breast lesions, three cases of suspected carcinoma were detected. The diagnosis was confirmed by cytology after x-ray guidance of the fine-needle biopsy.", "PMID": 1054209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1187", "title": "The \"Wits\" appraisal of jaw disharmony.", "content": "The \"Wits\" appraisal of jaw disharmony is a simple method whereby the severity or degree of anteroposterior jaw dysplasia may be measured on a lateral cephalometic head film. The method entails drawing perpendiculars from points A and B on the maxilla and mandible, respectively, onto the occlusal plane. The points of contact of the perpendiculars onto the occlusal plane are labeled AO and BO, respectively. In a sample of twenty-one male and twenty-five female adults selected on the basis of excellence of occlusion, it was found, on the average, that in females points AO and BO coincided and in males point BO was located 1 mm. ahead of point AO. In skeltal Class II jaw dysplasias, point BO would be positioned well behind point AO (positive reading), whereas in Class III skeltal jaw disharmonies, the \"Wits\" reading would be negative, that is, with point BO ahead of point AO. The advantages of the \"Wits\" appraisal over that of the conventional ANB angle reading are illustrated and discussed.", "contents": "The \"Wits\" appraisal of jaw disharmony. The \"Wits\" appraisal of jaw disharmony is a simple method whereby the severity or degree of anteroposterior jaw dysplasia may be measured on a lateral cephalometic head film. The method entails drawing perpendiculars from points A and B on the maxilla and mandible, respectively, onto the occlusal plane. The points of contact of the perpendiculars onto the occlusal plane are labeled AO and BO, respectively. In a sample of twenty-one male and twenty-five female adults selected on the basis of excellence of occlusion, it was found, on the average, that in females points AO and BO coincided and in males point BO was located 1 mm. ahead of point AO. In skeltal Class II jaw dysplasias, point BO would be positioned well behind point AO (positive reading), whereas in Class III skeltal jaw disharmonies, the \"Wits\" reading would be negative, that is, with point BO ahead of point AO. The advantages of the \"Wits\" appraisal over that of the conventional ANB angle reading are illustrated and discussed.", "PMID": 1054214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1188", "title": "A systematic modification of edgewise therapy.", "content": "This article describes a highly systematic modifcation of the edgewise technique that incorporates the principle of light continuous force application. It is a re-evaluation of our earlier article in view of the experience gained in applying this treatment approach in a teaching clinic. The classification of cases according to retraction requirements, the appliance designs, and the use of four basic phases of treatment remains largely the same as previously described. Some of the variations and modifications that have been necessary because of new information and pedogogical considerations are discussed. The treatment of typical orthodontic problems with differing retraction requirements is illustrated.", "contents": "A systematic modification of edgewise therapy. This article describes a highly systematic modifcation of the edgewise technique that incorporates the principle of light continuous force application. It is a re-evaluation of our earlier article in view of the experience gained in applying this treatment approach in a teaching clinic. The classification of cases according to retraction requirements, the appliance designs, and the use of four basic phases of treatment remains largely the same as previously described. Some of the variations and modifications that have been necessary because of new information and pedogogical considerations are discussed. The treatment of typical orthodontic problems with differing retraction requirements is illustrated.", "PMID": 1054216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1189", "title": "The shape of the dental arch.", "content": "The shape of the dental arcade was measured in a cross-sectional study of 2,040 sets of maxillary and mandibular study casts of Caucasoids, Mongoloids, and Negroids between 4 and 20 years of age. Three methods of dental arcade analysis were used: dental arch area, dental arch index, and length of the arc of the dental arcade. Each of these computational techniques showed that a different growth pattern was shared by the three ethic groups, and important factor to be taken into consideration in orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "The shape of the dental arch. The shape of the dental arcade was measured in a cross-sectional study of 2,040 sets of maxillary and mandibular study casts of Caucasoids, Mongoloids, and Negroids between 4 and 20 years of age. Three methods of dental arcade analysis were used: dental arch area, dental arch index, and length of the arc of the dental arcade. Each of these computational techniques showed that a different growth pattern was shared by the three ethic groups, and important factor to be taken into consideration in orthodontic treatment.", "PMID": 1054217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1190", "title": "Correlation of in vitro immune response with clinical course of malignant neoplasia in dogs.", "content": "An attempt was made to quantify the host antitumor immune response in 16 dogs with progressively growing tumors by evaluating the in vitro reactivity of their lymph node or peripheral blood lymphocytes to their own tumor cells. Serum from dogs with the same histologic type of neoplasm inhibited allogenic lymphocyte cytotoxicity, whereas serum from normal dogs, and a dog clinically free of osteosarcoma 17 months after limb amputation, did not significantly block cell-mediated reactivity. Low ratios of sensitized lymphocytes to tumor cells often stimulated tumor cell growth in vitro. Autologous serum from dogs with progressively growing neoplasms appeared to potentiate the stimulation of tumor growth above a simple blocking of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. An attempt was made to correlate the in vitro immune reactivity of the dog to the clinical behavior of its neoplasm. There was fair to good correlation in 12 dogs and no correlation in the remaining 4 dogs.", "contents": "Correlation of in vitro immune response with clinical course of malignant neoplasia in dogs. An attempt was made to quantify the host antitumor immune response in 16 dogs with progressively growing tumors by evaluating the in vitro reactivity of their lymph node or peripheral blood lymphocytes to their own tumor cells. Serum from dogs with the same histologic type of neoplasm inhibited allogenic lymphocyte cytotoxicity, whereas serum from normal dogs, and a dog clinically free of osteosarcoma 17 months after limb amputation, did not significantly block cell-mediated reactivity. Low ratios of sensitized lymphocytes to tumor cells often stimulated tumor cell growth in vitro. Autologous serum from dogs with progressively growing neoplasms appeared to potentiate the stimulation of tumor growth above a simple blocking of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. An attempt was made to correlate the in vitro immune reactivity of the dog to the clinical behavior of its neoplasm. There was fair to good correlation in 12 dogs and no correlation in the remaining 4 dogs.", "PMID": 1054221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1191", "title": "Infection prevention in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Laminar air flow room reverse isolation with oral, nonabsorbable antibiotic prophylaxis.", "content": "Reverse isolation and prophylactic oral nonabsorbable antibiotics were evaluated among 64 consecutive noninfected adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia admitted for remission induction. Patients were randomly allocated to laminar air flow room reverse isolation with oral nonabsorbable antibiotics (LAF plus A), routine hospital ward care with antibiotics (W plus A), or ward care alone (W). The LAF plus A patients had a significantly decreased incidence of total infection, bacteremias, pneumonias, rectal abscesses, urinary tract infection, and pharyngitis. Infectious deaths were reduced in the LAF plus A group and the time to the first infection or to fatal infection was delayed. The W plus A patients who regularly ingested the antibiotics had a reduction in infections similar to that of the LAF plus A patients but those who could not tolerate the antibiotics had an incidence of infection comparable to the ward patients. The LAF plus A and the W plus A patients also had higher complete remission rates and longer median survival than the unprotected ward patients.", "contents": "Infection prevention in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Laminar air flow room reverse isolation with oral, nonabsorbable antibiotic prophylaxis. Reverse isolation and prophylactic oral nonabsorbable antibiotics were evaluated among 64 consecutive noninfected adults with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia admitted for remission induction. Patients were randomly allocated to laminar air flow room reverse isolation with oral nonabsorbable antibiotics (LAF plus A), routine hospital ward care with antibiotics (W plus A), or ward care alone (W). The LAF plus A patients had a significantly decreased incidence of total infection, bacteremias, pneumonias, rectal abscesses, urinary tract infection, and pharyngitis. Infectious deaths were reduced in the LAF plus A group and the time to the first infection or to fatal infection was delayed. The W plus A patients who regularly ingested the antibiotics had a reduction in infections similar to that of the LAF plus A patients but those who could not tolerate the antibiotics had an incidence of infection comparable to the ward patients. The LAF plus A and the W plus A patients also had higher complete remission rates and longer median survival than the unprotected ward patients.", "PMID": 1054222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1192", "title": "Possible physical substrates for the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biologic membranes.", "content": "A quantized electrochemical model of a greater membrane concept that comprises the neuronal phospholipid sheet of the plasma membrane and the constituents of the intercellular spaces in brain tissue is proposed as a basis to explain several recent experimental results that concern the interaction of electromagnetic fields with the central nervous system. These fields consist of gradients far below those needed for direct intervention with action potentials or chemical transmitters at synaptic sites. Problems associated with the rectification of modulated signals and transduction into brain tissue are also briefly considered.", "contents": "Possible physical substrates for the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biologic membranes. A quantized electrochemical model of a greater membrane concept that comprises the neuronal phospholipid sheet of the plasma membrane and the constituents of the intercellular spaces in brain tissue is proposed as a basis to explain several recent experimental results that concern the interaction of electromagnetic fields with the central nervous system. These fields consist of gradients far below those needed for direct intervention with action potentials or chemical transmitters at synaptic sites. Problems associated with the rectification of modulated signals and transduction into brain tissue are also briefly considered.", "PMID": 1054223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1193", "title": "The ocular effects of microwaves on hypothermic rabbits: a study of microwave cataractogenic mechanisms.", "content": "Rabbits, irradiated by known cataractogenic levels of 2.45 GHz radiation at 5 cm, did not develop cataracts if kept under general hypothermia. Radiation-induced temperature elevation appears to be essential for the cataractogenic effect of microwaves.", "contents": "The ocular effects of microwaves on hypothermic rabbits: a study of microwave cataractogenic mechanisms. Rabbits, irradiated by known cataractogenic levels of 2.45 GHz radiation at 5 cm, did not develop cataracts if kept under general hypothermia. Radiation-induced temperature elevation appears to be essential for the cataractogenic effect of microwaves.", "PMID": 1054228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1194", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in the rabbit lens induced by microwave radiation.", "content": "Rabbits were irradiated with 2450-MHz continuous microwave energy. Effects of the radiation on the ocular lens were assessed by slit-lamp biomicroscopic examination of the eye. Two lenses were selected for electron microscopy, one that was severely damaged and one that appeared unaffected by the radiation. There were prominent ultrastructural changes in both lenses.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in the rabbit lens induced by microwave radiation. Rabbits were irradiated with 2450-MHz continuous microwave energy. Effects of the radiation on the ocular lens were assessed by slit-lamp biomicroscopic examination of the eye. Two lenses were selected for electron microscopy, one that was severely damaged and one that appeared unaffected by the radiation. There were prominent ultrastructural changes in both lenses.", "PMID": 1054229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1195", "title": "Ascorbic acid changes in cultured rabbit lenses after microwave irradiation.", "content": "Whole body exposure of rabbits to microwave radiation causes a decrease in ascorbic acid in the lens. In our study, rabbit lenses maintained in culture medium (37 degrees C) were exposed to either pulsed or continuous wave S-band radiation for 10-15 min at power densities between 0 and 200 mW/cm-2. Total ascorbic acid was measured in selected lenses 1-3 days after irradiation. The temperature of the culture medium was measured during irradiation. Matched control lenses were exposed to similar time-temperature environments, but without microwave irradiation. Ascorbic acid decreased significantly in lenses exposed to microwave radiation. No differences were found, however, between irradiated and control lenses subjected to identical time-temperature conditions. At a given average power density, the time-temperature variation was independent of modulation. A decrease in ascorbic acid is apparently a direct thermal effect of microwave radiation in rabbit lens culture.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid changes in cultured rabbit lenses after microwave irradiation. Whole body exposure of rabbits to microwave radiation causes a decrease in ascorbic acid in the lens. In our study, rabbit lenses maintained in culture medium (37 degrees C) were exposed to either pulsed or continuous wave S-band radiation for 10-15 min at power densities between 0 and 200 mW/cm-2. Total ascorbic acid was measured in selected lenses 1-3 days after irradiation. The temperature of the culture medium was measured during irradiation. Matched control lenses were exposed to similar time-temperature environments, but without microwave irradiation. Ascorbic acid decreased significantly in lenses exposed to microwave radiation. No differences were found, however, between irradiated and control lenses subjected to identical time-temperature conditions. At a given average power density, the time-temperature variation was independent of modulation. A decrease in ascorbic acid is apparently a direct thermal effect of microwave radiation in rabbit lens culture.", "PMID": 1054230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1196", "title": "Action of Corti's organ and the cochlea: a new theory.", "content": "An \"engineer's model\" of the labyrinth is derived from the monoclinic crystal and the avian egg. The anatomy of the human cochlea and of the semicircular canals is then related by diffraction theory and Fresnel's explanation of optic activity. Increased cochlear electric potential, which represents stored energy, is associated with mechanical translation of the basilar membrane and angular separation of Corti's rods and is effected by \"pumping\" by the endolymphatic sac and the muscles that act on the auditory ossicles. The semicircular canals function as valves; the utricular and saccular macules form holograms and reflect the energy into the cochlear duct. Incoming acoustic waves excite dipole resonance and stimulate emission of a fraction of the stored energy; further amplification is effected by the hair cells, which, together with the tectorial membrane, behave like a transistor. These findings lead to a new theory of static balance and the action of Corti's organ: the labyrinth functions as a traveling wave maser of which the cochlea is the slow wave structure. Cochlear geometry itself effects resolution of incoming sound pitch. Corti's organ corresponds to the melatopes of the crystal, and the inter-rod angle is critical for any particular frequency, since it is related to dispersion of the optic axes.", "contents": "Action of Corti's organ and the cochlea: a new theory. An \"engineer's model\" of the labyrinth is derived from the monoclinic crystal and the avian egg. The anatomy of the human cochlea and of the semicircular canals is then related by diffraction theory and Fresnel's explanation of optic activity. Increased cochlear electric potential, which represents stored energy, is associated with mechanical translation of the basilar membrane and angular separation of Corti's rods and is effected by \"pumping\" by the endolymphatic sac and the muscles that act on the auditory ossicles. The semicircular canals function as valves; the utricular and saccular macules form holograms and reflect the energy into the cochlear duct. Incoming acoustic waves excite dipole resonance and stimulate emission of a fraction of the stored energy; further amplification is effected by the hair cells, which, together with the tectorial membrane, behave like a transistor. These findings lead to a new theory of static balance and the action of Corti's organ: the labyrinth functions as a traveling wave maser of which the cochlea is the slow wave structure. Cochlear geometry itself effects resolution of incoming sound pitch. Corti's organ corresponds to the melatopes of the crystal, and the inter-rod angle is critical for any particular frequency, since it is related to dispersion of the optic axes.", "PMID": 1054233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1197", "title": "Some effects of exposure of the Japanese quail embryo to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation.", "content": "Exposure of quail eggs 4 hr per day during the first 5 incubation days at 2450 MHz and in an exposure field of 30 mW/cm-2 and at an absorbed power of 14 mW/g does not cause any great change in body weight, observed gross malformations, rbc, wbc, hematocrit, hemoglobin, or differential wbc percentages. If small differences exist in these parameters due to microwave exposure, they are obscured by the large variability between individual quail. This variability is believed to partially result from changing blood values in the developing young quail, and the 2-day spread in ages at the time of sacrifice could account for some of the variability. The overall hatch percentages for the exposed and control eggs were approximately equal. A slight significant decrease (11%) in hemoglobin was noted in the birds irradiated on Day 2. Additional verification, however, is needed, because the observed change is less than the normal range of values observed in young quail. These data do suggest, however, that exposure of developing Japanese quail embryo to microwave radiation of the frequency and power density level used in this study does not preclude normal systemic development, hematologic differentiation, or the general hardiness of the hatched quail.", "contents": "Some effects of exposure of the Japanese quail embryo to 2.45-GHz microwave radiation. Exposure of quail eggs 4 hr per day during the first 5 incubation days at 2450 MHz and in an exposure field of 30 mW/cm-2 and at an absorbed power of 14 mW/g does not cause any great change in body weight, observed gross malformations, rbc, wbc, hematocrit, hemoglobin, or differential wbc percentages. If small differences exist in these parameters due to microwave exposure, they are obscured by the large variability between individual quail. This variability is believed to partially result from changing blood values in the developing young quail, and the 2-day spread in ages at the time of sacrifice could account for some of the variability. The overall hatch percentages for the exposed and control eggs were approximately equal. A slight significant decrease (11%) in hemoglobin was noted in the birds irradiated on Day 2. Additional verification, however, is needed, because the observed change is less than the normal range of values observed in young quail. These data do suggest, however, that exposure of developing Japanese quail embryo to microwave radiation of the frequency and power density level used in this study does not preclude normal systemic development, hematologic differentiation, or the general hardiness of the hatched quail.", "PMID": 1054240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1198", "title": "Effects of electromagnetic fields on fecundity in the chicken.", "content": "Egg production was reduced when young laying hens were kept in contact with metal cages while being continuously exposed to the following cw fields: a vhf field at a frequency of 260 MHz, with an incident power that decreased from 100 to 4mW during the experiment; a uhf field at a frequency of 915 MHz, with an incident power of 800 mW during the first 2.5 weeks, zero during the following week, and 200 mW for the remainder of the experiment; a uhf field at 2.435 GHz, with an incident power of 800 mW; an elf electric field at a frequency of 60 Hz, with a calculated value of field strength of 1600 V/m; an elf magnetic field at 60 Hz, with a value of magnetic flux density of 1.4G. With the exception of the hens exposed to the uhf field at 915 MHz, all other treated groups laid significantly less eggs than the controls (p smaller than or equal to 0.01). This reduction (similar 15% less than the controls) began with the first 4-week production period. The egg production curves for the hens exposed to the vhf field at 260 MHz and to the uhf field at 2.435 GHz were approximately the same beginning with the sixth week of production, and they maintained comparable production levels for the remainder of the experiment. An 8% total drop in production also was experienced in the group of birds exposed to the 915-MHz field, which pulsed because of equipment failure. Egg production rate curves for the birds in the elf electric and magnetic fields were substantially different from those exhibited by birds in the other electromagnetic fields. The birds in the E-field regained a production level comparable to the controls after 11 weeks production, whereas those in the B-field dropped to 31% production, which was approximately 40% poorer than the controls by the twelfth week of production. Fertility of cocks and hens was not affected by continuous low-power vhf and uhf near-zone electromagnetic exposure or elf electric or magnetic field treatment. Fertility was exceptionally good, except for the controls and the hens exposed to the elf electric field. The hatchs of fertile and of total eggs were not significantly influenced by exposure to any of the five fields. A considerably lower incidence of male chicks was noted in the elf magnetic field treatment (32.3%). The sex ratio in the other groups appeared to be relatively normal. No macroscopic abnormalities attributable to treatments were noted in the chicks hatched or in the dead embryos.", "contents": "Effects of electromagnetic fields on fecundity in the chicken. Egg production was reduced when young laying hens were kept in contact with metal cages while being continuously exposed to the following cw fields: a vhf field at a frequency of 260 MHz, with an incident power that decreased from 100 to 4mW during the experiment; a uhf field at a frequency of 915 MHz, with an incident power of 800 mW during the first 2.5 weeks, zero during the following week, and 200 mW for the remainder of the experiment; a uhf field at 2.435 GHz, with an incident power of 800 mW; an elf electric field at a frequency of 60 Hz, with a calculated value of field strength of 1600 V/m; an elf magnetic field at 60 Hz, with a value of magnetic flux density of 1.4G. With the exception of the hens exposed to the uhf field at 915 MHz, all other treated groups laid significantly less eggs than the controls (p smaller than or equal to 0.01). This reduction (similar 15% less than the controls) began with the first 4-week production period. The egg production curves for the hens exposed to the vhf field at 260 MHz and to the uhf field at 2.435 GHz were approximately the same beginning with the sixth week of production, and they maintained comparable production levels for the remainder of the experiment. An 8% total drop in production also was experienced in the group of birds exposed to the 915-MHz field, which pulsed because of equipment failure. Egg production rate curves for the birds in the elf electric and magnetic fields were substantially different from those exhibited by birds in the other electromagnetic fields. The birds in the E-field regained a production level comparable to the controls after 11 weeks production, whereas those in the B-field dropped to 31% production, which was approximately 40% poorer than the controls by the twelfth week of production. Fertility of cocks and hens was not affected by continuous low-power vhf and uhf near-zone electromagnetic exposure or elf electric or magnetic field treatment. Fertility was exceptionally good, except for the controls and the hens exposed to the elf electric field. The hatchs of fertile and of total eggs were not significantly influenced by exposure to any of the five fields. A considerably lower incidence of male chicks was noted in the elf magnetic field treatment (32.3%). The sex ratio in the other groups appeared to be relatively normal. No macroscopic abnormalities attributable to treatments were noted in the chicks hatched or in the dead embryos.", "PMID": 1054241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1199", "title": "Preliminary investigations of the effects of low-level microwave radiation on spontaneous motor activity in rats.", "content": "Male rats were irradiated with microwaves of 10.7 GHz (cw), 3 GHz (cw), or 3 GHz (pw) for 185 hr with power densities of approximately 1 mW/cm-2. Spontaneous activity was automatically measured and analyzed in five amplitude classes, after irradiation had ceased. No differences were found between the irradiated and the similarly treated nonirradiated control rats. A few rats were exposed for 17 days to 3 GHz (pw) at 25 mW/cm-2. Here, again, the spontaneous motor activity was not affected. Before irradiation, these rats had been trained to constant peak performance in a 2-m long runway. Their running times remained unchanged by this treatment regimen and did not differ from those of nonirradiated control rats. So far, no deleterious effects of the microwave radiation used has been detected.", "contents": "Preliminary investigations of the effects of low-level microwave radiation on spontaneous motor activity in rats. Male rats were irradiated with microwaves of 10.7 GHz (cw), 3 GHz (cw), or 3 GHz (pw) for 185 hr with power densities of approximately 1 mW/cm-2. Spontaneous activity was automatically measured and analyzed in five amplitude classes, after irradiation had ceased. No differences were found between the irradiated and the similarly treated nonirradiated control rats. A few rats were exposed for 17 days to 3 GHz (pw) at 25 mW/cm-2. Here, again, the spontaneous motor activity was not affected. Before irradiation, these rats had been trained to constant peak performance in a 2-m long runway. Their running times remained unchanged by this treatment regimen and did not differ from those of nonirradiated control rats. So far, no deleterious effects of the microwave radiation used has been detected.", "PMID": 1054244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1200", "title": "Discussion paper: Strong dependence of whole animal absorption on polarization and frequency or radio-frequency energy.", "content": "A two-plate stripline is used to determine wide-band radio-frequency (285-4000 MHz) absorption characteristics of 96-390-g rats and brain-phantom prolate spheroidal bodies. The results compare well to those for free space irradiation. At resonance, for E along the long dimension (\u00e2), a power deposition nine times higher than that for the H parallel \u00e2 orientation is observed. For rats in the k parallel \u00e2 configuration, the frequencies of peak absorption and the maximum absorption at these values demonstrate W-1/3 and W 2/3 dependencies, respectively, upon the weight W of the animal. This finding implies that whole animal absorption is a size- and shape-dependent phenomenon.", "contents": "Discussion paper: Strong dependence of whole animal absorption on polarization and frequency or radio-frequency energy. A two-plate stripline is used to determine wide-band radio-frequency (285-4000 MHz) absorption characteristics of 96-390-g rats and brain-phantom prolate spheroidal bodies. The results compare well to those for free space irradiation. At resonance, for E along the long dimension (\u00e2), a power deposition nine times higher than that for the H parallel \u00e2 orientation is observed. For rats in the k parallel \u00e2 configuration, the frequencies of peak absorption and the maximum absorption at these values demonstrate W-1/3 and W 2/3 dependencies, respectively, upon the weight W of the animal. This finding implies that whole animal absorption is a size- and shape-dependent phenomenon.", "PMID": 1054254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1201", "title": "Skin changes secondary to hydroxyurea therapy.", "content": "Hydroxyurea is an effective agent in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The toxic reactions have included myelosuppression and megaloblastosis. During long-term maintenance therapy, dermatologic alterations occurred in seven of 20 patients and consisted of partial alopecia, increased pigmentation, scalings, atrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, nail changes, and erythema of the face and hands. The histologic changes were similar to those seen in lichen planus. These observations were a factor leading to the use of hydroxyurea in the treatment of psoriasis.", "contents": "Skin changes secondary to hydroxyurea therapy. Hydroxyurea is an effective agent in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. The toxic reactions have included myelosuppression and megaloblastosis. During long-term maintenance therapy, dermatologic alterations occurred in seven of 20 patients and consisted of partial alopecia, increased pigmentation, scalings, atrophy of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, nail changes, and erythema of the face and hands. The histologic changes were similar to those seen in lichen planus. These observations were a factor leading to the use of hydroxyurea in the treatment of psoriasis.", "PMID": 1054261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1202", "title": "Immobilization hypercalcemia crisis.", "content": "Profound hypercalcemia associated with immobilization is rare. Hypercalcemic crisis occurring as a result of immobilization in which there was not a coexisting, contributing medical condition has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. Failure to consider hypercalcemia as the source of progressive anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and irritability resulted in a respiratory arrest and nearly fatal outcome in the case of a 13-year-old boy one month after a simple femoral fracture. Therapy consisting of the intravenous administration of fluids and corticosteroids was successful in lowering the serum calcium level until mobilization could be accomplished. Review of previously reported cases emphasizes the difficulty in recognition and diagnosis of this unusual condition. Surgeons treating patients with fractures should be aware of this complication and familiar with its appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Immobilization hypercalcemia crisis. Profound hypercalcemia associated with immobilization is rare. Hypercalcemic crisis occurring as a result of immobilization in which there was not a coexisting, contributing medical condition has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. Failure to consider hypercalcemia as the source of progressive anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and irritability resulted in a respiratory arrest and nearly fatal outcome in the case of a 13-year-old boy one month after a simple femoral fracture. Therapy consisting of the intravenous administration of fluids and corticosteroids was successful in lowering the serum calcium level until mobilization could be accomplished. Review of previously reported cases emphasizes the difficulty in recognition and diagnosis of this unusual condition. Surgeons treating patients with fractures should be aware of this complication and familiar with its appropriate therapy.", "PMID": 1054262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1203", "title": "Syndrome of recurrent increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone following multiple doses of vincristine.", "content": "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) has been recognized to occur following treatment with vincristine. None of the reports have provided information regarding its potential for recurrence on further challenge with vincristine (VCR), an agent generally required for repeated use in patients with malignancies. Symptomatic hyponatremia and SIADH that occurred 8 days following administration of VCR in a child with acute lymphatic leukemia was documented with specific radioimmunoassay of urinary ADH levels. The further occurrence of recurrent elevations in ADH excretion 8-10 days following repeated treatment with VCR was also observed. However, SIADH was prevented by prophylactic rigorous fluid restriction. The occurrence of SIADH following VCR therefore does not preclude the further safe usage of this drug.", "contents": "Syndrome of recurrent increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone following multiple doses of vincristine. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) has been recognized to occur following treatment with vincristine. None of the reports have provided information regarding its potential for recurrence on further challenge with vincristine (VCR), an agent generally required for repeated use in patients with malignancies. Symptomatic hyponatremia and SIADH that occurred 8 days following administration of VCR in a child with acute lymphatic leukemia was documented with specific radioimmunoassay of urinary ADH levels. The further occurrence of recurrent elevations in ADH excretion 8-10 days following repeated treatment with VCR was also observed. However, SIADH was prevented by prophylactic rigorous fluid restriction. The occurrence of SIADH following VCR therefore does not preclude the further safe usage of this drug.", "PMID": 1054263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1204", "title": "Azurophil and specific granules of blood neutrophils in chronic myelogenous leukemia: an ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis.", "content": "That most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have either very low levels or no leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity (LAP) is an established fact. In view of our new findings7 that normal mature human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) contain two types of granules, azurophils (1/3) and specifics (2/3), and that alkaline phosphatase is present only in specific granules, we undertook the present studies to determine whether these neoplastic PMN lack a specific granule population or simply lack the enzyme. The cellular buffy coats of five patients with CML (Ph1 plus, LAP minus) were fixed in glutaraldehyde, incubated for peroxidase to identify the azurophil population, and examined by electron microscopy. It was found that the specific granule population was present in all mature PMN. Counts of both azurophil and specific granules per cell were slightly lower than normal but were within an 80%-90% overlap of the normal range. We therefore conclude that the low level of LAP in patients with CML reflects a deficiency of the enzyme rather than a missing granule population. Although the mature PMN appeared relatively normal (with few exceptions), circulating myeloblasts and promyelocytes revealed several abnormalities, the most notable being the presence of large bundles of cytoplasmic microfilaments. The blood of two patients in the terminal phase of disease was reexamined. Most of their cells were immature, with aberrations similar to those in myeloblasts and promyelocytes in the chronic phase of the disorder. In addition, however, we discovered three adnormal populations of mature PMN: (1) PMN containing both populations of granules but lacking peroxidase, (2) PMN lacking specific granules, and (3) PMN lacking azurophil granules. Our findings emphasize the value of electron microscopy and cytochemistry in detecting abnormalities of maturation in the cytoplasm of leukemic PMN.", "contents": "Azurophil and specific granules of blood neutrophils in chronic myelogenous leukemia: an ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis. That most patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) have either very low levels or no leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity (LAP) is an established fact. In view of our new findings7 that normal mature human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) contain two types of granules, azurophils (1/3) and specifics (2/3), and that alkaline phosphatase is present only in specific granules, we undertook the present studies to determine whether these neoplastic PMN lack a specific granule population or simply lack the enzyme. The cellular buffy coats of five patients with CML (Ph1 plus, LAP minus) were fixed in glutaraldehyde, incubated for peroxidase to identify the azurophil population, and examined by electron microscopy. It was found that the specific granule population was present in all mature PMN. Counts of both azurophil and specific granules per cell were slightly lower than normal but were within an 80%-90% overlap of the normal range. We therefore conclude that the low level of LAP in patients with CML reflects a deficiency of the enzyme rather than a missing granule population. Although the mature PMN appeared relatively normal (with few exceptions), circulating myeloblasts and promyelocytes revealed several abnormalities, the most notable being the presence of large bundles of cytoplasmic microfilaments. The blood of two patients in the terminal phase of disease was reexamined. Most of their cells were immature, with aberrations similar to those in myeloblasts and promyelocytes in the chronic phase of the disorder. In addition, however, we discovered three adnormal populations of mature PMN: (1) PMN containing both populations of granules but lacking peroxidase, (2) PMN lacking specific granules, and (3) PMN lacking azurophil granules. Our findings emphasize the value of electron microscopy and cytochemistry in detecting abnormalities of maturation in the cytoplasm of leukemic PMN.", "PMID": 1054264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1205", "title": "Histone abnormalities in adult acute leukemias.", "content": "Arginine-rich and lysine-rich histones were extracted from various cytologic types of leukemic blasts and from preparations rich in normal monocytes. On polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, the patterns of normal monocyte histones closely resembled those found in acute histiomonocytic leukemia (Schilling type). The electrophoretic patterns of histones obtained from leukemic blasts in acute myelomonocytic leukemia (Naegeli type) were similar to those found in both acute myelobastic leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia. The results support the concept that acute myelomonocytic leukemia may be closely related to, or a variant of, acute myeloblastic leukemia, and that acute histiomonocytic leukemia is most probably a monocytic rather than a myeloblastic disorder. In addition to accepted morphologic and enzymatic criteria, the present studies suggest that differences in histone patterns might be useful in further distinguishing between histiomonocytic, myeloblastic, and myelomonocytic leukemias.", "contents": "Histone abnormalities in adult acute leukemias. Arginine-rich and lysine-rich histones were extracted from various cytologic types of leukemic blasts and from preparations rich in normal monocytes. On polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis, the patterns of normal monocyte histones closely resembled those found in acute histiomonocytic leukemia (Schilling type). The electrophoretic patterns of histones obtained from leukemic blasts in acute myelomonocytic leukemia (Naegeli type) were similar to those found in both acute myelobastic leukemia and chronic granulocytic leukemia. The results support the concept that acute myelomonocytic leukemia may be closely related to, or a variant of, acute myeloblastic leukemia, and that acute histiomonocytic leukemia is most probably a monocytic rather than a myeloblastic disorder. In addition to accepted morphologic and enzymatic criteria, the present studies suggest that differences in histone patterns might be useful in further distinguishing between histiomonocytic, myeloblastic, and myelomonocytic leukemias.", "PMID": 1054265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1206", "title": "Interacting populations affecting proliferation of leukemic cells in culture.", "content": "Peripheral blood cells from three patients with acute leukemic have been studied using a suspension culture method previously described.1 Cytogenetic studies in two of the patients permitted the identification of the proliferating cells in the cultures as being derived from a leukemic population. Cell separation studies using velocity sedimentation supported the concept that growth of the leukemic cells in culture is dependent on an interaction between two populations of leukemic cells.", "contents": "Interacting populations affecting proliferation of leukemic cells in culture. Peripheral blood cells from three patients with acute leukemic have been studied using a suspension culture method previously described.1 Cytogenetic studies in two of the patients permitted the identification of the proliferating cells in the cultures as being derived from a leukemic population. Cell separation studies using velocity sedimentation supported the concept that growth of the leukemic cells in culture is dependent on an interaction between two populations of leukemic cells.", "PMID": 1054266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1207", "title": "Long-term second remissions in acute lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Long-term second remissions were seen in 5/66 patients with all. Relapse was extramedullary in 2/5. Persistent, progressive marrow lymphocytosis preceded relapse in 4/5 patients and persistent marrow eosinophilia in 1/5. All 5 patients had had an unmaintained remission of at least 6 months prior to relapse, and responded the second time to drugs which were essentially the same as those used initially. We conclude that long-term second remissions may occur in all. Patients who relapse after 6 months or more of unmaintained remission should be treated with the drugs used in current initial induction regimens in hope of cure.", "contents": "Long-term second remissions in acute lymphatic leukemia. Long-term second remissions were seen in 5/66 patients with all. Relapse was extramedullary in 2/5. Persistent, progressive marrow lymphocytosis preceded relapse in 4/5 patients and persistent marrow eosinophilia in 1/5. All 5 patients had had an unmaintained remission of at least 6 months prior to relapse, and responded the second time to drugs which were essentially the same as those used initially. We conclude that long-term second remissions may occur in all. Patients who relapse after 6 months or more of unmaintained remission should be treated with the drugs used in current initial induction regimens in hope of cure.", "PMID": 1054285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1208", "title": "Extramedullary involvement of the testes in childhood leukemia.", "content": "Thirteen out of 163 male children with acute leukemia developed extramedullary involvement of the testes. This represented an incidence of 8.0%. These 13 children experienced 19 separate episodes of enlargement. All episodes were treated with radiotherapy. The enlargement was unilateral in 9 episodes and bilateral in 10. The bone marrow (BM) was in complete remission in 13 episodes. In 8 of 13 patients the testis was the first site of relapse since the initial BM remission. Of the males with a WBC less than 20,000/mm3 on initial diagnosis of leukemia, 4.3% developed this testicular complication, as compared to 17.0% of those with a WBC equal to or greater than 20,000/mm3. The median time interval to testicular involvement was 13 months; to death, 9 months. Relapse at other sites usually followed testicular involvement. Autopsy findings did not appear to be dose-related. Radiotherapy was clinically successful when a total dose in the range of 1200 rads was used, and is the treatment of choice for this complication.", "contents": "Extramedullary involvement of the testes in childhood leukemia. Thirteen out of 163 male children with acute leukemia developed extramedullary involvement of the testes. This represented an incidence of 8.0%. These 13 children experienced 19 separate episodes of enlargement. All episodes were treated with radiotherapy. The enlargement was unilateral in 9 episodes and bilateral in 10. The bone marrow (BM) was in complete remission in 13 episodes. In 8 of 13 patients the testis was the first site of relapse since the initial BM remission. Of the males with a WBC less than 20,000/mm3 on initial diagnosis of leukemia, 4.3% developed this testicular complication, as compared to 17.0% of those with a WBC equal to or greater than 20,000/mm3. The median time interval to testicular involvement was 13 months; to death, 9 months. Relapse at other sites usually followed testicular involvement. Autopsy findings did not appear to be dose-related. Radiotherapy was clinically successful when a total dose in the range of 1200 rads was used, and is the treatment of choice for this complication.", "PMID": 1054286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1209", "title": "Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childreq with \"prophylactic\" intrathecal methotrexate and intensive systemic chemotherapy.", "content": "Sventy-five children under the age of 15 years, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, were treated with a multiple drug chemotherapy regimen (L-2) and intrathecal methodtrexate. Remission was achieved in all except 1. Three died from infection early in remission and 1 was lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 70, relapse occurred in 19; in 3 children this was confined to the central nervous system (CNS) and in 1 was in both the CNS and bone marrow. Fifty-one children continue in complete remission from 14 to 54 months. Fourteen of these children have completed 3 years of chemotherapy and are disease free 2 to 18 months posttreatment. The results indicate that periodic administration on intrathecal methotrexate with no CNA irradiation, plus intensive systemic chemotherapy, can effectively control CNA leukemia and prolong the duration of complete remissions.", "contents": "Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childreq with \"prophylactic\" intrathecal methotrexate and intensive systemic chemotherapy. Sventy-five children under the age of 15 years, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, were treated with a multiple drug chemotherapy regimen (L-2) and intrathecal methodtrexate. Remission was achieved in all except 1. Three died from infection early in remission and 1 was lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 70, relapse occurred in 19; in 3 children this was confined to the central nervous system (CNS) and in 1 was in both the CNS and bone marrow. Fifty-one children continue in complete remission from 14 to 54 months. Fourteen of these children have completed 3 years of chemotherapy and are disease free 2 to 18 months posttreatment. The results indicate that periodic administration on intrathecal methotrexate with no CNA irradiation, plus intensive systemic chemotherapy, can effectively control CNA leukemia and prolong the duration of complete remissions.", "PMID": 1054287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1210", "title": "The mechanism of action of methotrexate in cultured L5178Y leukemia cells.", "content": "This study investigates the relationships between the methotrexate (MTX)-induced purineless state and thymineless state and between the thymineless state and the kill of L5178Y cells. As an index of the thymineless state, we measured the effect of MTX on conversion of deoxyuridylate to thymidylate. This was measured as the rate of incorporation of tritiated deoxyuridine into DNA, but it was corrected for changes in incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Thus we derived the \"calculated tritiated deoxyuridine rate.\" During the MTX treatment, the calculated tritiated deoxyuridine rate decreased rapidly at first and then more slowly. The slow 2nd-phase block was not reversed by hypoxanthine. As the 2nd-phase block deepened, the lymphoblasts continued to die (loss of cloning ability) but recovered the ability to incorporate tritiated thymidine into DNA. After 7 hr of MTX treatment, the kinetics of the 2nd-phase block in calculated tritiated deoxyuridine rate correlated closely with the kinetics of cell kill. Thus, MTX may inhibit dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, rapidly deplete S-phase L5178Y of reduced folates, and thus produce a purineless and thymineless state. As treatment continues, MTX intensifies the thymineless state, possibly by direct inhibition of thymidylate synthetase enzyme, and the cells die predominantly a thymineless death. The purineless state initially contributes to cell kill but later does not, possibly because it partially reverses spontaneously.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of methotrexate in cultured L5178Y leukemia cells. This study investigates the relationships between the methotrexate (MTX)-induced purineless state and thymineless state and between the thymineless state and the kill of L5178Y cells. As an index of the thymineless state, we measured the effect of MTX on conversion of deoxyuridylate to thymidylate. This was measured as the rate of incorporation of tritiated deoxyuridine into DNA, but it was corrected for changes in incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Thus we derived the \"calculated tritiated deoxyuridine rate.\" During the MTX treatment, the calculated tritiated deoxyuridine rate decreased rapidly at first and then more slowly. The slow 2nd-phase block was not reversed by hypoxanthine. As the 2nd-phase block deepened, the lymphoblasts continued to die (loss of cloning ability) but recovered the ability to incorporate tritiated thymidine into DNA. After 7 hr of MTX treatment, the kinetics of the 2nd-phase block in calculated tritiated deoxyuridine rate correlated closely with the kinetics of cell kill. Thus, MTX may inhibit dihydrofolate reductase enzyme, rapidly deplete S-phase L5178Y of reduced folates, and thus produce a purineless and thymineless state. As treatment continues, MTX intensifies the thymineless state, possibly by direct inhibition of thymidylate synthetase enzyme, and the cells die predominantly a thymineless death. The purineless state initially contributes to cell kill but later does not, possibly because it partially reverses spontaneously.", "PMID": 1054288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1211", "title": "Drug therapy against a transplantable guinea pig leukemia.", "content": "The effects of six clinically active drugs were tested against a ttansplantable leukemia in inbred strain 2 guinea pigs. Cytoxan and 6-mercaptopurine were found to elicit a therqeutic response against this leukemia based on complete tumor regression of the established tumor as well as a substantial increase in survival time. Animals dying in the untreated control and drug-treated groups revealed typical generalized lymphoblastic leukemia. However, only Cytoxan-treated animals that had relapsed exhibited central nervous system involvement originating from the arachnoid membrane. A tow-drug combination of Cytoxan and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea was found not only to prevent meningeal leukemia development but also to result in \"curing\" all animals from their leukemia. This observation was based on a complete clinical, hematological, and histopathological \"remission\" period up to 176 days. The administration of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea alone was observed not only to control the systemic leukemia but also to prevent central nervous system involvement. No relapses occurred after the first \"remission\" period was achieved in the groups of animals that received 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "contents": "Drug therapy against a transplantable guinea pig leukemia. The effects of six clinically active drugs were tested against a ttansplantable leukemia in inbred strain 2 guinea pigs. Cytoxan and 6-mercaptopurine were found to elicit a therqeutic response against this leukemia based on complete tumor regression of the established tumor as well as a substantial increase in survival time. Animals dying in the untreated control and drug-treated groups revealed typical generalized lymphoblastic leukemia. However, only Cytoxan-treated animals that had relapsed exhibited central nervous system involvement originating from the arachnoid membrane. A tow-drug combination of Cytoxan and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea was found not only to prevent meningeal leukemia development but also to result in \"curing\" all animals from their leukemia. This observation was based on a complete clinical, hematological, and histopathological \"remission\" period up to 176 days. The administration of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea alone was observed not only to control the systemic leukemia but also to prevent central nervous system involvement. No relapses occurred after the first \"remission\" period was achieved in the groups of animals that received 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "PMID": 1054289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1212", "title": "Altered membrane sodium transport and the presence of a plasma ouabain-like inhibitory factor in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "1. Sodium transport studies were performed in erythrocytes from normal subjects and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Sodium influx and efflux rates were increased in erythrocytes from leukaemic patients. 2. The ouabain-sensitive component of sodium efflux was increased in leukaemic erythrocytes. 3. The high sodium efflux from leukaemic erythrocytes was decreased when the incubation media contained leukaemic plasma, suggesting the presence of an ouabain-like factor in the plasma. Paired experiments failed to show the presence of a similar factor in normal plasma. 4. Leukaemic erythrocytes showed a significantly greater ouabain uptake than the normal cells. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the wide-spread electrolyte disturbances in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "contents": "Altered membrane sodium transport and the presence of a plasma ouabain-like inhibitory factor in acute myeloid leukaemia. 1. Sodium transport studies were performed in erythrocytes from normal subjects and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Sodium influx and efflux rates were increased in erythrocytes from leukaemic patients. 2. The ouabain-sensitive component of sodium efflux was increased in leukaemic erythrocytes. 3. The high sodium efflux from leukaemic erythrocytes was decreased when the incubation media contained leukaemic plasma, suggesting the presence of an ouabain-like factor in the plasma. Paired experiments failed to show the presence of a similar factor in normal plasma. 4. Leukaemic erythrocytes showed a significantly greater ouabain uptake than the normal cells. 5. The results are discussed in relation to the wide-spread electrolyte disturbances in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "PMID": 1054305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1213", "title": "Serial studies of hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody in patients receiving antitumor chemotherapy for myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "The effects of antitumor chemotherapeutic agents on hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) and antibody (HBAb) were studied serially in 25 patients with myeloproliferative and in 60 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. HBAg was detected at some time in 17 patients, and HBAb in 40 patients. Seventeen patients who had HBAb detected immediately pretreatment had a decrease in HBAb titer which paralleled the fall in white blood cell count. In 5 of these patients, HBAg appeared when HBAb titers fell. In 3 of the 5 patients, a reappearance of HBAb was observed with disappearance of HBAg from the serum, and in the 2 other patients HBAg persisted once it appeared. In all 3 patients who had HBAg at the time of initiation of chemotherapy, bone marrow suppression was associated with a marked increase in HBAg titer. The increase in HBAg titer was associated with hepatocellular damage, as manifested by an elevation in serum transaminase enzymes. These observations suggest that antitumor chemotherapeutic agents reduce HBAb titers. In some patients, HBAg appears after a decrease in HBAb titers. In patients with preexisting HBAg, such therapy leads to large increases in HBAg titer. Whether this appearance or increase of HBAg is related to an inhibition of antibody formation, allowing expression of preexisting antigen, or to an inhibition of cellular immunity, allowing viral proliferation, is uncertain.", "contents": "Serial studies of hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody in patients receiving antitumor chemotherapy for myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders. The effects of antitumor chemotherapeutic agents on hepatitis B antigen (HBAg) and antibody (HBAb) were studied serially in 25 patients with myeloproliferative and in 60 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. HBAg was detected at some time in 17 patients, and HBAb in 40 patients. Seventeen patients who had HBAb detected immediately pretreatment had a decrease in HBAb titer which paralleled the fall in white blood cell count. In 5 of these patients, HBAg appeared when HBAb titers fell. In 3 of the 5 patients, a reappearance of HBAb was observed with disappearance of HBAg from the serum, and in the 2 other patients HBAg persisted once it appeared. In all 3 patients who had HBAg at the time of initiation of chemotherapy, bone marrow suppression was associated with a marked increase in HBAg titer. The increase in HBAg titer was associated with hepatocellular damage, as manifested by an elevation in serum transaminase enzymes. These observations suggest that antitumor chemotherapeutic agents reduce HBAb titers. In some patients, HBAg appears after a decrease in HBAb titers. In patients with preexisting HBAg, such therapy leads to large increases in HBAg titer. Whether this appearance or increase of HBAg is related to an inhibition of antibody formation, allowing expression of preexisting antigen, or to an inhibition of cellular immunity, allowing viral proliferation, is uncertain.", "PMID": 1054319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1214", "title": "General comments on continuing education.", "content": "Dental education should be a continuing process from undergraduate days throughout the dentists' practising life. The development of postgraduate courses has moved earlier the point at which a licence to practise is conferred, and in so doing has increased the responsibility to pursue continuing education and training after licensure. There is a growing tendency for attendance at continuing education courses to become a condition for relicensure in the hope that this will increase the status of the profession and improve the standard of dental care. So long as the requirement is for the attendance at courses this development deserves support. However any suggestion of re-examination should be resisted since this could only lead to increased stress on the competent dentist who was a poor examinee. A questionnaire sent to dental educators produced information on the proportion of dentists currently attending continuing education courses in ten countries and also enabled the popularity of different subjects to be assessed. It is suggested that courses should be arranged so that the whole field of dentistry is covered every five years. If the profession does not organize its own programme of continuing education and motivate its members to participate voluntarily in such courses, governments may well impose upon it requirements which could be less acceptable to the status and dignity of the profession.", "contents": "General comments on continuing education. Dental education should be a continuing process from undergraduate days throughout the dentists' practising life. The development of postgraduate courses has moved earlier the point at which a licence to practise is conferred, and in so doing has increased the responsibility to pursue continuing education and training after licensure. There is a growing tendency for attendance at continuing education courses to become a condition for relicensure in the hope that this will increase the status of the profession and improve the standard of dental care. So long as the requirement is for the attendance at courses this development deserves support. However any suggestion of re-examination should be resisted since this could only lead to increased stress on the competent dentist who was a poor examinee. A questionnaire sent to dental educators produced information on the proportion of dentists currently attending continuing education courses in ten countries and also enabled the popularity of different subjects to be assessed. It is suggested that courses should be arranged so that the whole field of dentistry is covered every five years. If the profession does not organize its own programme of continuing education and motivate its members to participate voluntarily in such courses, governments may well impose upon it requirements which could be less acceptable to the status and dignity of the profession.", "PMID": 1054320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1215", "title": "Current systems of delivery of oral health services.", "content": "It is suggested that in implementing, extending and redirecting systems of delivery of oral health services we should be maximizing preventive care, indirect payment and targeting for need, wheras for manpower employment and type the accent should be on selecting the best blend for the specific services to be provided, with a readiness to use constructive initiative in all areas. In associated operations research, the urgent need is for sound data on the effectiveness and efficiency of different payment systems, and on the optimal blend of private and public, professional and auxiliary manpower. What has been achieved in the delivery of oral health services over the past 50 years has been no mean  feat, but what lies ahead to be done both in developed and developing countries is a task of herculean proportions.", "contents": "Current systems of delivery of oral health services. It is suggested that in implementing, extending and redirecting systems of delivery of oral health services we should be maximizing preventive care, indirect payment and targeting for need, wheras for manpower employment and type the accent should be on selecting the best blend for the specific services to be provided, with a readiness to use constructive initiative in all areas. In associated operations research, the urgent need is for sound data on the effectiveness and efficiency of different payment systems, and on the optimal blend of private and public, professional and auxiliary manpower. What has been achieved in the delivery of oral health services over the past 50 years has been no mean  feat, but what lies ahead to be done both in developed and developing countries is a task of herculean proportions.", "PMID": 1054321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1216", "title": "An economic perspective on dental practice: the economics of increasing practice size.", "content": "Group dental practice is a form of organization which can show substantial professional and public benefits. Part of the support for group practice is derived from an extrapolation of the theory of economies of scale. Applied to dentistry, the theory holds that as practices grow they will be able to use their resources more efficiently than do smaller practices, and lower, thereby, the average costs of producing dental services.", "contents": "An economic perspective on dental practice: the economics of increasing practice size. Group dental practice is a form of organization which can show substantial professional and public benefits. Part of the support for group practice is derived from an extrapolation of the theory of economies of scale. Applied to dentistry, the theory holds that as practices grow they will be able to use their resources more efficiently than do smaller practices, and lower, thereby, the average costs of producing dental services.", "PMID": 1054322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1217", "title": "Types of personnel projected to meet the future dental needs of society.", "content": "There is mounting pressure to re-examine the traditional methods for delivery of dental care. Good health, which includes good oral health, is becoming recognized as a basic right of all people and governments are obliged to subsidize health care in many countries. Part of the cost lies in the training of health professionals in the medical and dental schools. Though  conditions vary in different countries, there is an almost universal shortage of fully trained dentists, and with increasing demand for dental care there is no possibility of producing a sufficient number to meet the need. The profession finds itself overwhelmed by the need for treatment of dental disease and prevention is relatively neglected. It is necessary to determine whether the present methods of delivering dental care are the most efficient in terms of cost, always remembering that dentistry is a personal service and must not be dehumanized. There is ample experience to show that auxiliaries can be trained to undertake a range of tasks to a high standard and with an ethical approach to the patient. A number of such schemes are discussed in detail. Though it is clear that no single pattern will fulfil the needs of each individual country, some form of team dentistry in which the graduate dentist must always be the key member seems likely to be the best way of meeting the future dental health needs of the world.", "contents": "Types of personnel projected to meet the future dental needs of society. There is mounting pressure to re-examine the traditional methods for delivery of dental care. Good health, which includes good oral health, is becoming recognized as a basic right of all people and governments are obliged to subsidize health care in many countries. Part of the cost lies in the training of health professionals in the medical and dental schools. Though  conditions vary in different countries, there is an almost universal shortage of fully trained dentists, and with increasing demand for dental care there is no possibility of producing a sufficient number to meet the need. The profession finds itself overwhelmed by the need for treatment of dental disease and prevention is relatively neglected. It is necessary to determine whether the present methods of delivering dental care are the most efficient in terms of cost, always remembering that dentistry is a personal service and must not be dehumanized. There is ample experience to show that auxiliaries can be trained to undertake a range of tasks to a high standard and with an ethical approach to the patient. A number of such schemes are discussed in detail. Though it is clear that no single pattern will fulfil the needs of each individual country, some form of team dentistry in which the graduate dentist must always be the key member seems likely to be the best way of meeting the future dental health needs of the world.", "PMID": 1054323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1218", "title": "The transplantation and surgical movement of developing teeth.", "content": "There has now been one hundred years of study, research and clinical application into the possibility of transplantation of tooth germs, and a short review of the literature is given. Two clinical cases are described in which replacement of upper incisors has been successfully achieved by auto transplantation of a developing lower bicuspid and upper canines respectively. Long term follow up of such cases now extends over a decade and it is suggested that this technique has reached a stage now hen it can be recommended to the dental profession generally as a worthwhile clinical approach.", "contents": "The transplantation and surgical movement of developing teeth. There has now been one hundred years of study, research and clinical application into the possibility of transplantation of tooth germs, and a short review of the literature is given. Two clinical cases are described in which replacement of upper incisors has been successfully achieved by auto transplantation of a developing lower bicuspid and upper canines respectively. Long term follow up of such cases now extends over a decade and it is suggested that this technique has reached a stage now hen it can be recommended to the dental profession generally as a worthwhile clinical approach.", "PMID": 1054324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1219", "title": "The utilization of dental skills in non-dental situations.", "content": "The development of electronic control systems has enabled severely physically handicapped people to revolutionize their lives by using any minimal residual movements they may have to operate micro-switches linking them with typewriters and other environmetal controls. Technical skills of a high order are required in making the unique splint or interface which links the switches with these residual movements whether of the tongue, lips, chin, eyebrow, finger or toe. Through the initiative of the Cordent Trust and generous financial support from the Leverhulme Trust a mobile laboratory was designed and built and a dental technician appointed for a three-year development project in the use of these switches as it was felt that his experience was particularly appropriate to the work and would also demonstrate how dental skills can be used to bring about a degree of rehabilitation far beyond the oral environment.", "contents": "The utilization of dental skills in non-dental situations. The development of electronic control systems has enabled severely physically handicapped people to revolutionize their lives by using any minimal residual movements they may have to operate micro-switches linking them with typewriters and other environmetal controls. Technical skills of a high order are required in making the unique splint or interface which links the switches with these residual movements whether of the tongue, lips, chin, eyebrow, finger or toe. Through the initiative of the Cordent Trust and generous financial support from the Leverhulme Trust a mobile laboratory was designed and built and a dental technician appointed for a three-year development project in the use of these switches as it was felt that his experience was particularly appropriate to the work and would also demonstrate how dental skills can be used to bring about a degree of rehabilitation far beyond the oral environment.", "PMID": 1054327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1220", "title": "An improved abrasive enamel microsampling device.", "content": "An improved enamel abrasive microsampling technique with an electronic preset counter and comparator has been designed. In vivo enamel microsamples were obtained from 30 incisors and premolars. The results showed low coefficients of variations for both enamel fluoride concentrations and depths of microsamples in vivo.", "contents": "An improved abrasive enamel microsampling device. An improved enamel abrasive microsampling technique with an electronic preset counter and comparator has been designed. In vivo enamel microsamples were obtained from 30 incisors and premolars. The results showed low coefficients of variations for both enamel fluoride concentrations and depths of microsamples in vivo.", "PMID": 1054329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1221", "title": "Quantitative microprobe analysis of amalgam.", "content": "A quantitative microprobe analysis was conducted on three commercial amalgams to determine the nature of the phases present. The presence of tin in the Ag-Hg phase (gamma1) was confirmed and Cu-3Sn was found in the original alloy particles. In the dispersant amalgam studied, little Sn-Hg phase (gamma-2) was found and the reaction phase Cu-6Sn-5 was identified.", "contents": "Quantitative microprobe analysis of amalgam. A quantitative microprobe analysis was conducted on three commercial amalgams to determine the nature of the phases present. The presence of tin in the Ag-Hg phase (gamma1) was confirmed and Cu-3Sn was found in the original alloy particles. In the dispersant amalgam studied, little Sn-Hg phase (gamma-2) was found and the reaction phase Cu-6Sn-5 was identified.", "PMID": 1054330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1222", "title": "Effects of cement type and thickness on retention of serrated pins.", "content": "The retentive capacity of cemented pins was determined. Zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, and cyanoacrylate were used to cement threaded pins (0.024 inch) into precise channels of 0.025, 0.026, and 0.027 inch. Highest retentive values were realized when zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements were used with the smallest pin-channel mismatch. Ethyl cyanoacrylate was least retentive and demonstrated no mismatch dependency.", "contents": "Effects of cement type and thickness on retention of serrated pins. The retentive capacity of cemented pins was determined. Zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, and cyanoacrylate were used to cement threaded pins (0.024 inch) into precise channels of 0.025, 0.026, and 0.027 inch. Highest retentive values were realized when zinc phosphate and polycarboxylate cements were used with the smallest pin-channel mismatch. Ethyl cyanoacrylate was least retentive and demonstrated no mismatch dependency.", "PMID": 1054331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1223", "title": "Tooth size associations of three morphologic dental traits in a melanesian population.", "content": "The tooth size associations of incisor shoveling, Carabelli's cusp, and mandibular molar groove pattern were determined for a technologically primitive Melanesian population. Their significance to previously postulated adaptive mechanisms for the morphologic traits is evaluated, as is a possible mode of inheritance for the traits.", "contents": "Tooth size associations of three morphologic dental traits in a melanesian population. The tooth size associations of incisor shoveling, Carabelli's cusp, and mandibular molar groove pattern were determined for a technologically primitive Melanesian population. Their significance to previously postulated adaptive mechanisms for the morphologic traits is evaluated, as is a possible mode of inheritance for the traits.", "PMID": 1054332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1224", "title": "Distribution of the dental lamina and deciduous tooth development in the mandible of the domestic pig.", "content": "Specimens of known age, weight, and crown-rump length were used to characterize the distribution of the dental lamina and deciduous tooth development in the mandible of the domestic pig.", "contents": "Distribution of the dental lamina and deciduous tooth development in the mandible of the domestic pig. Specimens of known age, weight, and crown-rump length were used to characterize the distribution of the dental lamina and deciduous tooth development in the mandible of the domestic pig.", "PMID": 1054333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1225", "title": "Effect of constant currents on orthodontic tooth movement in the cat.", "content": "Constant 10 muA currents were applied to the mandibles of 12 cats via electrodes implanted mesial and distal to premolars undergoing orthodontic treatment. A third were moved toward the cathode, a third were moved toward the anode, and a third were moved in the absence of an applied field. No significant difference in total movement was seen at the end of five weeks.", "contents": "Effect of constant currents on orthodontic tooth movement in the cat. Constant 10 muA currents were applied to the mandibles of 12 cats via electrodes implanted mesial and distal to premolars undergoing orthodontic treatment. A third were moved toward the cathode, a third were moved toward the anode, and a third were moved in the absence of an applied field. No significant difference in total movement was seen at the end of five weeks.", "PMID": 1054334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1226", "title": "Distribution of stresses in porcelain-fused-to-metal and porcelain jacket crowns.", "content": "An idealized porcelain jacket and porcelain-fused-to-metal crown model was prepared, loaded, and analyzed to establish the trends and distributions of the internal and external stresses. Loads at 30 degrees to the vertical axis created adverse tensile stresses at the level of the gingiva and specifically at the gold-dentin-cement interface.", "contents": "Distribution of stresses in porcelain-fused-to-metal and porcelain jacket crowns. An idealized porcelain jacket and porcelain-fused-to-metal crown model was prepared, loaded, and analyzed to establish the trends and distributions of the internal and external stresses. Loads at 30 degrees to the vertical axis created adverse tensile stresses at the level of the gingiva and specifically at the gold-dentin-cement interface.", "PMID": 1054335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1227", "title": "Penetrativity of sealants: I.", "content": "Penetration coefficients of sealants were measured. It was found that the time required for a sealant to penetrate a specific distance is highly dependent on the penetration coefficient of the sealant.", "contents": "Penetrativity of sealants: I. Penetration coefficients of sealants were measured. It was found that the time required for a sealant to penetrate a specific distance is highly dependent on the penetration coefficient of the sealant.", "PMID": 1054336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1228", "title": "Latency and inhibition of human masticatory muscles following stimuli.", "content": "Latency-inhibition behavior was always produced in contracting anterior temporal muscles following the application of various stimuli to the teeth and jaws of 31 subjects. Statistically significant differences in duration were generally observed with different procedures. In half of the subjects, the first one or two closures in a sequence of repetitive tapping evoked a longer period of inhibition than subsequent closures. No reflex or latency-inhibition behavior could be produced in contracting digastric muscles. Comparisons of means for individual subjects did not follow the pattern suggested by comparisons of total sample means in almost half of the subjects.", "contents": "Latency and inhibition of human masticatory muscles following stimuli. Latency-inhibition behavior was always produced in contracting anterior temporal muscles following the application of various stimuli to the teeth and jaws of 31 subjects. Statistically significant differences in duration were generally observed with different procedures. In half of the subjects, the first one or two closures in a sequence of repetitive tapping evoked a longer period of inhibition than subsequent closures. No reflex or latency-inhibition behavior could be produced in contracting digastric muscles. Comparisons of means for individual subjects did not follow the pattern suggested by comparisons of total sample means in almost half of the subjects.", "PMID": 1054337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1229", "title": "Levans: I. Fractionation, solution viscosity, and chemical analysis of levan produced by Streptococcus salivarius.", "content": "Levan produced by Streptococcus salivarius was fractionated into a series of 20 fractions of varying molecular weight. The range of intrinsic viscosities of the fractions was 0.07 to 0.18 dl/gm in water and 0.20 to 0.29 dl/gm in dimethyl sulfoxide. The molecular weight of the unfractionated leval determined by light scattering was 31.5 times 10-6. Small amounts of fatty acids and protein were found associated with levan.", "contents": "Levans: I. Fractionation, solution viscosity, and chemical analysis of levan produced by Streptococcus salivarius. Levan produced by Streptococcus salivarius was fractionated into a series of 20 fractions of varying molecular weight. The range of intrinsic viscosities of the fractions was 0.07 to 0.18 dl/gm in water and 0.20 to 0.29 dl/gm in dimethyl sulfoxide. The molecular weight of the unfractionated leval determined by light scattering was 31.5 times 10-6. Small amounts of fatty acids and protein were found associated with levan.", "PMID": 1054339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1230", "title": "Solubility and water absorption of orthodontic cements.", "content": "Solubility and water absorption of eight orthodontic cements were determined as a function of time. Two brands of BIS-GMA and three brands of acrylic cements ranked about equally in solubility and water absorption. Three brands of polycarboxylate cements were appreciably poorer in these properties.", "contents": "Solubility and water absorption of orthodontic cements. Solubility and water absorption of eight orthodontic cements were determined as a function of time. Two brands of BIS-GMA and three brands of acrylic cements ranked about equally in solubility and water absorption. Three brands of polycarboxylate cements were appreciably poorer in these properties.", "PMID": 1054338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1231", "title": "Effects of oral streptococci on electrophoretic properties of human salivary anionic proteins.", "content": "Incubation of saliva supernatant after three hours at 37 C revealed that salivary anionic proteins were susceptible to enzymatic attack by salivary enzymes not removable by centrifugation at 10,000 g. In the presence of washed suspensions of S mutans or S sanguis additional changes in electrophoretic behavior of anionic proteins occurred. Differences between organisms suggested a selectivity of attack on the anionic proteins.", "contents": "Effects of oral streptococci on electrophoretic properties of human salivary anionic proteins. Incubation of saliva supernatant after three hours at 37 C revealed that salivary anionic proteins were susceptible to enzymatic attack by salivary enzymes not removable by centrifugation at 10,000 g. In the presence of washed suspensions of S mutans or S sanguis additional changes in electrophoretic behavior of anionic proteins occurred. Differences between organisms suggested a selectivity of attack on the anionic proteins.", "PMID": 1054340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1232", "title": "Effect of conditioning with fluoride and phosphoric acid on enamel surfaces as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and fluoride incorporation.", "content": "The etching effect of 50% H-3PO-4 applied together with 2% NaF or SnF-2 was compared with the effect of H-3PO-4 on pre- and postfluoridated enamel by scanning electron microscopy. Substantial etching of enamel resulted with use of 50% H-3PO-4 with 2% NaF. High fluoride incorporation in the surface provided additional protection of the conditioned enamel.", "contents": "Effect of conditioning with fluoride and phosphoric acid on enamel surfaces as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and fluoride incorporation. The etching effect of 50% H-3PO-4 applied together with 2% NaF or SnF-2 was compared with the effect of H-3PO-4 on pre- and postfluoridated enamel by scanning electron microscopy. Substantial etching of enamel resulted with use of 50% H-3PO-4 with 2% NaF. High fluoride incorporation in the surface provided additional protection of the conditioned enamel.", "PMID": 1054341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1233", "title": "Genetic and epidemiologic studies of oral characteristics in Hawaii's schoolchildren: V. Sibling correlations in occlusion traits.", "content": "Sibling correlations with adjustment for age, sex, and other covariates showed the highest degree of similarity in incisor width, followed by malalignment, overjet, overbite, crowding, spacing, and crossbites. The smallest intrafamily correlations were observed in the variables in buccal segment relationship, especially in neutroclusion and idealized occlusion pattern.", "contents": "Genetic and epidemiologic studies of oral characteristics in Hawaii's schoolchildren: V. Sibling correlations in occlusion traits. Sibling correlations with adjustment for age, sex, and other covariates showed the highest degree of similarity in incisor width, followed by malalignment, overjet, overbite, crowding, spacing, and crossbites. The smallest intrafamily correlations were observed in the variables in buccal segment relationship, especially in neutroclusion and idealized occlusion pattern.", "PMID": 1054343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1234", "title": "Glucose transport in Streptococcus mutans: preparation of cytoplasmic membranes and characteristics of phosphotransferase activity.", "content": "Cytoplasmic membranes from Streptococcus mutans were used to study phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent glucose transport. The Km values for glucose and PEP were 0.3 and 0.4 mM. The system was sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents and detergents. The nonmetabolizable analogue 2-D-deoxyglucose was readily phosphorylated while alpha-methyl-glucose and 3-0-methylglucose were inefficiently derivatized. The fermentable sugars fructose, galactose, mannitol, and sorbitol were phosphorylated at reduced rates.", "contents": "Glucose transport in Streptococcus mutans: preparation of cytoplasmic membranes and characteristics of phosphotransferase activity. Cytoplasmic membranes from Streptococcus mutans were used to study phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent glucose transport. The Km values for glucose and PEP were 0.3 and 0.4 mM. The system was sensitive to sulfhydryl reagents and detergents. The nonmetabolizable analogue 2-D-deoxyglucose was readily phosphorylated while alpha-methyl-glucose and 3-0-methylglucose were inefficiently derivatized. The fermentable sugars fructose, galactose, mannitol, and sorbitol were phosphorylated at reduced rates.", "PMID": 1054344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1235", "title": "Fracture mechanics of dental poly (methyl methacrylate).", "content": "Strength characteristics of dental poly(methyl methacrylate) were studied in terms of the fracture surface energy and inherent flaw size, using the methods of Berry.2-9 Dental poly(methyl methacrylate) is weaker than the corresponding bulk polymer because the former has a lower energy and higher inherent flaw size.", "contents": "Fracture mechanics of dental poly (methyl methacrylate). Strength characteristics of dental poly(methyl methacrylate) were studied in terms of the fracture surface energy and inherent flaw size, using the methods of Berry.2-9 Dental poly(methyl methacrylate) is weaker than the corresponding bulk polymer because the former has a lower energy and higher inherent flaw size.", "PMID": 1054345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1236", "title": "Reinforced polycarboxylate cements.", "content": "Mechanical properties of polycarboxylate cements are greatly improved by incorporation of high modulus fibers such as potassium titanate into acrylic-itaconic acid and acrylic-itaconic-acronitic acid copolymers. Other desirable properties of the cements are not changed by the addition of fibers.", "contents": "Reinforced polycarboxylate cements. Mechanical properties of polycarboxylate cements are greatly improved by incorporation of high modulus fibers such as potassium titanate into acrylic-itaconic acid and acrylic-itaconic-acronitic acid copolymers. Other desirable properties of the cements are not changed by the addition of fibers.", "PMID": 1054342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1237", "title": "Dental field theory: an application to primate evolution.", "content": "A major complicating factor in using dental data in analyses of taxonomic and evolutionary problems is the existence of morphogenetic fields. Efforts are made to abstract tooth crown size morphogenetic fields of the orangutan. The utility of coefficients of variability and factor analysis, to this end, is presented. Resulting morphogenetic dental crown size fields are described and related to hominoid dental evolution.", "contents": "Dental field theory: an application to primate evolution. A major complicating factor in using dental data in analyses of taxonomic and evolutionary problems is the existence of morphogenetic fields. Efforts are made to abstract tooth crown size morphogenetic fields of the orangutan. The utility of coefficients of variability and factor analysis, to this end, is presented. Resulting morphogenetic dental crown size fields are described and related to hominoid dental evolution.", "PMID": 1054346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1238", "title": "Instrumental evaluation of mouth odor in a human clinical study.", "content": "Gas chromatography and a flame photometric detection system measured directly from mouth air the sulfur volatiles associated with malodor. Statistically significant reductions in the hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan levels were observed with use of the test rinse vs a placebo rinse. The method appears potentially useful in objective clinical evaluation of mouth odor.", "contents": "Instrumental evaluation of mouth odor in a human clinical study. Gas chromatography and a flame photometric detection system measured directly from mouth air the sulfur volatiles associated with malodor. Statistically significant reductions in the hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan levels were observed with use of the test rinse vs a placebo rinse. The method appears potentially useful in objective clinical evaluation of mouth odor.", "PMID": 1054347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1239", "title": "Specificity and some physical properties of cathepsin D from bovine uterus and dental pulp.", "content": "The action of uterine cathepsin D on the insulin A-chain (S-sulfo) and porcine glucagon was compared with the action of bovine dental pulp cathepsin on the same substrates. Differences observed with respect to molecular and catalytic properties suggest that different gene products (coding for the same function) are used during cell differentiation.", "contents": "Specificity and some physical properties of cathepsin D from bovine uterus and dental pulp. The action of uterine cathepsin D on the insulin A-chain (S-sulfo) and porcine glucagon was compared with the action of bovine dental pulp cathepsin on the same substrates. Differences observed with respect to molecular and catalytic properties suggest that different gene products (coding for the same function) are used during cell differentiation.", "PMID": 1054348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1240", "title": "Effect of single versus fractionated doses of x-radiation on incisors in rats.", "content": "This study compares the effect of single vs fractionated doses of X-radiation on the incisor of the rat. The results showed that fractionated doses are more damaging than a single dose and that three fractionated doses have a stronger effect than five.", "contents": "Effect of single versus fractionated doses of x-radiation on incisors in rats. This study compares the effect of single vs fractionated doses of X-radiation on the incisor of the rat. The results showed that fractionated doses are more damaging than a single dose and that three fractionated doses have a stronger effect than five.", "PMID": 1054349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1241", "title": "Cellular responses to dental amalgam in vitro.", "content": "Cytotoxicity of fine cut amalgam was persistent until 24 hours after trituration in vitro, whereas cytotoxicity of spherical amalgam diminished more quickly. Increasing mercury content in spherical amalgam increased cytotoxicity. Possible reactions for the diminution of cytotoxicity of amalgams with time are discussed.", "contents": "Cellular responses to dental amalgam in vitro. Cytotoxicity of fine cut amalgam was persistent until 24 hours after trituration in vitro, whereas cytotoxicity of spherical amalgam diminished more quickly. Increasing mercury content in spherical amalgam increased cytotoxicity. Possible reactions for the diminution of cytotoxicity of amalgams with time are discussed.", "PMID": 1054350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1242", "title": "Relationship between dental school performance and preprofessional major courses of study.", "content": "This study examined the records of dental students in the class of 1969 at the university of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, in an attempt to determine statistically what preprofessional major was the best predictor of academic success in dental school. In the sample studied, no differences were found among the four groups-when they compared on the variable, dental school grade point average. These data suggest that the selection of the preprofessional major course of study may bear little relationship to academic performance in dental school.", "contents": "Relationship between dental school performance and preprofessional major courses of study. This study examined the records of dental students in the class of 1969 at the university of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, in an attempt to determine statistically what preprofessional major was the best predictor of academic success in dental school. In the sample studied, no differences were found among the four groups-when they compared on the variable, dental school grade point average. These data suggest that the selection of the preprofessional major course of study may bear little relationship to academic performance in dental school.", "PMID": 1054366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1243", "title": "Survey of undergraduate endodontic curricula.", "content": "A survey of undergraduate endodontic curricula in 67 United States and Canadian schools has been carried out. The response rate was 82%, with 2 of the 53 responses being incomplete. The major findings were as follows: 1. There was an extremely wide range in curriculum hours, but the average number of clock hours (46 hours) for the preclinical lecture and laboratory period compared favorably with the minimum recommended in 1965.' 2. The average of about six teeth treated during the clinical period also compared favorably with the minimum recommended in 1965.' 3. The average time required for each clinical case (11 hours per tooth) might suggest a critical reevaluation of teaching methods and philosophy.", "contents": "Survey of undergraduate endodontic curricula. A survey of undergraduate endodontic curricula in 67 United States and Canadian schools has been carried out. The response rate was 82%, with 2 of the 53 responses being incomplete. The major findings were as follows: 1. There was an extremely wide range in curriculum hours, but the average number of clock hours (46 hours) for the preclinical lecture and laboratory period compared favorably with the minimum recommended in 1965.' 2. The average of about six teeth treated during the clinical period also compared favorably with the minimum recommended in 1965.' 3. The average time required for each clinical case (11 hours per tooth) might suggest a critical reevaluation of teaching methods and philosophy.", "PMID": 1054367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1244", "title": "Objective evaluation of quality in cavity preparations.", "content": "Significant improvements in reliability of criteria measures were obtained by using a newly developed instrument to evaluate objectively the quality of cavity preparations in comparison to subjective ratings by the instructors of the quality of cavity preparations.", "contents": "Objective evaluation of quality in cavity preparations. Significant improvements in reliability of criteria measures were obtained by using a newly developed instrument to evaluate objectively the quality of cavity preparations in comparison to subjective ratings by the instructors of the quality of cavity preparations.", "PMID": 1054369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1245", "title": "Effects of high altitude and hypophagia on mineral metabolism of rats.", "content": "Electrolyte excretion and balance were compared in meal-eating, adlibitum-fed rats maintained in Denver (1,600 m) and on Pikes Peak (4,300 m) and in meal-eating rats maintained in Denver but pair-fed to the Pikes Peak animals. Most of the changes in excretion and balance at Pikes Peak were attributable to hypophagia. At both elevations, equivalent decrements in mineral intake led to nearly equivalent decrements in mineral excretion. Comparisons of the Pikes Peak and Denver pair-fed animals, however, revealed certain changes that were unique to high altitude. These included a marked and sustained reduction in ammonia excretion over the 13-day period of exposure. The higher elevation also produced an enhanced sodium excretion on day 1 of exposure and a reduced sodium balance over the first 6 days. Potassium balance showed no changes unique to high altitude during the first 6 days on Pikes Peak but was significantly reduced during week 2 of exposure. The urinary sodium:potassium ratio was elevated during the first 4 days at 4,300 m, but this effect was attributable to altitude on day 1 only. Enhanced calcium and magnesium excretions, relative to those observed in the pair-fed rats, were observed over the middle and latter portions of the exposure period. The balance of these two minerals showed no altitude-dependent effects. Chloride and phosphate excretions showed an altitude-dependent reduction during day 1 and week 1 of exposure, respectively. These changes were associated with more positive balances. It is concluded that the altitude-dependent effects on mineral metabolism are largely, if not entirely, attributable to hypocapnia and associated alkalosis.", "contents": "Effects of high altitude and hypophagia on mineral metabolism of rats. Electrolyte excretion and balance were compared in meal-eating, adlibitum-fed rats maintained in Denver (1,600 m) and on Pikes Peak (4,300 m) and in meal-eating rats maintained in Denver but pair-fed to the Pikes Peak animals. Most of the changes in excretion and balance at Pikes Peak were attributable to hypophagia. At both elevations, equivalent decrements in mineral intake led to nearly equivalent decrements in mineral excretion. Comparisons of the Pikes Peak and Denver pair-fed animals, however, revealed certain changes that were unique to high altitude. These included a marked and sustained reduction in ammonia excretion over the 13-day period of exposure. The higher elevation also produced an enhanced sodium excretion on day 1 of exposure and a reduced sodium balance over the first 6 days. Potassium balance showed no changes unique to high altitude during the first 6 days on Pikes Peak but was significantly reduced during week 2 of exposure. The urinary sodium:potassium ratio was elevated during the first 4 days at 4,300 m, but this effect was attributable to altitude on day 1 only. Enhanced calcium and magnesium excretions, relative to those observed in the pair-fed rats, were observed over the middle and latter portions of the exposure period. The balance of these two minerals showed no altitude-dependent effects. Chloride and phosphate excretions showed an altitude-dependent reduction during day 1 and week 1 of exposure, respectively. These changes were associated with more positive balances. It is concluded that the altitude-dependent effects on mineral metabolism are largely, if not entirely, attributable to hypocapnia and associated alkalosis.", "PMID": 1054380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1246", "title": "Complications associated with maxillary osteotomies.", "content": "There are certain complications involved in maxillary ostetomies; devitalization of teeth, loss of part or all of the osteotomized segment, and relapse are possible problems. The paramount cause of the complications in seven different cases seemed to be the interruption of the blood supply to the operative site. A seven-point guideline is formulated; it integrates preoperative planning, surgical procqedures, and postoperative care.", "contents": "Complications associated with maxillary osteotomies. There are certain complications involved in maxillary ostetomies; devitalization of teeth, loss of part or all of the osteotomized segment, and relapse are possible problems. The paramount cause of the complications in seven different cases seemed to be the interruption of the blood supply to the operative site. A seven-point guideline is formulated; it integrates preoperative planning, surgical procqedures, and postoperative care.", "PMID": 1054381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1247", "title": "Intraoral biopsy of the parotid gland.", "content": "Although biopsy of the parotid gland is occasionally necessary for diagnostic purposes, surgeons hesitate to perform a biopsy because of the possible adverse effects, such as facial scarring or damage to facial nerves. An intraoral technique was used for biopsy of a parotid gland of a young woman. The procedure was successful; a diagnosis was made and there was no facial scarring. The potential hazards must be weighed against the benefits.", "contents": "Intraoral biopsy of the parotid gland. Although biopsy of the parotid gland is occasionally necessary for diagnostic purposes, surgeons hesitate to perform a biopsy because of the possible adverse effects, such as facial scarring or damage to facial nerves. An intraoral technique was used for biopsy of a parotid gland of a young woman. The procedure was successful; a diagnosis was made and there was no facial scarring. The potential hazards must be weighed against the benefits.", "PMID": 1054382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1248", "title": "Mandibular atrophy: a theory of its cause and prevention.", "content": "The unconscious habit of holding the teeth together or clenching, or both, is one of the most dominant factors that leads to  mandibular atrophy. This habit causes long periods of mucoperiosteal ischemia due to denture pressure, with inflammation, a lowered PH, and a net bone loss. Pressure resorption is postulated as the primary cause of mandibular atrophy.", "contents": "Mandibular atrophy: a theory of its cause and prevention. The unconscious habit of holding the teeth together or clenching, or both, is one of the most dominant factors that leads to  mandibular atrophy. This habit causes long periods of mucoperiosteal ischemia due to denture pressure, with inflammation, a lowered PH, and a net bone loss. Pressure resorption is postulated as the primary cause of mandibular atrophy.", "PMID": 1054383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1249", "title": "Oronasal fistula following anterior maxillary osteotomy.", "content": "A complication of oronasal fistula secondary to anterior maxillary osteotomy occurred; it was successfully treated after two attempts at closure.", "contents": "Oronasal fistula following anterior maxillary osteotomy. A complication of oronasal fistula secondary to anterior maxillary osteotomy occurred; it was successfully treated after two attempts at closure.", "PMID": 1054385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1250", "title": "Multiple facial trauma complicated by occlusion of the internal carotid artery.", "content": "The occurrence of thrombosis of the internal carotid artery is a rare entity. Such a case, in association with multiple facial fractures, has been presented. The management of the patient was complicated by neurological disturbances that affected definitive treatment. This case illustrates the importance of close monitoring of all patients with facial trauma before, during, and after surgery.", "contents": "Multiple facial trauma complicated by occlusion of the internal carotid artery. The occurrence of thrombosis of the internal carotid artery is a rare entity. Such a case, in association with multiple facial fractures, has been presented. The management of the patient was complicated by neurological disturbances that affected definitive treatment. This case illustrates the importance of close monitoring of all patients with facial trauma before, during, and after surgery.", "PMID": 1054386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1251", "title": "Trichinosis associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma: report of three cases.", "content": "Three patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma had Trichinella larvae in the associated oral soft tissues. Cocarcinogenesis may be involved in the interrelationship between  trichinosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Trichinosis associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma: report of three cases. Three patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma had Trichinella larvae in the associated oral soft tissues. Cocarcinogenesis may be involved in the interrelationship between  trichinosis and oral squamous cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 1054387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1252", "title": "Submandibular duct sialolith of unusual size and shape.", "content": "An unusual sialoith within Wharton's duct was associated with an abscess of the submandibular space. Previously reported sialoiths of considerable size are reviewed, and etiology, symptomatology, and surgical removal are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the need for thorough examination of patients who have symptoms of sialoithiasis in an attempt to locate the sialolith before it assumes unusual dimensions.", "contents": "Submandibular duct sialolith of unusual size and shape. An unusual sialoith within Wharton's duct was associated with an abscess of the submandibular space. Previously reported sialoiths of considerable size are reviewed, and etiology, symptomatology, and surgical removal are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the need for thorough examination of patients who have symptoms of sialoithiasis in an attempt to locate the sialolith before it assumes unusual dimensions.", "PMID": 1054388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1253", "title": "Bone healing and revascularization after total maxillary osteotomy.", "content": "Adult rhesus monkeys were used as experimental analogues to investigate vascularization, revascularization, and bone healing associated with total maxillary osteotomy. Microangiographic and histologic studies showed minimal transient vascular ischemia, minimal osteonecrosis, and early osseous union. Transection of the greater palatine arteries had no discernible effect on the circulation to the teeth and bone in  the maxilla and its enveloping soft tissues. The results of experiments in animals and clinical studies indicate that palatal mucosa and labial-buccal gingiva provide an adequate nutrient pedicle for single-stage total maxillary osteotomies.", "contents": "Bone healing and revascularization after total maxillary osteotomy. Adult rhesus monkeys were used as experimental analogues to investigate vascularization, revascularization, and bone healing associated with total maxillary osteotomy. Microangiographic and histologic studies showed minimal transient vascular ischemia, minimal osteonecrosis, and early osseous union. Transection of the greater palatine arteries had no discernible effect on the circulation to the teeth and bone in  the maxilla and its enveloping soft tissues. The results of experiments in animals and clinical studies indicate that palatal mucosa and labial-buccal gingiva provide an adequate nutrient pedicle for single-stage total maxillary osteotomies.", "PMID": 1054396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1254", "title": "Reimplantation of freeze-treated mandibular bone.", "content": "Mandibular bone devitalized by freezing after removal from the body and subsequent reimplantation was observed for its potential to act as a framework of new bone formation. Clinical union and bony replacement occurred when the reimplanted bone was covered by healthy, well-vascularized soft tissue. New bone initially formed subperiosteally along the devitalized bone. Later specimens showed increased production of endosteal bone. The results suggest that a resected mandible subjected to freezing might be immediately reimplanted as a graft when the mandible is involved as part of a radical operative procedure. Further studies are indicated to evaluate this potential when the periosteal covering is removed.", "contents": "Reimplantation of freeze-treated mandibular bone. Mandibular bone devitalized by freezing after removal from the body and subsequent reimplantation was observed for its potential to act as a framework of new bone formation. Clinical union and bony replacement occurred when the reimplanted bone was covered by healthy, well-vascularized soft tissue. New bone initially formed subperiosteally along the devitalized bone. Later specimens showed increased production of endosteal bone. The results suggest that a resected mandible subjected to freezing might be immediately reimplanted as a graft when the mandible is involved as part of a radical operative procedure. Further studies are indicated to evaluate this potential when the periosteal covering is removed.", "PMID": 1054397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1255", "title": "Intraoral junctional nevus: review of the literature and report of case.", "content": "Pigmented nevi are uncommon in the oral cavity in comparison to their frequency on the skin. The junctional variety is extremely rare; it accounts for approximately 4% of reported intraoral nevi. Another case of intraoral junctional nevus is added to the literature. A review and a discussion of cellular nevi are presented and the realtionship of junctional nevi to malignant melanoma is considered. Regardless of the appearance of the lesion, wide surgical excision is recommended for all pigmented lesions within the oral cavity.", "contents": "Intraoral junctional nevus: review of the literature and report of case. Pigmented nevi are uncommon in the oral cavity in comparison to their frequency on the skin. The junctional variety is extremely rare; it accounts for approximately 4% of reported intraoral nevi. Another case of intraoral junctional nevus is added to the literature. A review and a discussion of cellular nevi are presented and the realtionship of junctional nevi to malignant melanoma is considered. Regardless of the appearance of the lesion, wide surgical excision is recommended for all pigmented lesions within the oral cavity.", "PMID": 1054399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1256", "title": "Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with methyl methacrylate interpositional arthroplasty: reprot of four cases.", "content": "Four cases of interpositional TMJ anthroplasty are presented. All patients had been operated on previously. The initial success was compromised by reunion of the proximal and distal surgical sites. These failures were due to inadequate gap arthroplasty; lack of complete coverage of the superior distal stump; or lack of retention of the alloplast at the site of placement. The case of manipulation and good tissue tolerance of methyl methracrylate make it an excellent material for interpositional arthroplasty.", "contents": "Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis with methyl methacrylate interpositional arthroplasty: reprot of four cases. Four cases of interpositional TMJ anthroplasty are presented. All patients had been operated on previously. The initial success was compromised by reunion of the proximal and distal surgical sites. These failures were due to inadequate gap arthroplasty; lack of complete coverage of the superior distal stump; or lack of retention of the alloplast at the site of placement. The case of manipulation and good tissue tolerance of methyl methracrylate make it an excellent material for interpositional arthroplasty.", "PMID": 1054400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1257", "title": "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis in osteopetrosis.", "content": "A patient was successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen for chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible associated with osteopetrosis. This mode of therapy appears to have a definite place in the management of such patients. There was no clinical, radiographic, or laboratory evidence that the osteopetrosis was made worse by the hyperbaric oxygen.", "contents": "Hyperbaric oxygen treatment of mandibular osteomyelitis in osteopetrosis. A patient was successfully treated with hyperbaric oxygen for chronic osteomyelitis of the mandible associated with osteopetrosis. This mode of therapy appears to have a definite place in the management of such patients. There was no clinical, radiographic, or laboratory evidence that the osteopetrosis was made worse by the hyperbaric oxygen.", "PMID": 1054401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1258", "title": "Cementoblastoma of the maxilla: report of case.", "content": "A case of cementoblastoma of the maxilla has been presented. The lesion is considered unusual because of its location size, and close association with the cementum of the root of the tooth.", "contents": "Cementoblastoma of the maxilla: report of case. A case of cementoblastoma of the maxilla has been presented. The lesion is considered unusual because of its location size, and close association with the cementum of the root of the tooth.", "PMID": 1054403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1259", "title": "Colitis after clindamycin therapy.", "content": "Colitis developed in a young patient who was receiving clindamycin as part of the management of pericoronitis. Vigorous treatment of the colitis became necessary. The case and the recent literature that has dealt with this potentially very serious complication of lincomycin and clindamycin therapy are reviewed. The dental profession should become aware of this dangerous side effect and exercise caution in prescribing any medication that could produce such a serious outcome.", "contents": "Colitis after clindamycin therapy. Colitis developed in a young patient who was receiving clindamycin as part of the management of pericoronitis. Vigorous treatment of the colitis became necessary. The case and the recent literature that has dealt with this potentially very serious complication of lincomycin and clindamycin therapy are reviewed. The dental profession should become aware of this dangerous side effect and exercise caution in prescribing any medication that could produce such a serious outcome.", "PMID": 1054405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1260", "title": "An investigation of the clinical and histologic effects of selected dentifrices on human palatal mucosa.", "content": "A study was undertaken in 24 human volunteer subjects to determine the possible effects of selected commercially available dentifrices on clinically normal masticatory mucosa. An acrylic stent was fabricated which was designed to hold four test dentifrices in close apposition to the palatal tissues for 1 hour. Evaluation approximately 8 hours later revealed pathologic responses which were evident clinically and histologically. 1. Clinically, palatal tissues exposed to Crest were not distinguishable from control areas, while Colgate (mfp), MacCleans, and Ultra Brite produced erythematous changes which were statistically significant when compared with adjacent control sites. 2. Histologically, epithelial changes were seen within the test sites which ranged from a parakeratin-like surface layer to necrosis and intraepithelial abcess formation. Control sites consisted of normal orthokeratinized palatal mucosa in all cases. 3. The more severe microscopic reactions were noted with MacCleans and Ultra Brite, while the milder reactions were associated with Colgate (MFP). Crest infrequently produced a parakeratin-like response. The response was not statistically significant when compared with controls. 4. The clinical and histologic reactions were generalized throughout the test population, suggesting that the responses were not due to individual hypersensitivity but due to irritation from one or more of the dentifrice components. Although the clinical significance of these findings could not be readily assessed, the potential for irritation of human palatal mucosa by selected dentifrices has been demonstrated. These findings support the suggestion by the World Workshop in Periodontics (1966)20 that efforts should be directed to the development of dentifrice materials less harsh to the oral tissues.", "contents": "An investigation of the clinical and histologic effects of selected dentifrices on human palatal mucosa. A study was undertaken in 24 human volunteer subjects to determine the possible effects of selected commercially available dentifrices on clinically normal masticatory mucosa. An acrylic stent was fabricated which was designed to hold four test dentifrices in close apposition to the palatal tissues for 1 hour. Evaluation approximately 8 hours later revealed pathologic responses which were evident clinically and histologically. 1. Clinically, palatal tissues exposed to Crest were not distinguishable from control areas, while Colgate (mfp), MacCleans, and Ultra Brite produced erythematous changes which were statistically significant when compared with adjacent control sites. 2. Histologically, epithelial changes were seen within the test sites which ranged from a parakeratin-like surface layer to necrosis and intraepithelial abcess formation. Control sites consisted of normal orthokeratinized palatal mucosa in all cases. 3. The more severe microscopic reactions were noted with MacCleans and Ultra Brite, while the milder reactions were associated with Colgate (MFP). Crest infrequently produced a parakeratin-like response. The response was not statistically significant when compared with controls. 4. The clinical and histologic reactions were generalized throughout the test population, suggesting that the responses were not due to individual hypersensitivity but due to irritation from one or more of the dentifrice components. Although the clinical significance of these findings could not be readily assessed, the potential for irritation of human palatal mucosa by selected dentifrices has been demonstrated. These findings support the suggestion by the World Workshop in Periodontics (1966)20 that efforts should be directed to the development of dentifrice materials less harsh to the oral tissues.", "PMID": 1054406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1261", "title": "A long term clinical study evaluating the effect of two dentifrices on oral tissues.", "content": "1. A long term (54 months) supervised, double-blind human clinical study has been conducted to ascertain whether the routine use of a commercially available cosmetic dentifrice, with purported stain removal and flavor impact characteristics, would cause adverse manifestations in the oral tissues, as compared to the similar use of a more conventional type of commercially available dentifrice. 2. One hundred and twenty male and female subjects (aged 12 to 70) were randomly assigned to the use of one of the two dentifrices under investigation, after which they used the assigned dentifrices twice daily (1 min each brushing) under supervised conditions for a period of 54 months. 3. Clinical examinations were conducted on all subjects initially (base line), and at 3-month intervals throughout the 54-month course of the study. This examination included a complete and thorough inspection of the oral soft and hard tissues. 4. The results after 54 months of continuous use of the dentifrices (representing a total dentifrice/oral tissues exposure time of approximately 45 hours per subject) indicated that neither of the two dentifrices caused any adverse reactions of the oral soft tissues and that both dentifrice groups had similar patterns and levels of cervical abrasion and/or erosion. 5. The results also indicate a lack of direct correlation between laboratory abrasivity values (as determined by a radioactive dentin abrasion procedure) and the clinical situation, thus suggesting that factors other than dentifrice abrasivity may play an important role with regard to tooth wear.", "contents": "A long term clinical study evaluating the effect of two dentifrices on oral tissues. 1. A long term (54 months) supervised, double-blind human clinical study has been conducted to ascertain whether the routine use of a commercially available cosmetic dentifrice, with purported stain removal and flavor impact characteristics, would cause adverse manifestations in the oral tissues, as compared to the similar use of a more conventional type of commercially available dentifrice. 2. One hundred and twenty male and female subjects (aged 12 to 70) were randomly assigned to the use of one of the two dentifrices under investigation, after which they used the assigned dentifrices twice daily (1 min each brushing) under supervised conditions for a period of 54 months. 3. Clinical examinations were conducted on all subjects initially (base line), and at 3-month intervals throughout the 54-month course of the study. This examination included a complete and thorough inspection of the oral soft and hard tissues. 4. The results after 54 months of continuous use of the dentifrices (representing a total dentifrice/oral tissues exposure time of approximately 45 hours per subject) indicated that neither of the two dentifrices caused any adverse reactions of the oral soft tissues and that both dentifrice groups had similar patterns and levels of cervical abrasion and/or erosion. 5. The results also indicate a lack of direct correlation between laboratory abrasivity values (as determined by a radioactive dentin abrasion procedure) and the clinical situation, thus suggesting that factors other than dentifrice abrasivity may play an important role with regard to tooth wear.", "PMID": 1054407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1262", "title": "Primate model for testing periodontal treatment procedures: I. Histologic investigation of localized periodontal pockets produced by orthodontic elastics.", "content": "Experimental periodontal lesions have been produced in Rhesus monkeys using orthodontic elastics. These lesions are characterized by an irreversible apical positioning of the junctional epithelium and both horizontal and angular bone loss. It was concluded that this lesion is suitable for testing the effect of periodontal treatment.", "contents": "Primate model for testing periodontal treatment procedures: I. Histologic investigation of localized periodontal pockets produced by orthodontic elastics. Experimental periodontal lesions have been produced in Rhesus monkeys using orthodontic elastics. These lesions are characterized by an irreversible apical positioning of the junctional epithelium and both horizontal and angular bone loss. It was concluded that this lesion is suitable for testing the effect of periodontal treatment.", "PMID": 1054408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1263", "title": "A form and function concept of occlusion and the maxillomandibular relationship.", "content": "A fixed retruded positional concept for the mandible is traceable historically to early dental prosthodontic attempts to obtain duplicable interocclusal records. The original method, derived for relating the maxillary and mandibular jaws for edentulous patients, later gained acceptance as a physiologic entity for patients with teeth as well as for those who were edentulous. Ultimately, static centric relation led to entirely reproducible systems, involving all mandibular movements, which endeavored to match occlusal contacts with a fixed condylar envelope of motion. A fixed or static interpretation of centric relation has become the common touchstone for virtually all the subspecialties of dentistry, regardless of the relative matching and spatial relationships of the jaws,and, as such, misdirects diagnosis and treatment. An attempt has been made to demonstrate that the temporomandibular articulation has a wide range of adaptability as well as a remodeling capacity  and that it assumes its position as a result of the interplay of intercuspation of teeth and the neuromusculature. A dynamic concept of centric relation is presented as a quasifixed position of temporary duration which exists in the form of an equilibrium established by the balance of the neuromusculature and ligaments. The adoption of a dynamic or alterable concept of centric relation allows for diagnosis and treatment which is rationalin theory and workable in fact.", "contents": "A form and function concept of occlusion and the maxillomandibular relationship. A fixed retruded positional concept for the mandible is traceable historically to early dental prosthodontic attempts to obtain duplicable interocclusal records. The original method, derived for relating the maxillary and mandibular jaws for edentulous patients, later gained acceptance as a physiologic entity for patients with teeth as well as for those who were edentulous. Ultimately, static centric relation led to entirely reproducible systems, involving all mandibular movements, which endeavored to match occlusal contacts with a fixed condylar envelope of motion. A fixed or static interpretation of centric relation has become the common touchstone for virtually all the subspecialties of dentistry, regardless of the relative matching and spatial relationships of the jaws,and, as such, misdirects diagnosis and treatment. An attempt has been made to demonstrate that the temporomandibular articulation has a wide range of adaptability as well as a remodeling capacity  and that it assumes its position as a result of the interplay of intercuspation of teeth and the neuromusculature. A dynamic concept of centric relation is presented as a quasifixed position of temporary duration which exists in the form of an equilibrium established by the balance of the neuromusculature and ligaments. The adoption of a dynamic or alterable concept of centric relation allows for diagnosis and treatment which is rationalin theory and workable in fact.", "PMID": 1054410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1264", "title": "Construction of an acrylic resin articulator mounting platform.", "content": "A technique is presented for constructing an articulator mounting platform for maxillary casts. It simplifies and standardizes the mounting procedure.", "contents": "Construction of an acrylic resin articulator mounting platform. A technique is presented for constructing an articulator mounting platform for maxillary casts. It simplifies and standardizes the mounting procedure.", "PMID": 1054415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1265", "title": "Anteroposterior position of \"Myo-Monitor centric\".", "content": "Nine patients had interocclusal recordings made at \"Myo-Monitor centric\", centric occlusion, and centric relation. With the use of centric relation as a reference point, the anteroposterior distances from centric relation to centric occlusion and Myo-Monitor centric were measured. In addition, the variations in Myo-Monitor centric were analyzed by making repeated interocclusal records on the same patient. Results showed that, within the limits of this study, Myo-Monitor centric was anterior to centric relation but was slightly retrusive to centric occlusion. Also, Myo-Monitor centric recordings were variable from the left and right sides of the same patient and varied on the same side of the same patient.", "contents": "Anteroposterior position of \"Myo-Monitor centric\". Nine patients had interocclusal recordings made at \"Myo-Monitor centric\", centric occlusion, and centric relation. With the use of centric relation as a reference point, the anteroposterior distances from centric relation to centric occlusion and Myo-Monitor centric were measured. In addition, the variations in Myo-Monitor centric were analyzed by making repeated interocclusal records on the same patient. Results showed that, within the limits of this study, Myo-Monitor centric was anterior to centric relation but was slightly retrusive to centric occlusion. Also, Myo-Monitor centric recordings were variable from the left and right sides of the same patient and varied on the same side of the same patient.", "PMID": 1054417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1266", "title": "The effects of variations in the opposing dentition on changes in the partially edentulous mandible. Part II. Densitometric measurements.", "content": "Distal-extension lower removable partial dentures were used to study the effects of various types of opposing dentitions on the residual mandibular ridge. The opposing-dentition groups included complete upper dentures, removable partial upper dentures, and natural teeth. Changes in the bone of the lower residual ridge were measured by means of densitometry. A significant densitometric difference was found in the bone of the partially edentulous mandible between the group of subjects wearing complete upper dentures and the group with natural upper teeth. The reason for this difference is uncertain; however, several theories can be offered. These are (1) an inherent bone difference between the subjects in the two groups, implying a difference in the bone of the group that retained their natural upper teeth longer than did the complete denture group, (2) an increased frequency and/or duration of muscle pull on the mandible due to clenching of the teeth to stabilize the upper complete denture, and (3) the possibility of coincidence. None of the densitometric changes measured at +18 months was significant.", "contents": "The effects of variations in the opposing dentition on changes in the partially edentulous mandible. Part II. Densitometric measurements. Distal-extension lower removable partial dentures were used to study the effects of various types of opposing dentitions on the residual mandibular ridge. The opposing-dentition groups included complete upper dentures, removable partial upper dentures, and natural teeth. Changes in the bone of the lower residual ridge were measured by means of densitometry. A significant densitometric difference was found in the bone of the partially edentulous mandible between the group of subjects wearing complete upper dentures and the group with natural upper teeth. The reason for this difference is uncertain; however, several theories can be offered. These are (1) an inherent bone difference between the subjects in the two groups, implying a difference in the bone of the group that retained their natural upper teeth longer than did the complete denture group, (2) an increased frequency and/or duration of muscle pull on the mandible due to clenching of the teeth to stabilize the upper complete denture, and (3) the possibility of coincidence. None of the densitometric changes measured at +18 months was significant.", "PMID": 1054418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1267", "title": "Development of a simplified system for clinical evaluation of occlusal interrelationships. Part II. Storage of the information.", "content": "The development of a simplified system for evaluation of occlusal interrelationships has been discussed in two parts. Part I concerned itself with data obtained from a Patient Questionnaire and through clinical examination. Part II has dealt primarily with the method of transcription of collected information and with data processing keypunch instructions. It is anticipated that this method of data collection will provide the vehicle for an ongoing, broad-base study of occlusal and temporomandibular joint/muscle interrelationships.", "contents": "Development of a simplified system for clinical evaluation of occlusal interrelationships. Part II. Storage of the information. The development of a simplified system for evaluation of occlusal interrelationships has been discussed in two parts. Part I concerned itself with data obtained from a Patient Questionnaire and through clinical examination. Part II has dealt primarily with the method of transcription of collected information and with data processing keypunch instructions. It is anticipated that this method of data collection will provide the vehicle for an ongoing, broad-base study of occlusal and temporomandibular joint/muscle interrelationships.", "PMID": 1054420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1268", "title": "Pantographic records on TMJ dysfunction subjects treated with occlusal splints: a progress report.", "content": "Five subjects with TMJ dysfunction showed difficulty in making reproducible mandibular border movements as recorded by a pantograph. These subjects were treated with occlusal bite splints, and muscle activity was studied by electromyography. After one month of treatment, most subjects showed relief of clinical symptoms and improved EMG muscular activity. Most of the subjects' mandibular movements did not improve to the point of making reproducible border movements on a pantograph. The length of time and the type of treatment may have had a significant effect on the results. This should be investigated further.", "contents": "Pantographic records on TMJ dysfunction subjects treated with occlusal splints: a progress report. Five subjects with TMJ dysfunction showed difficulty in making reproducible mandibular border movements as recorded by a pantograph. These subjects were treated with occlusal bite splints, and muscle activity was studied by electromyography. After one month of treatment, most subjects showed relief of clinical symptoms and improved EMG muscular activity. Most of the subjects' mandibular movements did not improve to the point of making reproducible border movements on a pantograph. The length of time and the type of treatment may have had a significant effect on the results. This should be investigated further.", "PMID": 1054421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1269", "title": "Motor pauses in EMG activity during chewing and biting.", "content": "Biting on hard particles during chewing sometimes produced motor pauses but more often abrupt atypical terminations of the EMG patterns occurred. A series of tests with different experimental biting and chewing situations were performed. The results indicate that the motor inhibition that occurs during biting and chewing mainly are of two different origins. The inhibition that occurs during tooth tapping and biting on hard particles is caused by tendon and muscle stretching occurring as a result of the mechanical stop of the jaw movement. The inhibition occurring when crushing a brittle bolus has a different origin and occurs before tooth contact and is a form of unloading reflex. The periodontal receptors or surface sensibility appears to be of minor importance for these types of motor inhibition.", "contents": "Motor pauses in EMG activity during chewing and biting. Biting on hard particles during chewing sometimes produced motor pauses but more often abrupt atypical terminations of the EMG patterns occurred. A series of tests with different experimental biting and chewing situations were performed. The results indicate that the motor inhibition that occurs during biting and chewing mainly are of two different origins. The inhibition that occurs during tooth tapping and biting on hard particles is caused by tendon and muscle stretching occurring as a result of the mechanical stop of the jaw movement. The inhibition occurring when crushing a brittle bolus has a different origin and occurs before tooth contact and is a form of unloading reflex. The periodontal receptors or surface sensibility appears to be of minor importance for these types of motor inhibition.", "PMID": 1054441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1270", "title": "Oral manifestations in Urbach--Wiethe disease (lipoglycoproteinosis; lipoid proteinosis; hyalinosis cutis et mucosae).", "content": "The oral manifestations in 27 patients with Urbach--Wiethe disease (UWD) discovered in Northern Sweden are described. The oral regions most frequently affected are the lips, the back of the tongue, the frenulum of the tongue, the palate and the back wall of the pharynx. The general impression is that older patients usually have more marked manifestations than younger, indicating that the oral lesions may become more severe with increasing age. Histopathologically, the disorder is essentially a microangiopathy in which the walls of small blood vessels are thick and PAS-positive, indicating the presence of glycoproteins. In clinically affected regions there are usually PAS-positive extravascular deposits. In material used of lipid histochemical studies, sudanophil droplets were found in the vessel walls. By staining with osmium tetroxide the osmium is--contrary to previous assumptions--in some way bound to the droplets, but for unknown reasons is not reduced to a coloured product. The binding of osmium was demonstrated by the OTAN (osmium textroxide alpha-naphthylamine) method. The exact significance of this finding awaits further studies. The implications of dental anomalies occurring in UWD are discussed.", "contents": "Oral manifestations in Urbach--Wiethe disease (lipoglycoproteinosis; lipoid proteinosis; hyalinosis cutis et mucosae). The oral manifestations in 27 patients with Urbach--Wiethe disease (UWD) discovered in Northern Sweden are described. The oral regions most frequently affected are the lips, the back of the tongue, the frenulum of the tongue, the palate and the back wall of the pharynx. The general impression is that older patients usually have more marked manifestations than younger, indicating that the oral lesions may become more severe with increasing age. Histopathologically, the disorder is essentially a microangiopathy in which the walls of small blood vessels are thick and PAS-positive, indicating the presence of glycoproteins. In clinically affected regions there are usually PAS-positive extravascular deposits. In material used of lipid histochemical studies, sudanophil droplets were found in the vessel walls. By staining with osmium tetroxide the osmium is--contrary to previous assumptions--in some way bound to the droplets, but for unknown reasons is not reduced to a coloured product. The binding of osmium was demonstrated by the OTAN (osmium textroxide alpha-naphthylamine) method. The exact significance of this finding awaits further studies. The implications of dental anomalies occurring in UWD are discussed.", "PMID": 1054442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1271", "title": "Index for need of orthodontic treatment.", "content": "The demands placed on an index for evaluating the need of orthodontic treatment are described. An index designed by the Swedish Medical Health Board is discussed against the background of the above mentioned demands. A new index for the need of orthodontic treatment is presented. It consists of a morphological part in which essential abnormalities are recorded and allotted points according to their severity. The index also has a functional part in which selected functional disorders of the masticatory system as well as occlusal disharmonies are recorded and allotted points. The reasons are given for the choice of the various features included in the index. Practical instructions for the use of the index are given. The new index for need of orthodontic treatment was tried under clinical conditions in two series of children, aged 6--16 years. The variation between the recordings by the same examiner on two occassions was studied by double determinations. With but few exceptions no systematic errors were found between the double determinations. The precision of the new index for need of treatment was found to be the same as of that given by the Swedish Medical Health Board. No systematic differences were found between recordings made by orthodontists and inexperienced examiners. The accidental error of the method was of the same order for orthodontists as for inexperienced examiners. Comparison of recordings made by four orthodontists showed systematic errors between the recordings of functional but not of morphological deviations. Ranking of the children according to the need of orthodontic treatment as judged with the new index differed from that obtained with the system of the Swedish Medical Health Board. The new index attached more importance to functional deviations. This was the main requirement in the construction of the new index.", "contents": "Index for need of orthodontic treatment. The demands placed on an index for evaluating the need of orthodontic treatment are described. An index designed by the Swedish Medical Health Board is discussed against the background of the above mentioned demands. A new index for the need of orthodontic treatment is presented. It consists of a morphological part in which essential abnormalities are recorded and allotted points according to their severity. The index also has a functional part in which selected functional disorders of the masticatory system as well as occlusal disharmonies are recorded and allotted points. The reasons are given for the choice of the various features included in the index. Practical instructions for the use of the index are given. The new index for need of orthodontic treatment was tried under clinical conditions in two series of children, aged 6--16 years. The variation between the recordings by the same examiner on two occassions was studied by double determinations. With but few exceptions no systematic errors were found between the double determinations. The precision of the new index for need of treatment was found to be the same as of that given by the Swedish Medical Health Board. No systematic differences were found between recordings made by orthodontists and inexperienced examiners. The accidental error of the method was of the same order for orthodontists as for inexperienced examiners. Comparison of recordings made by four orthodontists showed systematic errors between the recordings of functional but not of morphological deviations. Ranking of the children according to the need of orthodontic treatment as judged with the new index differed from that obtained with the system of the Swedish Medical Health Board. The new index attached more importance to functional deviations. This was the main requirement in the construction of the new index.", "PMID": 1054443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1272", "title": "Citanest Forte--its use in oral surgery.", "content": "A clinical evaluation of Citanest Forte (brand of prilocaine HCL) was carried out on 3,000 oral surgery patients to determine the effectiveness and safety of the drug. Citanest Forte has been found to be a useful local anesthetic, and the results of this study would indicate that it can be effectively and safely substituted for other local anesthetic solutions currently in use for all routine oral surgery procedures.", "contents": "Citanest Forte--its use in oral surgery. A clinical evaluation of Citanest Forte (brand of prilocaine HCL) was carried out on 3,000 oral surgery patients to determine the effectiveness and safety of the drug. Citanest Forte has been found to be a useful local anesthetic, and the results of this study would indicate that it can be effectively and safely substituted for other local anesthetic solutions currently in use for all routine oral surgery procedures.", "PMID": 1054444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1273", "title": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth with extensive mandibular involvement.", "content": "The case of a patient with an extensive squamous-cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth with erosion of the mandibular bone is presented. The history and initial clinical picture were consistent with either carcinoma with superimposed infection or chronic osteomyelitis with an acute exacerbation. A discussion of diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the floor of the mouth follows this case report.", "contents": "Squamous-cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth with extensive mandibular involvement. The case of a patient with an extensive squamous-cell carcinoma of the floor of the mouth with erosion of the mandibular bone is presented. The history and initial clinical picture were consistent with either carcinoma with superimposed infection or chronic osteomyelitis with an acute exacerbation. A discussion of diagnosis and treatment of carcinoma of the floor of the mouth follows this case report.", "PMID": 1054445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1274", "title": "Dermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth. Report of a case.", "content": "Dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth comprise aproximately 0.01 per cent of all oral cystic lesions. This case is presented because of its large size, its unusual location, and the difficulty encountered in removing the mass.", "contents": "Dermoid cyst of the floor of the mouth. Report of a case. Dermoid cysts of the floor of the mouth comprise aproximately 0.01 per cent of all oral cystic lesions. This case is presented because of its large size, its unusual location, and the difficulty encountered in removing the mass.", "PMID": 1054446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1275", "title": "Osteogenesis within polyethylene implants at fracture gaps.", "content": "Sterile 7 mm. polyethylene implants were implanted in standard 6 mm. bilateral midfibular fracture gaps in thirty rats (sixty defects), and six rats were used as controls with identical bilateral midfibular fracture gaps. Clinical, radiologic, and histologic studies at a 12-week interval revealed osteogenesis at internal and external surfaces of implants resulting in bony union; however, gaps without implants resulted in fibrous union and nonunion.", "contents": "Osteogenesis within polyethylene implants at fracture gaps. Sterile 7 mm. polyethylene implants were implanted in standard 6 mm. bilateral midfibular fracture gaps in thirty rats (sixty defects), and six rats were used as controls with identical bilateral midfibular fracture gaps. Clinical, radiologic, and histologic studies at a 12-week interval revealed osteogenesis at internal and external surfaces of implants resulting in bony union; however, gaps without implants resulted in fibrous union and nonunion.", "PMID": 1054447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1276", "title": "Patient's medical status--a factor in dental treatment.", "content": "A review of the medical questionnaires of 4,785 patients seen at Temple University School of Dentistry from March, 1973, through January, 1974, revealed that chronic illnesses affect all ages. The problems and complexities found in our patients are never-ending entities. The dentist must be cognizant of all these medical aberrations so that, where indicated, consultations with other members of the health sciences can be obtained prior to providing definitive treatment. With this knowledge of the patient's medical status and medications being taken, the dental practitioner can now individualize this treatment prescription. The profession must accept this responsiblity, so that the patient can be aided in maintaining and sustaining his general health.", "contents": "Patient's medical status--a factor in dental treatment. A review of the medical questionnaires of 4,785 patients seen at Temple University School of Dentistry from March, 1973, through January, 1974, revealed that chronic illnesses affect all ages. The problems and complexities found in our patients are never-ending entities. The dentist must be cognizant of all these medical aberrations so that, where indicated, consultations with other members of the health sciences can be obtained prior to providing definitive treatment. With this knowledge of the patient's medical status and medications being taken, the dental practitioner can now individualize this treatment prescription. The profession must accept this responsiblity, so that the patient can be aided in maintaining and sustaining his general health.", "PMID": 1054448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1277", "title": "Oral carcinoma in situ.", "content": "Oral carcinoma in situ (CIS) as a histopathologic entity was studied in seventy-seven patients to determine the clinical and histologic parameters of the disease. There were forty-nine male and twenty-eight female patients, with 45.1 per cent of the lesions being described clinically as white, 15.9 per cent as red, and 8.5 per cent as a combination of the two. The high-risk sites for CIS were floor of the mouth (23.2 per cent of all lesions), tongue (22.0 per cent), and lips (in males only, 19.5 per cent). Histologically, there was a considerable range of variation in surface keratinization, thickness of epithelium, and certain cytologic alterations. The most consistent of all cytologic changes was loss of orientation of cells. There is no information available concerning possible regression of oral CIS, as is known for CIS of uterine cervix. Furthermore, there is no information concerning the frequency of or the period of transition from oral CIS to invasive carcinoma or whether all oral carcinoma is preceded by CIS. Further studies on this disease are essential.", "contents": "Oral carcinoma in situ. Oral carcinoma in situ (CIS) as a histopathologic entity was studied in seventy-seven patients to determine the clinical and histologic parameters of the disease. There were forty-nine male and twenty-eight female patients, with 45.1 per cent of the lesions being described clinically as white, 15.9 per cent as red, and 8.5 per cent as a combination of the two. The high-risk sites for CIS were floor of the mouth (23.2 per cent of all lesions), tongue (22.0 per cent), and lips (in males only, 19.5 per cent). Histologically, there was a considerable range of variation in surface keratinization, thickness of epithelium, and certain cytologic alterations. The most consistent of all cytologic changes was loss of orientation of cells. There is no information available concerning possible regression of oral CIS, as is known for CIS of uterine cervix. Furthermore, there is no information concerning the frequency of or the period of transition from oral CIS to invasive carcinoma or whether all oral carcinoma is preceded by CIS. Further studies on this disease are essential.", "PMID": 1054449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1278", "title": "Aspects of the fine anatomy of aphthous stomatitis.", "content": "Samples of human aphthous stomatitis were studied under the electron microscope. The epithelial cells bordering the ulcer present multivesicular bodies, pinocytotic vesicles, primary lysosomes, digestive vacuoles, and autophagic vacuoles. The golgicomplex is noticeably increased; free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum are abundant. Crystalline structures are close to the nucleus. One or two paranuclear bodies are in most of the nuclei. A frank cell injury is evident, causing a major activity of the digestive cell system; the origin and formation of lysosomes through r.e.r. and the Golgi system are discussed.", "contents": "Aspects of the fine anatomy of aphthous stomatitis. Samples of human aphthous stomatitis were studied under the electron microscope. The epithelial cells bordering the ulcer present multivesicular bodies, pinocytotic vesicles, primary lysosomes, digestive vacuoles, and autophagic vacuoles. The golgicomplex is noticeably increased; free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum are abundant. Crystalline structures are close to the nucleus. One or two paranuclear bodies are in most of the nuclei. A frank cell injury is evident, causing a major activity of the digestive cell system; the origin and formation of lysosomes through r.e.r. and the Golgi system are discussed.", "PMID": 1054450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1279", "title": "Multiple odontogenic tumors and other anomalies. An autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome.", "content": "The authors report the occurrence of multiple odontogenic tumors in a father, his two sons, and his daughter. These occurred soon after birth and recurred upon occasion, with imcomplete removal. Associated with the multiple odontomas is esophageal stenosis. The occurrence of hepatopathy of unknown origin and an increased susceptibility to infection appear to be other components in this syndrome. A similar case reported in the literature has been cited. Autosomal dominant inheritance is suggested.", "contents": "Multiple odontogenic tumors and other anomalies. An autosomal dominantly inherited syndrome. The authors report the occurrence of multiple odontogenic tumors in a father, his two sons, and his daughter. These occurred soon after birth and recurred upon occasion, with imcomplete removal. Associated with the multiple odontomas is esophageal stenosis. The occurrence of hepatopathy of unknown origin and an increased susceptibility to infection appear to be other components in this syndrome. A similar case reported in the literature has been cited. Autosomal dominant inheritance is suggested.", "PMID": 1054451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1280", "title": "Salivary mucoceles.", "content": "A survey of natural mucoceles revealed that there were two types, namely, extravasation and retention, and that extravasation mucocceles occurred most often in younger patients and in the lower lip, whereas retention mucoceles occurred most often in older patients and elsewhere in the mouth.", "contents": "Salivary mucoceles. A survey of natural mucoceles revealed that there were two types, namely, extravasation and retention, and that extravasation mucocceles occurred most often in younger patients and in the lower lip, whereas retention mucoceles occurred most often in older patients and elsewhere in the mouth.", "PMID": 1054452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1281", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma.", "content": "The eighth case of a benign osteoblastoma of the jawbones is presented. The tumor showed early recurrence after imcomplete curettage. The tumor-bearing part of the mandible was resected and reconstructed with an autologous bone graft. The histologic features of the entire specimen proved its benighn character. The patient is doing well 2 years after surgical treatment.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma. The eighth case of a benign osteoblastoma of the jawbones is presented. The tumor showed early recurrence after imcomplete curettage. The tumor-bearing part of the mandible was resected and reconstructed with an autologous bone graft. The histologic features of the entire specimen proved its benighn character. The patient is doing well 2 years after surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1054453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1282", "title": "Radicular variety of double dens invaginatus.", "content": "A rare, previously unreported case of radicular variety of double dens invaginatus is presented. The probable mechanism of formation is discussed.", "contents": "Radicular variety of double dens invaginatus. A rare, previously unreported case of radicular variety of double dens invaginatus is presented. The probable mechanism of formation is discussed.", "PMID": 1054454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1283", "title": "Oral Kaposi's sarcoma.", "content": "A new case of primary oral Kaposi's sarcoma associated with immunosuppressive therapy is presented. The literature related to oral Kaposi's sarcoma is reviewed, and the pathogenesis of this condition is briefly discussed. There is a possiblity that  early lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma may be misadiagnosed clinically and histopathologically as simple pyogenic granulomas.", "contents": "Oral Kaposi's sarcoma. A new case of primary oral Kaposi's sarcoma associated with immunosuppressive therapy is presented. The literature related to oral Kaposi's sarcoma is reviewed, and the pathogenesis of this condition is briefly discussed. There is a possiblity that  early lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma may be misadiagnosed clinically and histopathologically as simple pyogenic granulomas.", "PMID": 1054455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1284", "title": "Periapical tissue reactions after pulp exposure in rat molars.", "content": "Apical periodontal lesions were produced in the rat molar by exposing the pulp to the oral environment. The natural history of the undisturbed lesion was studied at time intervals ranging from 2 days to 1 year postoperatively. The earliest reactions were usually inflammatory infiltration at the apex. The severity of the lesions was related to the amount of vital pulp still present in the tooth rather than to the time lapse after exposure. After 1 month most pulps has undergone necrosis and the lesions about the apices which followed showed two main types of reaction. In the case of the suppurative reaction, pus drained along a root surface, destroying the periodontal ligament and interradicular bone until it emerged at the gingival sulcus. The sinus tract could become lined with oral epithelium. In the reparative type of reaction, suppuration was absent or minimal and the apices were surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. The fiber bundles occasionally formed a collagenous scar, but they were usually replaced by cementum and bone with a new periodontal ligament. The width of the periodontium was never restored to its normal dimensions. Secondary destruction of the teeth occurred by fracture of cusps followed by caries which started in the exposed pulp chamber. Despite the predominance of destructive factors, spontaneous repair indicated good healing potential of the apical periodontal tissues.", "contents": "Periapical tissue reactions after pulp exposure in rat molars. Apical periodontal lesions were produced in the rat molar by exposing the pulp to the oral environment. The natural history of the undisturbed lesion was studied at time intervals ranging from 2 days to 1 year postoperatively. The earliest reactions were usually inflammatory infiltration at the apex. The severity of the lesions was related to the amount of vital pulp still present in the tooth rather than to the time lapse after exposure. After 1 month most pulps has undergone necrosis and the lesions about the apices which followed showed two main types of reaction. In the case of the suppurative reaction, pus drained along a root surface, destroying the periodontal ligament and interradicular bone until it emerged at the gingival sulcus. The sinus tract could become lined with oral epithelium. In the reparative type of reaction, suppuration was absent or minimal and the apices were surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. The fiber bundles occasionally formed a collagenous scar, but they were usually replaced by cementum and bone with a new periodontal ligament. The width of the periodontium was never restored to its normal dimensions. Secondary destruction of the teeth occurred by fracture of cusps followed by caries which started in the exposed pulp chamber. Despite the predominance of destructive factors, spontaneous repair indicated good healing potential of the apical periodontal tissues.", "PMID": 1054456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1285", "title": "A study of the focal troughs of three panoramic dental x-ray machines. Part I. The area of sharpness.", "content": "A comparison of three panoramic x-ray machines revealed that the focal trough of the panorex curved inward in the posterior region, that of the GE-3000 remained straight, and that of the Orthopantomograph flared outward. The panorex was found to have the widest trough in the anterior region; the GE-3000 had the widest trough in the posterior regions.", "contents": "A study of the focal troughs of three panoramic dental x-ray machines. Part I. The area of sharpness. A comparison of three panoramic x-ray machines revealed that the focal trough of the panorex curved inward in the posterior region, that of the GE-3000 remained straight, and that of the Orthopantomograph flared outward. The panorex was found to have the widest trough in the anterior region; the GE-3000 had the widest trough in the posterior regions.", "PMID": 1054457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1286", "title": "A determination of the minimum radiopacification necessary for radiographic detection of an aspirated or swallowed object.", "content": "It was hoped that it might be possible to establish some standard or starting point which could be used by future investigators to judge adequate levels of radiopacity of radiopaque denture-base materials. Aluminum and copper were used to define a suitable radiopacity scale. The scale was represented by two sets of specimens--one of regular outline and uniform thickness, the other of irregular shape and tapering thickness. Radiographs of the chest and abdominal regions of a cadaver were exposed, with the specimens placed on the film side and then on the opposite side of the cadaver. The results showed that it was more difficult to locate the beveled irregular specimens, that there was little difference between the chest and the abdomen with respect to ease of locating the same objects, and that the closer an object is to the film the easier it is to locate. For 95 per cent observability, an object should have a level of radiopacity at least equal to that produced by 0.20 mm. of copper.", "contents": "A determination of the minimum radiopacification necessary for radiographic detection of an aspirated or swallowed object. It was hoped that it might be possible to establish some standard or starting point which could be used by future investigators to judge adequate levels of radiopacity of radiopaque denture-base materials. Aluminum and copper were used to define a suitable radiopacity scale. The scale was represented by two sets of specimens--one of regular outline and uniform thickness, the other of irregular shape and tapering thickness. Radiographs of the chest and abdominal regions of a cadaver were exposed, with the specimens placed on the film side and then on the opposite side of the cadaver. The results showed that it was more difficult to locate the beveled irregular specimens, that there was little difference between the chest and the abdomen with respect to ease of locating the same objects, and that the closer an object is to the film the easier it is to locate. For 95 per cent observability, an object should have a level of radiopacity at least equal to that produced by 0.20 mm. of copper.", "PMID": 1054458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1287", "title": "Correction of severe open-bite associated with muscular disease. Report of a case.", "content": "A 14-year-old boy presented with a severe open-bite and arch collapse associated with muscular disease. Multiple osteotomies of the maxilla and mandible with autogenous bone grafting were used for surgical closure of the open-bite. A satisfactory and stable skeletal result was achieved. The patient was then referred for orthodontic therapy to achieve a better dental interdigitation and maintenance of the newly created relationship. In severe cases of open-bite multiple osteotomies of the mandible and maxilla may need to be performed in order to accomplish the desired results. These same results may not be ach ieved by any single surgical procedure. The relationship between severe open-bite and muscle diseases needs to be further established. Once these etiologic factors are known, steps could perhaps be taken to alter the maldevelopment of the facial skeleton. Until this happens, the symptoms are best treated by a combination of surgical and orthodontic intervention.", "contents": "Correction of severe open-bite associated with muscular disease. Report of a case. A 14-year-old boy presented with a severe open-bite and arch collapse associated with muscular disease. Multiple osteotomies of the maxilla and mandible with autogenous bone grafting were used for surgical closure of the open-bite. A satisfactory and stable skeletal result was achieved. The patient was then referred for orthodontic therapy to achieve a better dental interdigitation and maintenance of the newly created relationship. In severe cases of open-bite multiple osteotomies of the mandible and maxilla may need to be performed in order to accomplish the desired results. These same results may not be ach ieved by any single surgical procedure. The relationship between severe open-bite and muscle diseases needs to be further established. Once these etiologic factors are known, steps could perhaps be taken to alter the maldevelopment of the facial skeleton. Until this happens, the symptoms are best treated by a combination of surgical and orthodontic intervention.", "PMID": 1054459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1288", "title": "The healing of surgical defects in alveolar bone produced with ultrasonic instrumentation, chisel, and rotary bur.", "content": "A histologic comparison of the effects of an ultrasonic instrument, a low-speed rotary cutting bur, and a surgical chisel, all used with water coolant, on the rate of healing of dog alveolar bone was made. After reflection of a mucoperiosteal flap, each instrument was used to produce a 3 by 3 by 2 mm. defect in buccal alveolar bone, 3 mm. apical to the alveolar crest and directly overlying the root structure of the right premolar teeth. Dogs were killed immediately following flap replacement with sutures and 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days later. Histologic examination of the surgical areas revealed that the bur produced the smoothest surface. At day 3, specimens prepared with the chisel and the ultrasonic instrument exhibited areas of cellular organization along surfaces with the defect and the formation of osteoid in adjacent marrow spaces. At day 7, osteoblastic activity was most pronounced in specimens prepared with the chisel and least in those prepared with the bur. The subsequent rate of healing in later periods appeared histologically to be the best with the use of the chisel, followed closely by the use of the ultrasonic instrument, and the slowest with the bur, the order of which is consistent with the over-all microscopic evaluation of the effect of the three instruments.", "contents": "The healing of surgical defects in alveolar bone produced with ultrasonic instrumentation, chisel, and rotary bur. A histologic comparison of the effects of an ultrasonic instrument, a low-speed rotary cutting bur, and a surgical chisel, all used with water coolant, on the rate of healing of dog alveolar bone was made. After reflection of a mucoperiosteal flap, each instrument was used to produce a 3 by 3 by 2 mm. defect in buccal alveolar bone, 3 mm. apical to the alveolar crest and directly overlying the root structure of the right premolar teeth. Dogs were killed immediately following flap replacement with sutures and 3, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days later. Histologic examination of the surgical areas revealed that the bur produced the smoothest surface. At day 3, specimens prepared with the chisel and the ultrasonic instrument exhibited areas of cellular organization along surfaces with the defect and the formation of osteoid in adjacent marrow spaces. At day 7, osteoblastic activity was most pronounced in specimens prepared with the chisel and least in those prepared with the bur. The subsequent rate of healing in later periods appeared histologically to be the best with the use of the chisel, followed closely by the use of the ultrasonic instrument, and the slowest with the bur, the order of which is consistent with the over-all microscopic evaluation of the effect of the three instruments.", "PMID": 1054461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1289", "title": "Intraoral actinomycosis. Report of five cases.", "content": "Five intraoral presentations of actinomycetes are recorded, in three of which the infection was almost certainly specifically due to the microorganisms. The importance of careful histopathologic examination is underlined, and the failure in some cases to investigate apparently simple infections bacteriologically is highlighted.", "contents": "Intraoral actinomycosis. Report of five cases. Five intraoral presentations of actinomycetes are recorded, in three of which the infection was almost certainly specifically due to the microorganisms. The importance of careful histopathologic examination is underlined, and the failure in some cases to investigate apparently simple infections bacteriologically is highlighted.", "PMID": 1054462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1290", "title": "Primary malignant melanoma of the oral cavity.", "content": "The natural history of malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is discussed with reference to the findings of previous writers, and six additional cases are reported. These demonstrate the considerable variations in detail of the course of the disease while confiriming the difficulty of treatment and the inexorable nature of the condition.", "contents": "Primary malignant melanoma of the oral cavity. The natural history of malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is discussed with reference to the findings of previous writers, and six additional cases are reported. These demonstrate the considerable variations in detail of the course of the disease while confiriming the difficulty of treatment and the inexorable nature of the condition.", "PMID": 1054463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1291", "title": "Tuberous sclerosis with gingival lesions. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of Bourneville-Pringle syndrome with oral manifestations in a 40-year-old woman is described. The oral manifestations of this rare syndrome consist of multiple tumorlike papillomas which are located mainly on the anterior gingivae of the upper jaw. The histologic examination revealed small papillomas.", "contents": "Tuberous sclerosis with gingival lesions. Report of a case. A case of Bourneville-Pringle syndrome with oral manifestations in a 40-year-old woman is described. The oral manifestations of this rare syndrome consist of multiple tumorlike papillomas which are located mainly on the anterior gingivae of the upper jaw. The histologic examination revealed small papillomas.", "PMID": 1054466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1292", "title": "Sclerotic cemental masses of the jaws (so-called chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, sclerosing osteitis, multiple enostosis, and gigantiform cementoma.", "content": "A series of thirty-eight cases of densely sclerotic lesions of the jaws was studied. The lesions were all at least 1.5 cm, in diameter. Pain, drainage, or localized expansion of the jaw was present in two thirds of the patients. Thirty-four of the thirty-eight patients were women, and twenty-five were negros. In fourteen instances, a radiographic survey of the entire jaws was available. Thirteen of these fourteen patients had multiple lesions which were usually symmetrically distributed throughout the jaws. In twenty-four patients radiographs of the lesional area only were available for review. In thirty-four of the thirty-eight cases (89 per cent), the sclerotic masses were interpreted as cementum. Although this condition has previously been described as chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, sclerosing osteitis, multiple enostosis, or gigantiform cementoma, it appears more appropriate to consider these lesions as part of the spectrum of the benign fibro-osseous lesions of periodontal ligament origin. Four of the sclerotic lesions, which were radiographically indistinguishable from the cemental lesions, consisted only of bone. Two of these appeared to be examples of true chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, and two may be appropriately designated as enostosis or osteomas.", "contents": "Sclerotic cemental masses of the jaws (so-called chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, sclerosing osteitis, multiple enostosis, and gigantiform cementoma. A series of thirty-eight cases of densely sclerotic lesions of the jaws was studied. The lesions were all at least 1.5 cm, in diameter. Pain, drainage, or localized expansion of the jaw was present in two thirds of the patients. Thirty-four of the thirty-eight patients were women, and twenty-five were negros. In fourteen instances, a radiographic survey of the entire jaws was available. Thirteen of these fourteen patients had multiple lesions which were usually symmetrically distributed throughout the jaws. In twenty-four patients radiographs of the lesional area only were available for review. In thirty-four of the thirty-eight cases (89 per cent), the sclerotic masses were interpreted as cementum. Although this condition has previously been described as chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, sclerosing osteitis, multiple enostosis, or gigantiform cementoma, it appears more appropriate to consider these lesions as part of the spectrum of the benign fibro-osseous lesions of periodontal ligament origin. Four of the sclerotic lesions, which were radiographically indistinguishable from the cemental lesions, consisted only of bone. Two of these appeared to be examples of true chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, and two may be appropriately designated as enostosis or osteomas.", "PMID": 1054467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1293", "title": "Fibrous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes which contain stellate and multinucleated cells.", "content": "Various fibrous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes share the common histologic feature of stellate and multinucleated fibroblasts. These cells are conspicuous under the light microscope because they contain a well-developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum which, because of its high RNA content, stains basophilic. These characteristic cells are a nearly constant feature of the retrocuspid papilla. They are apparent in about half of the fibrous papules of the nose and abundant in about 1 per cent of irritation fibromas. These lesions most likely represent a nonspecific proliferation of the lamina propria or papillary dermis to various stimuli.", "contents": "Fibrous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes which contain stellate and multinucleated cells. Various fibrous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes share the common histologic feature of stellate and multinucleated fibroblasts. These cells are conspicuous under the light microscope because they contain a well-developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum which, because of its high RNA content, stains basophilic. These characteristic cells are a nearly constant feature of the retrocuspid papilla. They are apparent in about half of the fibrous papules of the nose and abundant in about 1 per cent of irritation fibromas. These lesions most likely represent a nonspecific proliferation of the lamina propria or papillary dermis to various stimuli.", "PMID": 1054468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1294", "title": "Dens evaginatus in the Thai. An evaluation of fifty-one cases.", "content": "Dens evaginatus in the Thai had not been described previously. The incidence of this abnormality was found to be 1.01 per cent. The male to female ratio was 1:1.83, a figure which is comparable to findings among the Chinese, since the two groups are closely related. The evagination was observed in fifty-one patients, with 133 premolars and one molar being affected. Thirty-six premolar showed periapical pathosis which was classified into clinical and radiographic features. The frequency of affection of the different premolars was described, together with the histologic appearances of the anomaly. Pathogenesis of dens evaginatus in the Thai seems to be uniform, determined by racial and genetic factors.", "contents": "Dens evaginatus in the Thai. An evaluation of fifty-one cases. Dens evaginatus in the Thai had not been described previously. The incidence of this abnormality was found to be 1.01 per cent. The male to female ratio was 1:1.83, a figure which is comparable to findings among the Chinese, since the two groups are closely related. The evagination was observed in fifty-one patients, with 133 premolars and one molar being affected. Thirty-six premolar showed periapical pathosis which was classified into clinical and radiographic features. The frequency of affection of the different premolars was described, together with the histologic appearances of the anomaly. Pathogenesis of dens evaginatus in the Thai seems to be uniform, determined by racial and genetic factors.", "PMID": 1054469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1295", "title": "Basal-cell carcinoma of the vermilion mucosa and skin of the lip.", "content": "In a series of 652 basal-cell carcinomas, twelve were on the upper lip and five were on the lower lip. Three cases of basal-cell carcinoma located on the vermilion mucosa, with only slight involvement of the contiguous skin at the mucocutaneous junction, are reported. Two were on the lower lip and one on the upper lip. The patients were 74, 81, and 81 years of age. All underwent adequate wide local excision. None of the lesions recurred clinically or metastasized over periods of 41 to 80 months.", "contents": "Basal-cell carcinoma of the vermilion mucosa and skin of the lip. In a series of 652 basal-cell carcinomas, twelve were on the upper lip and five were on the lower lip. Three cases of basal-cell carcinoma located on the vermilion mucosa, with only slight involvement of the contiguous skin at the mucocutaneous junction, are reported. Two were on the lower lip and one on the upper lip. The patients were 74, 81, and 81 years of age. All underwent adequate wide local excision. None of the lesions recurred clinically or metastasized over periods of 41 to 80 months.", "PMID": 1054471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1296", "title": "Numberous radicular enamel pearls in a premolar of a wild sheep.", "content": "An unusually large number of enamel pearls were found in a premolar of a wild sheep from Tibet, purported to be the tooth of a Tibetan saint. The enamel pearls show marked preference for the roots.", "contents": "Numberous radicular enamel pearls in a premolar of a wild sheep. An unusually large number of enamel pearls were found in a premolar of a wild sheep from Tibet, purported to be the tooth of a Tibetan saint. The enamel pearls show marked preference for the roots.", "PMID": 1054472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1297", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of a chronic apical rarefying osteitis with an unusual fistulous tract.", "content": "A case of chronic apical rarefying osteitis in which radiographic examination revealed a circular osteolytic defect extending through the mandible is reported. The defect was well delineated and surrounded by corticated bone, and may have been the result of anatomic or histologic variations of the mandible.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of a chronic apical rarefying osteitis with an unusual fistulous tract. A case of chronic apical rarefying osteitis in which radiographic examination revealed a circular osteolytic defect extending through the mandible is reported. The defect was well delineated and surrounded by corticated bone, and may have been the result of anatomic or histologic variations of the mandible.", "PMID": 1054474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1298", "title": "Panoramic roentgen anatomy of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "A dry maxillozygoma was radiographed with a Panex panoramic unit with lead foil and wires on the anatomic landmarks. The medical border of the maxillary sinus on the pantomogram is seen at the angle of the anterior and medial walls. The lateral border of the maxillary sinus consists of the maximum posterior convexity of the posterior, and medial walls are recognized as anatomic landmarks only when radiopaque materials are attached to individual walls. Most of the anterior and posterior walls of the maxillary sinus are superimposed upon the medial wall in the pantomogram. The anterior wall occupies the lateral third of the maxillary sinus. Anterior, posterior, and medial walls do not appear as anatomic landmarks on the pantomogram.", "contents": "Panoramic roentgen anatomy of the maxillary sinus. A dry maxillozygoma was radiographed with a Panex panoramic unit with lead foil and wires on the anatomic landmarks. The medical border of the maxillary sinus on the pantomogram is seen at the angle of the anterior and medial walls. The lateral border of the maxillary sinus consists of the maximum posterior convexity of the posterior, and medial walls are recognized as anatomic landmarks only when radiopaque materials are attached to individual walls. Most of the anterior and posterior walls of the maxillary sinus are superimposed upon the medial wall in the pantomogram. The anterior wall occupies the lateral third of the maxillary sinus. Anterior, posterior, and medial walls do not appear as anatomic landmarks on the pantomogram.", "PMID": 1054475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1299", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum cells contain low levels of photoreactivating enzyme.", "content": "Fibroblasts from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum contain low levels of photoreactivating enzyme in comparison to normal cells. Levels vary from 0 (line 1199) to 50 (line 1259) percent of normal. The depressed enzyme levels are not an artifact of low growth rate, age of cell donor, cell culture conditions, assay conditions, the presence of inhibitors, or mycoplasma contamination. We show that human fibroblasts can monomerize pyrimidine dimers in vivo.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum cells contain low levels of photoreactivating enzyme. Fibroblasts from patients with xeroderma pigmentosum contain low levels of photoreactivating enzyme in comparison to normal cells. Levels vary from 0 (line 1199) to 50 (line 1259) percent of normal. The depressed enzyme levels are not an artifact of low growth rate, age of cell donor, cell culture conditions, assay conditions, the presence of inhibitors, or mycoplasma contamination. We show that human fibroblasts can monomerize pyrimidine dimers in vivo.", "PMID": 1054487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1300", "title": "Mutations affecting sexual development in Phycomyces blakesleeanus.", "content": "Although zygospore (mature zygote) formation in P. blakeslleeanus occurs in liquid glucoseglutamate medium, morphological observations are made more easily when cultures are grown on 1-mm-thick agar medium. Zygophores (sexually differentiated hyphae) develop prior to physical contact in crosses of (plus) and (minus) wild types. Zygophores interlock upon contact and then undergo six successive morphological changes to become a zygospore. Mutants with abnormal carotene synthesis exhibit aberrant sexual behavior. Some zygospores do form in crosses of carA mutants and wild types. Only paired zygophores form in crosses of wild type(plus) with car-42(minus), a beta-carotene-accumulating mutant. Zygophores form only on (minus) in crosses of wild type(plus) with carB(minus), carR(minus), carAcarR(minus), and carBcarR(minus) mutants, and only on (plus) in crosses of car-43(plus) with wild type(minus), car-42(minus), and carA(minus) mutants. Zygophores do not form in crosses of car-43(plus) with carB(minus), carR(minus), carAcarR(minus), and carBcarR(minus) mutants. These observations demonstrate that each mating type makes a chemical messenger that stimulates zygophore development in the opposite mating type.", "contents": "Mutations affecting sexual development in Phycomyces blakesleeanus. Although zygospore (mature zygote) formation in P. blakeslleeanus occurs in liquid glucoseglutamate medium, morphological observations are made more easily when cultures are grown on 1-mm-thick agar medium. Zygophores (sexually differentiated hyphae) develop prior to physical contact in crosses of (plus) and (minus) wild types. Zygophores interlock upon contact and then undergo six successive morphological changes to become a zygospore. Mutants with abnormal carotene synthesis exhibit aberrant sexual behavior. Some zygospores do form in crosses of carA mutants and wild types. Only paired zygophores form in crosses of wild type(plus) with car-42(minus), a beta-carotene-accumulating mutant. Zygophores form only on (minus) in crosses of wild type(plus) with carB(minus), carR(minus), carAcarR(minus), and carBcarR(minus) mutants, and only on (plus) in crosses of car-43(plus) with wild type(minus), car-42(minus), and carA(minus) mutants. Zygophores do not form in crosses of car-43(plus) with carB(minus), carR(minus), carAcarR(minus), and carBcarR(minus) mutants. These observations demonstrate that each mating type makes a chemical messenger that stimulates zygophore development in the opposite mating type.", "PMID": 1054488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1301", "title": "Mitogenic activity of blood components. I. Thrombin and prothrombin.", "content": "When added to a culture medium of resting confluent chick embryo fibroblasts in the absence of serum, thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) is able to stimulate DNA synthesis 12 hr later and to cause a substantial increase in cell number over a period of 4 days. As compared to thrombin, prothrombin exhibits low mitogenic activity. However, in the presence of purified Factor Xa (EC 3.4.21.6) and Factor V, prothrombin is converted to thrombin by \"thromboplastin activity\" supplied by the fibroblasts. Prothrombin, either purified or as a constituent of plasma or serum, may thus be considered to be a reservoir of mitogenic activity in tissue culture unless antithrombin is present in the culture medium in amounts sufficient to neutralize the thrombin formed. By use of a specific inhibitor of proteases, and by separation of prothrombin by absorption on BaSO4, we estimate that the potential mitogenic activity of prothrombin is approximately 30-50% of the total activity that can be obtained by treatment of fibrinogen-free plasma with thromboplastin. In addition to its mitogenic activity, thrombin can also stimulate the migration of cells. These experiments with thrombin illustrate that well-characterized proteases of blood can act as potent mitogens and suggest that they may play a role in the process of wound healing.", "contents": "Mitogenic activity of blood components. I. Thrombin and prothrombin. When added to a culture medium of resting confluent chick embryo fibroblasts in the absence of serum, thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5) is able to stimulate DNA synthesis 12 hr later and to cause a substantial increase in cell number over a period of 4 days. As compared to thrombin, prothrombin exhibits low mitogenic activity. However, in the presence of purified Factor Xa (EC 3.4.21.6) and Factor V, prothrombin is converted to thrombin by \"thromboplastin activity\" supplied by the fibroblasts. Prothrombin, either purified or as a constituent of plasma or serum, may thus be considered to be a reservoir of mitogenic activity in tissue culture unless antithrombin is present in the culture medium in amounts sufficient to neutralize the thrombin formed. By use of a specific inhibitor of proteases, and by separation of prothrombin by absorption on BaSO4, we estimate that the potential mitogenic activity of prothrombin is approximately 30-50% of the total activity that can be obtained by treatment of fibrinogen-free plasma with thromboplastin. In addition to its mitogenic activity, thrombin can also stimulate the migration of cells. These experiments with thrombin illustrate that well-characterized proteases of blood can act as potent mitogens and suggest that they may play a role in the process of wound healing.", "PMID": 1054489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1302", "title": "A theory of group selection.", "content": "In organisms possessing a dispersal phase the processes of mating, competition, feeding, and predation are often carried out within \"trait-groups,\" defined as populations enclosed in areas smaller than the boundaries of the deme. A simple model shows that this can lead to the selection of \"altruistic\" traits that favor the fitness of the group over that of the individual. The extent of group selection that occurs depends mainly on the variation in the composition of genotypes between trait-groups. The traditional concepts of group and individual selection are seen as two extremes of a continuum, with systems in nature operating over the interval in between.", "contents": "A theory of group selection. In organisms possessing a dispersal phase the processes of mating, competition, feeding, and predation are often carried out within \"trait-groups,\" defined as populations enclosed in areas smaller than the boundaries of the deme. A simple model shows that this can lead to the selection of \"altruistic\" traits that favor the fitness of the group over that of the individual. The extent of group selection that occurs depends mainly on the variation in the composition of genotypes between trait-groups. The traditional concepts of group and individual selection are seen as two extremes of a continuum, with systems in nature operating over the interval in between.", "PMID": 1054490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1303", "title": "Nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities in hematologic disorders of man.", "content": "A nonrandom pattern of chromosomal abnormalities occurs in bone marrow cells obtained from patients with hematologic disorders who have an abnormal karyotype involving a C group chromosome. An additional number 8 chromosome is the most common abnormality, found in more than one-half of the patients studies. An additional number 9 chromosome and the loss of all or part of a number 7 are abnormalities that occur more often than might be expected by chance. It is proposed that specific human chromosomal abnormalities may be related to different specific etiologic agents.", "contents": "Nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities in hematologic disorders of man. A nonrandom pattern of chromosomal abnormalities occurs in bone marrow cells obtained from patients with hematologic disorders who have an abnormal karyotype involving a C group chromosome. An additional number 8 chromosome is the most common abnormality, found in more than one-half of the patients studies. An additional number 9 chromosome and the loss of all or part of a number 7 are abnormalities that occur more often than might be expected by chance. It is proposed that specific human chromosomal abnormalities may be related to different specific etiologic agents.", "PMID": 1054491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1304", "title": "Bovine factor X1 (Stuart factor). Primary structure of the light chain.", "content": "The amino-acid sequence of the light chain of bovine factor X1 is presented. The sequence of 112 of the 140 residues was determined automatically on fragments produced by specific cleavage of arginyl, glutamyl, tryptophanyl, and asparaginyl-glycine bonds. The remainder was determined by conventional procedures. The amino-terminal sequence of the light chain is homologous with the amino-terminal region of bovine prothrombin and, like the latter, appears to contain several residues of a recently discovered unusual amino acid, lambda-carboxy-glutamic acid. The role of this amino acid in the calcium-binding ability of factor X and prothrombin is discussed.", "contents": "Bovine factor X1 (Stuart factor). Primary structure of the light chain. The amino-acid sequence of the light chain of bovine factor X1 is presented. The sequence of 112 of the 140 residues was determined automatically on fragments produced by specific cleavage of arginyl, glutamyl, tryptophanyl, and asparaginyl-glycine bonds. The remainder was determined by conventional procedures. The amino-terminal sequence of the light chain is homologous with the amino-terminal region of bovine prothrombin and, like the latter, appears to contain several residues of a recently discovered unusual amino acid, lambda-carboxy-glutamic acid. The role of this amino acid in the calcium-binding ability of factor X and prothrombin is discussed.", "PMID": 1054492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1305", "title": "Evidence for de novo production of self-replicating and environmentally adapted RNA structures by bacteriophage Qbeta replicase.", "content": "Highly purified coliphage Qbeta replicase when incubated without added template synthesizes self-replicating RNA species in an autocatalytic reaction. In this paper we offer strong evidence that this RNA production is directed by templates generated de novo during the lag phase. Contamination of the enzyme by traces of RNA templates was ruled out by the following experimental results: (1) Additional purification steps do not eliminate this RNA production. (2) The lag phase is lengthened to several hours by lowering substrate or enzyme concentration. At a nucleoside triphosphate concentration of 0.15 mM no RNA is produced although the template-directed RNA synthesis works normally. (3) Different enzyme concentrations lead to RNA species of completely different primary structure. (4) Addition of oligonucleotides or preincubation with only three nucleoside triphosphates affects the final RNA sequence. (5) Manipulation of conditions during the lag phase results in the production of RNA structures that are adapted to the particular incubation conditions applied (e.g., RNA resistant to nuclease attack or resistant to inhibitors or even RNAs \"addicted to the drug,\" in the sense that they only replicate in the presence of a drug like acridine orange). RNA species obtained in different experiments under optimal incubation conditions show very similar fingerprint patterns, suggesting the operation of an instruction mechanism. A possible mechanism is discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for de novo production of self-replicating and environmentally adapted RNA structures by bacteriophage Qbeta replicase. Highly purified coliphage Qbeta replicase when incubated without added template synthesizes self-replicating RNA species in an autocatalytic reaction. In this paper we offer strong evidence that this RNA production is directed by templates generated de novo during the lag phase. Contamination of the enzyme by traces of RNA templates was ruled out by the following experimental results: (1) Additional purification steps do not eliminate this RNA production. (2) The lag phase is lengthened to several hours by lowering substrate or enzyme concentration. At a nucleoside triphosphate concentration of 0.15 mM no RNA is produced although the template-directed RNA synthesis works normally. (3) Different enzyme concentrations lead to RNA species of completely different primary structure. (4) Addition of oligonucleotides or preincubation with only three nucleoside triphosphates affects the final RNA sequence. (5) Manipulation of conditions during the lag phase results in the production of RNA structures that are adapted to the particular incubation conditions applied (e.g., RNA resistant to nuclease attack or resistant to inhibitors or even RNAs \"addicted to the drug,\" in the sense that they only replicate in the presence of a drug like acridine orange). RNA species obtained in different experiments under optimal incubation conditions show very similar fingerprint patterns, suggesting the operation of an instruction mechanism. A possible mechanism is discussed.", "PMID": 1054493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1306", "title": "A nonidentifiability aspect of the problem of competing risks.", "content": "For an experimental animal exposed to k greater than 1 possible risks of death R1, R2, ..., Rk, the term i-th potential survival time designates a random variable Yi supposed to represent the age at death of the animal in hypothetical conditions in which Ri is the only possible risk. The probability that Yi will exceed a preassigned t is called the i-th net survival probability. The results of a survival experiment are represented by k \"crude\" survival functions, empirical counterparts of the probabilities Qi(t) that an animal will survive at least up to the age t and eventually die from Ri. The analysis of a survival experiment aims at estimating the k net survival probabilities using the empirical data on those termed crude. Therorems 1 and 2 establish the relationship between the net and the crude probabilities of survival. In particular, Theorem 2 shows that, without the not directly verifiable assumption that in their joint distribution the variables Y1, Y2, ..., Yk are mutually independent, a given set of crude survival probabilities Qi(t) does not identify the corresponding net probabilities. An example shows that the results of a customary method of analysis, based on the assumption that Y1, Y2, ..., Yk are independent, may have no resemblance to reality.", "contents": "A nonidentifiability aspect of the problem of competing risks. For an experimental animal exposed to k greater than 1 possible risks of death R1, R2, ..., Rk, the term i-th potential survival time designates a random variable Yi supposed to represent the age at death of the animal in hypothetical conditions in which Ri is the only possible risk. The probability that Yi will exceed a preassigned t is called the i-th net survival probability. The results of a survival experiment are represented by k \"crude\" survival functions, empirical counterparts of the probabilities Qi(t) that an animal will survive at least up to the age t and eventually die from Ri. The analysis of a survival experiment aims at estimating the k net survival probabilities using the empirical data on those termed crude. Therorems 1 and 2 establish the relationship between the net and the crude probabilities of survival. In particular, Theorem 2 shows that, without the not directly verifiable assumption that in their joint distribution the variables Y1, Y2, ..., Yk are mutually independent, a given set of crude survival probabilities Qi(t) does not identify the corresponding net probabilities. An example shows that the results of a customary method of analysis, based on the assumption that Y1, Y2, ..., Yk are independent, may have no resemblance to reality.", "PMID": 1054494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1307", "title": "Slow evolutionary loss of the potential for interspecific hybridization in birds: a manifestation of slow regulatory evolution.", "content": "Birds have lost the potential for interspecific hybridization slowly. This inference emerges from protein comparisons made on 36 pairs of bird species capable of hybridization. Micro-complement fixation tests show that hybridizable pairs of bird species differ by an average of 12 units of albumin immunological distance and 25 units of transferrin immunological distance. As these proteins evolve at a known and rather steady rate, it is inferred that the average hybridization species pair diverged from a common ancestor about 22 million years ago. The corresponding period for frog species pairs capable of hybridization is about 21 million years, while for hybridizable placental mammals it is only 2 to 3 million years. Thus birds resemble frogs in having lost the potential for interspecific hybridization about 10 times as slowly as have mammals. Birds have also been evolving very slowly at the anatomical level, particularly within the last 25 million years, according to Simpson, Romer, and many other vertebrate zoologists. In this respect they resemble frogs and differ from placental mammals, which have been undergoing unusually rapid anatomical evolution. Chromosomal evolution is also thought to have proceeded very slowly in both birds and frogs, relative to mammals. The above observations are consistent with the hypothesis that evolutionary changes in regulatory systems, that is, changes in the patterns of gene expression, provide the basis for both anatomical evolution and the evolutionary loss of hybridization potential.", "contents": "Slow evolutionary loss of the potential for interspecific hybridization in birds: a manifestation of slow regulatory evolution. Birds have lost the potential for interspecific hybridization slowly. This inference emerges from protein comparisons made on 36 pairs of bird species capable of hybridization. Micro-complement fixation tests show that hybridizable pairs of bird species differ by an average of 12 units of albumin immunological distance and 25 units of transferrin immunological distance. As these proteins evolve at a known and rather steady rate, it is inferred that the average hybridization species pair diverged from a common ancestor about 22 million years ago. The corresponding period for frog species pairs capable of hybridization is about 21 million years, while for hybridizable placental mammals it is only 2 to 3 million years. Thus birds resemble frogs in having lost the potential for interspecific hybridization about 10 times as slowly as have mammals. Birds have also been evolving very slowly at the anatomical level, particularly within the last 25 million years, according to Simpson, Romer, and many other vertebrate zoologists. In this respect they resemble frogs and differ from placental mammals, which have been undergoing unusually rapid anatomical evolution. Chromosomal evolution is also thought to have proceeded very slowly in both birds and frogs, relative to mammals. The above observations are consistent with the hypothesis that evolutionary changes in regulatory systems, that is, changes in the patterns of gene expression, provide the basis for both anatomical evolution and the evolutionary loss of hybridization potential.", "PMID": 1054495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1308", "title": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of chemically transformed epithelial cells.", "content": "The first temperature-sensitive mutants of epithelial cells transformed with chemical carcinogens have been isolated. Like the wild-type transformed parental cells, the mutants readily grow in agar suspension at 36 degrees, but in contrast to the wild type, they do not do so at 40 degrees. Detailed studies of one of these mutants, TS-223, indicate that at high temperature it also has reduced cloning efficiency in monolayer culture and a lower saturation density. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that at 40 degrees confluent cultures of TS-223 consist of a monolayer of generally flat polygonal cells, whereas 36 degrees cultures contain many patches of piled-up cells that are spherical and have rougher surface membranes. All of these cellular changes are reversible with upward or downward temperature shifts. The temperature-sensitive lesion appears to reside in a host cell gene which modulates expression of the transformed cell phenotype. These mutants may provide a useful system for elucidating the minimal biochemical changes required for expression of the transformed phenotype in epithelial cells.", "contents": "Temperature-sensitive mutants of chemically transformed epithelial cells. The first temperature-sensitive mutants of epithelial cells transformed with chemical carcinogens have been isolated. Like the wild-type transformed parental cells, the mutants readily grow in agar suspension at 36 degrees, but in contrast to the wild type, they do not do so at 40 degrees. Detailed studies of one of these mutants, TS-223, indicate that at high temperature it also has reduced cloning efficiency in monolayer culture and a lower saturation density. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that at 40 degrees confluent cultures of TS-223 consist of a monolayer of generally flat polygonal cells, whereas 36 degrees cultures contain many patches of piled-up cells that are spherical and have rougher surface membranes. All of these cellular changes are reversible with upward or downward temperature shifts. The temperature-sensitive lesion appears to reside in a host cell gene which modulates expression of the transformed cell phenotype. These mutants may provide a useful system for elucidating the minimal biochemical changes required for expression of the transformed phenotype in epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1054496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1309", "title": "Xeroderma pigmentosum cells with normal levels of excision repair have a defect in DNA synthesis after UV-irradiation.", "content": "Cells cultured from most patients suffering from the sunlight-sensitive hereditary disorder xeroderma pigmentosum are defective in the ability to excise ultraviolet light (UV)-induced pyrimidine dimers from their DNA. There is, however, one class of these patients whose cells are completely normal in this excision repair process. We have found that these cells have an abnormality in the manner in which DNA is synthesized after UV-irradiation. The time taken to convert initially low-molecular-weight DNA synthesized in UV-irradiated cells into high-molecular-weight DNA similar in size to that in untreated cells is much greater in these variants than in normal cells. Furthermore, this slow conversion of low to high-molecular-weight newly synthesized DNA is drastically inhibited by caffeine, which has no effect in normal cells. Two cell lines from classes of xeroderma pigmentosum that are defective in excision-repair show intermediate effects, with regard to both the time taken to convert newly synthesized DNA to high molecular weight and the inhibition of this process by caffeine.", "contents": "Xeroderma pigmentosum cells with normal levels of excision repair have a defect in DNA synthesis after UV-irradiation. Cells cultured from most patients suffering from the sunlight-sensitive hereditary disorder xeroderma pigmentosum are defective in the ability to excise ultraviolet light (UV)-induced pyrimidine dimers from their DNA. There is, however, one class of these patients whose cells are completely normal in this excision repair process. We have found that these cells have an abnormality in the manner in which DNA is synthesized after UV-irradiation. The time taken to convert initially low-molecular-weight DNA synthesized in UV-irradiated cells into high-molecular-weight DNA similar in size to that in untreated cells is much greater in these variants than in normal cells. Furthermore, this slow conversion of low to high-molecular-weight newly synthesized DNA is drastically inhibited by caffeine, which has no effect in normal cells. Two cell lines from classes of xeroderma pigmentosum that are defective in excision-repair show intermediate effects, with regard to both the time taken to convert newly synthesized DNA to high molecular weight and the inhibition of this process by caffeine.", "PMID": 1054497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1310", "title": "Demonstration of the rapid action of pure crystalline 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 on intestinal calcium uptake.", "content": "The biological effects of crystalline 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and crystalline 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been compared on the intestinal uptake of calcium-45 by everted duodenal gut sacs from rachitic rats. Peak calcium-45 uptake was observed 1 hr after intravenous administration and both crystalline vitamin D2 analogs were of comparable potency. The rapid onset of calcium-45 uptake and the rapid attainment of maximal calcium-45 transport suggests a direct effect of these crystalline analogs on the mucosal membranes of the intestinal cell.", "contents": "Demonstration of the rapid action of pure crystalline 1 alpha-hydroxy vitamin D3 and 1 alpha,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 on intestinal calcium uptake. The biological effects of crystalline 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 and crystalline 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 have been compared on the intestinal uptake of calcium-45 by everted duodenal gut sacs from rachitic rats. Peak calcium-45 uptake was observed 1 hr after intravenous administration and both crystalline vitamin D2 analogs were of comparable potency. The rapid onset of calcium-45 uptake and the rapid attainment of maximal calcium-45 transport suggests a direct effect of these crystalline analogs on the mucosal membranes of the intestinal cell.", "PMID": 1054498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1311", "title": "A cycle of deprotonation and reprotonation energizing amino-acid transport?", "content": "Although lowering the pK2 of neutral amino acids only weakens their concentrative uptake by Ehrlich cells, the same change greatly enhances uptake of diamino acids. This effect does not arise merely from putting the distal amino group in its uncharged form, but depends on an enhanced deprotonation of the alpha-amino group. Parallel effects are seen for the transport system for basic amino acids, for which the assignment of pK values within the membrane is less ambiguous. To explain the paradoxical advantages of having the alpha-amino group protonated yet readily deprotonated, we propose that a proton withdrawn from that group is pumped over an intramembrane interval to energize amino-acid transport.", "contents": "A cycle of deprotonation and reprotonation energizing amino-acid transport? Although lowering the pK2 of neutral amino acids only weakens their concentrative uptake by Ehrlich cells, the same change greatly enhances uptake of diamino acids. This effect does not arise merely from putting the distal amino group in its uncharged form, but depends on an enhanced deprotonation of the alpha-amino group. Parallel effects are seen for the transport system for basic amino acids, for which the assignment of pK values within the membrane is less ambiguous. To explain the paradoxical advantages of having the alpha-amino group protonated yet readily deprotonated, we propose that a proton withdrawn from that group is pumped over an intramembrane interval to energize amino-acid transport.", "PMID": 1054499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1312", "title": "Recombinant DNA molecules of bacteriophage phi chi174.", "content": "Phi chi174 DNA structures containing two different parental genomes were detected genetically and examined by electron microscopy. These structures consisted of two monomeric double-stranded DNA molecules linked in a figure 8 configuration. Such DNA structures were observed to be formed preferentially in host recA+ cells or recA+ cell-free systems. Since the host recA+ allele is required for most phi chi174 recombinant formation, we conclude that the observed figure 8 molecules are intermediates in, or end products of, 1 phi chi174 recombination event. We propose that recombinant figure 8 DNA molecules arise as a result of \"single-strand aggression,\" are stabilized by double-strand \"branch migration,\" and represent a specific example of a common intermediate in genetic recombination.", "contents": "Recombinant DNA molecules of bacteriophage phi chi174. Phi chi174 DNA structures containing two different parental genomes were detected genetically and examined by electron microscopy. These structures consisted of two monomeric double-stranded DNA molecules linked in a figure 8 configuration. Such DNA structures were observed to be formed preferentially in host recA+ cells or recA+ cell-free systems. Since the host recA+ allele is required for most phi chi174 recombinant formation, we conclude that the observed figure 8 molecules are intermediates in, or end products of, 1 phi chi174 recombination event. We propose that recombinant figure 8 DNA molecules arise as a result of \"single-strand aggression,\" are stabilized by double-strand \"branch migration,\" and represent a specific example of a common intermediate in genetic recombination.", "PMID": 1054500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1313", "title": "Re-evaluation of Sepharose-insulin as a tool for the study of insulin action.", "content": "The biological activity of Sepharose-insulin in different assays in vitro, e.g., stimulation of glucose oxidation, lipogenesis, and antilipolysis and activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) activity, has been investigated. According to amino acid analysis, between 270 and 330 mug (6.9-8.2 U) of insulin were coupled per ml of packed beads. Related to the total insulin content, 0.2-0.7% of the insulin was biologically active. Comparable biological activity was observed with isolated fat cells and fat pad pieces. After incubation with tissue or cells, Sepharose-insulin particles were separated by centrifugation from the medium. The clear supernatant was assayed for biologically and immunologically reactive insulin and contained soluble insulin activity. A quantitative evaluation of the soluble biological and immunological insulin activity in the supernatant accounted for the total insulin activity of Sepharose-insulin.", "contents": "Re-evaluation of Sepharose-insulin as a tool for the study of insulin action. The biological activity of Sepharose-insulin in different assays in vitro, e.g., stimulation of glucose oxidation, lipogenesis, and antilipolysis and activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.4.1) activity, has been investigated. According to amino acid analysis, between 270 and 330 mug (6.9-8.2 U) of insulin were coupled per ml of packed beads. Related to the total insulin content, 0.2-0.7% of the insulin was biologically active. Comparable biological activity was observed with isolated fat cells and fat pad pieces. After incubation with tissue or cells, Sepharose-insulin particles were separated by centrifugation from the medium. The clear supernatant was assayed for biologically and immunologically reactive insulin and contained soluble insulin activity. A quantitative evaluation of the soluble biological and immunological insulin activity in the supernatant accounted for the total insulin activity of Sepharose-insulin.", "PMID": 1054501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1314", "title": "Human globin gene expression and linkage in bone marrow and fetal liver.", "content": "During embryonic development there is a transition from embryonic and fetal to adult beta-type globin chains. The high-molecular-weight RNA found in nuclei from embryonic and adult human erythropoietic tissues, fetal liver, and bone marrow, have been investigated for the presence of gamma(fetal)- and beta(adult)-globin messenger RNA sequences by molecular hybridization. Unlike alpha- and beta-globin mRNA sequences, gamma-globin mRNA sequences are absent from both total and high-molecular-weight nuclear RNA isolated from adult bone marrow. The amount of cytoplasmic gamma-globin mRNA is proportional to the level of gamma-chain synthesis, demonstrating that translational control is not a major control mechanism in the expression of globin genes. Since the gamma-, delta-, and beta-globin genes are known to be closely linked genetically, transcriptional control can discriminate between similar gene sequences that are spatially adjacent to one another.", "contents": "Human globin gene expression and linkage in bone marrow and fetal liver. During embryonic development there is a transition from embryonic and fetal to adult beta-type globin chains. The high-molecular-weight RNA found in nuclei from embryonic and adult human erythropoietic tissues, fetal liver, and bone marrow, have been investigated for the presence of gamma(fetal)- and beta(adult)-globin messenger RNA sequences by molecular hybridization. Unlike alpha- and beta-globin mRNA sequences, gamma-globin mRNA sequences are absent from both total and high-molecular-weight nuclear RNA isolated from adult bone marrow. The amount of cytoplasmic gamma-globin mRNA is proportional to the level of gamma-chain synthesis, demonstrating that translational control is not a major control mechanism in the expression of globin genes. Since the gamma-, delta-, and beta-globin genes are known to be closely linked genetically, transcriptional control can discriminate between similar gene sequences that are spatially adjacent to one another.", "PMID": 1054502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1315", "title": "Tay-Sachs' and Sandhoff's diseases: the assignment of genes for hexosaminidase A and B to individual human chromosomes.", "content": "The techniques of somatic cell genetics have been used to establish the linkage relationships of loci coding for two forms (A and B) of hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase) and to determine whether a structural relationship exists between these forms. In a series of human-mouse hybrid cell lines, hexosaminidase A and B segregated independently. Our results and those reported by other investigators are used to analyze the proposed structural models for hexosaminidase. We have also been able to establish a syntenic relationship between the gene locus responsible for the expression of hexosaminidase A and those responsible for mannosephosphate isomerase and pyruvate kinase-3 and to assign the gene for hexosaminidase B to chromosome 5 in man. There is thus a linkage between specific human autosomes and enzymes implicated in the production of lipid storage diseases.", "contents": "Tay-Sachs' and Sandhoff's diseases: the assignment of genes for hexosaminidase A and B to individual human chromosomes. The techniques of somatic cell genetics have been used to establish the linkage relationships of loci coding for two forms (A and B) of hexosaminidase (EC 3.2.1.30; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase) and to determine whether a structural relationship exists between these forms. In a series of human-mouse hybrid cell lines, hexosaminidase A and B segregated independently. Our results and those reported by other investigators are used to analyze the proposed structural models for hexosaminidase. We have also been able to establish a syntenic relationship between the gene locus responsible for the expression of hexosaminidase A and those responsible for mannosephosphate isomerase and pyruvate kinase-3 and to assign the gene for hexosaminidase B to chromosome 5 in man. There is thus a linkage between specific human autosomes and enzymes implicated in the production of lipid storage diseases.", "PMID": 1054503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1316", "title": "A mechanism to activate branch migration between homologous DNA molecules in genetic recombination.", "content": "A mechanism to activate branch migration between homologous DNA molecules is described that leads to synapsis in genetic recombination. The model involves a restriction-like endonucleolytic enzyme that first nicks DNA (to produce single-strand breaks) on strands of opposite polarity at symmetrically arranged nucleotide sequences (located at ends of genes or operons). This is followed by local denaturation of the region, promoted by a single-strand-specific DNA binding protein (i.e., an unwinding protein). Hydrogen-bounding between homologous DNA molecules can then be initiated and this allows for subsequent propagation of hybrid DNA in the pathway to formation of the synapton structure.", "contents": "A mechanism to activate branch migration between homologous DNA molecules in genetic recombination. A mechanism to activate branch migration between homologous DNA molecules is described that leads to synapsis in genetic recombination. The model involves a restriction-like endonucleolytic enzyme that first nicks DNA (to produce single-strand breaks) on strands of opposite polarity at symmetrically arranged nucleotide sequences (located at ends of genes or operons). This is followed by local denaturation of the region, promoted by a single-strand-specific DNA binding protein (i.e., an unwinding protein). Hydrogen-bounding between homologous DNA molecules can then be initiated and this allows for subsequent propagation of hybrid DNA in the pathway to formation of the synapton structure.", "PMID": 1054504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1317", "title": "Induction of erythroid differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide in cells infected with Friend virus: relationship to the cell cycle.", "content": "Cells infected with Friend virus can be induced to erythroid differentiation by culture with 2% dimethylsulfoxide. This study was designed to determine if dimethylsulfoxide causes the expression of erythroid differentiation by an effect on a particular phase of the cell division cycle. The infected cells were synchronized by exposure to 2 mM thymidine. It is shown that dimethylsulfoxide must be present during DNA synthesis (S-phase) and, possibly, shortly thereafter, to induce differentiation assayed by measuring hemoglobin synthesis. In order to achieve an effective intracellular incorporation of dimethylsulfoxide, cells must be exposed to the agent for at least 24-30 hr before the critical S phase. It is suggested that induction of erythroid differentiation in cells infected with Friend virus involves an effect of dimethylsulfoxide, or a metabolic product, that alters the program of transcription, during or immediately after DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Induction of erythroid differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide in cells infected with Friend virus: relationship to the cell cycle. Cells infected with Friend virus can be induced to erythroid differentiation by culture with 2% dimethylsulfoxide. This study was designed to determine if dimethylsulfoxide causes the expression of erythroid differentiation by an effect on a particular phase of the cell division cycle. The infected cells were synchronized by exposure to 2 mM thymidine. It is shown that dimethylsulfoxide must be present during DNA synthesis (S-phase) and, possibly, shortly thereafter, to induce differentiation assayed by measuring hemoglobin synthesis. In order to achieve an effective intracellular incorporation of dimethylsulfoxide, cells must be exposed to the agent for at least 24-30 hr before the critical S phase. It is suggested that induction of erythroid differentiation in cells infected with Friend virus involves an effect of dimethylsulfoxide, or a metabolic product, that alters the program of transcription, during or immediately after DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1054505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1318", "title": "Steroidogenesis in rabbit preimplantation embryos.", "content": "Rabbit preimplantation embryos were flushed from the reproductive tract at 24 hr (1- to 2-cell stage), 48 hr (morula), 72 hr (morula), 96 hr (blastocyst), 120 hr (blastocyst), and 144 hr (blastocyst) post coitum. At 168 hr (early postimplantation period), gestation sacs were excised, frozen, and sectioned in a cryostat. Delta5-3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [3(or 17)beta-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.51] activity was determined histochemically in whole preimplantation embryos and in sectioned postimplantation embryos. 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity began at 48 hr and was sustained through the late blastocyst stage (144 hr), with the exception of a brief drop, possibly cessation, of activity at 72 hr. There was no activity at 168 hr. Since 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in the metabolism of steroid hormones, its presence is strong evidence for steroidogenesis. Only 144-hr preimplantation embryos were used to determine 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (estradiol-17beta:NAD 17-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.62) activity, which was present, suggesting synthesis of estrogen. By means of radioimmunoassay, 144-hr preimplantation embryos were found to contain estradiol-17beta. Other authors have shown that rabbit blastocysts contain progesterone and other steroids, and these embryos can synthesize steroids from non-steroid and steroid precursors. Therefore, our results plus those of others prove that rabbit preimplantation embryos synthesize steroid hormones. Our present and previous results (with rats, hamsters, and mice) suggest that the steroid hormones synthesized by the embryo are critical for preimplantation embryogenesis and for implantation of the lbastocyst.", "contents": "Steroidogenesis in rabbit preimplantation embryos. Rabbit preimplantation embryos were flushed from the reproductive tract at 24 hr (1- to 2-cell stage), 48 hr (morula), 72 hr (morula), 96 hr (blastocyst), 120 hr (blastocyst), and 144 hr (blastocyst) post coitum. At 168 hr (early postimplantation period), gestation sacs were excised, frozen, and sectioned in a cryostat. Delta5-3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [3(or 17)beta-hydroxysteroid:NAD(P) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.51] activity was determined histochemically in whole preimplantation embryos and in sectioned postimplantation embryos. 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity began at 48 hr and was sustained through the late blastocyst stage (144 hr), with the exception of a brief drop, possibly cessation, of activity at 72 hr. There was no activity at 168 hr. Since 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in the metabolism of steroid hormones, its presence is strong evidence for steroidogenesis. Only 144-hr preimplantation embryos were used to determine 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (estradiol-17beta:NAD 17-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.62) activity, which was present, suggesting synthesis of estrogen. By means of radioimmunoassay, 144-hr preimplantation embryos were found to contain estradiol-17beta. Other authors have shown that rabbit blastocysts contain progesterone and other steroids, and these embryos can synthesize steroids from non-steroid and steroid precursors. Therefore, our results plus those of others prove that rabbit preimplantation embryos synthesize steroid hormones. Our present and previous results (with rats, hamsters, and mice) suggest that the steroid hormones synthesized by the embryo are critical for preimplantation embryogenesis and for implantation of the lbastocyst.", "PMID": 1054506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1319", "title": "Ribonucleoprotein particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "As in higher eukaryotes, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HNRNA) in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is associated with proteins in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. Mixing experiments with deproteinized hnRNA establish that the nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles are not formed artificially during isolation. In contrast to comparable material from mammalian cells (polydisperse, 40-25- S), Dictyostelium heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles sediment at only 55 S in sucrose gradients, possibly reflecting the smaller size of slime mold hnRNA relative to the large hnRNA found in higher eukaryotes. The RNA of the nuclear 55S ribonucleoprotein particles is shown to be hnRNA by virtue of its size (15S), content of polyadenylate sequences, and hybridization kinetics at DNA excess. The hnRNA-associated porteins are electrophoretically complex and have molecular weights between 20,000 and 150,000. In 0.35 M NaCl most of the proteins are released from the hnRNA. However, a single protein of 72,000-74,000 molecular weight remains bound, as indicated by its co-chromatography with the RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose and banding in Cs2SO4. The same protein is recovered when heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein is digested with T1 ribonuclease under conditions where the poly(A) is nuclease-resistant. The 73,000 molecular weight protein appears to be specifically bound to polyadenylate sequences in Dictyostelium hrRNA.", "contents": "Ribonucleoprotein particles containing heterogeneous nuclear RNA in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum. As in higher eukaryotes, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HNRNA) in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum is associated with proteins in the form of ribonucleoprotein particles. Mixing experiments with deproteinized hnRNA establish that the nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles are not formed artificially during isolation. In contrast to comparable material from mammalian cells (polydisperse, 40-25- S), Dictyostelium heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles sediment at only 55 S in sucrose gradients, possibly reflecting the smaller size of slime mold hnRNA relative to the large hnRNA found in higher eukaryotes. The RNA of the nuclear 55S ribonucleoprotein particles is shown to be hnRNA by virtue of its size (15S), content of polyadenylate sequences, and hybridization kinetics at DNA excess. The hnRNA-associated porteins are electrophoretically complex and have molecular weights between 20,000 and 150,000. In 0.35 M NaCl most of the proteins are released from the hnRNA. However, a single protein of 72,000-74,000 molecular weight remains bound, as indicated by its co-chromatography with the RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose and banding in Cs2SO4. The same protein is recovered when heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein is digested with T1 ribonuclease under conditions where the poly(A) is nuclease-resistant. The 73,000 molecular weight protein appears to be specifically bound to polyadenylate sequences in Dictyostelium hrRNA.", "PMID": 1054507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1320", "title": "Cell-cell interactions: enhancement of glycosyl transferase ectoenzyme systems during Chlamydomonas gametic contact.", "content": "Glycosyl transferase ectoenzyme systems that transfer galactose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, mannose, and fucose have been detected on vegetative cells and gametes of Chlamydomonas moewusii. Gametes have higher levels of activity of the transferase ectoenzyme systems than morphologically identical vegetative cells, as determined by transfer of monosaccharide onto endogenous cell surface acceptors. When (plus) and (minus) gametes are mixed, there is a significant increase in the activity of transferase ectoenzyme systems. No enhancement in activity of transferase ectoenzyme systems occurs when (plus) and (minus) vegetative cells are mixed. Flagellar membrane vesicles obtained from (plus) and (minus) gametes show high activity of transferase ectoenzyme systems per mg of protein and also demonstrate enhanced activity upon mixing. Therefore, glycosyl transferases and acceptors seem to be located on the flagellar membrane and appear to have a function particularly related to gametic cells. The mechanism of cellular adhesion or recognition proposed by Roseman (1970, Chem. Phys. Lipids 5, 270-297), involving glycosyl transferases and acceptors, is strongly suggested by our data for the mating reaction in Chlamydomonas.", "contents": "Cell-cell interactions: enhancement of glycosyl transferase ectoenzyme systems during Chlamydomonas gametic contact. Glycosyl transferase ectoenzyme systems that transfer galactose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylneuraminic acid, mannose, and fucose have been detected on vegetative cells and gametes of Chlamydomonas moewusii. Gametes have higher levels of activity of the transferase ectoenzyme systems than morphologically identical vegetative cells, as determined by transfer of monosaccharide onto endogenous cell surface acceptors. When (plus) and (minus) gametes are mixed, there is a significant increase in the activity of transferase ectoenzyme systems. No enhancement in activity of transferase ectoenzyme systems occurs when (plus) and (minus) vegetative cells are mixed. Flagellar membrane vesicles obtained from (plus) and (minus) gametes show high activity of transferase ectoenzyme systems per mg of protein and also demonstrate enhanced activity upon mixing. Therefore, glycosyl transferases and acceptors seem to be located on the flagellar membrane and appear to have a function particularly related to gametic cells. The mechanism of cellular adhesion or recognition proposed by Roseman (1970, Chem. Phys. Lipids 5, 270-297), involving glycosyl transferases and acceptors, is strongly suggested by our data for the mating reaction in Chlamydomonas.", "PMID": 1054508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1321", "title": "Distinct molecular structures of nuclear class I, II, and III DNA-dependent RNA polymerases.", "content": "Class III RNA polymerases purified from the murine plasmacytoma MOPC 315 and from Xenopus laevis ovaries were compared. The subunit structures of the chromatographically distinct murine enzymes IIIA and IIIB were indistinguishable and were remarkably similar to that of the amphibian enzyme III. The plasmacytoma class III RNA polymerases were also compared with purified plasmacytoma RNA polymerases I and II. Sedimentation studies indicated that RNA polymerase III si significantly larger than RNA polymerase II, which is slightly larger than RNA polymerase I. Structural analyses showed that the molecular weights of the large subunits present in the class III enzymes (138,000 and 155,000) differ from those of the class II enzymes (140,000 and either 170,000, 205,000, or 240,000) and from those of the class I enzymes (117,000 and 195,000). Some low-molecular-weight subunits are also unique to each enzyme class. These results clearly distinguish the class I, II, and III enzymes on a structural basis. In addition, polypeptides of molecular weight 29,000 and 19,000 were found in all enzyme classes, a polypeptide of molecular weight 52,000 was found only in class I and III enzymes, and a polypeptide of molecular weight 41,000 was found only in class II and III enzymes. These findings are discussed in terms of the function and regulation of the RNA polymerases.", "contents": "Distinct molecular structures of nuclear class I, II, and III DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Class III RNA polymerases purified from the murine plasmacytoma MOPC 315 and from Xenopus laevis ovaries were compared. The subunit structures of the chromatographically distinct murine enzymes IIIA and IIIB were indistinguishable and were remarkably similar to that of the amphibian enzyme III. The plasmacytoma class III RNA polymerases were also compared with purified plasmacytoma RNA polymerases I and II. Sedimentation studies indicated that RNA polymerase III si significantly larger than RNA polymerase II, which is slightly larger than RNA polymerase I. Structural analyses showed that the molecular weights of the large subunits present in the class III enzymes (138,000 and 155,000) differ from those of the class II enzymes (140,000 and either 170,000, 205,000, or 240,000) and from those of the class I enzymes (117,000 and 195,000). Some low-molecular-weight subunits are also unique to each enzyme class. These results clearly distinguish the class I, II, and III enzymes on a structural basis. In addition, polypeptides of molecular weight 29,000 and 19,000 were found in all enzyme classes, a polypeptide of molecular weight 52,000 was found only in class I and III enzymes, and a polypeptide of molecular weight 41,000 was found only in class II and III enzymes. These findings are discussed in terms of the function and regulation of the RNA polymerases.", "PMID": 1054509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1322", "title": "A general model for genetic recombination.", "content": "A general model is proposed for genetic recombination. Its essential new feature is the hypothesis that recombination is initiated by a single-strand (or asymmetric) transfer, which may, after isomerization, become a two-strand (or symmetric) exchange. The likelihood of this transition from asymmetric to symmetric strand exchange determines certain characteristic features of recombination in any particular organism.", "contents": "A general model for genetic recombination. A general model is proposed for genetic recombination. Its essential new feature is the hypothesis that recombination is initiated by a single-strand (or asymmetric) transfer, which may, after isomerization, become a two-strand (or symmetric) exchange. The likelihood of this transition from asymmetric to symmetric strand exchange determines certain characteristic features of recombination in any particular organism.", "PMID": 1054510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1323", "title": "Reovirus messenger RNA contains a methylated, blocked 5'-terminal structure: m-7G(5')ppp(5')G-MpCp-.", "content": "Reovirus mRNA synthesized in vitro by the virus-associated RNA polymerase in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine contains blocked, methylated 5'-termini with the structure, m-7G(5')ppp(5')G-MpCp. The functional significance and possible mechanism of formation of this novel 5'-5' terminal nucleotide linkage are discussed.", "contents": "Reovirus messenger RNA contains a methylated, blocked 5'-terminal structure: m-7G(5')ppp(5')G-MpCp-. Reovirus mRNA synthesized in vitro by the virus-associated RNA polymerase in the presence of S-adenosylmethionine contains blocked, methylated 5'-termini with the structure, m-7G(5')ppp(5')G-MpCp. The functional significance and possible mechanism of formation of this novel 5'-5' terminal nucleotide linkage are discussed.", "PMID": 1054511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1324", "title": "Short-lived messenger RNA in HeLa cells and its impace on the kinetics of accumulation of cytoplasmic polyadenylate.", "content": "Accumulation of [3H]adenine in the acid-soluble pool and in nuclear and cytoplasmic poly(A) of HeLa cells shows that the nuclear poly(A) rises along a curve similar to that of the acid-soluble pool. By use of a [3H]guanosine pulse-chase experiment in adenine-grown cells, at least 35-50% of the pulse-labeled mRNA was found to have a half-life of about 1-2 hr. A mathematical model involving nuclear poly(A) synthesis and conservative transport to the cytoplasm has been derived from the new information about mRNA with a short half-life. This model predicts curves similar to those found for nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation of poly(A). Thus, there is no necessity on kinetic grounds to invoke either nuclear turnover or cytoplasmic synthesis of poly(A).", "contents": "Short-lived messenger RNA in HeLa cells and its impace on the kinetics of accumulation of cytoplasmic polyadenylate. Accumulation of [3H]adenine in the acid-soluble pool and in nuclear and cytoplasmic poly(A) of HeLa cells shows that the nuclear poly(A) rises along a curve similar to that of the acid-soluble pool. By use of a [3H]guanosine pulse-chase experiment in adenine-grown cells, at least 35-50% of the pulse-labeled mRNA was found to have a half-life of about 1-2 hr. A mathematical model involving nuclear poly(A) synthesis and conservative transport to the cytoplasm has been derived from the new information about mRNA with a short half-life. This model predicts curves similar to those found for nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation of poly(A). Thus, there is no necessity on kinetic grounds to invoke either nuclear turnover or cytoplasmic synthesis of poly(A).", "PMID": 1054512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1325", "title": "Apocytochrome P-450: reconstitution of functional cytochrome with hemin in vitro.", "content": "Synthesis of microsomal cytochrome P-450 in rat liver requires synthesis of apoprotein in rough endoplasmic reticulum and of heme in mitochondria. Dissociation of apoprotein and heme synthesis by concomitant treatment of rats with inducers of cytochrome P-450 (i.e., phenobarbital) and inhibitors of heme synthesis (i.e., cobalt) resulted in a relative excess of apocytochrome P-450. Under these circumstances, it was possible to reconstitute the holocytochrome by addition of hemin in vitro. The holocytochrome was detected spectrophotometrically by its CO-binding properties and functionally by its increased oxidative activity. Heme-mediated reconstitution was most efficient in cell fractions rich in mitochondria-rough endoplasmic reticulum complexes (640 times g fraction), suggesting that the structural association of these two organelles may represent a functional unit essential for the synthesis of holocytochrome P-450. These findings indicate that phenobarbital-mediated induction of apocytochrome P-450 is independent of heme synthesis. It is suggested that synthesis of the apocytochrome may be the primary and rate-limiting event in the formation of cytochrome P-450.", "contents": "Apocytochrome P-450: reconstitution of functional cytochrome with hemin in vitro. Synthesis of microsomal cytochrome P-450 in rat liver requires synthesis of apoprotein in rough endoplasmic reticulum and of heme in mitochondria. Dissociation of apoprotein and heme synthesis by concomitant treatment of rats with inducers of cytochrome P-450 (i.e., phenobarbital) and inhibitors of heme synthesis (i.e., cobalt) resulted in a relative excess of apocytochrome P-450. Under these circumstances, it was possible to reconstitute the holocytochrome by addition of hemin in vitro. The holocytochrome was detected spectrophotometrically by its CO-binding properties and functionally by its increased oxidative activity. Heme-mediated reconstitution was most efficient in cell fractions rich in mitochondria-rough endoplasmic reticulum complexes (640 times g fraction), suggesting that the structural association of these two organelles may represent a functional unit essential for the synthesis of holocytochrome P-450. These findings indicate that phenobarbital-mediated induction of apocytochrome P-450 is independent of heme synthesis. It is suggested that synthesis of the apocytochrome may be the primary and rate-limiting event in the formation of cytochrome P-450.", "PMID": 1054513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1326", "title": "Dimethyl adipimidate: a new antisickling agent.", "content": "A new approach to the prevention of sickling in vitro by use of the bifunctional crosslinking reagent, dimethyl adipimidate, is described. Prior treatment of sickle erythrocytes with dimethyl adipimidate will inhibit sickling in completely deoxygenated erythrocytes. Treated erythrocytes do not demonstrate the potassium loss and viscosity increase that usually accompany sickling. The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in these cells is increased independently from changes in the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. The hemoglobin obtained from treated erythrocytes contains a high-molecular-weight component as well as additional positively charged components. The relative degree to which chemical modification and/or crosslinking is an essential part of the antisickling properties of the material is not known.", "contents": "Dimethyl adipimidate: a new antisickling agent. A new approach to the prevention of sickling in vitro by use of the bifunctional crosslinking reagent, dimethyl adipimidate, is described. Prior treatment of sickle erythrocytes with dimethyl adipimidate will inhibit sickling in completely deoxygenated erythrocytes. Treated erythrocytes do not demonstrate the potassium loss and viscosity increase that usually accompany sickling. The oxygen affinity of hemoglobin in these cells is increased independently from changes in the concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate. The hemoglobin obtained from treated erythrocytes contains a high-molecular-weight component as well as additional positively charged components. The relative degree to which chemical modification and/or crosslinking is an essential part of the antisickling properties of the material is not known.", "PMID": 1054514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1327", "title": "Enhancement of soybean RNA polymerase I by auxin.", "content": "When etiolated soybean seedlings are treated with the synthetic auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid, cells of the mature hypocotyl become swollen and proliferate abnormally. This abnormal growth induced by auxin coincides with a 5- to 8-fold increase in the alpha-amanitin-insensitive RNA polymerase associated with isolated chromatin or nuclei. The alpha-amanitin-sensitive RNA polymerase activity of the auxin-treated hypocotyl was similar to that of control tissue. The increase in RNA polymerase I activity of chromatin and nuclei was maintained after solubilization and fractionation on DEAE-cellulose. Auxin thus appears to enhance RNA synthetic activity (i.e., ribosomal RNA) in mature soybean tissue by altering RNA polymerase I directly rather than by altering RNA polymerase I directly rather than by altering the chromatin template.", "contents": "Enhancement of soybean RNA polymerase I by auxin. When etiolated soybean seedlings are treated with the synthetic auxin, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid, cells of the mature hypocotyl become swollen and proliferate abnormally. This abnormal growth induced by auxin coincides with a 5- to 8-fold increase in the alpha-amanitin-insensitive RNA polymerase associated with isolated chromatin or nuclei. The alpha-amanitin-sensitive RNA polymerase activity of the auxin-treated hypocotyl was similar to that of control tissue. The increase in RNA polymerase I activity of chromatin and nuclei was maintained after solubilization and fractionation on DEAE-cellulose. Auxin thus appears to enhance RNA synthetic activity (i.e., ribosomal RNA) in mature soybean tissue by altering RNA polymerase I directly rather than by altering RNA polymerase I directly rather than by altering the chromatin template.", "PMID": 1054515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1328", "title": "Sulfhydryl dependence in primary explant hematopoietic cells. Inhibition of growth in vitro with vitamin B12 compounds.", "content": "Primary explants of P388, EL-4, and L1210 murine leukemia cells and of normal mouse bone marrow are shown to require sulfhydryl compounds for proliferation in vitro. Nine extablished cell lines show no stimulation by these compounds. Leukemia cells can lose the sulfhydryl dependence after various periods of adaptation to in vitro culture. Various sulfhydryl compounds have widely differing potencies in promoting in vitro proliferation of dependent cells. The effect appears to be specific for sulfhydryl groups in the reduced form. Vitamin B12 compounds inhibit the growth of sulfhydryl-requiring cells, apparently by catalyzing the oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups.", "contents": "Sulfhydryl dependence in primary explant hematopoietic cells. Inhibition of growth in vitro with vitamin B12 compounds. Primary explants of P388, EL-4, and L1210 murine leukemia cells and of normal mouse bone marrow are shown to require sulfhydryl compounds for proliferation in vitro. Nine extablished cell lines show no stimulation by these compounds. Leukemia cells can lose the sulfhydryl dependence after various periods of adaptation to in vitro culture. Various sulfhydryl compounds have widely differing potencies in promoting in vitro proliferation of dependent cells. The effect appears to be specific for sulfhydryl groups in the reduced form. Vitamin B12 compounds inhibit the growth of sulfhydryl-requiring cells, apparently by catalyzing the oxidation of the sulfhydryl groups.", "PMID": 1054516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1329", "title": "A general method for the introduction of enzymes, by means of immunoglobulin-coated liposomes, into lysosomes of deficient cells.", "content": "Phagocytes of the smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) contain no endogenous peroxidase within their lysosomes and constitute models for cells genetically deficient in lysosomal enzymes such as myeloperoxidase. We have obtained uptake of over 50% of exogenous horseradish peroxidase, provided the enzyme is exhibited to cells after incorporation into liposomes coated with heat-aggregated (62 degrees, 10 min), isologous IgM. Trapping of horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) by liposomes was established by chromatographic resolution (Sephadex G-200; Sepharose 2B and 4B) of free enzyme from that associated with liposomes; liposome-associated horseradish peroxidase, together with trapped markers of the aqueous compartment (glucose, CrO4 equals), were excluded, and free enzyme and markers were retained. Enzyme and marker trapping was not electrostatic, varied with the molar ratio of charged membrane components, and was reversed by detergent lysis (Triton X-100) of liposomes. Uptake at 30 degrees of aggregated IgM-coated liposomes containing trapped horseradish peroxidase exceeded that of free enzyme of 100-fold, and was more efficient than uptake of horseradish peroxidase presented in uncoated liposomes or in liposomes coated with native IgM. After phagocytosis, peroxidase-rich liposomes were localized exclusively in lysosomes of the phagocytes by ultrastructural histochemistry; the enzyme displayed over 50% latency to osmotic lysis. This method may prove to be of general use in the provision of exogenous enzymes to phagocytic cells genetically deficient in lysosomal hydrolases.", "contents": "A general method for the introduction of enzymes, by means of immunoglobulin-coated liposomes, into lysosomes of deficient cells. Phagocytes of the smooth dogfish (Mustelus canis) contain no endogenous peroxidase within their lysosomes and constitute models for cells genetically deficient in lysosomal enzymes such as myeloperoxidase. We have obtained uptake of over 50% of exogenous horseradish peroxidase, provided the enzyme is exhibited to cells after incorporation into liposomes coated with heat-aggregated (62 degrees, 10 min), isologous IgM. Trapping of horseradish peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) by liposomes was established by chromatographic resolution (Sephadex G-200; Sepharose 2B and 4B) of free enzyme from that associated with liposomes; liposome-associated horseradish peroxidase, together with trapped markers of the aqueous compartment (glucose, CrO4 equals), were excluded, and free enzyme and markers were retained. Enzyme and marker trapping was not electrostatic, varied with the molar ratio of charged membrane components, and was reversed by detergent lysis (Triton X-100) of liposomes. Uptake at 30 degrees of aggregated IgM-coated liposomes containing trapped horseradish peroxidase exceeded that of free enzyme of 100-fold, and was more efficient than uptake of horseradish peroxidase presented in uncoated liposomes or in liposomes coated with native IgM. After phagocytosis, peroxidase-rich liposomes were localized exclusively in lysosomes of the phagocytes by ultrastructural histochemistry; the enzyme displayed over 50% latency to osmotic lysis. This method may prove to be of general use in the provision of exogenous enzymes to phagocytic cells genetically deficient in lysosomal hydrolases.", "PMID": 1054517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1330", "title": "Studies on the primary structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin.", "content": "The amino-terminal sequence and composition of the subunits of the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus has been determined. The hemagglutinin has been isolated by two techniques. (1) as the intact hemagglutinin after disruption of the virus in sodium dodecyl sulfate, giving 2 subunits of 58,000 daltons (HA1) and 26,000 daltons (HA2), and (2) after treatment of the virus with bromelain, giving 2 subunits of 58,000 daltons (BHA1) and 21,000 daltons (BHA2). In both preparations these subunits are linked by disulfide bonds. The aminoterminal sequences of HA1 and BHA1, and HA2 and BHA2 are the same. The composition of the 50 residue peptide associated with the membrane, which is removed from the C-terminus of HA2 by bromelain, is deduced and shown to be hydrophobic and contain 50% of the serine residues of HA2. The biosynthetic precursor of the hemagglutinin has been purified from the membranes of abortively infected chick fibroblasts and shown to have the same amino terminus as HA1. Thus the order of biosynthesis is NH2-HA1-HA2-COOH. The amino-terminal sequence of BHA2--at the cleavage site of the precursor--is shown to be a palindrome: NH2-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ile-. This sequence is conserved in representative viruses from each of the major pandemics. A region of homologous sequence is described between the hemagglutinins of influenza type A and B viruses.", "contents": "Studies on the primary structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin. The amino-terminal sequence and composition of the subunits of the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus has been determined. The hemagglutinin has been isolated by two techniques. (1) as the intact hemagglutinin after disruption of the virus in sodium dodecyl sulfate, giving 2 subunits of 58,000 daltons (HA1) and 26,000 daltons (HA2), and (2) after treatment of the virus with bromelain, giving 2 subunits of 58,000 daltons (BHA1) and 21,000 daltons (BHA2). In both preparations these subunits are linked by disulfide bonds. The aminoterminal sequences of HA1 and BHA1, and HA2 and BHA2 are the same. The composition of the 50 residue peptide associated with the membrane, which is removed from the C-terminus of HA2 by bromelain, is deduced and shown to be hydrophobic and contain 50% of the serine residues of HA2. The biosynthetic precursor of the hemagglutinin has been purified from the membranes of abortively infected chick fibroblasts and shown to have the same amino terminus as HA1. Thus the order of biosynthesis is NH2-HA1-HA2-COOH. The amino-terminal sequence of BHA2--at the cleavage site of the precursor--is shown to be a palindrome: NH2-Gly-Leu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Ile-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ile-. This sequence is conserved in representative viruses from each of the major pandemics. A region of homologous sequence is described between the hemagglutinins of influenza type A and B viruses.", "PMID": 1054518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1331", "title": "Acute renal failure in McArdle's disease and myoglobinuric states.", "content": "Reversible acute oliguric renal failure associated with skeletal muscle abnormalities due to either McArdle's disease or myoglobinuria developed in two patients. Renal angiographic and hemodynamic data revealed a preferential diffuse reduction in cortical perfusion. Arteriography showed absence of a cortical nephrogram and attenuation of the distal interlobar and arcuate arteries. Contrast medium was delayed in passage through the edematous kidney. These changes are distinct from those of chronic renal failure due to parenchymal disease. The renal arteriogram can be a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure of obscure origin.", "contents": "Acute renal failure in McArdle's disease and myoglobinuric states. Reversible acute oliguric renal failure associated with skeletal muscle abnormalities due to either McArdle's disease or myoglobinuria developed in two patients. Renal angiographic and hemodynamic data revealed a preferential diffuse reduction in cortical perfusion. Arteriography showed absence of a cortical nephrogram and attenuation of the distal interlobar and arcuate arteries. Contrast medium was delayed in passage through the edematous kidney. These changes are distinct from those of chronic renal failure due to parenchymal disease. The renal arteriogram can be a useful adjunct in the differential diagnosis of acute renal failure of obscure origin.", "PMID": 1054521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1332", "title": "Erythroleukemia following total-body irradiation for advanced lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "A patient with advanced lymphocytic lymphoma received treatment with total-body irradiation. Two years later acute erythroleukemia developed which proved fatal. Previous experience with total-body irradiation is considered and the relationship between radiation exposure and leukemia discussed.", "contents": "Erythroleukemia following total-body irradiation for advanced lymphocytic lymphoma. A patient with advanced lymphocytic lymphoma received treatment with total-body irradiation. Two years later acute erythroleukemia developed which proved fatal. Previous experience with total-body irradiation is considered and the relationship between radiation exposure and leukemia discussed.", "PMID": 1054522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1333", "title": "Cytochemical and cytogenetic findings in five human leukocyte long-term cultures (LAHL) of different origin.", "content": "Five human leukocyte long-term suspension cultures were investigated by means of cytochemical and cytogenetic methods. A striking resemblance in the morphology of these cells originating either from peripheral blood or from spleen of patients with or without hematological disorders was found. Lymphocytic origin of all five cultures is suspected. In the three cultures a diploid karyotype was found with some aberrations. In one culture, derived from the spleen of a patient with panmyelopathy the mosaic 45 XX C -/46 XX was detected. Anomalies of C group chromosomes were the most consistent type of chromosome aberrations in two lines. Both were EBV positive.", "contents": "Cytochemical and cytogenetic findings in five human leukocyte long-term cultures (LAHL) of different origin. Five human leukocyte long-term suspension cultures were investigated by means of cytochemical and cytogenetic methods. A striking resemblance in the morphology of these cells originating either from peripheral blood or from spleen of patients with or without hematological disorders was found. Lymphocytic origin of all five cultures is suspected. In the three cultures a diploid karyotype was found with some aberrations. In one culture, derived from the spleen of a patient with panmyelopathy the mosaic 45 XX C -/46 XX was detected. Anomalies of C group chromosomes were the most consistent type of chromosome aberrations in two lines. Both were EBV positive.", "PMID": 1054530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1334", "title": "Heritable cell cycle disturbances and late recovery in x-irradiated murine lymphoma L5178Y-S cell populations in vitro.", "content": "1. Ionizing radiation can induce in mammalian cells, besides the lethal effects, also heritable damages which retard cell cycle traverse for considerable humber of cell generationsl 2. Radiation-induced heritable lesions in murine leukaemic lymphoblasts L5178Y-S affect progesssion of the cells through the G2 phase of the cell cycle. 3. Late recovery of proliferative activity which must be connected with elimination of the G2 block is a common phenomenon in the heritably damaged L5178Y-S sublines derived from single cells. 4. A possibility should be taken into consideration of employing the cells heritably damaged by radiation as convenient models for studies on some disturbances which accompany ageing of the mammalian cells. 5. It seems that results of studies on both the cells heritably damaged by radiation and the ageing cells could be useful for evaluation of possibilities of prevention, control or elimination of the heritable cell cycle disturbances.", "contents": "Heritable cell cycle disturbances and late recovery in x-irradiated murine lymphoma L5178Y-S cell populations in vitro. 1. Ionizing radiation can induce in mammalian cells, besides the lethal effects, also heritable damages which retard cell cycle traverse for considerable humber of cell generationsl 2. Radiation-induced heritable lesions in murine leukaemic lymphoblasts L5178Y-S affect progesssion of the cells through the G2 phase of the cell cycle. 3. Late recovery of proliferative activity which must be connected with elimination of the G2 block is a common phenomenon in the heritably damaged L5178Y-S sublines derived from single cells. 4. A possibility should be taken into consideration of employing the cells heritably damaged by radiation as convenient models for studies on some disturbances which accompany ageing of the mammalian cells. 5. It seems that results of studies on both the cells heritably damaged by radiation and the ageing cells could be useful for evaluation of possibilities of prevention, control or elimination of the heritable cell cycle disturbances.", "PMID": 1054531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1335", "title": "Ribonucleases in mouse ascitic tumor cells during ageing in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Ribonuclease activities have been determined in cell extracts of mouse L5178Y lymphoma grown in vivo and in vitro. From the obtained results it follows that the level of studied enzymes changes in both systems during ageing of the cells. Moreover, when lymphoma cells are cultured in vitro a marked decrease in specific activity of alkaline ribonuclease II is observed.", "contents": "Ribonucleases in mouse ascitic tumor cells during ageing in vivo and in vitro. Ribonuclease activities have been determined in cell extracts of mouse L5178Y lymphoma grown in vivo and in vitro. From the obtained results it follows that the level of studied enzymes changes in both systems during ageing of the cells. Moreover, when lymphoma cells are cultured in vitro a marked decrease in specific activity of alkaline ribonuclease II is observed.", "PMID": 1054532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1336", "title": "Proliferation and morphology of ascitic cells as a function of age in cell culture.", "content": "Ascitic cells in the logarithmic growth phase increase the accumulation of glycogen particles in the course of explantation into suspension culture, probably due to the increasing arrest of glycogenolytic enzymes. At this age, a part of the cells are capable of restitution by exopinocytosis of the glycogen-containing vacuoles ia formation of cytoplasmic buds. Older cells, taken from the plateau-phase, pass atypical differentiation and ageing, are less capable of hindering the abnormal accumulation of glycogen and the hypervacuolisation. As a consequence, the cells finally degenerate and die.", "contents": "Proliferation and morphology of ascitic cells as a function of age in cell culture. Ascitic cells in the logarithmic growth phase increase the accumulation of glycogen particles in the course of explantation into suspension culture, probably due to the increasing arrest of glycogenolytic enzymes. At this age, a part of the cells are capable of restitution by exopinocytosis of the glycogen-containing vacuoles ia formation of cytoplasmic buds. Older cells, taken from the plateau-phase, pass atypical differentiation and ageing, are less capable of hindering the abnormal accumulation of glycogen and the hypervacuolisation. As a consequence, the cells finally degenerate and die.", "PMID": 1054533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1337", "title": "Ultrastructure of the sinus wall of murine bone marrow in myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "The ultrastructure of bone marrow of RF mice having an acute myelogenous leukemia induced by inoculation with leukemic cells was investigated. In several respects sinuses of leukemic marrow are similar to normal marrow. Sinuses are present in numbers approximating that of the normal; the lining cells of the sinus wall have organelles similar in distribution and number to those of normal lining cells; the sinus wall is continuous, having openings only in conjunction with blood cells that are migrating through it (migration pores); migration pores occur within and not between lining cells. Abnormalities observed in leukemic marrow are the occurrence of virus-like particles in leukemic cells, the presence of numerous particles 300 to 500 A in diameter in the extracellular space, reduction in the number of adventitial cells of the sinus wall and an increase in the thickness and distribution of extracellular material located near the basal surface of lining cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the sinus wall of murine bone marrow in myelogenous leukemia. The ultrastructure of bone marrow of RF mice having an acute myelogenous leukemia induced by inoculation with leukemic cells was investigated. In several respects sinuses of leukemic marrow are similar to normal marrow. Sinuses are present in numbers approximating that of the normal; the lining cells of the sinus wall have organelles similar in distribution and number to those of normal lining cells; the sinus wall is continuous, having openings only in conjunction with blood cells that are migrating through it (migration pores); migration pores occur within and not between lining cells. Abnormalities observed in leukemic marrow are the occurrence of virus-like particles in leukemic cells, the presence of numerous particles 300 to 500 A in diameter in the extracellular space, reduction in the number of adventitial cells of the sinus wall and an increase in the thickness and distribution of extracellular material located near the basal surface of lining cells.", "PMID": 1054534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1338", "title": "Excess leukemia in cohorts of children born following influenza epidemics.", "content": "Two series of data from the California State Department of Health and one from Children's Hospital of Los Angeles were analyzed to determine whether an association exists between influenza epidemics and incidence of leukemia in children born following such outbreaks. Of leukemic children born in areas for which information on past influenza activity was available, the population-based Alameda County Cancer Registry recorded 89 cases during 1960-1969, the California Tumor Registry recorded 653 cases during 1950-1970, and Children's Hospital recorded 575 cases during 1957-1972. Flu epidemics were identified and flu cohorts constructed such that leukemic children who could have been in utero during a flu epidemic constituted a flu cohort. Based on the total number of leukemia cases reported and the proportion of at-risk weeks contributed by the flu cohort, expected numbers of leukemia cases from the flu cohort were computed for each age. In each series, there was an excess of leukemia cases in the flu cohort, contributed primarily by the 0-4 age group. Trimester analysis indicated that the greatest excess occurred in children who were in the first trimester of gestation during a flu epidemic. Incidence data from the Cancer Incidence System of the San Francisco Bay Area Resource for Cancer Epidemiology and the Third National Cancer Survey show a relative risk of 3.4 for this group. Due to sources of misclassification in this study, such as analysis of flu cohorts rather than individuals whose mothers actually had influenza during pregnancy, the results tend to be diluted. If influenza is a causative factor, the actual increase in leukemia risk is likely to be much greater than this analysis indicates.", "contents": "Excess leukemia in cohorts of children born following influenza epidemics. Two series of data from the California State Department of Health and one from Children's Hospital of Los Angeles were analyzed to determine whether an association exists between influenza epidemics and incidence of leukemia in children born following such outbreaks. Of leukemic children born in areas for which information on past influenza activity was available, the population-based Alameda County Cancer Registry recorded 89 cases during 1960-1969, the California Tumor Registry recorded 653 cases during 1950-1970, and Children's Hospital recorded 575 cases during 1957-1972. Flu epidemics were identified and flu cohorts constructed such that leukemic children who could have been in utero during a flu epidemic constituted a flu cohort. Based on the total number of leukemia cases reported and the proportion of at-risk weeks contributed by the flu cohort, expected numbers of leukemia cases from the flu cohort were computed for each age. In each series, there was an excess of leukemia cases in the flu cohort, contributed primarily by the 0-4 age group. Trimester analysis indicated that the greatest excess occurred in children who were in the first trimester of gestation during a flu epidemic. Incidence data from the Cancer Incidence System of the San Francisco Bay Area Resource for Cancer Epidemiology and the Third National Cancer Survey show a relative risk of 3.4 for this group. Due to sources of misclassification in this study, such as analysis of flu cohorts rather than individuals whose mothers actually had influenza during pregnancy, the results tend to be diluted. If influenza is a causative factor, the actual increase in leukemia risk is likely to be much greater than this analysis indicates.", "PMID": 1054535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1339", "title": "Platelet function in patients with high platelet counts.", "content": "Platelet function tests were done to ascertain whether they might have discriminatory significance in the differentiation of a myeloproliferative disorder from secondary thrombocytosis in a patient with an elevated platelet count. Amongst 14 subjects with polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia, significant abnormalities of platelet aggregation were the rule, while defective aggregation was unusual in 16 subjects with secondary thrombocytosis. Measurements of the bleeding time and of platelet factor 3 activity were of some value, but significant overlap was noted. Platelet function in four of five subjects with chronic myeloid leukaemia was essentially normal.", "contents": "Platelet function in patients with high platelet counts. Platelet function tests were done to ascertain whether they might have discriminatory significance in the differentiation of a myeloproliferative disorder from secondary thrombocytosis in a patient with an elevated platelet count. Amongst 14 subjects with polycythaemia vera and essential thrombocythaemia, significant abnormalities of platelet aggregation were the rule, while defective aggregation was unusual in 16 subjects with secondary thrombocytosis. Measurements of the bleeding time and of platelet factor 3 activity were of some value, but significant overlap was noted. Platelet function in four of five subjects with chronic myeloid leukaemia was essentially normal.", "PMID": 1054537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1340", "title": "Some properties of neurophysins isolated from bovine neurosecretory granules.", "content": "Our experiments with the neurophysin-related proteins from bovine NSG have demonstrated that these species differ in several important respects from the materials conventionally prepared. (1) In structural terms, the NSG proteins are essentially identical with the conventional neurophysins in amino acid composition and closely similar in immunoreactivity; however, the presence of carbodydrate and lipid moieties in the NSG material, no matter how they are attached, constitutes a structural difference apparently sufficient to cause considerable changes in properties. (2) The affinities for the neurohypophyseal hormones of the NSG proteins are very much higher than those of the \"conventional\" neurophysins and, moreover, the binding properties of the NSG material are much more stable with time under the conditions of the binding experiments. (3) The low binding capacities of the NSG materials, even when they are purified to apparent molecular homogeneity, indicate a functional heterogeneity perhaps related to supramolecular structure. (4) The conversion of the NSG proteins by acid or alkali treatment to materials resembling the \"conventional\" neurophysins in their binding properties suggests that the latter may be isolation artifacts. Although we cannot as yet consistently explain the properties of our neurophysins from NSG, we offer the hypothesis that the low binding capacity, as also the Hill coefficient greater than 1 (cf. Reference 25) are indicative of molecular aggregation, perhaps mediated or facilitated by the nonprotein components. It is conceivable that such aggregation, proceeding in the more \"natural\" environment of the NSG in a more precisely organized manner, might constitute the truly \"native,\" fully functional state of the neurophysins. In this context it is of interest to record our preliminary observations, which suggest the presence of a protein of 10,000 mol. wt. in the NSG membrane fraction (SDS gel) as well as electron-microscopic indications30 of a highly organized (\"crystalline\") structure within these membranes. Although, therefore, the materials we have described may not merit the description of \"native\" neurophysins, we believe that they are certainly closer to the native state than the proteins conventionally isolated; and we would suggest that any discussion of the biological role of the neurophysins based on the properties of the conventional preparations may be at best speculative, and at worst misleading.", "contents": "Some properties of neurophysins isolated from bovine neurosecretory granules. Our experiments with the neurophysin-related proteins from bovine NSG have demonstrated that these species differ in several important respects from the materials conventionally prepared. (1) In structural terms, the NSG proteins are essentially identical with the conventional neurophysins in amino acid composition and closely similar in immunoreactivity; however, the presence of carbodydrate and lipid moieties in the NSG material, no matter how they are attached, constitutes a structural difference apparently sufficient to cause considerable changes in properties. (2) The affinities for the neurohypophyseal hormones of the NSG proteins are very much higher than those of the \"conventional\" neurophysins and, moreover, the binding properties of the NSG material are much more stable with time under the conditions of the binding experiments. (3) The low binding capacities of the NSG materials, even when they are purified to apparent molecular homogeneity, indicate a functional heterogeneity perhaps related to supramolecular structure. (4) The conversion of the NSG proteins by acid or alkali treatment to materials resembling the \"conventional\" neurophysins in their binding properties suggests that the latter may be isolation artifacts. Although we cannot as yet consistently explain the properties of our neurophysins from NSG, we offer the hypothesis that the low binding capacity, as also the Hill coefficient greater than 1 (cf. Reference 25) are indicative of molecular aggregation, perhaps mediated or facilitated by the nonprotein components. It is conceivable that such aggregation, proceeding in the more \"natural\" environment of the NSG in a more precisely organized manner, might constitute the truly \"native,\" fully functional state of the neurophysins. In this context it is of interest to record our preliminary observations, which suggest the presence of a protein of 10,000 mol. wt. in the NSG membrane fraction (SDS gel) as well as electron-microscopic indications30 of a highly organized (\"crystalline\") structure within these membranes. Although, therefore, the materials we have described may not merit the description of \"native\" neurophysins, we believe that they are certainly closer to the native state than the proteins conventionally isolated; and we would suggest that any discussion of the biological role of the neurophysins based on the properties of the conventional preparations may be at best speculative, and at worst misleading.", "PMID": 1054542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1341", "title": "Observations on the lipolytic and melanotropic properties of neurophysin proteins.", "content": "Previous work indicated that brain contains 3 types of lipolytic-melanotropic peptide: (1) in adenohypophysis: ACTH, alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, peptide I, peptide L', beta-lipotropin and gamma-lipotropin; (2) in neurohypophysis: peptide 7D6, also termed neurophysin I, peptide II or Wuu-Saffran peptide; (3) in extrahypophyseal regions: peptide IIF. Bovine and human neurophysin I prepared by R. Walter has now been found devoid of lipolytic and melanotropic activities. Porcine and bovine peptide 7D6, closely similar or identical to bovine neurophysin I in electrophoretic mobility and amino acid composition, were therefore reexamined to determine whether their lipolytic-melanotropic property resided in a contaminating factor. When peptide 7D6 was analyzed in 100 transfer counter current distribution (1 butanol/0.1M NH4 HCO3), the neurophysin was recovered in tubes 1-9 (7D6-alpha) representing 95% of 7D6. 7D6-alpha was inactive in lipolytic and melanotropic assays. The biologic activities of 7D6 were recovered instead in tubes 50-70 (labeled 7D6-beta), representing 5% of 7D6. 7D6-beta proved to be a peptide with MW 1000-3000, closely similar to peptide IIF in amino acid composition, MW, and Rf values in 4 systems of paper chromatography.", "contents": "Observations on the lipolytic and melanotropic properties of neurophysin proteins. Previous work indicated that brain contains 3 types of lipolytic-melanotropic peptide: (1) in adenohypophysis: ACTH, alpha-MSH, beta-MSH, peptide I, peptide L', beta-lipotropin and gamma-lipotropin; (2) in neurohypophysis: peptide 7D6, also termed neurophysin I, peptide II or Wuu-Saffran peptide; (3) in extrahypophyseal regions: peptide IIF. Bovine and human neurophysin I prepared by R. Walter has now been found devoid of lipolytic and melanotropic activities. Porcine and bovine peptide 7D6, closely similar or identical to bovine neurophysin I in electrophoretic mobility and amino acid composition, were therefore reexamined to determine whether their lipolytic-melanotropic property resided in a contaminating factor. When peptide 7D6 was analyzed in 100 transfer counter current distribution (1 butanol/0.1M NH4 HCO3), the neurophysin was recovered in tubes 1-9 (7D6-alpha) representing 95% of 7D6. 7D6-alpha was inactive in lipolytic and melanotropic assays. The biologic activities of 7D6 were recovered instead in tubes 50-70 (labeled 7D6-beta), representing 5% of 7D6. 7D6-beta proved to be a peptide with MW 1000-3000, closely similar to peptide IIF in amino acid composition, MW, and Rf values in 4 systems of paper chromatography.", "PMID": 1054549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1342", "title": "Environmental health hazards from high-powered, infrared, laser devices.", "content": "The potential health hazards associated with high-power laser systems are not limited to the direct beam. In addition to the obvious hazards of direct beam exposure of personnel, environmental problems may arise from electrically-energized equipment, excessive noise from the laser itself, and from hazardous fumes, gases, and vapors originating from components of the laser or from the target material.", "contents": "Environmental health hazards from high-powered, infrared, laser devices. The potential health hazards associated with high-power laser systems are not limited to the direct beam. In addition to the obvious hazards of direct beam exposure of personnel, environmental problems may arise from electrically-energized equipment, excessive noise from the laser itself, and from hazardous fumes, gases, and vapors originating from components of the laser or from the target material.", "PMID": 1054562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1343", "title": "Dibromomannitol in the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia: a prospective randomized comparison with busulfan.", "content": "Dibromomannitol (DBM) is a new agent for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia. A propsective evaluation of the drug was undertaken in a randomized comparison with busulfan. Forty previously untreated, Philadelphia chromosome-positive cases were treated, with 20 patients in each treatment group. The protocol provided for continuous maintenance therapy after remission induction, with a crossover to the opposite drug in patients who became refractory to the primary agent but are without evidence of blastic tranformation. There were 14 remissions in the DBM group and 15 in those treated with busulfan. The rate of decrease of the elevated leukocyte count was more rapid with DBM, but prolonged disease control off treatment occurred in only three of 14 cases as opposed to nine of fifteen busulfan-treated patients who required a median delay of 12 mo before maintenance could be initiated. Hypoplasia occurred in one DBM patient and two busulfan cases. Following recovery, crossover to the opposite drug in two cases again resulted in hypopllasia. Increased skin pigmentation, amenorrhea, pulmonary fibrosis, and cytologic dysplasia, commonly associated with busulfan adminstration, were also noted with DBM. The median duration of disease control with busulfan was 34 mo and 26 mo with DBM. There was no signigicant difference in the incidence of blastic transformation, and median survival for both groups was 44 mo. DBM appears to be as effective as busulfan in the treatment of the chronic phase of CGL but with a more predictable myelosuppressive action. The principal advantage of busulfan over DBM is the fact that more than half the busulfan-treated patients experienced prolonged disease control off treatment.", "contents": "Dibromomannitol in the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia: a prospective randomized comparison with busulfan. Dibromomannitol (DBM) is a new agent for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia. A propsective evaluation of the drug was undertaken in a randomized comparison with busulfan. Forty previously untreated, Philadelphia chromosome-positive cases were treated, with 20 patients in each treatment group. The protocol provided for continuous maintenance therapy after remission induction, with a crossover to the opposite drug in patients who became refractory to the primary agent but are without evidence of blastic tranformation. There were 14 remissions in the DBM group and 15 in those treated with busulfan. The rate of decrease of the elevated leukocyte count was more rapid with DBM, but prolonged disease control off treatment occurred in only three of 14 cases as opposed to nine of fifteen busulfan-treated patients who required a median delay of 12 mo before maintenance could be initiated. Hypoplasia occurred in one DBM patient and two busulfan cases. Following recovery, crossover to the opposite drug in two cases again resulted in hypopllasia. Increased skin pigmentation, amenorrhea, pulmonary fibrosis, and cytologic dysplasia, commonly associated with busulfan adminstration, were also noted with DBM. The median duration of disease control with busulfan was 34 mo and 26 mo with DBM. There was no signigicant difference in the incidence of blastic transformation, and median survival for both groups was 44 mo. DBM appears to be as effective as busulfan in the treatment of the chronic phase of CGL but with a more predictable myelosuppressive action. The principal advantage of busulfan over DBM is the fact that more than half the busulfan-treated patients experienced prolonged disease control off treatment.", "PMID": 1054609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1344", "title": "Measurement of vitamin B12-binding proteins of plasma. II. Interpretation of patterns in disease.", "content": "The technique described in the preceding paper was applied to 12 abnormal sera selected for their increase in one or more B12-binding proteins. Even in the presence of large amounts of R-type binder, the ammonium sulfate technique gave a reliable separation of R binding proteins from TC II. Measurement of the TC II in abnormal sera gave results identical to those obtained by the more standard gel filtration. The R binders of four subjects with myeloproliferative disease were further separated into alpha2-R and alpha1-R. The pattern  of B12 binding of polycythemia vera (PV) was an exaggeration of the normal pattern. Binding to alpha2-R was three to four times that to alpha1-R, although the total amounts bound to both were increased. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), both alpha2-R and alpha1-R were also increased, but in contrast to binding in normal sera, alpha1-R predominated.  In order to interpret the findings, either whole serum R or alpha1-R and alpha2-R from patients with myeloproliferative disease were subject to isoelectric focusing. Alpha2-R consisted pricipally of components isoelectric at pH 2.9, 3.0, and 3.1. These components were present in only minor amounts in normal serum and were somewhat increased in the serum of PV. These components were very much increased in the serum of CML and predominated. Alpha2-R consisted of those components isoelectric at pH 3.4,3.6, and 4.0. These components predominated in the unsaturated binding capacity of normal sera and that of PV. It was concluded that the division of plasma R binders into alpha1-R and alpha1-R by the technique described provided information useful in the study of myeloproliferative diseases.", "contents": "Measurement of vitamin B12-binding proteins of plasma. II. Interpretation of patterns in disease. The technique described in the preceding paper was applied to 12 abnormal sera selected for their increase in one or more B12-binding proteins. Even in the presence of large amounts of R-type binder, the ammonium sulfate technique gave a reliable separation of R binding proteins from TC II. Measurement of the TC II in abnormal sera gave results identical to those obtained by the more standard gel filtration. The R binders of four subjects with myeloproliferative disease were further separated into alpha2-R and alpha1-R. The pattern  of B12 binding of polycythemia vera (PV) was an exaggeration of the normal pattern. Binding to alpha2-R was three to four times that to alpha1-R, although the total amounts bound to both were increased. In chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), both alpha2-R and alpha1-R were also increased, but in contrast to binding in normal sera, alpha1-R predominated.  In order to interpret the findings, either whole serum R or alpha1-R and alpha2-R from patients with myeloproliferative disease were subject to isoelectric focusing. Alpha2-R consisted pricipally of components isoelectric at pH 2.9, 3.0, and 3.1. These components were present in only minor amounts in normal serum and were somewhat increased in the serum of PV. These components were very much increased in the serum of CML and predominated. Alpha2-R consisted of those components isoelectric at pH 3.4,3.6, and 4.0. These components predominated in the unsaturated binding capacity of normal sera and that of PV. It was concluded that the division of plasma R binders into alpha1-R and alpha1-R by the technique described provided information useful in the study of myeloproliferative diseases.", "PMID": 1054610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1345", "title": "Isoleucine metabolism by leukemic and normal human leukocytes in relation to cell maturity and type.", "content": "The metabolism of an essential amino acid, isoleucine, by human leukemic and gradient-separated normal human leukocytes of various types and maturity was studied. Blood leukocytes were isolated and incubated with (U-14C) isoleucine. Separation of metabolic intermediates was accomplished by sequential extraction. The rate of isoleucine incorporation into protein by immature cells from untreated patients with acute leukemia (15.9 plus or minus 2.4 nmoles/hr per 10-8 leukocytes) was considerably higher than the rates of incorporation by mature neutrophils (3.2 plus or minus 0.5 nmoles/hr per 10-8 leukocytes), lymphocytes (7.7 plus or minus 1.2 nmoles/hr per 10-8 leukocytes), and eosinophils (6.2 plus or minus 1.3 nmoles/hr per 10-8 leukocytes). Those cell preparations with more blast cells had higher rates of protein synthesis. In addition, those cells with greater thymidine incorporation had higher rates of protein synthesis. The leukocytes both oxidized isoleucine and incorporated it into cell isoleucine and incorporated it into cell lipid. The rates of these metabolic processes were characteristic for various types and maturity of leukocytes. This study demonstrates a relationship of rate of protein synthesis to leukocyte immaturity. This relationship is maintained in neoplastic leukocytes. It suggests that the requirement of the mitotic process for newly synthesized protein is greater than that for the elaboration of the protein products of the mature leukocyte.", "contents": "Isoleucine metabolism by leukemic and normal human leukocytes in relation to cell maturity and type. The metabolism of an essential amino acid, isoleucine, by human leukemic and gradient-separated normal human leukocytes of various types and maturity was studied. Blood leukocytes were isolated and incubated with (U-14C) isoleucine. Separation of metabolic intermediates was accomplished by sequential extraction. The rate of isoleucine incorporation into protein by immature cells from untreated patients with acute leukemia (15.9 plus or minus 2.4 nmoles/hr per 10-8 leukocytes) was considerably higher than the rates of incorporation by mature neutrophils (3.2 plus or minus 0.5 nmoles/hr per 10-8 leukocytes), lymphocytes (7.7 plus or minus 1.2 nmoles/hr per 10-8 leukocytes), and eosinophils (6.2 plus or minus 1.3 nmoles/hr per 10-8 leukocytes). Those cell preparations with more blast cells had higher rates of protein synthesis. In addition, those cells with greater thymidine incorporation had higher rates of protein synthesis. The leukocytes both oxidized isoleucine and incorporated it into cell isoleucine and incorporated it into cell lipid. The rates of these metabolic processes were characteristic for various types and maturity of leukocytes. This study demonstrates a relationship of rate of protein synthesis to leukocyte immaturity. This relationship is maintained in neoplastic leukocytes. It suggests that the requirement of the mitotic process for newly synthesized protein is greater than that for the elaboration of the protein products of the mature leukocyte.", "PMID": 1054611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1346", "title": "De novo appearance of the ph-1 chromosome in a previously monosomic bone marrow (45,XX,-6): conversion of a myeloproliferative disorder to acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Bone marrow examination of a patient with a myeloproliferative disorder revealed monosomy for chromosome No. 6 (45,XX,-6). Two months later, during blastic crisis, reinvestigation of the bone marrow showed the presence of the Ph-1 chromosome in the previously aneuploid cell line (45,XX,-6,-22,+Ph-1). This case differs from those previously published in that the Ph-1 chromosome appeared de novo during the development of frank acute myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "De novo appearance of the ph-1 chromosome in a previously monosomic bone marrow (45,XX,-6): conversion of a myeloproliferative disorder to acute myelogenous leukemia. Bone marrow examination of a patient with a myeloproliferative disorder revealed monosomy for chromosome No. 6 (45,XX,-6). Two months later, during blastic crisis, reinvestigation of the bone marrow showed the presence of the Ph-1 chromosome in the previously aneuploid cell line (45,XX,-6,-22,+Ph-1). This case differs from those previously published in that the Ph-1 chromosome appeared de novo during the development of frank acute myelogenous leukemia.", "PMID": 1054612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1347", "title": "Occurrence of hepatitis and hepatitis B surface antigen in adult patients with acute leukemia.", "content": "Fifty-eight adult patients with acute leukemia were screened at the onset of the disease for hepatitis B antigen (HBSAg) in the serum, and during the course of the disease for the development of hepatitis B. One patient had a positive test for HBSAg by the radioimmunoassay technique only at the time leukemia was diagnosed; this patient had received transfusions some years before. In six patients icteric hepatitis B developed; five recovered completely and one died of leukemia during the course of hepatitis. All patients in whom hepatitis developed had received transfusions as a part of supportive therapy for leukemia. The hepatitis risk for patients who received transfusions of blood found to be negative for HBSAg by counterimmunoelectrophoresis was 0.26 percent per unit of blood administered.", "contents": "Occurrence of hepatitis and hepatitis B surface antigen in adult patients with acute leukemia. Fifty-eight adult patients with acute leukemia were screened at the onset of the disease for hepatitis B antigen (HBSAg) in the serum, and during the course of the disease for the development of hepatitis B. One patient had a positive test for HBSAg by the radioimmunoassay technique only at the time leukemia was diagnosed; this patient had received transfusions some years before. In six patients icteric hepatitis B developed; five recovered completely and one died of leukemia during the course of hepatitis. All patients in whom hepatitis developed had received transfusions as a part of supportive therapy for leukemia. The hepatitis risk for patients who received transfusions of blood found to be negative for HBSAg by counterimmunoelectrophoresis was 0.26 percent per unit of blood administered.", "PMID": 1054615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1348", "title": "Primary granulocytic sarcoma of the small bowel.", "content": "A young man developed obstruction of the small bowel due to a neoplastic process, which in retrospect proved to be a primary granulocytic sarcoma, preceding acute granulocytic leukemia for more than 3 years. The histologic, histochemical and ultrastructural findings are presented, together with a review of the literature on granulocytic sarcomas, particularly those presenting as aleukemic forms. It is suggested that these forms may not be so rare and that careful search, using currently available methods, will be rewarding.", "contents": "Primary granulocytic sarcoma of the small bowel. A young man developed obstruction of the small bowel due to a neoplastic process, which in retrospect proved to be a primary granulocytic sarcoma, preceding acute granulocytic leukemia for more than 3 years. The histologic, histochemical and ultrastructural findings are presented, together with a review of the literature on granulocytic sarcomas, particularly those presenting as aleukemic forms. It is suggested that these forms may not be so rare and that careful search, using currently available methods, will be rewarding.", "PMID": 1054617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1349", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in leukemic serum.", "content": "Cultures of normal lymphocytes were induced to transform by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Inhibition of transformation was observed when these cultures contained sera isolated from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The inhibition of transformation of normal lymphocytes was best demonstrated when the concentration of the leukemic serum in the culture medium was relatively high (60 percent); however, the inhibition was also observed with a more standard serum concentration (20 percent). Not all leukemic sera were inhibitory. Pretreatment sera from newly diagnosed patients with leukocyte counts greater than 50,000/mm3 were significantly inhibitory. Pretreatment sera from newly diagnosed patients with leukocyte counts less than 50,000/mm3, and sera from patients in remission or relapse had no significant effect. The inhibition observed with the sera of the high leukocyte count group was not believed to be related to cytotoxicity. The significance of this inhibitor in relation to clinical prognosis needs to be investigated.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in leukemic serum. Cultures of normal lymphocytes were induced to transform by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Inhibition of transformation was observed when these cultures contained sera isolated from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The inhibition of transformation of normal lymphocytes was best demonstrated when the concentration of the leukemic serum in the culture medium was relatively high (60 percent); however, the inhibition was also observed with a more standard serum concentration (20 percent). Not all leukemic sera were inhibitory. Pretreatment sera from newly diagnosed patients with leukocyte counts greater than 50,000/mm3 were significantly inhibitory. Pretreatment sera from newly diagnosed patients with leukocyte counts less than 50,000/mm3, and sera from patients in remission or relapse had no significant effect. The inhibition observed with the sera of the high leukocyte count group was not believed to be related to cytotoxicity. The significance of this inhibitor in relation to clinical prognosis needs to be investigated.", "PMID": 1054618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1350", "title": "Painful lytic bone lesion in an adult with chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "The occurrence of blast cell granulocytic tumors (chloromas, myeloblastomas) associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia has been well documented. However, the production of lytic lesions by nonmyeloblastomatous hematopoietic cell forms in chronic myelogenous leukemia has been described only once previously. The pain associated with osteolysis in this particular patient preceded roentgenographic appearance of lytic lesion and diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Biopsy of lytic lesion demonstrated infiltration with cell forms nearly identical with those of simultaneously performed bone marrow aspiration.", "contents": "Painful lytic bone lesion in an adult with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The occurrence of blast cell granulocytic tumors (chloromas, myeloblastomas) associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia has been well documented. However, the production of lytic lesions by nonmyeloblastomatous hematopoietic cell forms in chronic myelogenous leukemia has been described only once previously. The pain associated with osteolysis in this particular patient preceded roentgenographic appearance of lytic lesion and diagnosis of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Biopsy of lytic lesion demonstrated infiltration with cell forms nearly identical with those of simultaneously performed bone marrow aspiration.", "PMID": 1054619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1351", "title": "Leukocyte function in children with malignancies.", "content": "Blood was obtained on 414 occasions from 106 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) or solid tumors. Resting and stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity and unstimulated and stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction were assessed on each sample. The values obtained were compared to similar determinations made on blood obtained from 178 healthy children. Resting HMPS activity of all patients with malignant diseases was significantly (p smaller than 0.01) greater, and ability to stimulate HMPSP activity significantly (p smaller than 0.01) less than that noted in healthy control patients. Unstimulated NBT dye reduction of leukocytes obtained from patients with malignant disorders was significantly (p smaller than 0.01) less than that observed in healthy control children. No significant differences were noted in HMPS activity or NBT dye reduction in patients with ALL, rhabdomyosarcoma, or other solid tumors who had bacterial infection when compared to uninfected patients, or when patients were categorized according to the type of chemotherapy provided. HMPS activity and NBT dye reduction of patients with ALL prior to treatment, in remission, and during episodes of relapse did not differ from each other. Thus, a functional impairment in leukocyte function was noted in patients with ALL even when their peripheral blood and bone marrow cells exhibited normal morphology.", "contents": "Leukocyte function in children with malignancies. Blood was obtained on 414 occasions from 106 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) or solid tumors. Resting and stimulated hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) activity and unstimulated and stimulated nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction were assessed on each sample. The values obtained were compared to similar determinations made on blood obtained from 178 healthy children. Resting HMPS activity of all patients with malignant diseases was significantly (p smaller than 0.01) greater, and ability to stimulate HMPSP activity significantly (p smaller than 0.01) less than that noted in healthy control patients. Unstimulated NBT dye reduction of leukocytes obtained from patients with malignant disorders was significantly (p smaller than 0.01) less than that observed in healthy control children. No significant differences were noted in HMPS activity or NBT dye reduction in patients with ALL, rhabdomyosarcoma, or other solid tumors who had bacterial infection when compared to uninfected patients, or when patients were categorized according to the type of chemotherapy provided. HMPS activity and NBT dye reduction of patients with ALL prior to treatment, in remission, and during episodes of relapse did not differ from each other. Thus, a functional impairment in leukocyte function was noted in patients with ALL even when their peripheral blood and bone marrow cells exhibited normal morphology.", "PMID": 1054620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1352", "title": "Alteration of methotrexate uptake in human leukemia cells by other agents.", "content": "The uptake of methotrexate (MTX) and the effect of drugs known to either inhibit or enhance MTX transport in L1210 murine leukemia were studied in man using blast cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in vitro. MTX uptake was found to proceed slowly, requiring at least 160 min for cells to reach a \"steady state\" when extracellular MTX concentrations were 1 muM. Efflux of MTX from preloaded cells required 80 to 120 min and the nonexchangeable or tightly bound fraction was 40% of the total intracellular drug. Utilizing doses that are estimates of achievable peak blood levels following single i.v. injection, cephalothin (21 mug/ml) and hydrocortisone (20 mug/ml) inhibited net MTX accumulation by 20 and 28%, respectively. Vincristine sulfate at 8.3 and 0.083 mug/ml enhanced MTX uptake by 54 and 33%, respectively, by inhibiting MTX efflux, thus increasing the level of intracellular drug in excess of the tightly bound fraction. The potential clinical implications of using MTX in combination with the aforementioned drugs for cancer chemotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Alteration of methotrexate uptake in human leukemia cells by other agents. The uptake of methotrexate (MTX) and the effect of drugs known to either inhibit or enhance MTX transport in L1210 murine leukemia were studied in man using blast cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in vitro. MTX uptake was found to proceed slowly, requiring at least 160 min for cells to reach a \"steady state\" when extracellular MTX concentrations were 1 muM. Efflux of MTX from preloaded cells required 80 to 120 min and the nonexchangeable or tightly bound fraction was 40% of the total intracellular drug. Utilizing doses that are estimates of achievable peak blood levels following single i.v. injection, cephalothin (21 mug/ml) and hydrocortisone (20 mug/ml) inhibited net MTX accumulation by 20 and 28%, respectively. Vincristine sulfate at 8.3 and 0.083 mug/ml enhanced MTX uptake by 54 and 33%, respectively, by inhibiting MTX efflux, thus increasing the level of intracellular drug in excess of the tightly bound fraction. The potential clinical implications of using MTX in combination with the aforementioned drugs for cancer chemotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 1054621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1353", "title": "N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate, an analog with greater experimental antitumor activity and less toxicity than adriamycin.", "content": "N-Trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 32), an analog of adriamycin, exhibits significantly greater antitumor activity than does adriamycin or daunorubicin in two experimental mouse tumor systems under similar assay conditions (C57BL X DBA/2 F1 male mice, agents administered i.p. each day for Days 1 to 4). Against the P388 leukemia at optimal dosages, AD 32 gave a +429% increase in median life-span with 3 of 5 60-day survivors compared to +132% for adriamycin (no 30-day survivors). In the L1210 leukemia system, AD 32 at several dosages consistently and reproducibly effected an increase in lifespan in excess of 445%, with a high percentage of 60+-day survivors compared to adriamycin (+42 to +54% ILS; no 30-day survivors). The reduced toxicity of AD 32 was evidenced by its optimal dose range, which is significantly greater than the lethal dose for 100% of mice of adriamycin, and by its lack of delayed toxicity. In vitro, AD 32 was somewhat less effective than was adriamycin in inhibiting the growth of CCRF-CEM cells; enzymatic conversion of AD 32 by cell-free culture medium was not observed. The unique growth-inhibitory properties of this analog indicate that the therapeutic effectiveness of the anthracycline antitumor antibiotics can be retained or enhanced by substitution on the glycosidic amino group.", "contents": "N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate, an analog with greater experimental antitumor activity and less toxicity than adriamycin. N-Trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 32), an analog of adriamycin, exhibits significantly greater antitumor activity than does adriamycin or daunorubicin in two experimental mouse tumor systems under similar assay conditions (C57BL X DBA/2 F1 male mice, agents administered i.p. each day for Days 1 to 4). Against the P388 leukemia at optimal dosages, AD 32 gave a +429% increase in median life-span with 3 of 5 60-day survivors compared to +132% for adriamycin (no 30-day survivors). In the L1210 leukemia system, AD 32 at several dosages consistently and reproducibly effected an increase in lifespan in excess of 445%, with a high percentage of 60+-day survivors compared to adriamycin (+42 to +54% ILS; no 30-day survivors). The reduced toxicity of AD 32 was evidenced by its optimal dose range, which is significantly greater than the lethal dose for 100% of mice of adriamycin, and by its lack of delayed toxicity. In vitro, AD 32 was somewhat less effective than was adriamycin in inhibiting the growth of CCRF-CEM cells; enzymatic conversion of AD 32 by cell-free culture medium was not observed. The unique growth-inhibitory properties of this analog indicate that the therapeutic effectiveness of the anthracycline antitumor antibiotics can be retained or enhanced by substitution on the glycosidic amino group.", "PMID": 1054622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1354", "title": "Habilitation of severe craniofacial anomalies--the challenge of new surgical procedures: an NIDR workshop.", "content": "Three NIDR-sponsored workshops were conducted with the goal of identifying research needs in treatment and basic sciences relating to a group of severe craniofacial anomalies that are now correctable by new radical surgical procedures. Experts in the fields of developmental biology, neurosurgery and reconstructive craniofacial surgery discussed areas of investigation dealing with etiology, prevention and treatment that are most likely to result in clincally-useful information. In addition the establishment of craniofacial anomalies centers for data collection, treatment and research was examined.", "contents": "Habilitation of severe craniofacial anomalies--the challenge of new surgical procedures: an NIDR workshop. Three NIDR-sponsored workshops were conducted with the goal of identifying research needs in treatment and basic sciences relating to a group of severe craniofacial anomalies that are now correctable by new radical surgical procedures. Experts in the fields of developmental biology, neurosurgery and reconstructive craniofacial surgery discussed areas of investigation dealing with etiology, prevention and treatment that are most likely to result in clincally-useful information. In addition the establishment of craniofacial anomalies centers for data collection, treatment and research was examined.", "PMID": 1054623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1355", "title": "Sociological aspects of cleft palate adults. III. Vocational and economic aspects.", "content": "Vocational and economic aspects of social functioning were evaluated for 196 adult cleft subjects, their 190 siblings and 209 random controls. Results indicated that cleft adults functioned within normal limits with regard to employment. However, levels of income were substantively lower than control groups. Cleft subjects compare favorably with their siblings and random controls in  occupational mobility over the levels attained by their fathers. It would appear that cleft subjects experience some limitation in their ability to secure vocational and economic rewards from society.", "contents": "Sociological aspects of cleft palate adults. III. Vocational and economic aspects. Vocational and economic aspects of social functioning were evaluated for 196 adult cleft subjects, their 190 siblings and 209 random controls. Results indicated that cleft adults functioned within normal limits with regard to employment. However, levels of income were substantively lower than control groups. Cleft subjects compare favorably with their siblings and random controls in  occupational mobility over the levels attained by their fathers. It would appear that cleft subjects experience some limitation in their ability to secure vocational and economic rewards from society.", "PMID": 1054625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1356", "title": "A tomographic technique of assessing lateral pharyngeal wall displacement.", "content": "Various methods of specifying lateral pharyngeal wall configuration during speech and other activities are reviewed. Basic tomographic principles also are reviewed and a new tomographic technique of measuring mesial displacement of the pharyngeal walls is presented. An important advantage of the technique described in this report is that it enables one to measure the degree and level of mesial displacement of the lateral pharyngeal walls in relation to the soft palate, tongue, and other structures observable on lateral-view radiographs.", "contents": "A tomographic technique of assessing lateral pharyngeal wall displacement. Various methods of specifying lateral pharyngeal wall configuration during speech and other activities are reviewed. Basic tomographic principles also are reviewed and a new tomographic technique of measuring mesial displacement of the pharyngeal walls is presented. An important advantage of the technique described in this report is that it enables one to measure the degree and level of mesial displacement of the lateral pharyngeal walls in relation to the soft palate, tongue, and other structures observable on lateral-view radiographs.", "PMID": 1054626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1357", "title": "The effects of clefting on crown-root length, eruption, height and weight in twins discordant for cleft of lip and/or palate.", "content": "Within-twin differences for crown-root length and eruption of the mandibular buccal teeth were examined for 14 DZ and 14 MZ like-sexed twins discordant for cleft of lip and/or palate. The differences were found to be greater between DZ twins than between MZ and seldom statistically significant. Relatively large variances associated with the differences are attributed to widely varying levels of postnatal care for this sample. The within-twin differences were also analyzed according to type of cleft. Cleft of lip only was found to have a lesser effect on root-crown length and percent eruption differenes than cleft or palate (or cleft of lip and palate) although again not a statistically significant difference. Height and weight were found to follow a similar pattern including large variances associated with the within-twin differences. It is therefore concluded that a dysmorphogenic effect of clefting on crown-root length, eruption, height and weight cannot be demonstrated in this sample because of large associated variances due in turn to varying levels of post-natal health care and multiple other aspects of the syndrome.", "contents": "The effects of clefting on crown-root length, eruption, height and weight in twins discordant for cleft of lip and/or palate. Within-twin differences for crown-root length and eruption of the mandibular buccal teeth were examined for 14 DZ and 14 MZ like-sexed twins discordant for cleft of lip and/or palate. The differences were found to be greater between DZ twins than between MZ and seldom statistically significant. Relatively large variances associated with the differences are attributed to widely varying levels of postnatal care for this sample. The within-twin differences were also analyzed according to type of cleft. Cleft of lip only was found to have a lesser effect on root-crown length and percent eruption differenes than cleft or palate (or cleft of lip and palate) although again not a statistically significant difference. Height and weight were found to follow a similar pattern including large variances associated with the within-twin differences. It is therefore concluded that a dysmorphogenic effect of clefting on crown-root length, eruption, height and weight cannot be demonstrated in this sample because of large associated variances due in turn to varying levels of post-natal health care and multiple other aspects of the syndrome.", "PMID": 1054628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1358", "title": "Articulation patterns and speech intelligibility of 54 Vietnamese children with unoperated oral clefts: clinical observations and impressions.", "content": "Evaluations of the articulation patterns and speech intelligibility of 54 Vietnamese children with unrepaired oral clefts indicate a relationship between the type of oral cleft and the proficiency of speech skills attained. The results of the study suggest that consideration of the type of oral cleft and the specific kinds of articulation errors exhibited by the patient may be of value in planning the surgical habilitation of older children and adults with unrepaired clefts of the lip and palate.", "contents": "Articulation patterns and speech intelligibility of 54 Vietnamese children with unoperated oral clefts: clinical observations and impressions. Evaluations of the articulation patterns and speech intelligibility of 54 Vietnamese children with unrepaired oral clefts indicate a relationship between the type of oral cleft and the proficiency of speech skills attained. The results of the study suggest that consideration of the type of oral cleft and the specific kinds of articulation errors exhibited by the patient may be of value in planning the surgical habilitation of older children and adults with unrepaired clefts of the lip and palate.", "PMID": 1054630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1359", "title": "Pharmacokinetics of guanazole in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Levels of guanazole (GZ) in plasma and packed cells were determined after a single tracer dose of 14C-guanazole or during a 5-day continuous intravenous therapeutic infusion of unlabeled drug to 5 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). The levels of unlabeled drug were determined colorimetrically. GZ infected as a tracer dose was rapidly distributed in an apparent volume of 0.61 l/kg, which is somewhat less than that of total body water, and the drug appeared to be eliminated essentially unchanged by glomerular filtration. The mean apparent volume of distribution increased by about 15% during infusion. An increase of 60% was also noted in the half-life (t1/2) values, with a concimitant decrease in the mean value of renal clearance rate by 40%, except in 1 case. The study demonstrates that monitoring levels of guanazole is possible during infusion therapy and indicates that the data could be used to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters predicting the time-course of such levels in patients.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetics of guanazole in patients with acute myelocytic leukemia. Levels of guanazole (GZ) in plasma and packed cells were determined after a single tracer dose of 14C-guanazole or during a 5-day continuous intravenous therapeutic infusion of unlabeled drug to 5 patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). The levels of unlabeled drug were determined colorimetrically. GZ infected as a tracer dose was rapidly distributed in an apparent volume of 0.61 l/kg, which is somewhat less than that of total body water, and the drug appeared to be eliminated essentially unchanged by glomerular filtration. The mean apparent volume of distribution increased by about 15% during infusion. An increase of 60% was also noted in the half-life (t1/2) values, with a concimitant decrease in the mean value of renal clearance rate by 40%, except in 1 case. The study demonstrates that monitoring levels of guanazole is possible during infusion therapy and indicates that the data could be used to evaluate pharmacokinetic parameters predicting the time-course of such levels in patients.", "PMID": 1054632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1360", "title": "Pulmonary fungal infection complicating treated malignant disease.", "content": "Secondary pulmonary fungal infection in patients being treated for malignant disease may be difficult to diagnose. Nine patients are described, illustrating some of the possible radiological appearances. There was pathological support for the diagnosis in seven of these patients. A plea is made for a higher level of suspicion in patients with the predisposing factors who also develop pulmonary complications so that suitable treatment may be given, even though sputum examination is negative.", "contents": "Pulmonary fungal infection complicating treated malignant disease. Secondary pulmonary fungal infection in patients being treated for malignant disease may be difficult to diagnose. Nine patients are described, illustrating some of the possible radiological appearances. There was pathological support for the diagnosis in seven of these patients. A plea is made for a higher level of suspicion in patients with the predisposing factors who also develop pulmonary complications so that suitable treatment may be given, even though sputum examination is negative.", "PMID": 1054633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1361", "title": "[Studies on the functional effect of the M. mylohyoideus on the base construction of total prostheses].", "content": "By means of anatomical examinations as well as radiograms and jaw models of probands the inclination angles of the fibers of the oral diaphragm inserting in the hyoid bone are determined in order to obtain information for shaping the lingual margins of complete lower dentures. The transition from these fibers to the fibers inserting in the median raphe of the mylohyoid muscle is about 6 to 9 mm before the tip of the alveolar tubercle in edentulous mandibles, and in the area between the roots of the second molars in dentulous lower jaws with normal position of molars. In this area the muscle has, in most cases, an angle of inclination between 30 and 40 degrees to the perpendicular plane. The inclination of the posterior fibers of the mylohyoid muscle is most frequently between 10 and 25 degrees. The difference in inclination is mainly due to the varying width of the muscular insertion in the hyoid bone.", "contents": "[Studies on the functional effect of the M. mylohyoideus on the base construction of total prostheses]. By means of anatomical examinations as well as radiograms and jaw models of probands the inclination angles of the fibers of the oral diaphragm inserting in the hyoid bone are determined in order to obtain information for shaping the lingual margins of complete lower dentures. The transition from these fibers to the fibers inserting in the median raphe of the mylohyoid muscle is about 6 to 9 mm before the tip of the alveolar tubercle in edentulous mandibles, and in the area between the roots of the second molars in dentulous lower jaws with normal position of molars. In this area the muscle has, in most cases, an angle of inclination between 30 and 40 degrees to the perpendicular plane. The inclination of the posterior fibers of the mylohyoid muscle is most frequently between 10 and 25 degrees. The difference in inclination is mainly due to the varying width of the muscular insertion in the hyoid bone.", "PMID": 1054634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1362", "title": "[Pathological and histological changes in the gingival mucosa under the action of denture bases with and without palatal scraping].", "content": "Histological examination showed that denture bases with palatal scraping (\"Frankfurt Radierung\") do not strain the palatal mucosa any more than is the case with any other palate-covering denture. If the irritation produced by the dental replacement is within the tolerance limits of the palatal mucosa, there will be no pathological changes in epithelium and submucosa in the area of the scraping borders. If the load put on the denture exceeds the tolerance level of the palatal mucosa, so that a denture stomatopathy is resulting, the changes observable in the entire palatal mucosa are also found in the areas where the scrapinb borders are located.", "contents": "[Pathological and histological changes in the gingival mucosa under the action of denture bases with and without palatal scraping]. Histological examination showed that denture bases with palatal scraping (\"Frankfurt Radierung\") do not strain the palatal mucosa any more than is the case with any other palate-covering denture. If the irritation produced by the dental replacement is within the tolerance limits of the palatal mucosa, there will be no pathological changes in epithelium and submucosa in the area of the scraping borders. If the load put on the denture exceeds the tolerance level of the palatal mucosa, so that a denture stomatopathy is resulting, the changes observable in the entire palatal mucosa are also found in the areas where the scrapinb borders are located.", "PMID": 1054635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1363", "title": "[The effect of the density, porosity and surface properties of plastic bases of upper dentures on the palatal mucosa].", "content": "In a 14-day test with 50 probands, the effects of a heat-curing resin and a self-curing resin on the palatal mucosa of the test persons were tested by means of exfoliative cytology. It was shown that the keratinization index increased considerably during wearing the plates. It was not possible to demonstrate differences in the effect of heat-curing resins and that of self-curing resins. The different isolation with alginate film or tinfoil did not, in general, have any influence on the cytogram either. Roughness of the surface resulted in a slight increase of the intermediary cells.", "contents": "[The effect of the density, porosity and surface properties of plastic bases of upper dentures on the palatal mucosa]. In a 14-day test with 50 probands, the effects of a heat-curing resin and a self-curing resin on the palatal mucosa of the test persons were tested by means of exfoliative cytology. It was shown that the keratinization index increased considerably during wearing the plates. It was not possible to demonstrate differences in the effect of heat-curing resins and that of self-curing resins. The different isolation with alginate film or tinfoil did not, in general, have any influence on the cytogram either. Roughness of the surface resulted in a slight increase of the intermediary cells.", "PMID": 1054636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1364", "title": "[Surgical methods for the correction of malocclusion Angle II/1 with postoperative prosthetic rehabilitation].", "content": "The operating methods for Angle class II, 1 are described and a method developed in which a front teeth block segment in the maxilla is raised and palatally tilted. At the same time a front and lateral teeth block segment of the lower jaw is pushed forward and lowered. The method improves the profile as well as occlusion and requires only a minimum of prosthetical care.", "contents": "[Surgical methods for the correction of malocclusion Angle II/1 with postoperative prosthetic rehabilitation]. The operating methods for Angle class II, 1 are described and a method developed in which a front teeth block segment in the maxilla is raised and palatally tilted. At the same time a front and lateral teeth block segment of the lower jaw is pushed forward and lowered. The method improves the profile as well as occlusion and requires only a minimum of prosthetical care.", "PMID": 1054637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1365", "title": "A biometrical analysis of a mating characteristic in Drosophilia.", "content": "A model is described for the biometrical analysis of interaction behavioural characteristics. The model is illustrated by analysis of the mating speed of Drosophila pseudoobscura derived from crosses of fast and of slow mating strains generated through artificial selection.", "contents": "A biometrical analysis of a mating characteristic in Drosophilia. A model is described for the biometrical analysis of interaction behavioural characteristics. The model is illustrated by analysis of the mating speed of Drosophila pseudoobscura derived from crosses of fast and of slow mating strains generated through artificial selection.", "PMID": 1054670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1366", "title": "Population cytology of the genus Phaulacridium.", "content": "Ten of the 27 populations of Phaulacridium marginale collected from South Island, New Zealand, during the 1973 meiotic season were polymorphic for extra heterochromatin. This was present either as B chromosomes or as super-numerary segments on the shortest autosomes. In some populations both polymorphisms were present simultaneously, sometimes at high frequencies. Three different types of B chromosome were seen; large telocentric, small telocentric and small metacentric isochromosomes though only one type was seen in any one population. Segments on the telocentric S9 and S10 chromosomes were located distally. On the S11 chromosome, however, the extra segment was present as a short arm, thus making the chromosome submetacentric. This latter situation is similar to that in the related species Ph vittatum. The frequency of B's in the OM population appeared to be stable over years and there was no indication of any meiotic \"drive\" or \"drag\" in the males. The frequency of occurrence of B chromosomes in a population correlated negatively with annual rainfall (low B frequencies in regions of high rainfall). Neither type of extra heterochromatin had any significant effect on either mean cell chiasma frequency or on log variance of this metric. Possible synergism between B's and segments is discussed from the preliminary analysis of the OM population. The probable origins and age of the polymorphisms are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Population cytology of the genus Phaulacridium. Ten of the 27 populations of Phaulacridium marginale collected from South Island, New Zealand, during the 1973 meiotic season were polymorphic for extra heterochromatin. This was present either as B chromosomes or as super-numerary segments on the shortest autosomes. In some populations both polymorphisms were present simultaneously, sometimes at high frequencies. Three different types of B chromosome were seen; large telocentric, small telocentric and small metacentric isochromosomes though only one type was seen in any one population. Segments on the telocentric S9 and S10 chromosomes were located distally. On the S11 chromosome, however, the extra segment was present as a short arm, thus making the chromosome submetacentric. This latter situation is similar to that in the related species Ph vittatum. The frequency of B's in the OM population appeared to be stable over years and there was no indication of any meiotic \"drive\" or \"drag\" in the males. The frequency of occurrence of B chromosomes in a population correlated negatively with annual rainfall (low B frequencies in regions of high rainfall). Neither type of extra heterochromatin had any significant effect on either mean cell chiasma frequency or on log variance of this metric. Possible synergism between B's and segments is discussed from the preliminary analysis of the OM population. The probable origins and age of the polymorphisms are discussed in detail.", "PMID": 1054671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1367", "title": "A new hypothesis for the origin of the parthogenetic grasshopper Moraba virgo.", "content": "It is proposed that Moraba virgo, the only all-female grasshopper, originated by hybridisation between two extant species P169 and P196. Such an origin accounts for M. virgo's peculiar karyotype and pattern of late replication. The model is predictive and experiments are suggested to test it.", "contents": "A new hypothesis for the origin of the parthogenetic grasshopper Moraba virgo. It is proposed that Moraba virgo, the only all-female grasshopper, originated by hybridisation between two extant species P169 and P196. Such an origin accounts for M. virgo's peculiar karyotype and pattern of late replication. The model is predictive and experiments are suggested to test it.", "PMID": 1054672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1368", "title": "The relation of phenotype to habitat in an introduced colony of Cepaea nemoralis.", "content": "The introduced colony of Cepaea nemoralis at Lynchburg, Virginia, contains only yellow shells. The population respond to the characteristics of the environment by adjusting the frequencies of the banding morphs and by regulating the amount of fusion of adjacent bands. In this respect they fulfill a prediction based on the observations of Clarke (1960) on British colonies of Cepaea hortensis.", "contents": "The relation of phenotype to habitat in an introduced colony of Cepaea nemoralis. The introduced colony of Cepaea nemoralis at Lynchburg, Virginia, contains only yellow shells. The population respond to the characteristics of the environment by adjusting the frequencies of the banding morphs and by regulating the amount of fusion of adjacent bands. In this respect they fulfill a prediction based on the observations of Clarke (1960) on British colonies of Cepaea hortensis.", "PMID": 1054673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1369", "title": "Testing models for variation in intelligence.", "content": "A biometrical-genetical model for human variation adequately predicts observed correlations for measured intelligence. The estimation procedure is outlined.", "contents": "Testing models for variation in intelligence. A biometrical-genetical model for human variation adequately predicts observed correlations for measured intelligence. The estimation procedure is outlined.", "PMID": 1054674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1370", "title": "Linkage disequilibrium causing selection at a neutral locus in pooled Tribolium populations.", "content": "The role of linkage disequilibrium with respect to the changes in allele frequencies at a marker locus in newly started polymorphic populations is demonstrated using the marker locus black in Tribolium. The experiments, jointly taken, indicate that the black locus is selectively neutral, or nearly so, under the current experimental conditions. A number of possible mechanisms for selection at the neutral marker locus, i.e. a single linked or non-linked locus and a number of linked and/or non-linked loci through which selection acts, are discussed. On the basis of the experiments some of these models can be excluded, leaving three models for further evaluation: (A) a single linked fitness locus, (B) a number of linked fitness loci and (C) a number of both linked and non-linked fitness loci. The first of these models allows estimation of parameters (recombination  fraction and selection coefficients). Models B and C are described in terms of heterozygosity of chromosome pairs. It is argued that in view of the history of a laboratory mutant stock, model C fits best to the experimental results.", "contents": "Linkage disequilibrium causing selection at a neutral locus in pooled Tribolium populations. The role of linkage disequilibrium with respect to the changes in allele frequencies at a marker locus in newly started polymorphic populations is demonstrated using the marker locus black in Tribolium. The experiments, jointly taken, indicate that the black locus is selectively neutral, or nearly so, under the current experimental conditions. A number of possible mechanisms for selection at the neutral marker locus, i.e. a single linked or non-linked locus and a number of linked and/or non-linked loci through which selection acts, are discussed. On the basis of the experiments some of these models can be excluded, leaving three models for further evaluation: (A) a single linked fitness locus, (B) a number of linked fitness loci and (C) a number of both linked and non-linked fitness loci. The first of these models allows estimation of parameters (recombination  fraction and selection coefficients). Models B and C are described in terms of heterozygosity of chromosome pairs. It is argued that in view of the history of a laboratory mutant stock, model C fits best to the experimental results.", "PMID": 1054675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1371", "title": "Extrachromosomal factors affecting mating reactions in Schizophyllum commune.", "content": "Extrachromosomal factors modifying mating reactions in Schizophyllum commune were found. The P factor appeared spontaneously, while the F factor appeared following nitrosoguanidine treatment. When a strain carrying P was mated with wild-type strains, it invariably developed pseudoclamps (usually typical of common-B heterokaryons), while there developed on the side of the wild-type strain the dikaryon or heterokaryon expected from the genotypes involved. In a cross Ax Bx P times Ay By, fruiting bodies from the side of the wild type gave rise only to wild-type segregants with mating types as expected from their genotypes. A selfed fruiting body from the side of the P strain gave rise to progeny which did carry the P factor, but its expression was modified. It had inconsistent and symmetrical effects in A not equal to B not equal to and A not equal to B equals matings, but the original type of asymmetrical reaction in A equals B not equal to matings. In the next generation the effect of P was weak and symmetrical. Strains carrying F factor were flat (morphology typical of mutation of the B factor) and were compatible with strains with which they should be incompatible according to the genotypes, e.g. Ax Bx F times Ay Bx gave a dikaryon. The factor showed non-Mendelian segregation and was extremely unstable.", "contents": "Extrachromosomal factors affecting mating reactions in Schizophyllum commune. Extrachromosomal factors modifying mating reactions in Schizophyllum commune were found. The P factor appeared spontaneously, while the F factor appeared following nitrosoguanidine treatment. When a strain carrying P was mated with wild-type strains, it invariably developed pseudoclamps (usually typical of common-B heterokaryons), while there developed on the side of the wild-type strain the dikaryon or heterokaryon expected from the genotypes involved. In a cross Ax Bx P times Ay By, fruiting bodies from the side of the wild type gave rise only to wild-type segregants with mating types as expected from their genotypes. A selfed fruiting body from the side of the P strain gave rise to progeny which did carry the P factor, but its expression was modified. It had inconsistent and symmetrical effects in A not equal to B not equal to and A not equal to B equals matings, but the original type of asymmetrical reaction in A equals B not equal to matings. In the next generation the effect of P was weak and symmetrical. Strains carrying F factor were flat (morphology typical of mutation of the B factor) and were compatible with strains with which they should be incompatible according to the genotypes, e.g. Ax Bx F times Ay Bx gave a dikaryon. The factor showed non-Mendelian segregation and was extremely unstable.", "PMID": 1054676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1372", "title": "Maturation of membrane function: the permeability of the rat erythroblastic leukemic cell to water and to non-electrolytes.", "content": "The erythroblastic leukemia produced in Long-Evans rats by the administration of 7, 8, 12 trimethylbenz (a) anthracene has been used as a model of the most immature form of the erythrocyte series. In conjunction with studies of the maturation of several other membrane functions, the permeability of this cell to water and to certain definitive non-electrolytes was measured with osmotic methods. The hydraulic conductivity, L-p was 6.2 micro (minute)-1, (atm)-1 at 25 degrees C, quite high and characteristic of mature erythrocytes, but different from values of 0.65 for immature myeloid cells. The effect of temperature provided an energy of activation of 4.4 kCal/mole, also typical of mature mammalian erythrocytes but again different from 13 to 18 kCal/mole for immature myeloid cells. Urea was compared to thiourea. The permeability coefficient for urea was 76.7 micra (minute)-1 plus or minus 13.8 (S. E.); the value for thiourea was 1.55 micra (minute)-1 plus or minus 0.18 (S. E.). Phloretin at 0.25 mM inhibited urea permeability by 90% with 50% inhibition occurring at 0.05 mM. Inhibition was reversible. Permeability to the glycols was also compatible with mature erythrocytes. We infer from these findings that the structure which underlies these basic, passive membrane functions is laid down early and persists after loss of nucleus and subsequent maturation.", "contents": "Maturation of membrane function: the permeability of the rat erythroblastic leukemic cell to water and to non-electrolytes. The erythroblastic leukemia produced in Long-Evans rats by the administration of 7, 8, 12 trimethylbenz (a) anthracene has been used as a model of the most immature form of the erythrocyte series. In conjunction with studies of the maturation of several other membrane functions, the permeability of this cell to water and to certain definitive non-electrolytes was measured with osmotic methods. The hydraulic conductivity, L-p was 6.2 micro (minute)-1, (atm)-1 at 25 degrees C, quite high and characteristic of mature erythrocytes, but different from values of 0.65 for immature myeloid cells. The effect of temperature provided an energy of activation of 4.4 kCal/mole, also typical of mature mammalian erythrocytes but again different from 13 to 18 kCal/mole for immature myeloid cells. Urea was compared to thiourea. The permeability coefficient for urea was 76.7 micra (minute)-1 plus or minus 13.8 (S. E.); the value for thiourea was 1.55 micra (minute)-1 plus or minus 0.18 (S. E.). Phloretin at 0.25 mM inhibited urea permeability by 90% with 50% inhibition occurring at 0.05 mM. Inhibition was reversible. Permeability to the glycols was also compatible with mature erythrocytes. We infer from these findings that the structure which underlies these basic, passive membrane functions is laid down early and persists after loss of nucleus and subsequent maturation.", "PMID": 1054696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1373", "title": "Multiple knife cuts between the medial and lateral hypothalamus in the rat: a reevaluation of hypothalamic feeding circuitry.", "content": "Single or multiple sets of bilateral knife cuts were made in female rats just lateral to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and/or just medial to the lateral hypothalamus (LH). The lateral VMH cuts by themselves produced greater hyperphagia and obesity than did the medial LH cuts. The lateral VMH knife cuts also significantly increased food intake and body weight in rats previously given bilateral cuts along the medial LH border. These findings indicate that the feeding inhibitory fibers responsible for the hyperphagia syndrome do not project from the VMH to the LH, and this calls for a reevaluation of hypothalamic circuitry. It was also discovered that sham surgery has a significant suppressive effect on the hyperphagia syndrome produced by hypothalamic knife cuts.", "contents": "Multiple knife cuts between the medial and lateral hypothalamus in the rat: a reevaluation of hypothalamic feeding circuitry. Single or multiple sets of bilateral knife cuts were made in female rats just lateral to the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and/or just medial to the lateral hypothalamus (LH). The lateral VMH cuts by themselves produced greater hyperphagia and obesity than did the medial LH cuts. The lateral VMH knife cuts also significantly increased food intake and body weight in rats previously given bilateral cuts along the medial LH border. These findings indicate that the feeding inhibitory fibers responsible for the hyperphagia syndrome do not project from the VMH to the LH, and this calls for a reevaluation of hypothalamic circuitry. It was also discovered that sham surgery has a significant suppressive effect on the hyperphagia syndrome produced by hypothalamic knife cuts.", "PMID": 1054702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1374", "title": "Delayed hyperphagia and increased body length after hypothalamic knife cuts in weanling rats.", "content": "Four-week-old female rats received parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts. Polydipsia began right surgery, but hyperphagia, obesity, and excessive nose-anal length did not begin until after the rats were 7-8 wk. old. The delayed onset appears to await some maturational event that is required for the expression of hypothalamic obesity. It appears likely that puberty is the critical maturational event.", "contents": "Delayed hyperphagia and increased body length after hypothalamic knife cuts in weanling rats. Four-week-old female rats received parasagittal hypothalamic knife cuts. Polydipsia began right surgery, but hyperphagia, obesity, and excessive nose-anal length did not begin until after the rats were 7-8 wk. old. The delayed onset appears to await some maturational event that is required for the expression of hypothalamic obesity. It appears likely that puberty is the critical maturational event.", "PMID": 1054703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1375", "title": "Factor analysis of comprehensive examinations.", "content": "In working toward new, integrated curricula, dental schools have often failed to concurrently revise their evaluative techniques to be more compatible with the objectives of the curriculum. One question of major importance is whether the schools are totally aware of their students' capabilities or are graduating students proficient in some fields while lacking in others. Is the student's overall or total score satisfactory even though deficiencies may exist in certain areas? This latter situation is a real possibility when the simple sum of subtest scores is used as the primary means in assessing students. Using factor analysis, the scores on the subtests of eight dental school comprehensive examinations (total of 1,023 subjects, on first-, second-, and third-year examinations given between December 1970 and May 1972) at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine were examined. The results, culled from the correlation matrices, Chi-square analysis, and factor matrices, indicated that the subtests did not form a homogenous unit (one, general factor), and hence that use of the total score is questionable.", "contents": "Factor analysis of comprehensive examinations. In working toward new, integrated curricula, dental schools have often failed to concurrently revise their evaluative techniques to be more compatible with the objectives of the curriculum. One question of major importance is whether the schools are totally aware of their students' capabilities or are graduating students proficient in some fields while lacking in others. Is the student's overall or total score satisfactory even though deficiencies may exist in certain areas? This latter situation is a real possibility when the simple sum of subtest scores is used as the primary means in assessing students. Using factor analysis, the scores on the subtests of eight dental school comprehensive examinations (total of 1,023 subjects, on first-, second-, and third-year examinations given between December 1970 and May 1972) at the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine were examined. The results, culled from the correlation matrices, Chi-square analysis, and factor matrices, indicated that the subtests did not form a homogenous unit (one, general factor), and hence that use of the total score is questionable.", "PMID": 1054711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1376", "title": "Statistical inferences about injury and persistence of environmentally stressed bacteria.", "content": "A standard technique for ascertaining the survival characteristics of bacteria after being environmentally stressed is to incubate the bacteria on both selective and non-selective media and count the colonies produced. Based on these colony counts, indexes of injury and persistence of the bacteria are calculated. To compare the stress of two different environments, a persistence ratio is calculated. In this paper, methods of statistical inference concerning these indexes and ratios are presented. These statistical methods use well-known procedures for analysis of binomial data and 2 times 2 table data, and are appropriate when the colony counts follow a Possion distribution.", "contents": "Statistical inferences about injury and persistence of environmentally stressed bacteria. A standard technique for ascertaining the survival characteristics of bacteria after being environmentally stressed is to incubate the bacteria on both selective and non-selective media and count the colonies produced. Based on these colony counts, indexes of injury and persistence of the bacteria are calculated. To compare the stress of two different environments, a persistence ratio is calculated. In this paper, methods of statistical inference concerning these indexes and ratios are presented. These statistical methods use well-known procedures for analysis of binomial data and 2 times 2 table data, and are appropriate when the colony counts follow a Possion distribution.", "PMID": 1054724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1377", "title": "The evaluation of hypersensitivity tests in cattle after foot-and-mouth disease vaccination.", "content": "The response to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, dermal hypersensitivity and intravenous provocation tests has been compared in 30, 40, 31 and 24 cattle injected with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine 0, 1, 2 and 3 times respectively, using vaccine components and other substances as test materials. Reaginic antibodies demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in goats, were directed against BHK 21 cell extracts (20), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (3) and an unidentified vaccine component (3), and distributed in 0, 5, 19 and 75 per cent of the cattle vaccinated 0, 1, 2 and 3 times. None of the animals showed clinical signs of allergy after vaccination. When BHK 21 cell extract was injected intradermally a significant correlation was noted between the development of large weals and the presence of reagins although the size of the weals was not correlated with the reagin titres. In the case of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose a similar trend was evident. The majority of cattle with large dermal weals possessed reagins but the number of reactions was too small for statistical evaluation. Dermal reactions to sodium penicillin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, saponin and whole vaccine occurred in both unvaccinated and vaccinated cattle but BHK 21 cell lysate and normal bovine serum provoked weals which increased in frequency according to the number of vaccinations experienced. Intravenous hydroxypropylmethylcellulose elicited a response in all the animals previously injected with certain batches of vaccine but cell extract intravenously produced a clinical response in half the tested animals which was uncorrelated with the results of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis or dermal hypersensitivity tests.", "contents": "The evaluation of hypersensitivity tests in cattle after foot-and-mouth disease vaccination. The response to passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, dermal hypersensitivity and intravenous provocation tests has been compared in 30, 40, 31 and 24 cattle injected with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine 0, 1, 2 and 3 times respectively, using vaccine components and other substances as test materials. Reaginic antibodies demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in goats, were directed against BHK 21 cell extracts (20), hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (3) and an unidentified vaccine component (3), and distributed in 0, 5, 19 and 75 per cent of the cattle vaccinated 0, 1, 2 and 3 times. None of the animals showed clinical signs of allergy after vaccination. When BHK 21 cell extract was injected intradermally a significant correlation was noted between the development of large weals and the presence of reagins although the size of the weals was not correlated with the reagin titres. In the case of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose a similar trend was evident. The majority of cattle with large dermal weals possessed reagins but the number of reactions was too small for statistical evaluation. Dermal reactions to sodium penicillin, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, saponin and whole vaccine occurred in both unvaccinated and vaccinated cattle but BHK 21 cell lysate and normal bovine serum provoked weals which increased in frequency according to the number of vaccinations experienced. Intravenous hydroxypropylmethylcellulose elicited a response in all the animals previously injected with certain batches of vaccine but cell extract intravenously produced a clinical response in half the tested animals which was uncorrelated with the results of the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis or dermal hypersensitivity tests.", "PMID": 1054725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1378", "title": "Outbreaks of bovine salmonellosis caused by serotypes other than S. dublin and S. typhimurium.", "content": "Outbreaks of salmonellosis caused by serotypes other than S. dublin and S. typhimurium were investigated on 41 farms in north-west England. Of these, 37 (90 per cent) were in dairy cows. There was strong circumstantial evidence that contaminated dairy cake was the source of infection in at least four herds and probably many more. Twenty-six serotypes were encountered with S. newport, the commonest, causing the most severe disease. Most cattle seemed to rid themselves of infection during the following months whether or not they were at pasture, housed in cubicles or in byres. Some cows excreted salmonellas for up to 11 months after the disease outbreak. Associated human salmonellosis was confirmed on 3/41 (7 per cent) of the farms.", "contents": "Outbreaks of bovine salmonellosis caused by serotypes other than S. dublin and S. typhimurium. Outbreaks of salmonellosis caused by serotypes other than S. dublin and S. typhimurium were investigated on 41 farms in north-west England. Of these, 37 (90 per cent) were in dairy cows. There was strong circumstantial evidence that contaminated dairy cake was the source of infection in at least four herds and probably many more. Twenty-six serotypes were encountered with S. newport, the commonest, causing the most severe disease. Most cattle seemed to rid themselves of infection during the following months whether or not they were at pasture, housed in cubicles or in byres. Some cows excreted salmonellas for up to 11 months after the disease outbreak. Associated human salmonellosis was confirmed on 3/41 (7 per cent) of the farms.", "PMID": 1054726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1379", "title": "Counter-electrophoresis as a possible method for typing ECHO and Coxsackie B viruses.", "content": "A method for typing ECHO and Coxsackie B viruses using counter-electrophoresis has been developed using stock strains of 15 different ECHO types and 5 Coxsackie B viruses. Work is continuing to see whether the method is a practical one to use for typing of strains from patients infected with ECHO or Coxsackie B viruses.", "contents": "Counter-electrophoresis as a possible method for typing ECHO and Coxsackie B viruses. A method for typing ECHO and Coxsackie B viruses using counter-electrophoresis has been developed using stock strains of 15 different ECHO types and 5 Coxsackie B viruses. Work is continuing to see whether the method is a practical one to use for typing of strains from patients infected with ECHO or Coxsackie B viruses.", "PMID": 1054727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1380", "title": "The role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bovine petechial fever.", "content": "After experimental inoculation of Cytoecetes ondiri, the agent of bovine petechial fever (BPF), multiplication occurred in impala, bushbuck, Thomson's gazelles and wildebeest, as shown by infectivity studies and clinical findings. Similar attempts to infect one eland failed. As a sequel to this, blood and spleen samples were collected from four species of wild ruminants in an area where BPTF was endemic. Isolations of C. ondiri were made from three of five bushbuck, but not from any other species.", "contents": "The role of wild ruminants in the epidemiology of bovine petechial fever. After experimental inoculation of Cytoecetes ondiri, the agent of bovine petechial fever (BPF), multiplication occurred in impala, bushbuck, Thomson's gazelles and wildebeest, as shown by infectivity studies and clinical findings. Similar attempts to infect one eland failed. As a sequel to this, blood and spleen samples were collected from four species of wild ruminants in an area where BPTF was endemic. Isolations of C. ondiri were made from three of five bushbuck, but not from any other species.", "PMID": 1054728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1381", "title": "Response to influenza vaccine in adjuvant 65-4.", "content": "A comparison was made of the antibody response and subjective reactions to zonally-purified influenza vaccine in aqueous suspension and in peanut oil adjuvant 65-4. Both preparations contained 700 CCA units of A/Aichi/2/68, and 300 CCA units of B/Mass/1/71. Subjective reactions were recorded by asking the volunteers to complete a record daily for 5 days. Pain at the injection site was recorded by 64 per cent of the recipients of the oil adjuvant vaccine compared with 35 per cent of the aqueous recipients, but local redness was more frequent after aqueous vaccine. Systemic symptoms was recorded a little more frequently after aqueous than oil adjuvant vaccine. When measured 71/2 weeks after a single dose of vaccine, the HAI geometric mean antibody titre (G.M.T) to the A/Hong Kong/1/68 antigen (antigenically similar to the A/Aichi/2/68 antigen in the vaccine) increased 2-7 fold after aqueous and 16-4 fold after adjuvant vaccine. Sixty-two weeks after vaccination the antibody titres remained higher in those given adjuvant vaccine. The G.M.T. to B/Mass/1/71 increased 1-9 fold 71/2  weeks after aqueous vaccine and 3-7 fold after adjuvant vaccine. The antibody response to both influenza A and B antigens was broader in the recipients of adjuvant vaccine. The G.M.T. to A/England/42/72 increased 2-8-fold after aqueous and 13-fold after adjuvant vaccine; and to B/England/847/73 it increased 1-3-fold after aqueous and 1-9-fold after adjuvant vaccine.", "contents": "Response to influenza vaccine in adjuvant 65-4. A comparison was made of the antibody response and subjective reactions to zonally-purified influenza vaccine in aqueous suspension and in peanut oil adjuvant 65-4. Both preparations contained 700 CCA units of A/Aichi/2/68, and 300 CCA units of B/Mass/1/71. Subjective reactions were recorded by asking the volunteers to complete a record daily for 5 days. Pain at the injection site was recorded by 64 per cent of the recipients of the oil adjuvant vaccine compared with 35 per cent of the aqueous recipients, but local redness was more frequent after aqueous vaccine. Systemic symptoms was recorded a little more frequently after aqueous than oil adjuvant vaccine. When measured 71/2 weeks after a single dose of vaccine, the HAI geometric mean antibody titre (G.M.T) to the A/Hong Kong/1/68 antigen (antigenically similar to the A/Aichi/2/68 antigen in the vaccine) increased 2-7 fold after aqueous and 16-4 fold after adjuvant vaccine. Sixty-two weeks after vaccination the antibody titres remained higher in those given adjuvant vaccine. The G.M.T. to B/Mass/1/71 increased 1-9 fold 71/2  weeks after aqueous vaccine and 3-7 fold after adjuvant vaccine. The antibody response to both influenza A and B antigens was broader in the recipients of adjuvant vaccine. The G.M.T. to A/England/42/72 increased 2-8-fold after aqueous and 13-fold after adjuvant vaccine; and to B/England/847/73 it increased 1-3-fold after aqueous and 1-9-fold after adjuvant vaccine.", "PMID": 1054729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1382", "title": "Presence of a dialysable fraction in normal bovine whey capable of killing several species of bovine mycoplasmas.", "content": "Most normal bovine whey samples contain a fraction that survives heating at 56 degrees C. for 30 min., passes through a dialysis membrane and kills a maximum of seven out of ten of the different bovine mycoplasma species tested. Some whey samples appear more active than other but not all affect the same strains of mycoplasma indicating some specificity in their action. Absorption of the active factor from whey by heterologous and homologous mycoplasmas and by erythrocytes was observed. Binding of the factor to mycoplasmas appears to be temperature-dependent and non-specific, but subsequent mycoplasmacidal action shows some specificity.", "contents": "Presence of a dialysable fraction in normal bovine whey capable of killing several species of bovine mycoplasmas. Most normal bovine whey samples contain a fraction that survives heating at 56 degrees C. for 30 min., passes through a dialysis membrane and kills a maximum of seven out of ten of the different bovine mycoplasma species tested. Some whey samples appear more active than other but not all affect the same strains of mycoplasma indicating some specificity in their action. Absorption of the active factor from whey by heterologous and homologous mycoplasmas and by erythrocytes was observed. Binding of the factor to mycoplasmas appears to be temperature-dependent and non-specific, but subsequent mycoplasmacidal action shows some specificity.", "PMID": 1054730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1383", "title": "Trends in salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales 1941-72.", "content": "Cattle and pig herds and flocks of domestic fowl have formed the main reservoir of human salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales from 1941 to 1972. Changes in the incidence of human salmonella food poisoning and in the serotypes of salmonellas isolated from human infections are shown to have been associated with the introduction of new foods, with changes in animal husbandry, and with changes in the relative proportions of flesh food from different species consumed. New foods, dried powdered egg, liquid egg and frozen liquid egg were introduced during the period of food rationing which extended from 1940 to 1953. Changes in animal husbandry, in particular the intensive production of pigs, poultry and eggs, followed the re-establishment of pig herds and fowl flocks after the derationing of animal feed in 1953. The changes in the proportions of flesh foods consumed followed the introduction of frozen oven-ready fowl in the late 1950s and early 1960s which by 1964 became cheaper than traditional flesh foods.", "contents": "Trends in salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales 1941-72. Cattle and pig herds and flocks of domestic fowl have formed the main reservoir of human salmonella food poisoning in England and Wales from 1941 to 1972. Changes in the incidence of human salmonella food poisoning and in the serotypes of salmonellas isolated from human infections are shown to have been associated with the introduction of new foods, with changes in animal husbandry, and with changes in the relative proportions of flesh food from different species consumed. New foods, dried powdered egg, liquid egg and frozen liquid egg were introduced during the period of food rationing which extended from 1940 to 1953. Changes in animal husbandry, in particular the intensive production of pigs, poultry and eggs, followed the re-establishment of pig herds and fowl flocks after the derationing of animal feed in 1953. The changes in the proportions of flesh foods consumed followed the introduction of frozen oven-ready fowl in the late 1950s and early 1960s which by 1964 became cheaper than traditional flesh foods.", "PMID": 1054731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1384", "title": "The role of IgE in the release of histamine from human gingival mast cells.", "content": "Twelve gingival samples removed from 6 human volunteers were sectioned in small pieces, parts of which served as uncultured pieces. The remaining pieces were organ cultured for 5 hours in control, compound 48/80, and antihuman IgE media. Uncultured tissues, cultured tissues, and cultured spent media were analyzed spectrofluorometrically for histamine content. The uncultured tissues contained a mean (plus or minus SE) of 5.41 plus or minus 0.60 mug/g of histamine and were considered to contain 100 percent total histamine. The percentage of the total histamine released into the medium was 8.24 percent for cultured control, 56.7 percent for antihuman IgE, and 66.7 percent for compound 48/80. Significant histamine release into medium was noted for antihuman IgE (P less than 0.0005) and for compound 48/80 (P equals 0.005), but these two were not significantly different from each other (P greater than 0.25). Significant tissue histamine reduction was recorded for tissues cultured in compound 48/80 (P less than 0.025), whereas a significant tissue histamine synthesis was demonstrated for tissues cultured in antihuman IgE (P less than 0.05). The control tissues revealed neither significant histamine release into the medium nor significant tissue histamine reduction or synthesis. The results demonstrate IgE in clinically healthy human gingiva, show its association with gingival mast cell histamine release, and establish an in vitro model system for further human mast cell study. Thus, the concept of an association between IgE antibodies and human gingival mast cells is supported.", "contents": "The role of IgE in the release of histamine from human gingival mast cells. Twelve gingival samples removed from 6 human volunteers were sectioned in small pieces, parts of which served as uncultured pieces. The remaining pieces were organ cultured for 5 hours in control, compound 48/80, and antihuman IgE media. Uncultured tissues, cultured tissues, and cultured spent media were analyzed spectrofluorometrically for histamine content. The uncultured tissues contained a mean (plus or minus SE) of 5.41 plus or minus 0.60 mug/g of histamine and were considered to contain 100 percent total histamine. The percentage of the total histamine released into the medium was 8.24 percent for cultured control, 56.7 percent for antihuman IgE, and 66.7 percent for compound 48/80. Significant histamine release into medium was noted for antihuman IgE (P less than 0.0005) and for compound 48/80 (P equals 0.005), but these two were not significantly different from each other (P greater than 0.25). Significant tissue histamine reduction was recorded for tissues cultured in compound 48/80 (P less than 0.025), whereas a significant tissue histamine synthesis was demonstrated for tissues cultured in antihuman IgE (P less than 0.05). The control tissues revealed neither significant histamine release into the medium nor significant tissue histamine reduction or synthesis. The results demonstrate IgE in clinically healthy human gingiva, show its association with gingival mast cell histamine release, and establish an in vitro model system for further human mast cell study. Thus, the concept of an association between IgE antibodies and human gingival mast cells is supported.", "PMID": 1054760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1385", "title": "Further observations on the gingival cyst. Three case reports.", "content": "Three clinically discernable gingival cysts have been described and documented histologically. Two of these lesions occurred in the same patient in adjacent areas of the mouth. The potential origin of such cysts has been described. We suggest that gingival cysts are not clinical curiosities, as proposed in earlier reports.", "contents": "Further observations on the gingival cyst. Three case reports. Three clinically discernable gingival cysts have been described and documented histologically. Two of these lesions occurred in the same patient in adjacent areas of the mouth. The potential origin of such cysts has been described. We suggest that gingival cysts are not clinical curiosities, as proposed in earlier reports.", "PMID": 1054761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1386", "title": "Time trends in survival in acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Comparison of patients under 20 years of age with acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed in 1955-64 with those whose disease was diagnosed in 1965-69 revealed a marked improvement in median survival time, from 9.5 to 16.8 months. This improvement occurred among patients with less favorable hematologic and symptomatic characteristics as well as among patients with more favorable ones. However, a shift in patient characteristics was consistent with the concept of diagnosis earlier in the natural history of the disease. In the more recent period, fewer patients were classified as severely disabled, and a somewhat higher proportion were in more favorable categories with respect to platelet count, percent of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, organomegaly, and bleeding or infection. Initial treatment was markedly different during the two time periods; this reflected a shift toward the use of combinations of chemotherapeutic agents and steroids.", "contents": "Time trends in survival in acute lymphocytic leukemia. Comparison of patients under 20 years of age with acute lymphocytic leukemia diagnosed in 1955-64 with those whose disease was diagnosed in 1965-69 revealed a marked improvement in median survival time, from 9.5 to 16.8 months. This improvement occurred among patients with less favorable hematologic and symptomatic characteristics as well as among patients with more favorable ones. However, a shift in patient characteristics was consistent with the concept of diagnosis earlier in the natural history of the disease. In the more recent period, fewer patients were classified as severely disabled, and a somewhat higher proportion were in more favorable categories with respect to platelet count, percent of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, organomegaly, and bleeding or infection. Initial treatment was markedly different during the two time periods; this reflected a shift toward the use of combinations of chemotherapeutic agents and steroids.", "PMID": 1054762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1387", "title": "Agglutination of leukemic and 2,4-dinitrophenyl-tagged normal human lymphocytes by wheat germ agglutinin.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to determine if leukemic and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-tagged normal human lymphocytes shared common receptors for Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA), a lectin capable of reacting with malignant cells. Normal peripheral blood lymphocytes were tagged with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) at a ratio of 10-11 molecules/cell. Various concentrations of WGA were added to leukemic or tagged or untagged normal lymphocytes and incubated for 20 minutes at 37 degrees C, after which agglutination was scored visually. A readily discernible quantitative difference in the agglutinability of leukemic and DNP-tagged versus untagged normal cells was seen at all concentrations of WGA in the range of 50-800 mug/ml. The reaction was maximal when a ratio of 10-11 molecules of DNFB/cell was used for tagging and decreased progressively with 10-8, 10-6, 10-4, 0r 10-2 molecules. The agglutination of leukemic and DNP-tagged normal lymphocytes by 200 mug/ml of WGA was completely blocked by 0.1 M N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) while as low a concentration as 0.001 M GlcNAc inhibited the reactivity of untagged cells. Since the agglutination of leukemic and DNP-tagged normal lymphocytes was equally inhibited by GlcNAc, this suggests that the same or similar receptor sites were involved in the two reactions. On the basis of our observations we propose that the initial step in the agglutination of leukemic and DNP-tagged normal lymphocytes by WGA IS THE BINDING OF THE LECTIN TO SPECIFIC RECEPTORS RATHER Than to DNP residues on the cell surface, since leukemic cells tagged with DNFB did not show increased agglutinability.", "contents": "Agglutination of leukemic and 2,4-dinitrophenyl-tagged normal human lymphocytes by wheat germ agglutinin. The present study was undertaken to determine if leukemic and 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-tagged normal human lymphocytes shared common receptors for Wheat Germ Agglutinin (WGA), a lectin capable of reacting with malignant cells. Normal peripheral blood lymphocytes were tagged with 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) at a ratio of 10-11 molecules/cell. Various concentrations of WGA were added to leukemic or tagged or untagged normal lymphocytes and incubated for 20 minutes at 37 degrees C, after which agglutination was scored visually. A readily discernible quantitative difference in the agglutinability of leukemic and DNP-tagged versus untagged normal cells was seen at all concentrations of WGA in the range of 50-800 mug/ml. The reaction was maximal when a ratio of 10-11 molecules of DNFB/cell was used for tagging and decreased progressively with 10-8, 10-6, 10-4, 0r 10-2 molecules. The agglutination of leukemic and DNP-tagged normal lymphocytes by 200 mug/ml of WGA was completely blocked by 0.1 M N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) while as low a concentration as 0.001 M GlcNAc inhibited the reactivity of untagged cells. Since the agglutination of leukemic and DNP-tagged normal lymphocytes was equally inhibited by GlcNAc, this suggests that the same or similar receptor sites were involved in the two reactions. On the basis of our observations we propose that the initial step in the agglutination of leukemic and DNP-tagged normal lymphocytes by WGA IS THE BINDING OF THE LECTIN TO SPECIFIC RECEPTORS RATHER Than to DNP residues on the cell surface, since leukemic cells tagged with DNFB did not show increased agglutinability.", "PMID": 1054763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1388", "title": "Is methotrexate therapy for psoriasis carcinogenic? A modified retrospective-prospective analysis.", "content": "The use of methotrexate in psoriasis has recently been questioned because of possible carcinogenic potential. Two hundred twenty-four patients began methotrexate therapy during 1960 to 1965 at the Cleveland Clinic and at Duke University Medical Center. The incidence of malignant neoplasms and mortality has been studied in 205 of these 224 patients. Mortality increased with hepatic disease. No increased incidence of total internal malignancy was found, nor did any one type of neoplasm appear predominant.", "contents": "Is methotrexate therapy for psoriasis carcinogenic? A modified retrospective-prospective analysis. The use of methotrexate in psoriasis has recently been questioned because of possible carcinogenic potential. Two hundred twenty-four patients began methotrexate therapy during 1960 to 1965 at the Cleveland Clinic and at Duke University Medical Center. The incidence of malignant neoplasms and mortality has been studied in 205 of these 224 patients. Mortality increased with hepatic disease. No increased incidence of total internal malignancy was found, nor did any one type of neoplasm appear predominant.", "PMID": 1054764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1389", "title": "[Congenital leucosis with unusual involvement of the brain(author's transl)].", "content": "A case of congenital paraleucoblast-leucosis is reported. The diagnosis rested on pronounced infiltrations of the skin and leucemic signs in blood and bone marrow. The child died on the 20th day after developing signs of bleeding and cerebral involvement. At necropsy leucotic infiltration was found in may organs, mainly in pancreas, skin and bone marrow. The most prominent findings and cause of death were diffuse hemorrhagic foci with a high proportion of leucemic cells in the brain and cerebellum.", "contents": "[Congenital leucosis with unusual involvement of the brain(author's transl)]. A case of congenital paraleucoblast-leucosis is reported. The diagnosis rested on pronounced infiltrations of the skin and leucemic signs in blood and bone marrow. The child died on the 20th day after developing signs of bleeding and cerebral involvement. At necropsy leucotic infiltration was found in may organs, mainly in pancreas, skin and bone marrow. The most prominent findings and cause of death were diffuse hemorrhagic foci with a high proportion of leucemic cells in the brain and cerebellum.", "PMID": 1054765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1390", "title": "[Problems of disinfection of breathing apparatus (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on the problems of disinfection of breathing apparatus. As a new means of avoiding bacterial contamination of the humidified and warmed inhaled gas mixture for 48 hours Rivanol in solution 1:1000-1:5000 is recommended as humidifier. For this,  however, only those breathing systems are suited which work on the evaporation principle, not on atomizers or spraying. The good bacteriologic results are explained by the certain inhibition of bacteria by Rivanol in the humidifying fluid. It is understood that--in addition--there must be regular (every 24 hours) disinfection of tubes and the valves which ought to be as simple as possible. As humidifying fluid only sterile water, possibly fresh tap water, are recommended.", "contents": "[Problems of disinfection of breathing apparatus (author's transl)]. Report on the problems of disinfection of breathing apparatus. As a new means of avoiding bacterial contamination of the humidified and warmed inhaled gas mixture for 48 hours Rivanol in solution 1:1000-1:5000 is recommended as humidifier. For this,  however, only those breathing systems are suited which work on the evaporation principle, not on atomizers or spraying. The good bacteriologic results are explained by the certain inhibition of bacteria by Rivanol in the humidifying fluid. It is understood that--in addition--there must be regular (every 24 hours) disinfection of tubes and the valves which ought to be as simple as possible. As humidifying fluid only sterile water, possibly fresh tap water, are recommended.", "PMID": 1054766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1391", "title": "[Mobile intensive-care-unit for transportation of premature and newborn babies at risc (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a technical report on a specially equipped ambulance for transportation of high-risk, seriously ill neonates. A mobile neonatal intensive-care-unit operating independently of the car utilized an Ohio-transport-incubator with 12V-DC portable power pak and collapsible stand, battery-operated ECG-monitor with optical and acoustical signal, a ECG-monitor with optical and acoustical signal, a battery-operated infusion pump, a Bird-respirator mark 8 with oxygen-blender, nebulizer and infant circuit with modification for PEEP as well as additional accessories. Ambulance-duty service is guaranteed by the German Red Cross (DRK) to facilitate transfer at any time, while skilled personal (physician, nurse) of the intensive care ward in on 24 hs call.", "contents": "[Mobile intensive-care-unit for transportation of premature and newborn babies at risc (author's transl)]. This is a technical report on a specially equipped ambulance for transportation of high-risk, seriously ill neonates. A mobile neonatal intensive-care-unit operating independently of the car utilized an Ohio-transport-incubator with 12V-DC portable power pak and collapsible stand, battery-operated ECG-monitor with optical and acoustical signal, a ECG-monitor with optical and acoustical signal, a battery-operated infusion pump, a Bird-respirator mark 8 with oxygen-blender, nebulizer and infant circuit with modification for PEEP as well as additional accessories. Ambulance-duty service is guaranteed by the German Red Cross (DRK) to facilitate transfer at any time, while skilled personal (physician, nurse) of the intensive care ward in on 24 hs call.", "PMID": 1054779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1392", "title": "Abnormal renal urate homeostasis in systemic disorders.", "content": "Abnormalities of renal handling of urate occur in a wide variety of physiological and pathological conditions and are mediated by factors including renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, urinary constituents, metabolites, hormones and drugs. The determination of the aetiological factors in each abnormal situation is complex and the problem is discussed in relation to a variety of conditions including renal tubular disorders and mental intoxications, hypertension, toxaemia of pregnancy, glycogen storage disease, fructose administration, hereditary fructose intolerance, as well as obesity, regular alcohol consumption and hyperlipoproteinaemia. Apart from those diseases, usually genetically determined, which are associated with excessive production of urate, the most common causes of hyperuricaemia act at a renal level and result in a reduction in the net renal excretion of urate.", "contents": "Abnormal renal urate homeostasis in systemic disorders. Abnormalities of renal handling of urate occur in a wide variety of physiological and pathological conditions and are mediated by factors including renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, urine flow rate, urinary constituents, metabolites, hormones and drugs. The determination of the aetiological factors in each abnormal situation is complex and the problem is discussed in relation to a variety of conditions including renal tubular disorders and mental intoxications, hypertension, toxaemia of pregnancy, glycogen storage disease, fructose administration, hereditary fructose intolerance, as well as obesity, regular alcohol consumption and hyperlipoproteinaemia. Apart from those diseases, usually genetically determined, which are associated with excessive production of urate, the most common causes of hyperuricaemia act at a renal level and result in a reduction in the net renal excretion of urate.", "PMID": 1054788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1393", "title": "[Different maturation of leukemic blasts in tumor--like type of acute infantile leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In condition, it has been found that an acute infantile leukemia in its early stages, manifested itself clinically and morphologically as a reticulosarcome. Through cytochemical examinations, the malignant disease could be identified as an acute myeloid leukemia. The blasts in the tumourous tissues show less differentiation than the leukemic blood and bone marrow cells. The lack of maturation of the blasts is discussed as the cause of tumorlike cell growth.", "contents": "[Different maturation of leukemic blasts in tumor--like type of acute infantile leukemia (author's transl)]. In condition, it has been found that an acute infantile leukemia in its early stages, manifested itself clinically and morphologically as a reticulosarcome. Through cytochemical examinations, the malignant disease could be identified as an acute myeloid leukemia. The blasts in the tumourous tissues show less differentiation than the leukemic blood and bone marrow cells. The lack of maturation of the blasts is discussed as the cause of tumorlike cell growth.", "PMID": 1054821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1394", "title": "Peritonsillar, peripharyngeal, and deep neck abscesses.", "content": "Abscesses of the peritonsillar and peripharyngeal regions typically present as a sore throat and as difficulty in swallowing. One of the most ?striking clinical features is difficulty in controlling saliva. Deep neck abscesses usually are secondary to disease in the pharynx, tonsils, or teeth. Initially, attention should be devoted to finding the primary source of infection. Treatment of these abscesses is incision and drainage.", "contents": "Peritonsillar, peripharyngeal, and deep neck abscesses. Abscesses of the peritonsillar and peripharyngeal regions typically present as a sore throat and as difficulty in swallowing. One of the most ?striking clinical features is difficulty in controlling saliva. Deep neck abscesses usually are secondary to disease in the pharynx, tonsils, or teeth. Initially, attention should be devoted to finding the primary source of infection. Treatment of these abscesses is incision and drainage.", "PMID": 1054822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1395", "title": "The role of surface proteins in cell proliferation as studied with thrombin and other proteases.", "content": "This communication explores the capacity of different proteases to stimulate DNA synthesis in resting chick embryo fibroblasts and to cause the removal of cell membrane proteins previosly postulated as important in the regulation of growth and division of cells. Thrombin, a highly specific protease and a known mitogen, was incubated with chick embryo fibroblasts, and analysis was made of the cell membrane proteins. Of particular interest were a protein of molecular weight 250,000, which is known to be readily removed by the action of trypsin and is not present in most transformed cells, and two other proteins, which are reduced in amount in transformed as compared to confluent resting cell cultures. None of these three proteins was removed by thrombin when the latter was added to confluent cells in concentrations sufficient to cause significant increase in DNA synthesis twelve hours after stimulation by the protease. The presence or absence of these proteins in the membranes of confluent resting or transformed cells of chick embryo fibroblasts does not seem to be directly related to the process of regulation of DNA synthesis and cellular division.", "contents": "The role of surface proteins in cell proliferation as studied with thrombin and other proteases. This communication explores the capacity of different proteases to stimulate DNA synthesis in resting chick embryo fibroblasts and to cause the removal of cell membrane proteins previosly postulated as important in the regulation of growth and division of cells. Thrombin, a highly specific protease and a known mitogen, was incubated with chick embryo fibroblasts, and analysis was made of the cell membrane proteins. Of particular interest were a protein of molecular weight 250,000, which is known to be readily removed by the action of trypsin and is not present in most transformed cells, and two other proteins, which are reduced in amount in transformed as compared to confluent resting cell cultures. None of these three proteins was removed by thrombin when the latter was added to confluent cells in concentrations sufficient to cause significant increase in DNA synthesis twelve hours after stimulation by the protease. The presence or absence of these proteins in the membranes of confluent resting or transformed cells of chick embryo fibroblasts does not seem to be directly related to the process of regulation of DNA synthesis and cellular division.", "PMID": 1054823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1396", "title": "A new complement function: solubilization of antigen-antibody aggregates.", "content": "Antigen-antibody aggregates are solubilized when incubated with fresh serum at 37 degrees, yielding immune-complexes of relatively small molecular weight which contain antigen, antibody, and complement (C3)determinants. Solubilization is complement-dependent,requires free Mg++ but not Ca++, and proceeds in sera from C4- or C5-deficient animals. It is accelerated in the presence of Ca++ in normal or C4-deficient guinea pig serum, suggesting involvement of the Cl-bypass activation of the properdin system. Immune precipitates can also be solubilized by monovalent fragments (Fab) of antibodies directed against determinants of the antibody molecules included in the antigen-antibody lattice. Similarly, it is suggested that complement-mediated solubilization might be induced by the combination of a complement fragment with the antibody in the immune-aggregate.", "contents": "A new complement function: solubilization of antigen-antibody aggregates. Antigen-antibody aggregates are solubilized when incubated with fresh serum at 37 degrees, yielding immune-complexes of relatively small molecular weight which contain antigen, antibody, and complement (C3)determinants. Solubilization is complement-dependent,requires free Mg++ but not Ca++, and proceeds in sera from C4- or C5-deficient animals. It is accelerated in the presence of Ca++ in normal or C4-deficient guinea pig serum, suggesting involvement of the Cl-bypass activation of the properdin system. Immune precipitates can also be solubilized by monovalent fragments (Fab) of antibodies directed against determinants of the antibody molecules included in the antigen-antibody lattice. Similarly, it is suggested that complement-mediated solubilization might be induced by the combination of a complement fragment with the antibody in the immune-aggregate.", "PMID": 1054824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1397", "title": "The in vitro addition of a polyadenylate sequence to the 3' end of phage Qbeta RNA and the biological activity of the product.", "content": "Terminal riboadenylate transferase, purified from calf thymus, has been used to add a poly(A) extension to the 3' end of Qbeta RNA. The modified Qbeta RNA retains full infectivity in a spheroplast assay system. However, the progeny viruses do not contain poly(A) termini, indicating an in vivo rectification of the in vitro alteration.", "contents": "The in vitro addition of a polyadenylate sequence to the 3' end of phage Qbeta RNA and the biological activity of the product. Terminal riboadenylate transferase, purified from calf thymus, has been used to add a poly(A) extension to the 3' end of Qbeta RNA. The modified Qbeta RNA retains full infectivity in a spheroplast assay system. However, the progeny viruses do not contain poly(A) termini, indicating an in vivo rectification of the in vitro alteration.", "PMID": 1054825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1398", "title": "Resonance raman spectra of manganese (III) tetraphenylporphin halides.", "content": "Unique resonance Raman spectra were obtained when manganese(III) tetraphenylporphin halides in noncoordinating solvents were illuminated by laser frequencies around 500 nm. Of particular interest is the observation of a feature that is sensitive to the nature of the axial ligand. This feature disappears when the coordinating solvent pyridine is employed, and it, therefore, appears to be diagnostic of the manganese coordination number.", "contents": "Resonance raman spectra of manganese (III) tetraphenylporphin halides. Unique resonance Raman spectra were obtained when manganese(III) tetraphenylporphin halides in noncoordinating solvents were illuminated by laser frequencies around 500 nm. Of particular interest is the observation of a feature that is sensitive to the nature of the axial ligand. This feature disappears when the coordinating solvent pyridine is employed, and it, therefore, appears to be diagnostic of the manganese coordination number.", "PMID": 1054826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1399", "title": "Sequential production of fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis in sub-human primates fed ethanol with adequate diets.", "content": "This study reproduces in experimental animals the sequential development of all the liver lesions seen in the human alcoholic: in 15 baboons fed ethanol, all developed fatty liver, five progressed to hepatitis, and five had cirrhosis. Maintenance of a nutritionally adequate regimen despite the intake of inebriating amounts of ethanol (50% of total calories) was achieved by incorporation of the ethanol in a totally liquid diet. Upon ethanol withdrawal, signs of physical dependence, such as seizures and tremors, developed. Ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum were already present at the fatty liver stage and persisted throughout the hepatitis and cirrhosis. The lesions were similar to those observed in alcoholics (including the inflammation and the central sclerosis) and differed from the alterations produced by choline and protein defiencies. At the fatty liver stage, some \"adaptive\" increases in activity of microsomal enzymes [aniline hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.1) and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system] were observed, but these tended to disappear with the development of hepatitis and cirrhosis. Fat accumulation was also much more pronounced in the animals with the hepatitis as compared with those with simple fatty liver (an 18-fold compared with 3- to 4-fold increase in liver triglycerides). The demonstration that these lesions can develop despite an adequate diet indicates that in addition to correction of the nutritional status, control of alcohol intake is mandatory for the management of patients with alcoholic liver injury.", "contents": "Sequential production of fatty liver, hepatitis, and cirrhosis in sub-human primates fed ethanol with adequate diets. This study reproduces in experimental animals the sequential development of all the liver lesions seen in the human alcoholic: in 15 baboons fed ethanol, all developed fatty liver, five progressed to hepatitis, and five had cirrhosis. Maintenance of a nutritionally adequate regimen despite the intake of inebriating amounts of ethanol (50% of total calories) was achieved by incorporation of the ethanol in a totally liquid diet. Upon ethanol withdrawal, signs of physical dependence, such as seizures and tremors, developed. Ultrastructural changes of the mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum were already present at the fatty liver stage and persisted throughout the hepatitis and cirrhosis. The lesions were similar to those observed in alcoholics (including the inflammation and the central sclerosis) and differed from the alterations produced by choline and protein defiencies. At the fatty liver stage, some \"adaptive\" increases in activity of microsomal enzymes [aniline hydroxylase (EC 1.14.14.1) and the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system] were observed, but these tended to disappear with the development of hepatitis and cirrhosis. Fat accumulation was also much more pronounced in the animals with the hepatitis as compared with those with simple fatty liver (an 18-fold compared with 3- to 4-fold increase in liver triglycerides). The demonstration that these lesions can develop despite an adequate diet indicates that in addition to correction of the nutritional status, control of alcohol intake is mandatory for the management of patients with alcoholic liver injury.", "PMID": 1054827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1400", "title": "Murine leukemia virus: detection of unintegrated double-stranded DNA forms of the provirus.", "content": "Infection of JLS V-9 (mouse bone marrow) cells with Moloney murine leukemia virus leads to appearance of virus-specific DNA in the low molecular weight DNA fraction from infected cells. Most of this DNA is double-stranded. Two discrete forms of double-stranded DNA, both of molecular weight 6 times 10-6, have been characterized. One of these forms is closed-circular, supercoiled DNA; the other form is a mixture of nicked-circular and linear DNA.", "contents": "Murine leukemia virus: detection of unintegrated double-stranded DNA forms of the provirus. Infection of JLS V-9 (mouse bone marrow) cells with Moloney murine leukemia virus leads to appearance of virus-specific DNA in the low molecular weight DNA fraction from infected cells. Most of this DNA is double-stranded. Two discrete forms of double-stranded DNA, both of molecular weight 6 times 10-6, have been characterized. One of these forms is closed-circular, supercoiled DNA; the other form is a mixture of nicked-circular and linear DNA.", "PMID": 1054828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1401", "title": "The effect of acetoxycycloheximide on rate of accumulation of cerebral catecholamines from circulating tyrosine as related to its effect on memory.", "content": "The rate of accumulation of newly synthesized catecholamines and endogenous catecholamine levels in mice were determined after an amnestic intracranial dose of acetoxycycloheximide. Rates of accumulation were found to be severly decreased for a period of 12 hr after injection. Total catecholamine levels were increased from 1 to 4 hr, then decreased 17 hr following injection. These results are discussed in terms of previous behavioral observations. It is pointed out that they weaken the assumption that acetoxycycloheximide's amnestic effects are solely due to inhibition of protein synthesis.", "contents": "The effect of acetoxycycloheximide on rate of accumulation of cerebral catecholamines from circulating tyrosine as related to its effect on memory. The rate of accumulation of newly synthesized catecholamines and endogenous catecholamine levels in mice were determined after an amnestic intracranial dose of acetoxycycloheximide. Rates of accumulation were found to be severly decreased for a period of 12 hr after injection. Total catecholamine levels were increased from 1 to 4 hr, then decreased 17 hr following injection. These results are discussed in terms of previous behavioral observations. It is pointed out that they weaken the assumption that acetoxycycloheximide's amnestic effects are solely due to inhibition of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1054829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1402", "title": "Control of ovarian cell growth in culture by serum and pituitary factors.", "content": "An ovarian cell line was developed that requires hormonal conditioning of the host for growth in vivo and that requires special factors for growth in vitro. It is necessary to prepare special culture media to demonstrate the effects of growth factors in vitro. To this end, methods were developed for removing from serum those essential factors required for the growth of ovarian cells in culture. Minimal growth occurred in medium containing fetal calf serum that had been passed through a porcelain filter. This method of depleting serum was replaced by a procedure involving passage through a carboxymethylcellulose column. Either pituitary extract or the eluate from the column restored growth in these depleted media. The eluate was more active than pituitary extract with regard to maximal growth enhancement. When the cells were incubated in the depleted media, viability, as measured by plating efficiency, decreased with incubation time. Either pituitary extract or the eluate from the column prevented such death of cells. Based on these findings, we postulate that the eluate contains both a survival factor and a growth-promoting factor for these ovarian cells, while pituitary extract contains only the survival factor.", "contents": "Control of ovarian cell growth in culture by serum and pituitary factors. An ovarian cell line was developed that requires hormonal conditioning of the host for growth in vivo and that requires special factors for growth in vitro. It is necessary to prepare special culture media to demonstrate the effects of growth factors in vitro. To this end, methods were developed for removing from serum those essential factors required for the growth of ovarian cells in culture. Minimal growth occurred in medium containing fetal calf serum that had been passed through a porcelain filter. This method of depleting serum was replaced by a procedure involving passage through a carboxymethylcellulose column. Either pituitary extract or the eluate from the column restored growth in these depleted media. The eluate was more active than pituitary extract with regard to maximal growth enhancement. When the cells were incubated in the depleted media, viability, as measured by plating efficiency, decreased with incubation time. Either pituitary extract or the eluate from the column prevented such death of cells. Based on these findings, we postulate that the eluate contains both a survival factor and a growth-promoting factor for these ovarian cells, while pituitary extract contains only the survival factor.", "PMID": 1054830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1403", "title": "A zinc protein isolated from human parotid saliva.", "content": "A zinc protein has been isolated and purified to apparent homogeneity from subjects with normal taste acuity by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The protein has a molecular weight of 37,000 and does not appear to have subunits. It is composed of 8% histidine residues and has 2 moles of zinc per mole of protein.", "contents": "A zinc protein isolated from human parotid saliva. A zinc protein has been isolated and purified to apparent homogeneity from subjects with normal taste acuity by gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The protein has a molecular weight of 37,000 and does not appear to have subunits. It is composed of 8% histidine residues and has 2 moles of zinc per mole of protein.", "PMID": 1054831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1404", "title": "Isolation of mammalian cell mutants deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity: linkage to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase.", "content": "Mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP 1-oxidoreducatse, EC 1.1.1.49) activity were isolated after mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulfonate. The mutants were induced at frequencies of about 10-4 and do not differ in growth properties from wild-type cells. They were isolated by means of a sib selection technique coupled with a histochemical stain of colonies for enzyme activity. The lack of enzyme activity is not due to a dissociable inhibitor, and is recessive in hybrid cells. Multiple mutants that lack hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity (AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7) were isolated by further mutagenesis. By following segregation of wild-type phenotypes from heterozygous multiply marked hybrid cells, it was shown that the genes responsible for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity are linked in Chinese hamster cells, in agreement with the location of both on the X chromosome in humans. No linkage to adenosine phosphoribosyltransferase was found. The isolation of mutant cells carrying linked markers should prove useful for studying chromosomal events such as segregation, breakage, recombination, and X-chromosome reactivation.", "contents": "Isolation of mammalian cell mutants deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity: linkage to hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase. Mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells deficient in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP 1-oxidoreducatse, EC 1.1.1.49) activity were isolated after mutagenesis with ethyl methane sulfonate. The mutants were induced at frequencies of about 10-4 and do not differ in growth properties from wild-type cells. They were isolated by means of a sib selection technique coupled with a histochemical stain of colonies for enzyme activity. The lack of enzyme activity is not due to a dissociable inhibitor, and is recessive in hybrid cells. Multiple mutants that lack hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity (AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7) were isolated by further mutagenesis. By following segregation of wild-type phenotypes from heterozygous multiply marked hybrid cells, it was shown that the genes responsible for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity are linked in Chinese hamster cells, in agreement with the location of both on the X chromosome in humans. No linkage to adenosine phosphoribosyltransferase was found. The isolation of mutant cells carrying linked markers should prove useful for studying chromosomal events such as segregation, breakage, recombination, and X-chromosome reactivation.", "PMID": 1054832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1405", "title": "RNA-primed DNA synthesis: specific catalysis by HeLa cell DNA polymerase alpha.", "content": "We have analyzed and compared the responses of the three major HeLa cell DNA polymerases (alpha, beta, and gamma) to a HeLa DNA template with short RNA or DNA primers hybridized to it. Only DNA polymerase alpha is able to synthesize DNA covalently bonded to the RNA primer via a 3' yields 5' phosphodiester bond.  32P transfer experiments showed that all combinations of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides are represented in the RNA-DNA linkages but their distribution is nonrandom. The RNA-DNA linked molecules base-paired to a HeLa DNA template strand represent a possible \"natural\" in vitro primer-template for DNA polymerases and can be extended by all three DNA polymerases (alpha, beta, and gamma). These findings indicate that DNA polymerases beta and gamma are capable of DNA-primed but not RNA-PRIMED DNA synthesis, while DNA polymerase alpha is capable of both RNA-primed and DAN-primed DNA synthesis.", "contents": "RNA-primed DNA synthesis: specific catalysis by HeLa cell DNA polymerase alpha. We have analyzed and compared the responses of the three major HeLa cell DNA polymerases (alpha, beta, and gamma) to a HeLa DNA template with short RNA or DNA primers hybridized to it. Only DNA polymerase alpha is able to synthesize DNA covalently bonded to the RNA primer via a 3' yields 5' phosphodiester bond.  32P transfer experiments showed that all combinations of ribo- and deoxyribonucleotides are represented in the RNA-DNA linkages but their distribution is nonrandom. The RNA-DNA linked molecules base-paired to a HeLa DNA template strand represent a possible \"natural\" in vitro primer-template for DNA polymerases and can be extended by all three DNA polymerases (alpha, beta, and gamma). These findings indicate that DNA polymerases beta and gamma are capable of DNA-primed but not RNA-PRIMED DNA synthesis, while DNA polymerase alpha is capable of both RNA-primed and DAN-primed DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1054833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1406", "title": "Cytochemical studies on golgi apparatus, GERL, and lysosomes in neurons of dorsal root ganglia in mice.", "content": "Cytochemically demonstrable thiamine pyrophosphatase activity is present in the innermost Golgi element in both small and large neurons of the dorsal root ganglia in CF1, C57 black, and C57 beige mice, thus resembling the neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia. The localization of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity in the large neurons of dorsal root ganglia in these mice is also similar to that in rats; it is not demonstrable in Golgi elements but is present in GERL and in three types of lysosomes apparently derived from GERL. However, the small neurons of the mouse differ from those of the rat in showing acid phosphatase activity in all elements of the Golgi apparatus. In the mouse neurons the acid phosphatase activity of residual bodies is \"latent,\" i.e., it is not demonstrable in well-preserved cells.", "contents": "Cytochemical studies on golgi apparatus, GERL, and lysosomes in neurons of dorsal root ganglia in mice. Cytochemically demonstrable thiamine pyrophosphatase activity is present in the innermost Golgi element in both small and large neurons of the dorsal root ganglia in CF1, C57 black, and C57 beige mice, thus resembling the neurons of rat dorsal root ganglia. The localization of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) activity in the large neurons of dorsal root ganglia in these mice is also similar to that in rats; it is not demonstrable in Golgi elements but is present in GERL and in three types of lysosomes apparently derived from GERL. However, the small neurons of the mouse differ from those of the rat in showing acid phosphatase activity in all elements of the Golgi apparatus. In the mouse neurons the acid phosphatase activity of residual bodies is \"latent,\" i.e., it is not demonstrable in well-preserved cells.", "PMID": 1054834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1407", "title": "Effects of cytochaslasin B and colcemide on myogenic cultures.", "content": "Muscle cultures treated with cytochalasin B yield mono- and oligonucleated cells of two kinds: (i) arborized, replicating precursor myogenic cells and fibroblasts; and (ii) round, post-mitotic, terminally differentiating myoblasts and myotubes. The arborized cells do not bind fluorescein-labeled antibody against myosin, do not contract rhythmically, and do not display hexagonally stacked thick and thin filaments. The round, mono-nucleated myoblasts and round, oligonucleated myotubes bind the fluorescein-labeled antibody against myosin, contract rhythmically, and display clusters of hexagonally-stacked thick and thin filaments. When cytochalasin B is removed and replaced by colcemide, the arborized cells, but not the post-mitotic muscle cells, acquire a radial symmetry and are induced to assemble massive, meandering cables that may occupy over 25% of the cell volume. These tortuous calbes are positively birefringent and consist exclusively of enormous numbers of 100-A, intermediate-sized filaments.", "contents": "Effects of cytochaslasin B and colcemide on myogenic cultures. Muscle cultures treated with cytochalasin B yield mono- and oligonucleated cells of two kinds: (i) arborized, replicating precursor myogenic cells and fibroblasts; and (ii) round, post-mitotic, terminally differentiating myoblasts and myotubes. The arborized cells do not bind fluorescein-labeled antibody against myosin, do not contract rhythmically, and do not display hexagonally stacked thick and thin filaments. The round, mono-nucleated myoblasts and round, oligonucleated myotubes bind the fluorescein-labeled antibody against myosin, contract rhythmically, and display clusters of hexagonally-stacked thick and thin filaments. When cytochalasin B is removed and replaced by colcemide, the arborized cells, but not the post-mitotic muscle cells, acquire a radial symmetry and are induced to assemble massive, meandering cables that may occupy over 25% of the cell volume. These tortuous calbes are positively birefringent and consist exclusively of enormous numbers of 100-A, intermediate-sized filaments.", "PMID": 1054835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1408", "title": "Testosterone stimulation of a rapidly labeled, low-molecular-weight RNA fraction in human hepatic erythroid cells in culture.", "content": "The addition of erythropoietin to cell cultures of erythroid cells of human fetal liver resulted in an increased incorporation of thymidine, adenine, and uridine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble cell fractions and in an increased uptake of adenine and uridine into the cell. Although the effects of testosterone and erythropoietin on heme synthesis in these cells are known to be very similar, there was no effect of testosterone on the total incorporation of radioactive precursors into DNA or RNA. The RNA synthesized after short pulses of radioactive uridine, when analyzed on sucrose gradients containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, consisted of a homogeneous peak sedimenting at 10 plus or minus 2 S, which is quite different from the heterogeneous, high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized under identical conditions in primary cultures of human fetal lung, kidney, or liver parenchymal cells. Addition of testosterone to liver erythroid cells in cultures for 5 hr followed by a 1-hr uridine pulse resulted in a 3-fold increase of RNA species with an average sedimentation coefficient of 14 plus or minus 3 S. The similarity with the sedimentation coefficient of the globin mRNA described in other systems and the high degree of specialization of the erythroid cells suggest that this RNA may be a stable intermediate involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin.", "contents": "Testosterone stimulation of a rapidly labeled, low-molecular-weight RNA fraction in human hepatic erythroid cells in culture. The addition of erythropoietin to cell cultures of erythroid cells of human fetal liver resulted in an increased incorporation of thymidine, adenine, and uridine into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble cell fractions and in an increased uptake of adenine and uridine into the cell. Although the effects of testosterone and erythropoietin on heme synthesis in these cells are known to be very similar, there was no effect of testosterone on the total incorporation of radioactive precursors into DNA or RNA. The RNA synthesized after short pulses of radioactive uridine, when analyzed on sucrose gradients containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, consisted of a homogeneous peak sedimenting at 10 plus or minus 2 S, which is quite different from the heterogeneous, high-molecular-weight RNA synthesized under identical conditions in primary cultures of human fetal lung, kidney, or liver parenchymal cells. Addition of testosterone to liver erythroid cells in cultures for 5 hr followed by a 1-hr uridine pulse resulted in a 3-fold increase of RNA species with an average sedimentation coefficient of 14 plus or minus 3 S. The similarity with the sedimentation coefficient of the globin mRNA described in other systems and the high degree of specialization of the erythroid cells suggest that this RNA may be a stable intermediate involved in the synthesis of hemoglobin.", "PMID": 1054836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1409", "title": "X-ray diffraction studies of human erythrocyte membrane structure.", "content": "Small angle x-ray diffraction patterns have been obtained from ordered arrays of hemoglobin-free human erthyrocyte membranes by use of improved techniques. Diffraction data have been recorded to 9 A resolution on samples whose lattice periodicity was varied (by changing humidity) from 55.5 A to 69.6 A. The observed reflections permitted tracing the intensity transform of the membranes. Phases for the reflections were assigned by the minimum wavelength principle. An electron density profile was then obtained by Fourier inversion, and yielded a symmetric membrane about 55 A in width. This structure can account for the previously reported diffuse scattering observed in other preparations (thus rendering unnecessary the proposed assignment of this scattering to a separated lipoprotein phase) and for the continuous scattering that we have recorded from isolated membranes in buffer. Lower resolution data that we have obtained from ultracentrifugally prepared lattices in buffer (and therefore without dehydration) are consistent with the above results, and support our view that we are observing diffraction from intact membranes.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction studies of human erythrocyte membrane structure. Small angle x-ray diffraction patterns have been obtained from ordered arrays of hemoglobin-free human erthyrocyte membranes by use of improved techniques. Diffraction data have been recorded to 9 A resolution on samples whose lattice periodicity was varied (by changing humidity) from 55.5 A to 69.6 A. The observed reflections permitted tracing the intensity transform of the membranes. Phases for the reflections were assigned by the minimum wavelength principle. An electron density profile was then obtained by Fourier inversion, and yielded a symmetric membrane about 55 A in width. This structure can account for the previously reported diffuse scattering observed in other preparations (thus rendering unnecessary the proposed assignment of this scattering to a separated lipoprotein phase) and for the continuous scattering that we have recorded from isolated membranes in buffer. Lower resolution data that we have obtained from ultracentrifugally prepared lattices in buffer (and therefore without dehydration) are consistent with the above results, and support our view that we are observing diffraction from intact membranes.", "PMID": 1054837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1410", "title": "Further evidence of a quantitative deficiency of chain-specific globin mRNA in the thalassemia syndromes.", "content": "Formamide gel electrophoresis separates the mRNA fraction from reticulocyte polyribosomes of adult humans into two major RNA species with migratory rates identical to those of the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs of the rabbit. That these two RNAs of human origin are the globin mRNAs is further supported by the deficiency of the presumed beta mRNA in reticulocyte polyribosomes of fetuses and premature infants, whose cells make gamma chains in preference to beta chains. The globin mRNAs of reticulocyte polyribosomes from patients with hematological disorders were estimated by scanning the stained formamide gels. In contrast to individuals with either hemolytic anemia without hemoglobinopathy or sickle cell anemia who had beta mRNA to alpha mRNA ratios of approximately one, a patient with Hb S-beta-thalassemia had a ratio of beta mRNA to alpha mRNA of 0.75 while two subjects with homozygous beta-thalassemia had severe deficiencies of beta mRNA. Conversely, a patient with alpha-thalassemia (Hb H disease) had a ratio of beta mRNA to alpha mRNA on reticulocyte polyribosomes of 6. These data provide further evidence of a quantitative deficiency of chain-specific globin mRNA in patients with the thalassemia syndromes.", "contents": "Further evidence of a quantitative deficiency of chain-specific globin mRNA in the thalassemia syndromes. Formamide gel electrophoresis separates the mRNA fraction from reticulocyte polyribosomes of adult humans into two major RNA species with migratory rates identical to those of the alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs of the rabbit. That these two RNAs of human origin are the globin mRNAs is further supported by the deficiency of the presumed beta mRNA in reticulocyte polyribosomes of fetuses and premature infants, whose cells make gamma chains in preference to beta chains. The globin mRNAs of reticulocyte polyribosomes from patients with hematological disorders were estimated by scanning the stained formamide gels. In contrast to individuals with either hemolytic anemia without hemoglobinopathy or sickle cell anemia who had beta mRNA to alpha mRNA ratios of approximately one, a patient with Hb S-beta-thalassemia had a ratio of beta mRNA to alpha mRNA of 0.75 while two subjects with homozygous beta-thalassemia had severe deficiencies of beta mRNA. Conversely, a patient with alpha-thalassemia (Hb H disease) had a ratio of beta mRNA to alpha mRNA on reticulocyte polyribosomes of 6. These data provide further evidence of a quantitative deficiency of chain-specific globin mRNA in patients with the thalassemia syndromes.", "PMID": 1054838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1411", "title": "Isolation of the bacteriophage lambda A-gene protein.", "content": "An in vitro assay for measuring the activity of the phage lambda A-gene product has been developed. The assay is based on the observation that A-donor extracts complement A minus extracts for packaging of exogenous immature lambda DNA into phage particles. A partial purification of the A-gene product activity using this assay is presented. A method is suggested by which this A protein-dependent in vitro system might be manipulated to analyze the mechanism of reforming the lambda cohesive termini during chromosome assimilation into phage precursors.", "contents": "Isolation of the bacteriophage lambda A-gene protein. An in vitro assay for measuring the activity of the phage lambda A-gene product has been developed. The assay is based on the observation that A-donor extracts complement A minus extracts for packaging of exogenous immature lambda DNA into phage particles. A partial purification of the A-gene product activity using this assay is presented. A method is suggested by which this A protein-dependent in vitro system might be manipulated to analyze the mechanism of reforming the lambda cohesive termini during chromosome assimilation into phage precursors.", "PMID": 1054839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1412", "title": "Abnormal collagen metabolism in cultured cells in osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Cells obtained from normal human skin synthesize predominantly type I collogen in culture. Cells obtained from the skin of an infant with a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta were found to synthesize as much type III as type I collagen. Decreased synthesis of type I collagen could explain the tissue fragility observed in this case.", "contents": "Abnormal collagen metabolism in cultured cells in osteogenesis imperfecta. Cells obtained from normal human skin synthesize predominantly type I collogen in culture. Cells obtained from the skin of an infant with a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta were found to synthesize as much type III as type I collagen. Decreased synthesis of type I collagen could explain the tissue fragility observed in this case.", "PMID": 1054840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1413", "title": "Morphine receptors as regulators of adenylate cyclase activity.", "content": "Morphine inhibits adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activity of neuroblastoma times glioma hybrid cells. The inhibition is stereospecific and is reversed by the antagonist, naloxone. The relative affinities of narcotics for the opiate receptor agree well with their effectiveness as inhibitors of adenylate cyclase. Morphine-sensitive and -insensitive cell lines were found, and the degree of sensitivity was shown to be dependent upon the abundance of narcotic receptors. Thus, morphine receptors are functionally coupled to adenylate cyclase. A molecular mechanism for narcotic addiction and tolerance is proposed.", "contents": "Morphine receptors as regulators of adenylate cyclase activity. Morphine inhibits adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activity of neuroblastoma times glioma hybrid cells. The inhibition is stereospecific and is reversed by the antagonist, naloxone. The relative affinities of narcotics for the opiate receptor agree well with their effectiveness as inhibitors of adenylate cyclase. Morphine-sensitive and -insensitive cell lines were found, and the degree of sensitivity was shown to be dependent upon the abundance of narcotic receptors. Thus, morphine receptors are functionally coupled to adenylate cyclase. A molecular mechanism for narcotic addiction and tolerance is proposed.", "PMID": 1054841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1414", "title": "Separation of 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerolphosphorylcholine acyltransferase of rat liver microsomes.", "content": "1-Acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (Ec 2.3.1-) and 1-acylglycerolphosphorylcholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) of rat liver microsomes were separated from each other. The separation was achieved by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the enzyme preparation that was obtained by solubilizing microsomes with a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, and subjecting the solubilized microsomes to molecular-sieve chromatography. The two acyltransferases are distinguishable from each other also with respect to their stabilities to heat and to Triton X-100. Hence, it is concluded that these acyltransferases are distinct enzymes. These results, together with our previous finding that glycerolphosphate acyltransferase is also a separate enzyme, demonstrate the presence of distinct acyltransferases responsible for the acylation of the different acyl acceptors. Furthermore, the acyl-donor specificities of these acyltransferases provide the enzymatic basis for the nonrandom distribution of fatty acids in naturally occurring glycerolipids.", "contents": "Separation of 1-acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase and 1-acylglycerolphosphorylcholine acyltransferase of rat liver microsomes. 1-Acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase (Ec 2.3.1-) and 1-acylglycerolphosphorylcholine acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.23) of rat liver microsomes were separated from each other. The separation was achieved by sucrose density gradient centrifugation of the enzyme preparation that was obtained by solubilizing microsomes with a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, and subjecting the solubilized microsomes to molecular-sieve chromatography. The two acyltransferases are distinguishable from each other also with respect to their stabilities to heat and to Triton X-100. Hence, it is concluded that these acyltransferases are distinct enzymes. These results, together with our previous finding that glycerolphosphate acyltransferase is also a separate enzyme, demonstrate the presence of distinct acyltransferases responsible for the acylation of the different acyl acceptors. Furthermore, the acyl-donor specificities of these acyltransferases provide the enzymatic basis for the nonrandom distribution of fatty acids in naturally occurring glycerolipids.", "PMID": 1054842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1415", "title": "O-phthalaldehyde: fluorogenic detection of primary amines in the picomole range. Comparison with fluorescamine and ninhydrin.", "content": "O-Phthalaldehyde, in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, reacts with primary amines to form highly fluorescent products. Picomole quantities of amino acids, peptides, and proteins can be detected easily. o-Phthalaldehyde is five to ten times more sensitive than fluorescamine and is soluble and stable in aqueous buffers.", "contents": "O-phthalaldehyde: fluorogenic detection of primary amines in the picomole range. Comparison with fluorescamine and ninhydrin. O-Phthalaldehyde, in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, reacts with primary amines to form highly fluorescent products. Picomole quantities of amino acids, peptides, and proteins can be detected easily. o-Phthalaldehyde is five to ten times more sensitive than fluorescamine and is soluble and stable in aqueous buffers.", "PMID": 1054843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1416", "title": "X-ray crystallographic visualization of drug-nucleic acid intercalative binding: structure of an ethidium-dinucleoside monophosphate crystalline complex, Ethidium: 5-iodouridylyl (3'-5') adenosine.", "content": "We have cocrystallized the drug ethidium bromide with the dinucleoside monophosphate 5-iodouridylyl(3'-5')adenosine and have solved the three-dimensional structure to atomic resolution by x-ray crystallography. This has allowed the direct visualization of intercalative binding by this drug to a fragment of a nucleic acid double helix.", "contents": "X-ray crystallographic visualization of drug-nucleic acid intercalative binding: structure of an ethidium-dinucleoside monophosphate crystalline complex, Ethidium: 5-iodouridylyl (3'-5') adenosine. We have cocrystallized the drug ethidium bromide with the dinucleoside monophosphate 5-iodouridylyl(3'-5')adenosine and have solved the three-dimensional structure to atomic resolution by x-ray crystallography. This has allowed the direct visualization of intercalative binding by this drug to a fragment of a nucleic acid double helix.", "PMID": 1054844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1417", "title": "Nucleas action on chromatin: evidence for discrete, repeated nucleoprotein units along chromatin fibrils.", "content": "The time course of the fragmentation of calf thymus chromatin by DNase II (deoxyribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.6) has been examined by sedimentation of chromatin digests through linear (5-20%) sucrose gradients. The action of nuclease is decidedly nonrandom, ultimately producing roughly equal amounts of acid-soluble oligonucleotides and 11S nucleoprotein particles. The 11S particles contain double-stranded DNA that is approximately 400 A or 120 base-pairs long, as measured by electron microscopic examination of deproteinized samples, and is maintained in a compact conformation within the intact particles. In addition, 15S nucleoprotein particles containing predominantly 800-A lengths of DNA have been isolated from less extensively digested chromatin. Evidence is presented which indicates that the 11S particles are fundamental structural units that are arranged in tandem along certain regions of chromatin fibrils. Preliminary experiments with different nucleases and with chromatin from different mammalian species indicate that these results are a natural consequence of the arrangement of DNA and proteins in mammalian chromatin and are not peculiar to the system described in detail.", "contents": "Nucleas action on chromatin: evidence for discrete, repeated nucleoprotein units along chromatin fibrils. The time course of the fragmentation of calf thymus chromatin by DNase II (deoxyribonucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.6) has been examined by sedimentation of chromatin digests through linear (5-20%) sucrose gradients. The action of nuclease is decidedly nonrandom, ultimately producing roughly equal amounts of acid-soluble oligonucleotides and 11S nucleoprotein particles. The 11S particles contain double-stranded DNA that is approximately 400 A or 120 base-pairs long, as measured by electron microscopic examination of deproteinized samples, and is maintained in a compact conformation within the intact particles. In addition, 15S nucleoprotein particles containing predominantly 800-A lengths of DNA have been isolated from less extensively digested chromatin. Evidence is presented which indicates that the 11S particles are fundamental structural units that are arranged in tandem along certain regions of chromatin fibrils. Preliminary experiments with different nucleases and with chromatin from different mammalian species indicate that these results are a natural consequence of the arrangement of DNA and proteins in mammalian chromatin and are not peculiar to the system described in detail.", "PMID": 1054845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1418", "title": "A theory of evolution above the species level.", "content": "Gradual evolutionary change by natural selection operates so slowly within established species that it cannot account for the major features of evolution. Evolutionary change tends to be concentrated within speciation events. The direction of transpecific evolution is determined by the process of species selection, which is analogous to natural selection but acts upon species within higher taxa rather than upon individuals within populations. Species selection operates on variation provided by the largely random process of speciation and favors species that speciate at high rates or survive for long periods and therefore tend to leave many daughter species. Rates of speciation can be estimated for living taxa by means of the equation for exponential increase, and are clearly higher for mammals than for bivalve mollusks.", "contents": "A theory of evolution above the species level. Gradual evolutionary change by natural selection operates so slowly within established species that it cannot account for the major features of evolution. Evolutionary change tends to be concentrated within speciation events. The direction of transpecific evolution is determined by the process of species selection, which is analogous to natural selection but acts upon species within higher taxa rather than upon individuals within populations. Species selection operates on variation provided by the largely random process of speciation and favors species that speciate at high rates or survive for long periods and therefore tend to leave many daughter species. Rates of speciation can be estimated for living taxa by means of the equation for exponential increase, and are clearly higher for mammals than for bivalve mollusks.", "PMID": 1054846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1419", "title": "Translation in vitro of rat brain messenger RNA coding for tubulin and actin.", "content": "A partially purified fraction of poly(a)-rich brain mRNA coding for tubulin and actin was obtained by stepwise elution from an oligo(deoxythymidylate)-cellulose column and was efficiently translated in a wheat-germ cell-free system. The newly synthesized tubulin and actin migrated along with the authentic proteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gels, where tubulin alpha- and beta-subunits are separated. The two proteins synthesized in vitro were found to be biologically active; they could be induced to polymerize and were both precipitated by vinblastine. In addition, specific binding of tubulin to an affinity column of colchicine-Sepharose and actin to myosin were demonstrated.", "contents": "Translation in vitro of rat brain messenger RNA coding for tubulin and actin. A partially purified fraction of poly(a)-rich brain mRNA coding for tubulin and actin was obtained by stepwise elution from an oligo(deoxythymidylate)-cellulose column and was efficiently translated in a wheat-germ cell-free system. The newly synthesized tubulin and actin migrated along with the authentic proteins on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels and on sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gels, where tubulin alpha- and beta-subunits are separated. The two proteins synthesized in vitro were found to be biologically active; they could be induced to polymerize and were both precipitated by vinblastine. In addition, specific binding of tubulin to an affinity column of colchicine-Sepharose and actin to myosin were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1054847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1420", "title": "A very rapid effect of androgen on initiation of protein synthesis in prostate.", "content": "The initiation of protein synthesis by ribosomal particles of rat ventral prostate was studied by measuring ribosomal binding of an initiator (35-S)methionyl-tRNAf. The binding activity is dependent on ribosomes, GTP, and a prostate cytosol protein fraction. The 40S but not the 60S ribosomal subunit particles are active. The cytosol activity decreases rapidly within one hour after the rat is castrated. This loss is prevented by an intraperitoneal injection of 17beta-hydroxy-5-alpha-androstan-3-one (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone). The cytosol activity can be stimulated almost immediately (within 10 min) after an intravenous injection of low dose (15 mug per rat) of 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone into the castrated rat.", "contents": "A very rapid effect of androgen on initiation of protein synthesis in prostate. The initiation of protein synthesis by ribosomal particles of rat ventral prostate was studied by measuring ribosomal binding of an initiator (35-S)methionyl-tRNAf. The binding activity is dependent on ribosomes, GTP, and a prostate cytosol protein fraction. The 40S but not the 60S ribosomal subunit particles are active. The cytosol activity decreases rapidly within one hour after the rat is castrated. This loss is prevented by an intraperitoneal injection of 17beta-hydroxy-5-alpha-androstan-3-one (5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone). The cytosol activity can be stimulated almost immediately (within 10 min) after an intravenous injection of low dose (15 mug per rat) of 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone into the castrated rat.", "PMID": 1054848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1421", "title": "Non-specific stimulation of cell-free protein synthesis by a dialyzable factor isolated from reticulocyte initiation factors (\"iRNA\").", "content": "The specificity of a dialyzable component, isolated from rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors, in stimulating protein synthesis was examined. It appeard that his factor (hereafter designated as \"iRNA\") was able to restore the activity of initiation factor preparations that were inactivated by dialysis. The \"iRNA\" from reticulocytes stimulated polypeptide synthesis directed by the homologous globin mRNA as well as heterologous lens crystallin mRNAs. No selectivity in its stimulating action with regard to the type of mRNA studied could be observed. The source of ribosomes or supernatant enzymes did not influence the effect of \"iRNA\". However, in an ascites lysate that was dependent on the addition of initiation factors, \"iRNA\" increased polypeptide formation only marginally, suggesting that in this lysate a similar factor was already present in an active form. It is concluded that \"iRNA\" may regulate protein synthesis, but without exhibiting specificity towards mRNAs, at least those tested so far.", "contents": "Non-specific stimulation of cell-free protein synthesis by a dialyzable factor isolated from reticulocyte initiation factors (\"iRNA\"). The specificity of a dialyzable component, isolated from rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors, in stimulating protein synthesis was examined. It appeard that his factor (hereafter designated as \"iRNA\") was able to restore the activity of initiation factor preparations that were inactivated by dialysis. The \"iRNA\" from reticulocytes stimulated polypeptide synthesis directed by the homologous globin mRNA as well as heterologous lens crystallin mRNAs. No selectivity in its stimulating action with regard to the type of mRNA studied could be observed. The source of ribosomes or supernatant enzymes did not influence the effect of \"iRNA\". However, in an ascites lysate that was dependent on the addition of initiation factors, \"iRNA\" increased polypeptide formation only marginally, suggesting that in this lysate a similar factor was already present in an active form. It is concluded that \"iRNA\" may regulate protein synthesis, but without exhibiting specificity towards mRNAs, at least those tested so far.", "PMID": 1054849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1422", "title": "Cholinergic differentiation of presumptive adrenergic neuroblasts in interspecific chimeras after heterotopic transplantations.", "content": "The levels of the neural axis from which parasympathetic and orthosympathetic neurons and adrenomedullary cells are derived under normal developmental conditions were determined in avian embryos by a biological labeling technique. The technique is based on nuclear differences between two species of birds, the chick and the quail. In quail interphase nuclei a part of the chromatin is condensed in large heterochromatic masses associated with nucleolus, while in the chick, DNA is evenly dispersed in the nucleoplasm. These characteristics provide a stable nuclear marker that can be used to study cell migrations and differentiation in chimeric embryos resulting from the association of quail and chick tissues. Isotopic and heterotopic transplantations of quail neural primordium into chick before the outset of neural crest cell migration show that the autonomic ortho- and parasympathetic neuroblasts are not determined to differentiate into cholinergic or adrenergic neurons when they begin to migrate. The neurotransmitter synthesized by crest autonomic neuroblasts depends on the microenvironment in which crest cells become localized at the term of their migration. The splanchnic mesoderm induces presumptive adrenergic cells to become fully differentiated cholinergic neurons.", "contents": "Cholinergic differentiation of presumptive adrenergic neuroblasts in interspecific chimeras after heterotopic transplantations. The levels of the neural axis from which parasympathetic and orthosympathetic neurons and adrenomedullary cells are derived under normal developmental conditions were determined in avian embryos by a biological labeling technique. The technique is based on nuclear differences between two species of birds, the chick and the quail. In quail interphase nuclei a part of the chromatin is condensed in large heterochromatic masses associated with nucleolus, while in the chick, DNA is evenly dispersed in the nucleoplasm. These characteristics provide a stable nuclear marker that can be used to study cell migrations and differentiation in chimeric embryos resulting from the association of quail and chick tissues. Isotopic and heterotopic transplantations of quail neural primordium into chick before the outset of neural crest cell migration show that the autonomic ortho- and parasympathetic neuroblasts are not determined to differentiate into cholinergic or adrenergic neurons when they begin to migrate. The neurotransmitter synthesized by crest autonomic neuroblasts depends on the microenvironment in which crest cells become localized at the term of their migration. The splanchnic mesoderm induces presumptive adrenergic cells to become fully differentiated cholinergic neurons.", "PMID": 1054850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1423", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of an RNA polymerase binding site from the DNA of bacteriophage fd.", "content": "The primary structure of a strong RNA polymerase binding site in the replicative form DNA of phage fd has been determined by direct DNA sequencing. It is: (see article). The molecule contains regions with 2-fold symmetry and sequence homologies to promoter regions from other DNAs. The startpoint of transcription is located in the center of the binding site.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of an RNA polymerase binding site from the DNA of bacteriophage fd. The primary structure of a strong RNA polymerase binding site in the replicative form DNA of phage fd has been determined by direct DNA sequencing. It is: (see article). The molecule contains regions with 2-fold symmetry and sequence homologies to promoter regions from other DNAs. The startpoint of transcription is located in the center of the binding site.", "PMID": 1054851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1424", "title": "5'-Terminal m-7G(5')ppp(5')G-m-p in vivo: identification in reovirus genome RNA.", "content": "Methylated reovirus mRNA was synthesized in vitro in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]-methionine. Viral genome double-stranded RNA that was uniformly labeled with 32-P was isolated from purified virions. The RNAs were mixed and their 5'-terminal structures compared by electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses after enzymatic digestion. Both the mRNA and the corresponding strand in the genome RNA contain m-7G(5')ppp(5')G-m-pCp, indicating that infected cells synthesize viral RNA with blocked, methylated 5' termini.", "contents": "5'-Terminal m-7G(5')ppp(5')G-m-p in vivo: identification in reovirus genome RNA. Methylated reovirus mRNA was synthesized in vitro in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]-methionine. Viral genome double-stranded RNA that was uniformly labeled with 32-P was isolated from purified virions. The RNAs were mixed and their 5'-terminal structures compared by electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses after enzymatic digestion. Both the mRNA and the corresponding strand in the genome RNA contain m-7G(5')ppp(5')G-m-pCp, indicating that infected cells synthesize viral RNA with blocked, methylated 5' termini.", "PMID": 1054852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1425", "title": "Measurement of human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in serum by homologous radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Human serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase [3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate: oxygen oxidoreducatse (beta-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.17.1] levels have been determined in 52 samples with a newly devised radioimmunoassay that utilizes purified human enzyme and its specific antiserum. The values obtained were in excellent agreement (correlation coefficient r equals 0.98) with those obtained by measuring enzymatic activity in the same sera. Either assay technique, enzymatic or homologous radioimmunoassay, can be used for measurement of the enzyme in normal human serum.", "contents": "Measurement of human dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in serum by homologous radioimmunoassay. Human serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase [3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine, ascorbate: oxygen oxidoreducatse (beta-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.17.1] levels have been determined in 52 samples with a newly devised radioimmunoassay that utilizes purified human enzyme and its specific antiserum. The values obtained were in excellent agreement (correlation coefficient r equals 0.98) with those obtained by measuring enzymatic activity in the same sera. Either assay technique, enzymatic or homologous radioimmunoassay, can be used for measurement of the enzyme in normal human serum.", "PMID": 1054853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1426", "title": "A retarded rate of DNA chain growth in Bloom's syndrome.", "content": "The cytogenetic observation that homologous chromatid interchange occurs in Bloom's syndrome more often than normal prompted an investigation of DNA replication in that rare genetic disorder. Using DNA fiber autoradiography, an estimation was made of the rate of one component of ongoing DNA replication, DNA chain growth. The rate in Bloom's syndrome dermal fibroblasts in tissue culture was found to be significantly slower than that in normal control cells. (The rate was found to be normal in Fanconi's anemia cells.) The explanation for the retarded chain growth may be either that an enzyme concerned directly with semiconservative DNA replication is defective or that a defective enzyme not itself concerned directly with replication results in disturbed cellular metabolism which in turn affects replication.", "contents": "A retarded rate of DNA chain growth in Bloom's syndrome. The cytogenetic observation that homologous chromatid interchange occurs in Bloom's syndrome more often than normal prompted an investigation of DNA replication in that rare genetic disorder. Using DNA fiber autoradiography, an estimation was made of the rate of one component of ongoing DNA replication, DNA chain growth. The rate in Bloom's syndrome dermal fibroblasts in tissue culture was found to be significantly slower than that in normal control cells. (The rate was found to be normal in Fanconi's anemia cells.) The explanation for the retarded chain growth may be either that an enzyme concerned directly with semiconservative DNA replication is defective or that a defective enzyme not itself concerned directly with replication results in disturbed cellular metabolism which in turn affects replication.", "PMID": 1054854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1427", "title": "A short-term evaluation of a chlorhexidine gel on plaque deposits and gingival status.", "content": "A gel containing 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate was tested for its ability to affect plaque formation and the gingival status of twelve male dental students in a controlled double-blind cross-over study. The chlorhexidine gel significantly reduced plaque formation when compared with the placebo gel, but the improvement in gingival health was not statistically significant.", "contents": "A short-term evaluation of a chlorhexidine gel on plaque deposits and gingival status. A gel containing 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate was tested for its ability to affect plaque formation and the gingival status of twelve male dental students in a controlled double-blind cross-over study. The chlorhexidine gel significantly reduced plaque formation when compared with the placebo gel, but the improvement in gingival health was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1054855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1428", "title": "Changes in preference for NaCl following administration of 6-azauridine and 6-azauridine triacetate.", "content": "Preliminary evidence in man has suggested that 6-azauridine triacetate (6-AzUrdTA) might adversely affect taste acuity. The production of measurable serum concentrations of homocysteine in rabbits treated with 6-AzUrdTA further suggested a mechanism for the possible adverse effects of this drug on taste, since administration of other thiol-containing drugs in man and animals had been shown to decrease taste acuity. Since changes in preferences for NaCl solutions have been shown to reflect changes in taste acuity in the rat, preference for NaCl solutions in rats treated with 6-AzUrdTA were measured in a two-bottle test. Detection and recognition thresholds were also measured in patients with scleroderma before and after the administration of 6-AzUrdTA. Serum copper and zinc concentrations were measured in both rats and man. Rats given 6-AzUrdTA exhibited a significantly greater intake of 0.30-M NaCl than control rats, who avoided this solution. This change was accompanied by a significant decrease in serum zinc concentrations. No significant changes in taste acuity occurred in the patients. These data suggest that administration of 6-AzUrdTA affects taste acuity in rats either through the addition of thiols or the depletion of zinc.", "contents": "Changes in preference for NaCl following administration of 6-azauridine and 6-azauridine triacetate. Preliminary evidence in man has suggested that 6-azauridine triacetate (6-AzUrdTA) might adversely affect taste acuity. The production of measurable serum concentrations of homocysteine in rabbits treated with 6-AzUrdTA further suggested a mechanism for the possible adverse effects of this drug on taste, since administration of other thiol-containing drugs in man and animals had been shown to decrease taste acuity. Since changes in preferences for NaCl solutions have been shown to reflect changes in taste acuity in the rat, preference for NaCl solutions in rats treated with 6-AzUrdTA were measured in a two-bottle test. Detection and recognition thresholds were also measured in patients with scleroderma before and after the administration of 6-AzUrdTA. Serum copper and zinc concentrations were measured in both rats and man. Rats given 6-AzUrdTA exhibited a significantly greater intake of 0.30-M NaCl than control rats, who avoided this solution. This change was accompanied by a significant decrease in serum zinc concentrations. No significant changes in taste acuity occurred in the patients. These data suggest that administration of 6-AzUrdTA affects taste acuity in rats either through the addition of thiols or the depletion of zinc.", "PMID": 1054856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1429", "title": "The effect of hypothyroidism on caries incidence in adult rats having functioning parathyroid glands.", "content": "Thyroidectomies were performed on adult rats in which parathyroid gland function was maintained by autotransplantation of these glands. Serum calcium were normal in these rats, and external neck I 131 counts confirmed that they were hypothyroid. After maintenance on a cariogenic diet for 3 months, these animals exhibited a higher caries incidence than euthyroid controls.", "contents": "The effect of hypothyroidism on caries incidence in adult rats having functioning parathyroid glands. Thyroidectomies were performed on adult rats in which parathyroid gland function was maintained by autotransplantation of these glands. Serum calcium were normal in these rats, and external neck I 131 counts confirmed that they were hypothyroid. After maintenance on a cariogenic diet for 3 months, these animals exhibited a higher caries incidence than euthyroid controls.", "PMID": 1054857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1430", "title": "A quantitative and qualitative study of the lipid composition of rat weaning and adult thymus tissue.", "content": "The principle aim of this investigation was to compare the lipid composition of the weaning and the adult involuted thymus. In its trglyceride deposition the response of the involuted thymus paralleled that of adipose tissue in that approximately 100 mg/g of triglyceride were evident among the phospholipid concentrations of weanling and adult thymus tissue, but the total cholesterol concentration did increase significantly in the adult rat thymus. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of fatty acids indicating that the involuting thymus tissues contained more unsaturated than saturated fatty acids--even to a greater degree than adipose tissue. Sex differences were found to be negligible. The possibilities of a thymus cholesterol synthesizing system, a fatty-acid desaturation system, or thymic humoral influences upon fatty-acid desaturation are proposed.", "contents": "A quantitative and qualitative study of the lipid composition of rat weaning and adult thymus tissue. The principle aim of this investigation was to compare the lipid composition of the weaning and the adult involuted thymus. In its trglyceride deposition the response of the involuted thymus paralleled that of adipose tissue in that approximately 100 mg/g of triglyceride were evident among the phospholipid concentrations of weanling and adult thymus tissue, but the total cholesterol concentration did increase significantly in the adult rat thymus. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses of fatty acids indicating that the involuting thymus tissues contained more unsaturated than saturated fatty acids--even to a greater degree than adipose tissue. Sex differences were found to be negligible. The possibilities of a thymus cholesterol synthesizing system, a fatty-acid desaturation system, or thymic humoral influences upon fatty-acid desaturation are proposed.", "PMID": 1054858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1431", "title": "Some effects of local anesthetics on schedule-controlled behavior.", "content": "The central effects of local anesthetics were compared with those of d-amphetamine, using the schedule-controlled behavior of the pigeon. Subconvulsant doses of cocaine and d-amphetamine produced similar effects on schedule-controlled behavior that were quite different from the effects of procaine, mepivacaine and lidocaine.", "contents": "Some effects of local anesthetics on schedule-controlled behavior. The central effects of local anesthetics were compared with those of d-amphetamine, using the schedule-controlled behavior of the pigeon. Subconvulsant doses of cocaine and d-amphetamine produced similar effects on schedule-controlled behavior that were quite different from the effects of procaine, mepivacaine and lidocaine.", "PMID": 1054859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1432", "title": "Treatment of therapy-resistant acute myeloid leukaemia with 7 and 8 cytostatics.", "content": "16 courses of an 8-drug regimen including daunomycin, vincristine, cytosinearabinoside, thioguanine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, prednisolone and hydroxyurea, and 12 courses of a 7-drug regimen including the same drugs minus hydroxyurea were administered in 16 otherwise therapy-resistant cases of acute myeloid leukaemia. In spite of a significant and rapid reduction of the leukaemic cell-mass in all the cases treated, only two brief minimal remissions were obtained. The main toxic effect was myelosuppression. However, the treatment was associated with a high frequency of mucosal ulcerations of the oesophagus and stomach, and it cannot be excluded that the latter complication may be drug-related.", "contents": "Treatment of therapy-resistant acute myeloid leukaemia with 7 and 8 cytostatics. 16 courses of an 8-drug regimen including daunomycin, vincristine, cytosinearabinoside, thioguanine, methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, prednisolone and hydroxyurea, and 12 courses of a 7-drug regimen including the same drugs minus hydroxyurea were administered in 16 otherwise therapy-resistant cases of acute myeloid leukaemia. In spite of a significant and rapid reduction of the leukaemic cell-mass in all the cases treated, only two brief minimal remissions were obtained. The main toxic effect was myelosuppression. However, the treatment was associated with a high frequency of mucosal ulcerations of the oesophagus and stomach, and it cannot be excluded that the latter complication may be drug-related.", "PMID": 1054884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1433", "title": "[Acute myeloid leukemia following treatment of IgA-paraproteinemia with alkeran].", "content": "Report on a 74-year-old patient who developed acute myeloid leukemia 16 months after diagnosis of IgA paraproteinemia. He had received a total dose of 1.4-1.5 g melphalan. The possible etiologic role of melphalan in the development of acute leukemia is discussed.", "contents": "[Acute myeloid leukemia following treatment of IgA-paraproteinemia with alkeran]. Report on a 74-year-old patient who developed acute myeloid leukemia 16 months after diagnosis of IgA paraproteinemia. He had received a total dose of 1.4-1.5 g melphalan. The possible etiologic role of melphalan in the development of acute leukemia is discussed.", "PMID": 1054885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1434", "title": "[Initial results with a epipodophyllotoxin derivative VP 16-213 in the treatment of acute leukemia].", "content": "Ten acute leukemia patients were treated with the new cytostatic agent VP 16-213. Almost all these patients had received previous therapy. One complete and two partial remissions were achieved, while one patient showed brief clinical improvement. VP 16-213 appears to be effective not only in acute monocytic leukemia, as therapeutic effects could also be observed in other forms of acute leukemia. VP 16-213 should further be tested in therapy of refractory acute leukemia patients as a drug of second choice. The relatively mild toxic effect of this substance and its special mode of action would appear to make it highly suitable for incorporation into combination chemotherapy regimes and further clinical trials.", "contents": "[Initial results with a epipodophyllotoxin derivative VP 16-213 in the treatment of acute leukemia]. Ten acute leukemia patients were treated with the new cytostatic agent VP 16-213. Almost all these patients had received previous therapy. One complete and two partial remissions were achieved, while one patient showed brief clinical improvement. VP 16-213 appears to be effective not only in acute monocytic leukemia, as therapeutic effects could also be observed in other forms of acute leukemia. VP 16-213 should further be tested in therapy of refractory acute leukemia patients as a drug of second choice. The relatively mild toxic effect of this substance and its special mode of action would appear to make it highly suitable for incorporation into combination chemotherapy regimes and further clinical trials.", "PMID": 1054886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1435", "title": "The diagnostic significance of parabasal cells. II. Rate of their disappearance and reappearance under estrogen administration and withdrawal.", "content": "The rate of disappearance of parabasal cells under estrogens and their reappearance following the cessation of treatment was studied in 22 patients. In ten patients with complete atrophic cell type, parabasal cells disappeared within 6 to 15 days under the influence of estradiol dipropionate (1-0.5-0.05 mg. daily for five days). In these patients parabasal cells reappeared promptly (within 20 days) after discontinuation of estrogen administration. In 12 patients receiving replacement therapy for long periods of time (2 to 10 years) there was a marked variability (10 days to 8 months) in the rate of reappearance of parabasal cells after cessation of treatment. These findings document the sensitivity and reliability of the atrophic cell type as an index of estrogen lack in the organism.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of parabasal cells. II. Rate of their disappearance and reappearance under estrogen administration and withdrawal. The rate of disappearance of parabasal cells under estrogens and their reappearance following the cessation of treatment was studied in 22 patients. In ten patients with complete atrophic cell type, parabasal cells disappeared within 6 to 15 days under the influence of estradiol dipropionate (1-0.5-0.05 mg. daily for five days). In these patients parabasal cells reappeared promptly (within 20 days) after discontinuation of estrogen administration. In 12 patients receiving replacement therapy for long periods of time (2 to 10 years) there was a marked variability (10 days to 8 months) in the rate of reappearance of parabasal cells after cessation of treatment. These findings document the sensitivity and reliability of the atrophic cell type as an index of estrogen lack in the organism.", "PMID": 1054895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1436", "title": "Cytodiagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma. Ultrastructural study of material obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "content": "The material obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy from a metastatic acinic cell carcinoma was evaluated by light and electron microscopy. A preliminary diagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma established by light microscopy was confirmed by electron microscopic study. Glandular arrangement of cancerous cells and the presence of a specific type of secretory granules in their cytoplasm were the most characteristic ultrastructural features of the acinic cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Cytodiagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma. Ultrastructural study of material obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy. The material obtained by fine needle aspiration biopsy from a metastatic acinic cell carcinoma was evaluated by light and electron microscopy. A preliminary diagnosis of acinic cell carcinoma established by light microscopy was confirmed by electron microscopic study. Glandular arrangement of cancerous cells and the presence of a specific type of secretory granules in their cytoplasm were the most characteristic ultrastructural features of the acinic cell carcinoma.", "PMID": 1054896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1437", "title": "Electronic cell volume (coulter volume) distribution of vaginal-cervical cytology samples.", "content": "Peripheral blood and buccal cells were used as \"model\" cell populations to indicate where in the electronic cell volume (ECV) spectrum the individual cell populations of vaginal and cervical irrigations would appear.  Four clinical samples each representing a different stage of abnormality were evaluated and compared with the \"model\" cell populations.  The pattern was the same for all of the clinical samples and correlated with the blood and buccal cell populations.  Only two distinct ECV populations were observed, the inflammatory cells and the epithelial cells.  There was no difference in pattern of any of the volume distributions to indicate abnormality to any degree.", "contents": "Electronic cell volume (coulter volume) distribution of vaginal-cervical cytology samples. Peripheral blood and buccal cells were used as \"model\" cell populations to indicate where in the electronic cell volume (ECV) spectrum the individual cell populations of vaginal and cervical irrigations would appear.  Four clinical samples each representing a different stage of abnormality were evaluated and compared with the \"model\" cell populations.  The pattern was the same for all of the clinical samples and correlated with the blood and buccal cell populations.  Only two distinct ECV populations were observed, the inflammatory cells and the epithelial cells.  There was no difference in pattern of any of the volume distributions to indicate abnormality to any degree.", "PMID": 1054897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1438", "title": "Chromosome and histologic patterns in pre-invasive lesions of the cervix.", "content": "The chromosome constitution and histologic appearances are described in seven cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix in which biopsies were examined at two different time intervals. Punch biopsies were taken using colposcopic localization from the area of maximum abnormality and fragments for chromosomes analysis from cone biopsies taken with the aid of stereomicroscopy. Chromosome preparations were made using a direct squash technique. The chromosome profile and histologic appearances remained constant in six of the seven cases over time intervals varying from three months to three years. In one case the histologic, cytologic and chromosome profile changed over a five month period from a large cell peritetraploid lesion to a small cell peridiploid. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Chromosome and histologic patterns in pre-invasive lesions of the cervix. The chromosome constitution and histologic appearances are described in seven cases of carcinoma in situ of the cervix in which biopsies were examined at two different time intervals. Punch biopsies were taken using colposcopic localization from the area of maximum abnormality and fragments for chromosomes analysis from cone biopsies taken with the aid of stereomicroscopy. Chromosome preparations were made using a direct squash technique. The chromosome profile and histologic appearances remained constant in six of the seven cases over time intervals varying from three months to three years. In one case the histologic, cytologic and chromosome profile changed over a five month period from a large cell peritetraploid lesion to a small cell peridiploid. The significance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 1054898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1439", "title": "The diagnostic significance of parabasal cells. I. Correlation with the clinical diagnosis in 209 patients.", "content": "The diagnostic significance of parabasal cells was investigated by studying the correlation of their presence in the smears with the clinical diagnosis of the patients. Out of a total of 2,193 patients examined for various endocrine disorders during a period of seven years, parabasal cells were found in 209 patients of the reproductive years. In all these patients the presence of parabasal cells in the smears was related with two endocrine states: a) either the complete absence of estrogens (173 patients or 82.7 percent), or b) the presence of excess amounts of androgens (36 patients or 17.3 percent). In both instances the cytologic findings indicated accurately the severeness of the underlying endocrine disturbance which had necessitated a battery of laboratory tests and assays to be established.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of parabasal cells. I. Correlation with the clinical diagnosis in 209 patients. The diagnostic significance of parabasal cells was investigated by studying the correlation of their presence in the smears with the clinical diagnosis of the patients. Out of a total of 2,193 patients examined for various endocrine disorders during a period of seven years, parabasal cells were found in 209 patients of the reproductive years. In all these patients the presence of parabasal cells in the smears was related with two endocrine states: a) either the complete absence of estrogens (173 patients or 82.7 percent), or b) the presence of excess amounts of androgens (36 patients or 17.3 percent). In both instances the cytologic findings indicated accurately the severeness of the underlying endocrine disturbance which had necessitated a battery of laboratory tests and assays to be established.", "PMID": 1054902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1440", "title": "Neutrophil granulocyte function in the early diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic and myeloblastic leukaemia.", "content": "The phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes from 5 patients with early acute myelomonocytic or myeloblastic leukaemia and 5 controls have been examined. In each patient the bactericidal activity was lower than in any control and the neutrophil dysfunction was demonstrated before leukaemia could be diagnosed from clinical and haematological findings. During periods of remission, the bactericidal activity was normal. Results of neutrophil granulocyte function studies may be a significant aid in the early diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic and myeloblastic leukaemia.", "contents": "Neutrophil granulocyte function in the early diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic and myeloblastic leukaemia. The phagocytic and bactericidal activities of neutrophil granulocytes from 5 patients with early acute myelomonocytic or myeloblastic leukaemia and 5 controls have been examined. In each patient the bactericidal activity was lower than in any control and the neutrophil dysfunction was demonstrated before leukaemia could be diagnosed from clinical and haematological findings. During periods of remission, the bactericidal activity was normal. Results of neutrophil granulocyte function studies may be a significant aid in the early diagnosis of acute myelomonocytic and myeloblastic leukaemia.", "PMID": 1054905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1441", "title": "[Results of treatment of acute luekemia in adults according to our records].", "content": "The authors analysed 58 consecutive cases of acute leukaemia treated during 3.5 years. The material included 35 patients with myeloblastic leukaemia, 2 with pyomyelocytic leukaemia, 3 with monocytic leukaemia, 2 with erythroleukaemia, 7 with lymphoblastic leukaemia, and 8 with myeloblastic exacerbations of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Most patients were treated by the VAMP schedule, in some cases L asparaginase, in other rubidomycin and cytosine arabinoside were used for obtaining remissions. Fourteen patients died within 14 days after admission to hospital. In 15 cases partial remissions, rather short-lasting, were achieved. In 4 cases the remissions were complete and in 3 of them the survival exceeds now 3 years. All patients in whom long-lasting remissions were obtained belonged to the youngest age group and 3 had lymphoblastic leukaemia. The authors suggest the need of rapid institution of treatment and systematic continuation.", "contents": "[Results of treatment of acute luekemia in adults according to our records]. The authors analysed 58 consecutive cases of acute leukaemia treated during 3.5 years. The material included 35 patients with myeloblastic leukaemia, 2 with pyomyelocytic leukaemia, 3 with monocytic leukaemia, 2 with erythroleukaemia, 7 with lymphoblastic leukaemia, and 8 with myeloblastic exacerbations of chronic myelocytic leukaemia. Most patients were treated by the VAMP schedule, in some cases L asparaginase, in other rubidomycin and cytosine arabinoside were used for obtaining remissions. Fourteen patients died within 14 days after admission to hospital. In 15 cases partial remissions, rather short-lasting, were achieved. In 4 cases the remissions were complete and in 3 of them the survival exceeds now 3 years. All patients in whom long-lasting remissions were obtained belonged to the youngest age group and 3 had lymphoblastic leukaemia. The authors suggest the need of rapid institution of treatment and systematic continuation.", "PMID": 1054903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1442", "title": "The allometric growth of the skull. General mode and prediction of facial growth.", "content": "Analysis of skull growth in three dimensions indicates that the process is precise and ordered. It can be logarithmically represented as an expansive process taking place in straight lines. This permits prediction of future shape by forward projection of lines derived from at least two records taken at an early age. Although these longitudinal studies have been carried out in animals, the similarity between human and animal cross-sectional material suggests that the mode of growth of the human skull follows the same principles. It should be possible, with the development of more accurate recording techniques suitable for analysis in three dimensions, to project the future shape of the human skull with a substantial degree of accuracy.", "contents": "The allometric growth of the skull. General mode and prediction of facial growth. Analysis of skull growth in three dimensions indicates that the process is precise and ordered. It can be logarithmically represented as an expansive process taking place in straight lines. This permits prediction of future shape by forward projection of lines derived from at least two records taken at an early age. Although these longitudinal studies have been carried out in animals, the similarity between human and animal cross-sectional material suggests that the mode of growth of the human skull follows the same principles. It should be possible, with the development of more accurate recording techniques suitable for analysis in three dimensions, to project the future shape of the human skull with a substantial degree of accuracy.", "PMID": 1054915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1443", "title": "Early or late cervical traction therapy of Class II malocclusion in the mixed dentition.", "content": "It was the purpose of this investigation to evaluate the effect of cervical traction in Class II malocclusions in which treatment was started either early or late in the mixed dentition. Evaluation of the data indicated that the amount and direction of growth were of the greatest importance for effective treatment. Vertical growth appeared to be of particular importance and correlated to the anteroposterior improvement of the relationship between the maxilla and the mandible. Cervical traction, as advocated in this study, was more favorable in the early mixed dentition. A greater amount of growth and a subsequent increased reduction in the ANB angle was recorded during this period. The effect of treatment upon the maxilla, as revealed in posterior movement of the maxillary molar and the pterygomaxillary fissure, was more evident in early treatment. Great individual variability was observed, but in cases in which there was a severe discrepancy in the relationship between the maxilla and the mandible treatment in the early mixed dentition may be essential.", "contents": "Early or late cervical traction therapy of Class II malocclusion in the mixed dentition. It was the purpose of this investigation to evaluate the effect of cervical traction in Class II malocclusions in which treatment was started either early or late in the mixed dentition. Evaluation of the data indicated that the amount and direction of growth were of the greatest importance for effective treatment. Vertical growth appeared to be of particular importance and correlated to the anteroposterior improvement of the relationship between the maxilla and the mandible. Cervical traction, as advocated in this study, was more favorable in the early mixed dentition. A greater amount of growth and a subsequent increased reduction in the ANB angle was recorded during this period. The effect of treatment upon the maxilla, as revealed in posterior movement of the maxillary molar and the pterygomaxillary fissure, was more evident in early treatment. Great individual variability was observed, but in cases in which there was a severe discrepancy in the relationship between the maxilla and the mandible treatment in the early mixed dentition may be essential.", "PMID": 1054917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1444", "title": "[The fructose induced \"glycogenosis\". I. Ultrastructural and morphometric analysis of rat hepatocytes 7 days after fructose overload (author's transl)].", "content": "Infusion of fructose has been shown to stimulate the SER and to reduce the RER in rat liver cells. After feeding fructose of 7 days a glycogenosis of unknown pathogenesis occurs, which was analysed morphometrically. 60% fructose in water, was given as drinking water to animals deprived of other food. Controls had free access to Altromin-R-standard diet and drinking water. Liver tissue was analysed morphometrically according to the methods described by Weibel. Rat hepatocytes accumulate a material with histochemical properties of glycogen. The enlargement of hepatic nuclei is probably due to a pathological edema. The SER is decreased suggesting a drop of glycogen catabolizing enzymes. The drastic reduction of the RER and the non-membrane bound ribosomes are signs of inpeeded protein synthesis. According to this, the peroxisomes, which arise from the RER, are decreased in volume and number. The hepatocellular chondrioma is transformed morphometrically in a smaller number of larger, pleomorphic and cup-shaped mitochondria. The ATP level drops while, on the other hand, the cristeal membranes increase. This might be caused by a negative feed back mechanism. The hepatocellular cytoarchitecture described is similar to the one found in glycogenosis type I and in the cerebrohepato-renal syndrom.", "contents": "[The fructose induced \"glycogenosis\". I. Ultrastructural and morphometric analysis of rat hepatocytes 7 days after fructose overload (author's transl)]. Infusion of fructose has been shown to stimulate the SER and to reduce the RER in rat liver cells. After feeding fructose of 7 days a glycogenosis of unknown pathogenesis occurs, which was analysed morphometrically. 60% fructose in water, was given as drinking water to animals deprived of other food. Controls had free access to Altromin-R-standard diet and drinking water. Liver tissue was analysed morphometrically according to the methods described by Weibel. Rat hepatocytes accumulate a material with histochemical properties of glycogen. The enlargement of hepatic nuclei is probably due to a pathological edema. The SER is decreased suggesting a drop of glycogen catabolizing enzymes. The drastic reduction of the RER and the non-membrane bound ribosomes are signs of inpeeded protein synthesis. According to this, the peroxisomes, which arise from the RER, are decreased in volume and number. The hepatocellular chondrioma is transformed morphometrically in a smaller number of larger, pleomorphic and cup-shaped mitochondria. The ATP level drops while, on the other hand, the cristeal membranes increase. This might be caused by a negative feed back mechanism. The hepatocellular cytoarchitecture described is similar to the one found in glycogenosis type I and in the cerebrohepato-renal syndrom.", "PMID": 1054926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1445", "title": "Thermometric estimation of carbon dioxide output in the anesthetized patient.", "content": "A thermometer reaching the center of an experimental thermally-insulated lime container, placed in the exhalation limb of a Foregger circle system, was used to measure the carbon dioxide (C02) output of a paralyzed anesthetized patient. Fresh gas inflow, ventilatory rate, and tidal volume were standard. Temperature rise in the canister was found closely related to CO2 output, which was calculated, after a period of stabilization, with the help of a nomogram. The results with this simple instrument coincided with those of more complex procedures.", "contents": "Thermometric estimation of carbon dioxide output in the anesthetized patient. A thermometer reaching the center of an experimental thermally-insulated lime container, placed in the exhalation limb of a Foregger circle system, was used to measure the carbon dioxide (C02) output of a paralyzed anesthetized patient. Fresh gas inflow, ventilatory rate, and tidal volume were standard. Temperature rise in the canister was found closely related to CO2 output, which was calculated, after a period of stabilization, with the help of a nomogram. The results with this simple instrument coincided with those of more complex procedures.", "PMID": 1054927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1446", "title": "The numenon and the phenomenon.", "content": "A bolus of 3 mg. of atropine was given intravenously (I.V.) to 123 anesthetized patients. Increases in heart rate were seen in 109 patients (88 percent), while 7 patients (5.7 percent) had decreases and 7 others (5.7 percent) had no change. A mean increase in systolic arterial blood pressure of 14 mm. Hg was noted. A certain pattern in increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure was observed. Ninety-six percent of the patients under cyclopropane, fluorexene, ether, ketamine, or regional (spinal or epidural) anesthesia had heart-rate increases compared with only 77 to 89 percent of the patients anesthetized with halothane, enflurane, or neuroleptanalgesics. Rise in systolic blood pressure was seen in 40 to 50 percent of the former, but only in 31 to 40 percent of the latter group. The arrhythmias observed were transient A-V junctional tachycardias in three instances and bigeminal rhythm in one patient under cyclopropane anesthesia. The administration of a vagolytic dose of atropine to anesthetized patients appears not to be as arrhythmogenic as previously considered.", "contents": "The numenon and the phenomenon. A bolus of 3 mg. of atropine was given intravenously (I.V.) to 123 anesthetized patients. Increases in heart rate were seen in 109 patients (88 percent), while 7 patients (5.7 percent) had decreases and 7 others (5.7 percent) had no change. A mean increase in systolic arterial blood pressure of 14 mm. Hg was noted. A certain pattern in increases in heart rate and systolic blood pressure was observed. Ninety-six percent of the patients under cyclopropane, fluorexene, ether, ketamine, or regional (spinal or epidural) anesthesia had heart-rate increases compared with only 77 to 89 percent of the patients anesthetized with halothane, enflurane, or neuroleptanalgesics. Rise in systolic blood pressure was seen in 40 to 50 percent of the former, but only in 31 to 40 percent of the latter group. The arrhythmias observed were transient A-V junctional tachycardias in three instances and bigeminal rhythm in one patient under cyclopropane anesthesia. The administration of a vagolytic dose of atropine to anesthetized patients appears not to be as arrhythmogenic as previously considered.", "PMID": 1054928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1447", "title": "Fluoride application procedures in orthodontic practice, current concepts.", "content": "A survey is given of present knowledge of different methods of fluoride administration with emphasis on practical measures of proved value for orthodontic patients. The review covers different F administration procedures by dental personnel and self-application and includes the use of prophylaxis pastes, topical solutions, gels, mouth rinses, dentifrices, tablets, cements, coatings, varnishes, etc. Some recommendations are given as to optimal programs in orthodontic practice based upon evaluations of clinical effectiveness, safety and ease of application. Some caries reduction has been obtained from professional application of F prophylaxis pastes, but F pastes cannot replace topical F application. Treatment with F gels or solutions preceded by thorough cleaning and drying of the teeth is advocated before the placement of appliances and at recementations. Because F solutions are tedious to apply, and not more effective than F gels, the latter are preferable. APF gel application is suited in conjunction with impression taking. Daily self-application of SnF2 gels undoubtedly is effective in reducing caries in orthodontic patients. However, daily NaF or APF mouth rinses may have the dual effect of caries inhibition and stimulating hygiene interest and are more thoroughly tested. In addition to the other forms of F administration, a F dentifrice should be used regularly. Daily F application is appropriate also for orthodontic patients in fluoridated areas. In vitro studies with F cements indicate a great F uptake by the enamel, but controlled, long-term clinical studies are lacking. Also the final judgment of a number of new coating techniques and F varnishes must await further clinical testing, although a beneficial effect of F sealing in orthodontic patients is substantiated. In conclusion, APF gel application before insertion of appliances and at regular recementations plus daily rinsing with dilute NaF or APF solutions throughout the periods of treatment and retention plus the regular use of a F dentifrice is recommended as a routine procedure for all orthodontic patients.", "contents": "Fluoride application procedures in orthodontic practice, current concepts. A survey is given of present knowledge of different methods of fluoride administration with emphasis on practical measures of proved value for orthodontic patients. The review covers different F administration procedures by dental personnel and self-application and includes the use of prophylaxis pastes, topical solutions, gels, mouth rinses, dentifrices, tablets, cements, coatings, varnishes, etc. Some recommendations are given as to optimal programs in orthodontic practice based upon evaluations of clinical effectiveness, safety and ease of application. Some caries reduction has been obtained from professional application of F prophylaxis pastes, but F pastes cannot replace topical F application. Treatment with F gels or solutions preceded by thorough cleaning and drying of the teeth is advocated before the placement of appliances and at recementations. Because F solutions are tedious to apply, and not more effective than F gels, the latter are preferable. APF gel application is suited in conjunction with impression taking. Daily self-application of SnF2 gels undoubtedly is effective in reducing caries in orthodontic patients. However, daily NaF or APF mouth rinses may have the dual effect of caries inhibition and stimulating hygiene interest and are more thoroughly tested. In addition to the other forms of F administration, a F dentifrice should be used regularly. Daily F application is appropriate also for orthodontic patients in fluoridated areas. In vitro studies with F cements indicate a great F uptake by the enamel, but controlled, long-term clinical studies are lacking. Also the final judgment of a number of new coating techniques and F varnishes must await further clinical testing, although a beneficial effect of F sealing in orthodontic patients is substantiated. In conclusion, APF gel application before insertion of appliances and at regular recementations plus daily rinsing with dilute NaF or APF solutions throughout the periods of treatment and retention plus the regular use of a F dentifrice is recommended as a routine procedure for all orthodontic patients.", "PMID": 1054935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1448", "title": "Experiments with unilateral bite planes in rabbits.", "content": "1. Insertion of bite planes on the right mandibular lateral teeth of eight young rabbits caused load changes in the masticatory system. Eight other animals served as controls. 2. The induced changes were equilibrated during the nine-week experimental period by adapation processes. At the end of the period all teeth were in occlusion and the glenoid fossa-condylar process distance was equal on both sides. 3. The adaptation was the result of several mechanisms working together. We found changes in the alveolar region and at distant growth structures. Cranial scolioses were observed. 4. Masticatory functional loading is a factor which regulates growth in the region of the facial skeleton.", "contents": "Experiments with unilateral bite planes in rabbits. 1. Insertion of bite planes on the right mandibular lateral teeth of eight young rabbits caused load changes in the masticatory system. Eight other animals served as controls. 2. The induced changes were equilibrated during the nine-week experimental period by adapation processes. At the end of the period all teeth were in occlusion and the glenoid fossa-condylar process distance was equal on both sides. 3. The adaptation was the result of several mechanisms working together. We found changes in the alveolar region and at distant growth structures. Cranial scolioses were observed. 4. Masticatory functional loading is a factor which regulates growth in the region of the facial skeleton.", "PMID": 1054937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1449", "title": "A longitudinal study of rest position and centric occlusion.", "content": "A fifteen-year longitudinal study of rest position and centric occlusion was done on sixteen dentulous subjects with random occlusions. In reviewing the literature the author could find no other investigation with this number of years interim. Records consisted of lateral cephalometric roentgenograms taken when the patient was in rest position and in centric occlusion. Rest position was determined by the patient saying \"m\" and swallowing, and electromyographically when the anterior belly of the digastric and the temporalis muscles elicited the electrical activity. Both linear and angular measurements were made. The figures from 1958, 1959, and 1960 were averaged and compared with the mean of those taken in 1973. Rest position was found to have a small range of stability in all subjects, while the vertical dimension of centric occlusion increased in ten subjects, decreased in two, and remained the same in four.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of rest position and centric occlusion. A fifteen-year longitudinal study of rest position and centric occlusion was done on sixteen dentulous subjects with random occlusions. In reviewing the literature the author could find no other investigation with this number of years interim. Records consisted of lateral cephalometric roentgenograms taken when the patient was in rest position and in centric occlusion. Rest position was determined by the patient saying \"m\" and swallowing, and electromyographically when the anterior belly of the digastric and the temporalis muscles elicited the electrical activity. Both linear and angular measurements were made. The figures from 1958, 1959, and 1960 were averaged and compared with the mean of those taken in 1973. Rest position was found to have a small range of stability in all subjects, while the vertical dimension of centric occlusion increased in ten subjects, decreased in two, and remained the same in four.", "PMID": 1054940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1450", "title": "Othodontic aspects of dental anthropology.", "content": "Variation in the size, shape, number, arrangement, and wear pattern of the teeth of man has long been an area of great interest to physical anthropologists. In this paper some of the remarkable variations to be found in the human dentition are identified and translated in orthodontic terms. Teeth are by nature imperfect structures, often just as disfigured individually as the malocclusions they form collectively. It is important that the orthodontist cultivates an anthropologist's eye for tooth variations. With this sensitivity he shall surely enlarge his understanding of the limitations of orthodontic therapy and shall appreciate the valuable role of tooth altering procedures in achieving treatment success.", "contents": "Othodontic aspects of dental anthropology. Variation in the size, shape, number, arrangement, and wear pattern of the teeth of man has long been an area of great interest to physical anthropologists. In this paper some of the remarkable variations to be found in the human dentition are identified and translated in orthodontic terms. Teeth are by nature imperfect structures, often just as disfigured individually as the malocclusions they form collectively. It is important that the orthodontist cultivates an anthropologist's eye for tooth variations. With this sensitivity he shall surely enlarge his understanding of the limitations of orthodontic therapy and shall appreciate the valuable role of tooth altering procedures in achieving treatment success.", "PMID": 1054945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1451", "title": "Hematogenous dissemination of ingested polyvinyl chloride particles.", "content": "Persorption of large, hard, insoluble, solid particles in micrometer size range is observed with regularity. It is a normal biological effect on the food passage through the intestine. Persorbability of particles is determined by the size of the particles and by their consistency and hardness. PVC particles in micrometer size range are very suitable as models to study persorbability in animals and the hematogenous dissemination of PVC particles. After oral administration of PVC particles to animals, many PVC particles can be found in the blood. Through the bloodsteam they are disseminated in all organs, where individual particles can be found for a long time later.", "contents": "Hematogenous dissemination of ingested polyvinyl chloride particles. Persorption of large, hard, insoluble, solid particles in micrometer size range is observed with regularity. It is a normal biological effect on the food passage through the intestine. Persorbability of particles is determined by the size of the particles and by their consistency and hardness. PVC particles in micrometer size range are very suitable as models to study persorbability in animals and the hematogenous dissemination of PVC particles. After oral administration of PVC particles to animals, many PVC particles can be found in the blood. Through the bloodsteam they are disseminated in all organs, where individual particles can be found for a long time later.", "PMID": 1054950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1452", "title": "Alterations of liver and spleen among workers exposed to vinyl chloride.", "content": "Preliminary review of hepatic biopsy and autopsy specimens obtained from workers engaged for prolonged periods in the polymerization of vinyl chloride indicates a fibrotic precursor lesion in the liver. It is the only lesion in some instances but also was found in the uninvolved liver of patients with angiosarcoma and in two instances in liver biopsy specimens obtained before angiosarcoma developed. This precursor stage is characterized by a conspicuous subcapsular fibrosis, a nonpathognomonic progressive portal fibrosis, and a borderline increase of intralobular connective tissue, all associated with focal stimulation of sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes. This precursor stage is often accompanied by splenomegaly with enlarged Malpighian follicles and in some instances by portal hypertension requiring portacaval shunt because of variceal hemorrhage. The portal hypertension is explained by increased splenic blood flow in the face of nondistensible fibrotic portal tracts as well as Glisson's capsule. Transition to angiosarcoma is preceded by focal dilatation of sinusoids with even greater activation but dedifferentiation of their lining cells. This lesion is presumably the result of stimulation of various hepatic as well as splenic cells by vinyl chloride or its metabolites. The demonstrated evolution is identical with that following prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenicals. It is postulated also that other instances of inconspicuous hepatic fibrosis associated with splenomegaly and often with portal hypertension, a combination designated as Banti's syndrome or \"idiopathic portal hypertension,\" are the result of a toxic, possibly environmental agent, particularly since the disease is found with greater frequency in some parts of the world. The delineation of the fibrotic precursor stage in the liver may assist in the epidemiologic studies of the vinyl chloride-induced injury.", "contents": "Alterations of liver and spleen among workers exposed to vinyl chloride. Preliminary review of hepatic biopsy and autopsy specimens obtained from workers engaged for prolonged periods in the polymerization of vinyl chloride indicates a fibrotic precursor lesion in the liver. It is the only lesion in some instances but also was found in the uninvolved liver of patients with angiosarcoma and in two instances in liver biopsy specimens obtained before angiosarcoma developed. This precursor stage is characterized by a conspicuous subcapsular fibrosis, a nonpathognomonic progressive portal fibrosis, and a borderline increase of intralobular connective tissue, all associated with focal stimulation of sinusoidal lining cells and hepatocytes. This precursor stage is often accompanied by splenomegaly with enlarged Malpighian follicles and in some instances by portal hypertension requiring portacaval shunt because of variceal hemorrhage. The portal hypertension is explained by increased splenic blood flow in the face of nondistensible fibrotic portal tracts as well as Glisson's capsule. Transition to angiosarcoma is preceded by focal dilatation of sinusoids with even greater activation but dedifferentiation of their lining cells. This lesion is presumably the result of stimulation of various hepatic as well as splenic cells by vinyl chloride or its metabolites. The demonstrated evolution is identical with that following prolonged exposure to inorganic arsenicals. It is postulated also that other instances of inconspicuous hepatic fibrosis associated with splenomegaly and often with portal hypertension, a combination designated as Banti's syndrome or \"idiopathic portal hypertension,\" are the result of a toxic, possibly environmental agent, particularly since the disease is found with greater frequency in some parts of the world. The delineation of the fibrotic precursor stage in the liver may assist in the epidemiologic studies of the vinyl chloride-induced injury.", "PMID": 1054951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1453", "title": "Mortality experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers.", "content": "These data are derived from early follow-up of individuals exposed for 5 or more years to vinyl chloride in a polymerization facility. At least 17 percent of the deaths that occurred were causally related to exposure to vinyl chloride. Longer periods of observation are required to provide information concerning the full spectrum of vinyl chloride-induced malignancies and their incidence among exposed workers. These data speak for the need to prevent exposure to vinyl chloride and for surveillance and early disease detection of those who have experienced vinyl chloride exposures in the past.", "contents": "Mortality experience of a cohort of vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers. These data are derived from early follow-up of individuals exposed for 5 or more years to vinyl chloride in a polymerization facility. At least 17 percent of the deaths that occurred were causally related to exposure to vinyl chloride. Longer periods of observation are required to provide information concerning the full spectrum of vinyl chloride-induced malignancies and their incidence among exposed workers. These data speak for the need to prevent exposure to vinyl chloride and for surveillance and early disease detection of those who have experienced vinyl chloride exposures in the past.", "PMID": 1054955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1454", "title": "Characteristics of cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride workers in the United States.", "content": "A total of 13 cases of ASL have been documented to date among VC workers in four different plants in the United States. In this particular industrial population, this number of cases represents at least a 400-fold increase over expected incidence for this extremely rare tumor. The first case occurred in 1961. Average age at diagnosis is 48.2 years. Average length of time between initial VC work and diagnosis has been 20.3 years. A detailed review of 7 cases associated with one plant revealed that clinical features varied from little or no overt illness prior to diagnosis to advanced liver disease with portal hypertension and marked splenomegaly. Portal fibrosis was present in all 7 of these ASL cases as well as in 4 additional cases with non-malignant liver disease among VC workers at the same plant. These findings suggest that exposure to VCM in industrial settings can produce hepatic fibrosis with angiosarcoma as a late manifestation. Conventional liver function tests may not be sensitive indicators of such liver impairment, at least in its early stages.", "contents": "Characteristics of cases of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride workers in the United States. A total of 13 cases of ASL have been documented to date among VC workers in four different plants in the United States. In this particular industrial population, this number of cases represents at least a 400-fold increase over expected incidence for this extremely rare tumor. The first case occurred in 1961. Average age at diagnosis is 48.2 years. Average length of time between initial VC work and diagnosis has been 20.3 years. A detailed review of 7 cases associated with one plant revealed that clinical features varied from little or no overt illness prior to diagnosis to advanced liver disease with portal hypertension and marked splenomegaly. Portal fibrosis was present in all 7 of these ASL cases as well as in 4 additional cases with non-malignant liver disease among VC workers at the same plant. These findings suggest that exposure to VCM in industrial settings can produce hepatic fibrosis with angiosarcoma as a late manifestation. Conventional liver function tests may not be sensitive indicators of such liver impairment, at least in its early stages.", "PMID": 1054956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1455", "title": "From mouse to man--or how to get from the laboratory to Park Avenue and 59th Street.", "content": "Where does this all leave us? It leaves us able to develop rather good animal data at dose levels that do not really interest us. That is a first-class highway that takes us where we do not want to go. It leaves us unlikely to be able to develop good data at \"realistic\" doses. To extrapolate animal results to man exposed at these \"realistic\" doses today requires assuming a mathematical model of dose-response in the animal and conservative use of this model. Then we have to jump from one species to another in ignorance of the terrain of the landing site, i.e., the many species differences. However, we will have knowledge of some important species similarities and that makes the jump a lot less dangerous. With respect to costs and benefits we are just beginning to understand some of the implications of the arithmetic. We have begun to see that there are few, if any, good ways of totaling the costs or computing the benefits. Cost-benefit may be another blind alley. Tomorrow and the next day we must do the appropriate research on species differences in metabolism and in the mathematics of the modeling and extrapolation--as a minimum. The socially related issues, such as what is an acceptable risk, what are the costs, what are the benefits, must be discussed in the open, freely. This implies recognizing that someone's costs may be someone else's benefits. (Our medical costs are our physician's source of living.) The inputs to the cost-benefit algebra are not well worked out. Our ways of working must include the adversary approach as well as the pleasanter way of cooperation. And today, we must get to precautionary decisions for man's safety and health based on the road maps from animal data--inadequate as they are. We have gotten to the neighborhood of Park Avenue and 59th Street and we can probably one day get to a lot of other places.", "contents": "From mouse to man--or how to get from the laboratory to Park Avenue and 59th Street. Where does this all leave us? It leaves us able to develop rather good animal data at dose levels that do not really interest us. That is a first-class highway that takes us where we do not want to go. It leaves us unlikely to be able to develop good data at \"realistic\" doses. To extrapolate animal results to man exposed at these \"realistic\" doses today requires assuming a mathematical model of dose-response in the animal and conservative use of this model. Then we have to jump from one species to another in ignorance of the terrain of the landing site, i.e., the many species differences. However, we will have knowledge of some important species similarities and that makes the jump a lot less dangerous. With respect to costs and benefits we are just beginning to understand some of the implications of the arithmetic. We have begun to see that there are few, if any, good ways of totaling the costs or computing the benefits. Cost-benefit may be another blind alley. Tomorrow and the next day we must do the appropriate research on species differences in metabolism and in the mathematics of the modeling and extrapolation--as a minimum. The socially related issues, such as what is an acceptable risk, what are the costs, what are the benefits, must be discussed in the open, freely. This implies recognizing that someone's costs may be someone else's benefits. (Our medical costs are our physician's source of living.) The inputs to the cost-benefit algebra are not well worked out. Our ways of working must include the adversary approach as well as the pleasanter way of cooperation. And today, we must get to precautionary decisions for man's safety and health based on the road maps from animal data--inadequate as they are. We have gotten to the neighborhood of Park Avenue and 59th Street and we can probably one day get to a lot of other places.", "PMID": 1054957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1456", "title": "Pathology of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers.", "content": "We described the histologic features of 13 hepatic angiosarcomas which developed in workers engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride to polyvinyl chloride. Although the histologic features varied considerably in different portions of the angiosarcoma in the same liver and in the angiosarcomas of the liver from different patients, many features were similar such as sinusoidal, papillary, and cavernous growth patterns coincident with the precursor lesions of proliferation and atypia of sinusoidal lining cells.", "contents": "Pathology of angiosarcoma of the liver among vinyl chloride-polyvinyl chloride workers. We described the histologic features of 13 hepatic angiosarcomas which developed in workers engaged in the polymerization of vinyl chloride to polyvinyl chloride. Although the histologic features varied considerably in different portions of the angiosarcoma in the same liver and in the angiosarcomas of the liver from different patients, many features were similar such as sinusoidal, papillary, and cavernous growth patterns coincident with the precursor lesions of proliferation and atypia of sinusoidal lining cells.", "PMID": 1054961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1457", "title": "Changes in pulmonary function in workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride.", "content": "To determine whether occupational exposure to vinyl chloride gas and polyvinyl chloride dust is associated with changes in pulmonary function, spirometry and maximum expiratory flow-volume curves were obtained in 348 workers in a VC polymerization plant. The major finding was diminution in air flow in 200 workers (57.5 percent). This abnormality correlated with age and duration of exposure. A relationship with smoking was noted only in younger workers with exposures of less than 10 years. When age exceeded 40 years or exposure 20 years, prevalence of this impairment was similar in smokers and nonsmokers, suggesting that occupational or other environmental factors were operative.", "contents": "Changes in pulmonary function in workers exposed to vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. To determine whether occupational exposure to vinyl chloride gas and polyvinyl chloride dust is associated with changes in pulmonary function, spirometry and maximum expiratory flow-volume curves were obtained in 348 workers in a VC polymerization plant. The major finding was diminution in air flow in 200 workers (57.5 percent). This abnormality correlated with age and duration of exposure. A relationship with smoking was noted only in younger workers with exposures of less than 10 years. When age exceeded 40 years or exposure 20 years, prevalence of this impairment was similar in smokers and nonsmokers, suggesting that occupational or other environmental factors were operative.", "PMID": 1054969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1458", "title": "Liver disease among polyvinyl chloride production workers.", "content": "A protocol for systematic testing of all employees of a chemical plant is presented. This factory manufactures polyvinyl chloride compounds and resins, ABS compounds and resins, and synthetic rubber. The results were reviewed, which led to the discovery of 2 additional cases of angiosarcoma and 11 cases of portal fibrosis. Two of the 11 cases were found to have developed in employees other than polyvinyl chloride production workers.", "contents": "Liver disease among polyvinyl chloride production workers. A protocol for systematic testing of all employees of a chemical plant is presented. This factory manufactures polyvinyl chloride compounds and resins, ABS compounds and resins, and synthetic rubber. The results were reviewed, which led to the discovery of 2 additional cases of angiosarcoma and 11 cases of portal fibrosis. Two of the 11 cases were found to have developed in employees other than polyvinyl chloride production workers.", "PMID": 1054974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1459", "title": "A method of localisation and fixation for mid-facial osteotomies.", "content": "A preliminary report on a method of localisation and fixation for mid-facial osteotomies is described. The method depends on the localisation of the mandible in a predetermined open-mouth position, so allowing surgery to be performed with an oral tube. The method offers advantages in terms of surgical safety and accuracy. It is theoretically applicable to a wider range of osteotomies than the Le Fort II procedure described here.", "contents": "A method of localisation and fixation for mid-facial osteotomies. A preliminary report on a method of localisation and fixation for mid-facial osteotomies is described. The method depends on the localisation of the mandible in a predetermined open-mouth position, so allowing surgery to be performed with an oral tube. The method offers advantages in terms of surgical safety and accuracy. It is theoretically applicable to a wider range of osteotomies than the Le Fort II procedure described here.", "PMID": 1055002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1460", "title": "The indications for the transplantation of maxillary canines in the light of 100 cases.", "content": "One hundred cases of autogenous transplantation of maxillary canines are reviewed and the results assessed. They were divided into Group A, 50 cases 3 to 10 years out of retention, and Froup B, 50 consecutive cases 1 to 3 years out of retention. If the criteria for success depended on a normal response to vitality test, 62 per cent of Group A and 24 per cent of Group B were successful. If a prognosis rating was used, 68 per cent of Group A and 72 per cent of Group B had a good prognosis.", "contents": "The indications for the transplantation of maxillary canines in the light of 100 cases. One hundred cases of autogenous transplantation of maxillary canines are reviewed and the results assessed. They were divided into Group A, 50 cases 3 to 10 years out of retention, and Froup B, 50 consecutive cases 1 to 3 years out of retention. If the criteria for success depended on a normal response to vitality test, 62 per cent of Group A and 24 per cent of Group B were successful. If a prognosis rating was used, 68 per cent of Group A and 72 per cent of Group B had a good prognosis.", "PMID": 1055003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1461", "title": "Rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "An investigation into the involvement of the temporomandibular joint in rheumatoid arthritis is described. There is evidence to show that is is affected in two-thirds of all cases of the disease, and this figure agrees broadly with other recent studies. The clinical and radiographic presentation is discussed and its relationship to degenerative disease (osteoarthosis) of the temporomandibular joint is shown. The clinical course of this manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis is proposed and a line of treatment is suggested.", "contents": "Rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joint. An investigation into the involvement of the temporomandibular joint in rheumatoid arthritis is described. There is evidence to show that is is affected in two-thirds of all cases of the disease, and this figure agrees broadly with other recent studies. The clinical and radiographic presentation is discussed and its relationship to degenerative disease (osteoarthosis) of the temporomandibular joint is shown. The clinical course of this manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis is proposed and a line of treatment is suggested.", "PMID": 1055004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1462", "title": "Jaundice following oral surgery: Gilberts syndrome.", "content": "Jaundice developed in two patients following dental operations under general anaesthesia. Gilbert's Syndrome was established as the diagnosis. Caloric deprivation at the time of surgery resulted in the increased plasma concentration of unconjugated bilirubin. The pathogenesis of this not uncommon disorder and the mechanism of fasting hyperbilirubinaemia is discussed.", "contents": "Jaundice following oral surgery: Gilberts syndrome. Jaundice developed in two patients following dental operations under general anaesthesia. Gilbert's Syndrome was established as the diagnosis. Caloric deprivation at the time of surgery resulted in the increased plasma concentration of unconjugated bilirubin. The pathogenesis of this not uncommon disorder and the mechanism of fasting hyperbilirubinaemia is discussed.", "PMID": 1055005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1463", "title": "Tetrahydrofolic acid: an inhibitor of the methyltetrahydrofolic acid-mediated methylation of indolethylamines.", "content": "Tetrahydrofolic acid exerts a product inhibition on the methyltetrahydrofolic acid-mediated methylation of indolethylamines. Kinetic studies showed that this inhibition was competitive with respect to methyltetrahydrofolic acid and non-competitive with respect to N-methylserotonin. Chromatographic separation of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent indolethylamine N-methyltransferase and methyltetrahydrofolic acid-dependent methyltransferase from rabbit lung was obtained. There was no cross reaction of the two enzymes to tetrahydrofolic acid, S-adenosylhomocysteine, N, N-dimethyltryptamine or bufotenin.", "contents": "Tetrahydrofolic acid: an inhibitor of the methyltetrahydrofolic acid-mediated methylation of indolethylamines. Tetrahydrofolic acid exerts a product inhibition on the methyltetrahydrofolic acid-mediated methylation of indolethylamines. Kinetic studies showed that this inhibition was competitive with respect to methyltetrahydrofolic acid and non-competitive with respect to N-methylserotonin. Chromatographic separation of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent indolethylamine N-methyltransferase and methyltetrahydrofolic acid-dependent methyltransferase from rabbit lung was obtained. There was no cross reaction of the two enzymes to tetrahydrofolic acid, S-adenosylhomocysteine, N, N-dimethyltryptamine or bufotenin.", "PMID": 1055009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1464", "title": "Removal of abnormal clone of leukaemic cells by splenectomy.", "content": "A patient with chronic myelocytic leukaemia positive for the Philadelphia (Ph-1) chromosome underwent splenectomy in the \"terminal phase\" of his disease. Chromosomal analysis of a marrow aspirate obtained during the operation showed nothing abnormal. Material from the spleen, however, showed the absence of a C chromosome and the presence of a \"marker\" chromosome in all metaphases examined. The patient did well for almost three years after splenectomy, and serial cytogenetic studies of marrow specimens showed the Ph-1 chromosome to be the only significant abnormality. Six months before death from recurrent blastic transformation aneuploidy was found in a marrow specimen. Subsequently additional abnormalities, including cells with two Ph-1 chromosomes, were detected. The karyotypic abnormalities found in the splenic specimen, however, never recurred.", "contents": "Removal of abnormal clone of leukaemic cells by splenectomy. A patient with chronic myelocytic leukaemia positive for the Philadelphia (Ph-1) chromosome underwent splenectomy in the \"terminal phase\" of his disease. Chromosomal analysis of a marrow aspirate obtained during the operation showed nothing abnormal. Material from the spleen, however, showed the absence of a C chromosome and the presence of a \"marker\" chromosome in all metaphases examined. The patient did well for almost three years after splenectomy, and serial cytogenetic studies of marrow specimens showed the Ph-1 chromosome to be the only significant abnormality. Six months before death from recurrent blastic transformation aneuploidy was found in a marrow specimen. Subsequently additional abnormalities, including cells with two Ph-1 chromosomes, were detected. The karyotypic abnormalities found in the splenic specimen, however, never recurred.", "PMID": 1055011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1465", "title": "Granulocytic sarcoma of the orbit. Report of a case.", "content": "A 14-year-old youth had a 2 month history of proptosis of the left eye when he developed pain in the left thigh. Physical examination revealed a mass involving the left orbit and a neurologic deficit suggestive of involvement of the left lumbosacral plexus. The mass, a left frontal epidural tumor, was removed surgically. Subsequently, he developed marked anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute granulocytic leukemia. He was treated with various anticancer agents but he did not respond well and he expired two months later. Postmortem examination revealed anaplatic granulocytic cells infiltrating numerous tissues including the conjunctiva, choroid, and leptomeninges. Marked degenerative changes of the left retina and bilateral papilledema were evident.", "contents": "Granulocytic sarcoma of the orbit. Report of a case. A 14-year-old youth had a 2 month history of proptosis of the left eye when he developed pain in the left thigh. Physical examination revealed a mass involving the left orbit and a neurologic deficit suggestive of involvement of the left lumbosacral plexus. The mass, a left frontal epidural tumor, was removed surgically. Subsequently, he developed marked anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute granulocytic leukemia. He was treated with various anticancer agents but he did not respond well and he expired two months later. Postmortem examination revealed anaplatic granulocytic cells infiltrating numerous tissues including the conjunctiva, choroid, and leptomeninges. Marked degenerative changes of the left retina and bilateral papilledema were evident.", "PMID": 1055015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1466", "title": "A resistometric study of order-hardening in dental gold alloys.", "content": "The ordering process in gold-copper-silver dental alloys was studied by means of isochoronal and isothermal resistivity measurement. Because the stable existing temperature range of orthorhombic superlattice was unexpectedly extended to lower temperature by the addition of silver to gold-copper binary alloy, the ordering velocity in these alloys are considerably slower than that of binary stoichiometric AuCu alloy. Activation energy, the order of the reaction, and rate constant for growing process were established. The difference in growing mechanisms depending on gold concentration was deduced from the kinetics data.", "contents": "A resistometric study of order-hardening in dental gold alloys. The ordering process in gold-copper-silver dental alloys was studied by means of isochoronal and isothermal resistivity measurement. Because the stable existing temperature range of orthorhombic superlattice was unexpectedly extended to lower temperature by the addition of silver to gold-copper binary alloy, the ordering velocity in these alloys are considerably slower than that of binary stoichiometric AuCu alloy. Activation energy, the order of the reaction, and rate constant for growing process were established. The difference in growing mechanisms depending on gold concentration was deduced from the kinetics data.", "PMID": 1055021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1467", "title": "Abnormalities of the sciatic nerves of dystrophic mice, with reference to nerve counts and mean area of axons.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes of the sciatic nerves of c58bl/6j-dydy mice were examined. Nerve counts were calculated and the area of axons was measured in these nerve tissue. Many large bundles of unmyelinated nerves were observed at the proximal portion of the sciatic nerve without cytoplasm or basement membrane of the Schwann cell. These bundles were composed of axons of various sizes and shapes, including some vary large axons. The large unmyelinated axons decreased in number and size as nerves descended to the distal portion. The myelinated nerves showed irregular shapes. Some myelinated nerves were enveloped in very thin myelin sheaths for the mouse age. The destructed myelin was often observed from the radix to the  distal portion of sciatic nerves. They lost their myelin sheaths at the Ranvier node, and descended for long  distances with naked axons. The neighboring myelin segments of naken axons showed unusually bizarre shapes. They seemed to be the abnormal development of the demyelinated axons. Such findings were very similar to those of the embryonal developing peripheral nerves.  It was concluded that the muscular dystrophy of the C57BL/6J-dydy mice might be related to dysmyelination and to the decrease in the number of myelinated nerves.", "contents": "Abnormalities of the sciatic nerves of dystrophic mice, with reference to nerve counts and mean area of axons. Ultrastructural changes of the sciatic nerves of c58bl/6j-dydy mice were examined. Nerve counts were calculated and the area of axons was measured in these nerve tissue. Many large bundles of unmyelinated nerves were observed at the proximal portion of the sciatic nerve without cytoplasm or basement membrane of the Schwann cell. These bundles were composed of axons of various sizes and shapes, including some vary large axons. The large unmyelinated axons decreased in number and size as nerves descended to the distal portion. The myelinated nerves showed irregular shapes. Some myelinated nerves were enveloped in very thin myelin sheaths for the mouse age. The destructed myelin was often observed from the radix to the  distal portion of sciatic nerves. They lost their myelin sheaths at the Ranvier node, and descended for long  distances with naked axons. The neighboring myelin segments of naken axons showed unusually bizarre shapes. They seemed to be the abnormal development of the demyelinated axons. Such findings were very similar to those of the embryonal developing peripheral nerves.  It was concluded that the muscular dystrophy of the C57BL/6J-dydy mice might be related to dysmyelination and to the decrease in the number of myelinated nerves.", "PMID": 1055022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1468", "title": "Epidermoid tumor in the lateral ventricle. Significance of echo-encephalography.", "content": "The authors report on a case of epidermoid tumor in the lateral cerebral ventricle. Epidermoid tumors are relatively uncommon intracranial lesions and were first described by Esmarch. Till now about 300 cases have been reported. In Japan this tumor was first described by Yamamura, and since then many cases have been reported. But the one situated in the lateral ventricle has not been reported yet in this country. The significance of echo-encephalography is discussed because this procedure was very useful in determining the location and the nature of the tumor of this case.", "contents": "Epidermoid tumor in the lateral ventricle. Significance of echo-encephalography. The authors report on a case of epidermoid tumor in the lateral cerebral ventricle. Epidermoid tumors are relatively uncommon intracranial lesions and were first described by Esmarch. Till now about 300 cases have been reported. In Japan this tumor was first described by Yamamura, and since then many cases have been reported. But the one situated in the lateral ventricle has not been reported yet in this country. The significance of echo-encephalography is discussed because this procedure was very useful in determining the location and the nature of the tumor of this case.", "PMID": 1055023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1469", "title": "Findings with swan-type double-bending gastrofiberscope.", "content": "By using the swan-type double-bending gastrofiberscope, it has become very easy to observe such regions as the cardia, posterior wall of the upper corpus or the pyloric region. The authors can obtain a clear image of the cardia, especially the form of the fold of the region or the esophagogastric junction. The authors recognized that the form changes according to the amount of the inflated air, and the insufficient function of the cardia can be easily diagnosed. The degree and form of the elevation of the posterior wall of the upper corpus of the stomach was observed and classified into three types, flat type, slightly elevated type and highly elevated type. Pathological deformation of this region was studied from the shape of this elevation. By the close observation of the pyloric region, it was clarified that the appearance of the folds may be radiated, transverse at the lesser curvature or entirely lost, being closely related to the presence of the erosions in this region. The healing process of the gastric ulcer was examined endoscopically from the viewpoint of the radiating vessel zone and contraction by the scar. When the capillary vessels are the more prominent finding of a healing ulcer, it tends to form a surface possessing a scar after it is healed and when the contraction is more prominent, it tends to form a linear scar after healing. By the recrudescence of the gastric ulcer, the irregular capillary vessels or deviation of the convergence of the folds are observed, and by the recurrence of the ulcer, coexistence or completion of a scar is observed.", "contents": "Findings with swan-type double-bending gastrofiberscope. By using the swan-type double-bending gastrofiberscope, it has become very easy to observe such regions as the cardia, posterior wall of the upper corpus or the pyloric region. The authors can obtain a clear image of the cardia, especially the form of the fold of the region or the esophagogastric junction. The authors recognized that the form changes according to the amount of the inflated air, and the insufficient function of the cardia can be easily diagnosed. The degree and form of the elevation of the posterior wall of the upper corpus of the stomach was observed and classified into three types, flat type, slightly elevated type and highly elevated type. Pathological deformation of this region was studied from the shape of this elevation. By the close observation of the pyloric region, it was clarified that the appearance of the folds may be radiated, transverse at the lesser curvature or entirely lost, being closely related to the presence of the erosions in this region. The healing process of the gastric ulcer was examined endoscopically from the viewpoint of the radiating vessel zone and contraction by the scar. When the capillary vessels are the more prominent finding of a healing ulcer, it tends to form a surface possessing a scar after it is healed and when the contraction is more prominent, it tends to form a linear scar after healing. By the recrudescence of the gastric ulcer, the irregular capillary vessels or deviation of the convergence of the folds are observed, and by the recurrence of the ulcer, coexistence or completion of a scar is observed.", "PMID": 1055024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1470", "title": "On half-clearance time of carbon monoxide hemoglobin in blood during hyperbaric oxygen therapy (OHP).", "content": "The elimination rate of COHb in the blood was measured by a tonometer and the COHb  saturation of the human blood under the exposure of 0.3% CO in the air for 30 minutes was estimated to be about 47%. The CO elimination of the tonometered blood by the exposure to 4 kinds of gases, 1 ATA air, 1 ATA O2, 1.9 ATA O2 and 2.8 ATA O2 showed a linear decrease on the semi-logarithmic figure, and the gradient coefficient (k) of the straight lines showed a good reproducibility and significant difference from each other. The COHb elimination after suppluing a 0.3% CO air mixture for 20 minutes to 23 mongrel male dogs weighing 12 to 18 kg were observed by letting them breathe 1 ATA air for 300 minutes, 1 ATA O2 for 120 minutes, 1.9 ATA O2 for 60 minutes and 2.8 ATA O2 for 30 minutes. The COHb decrease of the CO-poisoned dogs showed also a semi-logarithmically linear tendency and the gradient coefficient (k) among these four gas-breathing groups showed a significant difference. The mean half-clearance time (t/2) of each group was: 1 ATA air for 188 minutes, 1 ATA O2 for 32 minutes, 1.9 ATA O2 for 25 minutes and 2.8 ATA O2 for 12 minutes. The higher the O2 partial pressure in the inspired gas increased, the greater became the decrease of the COHb clearance time and the greater became the reducting of the half-clearance time. The CO elimination by the dogs at high PO2 on the contrary, an opposite relation was observed. This fact may be explained by the improvement of the ventilatory and circulatory functions of the alveloi concerned with the CO elimination at a high PO2 but at a low PO2 the alveolar functions are impaired by CO and the O2 supply is insufficient to cover the dysfunction, so the CO elimination is larger in the tonometered blood than in the dog blood. The procedure of OHP for CO poisoning was designed by the CO elimination rate in the dog, assuming it to be the same as that in the human, for the patients of three levels of severity fo CO poisoning: phase I is breathing of 2.8 ATA O2 for 20 minutes, usually for the patients of each level of severity, then Phase II (breathing of 1.9 ATA O2) follows after that for severe poisoning (COHb in the blood, 80%) for 57 minutes, for medium poisoning (COHb, 60%) for 46 minutes and for light poisoning (COHb, 40%) for 32 minutes. After the treatment of Phase II, the blood COHb content decreases to 5%, a safety level for CO poisoning. This process is practical and effective for the OHP treatment of CO poisoning, and besides it is not only safe against O2 poisoning but also is capable of supplying rapidly sufficient amount of oxygen to improve the condition of the anoxic tissues.", "contents": "On half-clearance time of carbon monoxide hemoglobin in blood during hyperbaric oxygen therapy (OHP). The elimination rate of COHb in the blood was measured by a tonometer and the COHb  saturation of the human blood under the exposure of 0.3% CO in the air for 30 minutes was estimated to be about 47%. The CO elimination of the tonometered blood by the exposure to 4 kinds of gases, 1 ATA air, 1 ATA O2, 1.9 ATA O2 and 2.8 ATA O2 showed a linear decrease on the semi-logarithmic figure, and the gradient coefficient (k) of the straight lines showed a good reproducibility and significant difference from each other. The COHb elimination after suppluing a 0.3% CO air mixture for 20 minutes to 23 mongrel male dogs weighing 12 to 18 kg were observed by letting them breathe 1 ATA air for 300 minutes, 1 ATA O2 for 120 minutes, 1.9 ATA O2 for 60 minutes and 2.8 ATA O2 for 30 minutes. The COHb decrease of the CO-poisoned dogs showed also a semi-logarithmically linear tendency and the gradient coefficient (k) among these four gas-breathing groups showed a significant difference. The mean half-clearance time (t/2) of each group was: 1 ATA air for 188 minutes, 1 ATA O2 for 32 minutes, 1.9 ATA O2 for 25 minutes and 2.8 ATA O2 for 12 minutes. The higher the O2 partial pressure in the inspired gas increased, the greater became the decrease of the COHb clearance time and the greater became the reducting of the half-clearance time. The CO elimination by the dogs at high PO2 on the contrary, an opposite relation was observed. This fact may be explained by the improvement of the ventilatory and circulatory functions of the alveloi concerned with the CO elimination at a high PO2 but at a low PO2 the alveolar functions are impaired by CO and the O2 supply is insufficient to cover the dysfunction, so the CO elimination is larger in the tonometered blood than in the dog blood. The procedure of OHP for CO poisoning was designed by the CO elimination rate in the dog, assuming it to be the same as that in the human, for the patients of three levels of severity fo CO poisoning: phase I is breathing of 2.8 ATA O2 for 20 minutes, usually for the patients of each level of severity, then Phase II (breathing of 1.9 ATA O2) follows after that for severe poisoning (COHb in the blood, 80%) for 57 minutes, for medium poisoning (COHb, 60%) for 46 minutes and for light poisoning (COHb, 40%) for 32 minutes. After the treatment of Phase II, the blood COHb content decreases to 5%, a safety level for CO poisoning. This process is practical and effective for the OHP treatment of CO poisoning, and besides it is not only safe against O2 poisoning but also is capable of supplying rapidly sufficient amount of oxygen to improve the condition of the anoxic tissues.", "PMID": 1055025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1471", "title": "Physiological reaction of men under excercise to radiant heat.", "content": "To investigate the effect of the radiant heat on the human body in a hot environment, the subjects exposed their nude back to a radiant heat of 1.3 and 2.6 cal/cm-2. min, using the exsiccating infrared illuminators under a hot ambient condition of a temperature 31 degrees C, with a relative humidity of 55% and a 0.5 m/sec air flow. The 8 subjects were healthy male college students aged 20 to 25. The following results were obtained by estimating the physiological reactions to different degrees of radiant heat at rest for 60 minutes and during exercise for 30 minutes on a bicycle ergometer by 272 kg. m/min (or 600 kp. m/min). 1) The mean skin temperature, heart rate, respiration rate and body weight loss rate increased at rest in parallel with the degree of the radiant heat, and during exercise the mean skin temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, body weight loss rate and respiratory volume increased, but the NA+ LOSS RATE DECREASED. The regression equation was obtained to show the quantitative relationship between the degree of the radiant heat and the physiological body reactions. 2) By computing the Heat Tolerance Index by Inoue et al., it was clarified that the higher the degree of the radiant heat was, the smaller was the index. And as there was a close correlation between the indices both at rest and during exercise, it was suggested that for the evaluation of heat tolerance, the radiant heat by the infrared illuminators is applicable as additional heat loading besides hot water bathing or staying in a hot chamber.", "contents": "Physiological reaction of men under excercise to radiant heat. To investigate the effect of the radiant heat on the human body in a hot environment, the subjects exposed their nude back to a radiant heat of 1.3 and 2.6 cal/cm-2. min, using the exsiccating infrared illuminators under a hot ambient condition of a temperature 31 degrees C, with a relative humidity of 55% and a 0.5 m/sec air flow. The 8 subjects were healthy male college students aged 20 to 25. The following results were obtained by estimating the physiological reactions to different degrees of radiant heat at rest for 60 minutes and during exercise for 30 minutes on a bicycle ergometer by 272 kg. m/min (or 600 kp. m/min). 1) The mean skin temperature, heart rate, respiration rate and body weight loss rate increased at rest in parallel with the degree of the radiant heat, and during exercise the mean skin temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, body weight loss rate and respiratory volume increased, but the NA+ LOSS RATE DECREASED. The regression equation was obtained to show the quantitative relationship between the degree of the radiant heat and the physiological body reactions. 2) By computing the Heat Tolerance Index by Inoue et al., it was clarified that the higher the degree of the radiant heat was, the smaller was the index. And as there was a close correlation between the indices both at rest and during exercise, it was suggested that for the evaluation of heat tolerance, the radiant heat by the infrared illuminators is applicable as additional heat loading besides hot water bathing or staying in a hot chamber.", "PMID": 1055026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1472", "title": "Renal microvasculature in acute renal failure.", "content": "The ranal microvasculature evidenced by intraarterial injection of silicone rubber performed in 10 cases of acute renal failure from various causes demonstrated definite reduction in filling with patchy deficit in subcapsular cortex, narrowing of preglomerular arterioles, especially at the branching from the interlobular arteries in the same area, relative increase in filling of vas afferens and efferens of juxtamedullary cortex, and of vasa recta in medulla. The same injection figures are observed in acute renal failure in dogs experimentally induced by ligation and clamping of renal arteries, and intraarterial infusion of large quantities of angiotensin II (1000 ng/kg/min). Although the etiological factors of acute renal failure are manifold and the parenchymal damage is varied as well, the vasoconstriction of preglomerular arterioles should be considered as an initial common pathway which continues in subcapsular cortex. The result of present  experiments is consistent with the hypothesis that renin and angiotensin participate in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure.", "contents": "Renal microvasculature in acute renal failure. The ranal microvasculature evidenced by intraarterial injection of silicone rubber performed in 10 cases of acute renal failure from various causes demonstrated definite reduction in filling with patchy deficit in subcapsular cortex, narrowing of preglomerular arterioles, especially at the branching from the interlobular arteries in the same area, relative increase in filling of vas afferens and efferens of juxtamedullary cortex, and of vasa recta in medulla. The same injection figures are observed in acute renal failure in dogs experimentally induced by ligation and clamping of renal arteries, and intraarterial infusion of large quantities of angiotensin II (1000 ng/kg/min). Although the etiological factors of acute renal failure are manifold and the parenchymal damage is varied as well, the vasoconstriction of preglomerular arterioles should be considered as an initial common pathway which continues in subcapsular cortex. The result of present  experiments is consistent with the hypothesis that renin and angiotensin participate in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure.", "PMID": 1055027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1473", "title": "Growth and hormone control mechanisms in osteosarcoma. Evidence for a new therapeutic approach.", "content": "The association between osteosarcoma and growth, including altered carbohydrate metabolism has been investigated in 5 osteosarcoma patients. Serum from an adolescent osteosarcoma patient has been noted to consistently enhance 3-H-thymidine uptake in cultured chondrocytes and tumor cells. Females survive osteosarcoma more frequently than males. In vitro serum-enhanced proliferation of osteosarcoma cells is suppressed by estradiol.", "contents": "Growth and hormone control mechanisms in osteosarcoma. Evidence for a new therapeutic approach. The association between osteosarcoma and growth, including altered carbohydrate metabolism has been investigated in 5 osteosarcoma patients. Serum from an adolescent osteosarcoma patient has been noted to consistently enhance 3-H-thymidine uptake in cultured chondrocytes and tumor cells. Females survive osteosarcoma more frequently than males. In vitro serum-enhanced proliferation of osteosarcoma cells is suppressed by estradiol.", "PMID": 1055028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1474", "title": "In vitro \"education\" on autologous human sarcoma generates non-specific killer cells.", "content": "The cytotoxic effects mediated by lymphocytes from cancer patients after in vitro \"education\" on autologous tumor cells have been investigated. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from three sarcoma patients were cultivated on autologous tumor-cell monolayers and tested thereafter in a micro-cytotoxicity assay against tumor and fibroblast cells. This procedure led to the progeny of non-specific killer cells. As the phenomenon did not occur when the same lymphocytes were co-cultivated with autologous fibroblasts, the generation of non-specific effector cells may have been caused by specific antigenic triggering. The presence of autologous serum during \"education\" was found to inhibit the manifestation and/or the generation of killer cells. The same serum was without effect when added during the cytotoxicity assay only.", "contents": "In vitro \"education\" on autologous human sarcoma generates non-specific killer cells. The cytotoxic effects mediated by lymphocytes from cancer patients after in vitro \"education\" on autologous tumor cells have been investigated. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from three sarcoma patients were cultivated on autologous tumor-cell monolayers and tested thereafter in a micro-cytotoxicity assay against tumor and fibroblast cells. This procedure led to the progeny of non-specific killer cells. As the phenomenon did not occur when the same lymphocytes were co-cultivated with autologous fibroblasts, the generation of non-specific effector cells may have been caused by specific antigenic triggering. The presence of autologous serum during \"education\" was found to inhibit the manifestation and/or the generation of killer cells. The same serum was without effect when added during the cytotoxicity assay only.", "PMID": 1055101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1475", "title": "Projections of the dorsal column nuclei and the spinal cord on the inferior olive in the cat.", "content": "This study demonstrated partially overlapping fiber termination areas in the inferior olive originating from the dorsal column nuclei and the spinal cord. Based on the distribution of the dorsal accessory olive can be divided into a rostral and a caudal part. In the caudal part terminations are found of fibers originating in the contralateral gracile nucleus and in the lumbar and cervical spinal cord. Terminations in the rostro-medial part of the dorsal accessory olive arise from the contralateral internal cuneate nucleus and from the opposite intermediate grey at C.1. Fibers from more caudal regions of the internal cuneate nucleus terminate in the dorsal accessory olive caudal to those originating from more rostral regions of this nucleus. The gracile nucleus and the lumbar spinal cord project to the rostro-lateral portion of the dorsal accessory olive. The terminations in the medial accessory olive from the lumbar spino-olivary fibers are found in a laterally located zone in the caudal half of the medial accessory olive, while terminations of the contralateral internal cuneate nucleus are found at a more rostral level in the medial part of the medial accessory olive. Connections between the inferior olive and the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the lateral cervical nucleus and the cervical dorsal horn could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Projections of the dorsal column nuclei and the spinal cord on the inferior olive in the cat. This study demonstrated partially overlapping fiber termination areas in the inferior olive originating from the dorsal column nuclei and the spinal cord. Based on the distribution of the dorsal accessory olive can be divided into a rostral and a caudal part. In the caudal part terminations are found of fibers originating in the contralateral gracile nucleus and in the lumbar and cervical spinal cord. Terminations in the rostro-medial part of the dorsal accessory olive arise from the contralateral internal cuneate nucleus and from the opposite intermediate grey at C.1. Fibers from more caudal regions of the internal cuneate nucleus terminate in the dorsal accessory olive caudal to those originating from more rostral regions of this nucleus. The gracile nucleus and the lumbar spinal cord project to the rostro-lateral portion of the dorsal accessory olive. The terminations in the medial accessory olive from the lumbar spino-olivary fibers are found in a laterally located zone in the caudal half of the medial accessory olive, while terminations of the contralateral internal cuneate nucleus are found at a more rostral level in the medial part of the medial accessory olive. Connections between the inferior olive and the caudal part of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the lateral cervical nucleus and the cervical dorsal horn could not be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1055117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1476", "title": "Clinical situations in which amputation is preferred to pulp capping because of biologic considerations.", "content": "Calcium hydroxide, in its various forms, has become the preferred agent of most practitioners who perform pulp capping. The application of calcium hydroxide to the pulp stimulates the growth of new dentin and protects the pulp from subsequent irritation. However, the new dentin generated by the pulp may, in turn, infringe on the pulp. If the thickness of the pulp tissue is large, this infringement will not be significant. If the volume of pulp tissue is shallow, the same amount of infringement may cause sufficient impairment of circulation to the cornal area of the pulp, leading to an area of the necrosis may then contaminate the entire pulp, and root canal therapy will become necessary. Therefore, pulpal amputation is the preferred treatment in such situations.", "contents": "Clinical situations in which amputation is preferred to pulp capping because of biologic considerations. Calcium hydroxide, in its various forms, has become the preferred agent of most practitioners who perform pulp capping. The application of calcium hydroxide to the pulp stimulates the growth of new dentin and protects the pulp from subsequent irritation. However, the new dentin generated by the pulp may, in turn, infringe on the pulp. If the thickness of the pulp tissue is large, this infringement will not be significant. If the volume of pulp tissue is shallow, the same amount of infringement may cause sufficient impairment of circulation to the cornal area of the pulp, leading to an area of the necrosis may then contaminate the entire pulp, and root canal therapy will become necessary. Therefore, pulpal amputation is the preferred treatment in such situations.", "PMID": 1055150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1477", "title": "An evaluation of an electroanesthetic device.", "content": "An electroanesthetic device exported from the Soviet Union was tested for its usefulness in controlling pain during tooth cutting procedures. Indexes to measure patient anxiety levels and predicted pain perception were designed, and their validity was tested. For the study, 170 patients were separated into subgroups who knew that an electroanesthetic device was being tested and those who did not. Results showed a greater pain reduction for those procedures that usually elict high pain levels and little benefit of anesthesia for procedures with low pain levels. The responses of the subgroup of persons who know the purpose of the device were higher than average for all pain levels.", "contents": "An evaluation of an electroanesthetic device. An electroanesthetic device exported from the Soviet Union was tested for its usefulness in controlling pain during tooth cutting procedures. Indexes to measure patient anxiety levels and predicted pain perception were designed, and their validity was tested. For the study, 170 patients were separated into subgroups who knew that an electroanesthetic device was being tested and those who did not. Results showed a greater pain reduction for those procedures that usually elict high pain levels and little benefit of anesthesia for procedures with low pain levels. The responses of the subgroup of persons who know the purpose of the device were higher than average for all pain levels.", "PMID": 1055151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1478", "title": "Chronic MPD, group therapy and psychodynamics.", "content": "Three groups of patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome received 12 eclectic group psychotherapy sessions. The principal reason for selecting this mode of treatment was to observe the group dynamics for the operation of intra and interpersonal variables that might support the psychophysiologic hypothesis for myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome and validate the existence of personality characteristics that are associated with patients who have myofascial pain-dysfunction.", "contents": "Chronic MPD, group therapy and psychodynamics. Three groups of patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome received 12 eclectic group psychotherapy sessions. The principal reason for selecting this mode of treatment was to observe the group dynamics for the operation of intra and interpersonal variables that might support the psychophysiologic hypothesis for myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome and validate the existence of personality characteristics that are associated with patients who have myofascial pain-dysfunction.", "PMID": 1055152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1479", "title": "Kinesiometric instrumentation: a new technology.", "content": "A method of monitoring mandibular movements in three dimensions is described whereby a premanent magnet is secured to the mandible, and magnetometers are located relative to the permanent magnet so as to sense changes in the magnetic field which result from mandibular movement. The outputs of the magnetometers are processed electronically to obtain three discrete analog voltages, each directly proportional to a specific distance--vertical, anteroposterior, or lateral--from the magnet to the particular magnetometer. The verticle distance output is differentiated electronically to provide a measurement of acceleration. The Mandibular Kinesiograph provides new capabilities for diagnosis and research in dentistry.", "contents": "Kinesiometric instrumentation: a new technology. A method of monitoring mandibular movements in three dimensions is described whereby a premanent magnet is secured to the mandible, and magnetometers are located relative to the permanent magnet so as to sense changes in the magnetic field which result from mandibular movement. The outputs of the magnetometers are processed electronically to obtain three discrete analog voltages, each directly proportional to a specific distance--vertical, anteroposterior, or lateral--from the magnet to the particular magnetometer. The verticle distance output is differentiated electronically to provide a measurement of acceleration. The Mandibular Kinesiograph provides new capabilities for diagnosis and research in dentistry.", "PMID": 1055153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1480", "title": "Effects of force direction on supporting bone during tooth movement.", "content": "Photoelastic stress analysis by means of simulated load application on model structures was used to visualize the forces that are induced within the supporting bone structures during various tooth movements. A comprehensive picture of the stress patterns produced by these forces, in addition to the degree of stress distribution, was obtained. The results of this study are relevant to the basic tooth movement procedutes that are used by the clinician in general practice.", "contents": "Effects of force direction on supporting bone during tooth movement. Photoelastic stress analysis by means of simulated load application on model structures was used to visualize the forces that are induced within the supporting bone structures during various tooth movements. A comprehensive picture of the stress patterns produced by these forces, in addition to the degree of stress distribution, was obtained. The results of this study are relevant to the basic tooth movement procedutes that are used by the clinician in general practice.", "PMID": 1055155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1481", "title": "Dental relationships in tongue-thrusting children as affected by circumoral myofunctional exercise.", "content": "Thirty-two children with tongue-thrusting habits and nine nonthrusters participated in this study. Twenty of the tongue-thrusting children exercised their lips twice daily by pulling on a button placed in the labial bestibule. Spring scales recorded the displacing tension on the lips; exercise continued from three to six months. Pre- and postexercise headplate tracings and dental study casts were used for measurement of alterations in tooth position. The tongue-thrusting children exhibited weaker lips initially than did the non-tongue-thrusters. The lip muaculature was strengthened by daily exercise and the improvement remained for 18 months after cessation of the exercies. No signigicant change in incisor protrusion or the open bite was observed throughout the two-year study period. We conclude that increasing the lip muscle strength in tongue-thrusters may have little effect on the dentition of children exhibiting tongue-thrusting.", "contents": "Dental relationships in tongue-thrusting children as affected by circumoral myofunctional exercise. Thirty-two children with tongue-thrusting habits and nine nonthrusters participated in this study. Twenty of the tongue-thrusting children exercised their lips twice daily by pulling on a button placed in the labial bestibule. Spring scales recorded the displacing tension on the lips; exercise continued from three to six months. Pre- and postexercise headplate tracings and dental study casts were used for measurement of alterations in tooth position. The tongue-thrusting children exhibited weaker lips initially than did the non-tongue-thrusters. The lip muaculature was strengthened by daily exercise and the improvement remained for 18 months after cessation of the exercies. No signigicant change in incisor protrusion or the open bite was observed throughout the two-year study period. We conclude that increasing the lip muscle strength in tongue-thrusters may have little effect on the dentition of children exhibiting tongue-thrusting.", "PMID": 1055168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1482", "title": "Orthosurgical teamwork.", "content": "A series of orthognathic cases illustrates the potential service that is available to young adult and adult patients. These patients have problems that are not within the therapeutic possibilities of orthodontics alone. From a variety of viewpoints--length of time, appliance wear, iatrogenic damage, and patient concern--such procedures may well be preferred and ultimately more successful and stable than alternate conventional orthodontic therapy. Surgical procedures, in combination with orthodontics and prosthetics, have now achieved a level of sophistication that permits correction of almost any type of facial deformity quickly, with minimum pain, and relatively few unfavorable sequelae.12.13.15.", "contents": "Orthosurgical teamwork. A series of orthognathic cases illustrates the potential service that is available to young adult and adult patients. These patients have problems that are not within the therapeutic possibilities of orthodontics alone. From a variety of viewpoints--length of time, appliance wear, iatrogenic damage, and patient concern--such procedures may well be preferred and ultimately more successful and stable than alternate conventional orthodontic therapy. Surgical procedures, in combination with orthodontics and prosthetics, have now achieved a level of sophistication that permits correction of almost any type of facial deformity quickly, with minimum pain, and relatively few unfavorable sequelae.12.13.15.", "PMID": 1055170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1483", "title": "C3 receptors on lymphoid cells: isolation of active membrane fragments and solubilization of receptor complexes.", "content": "Complement receptor activity for cell bound C3b and C3d was detected on plasma membrane fragments prepared by nitrogen cavitation from cultured human lymphoid cells. The activity of the membrane fragments reflected the activity of the whole cells in that cells which did not form rosettes (P3J and RPMI 4098) resulted in inactive membranes and cells with high rosette formation (NC37 and Raji) yielded highly active membrane fragments. Two test systems were devised to detect these receptor activities, namely a rosette inhibition and a hemagglutination assay. Solubilization of C3 receptors was accomplished by extraction of active plasma membrane fragments with 2 MKBr. Dissociation and reassociation experiments suggest C3b and C3d receptors to be highly complex molecular structures. It appears that these complement receptors on plasma membranes rely on both protein and lipid moieties for the expression of their activity.", "contents": "C3 receptors on lymphoid cells: isolation of active membrane fragments and solubilization of receptor complexes. Complement receptor activity for cell bound C3b and C3d was detected on plasma membrane fragments prepared by nitrogen cavitation from cultured human lymphoid cells. The activity of the membrane fragments reflected the activity of the whole cells in that cells which did not form rosettes (P3J and RPMI 4098) resulted in inactive membranes and cells with high rosette formation (NC37 and Raji) yielded highly active membrane fragments. Two test systems were devised to detect these receptor activities, namely a rosette inhibition and a hemagglutination assay. Solubilization of C3 receptors was accomplished by extraction of active plasma membrane fragments with 2 MKBr. Dissociation and reassociation experiments suggest C3b and C3d receptors to be highly complex molecular structures. It appears that these complement receptors on plasma membranes rely on both protein and lipid moieties for the expression of their activity.", "PMID": 1055171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1484", "title": "Endoscopic findings of maxillary sinus after middle face fractures.", "content": "Of 93 patients with fractures of the mid-face who appeared for postoperative check-up, 25 were selected by chance for sinuscopy of the maxillary sinus. Chronic inflammatory mucosal changes occurred in 35 per cent; other pathological sequelae included solitary polyps, mucocele, scarry synechia, and prolapse of orbital fat and osteoma. In spite of these findings, all patients were free of complaints. The primary surgical revision was therefore declined in favour of a waiting attitude. For the diagnostic clarification of late complications, sinuscopy with Hopkin's optics offers a simple and efficient procedure, which should be routinely utilised.", "contents": "Endoscopic findings of maxillary sinus after middle face fractures. Of 93 patients with fractures of the mid-face who appeared for postoperative check-up, 25 were selected by chance for sinuscopy of the maxillary sinus. Chronic inflammatory mucosal changes occurred in 35 per cent; other pathological sequelae included solitary polyps, mucocele, scarry synechia, and prolapse of orbital fat and osteoma. In spite of these findings, all patients were free of complaints. The primary surgical revision was therefore declined in favour of a waiting attitude. For the diagnostic clarification of late complications, sinuscopy with Hopkin's optics offers a simple and efficient procedure, which should be routinely utilised.", "PMID": 1055172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1485", "title": "Long-term results of functional treatment of condylar fractures with the long bridle according to A. Rehrmann.", "content": "Long-term results in 23 cases with condylar fractures are presented. The method of treatment consisted in forward extension of the mandible by means of a long rubber bridle stretched between a steel hook at the chin and a strong sagittal wave-like, bent wire incorporated in a head cap. Strength and direction of the bridle can be modified. It provieds perfect repositioning of the mandible and a normal occlusion within some hours. The idea of this functional method is to eliminate the displacing muscular pull and dorsally-directed deviation of the mandible, and to restore muscular balance even with full range of mouth-opening. The distraction of the mandible from the glenoid fossa creates space and enables the dislocated condyles to upright themselves spontaneously. In cases of intracapsular or subcondylar fracture the active movements of the mandible, under the conditions of equilibrium, lead to a remodelling of the damaged condylar heads to a new form, induced by function. Ankylosis is avoided with certainty. Mandibular splinting or osteosynthesis are needed only in concomitant fractures of the rest of the mandible. The temporo-mandibular joint area and the rest of the mandible are considered to be independant entities in the treatment of condylar fractures. The method described is simple. Full mandibular mobility was obtained in all cases and spontaneous uprighting of dislocated condyles observed. There was no need for subsequent opening exercises.", "contents": "Long-term results of functional treatment of condylar fractures with the long bridle according to A. Rehrmann. Long-term results in 23 cases with condylar fractures are presented. The method of treatment consisted in forward extension of the mandible by means of a long rubber bridle stretched between a steel hook at the chin and a strong sagittal wave-like, bent wire incorporated in a head cap. Strength and direction of the bridle can be modified. It provieds perfect repositioning of the mandible and a normal occlusion within some hours. The idea of this functional method is to eliminate the displacing muscular pull and dorsally-directed deviation of the mandible, and to restore muscular balance even with full range of mouth-opening. The distraction of the mandible from the glenoid fossa creates space and enables the dislocated condyles to upright themselves spontaneously. In cases of intracapsular or subcondylar fracture the active movements of the mandible, under the conditions of equilibrium, lead to a remodelling of the damaged condylar heads to a new form, induced by function. Ankylosis is avoided with certainty. Mandibular splinting or osteosynthesis are needed only in concomitant fractures of the rest of the mandible. The temporo-mandibular joint area and the rest of the mandible are considered to be independant entities in the treatment of condylar fractures. The method described is simple. Full mandibular mobility was obtained in all cases and spontaneous uprighting of dislocated condyles observed. There was no need for subsequent opening exercises.", "PMID": 1055173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1486", "title": "Construction of the upper lip, columella and orbicularis muscle in bilateral clefts.", "content": "A concept for repair of double clefts is described. In the primary operations at the age of six months on the first side, and six weeks later on the other, it is important to supply the prolabial mucosa by muscular vermilion flaps from the lateral sides, crossing the midline. Thus a muscular ring in the vermilion is obtained. At the age of 3-4 years both remaining muscular halves of the lip are united. This is achieved togeather with lengthening of the columella, using broadened prolabium to a natural looking philtrum. Lips repaired this way are satisfying with regard to both appearance and function.", "contents": "Construction of the upper lip, columella and orbicularis muscle in bilateral clefts. A concept for repair of double clefts is described. In the primary operations at the age of six months on the first side, and six weeks later on the other, it is important to supply the prolabial mucosa by muscular vermilion flaps from the lateral sides, crossing the midline. Thus a muscular ring in the vermilion is obtained. At the age of 3-4 years both remaining muscular halves of the lip are united. This is achieved togeather with lengthening of the columella, using broadened prolabium to a natural looking philtrum. Lips repaired this way are satisfying with regard to both appearance and function.", "PMID": 1055174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1487", "title": "Effect of radiation injury on the growing face.", "content": "The literature on the effect of ionizing radiations on developing and rapidly growing tissue has been reviewed, and the effect especially on children who received radiation therapy in the Clinic for Maxillo-Facial and Plastic Surgery of the University of Dusseldorf for various tumours of the head and neck presented. Our findings indicate that we do not yet know the minimal irradiation dosage that may cause growth retardation in infants and children. It has therefore been suggested that surgery should be more frequently considered in the treatment of childhood tumours, since this caused less side effect, and reconstructive surgery is today able to do much for patients who have had parts of their jaws resected.", "contents": "Effect of radiation injury on the growing face. The literature on the effect of ionizing radiations on developing and rapidly growing tissue has been reviewed, and the effect especially on children who received radiation therapy in the Clinic for Maxillo-Facial and Plastic Surgery of the University of Dusseldorf for various tumours of the head and neck presented. Our findings indicate that we do not yet know the minimal irradiation dosage that may cause growth retardation in infants and children. It has therefore been suggested that surgery should be more frequently considered in the treatment of childhood tumours, since this caused less side effect, and reconstructive surgery is today able to do much for patients who have had parts of their jaws resected.", "PMID": 1055175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1488", "title": "On the biological behaviour of basaliomas.", "content": "On the basis of our experience in 250 clinically and histologically proved cases of basaliomas, these tumours are classified as benign. Facts which seem to argue in favour of malignancy are refuted systematically. The criteria of the nature of carcinomas therefore do not apply to basalioma. Nevertheless the fact should not lead to underestimation of these tumours and to inadequate treatment.", "contents": "On the biological behaviour of basaliomas. On the basis of our experience in 250 clinically and histologically proved cases of basaliomas, these tumours are classified as benign. Facts which seem to argue in favour of malignancy are refuted systematically. The criteria of the nature of carcinomas therefore do not apply to basalioma. Nevertheless the fact should not lead to underestimation of these tumours and to inadequate treatment.", "PMID": 1055176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1489", "title": "Conservative parotidectomy in infancy and childhood.", "content": "The indication for operations of benign tumours of the salivary glands in infancy and childhood is taken with great caution and is only partially recommended as the therapy of choice. This applies especially to hemangiomas, since spontaneous retrogression has been observed and there is the danger of damage to the facial nerve during surgery. Knowing unsatisfactory late cases of hemangiomas the author recommends conservative parotidectomy in cases of fast-growing hemangiomas. The anatomic structures in infancy, as well as the lack of pneumatisation of the mastoid process and the fragility of the cartilagineous auditory meatus should be taken into consideration during surgical exploration. The atypical course of the facial nerve in large tumours of the parotid gland is pointed out.", "contents": "Conservative parotidectomy in infancy and childhood. The indication for operations of benign tumours of the salivary glands in infancy and childhood is taken with great caution and is only partially recommended as the therapy of choice. This applies especially to hemangiomas, since spontaneous retrogression has been observed and there is the danger of damage to the facial nerve during surgery. Knowing unsatisfactory late cases of hemangiomas the author recommends conservative parotidectomy in cases of fast-growing hemangiomas. The anatomic structures in infancy, as well as the lack of pneumatisation of the mastoid process and the fragility of the cartilagineous auditory meatus should be taken into consideration during surgical exploration. The atypical course of the facial nerve in large tumours of the parotid gland is pointed out.", "PMID": 1055177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1490", "title": "Blood gases, acid-base balance, and serum electrolytes following extensive maxillo-facial surgery.", "content": "Major maxillo-facial surgery causes arterial hypoxaemia, as well as a depletion of electrolytes serum protein during the postoperative period. Based on the investigations of 25 patients, a repertoire for the study of the postoperative course after major maxillo-facial operations has been offered, and a method for the avoidance of complications suggested.", "contents": "Blood gases, acid-base balance, and serum electrolytes following extensive maxillo-facial surgery. Major maxillo-facial surgery causes arterial hypoxaemia, as well as a depletion of electrolytes serum protein during the postoperative period. Based on the investigations of 25 patients, a repertoire for the study of the postoperative course after major maxillo-facial operations has been offered, and a method for the avoidance of complications suggested.", "PMID": 1055178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1491", "title": "Diagnostic and therapeutic regime for reducing mortality after resection of tumours in the head and neck.", "content": "This paper presents the findings made on the rate of mortality following tumour resections in the head and neck achieved in the Clinic for Maxillo-Facial and Plastic Surgery of the Face, University of Dusseldorf, from 1953 to 1973. The relationship between rate of mortality and improved measures taken before, during and after the operation are also discussed.", "contents": "Diagnostic and therapeutic regime for reducing mortality after resection of tumours in the head and neck. This paper presents the findings made on the rate of mortality following tumour resections in the head and neck achieved in the Clinic for Maxillo-Facial and Plastic Surgery of the Face, University of Dusseldorf, from 1953 to 1973. The relationship between rate of mortality and improved measures taken before, during and after the operation are also discussed.", "PMID": 1055179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1492", "title": "Concerning asymmetrical growth following repair of cleft lip. Preliminary Report.", "content": "The results of the measurements of upper lips repaired according to a modified Tennison-technique (which has been previously published (Bick 1961) are presented. Contrary to the measurements done at that time after Le-Mesurier-plasty (1949), the present results did not show asymmetry of the upper lip in any case. This is attributed to the fact that there is no tissue loss in using this modified incision line.", "contents": "Concerning asymmetrical growth following repair of cleft lip. Preliminary Report. The results of the measurements of upper lips repaired according to a modified Tennison-technique (which has been previously published (Bick 1961) are presented. Contrary to the measurements done at that time after Le-Mesurier-plasty (1949), the present results did not show asymmetry of the upper lip in any case. This is attributed to the fact that there is no tissue loss in using this modified incision line.", "PMID": 1055180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1493", "title": "Evaluation and refinement of the intraoral vertical subcondylar osteotomy.", "content": "Data were collected from the use of intraoral vertical subcondylar osteotomy in 42 patients. The results of treatment compare favorably with those attained with sagittal split osteotomy and extraoral vertical subcondylar osteotomy. Modification in instrumentation and techniques has further improved the intraoral vertical subcondylar osteotomy. The primary advantage of this technique compared to the sagittal split osteotomy is the much less frequent and less severe damage to the mandicular nerve. This intraoral technique deserves serious consideration as the method for reduction of the prognathic mandible.", "contents": "Evaluation and refinement of the intraoral vertical subcondylar osteotomy. Data were collected from the use of intraoral vertical subcondylar osteotomy in 42 patients. The results of treatment compare favorably with those attained with sagittal split osteotomy and extraoral vertical subcondylar osteotomy. Modification in instrumentation and techniques has further improved the intraoral vertical subcondylar osteotomy. The primary advantage of this technique compared to the sagittal split osteotomy is the much less frequent and less severe damage to the mandicular nerve. This intraoral technique deserves serious consideration as the method for reduction of the prognathic mandible.", "PMID": 1055188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1494", "title": "Postauricular approach for surgery of the temporomandibular articulation.", "content": "The adaptation of a postauricular approach for surgical exposure of the temporomandibular articulation is presented. The ease, safety, and predictability of extensive exposure have led us to use this approach exclusively for surgical intervention in this region. It has been effectively used in cases of trauma, pathologic conditions, and reconstruction involving the TMJ. In addition to the cases reported in this series, the procedure may be adapted to oblique subcondylar oestotomies and to the treatment of a variety of regional neoplastic processes and other forms of TMJ dysfunctions that may be encountered.", "contents": "Postauricular approach for surgery of the temporomandibular articulation. The adaptation of a postauricular approach for surgical exposure of the temporomandibular articulation is presented. The ease, safety, and predictability of extensive exposure have led us to use this approach exclusively for surgical intervention in this region. It has been effectively used in cases of trauma, pathologic conditions, and reconstruction involving the TMJ. In addition to the cases reported in this series, the procedure may be adapted to oblique subcondylar oestotomies and to the treatment of a variety of regional neoplastic processes and other forms of TMJ dysfunctions that may be encountered.", "PMID": 1055190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1495", "title": "Odontogenic myxofibroma: report of two cases.", "content": "We have reported the occurrence of two odontogenic mesenchymal tumors of the jaws. Though both cases had an associated impacted tooth, neither had foci of epithelial growth. Results of clinical, radiographic, and histopathological analysis in both cases were consistent with the diagnosis of a fibroma with myxomatous degeneration and thus, the diagnosis was myxofibroma.", "contents": "Odontogenic myxofibroma: report of two cases. We have reported the occurrence of two odontogenic mesenchymal tumors of the jaws. Though both cases had an associated impacted tooth, neither had foci of epithelial growth. Results of clinical, radiographic, and histopathological analysis in both cases were consistent with the diagnosis of a fibroma with myxomatous degeneration and thus, the diagnosis was myxofibroma.", "PMID": 1055192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1496", "title": "Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible: report of case.", "content": "A case of primary Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible in a 4-year-old Negro boy has been presented. The incidence in this age, site, and race is rare. This previously fatal tumor has been more recently controlled with a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The patient has responded very favorably with the use of these combined modalities of therapy. After eight months, he is free of symptoms and bone has regenerated in the area of the initial tumor. If detected early, there is hope that this highly malignant disease can be controlled for prolonged periods of time.", "contents": "Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible: report of case. A case of primary Ewing's sarcoma of the mandible in a 4-year-old Negro boy has been presented. The incidence in this age, site, and race is rare. This previously fatal tumor has been more recently controlled with a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The patient has responded very favorably with the use of these combined modalities of therapy. After eight months, he is free of symptoms and bone has regenerated in the area of the initial tumor. If detected early, there is hope that this highly malignant disease can be controlled for prolonged periods of time.", "PMID": 1055195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1497", "title": "Le Forte I osteotomy for correction of maxillary deformities.", "content": "With proper planning, execution, and follow-up care, the maxilla can be surgically repositioned into a stable relationship with the mandible. Complete mobility, preservation of viability by proper design of the bony and soft tissue incisions, and adequate fixation during the healing phase are essential to obtain this objective. Variable maxillary deformities in 15 adults were corrected by Le Forte I osteotomy techniques. The technical problems in planning and design for the necessary bony and soft tissue incisions are discussed and illustrated by three case reports.", "contents": "Le Forte I osteotomy for correction of maxillary deformities. With proper planning, execution, and follow-up care, the maxilla can be surgically repositioned into a stable relationship with the mandible. Complete mobility, preservation of viability by proper design of the bony and soft tissue incisions, and adequate fixation during the healing phase are essential to obtain this objective. Variable maxillary deformities in 15 adults were corrected by Le Forte I osteotomy techniques. The technical problems in planning and design for the necessary bony and soft tissue incisions are discussed and illustrated by three case reports.", "PMID": 1055202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1498", "title": "Enflurane anesthesia for oral surgery.", "content": "Enflurane was administered to 100 unselected patients undergoing various oral surgical procedures. The anesthetic provided smooth induction, maintenance, and rapid recovery. Vital signs remained stable during anesthesia. No ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the presence of exogenous epinephrine used for surgical infiltration. Postanesthesia incidences of nausea, vomiting, and excitement were minimal. Our experience suggests that enflurane may be the preferred anesthetic agent both for minor dental procedures in outpatients as well as for major oral surgical procedures in hospitalized patients.", "contents": "Enflurane anesthesia for oral surgery. Enflurane was administered to 100 unselected patients undergoing various oral surgical procedures. The anesthetic provided smooth induction, maintenance, and rapid recovery. Vital signs remained stable during anesthesia. No ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the presence of exogenous epinephrine used for surgical infiltration. Postanesthesia incidences of nausea, vomiting, and excitement were minimal. Our experience suggests that enflurane may be the preferred anesthetic agent both for minor dental procedures in outpatients as well as for major oral surgical procedures in hospitalized patients.", "PMID": 1055203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1499", "title": "A study of antibiotic usage in compound mandibular fractures.", "content": "The need for antibiotic coverage in compound mandibular fractures was tested in 64 patients with fractures in tooth-bearing areas in a study that began in January 1971 and ended in May 1974. Half of the patients received antibiotic coverage as part of the management of their fractures; the other half did not receive antibiotics. Problems related to infection at a fracture site developed in only 6.25% of patients treated with antibiotics. Infections directly associated with fractures developed in 50.33% of patients who did not receive antibiotic coverage.", "contents": "A study of antibiotic usage in compound mandibular fractures. The need for antibiotic coverage in compound mandibular fractures was tested in 64 patients with fractures in tooth-bearing areas in a study that began in January 1971 and ended in May 1974. Half of the patients received antibiotic coverage as part of the management of their fractures; the other half did not receive antibiotics. Problems related to infection at a fracture site developed in only 6.25% of patients treated with antibiotics. Infections directly associated with fractures developed in 50.33% of patients who did not receive antibiotic coverage.", "PMID": 1055204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1500", "title": "Postoperative sequelae of cryosurgery.", "content": "Cryosurgery is a proved method for treatment of neoplasms of the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. It is not free, however, from postoperative complications. Delayed healing and extensive scarring are common occurrences. Significant functional and esthetic impairment, although uncommon, can result. Exposure of lingual mandibular bone can interfere with prosthetic replacement. Postfreezing evaluation of cervical nodes in patients treated for oral cancers can be complicated by persistent lymphadenopathy. Cryosurgery of irradiated bone or overlying tissue can result in osteoradionecrosis. Although the possibility of these complications should not be a major deterrent when it is felt that cryosurgery is the preferred method for treating a malignancy, the complications deserve careful consideration in the management of benign lesions.", "contents": "Postoperative sequelae of cryosurgery. Cryosurgery is a proved method for treatment of neoplasms of the soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. It is not free, however, from postoperative complications. Delayed healing and extensive scarring are common occurrences. Significant functional and esthetic impairment, although uncommon, can result. Exposure of lingual mandibular bone can interfere with prosthetic replacement. Postfreezing evaluation of cervical nodes in patients treated for oral cancers can be complicated by persistent lymphadenopathy. Cryosurgery of irradiated bone or overlying tissue can result in osteoradionecrosis. Although the possibility of these complications should not be a major deterrent when it is felt that cryosurgery is the preferred method for treating a malignancy, the complications deserve careful consideration in the management of benign lesions.", "PMID": 1055208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1501", "title": "Intraoral suction drain for reduction of postoperative edema.", "content": "A simple intraoral suction drain has been described. It is inexpensive, easy to fabricate in the operating room, and is convenient to use. When the drain is taped to the face, the patient has complete mobility and minimal inconvenience.", "contents": "Intraoral suction drain for reduction of postoperative edema. A simple intraoral suction drain has been described. It is inexpensive, easy to fabricate in the operating room, and is convenient to use. When the drain is taped to the face, the patient has complete mobility and minimal inconvenience.", "PMID": 1055209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1502", "title": "Mucormycosis of the craniofacial structures.", "content": "Reports in the literature of patients surviving mucormycosis involving the craniofacial structures are exceedingly rare. The necessity for early diagnosis by recognition of any of the six key signs and symptoms is emphasized. The futility of standard diagnostic tools, other than biopsy, is noted. An underlying debilitating condition such as diabetic ketoacidosis can predispose the patient to an acute infection by this usually nonpathogenic organism. The requirement for prompt treatment of the debilitating condition together with treatment to eradicate the fungus is stressed.", "contents": "Mucormycosis of the craniofacial structures. Reports in the literature of patients surviving mucormycosis involving the craniofacial structures are exceedingly rare. The necessity for early diagnosis by recognition of any of the six key signs and symptoms is emphasized. The futility of standard diagnostic tools, other than biopsy, is noted. An underlying debilitating condition such as diabetic ketoacidosis can predispose the patient to an acute infection by this usually nonpathogenic organism. The requirement for prompt treatment of the debilitating condition together with treatment to eradicate the fungus is stressed.", "PMID": 1055210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1503", "title": "Evidence for successful acceptance of irradiated free gingival allografts in dogs.", "content": "Free graft samples were excised via split thickness dissection from two mongrel dogs, washed in lactated Ringer's solution, immersed into tubes containing glycerol and distilled water, and frozen to -55 degrees C. Subsequently the grafts were exposed to 2.5 x 10-6 rads of 60-Co gamma-radiation. The irradiated allogeneic grafts were later reconstituted and surgically transferred to four recipient subjects. Three autogenous nonirradiated grafts were also placed as controls. The animals were killed so as to furnish healing data at 0, 3, 7, 10, and 40 days postoperatively. Fourteen allografts were evaluated. They were judged to be nonantigenic, immunologically incompetent and nonviable. However, retention of an essentially unaltered connective tissue corium may have been instrumental in supporting subsequent epithelial regeneration from adjacent host tissue, while being passively incorporated into a very dynamic receptor zone. The graft thus served as a scaffolding for connective tissue deposition and attachment. It appears that the experimental regime obviated the immunologic interference usually encountered in allografting procedures. Thus, high intensity irradiation of the graft tissue may have rendered the tissue to be immunologically tolerable. Further studies are required to ascertain the duration of the host's immunologic unresponsiveness to the alien tissue, as well as ultimate structural and biologic fate of the transplanted tissues. Experiments are now in progress which have been designed to test the extent of immunologic sensitization induced by the grafted tissue.", "contents": "Evidence for successful acceptance of irradiated free gingival allografts in dogs. Free graft samples were excised via split thickness dissection from two mongrel dogs, washed in lactated Ringer's solution, immersed into tubes containing glycerol and distilled water, and frozen to -55 degrees C. Subsequently the grafts were exposed to 2.5 x 10-6 rads of 60-Co gamma-radiation. The irradiated allogeneic grafts were later reconstituted and surgically transferred to four recipient subjects. Three autogenous nonirradiated grafts were also placed as controls. The animals were killed so as to furnish healing data at 0, 3, 7, 10, and 40 days postoperatively. Fourteen allografts were evaluated. They were judged to be nonantigenic, immunologically incompetent and nonviable. However, retention of an essentially unaltered connective tissue corium may have been instrumental in supporting subsequent epithelial regeneration from adjacent host tissue, while being passively incorporated into a very dynamic receptor zone. The graft thus served as a scaffolding for connective tissue deposition and attachment. It appears that the experimental regime obviated the immunologic interference usually encountered in allografting procedures. Thus, high intensity irradiation of the graft tissue may have rendered the tissue to be immunologically tolerable. Further studies are required to ascertain the duration of the host's immunologic unresponsiveness to the alien tissue, as well as ultimate structural and biologic fate of the transplanted tissues. Experiments are now in progress which have been designed to test the extent of immunologic sensitization induced by the grafted tissue.", "PMID": 1055212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1504", "title": "Total coverage of multiple and adjacent denuded root surfaces with a free gingival autograft. A case report.", "content": "A case report is presented dealing with the utilization of a free gingival autograft for the correction of gingival recession, inadequate attached gingiva, and shallow vestibular depth associated with six lower anterior teeth. A technique is described which the author believes is responsible for the successful \"take\" of the graft to the six vascular root surfaces.", "contents": "Total coverage of multiple and adjacent denuded root surfaces with a free gingival autograft. A case report. A case report is presented dealing with the utilization of a free gingival autograft for the correction of gingival recession, inadequate attached gingiva, and shallow vestibular depth associated with six lower anterior teeth. A technique is described which the author believes is responsible for the successful \"take\" of the graft to the six vascular root surfaces.", "PMID": 1055213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1505", "title": "A contiguous mucosal graft.", "content": "The contiguous mucosal graft is designed primarily for use in vestibular deepening but may serve as an adjunctive technique in the management of other mucogingival defects. A large amount of donor material can be obtained by this procedure which is relatively simple to perform and generally unattended by surgical complications of hermorrhage and excessive pain. Its benefits are esthetic as well as functional since the replaced tissue reproduces the original both in appearance and histological details.", "contents": "A contiguous mucosal graft. The contiguous mucosal graft is designed primarily for use in vestibular deepening but may serve as an adjunctive technique in the management of other mucogingival defects. A large amount of donor material can be obtained by this procedure which is relatively simple to perform and generally unattended by surgical complications of hermorrhage and excessive pain. Its benefits are esthetic as well as functional since the replaced tissue reproduces the original both in appearance and histological details.", "PMID": 1055215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1506", "title": "Standardization of the epidemiologic assessment of periodontal diseases. Surveys in the South Pacific.", "content": "Attempts of introducing uniform techniques for the collection of statistical data on the prevalence of periodontal diseases have been made by FDI and WHO in order to arrive at valid, reproducible, and internationally comparable results. The WHO Manual of the International Classification of Diseases. Application to Dentistry offers a five digit classification of all oral diseases for statistical purposes. In contrast to morbidity statistics, epidemiological surveys must be based on adequate samples, representative for the entire population or distinct strata thereof. FDI is actually preparing guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials in periodontal diseases, comparable to those on caries incidence, indicating the proper use of indices. For the epidemiological assessment of periodontal diseases, the WHO Basic Methods (1962, 1971) have recommended the use of simple ratios of persons affected with signs of the disease. Data collected in four extensive dental surveys in Polynesian and Melanesian populations in the South Pacific served as an example to show the variety of valid information provided by these basic methods. The main results showed an early appearance of pocket formation at ages 10 to 14, preceded in a statistically significant way by calculus formation and gingivitis. A constant pattern in the sequence of attack of the various teeth by pocket formation was shown to be specific for these island populations; males were consistently more affected than females. The character of periodontal diseases prevalent among Polynesians and Melanesians was recognized to be a \"dirt pyorrhea\" accompanied by progressive subgingival calculus deposition and destructive periodontitis.", "contents": "Standardization of the epidemiologic assessment of periodontal diseases. Surveys in the South Pacific. Attempts of introducing uniform techniques for the collection of statistical data on the prevalence of periodontal diseases have been made by FDI and WHO in order to arrive at valid, reproducible, and internationally comparable results. The WHO Manual of the International Classification of Diseases. Application to Dentistry offers a five digit classification of all oral diseases for statistical purposes. In contrast to morbidity statistics, epidemiological surveys must be based on adequate samples, representative for the entire population or distinct strata thereof. FDI is actually preparing guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials in periodontal diseases, comparable to those on caries incidence, indicating the proper use of indices. For the epidemiological assessment of periodontal diseases, the WHO Basic Methods (1962, 1971) have recommended the use of simple ratios of persons affected with signs of the disease. Data collected in four extensive dental surveys in Polynesian and Melanesian populations in the South Pacific served as an example to show the variety of valid information provided by these basic methods. The main results showed an early appearance of pocket formation at ages 10 to 14, preceded in a statistically significant way by calculus formation and gingivitis. A constant pattern in the sequence of attack of the various teeth by pocket formation was shown to be specific for these island populations; males were consistently more affected than females. The character of periodontal diseases prevalent among Polynesians and Melanesians was recognized to be a \"dirt pyorrhea\" accompanied by progressive subgingival calculus deposition and destructive periodontitis.", "PMID": 1055216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1507", "title": "The effectiveness of sodium fluoride treatment with and without iontophoresis on the reduction of hypersensitive dentin.", "content": "The effectiveness of topical sodium fluoride applied with and without iontophoresis was compared in patients complaining of tooth hypersensitivity. Reduction of sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli was evaluated during a period of 8 months by pain scoring in the exposed cervical dentin of homologous teeth on the two sides of the jaws. There was a significant decrease in the sensitivity of the exposed cervical dentin after treatment with sodium fluoride solution, with or without iontophoresis, during the whole experimental period. There was no striking difference between the two forms of treatment with respect to the reduction of sensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli.", "contents": "The effectiveness of sodium fluoride treatment with and without iontophoresis on the reduction of hypersensitive dentin. The effectiveness of topical sodium fluoride applied with and without iontophoresis was compared in patients complaining of tooth hypersensitivity. Reduction of sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli was evaluated during a period of 8 months by pain scoring in the exposed cervical dentin of homologous teeth on the two sides of the jaws. There was a significant decrease in the sensitivity of the exposed cervical dentin after treatment with sodium fluoride solution, with or without iontophoresis, during the whole experimental period. There was no striking difference between the two forms of treatment with respect to the reduction of sensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli.", "PMID": 1055218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1508", "title": "A comparative study of the occlusal plane in dentulous and edentulous subjects.", "content": "A study was conducted in dentulous and edentulous subjects to determine the location of occlusal plane as related to the maxillomandibular space. The results from both the dentulous and edentulous groups indicate a close angular affinity between the occlusal and maxillary planes. In the dentulous group, significant associations were found between the angulation of the occlusal plane to the maxillary plane and the height and length of the maxillomandibular space. The occulsal plane to the maxillary plane and the height and length of the maxillomandibular space. The occlusal plane in the long-and-low type of maxillomandibular space tends to be more parallel to the maxillary plane, while the occlusal plane in the short-and-high types of maxillomandibular space tends to be more steeply angulated to the maxillary plane. The occlusal plane deviates away from a mean angulation to the maxillary plane when the height and length of the maxillomandibular space tend to be toward the opposite extremes of the normal range.", "contents": "A comparative study of the occlusal plane in dentulous and edentulous subjects. A study was conducted in dentulous and edentulous subjects to determine the location of occlusal plane as related to the maxillomandibular space. The results from both the dentulous and edentulous groups indicate a close angular affinity between the occlusal and maxillary planes. In the dentulous group, significant associations were found between the angulation of the occlusal plane to the maxillary plane and the height and length of the maxillomandibular space. The occulsal plane to the maxillary plane and the height and length of the maxillomandibular space. The occlusal plane in the long-and-low type of maxillomandibular space tends to be more parallel to the maxillary plane, while the occlusal plane in the short-and-high types of maxillomandibular space tends to be more steeply angulated to the maxillary plane. The occlusal plane deviates away from a mean angulation to the maxillary plane when the height and length of the maxillomandibular space tend to be toward the opposite extremes of the normal range.", "PMID": 1055226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1509", "title": "The significance of the fovea palantini in complete denture prosthodontics.", "content": "Clinical, radiographic, and histologic studies of the fovea palatini indicate that they were positioned 1.31 mm. (mean of 100 subjects) in front of the vibrating line. Radiographically and histologically, the foveae were located in soft tissue covering the hard palate in all specimens. Histologically, complex nerve endings were found just anterior to the foveae and spreading to the soft palate. The findings were related to clinical aspects of complete dentures.", "contents": "The significance of the fovea palantini in complete denture prosthodontics. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic studies of the fovea palatini indicate that they were positioned 1.31 mm. (mean of 100 subjects) in front of the vibrating line. Radiographically and histologically, the foveae were located in soft tissue covering the hard palate in all specimens. Histologically, complex nerve endings were found just anterior to the foveae and spreading to the soft palate. The findings were related to clinical aspects of complete dentures.", "PMID": 1055227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1510", "title": "Computerized analysis and duplication of mandibular motion.", "content": "A new digital system has been devised to analyze and duplicate jaw motion. The arrangement of the electronic system offers a range of versatility which includes graphic as well as numerical data analysis. The duplicator linkage is identical to the sensor linkage which, together with an accurate model transfer system, results in an encouraging level of accuracy in jaw-motion duplication. The data collected from normal subjects should offer some new knowledge in the normal motions of the mandible as well as establish a reference for comparison with abnormal masticatory function.", "contents": "Computerized analysis and duplication of mandibular motion. A new digital system has been devised to analyze and duplicate jaw motion. The arrangement of the electronic system offers a range of versatility which includes graphic as well as numerical data analysis. The duplicator linkage is identical to the sensor linkage which, together with an accurate model transfer system, results in an encouraging level of accuracy in jaw-motion duplication. The data collected from normal subjects should offer some new knowledge in the normal motions of the mandible as well as establish a reference for comparison with abnormal masticatory function.", "PMID": 1055229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1511", "title": "Teachers as models in programs for school dental health; an evaluation of \"The Toothkeeper\".", "content": "An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Toothkeeper program was performed in Houston to determine if participation in the program by elementary school children would result in their having cleaner teeth and better gingival health than seen in similar children not in the program. Assessments for plaque and gingivitis were made at the beginning, at the completion of the formal 16-week program, and again after a second 16-week period. In this particular setting, the Toothkeeper was found to be ineffective. Possible reasons for the ineffectiveness of the program are discussed and several suggestions for modifying the program are offered.", "contents": "Teachers as models in programs for school dental health; an evaluation of \"The Toothkeeper\". An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Toothkeeper program was performed in Houston to determine if participation in the program by elementary school children would result in their having cleaner teeth and better gingival health than seen in similar children not in the program. Assessments for plaque and gingivitis were made at the beginning, at the completion of the formal 16-week program, and again after a second 16-week period. In this particular setting, the Toothkeeper was found to be ineffective. Possible reasons for the ineffectiveness of the program are discussed and several suggestions for modifying the program are offered.", "PMID": 1055240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1512", "title": "A comparison of the effectiveness of the \"Toothkeeper\" and a traditional dental health education program.", "content": "A study was made of the effectiveness of two dental health education programs in an elementary school in Flint, Michigan. Following stratification by grades, random assignments of students were made by classrooms to either the Toothkeeper group or a \"Traditional\" group. No control groups were employed. Separate in-service training workshops were attended by the classroom teachers according to the education program to which they had been randomly assigned. An intensive 16-week program was conducted by the classroom teachers following the guidelines of the two programs. Dental examinations which included an assessment of plaque and gingivitis scores were conducted on all participants at baseline, at the end of 16 weeks, and at the conclusion of the school year, some seven months after the initiation of the program. Only minimal reductions in plaque scores were observed with either program and little comparative difference was found in the two programs at the end of the evaluation period. The Toothkeeper group experienced a somewhat greater reduction in plaque scores than the \"Traditional\" group during the intensive 16-week phase of the study, but these scores worsened from this time to the end of the school year. Gingivitis scores demonstrated more improvement than the reductions in plaque scores would indicate and may be related to the confounding factor of large numbers of children receiving dental treatment, especially prophylaxes during the course of this study. Differences in reductions in gingivitis between the two programs were not meaningful clinically.", "contents": "A comparison of the effectiveness of the \"Toothkeeper\" and a traditional dental health education program. A study was made of the effectiveness of two dental health education programs in an elementary school in Flint, Michigan. Following stratification by grades, random assignments of students were made by classrooms to either the Toothkeeper group or a \"Traditional\" group. No control groups were employed. Separate in-service training workshops were attended by the classroom teachers according to the education program to which they had been randomly assigned. An intensive 16-week program was conducted by the classroom teachers following the guidelines of the two programs. Dental examinations which included an assessment of plaque and gingivitis scores were conducted on all participants at baseline, at the end of 16 weeks, and at the conclusion of the school year, some seven months after the initiation of the program. Only minimal reductions in plaque scores were observed with either program and little comparative difference was found in the two programs at the end of the evaluation period. The Toothkeeper group experienced a somewhat greater reduction in plaque scores than the \"Traditional\" group during the intensive 16-week phase of the study, but these scores worsened from this time to the end of the school year. Gingivitis scores demonstrated more improvement than the reductions in plaque scores would indicate and may be related to the confounding factor of large numbers of children receiving dental treatment, especially prophylaxes during the course of this study. Differences in reductions in gingivitis between the two programs were not meaningful clinically.", "PMID": 1055242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1513", "title": "Nonhematopoietic neoplasms in cats.", "content": "In a study of 3,145 feline necropsies conducted for 11 years by the pathology department of The Animal Medical Center, 289 tumors of nonhematopoietic origin were found in 264 cats. Malignant and epithelial tumors were more common than benign or mesenchymal tumors in all ages and breeds, and in both sexes. They were also more common in female cats than in males, even after mammary neoplasms were excluded. Analysis of groups of tumors according to their tissue of origin indicated some sex and breed dispositions not observed before. Pulmonary carcinomas and osteosarcomas were more frequent in domestic short haired cats than in other breeds, whereas intestinal carcinomas occurred more often in Siamese cats. Female predominated in pulmonary carcinomas, hemangiosarcomas, osteosarcomas, and squamous cell carcinomas, but males outnumbered the females in intestinal carcinomas.", "contents": "Nonhematopoietic neoplasms in cats. In a study of 3,145 feline necropsies conducted for 11 years by the pathology department of The Animal Medical Center, 289 tumors of nonhematopoietic origin were found in 264 cats. Malignant and epithelial tumors were more common than benign or mesenchymal tumors in all ages and breeds, and in both sexes. They were also more common in female cats than in males, even after mammary neoplasms were excluded. Analysis of groups of tumors according to their tissue of origin indicated some sex and breed dispositions not observed before. Pulmonary carcinomas and osteosarcomas were more frequent in domestic short haired cats than in other breeds, whereas intestinal carcinomas occurred more often in Siamese cats. Female predominated in pulmonary carcinomas, hemangiosarcomas, osteosarcomas, and squamous cell carcinomas, but males outnumbered the females in intestinal carcinomas.", "PMID": 1055268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1514", "title": "Induction of Leukemias and digestive tract tumors in Donryu rats by 1-propyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "Three groups of female Donryu rats were continuously given 600, 300, or 150 ppm solution of 1-propyl-1-nitrosourea in their drinking water. Leukemias developed in 62 of 109 (57%) rats surviving for more than 17 weeks and tumors developed in the digestive tracts of 31 (28%) animals. Of the leukemias, the differentiated myelocytic type was the most frequent, followed by myeloblastic leukemia and erythroleukemia. Tumors in the digestive tract, predominantly in the glandular stomach and duodenum, were both epithelial and nonepithelial. The other induced tumors were mainly in the mammary glands, ear ducts, and thymus, though the incidence was less than 15%.", "contents": "Induction of Leukemias and digestive tract tumors in Donryu rats by 1-propyl-1-nitrosourea. Three groups of female Donryu rats were continuously given 600, 300, or 150 ppm solution of 1-propyl-1-nitrosourea in their drinking water. Leukemias developed in 62 of 109 (57%) rats surviving for more than 17 weeks and tumors developed in the digestive tracts of 31 (28%) animals. Of the leukemias, the differentiated myelocytic type was the most frequent, followed by myeloblastic leukemia and erythroleukemia. Tumors in the digestive tract, predominantly in the glandular stomach and duodenum, were both epithelial and nonepithelial. The other induced tumors were mainly in the mammary glands, ear ducts, and thymus, though the incidence was less than 15%.", "PMID": 1055269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1515", "title": "Recovery of bladder function after spinal cord transection.", "content": "All dogs having undergone spinal cord transection in our study exhibited a postoperative phase of spinal shock, with complete urinary retention and areflexic detrusor. This shock phase lasted between 2 and 6 weeks. Sequential pressure studies of paraplegic dogs substantiated the clinical supposition that urinary retention during spinal shock phase is caused by an unresponsive detrusor. The sphincteric mechanism could be the implicated as an etiologic agent. Return of detrusor reflex activity was observed in all animals.", "contents": "Recovery of bladder function after spinal cord transection. All dogs having undergone spinal cord transection in our study exhibited a postoperative phase of spinal shock, with complete urinary retention and areflexic detrusor. This shock phase lasted between 2 and 6 weeks. Sequential pressure studies of paraplegic dogs substantiated the clinical supposition that urinary retention during spinal shock phase is caused by an unresponsive detrusor. The sphincteric mechanism could be the implicated as an etiologic agent. Return of detrusor reflex activity was observed in all animals.", "PMID": 1055270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1516", "title": "Liquid breathing trials and animal studies with a demand-regulated liquid breathing system.", "content": "Experimental results of in vivo animal tests conducted on a demand-regulated liquid breathing system are presented. When a liquid replaces gas as the medium in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported, several problems not typical in gas respiration occur. The increased mass and viscosity of a liquid as compared with a gas necessitate some means of mechanical assistance. The lower diffusion rates of gases in liquids as compared with gas rates places several constraints on the design of a mechanically assisted liquid breathing system. The liquid breathing system reported in this study has been designed to be demand-regulated, i.e., the animal has control over cycling the pumps which mechanically assist the circulation of an oxygenated liquid to and from the lungs. This system consists of a gas-operated diaphragm pump, demand controller, liquid regenerator with heater and gas scrubber, and ancillary equipment. A demand controller is described which obtains a control signal from an esophageal balloon catheter in the animal and governs operation of the pneumatically driven diaphragm pump.", "contents": "Liquid breathing trials and animal studies with a demand-regulated liquid breathing system. Experimental results of in vivo animal tests conducted on a demand-regulated liquid breathing system are presented. When a liquid replaces gas as the medium in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported, several problems not typical in gas respiration occur. The increased mass and viscosity of a liquid as compared with a gas necessitate some means of mechanical assistance. The lower diffusion rates of gases in liquids as compared with gas rates places several constraints on the design of a mechanically assisted liquid breathing system. The liquid breathing system reported in this study has been designed to be demand-regulated, i.e., the animal has control over cycling the pumps which mechanically assist the circulation of an oxygenated liquid to and from the lungs. This system consists of a gas-operated diaphragm pump, demand controller, liquid regenerator with heater and gas scrubber, and ancillary equipment. A demand controller is described which obtains a control signal from an esophageal balloon catheter in the animal and governs operation of the pneumatically driven diaphragm pump.", "PMID": 1055284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1517", "title": "Sex control in silkworms.", "content": "The production of hybrid silkworms yielding a very high proportion of male larvae is of great importance to the silk industry, because of the very much higher yield of silk from males. Strains giving as many as 98% male offspring have now been developed from mutants with translocations of the X chromosome.", "contents": "Sex control in silkworms. The production of hybrid silkworms yielding a very high proportion of male larvae is of great importance to the silk industry, because of the very much higher yield of silk from males. Strains giving as many as 98% male offspring have now been developed from mutants with translocations of the X chromosome.", "PMID": 1055292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1518", "title": "[Acute leukemia.  Case material and therapeutic results].", "content": "In the five years period 1969-1973, 22 cases of acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and 75 of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were observed in adults. In ALL, complete remission was obtained in 61% of cases. The median duration of remission worked out to be 3 months in the group of patients who died and more than 6 months in the patients still alive. The mean survival time was 7,8 and more than 10,6 months respectively. The various regimens of treatment used in the  phase of induction appeared to be equally effective, whilst cyclic chemotherapy was found to be preferable in maintaining remission. As far as AML is concerned, complete remission was achieved in 25% of the patients with stem cells leukaemia, 50% in myeloblastic leukaemia and 33% in mielyomoocytic leulaemia. The median duration of remission was 3,5 and 9 months respectively. No case of promyelocytic leukaemia and erythroleukaemia achieved complete remission. The mean survival time was 3,4 months in stem cells leukaemia, 6 months in myeloblastic leukaemia, 6,6 months in myelomonocytic leukaemia, 0,4 months in promyelocytic leukaemia and 2,5 months in erythroleukaemia. In stem cells leukaemia, the highest frequency of remission was found in patients aged 13 to 20 years, whilst in myeloblastic and myelomonocytic leukaemia the most favourable results were obtained in patients aged 50 to 70 and 20 to 50 respectively. The longest mediam duration of remission and the best survival time was obtained in myelomonocytic leukaemia. The best rate of remission was achieved in the patients whose initial leukocyte count ranged from 10.000 to 50.000/mm-3. No patient with an initial WBC count above 50.000/mm-3 entered complete remission. The frequency of complete remission worked out to be much higher in the patients treated with cyclic chemotherapy according to the Hammersmith protocol, except in the case of stem cells leukaemia.", "contents": "[Acute leukemia.  Case material and therapeutic results]. In the five years period 1969-1973, 22 cases of acute lymphoblastic (ALL) and 75 of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) were observed in adults. In ALL, complete remission was obtained in 61% of cases. The median duration of remission worked out to be 3 months in the group of patients who died and more than 6 months in the patients still alive. The mean survival time was 7,8 and more than 10,6 months respectively. The various regimens of treatment used in the  phase of induction appeared to be equally effective, whilst cyclic chemotherapy was found to be preferable in maintaining remission. As far as AML is concerned, complete remission was achieved in 25% of the patients with stem cells leukaemia, 50% in myeloblastic leukaemia and 33% in mielyomoocytic leulaemia. The median duration of remission was 3,5 and 9 months respectively. No case of promyelocytic leukaemia and erythroleukaemia achieved complete remission. The mean survival time was 3,4 months in stem cells leukaemia, 6 months in myeloblastic leukaemia, 6,6 months in myelomonocytic leukaemia, 0,4 months in promyelocytic leukaemia and 2,5 months in erythroleukaemia. In stem cells leukaemia, the highest frequency of remission was found in patients aged 13 to 20 years, whilst in myeloblastic and myelomonocytic leukaemia the most favourable results were obtained in patients aged 50 to 70 and 20 to 50 respectively. The longest mediam duration of remission and the best survival time was obtained in myelomonocytic leukaemia. The best rate of remission was achieved in the patients whose initial leukocyte count ranged from 10.000 to 50.000/mm-3. No patient with an initial WBC count above 50.000/mm-3 entered complete remission. The frequency of complete remission worked out to be much higher in the patients treated with cyclic chemotherapy according to the Hammersmith protocol, except in the case of stem cells leukaemia.", "PMID": 1055305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1519", "title": "Immediate sterility after vasectomy.", "content": "A series of 32 males who discontinued all forms of contraception following bilateral vasectomy and irrigation of each vas with 2.5 ml of 1/1000 solution of euflavine, have been followed for one year. During this period in which coitus continued with the same frequency as before vasectomy, no pregnancy has resulted. Semen specimens examined shortly after vasectomy in all subjects showed \"moderate\" to \"many\" sperms present in one third of males, and \"few\" in the remaining two thirds: In all the sperms were non motile.", "contents": "Immediate sterility after vasectomy. A series of 32 males who discontinued all forms of contraception following bilateral vasectomy and irrigation of each vas with 2.5 ml of 1/1000 solution of euflavine, have been followed for one year. During this period in which coitus continued with the same frequency as before vasectomy, no pregnancy has resulted. Semen specimens examined shortly after vasectomy in all subjects showed \"moderate\" to \"many\" sperms present in one third of males, and \"few\" in the remaining two thirds: In all the sperms were non motile.", "PMID": 1055306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1520", "title": "Non-accidental injury to preschool children in New Zealand.", "content": "Serious attention must be given to the physical maltreatment of pre-school children in New Zealand if realistic solutions to presently neglected problems of maltreatment are to be devised. A concept of maltreatment is operationally defined, some available New Zelaand data discussed, and a strategy for improved prevention and treatment outlined.", "contents": "Non-accidental injury to preschool children in New Zealand. Serious attention must be given to the physical maltreatment of pre-school children in New Zealand if realistic solutions to presently neglected problems of maltreatment are to be devised. A concept of maltreatment is operationally defined, some available New Zelaand data discussed, and a strategy for improved prevention and treatment outlined.", "PMID": 1055307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1521", "title": "A clinical trial of clonidine (Catapres) in private practice.", "content": "Fifty moderately severe hypertensive patients seen in private consulting practice were treated with clonidine alone or in conjunction with diuretics and other hypertensive drugs. After six months, 38 (76 percent) were still satisfactorily controlled. Small initial dosage and cautious incrementation is needed to avoid patient resistance from side-effects, principally fatigue, dry mouth and constipation, but once satisfactory control is achieved maintenance therapy is relatively trouble free.", "contents": "A clinical trial of clonidine (Catapres) in private practice. Fifty moderately severe hypertensive patients seen in private consulting practice were treated with clonidine alone or in conjunction with diuretics and other hypertensive drugs. After six months, 38 (76 percent) were still satisfactorily controlled. Small initial dosage and cautious incrementation is needed to avoid patient resistance from side-effects, principally fatigue, dry mouth and constipation, but once satisfactory control is achieved maintenance therapy is relatively trouble free.", "PMID": 1055315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1522", "title": "Porphyria cutanea tarda and the pill: case report.", "content": "A patient is described who developed porphyria cutanea tarda in association with the use of a contraceptive pill. The relationship to porphyrin metabolism as at present understood, as well as the significance of abdominal pain and change in psyche, is discussed. Stopping the pill has been associated with a remission.", "contents": "Porphyria cutanea tarda and the pill: case report. A patient is described who developed porphyria cutanea tarda in association with the use of a contraceptive pill. The relationship to porphyrin metabolism as at present understood, as well as the significance of abdominal pain and change in psyche, is discussed. Stopping the pill has been associated with a remission.", "PMID": 1055316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1523", "title": "Accidental poisoning in children.", "content": "A survey was conducted on notified cases of poisoning of children under the age of five years in the Wellington and Hutt Health Districts. Details of the fingings from a questionnaire are presented and methods of extending and modifying aspects of prevention are discussed.", "contents": "Accidental poisoning in children. A survey was conducted on notified cases of poisoning of children under the age of five years in the Wellington and Hutt Health Districts. Details of the fingings from a questionnaire are presented and methods of extending and modifying aspects of prevention are discussed.", "PMID": 1055317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1524", "title": "Clinical experience with prazosin hydrochloride in arterial hypertension.", "content": "Of 24 hypertensive patients treated with prazosin hydrochloride, a new vasodilator hypotensive drug with alpha blocking properties, 20 showed a standing blood pressure of less than 140/90 mmHg after six weeks therapy. Five patients had mild, 13 moderate and six severe hypertension. In 11 patients the drug was used alone and in 13 it was combined with thiazides, beta-blockers, clonidine or debrisoquine. Side effects were trivial. Two cases of severe renovascular hypertension responded excellently and one with malignant hypertension is showing a similar good response. The drug can be well combined with thiazides, beta-blockers and clonidine.", "contents": "Clinical experience with prazosin hydrochloride in arterial hypertension. Of 24 hypertensive patients treated with prazosin hydrochloride, a new vasodilator hypotensive drug with alpha blocking properties, 20 showed a standing blood pressure of less than 140/90 mmHg after six weeks therapy. Five patients had mild, 13 moderate and six severe hypertension. In 11 patients the drug was used alone and in 13 it was combined with thiazides, beta-blockers, clonidine or debrisoquine. Side effects were trivial. Two cases of severe renovascular hypertension responded excellently and one with malignant hypertension is showing a similar good response. The drug can be well combined with thiazides, beta-blockers and clonidine.", "PMID": 1055318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1525", "title": "A comparative study of the health of elite Maori and Caucasian children in Auckland.", "content": "A group of socially elite Maori and part-Maori parents kept a 10 month record (February to November 1972) of their children's health. The majority of a Caucasian control group were matched for socio-economic status by the Maori parents. The majority of both parent groups were of professional or skilled tradesman status whose income exceeded the then current New Zealand average. The results show no overall difference between the morbidity of the two racial groups studied.", "contents": "A comparative study of the health of elite Maori and Caucasian children in Auckland. A group of socially elite Maori and part-Maori parents kept a 10 month record (February to November 1972) of their children's health. The majority of a Caucasian control group were matched for socio-economic status by the Maori parents. The majority of both parent groups were of professional or skilled tradesman status whose income exceeded the then current New Zealand average. The results show no overall difference between the morbidity of the two racial groups studied.", "PMID": 1055319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1526", "title": "The flicker-fusion threshold in schizophrenia and depression.", "content": "The flicker-fusion threshold was determined in 76 patients who complained of depression and who were diagnosed as suffering from either schizophrenia or depression. It was found to be lowered in schizophrenia and lowered further in depression as compared with 28 healthy volunteers. The differences between the three groups were all highly significant with P less than 0.0005 in each case. The flicker-fusion threshold was found to be lowered by intravenous chlorpromazine and raised by intravenous amitriptyline, so it is unlikely that these differences were due to medication that the patients had been taking.", "contents": "The flicker-fusion threshold in schizophrenia and depression. The flicker-fusion threshold was determined in 76 patients who complained of depression and who were diagnosed as suffering from either schizophrenia or depression. It was found to be lowered in schizophrenia and lowered further in depression as compared with 28 healthy volunteers. The differences between the three groups were all highly significant with P less than 0.0005 in each case. The flicker-fusion threshold was found to be lowered by intravenous chlorpromazine and raised by intravenous amitriptyline, so it is unlikely that these differences were due to medication that the patients had been taking.", "PMID": 1055320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1527", "title": "The bronchodilator effect of fenoterol (Berotec).", "content": "The efficacy of the selective beta 2 sympathomimetic fenoterol (Berotec) in aerosol and tablet forms was studied in 15 subjects with reversible airways obstruction. The maximal bronchodilator effect of fenoterol by aerosol (0.4mg) was found to equal that of isoprenaline, and to be maintained at that level over the three hour period studied. When given orally, neither one tablet (2.5 mg) nor two tablets (5 mg) of fenoterol increased the FEV1 to the same extent as isoprenaline, and the larger oral dose (5 mg) produced troublesome side effects in several subjects. It is concluded that fenoterol by aerosol is an effective bronchodilator  with a duration of action of at least three hours, without significant side effects.", "contents": "The bronchodilator effect of fenoterol (Berotec). The efficacy of the selective beta 2 sympathomimetic fenoterol (Berotec) in aerosol and tablet forms was studied in 15 subjects with reversible airways obstruction. The maximal bronchodilator effect of fenoterol by aerosol (0.4mg) was found to equal that of isoprenaline, and to be maintained at that level over the three hour period studied. When given orally, neither one tablet (2.5 mg) nor two tablets (5 mg) of fenoterol increased the FEV1 to the same extent as isoprenaline, and the larger oral dose (5 mg) produced troublesome side effects in several subjects. It is concluded that fenoterol by aerosol is an effective bronchodilator  with a duration of action of at least three hours, without significant side effects.", "PMID": 1055321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1528", "title": "An attitudinal study about old people.", "content": "A sentence completion instrument was administered to 28 elderly females and 44 young female social workers to investigate the differences and similarities in attitudes and beliefs about old people and being old. The statistical significance between the groups' responses was tested using the chi-square technique and individual cells by means of critical ratios. Eleven of the 20 stems were significant at the prescribed level and these are substantively discussed. It is suggested that awareness of the discrepant attitudes and beliefs is an important step towards reducing this dissonance.", "contents": "An attitudinal study about old people. A sentence completion instrument was administered to 28 elderly females and 44 young female social workers to investigate the differences and similarities in attitudes and beliefs about old people and being old. The statistical significance between the groups' responses was tested using the chi-square technique and individual cells by means of critical ratios. Eleven of the 20 stems were significant at the prescribed level and these are substantively discussed. It is suggested that awareness of the discrepant attitudes and beliefs is an important step towards reducing this dissonance.", "PMID": 1055322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1529", "title": "The effect of dried mussel extract on an induced polyarthritis in rats.", "content": "A polyarthritis was induced in a number of rats by the intradermal injection of a modified Freund's adjuvant into the right foot pad. Powered extract of New Zealand mussel fed to the rats did not have any beneficial effect on either the development or the severity of the arthritis.", "contents": "The effect of dried mussel extract on an induced polyarthritis in rats. A polyarthritis was induced in a number of rats by the intradermal injection of a modified Freund's adjuvant into the right foot pad. Powered extract of New Zealand mussel fed to the rats did not have any beneficial effect on either the development or the severity of the arthritis.", "PMID": 1055325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1530", "title": "[Papilledema with leukemia and similar processes].", "content": "In 11 cases of leukaemia or other lymphatic system disease meningeal affection occurred together with an oedema of optic papilla. In 6 patients (9 eyes) visual accuity fell down till 0.1 or worse. By irradiation of retrobulbar spaces in 4 of 5 cases a marked visual accuity improvement was obtained. In 2 other patients an infiltration of optic nerve was found only post mortem through histological examination. In those patients visual accuity was not diminished.", "contents": "[Papilledema with leukemia and similar processes]. In 11 cases of leukaemia or other lymphatic system disease meningeal affection occurred together with an oedema of optic papilla. In 6 patients (9 eyes) visual accuity fell down till 0.1 or worse. By irradiation of retrobulbar spaces in 4 of 5 cases a marked visual accuity improvement was obtained. In 2 other patients an infiltration of optic nerve was found only post mortem through histological examination. In those patients visual accuity was not diminished.", "PMID": 1055352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1531", "title": "[In vitro study of sensitivity of leukemic cells to cytotoxic drugs (anticytogram)].", "content": "The in vitro sensitivity of leukemic cells to cytotoxic drugs was assessed in 61 cases of acute leukemia in adults, 49 of them were of the no lymphoblastic type and in the first phase of the disease. The depression of the incorporation of 14-C-thymidine and 3-H-uridine after a two hours incubation with the various cytotoxic drugs was compared with the clinical result obtained with two of them There is a significant correlation between the in vitro depression of the incorporation of 14-C-thymidine and the clinical effect of the drugs. This method, which may be utilized also in solid tumors, allows to predict with some accuracy the effect of chemotherapy, and to select between the various cytotoxic drugs. However the failure of a chemotherapy is generally related to an in vitro insensitivity of the malignant cells to almost all drugs.", "contents": "[In vitro study of sensitivity of leukemic cells to cytotoxic drugs (anticytogram)]. The in vitro sensitivity of leukemic cells to cytotoxic drugs was assessed in 61 cases of acute leukemia in adults, 49 of them were of the no lymphoblastic type and in the first phase of the disease. The depression of the incorporation of 14-C-thymidine and 3-H-uridine after a two hours incubation with the various cytotoxic drugs was compared with the clinical result obtained with two of them There is a significant correlation between the in vitro depression of the incorporation of 14-C-thymidine and the clinical effect of the drugs. This method, which may be utilized also in solid tumors, allows to predict with some accuracy the effect of chemotherapy, and to select between the various cytotoxic drugs. However the failure of a chemotherapy is generally related to an in vitro insensitivity of the malignant cells to almost all drugs.", "PMID": 1055355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1532", "title": "Isolation of nuclear pore complexes in association with a lamina.", "content": "Nuclear pore complexes have been isolated in association with a 150 A thick lamina by detergent and salt fractionation of nuclear envelopes from rat liver. The pore complexes exhibit characteristic morphology and appear to be attached in a highly specific orientation to the lamina, which extends over relatively large areas. The pore complex-lamina fraction is composed of three major and several minor polypeptides with little or no DNA, RNA, or phospholipid. It is suggested that the association of the pore complexes and the lamina reflects the structural arrangement of the nuclear periphery in vivo.", "contents": "Isolation of nuclear pore complexes in association with a lamina. Nuclear pore complexes have been isolated in association with a 150 A thick lamina by detergent and salt fractionation of nuclear envelopes from rat liver. The pore complexes exhibit characteristic morphology and appear to be attached in a highly specific orientation to the lamina, which extends over relatively large areas. The pore complex-lamina fraction is composed of three major and several minor polypeptides with little or no DNA, RNA, or phospholipid. It is suggested that the association of the pore complexes and the lamina reflects the structural arrangement of the nuclear periphery in vivo.", "PMID": 1055359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1533", "title": "Control of the mRNA for hepatic tryptophan oxygenase during hormonal and substrate induction.", "content": "Glucocorticoid hormones increase the level of hepatic tryptophan oxygenase (EC 1.13.11.11; L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) by increasing its rate of synthesis. Studies were performed to determine whether this induction is mediated by controlling the level of the mRNA for tryptophan oxygenase of by changing the translational efficiency of a fixed level of mRNA. Activity of tryptophan oxygenase mRNA was quantitated in a Krebs ascites cell-free, protein-synthesizing system, supplemented with tRNA and rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors. De novo synthesis of the protomeric unit(s) of the enzyme was a linear function of the amount of mRNA added. Time course and dose-response studies in which the enzyme level and mRNA activity in livers from rats injected with inducing doses of hydrocortisone were compared indicate that the induction of this enzyme is accompanied by a proportional increase in the level of its mRNA. This was true for mRNA isolated from total liver as well as from cytoplasmic polysomes. Induction of the enzyme by its substrate, tryptophan, however, was not accompanied by a parallel increase in mRNA activity.", "contents": "Control of the mRNA for hepatic tryptophan oxygenase during hormonal and substrate induction. Glucocorticoid hormones increase the level of hepatic tryptophan oxygenase (EC 1.13.11.11; L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing) by increasing its rate of synthesis. Studies were performed to determine whether this induction is mediated by controlling the level of the mRNA for tryptophan oxygenase of by changing the translational efficiency of a fixed level of mRNA. Activity of tryptophan oxygenase mRNA was quantitated in a Krebs ascites cell-free, protein-synthesizing system, supplemented with tRNA and rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors. De novo synthesis of the protomeric unit(s) of the enzyme was a linear function of the amount of mRNA added. Time course and dose-response studies in which the enzyme level and mRNA activity in livers from rats injected with inducing doses of hydrocortisone were compared indicate that the induction of this enzyme is accompanied by a proportional increase in the level of its mRNA. This was true for mRNA isolated from total liver as well as from cytoplasmic polysomes. Induction of the enzyme by its substrate, tryptophan, however, was not accompanied by a parallel increase in mRNA activity.", "PMID": 1055360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1534", "title": "Interaction of poly(A) and mRNA with eukaryotic initiator met-tRNA-f binding factor: identification of this activity on reticulocyte ribonucleic acid protein particles.", "content": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) have been isolated from rabbit reticulocyte polysomes. One of the proteins of the mRNP complex has many properties of a specific eukaryotic initiation factor, the soluble Met-tRNA-f binding protein. A purified preparation of this factor, in addition to binding Met-tRNA-f, binds poly(A) and globin mRNA. The binding of these substrates is greater than that obtained with other natural or artificial polyribonucleotides. The mRNP fraction also binds poly(A) and Met-tRNA-f. Since the factor which binds initiator tRNA also binds poly(A) and mRNA, and this activity can be found on mRNPs, there may be a relationship between initiator tRNA binding and messenger binding in early events of eukaryotic initiation.", "contents": "Interaction of poly(A) and mRNA with eukaryotic initiator met-tRNA-f binding factor: identification of this activity on reticulocyte ribonucleic acid protein particles. Messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) have been isolated from rabbit reticulocyte polysomes. One of the proteins of the mRNP complex has many properties of a specific eukaryotic initiation factor, the soluble Met-tRNA-f binding protein. A purified preparation of this factor, in addition to binding Met-tRNA-f, binds poly(A) and globin mRNA. The binding of these substrates is greater than that obtained with other natural or artificial polyribonucleotides. The mRNP fraction also binds poly(A) and Met-tRNA-f. Since the factor which binds initiator tRNA also binds poly(A) and mRNA, and this activity can be found on mRNPs, there may be a relationship between initiator tRNA binding and messenger binding in early events of eukaryotic initiation.", "PMID": 1055361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1535", "title": "Genetic complexity of aggregation in the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium violaceum.", "content": "Complementation tests were performed between pairs of independently isolated aggregation defective mutants of P. violaceum. Analysis of the results suggests that the approximate number of genes controlling aggregation in this organism is 50.", "contents": "Genetic complexity of aggregation in the cellular slime mold Polysphondylium violaceum. Complementation tests were performed between pairs of independently isolated aggregation defective mutants of P. violaceum. Analysis of the results suggests that the approximate number of genes controlling aggregation in this organism is 50.", "PMID": 1055362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1536", "title": "Quaternary structure of chromatin.", "content": "Neutron scattering experiments on chromatin solutions have been carried out at Bragg spacings several times larger than in any previous x-ray work. A new series of very low angle reflections at about 400, 200, and 140 A were observed. These reflections demonstrate the existence of a higher order structure of the 100 A unit fibril. A coiled-coil model with a major pitch of 500 A and a radius of center to fibril center of 130 A is proposed to explain the results.", "contents": "Quaternary structure of chromatin. Neutron scattering experiments on chromatin solutions have been carried out at Bragg spacings several times larger than in any previous x-ray work. A new series of very low angle reflections at about 400, 200, and 140 A were observed. These reflections demonstrate the existence of a higher order structure of the 100 A unit fibril. A coiled-coil model with a major pitch of 500 A and a radius of center to fibril center of 130 A is proposed to explain the results.", "PMID": 1055363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1537", "title": "Concanavalin A receptors on the surface membrane of lymphocytes from patient's with Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) induces movement of its receptors on the cell surface membrane. This induction results in a concentration of Con A site complexes on one pole of the cell to form a cap. A marked difference was found in the mobility of Con A receptor between lymphocytes from normal persons and lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas. Lymphocytes isolated from tonsils of patients undergoing tonsillectomy and from axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients exhibited approximately 30% of cells with caps, which is identical with the cap formation ability of normal lymphocytes. In biopsy material from patients with Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas, a significant decrease in the ability of the lymphocytes to form caps was observed. This difference in the mobility of Con A sites was even more pronounced in lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood. In 123 patients with Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas, cap formation ranged between 3 and 12%. The ability of cells, from a normal donor or a lymphoma patient, to form caps was independent of the source from which the lymphocytes were isolated, e.g., lymph node, spleen, or blood. Lymphocytes from patients with lymphoma were also agglutinated by Con A to a higher degree than normal lymphocytes. These findings are discussed in relation to the association of the lymphocytes with these malignancies and as a possible aid in their differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Concanavalin A receptors on the surface membrane of lymphocytes from patient's with Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas. Concanavalin A (Con A) induces movement of its receptors on the cell surface membrane. This induction results in a concentration of Con A site complexes on one pole of the cell to form a cap. A marked difference was found in the mobility of Con A receptor between lymphocytes from normal persons and lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas. Lymphocytes isolated from tonsils of patients undergoing tonsillectomy and from axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients exhibited approximately 30% of cells with caps, which is identical with the cap formation ability of normal lymphocytes. In biopsy material from patients with Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas, a significant decrease in the ability of the lymphocytes to form caps was observed. This difference in the mobility of Con A sites was even more pronounced in lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood. In 123 patients with Hodgkin's disease and other malignant lymphomas, cap formation ranged between 3 and 12%. The ability of cells, from a normal donor or a lymphoma patient, to form caps was independent of the source from which the lymphocytes were isolated, e.g., lymph node, spleen, or blood. Lymphocytes from patients with lymphoma were also agglutinated by Con A to a higher degree than normal lymphocytes. These findings are discussed in relation to the association of the lymphocytes with these malignancies and as a possible aid in their differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1055364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1538", "title": "Structure of a soluble super-active insulin is revealed by the nature of the complex between cyanogen-bromide-activated sepharose and amines.", "content": "Insulin-like material with elevated insulin specific acitivity is released from insulin-Sepharose in the presence of bovine-serum albumin. The mechanism of release and the chemical nature of this insulin-like material are revealed by the finding that amine-Sepharose is O-Sepharose-N-substituted isourea. Nucleophilic attack by amino groups releases N-1-N-2-disubstituted guanidines. Correspondingly, it is shown that the super-active insulin-like material is an N-1-N-2-disubstituted guanidine in which insulin and bovine-serum albumin are the substituents.", "contents": "Structure of a soluble super-active insulin is revealed by the nature of the complex between cyanogen-bromide-activated sepharose and amines. Insulin-like material with elevated insulin specific acitivity is released from insulin-Sepharose in the presence of bovine-serum albumin. The mechanism of release and the chemical nature of this insulin-like material are revealed by the finding that amine-Sepharose is O-Sepharose-N-substituted isourea. Nucleophilic attack by amino groups releases N-1-N-2-disubstituted guanidines. Correspondingly, it is shown that the super-active insulin-like material is an N-1-N-2-disubstituted guanidine in which insulin and bovine-serum albumin are the substituents.", "PMID": 1055365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1539", "title": "Integrative recombination of bacteriophage lambda DNA in vitro.", "content": "An in vitro system for the production of integrative recombinant DNA of bacteriophage lambda is described. The in vitro recombination mimics the in vivo integration of viral DNA into host DNA in its requirement for int gene product, for the presence of a thermolabile component, and for the limitation of the recombination to a pair of specialized sites (attachment sites) on the DNA. The enzymes are extracted from Escherichia coli containing phage lambda gene products. The substrate is the DNA from lambda-attB-attP, a phage variant that contains two attachment sites on the same chromosome. The product is a recombinant phage chromosome that has lost the DNA between the attachment sites. The parental and recombinant DNA are distinguished following transfection to mature phage in spheroplasts. The reaction requires ATP, Mg++, spermidine, and a monovalent cation. Recombination occurs preferentially between attachment sites on the same molecule. The enzymatic activity is completely inhibited by extracts containing xis gene product.", "contents": "Integrative recombination of bacteriophage lambda DNA in vitro. An in vitro system for the production of integrative recombinant DNA of bacteriophage lambda is described. The in vitro recombination mimics the in vivo integration of viral DNA into host DNA in its requirement for int gene product, for the presence of a thermolabile component, and for the limitation of the recombination to a pair of specialized sites (attachment sites) on the DNA. The enzymes are extracted from Escherichia coli containing phage lambda gene products. The substrate is the DNA from lambda-attB-attP, a phage variant that contains two attachment sites on the same chromosome. The product is a recombinant phage chromosome that has lost the DNA between the attachment sites. The parental and recombinant DNA are distinguished following transfection to mature phage in spheroplasts. The reaction requires ATP, Mg++, spermidine, and a monovalent cation. Recombination occurs preferentially between attachment sites on the same molecule. The enzymatic activity is completely inhibited by extracts containing xis gene product.", "PMID": 1055366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1540", "title": "Possible relationship of poly(A) shortening to mRNA turnover.", "content": "Whereas the original size of poly(A) in HeLa cells is about 200 nucleotides, at steady state most of the poly(A) in mRNA contains less than 50 nucleotides. An endonucleolytic attack on poly(A) is suggested as the most likely method to accumulate short pieces of poly(A). Both poly(A) shortening and mRNA turnover appear to be inhibited by emetine, a drug that stops translation. It is possible that a random endonucleolytic attack leads to scission of poly(A) to a size below which the mRNA is unstable.", "contents": "Possible relationship of poly(A) shortening to mRNA turnover. Whereas the original size of poly(A) in HeLa cells is about 200 nucleotides, at steady state most of the poly(A) in mRNA contains less than 50 nucleotides. An endonucleolytic attack on poly(A) is suggested as the most likely method to accumulate short pieces of poly(A). Both poly(A) shortening and mRNA turnover appear to be inhibited by emetine, a drug that stops translation. It is possible that a random endonucleolytic attack leads to scission of poly(A) to a size below which the mRNA is unstable.", "PMID": 1055367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1541", "title": "Development of a Mn-2+-sensitive, \"soluble\" adenylate cyclase in rat testis.", "content": "A distinctive Mn-2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase(cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] system insensitive to fluoride has been found in rat seminiferous tubules and epididymal sperm. The development of this distinctive adenylate cyclase in testis was studied during spermatogenesis. It was first detectable in seminiferous tubules in immature rats at about the time of the first reductive divisions and the appearance of spermatid cells. The specific activity of the enzyme increased substantially during the period of spermatogenesis when spermatids develop into mature spermatozoa, and reached maximal values in the testis of adult rats. After centrifugation of testis tissue homogenates at 105,000 X g for 60 min, the Mn-2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity was found in the cytosol. The enzyme remains in solution after centrifugation at 300,000 X g for 5 hr or at 180,000 X g for 24 hr and passes through a 0.22 mum Millipore filter. Electron microscopic examination showed no visible membrane fragments or vesicles in the filtered supernatant. The Mn-2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase system is also present in epidiymal sperm. However, in the sperm obtained from either the caput or the cauda of epididymis, the adenylate cyclase is membrane-associated and found in particulate fractions of sperm homogenates. It therefore appears that the Mn-2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase is initially present in the cytoplasm either unattached or loosely bound to intracellular membranes and becomes firmly attached to sperm membranes later in development. This occurs either during the process of maturation of spermatids into sperm or during the transport of the testicular sperm into the epididymis.", "contents": "Development of a Mn-2+-sensitive, \"soluble\" adenylate cyclase in rat testis. A distinctive Mn-2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase(cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] system insensitive to fluoride has been found in rat seminiferous tubules and epididymal sperm. The development of this distinctive adenylate cyclase in testis was studied during spermatogenesis. It was first detectable in seminiferous tubules in immature rats at about the time of the first reductive divisions and the appearance of spermatid cells. The specific activity of the enzyme increased substantially during the period of spermatogenesis when spermatids develop into mature spermatozoa, and reached maximal values in the testis of adult rats. After centrifugation of testis tissue homogenates at 105,000 X g for 60 min, the Mn-2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity was found in the cytosol. The enzyme remains in solution after centrifugation at 300,000 X g for 5 hr or at 180,000 X g for 24 hr and passes through a 0.22 mum Millipore filter. Electron microscopic examination showed no visible membrane fragments or vesicles in the filtered supernatant. The Mn-2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase system is also present in epidiymal sperm. However, in the sperm obtained from either the caput or the cauda of epididymis, the adenylate cyclase is membrane-associated and found in particulate fractions of sperm homogenates. It therefore appears that the Mn-2+-sensitive adenylate cyclase is initially present in the cytoplasm either unattached or loosely bound to intracellular membranes and becomes firmly attached to sperm membranes later in development. This occurs either during the process of maturation of spermatids into sperm or during the transport of the testicular sperm into the epididymis.", "PMID": 1055368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1542", "title": "Hemoglobin synthesis in somatic cell hybrids: globin gene expression in hybrids between mouse erythroleukemia and human marrow cells or fibroblasts.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids were generated by fusion of mouse erythroleukemia cells either to mouse L cells (B82), human fibroblasts (W1-18 VA2), or human marrow fractions enriched in erythroblasts. The hybrid cells were examined for globin gene expression by benzidine staining to detect cytoplasmic hemoglobin, and by molecular hybridization of cellular RNA to globin complementary DNA (cDNA) to detect globin messenger RNA (MRNA). The fibroblast (human or mouse) times erythroleukemia cell hybrids grown in monolayer retained most of the chromosomes of each parent. Neither cytoplasmic hemoglobin nor globin mRNA was detected in dimethylsulfoxide-treated fibroblast times erythroleukemia hybrid cells, indicating extinction of hemoglobin synthesis prior to the formation of cytoplasmic mRNA. The human marrow times mouse erythroleukemia hybrid cells grown in suspension culture contained only a few human chromosomes and exhibited low levels of hemoglobin synthesis which were amplified by 2% dimethylsulfoxide. Mouse (but not human) globin mRNA was demonstrated in these hybrid cells. The results suggest that somatic cell hybrids may be useful in searching for genetic factors which regulate activity of the globin genes.", "contents": "Hemoglobin synthesis in somatic cell hybrids: globin gene expression in hybrids between mouse erythroleukemia and human marrow cells or fibroblasts. Somatic cell hybrids were generated by fusion of mouse erythroleukemia cells either to mouse L cells (B82), human fibroblasts (W1-18 VA2), or human marrow fractions enriched in erythroblasts. The hybrid cells were examined for globin gene expression by benzidine staining to detect cytoplasmic hemoglobin, and by molecular hybridization of cellular RNA to globin complementary DNA (cDNA) to detect globin messenger RNA (MRNA). The fibroblast (human or mouse) times erythroleukemia cell hybrids grown in monolayer retained most of the chromosomes of each parent. Neither cytoplasmic hemoglobin nor globin mRNA was detected in dimethylsulfoxide-treated fibroblast times erythroleukemia hybrid cells, indicating extinction of hemoglobin synthesis prior to the formation of cytoplasmic mRNA. The human marrow times mouse erythroleukemia hybrid cells grown in suspension culture contained only a few human chromosomes and exhibited low levels of hemoglobin synthesis which were amplified by 2% dimethylsulfoxide. Mouse (but not human) globin mRNA was demonstrated in these hybrid cells. The results suggest that somatic cell hybrids may be useful in searching for genetic factors which regulate activity of the globin genes.", "PMID": 1055369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1543", "title": "Assembly of chick brain tubulin onto flagellar microtubules from Chlamydomonas and sea urchin sperm.", "content": "Flagellar microtubules from Chlamydomonas and sea urchin sperm were used as in vitro assembly sites for chick brain tubulin. Brain microtubules assembled onto the A-tubules, central tubules, and, to a limited extent, onto the distal ends of the axonemes at low tubulin concentrations and onto distal and proximal ends at high tubulin concentrations; however, the rate of assembly onto the distal end was always greater. The rate of neurotubule assembly onto axonemes was shown to be dependent upon tubulin concentration and a forward rate constant for assembly was determined.", "contents": "Assembly of chick brain tubulin onto flagellar microtubules from Chlamydomonas and sea urchin sperm. Flagellar microtubules from Chlamydomonas and sea urchin sperm were used as in vitro assembly sites for chick brain tubulin. Brain microtubules assembled onto the A-tubules, central tubules, and, to a limited extent, onto the distal ends of the axonemes at low tubulin concentrations and onto distal and proximal ends at high tubulin concentrations; however, the rate of assembly onto the distal end was always greater. The rate of neurotubule assembly onto axonemes was shown to be dependent upon tubulin concentration and a forward rate constant for assembly was determined.", "PMID": 1055370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1544", "title": "Experimental alcohol-induced hepatic necrosis: suppression by propylthiouracil.", "content": "We have previously reported that a hypermetabolic state, resembling that produced by thryoid hormones, exists in the livers of animals treated chronically with ethanol. We propose that this alteration produces a relative hypoxia in the centrilobular zone of the liver which, if severe enough, leads to cellular death and to the production of hepatitis. Rats consuming ethanol for 30 days, given with a nutritionally adequate diet, and exposed to reduced oxygen tensions for only 6 hr, developed histological and biochemical evidence of hepatocellular necrosis and inflammatory lesions confined to the centrilobular zone. The severity was proportional to the degree of hypoxia. Pair-fed (nonalcohol) controls showed no such lesions. Treatment of the animals with propylthiouracil for 3-10 days abolished the hypermetabolic state of the liver in ethanol-consuming animals, and drastically reduced the histological and biochemical effects of hypoxia in them. These findings may have implications for pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic hepatitis in man.", "contents": "Experimental alcohol-induced hepatic necrosis: suppression by propylthiouracil. We have previously reported that a hypermetabolic state, resembling that produced by thryoid hormones, exists in the livers of animals treated chronically with ethanol. We propose that this alteration produces a relative hypoxia in the centrilobular zone of the liver which, if severe enough, leads to cellular death and to the production of hepatitis. Rats consuming ethanol for 30 days, given with a nutritionally adequate diet, and exposed to reduced oxygen tensions for only 6 hr, developed histological and biochemical evidence of hepatocellular necrosis and inflammatory lesions confined to the centrilobular zone. The severity was proportional to the degree of hypoxia. Pair-fed (nonalcohol) controls showed no such lesions. Treatment of the animals with propylthiouracil for 3-10 days abolished the hypermetabolic state of the liver in ethanol-consuming animals, and drastically reduced the histological and biochemical effects of hypoxia in them. These findings may have implications for pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic hepatitis in man.", "PMID": 1055371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1545", "title": "Regulation of hepatic regeneration in rats by synergistic action of insulin and glucagon.", "content": "Rats were subjected to resection of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen, and maintained by c-ntinuous intravenous infusion. Such animals, receiving only electrolytes and glucose, and deprived of a portal blood supply, responded to 68% hepatectomy with a significant rise in hepatic DNA synthesis, which was, however, greatly delayed and diminished compared to normal controls. The activity was restored to normal by infusion of insulin and glucagon (supplemented with glucose and amino acids), but not by either hormone alone; it was not decreased by delaying the start of hormone treatment for 6-7 hr after partial hepatectomy. Infusion of insulin and glucagon into a small series of rats with intact livers did not appreciably elevate DNA synthesis. In normal rats partial hepatectomy is followed by an abrupt fall in portal vein insulin concentration. These findings are all consistent with the suggestion that agents other than insulin and glucagon may serve to initiate hepatic regeneration, but that these two hormones acting synergistically are major regulators of the rate and perhaps also the extent of the regenerative process.", "contents": "Regulation of hepatic regeneration in rats by synergistic action of insulin and glucagon. Rats were subjected to resection of the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen, and maintained by c-ntinuous intravenous infusion. Such animals, receiving only electrolytes and glucose, and deprived of a portal blood supply, responded to 68% hepatectomy with a significant rise in hepatic DNA synthesis, which was, however, greatly delayed and diminished compared to normal controls. The activity was restored to normal by infusion of insulin and glucagon (supplemented with glucose and amino acids), but not by either hormone alone; it was not decreased by delaying the start of hormone treatment for 6-7 hr after partial hepatectomy. Infusion of insulin and glucagon into a small series of rats with intact livers did not appreciably elevate DNA synthesis. In normal rats partial hepatectomy is followed by an abrupt fall in portal vein insulin concentration. These findings are all consistent with the suggestion that agents other than insulin and glucagon may serve to initiate hepatic regeneration, but that these two hormones acting synergistically are major regulators of the rate and perhaps also the extent of the regenerative process.", "PMID": 1055372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1546", "title": "Changes in microtubule phosphorylation during cell cycle of HeLa cells.", "content": "The phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo of tubulin isolated from HeLa cells has been examined during the cell cylce. The results obtained indicate that: (a) the protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) activity present in the microtubules, and measured in vitro with exogenous casein as substrate, is maximal in M cells, whereas that present in the cytosol is nearly constant during the S, G-2, and M stages, and decreases during G-1; (b) the patterns through the cell cycle of the maximal number of tubulin sites phosphorylated in vitro and of the microtubular protein kinase activity are similar; (c) the degree of tubulin phosphorylation in vivo is 2- to 3-fold higher in the microtubules isolated from the S and M stages of the cell cycle, than those from G-1 and G-2. This variable phosphate content of tubulin through the cell cycle suggests that such covalent modification might be important to enable tubulin to carry over some of its functions during the cell cycle.", "contents": "Changes in microtubule phosphorylation during cell cycle of HeLa cells. The phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo of tubulin isolated from HeLa cells has been examined during the cell cylce. The results obtained indicate that: (a) the protein kinase (ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) activity present in the microtubules, and measured in vitro with exogenous casein as substrate, is maximal in M cells, whereas that present in the cytosol is nearly constant during the S, G-2, and M stages, and decreases during G-1; (b) the patterns through the cell cycle of the maximal number of tubulin sites phosphorylated in vitro and of the microtubular protein kinase activity are similar; (c) the degree of tubulin phosphorylation in vivo is 2- to 3-fold higher in the microtubules isolated from the S and M stages of the cell cycle, than those from G-1 and G-2. This variable phosphate content of tubulin through the cell cycle suggests that such covalent modification might be important to enable tubulin to carry over some of its functions during the cell cycle.", "PMID": 1055373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1547", "title": "Kinetics of oxygen and carbon monoxide binding to synthetic analogs of the myoglobin and hemoglobin active sites.", "content": "Kinetics of reversible oxygenation and carbon monoxide complex formation of the simple heme compounds pyrroheme-N-[3-(1-imidazolyl)propyl]amide and pyrroheme-3-(3-pyridyl)propyl ester have been measured in different solvent environments. The oxygen on and off rates and equilibria of these compounds can be made to closely match those of myoglobin, of hemoglobin alpha chains, or of the various steps for hemoglobin by varying solvent environment or the basicity of the proximal base. These results suggest that the protein could alter oxygen on rates by varying the basicity of the proximal base and the off rates by changing the polarity of the distal environment.", "contents": "Kinetics of oxygen and carbon monoxide binding to synthetic analogs of the myoglobin and hemoglobin active sites. Kinetics of reversible oxygenation and carbon monoxide complex formation of the simple heme compounds pyrroheme-N-[3-(1-imidazolyl)propyl]amide and pyrroheme-3-(3-pyridyl)propyl ester have been measured in different solvent environments. The oxygen on and off rates and equilibria of these compounds can be made to closely match those of myoglobin, of hemoglobin alpha chains, or of the various steps for hemoglobin by varying solvent environment or the basicity of the proximal base. These results suggest that the protein could alter oxygen on rates by varying the basicity of the proximal base and the off rates by changing the polarity of the distal environment.", "PMID": 1055374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1548", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of the rightward operator of phage lambda.", "content": "The sequence of 72 base pairs of the rightward operator (O-R) of bacteriophage lambda is presented as determined with simple and rapid methods for direct DNA sequencing. The sequence of an operator mutant is also described. The methods are of general use in sequencing DNA fragments with unique 5' ends up to 50 base pairs in length. Previous experiments have shown that this operator contains multiple sites recognized by the lambda phage repressor. We believe we have identified three of these sites.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of the rightward operator of phage lambda. The sequence of 72 base pairs of the rightward operator (O-R) of bacteriophage lambda is presented as determined with simple and rapid methods for direct DNA sequencing. The sequence of an operator mutant is also described. The methods are of general use in sequencing DNA fragments with unique 5' ends up to 50 base pairs in length. Previous experiments have shown that this operator contains multiple sites recognized by the lambda phage repressor. We believe we have identified three of these sites.", "PMID": 1055375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1549", "title": "Release of discrete subunits after nuclease and trypsin digestion of chromatin.", "content": "Digestion of chromatin with DNase (nucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.7) releases 11-12S nucleoprotein particles. After extensive nuclease digestion, the DNA in these particles consists of a collection of eight discrete DNA fragments. When these nuclease-particles are treated with trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), only 20 to 30 amino-acid residues are cleaved from histone N-terminals, the histone C-terminal segments being resistant. The resulting 5S nucleoprotein particles have now been shown on acrylamide gels to consist of a series of eight discrete DNA-containing bands. Four of these bands contain C-terminal cleavage fragments from four histones (III, IV, IIb2, and IIb1) tightly bound to them; a fifth contains fragments from only histones III and IV. The remaining three bands contain only DNA. Since these protein-free DNA bands were resistant to nuclease prior to trypsin treatment, they were presumably associated with histone N-terminal segments in the native structure. Trypsin, therefore, appears to split nuclease-particles, releasing two subfractions of DNA--one associated with protein, the other not. The data is compatible with a model in which the majority of DNA in the eukaryotic nucleus is folded into hairpin loops of double-stranded helix, each created by the concerted cross-linking action of 6 to 10 histones which interact to form a trypsin-resistant complex composed, for the most part, of all four major histones. These loops may further fold upon themselves to form the \"nu\" bodies that have been visualized by electron microscopy.", "contents": "Release of discrete subunits after nuclease and trypsin digestion of chromatin. Digestion of chromatin with DNase (nucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.7) releases 11-12S nucleoprotein particles. After extensive nuclease digestion, the DNA in these particles consists of a collection of eight discrete DNA fragments. When these nuclease-particles are treated with trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4), only 20 to 30 amino-acid residues are cleaved from histone N-terminals, the histone C-terminal segments being resistant. The resulting 5S nucleoprotein particles have now been shown on acrylamide gels to consist of a series of eight discrete DNA-containing bands. Four of these bands contain C-terminal cleavage fragments from four histones (III, IV, IIb2, and IIb1) tightly bound to them; a fifth contains fragments from only histones III and IV. The remaining three bands contain only DNA. Since these protein-free DNA bands were resistant to nuclease prior to trypsin treatment, they were presumably associated with histone N-terminal segments in the native structure. Trypsin, therefore, appears to split nuclease-particles, releasing two subfractions of DNA--one associated with protein, the other not. The data is compatible with a model in which the majority of DNA in the eukaryotic nucleus is folded into hairpin loops of double-stranded helix, each created by the concerted cross-linking action of 6 to 10 histones which interact to form a trypsin-resistant complex composed, for the most part, of all four major histones. These loops may further fold upon themselves to form the \"nu\" bodies that have been visualized by electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1055376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1550", "title": "Crystallization of nerve growth factor from mouse submaxillary glands.", "content": "Crystals of the nerve growth factor protein were grown by vapor diffusion from ethanol solution. The crystals are hexagonal, belonging to space group P622 (or its enantiomorph) with a equals 56.1 A, c equals 181.4 A, and V equals 494,400 A. The unit cell contains six molecules of dimeric protein and thus has one monomer per asymmetric unit. The diffraction pattern extends to at least 2.7 A, indicating that this crystal form is suitable for structural analysis to near-atomic resolution.", "contents": "Crystallization of nerve growth factor from mouse submaxillary glands. Crystals of the nerve growth factor protein were grown by vapor diffusion from ethanol solution. The crystals are hexagonal, belonging to space group P622 (or its enantiomorph) with a equals 56.1 A, c equals 181.4 A, and V equals 494,400 A. The unit cell contains six molecules of dimeric protein and thus has one monomer per asymmetric unit. The diffraction pattern extends to at least 2.7 A, indicating that this crystal form is suitable for structural analysis to near-atomic resolution.", "PMID": 1055377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1551", "title": "Repression and autogenous stimulation in vitro by bacteriophage lambda repressor.", "content": "Purified lambda repressor protein is shown to reduce the lambda DNA-directed synthesis of proteins in vitro as determined both by net amino-acid incorporation and by analysis of specific lambda-coded proteins resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. By means of different lambda DNA templates carrying deletion and point mutations in the operators o-L or o-R, it has been possible to demonstrate repression of the synthesis of two classes of lambda proteins. The synthesis of one, class c, appears to be controlled from the operator o-L and is more efficiently repressed at low concentrations of the repressor than that of the other class of repressible lambda proteins, class d, which is controlled from the operator o-R. Several other proteins synthesized in vitro are not repressible. Some of these are coded by the J-att region. In addition, the repressor appears to have another activity, that of stimulating the synthesis of a protein identified as the repressor itself. Lambda repressor appears to stimulate its own synthesis by acting at prm, a site defined by the cis-acting mutation prm 116.", "contents": "Repression and autogenous stimulation in vitro by bacteriophage lambda repressor. Purified lambda repressor protein is shown to reduce the lambda DNA-directed synthesis of proteins in vitro as determined both by net amino-acid incorporation and by analysis of specific lambda-coded proteins resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis. By means of different lambda DNA templates carrying deletion and point mutations in the operators o-L or o-R, it has been possible to demonstrate repression of the synthesis of two classes of lambda proteins. The synthesis of one, class c, appears to be controlled from the operator o-L and is more efficiently repressed at low concentrations of the repressor than that of the other class of repressible lambda proteins, class d, which is controlled from the operator o-R. Several other proteins synthesized in vitro are not repressible. Some of these are coded by the J-att region. In addition, the repressor appears to have another activity, that of stimulating the synthesis of a protein identified as the repressor itself. Lambda repressor appears to stimulate its own synthesis by acting at prm, a site defined by the cis-acting mutation prm 116.", "PMID": 1055378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1552", "title": "D-amphetamine disaggregates brain polysomes via a dopaminergic mechanism.", "content": "Brain polysomes are disaggregated in rats given moderate to large doses of d-amphetamine sulfate; this response is rapid in onset, lasts for at least 4-6 hr, and varies with the age of the animal. Pretreatment with a dopamine receptor blocking agent, haloperidol or pimozide, blocks the amphetamine-induced disaggregation.", "contents": "D-amphetamine disaggregates brain polysomes via a dopaminergic mechanism. Brain polysomes are disaggregated in rats given moderate to large doses of d-amphetamine sulfate; this response is rapid in onset, lasts for at least 4-6 hr, and varies with the age of the animal. Pretreatment with a dopamine receptor blocking agent, haloperidol or pimozide, blocks the amphetamine-induced disaggregation.", "PMID": 1055379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1553", "title": "RNA synthesis in isolated brian nuclei after administration of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in vivo.", "content": "RNA synthesis in isolated brain nuclei was analyzed 2.5 hr after the intravenous administration of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to young rabbits. The drug stimulated transcription by 54% in brain stem nuclei and by 13% in cerebral hemisphere nuclei expressed over saline controls. Both nucleoplasmic and nucleolar RNA synthesis were increased. The main activity in the isolated nuclei assay was due to nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase, since alpha-amanitin reduced synthesis by over 70% in either drug or control treatments.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in isolated brian nuclei after administration of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in vivo. RNA synthesis in isolated brain nuclei was analyzed 2.5 hr after the intravenous administration of d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to young rabbits. The drug stimulated transcription by 54% in brain stem nuclei and by 13% in cerebral hemisphere nuclei expressed over saline controls. Both nucleoplasmic and nucleolar RNA synthesis were increased. The main activity in the isolated nuclei assay was due to nucleoplasmic RNA polymerase, since alpha-amanitin reduced synthesis by over 70% in either drug or control treatments.", "PMID": 1055380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1554", "title": "Preparation of large monodomain phospholipid bilayer smectic liquid crystals.", "content": "A technique for the preparation of large monodomain phospholipid bilayer arrays is described. Evidence for the monodomain nature of the samples, obtained from optical birefringence, light scattering, and x-ray diffraction experiments, is presented.", "contents": "Preparation of large monodomain phospholipid bilayer smectic liquid crystals. A technique for the preparation of large monodomain phospholipid bilayer arrays is described. Evidence for the monodomain nature of the samples, obtained from optical birefringence, light scattering, and x-ray diffraction experiments, is presented.", "PMID": 1055381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1555", "title": "Identification of a ribosomal protein essential for peptidyl transferase activity.", "content": "Extraction with 2 M lithium chloride removes a group of proteins (LiC1 SP) from 50S ribosomal subunits. Both the LiC1 SP and the resulting cores, which contain the remaining proteins as well as 5S and 23S RNA, lack peptidyl transferase activity, as measured by the \"fragment reaction\". Activity can be restored to the LiC1 cores by reconstitution with LiC1 SP under conditions of high temperature and high ionic strength. The LiC1 SP proteins were fractionated by carboxymethyl-cellulose and Sephadex G-100, and the individual fractions were tested by this reconstitution system. Of the 18 ribosomal proteins found in the LiC1 SP, only L16 is essential for reconstitution of peptidyl transferase activity.", "contents": "Identification of a ribosomal protein essential for peptidyl transferase activity. Extraction with 2 M lithium chloride removes a group of proteins (LiC1 SP) from 50S ribosomal subunits. Both the LiC1 SP and the resulting cores, which contain the remaining proteins as well as 5S and 23S RNA, lack peptidyl transferase activity, as measured by the \"fragment reaction\". Activity can be restored to the LiC1 cores by reconstitution with LiC1 SP under conditions of high temperature and high ionic strength. The LiC1 SP proteins were fractionated by carboxymethyl-cellulose and Sephadex G-100, and the individual fractions were tested by this reconstitution system. Of the 18 ribosomal proteins found in the LiC1 SP, only L16 is essential for reconstitution of peptidyl transferase activity.", "PMID": 1055382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1556", "title": "Intermediates in the biosynthesis of double-stranded ribonucleic acids of bacteriophage phi 6.", "content": "Pseudomonas phaseolicola infected with bacteriophage phi 6 synthesized all three viral double-stranded RNA segments, three single-stranded RNAs, and three replicative intermediate-like RNAs in the presence of rifampin. The single-stranded RNA intermediates sedimented and electrophoresed along with melted viral double-stranded RNA, annealed with melted viral double-stranded RNA, and were transient in nature. The relative amounts of the single-stranded RNA intermediates varied during the infection cycle and were altered in the presence of chloramphenicol. The replicative intermediate-like RNAs sedimented faster than double-stranded RNA, failed to enter 2.5% polyacrylamide gels, eluted with double-stranded RNA from a CF-11 cellulose column, were precipitated with single-stranded RNA in 2 M LiC1, and yielded three genome-size pieces of double-stranded RNA upon digestion with RNase. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that complementary strands of the phi 6 double-stranded RNAs are synthesized asynchronously during the infection cycle.", "contents": "Intermediates in the biosynthesis of double-stranded ribonucleic acids of bacteriophage phi 6. Pseudomonas phaseolicola infected with bacteriophage phi 6 synthesized all three viral double-stranded RNA segments, three single-stranded RNAs, and three replicative intermediate-like RNAs in the presence of rifampin. The single-stranded RNA intermediates sedimented and electrophoresed along with melted viral double-stranded RNA, annealed with melted viral double-stranded RNA, and were transient in nature. The relative amounts of the single-stranded RNA intermediates varied during the infection cycle and were altered in the presence of chloramphenicol. The replicative intermediate-like RNAs sedimented faster than double-stranded RNA, failed to enter 2.5% polyacrylamide gels, eluted with double-stranded RNA from a CF-11 cellulose column, were precipitated with single-stranded RNA in 2 M LiC1, and yielded three genome-size pieces of double-stranded RNA upon digestion with RNase. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that complementary strands of the phi 6 double-stranded RNAs are synthesized asynchronously during the infection cycle.", "PMID": 1055383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1557", "title": "A new approach to empirical intermolecular and conformational potential energy functions. II. Applications to crystal packing, rotational barriers, and conformational analysis.", "content": "An empirical potential energy function based on the interactions of electrons and nuclei (EPEN) has been tested on molecules other than those used for its parameterization. The results indicate that this energy function is able to predict reliably the lowest energy conformations, the potential energy differences between conformations, rotational barrier heights, and dipole moments for a series of alkanes, amines, alcohols, and carbohydrates. Crystal packing studies on n-hexane, n-octane, methylamine, methanol, and alpha-d-glucose, using this same potential, indicate that it is also reliable for calculating intermolecular interaction energies and low-energy orientations.", "contents": "A new approach to empirical intermolecular and conformational potential energy functions. II. Applications to crystal packing, rotational barriers, and conformational analysis. An empirical potential energy function based on the interactions of electrons and nuclei (EPEN) has been tested on molecules other than those used for its parameterization. The results indicate that this energy function is able to predict reliably the lowest energy conformations, the potential energy differences between conformations, rotational barrier heights, and dipole moments for a series of alkanes, amines, alcohols, and carbohydrates. Crystal packing studies on n-hexane, n-octane, methylamine, methanol, and alpha-d-glucose, using this same potential, indicate that it is also reliable for calculating intermolecular interaction energies and low-energy orientations.", "PMID": 1055384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1558", "title": "Sequence of 71 nucleotides at the 3'-end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA.", "content": "The sequence of the first 71 nucleotides from the 3'-OH end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA has been determined. After total T1 ribonuclease digestion of the viral RNA, the oligonucleotide C-C-C-A-OH, which originates from the 3'-OH terminus of the RNA, may be readily detected by electrophoresis at pH 2.5 or pH 3.0; it is the only oligonucleotide that migrates toward the cathode at these pHs. This property has been used to screen the purified products of partial T1 ribonuclease digestion of tobacco mosaic virus RNA for the fragment originating from the 3'-end of the native molecule. The sequence of nucleotides in the 3'-terminal fragment, identified in this manner, was determined by radiochemical methods. The fragment contained 71 nucleotides; no abnormal bases could be detected. Although it has been reported that the 3'-end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA is a substrate for aminoacylation by the histidyl-tRNA synthetase of yeast or Escherichia coli, we were unable to fold the sequence into the cloverleaf structure characteristic of tRNAs.", "contents": "Sequence of 71 nucleotides at the 3'-end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. The sequence of the first 71 nucleotides from the 3'-OH end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA has been determined. After total T1 ribonuclease digestion of the viral RNA, the oligonucleotide C-C-C-A-OH, which originates from the 3'-OH terminus of the RNA, may be readily detected by electrophoresis at pH 2.5 or pH 3.0; it is the only oligonucleotide that migrates toward the cathode at these pHs. This property has been used to screen the purified products of partial T1 ribonuclease digestion of tobacco mosaic virus RNA for the fragment originating from the 3'-end of the native molecule. The sequence of nucleotides in the 3'-terminal fragment, identified in this manner, was determined by radiochemical methods. The fragment contained 71 nucleotides; no abnormal bases could be detected. Although it has been reported that the 3'-end of tobacco mosaic virus RNA is a substrate for aminoacylation by the histidyl-tRNA synthetase of yeast or Escherichia coli, we were unable to fold the sequence into the cloverleaf structure characteristic of tRNAs.", "PMID": 1055385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1559", "title": "Cell cycle studies of mononucleate and cytochalasin-B--nduced binucleate fibroblasts.", "content": "The progress of mononucleate and cytochalasin-B-induced binucleate cells through the G1 period of the growth cycle has been studied. DNA synthesis was initiated in synchrony in both of the nuclei of cells rendered binucleate by a brief pulse of cytochalasin B. Furthermore, populations of these cells traversed the G1 period significantly faster than their mononucleate counterparts. That this effect was due to the presence of two nuclei in a common cytoplasm and not to the increased size of binucleate cells was suggested by studies of cells with altered nucleocytoplasmic ratios. No correlation was observed between protein content per cell and the rate of progress through G1. Evidence for the existence of nuclear-nuclear cooperation that results in a shortening of the G1 period is discussed.", "contents": "Cell cycle studies of mononucleate and cytochalasin-B--nduced binucleate fibroblasts. The progress of mononucleate and cytochalasin-B-induced binucleate cells through the G1 period of the growth cycle has been studied. DNA synthesis was initiated in synchrony in both of the nuclei of cells rendered binucleate by a brief pulse of cytochalasin B. Furthermore, populations of these cells traversed the G1 period significantly faster than their mononucleate counterparts. That this effect was due to the presence of two nuclei in a common cytoplasm and not to the increased size of binucleate cells was suggested by studies of cells with altered nucleocytoplasmic ratios. No correlation was observed between protein content per cell and the rate of progress through G1. Evidence for the existence of nuclear-nuclear cooperation that results in a shortening of the G1 period is discussed.", "PMID": 1055386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1560", "title": "A mitochondrial carnitine acylcarnitine translocase system.", "content": "Acetylation of added (-)carnitine by heart mitochondira coupled to the oxidation of pyruvate in the presence of malonate was inhibited, apparently competitively, by long chain acyl(+)carnitines although the activity of carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) itself was not affected. Mitochondria have been found to possess a translocase system that allows the transport of carnitine and acylcarnitines by exchange diffusion, and interaction with this transport appears to be the cause of long chain acyl(+)carnitine inhibition. These c-nclusions are based on the following observations: (a) exposure of intact, but not of denatured or disrupted, mitochondria to [14-C]carnitine efflux was saturable at low lwvels of carnitine or acylcarnitines, showed temperature dependence, and was more rapid with acyl(-)carnitines than with acyl(+)carnitines--such stereospecificity was not noticeable with free carnitine; (c) long chain acyl-(+)carnitines inhibited the carnitine-carnitine exchange and higher concentrations of carnitine decreased this inhibition; (d) direct estimations showed the presence of endogenous (-)carnitine in mitochondria that effluxed by freezing and thawing of mitochondria; (e) the amount of total endogenous (-)carnitine present was not affected by prior exposure of mitochondria to (-)carnitine or acetyl(-)carnitine. These results indicate that the carnitine-dependent translocation of acyl groups across mitochondrial inner membrane involves the participation of a carnitine acylcarnitine translocase system.", "contents": "A mitochondrial carnitine acylcarnitine translocase system. Acetylation of added (-)carnitine by heart mitochondira coupled to the oxidation of pyruvate in the presence of malonate was inhibited, apparently competitively, by long chain acyl(+)carnitines although the activity of carnitine acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.7) itself was not affected. Mitochondria have been found to possess a translocase system that allows the transport of carnitine and acylcarnitines by exchange diffusion, and interaction with this transport appears to be the cause of long chain acyl(+)carnitine inhibition. These c-nclusions are based on the following observations: (a) exposure of intact, but not of denatured or disrupted, mitochondria to [14-C]carnitine efflux was saturable at low lwvels of carnitine or acylcarnitines, showed temperature dependence, and was more rapid with acyl(-)carnitines than with acyl(+)carnitines--such stereospecificity was not noticeable with free carnitine; (c) long chain acyl-(+)carnitines inhibited the carnitine-carnitine exchange and higher concentrations of carnitine decreased this inhibition; (d) direct estimations showed the presence of endogenous (-)carnitine in mitochondria that effluxed by freezing and thawing of mitochondria; (e) the amount of total endogenous (-)carnitine present was not affected by prior exposure of mitochondria to (-)carnitine or acetyl(-)carnitine. These results indicate that the carnitine-dependent translocation of acyl groups across mitochondrial inner membrane involves the participation of a carnitine acylcarnitine translocase system.", "PMID": 1055387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1561", "title": "Paired moving charge model of energy coupling. III. Intrinsic ionophores in energy coupling systems.", "content": "The experimental basis for the postulated role of intrinsic ionophores in mitochondrial ion transport and energy coupling is summarized. Intrinsic ionophores appear to be linked to, or contained within, specific ionophoroproteins localized in the inner membrane, and the isolation of these ionophores requires their release from the ionophoroproteins. At least ten different species of ionophores have been isolated from the mitochondrion, five of which have been wholly or in part chemically identified. Intrinsic ionophores have been implicated in the activation of inorganic phosphate in ATP synthesis and hydrolysis, and in the contol of the coupling modes. The presence of ionophores in soluble proteins such as troponin and in ATP-energized kinases has been demonstrated.", "contents": "Paired moving charge model of energy coupling. III. Intrinsic ionophores in energy coupling systems. The experimental basis for the postulated role of intrinsic ionophores in mitochondrial ion transport and energy coupling is summarized. Intrinsic ionophores appear to be linked to, or contained within, specific ionophoroproteins localized in the inner membrane, and the isolation of these ionophores requires their release from the ionophoroproteins. At least ten different species of ionophores have been isolated from the mitochondrion, five of which have been wholly or in part chemically identified. Intrinsic ionophores have been implicated in the activation of inorganic phosphate in ATP synthesis and hydrolysis, and in the contol of the coupling modes. The presence of ionophores in soluble proteins such as troponin and in ATP-energized kinases has been demonstrated.", "PMID": 1055388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1562", "title": "Definitive evidence that the murine C-type virus inducing locus Akv-1 is viral genetic material.", "content": "DNA of the AKR mouse contains a set of murine leukemia virus sequences that are not present in DNA of the NIH Swiss mouse. NIH mice partially congenic for the AKR murine-leukemia-virus-inducing locus Akv-1 contain this set of sequences, and, in a three-point cross segregating for Akv-1 on an NIH background, the sequences segregated with Akv-1. It is concluded that the Akv-1 locus contains viral sequences.", "contents": "Definitive evidence that the murine C-type virus inducing locus Akv-1 is viral genetic material. DNA of the AKR mouse contains a set of murine leukemia virus sequences that are not present in DNA of the NIH Swiss mouse. NIH mice partially congenic for the AKR murine-leukemia-virus-inducing locus Akv-1 contain this set of sequences, and, in a three-point cross segregating for Akv-1 on an NIH background, the sequences segregated with Akv-1. It is concluded that the Akv-1 locus contains viral sequences.", "PMID": 1055389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1563", "title": "Purification and characterization of the retina-specific cell-aggregating factor.", "content": "The tissue-specific, cell-aggregating component of embryonic neural retina cells was purified from the retina cell-aggregating factor and characterized as a glycoprotein. Its molecular weight in solution is in the range of 50,000, and it contains 10-15% carbohydrate. The amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions have been determined. The glycoprotein is produced by embryonic neural retina cells in primary monolayered cultures and is released into the medium. Its tissue-specific, cell-aggregating effect requires integrity of the polypeptide portion, but not of the carbohydrate portion. We suggest that the isolated molecule is a specific determinant of the embryonic retina cell-surface and that it is involved in mediating self-recognition and selective adhesiveness of these cells.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of the retina-specific cell-aggregating factor. The tissue-specific, cell-aggregating component of embryonic neural retina cells was purified from the retina cell-aggregating factor and characterized as a glycoprotein. Its molecular weight in solution is in the range of 50,000, and it contains 10-15% carbohydrate. The amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions have been determined. The glycoprotein is produced by embryonic neural retina cells in primary monolayered cultures and is released into the medium. Its tissue-specific, cell-aggregating effect requires integrity of the polypeptide portion, but not of the carbohydrate portion. We suggest that the isolated molecule is a specific determinant of the embryonic retina cell-surface and that it is involved in mediating self-recognition and selective adhesiveness of these cells.", "PMID": 1055390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1564", "title": "Conformation of high-molecular-weight poly(L-valine) in solid state.", "content": "Poly(L-valine) in various degrees of polymerization was prepared from the N-carboxyanhydride of L-valine. The high-molecular-weight polymer was fibrous and capable of forming an oriented film when cast from trifluoroacetic acid solution. The comformations were examined by Raman spectroscopy. The Raman and infrared spectra of high-molecular-weight polymer were quite different from those of low-molecular-weight and tri-fluoroacetic-acid-treated high-molecular-weight polymers. The spectral data in the amide A, I, II, III, and V regions indicated that high-molecular-weight poly(L-valine) is possibly in the alpha-helical conformation, while low-molecular-weight poly(L-valine) and high--molecular-weight poly(L-valine) treated with trifluoroacetic acid are in the beta-conformation.", "contents": "Conformation of high-molecular-weight poly(L-valine) in solid state. Poly(L-valine) in various degrees of polymerization was prepared from the N-carboxyanhydride of L-valine. The high-molecular-weight polymer was fibrous and capable of forming an oriented film when cast from trifluoroacetic acid solution. The comformations were examined by Raman spectroscopy. The Raman and infrared spectra of high-molecular-weight polymer were quite different from those of low-molecular-weight and tri-fluoroacetic-acid-treated high-molecular-weight polymers. The spectral data in the amide A, I, II, III, and V regions indicated that high-molecular-weight poly(L-valine) is possibly in the alpha-helical conformation, while low-molecular-weight poly(L-valine) and high--molecular-weight poly(L-valine) treated with trifluoroacetic acid are in the beta-conformation.", "PMID": 1055391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1565", "title": "Inhibition of Balbiani ring RNA synthesis at the initiation level.", "content": "The nucleoside analogue 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, a selective inhibitor of heterogeneous chromosomal RNA synthesis in salivary gland cells of the midge Chironomus tentans, blocks the initiation of transcription in Balbiani rings 1 and 2. The analogue seems to be without appreciable effect on the elongation of growing RNA chains and allows finished molecules to be detached from the chromosomal sites. The RNA chain growth rate, based on measurements of the time required for completion of synthesis of Balbiani ring 1 and 2 RNA molecules after addition of the inhibitor, was estimated to be around 25 nucleotides per second at 18 degrees.", "contents": "Inhibition of Balbiani ring RNA synthesis at the initiation level. The nucleoside analogue 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole, a selective inhibitor of heterogeneous chromosomal RNA synthesis in salivary gland cells of the midge Chironomus tentans, blocks the initiation of transcription in Balbiani rings 1 and 2. The analogue seems to be without appreciable effect on the elongation of growing RNA chains and allows finished molecules to be detached from the chromosomal sites. The RNA chain growth rate, based on measurements of the time required for completion of synthesis of Balbiani ring 1 and 2 RNA molecules after addition of the inhibitor, was estimated to be around 25 nucleotides per second at 18 degrees.", "PMID": 1055392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1566", "title": "Life games and statistical models.", "content": "A set of equations is obtained, which describes the rules of a class of games (life games). These games simulate the processes of growth, death, survival, and competition. The equations are nonlinear difference equations, where the degree of nonlinearity is directly related to the number of interacting neighbors. The time evolution and the development of geometric patterns can be studied starting from these equations. Extensions and generalizations, such as the introduction of stochastic elements, can easily be accommodated in the formalism. Some significant unsolved problems are noted.", "contents": "Life games and statistical models. A set of equations is obtained, which describes the rules of a class of games (life games). These games simulate the processes of growth, death, survival, and competition. The equations are nonlinear difference equations, where the degree of nonlinearity is directly related to the number of interacting neighbors. The time evolution and the development of geometric patterns can be studied starting from these equations. Extensions and generalizations, such as the introduction of stochastic elements, can easily be accommodated in the formalism. Some significant unsolved problems are noted.", "PMID": 1055393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1567", "title": "Presynaptic events in meiocytes of Lilium longiflorum and their relation to crossing-over: a preselection hypothesis.", "content": "We are proposing a \"Preselection Hypothesis\" to account for the regulation of crossing-over in eukaryotic organisms. The hypothesis characterized meiosis in terms of three major physiological stages: (1) a presynaptic stage when pairs of homologous DNA stretches are selected so as to become trapped within the synaptinemal complex during synapsis, (2) an alignment of homologous chromosomes and stabilization of paired bivalents via the synaptinemal complex, and (3) a scission and rejoining of DNA stretches leading to the formation of chiasmata and crossovers. The hypothesis centers on the first stage and is based on evidence for the occurrence of significant cytological and biochemical changes prior to synapsis. The major feature of the hypothesis is that crossing-over occurs only in trapped DNA stretches. Thus, potential crossing-over sites, though not crossing-over itself, are determined well before chromosomes pair. Since, to a large degree, crossovers are distributed randomly along the length of each chromosome, the preselection process must result in a random assortment of trapped DNA stretches, the assortment differing from one meiocyte to another.", "contents": "Presynaptic events in meiocytes of Lilium longiflorum and their relation to crossing-over: a preselection hypothesis. We are proposing a \"Preselection Hypothesis\" to account for the regulation of crossing-over in eukaryotic organisms. The hypothesis characterized meiosis in terms of three major physiological stages: (1) a presynaptic stage when pairs of homologous DNA stretches are selected so as to become trapped within the synaptinemal complex during synapsis, (2) an alignment of homologous chromosomes and stabilization of paired bivalents via the synaptinemal complex, and (3) a scission and rejoining of DNA stretches leading to the formation of chiasmata and crossovers. The hypothesis centers on the first stage and is based on evidence for the occurrence of significant cytological and biochemical changes prior to synapsis. The major feature of the hypothesis is that crossing-over occurs only in trapped DNA stretches. Thus, potential crossing-over sites, though not crossing-over itself, are determined well before chromosomes pair. Since, to a large degree, crossovers are distributed randomly along the length of each chromosome, the preselection process must result in a random assortment of trapped DNA stretches, the assortment differing from one meiocyte to another.", "PMID": 1055394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1568", "title": "Central connections of receptors on rotated and exchanged cerci of crickets.", "content": "The cerci of crickets, paired abdominal appendages bearing sound-sensitive filiform hairs, can be removed and grafted back so that their morphological axes acquire various relationships to those of the body. We have studied both the morphogenetic consequences of such surgery and the central connections made by the regenerating axons of the cercal sensory neurons. If a cercus is rotated and grafted back into its own socket, it back-rotates towards its original orientation in succeeding molts. If left and right cerci are exchanged, with or without rotation, back-rotation does not occur and super-numerary cerci are formed in predictable locations. There are two sub-populations of filiform hairs: those that vibrate transversely to the cercal shaft (T-hairs) in dorsal and ventral sectors, and longitudinally vibrating hairs (L-hairs) in lateral and medial sectors. Two giant interneurons are excited by T-hairs of their own side but not by L-hairs. If cerci are grafted so that they assume various orientations relative to the body, a consistent physiological result is obtained: T-hairs always appear to be the source of excitatory input to the giant interneurons, no matter where they are caused to be located by prior surgery. The phenomena of back-rotation, formation of supernumerary cerci, and formation of connections selectively by T-hairs, can be interpreted on the hypothesis of morphogenetic gradients.", "contents": "Central connections of receptors on rotated and exchanged cerci of crickets. The cerci of crickets, paired abdominal appendages bearing sound-sensitive filiform hairs, can be removed and grafted back so that their morphological axes acquire various relationships to those of the body. We have studied both the morphogenetic consequences of such surgery and the central connections made by the regenerating axons of the cercal sensory neurons. If a cercus is rotated and grafted back into its own socket, it back-rotates towards its original orientation in succeeding molts. If left and right cerci are exchanged, with or without rotation, back-rotation does not occur and super-numerary cerci are formed in predictable locations. There are two sub-populations of filiform hairs: those that vibrate transversely to the cercal shaft (T-hairs) in dorsal and ventral sectors, and longitudinally vibrating hairs (L-hairs) in lateral and medial sectors. Two giant interneurons are excited by T-hairs of their own side but not by L-hairs. If cerci are grafted so that they assume various orientations relative to the body, a consistent physiological result is obtained: T-hairs always appear to be the source of excitatory input to the giant interneurons, no matter where they are caused to be located by prior surgery. The phenomena of back-rotation, formation of supernumerary cerci, and formation of connections selectively by T-hairs, can be interpreted on the hypothesis of morphogenetic gradients.", "PMID": 1055395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1569", "title": "Sexuality in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium giganteum.", "content": "By pairing of strains of Dictyostelium giganteum in various combinations this species was shown to be heterothallic. Four mating types were identified. Some strains could not be assigned a mating type and others showed no mating reaction. No self-compatible strains were found. Mutations were introduced in several strains and genetic crosses were performed. The results of these crosses show that mating and macrocyst formation are controlled by a single locus-multiple allele incompatibility system. The results also support the view that the myxamoebae that emerge upon germination of the macrocysts are the products of meiosis.", "contents": "Sexuality in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium giganteum. By pairing of strains of Dictyostelium giganteum in various combinations this species was shown to be heterothallic. Four mating types were identified. Some strains could not be assigned a mating type and others showed no mating reaction. No self-compatible strains were found. Mutations were introduced in several strains and genetic crosses were performed. The results of these crosses show that mating and macrocyst formation are controlled by a single locus-multiple allele incompatibility system. The results also support the view that the myxamoebae that emerge upon germination of the macrocysts are the products of meiosis.", "PMID": 1055396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1570", "title": "Assessment of some problems associated with prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino-acid sequence.", "content": "It is shown that most present empirical prediction algorithms provide information about the conformational states of individual residues, but give little information about the three-dimensional structure of a protein. It is necessary to predict the conformational state of every residue before the resulting structure can serve as a starting conformation to compute the native structure. It is also shown that even a perfect five-state algorithm (which does not include long-range interactions from disulifide loop closing or solvation) will not lead to a globular structure resembling the native one. However, starting from the results of a perfect prediction algorithm, it appears that conformational energy minimization (with long-range interactions included) can lead to a structure having the general features of the native protein.", "contents": "Assessment of some problems associated with prediction of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino-acid sequence. It is shown that most present empirical prediction algorithms provide information about the conformational states of individual residues, but give little information about the three-dimensional structure of a protein. It is necessary to predict the conformational state of every residue before the resulting structure can serve as a starting conformation to compute the native structure. It is also shown that even a perfect five-state algorithm (which does not include long-range interactions from disulifide loop closing or solvation) will not lead to a globular structure resembling the native one. However, starting from the results of a perfect prediction algorithm, it appears that conformational energy minimization (with long-range interactions included) can lead to a structure having the general features of the native protein.", "PMID": 1055397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1571", "title": "Genetic evidence for an additional function of phage T4 gene 32 protein: interaction with ligase.", "content": "Gene 32 of bacteriophage T4 is essential for DNA replication, recombination, and repair. In an attempt to clarify the role of the corresponding gene product, we have looked for mutations that specifically inactivate one but not all of its functions and for compensating suppressor mutations in other genes. Here we describe a gene 32 ts mutant that does not produce progeny, but in contrast to an am mutant investigated by others, is capable of some primary and secondary DNA replication and of forming \"joint\" recombinational intermediates after infection of Escherichia coli B at the restrictive temperature. However, parental and progeny DNA strands are not ligated to covalently linked \"recombinant\" molecules, and single strands of vegetative DNA do not exceed unit length. Progeny production as well as capacity for covalent linkage in this gene 32 ts mutant are partially restored by additional rII mutations. Suppression by rII depends on functioning host ligase [EC 6.5.1.2; poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming, NMN-forming)]. This gene 32 ts mutation (unlike some others) in turn suppresses the characteristic plaque morphology of rII mutants. We conclude that gene 32 protein, in addition to its role in DNA replication and in the formation of \"joint\" recombinational intermediates, interacts with T4 ligase [EC 6.5.1.1; poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming)] when recombining DNA strands are covalently linked. The protein of the mutant that we describe here is mainly defective in this interaction, thus inactivating T4 ligase in recombination. Suppressing rII mutations facilitate substitution of host ligase. There is suggestive evidence that these interactions occur at the membrane.", "contents": "Genetic evidence for an additional function of phage T4 gene 32 protein: interaction with ligase. Gene 32 of bacteriophage T4 is essential for DNA replication, recombination, and repair. In an attempt to clarify the role of the corresponding gene product, we have looked for mutations that specifically inactivate one but not all of its functions and for compensating suppressor mutations in other genes. Here we describe a gene 32 ts mutant that does not produce progeny, but in contrast to an am mutant investigated by others, is capable of some primary and secondary DNA replication and of forming \"joint\" recombinational intermediates after infection of Escherichia coli B at the restrictive temperature. However, parental and progeny DNA strands are not ligated to covalently linked \"recombinant\" molecules, and single strands of vegetative DNA do not exceed unit length. Progeny production as well as capacity for covalent linkage in this gene 32 ts mutant are partially restored by additional rII mutations. Suppression by rII depends on functioning host ligase [EC 6.5.1.2; poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming, NMN-forming)]. This gene 32 ts mutation (unlike some others) in turn suppresses the characteristic plaque morphology of rII mutants. We conclude that gene 32 protein, in addition to its role in DNA replication and in the formation of \"joint\" recombinational intermediates, interacts with T4 ligase [EC 6.5.1.1; poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (AMP-forming)] when recombining DNA strands are covalently linked. The protein of the mutant that we describe here is mainly defective in this interaction, thus inactivating T4 ligase in recombination. Suppressing rII mutations facilitate substitution of host ligase. There is suggestive evidence that these interactions occur at the membrane.", "PMID": 1055398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1572", "title": "Chromosome measurement and sorting by flow systems.", "content": "A flow microfluorometer was used to measure metaphase chromosomes in suspension at rates up to 100,000 per min. Chromosomes from cells of the Chinese hamster M3-1 cell line were isolated, stained for DNA with the fluorescent dye ethidium bromide, and analyzed for DNA content. Nine distinct peaks were resolved that correspond well with independent chromosomal DNA measurements made with a high-resolution scanning cytophotometer. Chromosomes were sorted from each peak by an electronic cell sorter. Visual examination of each fraction indicated the purity of the sorted chromosomes. This novel technology allows separation of purified populations of individual chromosomes suitable for biochemical and biological characterizations.", "contents": "Chromosome measurement and sorting by flow systems. A flow microfluorometer was used to measure metaphase chromosomes in suspension at rates up to 100,000 per min. Chromosomes from cells of the Chinese hamster M3-1 cell line were isolated, stained for DNA with the fluorescent dye ethidium bromide, and analyzed for DNA content. Nine distinct peaks were resolved that correspond well with independent chromosomal DNA measurements made with a high-resolution scanning cytophotometer. Chromosomes were sorted from each peak by an electronic cell sorter. Visual examination of each fraction indicated the purity of the sorted chromosomes. This novel technology allows separation of purified populations of individual chromosomes suitable for biochemical and biological characterizations.", "PMID": 1055399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1573", "title": "Coordinated motor output in the hindlimb of the 7-day chick embryo.", "content": "Electromyographic recordings from individual identified ankle muscles of the 7-day chick embryo (stage 31) were used to determine the organization of motor output at a developmental stage shortly after the onset of spontaneous motility in the leg. During spontaneous motility of the embryo, the electromyographic recordings from the gastrocnemius, peroneus, and tibialis muscles displayed bursts of motor unit activity which alternated with periods of little or no activity. Since the control of skeletal muscle in the chick embryo is neurogenic rather than myogenic, these findings imply that the motoneurons to a given muscle are driven by a common source. Since flexor and extensor muscles are attivated at different times, different central connections to flexor and extensor motoneurons must be present in the central nerbous system of the 7-day embryo. Moreover, since inhibition is known to play an important role in the selective activation of agonist and antagonist muscles, the present results suggest that functional inhibitory synapses may be present in the lumbosacral central nervous system at this stage of development. The basic pattern of muscle activation observed in the 7-day embryo is similar to that seen in older embryos. Since these patterns appear prior to the time at which motor responses to sensory stimulation of the leg can be demonstrated, it is likely that the neural pattern generating circuits for selective activation of muscles are established in the central nervous system without reliance on functional reflexes.", "contents": "Coordinated motor output in the hindlimb of the 7-day chick embryo. Electromyographic recordings from individual identified ankle muscles of the 7-day chick embryo (stage 31) were used to determine the organization of motor output at a developmental stage shortly after the onset of spontaneous motility in the leg. During spontaneous motility of the embryo, the electromyographic recordings from the gastrocnemius, peroneus, and tibialis muscles displayed bursts of motor unit activity which alternated with periods of little or no activity. Since the control of skeletal muscle in the chick embryo is neurogenic rather than myogenic, these findings imply that the motoneurons to a given muscle are driven by a common source. Since flexor and extensor muscles are attivated at different times, different central connections to flexor and extensor motoneurons must be present in the central nerbous system of the 7-day embryo. Moreover, since inhibition is known to play an important role in the selective activation of agonist and antagonist muscles, the present results suggest that functional inhibitory synapses may be present in the lumbosacral central nervous system at this stage of development. The basic pattern of muscle activation observed in the 7-day embryo is similar to that seen in older embryos. Since these patterns appear prior to the time at which motor responses to sensory stimulation of the leg can be demonstrated, it is likely that the neural pattern generating circuits for selective activation of muscles are established in the central nervous system without reliance on functional reflexes.", "PMID": 1055400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1574", "title": "Autogenous regulation of the inducible tryptophan synthase of Pseudomonas putida.", "content": "Mutants blocked before indole-3-glycerol phosphate formation in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway of P. putida (\"early-blocked\" mutants) are unable to use indole as a source of tryptophan for growth on minimal medium. The uninduced level of tryptophan synthase [EC 4.2.1.20; L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole)] in such mutants was thought to be responsible for this property. We have shown that levels of indole higher than those previously tested will support growth of these mutants. In addition, the growth rate of these mutants on a given indole concentration was shown to be proportional to the synthase level induced under the same conditions. This apparent induction of tryptophan synthase by indole in \"early-blocked\" mutants was shown to be caused by formation of the normal effector molecule, indole-3-glycerol-P, from indole. Secondary mutations occur in \"early-blocked\" trp  strains, which enable them to grow on low concentrations of indole. One type of \"indole-utilization\" mutation occurs in the trpA gene, inactivating its product. Tryptophan synthase is readily induced by low concentrations of indole in these mutants, even though they are unable to convert indole to indole-3-glycerol-P. We propose that the alpha-chain of the synthase has an autogenous regulatory function, serving as the repressor or the indole-3-glycerol-P recognition component of the repressor of the trpAB operon (synthase alpha-and beta-chains). Our hypothesis holds that the trpA type of \"indole-utilization\" mutation alters the repressor (synthase alpha-chain) so that indole as well as indole-3-glycerol-P serves as an effector molecule for tryptophan synthase induction.", "contents": "Autogenous regulation of the inducible tryptophan synthase of Pseudomonas putida. Mutants blocked before indole-3-glycerol phosphate formation in the tryptophan biosynthetic pathway of P. putida (\"early-blocked\" mutants) are unable to use indole as a source of tryptophan for growth on minimal medium. The uninduced level of tryptophan synthase [EC 4.2.1.20; L-serine hydro-lyase (adding indole)] in such mutants was thought to be responsible for this property. We have shown that levels of indole higher than those previously tested will support growth of these mutants. In addition, the growth rate of these mutants on a given indole concentration was shown to be proportional to the synthase level induced under the same conditions. This apparent induction of tryptophan synthase by indole in \"early-blocked\" mutants was shown to be caused by formation of the normal effector molecule, indole-3-glycerol-P, from indole. Secondary mutations occur in \"early-blocked\" trp  strains, which enable them to grow on low concentrations of indole. One type of \"indole-utilization\" mutation occurs in the trpA gene, inactivating its product. Tryptophan synthase is readily induced by low concentrations of indole in these mutants, even though they are unable to convert indole to indole-3-glycerol-P. We propose that the alpha-chain of the synthase has an autogenous regulatory function, serving as the repressor or the indole-3-glycerol-P recognition component of the repressor of the trpAB operon (synthase alpha-and beta-chains). Our hypothesis holds that the trpA type of \"indole-utilization\" mutation alters the repressor (synthase alpha-chain) so that indole as well as indole-3-glycerol-P serves as an effector molecule for tryptophan synthase induction.", "PMID": 1055401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1575", "title": "Isolation and characterization of vitamin K-dependent region of bovine blood clotting factor X.", "content": "A 39-residue peptide from the tryptic digestion of bovine blood clotting factor X has been isolated by specific adsorption on barium citrate. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences of the peptide were determined and compared to the vitamin K-dependent Ca2+-binding region from bovine prothrombin. The factor X peptide was found to contain gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, and the results of independent analysis are consistent with all 14 glutamic acid residues as gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. The similarity of the factor X peptide to the prothrombin peptide supports the hypothesis that the vitamin K-dependent blood clotting proteins are descended from a common ancestral gene.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of vitamin K-dependent region of bovine blood clotting factor X. A 39-residue peptide from the tryptic digestion of bovine blood clotting factor X has been isolated by specific adsorption on barium citrate. The amino- and carboxyl-terminal sequences of the peptide were determined and compared to the vitamin K-dependent Ca2+-binding region from bovine prothrombin. The factor X peptide was found to contain gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, and the results of independent analysis are consistent with all 14 glutamic acid residues as gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. The similarity of the factor X peptide to the prothrombin peptide supports the hypothesis that the vitamin K-dependent blood clotting proteins are descended from a common ancestral gene.", "PMID": 1055402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1576", "title": "Stochastics of cycle completions (fluxes) in biochemical kinetic diagrams.", "content": "Over a long time period, the rate constants for cycle completions (one-way fluxes) in steady-state biochemical diagrams can be expressed explicitly in terms of the elementary rate constants for transitions between states of the diagram. These cycle rate constants determine the mean one-way fluxes in the diagram and also fluctuations about the means. These properties are confirmed by Monte Carlo computer simulations on special cases. Two other topics are considered briefly: the effect of the starting state or states on the numbers of cycle completions in computer simulation runs; and the more detailed stochastic approach required if individual cycle completions are to be followed (i.e., if the \"long time\" restriction is removed).", "contents": "Stochastics of cycle completions (fluxes) in biochemical kinetic diagrams. Over a long time period, the rate constants for cycle completions (one-way fluxes) in steady-state biochemical diagrams can be expressed explicitly in terms of the elementary rate constants for transitions between states of the diagram. These cycle rate constants determine the mean one-way fluxes in the diagram and also fluctuations about the means. These properties are confirmed by Monte Carlo computer simulations on special cases. Two other topics are considered briefly: the effect of the starting state or states on the numbers of cycle completions in computer simulation runs; and the more detailed stochastic approach required if individual cycle completions are to be followed (i.e., if the \"long time\" restriction is removed).", "PMID": 1055403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1577", "title": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous liver cells in chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "Lymphocyte function in vitro was evaluated in patients with chronic active hepatitis and compared to normal controls. Circulating lymphocytes of patients were spontaneously cytotoxic to 51Cr-labeled human Chang liver cells and to suspensions of autologous liver cells obtained at the time of liver biopsy when tested at a lymphocyte target cell ratio of 200:1. Prednisone treatment of patients with chronic active hepatitis inhibited both spontaneous and concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocyte cytotoxicity to human Chang liver cells. Similarly, chronic prednisone administration substantially reduced lymphocyte cytotoxicity towards the patients' own liver cells in vitro, which correlated with a clinical, biochemical, and histological response to such therapy. Thus, patients with chronic hepatitis have circulating lymphocytes that are capable of causing destruction of their own liver cells in vitro. The beneficial effect of prednisone therapy in such patients may be related to this inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to autologous liver cells in chronic active hepatitis. Lymphocyte function in vitro was evaluated in patients with chronic active hepatitis and compared to normal controls. Circulating lymphocytes of patients were spontaneously cytotoxic to 51Cr-labeled human Chang liver cells and to suspensions of autologous liver cells obtained at the time of liver biopsy when tested at a lymphocyte target cell ratio of 200:1. Prednisone treatment of patients with chronic active hepatitis inhibited both spontaneous and concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocyte cytotoxicity to human Chang liver cells. Similarly, chronic prednisone administration substantially reduced lymphocyte cytotoxicity towards the patients' own liver cells in vitro, which correlated with a clinical, biochemical, and histological response to such therapy. Thus, patients with chronic hepatitis have circulating lymphocytes that are capable of causing destruction of their own liver cells in vitro. The beneficial effect of prednisone therapy in such patients may be related to this inhibition of lymphocyte cytotoxicity.", "PMID": 1055404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1578", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of parvalbumin from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Determination of the complete amino-acid sequence of rabbit skeletal muscle parvalbumin is described. The sequence of 86 of the 109 total residues was determined automatically by sequenator analyses of peptides obtained after cleavage with CNBr or with trypsin. The positions of the remaining 23 residues were determined by subtractive Edman degradation of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. The protein has an acetylated amino terminus. Comparison of the rabbit parvalbumin with those from carp, hake, and pike and with the calcium binding subunit of rabbit muscle troponin indicates that these proteins are homologous. Among the parvalbumins a high degree of identity is observed, especially of residues involved in the binding of calcium or in the formation of the hydrophobic core.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of parvalbumin from rabbit skeletal muscle. Determination of the complete amino-acid sequence of rabbit skeletal muscle parvalbumin is described. The sequence of 86 of the 109 total residues was determined automatically by sequenator analyses of peptides obtained after cleavage with CNBr or with trypsin. The positions of the remaining 23 residues were determined by subtractive Edman degradation of tryptic and chymotryptic peptides. The protein has an acetylated amino terminus. Comparison of the rabbit parvalbumin with those from carp, hake, and pike and with the calcium binding subunit of rabbit muscle troponin indicates that these proteins are homologous. Among the parvalbumins a high degree of identity is observed, especially of residues involved in the binding of calcium or in the formation of the hydrophobic core.", "PMID": 1055405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1579", "title": "Patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV lack type III collagen.", "content": "One of the genetically distinct collagens (type III) normally found in skin, aorta, and intestine is missing from the tissues of patients with the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. While skin fibroblasts from other individuals synthesize both types I and III collagen. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome IV cells synthesize only type I. These results suggest that the fragile skin, blood vessels, and intestines of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome IV patients result from an absence of type III collagen.", "contents": "Patients with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV lack type III collagen. One of the genetically distinct collagens (type III) normally found in skin, aorta, and intestine is missing from the tissues of patients with the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV. While skin fibroblasts from other individuals synthesize both types I and III collagen. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome IV cells synthesize only type I. These results suggest that the fragile skin, blood vessels, and intestines of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome IV patients result from an absence of type III collagen.", "PMID": 1055406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1580", "title": "Human epidermal growth factor: isolation and chemical and biological properties.", "content": "A polypeptide hormone has been isolated from human urine, human epidermal growth factor. It was assayed by its ability to compete with 125I-labeled mouse-derived epidermal growth factor in binding to human foreskin fibroblasts. The biological effects of the human polypeptide are similar to those previously described for the mouse hormone. These include the stimulation of the growth in vitro of human foreskin fibroblasts and corneal epithelial cells in organ culture, and the in vivo induction of precocious eyelid opening in the newborn mouse. The amino acid compositions of the two polypeptides differ, although certain similarities are present. The estimated molecular weight of the human polypeptide, 5300-5500, is slightly lower than that of the mouse hormone. Both polypeptides apparently compete for the same site on the cell membrane; and antibodies to the mouse polypeptide crossreact to some extent with the human hormone.", "contents": "Human epidermal growth factor: isolation and chemical and biological properties. A polypeptide hormone has been isolated from human urine, human epidermal growth factor. It was assayed by its ability to compete with 125I-labeled mouse-derived epidermal growth factor in binding to human foreskin fibroblasts. The biological effects of the human polypeptide are similar to those previously described for the mouse hormone. These include the stimulation of the growth in vitro of human foreskin fibroblasts and corneal epithelial cells in organ culture, and the in vivo induction of precocious eyelid opening in the newborn mouse. The amino acid compositions of the two polypeptides differ, although certain similarities are present. The estimated molecular weight of the human polypeptide, 5300-5500, is slightly lower than that of the mouse hormone. Both polypeptides apparently compete for the same site on the cell membrane; and antibodies to the mouse polypeptide crossreact to some extent with the human hormone.", "PMID": 1055407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1581", "title": "Donnan potential of rabbit skeletal muscle myofibrils I: electrofluorochromometric detection of potential.", "content": "The fluorescence of the dye CC-6 [(3-hexyl-2-(3-hexyl-2-benzoxazolinylidene)-1-propenyl)-benzoxazolium iodide] has been shown to indicate Donnan potentials in rabbit skeletal muscle myofibrils. These results are in agreement with previously published work in which the potentials were measured with microelectrodes on glycerol-extraced muscle fibers. The magnitude of the Donnan potential of the myofibrils has been shown to be dependent on the state (rigor or relaxed) of the system.", "contents": "Donnan potential of rabbit skeletal muscle myofibrils I: electrofluorochromometric detection of potential. The fluorescence of the dye CC-6 [(3-hexyl-2-(3-hexyl-2-benzoxazolinylidene)-1-propenyl)-benzoxazolium iodide] has been shown to indicate Donnan potentials in rabbit skeletal muscle myofibrils. These results are in agreement with previously published work in which the potentials were measured with microelectrodes on glycerol-extraced muscle fibers. The magnitude of the Donnan potential of the myofibrils has been shown to be dependent on the state (rigor or relaxed) of the system.", "PMID": 1055408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1582", "title": "Hemoglobin interaction in sickle cell fibers. I: Theoretical approaches to the molecular contacts.", "content": "Computerized molecular model building has been used to deduce the arrangement of sickle cell hemoglobin molecules (Hb-S) in the tubular fibers which form within sickling cells and in concentrated cell-free solutions of deoxygenated Hb-S. A \"best\" solution has been found which satisfies all of the reported properties of these fibers. In the proposed arrangement the contact between adjacent Hb-S molecules in the direction parallel to the fiber axis is primarily hydrophobic and in addition contains two salt bridges between the molecules. This contact would be disrupted with the Glu of Hb-A at the beta6 position instead of the Val of Hb-S, and it would not make a long fiber with oxygenated Hb-S. Residues in the A helix and the GH corner of the beta2 chain of one molecule are in contact with residues of the A, B, and E helices and the GH corner of the alpha1 chain of its neighbor. The intermolecular contact in the direction perpendicular to the fiber axis is mainly between the end of the E helix and the EF corner of the beta1 chain on the first molecule and the F helix and FG corner of the alpha2 chain of its neighbor. Some of the implications of these contacts are reported here, and others will be presented in subsequent papers.", "contents": "Hemoglobin interaction in sickle cell fibers. I: Theoretical approaches to the molecular contacts. Computerized molecular model building has been used to deduce the arrangement of sickle cell hemoglobin molecules (Hb-S) in the tubular fibers which form within sickling cells and in concentrated cell-free solutions of deoxygenated Hb-S. A \"best\" solution has been found which satisfies all of the reported properties of these fibers. In the proposed arrangement the contact between adjacent Hb-S molecules in the direction parallel to the fiber axis is primarily hydrophobic and in addition contains two salt bridges between the molecules. This contact would be disrupted with the Glu of Hb-A at the beta6 position instead of the Val of Hb-S, and it would not make a long fiber with oxygenated Hb-S. Residues in the A helix and the GH corner of the beta2 chain of one molecule are in contact with residues of the A, B, and E helices and the GH corner of the alpha1 chain of its neighbor. The intermolecular contact in the direction perpendicular to the fiber axis is mainly between the end of the E helix and the EF corner of the beta1 chain on the first molecule and the F helix and FG corner of the alpha2 chain of its neighbor. Some of the implications of these contacts are reported here, and others will be presented in subsequent papers.", "PMID": 1055409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1583", "title": "Crystal structure of bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase at 3 A resolution: chain tracing and metal ligands.", "content": "An electron density map at 3 angstrom resolution has been calculated for Cu2+, Zn2+ superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes, and the course of the main chain has been traced. The dominant structural feature is an 8-stranded barrel of antiparallel beta-pleated sheet. There is one very short helical section and two long loops of non-repetitive structure. The Cu and Zn are bound between the loops and one side of the beta barrel and are about 6 Angstrom apart, with a common histidine ligand. The Cu has four histidine ligands in a somewhat distorted square plane, and the Zn has three histidines and an aspartate in approximately tetrahedral arrangement. The two coppers of a dimer are about 34 Angstrom apart. The two subunits have essentially the same conformation and have an extensive contact area that mainly involves hydrophobic side chain interactions. The overall folding pattern of the polypeptide chain is very similar to that of an immunoglobulin domain.", "contents": "Crystal structure of bovine Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase at 3 A resolution: chain tracing and metal ligands. An electron density map at 3 angstrom resolution has been calculated for Cu2+, Zn2+ superoxide dismutase from bovine erythrocytes, and the course of the main chain has been traced. The dominant structural feature is an 8-stranded barrel of antiparallel beta-pleated sheet. There is one very short helical section and two long loops of non-repetitive structure. The Cu and Zn are bound between the loops and one side of the beta barrel and are about 6 Angstrom apart, with a common histidine ligand. The Cu has four histidine ligands in a somewhat distorted square plane, and the Zn has three histidines and an aspartate in approximately tetrahedral arrangement. The two coppers of a dimer are about 34 Angstrom apart. The two subunits have essentially the same conformation and have an extensive contact area that mainly involves hydrophobic side chain interactions. The overall folding pattern of the polypeptide chain is very similar to that of an immunoglobulin domain.", "PMID": 1055410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1584", "title": "Detection and ultrastructural localization of human smooth muscle myosin-like molecules in human non-muscle cells by specific antibodies.", "content": "Spectrin, a protein complex which is peripherally attached to the cytoplasmic surface of the human erythrocyte membrane, cannot be detected (by complement fixation with anti-spectrin antibodies) in homogenates of several different human non-muscle cells studied. On the other hand, a protein antigenically identical or similar to human smooth muscle myosin was detected (by complement fixation with antibodies to uterine smooth muscle myosin) in these cells. In the case of human fibroblast line WI38, this smooth muscle myosin like component was shown (by ferritin-antibody experiments in electron microscopy) to be at least partly associated with cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane of the cell. It is proposed that the spectrin complex of the erythrocyte membrane and the smooth muscle myosin-like component of the fibroblast membrane play similar roles in regulating the translational mobilities of integral proteins in their respective membranes.", "contents": "Detection and ultrastructural localization of human smooth muscle myosin-like molecules in human non-muscle cells by specific antibodies. Spectrin, a protein complex which is peripherally attached to the cytoplasmic surface of the human erythrocyte membrane, cannot be detected (by complement fixation with anti-spectrin antibodies) in homogenates of several different human non-muscle cells studied. On the other hand, a protein antigenically identical or similar to human smooth muscle myosin was detected (by complement fixation with antibodies to uterine smooth muscle myosin) in these cells. In the case of human fibroblast line WI38, this smooth muscle myosin like component was shown (by ferritin-antibody experiments in electron microscopy) to be at least partly associated with cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane of the cell. It is proposed that the spectrin complex of the erythrocyte membrane and the smooth muscle myosin-like component of the fibroblast membrane play similar roles in regulating the translational mobilities of integral proteins in their respective membranes.", "PMID": 1055411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1585", "title": "Synthesis of acetylcholine receptor by denervated rat diaphragm muscle.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptor was purified by affinity chromatography from denervated rat hemidiaphragms that had been incubated in organ culture for 24 hr in medium containing [35-S] methionine. Radioactive acetylcholine receptor was identified in purified preparations by zone sedimentation in a sucrose gradient, by isoelectric focusing, and by precipitation with an antiserum to the acetylcholine receptor from electric eel. When innervated and denervated hemidiaphragms were incubated with [35-S] methionine in organ culture, and the acetylcholine receptors from each were purified separately, only the preparation from denervated muscles contained radioactive receptor as determined by zone sedimentation. We conclude that newly synthesized receptor is accumulated as a result of muscle denervation.", "contents": "Synthesis of acetylcholine receptor by denervated rat diaphragm muscle. Acetylcholine receptor was purified by affinity chromatography from denervated rat hemidiaphragms that had been incubated in organ culture for 24 hr in medium containing [35-S] methionine. Radioactive acetylcholine receptor was identified in purified preparations by zone sedimentation in a sucrose gradient, by isoelectric focusing, and by precipitation with an antiserum to the acetylcholine receptor from electric eel. When innervated and denervated hemidiaphragms were incubated with [35-S] methionine in organ culture, and the acetylcholine receptors from each were purified separately, only the preparation from denervated muscles contained radioactive receptor as determined by zone sedimentation. We conclude that newly synthesized receptor is accumulated as a result of muscle denervation.", "PMID": 1055412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1586", "title": "A beta-D-galactoside binding protein from electric organ tissue of Electrophorus electricus.", "content": "Extracts of electric organ tissue of Electrophorus electricus contain a saccharide-binding protein, named electrolectin, which agglutinates trypsin-treated rabbit erythrocytes and is specifically inhibited by disaccharides containing nonreducing terminal beta-D-galactosyl residues. Electrolectin seems at least partially membrane-bound but is also found in soluble fractions of homoge-nates from which it can be purfied by affinity chromatography on cross-linked and desulfated agarose (ECD-Sepharose) as a protein of molecular weight 33,000. About 400 mg of electrolectin are present per kg of tissue. It has an affinity for lactose of 1.0 mM-1 and 5.5mM-1 as estimated, respectively, by hapten inhibition and fluorescence spectroscopy. Studies on the distribution of beta-D-galactoside-binding activity in animal tissues reveal particularly high levels in sheletal muscle tissue and in cultures of embryonic skeletal muscle and neuroblastoma cells.", "contents": "A beta-D-galactoside binding protein from electric organ tissue of Electrophorus electricus. Extracts of electric organ tissue of Electrophorus electricus contain a saccharide-binding protein, named electrolectin, which agglutinates trypsin-treated rabbit erythrocytes and is specifically inhibited by disaccharides containing nonreducing terminal beta-D-galactosyl residues. Electrolectin seems at least partially membrane-bound but is also found in soluble fractions of homoge-nates from which it can be purfied by affinity chromatography on cross-linked and desulfated agarose (ECD-Sepharose) as a protein of molecular weight 33,000. About 400 mg of electrolectin are present per kg of tissue. It has an affinity for lactose of 1.0 mM-1 and 5.5mM-1 as estimated, respectively, by hapten inhibition and fluorescence spectroscopy. Studies on the distribution of beta-D-galactoside-binding activity in animal tissues reveal particularly high levels in sheletal muscle tissue and in cultures of embryonic skeletal muscle and neuroblastoma cells.", "PMID": 1055413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1587", "title": "Extensive homology between the subunits of the phytohemagglutinin mitogenic proteins derived from Phaseolus vulgaris.", "content": "The phytohemagglutinin mitogenic proteins derived from Phaseolus vulgaris comprise a class of five glycoproteins that are isomeric tetramers composed of varying proportions of two different subunits (L and R). Within the native tetramer, the L subunit is a potent leukoagglutinin and mitogen that lacks hemagglutinating properties, whereas the R subunit is a potent hemagglutinin with little or no mitogenic activity. The subunits have been isolated in homogeneous form by isoelectric focusing in 8 M urea. Previous work has shown that they have equal molecular weights and differ in amino-acid sequence from residues 1-7, but are identical in positions 8-24 [(1973) J. Exp. Med. 138, 939-951]. We now report amino-acid composition studies which reveal striking similarities between the subunits. Both lack methionine and cysteine. The twelfth residue in each subunit is a glycosylated asparagine, with the identical  carbohydrate composition in each. The last three residues of the subunits, as determined by carboxypeptidase A digestion, are identical. Tryptic peptide mapping of the succinylated phytohemagglutinin subunits reveals a high degree of similarity. We conclude that the substantial difference in biological properties among the tetrameric phytohemagglutinin mitogens is a result of relatively restricted differences in the primary structure of their constituent subunits.", "contents": "Extensive homology between the subunits of the phytohemagglutinin mitogenic proteins derived from Phaseolus vulgaris. The phytohemagglutinin mitogenic proteins derived from Phaseolus vulgaris comprise a class of five glycoproteins that are isomeric tetramers composed of varying proportions of two different subunits (L and R). Within the native tetramer, the L subunit is a potent leukoagglutinin and mitogen that lacks hemagglutinating properties, whereas the R subunit is a potent hemagglutinin with little or no mitogenic activity. The subunits have been isolated in homogeneous form by isoelectric focusing in 8 M urea. Previous work has shown that they have equal molecular weights and differ in amino-acid sequence from residues 1-7, but are identical in positions 8-24 [(1973) J. Exp. Med. 138, 939-951]. We now report amino-acid composition studies which reveal striking similarities between the subunits. Both lack methionine and cysteine. The twelfth residue in each subunit is a glycosylated asparagine, with the identical  carbohydrate composition in each. The last three residues of the subunits, as determined by carboxypeptidase A digestion, are identical. Tryptic peptide mapping of the succinylated phytohemagglutinin subunits reveals a high degree of similarity. We conclude that the substantial difference in biological properties among the tetrameric phytohemagglutinin mitogens is a result of relatively restricted differences in the primary structure of their constituent subunits.", "PMID": 1055414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1588", "title": "Role of epithelial architecture and intracellular metabolism in proline uptake and transtubular reclamation in PRO/re mouse kidney.", "content": "The homozygous PRO/Re mouse has less than 1 percent of the very high proline oxidase activity that characterizes normal kidney cortex. In PRO/Re mouse the endogenous proline concentration is eight times normal in plasma and four times normal in kidney cortex cell, but 50 times normal in urine. The integrity of the membrane transport systems for proline uptake at the antiluminal surface of absorbing epithelium is retained in PRO/Re kidney, as determined by the slice method. Clearance studies in vivo under steady-state conditions indicate that  the integrity of the luminal uptake system shared by glycine and proline, and serving proline absorption, is also intact. The exaggerated renal clearance of proline in PRO/Re mice (50 times normal) is explained when its raised intracellular concentration, caused by impaired proline oxidation, is considered. Backflux into urine flowing down the nephron will occur under these conditions, thus impairing net reclamation of proline in PRO/Re kidney. The findings reveal that membrane transport and intracellular metabolism of a substrate are, indeed, independent functions, but that metabolism of a substance can influence its transcellular transport.", "contents": "Role of epithelial architecture and intracellular metabolism in proline uptake and transtubular reclamation in PRO/re mouse kidney. The homozygous PRO/Re mouse has less than 1 percent of the very high proline oxidase activity that characterizes normal kidney cortex. In PRO/Re mouse the endogenous proline concentration is eight times normal in plasma and four times normal in kidney cortex cell, but 50 times normal in urine. The integrity of the membrane transport systems for proline uptake at the antiluminal surface of absorbing epithelium is retained in PRO/Re kidney, as determined by the slice method. Clearance studies in vivo under steady-state conditions indicate that  the integrity of the luminal uptake system shared by glycine and proline, and serving proline absorption, is also intact. The exaggerated renal clearance of proline in PRO/Re mice (50 times normal) is explained when its raised intracellular concentration, caused by impaired proline oxidation, is considered. Backflux into urine flowing down the nephron will occur under these conditions, thus impairing net reclamation of proline in PRO/Re kidney. The findings reveal that membrane transport and intracellular metabolism of a substrate are, indeed, independent functions, but that metabolism of a substance can influence its transcellular transport.", "PMID": 1055415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1589", "title": "Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells: formation of embryoid bodies in vitro.", "content": "The differentiation in vitro of clonal pluripotent teratocarcinoma cells is reported. The first stage of this process is the formation of simple embryoid bodies which are identical to those found in animals bearing intraperitoneal teratocarcinomas. They consist of an inner core of embryonal carcinoma cells surrounded by a layer of endodermal cells which produce Reichert's membrane. The endodermal cells become apparent shortly after the embryonal carcinoma cells have formed aggregates which are loosely attached to the substratum. One clonal teratocarcinoma line was found to produce complex cystic embryoid bodies in vitro. Following formation of the endodermal cells, extensive differentiation to a wide variety of cell types occurs. There are similarities between the process of embryoid body formation and the early events of differentiation of the mouse embryo.", "contents": "Differentiation of clonal lines of teratocarcinoma cells: formation of embryoid bodies in vitro. The differentiation in vitro of clonal pluripotent teratocarcinoma cells is reported. The first stage of this process is the formation of simple embryoid bodies which are identical to those found in animals bearing intraperitoneal teratocarcinomas. They consist of an inner core of embryonal carcinoma cells surrounded by a layer of endodermal cells which produce Reichert's membrane. The endodermal cells become apparent shortly after the embryonal carcinoma cells have formed aggregates which are loosely attached to the substratum. One clonal teratocarcinoma line was found to produce complex cystic embryoid bodies in vitro. Following formation of the endodermal cells, extensive differentiation to a wide variety of cell types occurs. There are similarities between the process of embryoid body formation and the early events of differentiation of the mouse embryo.", "PMID": 1055416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1590", "title": "Physiological role of an endoperoxide in human platelets: hemostatic defect due to platelet cyclo-oxygenase deficiency.", "content": "The endoperoxide prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) induced platelet aggregation as well as the platelet release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin) when added to human platelet-rich plasma. Formation of a metabolite of PGG2 [8-(l-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9,12L-dihydroxy-5,10-heptadecadienoic acid] and a lipoxygenase product [12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid] accompanied the release reaction caused by aggregating agents such as collagen, ADP, epinephrine, and thrombin. Indomethacin inhibited the release reaction and PGG2 formation induced by these agents but had no effect on PGG2-induced release reaction. The aggregating effect of PGG2 was abolished by furosemide, which is a competitive inhibitor of ADP-induced primary aggregation. These data indicate that the aggregating effect of PGG2 is due to release of ADP and that PGG2 synthesis is required for induction of the release reaction by various aggregating agents. A subject with a hemostatic defect due to abnormal release mechanism [decreased aggregation with epinephrine (second wave) and collagen and normal platelet ADP] had a deficiency of the cyclo-oxygenase that catalyzes formation of PGG2. Normal aggregation and release reaction were obtained with added PGG2. Ii is concluded that the endoperoxide (PGG2) is essential in normal hemostasis because of its role in initiating the release reaction required for aggregation by collagen and the second wave of aggregation caused by, e.g., ADP.", "contents": "Physiological role of an endoperoxide in human platelets: hemostatic defect due to platelet cyclo-oxygenase deficiency. The endoperoxide prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) induced platelet aggregation as well as the platelet release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin) when added to human platelet-rich plasma. Formation of a metabolite of PGG2 [8-(l-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9,12L-dihydroxy-5,10-heptadecadienoic acid] and a lipoxygenase product [12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid] accompanied the release reaction caused by aggregating agents such as collagen, ADP, epinephrine, and thrombin. Indomethacin inhibited the release reaction and PGG2 formation induced by these agents but had no effect on PGG2-induced release reaction. The aggregating effect of PGG2 was abolished by furosemide, which is a competitive inhibitor of ADP-induced primary aggregation. These data indicate that the aggregating effect of PGG2 is due to release of ADP and that PGG2 synthesis is required for induction of the release reaction by various aggregating agents. A subject with a hemostatic defect due to abnormal release mechanism [decreased aggregation with epinephrine (second wave) and collagen and normal platelet ADP] had a deficiency of the cyclo-oxygenase that catalyzes formation of PGG2. Normal aggregation and release reaction were obtained with added PGG2. Ii is concluded that the endoperoxide (PGG2) is essential in normal hemostasis because of its role in initiating the release reaction required for aggregation by collagen and the second wave of aggregation caused by, e.g., ADP.", "PMID": 1055417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1591", "title": "Immunological relationship between acetylcholine receptor and thymus: a possible significance in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "A defined immunological cross-reaction was observed between acetylcholine receptor fraction from the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus, and two calf thymus fractions. The cross-reaction was demonstrated on the cellular level by means of the lymphocyte transformation technique, and on the humoral level, by means of the microcomplement fixation assay. In the human disease myasthenia gravis both acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction and the thymus are affected, probably by an autoimmune mechanism. The immunological cross-reaction between acetylcholine receptor and thymic components may explain the association between endplate and thymus disorders in myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Immunological relationship between acetylcholine receptor and thymus: a possible significance in myasthenia gravis. A defined immunological cross-reaction was observed between acetylcholine receptor fraction from the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus, and two calf thymus fractions. The cross-reaction was demonstrated on the cellular level by means of the lymphocyte transformation technique, and on the humoral level, by means of the microcomplement fixation assay. In the human disease myasthenia gravis both acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction and the thymus are affected, probably by an autoimmune mechanism. The immunological cross-reaction between acetylcholine receptor and thymic components may explain the association between endplate and thymus disorders in myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 1055418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1592", "title": "A group of thermodynamic potentials applicable to ligand binding by a polyfunctional macromolecule.", "content": "The binding of ligands by a macromolecule can be well described by a group of potentials derivable from the energy and of which the original binding potential is one. The group is Abelian and is isomorphic with a group of symmetries. Each member corresponds to a particular set of experimental conditions--system open to some, closed to others, of the ligand-and the group as a whole is an immediate source of all possible linkage relations applicable to the macromolecule. Seen in terms of information theory it can be interpreted as a program for the response of the macromolecule to its ligands according to the conditions with which it is faced. The group provides a ready formulation of the effect of a ligand on the equilibrium constant for a reaction involving a set of macromolecules, and it leads to a clear-cut distinction between true and pseudolinkage.", "contents": "A group of thermodynamic potentials applicable to ligand binding by a polyfunctional macromolecule. The binding of ligands by a macromolecule can be well described by a group of potentials derivable from the energy and of which the original binding potential is one. The group is Abelian and is isomorphic with a group of symmetries. Each member corresponds to a particular set of experimental conditions--system open to some, closed to others, of the ligand-and the group as a whole is an immediate source of all possible linkage relations applicable to the macromolecule. Seen in terms of information theory it can be interpreted as a program for the response of the macromolecule to its ligands according to the conditions with which it is faced. The group provides a ready formulation of the effect of a ligand on the equilibrium constant for a reaction involving a set of macromolecules, and it leads to a clear-cut distinction between true and pseudolinkage.", "PMID": 1055419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1593", "title": "The amphisbaenian ear: Blanus cinereus and Diplometopon zarudnyi.", "content": "Observations on the structure and function of the ear in amphisbaenians have been extended to two new species: to Blanus cinereus of the family Amphisbaenidae and Diplometopon zarudnyi of the family Trogonophidae. Blanus, considered one of the most primitive of this group of reptiles, shows a distinctive form of sound-receptive mechanism. The usual extracolumella is lacking, and the columella attaches to a cartilaginous plate beneath the skin posterior to the facial area. Diplometopon zarudnyi, a highly modified trogonophid, shows a columella and extracolumella of massive dimensions, with considerable calcification of the latter process. Cochlear potential measurements revealed the levels of auditory sensitivity in these species. A peculiar feature is the degree of stability of the ear's responses in the presence of large variations in body temperature.", "contents": "The amphisbaenian ear: Blanus cinereus and Diplometopon zarudnyi. Observations on the structure and function of the ear in amphisbaenians have been extended to two new species: to Blanus cinereus of the family Amphisbaenidae and Diplometopon zarudnyi of the family Trogonophidae. Blanus, considered one of the most primitive of this group of reptiles, shows a distinctive form of sound-receptive mechanism. The usual extracolumella is lacking, and the columella attaches to a cartilaginous plate beneath the skin posterior to the facial area. Diplometopon zarudnyi, a highly modified trogonophid, shows a columella and extracolumella of massive dimensions, with considerable calcification of the latter process. Cochlear potential measurements revealed the levels of auditory sensitivity in these species. A peculiar feature is the degree of stability of the ear's responses in the presence of large variations in body temperature.", "PMID": 1055420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1594", "title": "Localized Derepression on the Human Inactive X Chromosone in Mouse-Human Cell Hybrids.", "content": "Evidence for derepression of the gene for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) on the human inactive X chromosome was obtained in hybrids of mouse and human cells. The mouse cells lacked HPRT and were also deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT; AMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC2.4.2.7). The human female fibroblasts were HPRT-deficient as a consequence of a mutation on the active X but contained a normal HPRT gene on the inactive X. The two human X chromosomes were further distinguished by differences in morphology: the inactive X was morphologically normal while the active X included most of the long arm of autosome no. 1 translocated to the distal end of the X long arm. Forty-one hybrid clones were first isolated by selection for the presence of APRT; when these clones were selected for HPRT, six of them yielded derivatives having human HPRT with incidences of about 1 in 10-6 APRT-selected hybrid cells. The HPRT-positive derivatives contained a normal-appearing X chromosome indistinguishable from the inactive X of the parental human fibroblasts. The active X with the translocation was not found in any of the HPRT-positive hybrid cells. Human phosphoglycerokinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase. EC 2.7.2.3) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose 6-phosphate: NADP 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49), which are specified by X-chromosomal loci, were not detected in the hybrids expressing HPRT even though they contained an apparently intact X chromosome. The observations are most simply explained by the infrequent, stable derepression of inactive X chromosome segments  that include the HPRT locus but not the phosphoglycerokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase loci.", "contents": "Localized Derepression on the Human Inactive X Chromosone in Mouse-Human Cell Hybrids. Evidence for derepression of the gene for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT; IMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) on the human inactive X chromosome was obtained in hybrids of mouse and human cells. The mouse cells lacked HPRT and were also deficient in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT; AMP: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase; EC2.4.2.7). The human female fibroblasts were HPRT-deficient as a consequence of a mutation on the active X but contained a normal HPRT gene on the inactive X. The two human X chromosomes were further distinguished by differences in morphology: the inactive X was morphologically normal while the active X included most of the long arm of autosome no. 1 translocated to the distal end of the X long arm. Forty-one hybrid clones were first isolated by selection for the presence of APRT; when these clones were selected for HPRT, six of them yielded derivatives having human HPRT with incidences of about 1 in 10-6 APRT-selected hybrid cells. The HPRT-positive derivatives contained a normal-appearing X chromosome indistinguishable from the inactive X of the parental human fibroblasts. The active X with the translocation was not found in any of the HPRT-positive hybrid cells. Human phosphoglycerokinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase. EC 2.7.2.3) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose 6-phosphate: NADP 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49), which are specified by X-chromosomal loci, were not detected in the hybrids expressing HPRT even though they contained an apparently intact X chromosome. The observations are most simply explained by the infrequent, stable derepression of inactive X chromosome segments  that include the HPRT locus but not the phosphoglycerokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase loci.", "PMID": 1055421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1595", "title": "Trisomy of chromosome 15 in spontaneous leukemia of AKR mice.", "content": "Karyotypes of spontaneous thymomas of AKR mice were determined by trypsin-Giemsa banding methods. Trisomy of chromosome 15 occurred in 10 of 11 leukemic mice. Seven of the thymomas were predominantly trisomic for chromosome 15, one was trisomic for chromosome 12, and one exhibited multiple trisomies of chromosomes 3, 12, 15, and 17. Trisomy was not found in the norm-l AKR tissues examined.", "contents": "Trisomy of chromosome 15 in spontaneous leukemia of AKR mice. Karyotypes of spontaneous thymomas of AKR mice were determined by trypsin-Giemsa banding methods. Trisomy of chromosome 15 occurred in 10 of 11 leukemic mice. Seven of the thymomas were predominantly trisomic for chromosome 15, one was trisomic for chromosome 12, and one exhibited multiple trisomies of chromosomes 3, 12, 15, and 17. Trisomy was not found in the norm-l AKR tissues examined.", "PMID": 1055422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1596", "title": "Two classes of translational control RNA: their role in the regulation of  protein synthesis.", "content": "Two classes of translation control RNA (tcRNA) have been isolated from embryonic chick muscle. One of these classes, the tcRNA isolated from messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNP-tcRNA), is effective in inhibiting the translation of mRNP-mRNA while having little if any effect on polysomal mRNA. The other class, polysome-tcRNA, has no effect on mRNP-mRNA while it stimulates the translation of polysomal mRNA. The mRNP tcRNA contains approximately 50 percent uridylate residues and forms small but stable hybrids with poly (A), while polysome-tcRNA contains fewer uridylate residues and is much less effective in forming a hybrid with poly (A). A proposed model concerning the role of these two classes of tcRNA in the regulation of protein synthesis is presented.", "contents": "Two classes of translational control RNA: their role in the regulation of  protein synthesis. Two classes of translation control RNA (tcRNA) have been isolated from embryonic chick muscle. One of these classes, the tcRNA isolated from messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNP-tcRNA), is effective in inhibiting the translation of mRNP-mRNA while having little if any effect on polysomal mRNA. The other class, polysome-tcRNA, has no effect on mRNP-mRNA while it stimulates the translation of polysomal mRNA. The mRNP tcRNA contains approximately 50 percent uridylate residues and forms small but stable hybrids with poly (A), while polysome-tcRNA contains fewer uridylate residues and is much less effective in forming a hybrid with poly (A). A proposed model concerning the role of these two classes of tcRNA in the regulation of protein synthesis is presented.", "PMID": 1055423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1597", "title": "Isorhodopsin II: artificial photosensitive pigment formed from 9,13-dicis retinal.", "content": "We have found that in addition to the 11-cis and 9-cis isomers of retinal which are known to couple with the visual pigment apoprotein opsin to form pigments, a third isomer 9,13-dicis retinal also will form a pigment. That this isomer is indeed bound to opsin has been shown unequivocally by removing the chromophore without isomerization and subsequent identification by high-speed liquid chromatography. Using similar techniques, we have shown that the product of bleaching by light of all three pigments in Trition X-100 is the all-trans isomer. This specificity in the product of bleaching, as with many other properties of visual pigments, is not shared by the free chromophore. Of particular interest is that when 9,13-dicis retinal is combined with opsin to form a pigment,  a single photon can isomerize it about two double bonds, to the all-trans isomer.", "contents": "Isorhodopsin II: artificial photosensitive pigment formed from 9,13-dicis retinal. We have found that in addition to the 11-cis and 9-cis isomers of retinal which are known to couple with the visual pigment apoprotein opsin to form pigments, a third isomer 9,13-dicis retinal also will form a pigment. That this isomer is indeed bound to opsin has been shown unequivocally by removing the chromophore without isomerization and subsequent identification by high-speed liquid chromatography. Using similar techniques, we have shown that the product of bleaching by light of all three pigments in Trition X-100 is the all-trans isomer. This specificity in the product of bleaching, as with many other properties of visual pigments, is not shared by the free chromophore. Of particular interest is that when 9,13-dicis retinal is combined with opsin to form a pigment,  a single photon can isomerize it about two double bonds, to the all-trans isomer.", "PMID": 1055424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1598", "title": "Development of receptive fields in rabbit visual cortex: changes in time course due to delayed eye-opening.", "content": "Rabbit pups had one eye sutured closed before the time at which the eyes normally open. At 20-27 days of age, single-unit recordings were made both from the striate cortex contralateral to the sutured eye (deprived cortex) and from that contralateral to the eye which had opened normally (control cortex). The percentages of units encountered which fell into various receptive  field categories differed on the two sides. The deprived cortices had a lower percentage of visually responsive cells, a higher percentage of indefinite cells, and totally lacked cells sensitive to orientation of a stimulus bar. In these respects they closely resembled previous observations on rabbit pups just before normal eye-opening. By contrast, the control cortices of the same animals were comparable to normally reared rabbits of the same age. We conclude, therefore, that developmental events which normally follow eye-opening can be affected in their time course by delaying eye-opening.", "contents": "Development of receptive fields in rabbit visual cortex: changes in time course due to delayed eye-opening. Rabbit pups had one eye sutured closed before the time at which the eyes normally open. At 20-27 days of age, single-unit recordings were made both from the striate cortex contralateral to the sutured eye (deprived cortex) and from that contralateral to the eye which had opened normally (control cortex). The percentages of units encountered which fell into various receptive  field categories differed on the two sides. The deprived cortices had a lower percentage of visually responsive cells, a higher percentage of indefinite cells, and totally lacked cells sensitive to orientation of a stimulus bar. In these respects they closely resembled previous observations on rabbit pups just before normal eye-opening. By contrast, the control cortices of the same animals were comparable to normally reared rabbits of the same age. We conclude, therefore, that developmental events which normally follow eye-opening can be affected in their time course by delaying eye-opening.", "PMID": 1055425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1599", "title": "Relative numbers of human globin genes assayed with purified alpha and beta complementary human DNA.", "content": "Purified alpha and beta globin complementary DNAs (cDNAs) have been separated from total radioactively labeled human globin cDNA using mRNA purified from liver of a hydrops fetalis (alpha thalassemia). The beta cDNA hybridizes to the hydrops fetalis mRNA while the alpha cDNA remains single-stranded. the purified alpha and beta cDNAs were assayed for their purity by their hybridization to mRNA prepared from reticulocytes of nonthalassemia, alpha thalassemia, and beta thalassemia subjects. The results indicate that the separated cDNAs are selective in hybridization to alpha or beta globin mRNAs, respectively. The previously reported deficiency of globin mRNA in thalassemia cells has been confirmed with these purified cDNAs. The purified alpha and beta cDNAs were hybridized to cellular DNA to non-thalassemia, beta+ thalassemia, and hydrops fetalis (alpha thalassemia) DNA. The alpha cDNA hybridized to hydrops fetalis liver DNA to a much lower extent that beta cDNA, confirming the previously reported deletion of alpha globin genes in hydrops fetalis. By contrast, both the alpha and beta DNA probes hybridized to the same extent to spleen DNA from non-thalassemia and from beta+ thalassemia patients. Between two and five globin genes in non-thalassemia and beta+ thalassemia DNA hybridize to beta cDNA and one to five to alpha cDNA. These studies indicate that in beta+ thalassemia, there is no detectable deletion in beta globin genes. The genetic defect in beta+ thalassemia appears to be due to either repression of transcription of beta globin genes or abnormal processing of beta globin mRNA.", "contents": "Relative numbers of human globin genes assayed with purified alpha and beta complementary human DNA. Purified alpha and beta globin complementary DNAs (cDNAs) have been separated from total radioactively labeled human globin cDNA using mRNA purified from liver of a hydrops fetalis (alpha thalassemia). The beta cDNA hybridizes to the hydrops fetalis mRNA while the alpha cDNA remains single-stranded. the purified alpha and beta cDNAs were assayed for their purity by their hybridization to mRNA prepared from reticulocytes of nonthalassemia, alpha thalassemia, and beta thalassemia subjects. The results indicate that the separated cDNAs are selective in hybridization to alpha or beta globin mRNAs, respectively. The previously reported deficiency of globin mRNA in thalassemia cells has been confirmed with these purified cDNAs. The purified alpha and beta cDNAs were hybridized to cellular DNA to non-thalassemia, beta+ thalassemia, and hydrops fetalis (alpha thalassemia) DNA. The alpha cDNA hybridized to hydrops fetalis liver DNA to a much lower extent that beta cDNA, confirming the previously reported deletion of alpha globin genes in hydrops fetalis. By contrast, both the alpha and beta DNA probes hybridized to the same extent to spleen DNA from non-thalassemia and from beta+ thalassemia patients. Between two and five globin genes in non-thalassemia and beta+ thalassemia DNA hybridize to beta cDNA and one to five to alpha cDNA. These studies indicate that in beta+ thalassemia, there is no detectable deletion in beta globin genes. The genetic defect in beta+ thalassemia appears to be due to either repression of transcription of beta globin genes or abnormal processing of beta globin mRNA.", "PMID": 1055426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1600", "title": "Identification of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors by (minus) [3H]alprenolol binding.", "content": "(Minus) [3-H] alprenolol, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist, was used to identify binding sites in a fraction of canine cyocardium. Beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists compete for these binding sites in a manner which directly parallels their known affinity for the cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor. Thus, binding was highly stereo-specific, with the (minus) isomers of beta-adrenergic agonists or antagonists being at least two orders of magnitude more potent than were the (plus) isomers in competing for these sites. The order of potency for inhibition of binding by beta-adrenergic agonists was (minus) isoproterenol greater than (minus) epinephrine greater than (minus) norepinephrine. The dissociation constant (KD) of (minus) alprenolol for the beta-adrenergic receptors was 7-11 nM as determined independently by direct binding studies or by inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1]. The beta-adrenergic antagonist (minus) propranolol also had high affinity for the binding sites (KD equals 12 nM). The physiologically inactive catechol-containing compounds pyrocatechol and (plus or minus) dihydroxymandelic acid, as well as the metabolite (plus or minus) normetanephrine, and the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine did not compete for the binding sites at a concentration of 160 muM. Binding was rapid (t1/2 less than 30 sec) and was rapidly reversible (t1/2 less than 15 sec). The binding sites were saturable and bound 0.35 pmol of (minus) [3-H] alprenolol per mg of membrane protein. These characteristics suggest that these binding sites represent the cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors.", "contents": "Identification of cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors by (minus) [3H]alprenolol binding. (Minus) [3-H] alprenolol, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist, was used to identify binding sites in a fraction of canine cyocardium. Beta adrenergic agonists and antagonists compete for these binding sites in a manner which directly parallels their known affinity for the cardiac beta-adrenergic receptor. Thus, binding was highly stereo-specific, with the (minus) isomers of beta-adrenergic agonists or antagonists being at least two orders of magnitude more potent than were the (plus) isomers in competing for these sites. The order of potency for inhibition of binding by beta-adrenergic agonists was (minus) isoproterenol greater than (minus) epinephrine greater than (minus) norepinephrine. The dissociation constant (KD) of (minus) alprenolol for the beta-adrenergic receptors was 7-11 nM as determined independently by direct binding studies or by inhibition of isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1]. The beta-adrenergic antagonist (minus) propranolol also had high affinity for the binding sites (KD equals 12 nM). The physiologically inactive catechol-containing compounds pyrocatechol and (plus or minus) dihydroxymandelic acid, as well as the metabolite (plus or minus) normetanephrine, and the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phentolamine did not compete for the binding sites at a concentration of 160 muM. Binding was rapid (t1/2 less than 30 sec) and was rapidly reversible (t1/2 less than 15 sec). The binding sites were saturable and bound 0.35 pmol of (minus) [3-H] alprenolol per mg of membrane protein. These characteristics suggest that these binding sites represent the cardiac beta-adrenergic receptors.", "PMID": 1055427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1601", "title": "Induction of maturation (meiosis) in Xenopus laevis oocytes by three organomercurials.", "content": "Three organomercurials, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate, and mersalyl, induce maturation (meiosis) in a large percentage (20-100 percent) of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Maturation takes place even when the follicle cells which surround the oocytes have been withdrawn. Organomercurial- and progesterone-induced maturations have many features in common: they do not occur when the inducer is injected into the oocytes, they require the presence of Ca++ in the medium, they are inhibited by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. In both cases, the maturation producing factor and the pseudomaturation inducing factor are produced. Organomercurial-treated oocytes react normally to activating stimuli; their protein synthesis increases, but uptake of amino acids is strongly inhibited. Progesterone and p-hydroxymercuriphenyl-sulfonate act synergically in inducing maturation. The main difference between the two agents is that p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate must act for several hours, whereas, short contact with progesterone is sufficient to induce maturation.", "contents": "Induction of maturation (meiosis) in Xenopus laevis oocytes by three organomercurials. Three organomercurials, p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate, and mersalyl, induce maturation (meiosis) in a large percentage (20-100 percent) of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Maturation takes place even when the follicle cells which surround the oocytes have been withdrawn. Organomercurial- and progesterone-induced maturations have many features in common: they do not occur when the inducer is injected into the oocytes, they require the presence of Ca++ in the medium, they are inhibited by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. In both cases, the maturation producing factor and the pseudomaturation inducing factor are produced. Organomercurial-treated oocytes react normally to activating stimuli; their protein synthesis increases, but uptake of amino acids is strongly inhibited. Progesterone and p-hydroxymercuriphenyl-sulfonate act synergically in inducing maturation. The main difference between the two agents is that p-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate must act for several hours, whereas, short contact with progesterone is sufficient to induce maturation.", "PMID": 1055428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1602", "title": "Modulation of lymphocyte receptor mobility by locally bound concanavalin A.", "content": "Binding of concanavalin A (con A) to the lymphocyte surface at room temperature leads to restriction of the mobility of a variety of cell surface receptors including those from immunoglobulin (Ig), O, H-2, beta2-microglobulin, Fc receptors results in \"co-capping\" of Ig, H-2, theta, Fc receptors, as well as receptors for other lectins. Addition of colchicine to the cell suspensions reverses this effect and allows Con A receptors as well as other receptors to form patches and caps. Capping of Con A receptors, and beta2-microglobulin in the absence of ligands specific for these receptors. Receptors binding Limulus hemagglutinin and wax bean agglutinin, as well as those interacting with carbohydrate-specific antibodies, were partially co-capped with Con A but receptors for wheat germ agglutinin were not co-capped, excluding the possibility that restriction of receptor mobility by Con A resulted simply from cross-linkage of mobile receptors to immobilized glycoproteins (Con A receptors). Latex beads and platelets coupled to Con A were bound to lymphocytes under the same conditions as free Con A. Binding of these particles to local regions of the cell surface resulted in restriction of the mobility of those receptors that could be co-capped with free Con A. In contrast to the findings with free Con A, however, addition of colchicine resulted in capping of the bound particles but did not cause co-capping of either the unbound Con A receptors or other receptors. These findings support the hypothesis that modulation occurs via a submembranous assembly containing microtubules, and they further suggest that the transitions of this assembly induced locally by Con A may be propagated via cooperative processes.", "contents": "Modulation of lymphocyte receptor mobility by locally bound concanavalin A. Binding of concanavalin A (con A) to the lymphocyte surface at room temperature leads to restriction of the mobility of a variety of cell surface receptors including those from immunoglobulin (Ig), O, H-2, beta2-microglobulin, Fc receptors results in \"co-capping\" of Ig, H-2, theta, Fc receptors, as well as receptors for other lectins. Addition of colchicine to the cell suspensions reverses this effect and allows Con A receptors as well as other receptors to form patches and caps. Capping of Con A receptors, and beta2-microglobulin in the absence of ligands specific for these receptors. Receptors binding Limulus hemagglutinin and wax bean agglutinin, as well as those interacting with carbohydrate-specific antibodies, were partially co-capped with Con A but receptors for wheat germ agglutinin were not co-capped, excluding the possibility that restriction of receptor mobility by Con A resulted simply from cross-linkage of mobile receptors to immobilized glycoproteins (Con A receptors). Latex beads and platelets coupled to Con A were bound to lymphocytes under the same conditions as free Con A. Binding of these particles to local regions of the cell surface resulted in restriction of the mobility of those receptors that could be co-capped with free Con A. In contrast to the findings with free Con A, however, addition of colchicine resulted in capping of the bound particles but did not cause co-capping of either the unbound Con A receptors or other receptors. These findings support the hypothesis that modulation occurs via a submembranous assembly containing microtubules, and they further suggest that the transitions of this assembly induced locally by Con A may be propagated via cooperative processes.", "PMID": 1055429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1603", "title": "Immunological and chemical purity of papain-solubilized HL-A antigens.", "content": "Three preparations of purified papain-solublized HL-A antigens have been radiolabeled by reductive methylation using formaldehyde and potassium boro[3H]hydride, and their reaction with specific HL-A antisera has been investigated. Greater than 99 percent of the radioactivity in the [3H]HL-A2 preparation could be complexed with several HL-A2 antisera, but not with specificity controls. The other two preparations, which contained mixtures of HL-A antigenic specificities (HL-A7,12 an HL-A3,W25;12,27), showed 63 per cent and 70 per cent complex formation with mixtures of the appropriate HL-A antisera. The N-terminal amino acid of both subunits has been determined for the three HL-A antigen preparations. In all cases the only detectable N-terminal amino acids were isoleucine for the small subunits, beta-2-microblogulin, and glycine for the larger subunit.", "contents": "Immunological and chemical purity of papain-solubilized HL-A antigens. Three preparations of purified papain-solublized HL-A antigens have been radiolabeled by reductive methylation using formaldehyde and potassium boro[3H]hydride, and their reaction with specific HL-A antisera has been investigated. Greater than 99 percent of the radioactivity in the [3H]HL-A2 preparation could be complexed with several HL-A2 antisera, but not with specificity controls. The other two preparations, which contained mixtures of HL-A antigenic specificities (HL-A7,12 an HL-A3,W25;12,27), showed 63 per cent and 70 per cent complex formation with mixtures of the appropriate HL-A antisera. The N-terminal amino acid of both subunits has been determined for the three HL-A antigen preparations. In all cases the only detectable N-terminal amino acids were isoleucine for the small subunits, beta-2-microblogulin, and glycine for the larger subunit.", "PMID": 1055430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1604", "title": "Moments for sum of an arbitrary function of gene frequency along a stochastic path of gene frequency change.", "content": "A diffusion model is developed to compute any moment of the sum of an arbitrary function of the gene frequency along sample paths between any two specified frequencies. This is used to calculate the mean age of a mutant of frequency chi, including or excluding the possibility of its having been at value chi equals 1 during the process, and the total frequency of heterozygotes involving an allele since its origin.", "contents": "Moments for sum of an arbitrary function of gene frequency along a stochastic path of gene frequency change. A diffusion model is developed to compute any moment of the sum of an arbitrary function of the gene frequency along sample paths between any two specified frequencies. This is used to calculate the mean age of a mutant of frequency chi, including or excluding the possibility of its having been at value chi equals 1 during the process, and the total frequency of heterozygotes involving an allele since its origin.", "PMID": 1055431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1605", "title": "Evolutionary relationship between immunoglobulins and transplantation antigens.", "content": "The major human and murine histocompatibility antigens are tetrameric molecules with an apparent molecular weight of about 130,000. They are composed of two types of polypeptide chains. The two light chains, previously identified as beta2-microglobulins, are bound to the two heavy, alloantigenic HL-A or H-2 polypeptide chains by noncovalent interactions only. The heavy chains are held together by disulfide bridge(s) located in the part of the molecule that is attached to the cell membrane. By limited proteolysis of the histocompatibility antigens evidence was obtained suggesting that the heavy chain may consist of three compact domains connected by more extended stretches of polypeptide chain. Each domain appeared to contain a single disulfide bride encompassing about 60 to 70 amino-acid residues. Staphylococcus aureus protein A is known to bind exclusively to the Fe region of immunoglobulin G. It was, however, observed that protein  A interacts in a similar way with the H-2 antigen heavy chain. This observation, together  withthe homology of the primary structure of beta2-microglobulin to immunoglobulin G, the tetrameric structure of the alloantigens, the ogranizations of the heavy polypeptide chain into compact domains, and the presence of a single, immunoglobulin-like disulfide loop in each domain, establishes a close similarity in structure between histocompatibility antigens and immunoglobulins. The similarity in structural features suggests a  common evolutionary origin of the two types of molecules.", "contents": "Evolutionary relationship between immunoglobulins and transplantation antigens. The major human and murine histocompatibility antigens are tetrameric molecules with an apparent molecular weight of about 130,000. They are composed of two types of polypeptide chains. The two light chains, previously identified as beta2-microglobulins, are bound to the two heavy, alloantigenic HL-A or H-2 polypeptide chains by noncovalent interactions only. The heavy chains are held together by disulfide bridge(s) located in the part of the molecule that is attached to the cell membrane. By limited proteolysis of the histocompatibility antigens evidence was obtained suggesting that the heavy chain may consist of three compact domains connected by more extended stretches of polypeptide chain. Each domain appeared to contain a single disulfide bride encompassing about 60 to 70 amino-acid residues. Staphylococcus aureus protein A is known to bind exclusively to the Fe region of immunoglobulin G. It was, however, observed that protein  A interacts in a similar way with the H-2 antigen heavy chain. This observation, together  withthe homology of the primary structure of beta2-microglobulin to immunoglobulin G, the tetrameric structure of the alloantigens, the ogranizations of the heavy polypeptide chain into compact domains, and the presence of a single, immunoglobulin-like disulfide loop in each domain, establishes a close similarity in structure between histocompatibility antigens and immunoglobulins. The similarity in structural features suggests a  common evolutionary origin of the two types of molecules.", "PMID": 1055432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1606", "title": "Beta-cyanoalanine synthase: purification and characterization.", "content": "Beta-cyano-L-alanine synthase [L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (adding HCN), EC 4.4.1.9] was purified about 4000-fold from blue lupine seedlings. The enzyme was homoegeneous on gel electrophoresis and free of contamination by other pyridoxal-P-dependent lyases. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 52,000 and contains 1 mole of pyridoxal-P per mole of protein; its isoelectric point is situated at pH 4.7. Its absorption spectrum has two maxima, at 280 and 410 nm. L-Cysteine is the natural primary (amino acid) substrate; beta-chloro- and beta-thiocyano can serve (with considerably lower affinity) instead of cyanide as cosubstrates for cyanoalanine synthase. The synthase is refractory to DL-cycloserine and D-penicillamine, potent inhibitors of many pyridoxal-P-dependent enzymes. Cyanoalanine synthase catalyzes slow isotopic alpha-H exchange in cysteine and in end-product amino acids; the rates of alpha-H exchange in nonreacted (excess) cysteine are markedly increased in the presence of an adequate cosubstrate; no exchange is observed of H atoms in beta-position.", "contents": "Beta-cyanoalanine synthase: purification and characterization. Beta-cyano-L-alanine synthase [L-cysteine hydrogen-sulfide-lyase (adding HCN), EC 4.4.1.9] was purified about 4000-fold from blue lupine seedlings. The enzyme was homoegeneous on gel electrophoresis and free of contamination by other pyridoxal-P-dependent lyases. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 52,000 and contains 1 mole of pyridoxal-P per mole of protein; its isoelectric point is situated at pH 4.7. Its absorption spectrum has two maxima, at 280 and 410 nm. L-Cysteine is the natural primary (amino acid) substrate; beta-chloro- and beta-thiocyano can serve (with considerably lower affinity) instead of cyanide as cosubstrates for cyanoalanine synthase. The synthase is refractory to DL-cycloserine and D-penicillamine, potent inhibitors of many pyridoxal-P-dependent enzymes. Cyanoalanine synthase catalyzes slow isotopic alpha-H exchange in cysteine and in end-product amino acids; the rates of alpha-H exchange in nonreacted (excess) cysteine are markedly increased in the presence of an adequate cosubstrate; no exchange is observed of H atoms in beta-position.", "PMID": 1055433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1607", "title": "Purine metabolism in murine virus-induced erythroleukemic cells during differentiation in vitro.", "content": "Purine metabolism was studied in murine virus-induced erythroleukemia cells stimulated to differentiate in vitro in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide. The activities of the enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the first intermediate of the de novo purine pathway, phosphoribosyl-1-amine, were decreased while the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of purine bases to purine ribonucleotides remained unchanged at the time the cells acquired the specialized function of hemoglobin synthesis. In addition, cytidine deaminase (cytidine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.5) activity increased with erythropoietic maturation, as it does during murine erythropoiesis in vivo. Stimulation of cellular proliferation of stationary erythroleukemic cells resulted in a marked increase in the activities of purine biosynthetic enzymes. These data provide a convincing example of repression and derepression of the PRA synthesizing enzymes in mammalian cells in vitro, and further evidence that the regulatory mechanisms operative in the normal development of erythrocytes can be activated by exposure of erythroleukemic cells to dimethylsulfoxide.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in murine virus-induced erythroleukemic cells during differentiation in vitro. Purine metabolism was studied in murine virus-induced erythroleukemia cells stimulated to differentiate in vitro in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide. The activities of the enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the first intermediate of the de novo purine pathway, phosphoribosyl-1-amine, were decreased while the enzymes that catalyze the conversion of purine bases to purine ribonucleotides remained unchanged at the time the cells acquired the specialized function of hemoglobin synthesis. In addition, cytidine deaminase (cytidine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.5) activity increased with erythropoietic maturation, as it does during murine erythropoiesis in vivo. Stimulation of cellular proliferation of stationary erythroleukemic cells resulted in a marked increase in the activities of purine biosynthetic enzymes. These data provide a convincing example of repression and derepression of the PRA synthesizing enzymes in mammalian cells in vitro, and further evidence that the regulatory mechanisms operative in the normal development of erythrocytes can be activated by exposure of erythroleukemic cells to dimethylsulfoxide.", "PMID": 1055434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1608", "title": "Abnormal radionuclide deposition patterns adjacent to focal skeletal lesions.", "content": "A scintigraphic pattern is described for bone scans with 99m-Tc-polyphosphate and 99m-Tc-diphosphonate in which abnormal tracer accumulation extends beyond the known limits of certain skeletal lesions. The associated pathologic entities include benign and malignant tumors, infection, and trauma. The pathogenesis of \"extended patterns\" has not been proved but probably relates to regional hyperemia induced by associated lesions. Increased blood flow results in more tracer delivery to otherwise normal bone in the \"watershed\" areas of hyperemia, producing these patterns.", "contents": "Abnormal radionuclide deposition patterns adjacent to focal skeletal lesions. A scintigraphic pattern is described for bone scans with 99m-Tc-polyphosphate and 99m-Tc-diphosphonate in which abnormal tracer accumulation extends beyond the known limits of certain skeletal lesions. The associated pathologic entities include benign and malignant tumors, infection, and trauma. The pathogenesis of \"extended patterns\" has not been proved but probably relates to regional hyperemia induced by associated lesions. Increased blood flow results in more tracer delivery to otherwise normal bone in the \"watershed\" areas of hyperemia, producing these patterns.", "PMID": 1055458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1609", "title": "[The centric relation. I. Contribution to the study of the reliability of 3 materials for interocclusal registration].", "content": "Three materials commonly used for interocclusal registrations are tested under habitual conditions. The wax-type samples are softened in hot water to the optimal temperature, and then cooled off for hardening either in ice water, or room temperature water, or at room temperature air. These materials are stored for one month. Measurements are taken: - prior to any treatment - after hardening - after storage. The results are statistically analyzed. The least distorsion of material is obtained with the softer wax and vice versa. The room temperature air cooling has given best results. Time does not seem to modify measurements made on heat treated materials which may be accurately stored at room temperature.", "contents": "[The centric relation. I. Contribution to the study of the reliability of 3 materials for interocclusal registration]. Three materials commonly used for interocclusal registrations are tested under habitual conditions. The wax-type samples are softened in hot water to the optimal temperature, and then cooled off for hardening either in ice water, or room temperature water, or at room temperature air. These materials are stored for one month. Measurements are taken: - prior to any treatment - after hardening - after storage. The results are statistically analyzed. The least distorsion of material is obtained with the softer wax and vice versa. The room temperature air cooling has given best results. Time does not seem to modify measurements made on heat treated materials which may be accurately stored at room temperature.", "PMID": 1055459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1610", "title": "[Caries-free dentitions in pre-school children and elementary school pupils in Basle during the study year of 1974].", "content": "Already in the last two years, the increasing percentage of caries-free elementary schoolchildren of Basel could be observed compared to the years before water fluoridation began. This increase could be confirmed this year, from examinations of over 95% of the children born 1964 to 1967, and of over 70% of the two kindergarten-years 1968 and 1969.", "contents": "[Caries-free dentitions in pre-school children and elementary school pupils in Basle during the study year of 1974]. Already in the last two years, the increasing percentage of caries-free elementary schoolchildren of Basel could be observed compared to the years before water fluoridation began. This increase could be confirmed this year, from examinations of over 95% of the children born 1964 to 1967, and of over 70% of the two kindergarten-years 1968 and 1969.", "PMID": 1055462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1611", "title": "[Indications and contraindications for removable and fixed orthodontic appliances].", "content": "The treatment of the changing dentition by self-regulating measures and with removable appliances is confronted with the multiband technique. Advantages and disadvantages are described. If one considers the factors of risk and the relationship between work volume and effect, removable appliances deserve preference. However, there is still a limited range of indication for the fixed appliances.", "contents": "[Indications and contraindications for removable and fixed orthodontic appliances]. The treatment of the changing dentition by self-regulating measures and with removable appliances is confronted with the multiband technique. Advantages and disadvantages are described. If one considers the factors of risk and the relationship between work volume and effect, removable appliances deserve preference. However, there is still a limited range of indication for the fixed appliances.", "PMID": 1055463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1612", "title": "[Orthodontic therapy using removable and fixed appliances--a statement of position].", "content": "Even in the planning process of orthodontic therapy the primary question should not be directed to the type of appliance to be used. An outline of basic considerations is presented, the evaluation of which leads in a logical way to the choice of appliance and the appropriate procedure. No controversy can evolve between \"removable\" and \"fixed\" provided the orthodontist is capable in both sectors. In regard to fixed appliance, it can be stated that the technical limitations of the edgewise mechanism--designed by Angle almost 50 years ago, in the meantime modified and again supplemented by a variety of extraoral force systems--still exceed by far the biologically imposed limitations. The technical versatility of this mechanism could fulfill until now almost all of the changing demands of orthodontic therapy which derived from the continuously enlarging spectrum of knowledge.", "contents": "[Orthodontic therapy using removable and fixed appliances--a statement of position]. Even in the planning process of orthodontic therapy the primary question should not be directed to the type of appliance to be used. An outline of basic considerations is presented, the evaluation of which leads in a logical way to the choice of appliance and the appropriate procedure. No controversy can evolve between \"removable\" and \"fixed\" provided the orthodontist is capable in both sectors. In regard to fixed appliance, it can be stated that the technical limitations of the edgewise mechanism--designed by Angle almost 50 years ago, in the meantime modified and again supplemented by a variety of extraoral force systems--still exceed by far the biologically imposed limitations. The technical versatility of this mechanism could fulfill until now almost all of the changing demands of orthodontic therapy which derived from the continuously enlarging spectrum of knowledge.", "PMID": 1055464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1613", "title": "[Dentofacial orthopedics, fixed and removable. Current trends].", "content": "The author explains his orthodontic philosphy. He emphasizes the importance of the differential diagnosis for the choice of the appliances. He illustrates his therapeutic conception by means of four schematic cephalometric tracings. Both, the removable and the fixed appliances can very well be present in the therapeutic arsenal of the same orthodontist, provided that each one be used only on the basis of an exact indication. Three tables try to classify the cases which can be handled by removable only, fixed only or both kinds of appliances. Finally, photographs of a case treated with a mixed method are shown.", "contents": "[Dentofacial orthopedics, fixed and removable. Current trends]. The author explains his orthodontic philosphy. He emphasizes the importance of the differential diagnosis for the choice of the appliances. He illustrates his therapeutic conception by means of four schematic cephalometric tracings. Both, the removable and the fixed appliances can very well be present in the therapeutic arsenal of the same orthodontist, provided that each one be used only on the basis of an exact indication. Three tables try to classify the cases which can be handled by removable only, fixed only or both kinds of appliances. Finally, photographs of a case treated with a mixed method are shown.", "PMID": 1055465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1614", "title": "[Threedimensional cephalometric contribution to the study of mandibulo-facial dysplasias].", "content": "The cephalometric particulars of the dysplastic syndrome of the first visceral segment, the dysostosis mandibulofacialis Franceschetti-Zwahlen were investigated. Ten patients were found with the identical symptom of a typical, uni- or bilateral microtia of the external ear. The cephalometric characteristics of the syndrome may be summarized as follows: - retroposition of the middle face - retroposition of maxilla and mandible - retrorotation of the mandible - reduction of vertical and lateral dimension of the face - reduction of transverse diameter of both dental arches - shortened mandibular base - both halves of the face are affected, but more so the half with microtia - the chin is deflected toward the affected side. Most of these symptoms must be attributed to disturbed organogenesis. With the rest of them, functional adaptation cannot be exluded.", "contents": "[Threedimensional cephalometric contribution to the study of mandibulo-facial dysplasias]. The cephalometric particulars of the dysplastic syndrome of the first visceral segment, the dysostosis mandibulofacialis Franceschetti-Zwahlen were investigated. Ten patients were found with the identical symptom of a typical, uni- or bilateral microtia of the external ear. The cephalometric characteristics of the syndrome may be summarized as follows: - retroposition of the middle face - retroposition of maxilla and mandible - retrorotation of the mandible - reduction of vertical and lateral dimension of the face - reduction of transverse diameter of both dental arches - shortened mandibular base - both halves of the face are affected, but more so the half with microtia - the chin is deflected toward the affected side. Most of these symptoms must be attributed to disturbed organogenesis. With the rest of them, functional adaptation cannot be exluded.", "PMID": 1055466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1615", "title": "Structural-functional relationships in platelets in acute leukemia and related disorders.", "content": "Platelet ultrastructure and adenine nucleotide metabolism were studied in acute leukemia in order to elucidate mechanisms for the functional defects of platelets in this clinical setting. A number of structural defects were observed: (1) giant platelets, (2) marked variability in the number and size of cytoplasmic granules, (3) dilatation of the open channel system, (4) cytoplasmic vacuolization, and (5) poorly delineated microtubular system. Metabolic defects included reduced cellular concentrations of ATP and ADP and selective reduction of the storage pool (non-metabolic) nucleotides. Stimulation of platelets was associated with delayed and incomplete granule migration, reduced degranulation, subnormal release of ATP and ADP, and poor platelet aggregate formation. The structural and metabolic defects observed indicate abnormalities exist in the contractile mechanism and the release reaction of platelets in acute leukemia which partly explain the functional defects reported previously. Platelets from patients with pre-leukemic states share some of the structural and metabolic defects seen in acute leukemia. The defects are less uniform consistent with a lesser degree of functional impairment than seen in acute leukemia. Studies of megakaryocytic ultrastructure suggest that the structural defects seen in acute leukemia and pre-leukemia may arise in the late stages of megakaryocyte maturation.", "contents": "Structural-functional relationships in platelets in acute leukemia and related disorders. Platelet ultrastructure and adenine nucleotide metabolism were studied in acute leukemia in order to elucidate mechanisms for the functional defects of platelets in this clinical setting. A number of structural defects were observed: (1) giant platelets, (2) marked variability in the number and size of cytoplasmic granules, (3) dilatation of the open channel system, (4) cytoplasmic vacuolization, and (5) poorly delineated microtubular system. Metabolic defects included reduced cellular concentrations of ATP and ADP and selective reduction of the storage pool (non-metabolic) nucleotides. Stimulation of platelets was associated with delayed and incomplete granule migration, reduced degranulation, subnormal release of ATP and ADP, and poor platelet aggregate formation. The structural and metabolic defects observed indicate abnormalities exist in the contractile mechanism and the release reaction of platelets in acute leukemia which partly explain the functional defects reported previously. Platelets from patients with pre-leukemic states share some of the structural and metabolic defects seen in acute leukemia. The defects are less uniform consistent with a lesser degree of functional impairment than seen in acute leukemia. Studies of megakaryocytic ultrastructure suggest that the structural defects seen in acute leukemia and pre-leukemia may arise in the late stages of megakaryocyte maturation.", "PMID": 1055469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1616", "title": "Manifest intestinal involvement during bone-marrow remission in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Massive leukaemic involvement of the intestine appeared in a 9-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The unusual feature in this case was that the gut involvement occurred during complete haematological remission. Surgical and subsequent radiological treatment completely eradicated the engagement and at autopsy 9 months later there were no signs of the intestinal involvement.", "contents": "Manifest intestinal involvement during bone-marrow remission in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Massive leukaemic involvement of the intestine appeared in a 9-year-old girl with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The unusual feature in this case was that the gut involvement occurred during complete haematological remission. Surgical and subsequent radiological treatment completely eradicated the engagement and at autopsy 9 months later there were no signs of the intestinal involvement.", "PMID": 1055515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1617", "title": "School phobia in children with malignant neoplasms.", "content": "With the advent of improved therapy, many of the childhood malignant diseases have become chronic. This group of patients and their families demonstrate many problems usually not associated with the primary disease, but which can become incapacitating. School phobia was selected as one such problem for this study. The 11 cases reported here demonstrate the insidious and subtle nature of the onset of the disease. With aggressive management, some long-standing cases of school phobia could be reversed, but not all. In a group subjected to a prophylactic regime at the onset of their malignant neoplasm, there have been no new cases of school phobia. It is important for pediatricians caring for these children to search actively for the signs of school phobia and intervene as soon as possible.", "contents": "School phobia in children with malignant neoplasms. With the advent of improved therapy, many of the childhood malignant diseases have become chronic. This group of patients and their families demonstrate many problems usually not associated with the primary disease, but which can become incapacitating. School phobia was selected as one such problem for this study. The 11 cases reported here demonstrate the insidious and subtle nature of the onset of the disease. With aggressive management, some long-standing cases of school phobia could be reversed, but not all. In a group subjected to a prophylactic regime at the onset of their malignant neoplasm, there have been no new cases of school phobia. It is important for pediatricians caring for these children to search actively for the signs of school phobia and intervene as soon as possible.", "PMID": 1055518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1618", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to bladder distension in patients with spinal transection.", "content": "Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and cutaneous volume pulses were recorded during controlled elevation of urinary bladder pressure in a group of seven patients with spinal cord transsection above vertebral level T5 and in another group of four patients below T5. Profound elevations in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were induced by bladder distension when the lesion was situated above T5. Lesser elevations occurred in patients with lesions below T5. Marked vasoconstriction characterized skin areas innervated by the \"isolated\" spinal cord, while passive dilatation occurred in areas supplied by the proximal cord. Only three of seven patients with lesions above T5 level had decreased heart rate during marked elevations in arterial blood pressure. The marked elevations in pulse pressure in patients with lesions above T5 could not be explained solelyby increased vasoconstriction and decreased heart rate, but involves also inotropic cardiac responses. These inotropic responses are mediated by cardiac sympathetic nerves which leave the spinal cord above the T5 level.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to bladder distension in patients with spinal transection. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and cutaneous volume pulses were recorded during controlled elevation of urinary bladder pressure in a group of seven patients with spinal cord transsection above vertebral level T5 and in another group of four patients below T5. Profound elevations in systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure were induced by bladder distension when the lesion was situated above T5. Lesser elevations occurred in patients with lesions below T5. Marked vasoconstriction characterized skin areas innervated by the \"isolated\" spinal cord, while passive dilatation occurred in areas supplied by the proximal cord. Only three of seven patients with lesions above T5 level had decreased heart rate during marked elevations in arterial blood pressure. The marked elevations in pulse pressure in patients with lesions above T5 could not be explained solelyby increased vasoconstriction and decreased heart rate, but involves also inotropic cardiac responses. These inotropic responses are mediated by cardiac sympathetic nerves which leave the spinal cord above the T5 level.", "PMID": 1055520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1619", "title": "Biological effects of the metabolites of dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "In summary, the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and its metabolites, dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS), were studied in five selected systems in rats and mice. DMSO enhanced the taurine excretion and the lethality produced by such aromatic hydrocarbons as benzene and chlorobenzene in rats. In mice, DMSO decreased the toxicity such cholinesterase inhibitors as paraoxon and octamethyl pyrophosphoramide. DMSO also lowered the body temperture of rats and reduced the motor activity of mice. Although DMSO2, the major metabolite of DMSO, was not effective in increasing the lethality of solvent hydrocarbons, it seemed to be quite as effective with respect to the other effects. DMS, although quite potent with respect to lowering body temperature and reducing motor activity, was relatively ineffective otherwise. Thus each of the metabolites has a spectrum of activity different from the parent compound; DMSO has the widest spectrum and DMS the narrowest. It remains to be determined whether the therapeutic effects of DMSO are related to the experimental effects reported above in animals, and whether DMSO2 and DMS may share any of the therapeutic effects of DMSO.", "contents": "Biological effects of the metabolites of dimethyl sulfoxide. In summary, the effects of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and its metabolites, dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2) and dimethyl sulfide (DMS), were studied in five selected systems in rats and mice. DMSO enhanced the taurine excretion and the lethality produced by such aromatic hydrocarbons as benzene and chlorobenzene in rats. In mice, DMSO decreased the toxicity such cholinesterase inhibitors as paraoxon and octamethyl pyrophosphoramide. DMSO also lowered the body temperture of rats and reduced the motor activity of mice. Although DMSO2, the major metabolite of DMSO, was not effective in increasing the lethality of solvent hydrocarbons, it seemed to be quite as effective with respect to the other effects. DMS, although quite potent with respect to lowering body temperature and reducing motor activity, was relatively ineffective otherwise. Thus each of the metabolites has a spectrum of activity different from the parent compound; DMSO has the widest spectrum and DMS the narrowest. It remains to be determined whether the therapeutic effects of DMSO are related to the experimental effects reported above in animals, and whether DMSO2 and DMS may share any of the therapeutic effects of DMSO.", "PMID": 1055534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1620", "title": "Studies on the intracisternal A-type particles in mouse plasma cell tumors: induction of maturation of the particles.", "content": "Maturation of the intracisternal A-type particle found in two mouse plasma cell tumors was induced by treating the cells in culture with IDU-DMSO or with DMSO only. Morphologically, the mature particles with electron-dense nucleoids closely resembled the mature particles described in human tumor cell lines treated in a like manner. They also closely resembled the virus that has been described in guinea pig leukemias. It was not possible to demonstrate infectivity of the mature particle, as latent intracisternal A-type particles induced by IDU were found in the mouse cells presumed to be free of virus. The biochemical studies did not show distinct new peaks of virus-specific particles in sucrose density gradients when the particles in the treated cells were compared with the particles of the untreated cells. There was a difference in the density of the particles observed in the induced cells (1.2) and those of the control cells (1.185). This may reflect the difficulty of separating mature and immature particles. Analysis of the RNA present in the particles showed that the ratio of heavy-molecular-weight RNA in activated cells to the predominant species (21S) is much greater than that in control cells. Detectable levels of enzyme activity were not found in the induced particles. This could be due to too low a concentration of particles in the preparations.", "contents": "Studies on the intracisternal A-type particles in mouse plasma cell tumors: induction of maturation of the particles. Maturation of the intracisternal A-type particle found in two mouse plasma cell tumors was induced by treating the cells in culture with IDU-DMSO or with DMSO only. Morphologically, the mature particles with electron-dense nucleoids closely resembled the mature particles described in human tumor cell lines treated in a like manner. They also closely resembled the virus that has been described in guinea pig leukemias. It was not possible to demonstrate infectivity of the mature particle, as latent intracisternal A-type particles induced by IDU were found in the mouse cells presumed to be free of virus. The biochemical studies did not show distinct new peaks of virus-specific particles in sucrose density gradients when the particles in the treated cells were compared with the particles of the untreated cells. There was a difference in the density of the particles observed in the induced cells (1.2) and those of the control cells (1.185). This may reflect the difficulty of separating mature and immature particles. Analysis of the RNA present in the particles showed that the ratio of heavy-molecular-weight RNA in activated cells to the predominant species (21S) is much greater than that in control cells. Detectable levels of enzyme activity were not found in the induced particles. This could be due to too low a concentration of particles in the preparations.", "PMID": 1055537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1621", "title": "The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on neurite development in vitro.", "content": "In these studies, DMSO at concentration above 1% was shown to be a potent inhibitor of neurite maturation in vitro. The inhibition was not reversible, and occurred in both newly formed and established neurites. In the presence of DMSO, the addition of NGF resulted in a general shift of the dose-response curve. The data indicate that at levels of DMSO below 5%, DRG neurons are capable of responding to NGF stimulation. It has been suggested that DMSO blocks a specific process associated with neurite extension. These studies suggest that the inhibitory action of membranous organelles in the developing neurite, a finding consistent with previous speculation that DMSO is responsible for an increased intracellular disorganization.", "contents": "The effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on neurite development in vitro. In these studies, DMSO at concentration above 1% was shown to be a potent inhibitor of neurite maturation in vitro. The inhibition was not reversible, and occurred in both newly formed and established neurites. In the presence of DMSO, the addition of NGF resulted in a general shift of the dose-response curve. The data indicate that at levels of DMSO below 5%, DRG neurons are capable of responding to NGF stimulation. It has been suggested that DMSO blocks a specific process associated with neurite extension. These studies suggest that the inhibitory action of membranous organelles in the developing neurite, a finding consistent with previous speculation that DMSO is responsible for an increased intracellular disorganization.", "PMID": 1055547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1622", "title": "Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide and hydrogen peroxide on tissue gas tensions.", "content": "Tissue gas levels were measured in experimental skin flaps in rabbits, rats, and pigs. Devascularization of the flaps led to a fall in PO2 and a rise in PCO2 levels. Application of DMSO to ischemic rabbit flaps led to a fall in PCO2, DMSO and H2O2 led to a rise in PO2, an effect that lasted up to 90 min. Neither drug had an effect on the gas levels of flaps in either rats or pigs.", "contents": "Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide and hydrogen peroxide on tissue gas tensions. Tissue gas levels were measured in experimental skin flaps in rabbits, rats, and pigs. Devascularization of the flaps led to a fall in PO2 and a rise in PCO2 levels. Application of DMSO to ischemic rabbit flaps led to a fall in PCO2, DMSO and H2O2 led to a rise in PO2, an effect that lasted up to 90 min. Neither drug had an effect on the gas levels of flaps in either rats or pigs.", "PMID": 1055552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1623", "title": "Oral dimethyl sulfoxide in mental retardation. Part 1. Preliminary behavioral and psychometric data. Part 2: Preliminary medical data.", "content": "No significant side effects attributable to the drug appeared. No significant ophthalmological changes attributable to the drug occurred.", "contents": "Oral dimethyl sulfoxide in mental retardation. Part 1. Preliminary behavioral and psychometric data. Part 2: Preliminary medical data. No significant side effects attributable to the drug appeared. No significant ophthalmological changes attributable to the drug occurred.", "PMID": 1055559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1624", "title": "Dimethyl sulfoxide therapy in bronchiolitis.", "content": "The action of a medicinal spray that contains anti-inflammatory and bacterio-static drugs integrated with the penetrating and potentiating agent DMSO has been evaluated clinically in 60 infants with acute respiratory obstruction. A dose of 2 ml of this spray is applied in the posterior pharynx and the tonsil region; 1 to 4 applications are made, according to the clinical evolution of the case. Two groups were chosen at random; 60 patients were paired off, and one of each pair received the treatment with DMSO spray. All the patients received ampicillin (50-100 mg/kg body weight). The following clinical results were observed. First there was an immediate recovery, after an average lapse of 30 min; improvement of sensorial involvement was observed in 80% of the cases, reduction of the intercostal retraction in 75%, reduction of polypnea in 76%, and transformation of the obstructive syndrome into a catarrhal syndrome in 80% (with fluidification of the secretions, which were expelled more easily by the upper air tracts). There was also a deferred or maintenance effect, which evaluated in comparsion with the control group that received similar treatment except for the nebulizations with DMSO spray. A sequential design, based on whether or not it was necessary to use the croupette, demonstrated the superiority of the DMSO spray over the control treatment in the bronchiolar process; in the group treated with DMSO spray it was not necessary to use the croupette. The sequential design based on the effect of this therapy on the general condition and the tabulated clinical factors permitted the inference that the therapeutic responses are more favorable in the group treated with DMSO spray than in the control group. In the sequential design, the line of significance is cut at the fifteenth pair (an error of 0.05 and P equals 0.95%). Since the application is easy, there are no toxic side effects and in view of the favorable results in the clinical evolution of the acute respiratory obstructive processes, we consider the use of this therapeutic spray very useful and beneficial in bronchiolitis.", "contents": "Dimethyl sulfoxide therapy in bronchiolitis. The action of a medicinal spray that contains anti-inflammatory and bacterio-static drugs integrated with the penetrating and potentiating agent DMSO has been evaluated clinically in 60 infants with acute respiratory obstruction. A dose of 2 ml of this spray is applied in the posterior pharynx and the tonsil region; 1 to 4 applications are made, according to the clinical evolution of the case. Two groups were chosen at random; 60 patients were paired off, and one of each pair received the treatment with DMSO spray. All the patients received ampicillin (50-100 mg/kg body weight). The following clinical results were observed. First there was an immediate recovery, after an average lapse of 30 min; improvement of sensorial involvement was observed in 80% of the cases, reduction of the intercostal retraction in 75%, reduction of polypnea in 76%, and transformation of the obstructive syndrome into a catarrhal syndrome in 80% (with fluidification of the secretions, which were expelled more easily by the upper air tracts). There was also a deferred or maintenance effect, which evaluated in comparsion with the control group that received similar treatment except for the nebulizations with DMSO spray. A sequential design, based on whether or not it was necessary to use the croupette, demonstrated the superiority of the DMSO spray over the control treatment in the bronchiolar process; in the group treated with DMSO spray it was not necessary to use the croupette. The sequential design based on the effect of this therapy on the general condition and the tabulated clinical factors permitted the inference that the therapeutic responses are more favorable in the group treated with DMSO spray than in the control group. In the sequential design, the line of significance is cut at the fifteenth pair (an error of 0.05 and P equals 0.95%). Since the application is easy, there are no toxic side effects and in view of the favorable results in the clinical evolution of the acute respiratory obstructive processes, we consider the use of this therapeutic spray very useful and beneficial in bronchiolitis.", "PMID": 1055560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1625", "title": "Dimethyl sulfoxide therapy in subjective tinnitus of unknown origin.", "content": "In fifteen patients affected by essential nonvibratory tinnitus, local applications in the external auditive canal of 2 ml medicated DMSO spray were made. The spray solution contained DMSO integrated with anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory substances. This application was repeated every four days for a month. At the same time each patient was administered a daily intramuscular injection of a preparation that contained DMSO and a vasodilatory component. The therapeutic effect was evaluated through the subjective modification of the symptom and functional tests of the auditory system. Of the fifteen patients treated, the tinnitus symptom completely disappeared in nine, and did not return during a one-year observation period. The patient's symptoms diminished in two cases, and in four cases the permanent tinnitus became occasional, triggered principally by environmental cold. It is important to note that among the concomitant signs, the five patients with vertigo noted improvement. Hypacusis diminished in three of the six patients affected. Insomnia disappeared in eight and diminished in seven cases. The rise in the average tympanic membrane temperature from 36.8 degrees C before to 37.9 degrees C after treatment was noteworthy. This could indicate an improvement of the blood flow in the inner ear.", "contents": "Dimethyl sulfoxide therapy in subjective tinnitus of unknown origin. In fifteen patients affected by essential nonvibratory tinnitus, local applications in the external auditive canal of 2 ml medicated DMSO spray were made. The spray solution contained DMSO integrated with anti-inflammatory and vasodilatory substances. This application was repeated every four days for a month. At the same time each patient was administered a daily intramuscular injection of a preparation that contained DMSO and a vasodilatory component. The therapeutic effect was evaluated through the subjective modification of the symptom and functional tests of the auditory system. Of the fifteen patients treated, the tinnitus symptom completely disappeared in nine, and did not return during a one-year observation period. The patient's symptoms diminished in two cases, and in four cases the permanent tinnitus became occasional, triggered principally by environmental cold. It is important to note that among the concomitant signs, the five patients with vertigo noted improvement. Hypacusis diminished in three of the six patients affected. Insomnia disappeared in eight and diminished in seven cases. The rise in the average tympanic membrane temperature from 36.8 degrees C before to 37.9 degrees C after treatment was noteworthy. This could indicate an improvement of the blood flow in the inner ear.", "PMID": 1055561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1626", "title": "Altered mitogenic responsiveness of chronic leukemic lymphocytes and normal human lymphocytes treated with dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "Peripheral lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia display a delayed and lowered response to stimulation by PHA, as compared with the lymphocytes from normal donors. This response was determined by measuring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The addition of DMSO in concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% (v/v) to the culture fluid of normal cell cultures that had been stimulated, with PHA elicited a 3- to 4-fold increase in the rate of incorporation of labeled thymidine at the 3-day test period. The addition of 2.0% DMSO proved to be preferentially cytotoxic to cultures of leukemic cells after 48 hours, as compared with the virtual absence of cytotoxicity for cultures of normal lymphocytes. The addition of 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% DMSO to cultures of leukemic cells stimulated with PHA (as were normal cell cultures) resulted in a 6- to 6.5-fold increase in the rate of uptake of tritiated thymidine at 3 days.", "contents": "Altered mitogenic responsiveness of chronic leukemic lymphocytes and normal human lymphocytes treated with dimethyl sulfoxide. Peripheral lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia display a delayed and lowered response to stimulation by PHA, as compared with the lymphocytes from normal donors. This response was determined by measuring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The addition of DMSO in concentrations of 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0% (v/v) to the culture fluid of normal cell cultures that had been stimulated, with PHA elicited a 3- to 4-fold increase in the rate of incorporation of labeled thymidine at the 3-day test period. The addition of 2.0% DMSO proved to be preferentially cytotoxic to cultures of leukemic cells after 48 hours, as compared with the virtual absence of cytotoxicity for cultures of normal lymphocytes. The addition of 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0% DMSO to cultures of leukemic cells stimulated with PHA (as were normal cell cultures) resulted in a 6- to 6.5-fold increase in the rate of uptake of tritiated thymidine at 3 days.", "PMID": 1055567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1627", "title": "A hypocalcemic and lympnocyte-stimulating substance isolated from thymus extracts, and its physicochemical properties.", "content": "Two kinds of active protein fraction, TP1 and TP2, were isolated from bovine thymus extracts. Both these fractions showed a single band in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Though these two fractions showed a difference in potency, they both lowered serum calcium in rabbits and increased lymphocytes in mice. Molecular weight determination by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave the values of 68,000 for TP1 and 57,000 for TP2. Amino acid composition of TP1 did not show marked characteristics but was clearly different from that of bovine serum albumin. Isoelectric focusing showed the isoelectric point at pH 5.65 for TP1 and pH 5.4 for TP2. Dose-response relation in serum calcium-lowering activity was examined with a sample purified from the extracts, and a linear dependence of the response to log dose was recognized over a moderate range of doses. The time-course measurement of the hypocalcemic activity showed that the action of TP1 is somewhat different from that of calcitonin.", "contents": "A hypocalcemic and lympnocyte-stimulating substance isolated from thymus extracts, and its physicochemical properties. Two kinds of active protein fraction, TP1 and TP2, were isolated from bovine thymus extracts. Both these fractions showed a single band in polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis. Though these two fractions showed a difference in potency, they both lowered serum calcium in rabbits and increased lymphocytes in mice. Molecular weight determination by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave the values of 68,000 for TP1 and 57,000 for TP2. Amino acid composition of TP1 did not show marked characteristics but was clearly different from that of bovine serum albumin. Isoelectric focusing showed the isoelectric point at pH 5.65 for TP1 and pH 5.4 for TP2. Dose-response relation in serum calcium-lowering activity was examined with a sample purified from the extracts, and a linear dependence of the response to log dose was recognized over a moderate range of doses. The time-course measurement of the hypocalcemic activity showed that the action of TP1 is somewhat different from that of calcitonin.", "PMID": 1055570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1628", "title": "Albinism and auditory function in the laboratory mouse. I. Effects of single-gene substitutions on auditory physiology, audiogenic seizures, and developmental processes.", "content": "The effects of single-gene albino (c/c) mutations on auditory behavior and physiology were examined in congenic C57BL/6J mice. At 16 days of age, the c gene was additively associated with both reduced auditory functioning and lower body weight: 16-day-old c/c mice had higher auditory evoked potential (AEP) thresholds than +/c mice, which, in turn, had higher thresholds than +/+ mice; +/c mice were also intermediate with regard to body weight. Since these differences had nearly disappeared by 21 days of age, it was concluded that the c genes worked in an additive fashion to delay development during the period previously (Henry, 1967) found critical for inducing susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. At 16 days of age, albino mice (c/c) displayed susceptibility to audiogenic seizures, but nonalbino genotypes (+/c and +/+) were immune to the convulsive effects of sound. This behavior appeared to be a recessive trait at this age. But 5 days later, the behavioral phenotype exhibited incomplete dominance, with the +/c genotype displaying audiogenic seizures intermediate to those seen in the susceptible c/c and the nonsusceptible +/+ genotypes. These behaviors were compared to the thresholds and peak-to-peak amplitudes of the AEP, as seen in the input-output functions. It is suggested that differential development of the auditory systems in these genotypes is causally related to susceptibility to audiogenic seizures.", "contents": "Albinism and auditory function in the laboratory mouse. I. Effects of single-gene substitutions on auditory physiology, audiogenic seizures, and developmental processes. The effects of single-gene albino (c/c) mutations on auditory behavior and physiology were examined in congenic C57BL/6J mice. At 16 days of age, the c gene was additively associated with both reduced auditory functioning and lower body weight: 16-day-old c/c mice had higher auditory evoked potential (AEP) thresholds than +/c mice, which, in turn, had higher thresholds than +/+ mice; +/c mice were also intermediate with regard to body weight. Since these differences had nearly disappeared by 21 days of age, it was concluded that the c genes worked in an additive fashion to delay development during the period previously (Henry, 1967) found critical for inducing susceptibility to audiogenic seizures. At 16 days of age, albino mice (c/c) displayed susceptibility to audiogenic seizures, but nonalbino genotypes (+/c and +/+) were immune to the convulsive effects of sound. This behavior appeared to be a recessive trait at this age. But 5 days later, the behavioral phenotype exhibited incomplete dominance, with the +/c genotype displaying audiogenic seizures intermediate to those seen in the susceptible c/c and the nonsusceptible +/+ genotypes. These behaviors were compared to the thresholds and peak-to-peak amplitudes of the AEP, as seen in the input-output functions. It is suggested that differential development of the auditory systems in these genotypes is causally related to susceptibility to audiogenic seizures.", "PMID": 1055577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1629", "title": "Hydroxyurea in the management of the hematologic complications of chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "The effect of hydroxyurea in 35 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), who either had entered an accelerated phase of the disease or had experienced excessive myelosuppression following alkylating agents, was studied. By either intravenous or oral administration, the drug was successful in reducing peripheral leukocyte and blast counts in all cases and in reducing splenomegaly in 13 of 17 patients. The median duration of disease control was 75 days in myeloproliferative acceleration and 27 days in frank blastic transformation. Mild nausea and vomiting were experienced by most patients, but reversible bone marrow suppression occured in only three patients. The drug proved useful in 19 patients who demonstrated myeloproliferative acceleration, especially in controlling excessive leukocytosis and/or thrombocytosis. Rapid reduction of an elevated blast cell count was achieved in nine patients who presented in blastic crisis, in an attempt to eliminate the associated risk of cerebral vascular leukostasis. Five patients who required treatment for their disease following splenectomy in the chronic phase were also well controlled. Hydroxyurea appears to have a definite role in the management of these hematologic complications of CGL.", "contents": "Hydroxyurea in the management of the hematologic complications of chronic granulocytic leukemia. The effect of hydroxyurea in 35 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), who either had entered an accelerated phase of the disease or had experienced excessive myelosuppression following alkylating agents, was studied. By either intravenous or oral administration, the drug was successful in reducing peripheral leukocyte and blast counts in all cases and in reducing splenomegaly in 13 of 17 patients. The median duration of disease control was 75 days in myeloproliferative acceleration and 27 days in frank blastic transformation. Mild nausea and vomiting were experienced by most patients, but reversible bone marrow suppression occured in only three patients. The drug proved useful in 19 patients who demonstrated myeloproliferative acceleration, especially in controlling excessive leukocytosis and/or thrombocytosis. Rapid reduction of an elevated blast cell count was achieved in nine patients who presented in blastic crisis, in an attempt to eliminate the associated risk of cerebral vascular leukostasis. Five patients who required treatment for their disease following splenectomy in the chronic phase were also well controlled. Hydroxyurea appears to have a definite role in the management of these hematologic complications of CGL.", "PMID": 1055610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1630", "title": "Functional and morphologic characteristics of the leukemic cells of a patient with acute monocytic leukemia: correlation with clinical features.", "content": "The clinical course of a patient with acute monocytic leukemia and prominent infiltration of the skin and testes is described. In vitro studies demonstrated that the circulating monocyte precursors were capable of adherence to nylon fibers, and phagocytosis of bacteria and latex particles. In vivo, migration of leukemic cells to skin windows was observed. Extreme nuclear folding, marked surface activity, and morphologic features suggesting nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation were seen by light and electron microscopy. The presence of morphologically and functionally more differentiated monocytic cells may account for the marked tiuuse invasion in this patient and, possibly, in other patients with monocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Functional and morphologic characteristics of the leukemic cells of a patient with acute monocytic leukemia: correlation with clinical features. The clinical course of a patient with acute monocytic leukemia and prominent infiltration of the skin and testes is described. In vitro studies demonstrated that the circulating monocyte precursors were capable of adherence to nylon fibers, and phagocytosis of bacteria and latex particles. In vivo, migration of leukemic cells to skin windows was observed. Extreme nuclear folding, marked surface activity, and morphologic features suggesting nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation were seen by light and electron microscopy. The presence of morphologically and functionally more differentiated monocytic cells may account for the marked tiuuse invasion in this patient and, possibly, in other patients with monocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 1055611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1631", "title": "[Sea-blue histiocytes and Gaucher-like cells. Occurrence and significance].", "content": "Sea-blue histiocytes (SBH) and Gaucher-like cells are macrophages containing a pigment related to or identical with ceroid or lipofuscin. While an occasional cell may be found in the normal bone marrow, large numbers of SBH can be observed in various conditions mainly associated with increased cellular breakdown or with disturbances of lipoid metabolism. We have examined smears and/or sections of bone marrow and spleens of 722 patients with various hematological disorders. In only four instances large numbers of SBH could be found, twice in the bone marrow, once in the spleen and once in both organs. Two of these patients were suffering from immune thrombocytopenia. Gaucher-like cells have a different morphologic appearance although the pigment shows the same cytochemical characteristics as in SBH. Gaucher-like cells are mainly found in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and are thought to be related to the increased breakdown of granulocytes. The exact mechanisms responsible for the formation of these pigment macrophages are not yet known. In the author's view it does not seem justifiable to speak of a special \"syndrome of the blue macrophages\".", "contents": "[Sea-blue histiocytes and Gaucher-like cells. Occurrence and significance]. Sea-blue histiocytes (SBH) and Gaucher-like cells are macrophages containing a pigment related to or identical with ceroid or lipofuscin. While an occasional cell may be found in the normal bone marrow, large numbers of SBH can be observed in various conditions mainly associated with increased cellular breakdown or with disturbances of lipoid metabolism. We have examined smears and/or sections of bone marrow and spleens of 722 patients with various hematological disorders. In only four instances large numbers of SBH could be found, twice in the bone marrow, once in the spleen and once in both organs. Two of these patients were suffering from immune thrombocytopenia. Gaucher-like cells have a different morphologic appearance although the pigment shows the same cytochemical characteristics as in SBH. Gaucher-like cells are mainly found in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia and are thought to be related to the increased breakdown of granulocytes. The exact mechanisms responsible for the formation of these pigment macrophages are not yet known. In the author's view it does not seem justifiable to speak of a special \"syndrome of the blue macrophages\".", "PMID": 1055612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1632", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukaemia in pregnancy.", "content": "In an era when the use of ionizing radiations for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukaemia has largely been supplanted by therapy with busulphan or other drugs, there still exist situations where irradiation is the preferred method of initial treatment. One such situation is the unusual conjunction of chronic granulocytic leukaemia and pregnancy. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) was diagnosed in two young women during early pregnancy as a result of routine blood examinations. Both responded satisfactorily to splenic irradiation with shielding of the uterus. The pregnancies proceeded uneventfully and each was successfully delivered of a normal and subsequently healthy baby. Both mothers later underwent elective splenectomy during a period of satisfactory haematological control: no operative or post-operative complications occurred. Although both patients have shown some thrombocytosis and peripheral blood basophilia since splenectomy, they remain well 58 and 28 months after diagnosis and 30 and 18 months after splenectomy.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukaemia in pregnancy. In an era when the use of ionizing radiations for the treatment of chronic granulocytic leukaemia has largely been supplanted by therapy with busulphan or other drugs, there still exist situations where irradiation is the preferred method of initial treatment. One such situation is the unusual conjunction of chronic granulocytic leukaemia and pregnancy. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) was diagnosed in two young women during early pregnancy as a result of routine blood examinations. Both responded satisfactorily to splenic irradiation with shielding of the uterus. The pregnancies proceeded uneventfully and each was successfully delivered of a normal and subsequently healthy baby. Both mothers later underwent elective splenectomy during a period of satisfactory haematological control: no operative or post-operative complications occurred. Although both patients have shown some thrombocytosis and peripheral blood basophilia since splenectomy, they remain well 58 and 28 months after diagnosis and 30 and 18 months after splenectomy.", "PMID": 1055629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1633", "title": "Infant leukaemias and cot deaths.", "content": "Infant leukaemias differ from childhood leukaemias in ways which suggest that when haemopoietic neoplasms combine fetal origins with rapid growth rates they prevent normal development of the reticuloendothelial system and thus cause the sudden death of apparently healthy babies (stillbirths or cot deaths). Cot deaths are commoner in boys and have a peak incidence during the first half of infancy-that is, during the period most affected by the switch from passive to active immunity. Babies born from July to December, who are intensively exposed to winter conditions form 1 to 5 months of age, are also at special risk. During this period more girls and more children born form January to June die of leukaemia; and within three months of birth an exceptionally high ratio of myeloid to lymphatic leukaemias has been replaced by a low ratio, which persists throughout childhood.", "contents": "Infant leukaemias and cot deaths. Infant leukaemias differ from childhood leukaemias in ways which suggest that when haemopoietic neoplasms combine fetal origins with rapid growth rates they prevent normal development of the reticuloendothelial system and thus cause the sudden death of apparently healthy babies (stillbirths or cot deaths). Cot deaths are commoner in boys and have a peak incidence during the first half of infancy-that is, during the period most affected by the switch from passive to active immunity. Babies born from July to December, who are intensively exposed to winter conditions form 1 to 5 months of age, are also at special risk. During this period more girls and more children born form January to June die of leukaemia; and within three months of birth an exceptionally high ratio of myeloid to lymphatic leukaemias has been replaced by a low ratio, which persists throughout childhood.", "PMID": 1055631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1634", "title": "Consequences of methotrexate inhibition of purine biosynthesis in L5178Y cells.", "content": "Addition of 1 muM methotrexate to cultures of L5178Y cells results in an initial inhibition of thymidine, uridine, and leucine incorporation into acid-insoluble material followed, after about 10 hr, by a partial recovery in the extent of incorporation of these precursors. Acid-soluble adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate concentrations are greatly reduced initially, but guanosine triphosphate concentrations appear to recover partially by 10 hr. Acid-soluble uridine triphosphate and cytidine triphosphate concentrations initially increase after methotrexate treatment but then, with time, they too decline. Hypoxanthine and guanine are more effective than is adenine in overcoming the methotrexate-induced inhibition of thymidine incorporation. These results suggest that, in the presence of methotrexate, guanine nucleotides become limiting for nucleic acid synthesis before adenine nucleotides do. The block of purine de novo synthesis in L5178Y cells by methotrexate is almost complete and is not reversed with time. This suggests that the additional purine nucleotides that are available for nucleic acid synthesis 8 to 10 hr after addition of methotrexate are being derived from nucleic acid breakdown. Consistent with this is the observed reduction in the number of polyribosomes and hence, presumably in messenger RNA levels.", "contents": "Consequences of methotrexate inhibition of purine biosynthesis in L5178Y cells. Addition of 1 muM methotrexate to cultures of L5178Y cells results in an initial inhibition of thymidine, uridine, and leucine incorporation into acid-insoluble material followed, after about 10 hr, by a partial recovery in the extent of incorporation of these precursors. Acid-soluble adenosine triphosphate and guanosine triphosphate concentrations are greatly reduced initially, but guanosine triphosphate concentrations appear to recover partially by 10 hr. Acid-soluble uridine triphosphate and cytidine triphosphate concentrations initially increase after methotrexate treatment but then, with time, they too decline. Hypoxanthine and guanine are more effective than is adenine in overcoming the methotrexate-induced inhibition of thymidine incorporation. These results suggest that, in the presence of methotrexate, guanine nucleotides become limiting for nucleic acid synthesis before adenine nucleotides do. The block of purine de novo synthesis in L5178Y cells by methotrexate is almost complete and is not reversed with time. This suggests that the additional purine nucleotides that are available for nucleic acid synthesis 8 to 10 hr after addition of methotrexate are being derived from nucleic acid breakdown. Consistent with this is the observed reduction in the number of polyribosomes and hence, presumably in messenger RNA levels.", "PMID": 1055632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1635", "title": "Action of bredinin on mammalian cells.", "content": "Bredinin, a new nucleoside antibiotic, inhibited multiplication of several mammalian cell lines in culture and had a cytotoxic effect on L5178Y cells. Growth inhibition by bredinin was prevented by guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP), guanosine, or guanine but not by other purine or pyrimidine nucleotides, nucleosides, or bases. Inhibition by bredinin at a low GMP; but at higher concentrations of bredinin the inhibition was not reversed even when the concentration of GMP was raised. Addition of GMP after cellular damage had occurred produced no effect on the damaged cells but it prvented further damage. Bredinin caused marked chromosomal aberrations such as breakages, translocations, and fragmentation in L5178Y cells.", "contents": "Action of bredinin on mammalian cells. Bredinin, a new nucleoside antibiotic, inhibited multiplication of several mammalian cell lines in culture and had a cytotoxic effect on L5178Y cells. Growth inhibition by bredinin was prevented by guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP), guanosine, or guanine but not by other purine or pyrimidine nucleotides, nucleosides, or bases. Inhibition by bredinin at a low GMP; but at higher concentrations of bredinin the inhibition was not reversed even when the concentration of GMP was raised. Addition of GMP after cellular damage had occurred produced no effect on the damaged cells but it prvented further damage. Bredinin caused marked chromosomal aberrations such as breakages, translocations, and fragmentation in L5178Y cells.", "PMID": 1055633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1636", "title": "The role of drug transport in resistance to nitrogen mustard and other alkylating agents in L518Y lymphoblsts.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken of the mechanism of resistance to nitrogen mustard (HN2) and other alkylating agents, with particular emphasis on the interaction between cross-resistance and drug transport mechanisms in L5178Y lymphoblasts. Dose-survival curves demonstrated that the D0 for HN2-sensitive cells (L5178Y) treated with HN2 in vitro was 9.79 ng/ml and the D0 for HN2-resistant cells (L5178Y/HN2) was 181.11 ng/ml; thus, sensitive cells were 18.5-fold more responsive than were resistant cells and the difference was highly significant (p less than 0.001). A similar evaluation of 5 additional alkylating agents, including chlorambucil, melphalan, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea, Mitomycin C, and 2,3,5-tris(ethyleneimino)-1,4-benzoquinone, revealed that L5178Y/HN2 cells were also cross-resistant, in part, to each of these compounds. Furthermore, the degree of cross-resistance was remarkably similar; for each drug, dose-survival studies showed that HN2-resistant cells were approximately 2- to 3-fold more resistant to therapy than were sensitive cells. L5178Y/HN2 cells were also cross-resistant to cyclophosphamide in vivo; after treatment with cyclophosphamide, DBA/2 female mice that were given inoculations of L5178Y cells, but not those given transplants of L5178Y/HN2 cells, showed a significant prolongation of survival time (p less than 0.01). Transport of HN2, hydrolyzed derivative of HN2 and choline by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro was not competitively inhibited by any of the other alkylating agents, suggesting that transport of these compounds was by an independent mechanism. These findings suggest that the mechanism whereby L5178Y/HN2 cells are cross-resistant to other alkylating agents may involve nontransport factors and that these other drugs may bypass a major portion of HN2 resistance by using independent transport systems.", "contents": "The role of drug transport in resistance to nitrogen mustard and other alkylating agents in L518Y lymphoblsts. An investigation was undertaken of the mechanism of resistance to nitrogen mustard (HN2) and other alkylating agents, with particular emphasis on the interaction between cross-resistance and drug transport mechanisms in L5178Y lymphoblasts. Dose-survival curves demonstrated that the D0 for HN2-sensitive cells (L5178Y) treated with HN2 in vitro was 9.79 ng/ml and the D0 for HN2-resistant cells (L5178Y/HN2) was 181.11 ng/ml; thus, sensitive cells were 18.5-fold more responsive than were resistant cells and the difference was highly significant (p less than 0.001). A similar evaluation of 5 additional alkylating agents, including chlorambucil, melphalan, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea, Mitomycin C, and 2,3,5-tris(ethyleneimino)-1,4-benzoquinone, revealed that L5178Y/HN2 cells were also cross-resistant, in part, to each of these compounds. Furthermore, the degree of cross-resistance was remarkably similar; for each drug, dose-survival studies showed that HN2-resistant cells were approximately 2- to 3-fold more resistant to therapy than were sensitive cells. L5178Y/HN2 cells were also cross-resistant to cyclophosphamide in vivo; after treatment with cyclophosphamide, DBA/2 female mice that were given inoculations of L5178Y cells, but not those given transplants of L5178Y/HN2 cells, showed a significant prolongation of survival time (p less than 0.01). Transport of HN2, hydrolyzed derivative of HN2 and choline by L5178Y lymphoblasts in vitro was not competitively inhibited by any of the other alkylating agents, suggesting that transport of these compounds was by an independent mechanism. These findings suggest that the mechanism whereby L5178Y/HN2 cells are cross-resistant to other alkylating agents may involve nontransport factors and that these other drugs may bypass a major portion of HN2 resistance by using independent transport systems.", "PMID": 1055634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1637", "title": "[Comparative studies of the grinding methods by Jankelson and Lauritzen].", "content": "First functional analyses according to Lauritzen were performed in 10 patients and the models were ground in the Dentatus articulator.  Then the natural dentition was ground in according to Jankelson in retruded contact position.  The results of intraoral grinding-in after an average of 3--4 sessions were transferred to the Dentatus articulator by means of the split cast method and analysed.  Comparison showed that the result of intraoral grinding-in according to Jankelson was clearly inferior to that achieved in the articulator.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of the grinding methods by Jankelson and Lauritzen]. First functional analyses according to Lauritzen were performed in 10 patients and the models were ground in the Dentatus articulator.  Then the natural dentition was ground in according to Jankelson in retruded contact position.  The results of intraoral grinding-in after an average of 3--4 sessions were transferred to the Dentatus articulator by means of the split cast method and analysed.  Comparison showed that the result of intraoral grinding-in according to Jankelson was clearly inferior to that achieved in the articulator.", "PMID": 1055675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1638", "title": "[Mandibular movements and joint function].", "content": "In five test persons the exact joint movements of the lower jaw in the area of the lateral teeth were tested with regard to precision of the movements and technical possiblities of balancing articulation.  The result of these measurements show that there is extreme precision of the joint movements in a non-loaded lower jaw.  With a uniformly bended compensation curve the joint movements can be compensated in sagittal direction only, and not in transversal direction.  On the basis of these findings a method for the direct formation of the sagittal compensation curve is discussed.", "contents": "[Mandibular movements and joint function]. In five test persons the exact joint movements of the lower jaw in the area of the lateral teeth were tested with regard to precision of the movements and technical possiblities of balancing articulation.  The result of these measurements show that there is extreme precision of the joint movements in a non-loaded lower jaw.  With a uniformly bended compensation curve the joint movements can be compensated in sagittal direction only, and not in transversal direction.  On the basis of these findings a method for the direct formation of the sagittal compensation curve is discussed.", "PMID": 1055676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1639", "title": "[Position of condyles in habitual and therapeutic occlusion].", "content": "One of the possible therapies of funcitonal disturbances in the masticatory system is finding a new intercondylar axis.  The condyles perform a movement whose direction and length can be measured.  All measuring results obtained from 51 patients are reported and in special cases the different methods of registration are compared.  It was shown that in some cases the malposition of the condyles could not be eliminated.", "contents": "[Position of condyles in habitual and therapeutic occlusion]. One of the possible therapies of funcitonal disturbances in the masticatory system is finding a new intercondylar axis.  The condyles perform a movement whose direction and length can be measured.  All measuring results obtained from 51 patients are reported and in special cases the different methods of registration are compared.  It was shown that in some cases the malposition of the condyles could not be eliminated.", "PMID": 1055677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1640", "title": "[Treatment of odontogenic abscesses].", "content": "Histories of 311 abscesses of odontogenic origin found in different tissue spaces were evaluated.  Location, cause, age distribution, pathogenic germs, and therapeutical measures were discussed.  The perimandibular abscess was found most frequently, the second most common was the submadibular abscess.  The parapharyngeal and paratonsillary abscesses were the rarest.  The age of the patients was mainly between 30 and 50 years.  Most often the lower molars were the starting point of the abscess.  The spectrum of pathogenic germs comprised 14 different germs.  Surgical therapy which is always necessary is performed under analgo-sedation in adults, and in ketamine anesthesia in children.  The tooth responsible for the abscess was removed seven days after the abscess incision, on the average.  If indicated, post-operative therapy should be applied after the testing of germ resistance.", "contents": "[Treatment of odontogenic abscesses]. Histories of 311 abscesses of odontogenic origin found in different tissue spaces were evaluated.  Location, cause, age distribution, pathogenic germs, and therapeutical measures were discussed.  The perimandibular abscess was found most frequently, the second most common was the submadibular abscess.  The parapharyngeal and paratonsillary abscesses were the rarest.  The age of the patients was mainly between 30 and 50 years.  Most often the lower molars were the starting point of the abscess.  The spectrum of pathogenic germs comprised 14 different germs.  Surgical therapy which is always necessary is performed under analgo-sedation in adults, and in ketamine anesthesia in children.  The tooth responsible for the abscess was removed seven days after the abscess incision, on the average.  If indicated, post-operative therapy should be applied after the testing of germ resistance.", "PMID": 1055679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1641", "title": "[Determination of the individual-optimal occlusion height in the edentulous mouth].", "content": "Foramen ovale, foramen mandibulae and foramen mentale, as shown in lateral radiographs of human cadaver heads bisected in the median-sagittal plane, can be placed simultaneously in every position of the mandible on the logarithmic spiral line devised by M. Moss.  The individually optimal vertical dimension is that position of the mandible in which the foramina occupy the most central position on this spiral line; abduction and adduction of the mandible from this position cause a shift of the foramina to the periphery of the spiral line.  Geometrically, loss in vertical dimension due to edentia can be computed from changes of the mandibular angle.  Geometrical relationships were also shown between the distance from the foramen ovale to the foramen mandibulae, and other directly measurable distances on lateral cephaloradiographs.", "contents": "[Determination of the individual-optimal occlusion height in the edentulous mouth]. Foramen ovale, foramen mandibulae and foramen mentale, as shown in lateral radiographs of human cadaver heads bisected in the median-sagittal plane, can be placed simultaneously in every position of the mandible on the logarithmic spiral line devised by M. Moss.  The individually optimal vertical dimension is that position of the mandible in which the foramina occupy the most central position on this spiral line; abduction and adduction of the mandible from this position cause a shift of the foramina to the periphery of the spiral line.  Geometrically, loss in vertical dimension due to edentia can be computed from changes of the mandibular angle.  Geometrical relationships were also shown between the distance from the foramen ovale to the foramen mandibulae, and other directly measurable distances on lateral cephaloradiographs.", "PMID": 1055680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1642", "title": "[Prostaglandin F2alpha as a method of choice for interruption of pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Since March 1972 we have been applying Prostaglandin F2 alpha in 6 patients between the 8th and 12th week of pregnancy, in 2 patients between the 13th and 16th week, in 16 patients from the 17th week onwards, and in 10 women at term. The intravenous and extraamniotic application of Prostaglandin for interruption of pregnancy has proved a success even in severe general diseases. No severe side effects have been observed. Antidotes are beta-sympathicomimetics as for Oxytocin, too Prostaglandin is a valuable pharmacon in the obstetrical area.", "contents": "[Prostaglandin F2alpha as a method of choice for interruption of pregnancy (author's transl)]. Since March 1972 we have been applying Prostaglandin F2 alpha in 6 patients between the 8th and 12th week of pregnancy, in 2 patients between the 13th and 16th week, in 16 patients from the 17th week onwards, and in 10 women at term. The intravenous and extraamniotic application of Prostaglandin for interruption of pregnancy has proved a success even in severe general diseases. No severe side effects have been observed. Antidotes are beta-sympathicomimetics as for Oxytocin, too Prostaglandin is a valuable pharmacon in the obstetrical area.", "PMID": 1055706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1643", "title": "Ultrastructure of acute myeloid leukemia arising in multiple myeloma.", "content": "Bone marrow from a case of multiple myeloma in which acute myeloid leukemia supervened four years after diagnosis was examined with the electron microscope. Two distinct populations of neoplastic cells, one plasmacytoid and the other myeloid, were identified in the marrow. It is concluded that the acute leukemia that developed in this patient was a distinctly new neoplasm arising from the myeloid series of cells. Since in nearly all previously reported cases, and in our patient, alkylating agents had been administered, it is thought that this may have been a factor in the development of acute myeloid leukemia.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of acute myeloid leukemia arising in multiple myeloma. Bone marrow from a case of multiple myeloma in which acute myeloid leukemia supervened four years after diagnosis was examined with the electron microscope. Two distinct populations of neoplastic cells, one plasmacytoid and the other myeloid, were identified in the marrow. It is concluded that the acute leukemia that developed in this patient was a distinctly new neoplasm arising from the myeloid series of cells. Since in nearly all previously reported cases, and in our patient, alkylating agents had been administered, it is thought that this may have been a factor in the development of acute myeloid leukemia.", "PMID": 1055708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1644", "title": "Chromosome examination of newborn children: purpose and ethical aspects.", "content": "The purpose of making chromosome investigations of newborn children as well as ethical problems in such studies and in follow-up studies of children with chromosome abnormalities is discussed, and a survey of 6 chromosome studies from a total of 47 145 newborn children is presented. It is stressed that more chromosome studies of newborn children are needed for several reasons, but one of the main reasons is to study the development of children with different chromosome abnormalities, especially those with sex-chromosome abnormalities and compare them with controls.", "contents": "Chromosome examination of newborn children: purpose and ethical aspects. The purpose of making chromosome investigations of newborn children as well as ethical problems in such studies and in follow-up studies of children with chromosome abnormalities is discussed, and a survey of 6 chromosome studies from a total of 47 145 newborn children is presented. It is stressed that more chromosome studies of newborn children are needed for several reasons, but one of the main reasons is to study the development of children with different chromosome abnormalities, especially those with sex-chromosome abnormalities and compare them with controls.", "PMID": 1055709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1645", "title": "Chromosomal polymorphism in Nucella lapillus.", "content": "A technique for the examination of chromosomes in testicular material in Nucella lapillus is described. The diploid chromosome number varies between 26 and 36. Eight pairs of meatcentric chromosomes are always present and range in size from 9mu to 4mu. Additionally, 10 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes (4mu to 1mu) are present in the 2n equal 36 form and correspond to five pairs of metacentric chromosomes in the 2n equal 26 form. Trivalents occur in individuals heterozygous for chromosome arrangements; this is consistent with the interpretation that the polymorphism is Robertsonian in nature. The southern British distribution of the chromosome polymorphism in Nucella is described. The polymorphism occurs regularly only in bay's in the south-west; elsewhere the populations are monomorphic 2n equal 26. Two areas where the polymorphism occurs have been examined in detail. In each of these the frequency of acrocentrics is negatively associated with increasing wave force, but there is some variation suggesting that other factors relating to water movement (tidal currents and range) are important also. It is pointed out that the overall distribution of the polymorphism can be explained on the assumption that a high chromosome frequency is favoured where total water movement is least.", "contents": "Chromosomal polymorphism in Nucella lapillus. A technique for the examination of chromosomes in testicular material in Nucella lapillus is described. The diploid chromosome number varies between 26 and 36. Eight pairs of meatcentric chromosomes are always present and range in size from 9mu to 4mu. Additionally, 10 pairs of acrocentric chromosomes (4mu to 1mu) are present in the 2n equal 36 form and correspond to five pairs of metacentric chromosomes in the 2n equal 26 form. Trivalents occur in individuals heterozygous for chromosome arrangements; this is consistent with the interpretation that the polymorphism is Robertsonian in nature. The southern British distribution of the chromosome polymorphism in Nucella is described. The polymorphism occurs regularly only in bay's in the south-west; elsewhere the populations are monomorphic 2n equal 26. Two areas where the polymorphism occurs have been examined in detail. In each of these the frequency of acrocentrics is negatively associated with increasing wave force, but there is some variation suggesting that other factors relating to water movement (tidal currents and range) are important also. It is pointed out that the overall distribution of the polymorphism can be explained on the assumption that a high chromosome frequency is favoured where total water movement is least.", "PMID": 1055710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1646", "title": "An empirical method of grouping genotypes based on a linear function of the genotype-environment interaction.", "content": "The regression approach for analysing genotype-environmental interaction is extended to include the grouping of genotypes. An unweighted pair-group cluster analysis was applied to a special dissimilarly index, derived from the test statistic for differences among regressions. The resulting groups reflect the general pattern of response to the various environments. The data of Yates and Cochran (1938) were used to illustrate the clustering process.", "contents": "An empirical method of grouping genotypes based on a linear function of the genotype-environment interaction. The regression approach for analysing genotype-environmental interaction is extended to include the grouping of genotypes. An unweighted pair-group cluster analysis was applied to a special dissimilarly index, derived from the test statistic for differences among regressions. The resulting groups reflect the general pattern of response to the various environments. The data of Yates and Cochran (1938) were used to illustrate the clustering process.", "PMID": 1055711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1647", "title": "Absence of crossing-over in female butterflies (Heliconius).", "content": "Absence of recombination between linked markers in female Heliconius is suggested by coupling backcross broods in H. erato, by a repulsion F2 in H. melpomene, and by other crosses with this species. No recombinants have been found in the offspring of doubly heterozygous females in either species. This supports the contention that the absence of chiasmata at oogenesis in these bufferflies prevents genetic crossing-over. Chiasmata are absent in all the female Lepidoptera examined by Suomalainen and others, but Ephestia seems to show the absence of chiasmata but the presence of genetic recombination in the female, and therefore would repay further study.", "contents": "Absence of crossing-over in female butterflies (Heliconius). Absence of recombination between linked markers in female Heliconius is suggested by coupling backcross broods in H. erato, by a repulsion F2 in H. melpomene, and by other crosses with this species. No recombinants have been found in the offspring of doubly heterozygous females in either species. This supports the contention that the absence of chiasmata at oogenesis in these bufferflies prevents genetic crossing-over. Chiasmata are absent in all the female Lepidoptera examined by Suomalainen and others, but Ephestia seems to show the absence of chiasmata but the presence of genetic recombination in the female, and therefore would repay further study.", "PMID": 1055712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1648", "title": "A continuous selective model for an X-linked locus.", "content": "Neglecting age-structure, but taking into account matings with differential fertility in Mendelian reproduction, a continuous selective model is formulated for a single X-linked locus with an arbitrary number of alleles. Without restricting the mating system, differential equations are derived for the genotypic and allelic frequencies. Assuming random mating, no selection, and constant fertilities and mortalities, these differential equations are solved explicitly. For this case, in contrast to the corresponding phenomenon in the usual model with discrete, non-overlapping generation, the difference between the frequencies of any allele in males and females approaches zero without oscillation.", "contents": "A continuous selective model for an X-linked locus. Neglecting age-structure, but taking into account matings with differential fertility in Mendelian reproduction, a continuous selective model is formulated for a single X-linked locus with an arbitrary number of alleles. Without restricting the mating system, differential equations are derived for the genotypic and allelic frequencies. Assuming random mating, no selection, and constant fertilities and mortalities, these differential equations are solved explicitly. For this case, in contrast to the corresponding phenomenon in the usual model with discrete, non-overlapping generation, the difference between the frequencies of any allele in males and females approaches zero without oscillation.", "PMID": 1055713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1649", "title": "Coronally repositioned periodontal flap. Clinical evaluation after one year.", "content": "After increasing the width of the attached gingiva by free palatal mucosa transplants, 20 procedures with coronal flap repositioning were performed on 41 teeth with gingival recessions in 13 young adults. The amount of gingival recession and the clinical gingival sulcus depth were measured pre-operatively and 1, 6 and 12 months after surgery; the amount of osseous dehiscence was measured during surgery. No significant differences were found among reduction values of gingival recession by reattachment 1, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. Although a significant correlation was found between the degree of gingival recession preoperatively and 1 month post-operatively, non was found between the amount of alveolar bone dehiscence and gingival recession 1 month post-operatively.", "contents": "Coronally repositioned periodontal flap. Clinical evaluation after one year. After increasing the width of the attached gingiva by free palatal mucosa transplants, 20 procedures with coronal flap repositioning were performed on 41 teeth with gingival recessions in 13 young adults. The amount of gingival recession and the clinical gingival sulcus depth were measured pre-operatively and 1, 6 and 12 months after surgery; the amount of osseous dehiscence was measured during surgery. No significant differences were found among reduction values of gingival recession by reattachment 1, 6 and 12 months post-operatively. Although a significant correlation was found between the degree of gingival recession preoperatively and 1 month post-operatively, non was found between the amount of alveolar bone dehiscence and gingival recession 1 month post-operatively.", "PMID": 1055724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1650", "title": "Gingival vasculature around erupting deciduous teeth of dogs and cats.", "content": "The presence of plaque and of overt inflammation, occurring with eruption of deciduous teeth in dogs and cats 2-14 weeks old, were related to the concomitant gingival vascular morphology, using vital microscopy, perfusion and histological techniques. Although localised, acute inflammation accompanied plaque formation at the time of weaning, it seldom developed into chronic inflammation. The onset of overt chronic inflammation was not related to tooth eruption or to events associated with formation of the gingiva. Infiltration of gingival tissue by chronic inflammatory cells occurred in only a few specimens and was associated with increased plaque and replacement of the gingival vessel network by loop paterns.", "contents": "Gingival vasculature around erupting deciduous teeth of dogs and cats. The presence of plaque and of overt inflammation, occurring with eruption of deciduous teeth in dogs and cats 2-14 weeks old, were related to the concomitant gingival vascular morphology, using vital microscopy, perfusion and histological techniques. Although localised, acute inflammation accompanied plaque formation at the time of weaning, it seldom developed into chronic inflammation. The onset of overt chronic inflammation was not related to tooth eruption or to events associated with formation of the gingiva. Infiltration of gingival tissue by chronic inflammatory cells occurred in only a few specimens and was associated with increased plaque and replacement of the gingival vessel network by loop paterns.", "PMID": 1055726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1651", "title": "Periodontal changes during chronic benign granulocytopenia in childhood. A case report.", "content": "The report describes two children with chronic benign granulocytopenia, suffering from gingivitis and marginal periodontitis in the deciduous dentition. The radicular areas of the attached gingiva were well delineated against the alveolar and papillary mucosa.", "contents": "Periodontal changes during chronic benign granulocytopenia in childhood. A case report. The report describes two children with chronic benign granulocytopenia, suffering from gingivitis and marginal periodontitis in the deciduous dentition. The radicular areas of the attached gingiva were well delineated against the alveolar and papillary mucosa.", "PMID": 1055727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1652", "title": "The role of occlusion for the stability of fixed bridges in patients with reduced periodontal tissue support.", "content": "The present investigation reports how occlusion may be utilized to establish and maintain stability of fixed bridges in patients with markedly reduced periodontal tissue support. The material consisted of 20 adult patients, aged 27-69, with advanced periodontal breakdown, often in combination with extensive loss of teeth. After periodontal treatment, the patients were rehabilitated with fixed bridges, whose stability was evaluated once a year for 2 to 6 years. The results show that permanent stability of bridgework can be obtained in patients where there is a minimum of remaining periodontal tissue support, even in combination with marked hypermobility of individual abutment teeth. The stability was achieved by proper treatment of the diseased periodontal tissues, and by establishment of stable occlusion in the intercuspal position. When there was a risk of bridge mobility on excursive movements of the mandible, balancing contacts were established for the prevention of migration, tilting and increasing mobility. The study also shows that cantilever pontics can be used to achieve and maintain the stability of fixed bridgework.", "contents": "The role of occlusion for the stability of fixed bridges in patients with reduced periodontal tissue support. The present investigation reports how occlusion may be utilized to establish and maintain stability of fixed bridges in patients with markedly reduced periodontal tissue support. The material consisted of 20 adult patients, aged 27-69, with advanced periodontal breakdown, often in combination with extensive loss of teeth. After periodontal treatment, the patients were rehabilitated with fixed bridges, whose stability was evaluated once a year for 2 to 6 years. The results show that permanent stability of bridgework can be obtained in patients where there is a minimum of remaining periodontal tissue support, even in combination with marked hypermobility of individual abutment teeth. The stability was achieved by proper treatment of the diseased periodontal tissues, and by establishment of stable occlusion in the intercuspal position. When there was a risk of bridge mobility on excursive movements of the mandible, balancing contacts were established for the prevention of migration, tilting and increasing mobility. The study also shows that cantilever pontics can be used to achieve and maintain the stability of fixed bridgework.", "PMID": 1055728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1653", "title": "The effect of plaque control and surgical pocket elimination on the establishment and maintenance of periodontal health. A longitudinal study of periodontal therapy in cases of advanced disease.", "content": "The present clinical study was initiated in 1969 to test the hypothesis that microbial plaque is the cause of periodontal disease and that hence even advanced cases of periodontitis can be cured in patients willing to exercise optimal plaque control. The material consisted of 75 patients with severe destruction of the periodontal tissues. The patients were selected for the study because of their ability to maintain plaque-free dentition. Following an initial examination, a preliminary treatment plan was presented to the patients. This plan included detailed instructions in plaque control measures, scaling, root planning and emergency dental care, including endodontic therapy and extractions. Three to six months after the termination of the so-called presurgical treatment, surgical elimination of pathologically deepened pockets was performed. The patients were recalled every 3 to 6 months after the end of the treatment. At these reexaminations the following parameters were assessed: Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Pocket Depths, Marginal alveolar bone topography and height. The results demonstrate that it is possible to treat periodontal disease successfully, even in advanced stages, in patients willing to maintain plaque-free dentition.", "contents": "The effect of plaque control and surgical pocket elimination on the establishment and maintenance of periodontal health. A longitudinal study of periodontal therapy in cases of advanced disease. The present clinical study was initiated in 1969 to test the hypothesis that microbial plaque is the cause of periodontal disease and that hence even advanced cases of periodontitis can be cured in patients willing to exercise optimal plaque control. The material consisted of 75 patients with severe destruction of the periodontal tissues. The patients were selected for the study because of their ability to maintain plaque-free dentition. Following an initial examination, a preliminary treatment plan was presented to the patients. This plan included detailed instructions in plaque control measures, scaling, root planning and emergency dental care, including endodontic therapy and extractions. Three to six months after the termination of the so-called presurgical treatment, surgical elimination of pathologically deepened pockets was performed. The patients were recalled every 3 to 6 months after the end of the treatment. At these reexaminations the following parameters were assessed: Plaque Index, Gingival Index, Pocket Depths, Marginal alveolar bone topography and height. The results demonstrate that it is possible to treat periodontal disease successfully, even in advanced stages, in patients willing to maintain plaque-free dentition.", "PMID": 1055729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1654", "title": "Follow-up studies of free gingival grafts.", "content": "Vestibuloplasties with free gingival grafts were performed on 42 teeth in 12 patients exhibiting gingival recession. The tendency toward recurrence was studied after postoperative intervals of 1, 6 and 12 months. The extensions (vestibuloplasties), which were always wider than the transplant, recurred up to the transplantation margin. The transplant itself underwent shrinkage averaging 25 per cent. The vestibular depth, which had been increased by the operation, showed a 25 per cent reduction within 1 month, but then had a tendency to deepen again from 1 to 12 months postoperatively. The marginal free gingiva and sulcus depth were not influenced by the operation.", "contents": "Follow-up studies of free gingival grafts. Vestibuloplasties with free gingival grafts were performed on 42 teeth in 12 patients exhibiting gingival recession. The tendency toward recurrence was studied after postoperative intervals of 1, 6 and 12 months. The extensions (vestibuloplasties), which were always wider than the transplant, recurred up to the transplantation margin. The transplant itself underwent shrinkage averaging 25 per cent. The vestibular depth, which had been increased by the operation, showed a 25 per cent reduction within 1 month, but then had a tendency to deepen again from 1 to 12 months postoperatively. The marginal free gingiva and sulcus depth were not influenced by the operation.", "PMID": 1055730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1655", "title": "An in vivo evaluation of interface media used with the electric pulp tester.", "content": "Four interface media were tested with an electric pulp tester to determine whether the amount of current needed to elicit a response varies with the material. Each material was tested on the facial and linqual surfaces of anterior teeth. Clinical results showed no appreciable difference between the materials used, provided they were water or petroleum based. Facial and lingual readings were the same in about half the tests, and lingual readings were slightly lower than facial readings in 40% of the tests.", "contents": "An in vivo evaluation of interface media used with the electric pulp tester. Four interface media were tested with an electric pulp tester to determine whether the amount of current needed to elicit a response varies with the material. Each material was tested on the facial and linqual surfaces of anterior teeth. Clinical results showed no appreciable difference between the materials used, provided they were water or petroleum based. Facial and lingual readings were the same in about half the tests, and lingual readings were slightly lower than facial readings in 40% of the tests.", "PMID": 1055749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1656", "title": "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: a viral disease of importance to dentists.", "content": "Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a disease of viral origin that produces characteristic lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. Knowledge of the disease is important to dentists since the oral vesicular and ulcerative lesions are usually the first clinical signs of the disease, and the epidemiclike patterns of the disease make it likely that the dentist will contract the disease himself or possibly become a carrier of the virus. The lesions of hand, foot, and mouth disease usually regress in two to three weeks, and complications are rare. Treatment is basically palliative to reduce the pain and irritation. Differential diagnosis of the disease must include consideration of herpes simplex, herpangina, recurrent aphthae, erythema multiforme, and animal foot and mouth disease. A case involving a dentist and his family is reported.", "contents": "Hand, foot, and mouth disease: a viral disease of importance to dentists. Hand, foot, and mouth disease is a disease of viral origin that produces characteristic lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. Knowledge of the disease is important to dentists since the oral vesicular and ulcerative lesions are usually the first clinical signs of the disease, and the epidemiclike patterns of the disease make it likely that the dentist will contract the disease himself or possibly become a carrier of the virus. The lesions of hand, foot, and mouth disease usually regress in two to three weeks, and complications are rare. Treatment is basically palliative to reduce the pain and irritation. Differential diagnosis of the disease must include consideration of herpes simplex, herpangina, recurrent aphthae, erythema multiforme, and animal foot and mouth disease. A case involving a dentist and his family is reported.", "PMID": 1055750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1657", "title": "Aspirin-induced oral lesion: report of case.", "content": "Aspirin is one of the most extensively used medications and has many beneficial effects. However, its injudicious use can produced local as well as systemic undesirable effects. A case of aspirin burn of the oral mucosa is presented. The lesion was in an unusual location. However, the history and the successful results from discontinuance of the drug supported the provisional diagnosis.", "contents": "Aspirin-induced oral lesion: report of case. Aspirin is one of the most extensively used medications and has many beneficial effects. However, its injudicious use can produced local as well as systemic undesirable effects. A case of aspirin burn of the oral mucosa is presented. The lesion was in an unusual location. However, the history and the successful results from discontinuance of the drug supported the provisional diagnosis.", "PMID": 1055751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1658", "title": "Professional opinions in the identification of dental manpower shortage areas.", "content": "A study was initiated by the Minnesota Dental Association to identify criteria that dental practitioners use in defining a dental manpower shortage area and to determine the perceived effectiveness and acceptability of solutions to the manpower shortage problem. This report from the association presents the study findings. The five factors, in order of importance, that should be considered in a definition of a manpower shortage area are the public's \"dental IQ,\" the ratio of dentists to population, the availability of dental appointment times, the age and productivity of practicing dentists in the area, and the distance patients must travel to the dentist. Minnesota dentists perceived dental placement techniques to be more effective and acceptable than financial incentives or the use of auxiliary personnel in solving the dental manpower shortage problem.", "contents": "Professional opinions in the identification of dental manpower shortage areas. A study was initiated by the Minnesota Dental Association to identify criteria that dental practitioners use in defining a dental manpower shortage area and to determine the perceived effectiveness and acceptability of solutions to the manpower shortage problem. This report from the association presents the study findings. The five factors, in order of importance, that should be considered in a definition of a manpower shortage area are the public's \"dental IQ,\" the ratio of dentists to population, the availability of dental appointment times, the age and productivity of practicing dentists in the area, and the distance patients must travel to the dentist. Minnesota dentists perceived dental placement techniques to be more effective and acceptable than financial incentives or the use of auxiliary personnel in solving the dental manpower shortage problem.", "PMID": 1055753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1659", "title": "Patterns of dental practice in the United States: solo vs group practice.", "content": "This overview of selected characteristics of group and solo practices provides baseline information on the dimensions and structures of two general practice types in the United States. It appears that although a dentist spends no more hours or sees no more patients on the average in a group practice, the structure in terms of use of auxiliaries, appointment flexibility, and structured programs provides the dentist in a group practice more opportunity to participate in other professional activities and generate a higher income. Further analysis on the interrelation of these variables will provide a more conclusive comparison of group and solo practices. Also, more conclusive research on variations among different types of group arrangements is needed to appreciate differences in partnerships, groups, and incorporations.", "contents": "Patterns of dental practice in the United States: solo vs group practice. This overview of selected characteristics of group and solo practices provides baseline information on the dimensions and structures of two general practice types in the United States. It appears that although a dentist spends no more hours or sees no more patients on the average in a group practice, the structure in terms of use of auxiliaries, appointment flexibility, and structured programs provides the dentist in a group practice more opportunity to participate in other professional activities and generate a higher income. Further analysis on the interrelation of these variables will provide a more conclusive comparison of group and solo practices. Also, more conclusive research on variations among different types of group arrangements is needed to appreciate differences in partnerships, groups, and incorporations.", "PMID": 1055754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1660", "title": "Long term ridge augmentation with rib graft.", "content": "Results of ten cases are reported to indicate the bone augmentation that may be expected in three to six years using transoral rib grafting. Some augmentation was present in all cases. This is an improvement over the continued resorption that would have taken place in these already thin mandibles. Function was improved in all cases. This modality falls short of the ideal aid to these patients, but is an available holding procedure.", "contents": "Long term ridge augmentation with rib graft. Results of ten cases are reported to indicate the bone augmentation that may be expected in three to six years using transoral rib grafting. Some augmentation was present in all cases. This is an improvement over the continued resorption that would have taken place in these already thin mandibles. Function was improved in all cases. This modality falls short of the ideal aid to these patients, but is an available holding procedure.", "PMID": 1055767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1661", "title": "A study of biological chemistry on the nature of jaw cysts. On the maintainance of homoeostasis in jaw cyst fluid.", "content": "Jaw cyst lining cells have an active transporting mechanism for Na+ ion and K+ion, a secreting mechanism and a selecting mechanism, and they allow permeation of electrolytes, lipids and protein into cysts. The components within the cysts have a controlling metabolism, and keep the system stable. Tumour wall cells of cystic ameloblastoma have only a passive transporting mechanism for various substances. Their nature differs from that of jaw cyst lining cells.", "contents": "A study of biological chemistry on the nature of jaw cysts. On the maintainance of homoeostasis in jaw cyst fluid. Jaw cyst lining cells have an active transporting mechanism for Na+ ion and K+ion, a secreting mechanism and a selecting mechanism, and they allow permeation of electrolytes, lipids and protein into cysts. The components within the cysts have a controlling metabolism, and keep the system stable. Tumour wall cells of cystic ameloblastoma have only a passive transporting mechanism for various substances. Their nature differs from that of jaw cyst lining cells.", "PMID": 1055768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1662", "title": "Some findings in patients with uraemic stomatitis.", "content": "Uraemic stomatitis may occur in patients with advanced renal failure. Thirteen patients with severe oral lesions due to their uraemic state are discussed. The stomatitis became manifest after a few days of severe renal failure (blood urea level was at least 20 mnol./1) and persisted for 2-3 weeks even when the urea concentration had decreased.", "contents": "Some findings in patients with uraemic stomatitis. Uraemic stomatitis may occur in patients with advanced renal failure. Thirteen patients with severe oral lesions due to their uraemic state are discussed. The stomatitis became manifest after a few days of severe renal failure (blood urea level was at least 20 mnol./1) and persisted for 2-3 weeks even when the urea concentration had decreased.", "PMID": 1055769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1663", "title": "Vertical osteotomy of the ascending rami in mandibular retrognathism.", "content": "The authors present their experience and conclusions regarding surgical lengthening of the mandible in retrognathism due to bone hypo-development. Thus, in hypotrophies of the ascending ramus, especially in temporo-mandibular ankylosis, they use a longitudinal osteotomy (Popescu 1949); various technical adaptations of this method, in different situations, are described, as well as their association with osteoplasty, utilizing iliac bone grafts or the hypertrophic chin prominence. In retrognathism due to hypo-development of the mandible, when the ascending rami have a good conformation, sagittal osteotomy (Obwegeser 1957, Dal Pont 1961) is preferred.", "contents": "Vertical osteotomy of the ascending rami in mandibular retrognathism. The authors present their experience and conclusions regarding surgical lengthening of the mandible in retrognathism due to bone hypo-development. Thus, in hypotrophies of the ascending ramus, especially in temporo-mandibular ankylosis, they use a longitudinal osteotomy (Popescu 1949); various technical adaptations of this method, in different situations, are described, as well as their association with osteoplasty, utilizing iliac bone grafts or the hypertrophic chin prominence. In retrognathism due to hypo-development of the mandible, when the ascending rami have a good conformation, sagittal osteotomy (Obwegeser 1957, Dal Pont 1961) is preferred.", "PMID": 1055771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1664", "title": "A longitudinal study on electrical pulp testing following Le Fort type osteotomy and Le Fort type fracture.", "content": "A longitudinal study of electrical pulp testing was carried out in 27 cases, or 53 maxillary halves following Le Fort type fractures and Le Fort type osteotomies. On the average, most teeth required positive responses around 7 months or around 11 months afterwards. The central and lateral incisor teeth demonstrated poor results; only 8 percent and 36 percent responded positively at 8 months, and at 14 months, 23 per cent  and 50 per cent, respectively. The overall percentage of responsive teeth was 29 percent at 6 months and 85 percent at 14 months. These results are discussed and compared with those of segmental maxillary osteotomy, together with the value of pulp testing in the diagnosis in fracture and osteotomy.", "contents": "A longitudinal study on electrical pulp testing following Le Fort type osteotomy and Le Fort type fracture. A longitudinal study of electrical pulp testing was carried out in 27 cases, or 53 maxillary halves following Le Fort type fractures and Le Fort type osteotomies. On the average, most teeth required positive responses around 7 months or around 11 months afterwards. The central and lateral incisor teeth demonstrated poor results; only 8 percent and 36 percent responded positively at 8 months, and at 14 months, 23 per cent  and 50 per cent, respectively. The overall percentage of responsive teeth was 29 percent at 6 months and 85 percent at 14 months. These results are discussed and compared with those of segmental maxillary osteotomy, together with the value of pulp testing in the diagnosis in fracture and osteotomy.", "PMID": 1055772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1665", "title": "Experimental animal research into segmental alveolar movement after corticotomy.", "content": "Experiments with beagle dogs show that groups of teeth can be rearranged by orthodontic appliances, within a  few days when bone is weakened by corticotomy. The rapid movement does not damage the vascular supply of the pulp. This is demonstrated by intravascular injections of Plastoid. If the marginal bone is not impinged upon by the ostoetomy saw, only vascular changes in the free gingival mucosa indicate slight reactions of the parodontal membrane.", "contents": "Experimental animal research into segmental alveolar movement after corticotomy. Experiments with beagle dogs show that groups of teeth can be rearranged by orthodontic appliances, within a  few days when bone is weakened by corticotomy. The rapid movement does not damage the vascular supply of the pulp. This is demonstrated by intravascular injections of Plastoid. If the marginal bone is not impinged upon by the ostoetomy saw, only vascular changes in the free gingival mucosa indicate slight reactions of the parodontal membrane.", "PMID": 1055773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1666", "title": "Intraoral closure of subcutaneous clefts of lip.", "content": "A new method for the closure of subcutaneous clefts of lip has been presented. The operation was achieved from an incision in the oral mucosa, without skin incision in the white portion of the lip. The muscle stumps of the orbicularis oris are freed from their false insertion and re-united. In addition, the musculature is separated from the skin In this manner, the shortness of the white portion of the lip, which is due to the elevation of the musculature, is largely eliminated. The lip on the cleft side thus attains the same length as that of the healthy side. The muscular pull gives rise to a conspicuous philtrum pit and ridge, without external scar on the lip. This principle of separating the musculature can also be used in the repair of incomplete and complete clefts of lip, and in all reoperations of the lip.", "contents": "Intraoral closure of subcutaneous clefts of lip. A new method for the closure of subcutaneous clefts of lip has been presented. The operation was achieved from an incision in the oral mucosa, without skin incision in the white portion of the lip. The muscle stumps of the orbicularis oris are freed from their false insertion and re-united. In addition, the musculature is separated from the skin In this manner, the shortness of the white portion of the lip, which is due to the elevation of the musculature, is largely eliminated. The lip on the cleft side thus attains the same length as that of the healthy side. The muscular pull gives rise to a conspicuous philtrum pit and ridge, without external scar on the lip. This principle of separating the musculature can also be used in the repair of incomplete and complete clefts of lip, and in all reoperations of the lip.", "PMID": 1055774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1667", "title": "Trigonometric method of analysis of the upper part of the mouth cavity.", "content": "A method of analysis of a cast of the upper part of the mouth cavity which allows a comparison of various forms thereof, by the use of five parameters is described. For their calculation, only five measurements between four pre-determined points are needed. With the great accuracy which the method ensures, it is possible to follow, at short time intervals, the changes brought about by jaw-orthopaedic and surgical procedures. Numerical and schematic graphical comparison permits a rapid evaluation of results achieved in the treatment of clefts. The character of the parameters elucidates the morphogenesis of clefts and indicates the most rational therapy.", "contents": "Trigonometric method of analysis of the upper part of the mouth cavity. A method of analysis of a cast of the upper part of the mouth cavity which allows a comparison of various forms thereof, by the use of five parameters is described. For their calculation, only five measurements between four pre-determined points are needed. With the great accuracy which the method ensures, it is possible to follow, at short time intervals, the changes brought about by jaw-orthopaedic and surgical procedures. Numerical and schematic graphical comparison permits a rapid evaluation of results achieved in the treatment of clefts. The character of the parameters elucidates the morphogenesis of clefts and indicates the most rational therapy.", "PMID": 1055775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1668", "title": "Pharyngoplasty through cross palatopharyngeal flaps.", "content": "A surgical technique is presented which is a development of Orticochea's pharyngoplasty, which permits the establishment of a dynamic velopharyngeal closure, using the palatopharyngeal muscles by intercrossing and introducing them into a surgical pocket. This technique obtains a new relationship by changes in the direction of anter-posterior action of the palatopharyngeal muscles (longitudinal portion), which are transformed into an oblique force by crossing them, It may be done prior to the palatal closure (previous or prophylactic pharyngoplasty), simultaneously or later, to correct any deficiency that may remain. This technique avoids the pushback and a good functional result is obtained.", "contents": "Pharyngoplasty through cross palatopharyngeal flaps. A surgical technique is presented which is a development of Orticochea's pharyngoplasty, which permits the establishment of a dynamic velopharyngeal closure, using the palatopharyngeal muscles by intercrossing and introducing them into a surgical pocket. This technique obtains a new relationship by changes in the direction of anter-posterior action of the palatopharyngeal muscles (longitudinal portion), which are transformed into an oblique force by crossing them, It may be done prior to the palatal closure (previous or prophylactic pharyngoplasty), simultaneously or later, to correct any deficiency that may remain. This technique avoids the pushback and a good functional result is obtained.", "PMID": 1055776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1669", "title": "The neuropathological findings in irreversible coma. A critque of the \"respirator\".", "content": "1. Postmortem examinations were made on 240 of the 459 cases succumbing (52 percent of the deaths) in the Collaborative Study on Cerebral Survival; the central nervous system was examined in 226 cases. 2. The autopsy was performed on an average of 15.3 hours after death. 3. The mean weight of the brains was 1450 plus or minus 196 grams; the mean weight of the brains of patients on whom resuscitation was stopped, presumably on the basis of \"cerebral death,\" was greater than that of the patients succumbing to cardiac failure. There was a tendency for the brain to increase in weight about 24 hours after the initiation of resuscitative measures. At that time, swelling, discoloration, softening, congestion, and brain herniations also became more prominent. 4. On the basis of a survey of American neuropathologists and the data from this study, the entity commonly termed \"respirator brain\" may be confirmed. This is a dynamic process that is complicated by concurrent postmortem changes. The respirator brain requires time (approximately 24 hours) for maturation; many patients die a cardiac death during the metamorphosis. If the patient survives for 3 to 4 days, the percentage dying with typical respirator brains is less, and more patients have electroencephalograms with biological activity. 5. The following clinical factors tend to be associated with an increased number of respirator brains: A. Cerebral trauma B. Subnormal body timperature C. Low systolic blood pressure D. Dilated pupils E. Pupils unresponsive to light F. Absence of cephalic reflexes G. Electrocerebral Silence (ECS) 6. The following factors have no apparent effect on the number of respirator brains or tend to be associated with fewer respirator brains: A. Severe drug intoxications B. Small reacting pupils C. Medications D. Presence of spinal reflexes E. Presence of biological activity (BA) in the electroencephalogram 7. A set of common criteria for a respirator brain was used to test the following: A. The local and consultant neuropathologist's diagnosis of respirator brain B. The significance of critical perfusion pressure and critical oxygen tension in respirator brain C. The role of cardiac output in the production of a respirator brain 8. Since a respirator brain is an imperfectly defined entity, an exact correlation with any combination of clinical and EEG findings could not be expected. The use of a standardized measurement of CBF seems a logical and promising confirmatory test for respirator brain.", "contents": "The neuropathological findings in irreversible coma. A critque of the \"respirator\". 1. Postmortem examinations were made on 240 of the 459 cases succumbing (52 percent of the deaths) in the Collaborative Study on Cerebral Survival; the central nervous system was examined in 226 cases. 2. The autopsy was performed on an average of 15.3 hours after death. 3. The mean weight of the brains was 1450 plus or minus 196 grams; the mean weight of the brains of patients on whom resuscitation was stopped, presumably on the basis of \"cerebral death,\" was greater than that of the patients succumbing to cardiac failure. There was a tendency for the brain to increase in weight about 24 hours after the initiation of resuscitative measures. At that time, swelling, discoloration, softening, congestion, and brain herniations also became more prominent. 4. On the basis of a survey of American neuropathologists and the data from this study, the entity commonly termed \"respirator brain\" may be confirmed. This is a dynamic process that is complicated by concurrent postmortem changes. The respirator brain requires time (approximately 24 hours) for maturation; many patients die a cardiac death during the metamorphosis. If the patient survives for 3 to 4 days, the percentage dying with typical respirator brains is less, and more patients have electroencephalograms with biological activity. 5. The following clinical factors tend to be associated with an increased number of respirator brains: A. Cerebral trauma B. Subnormal body timperature C. Low systolic blood pressure D. Dilated pupils E. Pupils unresponsive to light F. Absence of cephalic reflexes G. Electrocerebral Silence (ECS) 6. The following factors have no apparent effect on the number of respirator brains or tend to be associated with fewer respirator brains: A. Severe drug intoxications B. Small reacting pupils C. Medications D. Presence of spinal reflexes E. Presence of biological activity (BA) in the electroencephalogram 7. A set of common criteria for a respirator brain was used to test the following: A. The local and consultant neuropathologist's diagnosis of respirator brain B. The significance of critical perfusion pressure and critical oxygen tension in respirator brain C. The role of cardiac output in the production of a respirator brain 8. Since a respirator brain is an imperfectly defined entity, an exact correlation with any combination of clinical and EEG findings could not be expected. The use of a standardized measurement of CBF seems a logical and promising confirmatory test for respirator brain.", "PMID": 1055791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1670", "title": "Lymphocytotosicity for gingival epithelial cells in periodontal disease.", "content": "An immune pathogenesis has been implicated in periodontal disease. Lymphocytotoxicity assays utilizing a suspension of peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with allogeneic trypsinized gingival epithelium were performed. The results demonstrate a significant in vitro lymphocytotoxicity for gingival epithelial target cells when the aggressor lymphocytes are from patients with destructive periodontal disease (high PDI). No significant lymphocytotoxicity was demonstrated with lymphocytes for periodontal disease-free (low PDI) patients. We conclude that there is a significant reduction in gingival epithelial cell survival after an 18-hour incubation with aggressor lymphocytes obtained frompatients who have destructive periodontal disease, and suggest there is a pathologic relationship between the patient's lymphocytes and the disease process.", "contents": "Lymphocytotosicity for gingival epithelial cells in periodontal disease. An immune pathogenesis has been implicated in periodontal disease. Lymphocytotoxicity assays utilizing a suspension of peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with allogeneic trypsinized gingival epithelium were performed. The results demonstrate a significant in vitro lymphocytotoxicity for gingival epithelial target cells when the aggressor lymphocytes are from patients with destructive periodontal disease (high PDI). No significant lymphocytotoxicity was demonstrated with lymphocytes for periodontal disease-free (low PDI) patients. We conclude that there is a significant reduction in gingival epithelial cell survival after an 18-hour incubation with aggressor lymphocytes obtained frompatients who have destructive periodontal disease, and suggest there is a pathologic relationship between the patient's lymphocytes and the disease process.", "PMID": 1055794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1671", "title": "A histologic examination of a free osseous autograft. Case report.", "content": "Twenty-eight months following free osseous autograft therapy, a block section was taken for histologic examination. (2) Microscopically, the periodontal structures were reconstructed with new alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. (3) A 'separation artifact' was present between new and old cementum. This defect is probably an artifact of histologic processing.", "contents": "A histologic examination of a free osseous autograft. Case report. Twenty-eight months following free osseous autograft therapy, a block section was taken for histologic examination. (2) Microscopically, the periodontal structures were reconstructed with new alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. (3) A 'separation artifact' was present between new and old cementum. This defect is probably an artifact of histologic processing.", "PMID": 1055796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1672", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of human gingiva. V. Microfibrils of elastic nature and their direct penetration of the basal lamina in chronic periodontitis.", "content": "In this study, microfibrils widely distributed in the connective tissue of the gingival wall of periodontal pockets were examined by electron microscopy, Theirdistribution, ultrastructural characteristics, close association with fibroblasts and direct communication with the basal lamina were shown. The microfibrils in our specimens were observed in three different groupings (Types A, B, and C). They were believedto represent different stages of maturation of elastic fibera. There was a striking ultrastructural resemblance between oxytalan microfibrils, and the immature or imcompletetype of elastic fiber shown in this report.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of human gingiva. V. Microfibrils of elastic nature and their direct penetration of the basal lamina in chronic periodontitis. In this study, microfibrils widely distributed in the connective tissue of the gingival wall of periodontal pockets were examined by electron microscopy, Theirdistribution, ultrastructural characteristics, close association with fibroblasts and direct communication with the basal lamina were shown. The microfibrils in our specimens were observed in three different groupings (Types A, B, and C). They were believedto represent different stages of maturation of elastic fibera. There was a striking ultrastructural resemblance between oxytalan microfibrils, and the immature or imcompletetype of elastic fiber shown in this report.", "PMID": 1055797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1673", "title": "Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome involving tumor metastasis. Case report.", "content": "This report is an example of tumor metastasis to the temporomandibular joint and its effect on pain, restriction of jaw movement, and the subsequent inability of the patient to function normally. Neoplasm is not the usual etiology of myofascial pain dysfunctionsyndrome and the muscle sparm component of this patient's jaw dysfunction was emphasizedby the relief of symptoms from the use of symptomatic reversible type therapy (tranquilizer, muscle relaxant, and heat). There was an overlay of stress-tension factors in this case history that contributed to the muscle spasm symptoms of the patient. There canbe other etiological factors in jaw dysfunction associated with TMJ pathology such asdevelopmental anomalies, trauma, arthritis, and neoplasm, but as a group they comprise only about 5% of TMJ dysfunction problems (D.M. Laskin, personal communication).", "contents": "Myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome involving tumor metastasis. Case report. This report is an example of tumor metastasis to the temporomandibular joint and its effect on pain, restriction of jaw movement, and the subsequent inability of the patient to function normally. Neoplasm is not the usual etiology of myofascial pain dysfunctionsyndrome and the muscle sparm component of this patient's jaw dysfunction was emphasizedby the relief of symptoms from the use of symptomatic reversible type therapy (tranquilizer, muscle relaxant, and heat). There was an overlay of stress-tension factors in this case history that contributed to the muscle spasm symptoms of the patient. There canbe other etiological factors in jaw dysfunction associated with TMJ pathology such asdevelopmental anomalies, trauma, arthritis, and neoplasm, but as a group they comprise only about 5% of TMJ dysfunction problems (D.M. Laskin, personal communication).", "PMID": 1055800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1674", "title": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. An adult cluster.", "content": "Between 1970 and 1973, seven cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were diagnosed in the village of Elmwood, Wis, and the surrounding area. The patients ranged in age from 14 to 97 years. Interpersonal relationships were noted among all patients in the group. This cluster of cases represents a greater than 20-fold increase in the expected incidence of this disease for this population. Morphologic similarities in the blast cells were seen in all cases. This cluster of cases may bear a relationship to bovine leukemia since the town was located in dairy farming country and because a number of the patients had either worked at or lived near the town creamery.", "contents": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. An adult cluster. Between 1970 and 1973, seven cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were diagnosed in the village of Elmwood, Wis, and the surrounding area. The patients ranged in age from 14 to 97 years. Interpersonal relationships were noted among all patients in the group. This cluster of cases represents a greater than 20-fold increase in the expected incidence of this disease for this population. Morphologic similarities in the blast cells were seen in all cases. This cluster of cases may bear a relationship to bovine leukemia since the town was located in dairy farming country and because a number of the patients had either worked at or lived near the town creamery.", "PMID": 1055826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1675", "title": "Effects of central-nervous-system irradiation on neuropsychologic functioning of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Two neuropsychologic studies were performed to determine the long-term effects of \"prophylactic\" cranial or craniospinal irradiation on the psychologic and neurologic functions of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. In a prospective study, 34 patients with leukemia who received either craniospinal irradiation or cranial irradiation combined with intrathecal methotrexate were evaluated by standardized neurologic and psychologic examinations before and after irradiation. Their performance was compared with that of 27 controls who received irradiation to parts of the body other than the cranium. In a retrospective study, 11 patients with leukemia receiving prophylactic craniospinal irradiation and 12 controls with the disease not receiving such therapy were followed from the second year after either irradiation or the initial hematologic remission. Eighteen months after irradiation in the prospective study and four years after irradiation in the retrospective study, no noteworthy neurologic or psychologic differences were found between subjects and controls.", "contents": "Effects of central-nervous-system irradiation on neuropsychologic functioning of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Two neuropsychologic studies were performed to determine the long-term effects of \"prophylactic\" cranial or craniospinal irradiation on the psychologic and neurologic functions of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. In a prospective study, 34 patients with leukemia who received either craniospinal irradiation or cranial irradiation combined with intrathecal methotrexate were evaluated by standardized neurologic and psychologic examinations before and after irradiation. Their performance was compared with that of 27 controls who received irradiation to parts of the body other than the cranium. In a retrospective study, 11 patients with leukemia receiving prophylactic craniospinal irradiation and 12 controls with the disease not receiving such therapy were followed from the second year after either irradiation or the initial hematologic remission. Eighteen months after irradiation in the prospective study and four years after irradiation in the retrospective study, no noteworthy neurologic or psychologic differences were found between subjects and controls.", "PMID": 1055858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1676", "title": "Post-neonatal infant deaths in the Auckland Hospital Board area 1972.", "content": "A study has been made of the final, and contributory, causes of post-neonatal deaths in the Auckland Hospital Board area for 1972. There was a high rate of deaths from infection. Maori infants died from pneumonia at a rate 28 times that of european infants. Prevention of these infant deaths will need improvement in parent recognition of illness, medical practitioner availability and training, and hospital facilities.", "contents": "Post-neonatal infant deaths in the Auckland Hospital Board area 1972. A study has been made of the final, and contributory, causes of post-neonatal deaths in the Auckland Hospital Board area for 1972. There was a high rate of deaths from infection. Maori infants died from pneumonia at a rate 28 times that of european infants. Prevention of these infant deaths will need improvement in parent recognition of illness, medical practitioner availability and training, and hospital facilities.", "PMID": 1055937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1677", "title": "Industrial hand injuries in Pacific Island immigrants.", "content": "There is a disturbingly high incidence of heavy machinery, industrial hand mutilation, involving recent Pacific Island immigrants many of whom have a poor comprehension of English. A survey of cases admitted to the Hutt Hospital during eight monts of 1973, showed a proportionately greater incidence of severe injuries amongst these immigrants, and indicates that one causative factor is unsuitable selection of works for this dangerous machinery, coupled with inadequate instruction in its use and safety precautions.", "contents": "Industrial hand injuries in Pacific Island immigrants. There is a disturbingly high incidence of heavy machinery, industrial hand mutilation, involving recent Pacific Island immigrants many of whom have a poor comprehension of English. A survey of cases admitted to the Hutt Hospital during eight monts of 1973, showed a proportionately greater incidence of severe injuries amongst these immigrants, and indicates that one causative factor is unsuitable selection of works for this dangerous machinery, coupled with inadequate instruction in its use and safety precautions.", "PMID": 1055938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1678", "title": "Poisoning and overdosage.", "content": "Admissions to Waikato Hospital during 1973 for poisoning and drug overdosage are compared with the figures for 1963, with allowances for population growth. The figures are analysed on the basis of age, sex, race and residential area. A real reduction is shown in poisoning of children, but a large increase has occured in adults, especially young adults and particularly in drug overdosage. Some possible factors in this are discussed.", "contents": "Poisoning and overdosage. Admissions to Waikato Hospital during 1973 for poisoning and drug overdosage are compared with the figures for 1963, with allowances for population growth. The figures are analysed on the basis of age, sex, race and residential area. A real reduction is shown in poisoning of children, but a large increase has occured in adults, especially young adults and particularly in drug overdosage. Some possible factors in this are discussed.", "PMID": 1055939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1679", "title": "X-ray emmissions from colour television receivers in New Zealand.", "content": "Colour television receivers produced for the New Zealand market have been tested to ensure that any x-radiation emmissions result in dose rates less than the 0.5mrem/h (500murem/h) limit allowed under the Radiation Protection Regulations, 1973. Five receivers representing the five different models available on the New Zealand market were surveyed and the maximum dose rate measured from any screen was 0.05murem/h. The estimated maximum annual radiation dose to an average viewer from the receivers surveyed will be less than 5murem or less than 5 x 10-minus 3 percent of the dose from natural background radiation. This level of x-radiation is well below that which could constitute a health hazard.", "contents": "X-ray emmissions from colour television receivers in New Zealand. Colour television receivers produced for the New Zealand market have been tested to ensure that any x-radiation emmissions result in dose rates less than the 0.5mrem/h (500murem/h) limit allowed under the Radiation Protection Regulations, 1973. Five receivers representing the five different models available on the New Zealand market were surveyed and the maximum dose rate measured from any screen was 0.05murem/h. The estimated maximum annual radiation dose to an average viewer from the receivers surveyed will be less than 5murem or less than 5 x 10-minus 3 percent of the dose from natural background radiation. This level of x-radiation is well below that which could constitute a health hazard.", "PMID": 1055940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1680", "title": "Drug surveillance in general practice: a study of oxprenolol in the treatment of angina.", "content": "Information on the incidence of adverse drug reactions is essential for rational drug therapy. Accurate information of this type is almost entirely derived from intensive surveillance of hospital patients and may not reflect the situation in general practice. In a sutdy of oxprenolol (Trasicor) in the treatment of angina in general practice, a simple non-comparative assessment of efficacy indicated complete or substantial relief of symptoms in nearly 80 percent of patients. Side effects, which were principally related to beta-blockade and were all reversible, occured in 16.6 percent of patients but necessitated stopping treatment in only 10 percent. Simple studies of this nature may yeild valuable evicence about the benefit-to-risk ratio of drugs used under general practice conditions.", "contents": "Drug surveillance in general practice: a study of oxprenolol in the treatment of angina. Information on the incidence of adverse drug reactions is essential for rational drug therapy. Accurate information of this type is almost entirely derived from intensive surveillance of hospital patients and may not reflect the situation in general practice. In a sutdy of oxprenolol (Trasicor) in the treatment of angina in general practice, a simple non-comparative assessment of efficacy indicated complete or substantial relief of symptoms in nearly 80 percent of patients. Side effects, which were principally related to beta-blockade and were all reversible, occured in 16.6 percent of patients but necessitated stopping treatment in only 10 percent. Simple studies of this nature may yeild valuable evicence about the benefit-to-risk ratio of drugs used under general practice conditions.", "PMID": 1055941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1681", "title": "Dieldrin poisoning: case report.", "content": "A case of dieldrin poisoning is reported. This case exemplifies the factor of weight loss and speculates on possible treatment.", "contents": "Dieldrin poisoning: case report. A case of dieldrin poisoning is reported. This case exemplifies the factor of weight loss and speculates on possible treatment.", "PMID": 1055942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1682", "title": "The development of social skills in autistic twins.", "content": "This case study describes the development of social skills in autistic identical male twins, during a year's attendance, as over-age placements, at their local kindergarten. Management techniques were based on behavioural principles; and a team approach was employed.", "contents": "The development of social skills in autistic twins. This case study describes the development of social skills in autistic identical male twins, during a year's attendance, as over-age placements, at their local kindergarten. Management techniques were based on behavioural principles; and a team approach was employed.", "PMID": 1055943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1683", "title": "The later growth of children who were preterm and small for gestational age.", "content": "The four-year-old growth status of 56 preterm, 35 small for gestational age, and 111 randomly selected appropriate weight for gestational age children who were born at the Queen Mary Hospital (Dunedin) in 1968, is described. Children who were preterm but were greater than 2500g at birth were significantly heavier, taller and had larger head circumference measures than the control group. Preterm children who had weighed less than 2500g at birth were significantly lighter than the controls. Children who were smaller for gestational age were significantly shorter and lighter than the control group. Other results were reported on relationships between gestational age and birth weight and the later growth status of children, and some implications were discussed.", "contents": "The later growth of children who were preterm and small for gestational age. The four-year-old growth status of 56 preterm, 35 small for gestational age, and 111 randomly selected appropriate weight for gestational age children who were born at the Queen Mary Hospital (Dunedin) in 1968, is described. Children who were preterm but were greater than 2500g at birth were significantly heavier, taller and had larger head circumference measures than the control group. Preterm children who had weighed less than 2500g at birth were significantly lighter than the controls. Children who were smaller for gestational age were significantly shorter and lighter than the control group. Other results were reported on relationships between gestational age and birth weight and the later growth status of children, and some implications were discussed.", "PMID": 1055949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1684", "title": "Characteristics of New Zealand women seeking abortion in Melbourne, Australia.", "content": "In a 24-month period 145 New Zealand women sought abortion in a Melbourne practice, comprising 10 percent of such patients seen. Some 4000 New Zealanders are estimated to fly into Australia annually because of less restrictive abortion laws in some Australian states. The age range in this sample of 145 was from 14-43 years with the mean average age at 21.4 years. Only 24 (16.5 percent) had ever been married and 111 (76.5 percent) were pregnant for the first time. Almost half, 63 (43.5 percent), had never used any contraception in the past. Of the 142 patients aborted, 71 (50 percent) were at least 11 weeks pregnant, four being 14 weeks. Obstacles along the route to abortion, personal, medical and those due to international airline schedules contributed to delaying the date of the operation. The operative procedure was evacuation curettage performed in a private hospital under general anaesthesia. Patients received contraceptive education and returned to their local New Zealand doctor for follow-up.", "contents": "Characteristics of New Zealand women seeking abortion in Melbourne, Australia. In a 24-month period 145 New Zealand women sought abortion in a Melbourne practice, comprising 10 percent of such patients seen. Some 4000 New Zealanders are estimated to fly into Australia annually because of less restrictive abortion laws in some Australian states. The age range in this sample of 145 was from 14-43 years with the mean average age at 21.4 years. Only 24 (16.5 percent) had ever been married and 111 (76.5 percent) were pregnant for the first time. Almost half, 63 (43.5 percent), had never used any contraception in the past. Of the 142 patients aborted, 71 (50 percent) were at least 11 weeks pregnant, four being 14 weeks. Obstacles along the route to abortion, personal, medical and those due to international airline schedules contributed to delaying the date of the operation. The operative procedure was evacuation curettage performed in a private hospital under general anaesthesia. Patients received contraceptive education and returned to their local New Zealand doctor for follow-up.", "PMID": 1055950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1685", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction in Suva, Fiji.", "content": "A review of 100 cases of acute myocardial infarction admitted to the Colonial War Memorial Hospital in 1964-65 is presented. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction in this series was 97 percent in Indians and 3 percent in Fijians. The predisposing factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia are commoner in Indians than Fijians and their role in these patients are described. The mortality rate in the first week was 23.7 percent. A two bed coronary care unit was opened in this hospital last year as part of the overall care for these patients.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction in Suva, Fiji. A review of 100 cases of acute myocardial infarction admitted to the Colonial War Memorial Hospital in 1964-65 is presented. The incidence of acute myocardial infarction in this series was 97 percent in Indians and 3 percent in Fijians. The predisposing factors such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia are commoner in Indians than Fijians and their role in these patients are described. The mortality rate in the first week was 23.7 percent. A two bed coronary care unit was opened in this hospital last year as part of the overall care for these patients.", "PMID": 1055951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1686", "title": "Torulopsis glabrata endocarditis complicating aortic homograft valve treated with 5-fluorocytosine: case report with discussion of antifungal chemotherapy.", "content": "A case of Torulopsis glabrata endocarditis occurring in a patient 14 months after aortic homograft valve replacement is reported. The infection was not controlled by amphotericin B which led to progressive renal impairment. Re-operation was delayed by the development of multiple infarctions due to coronary emboli. The infection was subsequently eradicated by oral treatment with the newer antifungal agent, 5-fluorocytosine, but death of the patient eventually occurred from an arrhythmia related to the persisting myocardial failure consequent upon episodes of transmural infarction. Current evidence favours the use of early re-operation in all cases of endocarditis in addition to aggressive chemotherapy with a combined regime of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. Clinical pharmacology of 5-fluorocytosine is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Torulopsis glabrata endocarditis complicating aortic homograft valve treated with 5-fluorocytosine: case report with discussion of antifungal chemotherapy. A case of Torulopsis glabrata endocarditis occurring in a patient 14 months after aortic homograft valve replacement is reported. The infection was not controlled by amphotericin B which led to progressive renal impairment. Re-operation was delayed by the development of multiple infarctions due to coronary emboli. The infection was subsequently eradicated by oral treatment with the newer antifungal agent, 5-fluorocytosine, but death of the patient eventually occurred from an arrhythmia related to the persisting myocardial failure consequent upon episodes of transmural infarction. Current evidence favours the use of early re-operation in all cases of endocarditis in addition to aggressive chemotherapy with a combined regime of amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. Clinical pharmacology of 5-fluorocytosine is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1055952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1687", "title": "A simplified exercise for the temporomandibular joint following codylotomy.", "content": "A technique of fabricating an exerciser to prevent ankylosis or reankylosis ofthe condyles is presented which is relatively simple and inexpensive to make. The technique and a brief case report are illustrated and discussed.", "contents": "A simplified exercise for the temporomandibular joint following codylotomy. A technique of fabricating an exerciser to prevent ankylosis or reankylosis ofthe condyles is presented which is relatively simple and inexpensive to make. The technique and a brief case report are illustrated and discussed.", "PMID": 1055970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1688", "title": "The oral component of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "This study reports the results of an interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in 100 patients. Ocular and systemic diagnoses and oral features from the history and physical examination are correlated with measurements of stimulated parotid flow rate and labial salivary gland histopathology. A new diagnostic criterion is introduced whereby labial salivary gland focus scores are used to establish the presence of the oral component of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in place of the subjective evaluation of xerostomia. The differential diagnosis of the oral clinical features of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and the clinical management of the oral component of this disease are discussed.", "contents": "The oral component of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. This study reports the results of an interdisciplinary approach to the diagnosis of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in 100 patients. Ocular and systemic diagnoses and oral features from the history and physical examination are correlated with measurements of stimulated parotid flow rate and labial salivary gland histopathology. A new diagnostic criterion is introduced whereby labial salivary gland focus scores are used to establish the presence of the oral component of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in place of the subjective evaluation of xerostomia. The differential diagnosis of the oral clinical features of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and the clinical management of the oral component of this disease are discussed.", "PMID": 1055974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1689", "title": "Odontogenic myxoma. A clinical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The odontogenic myxoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the jaws that is believed to arise from the primitive, mesenchymal portion of the tooth germ. This study surveys nine cases of odontogenic myxoma of the jaws. Analysis of the clinical material revealed that the myxoma occurred most frequently in the posterior regions of the mandible and will recur if initial therapy is too conservative. The average age of the patients in this series was 26.5 years. Five cases involved females and four involved males. Electron microscope findings revealed that the tumor cells are probably responsible for the secretion of the myxomatous intercellular material of the neoplasm.", "contents": "Odontogenic myxoma. A clinical and ultrastructural study. The odontogenic myxoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the jaws that is believed to arise from the primitive, mesenchymal portion of the tooth germ. This study surveys nine cases of odontogenic myxoma of the jaws. Analysis of the clinical material revealed that the myxoma occurred most frequently in the posterior regions of the mandible and will recur if initial therapy is too conservative. The average age of the patients in this series was 26.5 years. Five cases involved females and four involved males. Electron microscope findings revealed that the tumor cells are probably responsible for the secretion of the myxomatous intercellular material of the neoplasm.", "PMID": 1055976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1690", "title": "Unusual oral lesions in a uremic patient. Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "Uremia is defined as the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood. Uremia may be caused by either acute or chronic renal failure. Uremic stomatitis represents a relatively uncommon intraoral complication of uremia. Uremic stomatitis has classically been divided into ulcerative and nonulcerative types. Reported here is a patient with chronic renal failure exhibiting intraoral lesions that persisted despite local treatment but rapidly cleared following renal dialysis. This case represents the first published report of the microscopic appearance of the nonulcerative type and presents unusual tissue changes heretofore unreported.", "contents": "Unusual oral lesions in a uremic patient. Review of the literature and report of a case. Uremia is defined as the accumulation of nitrogenous waste products in the blood. Uremia may be caused by either acute or chronic renal failure. Uremic stomatitis represents a relatively uncommon intraoral complication of uremia. Uremic stomatitis has classically been divided into ulcerative and nonulcerative types. Reported here is a patient with chronic renal failure exhibiting intraoral lesions that persisted despite local treatment but rapidly cleared following renal dialysis. This case represents the first published report of the microscopic appearance of the nonulcerative type and presents unusual tissue changes heretofore unreported.", "PMID": 1055977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1691", "title": "Double bilateral dens invaginatus in the maxillary incisor region.", "content": "Two cases of bilateral double dens invaginatus in the maxillary incisor region have been reported. One of the patients (Case 1), a 12-year-old boy, had double invaginations in both of the erupted teeth in the maxillary lateral incisor region. The other patient (Case 2), a boy 8 years of age, had double invaginations in each of the two partially developed supernumerary teeth that were impacted in the palate in the maxillary central incisor region. Double bilateral dens invaginatus would appear to be a most unusual occurrence.", "contents": "Double bilateral dens invaginatus in the maxillary incisor region. Two cases of bilateral double dens invaginatus in the maxillary incisor region have been reported. One of the patients (Case 1), a 12-year-old boy, had double invaginations in both of the erupted teeth in the maxillary lateral incisor region. The other patient (Case 2), a boy 8 years of age, had double invaginations in each of the two partially developed supernumerary teeth that were impacted in the palate in the maxillary central incisor region. Double bilateral dens invaginatus would appear to be a most unusual occurrence.", "PMID": 1055979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1692", "title": "Synchronous malignant mucoepidermoid tumor of the parotid gland and Warthin's tumor in adjacent lymph node.", "content": "A case of a malignant mucoepidermoid tumor (poorly differentiated) occurring simultaneously with a homolateral Warthin's tumor is presented. The simultaneous occurrence of two salivary gland tumors of different types is extremely rare. Only five cases have been reported in the literature. The occurrence of a malignant mucoepidermoid tumor and a Warthin's tumor in the same patient has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Synchronous malignant mucoepidermoid tumor of the parotid gland and Warthin's tumor in adjacent lymph node. A case of a malignant mucoepidermoid tumor (poorly differentiated) occurring simultaneously with a homolateral Warthin's tumor is presented. The simultaneous occurrence of two salivary gland tumors of different types is extremely rare. Only five cases have been reported in the literature. The occurrence of a malignant mucoepidermoid tumor and a Warthin's tumor in the same patient has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 1055980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1693", "title": "Radiologic features of ameloblastoma in Nigerians.", "content": "Radiology plays an important role in preoperative diagnosis and postoperative assessment of ameloblastoma. The postoperative appearances, including complications as well as radiologic features of recurrence, are discussed. The differential diagnosis of the unilocular lesion is difficult, and particularly noteworthy are the five cases of histologically proven adamantinoma whose radiographic appearance closely mimicked dentigerous cyst.", "contents": "Radiologic features of ameloblastoma in Nigerians. Radiology plays an important role in preoperative diagnosis and postoperative assessment of ameloblastoma. The postoperative appearances, including complications as well as radiologic features of recurrence, are discussed. The differential diagnosis of the unilocular lesion is difficult, and particularly noteworthy are the five cases of histologically proven adamantinoma whose radiographic appearance closely mimicked dentigerous cyst.", "PMID": 1055981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1694", "title": "Lerbek, a synergistic mixture of methyl benzoquate and clopidol for the prevention of chicken coccidiosis.", "content": "Methyl benzoquate at 20 ppm or clopidol at 250 ppm in the diet show true coccidiostatic activity in infections with Eimeria tenella in the chick. Lerbek, a synergistic mixture yielding 8-35 ppm methyl benzoquate and 100 ppm clopidol, produced a partially coccidiocidal effect; relapses following restricted periods of medication were less severe, and suppression of parasite development following delayed medication was quicker and more effective with either component of the mixture used alone.", "contents": "Lerbek, a synergistic mixture of methyl benzoquate and clopidol for the prevention of chicken coccidiosis. Methyl benzoquate at 20 ppm or clopidol at 250 ppm in the diet show true coccidiostatic activity in infections with Eimeria tenella in the chick. Lerbek, a synergistic mixture yielding 8-35 ppm methyl benzoquate and 100 ppm clopidol, produced a partially coccidiocidal effect; relapses following restricted periods of medication were less severe, and suppression of parasite development following delayed medication was quicker and more effective with either component of the mixture used alone.", "PMID": 1055985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1695", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of type II glycogenosis (Pompe's disease) using microchemical analyses.", "content": "1. In order to reduce the time interval between amniocentesis and prenatal diagnosis of Pompe's disease microchemical techniques were used for assay of acid alpha-1,4-glucosidase activities in cultured amniotic fluid cells. 2. Microtechniques used on homogenates of cultured amniotic fluid cells enabled the waiting period to be reduced to 2-3 weeks. 3. When dissected lyophilized groups of 200-300 cultured cells were analyzed, a prenatal diagnosis was possible at about 10 days after amniocentesis. 4. The acid alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity in the amniotic fluid supernatant is not informative in prenatal diagnosis of Pompe's disease. 5. Conditions of cell cultivation such as length of time in culture were found to influence markedly the acid alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity in cultured amniotic fluid cells. 6. For a reliable prenatal diagnosis of metabolic disorders primary cultures of control amniotic fluid cells should be used and the analytical results from the pregnancy at risk should be compared with primary cultures of control amniotic fluid cells and with those in cultured fibroblasts from heterozygous carriers, and an affected sibling from the particular family.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of type II glycogenosis (Pompe's disease) using microchemical analyses. 1. In order to reduce the time interval between amniocentesis and prenatal diagnosis of Pompe's disease microchemical techniques were used for assay of acid alpha-1,4-glucosidase activities in cultured amniotic fluid cells. 2. Microtechniques used on homogenates of cultured amniotic fluid cells enabled the waiting period to be reduced to 2-3 weeks. 3. When dissected lyophilized groups of 200-300 cultured cells were analyzed, a prenatal diagnosis was possible at about 10 days after amniocentesis. 4. The acid alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity in the amniotic fluid supernatant is not informative in prenatal diagnosis of Pompe's disease. 5. Conditions of cell cultivation such as length of time in culture were found to influence markedly the acid alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity in cultured amniotic fluid cells. 6. For a reliable prenatal diagnosis of metabolic disorders primary cultures of control amniotic fluid cells should be used and the analytical results from the pregnancy at risk should be compared with primary cultures of control amniotic fluid cells and with those in cultured fibroblasts from heterozygous carriers, and an affected sibling from the particular family.", "PMID": 1055986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1696", "title": "[Dental damage after radiotherapy for malignant lesions in the head and neck region].", "content": "A review is presented of dental damage resulting from radiotherapy for malignant lesions in the head and neck region.", "contents": "[Dental damage after radiotherapy for malignant lesions in the head and neck region]. A review is presented of dental damage resulting from radiotherapy for malignant lesions in the head and neck region.", "PMID": 1055993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1697", "title": "[Some indices of the fibrinolytic system of the blood in patients with acute leukemia].", "content": "An attempt is made to ascertain the mechanism of increased fibrinolytic activity in patients suffering from acute leukemia. Investigations confirmed a possibility of both the primary and the secondary character of hyperfibrinolysis which required the choice of rational therapeutic tactics in each individual case.", "contents": "[Some indices of the fibrinolytic system of the blood in patients with acute leukemia]. An attempt is made to ascertain the mechanism of increased fibrinolytic activity in patients suffering from acute leukemia. Investigations confirmed a possibility of both the primary and the secondary character of hyperfibrinolysis which required the choice of rational therapeutic tactics in each individual case.", "PMID": 1056003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1698", "title": "Ozone model for bonding of an O2 to heme in oxyhemoglobin.", "content": "Several rather different models of the Fe-o2 bond in oxyhemoglobin have previously been proposed, none of which provide a satisfactory explanation of several properties. We propose a new model for the bonding of an O2 to the Fe of myoglobin and hemoglobin and report ab initio generalized valence bond and configuration interaction calculations on FeO2 that corroborate this model. Our model is based closely upon the bonding in ozone which recent theoretical studies have shown to be basically a biradical with a singlet state stabilized by a three-center four-electron pi bond. In this model, the facile formation and dissociation of the Fe-O2 bond is easily rationalized since the O2 always retains its triplet ground state character. The ozone model leads naturally to a large negative electric field gradient (in agreement with M\u00f6ssbauer studies) and to z-polarized (perpendicular to the heme) charge transfer transitions. It also suggests that the 1.3 eV transition, present in HbO2 and absent in HbCO, is due to a porphyrin-to-Fe transition, analogous to that of ferric hemoglobins (e.g., HbCN).", "contents": "Ozone model for bonding of an O2 to heme in oxyhemoglobin. Several rather different models of the Fe-o2 bond in oxyhemoglobin have previously been proposed, none of which provide a satisfactory explanation of several properties. We propose a new model for the bonding of an O2 to the Fe of myoglobin and hemoglobin and report ab initio generalized valence bond and configuration interaction calculations on FeO2 that corroborate this model. Our model is based closely upon the bonding in ozone which recent theoretical studies have shown to be basically a biradical with a singlet state stabilized by a three-center four-electron pi bond. In this model, the facile formation and dissociation of the Fe-O2 bond is easily rationalized since the O2 always retains its triplet ground state character. The ozone model leads naturally to a large negative electric field gradient (in agreement with M\u00f6ssbauer studies) and to z-polarized (perpendicular to the heme) charge transfer transitions. It also suggests that the 1.3 eV transition, present in HbO2 and absent in HbCO, is due to a porphyrin-to-Fe transition, analogous to that of ferric hemoglobins (e.g., HbCN).", "PMID": 1056005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1699", "title": "Third component of complement (C3): structural properties in relation to functions.", "content": "The third component of complement (C3) fulfills a pivotal role in the functions of the complement system. We have investigated the topological relationships among its polypeptide chains, physiologic fragments, enzyme attack regions, and functional sites. C3 consists of two chains (alpha and beta) which are linked by disulfide bonds and noncovalent forces and which have molecular weights of, respectively, 120,000 and 75,000. C3 is activated by action of C3 convertase on the alpha-chain. With hydrolysis of one polypeptide bonds, C3a, the 9000 dalton activation peptide is dislocated from the NH2-terminal portion of the alpha-chain. A previously concealed binding region is thereby transiently revealed in the C3b-fragment (181,000 dalton) which displays affinity for apparently nonspecific acceptors present on biological membranes. Binding of nascent C3b membranes occurs through the C3d portion of the fragment because subsequent action of the C3b-inactivator or trypsin on bound C3b causes release of C3c, but not of C3d. Bound C3b and C3d possess stable sites that are capable of binding to specific receptors present on a limited variety of cells. We propose that all known physiologically occurring fragments of C3 arise by enzymatic cleavage of the alpha-chain: C3a, C3b, C3c, and C3d. Whereas C3a (alpha1) and C3e (alpha2) consist of a single chain and C3b consists of two chains (alpha' and beta), C3c is composed of the entire beta-chain and multiple fragments of the alpha-chain, each of which is linked by disulfide bonds to the beta-chain.", "contents": "Third component of complement (C3): structural properties in relation to functions. The third component of complement (C3) fulfills a pivotal role in the functions of the complement system. We have investigated the topological relationships among its polypeptide chains, physiologic fragments, enzyme attack regions, and functional sites. C3 consists of two chains (alpha and beta) which are linked by disulfide bonds and noncovalent forces and which have molecular weights of, respectively, 120,000 and 75,000. C3 is activated by action of C3 convertase on the alpha-chain. With hydrolysis of one polypeptide bonds, C3a, the 9000 dalton activation peptide is dislocated from the NH2-terminal portion of the alpha-chain. A previously concealed binding region is thereby transiently revealed in the C3b-fragment (181,000 dalton) which displays affinity for apparently nonspecific acceptors present on biological membranes. Binding of nascent C3b membranes occurs through the C3d portion of the fragment because subsequent action of the C3b-inactivator or trypsin on bound C3b causes release of C3c, but not of C3d. Bound C3b and C3d possess stable sites that are capable of binding to specific receptors present on a limited variety of cells. We propose that all known physiologically occurring fragments of C3 arise by enzymatic cleavage of the alpha-chain: C3a, C3b, C3c, and C3d. Whereas C3a (alpha1) and C3e (alpha2) consist of a single chain and C3b consists of two chains (alpha' and beta), C3c is composed of the entire beta-chain and multiple fragments of the alpha-chain, each of which is linked by disulfide bonds to the beta-chain.", "PMID": 1056006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1700", "title": "Reactions of migrating birds to lights and aircraft.", "content": "Midair collsions between birds and aircraft pose a hazard for both. While observing migrating birds with a tracking radar, we find that birds often react, by taking evasive maneuvers, at distances of 200-300 m to both searchlight beams and the approach of a small airplane with its landing lights on. Appropriately arranged lights on aircraft should decrease the hazard of collisions with birds.", "contents": "Reactions of migrating birds to lights and aircraft. Midair collsions between birds and aircraft pose a hazard for both. While observing migrating birds with a tracking radar, we find that birds often react, by taking evasive maneuvers, at distances of 200-300 m to both searchlight beams and the approach of a small airplane with its landing lights on. Appropriately arranged lights on aircraft should decrease the hazard of collisions with birds.", "PMID": 1056007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1701", "title": "Sidechain torsional potentials and motion of amino acids in porteins: bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor.", "content": "Conformational potentials of sidechains in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor have been studied with an empirical energy function. Calculated minimumenergy positions are in excellent agreement with the x-ray structure for sidechains in the core or at the surface of the protein; as expected, angles for sidechains that are directed out into the solvent do not agree with the calculated values. The contributions to the potentials are analyzed and compared with the potentials for the free amino acid. Although there is a large restriction in the available conformational space due to nonbonded interactions, the minimum energy positions in the protein are close to those of the free amino acid; the significance of this result is discussed. To estimate the effective barriers for rotation of the aromatic rings (tyrosine and phenylalanine), calculations are done in which the protein is permitted to relax as a function of the ring orientation. Thr resulting barriers, which are much lowere than the rigid rotation barriers, are used to evaluate the rotation rates; comparison is made with the available nuclear magnetic resonance data.", "contents": "Sidechain torsional potentials and motion of amino acids in porteins: bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. Conformational potentials of sidechains in the bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor have been studied with an empirical energy function. Calculated minimumenergy positions are in excellent agreement with the x-ray structure for sidechains in the core or at the surface of the protein; as expected, angles for sidechains that are directed out into the solvent do not agree with the calculated values. The contributions to the potentials are analyzed and compared with the potentials for the free amino acid. Although there is a large restriction in the available conformational space due to nonbonded interactions, the minimum energy positions in the protein are close to those of the free amino acid; the significance of this result is discussed. To estimate the effective barriers for rotation of the aromatic rings (tyrosine and phenylalanine), calculations are done in which the protein is permitted to relax as a function of the ring orientation. Thr resulting barriers, which are much lowere than the rigid rotation barriers, are used to evaluate the rotation rates; comparison is made with the available nuclear magnetic resonance data.", "PMID": 1056008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1702", "title": "Method for predicting RNA secondary structure.", "content": "We report a method for predicting the most stable secondary structure of RNA from its primary sequence of nucleotides. The technique consists of a series of three computer programs interfaced to take the nucleotide sequence of any RNA and (a) list all possible helical regions, using modified Watson-Crick base-pairing rules; (b) create all possible secondary structures by forming permutations of compatible helical regions; and (c)evaluate each structure for total free energy of formation from a completely extended chain. A free energy distribution and the base-by-base bonding interactions of each possible structure are catalogued by the system and are readily available for examination. The method has been applied to 62 tRNA sequences. The total free-energy of the predicted most stable structures ranged from -19 to -41 kcal/mole (-22 to -49 kJ/mole). The number of structures created was also highly sequence-dependent and ranged from 200 to 13,000. In nearly all cases the cloverleaf is predicted to be the structure with the lowest free energy of formation.", "contents": "Method for predicting RNA secondary structure. We report a method for predicting the most stable secondary structure of RNA from its primary sequence of nucleotides. The technique consists of a series of three computer programs interfaced to take the nucleotide sequence of any RNA and (a) list all possible helical regions, using modified Watson-Crick base-pairing rules; (b) create all possible secondary structures by forming permutations of compatible helical regions; and (c)evaluate each structure for total free energy of formation from a completely extended chain. A free energy distribution and the base-by-base bonding interactions of each possible structure are catalogued by the system and are readily available for examination. The method has been applied to 62 tRNA sequences. The total free-energy of the predicted most stable structures ranged from -19 to -41 kcal/mole (-22 to -49 kJ/mole). The number of structures created was also highly sequence-dependent and ranged from 200 to 13,000. In nearly all cases the cloverleaf is predicted to be the structure with the lowest free energy of formation.", "PMID": 1056009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1703", "title": "Failure of the opiate antagonist naloxone to modify hypnotic analgesia.", "content": "Hypnotic analgesia in some respects resembles opiate analgesia. We tested the hypothesis that some features of hypnotic analgesia are mediated through neuronal pathways activating specific opiate receptors in brain. The opiate antagonist naloxone had no effect on hypnotic analgesia in three subjects. Thus, the hypothesis was not confirmed.", "contents": "Failure of the opiate antagonist naloxone to modify hypnotic analgesia. Hypnotic analgesia in some respects resembles opiate analgesia. We tested the hypothesis that some features of hypnotic analgesia are mediated through neuronal pathways activating specific opiate receptors in brain. The opiate antagonist naloxone had no effect on hypnotic analgesia in three subjects. Thus, the hypothesis was not confirmed.", "PMID": 1056010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1704", "title": "Physical basis of charge pairing in mitochondria.", "content": "The postulate of charge pairing in the mitochondrial inner membrane is justified by applying a formula due to Fuoss to calculate the probability density for the distance between a positive and a negative charge. For dielectric constants 10 or less pairing is absolute, for 20 there is some tendency towards pairing, and at 78 it is nonexistent. Pairing, partner exchange or charge substitution, inhibition, and antiport uncoupling can be rationalized within this framework.", "contents": "Physical basis of charge pairing in mitochondria. The postulate of charge pairing in the mitochondrial inner membrane is justified by applying a formula due to Fuoss to calculate the probability density for the distance between a positive and a negative charge. For dielectric constants 10 or less pairing is absolute, for 20 there is some tendency towards pairing, and at 78 it is nonexistent. Pairing, partner exchange or charge substitution, inhibition, and antiport uncoupling can be rationalized within this framework.", "PMID": 1056011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1705", "title": "Mechanism and modification of bradykinin-induced coronary vasodilation.", "content": "In isolated perfused rabbit hearts, bradykinin produced a concentration-dependent decrease in coronary resistance directly associated with biosynthesis and release of prostaglandin-E-like substance. An inhibitor of bradykinin destruction (the nonapeptide SQ-20881) markedly enhanced both the coronary vasodilation and release of prostaglandin-E-like substance produced by cardiac injection of bradykinin. Indomethacin inhibited both the myocardial prostaglandin biosynthesis and the decrease in coronary resistance induced by bradykinin. The demonstration that bradykinin is a potent stimulator of prostaglandin biosynthesis in the heart has implications as to the cause of the afferent cardiovascular reflexes and pain in myocardial infarction and angina pectoris.", "contents": "Mechanism and modification of bradykinin-induced coronary vasodilation. In isolated perfused rabbit hearts, bradykinin produced a concentration-dependent decrease in coronary resistance directly associated with biosynthesis and release of prostaglandin-E-like substance. An inhibitor of bradykinin destruction (the nonapeptide SQ-20881) markedly enhanced both the coronary vasodilation and release of prostaglandin-E-like substance produced by cardiac injection of bradykinin. Indomethacin inhibited both the myocardial prostaglandin biosynthesis and the decrease in coronary resistance induced by bradykinin. The demonstration that bradykinin is a potent stimulator of prostaglandin biosynthesis in the heart has implications as to the cause of the afferent cardiovascular reflexes and pain in myocardial infarction and angina pectoris.", "PMID": 1056012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1706", "title": "Somatic rearrangement of chromosome 14 in human lymphocytes.", "content": "Ataxia-telangiectasia is a rare genetic disorder associated with immune deficiency, chromosome instability, and a predisposition to lymphoid malignancy. We have detected chromosomally anomalous clones of lymphocytes in eight patients with this disorder. Chromosome banding disclosed that the clones are consistently marked by structural rearrangement of the long arm (q) of chromosome 14. A translocation involving 14q was found in clones obtained from seven of the eight patients whereas a ring 14 chromosome was found in a clone obtained from the other. These findings as well as data obtained by others for patients with ataxia-telangiectasia suggest that structural rearrangement of 14q is the initial chromosomal change in lymphocyte clones of patients with this disorder. Chromosomes of lymphocytes from one of the patients were studied before and after the onset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Before leukemia was diagnosed, the patient had a lymphocyte clone with a 14q translocation. This clone appears to have given rise to the leukemic cells. We hypothesize that structural rearrangement of 14q is directly related to abnormal growth of lymphocytes and that it may be a step toward the development of lymphoid malignancies. Increasing evidence, provided by others, for the nonrandom involvement of 14q in African-type Burkitt's lymphoma and other lymphoid neoplasms further strengthens this hypothesis.", "contents": "Somatic rearrangement of chromosome 14 in human lymphocytes. Ataxia-telangiectasia is a rare genetic disorder associated with immune deficiency, chromosome instability, and a predisposition to lymphoid malignancy. We have detected chromosomally anomalous clones of lymphocytes in eight patients with this disorder. Chromosome banding disclosed that the clones are consistently marked by structural rearrangement of the long arm (q) of chromosome 14. A translocation involving 14q was found in clones obtained from seven of the eight patients whereas a ring 14 chromosome was found in a clone obtained from the other. These findings as well as data obtained by others for patients with ataxia-telangiectasia suggest that structural rearrangement of 14q is the initial chromosomal change in lymphocyte clones of patients with this disorder. Chromosomes of lymphocytes from one of the patients were studied before and after the onset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Before leukemia was diagnosed, the patient had a lymphocyte clone with a 14q translocation. This clone appears to have given rise to the leukemic cells. We hypothesize that structural rearrangement of 14q is directly related to abnormal growth of lymphocytes and that it may be a step toward the development of lymphoid malignancies. Increasing evidence, provided by others, for the nonrandom involvement of 14q in African-type Burkitt's lymphoma and other lymphoid neoplasms further strengthens this hypothesis.", "PMID": 1056013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1707", "title": "Localization of the IgG effector site for monocyte receptors.", "content": "A peptide consisting of 10 amino acids derived from the CH3 region of human IgG was shown to bind to monocytes and to inhibit rosette formation of antibody-coated erythrocytes with human monocytes. Two myeloma proteins of the IgG1 and IgG3 subclass, both with known deletions in the CH2 region of the gamma chain, showed unimpaired ability to bind to monocytes. These experiments suggest that the isolated peptide represents the primary site of attachment of IgG to monocytes.", "contents": "Localization of the IgG effector site for monocyte receptors. A peptide consisting of 10 amino acids derived from the CH3 region of human IgG was shown to bind to monocytes and to inhibit rosette formation of antibody-coated erythrocytes with human monocytes. Two myeloma proteins of the IgG1 and IgG3 subclass, both with known deletions in the CH2 region of the gamma chain, showed unimpaired ability to bind to monocytes. These experiments suggest that the isolated peptide represents the primary site of attachment of IgG to monocytes.", "PMID": 1056014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1708", "title": "Atomic structure of intracellular amorphous calcium phosphate deposits.", "content": "The radial distribution function calculated from x-ray diffraction of mineralized cytoplasmic structures isolated from the hepatopancreas of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is very similar to that previously found for synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate. Both types of mineral apparently have only short-range atomic order, represented as a neutral ion cluster of about 10 A in longest dimension, whose probable composition is expressed by the formula Ca9(PO4)6. The minor differences observed are attributed to the presence in the biological mineral of significant amounts of Mg-2+ and ATP. Synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate in contact with a solution containing an amount of ATP equivalent to that of the biological mineral failed to undergo conversion to the thermodynamically more stable hydroxyapatite. The amorphous calcium phosphate of the cytoplasmic mineral granules is similarly stable, and does not undergo conversion to hydroxyapatite, presumably owing to the presence of ATP and Mg-2+, known in inhibitors of the conversion process. The physiological implications of mineral deposits consisting of stabilized calcium phosphate ion clusters are discussed.", "contents": "Atomic structure of intracellular amorphous calcium phosphate deposits. The radial distribution function calculated from x-ray diffraction of mineralized cytoplasmic structures isolated from the hepatopancreas of the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) is very similar to that previously found for synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate. Both types of mineral apparently have only short-range atomic order, represented as a neutral ion cluster of about 10 A in longest dimension, whose probable composition is expressed by the formula Ca9(PO4)6. The minor differences observed are attributed to the presence in the biological mineral of significant amounts of Mg-2+ and ATP. Synthetic amorphous calcium phosphate in contact with a solution containing an amount of ATP equivalent to that of the biological mineral failed to undergo conversion to the thermodynamically more stable hydroxyapatite. The amorphous calcium phosphate of the cytoplasmic mineral granules is similarly stable, and does not undergo conversion to hydroxyapatite, presumably owing to the presence of ATP and Mg-2+, known in inhibitors of the conversion process. The physiological implications of mineral deposits consisting of stabilized calcium phosphate ion clusters are discussed.", "PMID": 1056015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1709", "title": "Lymphokine-induced production and release of lysosomal enzymes by macrophages.", "content": "MACROPHAGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MOST CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LESIONS, AND THESE CELLS CONTAIN ENZYMES THAT ARE ABLE TO DESTROY CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONSTITUENTS. Normal lymphoid cells responding to a mitogen, phytohemagglutinin-P, release factor(s) that cause a marked increase in the size and enzyme content for mononuclear phagocytes maintained in culture. The stimulated macrophages, which by several criteria remain otherwise viable and healthy, selectively release large quantities of hydrolytic enzymes to the culture medium.", "contents": "Lymphokine-induced production and release of lysosomal enzymes by macrophages. MACROPHAGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH MOST CHRONIC INFLAMMATORY LESIONS, AND THESE CELLS CONTAIN ENZYMES THAT ARE ABLE TO DESTROY CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONSTITUENTS. Normal lymphoid cells responding to a mitogen, phytohemagglutinin-P, release factor(s) that cause a marked increase in the size and enzyme content for mononuclear phagocytes maintained in culture. The stimulated macrophages, which by several criteria remain otherwise viable and healthy, selectively release large quantities of hydrolytic enzymes to the culture medium.", "PMID": 1056016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1710", "title": "Detection of new temperature-dependent conformational transition in lysozyme by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.", "content": "A specific temperature-dependent conformational transition of hen egg-white lysozyme, occurring between 20 degree C and 30 degree C in solution, has been detected by 13-C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Selective changes in the chemical shifts of aromatic residues, together with differences in the chemical shifts, and nuclear Overhauser enhancement in the carbonyl, carboxyl, and alpha-carbon regions of the spectrum point to the vicinity of subsites D and E as the primary locus of the structural change.", "contents": "Detection of new temperature-dependent conformational transition in lysozyme by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A specific temperature-dependent conformational transition of hen egg-white lysozyme, occurring between 20 degree C and 30 degree C in solution, has been detected by 13-C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Selective changes in the chemical shifts of aromatic residues, together with differences in the chemical shifts, and nuclear Overhauser enhancement in the carbonyl, carboxyl, and alpha-carbon regions of the spectrum point to the vicinity of subsites D and E as the primary locus of the structural change.", "PMID": 1056017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1711", "title": "Human X-Linked genes regionally mapped utilizing X-autosome translocations and somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Human genes coding for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, EC 2.4.2.8; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, EC 1.1.1.49; D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase), and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK, EC 2.7.2.3; ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase) have been assigned to specific regions on the long arm of the X chromosome by somatic cell gentic techniques. Gene assignment and linear order were determined by employing human somatic cells possessing an X/9 translocation or an X/22 translocation in man-mouse cell hybridization studies. The X/9 translocation involved the majority of the X long arm translocated to chromosome 9 and the X/22 translocation involved the distal half of the X long arm translocated to 22. In each case these rearrangements appeared to be reciprocal. Concordant segregation of X-linked enzymes and segments of the X chromosome generated by the translocations indicated assignment of the PGK gene to a proximal long arm region (q12-q22) and the HPRT and G6PD genes to the distal half (q22-qter) of the X long arm. Further evidence suggests a gene order on the X long arm of centromere-PGK-HPRT-G6PD.", "contents": "Human X-Linked genes regionally mapped utilizing X-autosome translocations and somatic cell hybrids. Human genes coding for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, EC 2.4.2.8; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, EC 1.1.1.49; D-glucose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase), and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK, EC 2.7.2.3; ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase) have been assigned to specific regions on the long arm of the X chromosome by somatic cell gentic techniques. Gene assignment and linear order were determined by employing human somatic cells possessing an X/9 translocation or an X/22 translocation in man-mouse cell hybridization studies. The X/9 translocation involved the majority of the X long arm translocated to chromosome 9 and the X/22 translocation involved the distal half of the X long arm translocated to 22. In each case these rearrangements appeared to be reciprocal. Concordant segregation of X-linked enzymes and segments of the X chromosome generated by the translocations indicated assignment of the PGK gene to a proximal long arm region (q12-q22) and the HPRT and G6PD genes to the distal half (q22-qter) of the X long arm. Further evidence suggests a gene order on the X long arm of centromere-PGK-HPRT-G6PD.", "PMID": 1056018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1712", "title": "Genetic variation as a test of natural selection.", "content": "Allozymic variation encoded by 26 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 507 specimens representing 12 populations of green toads, Bufo viridis, in Israel and the Vis Adriatic  Island. Genetic variation in Bufo viridis is higher than in any vertebrate yet studied. Mean heterozygosity per locus per individual (H) is 0.133 (range, 0.105 to 0.159). H is higher in central populations as compared with isolates, and varies among four major protein classes, being highest in transferases and hydrolases and lowest in oxidoreductases and nonenzymatic proteins. Differential gene frequencies among polymorphisms was tested as an indicator of natural selection. Significant heterogeneity between loci in their apparent inbreeding coefficients Fe=S-2p/P(1-p) was found for all alleles and for each of the four major classes of proteins tested, which may be taken as evidence of selection. Both uniform and diversifying selection are suggested by the low and high Fe values, respectively. The general pattern of high heterozygosity in Bufo viridis is best explained as an adaptive strategy in heterogeneous environments.", "contents": "Genetic variation as a test of natural selection. Allozymic variation encoded by 26 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 507 specimens representing 12 populations of green toads, Bufo viridis, in Israel and the Vis Adriatic  Island. Genetic variation in Bufo viridis is higher than in any vertebrate yet studied. Mean heterozygosity per locus per individual (H) is 0.133 (range, 0.105 to 0.159). H is higher in central populations as compared with isolates, and varies among four major protein classes, being highest in transferases and hydrolases and lowest in oxidoreductases and nonenzymatic proteins. Differential gene frequencies among polymorphisms was tested as an indicator of natural selection. Significant heterogeneity between loci in their apparent inbreeding coefficients Fe=S-2p/P(1-p) was found for all alleles and for each of the four major classes of proteins tested, which may be taken as evidence of selection. Both uniform and diversifying selection are suggested by the low and high Fe values, respectively. The general pattern of high heterozygosity in Bufo viridis is best explained as an adaptive strategy in heterogeneous environments.", "PMID": 1056019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1713", "title": "Tertiary structure of myohemerythrin at low resolution.", "content": "X-ray diffraction studies have produced a low resolution image and also located the iron atoms of a monomeric hemerythrin from muscles of a sipunculan worm. These results reveal the course of the polypeptide chain and some details of the active center.", "contents": "Tertiary structure of myohemerythrin at low resolution. X-ray diffraction studies have produced a low resolution image and also located the iron atoms of a monomeric hemerythrin from muscles of a sipunculan worm. These results reveal the course of the polypeptide chain and some details of the active center.", "PMID": 1056020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1714", "title": "Mouse SmI cortex: qualitative and quantitative classification of golgi-impregnated barrel neurons.", "content": "The neurons in layer IV of the mouse somatosensory cortex are arranged in a remarkably consistent pattern of multicellular cytoarchitectonic units called \"barrels.\" Each barrel is known to be related, in a one to one manner, to a contralateral whisker or vibrissa on the animal's face. In this study we have examined Golgi-impregnated neurons that comprise the \"barrels.\" Several criteria, some being quantitative measures of dendritic arbors and somal sizes which were obtained with a computer-microscope system, suggest that all barrel neurons can be placed in two classes, the members of which are present in approximately equal numbers. The cells in the two classes can be further subdivided on the basis of the relationship of their processes to the barrels: 85% of them have processes restricted to a single barrel; 15% of them distribute their processes to two or more barrels. From these observations it is possible to suggest that a majority of neurons comprising the barrels would respond initially to movements of only one whisker while the remainder would respond to movements of two or more whiskers. In addition it has been shown that the quantitation of neuronal structure can provide a numerical basis for the classification of neurons in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Mouse SmI cortex: qualitative and quantitative classification of golgi-impregnated barrel neurons. The neurons in layer IV of the mouse somatosensory cortex are arranged in a remarkably consistent pattern of multicellular cytoarchitectonic units called \"barrels.\" Each barrel is known to be related, in a one to one manner, to a contralateral whisker or vibrissa on the animal's face. In this study we have examined Golgi-impregnated neurons that comprise the \"barrels.\" Several criteria, some being quantitative measures of dendritic arbors and somal sizes which were obtained with a computer-microscope system, suggest that all barrel neurons can be placed in two classes, the members of which are present in approximately equal numbers. The cells in the two classes can be further subdivided on the basis of the relationship of their processes to the barrels: 85% of them have processes restricted to a single barrel; 15% of them distribute their processes to two or more barrels. From these observations it is possible to suggest that a majority of neurons comprising the barrels would respond initially to movements of only one whisker while the remainder would respond to movements of two or more whiskers. In addition it has been shown that the quantitation of neuronal structure can provide a numerical basis for the classification of neurons in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1056021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1715", "title": "Alamethicin-mediated fusion of lecithin vesicles.", "content": "It was recently shown that alamethicin greatly facilitates the fusion of small, sonicated, lecithin bilayer vesicles. In the present work the details of this fusion process have been followed by monitoring the inner and outer choline methyl signals separately by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It is shown that during the alamethicine-induced fusion some of the antibiotic molecules become translocated from the extravesicular aqueous medium into the enclosed intravesicular space, and these alamethicine molecules were found to affect the choline methyl signals from the inner half of the bilayer only. No evidence was obtained for transmembrane coupling of the two halves of the bilayer in the presence of alamethicin or for any effects that might be construed as due to incorporation of alamethicin molecules into the hydrophobic core of the bilayer.", "contents": "Alamethicin-mediated fusion of lecithin vesicles. It was recently shown that alamethicin greatly facilitates the fusion of small, sonicated, lecithin bilayer vesicles. In the present work the details of this fusion process have been followed by monitoring the inner and outer choline methyl signals separately by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It is shown that during the alamethicine-induced fusion some of the antibiotic molecules become translocated from the extravesicular aqueous medium into the enclosed intravesicular space, and these alamethicine molecules were found to affect the choline methyl signals from the inner half of the bilayer only. No evidence was obtained for transmembrane coupling of the two halves of the bilayer in the presence of alamethicin or for any effects that might be construed as due to incorporation of alamethicin molecules into the hydrophobic core of the bilayer.", "PMID": 1056022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1716", "title": "Thylakoid membrane polypeptides of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: wild-type and mutant strains deficient in photosystem II reaction center.", "content": "Unstacked thylakoid membrane vesicles were obtained from a homogenate of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by flotation in a 1.8 M sucrose layer containing 5 mM HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid)-10 mM EDTA (pH 7.5). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gradient gel electrophoresis showed that the wildtype membranes have a total of at least 33 polypeptides ranging in molecular weights from 68,000 to less than 10,000. The wild-type and three non-photosynthetic mutant strains were studied with respect to their photosynthetic electron transport properties, their fluorescence rise kinetics, and their membrane polypeptide compositions. The results showed a strong correlation between the presence of a membrane polypeptide (molecular weight = 47,000) and the activity of the photosystem II reaction center. This polypeptide is missing from F34 (a mendelian mutant lacking Q, the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II), but is partially restored in a suppressed strain of F34 in which there is an incomplete recovery of photosystem II activity. In a thermosensitive mutant, T4, the same polypeptide is present in reduced amount only in cells grown at 35 degrees but not in those grown at 25 degrees. Evidence from fluorescence rise kinetics and partial photochemical reactions show that the cells grown at 25 degree are similar to wild-type cells but the cells grown at 35 degrees are greatly deficient in Q.", "contents": "Thylakoid membrane polypeptides of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: wild-type and mutant strains deficient in photosystem II reaction center. Unstacked thylakoid membrane vesicles were obtained from a homogenate of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by flotation in a 1.8 M sucrose layer containing 5 mM HEPES (N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N-2-ethanesulfonic acid)-10 mM EDTA (pH 7.5). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gradient gel electrophoresis showed that the wildtype membranes have a total of at least 33 polypeptides ranging in molecular weights from 68,000 to less than 10,000. The wild-type and three non-photosynthetic mutant strains were studied with respect to their photosynthetic electron transport properties, their fluorescence rise kinetics, and their membrane polypeptide compositions. The results showed a strong correlation between the presence of a membrane polypeptide (molecular weight = 47,000) and the activity of the photosystem II reaction center. This polypeptide is missing from F34 (a mendelian mutant lacking Q, the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II), but is partially restored in a suppressed strain of F34 in which there is an incomplete recovery of photosystem II activity. In a thermosensitive mutant, T4, the same polypeptide is present in reduced amount only in cells grown at 35 degrees but not in those grown at 25 degrees. Evidence from fluorescence rise kinetics and partial photochemical reactions show that the cells grown at 25 degree are similar to wild-type cells but the cells grown at 35 degrees are greatly deficient in Q.", "PMID": 1056023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1717", "title": "Enzymes as reagents in peptide synthesis: enzymatic removal of amine protecting groups.", "content": "A model system is described for the enzymatic deprotection of suitably masked amino groups during stepwise peptide synthesis. Nitrophenyl esters of amino acids, N-protected with trypsin-labile benzyloxycarbonylarginyl groups, were prepared as crystalline, analytically pure picrate salts in a standardized procedure. These intermediates were shown to react with amino compounds to form the expected peptide linkages. A pair of diasteriomeric peptides prepared in this way and featuring benzyloxycarbonylarginyl-L-, AND -D-glutaminyl sequences, respectively, were subjected to tryptic digestion. In both cases, a specific cleavage of the arginyl bond was achieved; however, the peptide containing the L-glutaminyl residue was deprotected much more rapidly than its diasteriomer containing the D-glutaminyl residue. The hydrolysis of the former isomer was not noticeably impeded by the presence of the latter. The results of these studies suggest that C-activated amino-acid derivatives, N-protected with trypsin-labile groups, are readily prepared in convenient form and that the peptide derivatives prepared from these intermediates are readily freed of their amino-protecting groups under mild, aqueous conditions with a potentially useful degree of stereospecificity. Theoretical implications of this first enzyme-catalyzed step in the repetitive cycle of peptide elaboration are discussed along with the procedural advantages implicit in the alternation of strongly and weakly basic groups in the protected and unprotected peptide intermediates, respectively.", "contents": "Enzymes as reagents in peptide synthesis: enzymatic removal of amine protecting groups. A model system is described for the enzymatic deprotection of suitably masked amino groups during stepwise peptide synthesis. Nitrophenyl esters of amino acids, N-protected with trypsin-labile benzyloxycarbonylarginyl groups, were prepared as crystalline, analytically pure picrate salts in a standardized procedure. These intermediates were shown to react with amino compounds to form the expected peptide linkages. A pair of diasteriomeric peptides prepared in this way and featuring benzyloxycarbonylarginyl-L-, AND -D-glutaminyl sequences, respectively, were subjected to tryptic digestion. In both cases, a specific cleavage of the arginyl bond was achieved; however, the peptide containing the L-glutaminyl residue was deprotected much more rapidly than its diasteriomer containing the D-glutaminyl residue. The hydrolysis of the former isomer was not noticeably impeded by the presence of the latter. The results of these studies suggest that C-activated amino-acid derivatives, N-protected with trypsin-labile groups, are readily prepared in convenient form and that the peptide derivatives prepared from these intermediates are readily freed of their amino-protecting groups under mild, aqueous conditions with a potentially useful degree of stereospecificity. Theoretical implications of this first enzyme-catalyzed step in the repetitive cycle of peptide elaboration are discussed along with the procedural advantages implicit in the alternation of strongly and weakly basic groups in the protected and unprotected peptide intermediates, respectively.", "PMID": 1056024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1718", "title": "Formation of bone marrow in fibroblast-transformation ossicles.", "content": "The genesis of hemopoietic bone marrow was studied in matrix-induced transformation plaques and ossicles in subcutaneous spaces of thorax and abdomen of rat. With the advent of blood vessels in the plaque on day 9, there began a rapid and radical conglomerate shift, cartilaginous to osseous, which was nearly total in 72 hr. Incorporation of 59-Fe into heme provided a sensitive quantitative assay for hemopoiesis. On day 12 the first colonies of hemopoietic cells were observed. These developed adjacent to cavernous sinuses which had formed to fill the void left by chondrolysis. Total occupation of the ossicle with hemopoietic marrow was found on days 23-28. The thoracic region was favorable for the formation of hemopoietic marrow, whereas lower abdominal sites were disadvantageous.", "contents": "Formation of bone marrow in fibroblast-transformation ossicles. The genesis of hemopoietic bone marrow was studied in matrix-induced transformation plaques and ossicles in subcutaneous spaces of thorax and abdomen of rat. With the advent of blood vessels in the plaque on day 9, there began a rapid and radical conglomerate shift, cartilaginous to osseous, which was nearly total in 72 hr. Incorporation of 59-Fe into heme provided a sensitive quantitative assay for hemopoiesis. On day 12 the first colonies of hemopoietic cells were observed. These developed adjacent to cavernous sinuses which had formed to fill the void left by chondrolysis. Total occupation of the ossicle with hemopoietic marrow was found on days 23-28. The thoracic region was favorable for the formation of hemopoietic marrow, whereas lower abdominal sites were disadvantageous.", "PMID": 1056025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1719", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of living tunicate blood cells and the structure of the native vanadium chromogen.", "content": "The 1-H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of living tunicate blood cells was examined in an attempt to develop a biophysical assay for the native vanadium chromogen. The living cell spectrum was found to exhibit a broad 21 ppm downfield Gaussian signal which, however, disappears immediately upon cell disruption. Examination of the properties of this extremely low field signal revealed that it corresponds to a labile vanadium (III) aquo complex contained in the cell vacuoles, that vanadium(III) concentrations are rigidly regulated within these vacuoles, and that artifact formation does occur in the hemolysate. The living cell spectrum also indicates the number of ligand-bound vanadium(III) coordination sites in the native blood pigment. Results are discussed relation to the possible functions of the vandium chromogen.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of living tunicate blood cells and the structure of the native vanadium chromogen. The 1-H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of living tunicate blood cells was examined in an attempt to develop a biophysical assay for the native vanadium chromogen. The living cell spectrum was found to exhibit a broad 21 ppm downfield Gaussian signal which, however, disappears immediately upon cell disruption. Examination of the properties of this extremely low field signal revealed that it corresponds to a labile vanadium (III) aquo complex contained in the cell vacuoles, that vanadium(III) concentrations are rigidly regulated within these vacuoles, and that artifact formation does occur in the hemolysate. The living cell spectrum also indicates the number of ligand-bound vanadium(III) coordination sites in the native blood pigment. Results are discussed relation to the possible functions of the vandium chromogen.", "PMID": 1056026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1720", "title": "Natural selection and the evolution of reproductive effort.", "content": "Reproductive effort is defined as that proportion of the total energy budget of an organism that is devoted to reproductive processes. Reproductive effort at a given age within a species will be selected to maximize reproductive value at that age. Reproductive effort is not directly affected by changes in juvenile survivorship, nor necessarily reduced by an increase in adult survivorship. Selection for high levels of reproductive effort should occur when extrinsic adult mortality is high, in environments with constant juvenile survivorship, and in good years for juvenile survivorship in a variable environment, provided that the quality of the year is predictable by adults. Data necessary to measure reproductive effort and to understand how selection results in different levels of effort between individuals and species are discussed. We make several predictions about the effect of increased resource availability on reproductive effort. The empirical bases for testing these predictions are presently inadequate, and we consider data on energy budgets of organisms in nature to be essential for such test. We also conclude that variance in life table parameters must be known in detail to understand the selective bases of levels of reproductive effort.", "contents": "Natural selection and the evolution of reproductive effort. Reproductive effort is defined as that proportion of the total energy budget of an organism that is devoted to reproductive processes. Reproductive effort at a given age within a species will be selected to maximize reproductive value at that age. Reproductive effort is not directly affected by changes in juvenile survivorship, nor necessarily reduced by an increase in adult survivorship. Selection for high levels of reproductive effort should occur when extrinsic adult mortality is high, in environments with constant juvenile survivorship, and in good years for juvenile survivorship in a variable environment, provided that the quality of the year is predictable by adults. Data necessary to measure reproductive effort and to understand how selection results in different levels of effort between individuals and species are discussed. We make several predictions about the effect of increased resource availability on reproductive effort. The empirical bases for testing these predictions are presently inadequate, and we consider data on energy budgets of organisms in nature to be essential for such test. We also conclude that variance in life table parameters must be known in detail to understand the selective bases of levels of reproductive effort.", "PMID": 1056027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1721", "title": "Genetic analysis of the cell surface: association of human chromosome 5 with sensitivity to diphtheria toxin in mouse-human somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by catalyzing inactivation of elongation factor 2. The 10,000-fold greater sensitivity in vitro to diphtheria toxin of human cells as compared to mouse cells seems to be attributable to a difference at the level of the cell membrane. Mouse-human cell hybrids are as sensitive to diphtheria toxin as human cells. We have shown that the sensitivity of the hybrid cells is due to a gene or genes located on human chromosome 5. Mouse-human hybrid cells in which chromosome 5 is present are as sensitive to the toxin as human cells, which hybrids without chromosome 5 are as resistant as mouse cells. Entry of toxin into cells seems to be a two-step process involvin, (1) binding of toxin to the cell surface and (2) endocytotic uptake of toxin. The difference in sensitivity between human and mouse cells and between hybrid cells with and without chromosome 5 does not appear to be due to a difference in endocytotic activity and may be due to presence or absence of toxin-specific receptor.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of the cell surface: association of human chromosome 5 with sensitivity to diphtheria toxin in mouse-human somatic cell hybrids. Diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells by catalyzing inactivation of elongation factor 2. The 10,000-fold greater sensitivity in vitro to diphtheria toxin of human cells as compared to mouse cells seems to be attributable to a difference at the level of the cell membrane. Mouse-human cell hybrids are as sensitive to diphtheria toxin as human cells. We have shown that the sensitivity of the hybrid cells is due to a gene or genes located on human chromosome 5. Mouse-human hybrid cells in which chromosome 5 is present are as sensitive to the toxin as human cells, which hybrids without chromosome 5 are as resistant as mouse cells. Entry of toxin into cells seems to be a two-step process involvin, (1) binding of toxin to the cell surface and (2) endocytotic uptake of toxin. The difference in sensitivity between human and mouse cells and between hybrid cells with and without chromosome 5 does not appear to be due to a difference in endocytotic activity and may be due to presence or absence of toxin-specific receptor.", "PMID": 1056028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1722", "title": "Language boundaries and biological differentiation of Bougainville: multivariate analysis of variance.", "content": "Blood genetic and antropometric data on Melanesians from Bougainville, Papus New Guinea, are analyzed by random-effects analysis of variance to partition the observed variation into components for the individuals, village, and language group level. Both clinial and unpatterned group differences exist. The differences between language groups appear to be substantial, even when the results are corrected for clinal effects. The amounts of variation of each level correspond roughly to a similar analysis of heterozygosity in blood polymorphisms. Observed current migration figures suggest that language and village constitute a 2-fold hierarchical subdivision of the breeding system, and this analysis shows probable random drift effects between groups at both the village and language level. Both language and genetic constitution of these villages are the result of differentiation in place.", "contents": "Language boundaries and biological differentiation of Bougainville: multivariate analysis of variance. Blood genetic and antropometric data on Melanesians from Bougainville, Papus New Guinea, are analyzed by random-effects analysis of variance to partition the observed variation into components for the individuals, village, and language group level. Both clinial and unpatterned group differences exist. The differences between language groups appear to be substantial, even when the results are corrected for clinal effects. The amounts of variation of each level correspond roughly to a similar analysis of heterozygosity in blood polymorphisms. Observed current migration figures suggest that language and village constitute a 2-fold hierarchical subdivision of the breeding system, and this analysis shows probable random drift effects between groups at both the village and language level. Both language and genetic constitution of these villages are the result of differentiation in place.", "PMID": 1056029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1723", "title": "Early effect of interferon on mouse leukemia cells cultivated in a chemostat.", "content": "Mouse interferon preparations inhibited the multiplication of mouse leukemia L 1210 cells cultivated under steady-state conditions in a chemostat. The use of this sensitive and controlled system led to the detection of a rapid inhibition in the incorporation of (3-H)thymidine into cellular acid-precipitable material 2 hr after the addition of interferon, whereas an effect on cell multiplication was not detected until 22 hr later. Interferon exerted only a transitory effect on the incorporation of (3-H)uridine into acid-precipitable material and no effect on the incorporation of 14-C-amino acids into cellular protein. It is suggested that the chemostat offers many advantages for the investigation of those physiologic factors or chemotherapeutic substances that modify cell division.", "contents": "Early effect of interferon on mouse leukemia cells cultivated in a chemostat. Mouse interferon preparations inhibited the multiplication of mouse leukemia L 1210 cells cultivated under steady-state conditions in a chemostat. The use of this sensitive and controlled system led to the detection of a rapid inhibition in the incorporation of (3-H)thymidine into cellular acid-precipitable material 2 hr after the addition of interferon, whereas an effect on cell multiplication was not detected until 22 hr later. Interferon exerted only a transitory effect on the incorporation of (3-H)uridine into acid-precipitable material and no effect on the incorporation of 14-C-amino acids into cellular protein. It is suggested that the chemostat offers many advantages for the investigation of those physiologic factors or chemotherapeutic substances that modify cell division.", "PMID": 1056030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1724", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis at the translational level in neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Protein synthesis in reuroblastoma cells has been studied in a cell-free system. The activity of lysates from cells grown insuspension and monolayer has been compared. A higher level of activity has been found in monolayer cells. The activity of some components of the lysate that are involved in protein synthesis has been analyzed. The data suggest that the controlling step of protein synthesis in this system might be in the initiation process. The correlation between activation of protein synthesis and neurite outgrowth in monolayer cultures is discussed.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis at the translational level in neuroblastoma cells. Protein synthesis in reuroblastoma cells has been studied in a cell-free system. The activity of lysates from cells grown insuspension and monolayer has been compared. A higher level of activity has been found in monolayer cells. The activity of some components of the lysate that are involved in protein synthesis has been analyzed. The data suggest that the controlling step of protein synthesis in this system might be in the initiation process. The correlation between activation of protein synthesis and neurite outgrowth in monolayer cultures is discussed.", "PMID": 1056031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1725", "title": "On the prokaryotic nature of red algal chloroplasts.", "content": "The sequences of oligonucleotides released by T1 ribonuclease digestion of 32-P-labeled 16S (chloroplast) and 18S (cytoplasmic) ribosomal RNAs from a marine species of Porphyridium (Rhodophyta) have been determined. The resultant catalogs have been compared to those obtained for three prokaryotes:Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Anacystis nidulans (a blud-green alga). There is extensive sequence homology between the Porphyridium chloroplast 16S ribosomal RNA and each of the prokaryotic 16S ribosomal RNAs, but little homology between the Porphyridium cytoplasmic 18S ribosomal RNA and any of the 16S species. These data provide a measure of the evolutionary distance separating existing chloroplasts from contemporary bacteria and blue-green algae, and are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that these organelles evolved from endosymbiotic photosynthetic prokaryotes.", "contents": "On the prokaryotic nature of red algal chloroplasts. The sequences of oligonucleotides released by T1 ribonuclease digestion of 32-P-labeled 16S (chloroplast) and 18S (cytoplasmic) ribosomal RNAs from a marine species of Porphyridium (Rhodophyta) have been determined. The resultant catalogs have been compared to those obtained for three prokaryotes:Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Anacystis nidulans (a blud-green alga). There is extensive sequence homology between the Porphyridium chloroplast 16S ribosomal RNA and each of the prokaryotic 16S ribosomal RNAs, but little homology between the Porphyridium cytoplasmic 18S ribosomal RNA and any of the 16S species. These data provide a measure of the evolutionary distance separating existing chloroplasts from contemporary bacteria and blue-green algae, and are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that these organelles evolved from endosymbiotic photosynthetic prokaryotes.", "PMID": 1056032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1726", "title": "X-ray absorption spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation for structural investigation of organometallic molecules of biological interest.", "content": "The technique of x-ray absorption spectroscopy using tuneable, very intense x-rays from a high energy electron storage ring has been applied to study of the estended x-ray absorption fine structure for Cu and Ni tetraphenylporphyrin and methemoglobin. Preliminary analysis shows that the spectra may be interpreted as a super-position of modulations arising from the nearest neighbor nitrogen and pyrrole alpha-carbon coordination sheels of the metal atoms. We estimate that with the observed magnitude of noise to modulation amplitude, relative shifts of 0,5% in the metal-nitrogen to metal-carbon bond distances in the prophyrins should be observable using extended x-ray absorption fine structure and that this technique may provide a method of observing these types of structural changes in solution.", "contents": "X-ray absorption spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation for structural investigation of organometallic molecules of biological interest. The technique of x-ray absorption spectroscopy using tuneable, very intense x-rays from a high energy electron storage ring has been applied to study of the estended x-ray absorption fine structure for Cu and Ni tetraphenylporphyrin and methemoglobin. Preliminary analysis shows that the spectra may be interpreted as a super-position of modulations arising from the nearest neighbor nitrogen and pyrrole alpha-carbon coordination sheels of the metal atoms. We estimate that with the observed magnitude of noise to modulation amplitude, relative shifts of 0,5% in the metal-nitrogen to metal-carbon bond distances in the prophyrins should be observable using extended x-ray absorption fine structure and that this technique may provide a method of observing these types of structural changes in solution.", "PMID": 1056033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1727", "title": "Isolation of rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors by means of heparin bound to sepharose.", "content": "Passage of cell-free extracts of rabbit reticulocytes through heparin-Sepharose affinity columns results in the loss of the ability of the effluent to initiate protein synthesis. This is shown by the loss of response to added rabbit globin mRNA or to inhibitors of initiation of protein synthesis, such as heparin and aurin tricarboxylic acid, and by recovery of initiation activity by addition of protein retained and subsequently eluted from the columns. The effluent retains, however, the ability to elongate protein chains. Only 0.8% of the applied cell extract protein binds to heparin-Sepharose columns. This bound protein, which can be recovered by increasing the salt concentration of the eluting buffer, has initiation factor activity equal to that of a crude initiation factor preparation obtained from rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes by extraction with 0.5 M KCl. The protein patterns on polyacrylamide gels of the initiation factors prepared by either method are very similar and indicate a protein mixture, which may represent a complex. These data confirm that heparin interacts specifically with initiation factos, and indicate that heparin-Sepharose chromatography will simplify procedures for the preparation of initiation factors.", "contents": "Isolation of rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors by means of heparin bound to sepharose. Passage of cell-free extracts of rabbit reticulocytes through heparin-Sepharose affinity columns results in the loss of the ability of the effluent to initiate protein synthesis. This is shown by the loss of response to added rabbit globin mRNA or to inhibitors of initiation of protein synthesis, such as heparin and aurin tricarboxylic acid, and by recovery of initiation activity by addition of protein retained and subsequently eluted from the columns. The effluent retains, however, the ability to elongate protein chains. Only 0.8% of the applied cell extract protein binds to heparin-Sepharose columns. This bound protein, which can be recovered by increasing the salt concentration of the eluting buffer, has initiation factor activity equal to that of a crude initiation factor preparation obtained from rabbit reticulocyte ribosomes by extraction with 0.5 M KCl. The protein patterns on polyacrylamide gels of the initiation factors prepared by either method are very similar and indicate a protein mixture, which may represent a complex. These data confirm that heparin interacts specifically with initiation factos, and indicate that heparin-Sepharose chromatography will simplify procedures for the preparation of initiation factors.", "PMID": 1056034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1728", "title": "Effect of chromosomal proteins extractable with low concentrations of NaCl on chromatin structure of resting and proliferating cells.", "content": "When quiescent WI-38 cells are stimulated to proliferate by nutritional changes, the chromatin of stimulated cells shows an increased ellipticity in circular dichroism spectra and an increased ability to bind ethidium bromide. The differences between the chromatins of quiescent and stimulated cells are abolished if both chromatins are treated with 0.25 M NaCl. However, when salt-treated chromatins are reconstituted by dialysis agains 10 mM Tris-HCl, the difference in circular dichroism spectra and ethidium bromide binding re-appear. Furthermore, addition of the 0.25 M NaCl extract from chromatin of stimulated cells to chromatin of quiescent cells causes an increased ellipticity in circular dichroism spectra similar to that of stimulated chromatin. Since only proteins (mostly nonhistones) are detectable in the 0.25 M NaCl extract, these results strongly suggest that the chromosomal proteins extractable with low concentrations of salt are responsible for the functional and structural changes occurring in chromatin of WI-38 cells stimulated to proliferate.", "contents": "Effect of chromosomal proteins extractable with low concentrations of NaCl on chromatin structure of resting and proliferating cells. When quiescent WI-38 cells are stimulated to proliferate by nutritional changes, the chromatin of stimulated cells shows an increased ellipticity in circular dichroism spectra and an increased ability to bind ethidium bromide. The differences between the chromatins of quiescent and stimulated cells are abolished if both chromatins are treated with 0.25 M NaCl. However, when salt-treated chromatins are reconstituted by dialysis agains 10 mM Tris-HCl, the difference in circular dichroism spectra and ethidium bromide binding re-appear. Furthermore, addition of the 0.25 M NaCl extract from chromatin of stimulated cells to chromatin of quiescent cells causes an increased ellipticity in circular dichroism spectra similar to that of stimulated chromatin. Since only proteins (mostly nonhistones) are detectable in the 0.25 M NaCl extract, these results strongly suggest that the chromosomal proteins extractable with low concentrations of salt are responsible for the functional and structural changes occurring in chromatin of WI-38 cells stimulated to proliferate.", "PMID": 1056035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1729", "title": "Kinetics of opiate receptor inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents: evidence for conformational change in presence of sodium ions.", "content": "The role of SH groups in opiate-receptor interactions has been further examined. In activation by N-ethylmaleimide of sterospecific opiate binding by rat brain membrane fractions follows pseudo-first order kinetics and exhibits strong temperature dependence. The kinetics indicate that alkylation of a single SH group suffices to block opiate binding. Considerable protection from SH group inactivation is observed when treatment with N-ethylmaleimide is carried out in the presence of an opiate or an antagonist, suggesting close proximity of the SH group to the opiate binding site. The rate of inactivation of receptor binding by N-ethylmaleimide is markedly slower in buffers containing 100 mM NaCl (t1/2 equals 30 plus or minus 1.4 min) than in sodium-free buffers (t1/2 equals 10 plus or minus 1.0 min). Since the rate of alkylation of model SH compounds is unaffected by sodium ions, this protection seems best explained by a conformational change in the receptors that renders the SH groups less accessible to alkylation. The rate of inactivation is not affected by K+, Rb+, or Cs+ and only slightly by Li+. This cation specificity as well as the concentration-response to Na+ are remarkably similar to those previously shown to lead to increased antagonist and decreased agonist binding. We suggest that the same conformational change is involved in the two phenomena.", "contents": "Kinetics of opiate receptor inactivation by sulfhydryl reagents: evidence for conformational change in presence of sodium ions. The role of SH groups in opiate-receptor interactions has been further examined. In activation by N-ethylmaleimide of sterospecific opiate binding by rat brain membrane fractions follows pseudo-first order kinetics and exhibits strong temperature dependence. The kinetics indicate that alkylation of a single SH group suffices to block opiate binding. Considerable protection from SH group inactivation is observed when treatment with N-ethylmaleimide is carried out in the presence of an opiate or an antagonist, suggesting close proximity of the SH group to the opiate binding site. The rate of inactivation of receptor binding by N-ethylmaleimide is markedly slower in buffers containing 100 mM NaCl (t1/2 equals 30 plus or minus 1.4 min) than in sodium-free buffers (t1/2 equals 10 plus or minus 1.0 min). Since the rate of alkylation of model SH compounds is unaffected by sodium ions, this protection seems best explained by a conformational change in the receptors that renders the SH groups less accessible to alkylation. The rate of inactivation is not affected by K+, Rb+, or Cs+ and only slightly by Li+. This cation specificity as well as the concentration-response to Na+ are remarkably similar to those previously shown to lead to increased antagonist and decreased agonist binding. We suggest that the same conformational change is involved in the two phenomena.", "PMID": 1056036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1730", "title": "Membrane difference in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of 21 normal persons and 66 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), CLL in remission, Hodgkin's disease, Hodgkin's disease in remission, various other tumors, or cardiovascular diseases; The lymphocytes were studied for cap formation and agglutinability by concanavalin A, and for cell attachment to the surface of a petri dish. The frequency of cap formation was lowest in lymphocytes from patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease (2.1 plus or minus 0.8%), next lowest in lymphocytes from patients with CLL who were or were not under treatment (7,0 plus or minus 1;3%), and also low in Hodgkin's disease in remission (10.6 plus or minus 1.2%). The frequencies of cap formation by lymphocytes from patients with various other tumors (19.1 plus or minus 2.5%), with CLL in remission (24.0 plus or minus 0.9%), and with nonmalignant diseases (26.0 plus or minus 2.2%) were more similar to the frequency found in lymphocytes from normal persons (29.4 plus or minus 2.8%). Lymphocytes from all the patients, including those in remission, showed a higher degree of agglutinability by concanavalin A than lymphocytes from normal persons. Cell attachment to a petri dish was highest with CLL, next highest with CLL in remission, and low for normal persons and all the other patients. Lymphocytes from normal persons that consisted predominantly of thymus-derived cells gave similar results to isolated normal bone marrow-derived cells. The results indicate that there were different changes in the surface membrane of lymphocytes from patients with CLL, CLL in remission, Hodgkin's disease, and Hodgkin's disease in remission, and that the patients in clinical remission still showed abnormalities in their lymphocytes.", "contents": "Membrane difference in peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of 21 normal persons and 66 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), CLL in remission, Hodgkin's disease, Hodgkin's disease in remission, various other tumors, or cardiovascular diseases; The lymphocytes were studied for cap formation and agglutinability by concanavalin A, and for cell attachment to the surface of a petri dish. The frequency of cap formation was lowest in lymphocytes from patients with untreated Hodgkin's disease (2.1 plus or minus 0.8%), next lowest in lymphocytes from patients with CLL who were or were not under treatment (7,0 plus or minus 1;3%), and also low in Hodgkin's disease in remission (10.6 plus or minus 1.2%). The frequencies of cap formation by lymphocytes from patients with various other tumors (19.1 plus or minus 2.5%), with CLL in remission (24.0 plus or minus 0.9%), and with nonmalignant diseases (26.0 plus or minus 2.2%) were more similar to the frequency found in lymphocytes from normal persons (29.4 plus or minus 2.8%). Lymphocytes from all the patients, including those in remission, showed a higher degree of agglutinability by concanavalin A than lymphocytes from normal persons. Cell attachment to a petri dish was highest with CLL, next highest with CLL in remission, and low for normal persons and all the other patients. Lymphocytes from normal persons that consisted predominantly of thymus-derived cells gave similar results to isolated normal bone marrow-derived cells. The results indicate that there were different changes in the surface membrane of lymphocytes from patients with CLL, CLL in remission, Hodgkin's disease, and Hodgkin's disease in remission, and that the patients in clinical remission still showed abnormalities in their lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1056037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1731", "title": "Cytoplasmic control of nuclear DNA synthesis during early development of Xenopus laevis: a cell-free assay.", "content": "Nuclei isolated from nondividing cells were induced to synthesize DNA by incubation with cytoplasm from early embryos of Xenopus laevis. Numerous replication eyes were formed in the nuclear DNA molecules, and high levels of [3-H]dTTP were incorporated. With this assay a protein(s) which appears to initiate DNA synthesis was found at high levels in the cytoplasm of eggs, blastulae, or gastrulae, but only at low levels in the cytoplasm of oocytes, hatched embryos, or adult tissues.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic control of nuclear DNA synthesis during early development of Xenopus laevis: a cell-free assay. Nuclei isolated from nondividing cells were induced to synthesize DNA by incubation with cytoplasm from early embryos of Xenopus laevis. Numerous replication eyes were formed in the nuclear DNA molecules, and high levels of [3-H]dTTP were incorporated. With this assay a protein(s) which appears to initiate DNA synthesis was found at high levels in the cytoplasm of eggs, blastulae, or gastrulae, but only at low levels in the cytoplasm of oocytes, hatched embryos, or adult tissues.", "PMID": 1056038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1732", "title": "Caries reduction 1.5 years after application of a fissure sealant as related to dietary habits.", "content": "Findings 1.5 years after the application of the sealant revealed that among the 200 sealed permanent first molars, 2.5% of the sealants were lost or partly missing, while 95% of the sealants remained in good condition. During the test period, 7 of the 200 sealed permanent fissures had become carious, while 64 of the respective control fissures had decayed. The percentage effectiveness of the prevention by the present method was 85%. Four out of five molars that had lost the sealants became carious, but of the 190 molars having sealants in good condition, only three were diagnosed as carious. All teeth reported as contaminated with saliva at the sealing session had lost the material. No correlation could be found between the type of food eaten or oral hygiene habits of the subjects and the retention of the sealants.", "contents": "Caries reduction 1.5 years after application of a fissure sealant as related to dietary habits. Findings 1.5 years after the application of the sealant revealed that among the 200 sealed permanent first molars, 2.5% of the sealants were lost or partly missing, while 95% of the sealants remained in good condition. During the test period, 7 of the 200 sealed permanent fissures had become carious, while 64 of the respective control fissures had decayed. The percentage effectiveness of the prevention by the present method was 85%. Four out of five molars that had lost the sealants became carious, but of the 190 molars having sealants in good condition, only three were diagnosed as carious. All teeth reported as contaminated with saliva at the sealing session had lost the material. No correlation could be found between the type of food eaten or oral hygiene habits of the subjects and the retention of the sealants.", "PMID": 1056077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1733", "title": "Contralateral symmetry of acid etched enamel surfaces.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of phosphoric acid etched labial enamel surfaces of human permanent incisors and canines showed that the etch pattern, including the depth of the etched relief, may vary significantly from tooth to tooth and between different areas of the same tooth. On the other hand, pairs of contralateral teeth showed a very similar etch pattern symmetrically along the midline. No difference in the pattern could be found in enamel etched with three different orthophosphoric acids: 50% with 7% ZnO, 37%, and 35%. Therefore, when comparing the depth of penetration of different cold-curing restorative resins, composite or non-composite, into the etched enamel relief, it seems appropriate to study these materials two-by-two on pairs of contralateral teeth.", "contents": "Contralateral symmetry of acid etched enamel surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of phosphoric acid etched labial enamel surfaces of human permanent incisors and canines showed that the etch pattern, including the depth of the etched relief, may vary significantly from tooth to tooth and between different areas of the same tooth. On the other hand, pairs of contralateral teeth showed a very similar etch pattern symmetrically along the midline. No difference in the pattern could be found in enamel etched with three different orthophosphoric acids: 50% with 7% ZnO, 37%, and 35%. Therefore, when comparing the depth of penetration of different cold-curing restorative resins, composite or non-composite, into the etched enamel relief, it seems appropriate to study these materials two-by-two on pairs of contralateral teeth.", "PMID": 1056078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1734", "title": "Adaptation of resinous restorative materials to acid etched enamel surfaces.", "content": "The purpose of this paper was to study by means of scanning electron (SEM) and optical microscopy the adaptation of the low-viscous non-composite. Nuva-Seal and of the three high-viscous composite restorative materials Adaptic, Compocap and Concise to phosphoric acid etched enamel surfaces from symmetric areas of pairs of contralateral human permanent anterior teeth. The SEM study demonstrated that the two types of material equally well reproduce the details of the enamel surface; the light microscopic observations showed that the length and shape of resin tags in the enamel surface are independent of the materials examined. The observations seem to allow the conclusion that bonding of composite restorative resins to phosphoric acid etched enamel surfaces is not conditioned by the employment of an intermediate film of a low-viscous non-composite resin.", "contents": "Adaptation of resinous restorative materials to acid etched enamel surfaces. The purpose of this paper was to study by means of scanning electron (SEM) and optical microscopy the adaptation of the low-viscous non-composite. Nuva-Seal and of the three high-viscous composite restorative materials Adaptic, Compocap and Concise to phosphoric acid etched enamel surfaces from symmetric areas of pairs of contralateral human permanent anterior teeth. The SEM study demonstrated that the two types of material equally well reproduce the details of the enamel surface; the light microscopic observations showed that the length and shape of resin tags in the enamel surface are independent of the materials examined. The observations seem to allow the conclusion that bonding of composite restorative resins to phosphoric acid etched enamel surfaces is not conditioned by the employment of an intermediate film of a low-viscous non-composite resin.", "PMID": 1056079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1735", "title": "One-hour compressive strength of dental amalgam.", "content": "The one-hour compressive strength of 22 commercially available dental amalgams has been measured. Large differences between different alloys were observed. It was recognized that an intermediate one-hour compressive strength is probably the most desirable in view of the other properties which are involved.", "contents": "One-hour compressive strength of dental amalgam. The one-hour compressive strength of 22 commercially available dental amalgams has been measured. Large differences between different alloys were observed. It was recognized that an intermediate one-hour compressive strength is probably the most desirable in view of the other properties which are involved.", "PMID": 1056080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1736", "title": "The location of zinc in dental silver amalgam.", "content": "The phases in amalgams prepared from alloys of varying zinc content and with varying alloy-to-mercury ratios have been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. By measuring lattice constants of the phases in these amalgams it has been established that the major part of the zinc is dissolved in the gamma1 phase.", "contents": "The location of zinc in dental silver amalgam. The phases in amalgams prepared from alloys of varying zinc content and with varying alloy-to-mercury ratios have been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. By measuring lattice constants of the phases in these amalgams it has been established that the major part of the zinc is dissolved in the gamma1 phase.", "PMID": 1056081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1737", "title": "Microscopic features of the lateral periodontal cyst.", "content": "The lateral periodontal cyst is of developmental odontogenic origin and must be differentiated from the gingival cyst of adults, a primordial cyst in a lateral periodontal position, and a cyst of inflammatory origin. This paper is based on a histologic study of five cases. Four were in the mandibular premolar region and one in the lateral incisor-canine region of the maxilla. The cysts are lined by a thin non-keratinized epithelium which resembles the reduced enamel epithelium. Many of them arecharacterized by the presence of localized plaque-like thickenings of their epithelial linings, consisting of fusiform or large swollen, edematous cells. These epithelial thickenings appear to result from a localized proiferation of basal cells. The lateral periodontal cyst may arise initially as a dentigerous cyst which develops by expansion of the follicle along the lateral surface of the crown and comes to lie on the lateral aspect of the root if tooth eruption is normal. Alternatively, it may arise from the cell rests of Malassez.", "contents": "Microscopic features of the lateral periodontal cyst. The lateral periodontal cyst is of developmental odontogenic origin and must be differentiated from the gingival cyst of adults, a primordial cyst in a lateral periodontal position, and a cyst of inflammatory origin. This paper is based on a histologic study of five cases. Four were in the mandibular premolar region and one in the lateral incisor-canine region of the maxilla. The cysts are lined by a thin non-keratinized epithelium which resembles the reduced enamel epithelium. Many of them arecharacterized by the presence of localized plaque-like thickenings of their epithelial linings, consisting of fusiform or large swollen, edematous cells. These epithelial thickenings appear to result from a localized proiferation of basal cells. The lateral periodontal cyst may arise initially as a dentigerous cyst which develops by expansion of the follicle along the lateral surface of the crown and comes to lie on the lateral aspect of the root if tooth eruption is normal. Alternatively, it may arise from the cell rests of Malassez.", "PMID": 1056082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1738", "title": "Enamel damages caused by contracting restorative resins.", "content": "Several observations have shown that contraction stresses in restorative resins bonded to the enamel of cavity walls readily broke the enamel surrounding the cavities. The forces studied were caused by polymerization contraction, thermal contraction or elastic hysteresis. The bonding was obtained mainly by etching the cavity walls by phosphoric acid.", "contents": "Enamel damages caused by contracting restorative resins. Several observations have shown that contraction stresses in restorative resins bonded to the enamel of cavity walls readily broke the enamel surrounding the cavities. The forces studied were caused by polymerization contraction, thermal contraction or elastic hysteresis. The bonding was obtained mainly by etching the cavity walls by phosphoric acid.", "PMID": 1056083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1739", "title": "A 3-year clinical follow-up study of pulpotomized primary molars treated with the formocresol technique.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the prognosis of primary molars treated with pulpotomy employing formocresol. The material consisted of 98 primary molars. The study included clinical and radiographic observations 3, 12, 24 and 36 months after treatment. The survival rate at the 3-month follow-up was 91%, whereas the rate was 83%, 78% and 70% - 12, 24 and 36 months respectively after the treatment. The results were computed according to the life table method.", "contents": "A 3-year clinical follow-up study of pulpotomized primary molars treated with the formocresol technique. The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the prognosis of primary molars treated with pulpotomy employing formocresol. The material consisted of 98 primary molars. The study included clinical and radiographic observations 3, 12, 24 and 36 months after treatment. The survival rate at the 3-month follow-up was 91%, whereas the rate was 83%, 78% and 70% - 12, 24 and 36 months respectively after the treatment. The results were computed according to the life table method.", "PMID": 1056084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1740", "title": "Pulp reactions in human teeth to tooth colored filling materials.", "content": "In each of 49 intact premolars from children between 9 and 15 years of age, one buccal and one lingual cavity were prepared. The 98 cavities were filled with either Silicap, Sevriton Simplified or Adddent XV. After 2 weeks 19, and after 6 months 30 of the teeth were extracted. The histologic investigation included  remaining dentin, reduction in the number of odontoblasts, inflammatory cells, necrosis, tertiary dentin and bacteria. After 2 weeks a loss of odontoblasts and inflammation was seen beneath two-thirds of the cavities, and small necrotic areas in 11 of the 38 instances. After 6 months the loss of odontoblasts was a little more pronounced, the inflammation a little less, and necrosis could not be observed. Tertiary dentin was registered beneath most of the cavities after 6 months. The reactions to the three filling materials were quite similar in quality and quantity. The amount of remaining dentin influenced the degree of inflammation and amount of tertiary dentin after 6 months beneath cavities filled with Silicap, and inflammation after 2 weeks and 6 months beneath Addent. Bacteria were observed in nearly all cavities 6 months after the treatment.", "contents": "Pulp reactions in human teeth to tooth colored filling materials. In each of 49 intact premolars from children between 9 and 15 years of age, one buccal and one lingual cavity were prepared. The 98 cavities were filled with either Silicap, Sevriton Simplified or Adddent XV. After 2 weeks 19, and after 6 months 30 of the teeth were extracted. The histologic investigation included  remaining dentin, reduction in the number of odontoblasts, inflammatory cells, necrosis, tertiary dentin and bacteria. After 2 weeks a loss of odontoblasts and inflammation was seen beneath two-thirds of the cavities, and small necrotic areas in 11 of the 38 instances. After 6 months the loss of odontoblasts was a little more pronounced, the inflammation a little less, and necrosis could not be observed. Tertiary dentin was registered beneath most of the cavities after 6 months. The reactions to the three filling materials were quite similar in quality and quantity. The amount of remaining dentin influenced the degree of inflammation and amount of tertiary dentin after 6 months beneath cavities filled with Silicap, and inflammation after 2 weeks and 6 months beneath Addent. Bacteria were observed in nearly all cavities 6 months after the treatment.", "PMID": 1056085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1741", "title": "Leucine and fucose incorporation into odontoblast protein.", "content": "Odontoblasts isolated from rat incisors were incubated in vitro in the presence of tritiated leucine or fucose, and the amount of precursor incorporated into TCA-recipitated proteins was determined. The effect on precursor incorporation of varying the total precursor concentration was examined. The incorporation of leucine and fucose into TCA-precipitated proteins was found to be linear with time for at least 90 min. Inhibition studies with puromycin, cycloheximide and chloramphenicol demonstrated the presence of odontoblastic protein synthesis. One hour after in vivo administration of triated leucine the highest specific activity of odontoblast-predentin protein material was noted the corresponding maximum for pulp proteins was found to occur after 30 min. The in vivo incorporation of triated fucose was maximal after 4 h in both odontoblasts and pulp tissue.", "contents": "Leucine and fucose incorporation into odontoblast protein. Odontoblasts isolated from rat incisors were incubated in vitro in the presence of tritiated leucine or fucose, and the amount of precursor incorporated into TCA-recipitated proteins was determined. The effect on precursor incorporation of varying the total precursor concentration was examined. The incorporation of leucine and fucose into TCA-precipitated proteins was found to be linear with time for at least 90 min. Inhibition studies with puromycin, cycloheximide and chloramphenicol demonstrated the presence of odontoblastic protein synthesis. One hour after in vivo administration of triated leucine the highest specific activity of odontoblast-predentin protein material was noted the corresponding maximum for pulp proteins was found to occur after 30 min. The in vivo incorporation of triated fucose was maximal after 4 h in both odontoblasts and pulp tissue.", "PMID": 1056086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1742", "title": "Calcium fluoride in demineralized bones from rats with experimental chronic fluorosis.", "content": "Thirteen male rats, 7 or 10 months old, were given 0.005% NaF in the diet or 0.025 NaF in the drinking water fro periods of 3 to 20 weeks. Femur/tibia bones were demineralized in 3.25% HNO3, the process being watched on radiographs. As soon as all radiopaque material representing mineralized bone had disappeared, demineralization was discontinued. In some instances the process was stopped while some radiopaque material was still present. Hematoxylin-eosin stained paraffin sections from all bones showed deep blue granules, fluoride granules. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction revealed that the fluoride granules contain microcrystalline CaF2. X-ray diffraction of hydrazine-deproteinated, demineralized fluorotic bones revealed the presence of CaF2 and a minor unidentified component. The results are discussed in relation to (1) the identity of the fluoride granules, and (2) their inconsistent presence in demineralized hard tissues.", "contents": "Calcium fluoride in demineralized bones from rats with experimental chronic fluorosis. Thirteen male rats, 7 or 10 months old, were given 0.005% NaF in the diet or 0.025 NaF in the drinking water fro periods of 3 to 20 weeks. Femur/tibia bones were demineralized in 3.25% HNO3, the process being watched on radiographs. As soon as all radiopaque material representing mineralized bone had disappeared, demineralization was discontinued. In some instances the process was stopped while some radiopaque material was still present. Hematoxylin-eosin stained paraffin sections from all bones showed deep blue granules, fluoride granules. Transmission electron microscopy and selected area diffraction revealed that the fluoride granules contain microcrystalline CaF2. X-ray diffraction of hydrazine-deproteinated, demineralized fluorotic bones revealed the presence of CaF2 and a minor unidentified component. The results are discussed in relation to (1) the identity of the fluoride granules, and (2) their inconsistent presence in demineralized hard tissues.", "PMID": 1056087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1743", "title": "The ultrastructural localization of iron in rat incisor enamel.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that the pigmented surface layer of rat incisor enamel contains up to 30% iron but have left the question open as to whether iron is bound to the hydroxyapatite crystals or is present as a separate crystalline phase. Maxillary incisors from adult rats were demineralized for an extended period of time in EDTA. An insoluble membranous structure representing the remaining superficial portion of the enamel was collected and analyzed in the electron microprobe. The analyses showed that the demineralization procedure had removed calcium and phosphorus nearly completely, whereas the iron content of the surface layer had not been appreciably reduced. Electron microscopic examination of these specimens showed that the residual material contained electron-dense particles whose size, form and orientation indicated that they were remnants of the original crystal population. Several other demineralized and undemineralized specimens were also examined electron microscopically. The results indicate that iron is not present as a separate particulate phase but is, probably, bound to the surface of hydroxyapatite crystals.", "contents": "The ultrastructural localization of iron in rat incisor enamel. Previous studies have shown that the pigmented surface layer of rat incisor enamel contains up to 30% iron but have left the question open as to whether iron is bound to the hydroxyapatite crystals or is present as a separate crystalline phase. Maxillary incisors from adult rats were demineralized for an extended period of time in EDTA. An insoluble membranous structure representing the remaining superficial portion of the enamel was collected and analyzed in the electron microprobe. The analyses showed that the demineralization procedure had removed calcium and phosphorus nearly completely, whereas the iron content of the surface layer had not been appreciably reduced. Electron microscopic examination of these specimens showed that the residual material contained electron-dense particles whose size, form and orientation indicated that they were remnants of the original crystal population. Several other demineralized and undemineralized specimens were also examined electron microscopically. The results indicate that iron is not present as a separate particulate phase but is, probably, bound to the surface of hydroxyapatite crystals.", "PMID": 1056088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1744", "title": "Blood group antigens A and B in ameloblastomas, odontogenic keratocysts and non-keratinizing cysts.", "content": "The expression of blood group antigens A and B has been studied in 8 ameloblastomas, 16 odontogenic keratocysts from patients with basal cell nevus syndrome, 11 odontogenic keratocysts from patients without the syndrome, and 12 non-keratinizing odontogenic cysts, using a double layer immunofluorescence staining technique. The amount of antigen in the lesions was compared with the content of antigen in normal buccal mucosa from each patient. All ameloblastomas reacted negatively, three cysts from the patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome reacted negatively, and the odontogenic keratocysts from patients without the syndrome as well as the non-keratinizing odontogenic cysts all gave a positive reaction.", "contents": "Blood group antigens A and B in ameloblastomas, odontogenic keratocysts and non-keratinizing cysts. The expression of blood group antigens A and B has been studied in 8 ameloblastomas, 16 odontogenic keratocysts from patients with basal cell nevus syndrome, 11 odontogenic keratocysts from patients without the syndrome, and 12 non-keratinizing odontogenic cysts, using a double layer immunofluorescence staining technique. The amount of antigen in the lesions was compared with the content of antigen in normal buccal mucosa from each patient. All ameloblastomas reacted negatively, three cysts from the patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome reacted negatively, and the odontogenic keratocysts from patients without the syndrome as well as the non-keratinizing odontogenic cysts all gave a positive reaction.", "PMID": 1056089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1745", "title": "Occlusion in the primary dentition in 3-year-old children.", "content": "The material for the present study comprises plaster models of 310 Copenhagen children, impressions for which were taken during the month each child attained the age of 3 years. On the basis of fixed criteria a description is given of individual symptoms of occlusion. Using the primary canines as the guide to occlusion it was found that the same occlusion at both sides occurs in 79.7% of the overall total, the remaining 20.3% having different occlusion at each side. Approximately one-half recorded neutral occlusion at both sides, and one-third had distal occlusion at both sides. The termination pattern of the dental arches in centric occlusion were normal or straight in 68.0% and bilateral distal in 14.8%. In 82 subjects or 27% of the degree of overlapping was greater than or equal to half the height of the mandibular central incisors. The number of cross-bites constituted 11.6% of all subjects. Assessment of spacing was undertaken exclusively on the basis of whether or not a space existed. About 3.5% of all subjects had close contact between all teeth in the maxilla or crowding, and about 24% had spacing between all teeth in the maxilla. In the mandible about 5% had close contact between the teeth and only 15% had spacing between all teeth in the mandible.", "contents": "Occlusion in the primary dentition in 3-year-old children. The material for the present study comprises plaster models of 310 Copenhagen children, impressions for which were taken during the month each child attained the age of 3 years. On the basis of fixed criteria a description is given of individual symptoms of occlusion. Using the primary canines as the guide to occlusion it was found that the same occlusion at both sides occurs in 79.7% of the overall total, the remaining 20.3% having different occlusion at each side. Approximately one-half recorded neutral occlusion at both sides, and one-third had distal occlusion at both sides. The termination pattern of the dental arches in centric occlusion were normal or straight in 68.0% and bilateral distal in 14.8%. In 82 subjects or 27% of the degree of overlapping was greater than or equal to half the height of the mandibular central incisors. The number of cross-bites constituted 11.6% of all subjects. Assessment of spacing was undertaken exclusively on the basis of whether or not a space existed. About 3.5% of all subjects had close contact between all teeth in the maxilla or crowding, and about 24% had spacing between all teeth in the maxilla. In the mandible about 5% had close contact between the teeth and only 15% had spacing between all teeth in the mandible.", "PMID": 1056090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1746", "title": "Developmental disturbances in permanent teeth after exarticulation of their primary predecessors.", "content": "The frequency and type of developmental disturbances in the permanent teeth in relation to the patient's age at the time of injury were examined in 77 patients with 85 exarticulated primary incisors. The central incisors are the most frequently affected teeth and injuries occur more often to teeth on the right than on the left side. The frequency of disturbed normal development of the permanent teeth was 74.1% for the total material. From 0-2 years the frequency is 94.5% and after the age of 5 years the frequency is only 18.2%. External enamel hypoplasia is the more common result in patients whose trauma occurred when they were less than 3 years old, whereas internal enamel hypoplasia is the unsual result of traumas occurring after the age of 3 years.", "contents": "Developmental disturbances in permanent teeth after exarticulation of their primary predecessors. The frequency and type of developmental disturbances in the permanent teeth in relation to the patient's age at the time of injury were examined in 77 patients with 85 exarticulated primary incisors. The central incisors are the most frequently affected teeth and injuries occur more often to teeth on the right than on the left side. The frequency of disturbed normal development of the permanent teeth was 74.1% for the total material. From 0-2 years the frequency is 94.5% and after the age of 5 years the frequency is only 18.2%. External enamel hypoplasia is the more common result in patients whose trauma occurred when they were less than 3 years old, whereas internal enamel hypoplasia is the unsual result of traumas occurring after the age of 3 years.", "PMID": 1056091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1747", "title": "Traumatic injuries to enamel formation in rat incisors.", "content": "Twenty-three fullgrown white male rats were fitted with an inclined plane on the mandibular incisors with consequent raising of the bite by 2.5 mm. After an observation period of between 1 and 30 d the animals were killed. In all cases traumatic injuries to the enamel organs were seen. The defects were mainly of four different types. Type 1 occurred in the early maturation zone of the enamel as a local defect with dedifferentiated ameloblasts. Vascular injury was moderate and deformation of the dentin was seen. After 30 d there was still a local defect of the enamel organ. Type 2 occurred apically to the maturation zone and caused a two-layered ameloblastoma resembling a sandwich. Hemorrhages were commmon in the surrounding connective tissue, with accompanying appearance of phospholipids in the tissue. After 30 d some restitution of the enamel formation was seen. Type 3 was necrosis was seen in the surrounding tissue. After 30 d a new ameloblastoma had developed in some areas. These three types appeared separately or combined. Type 4 occurred as a folding of newly formed apical dentin in areas without differentiated ameloblastoma and was seen in all of the experimental animals.", "contents": "Traumatic injuries to enamel formation in rat incisors. Twenty-three fullgrown white male rats were fitted with an inclined plane on the mandibular incisors with consequent raising of the bite by 2.5 mm. After an observation period of between 1 and 30 d the animals were killed. In all cases traumatic injuries to the enamel organs were seen. The defects were mainly of four different types. Type 1 occurred in the early maturation zone of the enamel as a local defect with dedifferentiated ameloblasts. Vascular injury was moderate and deformation of the dentin was seen. After 30 d there was still a local defect of the enamel organ. Type 2 occurred apically to the maturation zone and caused a two-layered ameloblastoma resembling a sandwich. Hemorrhages were commmon in the surrounding connective tissue, with accompanying appearance of phospholipids in the tissue. After 30 d some restitution of the enamel formation was seen. Type 3 was necrosis was seen in the surrounding tissue. After 30 d a new ameloblastoma had developed in some areas. These three types appeared separately or combined. Type 4 occurred as a folding of newly formed apical dentin in areas without differentiated ameloblastoma and was seen in all of the experimental animals.", "PMID": 1056092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1748", "title": "Effect of soluble plaque factors on inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether soluble factors from human dental plaque are capable of inducing or mediating pathological alterations in the dental pulp. The experiment was performed in three monkeys and involved 40 teeth in all: 20 test and 20 control teeth. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface close to the marginal gingiva. In the test cavities an extract of human dental plaque was applied once very 5 min during an 8-h period. The cavities of the contralateral teeth were treated in an identical manner but with Ringer's solution. The animals were sacrificed 10 or 32 h after the initiation of the test. Two hours prior to sacrifice the animals were injected with colloidal carbon and then perfused with 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histologic examination demonstrates that the pulp tissue response to topical application of a plaque extract was characterized by (1) increased degree of carbon retention - indicative of vascular exudation and (2) enhanced rate of emigration of neutrophils and monocytes.", "contents": "Effect of soluble plaque factors on inflammatory reactions in the dental pulp. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether soluble factors from human dental plaque are capable of inducing or mediating pathological alterations in the dental pulp. The experiment was performed in three monkeys and involved 40 teeth in all: 20 test and 20 control teeth. Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surface close to the marginal gingiva. In the test cavities an extract of human dental plaque was applied once very 5 min during an 8-h period. The cavities of the contralateral teeth were treated in an identical manner but with Ringer's solution. The animals were sacrificed 10 or 32 h after the initiation of the test. Two hours prior to sacrifice the animals were injected with colloidal carbon and then perfused with 10% neutral buffered formalin. Histologic examination demonstrates that the pulp tissue response to topical application of a plaque extract was characterized by (1) increased degree of carbon retention - indicative of vascular exudation and (2) enhanced rate of emigration of neutrophils and monocytes.", "PMID": 1056093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1749", "title": "Glycoproteins in fluid from non-keratinizing jaw cysts.", "content": "Fluid from 47 non-keratinizing jaw cysts and autologous serum were separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes and stained for glycoproteins. All cyst fluids contained glycoproteins, but the separation patterns differed from those of serum. The major carbohydrate-bearing fractions of cyst fluid migrated with alpha2- and gamma-globulins, while in serum alpha2 and beta-glycoproteins contained most bound carbohydrates. The appearance of the gamma-globulin patterns indicated local synthesis and accumulation of cyst fluid gamma-globulins. The other glycoproteins most likely had escaped from plasma. Electrophoretograms of cyst fluid stained for glycosaminoglycans revealed that cystic glycoproteins often were complexed with glycosaminoglycans, causing more or less distorted separation patterns.", "contents": "Glycoproteins in fluid from non-keratinizing jaw cysts. Fluid from 47 non-keratinizing jaw cysts and autologous serum were separated by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes and stained for glycoproteins. All cyst fluids contained glycoproteins, but the separation patterns differed from those of serum. The major carbohydrate-bearing fractions of cyst fluid migrated with alpha2- and gamma-globulins, while in serum alpha2 and beta-glycoproteins contained most bound carbohydrates. The appearance of the gamma-globulin patterns indicated local synthesis and accumulation of cyst fluid gamma-globulins. The other glycoproteins most likely had escaped from plasma. Electrophoretograms of cyst fluid stained for glycosaminoglycans revealed that cystic glycoproteins often were complexed with glycosaminoglycans, causing more or less distorted separation patterns.", "PMID": 1056094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1750", "title": "Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on experimental oral candidiasis in monkeys.", "content": "Thirteen adult monkeys (Macaca irus) were infected with Candida albicans by inoculating the microorganisms under an acrylic plate covering the palatal mucosa. Six of the monkeys were treated with the steroid triamcinolone acetonide intramuscularly for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after inoculation. The palatal mucosa was studied clinically and histologically at weekly or biweekly intervals for up to 5 months after inoculation. The cellular immune response was studied using the direct leukocyte migration test. In the group of seven non-steriod-treated monkeys an acute atrophic candidiasis developed that healed spontaneously in 2-3 weeks. No tissue invasion by Candida was seen in tissue sections, but the inflammation was pronounced. Migration inhibition was significant up to 5 months after infection. In the group of six steroid-treated monkeys an acute pseudomembranous candidiasis was induced that showed retarded healing, tissue invasion by Candida, and enhanced yeast proliferation. Inflammation was only slight and the peripheral blood leukocytes were not inhibited in their migration by Candida antigen. The study has shown that systemic treatment with the steroid, triamcinolone acetonide, potentiate oral Candida infections, probably by suppressing both non-specific inflammatory responses and cellular immunity.", "contents": "Effects of triamcinolone acetonide on experimental oral candidiasis in monkeys. Thirteen adult monkeys (Macaca irus) were infected with Candida albicans by inoculating the microorganisms under an acrylic plate covering the palatal mucosa. Six of the monkeys were treated with the steroid triamcinolone acetonide intramuscularly for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after inoculation. The palatal mucosa was studied clinically and histologically at weekly or biweekly intervals for up to 5 months after inoculation. The cellular immune response was studied using the direct leukocyte migration test. In the group of seven non-steriod-treated monkeys an acute atrophic candidiasis developed that healed spontaneously in 2-3 weeks. No tissue invasion by Candida was seen in tissue sections, but the inflammation was pronounced. Migration inhibition was significant up to 5 months after infection. In the group of six steroid-treated monkeys an acute pseudomembranous candidiasis was induced that showed retarded healing, tissue invasion by Candida, and enhanced yeast proliferation. Inflammation was only slight and the peripheral blood leukocytes were not inhibited in their migration by Candida antigen. The study has shown that systemic treatment with the steroid, triamcinolone acetonide, potentiate oral Candida infections, probably by suppressing both non-specific inflammatory responses and cellular immunity.", "PMID": 1056095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1751", "title": "Distribution of cadmium in developing teeth and bone of young rats.", "content": "109-Cadmium was injected intraperitoneally into 10-d-old rats. The rats were terminated at 1, 4, 24 and 96 h postinjection. Distribution of the tracer was studied by autoradiographic techniques, with particular attention directed to the dental tissues. Considerable accumulation of 109-cadmium occurred in the cells of the enamel and dentin was observed. The injected cadmium was also accumulated in the growing bone. Microautoradiography seemed to indicate that the isotope was preferentially localized in the osteoblasts.", "contents": "Distribution of cadmium in developing teeth and bone of young rats. 109-Cadmium was injected intraperitoneally into 10-d-old rats. The rats were terminated at 1, 4, 24 and 96 h postinjection. Distribution of the tracer was studied by autoradiographic techniques, with particular attention directed to the dental tissues. Considerable accumulation of 109-cadmium occurred in the cells of the enamel and dentin was observed. The injected cadmium was also accumulated in the growing bone. Microautoradiography seemed to indicate that the isotope was preferentially localized in the osteoblasts.", "PMID": 1056096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1752", "title": "Elution of cadmium from dentures.", "content": "Heat-cured, pink-pigmented (light veined) Stellon maxillary acrylic denture blanks were shaken in 150 ml synthetic saliva varied from 0.15 to 1.05 mug independently of elution time. With o.1N CH3COOH the amount of cadmium, varying from 1,20 to 2.55 mug, increased slowly with elution time. Another batch of Stellon gave higher values in 0.1N CH3COOH.", "contents": "Elution of cadmium from dentures. Heat-cured, pink-pigmented (light veined) Stellon maxillary acrylic denture blanks were shaken in 150 ml synthetic saliva varied from 0.15 to 1.05 mug independently of elution time. With o.1N CH3COOH the amount of cadmium, varying from 1,20 to 2.55 mug, increased slowly with elution time. Another batch of Stellon gave higher values in 0.1N CH3COOH.", "PMID": 1056097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1753", "title": "Experimental periodontal breakdown in the dog.", "content": "This paper describes a method for inducing rapidly progressing and reproducible periodontal lesions around selected teeth in dogs. The experiments were performed on 10 beagles which were fed a diet favoring gross formation of plaque. Approximately 1 mm of the marginal alveolar bone aroumd 4P and P4 was removed and a notch prepared in the root. A ligature of cotton floss was placed around 4P and P4 at the cemento-enamel junction. Radiographs and sections prepared 230 d later revealed that a progressive breakdown of the periodontal tissues had occurred. The average bone loss was 2.4 mm and the distance between the apical cells of the pocket epithelium and the notch was 854 mum.", "contents": "Experimental periodontal breakdown in the dog. This paper describes a method for inducing rapidly progressing and reproducible periodontal lesions around selected teeth in dogs. The experiments were performed on 10 beagles which were fed a diet favoring gross formation of plaque. Approximately 1 mm of the marginal alveolar bone aroumd 4P and P4 was removed and a notch prepared in the root. A ligature of cotton floss was placed around 4P and P4 at the cemento-enamel junction. Radiographs and sections prepared 230 d later revealed that a progressive breakdown of the periodontal tissues had occurred. The average bone loss was 2.4 mm and the distance between the apical cells of the pocket epithelium and the notch was 854 mum.", "PMID": 1056098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1754", "title": "Evaluation of the activity of rheumatoid arthritis. A comparative study on clinical symptoms and laboratory tests with special reference to serum sulfhydryl groups.", "content": "In the present investigation the significance of various clinical and laboratory examinations (especially the S-SH-group level) in the evaluation of the activity of RA was assessed. The material comprised 140 patients with RA and 360 control patients or healthy control persons. The principal results can be summarized as follows: 1. Patients with RA have a decreased S-SH-group level, more decreased in patients with active disease. Also a change in the activity of RA is correspondingly followed by a change in the S-SH-group level. The S-SH-group level diminishes significantly with the advance of age also in healthy persons. These findings and the possible role of the S-SH-groups in the pathogenetic process of RA are discussed. 2. Highly significantly with Lansbury's activity index correlated the S-SH-groups, B-Platelets, S-Fe, B-Hb and patient's own assessment of the disease; and significantly correlated S-Haptoglobin, S-TIBC and Te-index. A summary of the correlations between some parameters studied is presented in Table LI. 3. As a result, an activity index based on six laboratory tests (ESR, B-Platelets, S-Fe, S-Haptoglobin, S-SH-groups, Te-index) is proposed for the estimation of the activity of RA.", "contents": "Evaluation of the activity of rheumatoid arthritis. A comparative study on clinical symptoms and laboratory tests with special reference to serum sulfhydryl groups. In the present investigation the significance of various clinical and laboratory examinations (especially the S-SH-group level) in the evaluation of the activity of RA was assessed. The material comprised 140 patients with RA and 360 control patients or healthy control persons. The principal results can be summarized as follows: 1. Patients with RA have a decreased S-SH-group level, more decreased in patients with active disease. Also a change in the activity of RA is correspondingly followed by a change in the S-SH-group level. The S-SH-group level diminishes significantly with the advance of age also in healthy persons. These findings and the possible role of the S-SH-groups in the pathogenetic process of RA are discussed. 2. Highly significantly with Lansbury's activity index correlated the S-SH-groups, B-Platelets, S-Fe, B-Hb and patient's own assessment of the disease; and significantly correlated S-Haptoglobin, S-TIBC and Te-index. A summary of the correlations between some parameters studied is presented in Table LI. 3. As a result, an activity index based on six laboratory tests (ESR, B-Platelets, S-Fe, S-Haptoglobin, S-SH-groups, Te-index) is proposed for the estimation of the activity of RA.", "PMID": 1056099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1755", "title": "Influence of ventilation, exercise, and body position on techniques for determining steady state diffusing capacity.", "content": "Three different methods of measuring steady state diffusing capacity were analysed regarding the effect of using either the physiological dead space for CO2 (DLCOss1), the measured anatomical dead space (DLCOss2), or an assumed anatomical dead space of the lungs (DLCOss3) for the determination of alveolar CO. The material consisted of 28 healthy men and 91 patients with various pulmonary diseases. DLCOss1 and DLCOss2 were compared in the total material (Section 1) using determinations both at rest and during exercise. As was expected DLCOss1 was almost always higher than DLCOss2. The difference between the two methods followed the curve that could be predicted from the mathematically obtained relation between DL, VD/VT, and fractional CO uptake, published by West in a diagram 1962. In determinations with a large sum of the latter two variables, DLCOss1 was highly dependent on the validity of the PaCO2 used. The validity of an end-tidal sample under different ventilatory patterns is investigated in Section 2 and the relation between DLCOss and alveolar ventilation in Section 3. Relative hypoventilation gave low values for DLCOss regardless of method. There was a rapid increase in DLCOss with increasing alveolar ventilation in the normal ventilation range. During hyperventilation DLCOss1, like FuCO, decreased with increasing ventilation. The composition of the end-tidal sample was frequently distorted under forced breathing with large VT so that erroneously high VDa and DLCOss2 were computed. Consequently, DLCOss2 appeared positively correlated to VE and VT over the whole ventilation range. On the other hand, the uncertainty of the size of the anatomical dead space--assumed in DLCOss3--at high flow rates in the bronchial tree reduces the usefulness of this method during pronounced hyperventilation.", "contents": "Influence of ventilation, exercise, and body position on techniques for determining steady state diffusing capacity. Three different methods of measuring steady state diffusing capacity were analysed regarding the effect of using either the physiological dead space for CO2 (DLCOss1), the measured anatomical dead space (DLCOss2), or an assumed anatomical dead space of the lungs (DLCOss3) for the determination of alveolar CO. The material consisted of 28 healthy men and 91 patients with various pulmonary diseases. DLCOss1 and DLCOss2 were compared in the total material (Section 1) using determinations both at rest and during exercise. As was expected DLCOss1 was almost always higher than DLCOss2. The difference between the two methods followed the curve that could be predicted from the mathematically obtained relation between DL, VD/VT, and fractional CO uptake, published by West in a diagram 1962. In determinations with a large sum of the latter two variables, DLCOss1 was highly dependent on the validity of the PaCO2 used. The validity of an end-tidal sample under different ventilatory patterns is investigated in Section 2 and the relation between DLCOss and alveolar ventilation in Section 3. Relative hypoventilation gave low values for DLCOss regardless of method. There was a rapid increase in DLCOss with increasing alveolar ventilation in the normal ventilation range. During hyperventilation DLCOss1, like FuCO, decreased with increasing ventilation. The composition of the end-tidal sample was frequently distorted under forced breathing with large VT so that erroneously high VDa and DLCOss2 were computed. Consequently, DLCOss2 appeared positively correlated to VE and VT over the whole ventilation range. On the other hand, the uncertainty of the size of the anatomical dead space--assumed in DLCOss3--at high flow rates in the bronchial tree reduces the usefulness of this method during pronounced hyperventilation.", "PMID": 1056100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1756", "title": "[Changes in the histochemical structures of the gingiva in the topical use of plant based drug].", "content": "If the active permeability of the oral mucosa ensures the possibility of the direct application of various substances, its influence on the intensity of metabolic processes must be detectable in the histochemical way. The present animal experiments were intended for verifying thaction of a preparation (Herbadont) on the basis of vegetable active principles on changes in the contents of ribonucleic acid, glycogen and SH and COOH groups in the gingiva. It was shown that the removal of clinical inflammatory symptoms by this preparation is associated with a decrease in the contents of COOH and SH groups, ribonucleoproteids and glucogen which are increased in case of disease. Concomitantly, the intensity of the reaction on NH2 groups and the ascorbic acid content increase.", "contents": "[Changes in the histochemical structures of the gingiva in the topical use of plant based drug]. If the active permeability of the oral mucosa ensures the possibility of the direct application of various substances, its influence on the intensity of metabolic processes must be detectable in the histochemical way. The present animal experiments were intended for verifying thaction of a preparation (Herbadont) on the basis of vegetable active principles on changes in the contents of ribonucleic acid, glycogen and SH and COOH groups in the gingiva. It was shown that the removal of clinical inflammatory symptoms by this preparation is associated with a decrease in the contents of COOH and SH groups, ribonucleoproteids and glucogen which are increased in case of disease. Concomitantly, the intensity of the reaction on NH2 groups and the ascorbic acid content increase.", "PMID": 1056103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1757", "title": "[Some pecularities in the ultrastructure of gingival capillaries].", "content": "The authors performed electron microscopical studies on biopsy specimens of gingival papillae from subjects with clinically healthy periodontium. They observed certain peculiarities of the ultrastructure of the gingival capillaries which are indicative of a greater functional activity of the vessels in this part of the periodontium.", "contents": "[Some pecularities in the ultrastructure of gingival capillaries]. The authors performed electron microscopical studies on biopsy specimens of gingival papillae from subjects with clinically healthy periodontium. They observed certain peculiarities of the ultrastructure of the gingival capillaries which are indicative of a greater functional activity of the vessels in this part of the periodontium.", "PMID": 1056104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1758", "title": "[Somatologic morbidity study-- Berlin 1972. 2. Incidence of periodontal diseases, condition of oral hygiene].", "content": "Using the Periodontal Disease Index and the Oral Hygiene Index, the authors determined the periodontal and oral hygiene conditions of 3853 individuals (18 to 100 years of age) selected at random from the Berlin population 67% of these individuals presented with periodontal disease; 10% were threatened by periodontal disease. The symptom \"tooth loosening\" was stated in 18%. The mean PDI was 2.93. The mean plaque incidence (index according to Quingley and Hein) amounted to 1.4 in subjects without periodontal disease, and to 2.2 in periodontally diseased individuals. The means supragingival calculus -- subgingival calculus ratio (index according to King) in these groups was 0.53 and 0.85, respectively.", "contents": "[Somatologic morbidity study-- Berlin 1972. 2. Incidence of periodontal diseases, condition of oral hygiene]. Using the Periodontal Disease Index and the Oral Hygiene Index, the authors determined the periodontal and oral hygiene conditions of 3853 individuals (18 to 100 years of age) selected at random from the Berlin population 67% of these individuals presented with periodontal disease; 10% were threatened by periodontal disease. The symptom \"tooth loosening\" was stated in 18%. The mean PDI was 2.93. The mean plaque incidence (index according to Quingley and Hein) amounted to 1.4 in subjects without periodontal disease, and to 2.2 in periodontally diseased individuals. The means supragingival calculus -- subgingival calculus ratio (index according to King) in these groups was 0.53 and 0.85, respectively.", "PMID": 1056105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1759", "title": "[Lymphadenitis colli in the child from the veiwpoint of the dentist and oral surgeon].", "content": "In the light of the relevant literature and personal cases, the author deals with swellings of the cervical lymph nodes which occur most frequently in childhood. Simultaneously, he pays attention to their differentiation from odontogenic inflammatory processes in the mandibular region, which is of importance from the viewpoint of stomatology. Of 402 soft-tissue inflammations in children 0 to 14 years of age, 211 (=52.5%) were odontogenic, whereas 191 were not. There were 173 cases of cervical lymphadenitis. The aetiology, genesis, clinical picture and distribution of this disease are treated in detail as well as clinical und paraclinical symptoms which permit to differentiate them from odontogenic pyogenic infections.", "contents": "[Lymphadenitis colli in the child from the veiwpoint of the dentist and oral surgeon]. In the light of the relevant literature and personal cases, the author deals with swellings of the cervical lymph nodes which occur most frequently in childhood. Simultaneously, he pays attention to their differentiation from odontogenic inflammatory processes in the mandibular region, which is of importance from the viewpoint of stomatology. Of 402 soft-tissue inflammations in children 0 to 14 years of age, 211 (=52.5%) were odontogenic, whereas 191 were not. There were 173 cases of cervical lymphadenitis. The aetiology, genesis, clinical picture and distribution of this disease are treated in detail as well as clinical und paraclinical symptoms which permit to differentiate them from odontogenic pyogenic infections.", "PMID": 1056106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1760", "title": "[Osteomyelitis of the jaw].", "content": "A brief description of nomenclature differences and classification principles is followed by a report of the results from an analysis of cases of osteomyelitis of the jaw which have been treatedduring the years 1967-1972. During this period, altogether 745 patients with soft-tissue infection and 72 patients with osteomyelitis have been treated at the clinic. The chronic form of osteomyelitis is considerably more frequent than the acute one. The odontogenic mode of infection prevails by far. The flora of causativeorganisms and the resistance conditions are dealt with separately. The mixed flora dominates; monoinfections are rare. Antibiotherapy occupies the first place in the treatment of the acute forms whereas surgical intervention is the method of choice in the treatment of the chronic forms of osteomyelitis.", "contents": "[Osteomyelitis of the jaw]. A brief description of nomenclature differences and classification principles is followed by a report of the results from an analysis of cases of osteomyelitis of the jaw which have been treatedduring the years 1967-1972. During this period, altogether 745 patients with soft-tissue infection and 72 patients with osteomyelitis have been treated at the clinic. The chronic form of osteomyelitis is considerably more frequent than the acute one. The odontogenic mode of infection prevails by far. The flora of causativeorganisms and the resistance conditions are dealt with separately. The mixed flora dominates; monoinfections are rare. Antibiotherapy occupies the first place in the treatment of the acute forms whereas surgical intervention is the method of choice in the treatment of the chronic forms of osteomyelitis.", "PMID": 1056107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1761", "title": "[Is there any possibility to the technic of unilateral suspended fixation?].", "content": "The ever-increasing number of traffic accidents causing fractures of the facial bones and additional complications which resulted from the rigid intermaxillary fixation may induce the operator to have recourse to other, mainly monomandibular methods. Ten years of positive experience with the technique of suspended fixation prevail on the author to apply this procedure also to unilateral fractures of the mandible. In Brno as well as in Magdeburg, the technique of suspended fixation has been found to be very efficient. The indications of this method for unilateral fractures in the region of the submaxillary body or angle are pointed out.", "contents": "[Is there any possibility to the technic of unilateral suspended fixation?]. The ever-increasing number of traffic accidents causing fractures of the facial bones and additional complications which resulted from the rigid intermaxillary fixation may induce the operator to have recourse to other, mainly monomandibular methods. Ten years of positive experience with the technique of suspended fixation prevail on the author to apply this procedure also to unilateral fractures of the mandible. In Brno as well as in Magdeburg, the technique of suspended fixation has been found to be very efficient. The indications of this method for unilateral fractures in the region of the submaxillary body or angle are pointed out.", "PMID": 1056108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1762", "title": "[Localization and frequency of interglobular dentin in human premolars from regions with various fluorine contents in the drinking water].", "content": "Using a light microscope, the authors compared 484 longitudinal ground sections of human premolars from a region where the drinking water contains 1.0 p.p.m. of fluorine withe 777 preparations from a region where the drinking water contains 0.35 p.p.m. of fluorine. Water fluoridation of fluorine supply during tooth development does not lead to a statistical significant change in the occurrence of interglobular dentine areas. Additional analyses justify at best the suspicion that teeth (and in particular female teeth) which developed under the influence of fluorine show a greater variability as to the occurrence of interglobular dentine areas.", "contents": "[Localization and frequency of interglobular dentin in human premolars from regions with various fluorine contents in the drinking water]. Using a light microscope, the authors compared 484 longitudinal ground sections of human premolars from a region where the drinking water contains 1.0 p.p.m. of fluorine withe 777 preparations from a region where the drinking water contains 0.35 p.p.m. of fluorine. Water fluoridation of fluorine supply during tooth development does not lead to a statistical significant change in the occurrence of interglobular dentine areas. Additional analyses justify at best the suspicion that teeth (and in particular female teeth) which developed under the influence of fluorine show a greater variability as to the occurrence of interglobular dentine areas.", "PMID": 1056109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1763", "title": "[Radiation protection in intra-oral dental radiography].", "content": "At the time being, all dental X-ray apparatuses in the German Democratic Republic are inspected step by step on the basis of the regulations in force. An essential objective of these measures consists in ensuring that the X-ray apparatuses used comply with the standards for radiation hygiene. In this regard, the present situation is still unsatisfactory. A considerable reduction of the radiation exposure to the patients and the operating personnel, however, may be achieved easily, using simple means. An example is the restriction of the useful beam, as to which practical advice is given. Furthermore, recommendations are presented for the proper operation and for the determination of the control area required by the radiological protection regulation.", "contents": "[Radiation protection in intra-oral dental radiography]. At the time being, all dental X-ray apparatuses in the German Democratic Republic are inspected step by step on the basis of the regulations in force. An essential objective of these measures consists in ensuring that the X-ray apparatuses used comply with the standards for radiation hygiene. In this regard, the present situation is still unsatisfactory. A considerable reduction of the radiation exposure to the patients and the operating personnel, however, may be achieved easily, using simple means. An example is the restriction of the useful beam, as to which practical advice is given. Furthermore, recommendations are presented for the proper operation and for the determination of the control area required by the radiological protection regulation.", "PMID": 1056110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1764", "title": "[Evaluation of the accomplishments of a state dental practice].", "content": "Starting from the great importance of morbidity and efficiency statistics to health political decisions, the author presents a critical evaluation of the services provided by a State dental practice in 1973. The stomatological primary services, i. e., those of conservative and surgical stomatology, constitute by far the greatest part of all services provided in the field of basis dental care. A comparison with data from the national and the international literature shows that these services as well as those provided in the field of prosthetic stomatology are satisfactory. Furthermore, there was a great percentage of stomatological services performed for children. - But the special consideration services provided do not and cannot meet the demands of the population. This is illustrated by an inquiry into the actual need for stomatological services per time unit.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the accomplishments of a state dental practice]. Starting from the great importance of morbidity and efficiency statistics to health political decisions, the author presents a critical evaluation of the services provided by a State dental practice in 1973. The stomatological primary services, i. e., those of conservative and surgical stomatology, constitute by far the greatest part of all services provided in the field of basis dental care. A comparison with data from the national and the international literature shows that these services as well as those provided in the field of prosthetic stomatology are satisfactory. Furthermore, there was a great percentage of stomatological services performed for children. - But the special consideration services provided do not and cannot meet the demands of the population. This is illustrated by an inquiry into the actual need for stomatological services per time unit.", "PMID": 1056111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1765", "title": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumours].", "content": "The findings of ultrasonic examination in bone and soft tissue tumours are evaluated for their usefulness in preoperative tumour diagnosis, with particular reference to size, demarcation, structure, as well as the topographic situation of the tumour. Furthermore, the results of ultrasonic tomograms are compared with those of X-rays and angiography. It seems that this simple method, which is without risk to the patient, is a valuable additional investigation in the diagnosis and therapy of tumours of bone and soft tissue.", "contents": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of bone and soft tissue tumours]. The findings of ultrasonic examination in bone and soft tissue tumours are evaluated for their usefulness in preoperative tumour diagnosis, with particular reference to size, demarcation, structure, as well as the topographic situation of the tumour. Furthermore, the results of ultrasonic tomograms are compared with those of X-rays and angiography. It seems that this simple method, which is without risk to the patient, is a valuable additional investigation in the diagnosis and therapy of tumours of bone and soft tissue.", "PMID": 1056116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1766", "title": "[A misleading diagnosis of ovarian tumours in a case of paramyeloblastosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is reported of bilateral ovarian tumours in a 44 year-old patient, who was submitted to total hysterectomy with removal of both appendages. Preoperative laboratory investigations had not yielded any useful information. Histologically, both ovaries showed replacement of the normal tissue by sheets of undifferentiated tumour cells. A sudden rise in temperature with rigors occurred on the 8th postoperative day, in conjunction with a considerable degree of anaemia, the appearance of ascites and a massive increase in size of the liver. Shortly afterwards, 50% of the peripheral leucocytes were found to be paramyeloblasts, the total leucocyte count being 4300. Sternal puncture confirmed the diagnosis of paramyeloblastosis, which proved rapidly fatal in spite of intensive therapy with corticosteroids, antibiotics and blood transfusions. The typical picture of paramyeloblastosis with tumour formation was observed on post-mortem examination, with leukaemic invasion of the liver, spleen, lymph glands and bone marrow.", "contents": "[A misleading diagnosis of ovarian tumours in a case of paramyeloblastosis (author's transl)]. A case is reported of bilateral ovarian tumours in a 44 year-old patient, who was submitted to total hysterectomy with removal of both appendages. Preoperative laboratory investigations had not yielded any useful information. Histologically, both ovaries showed replacement of the normal tissue by sheets of undifferentiated tumour cells. A sudden rise in temperature with rigors occurred on the 8th postoperative day, in conjunction with a considerable degree of anaemia, the appearance of ascites and a massive increase in size of the liver. Shortly afterwards, 50% of the peripheral leucocytes were found to be paramyeloblasts, the total leucocyte count being 4300. Sternal puncture confirmed the diagnosis of paramyeloblastosis, which proved rapidly fatal in spite of intensive therapy with corticosteroids, antibiotics and blood transfusions. The typical picture of paramyeloblastosis with tumour formation was observed on post-mortem examination, with leukaemic invasion of the liver, spleen, lymph glands and bone marrow.", "PMID": 1056117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1767", "title": "[The \"juvenile\" type of chronic myelogenous leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The juvenile type of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by hemorrhagic diathesis, hepatosplenomegaly, generalized enlargement of lymph nodes, reduced erythro- and thrombopoiesis, leukemic infiltration of bone marrow, and decreased activity of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. The disorder differs from the adult type by the early manifestation of anemia and thrombocytopenia, the minor degree of leucocytosis, the failure to demonstrate the Philadelphia chromosome, and the presence of fetal markers in the patients' erythrocytes. The persistence of fetal markers in erythrocytes and the clinical manifestation in infancy and early childhood suggest that the disease is congenital in origin. The occurrence of CML of the juvenile type in an 8-year-old boy, which is reported in this paper, favors a postnatal acquisition of the disorder. The significance of hematological and cytogenetic findings and new aspects of nosological classification are discussed.", "contents": "[The \"juvenile\" type of chronic myelogenous leukemia (author's transl)]. The juvenile type of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is characterized by hemorrhagic diathesis, hepatosplenomegaly, generalized enlargement of lymph nodes, reduced erythro- and thrombopoiesis, leukemic infiltration of bone marrow, and decreased activity of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase. The disorder differs from the adult type by the early manifestation of anemia and thrombocytopenia, the minor degree of leucocytosis, the failure to demonstrate the Philadelphia chromosome, and the presence of fetal markers in the patients' erythrocytes. The persistence of fetal markers in erythrocytes and the clinical manifestation in infancy and early childhood suggest that the disease is congenital in origin. The occurrence of CML of the juvenile type in an 8-year-old boy, which is reported in this paper, favors a postnatal acquisition of the disorder. The significance of hematological and cytogenetic findings and new aspects of nosological classification are discussed.", "PMID": 1056123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1768", "title": "[Incidence of coeliac disease in children in Austria (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence of coeliac disease in infants and children was estimated by the number of children born between 1 January 1969 and 31 December 1972 and the number of patients with coeliac disease born during the same period in the area served by the Kinderklinik Graz. The drainage area of the Kinderklinik Graz comprises 10.5% of the population of Austria and 11.1% of the children born in Austria during the period mentioned. The diagnostic criteria for coeliac disease includes evidence of intestinal malabsorption, a subtotal atrophy of the duodenojejunal mucosa and the demonstration of clinical and biochemical response to gluten withdrawal. In all patients born in 1972 a second biopsy was done after a period on gluten free diet and a third biopsy after reintroduction of gluten. The incidence of coeliac disease showed to be 1 in 496. The incidence for girls proved to be 1 in 403 and that for boys 1 in 636. These figures are in good correlation to that reported for Ireland and Switzerland but much higher than those estimated for Britain.", "contents": "[Incidence of coeliac disease in children in Austria (author's transl)]. The incidence of coeliac disease in infants and children was estimated by the number of children born between 1 January 1969 and 31 December 1972 and the number of patients with coeliac disease born during the same period in the area served by the Kinderklinik Graz. The drainage area of the Kinderklinik Graz comprises 10.5% of the population of Austria and 11.1% of the children born in Austria during the period mentioned. The diagnostic criteria for coeliac disease includes evidence of intestinal malabsorption, a subtotal atrophy of the duodenojejunal mucosa and the demonstration of clinical and biochemical response to gluten withdrawal. In all patients born in 1972 a second biopsy was done after a period on gluten free diet and a third biopsy after reintroduction of gluten. The incidence of coeliac disease showed to be 1 in 496. The incidence for girls proved to be 1 in 403 and that for boys 1 in 636. These figures are in good correlation to that reported for Ireland and Switzerland but much higher than those estimated for Britain.", "PMID": 1056124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1769", "title": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction.", "content": "The results of the present study can be summarised by the following answers to the framed questions: (I) Simple small-bowel obstruction in the cat entails predominantly a distension of the intestine, whereas the sustained intraluminal pressure is rather modest, between 5 and 10 mmHg. Spontaneous bowel activity is still present after 72 hours and responds to pharmacologic stimulation (II) Haemodynamic and microcirculatory evaluation in vitro shortly after release of an in vivo obstruction reveals no difference between obstructed and non-obstructed intestine; after decompression, thus any impairment of bowel \"viability\" caused by obstruction is rapidly ameliorated. (III) A moderate distension of short duration increases regional vascular resistance in non-obstructed intestine but compromises neither capillary filtration rate nor oxygen consumption. Upon a further and considerable distension, both haemodynamic and microcirculatory variables deteriorate in parallel; at an intraluminal pressure of 100mmHg, 30% of the blood flow and probably less than 15% of the perfused capillary surface area are preserved. Thus, the intestinal microcirculation is not interrupted until an 'unphysiologic' distention is applied. (IV) After release of an in vivo obstruction, a considerable distension produces the same circulatory responses as those recorded in non-obstructed intestine, whereas a moderate distension compromises the capillary function in obstructed but not in non-obstructed intestine; it is suggested that this is mainly the result of enhanced bowel-wall distensibility in obstruction. (V) A moderate and sustained distension occasions a 50-60% resistance augmentation in non-obstructed bowel and a 45-50% reduction of the perfused capillary surface area but does not compromise the oxygen uptake; thus, moderate distension involves no threat to bowel microcirculation or 'viability'. The experimental procedure per se entails some degree of resistance augmentation and CFC reduction during a 3-hour perfusion; however, no changes appear during the initial stage, i.e., corresponding to the period of artificial distension...", "contents": "Studies on small intestinal obstruction. The results of the present study can be summarised by the following answers to the framed questions: (I) Simple small-bowel obstruction in the cat entails predominantly a distension of the intestine, whereas the sustained intraluminal pressure is rather modest, between 5 and 10 mmHg. Spontaneous bowel activity is still present after 72 hours and responds to pharmacologic stimulation (II) Haemodynamic and microcirculatory evaluation in vitro shortly after release of an in vivo obstruction reveals no difference between obstructed and non-obstructed intestine; after decompression, thus any impairment of bowel \"viability\" caused by obstruction is rapidly ameliorated. (III) A moderate distension of short duration increases regional vascular resistance in non-obstructed intestine but compromises neither capillary filtration rate nor oxygen consumption. Upon a further and considerable distension, both haemodynamic and microcirculatory variables deteriorate in parallel; at an intraluminal pressure of 100mmHg, 30% of the blood flow and probably less than 15% of the perfused capillary surface area are preserved. Thus, the intestinal microcirculation is not interrupted until an 'unphysiologic' distention is applied. (IV) After release of an in vivo obstruction, a considerable distension produces the same circulatory responses as those recorded in non-obstructed intestine, whereas a moderate distension compromises the capillary function in obstructed but not in non-obstructed intestine; it is suggested that this is mainly the result of enhanced bowel-wall distensibility in obstruction. (V) A moderate and sustained distension occasions a 50-60% resistance augmentation in non-obstructed bowel and a 45-50% reduction of the perfused capillary surface area but does not compromise the oxygen uptake; thus, moderate distension involves no threat to bowel microcirculation or 'viability'. The experimental procedure per se entails some degree of resistance augmentation and CFC reduction during a 3-hour perfusion; however, no changes appear during the initial stage, i.e., corresponding to the period of artificial distension...", "PMID": 1056125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1770", "title": "Changing cleft widths: a problem revisited.", "content": "A study was undertaken to evaluate changing cleft widths and the timing of surgical repair of the lip in so far as it affects the types of cross-bite occlussion that result in cases treated by presurgical orthopedics (as practiced at Tufts-New England Medical Center Hospitals) and by purely surgical intervention. On the basis of the analyses carried out, the following conclusions were reached: 1. Both the alveolar cleft width prior to lip surgery and the arch form following lip surgery are significantly related, and are predictors of, the type of cross-bite occlusion that will result from purely surgical intervention. 2. Neither the alveolar cleft width prior to lip surgery nor the arch form following lip surgery is significantly related to, or is a predictor of, the type of cross-bite occlusion that will result from presurgical orthopedics. 3. For both presurgical orthopedic treatment programs and purely surgical treatment programs, there is a significant relationship between the arch form following palate surgery and the type of cross-bite occlusion that will result. 4. In cases treated by presurgical orthopedics there is a higher probability of achieving favorable occlusal relationships than in cases treated by purely surgical intervention. 5. In a period of 6 months following birth, but prior to lip surgery, presurgical orthopedics results in a smaller percentage reduction in alveolar cleft width than does treatment without the use of an appliance. However, the posterior cleft widths and posterior palate widths show comparable changes in size. 6. The larger anterior cleft width maintained by the use of presurgical orthopedics prior to lip surgery is completely compensated for following lip surgery, so that no significant difference remains between cases treated by presurgical orthopedics and those treated by purely surgical intervention. 7. Since previous findings showed a larger reduction in posterior cleft width in cases treated by presurgical orthopedics than in cases treated by purely surgical intervention and these results show that there is a comparable reduction in posterior cleft width when lip surgery is delayed until the age of 6 months, then early lip surgery tends to limit the natural reduction of the posterior cleft width. 8. Additional studies are needed. These studies must be based on as complete a description of the cleft and the treatment program as possible. It is the total implication for patient rehabilitation that must be considered in the evaluation of treatment outcomes.", "contents": "Changing cleft widths: a problem revisited. A study was undertaken to evaluate changing cleft widths and the timing of surgical repair of the lip in so far as it affects the types of cross-bite occlussion that result in cases treated by presurgical orthopedics (as practiced at Tufts-New England Medical Center Hospitals) and by purely surgical intervention. On the basis of the analyses carried out, the following conclusions were reached: 1. Both the alveolar cleft width prior to lip surgery and the arch form following lip surgery are significantly related, and are predictors of, the type of cross-bite occlusion that will result from purely surgical intervention. 2. Neither the alveolar cleft width prior to lip surgery nor the arch form following lip surgery is significantly related to, or is a predictor of, the type of cross-bite occlusion that will result from presurgical orthopedics. 3. For both presurgical orthopedic treatment programs and purely surgical treatment programs, there is a significant relationship between the arch form following palate surgery and the type of cross-bite occlusion that will result. 4. In cases treated by presurgical orthopedics there is a higher probability of achieving favorable occlusal relationships than in cases treated by purely surgical intervention. 5. In a period of 6 months following birth, but prior to lip surgery, presurgical orthopedics results in a smaller percentage reduction in alveolar cleft width than does treatment without the use of an appliance. However, the posterior cleft widths and posterior palate widths show comparable changes in size. 6. The larger anterior cleft width maintained by the use of presurgical orthopedics prior to lip surgery is completely compensated for following lip surgery, so that no significant difference remains between cases treated by presurgical orthopedics and those treated by purely surgical intervention. 7. Since previous findings showed a larger reduction in posterior cleft width in cases treated by presurgical orthopedics than in cases treated by purely surgical intervention and these results show that there is a comparable reduction in posterior cleft width when lip surgery is delayed until the age of 6 months, then early lip surgery tends to limit the natural reduction of the posterior cleft width. 8. Additional studies are needed. These studies must be based on as complete a description of the cleft and the treatment program as possible. It is the total implication for patient rehabilitation that must be considered in the evaluation of treatment outcomes.", "PMID": 1056134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1771", "title": "Orthodontic positioner used for home fluoride treatments.", "content": "It has been well documented that the more time the enamel surface is exposed to fluoride, the higher will be the caries protection. An extremely good method of greatly increasing caries resistance is by daily or weekly home fluoride treatments. This procedure is usually limited to special cases of rampant caries, patients with hemophilia, and handicapped patients in whom caries control is vital. It is not used more widely because of the added costs of impressions, tray fabrication, and professional. If the patient already has a vehicle for applying fluoride, such as a positioner or mouth guard, it is a simple matter to prescribe or dispense fluoride gel to be used when these appliances are being worn. This is expecially true for orthodontic postioners. When bands are removed, a slight space usually exists interproximally. This space greatly facilitates fluoride contact with the proximal surfaces. Fluoride will tend to recalcify decalcified areas of enamel in addition to providing added caries protection for the patient.  If positioners are not used after band removal, home fluoride trays or rinses can also be effective. Since many orthodontic patients wear a positioner when bands are removed, the orthodontist can provide his patients with the benefits of topical fluoride by prescribing fluoride gel and explaining how to use it along with his positioner.", "contents": "Orthodontic positioner used for home fluoride treatments. It has been well documented that the more time the enamel surface is exposed to fluoride, the higher will be the caries protection. An extremely good method of greatly increasing caries resistance is by daily or weekly home fluoride treatments. This procedure is usually limited to special cases of rampant caries, patients with hemophilia, and handicapped patients in whom caries control is vital. It is not used more widely because of the added costs of impressions, tray fabrication, and professional. If the patient already has a vehicle for applying fluoride, such as a positioner or mouth guard, it is a simple matter to prescribe or dispense fluoride gel to be used when these appliances are being worn. This is expecially true for orthodontic postioners. When bands are removed, a slight space usually exists interproximally. This space greatly facilitates fluoride contact with the proximal surfaces. Fluoride will tend to recalcify decalcified areas of enamel in addition to providing added caries protection for the patient.  If positioners are not used after band removal, home fluoride trays or rinses can also be effective. Since many orthodontic patients wear a positioner when bands are removed, the orthodontist can provide his patients with the benefits of topical fluoride by prescribing fluoride gel and explaining how to use it along with his positioner.", "PMID": 1056136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1772", "title": "Variability of the craniofacial skeleton.  III. Radiographic cephalometry of juvenile Macaca mulatta.", "content": "The variability of the craniofacial skeleton of the juvenile Macaca mulatta was studied from lateral radiographic cephalograms of twenty-three animals, using a previously described method based on fourteen lines depicting certain anatomic features.  The findings, when compared to corresponding human data, revealed that a number of angular relationships are similar in this monkey and in human childrena and adults.  The same is true regarding the variability of individual lines.  These similarities suggest that biologic similarities exist in the cranio-facial skeletal architecture in these species.  Specifically, the findings in the Macaca mulatta were in agreement with previous findings in human children and adults as regards the parallelism between the anterior parts of the neurovascular canals of the upper and lower jaws and the apparently adaptive role of the ramus and the condyle.", "contents": "Variability of the craniofacial skeleton.  III. Radiographic cephalometry of juvenile Macaca mulatta. The variability of the craniofacial skeleton of the juvenile Macaca mulatta was studied from lateral radiographic cephalograms of twenty-three animals, using a previously described method based on fourteen lines depicting certain anatomic features.  The findings, when compared to corresponding human data, revealed that a number of angular relationships are similar in this monkey and in human childrena and adults.  The same is true regarding the variability of individual lines.  These similarities suggest that biologic similarities exist in the cranio-facial skeletal architecture in these species.  Specifically, the findings in the Macaca mulatta were in agreement with previous findings in human children and adults as regards the parallelism between the anterior parts of the neurovascular canals of the upper and lower jaws and the apparently adaptive role of the ramus and the condyle.", "PMID": 1056141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1773", "title": "Palatal growth studied on human autopsy material.  A histologic microradiographic study.", "content": "The postnatal development of the hard palate was studied by conventional histologic and microradiographic means on autopsy material from thirty-three boys and twenty-seven girls aged 0 to 18 years.  The findings indicated thet growth in length of the hard palate until the age of 13 to 15 was due to growth in the transverse suture and to apposition on the posterior margin of the palate.  After this age the sutural growth was found to cease, whereas the apposition seemed to continue for some years.  During the postnatal development the morphology of the transverse suture changed.  At birth the suture was broad and slightly sinuous; later it developed into a typical squamous suture, the palatine part covering the maxillary part.  During puberty the course of the suture was again slightly sinuous.  The importance of this change for the vertical growth of the hard palate was discusses.  It was pointed out that the lowering of the anterior part of the palate.  The transverse growth of the midpalatal suture continued up to tha age of 16 in girls and 18 in boys.  On the basis of morphology, the development of the median suture could be divided into three stages.  In the first stage the suture was short, broad, and Y shaped; in the second the course was more sinuous; and in the third interdigitation was so heavy that a separation of the two halves of the maxilla would not be possible without fracturing the interdigitated processes.", "contents": "Palatal growth studied on human autopsy material.  A histologic microradiographic study. The postnatal development of the hard palate was studied by conventional histologic and microradiographic means on autopsy material from thirty-three boys and twenty-seven girls aged 0 to 18 years.  The findings indicated thet growth in length of the hard palate until the age of 13 to 15 was due to growth in the transverse suture and to apposition on the posterior margin of the palate.  After this age the sutural growth was found to cease, whereas the apposition seemed to continue for some years.  During the postnatal development the morphology of the transverse suture changed.  At birth the suture was broad and slightly sinuous; later it developed into a typical squamous suture, the palatine part covering the maxillary part.  During puberty the course of the suture was again slightly sinuous.  The importance of this change for the vertical growth of the hard palate was discusses.  It was pointed out that the lowering of the anterior part of the palate.  The transverse growth of the midpalatal suture continued up to tha age of 16 in girls and 18 in boys.  On the basis of morphology, the development of the median suture could be divided into three stages.  In the first stage the suture was short, broad, and Y shaped; in the second the course was more sinuous; and in the third interdigitation was so heavy that a separation of the two halves of the maxilla would not be possible without fracturing the interdigitated processes.", "PMID": 1056143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1774", "title": "[\"Narcose \u00e0 distance\" for pneumoencephalography using the x-ray apparatus neurocentrix (author's transl)].", "content": "A method of anesthesia for pneumoencephalography patients in combination with a modern automated x-ray apparatus (Neurocentrix, C.G.R.) is presented with all technical and apparatus details. The method was used in 62 patients.", "contents": "[\"Narcose \u00e0 distance\" for pneumoencephalography using the x-ray apparatus neurocentrix (author's transl)]. A method of anesthesia for pneumoencephalography patients in combination with a modern automated x-ray apparatus (Neurocentrix, C.G.R.) is presented with all technical and apparatus details. The method was used in 62 patients.", "PMID": 1056152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1775", "title": "Complications of BCG vaccination in neoplastic disease.", "content": "More than 300 patients with neoplastic disease (most with lymphoma or leukemia) were given one or more BCG vaccinations. In the great majority of cases, these were well tolerated. The complications we observed were of three types: (A) persistent BCG infection that could disseminate widely, (B) activation of old, dormant acid-fast infection, and (C) hypersensitivity reactions. The latter were related to the frequency of administration and dose of organisms. It is important to recognize that BCG organisms may not be completely destroyed by patients with impaired immunologic defenses, and that their inoculation may create a source of disseminated acid-fast infection at a later time. In our limited experience, treatment with isoniazid for 2 to 3 months has resulted in cure of BCG infection. Hypersensitivity reactions may constitute a more serious problem than such infections.", "contents": "Complications of BCG vaccination in neoplastic disease. More than 300 patients with neoplastic disease (most with lymphoma or leukemia) were given one or more BCG vaccinations. In the great majority of cases, these were well tolerated. The complications we observed were of three types: (A) persistent BCG infection that could disseminate widely, (B) activation of old, dormant acid-fast infection, and (C) hypersensitivity reactions. The latter were related to the frequency of administration and dose of organisms. It is important to recognize that BCG organisms may not be completely destroyed by patients with impaired immunologic defenses, and that their inoculation may create a source of disseminated acid-fast infection at a later time. In our limited experience, treatment with isoniazid for 2 to 3 months has resulted in cure of BCG infection. Hypersensitivity reactions may constitute a more serious problem than such infections.", "PMID": 1056158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1776", "title": "Drugs five years later: cytarabine.", "content": "Cytarabine is an effective agent in the treatment of acute leukemia. Since its approval by The Food and Drug Administration in 1969, the clinical effectiveness of this drug has increased as knowledge of its pharmacologic and biologic properties has been translated into clinical trials. A complete remission rate of greater than 50% can be achieved when cytarabine is used in combination with other agents in the treatment of adult acute myeloblastic leukemia. Remissions occur only after the development of significant bone-marrow hypoplasia, and the care of patients through this period of pancytopenia requires elaborate supportive techniques and facilities. The role of cytarabine in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma is still under clinical investigation and appears promising. Because the clinical effectiveness of cytarabine in the treatment of nonmalignant diseases has not been proved, its use in these disorders must be considered investigational and weighed against the serious bone-marrow suppression and potential long-term hazards of this drug.", "contents": "Drugs five years later: cytarabine. Cytarabine is an effective agent in the treatment of acute leukemia. Since its approval by The Food and Drug Administration in 1969, the clinical effectiveness of this drug has increased as knowledge of its pharmacologic and biologic properties has been translated into clinical trials. A complete remission rate of greater than 50% can be achieved when cytarabine is used in combination with other agents in the treatment of adult acute myeloblastic leukemia. Remissions occur only after the development of significant bone-marrow hypoplasia, and the care of patients through this period of pancytopenia requires elaborate supportive techniques and facilities. The role of cytarabine in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma is still under clinical investigation and appears promising. Because the clinical effectiveness of cytarabine in the treatment of nonmalignant diseases has not been proved, its use in these disorders must be considered investigational and weighed against the serious bone-marrow suppression and potential long-term hazards of this drug.", "PMID": 1056159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1777", "title": "[Blastic crisis and cerebral leukotaxis in a case of lymphoblastic acute leukemia].", "content": "The present report deals with the case of an eleven-years-old child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who showed blastic crises, leukostasis and cerebral hemorrhage. The pathogenesis of these complications is analyzed and some therapeutic rules are outlined.", "contents": "[Blastic crisis and cerebral leukotaxis in a case of lymphoblastic acute leukemia]. The present report deals with the case of an eleven-years-old child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who showed blastic crises, leukostasis and cerebral hemorrhage. The pathogenesis of these complications is analyzed and some therapeutic rules are outlined.", "PMID": 1056187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1778", "title": "[Treatment of acute circulatory failure (shock) in childhood].", "content": "The concept of shock is discussed emphazising the microcirculatory disturbance implied with the resulting failure in tissular perfussion and its consequences (hypoxia, acidosis, enzymatic damage, metabolic changes). Its causes are outlined (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, endocrine); its phases, vasoconstriction, precapillary dilatiation and pooling, disseminated intravascular coagulation and hemorrhages following hypocoagulability due to an excessive consumption of factors and the fundamental elements of the clinical picture. Treatment is analyzed outstanding the necessity of an adequate and urgent correction of the disturbance in volume, stressing the importance of supplying about 400 ml. x m-2 during the first hour and the necessary monitoring of central venous pressure as the best index to control perfussed fluids. Indications for electrolytic solutions are given, including blood, platelets, plasms, albumin, dextran and manitol. The fact that respiratory failure following \"shock lung\" is stressed as the main cause of death and the different procedures of management are described (ventilation, intubation, oxygen therapy, tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation and use of respirators, specially the Bird type). Vasodilator drugs are described together with their indications; also, contraindications of vasoconstrictive drugs. Several complications, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute adrenal failure, acute renal failure and arrhythmia are mentioned together with basic elements for prevention and treatment. Emphasis is placed on the serial control of several elementsusing a special counter in their outline: sensory, respiration including type, rythm and rate, cyanosis, central venous pressure, pulse, color of the skin, capillary filling, temperature, arterial pressure, diuresis, weight, and hydration. A careful hydrous balance is stressed. It is handled in the same counter", "contents": "[Treatment of acute circulatory failure (shock) in childhood]. The concept of shock is discussed emphazising the microcirculatory disturbance implied with the resulting failure in tissular perfussion and its consequences (hypoxia, acidosis, enzymatic damage, metabolic changes). Its causes are outlined (cardiogenic, hypovolemic, septic, neurogenic, anaphylactic, endocrine); its phases, vasoconstriction, precapillary dilatiation and pooling, disseminated intravascular coagulation and hemorrhages following hypocoagulability due to an excessive consumption of factors and the fundamental elements of the clinical picture. Treatment is analyzed outstanding the necessity of an adequate and urgent correction of the disturbance in volume, stressing the importance of supplying about 400 ml. x m-2 during the first hour and the necessary monitoring of central venous pressure as the best index to control perfussed fluids. Indications for electrolytic solutions are given, including blood, platelets, plasms, albumin, dextran and manitol. The fact that respiratory failure following \"shock lung\" is stressed as the main cause of death and the different procedures of management are described (ventilation, intubation, oxygen therapy, tracheostomy, mechanical ventilation and use of respirators, specially the Bird type). Vasodilator drugs are described together with their indications; also, contraindications of vasoconstrictive drugs. Several complications, such as disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute adrenal failure, acute renal failure and arrhythmia are mentioned together with basic elements for prevention and treatment. Emphasis is placed on the serial control of several elementsusing a special counter in their outline: sensory, respiration including type, rythm and rate, cyanosis, central venous pressure, pulse, color of the skin, capillary filling, temperature, arterial pressure, diuresis, weight, and hydration. A careful hydrous balance is stressed. It is handled in the same counter", "PMID": 1056188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1779", "title": "Studies on a factor responsible for new bone formation from osteosarcoma in mice.", "content": "The bone inducing factor derived from BF osteosarcoma was purified in the following manner. Step 1. The sarcoma, grown in CBA mice, was excised and lyophilized. Step 2. The powder was washed with chilled acetone. Step 3. The acetone-treated powder was then homogenized with chilled distilled water. Step 4. Washing with 0.15M KCl. Step 5. The precipitate was incubated in in 0.2 N NH2OH, pH7.0, for 48 H at 25 degrees. After Step 5, the bone-forming activity showed a slight increase; however, the factor remained insoluble. The properties of the factor were as follows. The factor is relatively relatively heat stable; the osteogenic activity survived the treatment at 75 degrees for 15 min or at 55 degrees for 19 h. The activity was easily lost by mechanical shaking. Incubation with DNase, RNase, neuraminidase, chondroitinase ABC and beta-galactosidase left the osteogenic activity intact, but treatment with either pronase or collagnease destroyed this activity. The results suggest that the factor may be a protein. The activity was seen with the lyophilized BF osteosarcoma cells (without matrix), and it is probable that the factor was exclusively synthesized in the cells. The bone formation, observed across a millipore filter when living BF osteosarcoma enclosed in a millipore chamber was implanted in mice, suggests the synthesis and secretion of the factor from the cells.", "contents": "Studies on a factor responsible for new bone formation from osteosarcoma in mice. The bone inducing factor derived from BF osteosarcoma was purified in the following manner. Step 1. The sarcoma, grown in CBA mice, was excised and lyophilized. Step 2. The powder was washed with chilled acetone. Step 3. The acetone-treated powder was then homogenized with chilled distilled water. Step 4. Washing with 0.15M KCl. Step 5. The precipitate was incubated in in 0.2 N NH2OH, pH7.0, for 48 H at 25 degrees. After Step 5, the bone-forming activity showed a slight increase; however, the factor remained insoluble. The properties of the factor were as follows. The factor is relatively relatively heat stable; the osteogenic activity survived the treatment at 75 degrees for 15 min or at 55 degrees for 19 h. The activity was easily lost by mechanical shaking. Incubation with DNase, RNase, neuraminidase, chondroitinase ABC and beta-galactosidase left the osteogenic activity intact, but treatment with either pronase or collagnease destroyed this activity. The results suggest that the factor may be a protein. The activity was seen with the lyophilized BF osteosarcoma cells (without matrix), and it is probable that the factor was exclusively synthesized in the cells. The bone formation, observed across a millipore filter when living BF osteosarcoma enclosed in a millipore chamber was implanted in mice, suggests the synthesis and secretion of the factor from the cells.", "PMID": 1056258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1780", "title": "Polycythemia vera treated with -32p and myleran: development of chronic granulocytic leukemia with chromosomal abnormalities in one patient.", "content": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia developed in a 59-year-old woman who had previously received a total of 21 mCi -32P for polycythemia vera. She was treated with Myleran (busulphan) for her chronic granulocytic leukemia. Cytogenic studied revealed deletion of chromosomes No. 8 and 12, and translocation between 1 and 8. The patient also developed a severe antoimmune hemolytic anemia, for which she received prednisone treatment. She died with a perforated stomach ulcer.", "contents": "Polycythemia vera treated with -32p and myleran: development of chronic granulocytic leukemia with chromosomal abnormalities in one patient. Chronic granulocytic leukemia developed in a 59-year-old woman who had previously received a total of 21 mCi -32P for polycythemia vera. She was treated with Myleran (busulphan) for her chronic granulocytic leukemia. Cytogenic studied revealed deletion of chromosomes No. 8 and 12, and translocation between 1 and 8. The patient also developed a severe antoimmune hemolytic anemia, for which she received prednisone treatment. She died with a perforated stomach ulcer.", "PMID": 1056276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1781", "title": "The renin-angiotensin system in acute renal failure of rats.", "content": "1. Acute renal failure was produced in rats by intramuscular injection of glycerol. Subsequently, changes in the concentrations of renin and of angiotensin II in plasma and the renin content of the kidneys were followed. 2. at 4 and 8 h after glycerol administration, plasma renin and angiotensin II had increased two to three-fold; they remained elevated for 48 h and then returned towards normal. At 7 days, the values were still slightly raised. 3. At 4 and 8 h after glycerol injection, kidney renin had decreased but it had increased after 24 and 48 h. 4. Passive immunization with angiotensin II antibodies, given at the time of glycerol injection and 2 and 4 h afterwards, prevented the development of acute renal failure. When angiotensin II antiserum was administered later (8, 10 and 12 h after glycerol) it had no effect. 5. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system may be involved in the pathogenesis of the early phase of acute renal failure.", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin system in acute renal failure of rats. 1. Acute renal failure was produced in rats by intramuscular injection of glycerol. Subsequently, changes in the concentrations of renin and of angiotensin II in plasma and the renin content of the kidneys were followed. 2. at 4 and 8 h after glycerol administration, plasma renin and angiotensin II had increased two to three-fold; they remained elevated for 48 h and then returned towards normal. At 7 days, the values were still slightly raised. 3. At 4 and 8 h after glycerol injection, kidney renin had decreased but it had increased after 24 and 48 h. 4. Passive immunization with angiotensin II antibodies, given at the time of glycerol injection and 2 and 4 h afterwards, prevented the development of acute renal failure. When angiotensin II antiserum was administered later (8, 10 and 12 h after glycerol) it had no effect. 5. Stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system may be involved in the pathogenesis of the early phase of acute renal failure.", "PMID": 1056277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1782", "title": "Secretion of inorganic phosphate in the rat nephron.", "content": "1. The existence of tubular secretion of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the mammalian kidney has been investigated by studying the renal response of rats infused with sodium phosphate by three different techniques. 2. Clearance studies indicate that, in anaesthetized rats, the net tubular reabsorption decreases markedly in response to Pi infusion. In conscious rats, the clearance of Pi slightly exceeded that of inulin at high plasma Pi concentration. 3. Free-flow micropuncture in control rats showed a net tubular reabsorption of Pi along the proximal tubule, and probably between the end of the distal tubule and the ureteral urine. In phosphate-loaded rats, whether receiving parathyroid hormone or not, an apparent net secretion of Pi was observed between the end of the distal tubule and the reteral urine. In the phosphate-loaded group receiving parthyroid hormone, net secretion was also observed very early in the proximal tubule followed by a predominant reabsorption along this segment. Thus the early proximal tubule and probably also the terminal nephron can be the site of either net reabsorption or net secretion. 4. Microperfusions of proximal tubules show a fall in the specific radioactivity of the perfused radioactive Pi solution, indicating entry of Pi into the lumen.", "contents": "Secretion of inorganic phosphate in the rat nephron. 1. The existence of tubular secretion of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the mammalian kidney has been investigated by studying the renal response of rats infused with sodium phosphate by three different techniques. 2. Clearance studies indicate that, in anaesthetized rats, the net tubular reabsorption decreases markedly in response to Pi infusion. In conscious rats, the clearance of Pi slightly exceeded that of inulin at high plasma Pi concentration. 3. Free-flow micropuncture in control rats showed a net tubular reabsorption of Pi along the proximal tubule, and probably between the end of the distal tubule and the ureteral urine. In phosphate-loaded rats, whether receiving parathyroid hormone or not, an apparent net secretion of Pi was observed between the end of the distal tubule and the reteral urine. In the phosphate-loaded group receiving parthyroid hormone, net secretion was also observed very early in the proximal tubule followed by a predominant reabsorption along this segment. Thus the early proximal tubule and probably also the terminal nephron can be the site of either net reabsorption or net secretion. 4. Microperfusions of proximal tubules show a fall in the specific radioactivity of the perfused radioactive Pi solution, indicating entry of Pi into the lumen.", "PMID": 1056278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1783", "title": "Hypotensive and renin-suppressing activities of propranolol in hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. In patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension, oral propranolol, given in incremental doses, produced a moderate but significant lowering of blood pressure which was correlated with the concentration of propranolol in plasma. 2. Propranolol also reduced plasma renin activity (PRA) in the supine posture, on standing and after intravenous frusemide. However, 'supine' and 'frusemide' PRA values were markedly reduced at a plasma concentration of propranolol that had little effect on blood pressure. 3. On administration of propranolol there was little correlation between blood pressure decrease and PRA suppression, and even less between pretreatment PRA values and hypotensive response. 4. It is concluded that in patients with mild and moderate hypertension and low or normal plasma renin activity, suppression of PRA is not an important determinant of the hypotensive response to propranolol.", "contents": "Hypotensive and renin-suppressing activities of propranolol in hypertensive patients. 1. In patients with mild or moderate essential hypertension, oral propranolol, given in incremental doses, produced a moderate but significant lowering of blood pressure which was correlated with the concentration of propranolol in plasma. 2. Propranolol also reduced plasma renin activity (PRA) in the supine posture, on standing and after intravenous frusemide. However, 'supine' and 'frusemide' PRA values were markedly reduced at a plasma concentration of propranolol that had little effect on blood pressure. 3. On administration of propranolol there was little correlation between blood pressure decrease and PRA suppression, and even less between pretreatment PRA values and hypotensive response. 4. It is concluded that in patients with mild and moderate hypertension and low or normal plasma renin activity, suppression of PRA is not an important determinant of the hypotensive response to propranolol.", "PMID": 1056279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1784", "title": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow in dogs at normal body temperature and at 27 degrees C.", "content": "1. Dogs cooled to 27 degrees C were compared with control dogs maintained at 38 degrees C. The mean arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were lower in the hypothermic animals. 2. The relation between mean arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow was investigated. Auto-regulation of renal blood flow occurred in the kidneys of normothermic and hypothermic animals. Thus the reduction in renal blood flow during hypothermia is not due simply to the fall in mean arterial blood pressure. 3. Similarities between recordings of renal blood flow obtained at 38 degrees C and 27 degrees C suggest that its autoregulation occurs by the same mechanism at the two temperatures. 4. Autoregulation of renal blood flow occurred in hypothermic kidneys in the presence of a cold-induced vasoconstriction. The observed responses to cold and to alterations in mean arterial blood pressure may take place in different areas of the renal vasculature.", "contents": "Autoregulation of renal blood flow in dogs at normal body temperature and at 27 degrees C. 1. Dogs cooled to 27 degrees C were compared with control dogs maintained at 38 degrees C. The mean arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate were lower in the hypothermic animals. 2. The relation between mean arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow was investigated. Auto-regulation of renal blood flow occurred in the kidneys of normothermic and hypothermic animals. Thus the reduction in renal blood flow during hypothermia is not due simply to the fall in mean arterial blood pressure. 3. Similarities between recordings of renal blood flow obtained at 38 degrees C and 27 degrees C suggest that its autoregulation occurs by the same mechanism at the two temperatures. 4. Autoregulation of renal blood flow occurred in hypothermic kidneys in the presence of a cold-induced vasoconstriction. The observed responses to cold and to alterations in mean arterial blood pressure may take place in different areas of the renal vasculature.", "PMID": 1056280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1785", "title": "Methionine adenosyltransferase, cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase activity of rat liver subcellular particles, human blood cells and mixed white cells from rat bone marrow.", "content": "1. Methionine adenosyltransferase (ATP:L-methionine-S-adenosyl transferase, EC 2.5.1.6), cystathionine beta-synthase F1L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine), EC 4.2.1.22] and cystathionine gamma-lyase [L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1] activities were found only in the cytosol fraction of rat liver cells. None was found in the mitochondrial or endoplasmic reticulum fractions as judged by the distribution of marker enzymes on a density gradient after centrifugation of the cytoplasmic fraction of a liver homogenate, or in a preparation of liver cell nuclei. 2. Polymorphs, lymphocytes (with admixed monocytes) and mixed bone marrow white cells contained no methionine adenosyl transferase, cystathionine beta-synthase or cystathionine gamma-lyase activities. 3. The possible bearing of these results on the problem of abnormal cystine storage in cystinosis is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Methionine adenosyltransferase, cystathionine beta-synthase and cystathionine gamma-lyase activity of rat liver subcellular particles, human blood cells and mixed white cells from rat bone marrow. 1. Methionine adenosyltransferase (ATP:L-methionine-S-adenosyl transferase, EC 2.5.1.6), cystathionine beta-synthase F1L-serine hydro-lyase (adding homocysteine), EC 4.2.1.22] and cystathionine gamma-lyase [L-cystathionine cysteine-lyase (deaminating), EC 4.4.1.1] activities were found only in the cytosol fraction of rat liver cells. None was found in the mitochondrial or endoplasmic reticulum fractions as judged by the distribution of marker enzymes on a density gradient after centrifugation of the cytoplasmic fraction of a liver homogenate, or in a preparation of liver cell nuclei. 2. Polymorphs, lymphocytes (with admixed monocytes) and mixed bone marrow white cells contained no methionine adenosyl transferase, cystathionine beta-synthase or cystathionine gamma-lyase activities. 3. The possible bearing of these results on the problem of abnormal cystine storage in cystinosis is briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1056281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1786", "title": "Adaptations in urea ammonium excretion in metabolic acidosis in the rat: a reinterpretation.", "content": "1. The effects of oral hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate on urea and ammonium excretion in rats on a constant diet were studied. 2. Hydrochloric acid acidosis significantly reduced urea excretion in the rat, with an equimolar increase in NH+4 excretion and no change in their sum. In ammonium chloride acidosis, most of the additional nitrogen intake is excreted as NH+4 and a small percentage as urea. The converse holds true after administration of ammonium bicarbonate. The physiological significance of this is discussed. 3. The shift in nitrogen excretion from urea to NH+4 in acidosis is interpreted on the basis of bicarbonate production and utilization. Urea formation utilizes HCO-3. For amino acid sources, this utilization is offset by the metabolism of the carbon skeleton, which gives rise to HCO-3. When waste nitrogen is excreted as NH+4, no bicarbonate is utilized and the new HCO-3, generated by the carbon skeleton, hels to maintain hydrogen ion homeostasis.", "contents": "Adaptations in urea ammonium excretion in metabolic acidosis in the rat: a reinterpretation. 1. The effects of oral hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate on urea and ammonium excretion in rats on a constant diet were studied. 2. Hydrochloric acid acidosis significantly reduced urea excretion in the rat, with an equimolar increase in NH+4 excretion and no change in their sum. In ammonium chloride acidosis, most of the additional nitrogen intake is excreted as NH+4 and a small percentage as urea. The converse holds true after administration of ammonium bicarbonate. The physiological significance of this is discussed. 3. The shift in nitrogen excretion from urea to NH+4 in acidosis is interpreted on the basis of bicarbonate production and utilization. Urea formation utilizes HCO-3. For amino acid sources, this utilization is offset by the metabolism of the carbon skeleton, which gives rise to HCO-3. When waste nitrogen is excreted as NH+4, no bicarbonate is utilized and the new HCO-3, generated by the carbon skeleton, hels to maintain hydrogen ion homeostasis.", "PMID": 1056282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1787", "title": "Iron therapy in maintenance haemodialysis.", "content": "1. Marrow-iron stores were absent or reduced in twenty-three of thirty-nine patients studied within 52 months of starting maintenance haemodialysis. 2. Oral iron was given to twelve patients (group I) with absent or reduced, and to eleven patients (group II) with normal or increased marrow-iron stores. 3. A significant increase in mean haemoglobin concentration and marrow iron was observed in group I. No significant change in mean haemoglobin concentration or marrow iron occurred in group II. Mean haemoglogin concentration after treatment was significantly higher in group I than in group II. 4. The four patients who had normal or increased marrow iron and who received no oral iron all suffered a fall in haemoglobin concentration, and three of them showed a reduction in marrow iron. 5. These findings indicate that continuous oral iron therapy should be given to all patients on maintenance dialysis to correct or prevent iron deficiency.", "contents": "Iron therapy in maintenance haemodialysis. 1. Marrow-iron stores were absent or reduced in twenty-three of thirty-nine patients studied within 52 months of starting maintenance haemodialysis. 2. Oral iron was given to twelve patients (group I) with absent or reduced, and to eleven patients (group II) with normal or increased marrow-iron stores. 3. A significant increase in mean haemoglobin concentration and marrow iron was observed in group I. No significant change in mean haemoglobin concentration or marrow iron occurred in group II. Mean haemoglogin concentration after treatment was significantly higher in group I than in group II. 4. The four patients who had normal or increased marrow iron and who received no oral iron all suffered a fall in haemoglobin concentration, and three of them showed a reduction in marrow iron. 5. These findings indicate that continuous oral iron therapy should be given to all patients on maintenance dialysis to correct or prevent iron deficiency.", "PMID": 1056283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1788", "title": "Effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on the renal vascular response to a low sodium diet in the rabbit.", "content": "1. The effect of propranolol on total and regional renal blood flow was measured in conscious rabbits after 6 days on normal or low sodium diets. 2. Propranolol inhibited the fall in total superficial cortical renal blood flow which occurred in response to the low sodium diet but did not influence renal blood flow in rabbits on a normal sodium diet. 3. Reduction and redistribution of renal blood flow in response to a low sodium diet appears to be mediated by a beta-receptor mechanism and may be a consequence of intrarenal release of renin.", "contents": "Effects of beta-adrenergic receptor blockade on the renal vascular response to a low sodium diet in the rabbit. 1. The effect of propranolol on total and regional renal blood flow was measured in conscious rabbits after 6 days on normal or low sodium diets. 2. Propranolol inhibited the fall in total superficial cortical renal blood flow which occurred in response to the low sodium diet but did not influence renal blood flow in rabbits on a normal sodium diet. 3. Reduction and redistribution of renal blood flow in response to a low sodium diet appears to be mediated by a beta-receptor mechanism and may be a consequence of intrarenal release of renin.", "PMID": 1056284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1789", "title": "Effect of salmon calcitonin on cardiac output, oxygen transport and bone turnover in patients with Paget's disease.", "content": "1. Twelve patients with symptomatic Paget's disease were studied before starting treatment with salmon calcitonin (12-5 mug) subcutaneously twice daily. Eleven of them were studied again after 3 months on this therapy. 2. Although pretreatment values for urinary total hydroxyproline excretion and cardiac output were considerably increased in some patients, there was no correlation between these two variables in the group as a whole. 3. Treatment resulted in a striking reduction in disease activity; the mean urinary hydroxyproline decreased 67%. 4. There was, however, no significant fall in cardiac output or change in oxygen transport during treatment. 5. Of the eight patients with bone pain who received treatment, five claimed complete pain relief.", "contents": "Effect of salmon calcitonin on cardiac output, oxygen transport and bone turnover in patients with Paget's disease. 1. Twelve patients with symptomatic Paget's disease were studied before starting treatment with salmon calcitonin (12-5 mug) subcutaneously twice daily. Eleven of them were studied again after 3 months on this therapy. 2. Although pretreatment values for urinary total hydroxyproline excretion and cardiac output were considerably increased in some patients, there was no correlation between these two variables in the group as a whole. 3. Treatment resulted in a striking reduction in disease activity; the mean urinary hydroxyproline decreased 67%. 4. There was, however, no significant fall in cardiac output or change in oxygen transport during treatment. 5. Of the eight patients with bone pain who received treatment, five claimed complete pain relief.", "PMID": 1056285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1790", "title": "Evaluating attitude change in community dental service programs in Minnesota, U.S.A.", "content": "Attitude changes of students participating in two community service programs at the University of Minnesota were evaluated using the semantic differential technique. Program I, a single day clinical experience at a state institution for the mentally retarded, involved 170 students; Program II, a 1-week clinical program in dental auxiliary utilization, involved 30 students. For each program, semantic differentials were designed to elicit scaled evauative responses toward concepts such as mental retardation and dentistry which were important to program objectives. Scales were administered in a pretest, post-test design. Statistically significant differences were noted for seven of eight target concepts, and appropriate attitude changes were inferred from these differences. Design of community programs and evaluation of desired attitude change using the semantic differential were discussed.", "contents": "Evaluating attitude change in community dental service programs in Minnesota, U.S.A. Attitude changes of students participating in two community service programs at the University of Minnesota were evaluated using the semantic differential technique. Program I, a single day clinical experience at a state institution for the mentally retarded, involved 170 students; Program II, a 1-week clinical program in dental auxiliary utilization, involved 30 students. For each program, semantic differentials were designed to elicit scaled evauative responses toward concepts such as mental retardation and dentistry which were important to program objectives. Scales were administered in a pretest, post-test design. Statistically significant differences were noted for seven of eight target concepts, and appropriate attitude changes were inferred from these differences. Design of community programs and evaluation of desired attitude change using the semantic differential were discussed.", "PMID": 1056286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1791", "title": "Comparison between participants and non-participants in a dental health survey in northern Norway.", "content": "The present study focused on possible differences with regard to sex, age, family income and dental status between those who did and those who did not attend a dental health survey. In a village in Northern Norway, all inhabitants aged 20-69 years (180 men and 178 women) were invited by mail to participate in a dental health survey. Two reminders were sent to non-respondents. Eighty-three percent of the target population attended for examination and interviews, and 94% responded to a follow-up questionnaire. Of all non-participants, men, and particularly young men, were overrepresented. Middle-aged people were more likely to participate than were persons under 30 and over 50 years of age. Furthermore, people belonging to the upper income groups seemed to be more willing to participate than those at lower income levels. Apparently, inconvenient working hours and long commuting distances had affected the participation. In addition, it seemed likely that anxiety and local factors had some influence.", "contents": "Comparison between participants and non-participants in a dental health survey in northern Norway. The present study focused on possible differences with regard to sex, age, family income and dental status between those who did and those who did not attend a dental health survey. In a village in Northern Norway, all inhabitants aged 20-69 years (180 men and 178 women) were invited by mail to participate in a dental health survey. Two reminders were sent to non-respondents. Eighty-three percent of the target population attended for examination and interviews, and 94% responded to a follow-up questionnaire. Of all non-participants, men, and particularly young men, were overrepresented. Middle-aged people were more likely to participate than were persons under 30 and over 50 years of age. Furthermore, people belonging to the upper income groups seemed to be more willing to participate than those at lower income levels. Apparently, inconvenient working hours and long commuting distances had affected the participation. In addition, it seemed likely that anxiety and local factors had some influence.", "PMID": 1056287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1792", "title": "Congenital oral anomalies in argentinian children.", "content": "A total of 6,180 Argentinian school-age children were examined clinically for the presence of oral congenital anomalies. The following prevalence figures were found: commissured lip pits (0.7%), ankyloglossia (0.1%), geographic tongue (1.5%), localized enamel hypomaturation (2.8%), median rhomboid glossitis (0.10/00), torus palatinus (0.30/00) and dentinogenesis imperfecta (0.30/00). Data are presented for the first time on snowcap amelogenesis imperfecta with a prevalence value of 0.1%.", "contents": "Congenital oral anomalies in argentinian children. A total of 6,180 Argentinian school-age children were examined clinically for the presence of oral congenital anomalies. The following prevalence figures were found: commissured lip pits (0.7%), ankyloglossia (0.1%), geographic tongue (1.5%), localized enamel hypomaturation (2.8%), median rhomboid glossitis (0.10/00), torus palatinus (0.30/00) and dentinogenesis imperfecta (0.30/00). Data are presented for the first time on snowcap amelogenesis imperfecta with a prevalence value of 0.1%.", "PMID": 1056288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1793", "title": "Five-year review of tooth mortality in a selected population in Leeds, U.K.", "content": "The results of survey of tooth mortality, in a group of 1,507 patients attending the Conservation Department of a dental teaching hospital in Leeds, U.K., are reported. Comparisons are drawn with the results of a previous study carried out in 1964-65 and with a survey of a general population. The results suggest that there is a general tendency for tooth mortality to be lower in the present survey and this change is particularly noticeable for maxillary incisor and canine teeth. The significance of these results is discussed and various hypotheses are suggested to explain them.", "contents": "Five-year review of tooth mortality in a selected population in Leeds, U.K. The results of survey of tooth mortality, in a group of 1,507 patients attending the Conservation Department of a dental teaching hospital in Leeds, U.K., are reported. Comparisons are drawn with the results of a previous study carried out in 1964-65 and with a survey of a general population. The results suggest that there is a general tendency for tooth mortality to be lower in the present survey and this change is particularly noticeable for maxillary incisor and canine teeth. The significance of these results is discussed and various hypotheses are suggested to explain them.", "PMID": 1056289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1794", "title": "Tetracycline-stained teeth in Jerusalem preschool children.", "content": "The prevalence of tetracycline-stained teeth was studied in 965 5-year-olds attending compulsory kindergarten in West Jerusalem in 1971. In addition, demographic data were collected to determine the socioeconomic status of the children's families. The prevalence of children with stained teeth was 8.0%, males being affected twice as often as females. The prevalence of staining was significantly higher in children of lower socioeconomic status.", "contents": "Tetracycline-stained teeth in Jerusalem preschool children. The prevalence of tetracycline-stained teeth was studied in 965 5-year-olds attending compulsory kindergarten in West Jerusalem in 1971. In addition, demographic data were collected to determine the socioeconomic status of the children's families. The prevalence of children with stained teeth was 8.0%, males being affected twice as often as females. The prevalence of staining was significantly higher in children of lower socioeconomic status.", "PMID": 1056290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1795", "title": "Characteristics of a group of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders.", "content": "Information concerning social, medical and dental characteristics was obtained from a group comprising 406 patients, 103 men and 303 women, all with some temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. Median age for the men was 27 years, and for the women 33 years. Individuals belonging to the middle and upper social classes were clearly overrepresented. Self-reports on general health indicated no obvious deviation from levels which might be expected to prevail in the general population. Dental health tended to be slightly ahead of Norwegian general standards. Eighty-two percent of the group were found to have a mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (MDS), 11% had chronic osteoarthritis, and 7% suffered from other arthropathies of traumatic as well as rheumatologic origin. The proportion of patients with MDS was inversely related to age, and after the age of 40, the relative frequency of MDS also fell slightly with the lowering of social class. Presumably the social composition of the clientele reflected differences in the seeking of treatment, rather than in the \"true\" disease prevalences. No indication was found for assuming that dental factors had played major and independent roles in the development of the disorders.", "contents": "Characteristics of a group of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders. Information concerning social, medical and dental characteristics was obtained from a group comprising 406 patients, 103 men and 303 women, all with some temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. Median age for the men was 27 years, and for the women 33 years. Individuals belonging to the middle and upper social classes were clearly overrepresented. Self-reports on general health indicated no obvious deviation from levels which might be expected to prevail in the general population. Dental health tended to be slightly ahead of Norwegian general standards. Eighty-two percent of the group were found to have a mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (MDS), 11% had chronic osteoarthritis, and 7% suffered from other arthropathies of traumatic as well as rheumatologic origin. The proportion of patients with MDS was inversely related to age, and after the age of 40, the relative frequency of MDS also fell slightly with the lowering of social class. Presumably the social composition of the clientele reflected differences in the seeking of treatment, rather than in the \"true\" disease prevalences. No indication was found for assuming that dental factors had played major and independent roles in the development of the disorders.", "PMID": 1056291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1796", "title": "Prevalence of leukokeratosis nicotina palati among 3,819 danes.", "content": "Clinical inspection was made of the palatal mucosa of 3,819 patients at the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen. Any occurrence of leukokeratosis nicotina palati (LNP) was recorded, as were the patients' general data and information on their smoking habits. LNP was most prevalent in 30- to 39-year-olds. Prevalence was considerably greater among males than females, even when comparing groups with the same smoking habits. LNP was found in connection with all forms of smoking. In male patients, approx. 30% of pipe smokers had LNP compared with approx. 7% of other smokers. The greatest single factor of importance to the prevalence of LNP, among those who smoked a pipe only, was the level of consumption. The smoking period was of no particular significance. Individual susceptibility is illustrated by the fact that even among pipe smokers with a relatively high consumption, 40% did not exhibit LNP.", "contents": "Prevalence of leukokeratosis nicotina palati among 3,819 danes. Clinical inspection was made of the palatal mucosa of 3,819 patients at the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen. Any occurrence of leukokeratosis nicotina palati (LNP) was recorded, as were the patients' general data and information on their smoking habits. LNP was most prevalent in 30- to 39-year-olds. Prevalence was considerably greater among males than females, even when comparing groups with the same smoking habits. LNP was found in connection with all forms of smoking. In male patients, approx. 30% of pipe smokers had LNP compared with approx. 7% of other smokers. The greatest single factor of importance to the prevalence of LNP, among those who smoked a pipe only, was the level of consumption. The smoking period was of no particular significance. Individual susceptibility is illustrated by the fact that even among pipe smokers with a relatively high consumption, 40% did not exhibit LNP.", "PMID": 1056292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1797", "title": "Incidence of oral cancer among 30,000 villagers in india in a 7-year follow-up study of oral precancerous lesions.", "content": "In three districts of India where an oral precancer registry comprising 30,000 individuals was established in 1967, regular follow-up surveys have been conducted. This paper discusses the results of a 7-year follow-up study. In Bhavnagar district only one case or oral cancer was reported in this study. In the districts of Ernakulam and Srikakulam, age-adjusted annual incidence rates for oral cancer were found to be 33 and 22 per 100,000 respectively. The significance of tobacco habits and oral submucous fibrosis as etiologic factors is discussed.", "contents": "Incidence of oral cancer among 30,000 villagers in india in a 7-year follow-up study of oral precancerous lesions. In three districts of India where an oral precancer registry comprising 30,000 individuals was established in 1967, regular follow-up surveys have been conducted. This paper discusses the results of a 7-year follow-up study. In Bhavnagar district only one case or oral cancer was reported in this study. In the districts of Ernakulam and Srikakulam, age-adjusted annual incidence rates for oral cancer were found to be 33 and 22 per 100,000 respectively. The significance of tobacco habits and oral submucous fibrosis as etiologic factors is discussed.", "PMID": 1056293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1798", "title": "[Determination of vitality of the dental pulp].", "content": "The means and methods most frequently used today for testing the sensitivity of the pulp are examined and critically evaluated. It was found that all of them comply with the requirements they should meet, but that they differ with regard to their field of application and the reliability of the information they furnish.", "contents": "[Determination of vitality of the dental pulp]. The means and methods most frequently used today for testing the sensitivity of the pulp are examined and critically evaluated. It was found that all of them comply with the requirements they should meet, but that they differ with regard to their field of application and the reliability of the information they furnish.", "PMID": 1056297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1799", "title": "[X-rays findings within the frame of endodontics].", "content": "Radiograms and radiological findings are indispensable in endodontic treatment in the following cases: 1. for diagnosing diseases of the pulp and the apical periodontium. 2. for determining the length of the root canal 3. when via falsa is suspected. 4. after the root canal was filled.", "contents": "[X-rays findings within the frame of endodontics]. Radiograms and radiological findings are indispensable in endodontic treatment in the following cases: 1. for diagnosing diseases of the pulp and the apical periodontium. 2. for determining the length of the root canal 3. when via falsa is suspected. 4. after the root canal was filled.", "PMID": 1056298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1800", "title": "[Modification of the microbial flora in the root canal].", "content": "Medicamentous treatment of the root canal for influencing the germ flora are a supporting measure. In this connection the application of Nebacetin solution has proven successful. Local application of general antibiotics, however, is not indicated.", "contents": "[Modification of the microbial flora in the root canal]. Medicamentous treatment of the root canal for influencing the germ flora are a supporting measure. In this connection the application of Nebacetin solution has proven successful. Local application of general antibiotics, however, is not indicated.", "PMID": 1056300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1801", "title": "[Conservative complete restoration of the apical-ostitis foci].", "content": "Histological pictures on the initial and further development of periapical inflammations show that they may develop after the formation of an abscess as well as primary solid granulation starting at the apex. It depends on the surrounding connective tissue interpreted as sclerosed edema whether in the case of an abscess, the abscess cavity will be organized or whether a cyst will be developing.", "contents": "[Conservative complete restoration of the apical-ostitis foci]. Histological pictures on the initial and further development of periapical inflammations show that they may develop after the formation of an abscess as well as primary solid granulation starting at the apex. It depends on the surrounding connective tissue interpreted as sclerosed edema whether in the case of an abscess, the abscess cavity will be organized or whether a cyst will be developing.", "PMID": 1056302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1802", "title": "[Vital or devitalizing extirpation?].", "content": "When extirpating the pulp, the canal tissue is amputated chemically or surgically and the space produced filled with non-irritating material. The resulting wound differs depending on the method applied. The difficulties in dressing are discussed, especially considering the so-called \"dead space\". After criticizing arsenic medication, the obtainable therapeutic success is discussed and the disadvantages and advantages of the two extirpation methods are compared.", "contents": "[Vital or devitalizing extirpation?]. When extirpating the pulp, the canal tissue is amputated chemically or surgically and the space produced filled with non-irritating material. The resulting wound differs depending on the method applied. The difficulties in dressing are discussed, especially considering the so-called \"dead space\". After criticizing arsenic medication, the obtainable therapeutic success is discussed and the disadvantages and advantages of the two extirpation methods are compared.", "PMID": 1056304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1803", "title": "[Water uptake and solubility of 3 filling plastic materials in relation to hardness tests and time].", "content": "10 samples each of 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1 mm thickness of a conventional PMMA, a PMMA composite, and a Bowen composite were tested according to FDI specification no. 3 for 60 days. Sample thickness influences the rate of water uptake, and especially solubility. The sample size of 50 plus or minus 1 mm diameter and 0.5 plus or minus 0.1 mm thickness is suitable for obtaining reproducible, comparable, and clinically characteristic results. Water saturation is normally obtained after 3 to 5 days. Because of the varying sample thickness during production and due to different density of the materials, water uptake should only be expressed in per cent by volume. Solubility should not be disregarded when determining water uptake. It may simulate saturation or equilibrium. Solubility amounts to up to 2 per cent by weight after 60 days. Clinical findings regarding loss in substance may be explainable by this.", "contents": "[Water uptake and solubility of 3 filling plastic materials in relation to hardness tests and time]. 10 samples each of 0.25 mm, 0.5 mm, and 1 mm thickness of a conventional PMMA, a PMMA composite, and a Bowen composite were tested according to FDI specification no. 3 for 60 days. Sample thickness influences the rate of water uptake, and especially solubility. The sample size of 50 plus or minus 1 mm diameter and 0.5 plus or minus 0.1 mm thickness is suitable for obtaining reproducible, comparable, and clinically characteristic results. Water saturation is normally obtained after 3 to 5 days. Because of the varying sample thickness during production and due to different density of the materials, water uptake should only be expressed in per cent by volume. Solubility should not be disregarded when determining water uptake. It may simulate saturation or equilibrium. Solubility amounts to up to 2 per cent by weight after 60 days. Clinical findings regarding loss in substance may be explainable by this.", "PMID": 1056305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1804", "title": "[Luxation-fractures of the temporomandibular process in orthopantomogram].", "content": "The orthopantomogram (according to Paatero) offers a first orientation survey for diagnosing a fracture-dislocation of the neck of the mandibular condyle. It is easy to take, does not cause any pain, and involves relatively little exposure to radiation. Its value for diagnosing should not, however, be overestimated, since the number of errors is outstandingly high as the present investigation has shown. Only in very few cases it may be sufficient for making the diagnosis. Generally, several radiograms taken in at least two different planes of the temporomandibular joint region are required for establishing an exact diagnosis of a fracture-dislocation of the condyle.", "contents": "[Luxation-fractures of the temporomandibular process in orthopantomogram]. The orthopantomogram (according to Paatero) offers a first orientation survey for diagnosing a fracture-dislocation of the neck of the mandibular condyle. It is easy to take, does not cause any pain, and involves relatively little exposure to radiation. Its value for diagnosing should not, however, be overestimated, since the number of errors is outstandingly high as the present investigation has shown. Only in very few cases it may be sufficient for making the diagnosis. Generally, several radiograms taken in at least two different planes of the temporomandibular joint region are required for establishing an exact diagnosis of a fracture-dislocation of the condyle.", "PMID": 1056307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1805", "title": "[Effect of sugar-exchange fructose, sorbitol and xylitol on the incidence of caries anddental plaque flora of the rat].", "content": "The cariogenicity of fructose, sorbitol, and xylite in chocolate bars as against that of sucrose was tested by ad libitum and programmed feeding of rats. After both types of feeding, the sucrose-containing feed showed the strongest cariogenicity and the xylite-containing feed the weakest cariogenicity. At the end of the test, s.mutans bacteria were found most frequently in the dental plaques of the sucrose animals, while it was not possible to demonstrate the existence of such germs in the xylite animals.", "contents": "[Effect of sugar-exchange fructose, sorbitol and xylitol on the incidence of caries anddental plaque flora of the rat]. The cariogenicity of fructose, sorbitol, and xylite in chocolate bars as against that of sucrose was tested by ad libitum and programmed feeding of rats. After both types of feeding, the sucrose-containing feed showed the strongest cariogenicity and the xylite-containing feed the weakest cariogenicity. At the end of the test, s.mutans bacteria were found most frequently in the dental plaques of the sucrose animals, while it was not possible to demonstrate the existence of such germs in the xylite animals.", "PMID": 1056308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1806", "title": "Acquired red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency in leukemias and related disorders.", "content": "The authors studied red blood cell pyruvate kinase activity of 202 patients with various hemopathies. A PK deficiency of moderate grade was found in 39% of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemias, in 57% of those with primary medullary insufficiency without aplasia, in 61% of those with refractory sideroblastic anemia. The PK deficiency was often associated with deficiencies of other red cell enzymes. The mechanism of such enzyme abnormalities was discussed with the hypothesis of a post-translational molecular alteration.", "contents": "Acquired red cell pyruvate kinase deficiency in leukemias and related disorders. The authors studied red blood cell pyruvate kinase activity of 202 patients with various hemopathies. A PK deficiency of moderate grade was found in 39% of patients with acute myeloblastic leukemias, in 57% of those with primary medullary insufficiency without aplasia, in 61% of those with refractory sideroblastic anemia. The PK deficiency was often associated with deficiencies of other red cell enzymes. The mechanism of such enzyme abnormalities was discussed with the hypothesis of a post-translational molecular alteration.", "PMID": 1056309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1807", "title": "[Charge-transfer complexes of indolalkylamine and ergoline derivatives].", "content": "Charge-transfer complexes of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and pyromellitic dianhydride with indolalkylamines (5-hydroxytryptamine, dimethyltryptamine, etryptamine) and with ergoline derivatives having antiserotonin activity (methysergide, methylergometrine, metergoline, nicotergoline) were studied. The value of the association constant of indole derivatives with trinitrobenzene is influenced by variations on the chain; on the contrary, with pyromellitic dianhydride - only etryptamine and dimethyltryptamine form CT-complexes - the different behaviour can not be correlated with any particular structural characteristics. The association constant values of ergoline derivatives with trinitrobenzene are of the same order of magnitude as that of serotonin; with pyromellitic dianhydride only metergoline and nicotergoline form CT-complexes.", "contents": "[Charge-transfer complexes of indolalkylamine and ergoline derivatives]. Charge-transfer complexes of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and pyromellitic dianhydride with indolalkylamines (5-hydroxytryptamine, dimethyltryptamine, etryptamine) and with ergoline derivatives having antiserotonin activity (methysergide, methylergometrine, metergoline, nicotergoline) were studied. The value of the association constant of indole derivatives with trinitrobenzene is influenced by variations on the chain; on the contrary, with pyromellitic dianhydride - only etryptamine and dimethyltryptamine form CT-complexes - the different behaviour can not be correlated with any particular structural characteristics. The association constant values of ergoline derivatives with trinitrobenzene are of the same order of magnitude as that of serotonin; with pyromellitic dianhydride only metergoline and nicotergoline form CT-complexes.", "PMID": 1056310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1808", "title": "The influence of different isolation procedures and the use of target cells from melanoma cell lines and short-term cultures on the non-specific cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes from healthy donors.", "content": "In parallel studies the effects of FHL1 and PNL on plated melanoma cells from cell lines and short-term cultures were compared. FHL showed more frequent and also stronger cytotoxic and/or growth-inhibiting effects than PNL. On melanoma target cells from cell lines both FHL and PNL showed more frequent and stronger cytotoxic and/or growth-inhibiting effects than on melanoma target cells from short-term cultures. In the individual donors the percentage of monocytes and EAC-rosette-forming cells in FHL was significantly higher than in PNL. A significant correlation was found between multiplication of the melanoma target cells during the period and an increased susceptibility towards lymphocytes from healthy donors. Melanoma target cells from cell lines were not more fragile, or more susceptible to unfavourable culture conditions than cells from short-term cultures, since non-lymphocytic \"effector\" cells showed much weaker cytotoxic and/or growth-inhibiting effects than lymphocytes from healthy donors. Cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes from healthy donors were also registered on target cells from a mammary carcinoma and an osteosarcoma cell line. No significant differences in the cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes from healthy donor were observed when tested on mycoplasma-contaminated melanoma cells and the same cells made mycoplasma-free. Mitomycin-C-treated lymphocytes retained their cytotoxic effects. Lymphocytes from a healthy donor tested on different occasions on the same melanoma cells from a short-term culture showed an incidental cytotoxic reaction.", "contents": "The influence of different isolation procedures and the use of target cells from melanoma cell lines and short-term cultures on the non-specific cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes from healthy donors. In parallel studies the effects of FHL1 and PNL on plated melanoma cells from cell lines and short-term cultures were compared. FHL showed more frequent and also stronger cytotoxic and/or growth-inhibiting effects than PNL. On melanoma target cells from cell lines both FHL and PNL showed more frequent and stronger cytotoxic and/or growth-inhibiting effects than on melanoma target cells from short-term cultures. In the individual donors the percentage of monocytes and EAC-rosette-forming cells in FHL was significantly higher than in PNL. A significant correlation was found between multiplication of the melanoma target cells during the period and an increased susceptibility towards lymphocytes from healthy donors. Melanoma target cells from cell lines were not more fragile, or more susceptible to unfavourable culture conditions than cells from short-term cultures, since non-lymphocytic \"effector\" cells showed much weaker cytotoxic and/or growth-inhibiting effects than lymphocytes from healthy donors. Cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes from healthy donors were also registered on target cells from a mammary carcinoma and an osteosarcoma cell line. No significant differences in the cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes from healthy donor were observed when tested on mycoplasma-contaminated melanoma cells and the same cells made mycoplasma-free. Mitomycin-C-treated lymphocytes retained their cytotoxic effects. Lymphocytes from a healthy donor tested on different occasions on the same melanoma cells from a short-term culture showed an incidental cytotoxic reaction.", "PMID": 1056313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1809", "title": "Enhancement by drugs of metastatic lung nodule formation after intravenous tumour cell injection.", "content": "In studies on a model of induced pulmonary metastasis in mice a tumour host system was analysed which was not affected by immunogenicity of the tumour for the host; neither intensive immunosuppression nor immunization caused a significant change in the quantity of pulmonary metastatic nodules. In contrast the application of cytostatic drugs and of Corynebacterium parvum could modify the pulmonary resistance to the formation of tumour nodules by a factor greater than 100 in either direction. This finding confirms the observation of others that major modification of the resistance to metastatic tumour formation can occur independently of classical immunological mechanisms. Special attention is drawn to the fact that cyclophosphamide enhances the formation of metastatic nodules in this model by factors of 100 to more than 1,000 whereas other cytostatic drugs including the cyclophosphamide congeners iphosphamide and trophosphamide are active only factors between 2 and 12. The possible practical significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Enhancement by drugs of metastatic lung nodule formation after intravenous tumour cell injection. In studies on a model of induced pulmonary metastasis in mice a tumour host system was analysed which was not affected by immunogenicity of the tumour for the host; neither intensive immunosuppression nor immunization caused a significant change in the quantity of pulmonary metastatic nodules. In contrast the application of cytostatic drugs and of Corynebacterium parvum could modify the pulmonary resistance to the formation of tumour nodules by a factor greater than 100 in either direction. This finding confirms the observation of others that major modification of the resistance to metastatic tumour formation can occur independently of classical immunological mechanisms. Special attention is drawn to the fact that cyclophosphamide enhances the formation of metastatic nodules in this model by factors of 100 to more than 1,000 whereas other cytostatic drugs including the cyclophosphamide congeners iphosphamide and trophosphamide are active only factors between 2 and 12. The possible practical significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1056314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1810", "title": "Variation in spotting among the close relatives of the butterfly, Maniola jurtina.", "content": "A study of spotting in seven related butterfly species in the genera Maniola and Pyronia has been initiated, in the hope of complementing previous work on Maniola jurtina. Marked individual variability has been found in six of the species. Stability of spotting over large areas has not been prominent, but a high degree of apparent geographical variability has been found in four species. Sometimes this has taken the form of clines and sometimes of quantal steps. Some of the quantal changes coincide with the appearance of different \"subspecies\". Among the incomplete data presented, parallel geographical variation in different species has not been an obvious feature. There have not been enough samples to test for temporal variation in spotting.", "contents": "Variation in spotting among the close relatives of the butterfly, Maniola jurtina. A study of spotting in seven related butterfly species in the genera Maniola and Pyronia has been initiated, in the hope of complementing previous work on Maniola jurtina. Marked individual variability has been found in six of the species. Stability of spotting over large areas has not been prominent, but a high degree of apparent geographical variability has been found in four species. Sometimes this has taken the form of clines and sometimes of quantal steps. Some of the quantal changes coincide with the appearance of different \"subspecies\". Among the incomplete data presented, parallel geographical variation in different species has not been an obvious feature. There have not been enough samples to test for temporal variation in spotting.", "PMID": 1056319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1811", "title": "Genetic differences between the Chinese and European races of the common carp.I. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions for growth rate.", "content": "Growth rate of 12 groups of common carp was measured at five experimental environments. Three of the 12 tested groups were strains of the domesticated European race of the common carp, one group was a representative of the Big-Belly Chinese race, and the remaining eight groups were F1 crossbreds among the European strains and between the European and the Chinese races. The average growth rate over the five environments of the Chinese Big-Belly was considerably poorer than that of the European carp. All the inter-race crossbreds and the crossbreds among the European strains showed heterosis. When the genotype-environment interaction was presented as a linear function of the quality of the environment, the regression coefficient (the overall responsiveness parameter) assumed relatively low values in the Big-Belly and two to two-and-a-half fold higher values in the European carp. The overall responsiveness of crossbreds was, on the average, intermediate between the two parents. When, however, it was partitioned into a scale function of the average genotype and specific independent responsiveness, the two components showed a high degree of heterosis but in opposite directions. An explanation of this genetic system in terms of adaptive evolution to the diverse modes of carp domestication in Europe and China was given.", "contents": "Genetic differences between the Chinese and European races of the common carp.I. Analysis of genotype-environment interactions for growth rate. Growth rate of 12 groups of common carp was measured at five experimental environments. Three of the 12 tested groups were strains of the domesticated European race of the common carp, one group was a representative of the Big-Belly Chinese race, and the remaining eight groups were F1 crossbreds among the European strains and between the European and the Chinese races. The average growth rate over the five environments of the Chinese Big-Belly was considerably poorer than that of the European carp. All the inter-race crossbreds and the crossbreds among the European strains showed heterosis. When the genotype-environment interaction was presented as a linear function of the quality of the environment, the regression coefficient (the overall responsiveness parameter) assumed relatively low values in the Big-Belly and two to two-and-a-half fold higher values in the European carp. The overall responsiveness of crossbreds was, on the average, intermediate between the two parents. When, however, it was partitioned into a scale function of the average genotype and specific independent responsiveness, the two components showed a high degree of heterosis but in opposite directions. An explanation of this genetic system in terms of adaptive evolution to the diverse modes of carp domestication in Europe and China was given.", "PMID": 1056320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1812", "title": "Genetic differences between the Chinese and European races of the common carp. II. Multi-character variation-a response to the diverse methods of fish cultivation in Europe and China.", "content": "The European and Chinese races of the common carp and their F1 crossbreds were tested in five experimental environments. The two races differ widely and conspicuously in many characters. The Chinese carp has poorer growth rate but higher viability and fertility, earlier sexual maturity, higher resistance to crowding, better adaptation to unfavourable pond conditions, higher seine escapability, longer body and larger weight differences between females and males. The crossbreds between the two races are intermediate in some characters (differences in weight between females and males and seine escapability). In other characters (weight gain, specific adaptation to poor conditions and viability), the crossbreds showed dominance or even heterosis. An hypothesis was advanced to explain these genetic differences in terms of selection response to the different fish-farming practices that existed in the two regions. Specific suggestions were made for implementation of the present findings to genetic improvement of carp breeding stocks.", "contents": "Genetic differences between the Chinese and European races of the common carp. II. Multi-character variation-a response to the diverse methods of fish cultivation in Europe and China. The European and Chinese races of the common carp and their F1 crossbreds were tested in five experimental environments. The two races differ widely and conspicuously in many characters. The Chinese carp has poorer growth rate but higher viability and fertility, earlier sexual maturity, higher resistance to crowding, better adaptation to unfavourable pond conditions, higher seine escapability, longer body and larger weight differences between females and males. The crossbreds between the two races are intermediate in some characters (differences in weight between females and males and seine escapability). In other characters (weight gain, specific adaptation to poor conditions and viability), the crossbreds showed dominance or even heterosis. An hypothesis was advanced to explain these genetic differences in terms of selection response to the different fish-farming practices that existed in the two regions. Specific suggestions were made for implementation of the present findings to genetic improvement of carp breeding stocks.", "PMID": 1056321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1813", "title": "Selection of sex-ratio and the evolution of sex-determination.", "content": "Deterministic selection forces operating at a modifier level within a population lead to the establishment of systems of sex-determination which, under a variety of natural conditions, induce sex-ratios close to 1 : 1.", "contents": "Selection of sex-ratio and the evolution of sex-determination. Deterministic selection forces operating at a modifier level within a population lead to the establishment of systems of sex-determination which, under a variety of natural conditions, induce sex-ratios close to 1 : 1.", "PMID": 1056322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1814", "title": "All-female broods in the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. and their ecological significance.", "content": "Many female Danaus chrysippus produce all-female broods. Of the two common colour forms at Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, form dorippus usually givs normal broods while more than 50 per cent of form chrysippus tested produced all-female broods. It is suggested that all-female broods are the result of meiotic drive governed by a Y-linked gene and that a dominant autosomal suppressor, closely linked with the forewing colour locus, must be present in the population. As selection for the colour morphs changes with season, the sex ratio also alternates between an excess of females at the start of the rains when population density increases rapidly, and an excess of males, probably through superiour survival, in the driest months. Changes in sex ratio allow the population to alter its numbers very quickly in response to prevailing conditions.", "contents": "All-female broods in the polymorphic butterfly Danaus chrysippus L. and their ecological significance. Many female Danaus chrysippus produce all-female broods. Of the two common colour forms at Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, form dorippus usually givs normal broods while more than 50 per cent of form chrysippus tested produced all-female broods. It is suggested that all-female broods are the result of meiotic drive governed by a Y-linked gene and that a dominant autosomal suppressor, closely linked with the forewing colour locus, must be present in the population. As selection for the colour morphs changes with season, the sex ratio also alternates between an excess of females at the start of the rains when population density increases rapidly, and an excess of males, probably through superiour survival, in the driest months. Changes in sex ratio allow the population to alter its numbers very quickly in response to prevailing conditions.", "PMID": 1056323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1815", "title": "Determination of the environmental sensitivity of selection lines by the selection environment.", "content": "The parents chosen to continue 10 independent selection lines of Schizophyllum commune over eight successive generations of selection, along with unselected controls, have been retrospectively examined for their response to growth at 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees C. The regression of rate of growth on temperature was essentially linear over the range 15 degrees to 30 degrees C for all lines in all generations as was also the regression of rate of growth on various biological assessments of the environments over the whole temperature range. Either regression, therefore, provided linear regression coefficients which adequately accounted for the relative sensitivities of the lines to temperature in each generation of selection. These measures of environmental sensitivity confirmed our earlier report that selection for high mean performance in a good environment or for low mean performance in a poor environment leads to selections that are more sensitive to environmental variation than selections for high mean performance in a poor environment or for low mean performance in a good environment. These differences in sensitivity emerge as correlated responses during selection and the magnitude of these correlated responses is higher in the good environment than in the poor environment irrespective of the direction of selection. The environmental sensitivity of selection lines can be modified in either direction as required by either selecting for sensitivity simultaneously with the selection for mean performance or by selecting for mean performance in an above or below average environment. The quality of environments in which artificial selection is usually carried out is likely to have led to high selections with maximum environmental sensitivity and low selections with minimum sensitivity.", "contents": "Determination of the environmental sensitivity of selection lines by the selection environment. The parents chosen to continue 10 independent selection lines of Schizophyllum commune over eight successive generations of selection, along with unselected controls, have been retrospectively examined for their response to growth at 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees, 30 degrees and 35 degrees C. The regression of rate of growth on temperature was essentially linear over the range 15 degrees to 30 degrees C for all lines in all generations as was also the regression of rate of growth on various biological assessments of the environments over the whole temperature range. Either regression, therefore, provided linear regression coefficients which adequately accounted for the relative sensitivities of the lines to temperature in each generation of selection. These measures of environmental sensitivity confirmed our earlier report that selection for high mean performance in a good environment or for low mean performance in a poor environment leads to selections that are more sensitive to environmental variation than selections for high mean performance in a poor environment or for low mean performance in a good environment. These differences in sensitivity emerge as correlated responses during selection and the magnitude of these correlated responses is higher in the good environment than in the poor environment irrespective of the direction of selection. The environmental sensitivity of selection lines can be modified in either direction as required by either selecting for sensitivity simultaneously with the selection for mean performance or by selecting for mean performance in an above or below average environment. The quality of environments in which artificial selection is usually carried out is likely to have led to high selections with maximum environmental sensitivity and low selections with minimum sensitivity.", "PMID": 1056324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1816", "title": "Population structure, gene flow and natural selection in populations of Euphydryas phaeton.", "content": "An examination of seven proteins, presumably encoded by seven structural gene loci, in three local populations of the supposedly sedentary and colonial butterfly, Euphydryas phaeton revealed that three (43 per cent) were polymorphic with three to five alleles each. In addition to this high level of heterozygosity, no statistically significant differences in allele frequencies were found at two of the three polymorphic loci. Since the effective breeding size in each population was estimated to range from as few as 20 to 200 individuals, it appears that some level of gene flow between populations must be invoked to explain the high levels of genetic variability maintained in local populations of this butterfly, despite its apparently colonial nature.", "contents": "Population structure, gene flow and natural selection in populations of Euphydryas phaeton. An examination of seven proteins, presumably encoded by seven structural gene loci, in three local populations of the supposedly sedentary and colonial butterfly, Euphydryas phaeton revealed that three (43 per cent) were polymorphic with three to five alleles each. In addition to this high level of heterozygosity, no statistically significant differences in allele frequencies were found at two of the three polymorphic loci. Since the effective breeding size in each population was estimated to range from as few as 20 to 200 individuals, it appears that some level of gene flow between populations must be invoked to explain the high levels of genetic variability maintained in local populations of this butterfly, despite its apparently colonial nature.", "PMID": 1056325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1817", "title": "A second look at some data on a cline.", "content": "The release-recapture data given in table 1 of Kettlewell et al.'s (1969) paper on a cline in the frequencies of the typica and edda morphs of the moth. Amathes glareosa have  been re-analysed. Estimates of daily survival probabilities have been calculated and these have been \"explained\" in terms of differences between localities of release and the morph involved. The conclusions of Kettlewell et al. (1969) with regard to the survival of the moths have not been confirmed.", "contents": "A second look at some data on a cline. The release-recapture data given in table 1 of Kettlewell et al.'s (1969) paper on a cline in the frequencies of the typica and edda morphs of the moth. Amathes glareosa have  been re-analysed. Estimates of daily survival probabilities have been calculated and these have been \"explained\" in terms of differences between localities of release and the morph involved. The conclusions of Kettlewell et al. (1969) with regard to the survival of the moths have not been confirmed.", "PMID": 1056326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1818", "title": "Monomorphism and heterozygosity.", "content": "A myth about the relation between monomorphism and heterozygosity is dispelled: the observed relation provided no evidence for (or against) neutral mutations.", "contents": "Monomorphism and heterozygosity. A myth about the relation between monomorphism and heterozygosity is dispelled: the observed relation provided no evidence for (or against) neutral mutations.", "PMID": 1056327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1819", "title": "A note on assortative mating and artificial selection.", "content": "A simple method is presented for determining the effect on the genetic variance of a quantitative trait, of selection followed by various degrees of assortative mating.", "contents": "A note on assortative mating and artificial selection. A simple method is presented for determining the effect on the genetic variance of a quantitative trait, of selection followed by various degrees of assortative mating.", "PMID": 1056328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1820", "title": "Effect of sugar analogues on growth, sugar utilization, and acid production by Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Studies on the effect of various structural analogues of glucose of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent sugar transport in Streptococcus mutans showed that sugars with alterations at carbon 2 were markedly inhibitory. Low concentrations of the nonfermentable analogue D-2-deoxyglucose (2-deoxyg) blocked the growth of S mutans in broth media containing various fermentable sugars. Acid production by S mutans from both exogenous glucose and intracellular storage polysaccharide was inhibited by 2-deoxyG. The analogue is bacteriostatic, and large quantities of intracellular 2-deoxyG-6-PO4 accumulate during exposure of S mutans to the sugar.", "contents": "Effect of sugar analogues on growth, sugar utilization, and acid production by Streptococcus mutans. Studies on the effect of various structural analogues of glucose of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent sugar transport in Streptococcus mutans showed that sugars with alterations at carbon 2 were markedly inhibitory. Low concentrations of the nonfermentable analogue D-2-deoxyglucose (2-deoxyg) blocked the growth of S mutans in broth media containing various fermentable sugars. Acid production by S mutans from both exogenous glucose and intracellular storage polysaccharide was inhibited by 2-deoxyG. The analogue is bacteriostatic, and large quantities of intracellular 2-deoxyG-6-PO4 accumulate during exposure of S mutans to the sugar.", "PMID": 1056348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1821", "title": "In vivo tetracycline labeling of experimentally induced reparative dentin in human teeth.", "content": "Tetracycline hydrocholoride was administered to label reparative dentin in teeth indicated for extraction. Deep cavities or pulp capping performed on the teeth one of four months before extraction served as a stimulus for new dentin formation. Examination of undemineralized sections under ultraviolet light revealed fluorescent bands in the reparative dentin of most teeth. The technique can be safely used in studies of the effects of clinical procedures on the dentin and pulp of human teeth.", "contents": "In vivo tetracycline labeling of experimentally induced reparative dentin in human teeth. Tetracycline hydrocholoride was administered to label reparative dentin in teeth indicated for extraction. Deep cavities or pulp capping performed on the teeth one of four months before extraction served as a stimulus for new dentin formation. Examination of undemineralized sections under ultraviolet light revealed fluorescent bands in the reparative dentin of most teeth. The technique can be safely used in studies of the effects of clinical procedures on the dentin and pulp of human teeth.", "PMID": 1056349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1822", "title": "Antimalarial drugs and reduced incidence of dental plaque.", "content": "Known antimalarial compunds from several chemical classes were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of microorganisms causing dental plaque and to prevent the development of plaque in a hamster model. Approximately a third of the compounds tested inhibited in vitro growth; however, none prevented development of plaque.", "contents": "Antimalarial drugs and reduced incidence of dental plaque. Known antimalarial compunds from several chemical classes were tested for their ability to inhibit in vitro growth of microorganisms causing dental plaque and to prevent the development of plaque in a hamster model. Approximately a third of the compounds tested inhibited in vitro growth; however, none prevented development of plaque.", "PMID": 1056350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1823", "title": "Predisposition to caries in hamsters following the Erosire effect of a commercial citrus beverage administered with and without supplemental fluoride.", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a citrus beverage on tooth erosion and predisposition to caries in hamster molars, and to determine if a supplement of 1.9 ppm fluoride to the beverage influences these systems. Results suggest that enamel erosion is a predisposing factor. The addition of physiological fluoride protects the enamel from erosion and caries.", "contents": "Predisposition to caries in hamsters following the Erosire effect of a commercial citrus beverage administered with and without supplemental fluoride. A study was undertaken to investigate the effect of a citrus beverage on tooth erosion and predisposition to caries in hamster molars, and to determine if a supplement of 1.9 ppm fluoride to the beverage influences these systems. Results suggest that enamel erosion is a predisposing factor. The addition of physiological fluoride protects the enamel from erosion and caries.", "PMID": 1056352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1824", "title": "Comparison of the effects of linear and cyclic phosphates on the adsorption of proteins by human enamel.", "content": "Treatment of human enamel powder with cyclic trimetaphosphate or linear tripolyphosphate changes subsequent adsorption of amylase, lysozyme, and salivary protein from aqueous solutions. Treated enamel samples adsorb more lysozyme, less amylase, and more salivary protein (at concentrations exceeding 12 mug/ml) than controls treated with distilled water.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of linear and cyclic phosphates on the adsorption of proteins by human enamel. Treatment of human enamel powder with cyclic trimetaphosphate or linear tripolyphosphate changes subsequent adsorption of amylase, lysozyme, and salivary protein from aqueous solutions. Treated enamel samples adsorb more lysozyme, less amylase, and more salivary protein (at concentrations exceeding 12 mug/ml) than controls treated with distilled water.", "PMID": 1056353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1825", "title": "Peripheal blood toxicity of topical 5-fluorouracil on the Syrian hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "Toxicological studies on the peripheral blood after topical application of 5-fluorouracil to the buccal pouch of the Suriam hamster showed that a daily application of 10 mul (9.5 mg) was the maximum ideal dose for this animal. This dose did not depress to a significant degree the white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin leve., hematocrit value, or the peripheral differential blood counts after 14 daily applications. Doses of increased concentration either daily or periodically were less effective and toxic.", "contents": "Peripheal blood toxicity of topical 5-fluorouracil on the Syrian hamster cheek pouch. Toxicological studies on the peripheral blood after topical application of 5-fluorouracil to the buccal pouch of the Suriam hamster showed that a daily application of 10 mul (9.5 mg) was the maximum ideal dose for this animal. This dose did not depress to a significant degree the white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin leve., hematocrit value, or the peripheral differential blood counts after 14 daily applications. Doses of increased concentration either daily or periodically were less effective and toxic.", "PMID": 1056355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1826", "title": "Multiple regression of predictors and criteria of dental school performance.", "content": "This study reports normative data for 370 students admitted to the UCLA School of Dentistry, data on commonly used performance predictors, and the regression equation best fitted for forecasting performance in this school. Most variance was associated with denatl school grade point average, National Board Dental Examination averages, and clinical performance. Best predictors were achievement level and trend in preadmission academic performance. The selection interview and high school preformance were also evaluated as predictor criteria.", "contents": "Multiple regression of predictors and criteria of dental school performance. This study reports normative data for 370 students admitted to the UCLA School of Dentistry, data on commonly used performance predictors, and the regression equation best fitted for forecasting performance in this school. Most variance was associated with denatl school grade point average, National Board Dental Examination averages, and clinical performance. Best predictors were achievement level and trend in preadmission academic performance. The selection interview and high school preformance were also evaluated as predictor criteria.", "PMID": 1056354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1827", "title": "Enchancement of the antiplaque value of antibacterial agents by enamel-conditioning methods. I. Rationale, mechanism, and initial findings.", "content": "A method is proposed to induce chemically the incorporation of bacterial agents inot enamel and thus rende this tissue resistant to bacterial colonization. It consists of promoting a slight initial dissolution of enamel, followed immediately by tis reprecipitation. During this latter phase, antibacterial agents included in the test formulations would become trapped in the reprecipitating enamel. That this happens is proved by the chemical detection of antibacterial agents in treated enamel, as well as by the development of a remarkable resistance of treated specimens to grow in vitro plaque.", "contents": "Enchancement of the antiplaque value of antibacterial agents by enamel-conditioning methods. I. Rationale, mechanism, and initial findings. A method is proposed to induce chemically the incorporation of bacterial agents inot enamel and thus rende this tissue resistant to bacterial colonization. It consists of promoting a slight initial dissolution of enamel, followed immediately by tis reprecipitation. During this latter phase, antibacterial agents included in the test formulations would become trapped in the reprecipitating enamel. That this happens is proved by the chemical detection of antibacterial agents in treated enamel, as well as by the development of a remarkable resistance of treated specimens to grow in vitro plaque.", "PMID": 1056357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1828", "title": "Physical characteristics of a new cleaning and polishing agent for use in a prophylaxips paste.", "content": "A prophylaxis composition containing a sodium-potassium aluminum silicate abrasive system was evaluated in the laboratory in comparison with several different commercial prophylaxis pastes. The in vitro data indicate that the new composition increases enamel polish and decreases abrasion characteristics without sacrificing cleaning efficacy when compared with the commercial products tested.", "contents": "Physical characteristics of a new cleaning and polishing agent for use in a prophylaxips paste. A prophylaxis composition containing a sodium-potassium aluminum silicate abrasive system was evaluated in the laboratory in comparison with several different commercial prophylaxis pastes. The in vitro data indicate that the new composition increases enamel polish and decreases abrasion characteristics without sacrificing cleaning efficacy when compared with the commercial products tested.", "PMID": 1056356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1829", "title": "Dentistry, medicine, pharmacy: treatment interests, ability and socioeconomic index of three stable career groups.", "content": "Career development literature indicates that many who enter a specific health profession may do so after actively considering one of the other health professions. From a field of 36 variables representing abilities, interests, temperanment, and socioeconomic index, 16 significant variables were found that best differentiate between and among physicians, dentists, and pharmacists. These 16 served as reliable discriminators for predictive classification.", "contents": "Dentistry, medicine, pharmacy: treatment interests, ability and socioeconomic index of three stable career groups. Career development literature indicates that many who enter a specific health profession may do so after actively considering one of the other health professions. From a field of 36 variables representing abilities, interests, temperanment, and socioeconomic index, 16 significant variables were found that best differentiate between and among physicians, dentists, and pharmacists. These 16 served as reliable discriminators for predictive classification.", "PMID": 1056358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1830", "title": "Model practice as a valid research tool for studying actual private practice.", "content": "Data from the actual private practices of two dentists were compared with respective data from the participation of the same two dentists in a laboratory model of private practice conducted in the University of North Carolina Dental Research Center. The findings show that a laboratory model can be established which accurately reflects the major parameters of an actual private practice.", "contents": "Model practice as a valid research tool for studying actual private practice. Data from the actual private practices of two dentists were compared with respective data from the participation of the same two dentists in a laboratory model of private practice conducted in the University of North Carolina Dental Research Center. The findings show that a laboratory model can be established which accurately reflects the major parameters of an actual private practice.", "PMID": 1056360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1831", "title": "Effect of selected dietary additives on the incidence of dental caries in the rat.", "content": "Weanling rats fed a cariogenic diet supplemented with carbamyl phosphate, in combination with egg shell meal and trace elements, showed a striking reduction in the incidence of caries. The cariostatic efficacy of carbamyl phosphate is significant because it stimulates fluid movement within odontoblasts via the hypothalamic-parotid gland endocrine axis.", "contents": "Effect of selected dietary additives on the incidence of dental caries in the rat. Weanling rats fed a cariogenic diet supplemented with carbamyl phosphate, in combination with egg shell meal and trace elements, showed a striking reduction in the incidence of caries. The cariostatic efficacy of carbamyl phosphate is significant because it stimulates fluid movement within odontoblasts via the hypothalamic-parotid gland endocrine axis.", "PMID": 1056361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1832", "title": "Acidogenic potential of cariogenic and noncariogenic diets in the rat.", "content": "No significant difference in lactic acid content was observed in dood residues removed from the occlusal grooves of rats receiving Purina lab chow or the 62% sucrose cariogenic diet. The incubation of rat saliva with Purina chow, with 62% sucrose diet, or with the 62% sucrose diet  supplemented with carbamyl phosphate, egg shell meal, and the trace elements zinc, molybdenum, and chromium produced in 24 hours essentially the same pH surve. The terminaltitratable acidity observed in saliva incubated with the 62% unsupplemented diet, however, was significantly less than that produced in salivary mixtures containing either Purina chow or supplemented sucrose diets.", "contents": "Acidogenic potential of cariogenic and noncariogenic diets in the rat. No significant difference in lactic acid content was observed in dood residues removed from the occlusal grooves of rats receiving Purina lab chow or the 62% sucrose cariogenic diet. The incubation of rat saliva with Purina chow, with 62% sucrose diet, or with the 62% sucrose diet  supplemented with carbamyl phosphate, egg shell meal, and the trace elements zinc, molybdenum, and chromium produced in 24 hours essentially the same pH surve. The terminaltitratable acidity observed in saliva incubated with the 62% unsupplemented diet, however, was significantly less than that produced in salivary mixtures containing either Purina chow or supplemented sucrose diets.", "PMID": 1056362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1833", "title": "Colored charge-transfer complexes from N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine.", "content": "Yellow mixtures form on adding essentially colorless N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) to colorless methacrylate monomers containing phthalate, isophthalate, or terephthalate diester groups. The color-causing interactions between the amines and monomers were investigated using ultraviolet spectroscopy. Equations were derived from predicting interactions between formulation ingredients and DMPT that would lead to undesired color.", "contents": "Colored charge-transfer complexes from N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine. Yellow mixtures form on adding essentially colorless N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) to colorless methacrylate monomers containing phthalate, isophthalate, or terephthalate diester groups. The color-causing interactions between the amines and monomers were investigated using ultraviolet spectroscopy. Equations were derived from predicting interactions between formulation ingredients and DMPT that would lead to undesired color.", "PMID": 1056363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1834", "title": "Some toxicological aspects of sttanous fluoride after ingestion as a clear precipitatefree solution compared to sodium fluoride.", "content": "Weanling rats were administered 20, 380, and 20,000 ppm F as clear precipitatefree SnF2 solutions. Equivalent ppm F as NaF solution was similarly administered for comparison. The rats were autopsied at the end of the study for histological examination of kidney, liver, and incisors. The pathognomonic manifestations were correlated with the plasma F levels.", "contents": "Some toxicological aspects of sttanous fluoride after ingestion as a clear precipitatefree solution compared to sodium fluoride. Weanling rats were administered 20, 380, and 20,000 ppm F as clear precipitatefree SnF2 solutions. Equivalent ppm F as NaF solution was similarly administered for comparison. The rats were autopsied at the end of the study for histological examination of kidney, liver, and incisors. The pathognomonic manifestations were correlated with the plasma F levels.", "PMID": 1056366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1835", "title": "Teaching self-examination of the head and neck: another aspect of preventive dentistry.", "content": "A technique for self-examination of the oral cavity and head and neck has been presented. The technique is simple in its design and yet thorough in its scope. The need for such an examination is established on the incidence of malignancies in this area and the importance of early detection, diagnosis, and treatment. The role of dental auxiliaries and the role of risk factors are discussed.", "contents": "Teaching self-examination of the head and neck: another aspect of preventive dentistry. A technique for self-examination of the oral cavity and head and neck has been presented. The technique is simple in its design and yet thorough in its scope. The need for such an examination is established on the incidence of malignancies in this area and the importance of early detection, diagnosis, and treatment. The role of dental auxiliaries and the role of risk factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1056392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1836", "title": "Comprehensive management of the double tooth: report of case.", "content": "A patient with an abnormal maxillary lateral incisor was treated to restore function and to improve appearance. Although specific classification of the problem into accepted terminology was attempted, the term double tooth was used to define the patient's problem. We have shown that the identification of the specific abnormalities, not the etiologic classification, is important to achieve an effective treatment plan.", "contents": "Comprehensive management of the double tooth: report of case. A patient with an abnormal maxillary lateral incisor was treated to restore function and to improve appearance. Although specific classification of the problem into accepted terminology was attempted, the term double tooth was used to define the patient's problem. We have shown that the identification of the specific abnormalities, not the etiologic classification, is important to achieve an effective treatment plan.", "PMID": 1056393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1837", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the sandpaper disk method for removing fluorosis stains from teeth.", "content": "The sandpaper disk method for removing fluorosis stains from teeth was clinically evaluated in 93 teeth in 22 patients. A bleaching solution was first applied to the teeth, and then a sandpaper disk in a straight handpiece was rotated on the stained enamel surface. None of the patients complained of discomfort during or after the bleaching procedure.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the sandpaper disk method for removing fluorosis stains from teeth. The sandpaper disk method for removing fluorosis stains from teeth was clinically evaluated in 93 teeth in 22 patients. A bleaching solution was first applied to the teeth, and then a sandpaper disk in a straight handpiece was rotated on the stained enamel surface. None of the patients complained of discomfort during or after the bleaching procedure.", "PMID": 1056394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1838", "title": "An embouchure aid for clarinet and saxophone players.", "content": "An embouchure aid was constructed as a means of bringing relief to the many clarinet and saxophone players who suffer chronic lip irritation as the result of playing their instruments. The device, a removable vinyl plastic matrix to be worn while playing, was designed to fit over the mandibular anterior teeth, thus relieving the pressure of the incisal edges of the teeth against the mucous membrane inside the lower lip. Tested in daily use by clarinet and saxophone players for a one-year period, the matrix proved immediately effective in eliminating lip irritation. Its unique design and construction gives it the additional advantages of being highly durable, as well as technically simple to fabricate and easy to fit.", "contents": "An embouchure aid for clarinet and saxophone players. An embouchure aid was constructed as a means of bringing relief to the many clarinet and saxophone players who suffer chronic lip irritation as the result of playing their instruments. The device, a removable vinyl plastic matrix to be worn while playing, was designed to fit over the mandibular anterior teeth, thus relieving the pressure of the incisal edges of the teeth against the mucous membrane inside the lower lip. Tested in daily use by clarinet and saxophone players for a one-year period, the matrix proved immediately effective in eliminating lip irritation. Its unique design and construction gives it the additional advantages of being highly durable, as well as technically simple to fabricate and easy to fit.", "PMID": 1056395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1839", "title": "A survey of anesthetic health hazards among dentists.", "content": "Measurable concentrations of waste anesthetic gases have been found in hospital dental operating rooms. A mail survey of 4,797 general dental practitioners and 2,642 oral surgeons indicated that 20.2% of the general practitioners and 74.8% of the oral surgeons had anesthetic exposures exceeding three hours per week. In the comparison of the health of individuals exposed or unexposed to inhalation anesthetics, there was a significant increase (78%) of spontaneous abortion in the spouses of exposed dentists and a significant increase (156%) in liver disease for exposed dentists. The implication of these findings and possible solutions are discussed.", "contents": "A survey of anesthetic health hazards among dentists. Measurable concentrations of waste anesthetic gases have been found in hospital dental operating rooms. A mail survey of 4,797 general dental practitioners and 2,642 oral surgeons indicated that 20.2% of the general practitioners and 74.8% of the oral surgeons had anesthetic exposures exceeding three hours per week. In the comparison of the health of individuals exposed or unexposed to inhalation anesthetics, there was a significant increase (78%) of spontaneous abortion in the spouses of exposed dentists and a significant increase (156%) in liver disease for exposed dentists. The implication of these findings and possible solutions are discussed.", "PMID": 1056396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1840", "title": "The location and incidence of accessory pulpal canals in periodontal pockets.", "content": "One hundred permanent human teeth, extracted because of periodontal disease, were studied to determine the percentage of teeth in which accessory canals were located within a periodontal pocket. Pocket depth and other data were recorded before the extractions. After extraction, the pulpal contents were removed and pulp chambers and canals filled with a radiopaque material by an injection process. The teeth were radiographed from different angles to observe the accessory canals. Ten teeth also were studied histologically to compare the results with those obtained by the injection technique. Several conclusions were drawn from this study. Two percent of the 100 teeth studied had accessory canal located within a periodontal pocket. Seventeen percent of the teeth examined had one accessory canal, 6% had two accessory canals, and no teeth had more than two accessory canals. As groups, mandibular premolars and mandibular molars had the highest percentage of teeth exhibiting accessory canals, and maxillary molars and mandibular incisors had the lowest percentage of teeth with accessory canals. The histologic evaluation and the injection technique study showed a direct correlation as to the presence or absence of accessory canals. It was impossible to make any correlation between restorations, caries, attrition, or type of periodontal bone loss and the presence of accessory canals found in periodontal pockets.", "contents": "The location and incidence of accessory pulpal canals in periodontal pockets. One hundred permanent human teeth, extracted because of periodontal disease, were studied to determine the percentage of teeth in which accessory canals were located within a periodontal pocket. Pocket depth and other data were recorded before the extractions. After extraction, the pulpal contents were removed and pulp chambers and canals filled with a radiopaque material by an injection process. The teeth were radiographed from different angles to observe the accessory canals. Ten teeth also were studied histologically to compare the results with those obtained by the injection technique. Several conclusions were drawn from this study. Two percent of the 100 teeth studied had accessory canal located within a periodontal pocket. Seventeen percent of the teeth examined had one accessory canal, 6% had two accessory canals, and no teeth had more than two accessory canals. As groups, mandibular premolars and mandibular molars had the highest percentage of teeth exhibiting accessory canals, and maxillary molars and mandibular incisors had the lowest percentage of teeth with accessory canals. The histologic evaluation and the injection technique study showed a direct correlation as to the presence or absence of accessory canals. It was impossible to make any correlation between restorations, caries, attrition, or type of periodontal bone loss and the presence of accessory canals found in periodontal pockets.", "PMID": 1056405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1841", "title": "A teamwork approach to correct a severe prosthodontic problem.", "content": "Treatment for a patient with a severe Class II malocclusion, maxillary anterior protrusion, left maxillary posterior overeruption with resultant loss of intermaxillary space, and an undesirable plane of occlusion has been presented. Through the combined approaches of oral surgery and restorative dentistry, the patient was successfully treated without the loss of multiple posterior teeth.", "contents": "A teamwork approach to correct a severe prosthodontic problem. Treatment for a patient with a severe Class II malocclusion, maxillary anterior protrusion, left maxillary posterior overeruption with resultant loss of intermaxillary space, and an undesirable plane of occlusion has been presented. Through the combined approaches of oral surgery and restorative dentistry, the patient was successfully treated without the loss of multiple posterior teeth.", "PMID": 1056406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1842", "title": "Patterns of metastases in adenocarcinomas of man. An autopsy study of 4,728 cases.", "content": "This paper deals with 4,728 autopsy records collected at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Department of Pathology. 1,436 adenocarcinomas provided the data to test whether certain adenocarcinomas had a higher propensity to seed metastatic organs than others. The data were subdiveded into four categories depending on the presence or absence of metastases at two keysites, i.e., lungs and liver. Metastatic keysites are defined as those organs whose chances of being seeded are the highest. Only adenocarcinomas were chosen to deal with the main theme discussed in the paper, i.e. soil specificity. \"Soil specificity\" is defined as a higher than expected occurrence of metastases at a particular organ, due to a primary adenocarcinoma, when compared to the overall group of adenocarcinomas. The location of the primary tumor and of the metastatic organ were taken into account to distinguish between a higher propensity to seed an organ either because of its anatomical proximity to the primary tumor or because of an affinity, possibly of biochemical nature. The presence or absence of metastases in lungs and liver clarifies the mode of spread of metastases, either by a direct spread, or by a cascade process which implies that no generalized metastases occur unless the lungs and liver are seeded.", "contents": "Patterns of metastases in adenocarcinomas of man. An autopsy study of 4,728 cases. This paper deals with 4,728 autopsy records collected at Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Department of Pathology. 1,436 adenocarcinomas provided the data to test whether certain adenocarcinomas had a higher propensity to seed metastatic organs than others. The data were subdiveded into four categories depending on the presence or absence of metastases at two keysites, i.e., lungs and liver. Metastatic keysites are defined as those organs whose chances of being seeded are the highest. Only adenocarcinomas were chosen to deal with the main theme discussed in the paper, i.e. soil specificity. \"Soil specificity\" is defined as a higher than expected occurrence of metastases at a particular organ, due to a primary adenocarcinoma, when compared to the overall group of adenocarcinomas. The location of the primary tumor and of the metastatic organ were taken into account to distinguish between a higher propensity to seed an organ either because of its anatomical proximity to the primary tumor or because of an affinity, possibly of biochemical nature. The presence or absence of metastases in lungs and liver clarifies the mode of spread of metastases, either by a direct spread, or by a cascade process which implies that no generalized metastases occur unless the lungs and liver are seeded.", "PMID": 1056412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1843", "title": "Decrease in experimental liver metastasis in mice after treatment with pyran copolymer.", "content": "Intravenous injection of pyran copolymer (divinyl ether-maleic anhydride) 24 h prior to intravenous injection of B16 melanoma in C57/BL6 mice greatly decreased the number of liver metastases. If the pyran copolymer was administered 3 days after injection of tumor cells, the number of metastases was not significantly decreased. Pyran copolymer has been reported to stimulate interferon production and increase clearance of particulate matter by the reticuloendothelial system. The results of this experiment suggests an important role played by the reticuloendothelial system in experimental liver metastasis.", "contents": "Decrease in experimental liver metastasis in mice after treatment with pyran copolymer. Intravenous injection of pyran copolymer (divinyl ether-maleic anhydride) 24 h prior to intravenous injection of B16 melanoma in C57/BL6 mice greatly decreased the number of liver metastases. If the pyran copolymer was administered 3 days after injection of tumor cells, the number of metastases was not significantly decreased. Pyran copolymer has been reported to stimulate interferon production and increase clearance of particulate matter by the reticuloendothelial system. The results of this experiment suggests an important role played by the reticuloendothelial system in experimental liver metastasis.", "PMID": 1056413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1844", "title": "Total-body irradiation and human chromosomes. V. Additional evidence of a transferable substance in the plasma of irradiated persons to induce chromosomal breakages.", "content": "A substance (or substances) produced or activated by total-body irradiation in man and capable of affecting the chromosomes for an extended time has been postulated. Leukocytes from normal persons were cultured with autologous plasma, homologous plasma or serum from patients irradiated 10.5 years previously. Thirty (5.5%) chromosomal breaks were found in the 550 metaphases from the control cultures, 152 (13%) in the 1,175 metaphases from the irradiated plasma cultures and 130 (12%) in the 1,100 metaphases from the irradiated serum cultures. This finding confirms and extends our previous observation that plasma from total-body irradiated persons is capable of inducing chromosomal breakage in normal leukocytes even 10.5 years after the irradiation.", "contents": "Total-body irradiation and human chromosomes. V. Additional evidence of a transferable substance in the plasma of irradiated persons to induce chromosomal breakages. A substance (or substances) produced or activated by total-body irradiation in man and capable of affecting the chromosomes for an extended time has been postulated. Leukocytes from normal persons were cultured with autologous plasma, homologous plasma or serum from patients irradiated 10.5 years previously. Thirty (5.5%) chromosomal breaks were found in the 550 metaphases from the control cultures, 152 (13%) in the 1,175 metaphases from the irradiated plasma cultures and 130 (12%) in the 1,100 metaphases from the irradiated serum cultures. This finding confirms and extends our previous observation that plasma from total-body irradiated persons is capable of inducing chromosomal breakage in normal leukocytes even 10.5 years after the irradiation.", "PMID": 1056414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1845", "title": "Causes of death in cancer patients.", "content": "Causes of death in the year 1970 were analyzed retrospectively on the basis of clinical and pathologic reports of 506 cases in the Roswell Park Memorial Institute and Hospital. The single major cause of death was infection (36%), which was also a contributory factor in an additional 68% of the cases. Other important causes of death were hemorrhagic and thromboembolic phenomena (18%), which also were contributory factors in an additional 43%. Organ invasion by neoplastic cells including hepatic failure was the major cause of death in 10% and was a contributory factor in 5%. Cachexia was reported as major cause of death in 1% and as contributory factor in 0.4%. Respiratory failure due to various causes (including aspiration) was the main mechanism of death in 19% and a contributory factor in 3%. Cardiovascular insufficiency was the major cause of death in 7% and a contributory factor in 3%.", "contents": "Causes of death in cancer patients. Causes of death in the year 1970 were analyzed retrospectively on the basis of clinical and pathologic reports of 506 cases in the Roswell Park Memorial Institute and Hospital. The single major cause of death was infection (36%), which was also a contributory factor in an additional 68% of the cases. Other important causes of death were hemorrhagic and thromboembolic phenomena (18%), which also were contributory factors in an additional 43%. Organ invasion by neoplastic cells including hepatic failure was the major cause of death in 10% and was a contributory factor in 5%. Cachexia was reported as major cause of death in 1% and as contributory factor in 0.4%. Respiratory failure due to various causes (including aspiration) was the main mechanism of death in 19% and a contributory factor in 3%. Cardiovascular insufficiency was the major cause of death in 7% and a contributory factor in 3%.", "PMID": 1056415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1846", "title": "Autonomic neuropathy of the adrenal gland of rats after alloxan diabetes.", "content": "Six alloxan-diabetic male rats with blood glucose levels between 250 and 420% were sacrificed. Their adrenal glands were extracted and studied by Holmes technique and the modified Gross Bielschowsky stain. Degenerative changes in the nerve fibres ending in the cortex and those reaching the medulla were noticed together with chromatolysis of the chromaffin cells. These findings are similar to the autonomic neuropathies described by other workers in the digestive tract and urinary bladder. This work gives histological evidence of the biochemical findings of reduced plasma catecholamines in longstanding human diabetics.", "contents": "Autonomic neuropathy of the adrenal gland of rats after alloxan diabetes. Six alloxan-diabetic male rats with blood glucose levels between 250 and 420% were sacrificed. Their adrenal glands were extracted and studied by Holmes technique and the modified Gross Bielschowsky stain. Degenerative changes in the nerve fibres ending in the cortex and those reaching the medulla were noticed together with chromatolysis of the chromaffin cells. These findings are similar to the autonomic neuropathies described by other workers in the digestive tract and urinary bladder. This work gives histological evidence of the biochemical findings of reduced plasma catecholamines in longstanding human diabetics.", "PMID": 1056416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1847", "title": "Electrochemistry of the saline corrosion of conventional dental amalgams.", "content": "The electrochemical behaviour of the component phases of dental amalgam, viz. Ag3Sn(gamma),Ag2Hg3(gamma1), Sn7-8Hg(gamma2),Cu3Sn, Cu6Sn5 and a composite of gamma1 + gamma2 phases were evaluated in saline solution by standard anodic polarization techniques. Using multi-electrode theory a theoretical polarization diagram was constructed from the composite phases and compared with an anodic polarization profile attained from conventional dental amalgam. A strong agreement was obtained. From analysis of the electrochemical reactions it was found that the passivity of gamma2 is due to the formation of stannous and/or stannic oxide (hydroxide) and that the corrosion failure of dental amalgam occurs through the dissolution of this passive oxide in gamma2 at potentials of minus 250 mV Vs. SCE with the formation of tine oxychloride. The corrosion behaviour of Cu6Sn5 is similar to that of gamma2 phase and its presence impairs the corrosion resistance of dental amalgam. If the copper containing phase is Cu3Sn, it will be passive in Ringer's solution, possibly as a result of Tamman's \"multiple rule of eight\".", "contents": "Electrochemistry of the saline corrosion of conventional dental amalgams. The electrochemical behaviour of the component phases of dental amalgam, viz. Ag3Sn(gamma),Ag2Hg3(gamma1), Sn7-8Hg(gamma2),Cu3Sn, Cu6Sn5 and a composite of gamma1 + gamma2 phases were evaluated in saline solution by standard anodic polarization techniques. Using multi-electrode theory a theoretical polarization diagram was constructed from the composite phases and compared with an anodic polarization profile attained from conventional dental amalgam. A strong agreement was obtained. From analysis of the electrochemical reactions it was found that the passivity of gamma2 is due to the formation of stannous and/or stannic oxide (hydroxide) and that the corrosion failure of dental amalgam occurs through the dissolution of this passive oxide in gamma2 at potentials of minus 250 mV Vs. SCE with the formation of tine oxychloride. The corrosion behaviour of Cu6Sn5 is similar to that of gamma2 phase and its presence impairs the corrosion resistance of dental amalgam. If the copper containing phase is Cu3Sn, it will be passive in Ringer's solution, possibly as a result of Tamman's \"multiple rule of eight\".", "PMID": 1056440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1848", "title": "Oral ability to recognize forms and oral motor ability in 11-year-old children.", "content": "Oral ability to recognize forms and oral motor ability were examined in twenty children, aged 11 years, with normal occlusion. In the RF-test (recognition of form) the children identified the test pieces quicker but with a higher frequency of misidentification of the test pieces than a group of 17-year-old boys studied earlier. The effect of learning on the children was substantial with much quicker and greater certainty from one examination to another. Identification time and misidentification were positively correlated (individuals with long identification time also had a high frequency of errors). In the MA-test (oral motor ability) the children required a longer time to assemble the halves of the test pieces than did 17-year-old boys. A considerable effect of learning was found in the MA-test. The results of the RF-test and the MA-test varied independently of each other for which reason the two tests measure different components of oral ability.", "contents": "Oral ability to recognize forms and oral motor ability in 11-year-old children. Oral ability to recognize forms and oral motor ability were examined in twenty children, aged 11 years, with normal occlusion. In the RF-test (recognition of form) the children identified the test pieces quicker but with a higher frequency of misidentification of the test pieces than a group of 17-year-old boys studied earlier. The effect of learning on the children was substantial with much quicker and greater certainty from one examination to another. Identification time and misidentification were positively correlated (individuals with long identification time also had a high frequency of errors). In the MA-test (oral motor ability) the children required a longer time to assemble the halves of the test pieces than did 17-year-old boys. A considerable effect of learning was found in the MA-test. The results of the RF-test and the MA-test varied independently of each other for which reason the two tests measure different components of oral ability.", "PMID": 1056441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1849", "title": "Oral ability to recognize forms and oral muscular coordination ability in dentulous young and elderly adults.", "content": "A study has been carried out to investigate possible between a group of dentulous young adults (average 22-5 years of age) and a group of dentulous elderly individuals (65-9 years), when attempting to recognize forms orally and to carry out tasks which demand a fine-coordination of the oral muscular apparatus. The results showed, that the older group had reduced ability for both forms of tests used in this study (RF-test for estimating the oral ability to recognize forms, and MA-test to estimate oral muscular ability). The reduced capacity of the older individuals to learn the requirements of the tests as compared with the younger ones, was especially obvious. Furthermore, individual differences in this respect were more obvious for the older than for the younger examinees. The suggestion is made that in further studies the number of trial-rounds may be reduced from three to two, certainly for older individuals and for both the RF- and the MA-test. Because of the obvious correlation between the results of the RF- and the MA-test among older individuals, it is concluded that both forms of tests may measure common or closely related factors, which are reflected by these tests.", "contents": "Oral ability to recognize forms and oral muscular coordination ability in dentulous young and elderly adults. A study has been carried out to investigate possible between a group of dentulous young adults (average 22-5 years of age) and a group of dentulous elderly individuals (65-9 years), when attempting to recognize forms orally and to carry out tasks which demand a fine-coordination of the oral muscular apparatus. The results showed, that the older group had reduced ability for both forms of tests used in this study (RF-test for estimating the oral ability to recognize forms, and MA-test to estimate oral muscular ability). The reduced capacity of the older individuals to learn the requirements of the tests as compared with the younger ones, was especially obvious. Furthermore, individual differences in this respect were more obvious for the older than for the younger examinees. The suggestion is made that in further studies the number of trial-rounds may be reduced from three to two, certainly for older individuals and for both the RF- and the MA-test. Because of the obvious correlation between the results of the RF- and the MA-test among older individuals, it is concluded that both forms of tests may measure common or closely related factors, which are reflected by these tests.", "PMID": 1056442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1850", "title": "In vitro chloride corrosion behaviour of Dispersalloy.", "content": "The in vitro chloride corrosion behaviour of Dispersalloy has been investigated by anodic polarization as a function of time after trituration (ageing) and compared with conventional dental amalgam. Dispersalloy is a commercial alloy containing a mechanical mixture of Ag-3-Sn and Ag-Cu eutectic in the ratio 2:1. From measurement of 1 h corrosion potentials it was observed that over a time period of 1 year Dispersalloy became appreciably more noble (potential shift from minus 500 mV to minus 350 mV Vs. SCE), whereas the corrosion potential of conventional amalgam remains unchanged. Initial anodic polarization profiles for Dispersalloy indicated presence of gamma2 and Cu-6-Sn-5 phases as evidenced by presence of the minus 250 mV peak. However, the current density associated with this peak was about three times less than that of conventional amalgam. As a function of ageing time the polarization profile is shifted in the direction of decreasing current density and after 1 year the minus 250 mV peak is absent. The anodic polarization profile of conventional amalgam is unchanges after 1 year. The improved corrosion resistance of Dispersalloy is attributed to the formation of Cu-3-Sn as a function of time due to solid state reaction between Ag-Cu eutectic and gamma2.", "contents": "In vitro chloride corrosion behaviour of Dispersalloy. The in vitro chloride corrosion behaviour of Dispersalloy has been investigated by anodic polarization as a function of time after trituration (ageing) and compared with conventional dental amalgam. Dispersalloy is a commercial alloy containing a mechanical mixture of Ag-3-Sn and Ag-Cu eutectic in the ratio 2:1. From measurement of 1 h corrosion potentials it was observed that over a time period of 1 year Dispersalloy became appreciably more noble (potential shift from minus 500 mV to minus 350 mV Vs. SCE), whereas the corrosion potential of conventional amalgam remains unchanged. Initial anodic polarization profiles for Dispersalloy indicated presence of gamma2 and Cu-6-Sn-5 phases as evidenced by presence of the minus 250 mV peak. However, the current density associated with this peak was about three times less than that of conventional amalgam. As a function of ageing time the polarization profile is shifted in the direction of decreasing current density and after 1 year the minus 250 mV peak is absent. The anodic polarization profile of conventional amalgam is unchanges after 1 year. The improved corrosion resistance of Dispersalloy is attributed to the formation of Cu-3-Sn as a function of time due to solid state reaction between Ag-Cu eutectic and gamma2.", "PMID": 1056443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1851", "title": "Electrochemical properties of copper and gold containing dental amalgams.", "content": "Alloying or admixing of a dental amalgam alloy with an element or alloy which has a higher affinity for tin offers a means for eliminating the corrosion prone gamma2 phase. Accordingly, the corrosion behaviour of non-conventional amalgams containing Cu and Au were investigated by anodic polarization studies in Ringer's solution. The Cu containing amalgams were produced by admixing Cu-Hg (copper amalgam) with conventional amalgam in the ratios of 0-5:1 and 1:1. A 10 w/o Au in Ag-3-Sn was used as the gold amalgam alloy. The anodic polarization profile of the 0-5:1 Cu admixed was similar in shape to admixed conventional amalgams although current densities were less. After ageing for 1 month the minus 250 mV peak associated with gamma2 disappeared and the current density decreased by ten fold. After 2 months the current density decreased by one hundred fold. The anodic polarization of the 1:1 Cu admixed amalgams did not display the minus 250 mV (gamma2) peak after 1 week and current densities were 10-3 below that of conventional amalgams. The behaviour of these interesting amalgams is rationalized on the basis of the ease of formation of Cu-Sn intermetallics where Cu/Sn larger than or equal to 3. The anodic polarization profile of 10 w/o Au containing amalgam essentially is that of conventional amalgam and does not change drastically after 6 months. Although the Au may reduce or eliminate the gamma2 phase the resulting AuSn4 apparently corrodes in an analogous fashion. However, since distribution of AuSn4 may be different from gamma2, i.e. not continuous, the effect of corrosion on its mechanical properties may be different.", "contents": "Electrochemical properties of copper and gold containing dental amalgams. Alloying or admixing of a dental amalgam alloy with an element or alloy which has a higher affinity for tin offers a means for eliminating the corrosion prone gamma2 phase. Accordingly, the corrosion behaviour of non-conventional amalgams containing Cu and Au were investigated by anodic polarization studies in Ringer's solution. The Cu containing amalgams were produced by admixing Cu-Hg (copper amalgam) with conventional amalgam in the ratios of 0-5:1 and 1:1. A 10 w/o Au in Ag-3-Sn was used as the gold amalgam alloy. The anodic polarization profile of the 0-5:1 Cu admixed was similar in shape to admixed conventional amalgams although current densities were less. After ageing for 1 month the minus 250 mV peak associated with gamma2 disappeared and the current density decreased by ten fold. After 2 months the current density decreased by one hundred fold. The anodic polarization of the 1:1 Cu admixed amalgams did not display the minus 250 mV (gamma2) peak after 1 week and current densities were 10-3 below that of conventional amalgams. The behaviour of these interesting amalgams is rationalized on the basis of the ease of formation of Cu-Sn intermetallics where Cu/Sn larger than or equal to 3. The anodic polarization profile of 10 w/o Au containing amalgam essentially is that of conventional amalgam and does not change drastically after 6 months. Although the Au may reduce or eliminate the gamma2 phase the resulting AuSn4 apparently corrodes in an analogous fashion. However, since distribution of AuSn4 may be different from gamma2, i.e. not continuous, the effect of corrosion on its mechanical properties may be different.", "PMID": 1056444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1852", "title": "Linear dimensional change during setting of a zinc phosphate cement. A methodological study.", "content": "A method for studying the linear dimensional changes of dental cements during setting has been described. The measurements started 3 min after commencing the mix with specimens placed on a mercury bath. Measurements were performed at 37 degrees C and under various environmental humidity. The specimens were made of a fine grain zinc phosphate cement with high powder/liquid ratio (3/1:g/ml) and low powder/liquid ratio (2/1:g/ml), and the measurements showed that the cement contracted during setting under both wet and dry conditions. Under wet conditions cements with both high and low powder/liquid ratio showed the same contraction, with 0-43% after 30 min reaching a maximum of 0-66% after 1 day. Under dry conditions the contraction was more pronounced, and somewhat dependent on the powder/liquid ratio. The cement with the high powder/liquid ratio showed 1-33% contraction after 30 min with a maximum of 3-83% after 7 days, whereas the corresponding values for cement with low powder/liquid ratio were 0-79% and 4-76%.", "contents": "Linear dimensional change during setting of a zinc phosphate cement. A methodological study. A method for studying the linear dimensional changes of dental cements during setting has been described. The measurements started 3 min after commencing the mix with specimens placed on a mercury bath. Measurements were performed at 37 degrees C and under various environmental humidity. The specimens were made of a fine grain zinc phosphate cement with high powder/liquid ratio (3/1:g/ml) and low powder/liquid ratio (2/1:g/ml), and the measurements showed that the cement contracted during setting under both wet and dry conditions. Under wet conditions cements with both high and low powder/liquid ratio showed the same contraction, with 0-43% after 30 min reaching a maximum of 0-66% after 1 day. Under dry conditions the contraction was more pronounced, and somewhat dependent on the powder/liquid ratio. The cement with the high powder/liquid ratio showed 1-33% contraction after 30 min with a maximum of 3-83% after 7 days, whereas the corresponding values for cement with low powder/liquid ratio were 0-79% and 4-76%.", "PMID": 1056447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1853", "title": "Screening in a dental clinic for adult rheumatoid arthritis involving the temporomandibular joint using a statistical discriminant function.", "content": "The radiological features seen on the temporomandibular joint radiographs of ninety-nine cases of adult rheumatoid arthritis were used to distinguish this group from a group of eighty-three control subjects using the method of logistic discrimination. A readily calculable diagnostic score, whose value was verified by a second study involving thirty-two patients, sixteen of whom suffered from adult rheumatoid arthritis, was estimated. This second study was further used to illustrate how this scoring system would be modified to take account of extra information. Although a long term evaluation of the method is envisaged its clinical application is indicated and its practical value demonstrated.", "contents": "Screening in a dental clinic for adult rheumatoid arthritis involving the temporomandibular joint using a statistical discriminant function. The radiological features seen on the temporomandibular joint radiographs of ninety-nine cases of adult rheumatoid arthritis were used to distinguish this group from a group of eighty-three control subjects using the method of logistic discrimination. A readily calculable diagnostic score, whose value was verified by a second study involving thirty-two patients, sixteen of whom suffered from adult rheumatoid arthritis, was estimated. This second study was further used to illustrate how this scoring system would be modified to take account of extra information. Although a long term evaluation of the method is envisaged its clinical application is indicated and its practical value demonstrated.", "PMID": 1056448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1854", "title": "Middle-third facial osteotomies: their use in the correction of acquired and developmental dentofacial and  craniofacial deformities.", "content": "A method to describe middle-third dentofacial and craniofacial deformities systematically and more specifically is presented. Those middle-third dentofacial and craniofacial deformities that occur most frequently are discussed. Eight cases illustrate the methods of clinical, cephalometric, and occlusal evaluation, as well as the various surgical approaches and results of treatment.", "contents": "Middle-third facial osteotomies: their use in the correction of acquired and developmental dentofacial and  craniofacial deformities. A method to describe middle-third dentofacial and craniofacial deformities systematically and more specifically is presented. Those middle-third dentofacial and craniofacial deformities that occur most frequently are discussed. Eight cases illustrate the methods of clinical, cephalometric, and occlusal evaluation, as well as the various surgical approaches and results of treatment.", "PMID": 1056453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1855", "title": "Patient consent procedures for dental care.", "content": "Informed consent is a poorly developed concept in dentistry. The dentist should initiate discussion on the information reasonable patients may need to make a decision on a specific treatment or on whether they will accept treatment from that particular dentist. As a minimum, dentists should be required to explain the treatment, benefits, and probable complications as well as possible alternatives. Increasingly, malpractice actions are being decided on these grounds and, thus far, little guidance is available to conscientious dental practitioner.", "contents": "Patient consent procedures for dental care. Informed consent is a poorly developed concept in dentistry. The dentist should initiate discussion on the information reasonable patients may need to make a decision on a specific treatment or on whether they will accept treatment from that particular dentist. As a minimum, dentists should be required to explain the treatment, benefits, and probable complications as well as possible alternatives. Increasingly, malpractice actions are being decided on these grounds and, thus far, little guidance is available to conscientious dental practitioner.", "PMID": 1056454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1856", "title": "Trigeminal neuralgia: treatment by repetitive peripheral neurectomy. Supplemental report.", "content": "Peripheral neurectomy affords a conservative method of relieving the pain of trigeminal neuralgia. Although the relief is temporary, the procedure can be repeated when the pain recurs. At Ochsner Clinic, 162 neurectomies were performed on 88 patients between 1956 and 1971. This includes 112 neurectomies performed on 63 patients between 1956 and 1965 from the previous report. This form of treatment is particularly indicated for an aged or severely debilitated patient in whom craniotomy is contraindicated. The total pain-free period obtained from repeated peripheral neurectomies is significant and justifies the use of the procedure. The median pain-free period among the 88 patients was 41 months with a mean of 52.5 months.", "contents": "Trigeminal neuralgia: treatment by repetitive peripheral neurectomy. Supplemental report. Peripheral neurectomy affords a conservative method of relieving the pain of trigeminal neuralgia. Although the relief is temporary, the procedure can be repeated when the pain recurs. At Ochsner Clinic, 162 neurectomies were performed on 88 patients between 1956 and 1971. This includes 112 neurectomies performed on 63 patients between 1956 and 1965 from the previous report. This form of treatment is particularly indicated for an aged or severely debilitated patient in whom craniotomy is contraindicated. The total pain-free period obtained from repeated peripheral neurectomies is significant and justifies the use of the procedure. The median pain-free period among the 88 patients was 41 months with a mean of 52.5 months.", "PMID": 1056463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1857", "title": "Antibiotic efficacy in odontogenic infections.", "content": "Cultures and antibiotic sensitivities were determined for 84 patients in the oral surgery clinic who had diagnoses of odontogenic infections. Data tabulated from the results of the bacteriologic cultures and antibiotic sensitivities disclosed the five organisms most frequently involved. Antibiotic efficacy for each of the antibiotics used in sensitivity determinations was calculated on the basis of the percent sensitivity of a given organism to the given antibiotic, and the percent of patients with infections resulting from the given organism, both expressed as decimals. Antibiotics were then arranged in order of greatest to least efficacy on the basis of chloramphenicol as 100 percent. Efficacy values, sigma and lambda, were compared for the antibiotics. It was concluded that those antibiotics below penicillin on the efficacy table were less useful in the initial antibiotic treatment of odontogenic infections. Chloramphenicol was effective against every microorganism isolated during this investigation, but its use should be tempered with clinical judgment. Erythromycin should be given consideration as a replacement for penicillin as the preferred drug in the initial treatment of odontogenic infections on the basis of its high efficacy rating and freedom from potentially serious allergic or other untoward manifestations.", "contents": "Antibiotic efficacy in odontogenic infections. Cultures and antibiotic sensitivities were determined for 84 patients in the oral surgery clinic who had diagnoses of odontogenic infections. Data tabulated from the results of the bacteriologic cultures and antibiotic sensitivities disclosed the five organisms most frequently involved. Antibiotic efficacy for each of the antibiotics used in sensitivity determinations was calculated on the basis of the percent sensitivity of a given organism to the given antibiotic, and the percent of patients with infections resulting from the given organism, both expressed as decimals. Antibiotics were then arranged in order of greatest to least efficacy on the basis of chloramphenicol as 100 percent. Efficacy values, sigma and lambda, were compared for the antibiotics. It was concluded that those antibiotics below penicillin on the efficacy table were less useful in the initial antibiotic treatment of odontogenic infections. Chloramphenicol was effective against every microorganism isolated during this investigation, but its use should be tempered with clinical judgment. Erythromycin should be given consideration as a replacement for penicillin as the preferred drug in the initial treatment of odontogenic infections on the basis of its high efficacy rating and freedom from potentially serious allergic or other untoward manifestations.", "PMID": 1056464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1858", "title": "Occlusal force discrimination by denture patients.", "content": "A study was conducted on subjects with conventional dentures and with overlay dentures to compare their abilities to discriminate between occlusal forces. Perpendicular forces were applied to the dynamic center of the occlusal table of the mandibular denture. Each subject's ability to distinguish differences in values of force was observed and recorded. All subjects with dentures showed sensory threshold values close to those reported for natural teeth. A graphic plotting showed that the responses of subjects with overlay-type dentures were more closely correlated with the psychophysical law as expressed by Stevens as a power function. Since this phenomenon holds true for natural teeth, the overlay denture more closely resembles natural teeth in this type of sensory function than does the conventional denture. In addition to recognized advantages, such as preservation of the ridge and improved retention and stability, the overlay denture provides more typical sensory function than is provided by the conventional denture. This advantage should further motivate dentists and patients to consider the retention and utilization of at least two suitable teeth in an overlay-type denture service.", "contents": "Occlusal force discrimination by denture patients. A study was conducted on subjects with conventional dentures and with overlay dentures to compare their abilities to discriminate between occlusal forces. Perpendicular forces were applied to the dynamic center of the occlusal table of the mandibular denture. Each subject's ability to distinguish differences in values of force was observed and recorded. All subjects with dentures showed sensory threshold values close to those reported for natural teeth. A graphic plotting showed that the responses of subjects with overlay-type dentures were more closely correlated with the psychophysical law as expressed by Stevens as a power function. Since this phenomenon holds true for natural teeth, the overlay denture more closely resembles natural teeth in this type of sensory function than does the conventional denture. In addition to recognized advantages, such as preservation of the ridge and improved retention and stability, the overlay denture provides more typical sensory function than is provided by the conventional denture. This advantage should further motivate dentists and patients to consider the retention and utilization of at least two suitable teeth in an overlay-type denture service.", "PMID": 1056469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1859", "title": "Evaluation of an electrosonic denture cleaner.", "content": "The effectiveness of an electrosonic denture cleansing system and a commercially available denture soaking agent was studies. An experimental sample of 32 edentulous patients was evaluated for presence of plaque and calculus on their dentures before and after the introduction of two different cleaning methods. Comparisons of plaque scores between test dentures and control dentures indicated that all the methods studies were equally effective in the prevention of plaque and accretions, yet no method eliminated plaque or calculus accumulation.", "contents": "Evaluation of an electrosonic denture cleaner. The effectiveness of an electrosonic denture cleansing system and a commercially available denture soaking agent was studies. An experimental sample of 32 edentulous patients was evaluated for presence of plaque and calculus on their dentures before and after the introduction of two different cleaning methods. Comparisons of plaque scores between test dentures and control dentures indicated that all the methods studies were equally effective in the prevention of plaque and accretions, yet no method eliminated plaque or calculus accumulation.", "PMID": 1056470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1860", "title": "Prosthodontic management of the cleft-palate patient.", "content": "Unlike some of the disciplines involved in the treatment of the cleft-palate patient, prosthodontics can have application from birth to death. Prosthodontic care never ends. Once surgical care or speech therapy has been completed, the need for follow-up care is ended unless specific problems manifest. With prosthodontic care, not only a restoration of the anatomic, physiologic, and cosmetic deficiencies but also a continual vigilance for signs of dental and periodontal problems must be undertaken. Preventive care is imperative if long-term preservation of the supporting structures and the well-being of the patient are to be attained.", "contents": "Prosthodontic management of the cleft-palate patient. Unlike some of the disciplines involved in the treatment of the cleft-palate patient, prosthodontics can have application from birth to death. Prosthodontic care never ends. Once surgical care or speech therapy has been completed, the need for follow-up care is ended unless specific problems manifest. With prosthodontic care, not only a restoration of the anatomic, physiologic, and cosmetic deficiencies but also a continual vigilance for signs of dental and periodontal problems must be undertaken. Preventive care is imperative if long-term preservation of the supporting structures and the well-being of the patient are to be attained.", "PMID": 1056474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1861", "title": "Radiographic investigations into temporomandibular joint function.", "content": "A three-phase investigation was conducted to learn more about the suspension mechanism of the temporomandibular joint with the aid of radiographs. Results indicate that superior condylar displacement occurs in most patients with unsupported closing muscle force and that condylar translation occurs during hinge opening for some patients. This study revealed that the condylar mechanism is not immutable. The superior condylar displacement produced by unsupported muscle force raises doubts about the whole understanding of the suspension mechanism of the temporomandibular joint and the clinical techniques associated with it.", "contents": "Radiographic investigations into temporomandibular joint function. A three-phase investigation was conducted to learn more about the suspension mechanism of the temporomandibular joint with the aid of radiographs. Results indicate that superior condylar displacement occurs in most patients with unsupported closing muscle force and that condylar translation occurs during hinge opening for some patients. This study revealed that the condylar mechanism is not immutable. The superior condylar displacement produced by unsupported muscle force raises doubts about the whole understanding of the suspension mechanism of the temporomandibular joint and the clinical techniques associated with it.", "PMID": 1056475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1862", "title": "Dialogue--a treatment modality.", "content": "The findings and philosophy as to why a purposeful interview conducted in the dental office is desirable for the problem patient have been presented. Rapport and meaningful dialogue between dentists and patients are the first steps necessary for successful treatment. Conducting the interview with problem patients in the dental operatory may lead to one-way communication, from the dentist to the patient. The finest clinical oral health procedures may be doomed to failure when patients see themselves more as spectators than as participants in their planned over-all health care.", "contents": "Dialogue--a treatment modality. The findings and philosophy as to why a purposeful interview conducted in the dental office is desirable for the problem patient have been presented. Rapport and meaningful dialogue between dentists and patients are the first steps necessary for successful treatment. Conducting the interview with problem patients in the dental operatory may lead to one-way communication, from the dentist to the patient. The finest clinical oral health procedures may be doomed to failure when patients see themselves more as spectators than as participants in their planned over-all health care.", "PMID": 1056476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1863", "title": "Serotoninergic control of rat growth hormone secretion.", "content": "The ability of 5-hydroxyl-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) or pentobarbital anesthesia to elevate rat serum GH levels is completely blocked by the simultaneous administration of the serotonin antagonist cyprophepatidine, as well as by the pineal gland principles melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), and by the 0-methylated dopamine derivative  3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA). Small doses of 5-MT cause paradoxical elevations in serum rat GH but at the same time inhibit the action of 5-HTP. Blockade of dopaminergic pathways by treatment with either DMPEA or chlorpromazine causes a slight, nonsignificant suppression of serum GH in normal rats while serum prolactin levels are increased greater than tenfold showing that, unlike prolactin, rat GH is not subject to tonic inhibitory control by dopamine. The data presented support the recently advanced hypothesis that rat GH is under serotoninergic CONTROL AND DEMONSTRATE THAT GH secretion can be significantly suppressed by serotoninergic blockade. It is suggested that the results presented here for monoamine control of rat GH release are not a variance with those reported for man.", "contents": "Serotoninergic control of rat growth hormone secretion. The ability of 5-hydroxyl-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) or pentobarbital anesthesia to elevate rat serum GH levels is completely blocked by the simultaneous administration of the serotonin antagonist cyprophepatidine, as well as by the pineal gland principles melatonin and 5-methoxytryptamine (5-MT), and by the 0-methylated dopamine derivative  3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine (DMPEA). Small doses of 5-MT cause paradoxical elevations in serum rat GH but at the same time inhibit the action of 5-HTP. Blockade of dopaminergic pathways by treatment with either DMPEA or chlorpromazine causes a slight, nonsignificant suppression of serum GH in normal rats while serum prolactin levels are increased greater than tenfold showing that, unlike prolactin, rat GH is not subject to tonic inhibitory control by dopamine. The data presented support the recently advanced hypothesis that rat GH is under serotoninergic CONTROL AND DEMONSTRATE THAT GH secretion can be significantly suppressed by serotoninergic blockade. It is suggested that the results presented here for monoamine control of rat GH release are not a variance with those reported for man.", "PMID": 1056508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1864", "title": "[Treatment of tumors of some structures of the splanchocranium].", "content": "The results of long experience with many methods of reconstructive surgery following destruction of various splanchnocranial structures are presented. Emphasis is placed on the usefulness of cooperation between the oncological and plastic surgeon. Fifteen cases are illustrated. In many of these, endoarterial infusion of chemical antiblastics was first employed. Since tumours may vary considerably in site and histological type, as well in the biotype, age and sex of the patient, and since a variety of radical and reconstructive techniques exist for individual or associated use, therapeutical programmes cannot be put forward with any degree of confidence, but must obviously be determined by the surgeon's personal experience.", "contents": "[Treatment of tumors of some structures of the splanchocranium]. The results of long experience with many methods of reconstructive surgery following destruction of various splanchnocranial structures are presented. Emphasis is placed on the usefulness of cooperation between the oncological and plastic surgeon. Fifteen cases are illustrated. In many of these, endoarterial infusion of chemical antiblastics was first employed. Since tumours may vary considerably in site and histological type, as well in the biotype, age and sex of the patient, and since a variety of radical and reconstructive techniques exist for individual or associated use, therapeutical programmes cannot be put forward with any degree of confidence, but must obviously be determined by the surgeon's personal experience.", "PMID": 1056509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1865", "title": "An epidemiological study of pulmonary disease in preschool Rarotongan children.", "content": "A survey of 2143 preschool children in Rarotonga was carried out in 1971. Pulmonary infections were common and no precise cause could be identified. There was widespread occurrence of intestinal parasites with lung phases of development. The implications of this are discussed.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of pulmonary disease in preschool Rarotongan children. A survey of 2143 preschool children in Rarotonga was carried out in 1971. Pulmonary infections were common and no precise cause could be identified. There was widespread occurrence of intestinal parasites with lung phases of development. The implications of this are discussed.", "PMID": 1056542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1866", "title": "Personality disorder: a challenge for the future.", "content": "Young persons with life long pattern of maladaptive behaviour present to the health and social services with multiple disabilities. These include suicidal behaviours, drug abuse (alcohol and opiates), VA, motorvehicle accidents, repeated failure of close personal relationship (including marriage), job failure, repeated delinquency, criminal violence (including battering babies), and failure to cooperate with medical care. Conspicuous parental discord is the major causal influence, thus explaining transmission to successive generations. Regarding marital disharmony as a major public health hazard may diminish expensive human misery and reduce crime.", "contents": "Personality disorder: a challenge for the future. Young persons with life long pattern of maladaptive behaviour present to the health and social services with multiple disabilities. These include suicidal behaviours, drug abuse (alcohol and opiates), VA, motorvehicle accidents, repeated failure of close personal relationship (including marriage), job failure, repeated delinquency, criminal violence (including battering babies), and failure to cooperate with medical care. Conspicuous parental discord is the major causal influence, thus explaining transmission to successive generations. Regarding marital disharmony as a major public health hazard may diminish expensive human misery and reduce crime.", "PMID": 1056543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1867", "title": "Undetected latrogenic hypothyroidism: a late complication of radio-iodine therapy.", "content": "The thyroid status of 317 patients treated with radioactive iodine between 1951 and December 1971 was investigated. Information was obtained on 236 patients and hypothyroidism, either treated or untreated, was present in 48 percent of women and 37 percent of men at mean follow-up intervals of 5.5 and 4.4 years respectively. Ninety-four of the 241 patients still alive were assessed personally by clinical examination and serum thyroxine assay, and 10 were found to have previously undiagnosed hypothyroidism. Seven of these patients had symptoms and in five these symptonms were the cause of significant distress. The importance of undertaking a long term review programme following radioactive iodine therapy is emphasised.", "contents": "Undetected latrogenic hypothyroidism: a late complication of radio-iodine therapy. The thyroid status of 317 patients treated with radioactive iodine between 1951 and December 1971 was investigated. Information was obtained on 236 patients and hypothyroidism, either treated or untreated, was present in 48 percent of women and 37 percent of men at mean follow-up intervals of 5.5 and 4.4 years respectively. Ninety-four of the 241 patients still alive were assessed personally by clinical examination and serum thyroxine assay, and 10 were found to have previously undiagnosed hypothyroidism. Seven of these patients had symptoms and in five these symptonms were the cause of significant distress. The importance of undertaking a long term review programme following radioactive iodine therapy is emphasised.", "PMID": 1056550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1868", "title": "Serial hexachlorophene blood levels in the premature infant.", "content": "The concentration of hexachlorophene was determined in serial blood samples taken from seven premature infants washed with pHisoHex. Results indicated that after a single wash with 5ml of pHisoHex, blood concentrations reached a maximum of 0.75-1.20mug/ml two to four days after application. The results obtained in this study confirm that the dermal absorption of hexachlorophene is greater in premature than in full-term infants. Use of hexachlorophene for infants. Use of hexachlorophene for infants of birth weight less than 2kg has now been discontinued at Queen Mary Hospital and the amount of pHisoHex used in the initial toileting of infants with birth weight more than 2kg has been limited to a single application of 5ml.", "contents": "Serial hexachlorophene blood levels in the premature infant. The concentration of hexachlorophene was determined in serial blood samples taken from seven premature infants washed with pHisoHex. Results indicated that after a single wash with 5ml of pHisoHex, blood concentrations reached a maximum of 0.75-1.20mug/ml two to four days after application. The results obtained in this study confirm that the dermal absorption of hexachlorophene is greater in premature than in full-term infants. Use of hexachlorophene for infants. Use of hexachlorophene for infants of birth weight less than 2kg has now been discontinued at Queen Mary Hospital and the amount of pHisoHex used in the initial toileting of infants with birth weight more than 2kg has been limited to a single application of 5ml.", "PMID": 1056551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1869", "title": "An exploratory study of some behavioural consequences of insulin induced hypoglycaemia.", "content": "The performance of 13 hospitalised patients, either obese or with suspected pituitary disorder, was compared on a selection of tasks involving motor conordination, visual organisation, immediate memory, and reasoning, both before and after intravenous insulin significantly lowered their blood sugar levels. Only motor co-ordination and immediate recall were significantly affected by lowering the blood sugar level, although the speed at which logical problems were solved, was reduced. Results were compared with those of other factors known to result in a wide variety of performance decrements.", "contents": "An exploratory study of some behavioural consequences of insulin induced hypoglycaemia. The performance of 13 hospitalised patients, either obese or with suspected pituitary disorder, was compared on a selection of tasks involving motor conordination, visual organisation, immediate memory, and reasoning, both before and after intravenous insulin significantly lowered their blood sugar levels. Only motor co-ordination and immediate recall were significantly affected by lowering the blood sugar level, although the speed at which logical problems were solved, was reduced. Results were compared with those of other factors known to result in a wide variety of performance decrements.", "PMID": 1056552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1870", "title": "Total maxillary osteotomy for cleft palate rehabilitation.", "content": "The Obwegeser/Perko modification of the high horizontal osteotomy for management of mature cleft palate/cleft lip patients is described in detail. Careful evaluation and treatment planning preoperatively are stressed. Three cases which emphasize the need for individual tailoring of the maxillary procedure are presented. Results were found to be uniformly good, with few complications. In that the skeletal deformity of maxillary micrognathia/retrognathia is readily corrected by high horizontal osteotomy, this procedure is an ideal modality for the late rehabilitation of the patient with a cleft palate.", "contents": "Total maxillary osteotomy for cleft palate rehabilitation. The Obwegeser/Perko modification of the high horizontal osteotomy for management of mature cleft palate/cleft lip patients is described in detail. Careful evaluation and treatment planning preoperatively are stressed. Three cases which emphasize the need for individual tailoring of the maxillary procedure are presented. Results were found to be uniformly good, with few complications. In that the skeletal deformity of maxillary micrognathia/retrognathia is readily corrected by high horizontal osteotomy, this procedure is an ideal modality for the late rehabilitation of the patient with a cleft palate.", "PMID": 1056570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1871", "title": "The effects of zinc on ectopic bone formation.", "content": "The effect of dietary zinc deficiency was studies in ectopic bone formation subsequent to Achilles tenotomy and also following the implantation of demineralized bone matrix in the muscle of rats. Three experiments were performed. The first was designed to investigate the relationship between zinc and calcium concentration during the formation of ectopic bone in rats fed a commercial laboratory ration, the second concerned the effects of dietary zinc deficiency on ectopic bone formation, and the third studies the subsequent effects of dietary zinc repletion on ectopic bone formation. The results indicated that, with the commercial ration, zinc increased concomitantly with calcium during ectopic bone formation in rats. Dietary zinc deficiency caused a retardation of ectopic bone formation and a significant reduction of in situ zinc and calcium concentration. Dietary zinc repletion to zinc-deficient animals restored the zinc concentration in ectopic bone to a level comparable to that of zinc-sufficient animals. Thus, these experiments present strong evidence that zinc plays an active role in bone metabolism.", "contents": "The effects of zinc on ectopic bone formation. The effect of dietary zinc deficiency was studies in ectopic bone formation subsequent to Achilles tenotomy and also following the implantation of demineralized bone matrix in the muscle of rats. Three experiments were performed. The first was designed to investigate the relationship between zinc and calcium concentration during the formation of ectopic bone in rats fed a commercial laboratory ration, the second concerned the effects of dietary zinc deficiency on ectopic bone formation, and the third studies the subsequent effects of dietary zinc repletion on ectopic bone formation. The results indicated that, with the commercial ration, zinc increased concomitantly with calcium during ectopic bone formation in rats. Dietary zinc deficiency caused a retardation of ectopic bone formation and a significant reduction of in situ zinc and calcium concentration. Dietary zinc repletion to zinc-deficient animals restored the zinc concentration in ectopic bone to a level comparable to that of zinc-sufficient animals. Thus, these experiments present strong evidence that zinc plays an active role in bone metabolism.", "PMID": 1056573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1872", "title": "Maxillary sinusitis mimicking malignant disease.", "content": "The diagnostic features of both maxillary sinusitis and neoplastic disease of the antrum are described. In most cases the clinical and radiographic evidence will lead to the correct diagnosis. However, in the two cases presented here, the clinical and radiographic evidence of neoplastic disease of the maxillary sinus was not confirmed by biopsy and histologic examination. The significant fact that radiographic evidence of bone destruction of the antral walls can occur in maxillary sinusitis is discussed. This sign, together with a unilateral epistaxis, must always be considered as evidence of neoplastic disease of the maxillary sinus. Where there is any doubt, biopsy must be performed.", "contents": "Maxillary sinusitis mimicking malignant disease. The diagnostic features of both maxillary sinusitis and neoplastic disease of the antrum are described. In most cases the clinical and radiographic evidence will lead to the correct diagnosis. However, in the two cases presented here, the clinical and radiographic evidence of neoplastic disease of the maxillary sinus was not confirmed by biopsy and histologic examination. The significant fact that radiographic evidence of bone destruction of the antral walls can occur in maxillary sinusitis is discussed. This sign, together with a unilateral epistaxis, must always be considered as evidence of neoplastic disease of the maxillary sinus. Where there is any doubt, biopsy must be performed.", "PMID": 1056576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1873", "title": "Retrosternal parathyroid adenomas manifesting in the form of a giant-cell \"tumor\" of the mandible.", "content": "The clinical features of primary hyperparathyroidism have been discussed. A case has been reported which presented many of the classic signs of the disease, including renal stones, duodenal ulcer, muscle weakness, and a swelling in the jaw. The problems of diagnosis and localization of adenoma have been discussed, and reference has been made to new diagnostic techniques using radiologic control and selective venous catheterization. The literature has been briefly reviewed and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment has been stressed.", "contents": "Retrosternal parathyroid adenomas manifesting in the form of a giant-cell \"tumor\" of the mandible. The clinical features of primary hyperparathyroidism have been discussed. A case has been reported which presented many of the classic signs of the disease, including renal stones, duodenal ulcer, muscle weakness, and a swelling in the jaw. The problems of diagnosis and localization of adenoma have been discussed, and reference has been made to new diagnostic techniques using radiologic control and selective venous catheterization. The literature has been briefly reviewed and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment has been stressed.", "PMID": 1056577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1874", "title": "Oral-facial-digital syndrome. A family case report.", "content": "A familial case report of oral-facial-digital I syndrome affecting three generations is presented. The pedigree analysis substantiates that this syndrome is lethal for the male. The abnormal physical findings in the affected persons were predominantly associated with the oral structures. The need for early identification and diagnosis is imperative in the management of the affected females. This approach assists in the control of serious dental complications and allows for a professional overview of the growth and development of facial form. Also, supportive counseling acts as an aid in the control of emotional disturbances that can be associated with physical form and function. Since this syndrome is transmitted as an X-linked dominant affecting females, genetic counseling becomes a necessity in the care and management of the family and affected patients.", "contents": "Oral-facial-digital syndrome. A family case report. A familial case report of oral-facial-digital I syndrome affecting three generations is presented. The pedigree analysis substantiates that this syndrome is lethal for the male. The abnormal physical findings in the affected persons were predominantly associated with the oral structures. The need for early identification and diagnosis is imperative in the management of the affected females. This approach assists in the control of serious dental complications and allows for a professional overview of the growth and development of facial form. Also, supportive counseling acts as an aid in the control of emotional disturbances that can be associated with physical form and function. Since this syndrome is transmitted as an X-linked dominant affecting females, genetic counseling becomes a necessity in the care and management of the family and affected patients.", "PMID": 1056578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1875", "title": "Uninherited dentinogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "The rare hereditary disease, dentinogenesis imperfecta, is a disturbance of dentin formation in both the deciduous and permanent dentitions. It may be associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, though it is probably that the two diseases are carried by different genes. This association was recognized in a 19-year-old man. Dentinogenesis imperfecta had been diagnosed at the age of 6 and had been regarded as a mutation; 11 years later, an atypical form of osteogenesis imperfecta developed. The case is atypical because of the apparent absence of dentinogenesis imperfecta in the patient's family. The dental manifestations may have heralded the bone disease.", "contents": "Uninherited dentinogenesis imperfecta. The rare hereditary disease, dentinogenesis imperfecta, is a disturbance of dentin formation in both the deciduous and permanent dentitions. It may be associated with osteogenesis imperfecta, though it is probably that the two diseases are carried by different genes. This association was recognized in a 19-year-old man. Dentinogenesis imperfecta had been diagnosed at the age of 6 and had been regarded as a mutation; 11 years later, an atypical form of osteogenesis imperfecta developed. The case is atypical because of the apparent absence of dentinogenesis imperfecta in the patient's family. The dental manifestations may have heralded the bone disease.", "PMID": 1056579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1876", "title": "Ultrastructure of the keratinizing and calcifying odontogenic cyst.", "content": "Four types of cells in the keratinizing and calcifying odontogenic cyst can be identified. The \"basal cell\" and \"stellate reticulum-type cell\" contained various amounts of tonofilaments and organelles. The \"ghost cell\" contained coarse bundles of tonofilaments intermingled with dilated membranous organelles. The \"hornified cell\" contained densely packed tonofilaments. Calcification of the ghost cell and hornified cell occurred with concomitant calcification of the adjacent collagen.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the keratinizing and calcifying odontogenic cyst. Four types of cells in the keratinizing and calcifying odontogenic cyst can be identified. The \"basal cell\" and \"stellate reticulum-type cell\" contained various amounts of tonofilaments and organelles. The \"ghost cell\" contained coarse bundles of tonofilaments intermingled with dilated membranous organelles. The \"hornified cell\" contained densely packed tonofilaments. Calcification of the ghost cell and hornified cell occurred with concomitant calcification of the adjacent collagen.", "PMID": 1056580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1877", "title": "Calcifying odontogenic cyst.", "content": "The calcifying odontogenic cyst may present some problems of differential diagnosis, both clinically and histopathologically. The present article reports the case of a calcifying odontogenic cyst in the maxilla of a 54-year-old woman. The histopathologic examination showed that structures characteristic of calcifying odontogenic cyst and odontogenic tumor of ameloblastoma-like appearance occurred simultaneously. The lesion was benign. After surgical removal of the cyst, the wound healed uneventfully and the region was free of symptoms 12 months postoperatively.", "contents": "Calcifying odontogenic cyst. The calcifying odontogenic cyst may present some problems of differential diagnosis, both clinically and histopathologically. The present article reports the case of a calcifying odontogenic cyst in the maxilla of a 54-year-old woman. The histopathologic examination showed that structures characteristic of calcifying odontogenic cyst and odontogenic tumor of ameloblastoma-like appearance occurred simultaneously. The lesion was benign. After surgical removal of the cyst, the wound healed uneventfully and the region was free of symptoms 12 months postoperatively.", "PMID": 1056581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1878", "title": "Comparison of tissue response between a synthetic gutta-percha and a natural gutta-percha endodontic filler.", "content": "Biologic acceptance is one of several criteria that must be met by an endodontic filling material. The purpose fo this experiment was to compare a new filling material consisting of a synthetic gutta-percha with a standard material consisting of natural gutta-percha. Each sample, being an endodontic point, contained a quantity of fillers. The materials were implanted subcutaneously in male white rats. The histologic appearance was essentially identical for both materials.", "contents": "Comparison of tissue response between a synthetic gutta-percha and a natural gutta-percha endodontic filler. Biologic acceptance is one of several criteria that must be met by an endodontic filling material. The purpose fo this experiment was to compare a new filling material consisting of a synthetic gutta-percha with a standard material consisting of natural gutta-percha. Each sample, being an endodontic point, contained a quantity of fillers. The materials were implanted subcutaneously in male white rats. The histologic appearance was essentially identical for both materials.", "PMID": 1056582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1879", "title": "Radiologic examination of trismus as a complication of cancrum oris.", "content": "In the radiologic examination of trismus complicating cancrum oris, abnormalities can be detected in the soft tissues, osseous tissues, and temporomandibular joint. In the soft tissue, scar formation may show as a depression in the normal smooth, convex contour of the lateral aspect of the face. There may be a myositis ossificans in the soft tissue, producing bony bars that lead to extra-articular ankylosis. By far the most important changes are in the temporomandibular joint, where there can be varying degrees of joint narrowing, sclerosis of the articular cortex, flattening of the mandibular condyle and occasionally also of the eminentia articularis, osteophytosis, and intra-articular bony ankylosis. Hypoplasia may involve the entire hemimandible or be restricted to its condyloid process. The latter may lead to compensatory enlongation and hypertrophy of the coronoid process. Bony ankylosis of the coronoid process to the posterior wall of the maxilla was seen in three cases. The pathogenesis of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Radiologic examination of trismus as a complication of cancrum oris. In the radiologic examination of trismus complicating cancrum oris, abnormalities can be detected in the soft tissues, osseous tissues, and temporomandibular joint. In the soft tissue, scar formation may show as a depression in the normal smooth, convex contour of the lateral aspect of the face. There may be a myositis ossificans in the soft tissue, producing bony bars that lead to extra-articular ankylosis. By far the most important changes are in the temporomandibular joint, where there can be varying degrees of joint narrowing, sclerosis of the articular cortex, flattening of the mandibular condyle and occasionally also of the eminentia articularis, osteophytosis, and intra-articular bony ankylosis. Hypoplasia may involve the entire hemimandible or be restricted to its condyloid process. The latter may lead to compensatory enlongation and hypertrophy of the coronoid process. Bony ankylosis of the coronoid process to the posterior wall of the maxilla was seen in three cases. The pathogenesis of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 1056583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1880", "title": "Simple bone cyst. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of simple bone cyst are presented. The first is unusual because of its radiologic appearance simulating ameloblastoma and its prolonged healing time, requiring surgical intervention on several occasions. The second is presented because of the occurrence of bilateral cysts, of which there are only eight other reported cases. It is postulated that the first case might represent a single large simple bone cyst that had several chambers with tenuous connections or that it might be an example of multiple simple bone cysts in close proximity.", "contents": "Simple bone cyst. Report of two cases. Two cases of simple bone cyst are presented. The first is unusual because of its radiologic appearance simulating ameloblastoma and its prolonged healing time, requiring surgical intervention on several occasions. The second is presented because of the occurrence of bilateral cysts, of which there are only eight other reported cases. It is postulated that the first case might represent a single large simple bone cyst that had several chambers with tenuous connections or that it might be an example of multiple simple bone cysts in close proximity.", "PMID": 1056584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1881", "title": "[Occurence of dental plaque among Norwegian children with systematic school dental care. A method for identification of patients with special need for dental plaque control].", "content": "The prevalence of dental plaque was assessed in 1534 school children 7-12 years old in Porsgrunn, Norway. Only the first molars and the incisors were examined. In each child 48 scorings were carried out by the Plaque Index (Pl I) (Silness & L\u00f6e 1964). The frequencies of Pl I score 0, 1 and 2 were calculated per individual, school class and school. Score 0 expresses an optimal situation whereas score 2 is assumed to indicate the need for treatment. These features have been visualized, and the distribution pattern seems to be suitable for dental public health workers. Mean Pl I was 1.50. Score 3 was not observed. 55% of the tooth surfaces was covered with dental plaque corresponding to score 2, whereas score 1 was observed in 40%. Children with score 0 on all tooth surfaces were not registered. Great variation in plaque prevalence was found between the school classes. The 6. grade (aged 12 years) children showed the best condition.", "contents": "[Occurence of dental plaque among Norwegian children with systematic school dental care. A method for identification of patients with special need for dental plaque control]. The prevalence of dental plaque was assessed in 1534 school children 7-12 years old in Porsgrunn, Norway. Only the first molars and the incisors were examined. In each child 48 scorings were carried out by the Plaque Index (Pl I) (Silness & L\u00f6e 1964). The frequencies of Pl I score 0, 1 and 2 were calculated per individual, school class and school. Score 0 expresses an optimal situation whereas score 2 is assumed to indicate the need for treatment. These features have been visualized, and the distribution pattern seems to be suitable for dental public health workers. Mean Pl I was 1.50. Score 3 was not observed. 55% of the tooth surfaces was covered with dental plaque corresponding to score 2, whereas score 1 was observed in 40%. Children with score 0 on all tooth surfaces were not registered. Great variation in plaque prevalence was found between the school classes. The 6. grade (aged 12 years) children showed the best condition.", "PMID": 1056591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1882", "title": "[Habitual dislocation of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "A case of recurrent dislocation of the left temporamandibular joint is reported. Different methods of treatment are reviewed. The present case was successfully treated with a combination of two methods: 1. Restriction of excessive condylar movement by means of continuous loop wiring and intermaxillary monofilament fishing line. 2. Intra-articular injections of autologous blood.", "contents": "[Habitual dislocation of the temporomandibular joint]. A case of recurrent dislocation of the left temporamandibular joint is reported. Different methods of treatment are reviewed. The present case was successfully treated with a combination of two methods: 1. Restriction of excessive condylar movement by means of continuous loop wiring and intermaxillary monofilament fishing line. 2. Intra-articular injections of autologous blood.", "PMID": 1056592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1883", "title": "[Comparison of results of 99mTc-polyphosphate-camera-(sequence functional)-scintigraphy, 85Sr-, 87mSr-scanner-scintigraphy, and of radiologic methods in orthopedics].", "content": "Comparative studies between radiological (equals R; x-ray, thermography, angiography) and nuclear medical examinations (equals NM; scanner-, scintillation camera-sequential scintigraphy) in 339 patients with different bone diseases led to the following results: Thermography proved to be inferior to scanning in detecting of bone diseases. Angiography was the procedure of choice in detecting malignant bone tumors. Sequential scintigraphy performed by means of the Anger-HP-scintillation camera and Intertechnique-Cine-System allowed to establish the kinetic behaviour of tumors: an early increased TcPoP accumulation was observed in tumors with high perfusion (sarcoma), a late accumulation in those with low perfusion (osteoid osteoma).", "contents": "[Comparison of results of 99mTc-polyphosphate-camera-(sequence functional)-scintigraphy, 85Sr-, 87mSr-scanner-scintigraphy, and of radiologic methods in orthopedics]. Comparative studies between radiological (equals R; x-ray, thermography, angiography) and nuclear medical examinations (equals NM; scanner-, scintillation camera-sequential scintigraphy) in 339 patients with different bone diseases led to the following results: Thermography proved to be inferior to scanning in detecting of bone diseases. Angiography was the procedure of choice in detecting malignant bone tumors. Sequential scintigraphy performed by means of the Anger-HP-scintillation camera and Intertechnique-Cine-System allowed to establish the kinetic behaviour of tumors: an early increased TcPoP accumulation was observed in tumors with high perfusion (sarcoma), a late accumulation in those with low perfusion (osteoid osteoma).", "PMID": 1056596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1884", "title": "Growth of human cancer cells as lung metastases in immunologically tolerant rats.", "content": "Newborn rats were made tolerant to human cell antigens by intravenous injection of Amnion B cells, a permanet human cell line of normal origin. At various intervals thereafter each animal, and nontolerant litter mate controls were challenged by SC and IV injections of the malignant human cell line J-III. Tumor nodules of J-III cells grew SC and in the lungs of most of the tolerant rats challenged at ages from 7 to 14 days, but not in their controls. Challenge at age 19 days produced SC tumors but there was no growth from the IV inoculum.", "contents": "Growth of human cancer cells as lung metastases in immunologically tolerant rats. Newborn rats were made tolerant to human cell antigens by intravenous injection of Amnion B cells, a permanet human cell line of normal origin. At various intervals thereafter each animal, and nontolerant litter mate controls were challenged by SC and IV injections of the malignant human cell line J-III. Tumor nodules of J-III cells grew SC and in the lungs of most of the tolerant rats challenged at ages from 7 to 14 days, but not in their controls. Challenge at age 19 days produced SC tumors but there was no growth from the IV inoculum.", "PMID": 1056600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1885", "title": "Inhibition of Friend virus (FVP)-induced erythropoiesis by an erythropoiesis-inhibitory factor (EIF).", "content": "An erythropoietin-independent murine erythroleukemia (FVp) has been used to evaluate the effects of an erythropoiesis-inhibitory factor (EIF) isolated from human urine. The consequent inhibition of FVp-induced erythropoiesis suggests that EIF exerts its effect independently of ESF. The inhibitory effect of EIF on FVp-induced erythropoiesis may reveal a potential for the physiological control of some types of erythroleukemia.", "contents": "Inhibition of Friend virus (FVP)-induced erythropoiesis by an erythropoiesis-inhibitory factor (EIF). An erythropoietin-independent murine erythroleukemia (FVp) has been used to evaluate the effects of an erythropoiesis-inhibitory factor (EIF) isolated from human urine. The consequent inhibition of FVp-induced erythropoiesis suggests that EIF exerts its effect independently of ESF. The inhibitory effect of EIF on FVp-induced erythropoiesis may reveal a potential for the physiological control of some types of erythroleukemia.", "PMID": 1056601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1886", "title": "Acute monomyelocytic leukemia presenting as a felon. Case report.", "content": "We present a case of acute leukemic infiltration in the distal phalanx of the thumb, resulting in a chronic felon with bone involement.", "contents": "Acute monomyelocytic leukemia presenting as a felon. Case report. We present a case of acute leukemic infiltration in the distal phalanx of the thumb, resulting in a chronic felon with bone involement.", "PMID": 1056602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1887", "title": "Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy in Pulmonary Metastases.", "content": "Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy is most commonly encountered in association with bronchogenic carcinoma and tumors of the pleura. Its association with pulmonary metastases from extrathoracic neoplasms is rare, with only 44 documented cases in the literature. Three additional cases are reported. Nearly half of the reported cases have been sarcomas, mainly of bone and soft tissues; among the rest are tumors of the nasopharynx and uterus and cervix. It has recently been noted that symptoms can be dramatically relieved by intrathoracic or cervical vagotomy.", "contents": "Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy in Pulmonary Metastases. Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy is most commonly encountered in association with bronchogenic carcinoma and tumors of the pleura. Its association with pulmonary metastases from extrathoracic neoplasms is rare, with only 44 documented cases in the literature. Three additional cases are reported. Nearly half of the reported cases have been sarcomas, mainly of bone and soft tissues; among the rest are tumors of the nasopharynx and uterus and cervix. It has recently been noted that symptoms can be dramatically relieved by intrathoracic or cervical vagotomy.", "PMID": 1056605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1888", "title": "Characterization of R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins by isoelectric focusing. III. Cobalophilin (R protein) in myeloproliferative states and leukocytosis.", "content": "The R-type vitamin B12-binding protein (cobalophilin) in plasma and serum of patients with myeloproliferative diseases and leukocytosis was studied by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. The isoproteins composing the cobalophilin were mainly the same in these disorders as in plasma of health subjects. In half the patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia and a few of those with leukocytosis some of the isoproteins were more acid than those found in healthy subjects. In chronic myelogenous leukaemia the high unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity of plasma was due to an increase in the fairly acid isoproteins, whereas in polycythaemia vera and in most cases of leukocytosis there was an increase in the least acid isoproteins.", "contents": "Characterization of R-type vitamin B12-binding proteins by isoelectric focusing. III. Cobalophilin (R protein) in myeloproliferative states and leukocytosis. The R-type vitamin B12-binding protein (cobalophilin) in plasma and serum of patients with myeloproliferative diseases and leukocytosis was studied by gel filtration and isoelectric focusing. The isoproteins composing the cobalophilin were mainly the same in these disorders as in plasma of health subjects. In half the patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia and a few of those with leukocytosis some of the isoproteins were more acid than those found in healthy subjects. In chronic myelogenous leukaemia the high unsaturated vitamin B12-binding capacity of plasma was due to an increase in the fairly acid isoproteins, whereas in polycythaemia vera and in most cases of leukocytosis there was an increase in the least acid isoproteins.", "PMID": 1056618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1889", "title": "Cytogenetic analysis of erythroleukaemia in two children - evidence of nonmalignant nature of erythron.", "content": "Serial cytogenetic and cytological studies in 2 cases of erythroleukaemia in children indicated that erythropoiesis is not involved in the malignant process itself, but represents a response caused by unknown stimuli. A good correlation was observed between the percentage of aneuploid cells and blasts in mitosis, thus during the erythroid phase aneuploidy was minimal or absent, while during the myeloblastic phase a high percentage of members of the aneuploid clone was present. An inverse correlation between peripheral normoblast count and haemoglobin level indicated that erythropoiesis was under physiological control. Taken together these observations constitute evidence that, in the cases of erythroleukaemia studied, erythroid cells do not have inherent malignant properties. Cytogenetic analysis offers a tool for differentiating this type of erythroleukaemia from other forms of DiGuglielmo's syndrome.", "contents": "Cytogenetic analysis of erythroleukaemia in two children - evidence of nonmalignant nature of erythron. Serial cytogenetic and cytological studies in 2 cases of erythroleukaemia in children indicated that erythropoiesis is not involved in the malignant process itself, but represents a response caused by unknown stimuli. A good correlation was observed between the percentage of aneuploid cells and blasts in mitosis, thus during the erythroid phase aneuploidy was minimal or absent, while during the myeloblastic phase a high percentage of members of the aneuploid clone was present. An inverse correlation between peripheral normoblast count and haemoglobin level indicated that erythropoiesis was under physiological control. Taken together these observations constitute evidence that, in the cases of erythroleukaemia studied, erythroid cells do not have inherent malignant properties. Cytogenetic analysis offers a tool for differentiating this type of erythroleukaemia from other forms of DiGuglielmo's syndrome.", "PMID": 1056620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1890", "title": "Trisomy 8 in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia with trisomy 8 in all examined bone marrow cells are reported. The occurrence and the prognostic significance of trisomy C in myeloproliferative disorders are discussed. The published reports of myeloproliferative disorders with chromosomal abnormalities identified by the banding technique are reviewed. It is to be noted that among group C anomalies in the acute myeloid leukaemias, only involvement of chromosome no. 7, 8 and 9 have been reported to far.", "contents": "Trisomy 8 in acute myeloid leukaemia. Two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia with trisomy 8 in all examined bone marrow cells are reported. The occurrence and the prognostic significance of trisomy C in myeloproliferative disorders are discussed. The published reports of myeloproliferative disorders with chromosomal abnormalities identified by the banding technique are reviewed. It is to be noted that among group C anomalies in the acute myeloid leukaemias, only involvement of chromosome no. 7, 8 and 9 have been reported to far.", "PMID": 1056621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1891", "title": "Vitamin B12-binding proteins of r-type, cobalophilin.", "content": "A gradient was developed for isoelectric focusing in the pH range 2-5. Cobalophilin (earlier called R proteins or vitamin B12-binding proteins of R-type) was isolated from saliva and amniotic fluid in homogeneous form. It was found to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 59,300-69,100. The preparation from amniotic fluid contained 33% carbohydrate. Cobalophilin variants in plasma, serum, granulocytes, platelets, amniotic fluid, milk, saliva and gastric juice were characterized by isoelectric focusing. Most fluids and cells contained the same isoproteins, with pI values between 2.3 and 5.0. Isoproteins of presumably myelogenic origin (e.g. those in granulocytes and plasma) had pI values below 4.2, whereas those of glandular origin (in milk and saliva) had a pI range of 4.0-5.0. Serum contained more cobalophilin than plasma, owing to release of this protein from granulocytes during clotting. This phenomenon also changed the isoprotein pattern. Plasma and serum from newborn infants and from patients with leucocytosis, polycythaemia vera and chronic myelogenous leukaemia contained the same isoproteins as were found in plasma from healthy subjects. In addition to these, isoproteins with lower than 'normal' pI values were often found in chronic myelogenous leukaemia and occasionally in leucocytosis. It is concluded that cobalophilin from different fluids and cells is a single microheterogeneous protein with a variable carbohydrate composition. The distribution of cobalophilin in different body fluids and cells supports the suggestion that cobalophilin is an antimicrobial protein (Gullberg 1972) like lactoferrin and lysozyme.", "contents": "Vitamin B12-binding proteins of r-type, cobalophilin. A gradient was developed for isoelectric focusing in the pH range 2-5. Cobalophilin (earlier called R proteins or vitamin B12-binding proteins of R-type) was isolated from saliva and amniotic fluid in homogeneous form. It was found to be a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 59,300-69,100. The preparation from amniotic fluid contained 33% carbohydrate. Cobalophilin variants in plasma, serum, granulocytes, platelets, amniotic fluid, milk, saliva and gastric juice were characterized by isoelectric focusing. Most fluids and cells contained the same isoproteins, with pI values between 2.3 and 5.0. Isoproteins of presumably myelogenic origin (e.g. those in granulocytes and plasma) had pI values below 4.2, whereas those of glandular origin (in milk and saliva) had a pI range of 4.0-5.0. Serum contained more cobalophilin than plasma, owing to release of this protein from granulocytes during clotting. This phenomenon also changed the isoprotein pattern. Plasma and serum from newborn infants and from patients with leucocytosis, polycythaemia vera and chronic myelogenous leukaemia contained the same isoproteins as were found in plasma from healthy subjects. In addition to these, isoproteins with lower than 'normal' pI values were often found in chronic myelogenous leukaemia and occasionally in leucocytosis. It is concluded that cobalophilin from different fluids and cells is a single microheterogeneous protein with a variable carbohydrate composition. The distribution of cobalophilin in different body fluids and cells supports the suggestion that cobalophilin is an antimicrobial protein (Gullberg 1972) like lactoferrin and lysozyme.", "PMID": 1056622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1892", "title": "Leukaemoid reactions in myeloproliferative diseases. Report of two patients.", "content": "The occurrence of transient extreme neutrophilic leucocytosis, with white blood cell counts exceeding 100,000/mu-l in two adult patients with myeloproliferative diseases, polycythaemia vera and acute myelocytic leukaemia in remission, is reported. The reaction was transient, and the subsequent course of the patient's disease did not differ from that prior to the episode. Such extreme leucocytosis is rare in adults, despite the frequency of provoking conditions, and factors which predispose an individual to develop a leukaemoid reaction remain unknown. An increase in the size of the pool of proliferating granulocyte precursors accompanied by a loss of the restraining function of the marrow sinusoidal walls in myeloproliferative diseases may explain the augmented release of myeloid cells in our patients.", "contents": "Leukaemoid reactions in myeloproliferative diseases. Report of two patients. The occurrence of transient extreme neutrophilic leucocytosis, with white blood cell counts exceeding 100,000/mu-l in two adult patients with myeloproliferative diseases, polycythaemia vera and acute myelocytic leukaemia in remission, is reported. The reaction was transient, and the subsequent course of the patient's disease did not differ from that prior to the episode. Such extreme leucocytosis is rare in adults, despite the frequency of provoking conditions, and factors which predispose an individual to develop a leukaemoid reaction remain unknown. An increase in the size of the pool of proliferating granulocyte precursors accompanied by a loss of the restraining function of the marrow sinusoidal walls in myeloproliferative diseases may explain the augmented release of myeloid cells in our patients.", "PMID": 1056623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1893", "title": "[HL-A system and blood transfusion].", "content": "Anti-HL-A alloimunization has increased in frequency, particularly in patients with acute leukemia, since platelet and leukocyte transfusions have been systematically used for the prevention of hemorrhages and infections during the induction phase of chemotherapy. Although a systematic prevention of anti-HL-A immunization is not yet feasible in most cases, the selection of HL-A compatible donors can restore the efficiency of platelet and leukocyte transfusions even if alloimmunization is very severe. Compatible donors can sometimes be found in the patient's family, but the existence of a panel of HL-A typed blood donors will considerably facilitate the efficiency of the hematological supportive care of patients with leukemia and with bone-marrow aplasia of other origins.", "contents": "[HL-A system and blood transfusion]. Anti-HL-A alloimunization has increased in frequency, particularly in patients with acute leukemia, since platelet and leukocyte transfusions have been systematically used for the prevention of hemorrhages and infections during the induction phase of chemotherapy. Although a systematic prevention of anti-HL-A immunization is not yet feasible in most cases, the selection of HL-A compatible donors can restore the efficiency of platelet and leukocyte transfusions even if alloimmunization is very severe. Compatible donors can sometimes be found in the patient's family, but the existence of a panel of HL-A typed blood donors will considerably facilitate the efficiency of the hematological supportive care of patients with leukemia and with bone-marrow aplasia of other origins.", "PMID": 1056624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1894", "title": "[Results of serial studies in basle children after 12 years of water fluoridation and 4 years of prophylaxis in nurseries and schools].", "content": "The public water supply of Basel has been fluoridated to a content of 1 ppm since May 1962. A distinct reduction of caries could be observed since. The last four years have shown a decrease of caries incidence too, and the merit for this should be given to the prophylaxis department. Particularly the youngest individuals have benefited from this prophylaxis, because it has been intensified and its scope widened.", "contents": "[Results of serial studies in basle children after 12 years of water fluoridation and 4 years of prophylaxis in nurseries and schools]. The public water supply of Basel has been fluoridated to a content of 1 ppm since May 1962. A distinct reduction of caries could be observed since. The last four years have shown a decrease of caries incidence too, and the merit for this should be given to the prophylaxis department. Particularly the youngest individuals have benefited from this prophylaxis, because it has been intensified and its scope widened.", "PMID": 1056625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1895", "title": "[Experimental studies on the stability of the functionally stable supporting structure inplant].", "content": "It has been shown clinically that the healing processes encountered at the site of a subperiosteal implant which is implanted as a sustainer for dentures is greatly dependent on the method of fixation. The inflammatory reactions around the abutments are less pronounced and epithelial attachment enhanced if a absolute rigid fixation exists between the implant material and the mandible. In order to study the stability of a scaffolding implant material under different conditions, measurements were undertaken on isolated cadaver mandibles. The dynamic forces acting on the fixed implant in an axial and transversal direction were recorded using a specially designed string gauge. The effects on the static forces of fixation were registered and evaluated. It could be demonstrated that the forces of fixation which were achieved by applying the general principles of compression osteosynthesis surpassed many times the shearing forces encountered at the time of functional stress. Conclusions are drawn regarding a possible improvement of fixation techniques used in such subperiosteal implants.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the stability of the functionally stable supporting structure inplant]. It has been shown clinically that the healing processes encountered at the site of a subperiosteal implant which is implanted as a sustainer for dentures is greatly dependent on the method of fixation. The inflammatory reactions around the abutments are less pronounced and epithelial attachment enhanced if a absolute rigid fixation exists between the implant material and the mandible. In order to study the stability of a scaffolding implant material under different conditions, measurements were undertaken on isolated cadaver mandibles. The dynamic forces acting on the fixed implant in an axial and transversal direction were recorded using a specially designed string gauge. The effects on the static forces of fixation were registered and evaluated. It could be demonstrated that the forces of fixation which were achieved by applying the general principles of compression osteosynthesis surpassed many times the shearing forces encountered at the time of functional stress. Conclusions are drawn regarding a possible improvement of fixation techniques used in such subperiosteal implants.", "PMID": 1056626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1896", "title": "[Apicoectomy and focal diseases].", "content": "The so-called focal infections are today considered to be polyetiologic manifestations, in which there is a summation of various aggressions. Bacterial products, toxic or antigenic substances originating from different foci are but one of the elements susceptible of unleashing the disease. This explains why there are so many foci and so few results after their elimination. Scientific evidence shows that the histologic result of an apicectomy is considerably worse than the radiological evidence might lead to believe. Inflammation may persist for years before it disappears. Radiographs are therefore only a coarse criterion for judging results of healing. When facing a disease caused by focal infection, the possible foci should be eliminated quickly and as radically as possible.", "contents": "[Apicoectomy and focal diseases]. The so-called focal infections are today considered to be polyetiologic manifestations, in which there is a summation of various aggressions. Bacterial products, toxic or antigenic substances originating from different foci are but one of the elements susceptible of unleashing the disease. This explains why there are so many foci and so few results after their elimination. Scientific evidence shows that the histologic result of an apicectomy is considerably worse than the radiological evidence might lead to believe. Inflammation may persist for years before it disappears. Radiographs are therefore only a coarse criterion for judging results of healing. When facing a disease caused by focal infection, the possible foci should be eliminated quickly and as radically as possible.", "PMID": 1056633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1897", "title": "[Cytogenetic characteristics of the growth of mouse ascitic strain L-5178].", "content": "The number of chromosomes in the cells of L-5178 ascites tumor vary from 38 to 46. The modal class consists of two cell lines with 43 and 44 chromosomes. The number of polyploid cells changes in the process of tumor growth from 11% within first 10 days after transplantation to 50% on the 21st-22en days. The tumor cell population manifests a number of metaphases with endoreduplication of chromosomes. The per cent of metaphases with diplochromosomes varies from 0.05% on the 7th day of tumor development to 5.0% on the 15th-17th day. L-5178 tumor cells are characterized by the presence of structurally changed chromosomes: the acrocentric chromosome with the secondary constriction, metacentric, and 2-3 small chromosomes.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic characteristics of the growth of mouse ascitic strain L-5178]. The number of chromosomes in the cells of L-5178 ascites tumor vary from 38 to 46. The modal class consists of two cell lines with 43 and 44 chromosomes. The number of polyploid cells changes in the process of tumor growth from 11% within first 10 days after transplantation to 50% on the 21st-22en days. The tumor cell population manifests a number of metaphases with endoreduplication of chromosomes. The per cent of metaphases with diplochromosomes varies from 0.05% on the 7th day of tumor development to 5.0% on the 15th-17th day. L-5178 tumor cells are characterized by the presence of structurally changed chromosomes: the acrocentric chromosome with the secondary constriction, metacentric, and 2-3 small chromosomes.", "PMID": 1056646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1898", "title": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of cells in effusions.", "content": "The transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) features of cancer cells and benign cells from human effusions were described. Both in the TEM and the SEM the following cell types were indentified; mesothelial cells, histiocytes, lumphocytes, eosinophilic leukocytes, neutrophilic leukocytes, plasma cells, erthrocytes and cancer cells. The ultrastructure of malignant cells originating from cancers most commonly metastisizing to the serous body cavities was described in detail. Both the TEM and the SEM clearly demonstrated fundamental differences between the surfaces of the cancer cells and benign cells in body cavity fluids: cancer cells were covered by numerous microvilli, while non-neoplastic cells were not. The approach described in this paper can be used for purposes of cytologic diagnosis in difficult preselected cases and may also have some important theoretical implications.", "contents": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopic studies of cells in effusions. The transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) features of cancer cells and benign cells from human effusions were described. Both in the TEM and the SEM the following cell types were indentified; mesothelial cells, histiocytes, lumphocytes, eosinophilic leukocytes, neutrophilic leukocytes, plasma cells, erthrocytes and cancer cells. The ultrastructure of malignant cells originating from cancers most commonly metastisizing to the serous body cavities was described in detail. Both the TEM and the SEM clearly demonstrated fundamental differences between the surfaces of the cancer cells and benign cells in body cavity fluids: cancer cells were covered by numerous microvilli, while non-neoplastic cells were not. The approach described in this paper can be used for purposes of cytologic diagnosis in difficult preselected cases and may also have some important theoretical implications.", "PMID": 1056674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1899", "title": "Giant cell carcinoma of lung: a cytologic evaluation.", "content": "Twelve cases of giant cell carcinoma of the lung are reported. These were all studied histologically and in all but one case cytologic material was examined from sputa and bronchial washings. The cytologic criteria for diagnosis are evaluated, and are considered sufficiently reproducivle as to allow confident diagnostic interpretation. Precise morphologic classification of primary lung carcinoma is important since the significance of the various types in terms of their biologic behavior and prognosis has been established.", "contents": "Giant cell carcinoma of lung: a cytologic evaluation. Twelve cases of giant cell carcinoma of the lung are reported. These were all studied histologically and in all but one case cytologic material was examined from sputa and bronchial washings. The cytologic criteria for diagnosis are evaluated, and are considered sufficiently reproducivle as to allow confident diagnostic interpretation. Precise morphologic classification of primary lung carcinoma is important since the significance of the various types in terms of their biologic behavior and prognosis has been established.", "PMID": 1056675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1900", "title": "Chronic lymphocytic cervicitis: cytologic and histopathologic manifestations.", "content": "(1) Chronic lymphocytic cervicitis is a benign, apparently self-limited or reversible morphologic entity characterized histologically by subepithelial cervicovaginal collections of lymphocytes of varying maturity admixed with phagocytic and non-phagocytic reticulum cells. By mechanical abrasion or spontaneous ulceration, these heterogeneous cellular elements mirroring an imprint of a hyperplastic lymph node  have been observed with regular frequency in routine gynecologic material. (2) From analysis of 170 patients with this lesion over the past 11.5 years, the typical presentation evolves as that of an asymptomatic postmenopausal women in her sixth decade with a normal appearing cervix. Significant variability in age and functional status is encountered however. (3) No unifying or definitive endocrinologic, microbiologic, traumatic, or systemic disease associated factors can be implicated in the genesis of chronic lymphocytic cervicitis. (4) The differential diagnostic features distinguishing chronic lymphocytic cervicitis from endometrial stromal cells, bare nuclei, small cell epithelial lesions, and leukemia/lymphoma are discussed. (5)The importance of cautious appraisal of the biologic or diagnostic significance of any heterogenous lymphocytic and reticulum cell infiltration in histologic or cytologic material from the cervix or vagina is emphasized.", "contents": "Chronic lymphocytic cervicitis: cytologic and histopathologic manifestations. (1) Chronic lymphocytic cervicitis is a benign, apparently self-limited or reversible morphologic entity characterized histologically by subepithelial cervicovaginal collections of lymphocytes of varying maturity admixed with phagocytic and non-phagocytic reticulum cells. By mechanical abrasion or spontaneous ulceration, these heterogeneous cellular elements mirroring an imprint of a hyperplastic lymph node  have been observed with regular frequency in routine gynecologic material. (2) From analysis of 170 patients with this lesion over the past 11.5 years, the typical presentation evolves as that of an asymptomatic postmenopausal women in her sixth decade with a normal appearing cervix. Significant variability in age and functional status is encountered however. (3) No unifying or definitive endocrinologic, microbiologic, traumatic, or systemic disease associated factors can be implicated in the genesis of chronic lymphocytic cervicitis. (4) The differential diagnostic features distinguishing chronic lymphocytic cervicitis from endometrial stromal cells, bare nuclei, small cell epithelial lesions, and leukemia/lymphoma are discussed. (5)The importance of cautious appraisal of the biologic or diagnostic significance of any heterogenous lymphocytic and reticulum cell infiltration in histologic or cytologic material from the cervix or vagina is emphasized.", "PMID": 1056676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1901", "title": "Progress in preoperative diagnosis of pulmonary lesions.", "content": "Forty consecutive patients with radiologically demonstrated pulmonary lesions were selected according to the following criteria: 1) no cytologic or histopathologic diagnosis performed by conventional examination methods, and 2) no tumor tissue seen by endoscopy including the flexible bronchoscope. In these 40 patients the diagnostic value of speciments obtained by transthoracic fine-needle aspiration by blind bronchial brushing and by biopsy taken by means of the flexible bronchoscope was compared with these diagnostic methods a preoperative correct diagnosis was obtained in 29 (72.5%) cases. In 17 cases (42.5%) the fine-needle aspiration method was the only way to obtain a correct preoperative diagnosis and in four cases (10%) the diagnosis was obtained by the fiberscope.", "contents": "Progress in preoperative diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. Forty consecutive patients with radiologically demonstrated pulmonary lesions were selected according to the following criteria: 1) no cytologic or histopathologic diagnosis performed by conventional examination methods, and 2) no tumor tissue seen by endoscopy including the flexible bronchoscope. In these 40 patients the diagnostic value of speciments obtained by transthoracic fine-needle aspiration by blind bronchial brushing and by biopsy taken by means of the flexible bronchoscope was compared with these diagnostic methods a preoperative correct diagnosis was obtained in 29 (72.5%) cases. In 17 cases (42.5%) the fine-needle aspiration method was the only way to obtain a correct preoperative diagnosis and in four cases (10%) the diagnosis was obtained by the fiberscope.", "PMID": 1056677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1902", "title": "The occurrence of sickle cells in pleural fluid: report of a patient with sickle cell disease.", "content": "A 20 year old patient seen in sickle cell crises who presented clincally with pleural effusion, presumably on the basis of pulmonary infarction with subsequent infection, had many sickled red cells in the fluid. This occurrence has not hitherto been reported. Its importance from a diagnostic standpoint is pointed out, particularly in patients where the primary disease process is unsuspected.", "contents": "The occurrence of sickle cells in pleural fluid: report of a patient with sickle cell disease. A 20 year old patient seen in sickle cell crises who presented clincally with pleural effusion, presumably on the basis of pulmonary infarction with subsequent infection, had many sickled red cells in the fluid. This occurrence has not hitherto been reported. Its importance from a diagnostic standpoint is pointed out, particularly in patients where the primary disease process is unsuspected.", "PMID": 1056678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1903", "title": "Exfoliative cytology of malignant germ cell tumors.", "content": "The cytologic features of germ cell tumors such as seminoma and embryonal carcinoma are sufficiently characteristic to make specific cytologic diagnosis possible in technically high quality smears. The prognosis of metastatic germ cell tumros is grave, as further substantiated by this study of 55 patients with positive cytologic specimens.", "contents": "Exfoliative cytology of malignant germ cell tumors. The cytologic features of germ cell tumors such as seminoma and embryonal carcinoma are sufficiently characteristic to make specific cytologic diagnosis possible in technically high quality smears. The prognosis of metastatic germ cell tumros is grave, as further substantiated by this study of 55 patients with positive cytologic specimens.", "PMID": 1056679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1904", "title": "A correlative cytohistologic study on the interrelationship between exfoliated urinary bladder carcinoma cell types and the staging and grading of these tumors.", "content": "The purpose of this sutdy was to demonstrate the existence of a certain correlation between the type of exfoliated malignant tumor cells (transitional and/or epidermoid) in 28 bladder tumor cases, and the stage of these tumors as evidenced in histologic sections of full-depth bladder biopsies or cystectomies. This investigation permitted not only correlation of the type of malignant cells with the stage but also with the grade of these tumors. However, this study should be followed by more investigations based on quantitative analyses or cytomorphometric approaches in order to reach more definitive results.", "contents": "A correlative cytohistologic study on the interrelationship between exfoliated urinary bladder carcinoma cell types and the staging and grading of these tumors. The purpose of this sutdy was to demonstrate the existence of a certain correlation between the type of exfoliated malignant tumor cells (transitional and/or epidermoid) in 28 bladder tumor cases, and the stage of these tumors as evidenced in histologic sections of full-depth bladder biopsies or cystectomies. This investigation permitted not only correlation of the type of malignant cells with the stage but also with the grade of these tumors. However, this study should be followed by more investigations based on quantitative analyses or cytomorphometric approaches in order to reach more definitive results.", "PMID": 1056680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1905", "title": "The binucleate cell: implications for automated cytopathology.", "content": "A study of occurrence rates of binucleate cells in human femal gynecological specimens is described. Data is presented on probability of occurrence, nuclear spacing, and nuclear fluorescence of binucleate cells. Allowable binucleate recognition error rates for automated cytopathology are presented. Recognition techniques employing slit-scan cytofluorometry are discussed.", "contents": "The binucleate cell: implications for automated cytopathology. A study of occurrence rates of binucleate cells in human femal gynecological specimens is described. Data is presented on probability of occurrence, nuclear spacing, and nuclear fluorescence of binucleate cells. Allowable binucleate recognition error rates for automated cytopathology are presented. Recognition techniques employing slit-scan cytofluorometry are discussed.", "PMID": 1056682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1906", "title": "On the correlation of chromosome number and DNA content in HeLa cell clones.", "content": "Chromosome number and nuclear DNA content of two cloned HeLa cell lines were analysed by quantitative Feulgen reaction microspectrophotometry, ultra-rapid microfluorometry and chromosome counting. These cell clones revealed corresponding alterations in their chromosome number and nuclear DNA amount. The results support the hypothesis that a constant relationship exists between both chromosome number and nuclear DNA content in these clonal population.", "contents": "On the correlation of chromosome number and DNA content in HeLa cell clones. Chromosome number and nuclear DNA content of two cloned HeLa cell lines were analysed by quantitative Feulgen reaction microspectrophotometry, ultra-rapid microfluorometry and chromosome counting. These cell clones revealed corresponding alterations in their chromosome number and nuclear DNA amount. The results support the hypothesis that a constant relationship exists between both chromosome number and nuclear DNA content in these clonal population.", "PMID": 1056683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1907", "title": "Primate models of postural disorders.", "content": "Dorsal column lesions in the high cervical region of the monkey result in severe defects of movements projected into space and contactual orienting reactions of the forelimbs. The hindlimbs are less affected provided a pathway through the lateral columns, Morin's tract, remains intact. Interruption of this pathway results in a defect of hindlimb function similar to that of the forelimbs. Cerebellar ablations in monkeys result in postural and movement disorders, including hypotonia of limb extensor muscles. An important mechanism underlying the hypotonia is a depression of the responses to muscle extension of spindle primary afferents owing to a decrease of fusimotor activity. In the decerebellate animal abnormalities of limb trajectory during active movements projected into space (cerebellar \"dysmetria\") appear to result principally from dysfunction of systems separate from the peripheral fusimotor efferent-spindle afferent reflex arc. Precentral cortical ablation results initially in a contralateral hypotonic hemiparesis, later in a hypertonic hemiparesis. A depression of the responses of muscle spindle afferents occurs during the hypotonic phase, but during the hypertonic phase spindle function returns to normal levels. Accordingly a depression of fusimotor function appears to be important in the hypotonic phase of hemiplegia; however, there is no evidence that an enhancement of fusimotor function underlies the hypertonic phase. Bilateral section of the medullary pyramids results in an enduring hypotonic paresis. Abnormalities of contactual orienting responses of limbs are similar to those following dorsal column lesions. Responses of spindle primary afferents are depressed during the initial stages after acute pyramidotomy, then approach but do not reach normal levels. It is concluded that the dorsal columns constitute an afferent, and the pyramidal tracts an efferent, pathway important in oriented contactual reactions of the limbs. The hypotonia resulting from cerebellar lesions, precentral ablation, and pyramidal tract section stems, at least in part, from a depression of the fusimotor innervation of muscle spindle afferent activity.", "contents": "Primate models of postural disorders. Dorsal column lesions in the high cervical region of the monkey result in severe defects of movements projected into space and contactual orienting reactions of the forelimbs. The hindlimbs are less affected provided a pathway through the lateral columns, Morin's tract, remains intact. Interruption of this pathway results in a defect of hindlimb function similar to that of the forelimbs. Cerebellar ablations in monkeys result in postural and movement disorders, including hypotonia of limb extensor muscles. An important mechanism underlying the hypotonia is a depression of the responses to muscle extension of spindle primary afferents owing to a decrease of fusimotor activity. In the decerebellate animal abnormalities of limb trajectory during active movements projected into space (cerebellar \"dysmetria\") appear to result principally from dysfunction of systems separate from the peripheral fusimotor efferent-spindle afferent reflex arc. Precentral cortical ablation results initially in a contralateral hypotonic hemiparesis, later in a hypertonic hemiparesis. A depression of the responses of muscle spindle afferents occurs during the hypotonic phase, but during the hypertonic phase spindle function returns to normal levels. Accordingly a depression of fusimotor function appears to be important in the hypotonic phase of hemiplegia; however, there is no evidence that an enhancement of fusimotor function underlies the hypertonic phase. Bilateral section of the medullary pyramids results in an enduring hypotonic paresis. Abnormalities of contactual orienting responses of limbs are similar to those following dorsal column lesions. Responses of spindle primary afferents are depressed during the initial stages after acute pyramidotomy, then approach but do not reach normal levels. It is concluded that the dorsal columns constitute an afferent, and the pyramidal tracts an efferent, pathway important in oriented contactual reactions of the limbs. The hypotonia resulting from cerebellar lesions, precentral ablation, and pyramidal tract section stems, at least in part, from a depression of the fusimotor innervation of muscle spindle afferent activity.", "PMID": 1056689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1908", "title": "Monitoring the course of chronic granulocytic leukemia with vitamin B 12-binding proteins.", "content": "Hyman, Michael P., and Reiquam, C. W.: Monitoring the course of chronic granulocytic leukemia with vitamin B 12-binding proteins. Am J Clin Pathol 63: 796-803, 1975. Vitamin B 12-binding protein levels (UBBC) have been used in the diagnosis of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), but little data on the course of these patients and the fluctuation of their UBBC are available. Serial UBBC were determined for 12 patients with CGL over various periods of time. Some patients remained in relapse aapse. Throughout, the B 12-binding protein levels were a faithful monitor of each patient's course. The beta/alpha ratio, indicating the relative amount of the binding protein fractions probably reflects the clinical status of the patient in a way that is not presently utilizable. Measurement of B 12-binding proteins during the course of chronic granulocytic leukemia may prove helpful in the long-term care of these patients. (Key words: Vitamin B 12-binding proteins; Chronic granulocytic leukemia.)", "contents": "Monitoring the course of chronic granulocytic leukemia with vitamin B 12-binding proteins. Hyman, Michael P., and Reiquam, C. W.: Monitoring the course of chronic granulocytic leukemia with vitamin B 12-binding proteins. Am J Clin Pathol 63: 796-803, 1975. Vitamin B 12-binding protein levels (UBBC) have been used in the diagnosis of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), but little data on the course of these patients and the fluctuation of their UBBC are available. Serial UBBC were determined for 12 patients with CGL over various periods of time. Some patients remained in relapse aapse. Throughout, the B 12-binding protein levels were a faithful monitor of each patient's course. The beta/alpha ratio, indicating the relative amount of the binding protein fractions probably reflects the clinical status of the patient in a way that is not presently utilizable. Measurement of B 12-binding proteins during the course of chronic granulocytic leukemia may prove helpful in the long-term care of these patients. (Key words: Vitamin B 12-binding proteins; Chronic granulocytic leukemia.)", "PMID": 1056699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1909", "title": "Osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma in a 35-month-old girl. Report of a case.", "content": "A girl, aged 2 years, 11 months, who had pain and swelling of the proximal humerus, was found to have osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma of the humerus.  Among 937 consecutive patients with osteogenic sarcoma examined at the Mayo Clinic, she is the youngest child seen, as well as only the sixth child younger than 6 years of age in this series.", "contents": "Osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma in a 35-month-old girl. Report of a case. A girl, aged 2 years, 11 months, who had pain and swelling of the proximal humerus, was found to have osteoblastic osteogenic sarcoma of the humerus.  Among 937 consecutive patients with osteogenic sarcoma examined at the Mayo Clinic, she is the youngest child seen, as well as only the sixth child younger than 6 years of age in this series.", "PMID": 1056700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1910", "title": "Tandem concept in the nonextraction treatment of class II malocclusion.", "content": "1. A systematic controlled nonextraction approach in the treatment of certain Class II malocclusions exhibiting arch-length deficiencies has been presented. 2. Clinical cases, diagnostic criteria for case selection, the biomechanics of this tandem force system, time sequence in tooth movement, and ways to avoid untoward sequelae have also been offered. 3. The major advantages in utilizing the basic extraoral appliance and auxiliary mechanisms are as follows: A. various groups of tooth movements are initiated in one or more areas of both dental arches simultaneously. B. Orthodontic pressures are within physiologic limits. C. A minimum number of bands is required. D. Positive control of anchorage is ensured. E. Class II mechanics is not necessary. 4. In each of the four cases presented, the anteroposterior and mediolateral changes that occurred resulted in an increase in the linear length and width of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. A sufficient increase in the maxillary apical base was also noted and may prove to be a significant yardstick in measuring the stability index of each case. 5. Photographic and cephalometric evaluation revealed that the facial contour and the relative position of the mandibular incisors were not adversely affected.", "contents": "Tandem concept in the nonextraction treatment of class II malocclusion. 1. A systematic controlled nonextraction approach in the treatment of certain Class II malocclusions exhibiting arch-length deficiencies has been presented. 2. Clinical cases, diagnostic criteria for case selection, the biomechanics of this tandem force system, time sequence in tooth movement, and ways to avoid untoward sequelae have also been offered. 3. The major advantages in utilizing the basic extraoral appliance and auxiliary mechanisms are as follows: A. various groups of tooth movements are initiated in one or more areas of both dental arches simultaneously. B. Orthodontic pressures are within physiologic limits. C. A minimum number of bands is required. D. Positive control of anchorage is ensured. E. Class II mechanics is not necessary. 4. In each of the four cases presented, the anteroposterior and mediolateral changes that occurred resulted in an increase in the linear length and width of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. A sufficient increase in the maxillary apical base was also noted and may prove to be a significant yardstick in measuring the stability index of each case. 5. Photographic and cephalometric evaluation revealed that the facial contour and the relative position of the mandibular incisors were not adversely affected.", "PMID": 1056703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1911", "title": "Mesiodistal crown dimension of the permanent dentition of American Negroes.", "content": "A study of the mesiodistal crown dimension was conducted on the teeth of 162 American Negroes, equally divided between males and females. A total of 3,980 teeth were measured. Teeth were measured from the plaster casts by means of Boley gauges. The sample was drawn from a growth study, private practice, and a dental clinic. The mean width of the teeth of males and females was reported. The teeth of males were larger than those of females for each type of tooth in both arches, although they exhibited a similar pattern of tooth size. The maxillary first premolars were larger than the second premolars, while the mandibular second premolars were larger than the first premolars. The first molars were larger than the second molars in both the maxillary and mandibular arches in both sexes. The ratio of the mandibular dentition ot the maxillary dentition was 94 per cent in both sexes. The ratio of the sum of the widths of the canines and incisors of the mandibular dentition to those of the maxillary dentition was 77 per cent. Also, the ratio of the mandibular incisors to the maxillary incisors was 71 per cent in both sexes.", "contents": "Mesiodistal crown dimension of the permanent dentition of American Negroes. A study of the mesiodistal crown dimension was conducted on the teeth of 162 American Negroes, equally divided between males and females. A total of 3,980 teeth were measured. Teeth were measured from the plaster casts by means of Boley gauges. The sample was drawn from a growth study, private practice, and a dental clinic. The mean width of the teeth of males and females was reported. The teeth of males were larger than those of females for each type of tooth in both arches, although they exhibited a similar pattern of tooth size. The maxillary first premolars were larger than the second premolars, while the mandibular second premolars were larger than the first premolars. The first molars were larger than the second molars in both the maxillary and mandibular arches in both sexes. The ratio of the mandibular dentition ot the maxillary dentition was 94 per cent in both sexes. The ratio of the sum of the widths of the canines and incisors of the mandibular dentition to those of the maxillary dentition was 77 per cent. Also, the ratio of the mandibular incisors to the maxillary incisors was 71 per cent in both sexes.", "PMID": 1056704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1912", "title": "McArdle's syndrome: the reaction to a fat-rich diet.", "content": "The effect of a diet enriched with fats on the muscle performance of a patient with McArdle's syndrome was studied.  The tolerance to physical activity was studied during exercise (ergometric examination) and by sustained abduction to 90 degrees of the deltoid muscle, both after a three-day period on a normal diet and after a three-day period on a fat-rich diet.  After the first period a woody spasm of the deltoid muscle was found which lasted several days.  After a period on fat-rich diet the patient's physical fitness was increased and the recovery period after the acute load was shorter.  Moreover, no induration of the deltoid muscle was observed after the sustained abduction to 90 degrees.  It is argued that maximal strength is not improved by a fat-rich diet but tolerance to submaximal loads is increased by such treatment and recovery from non-lactate-produced muscle discomfort is hastened.", "contents": "McArdle's syndrome: the reaction to a fat-rich diet. The effect of a diet enriched with fats on the muscle performance of a patient with McArdle's syndrome was studied.  The tolerance to physical activity was studied during exercise (ergometric examination) and by sustained abduction to 90 degrees of the deltoid muscle, both after a three-day period on a normal diet and after a three-day period on a fat-rich diet.  After the first period a woody spasm of the deltoid muscle was found which lasted several days.  After a period on fat-rich diet the patient's physical fitness was increased and the recovery period after the acute load was shorter.  Moreover, no induration of the deltoid muscle was observed after the sustained abduction to 90 degrees.  It is argued that maximal strength is not improved by a fat-rich diet but tolerance to submaximal loads is increased by such treatment and recovery from non-lactate-produced muscle discomfort is hastened.", "PMID": 1056701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1913", "title": "Acute granulocytic leukemia in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Two cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia were observed in Hodgkin's disease patients two and five years following intensive radiation therapy.  Sixteen additional cases of acute granulocytic leukemia occurring in radiation-treated Hodgkin's disease patients have been reported in the literature and are reviewed.  It is suggested that the development of acute leukemia was related to irradiation in these patients, and that additional such cases could be expected with the use of intensive radiation and chemotherapy, a risk probably justified in view of the improved control of Hodgkin's disease achieved by these programs.", "contents": "Acute granulocytic leukemia in Hodgkin's disease. Two cases of acute myeloblastic leukemia were observed in Hodgkin's disease patients two and five years following intensive radiation therapy.  Sixteen additional cases of acute granulocytic leukemia occurring in radiation-treated Hodgkin's disease patients have been reported in the literature and are reviewed.  It is suggested that the development of acute leukemia was related to irradiation in these patients, and that additional such cases could be expected with the use of intensive radiation and chemotherapy, a risk probably justified in view of the improved control of Hodgkin's disease achieved by these programs.", "PMID": 1056702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1914", "title": "Pseudo-malignant lesions in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Two patients with unusual features of Paget's disease are reported. In one patient a circumferential focal and periosteally based mass of Paget's disease presented as a mass lesion superimposed on the sclerotic phase of Paget's disease in the distal femur. Biopsy of the mass showed Paget's disease without neoplasia. The mass has remained unchanged roentgenographically in a 2 year period. In a second patient, a lesion occurred in the mid-portion of the tibia and showed features of the early and radiolucent phase of Paget's disease. In a 4 year period, the lesion has progressed to a more sclerotic phase and to occupy the proximal end of the tibia as well as its mid and lower portions.", "contents": "Pseudo-malignant lesions in Paget's disease of bone. Two patients with unusual features of Paget's disease are reported. In one patient a circumferential focal and periosteally based mass of Paget's disease presented as a mass lesion superimposed on the sclerotic phase of Paget's disease in the distal femur. Biopsy of the mass showed Paget's disease without neoplasia. The mass has remained unchanged roentgenographically in a 2 year period. In a second patient, a lesion occurred in the mid-portion of the tibia and showed features of the early and radiolucent phase of Paget's disease. In a 4 year period, the lesion has progressed to a more sclerotic phase and to occupy the proximal end of the tibia as well as its mid and lower portions.", "PMID": 1056709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1915", "title": "Bone scanning-osteogenic sarcoma. Correlation with surgical pathology.", "content": "This study was designed to evaluate the role of isotopic scanning in determining the local extension of osteosarcoma. During the period of the study, 13 patients wtih biopsy proven osteosarcomas were evaluated. The results indicated that in no case did the isotope scan demonstrate greater intramedullary extension of tumor than the routine roentgenographic examination. In addition, despite good correlation between the roentgenogram, scan, and histologic evaluation of tumor extent, all of which showed no evidence of malignancy near the area of surgery,there have been to date 3 local recurrences.", "contents": "Bone scanning-osteogenic sarcoma. Correlation with surgical pathology. This study was designed to evaluate the role of isotopic scanning in determining the local extension of osteosarcoma. During the period of the study, 13 patients wtih biopsy proven osteosarcomas were evaluated. The results indicated that in no case did the isotope scan demonstrate greater intramedullary extension of tumor than the routine roentgenographic examination. In addition, despite good correlation between the roentgenogram, scan, and histologic evaluation of tumor extent, all of which showed no evidence of malignancy near the area of surgery,there have been to date 3 local recurrences.", "PMID": 1056710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1916", "title": "A reexamination of the reaction between colchicine and tubulin.", "content": "The rate of reversible dissociation of the colchicine-tubulin complex has been determined for purified porcine brain tubulin and for sea urchin tubulin from 100,000 times g supernatant. The rate constant, which is essentially the same for both species, is extremely slow; it corresponds to a half-life of approximately 36 hours for the reaction. This rate was the same whether or not sucrose was present, and was not influenced by low concentrations of vinblastine or by millimolar concentrations of colchicine. The association rate constant was determined for porcine brain tubulin with and without CaCl2. The sample without CaCl2 had been maximally polymerized prior to the addition of colchicine. A 4.7-fold difference was observed between the association rate constants under these two conditions. Equilibrium constants calculated from the measured rate constants are 5 to 20 times greater than directly measured values; this suggests that the interaction of microtubules and colchicine is more complex than was previously thought.", "contents": "A reexamination of the reaction between colchicine and tubulin. The rate of reversible dissociation of the colchicine-tubulin complex has been determined for purified porcine brain tubulin and for sea urchin tubulin from 100,000 times g supernatant. The rate constant, which is essentially the same for both species, is extremely slow; it corresponds to a half-life of approximately 36 hours for the reaction. This rate was the same whether or not sucrose was present, and was not influenced by low concentrations of vinblastine or by millimolar concentrations of colchicine. The association rate constant was determined for porcine brain tubulin with and without CaCl2. The sample without CaCl2 had been maximally polymerized prior to the addition of colchicine. A 4.7-fold difference was observed between the association rate constants under these two conditions. Equilibrium constants calculated from the measured rate constants are 5 to 20 times greater than directly measured values; this suggests that the interaction of microtubules and colchicine is more complex than was previously thought.", "PMID": 1056742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1917", "title": "Preliminary studies on affinity labeling of the tubulin-colchicine binding site.", "content": "The present results argue that irradiation of a colchicine-tubulin complex at 366 nm results in destruction of the binding site and the labeling of a small molecule soluble in chloroform-methanol.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on affinity labeling of the tubulin-colchicine binding site. The present results argue that irradiation of a colchicine-tubulin complex at 366 nm results in destruction of the binding site and the labeling of a small molecule soluble in chloroform-methanol.", "PMID": 1056744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1918", "title": "Programmed synthesis of flagellar tubulin during cell differentiation in Naegleria.", "content": "Amebae of Naegleria gruberi differentiate into flagellates when transferred from growth medium to non-nutrient buffer. This differentiation, which requires 48 min at 28 degrees C, is dependent on transcription and translation. Tubulin of the flagellar outer doublets comprises about 0.15% of the protein of flagellate, and only about 1-2% of the total tubulin. An antiserum to flagellar (outer-doublet) tubulin contains antibodies that react selectively with flagellar tubulin. Measurements using this antiserum have shown that 97-98% of the flagellar tubulin antigen appears during differentiation. The appearance of tubulin antigen is sensitive to actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Isotope dilution experiments using [35S]methione demonstrated that at least 70% of the flagellar tubulin is synthesized from amino acids during differentiation. Experiments using both the specific antiserum and isotopes have shown that flagellar tubulin synthesis begins about one-third of the way through differentiation, before any morphological change has occurred. These experiments demonstrate that most, if not all, of the flagellar tubulin is synthesized de novo during differentiation, and that cells selectively use a specific subpopulation of tubulin in assembling the outer doub)lets. The results bring into focus major unsolved questions about the synthesis and assembly of flagellar tubulin.", "contents": "Programmed synthesis of flagellar tubulin during cell differentiation in Naegleria. Amebae of Naegleria gruberi differentiate into flagellates when transferred from growth medium to non-nutrient buffer. This differentiation, which requires 48 min at 28 degrees C, is dependent on transcription and translation. Tubulin of the flagellar outer doublets comprises about 0.15% of the protein of flagellate, and only about 1-2% of the total tubulin. An antiserum to flagellar (outer-doublet) tubulin contains antibodies that react selectively with flagellar tubulin. Measurements using this antiserum have shown that 97-98% of the flagellar tubulin antigen appears during differentiation. The appearance of tubulin antigen is sensitive to actinomycin D and cycloheximide. Isotope dilution experiments using [35S]methione demonstrated that at least 70% of the flagellar tubulin is synthesized from amino acids during differentiation. Experiments using both the specific antiserum and isotopes have shown that flagellar tubulin synthesis begins about one-third of the way through differentiation, before any morphological change has occurred. These experiments demonstrate that most, if not all, of the flagellar tubulin is synthesized de novo during differentiation, and that cells selectively use a specific subpopulation of tubulin in assembling the outer doub)lets. The results bring into focus major unsolved questions about the synthesis and assembly of flagellar tubulin.", "PMID": 1056749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1919", "title": "The mechanism of microtubule-dependent movement of pigment granules in teleost chromatophores.", "content": "The relationship of cytoplasmic microtubules to intracellular transport has been investigated in teleost chromatophores. Antimitotic agents, including colchicine, vinblastine, hydrostatic pressure, and low temperature remove microtubules in these cells and simultaneously disrupt the alignment and arrest the movement of pigment granules. During recovery, the return of alignment and movement corresponds in both time and space with the repolymerization of microtubules. These results demonstrate that microtubules are essential for the intracellular transport of pigment. Investigations of the mechanism of movement show that microtubules do not change in number or location during the redistribution of pigment in Fundulus melanophores. Microtubules in melanophores also behave as semi-stable organelles as determined by investigation with colchicine and hydrostatic pressure. These observations and others rule out a push-pull mechanism based on the polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules or one that distinguishes two operationally different sets of microtubules. It is proposed instead that particles move by sliding along a fixed array of microtubules.", "contents": "The mechanism of microtubule-dependent movement of pigment granules in teleost chromatophores. The relationship of cytoplasmic microtubules to intracellular transport has been investigated in teleost chromatophores. Antimitotic agents, including colchicine, vinblastine, hydrostatic pressure, and low temperature remove microtubules in these cells and simultaneously disrupt the alignment and arrest the movement of pigment granules. During recovery, the return of alignment and movement corresponds in both time and space with the repolymerization of microtubules. These results demonstrate that microtubules are essential for the intracellular transport of pigment. Investigations of the mechanism of movement show that microtubules do not change in number or location during the redistribution of pigment in Fundulus melanophores. Microtubules in melanophores also behave as semi-stable organelles as determined by investigation with colchicine and hydrostatic pressure. These observations and others rule out a push-pull mechanism based on the polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules or one that distinguishes two operationally different sets of microtubules. It is proposed instead that particles move by sliding along a fixed array of microtubules.", "PMID": 1056758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1920", "title": "Combined cleft lip revision, anterior fistula closure and maxillary osteotomy; a one-stage procedure.", "content": "The syndrome of defects which characterise the cleft lip and palate patient undergoing secondary surgery is listed, and the traditional system of multiple sequential operations for its correction is challenged.  A single stage combined procedure is described which permits the correction of maxillary collapse and hypoplasia to be combined with closure of an anterior palatal fistula and lip revision, together with some improvement of abnormal nasal appearance.", "contents": "Combined cleft lip revision, anterior fistula closure and maxillary osteotomy; a one-stage procedure. The syndrome of defects which characterise the cleft lip and palate patient undergoing secondary surgery is listed, and the traditional system of multiple sequential operations for its correction is challenged.  A single stage combined procedure is described which permits the correction of maxillary collapse and hypoplasia to be combined with closure of an anterior palatal fistula and lip revision, together with some improvement of abnormal nasal appearance.", "PMID": 1056791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1921", "title": "Haemangioma of the maxilla: a case report.", "content": "A rapidly expanding central haemangioma of the left maxilla in a 7-year-old boy was treated by ligation of the left external carotid and facial arteries and of the major vessel draining the lesion.  Clinical and radiographic regression of the lesion has followed this treatment.  Possible alternative approaches are discussed, as are the appropriate diagnostic techniques.", "contents": "Haemangioma of the maxilla: a case report. A rapidly expanding central haemangioma of the left maxilla in a 7-year-old boy was treated by ligation of the left external carotid and facial arteries and of the major vessel draining the lesion.  Clinical and radiographic regression of the lesion has followed this treatment.  Possible alternative approaches are discussed, as are the appropriate diagnostic techniques.", "PMID": 1056792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1922", "title": "An unusual case of 'haemorrhagic' bone cyst.", "content": "An unusual case of hemorrhagic bone cyst observed over a period of 12 years is presented.  The diagnosis was confirmed by surgical exploration and histological examination of the tissue.  The lesion continued to expand in spite of repeated surgical mandible.  Finally, bone formation obliterated the cavity completely at the age of 19, when the facial deformity was corrected.  It is suggested that this hemorrhagic bone cyst is of developmental origin.  Since intramedullary haemorrhage and proliferation of giant cells are both responsible for the cavity formation and expansion, it is possible that aberrant formation of giant cells by fusion of endothelial cells of abnormal blood vessels may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition.", "contents": "An unusual case of 'haemorrhagic' bone cyst. An unusual case of hemorrhagic bone cyst observed over a period of 12 years is presented.  The diagnosis was confirmed by surgical exploration and histological examination of the tissue.  The lesion continued to expand in spite of repeated surgical mandible.  Finally, bone formation obliterated the cavity completely at the age of 19, when the facial deformity was corrected.  It is suggested that this hemorrhagic bone cyst is of developmental origin.  Since intramedullary haemorrhage and proliferation of giant cells are both responsible for the cavity formation and expansion, it is possible that aberrant formation of giant cells by fusion of endothelial cells of abnormal blood vessels may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition.", "PMID": 1056793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1923", "title": "A radiological investigation into the age changes of the inferior dental artery.", "content": "An angiographic study of 23 cadavers and 100 patients showed that arterial disease affected the inferior dental artery earlier in life than the rest of the carotid arteries and their branches.  Approximately a 15-year difference was noted, the difference being highly significant statistically.  The loss of teeth was associated with these changes but statistically the correlation was less significant.  The possible reasons for these changes and the surgical implications are discussed.", "contents": "A radiological investigation into the age changes of the inferior dental artery. An angiographic study of 23 cadavers and 100 patients showed that arterial disease affected the inferior dental artery earlier in life than the rest of the carotid arteries and their branches.  Approximately a 15-year difference was noted, the difference being highly significant statistically.  The loss of teeth was associated with these changes but statistically the correlation was less significant.  The possible reasons for these changes and the surgical implications are discussed.", "PMID": 1056796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1924", "title": "Streptococci isolated from post-extraction bacteraemias.", "content": "One hundred and fifty streptococci were isolated from blood cultures taken following the extraction of teeth. The cultural, biochemical and serological characteristics of the organisms are presented and their antibiotic sensitivities discussed. It is shown that a detailed assessment of these organisms can be made rather than considering them all as Streptococcus viridans.", "contents": "Streptococci isolated from post-extraction bacteraemias. One hundred and fifty streptococci were isolated from blood cultures taken following the extraction of teeth. The cultural, biochemical and serological characteristics of the organisms are presented and their antibiotic sensitivities discussed. It is shown that a detailed assessment of these organisms can be made rather than considering them all as Streptococcus viridans.", "PMID": 1056797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1925", "title": "Properties of chromosomal proteins of human leukemic cells.", "content": "Purified chromatin isolated from lymphocytic cells derived from patients with acute leukemia, or other lymphoproliferative disorders has been compared with chromatin isolated from normal human lymphocytic cells by gel electrophoresis and differential gradient ultracentrifugation. Thermal denaturation studies showed higher Tm values for chromatin from leukemic cells, as compared to that of lymphocytic cells from normal donors or patients with infectious mononucleosis, reflecting the diverse complexity of these chromatins with respect to their varying chemical compositions. There are significant differences in the ratios of DNA:RNA:protein, as well as in the ratios of chromatin-associated histone and non-histone proteins; although chromatin-associated histones were more homogeneous than were the non-histone proteins, as adjudged by amino acid analyses and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. These differences in chromatin structure may relate to the differences in gene expression characteristic of these lymphocytic cells. The chromosomal acidic proteins isolated from the purified chromatin of human leukemic cells greatly stimulated the template activity of the chromatin in in vitro RNA synthesis. The non-histone proteins selectively interact with chromatins and influence the RNA polymerase reactions, indicating that there is selective tissue specificity of non-histone proteins.", "contents": "Properties of chromosomal proteins of human leukemic cells. Purified chromatin isolated from lymphocytic cells derived from patients with acute leukemia, or other lymphoproliferative disorders has been compared with chromatin isolated from normal human lymphocytic cells by gel electrophoresis and differential gradient ultracentrifugation. Thermal denaturation studies showed higher Tm values for chromatin from leukemic cells, as compared to that of lymphocytic cells from normal donors or patients with infectious mononucleosis, reflecting the diverse complexity of these chromatins with respect to their varying chemical compositions. There are significant differences in the ratios of DNA:RNA:protein, as well as in the ratios of chromatin-associated histone and non-histone proteins; although chromatin-associated histones were more homogeneous than were the non-histone proteins, as adjudged by amino acid analyses and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. These differences in chromatin structure may relate to the differences in gene expression characteristic of these lymphocytic cells. The chromosomal acidic proteins isolated from the purified chromatin of human leukemic cells greatly stimulated the template activity of the chromatin in in vitro RNA synthesis. The non-histone proteins selectively interact with chromatins and influence the RNA polymerase reactions, indicating that there is selective tissue specificity of non-histone proteins.", "PMID": 1056800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1926", "title": "BCG in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, who were in remission after induction with prednisone and vincristine and consolidation with intravenous methotrexate, were randomized into three groups receiving (1) no further therapy, (2) BCG, and (3) chemotherapy with biweekly methotrexate and monthly prednisone and vincristine. Children continuing in remission after 8 mo on chemotherapy in group 3 were rerandomized into three similar groups, i.e., no therapy, BCG, and chemotherapy. In the primary randomization, the median duration of remission was identical in the groups receiving no therapy or BCG, (4 and 4.3 mo respectively), and both were significantly less than the median duration of remission on chemotherapy which had not been reached prior to secondary randomization at 8 mo. Results of secondary randomization were similar to those of primary randomization. As used in this study, BCG was ineffective in prolonging drug-induced remissions either early in remission or when the leukemic cell population might have been further reduced after 8 mo of maintenance chemotherapy.", "contents": "BCG in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, who were in remission after induction with prednisone and vincristine and consolidation with intravenous methotrexate, were randomized into three groups receiving (1) no further therapy, (2) BCG, and (3) chemotherapy with biweekly methotrexate and monthly prednisone and vincristine. Children continuing in remission after 8 mo on chemotherapy in group 3 were rerandomized into three similar groups, i.e., no therapy, BCG, and chemotherapy. In the primary randomization, the median duration of remission was identical in the groups receiving no therapy or BCG, (4 and 4.3 mo respectively), and both were significantly less than the median duration of remission on chemotherapy which had not been reached prior to secondary randomization at 8 mo. Results of secondary randomization were similar to those of primary randomization. As used in this study, BCG was ineffective in prolonging drug-induced remissions either early in remission or when the leukemic cell population might have been further reduced after 8 mo of maintenance chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1056801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1927", "title": "Leukaemic transformation of f1-hybrid cells after inoculation of parental leukaemic cells.", "content": "An aneuploid chromosomal anomaly was observed in more than 90% of the mitoses of a spontaneous acute lymphatic leukaemia in C57BL/6J mice preserved by passage in the strain of origin since 1967. The leukaemia is strain-specific and causes the death of its recipients within 9 days. After repeated transfers within F1-hybrids tagged with the T6-marker chromosome, mitoses containing both the chromosomal anomaly of the leukaemic cells and the T6-marker of the semiallogeneic host were observed. This evidence of malignant transformation is compared to leukaemic transformation as observed after clinical bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Leukaemic transformation of f1-hybrid cells after inoculation of parental leukaemic cells. An aneuploid chromosomal anomaly was observed in more than 90% of the mitoses of a spontaneous acute lymphatic leukaemia in C57BL/6J mice preserved by passage in the strain of origin since 1967. The leukaemia is strain-specific and causes the death of its recipients within 9 days. After repeated transfers within F1-hybrids tagged with the T6-marker chromosome, mitoses containing both the chromosomal anomaly of the leukaemic cells and the T6-marker of the semiallogeneic host were observed. This evidence of malignant transformation is compared to leukaemic transformation as observed after clinical bone marrow transplantation.", "PMID": 1056802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1928", "title": "A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and thorotrast-accumulation.", "content": "A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), in a 50 years old patient, 26 years after thorotrast injection, is reported. In spite of intensive therapy, he died 2 years after diagnosis of disease. The cytogenetic showed the usual thorotrast radiation-induced abnormalities, although to a greater extent than reported in leterature. Furthermore a hypodiploidy was present, which was connected with ALL. In addition the patient exhibited the interesting phenomenon of giant satellites on one of his D14-chromosomes. This abnormally was found also in his mother and son. The question arises, how far the inherited cytogenetic pattern and the thorotrast radiation each contributed to the development of ALL.", "contents": "A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and thorotrast-accumulation. A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), in a 50 years old patient, 26 years after thorotrast injection, is reported. In spite of intensive therapy, he died 2 years after diagnosis of disease. The cytogenetic showed the usual thorotrast radiation-induced abnormalities, although to a greater extent than reported in leterature. Furthermore a hypodiploidy was present, which was connected with ALL. In addition the patient exhibited the interesting phenomenon of giant satellites on one of his D14-chromosomes. This abnormally was found also in his mother and son. The question arises, how far the inherited cytogenetic pattern and the thorotrast radiation each contributed to the development of ALL.", "PMID": 1056803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1929", "title": "Segmental analysis of spinal cord monoamines after thoracic transection in the dog.", "content": "The noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin content from 10 segments of the dog spinal cord before and after a T7 transection were measured. The levels of amines were highest in the conus medullaris. However, when calculated per gram cord grey matter, noradrenaline was found to be concentrated in the midthoracic and sacral cord, while serotonin was concentrated in the mid-thoracic region. Levels of dopamine were very low throughout the spinal cord. Up to 3 days after a T7 transection, the levels of all 3 amines did not change in the distal cord segments. Ten days after transection the level of all 3 amines were less than twice tissue blank distally. This segmental analysis of dog spinal cord shows some potentially important differences from previous studies of cat and rat.", "contents": "Segmental analysis of spinal cord monoamines after thoracic transection in the dog. The noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin content from 10 segments of the dog spinal cord before and after a T7 transection were measured. The levels of amines were highest in the conus medullaris. However, when calculated per gram cord grey matter, noradrenaline was found to be concentrated in the midthoracic and sacral cord, while serotonin was concentrated in the mid-thoracic region. Levels of dopamine were very low throughout the spinal cord. Up to 3 days after a T7 transection, the levels of all 3 amines did not change in the distal cord segments. Ten days after transection the level of all 3 amines were less than twice tissue blank distally. This segmental analysis of dog spinal cord shows some potentially important differences from previous studies of cat and rat.", "PMID": 1056806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1930", "title": "Acute leukemia in adults: assessment of remission induction with combination chemotherapy by clinical and cell-culture criteria.", "content": "Remission induction was assessed by clinical and cell-culture criteria for 65 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 11 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis and 19 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).  Cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside and vincristine (CAV) therapy resulted in complete remission in 23 of 50 previously untreated patients with AML and in 3 of the 11 patients with CML.  Fourteen patients with ALL responded to vincristine-prednisone induction therapy and two to induction therapy with CAV.  The median duration of survival of the responding patients was 2.2 years, compared with 4 months for the patients who did not respond to treatment.  Granulopoietic colony formation, assessed by assay of colony-forming units dependent on colony-stimulating activity in culture (CFU-C), was abnormal in 37 of 42 bone marrow aspirates from patients with AML before treatement.  CFU-C concentration increased when leukocyte-conditioned medium (LCM) was added to the cultures; 13 cultures had normal or elevated CFU-C concentration with LCM.  Marrow cells of patients with ALL or CML in blast crisis demonstrated a similar pattern.  Serial studies of marrow CFU-C concentration of 31 patients with AML demonstrated a change to a normal pattern with successful remission induction.  Results of this study suggest that administration of purified LCM to leukemic patients might increase granulocyte production from potential but unstimulated granulopoietic precursors.  This therapy would lessen the probability of death from infection during remission induction.", "contents": "Acute leukemia in adults: assessment of remission induction with combination chemotherapy by clinical and cell-culture criteria. Remission induction was assessed by clinical and cell-culture criteria for 65 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), 11 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blast crisis and 19 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL).  Cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside and vincristine (CAV) therapy resulted in complete remission in 23 of 50 previously untreated patients with AML and in 3 of the 11 patients with CML.  Fourteen patients with ALL responded to vincristine-prednisone induction therapy and two to induction therapy with CAV.  The median duration of survival of the responding patients was 2.2 years, compared with 4 months for the patients who did not respond to treatment.  Granulopoietic colony formation, assessed by assay of colony-forming units dependent on colony-stimulating activity in culture (CFU-C), was abnormal in 37 of 42 bone marrow aspirates from patients with AML before treatement.  CFU-C concentration increased when leukocyte-conditioned medium (LCM) was added to the cultures; 13 cultures had normal or elevated CFU-C concentration with LCM.  Marrow cells of patients with ALL or CML in blast crisis demonstrated a similar pattern.  Serial studies of marrow CFU-C concentration of 31 patients with AML demonstrated a change to a normal pattern with successful remission induction.  Results of this study suggest that administration of purified LCM to leukemic patients might increase granulocyte production from potential but unstimulated granulopoietic precursors.  This therapy would lessen the probability of death from infection during remission induction.", "PMID": 1056807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1931", "title": "Butyric acid, a potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in cultured erythroleukemic cells.", "content": "Butyric acid is an unusually potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in cultured erythroleukemic cells. It is effective at one hundredth the concentration required of dimethylsulfoxide, a most effective inducing agent. Studies using a variety of analogues and metabolites suggest that the structural features of butyric acid are rather stringently required for induction. This effect is considered in view of the fact that butyric acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid, is effective in relatively low concentrations, and is widely used to form derivatives of cAMP.", "contents": "Butyric acid, a potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in cultured erythroleukemic cells. Butyric acid is an unusually potent inducer of erythroid differentiation in cultured erythroleukemic cells. It is effective at one hundredth the concentration required of dimethylsulfoxide, a most effective inducing agent. Studies using a variety of analogues and metabolites suggest that the structural features of butyric acid are rather stringently required for induction. This effect is considered in view of the fact that butyric acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid, is effective in relatively low concentrations, and is widely used to form derivatives of cAMP.", "PMID": 1056809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1932", "title": "Differentiation of erythroleukemia cells in vitro: properties of chemical inducers.", "content": "Murine erythroleukemia cells growing in vitro can be induced to differentiate. The physical properties of chemical inducers has been defined and has permitted the recognition of a variety of potent inducers. The compounds can be linear, branched, or aromatic molecules. Some are methylated. All are low molecular weight basic compounds which are hydrophylic and are potent cryoprotective agents. The inducing effects of combinations of some agents are synergistic while others are additive. These observations will permit a rational search for inducing agents with increased potency and decreased toxicity.", "contents": "Differentiation of erythroleukemia cells in vitro: properties of chemical inducers. Murine erythroleukemia cells growing in vitro can be induced to differentiate. The physical properties of chemical inducers has been defined and has permitted the recognition of a variety of potent inducers. The compounds can be linear, branched, or aromatic molecules. Some are methylated. All are low molecular weight basic compounds which are hydrophylic and are potent cryoprotective agents. The inducing effects of combinations of some agents are synergistic while others are additive. These observations will permit a rational search for inducing agents with increased potency and decreased toxicity.", "PMID": 1056810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1933", "title": "Dental status of the institutionalized elderly population of Edinburgh.", "content": "A randomly selected population of 442 persons in Edinburgh was interviewed and examined. Although 71 % of the sample required treatment, only 52 % were physically and mentally able to benefit from treatment. Thirty percent of the sample were able to use public transport to attend a dentist, 66 % would require cars and ambulance transport and 4 % were bedridden and would require domiciliary dental services. Twenty-one percent of the sample had thought about seeking dental treatment, while only 25 % had heard how to claim exemption from or help towards dental charges. Edentulousness was present in 91 % of the sample, only 41 persons having remaining natural teeth. Seventy-three percent were wearing dentures which required adjustment or replacement, but only 39 % thought their dentures were unsatisfactory. In 58 % of the patients the oral tissues were so deformed or resorbed that the prosthodontic treatment needed would be complex and require special skills. Half of the sample had some form of denture-induced pathology which required either conservative or surgical treatment.", "contents": "Dental status of the institutionalized elderly population of Edinburgh. A randomly selected population of 442 persons in Edinburgh was interviewed and examined. Although 71 % of the sample required treatment, only 52 % were physically and mentally able to benefit from treatment. Thirty percent of the sample were able to use public transport to attend a dentist, 66 % would require cars and ambulance transport and 4 % were bedridden and would require domiciliary dental services. Twenty-one percent of the sample had thought about seeking dental treatment, while only 25 % had heard how to claim exemption from or help towards dental charges. Edentulousness was present in 91 % of the sample, only 41 persons having remaining natural teeth. Seventy-three percent were wearing dentures which required adjustment or replacement, but only 39 % thought their dentures were unsatisfactory. In 58 % of the patients the oral tissues were so deformed or resorbed that the prosthodontic treatment needed would be complex and require special skills. Half of the sample had some form of denture-induced pathology which required either conservative or surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1056813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1934", "title": "Oral health status and need of dental treatment in the elderly Danish population.", "content": "Oral health and dental treatment needs were investigated in 560 elderly persons in the county of Vestsjaelland (West Zealand) in Denmark. Of the population aged 65 and above in three typical communities in the county, 10% were selected by random sampling and totaled 633 persons. Of these, 560 persons (88.5%) were interviewed and examined in their homes. The final sample population was representative of the total Danish population in relation to sex and socioeconomic status for this specific age group. Oral health was generally poor. In all, 68.2% of the population were edentulous (64.7 of the males, 70.7% of the females), while the dentate persons had an average of 12 teeth; 3.6% were totally edentulous and lacked dentures in both jaws, a further 5.5% were totally edentulous and lacked a denture in one jaw, and 83.4% had removable dentures. Only 3.4% of the dentate and 28.2% of the edentulous persons did not need any dental treatment. The total percentage of people needing treatment was 80. Prosthetic treatment was the main requirement, applying to 80% of the group. In contrast with this, only 25% of the interviewed subjects had a subjective need for treatment. Information and economic aids for dental treatment are obviously needed in the elderly Danish population.", "contents": "Oral health status and need of dental treatment in the elderly Danish population. Oral health and dental treatment needs were investigated in 560 elderly persons in the county of Vestsjaelland (West Zealand) in Denmark. Of the population aged 65 and above in three typical communities in the county, 10% were selected by random sampling and totaled 633 persons. Of these, 560 persons (88.5%) were interviewed and examined in their homes. The final sample population was representative of the total Danish population in relation to sex and socioeconomic status for this specific age group. Oral health was generally poor. In all, 68.2% of the population were edentulous (64.7 of the males, 70.7% of the females), while the dentate persons had an average of 12 teeth; 3.6% were totally edentulous and lacked dentures in both jaws, a further 5.5% were totally edentulous and lacked a denture in one jaw, and 83.4% had removable dentures. Only 3.4% of the dentate and 28.2% of the edentulous persons did not need any dental treatment. The total percentage of people needing treatment was 80. Prosthetic treatment was the main requirement, applying to 80% of the group. In contrast with this, only 25% of the interviewed subjects had a subjective need for treatment. Information and economic aids for dental treatment are obviously needed in the elderly Danish population.", "PMID": 1056814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1935", "title": "An epidemiologic study of yeasts in elderly denture wearers.", "content": "The purpose of this study has been to assess the prevalence of denture stomatitis and candida infection in an elderly Danish population. Ten percent of the population above the age of 65 in a Danish community was selected randomly. The study group consisted of 465 persons wearing a removable maxillary denture, who were examined in their homes. Yeasts were isolated by oral swabs for cultivation and by mucosal and denture scrapings for microscopy. The prevalence of denture stomatitis was 65%. Yeasts, especially C. albicans, were cultivated in most denture wearers with denture stomatitis (Group 1) or with clinically normal palatal mucosa (Group 2). However, large accumulations of hyphae were present in 77% of the patients in Group 1 compared with 47% in Group 2; both hyphae and inflammatory cells were seen in smears in 65% of Group 1 but only in 14% of Group 2. On the other hand, bacterial contamination of the smears was more pronounced in Group 2 than in Group 1. The study has revealed that candida infection and poor denture cleanliness are very common in elderly denture wearers.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of yeasts in elderly denture wearers. The purpose of this study has been to assess the prevalence of denture stomatitis and candida infection in an elderly Danish population. Ten percent of the population above the age of 65 in a Danish community was selected randomly. The study group consisted of 465 persons wearing a removable maxillary denture, who were examined in their homes. Yeasts were isolated by oral swabs for cultivation and by mucosal and denture scrapings for microscopy. The prevalence of denture stomatitis was 65%. Yeasts, especially C. albicans, were cultivated in most denture wearers with denture stomatitis (Group 1) or with clinically normal palatal mucosa (Group 2). However, large accumulations of hyphae were present in 77% of the patients in Group 1 compared with 47% in Group 2; both hyphae and inflammatory cells were seen in smears in 65% of Group 1 but only in 14% of Group 2. On the other hand, bacterial contamination of the smears was more pronounced in Group 2 than in Group 1. The study has revealed that candida infection and poor denture cleanliness are very common in elderly denture wearers.", "PMID": 1056815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1936", "title": "The use of dental services among Norwegian adults in 1973.", "content": "The dental treatment pattern and its determinants were surveyed in 1973 by interviews with a sample comprising 1,632 persons drawn to cover the total Norwegian population aged 15 and above. In all, 58% of the interviewees stated having visited a dentist during the year prior to the interview. In contrast, 16% had not consulted a dentist for at least 5 years. Fifty-five percent of the sample reported having received fillings at the last dental visit and 15% reported having received some periodontal and/or preventive treatment. Regular (at least annual) treatment attendance was claimed by 52% of the sample. However, some respondents had seemingly embellished their treatment behavior, and a relatively valid estimate for the current proportion of regular treatment attenders was considered to be 40% of the adult population in Norway. Sex and geographic region were found to be the most influential predictors of the recent treatment pattern, whereas school dental treatment had a major influence in youth. Dental conditions including the wearing of dentures was the reason most often given for not seeing a dentist on a regular basis.", "contents": "The use of dental services among Norwegian adults in 1973. The dental treatment pattern and its determinants were surveyed in 1973 by interviews with a sample comprising 1,632 persons drawn to cover the total Norwegian population aged 15 and above. In all, 58% of the interviewees stated having visited a dentist during the year prior to the interview. In contrast, 16% had not consulted a dentist for at least 5 years. Fifty-five percent of the sample reported having received fillings at the last dental visit and 15% reported having received some periodontal and/or preventive treatment. Regular (at least annual) treatment attendance was claimed by 52% of the sample. However, some respondents had seemingly embellished their treatment behavior, and a relatively valid estimate for the current proportion of regular treatment attenders was considered to be 40% of the adult population in Norway. Sex and geographic region were found to be the most influential predictors of the recent treatment pattern, whereas school dental treatment had a major influence in youth. Dental conditions including the wearing of dentures was the reason most often given for not seeing a dentist on a regular basis.", "PMID": 1056816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1937", "title": "An approach to objective assessment of caries prophylactic measures in a dental health program.", "content": "In a retrospective survey the mean number of intact proximal surfaces on the first molars of 13-year-old children was found to increase from 2.6 to 4.8 following 7 years of a preventive program with fortnightly fluoride mouthrinsings (0.2% NaF). This improvement was significant and corresponded to a reduction of the totally filled surfaces from 30.0 to 16.6. Caries on the proximal surfaces on the first molars was assessed from bite-wing radiographs. Judged from interexaminer comparisons, the number of filled surfaces was a reliable parameter of the caries prevalence in 13-year-old children. In a group of 54 children aged 13 who participated in the preventive program, the caries experience on the proximal surfaces of the first molars was significantly associated with the total DMFS.", "contents": "An approach to objective assessment of caries prophylactic measures in a dental health program. In a retrospective survey the mean number of intact proximal surfaces on the first molars of 13-year-old children was found to increase from 2.6 to 4.8 following 7 years of a preventive program with fortnightly fluoride mouthrinsings (0.2% NaF). This improvement was significant and corresponded to a reduction of the totally filled surfaces from 30.0 to 16.6. Caries on the proximal surfaces on the first molars was assessed from bite-wing radiographs. Judged from interexaminer comparisons, the number of filled surfaces was a reliable parameter of the caries prevalence in 13-year-old children. In a group of 54 children aged 13 who participated in the preventive program, the caries experience on the proximal surfaces of the first molars was significantly associated with the total DMFS.", "PMID": 1056817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1938", "title": "Molar tooth attrition in a selected group of Nigerians.", "content": "A study of the degree and gradient of attrition was undertaken on 352 molar teeth of 88 selected Nigerian subjects. A method for the quantification of attrition experience per molar tooth is described. There is a close correlation between age and the degree of attrition of the first molar. This finding may be of value in age determination in forensic odontology. The wear on the first molar is about two stages ahead of that on the second and third molars. It is suggested that the degree of tooth attrition may be an index of masticatory activity.", "contents": "Molar tooth attrition in a selected group of Nigerians. A study of the degree and gradient of attrition was undertaken on 352 molar teeth of 88 selected Nigerian subjects. A method for the quantification of attrition experience per molar tooth is described. There is a close correlation between age and the degree of attrition of the first molar. This finding may be of value in age determination in forensic odontology. The wear on the first molar is about two stages ahead of that on the second and third molars. It is suggested that the degree of tooth attrition may be an index of masticatory activity.", "PMID": 1056818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1939", "title": "Estimates of orthodontic treatment need in Danish schoolchildren.", "content": "Orthodontic treatment need has been assessed on the basis of complete orthodontic records in a random sample of 293 Danish children aged 13-17 years by a group of postgraduate orthodontic students and by three orthodontists. The estimates of treatment need ranged from 45% to 61%. Interexaminer agreement in pairs was observed in 77%-92% (mean 83%) of the cases. Uniformity in four individual assessments was reached in 69% of the cases: 38% were considered in need of treatment and 31% were considered not to present such need; conversely, 31% gave rise to disagreement. It is argued that, at present, the orthodontist's subjective estimate of treatment need probably constitutes a more realistic approach to the problem of assigning treatment priority than the various indices of malocclusion.", "contents": "Estimates of orthodontic treatment need in Danish schoolchildren. Orthodontic treatment need has been assessed on the basis of complete orthodontic records in a random sample of 293 Danish children aged 13-17 years by a group of postgraduate orthodontic students and by three orthodontists. The estimates of treatment need ranged from 45% to 61%. Interexaminer agreement in pairs was observed in 77%-92% (mean 83%) of the cases. Uniformity in four individual assessments was reached in 69% of the cases: 38% were considered in need of treatment and 31% were considered not to present such need; conversely, 31% gave rise to disagreement. It is argued that, at present, the orthodontist's subjective estimate of treatment need probably constitutes a more realistic approach to the problem of assigning treatment priority than the various indices of malocclusion.", "PMID": 1056819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1940", "title": "A preliminary report on prevalences of oral mucosal lesions in a Swedish population.", "content": "A study has been conducted to assess the prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions. In cooperation with the public health screening organization of the County of Uppsala in Sweden, all inhabitants older than 14 years of age in two communities, H\u00e5bo and Enk\u00f6ping, will be called for examination. So far, 8,696 individuals have been examined. Preliminary prevalence figures on 33 lesions are reported.", "contents": "A preliminary report on prevalences of oral mucosal lesions in a Swedish population. A study has been conducted to assess the prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions. In cooperation with the public health screening organization of the County of Uppsala in Sweden, all inhabitants older than 14 years of age in two communities, H\u00e5bo and Enk\u00f6ping, will be called for examination. So far, 8,696 individuals have been examined. Preliminary prevalence figures on 33 lesions are reported.", "PMID": 1056820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1941", "title": "Tooth survival in a multicultural group of aged in Israel.", "content": "Survival of natural dentition was studied in a multicultural group of 826 elderly people living in sheltered conditions in three old-age homes. It was found that the ratio of dentate subjects decreased progressively with age. The proportion of dentate men was significantly higher than that of women. The ratio of dentate subjects among the immigrants from Afro-Asian countries was significantly higher than among the European group. As the number of denture wearers among the elderly of European origin greatly exceeded that of Afro-Asian extraction, the assumption was made that the more advanced cultural background of the Europeans motivated them to take more advantage of dental services and as a result they had more teeth extracted due to preprosthodontic preparations. The mandibular teeth showed a higher survival rate than the maxillary. Most remaining dental units (teeth and roots) were found in the front region in both jaws, with definite persistance of canines and a clear tendency towards diminishing numbers of posterior tooth types. Studies on tooth survival may provide useful information for assessing needs and planning services for the aged in modern society and may contribute to better understanding of prosthodontic problems encountered in practice.", "contents": "Tooth survival in a multicultural group of aged in Israel. Survival of natural dentition was studied in a multicultural group of 826 elderly people living in sheltered conditions in three old-age homes. It was found that the ratio of dentate subjects decreased progressively with age. The proportion of dentate men was significantly higher than that of women. The ratio of dentate subjects among the immigrants from Afro-Asian countries was significantly higher than among the European group. As the number of denture wearers among the elderly of European origin greatly exceeded that of Afro-Asian extraction, the assumption was made that the more advanced cultural background of the Europeans motivated them to take more advantage of dental services and as a result they had more teeth extracted due to preprosthodontic preparations. The mandibular teeth showed a higher survival rate than the maxillary. Most remaining dental units (teeth and roots) were found in the front region in both jaws, with definite persistance of canines and a clear tendency towards diminishing numbers of posterior tooth types. Studies on tooth survival may provide useful information for assessing needs and planning services for the aged in modern society and may contribute to better understanding of prosthodontic problems encountered in practice.", "PMID": 1056821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1942", "title": "Effect of fluoride on gingivitis and dental caries in a preventive program based on plaque control.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to estimate the relative effect of fluoride on caries in a preventive program based on meticulous plaque control. The material consisted of 82 children; 41 in the test and 41 in the control group. At the start of the study the children were 13-14 years of age. In August 1973 an examination was performed to obtain baseline data for the trial. Prophylactic treatment was given to the children once every second week. A total of 18 treatments were given during a 10-month period. In the control group an abrasive paste was used containing 5% sodium monofluorophosphate (Jodka Fluor Polerpasta). In the test group an abrasive paste was used which was identical with the control paste except that it did not contain any fluoride components. Twelve months after the baseline examination the test and control groups were reexamined. The trial demonstrated that, in children, fortnightly professional cleaning of the teeth combined with meticulous toothbrushing instructions result in (1) a high standard of oral hygiene and (2) only very few new carious surfaces. Though the control group children received fortnightly topical application of F- during the prophylactic sessions and used a fluoridated dentifrice, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding number of new carious tooth surfaces per child per year.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride on gingivitis and dental caries in a preventive program based on plaque control. The purpose of the investigation was to estimate the relative effect of fluoride on caries in a preventive program based on meticulous plaque control. The material consisted of 82 children; 41 in the test and 41 in the control group. At the start of the study the children were 13-14 years of age. In August 1973 an examination was performed to obtain baseline data for the trial. Prophylactic treatment was given to the children once every second week. A total of 18 treatments were given during a 10-month period. In the control group an abrasive paste was used containing 5% sodium monofluorophosphate (Jodka Fluor Polerpasta). In the test group an abrasive paste was used which was identical with the control paste except that it did not contain any fluoride components. Twelve months after the baseline examination the test and control groups were reexamined. The trial demonstrated that, in children, fortnightly professional cleaning of the teeth combined with meticulous toothbrushing instructions result in (1) a high standard of oral hygiene and (2) only very few new carious surfaces. Though the control group children received fortnightly topical application of F- during the prophylactic sessions and used a fluoridated dentifrice, there was no significant difference between the two groups regarding number of new carious tooth surfaces per child per year.", "PMID": 1056822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1943", "title": "Effect on dental caries of a dental public health program for Danish schoolchildren.", "content": "The effect of a dental public health program comprising schoolchildren under the Danish Act on Child Dental Health has been evaluated after 5 years of operation. The program comprised complete restorative care for all children from kindergarten through the 9th grade (16 years of age), but only children attending kindergarten through third grade (10 years) are included in the present study. Each grade comprised approximately 50 children. A number of preventive procedures such as topical fluoride application, oral hygiene instruction and various other educational procedures have been used. The treatment services resulted in almost complete elimination of the \"D\" component and the \"M\" component in the DMFS index. The preventive services resulted in marked reductions in the total DMFS index, and almost complete elimination of new carious lesions after enrollment in the program. The non-experimental nature of the study makes it possible to determine the effect of each one of the preventive procedures used in the program.", "contents": "Effect on dental caries of a dental public health program for Danish schoolchildren. The effect of a dental public health program comprising schoolchildren under the Danish Act on Child Dental Health has been evaluated after 5 years of operation. The program comprised complete restorative care for all children from kindergarten through the 9th grade (16 years of age), but only children attending kindergarten through third grade (10 years) are included in the present study. Each grade comprised approximately 50 children. A number of preventive procedures such as topical fluoride application, oral hygiene instruction and various other educational procedures have been used. The treatment services resulted in almost complete elimination of the \"D\" component and the \"M\" component in the DMFS index. The preventive services resulted in marked reductions in the total DMFS index, and almost complete elimination of new carious lesions after enrollment in the program. The non-experimental nature of the study makes it possible to determine the effect of each one of the preventive procedures used in the program.", "PMID": 1056823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1944", "title": "A method of planning a dental treatment program for an institutionalized population.", "content": "A dental treatment program, for a subnormal group in an institution near London, England, was designed by applying both epidemiologic data and empirically derived data from the Experimental Dental Care Project at The London Hospital Dental School. For the epidemiologic study, a two-examiner system was developed to help overcome the special problems of examining subnormal adults. The data collected in the study had to be flexible enough to allow the analysis of several alternative treatment strategies. Once these alternative treatment strategies were defined, the data from the Experimental Dental Care Project were applied to analyze the effects of using dental teams of varying composition to carry out the treatment. It was found that to meet the dental needs of the group, a team consisting of one dentist, three New Cross auxiliaries and one dental surgery assistant would be 30% less expensive than a traditional team of one dentist and one assistant. This larger team would also be able to complete the necessary initial treatment in less than half the time that the traditional team would require.", "contents": "A method of planning a dental treatment program for an institutionalized population. A dental treatment program, for a subnormal group in an institution near London, England, was designed by applying both epidemiologic data and empirically derived data from the Experimental Dental Care Project at The London Hospital Dental School. For the epidemiologic study, a two-examiner system was developed to help overcome the special problems of examining subnormal adults. The data collected in the study had to be flexible enough to allow the analysis of several alternative treatment strategies. Once these alternative treatment strategies were defined, the data from the Experimental Dental Care Project were applied to analyze the effects of using dental teams of varying composition to carry out the treatment. It was found that to meet the dental needs of the group, a team consisting of one dentist, three New Cross auxiliaries and one dental surgery assistant would be 30% less expensive than a traditional team of one dentist and one assistant. This larger team would also be able to complete the necessary initial treatment in less than half the time that the traditional team would require.", "PMID": 1056824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1945", "title": "Dental attitudes and behavior related to vertical social mobility by marriage.", "content": "Following a dental examination of 5-year-old children, the mothers of 367 of them were interviewed. In 262 cases there was sufficient information relating to the social class of both the mother's husband and her father to enable the relationship between social mobility by marriage and the mother's dental attitudes and behavior to be assessed. The results showed that the views of mothers who moved from one social group to another fell between those of the mothers who were static in each of those two groups. Those mothers who were downward mobile had less favorable attitudes than those who had remained in the higher social group but more favorable than those who had always been in the lower social group. The reverse trend was found in upward mobile mothers. A notable exception to this pattern was the group who moved from social Class III into Class I or II. These mothers exhibited attitudes and behavior which were even more favorable than the static social Class I or II mothers. The similarity of these results to those of others in different fields is discussed.", "contents": "Dental attitudes and behavior related to vertical social mobility by marriage. Following a dental examination of 5-year-old children, the mothers of 367 of them were interviewed. In 262 cases there was sufficient information relating to the social class of both the mother's husband and her father to enable the relationship between social mobility by marriage and the mother's dental attitudes and behavior to be assessed. The results showed that the views of mothers who moved from one social group to another fell between those of the mothers who were static in each of those two groups. Those mothers who were downward mobile had less favorable attitudes than those who had remained in the higher social group but more favorable than those who had always been in the lower social group. The reverse trend was found in upward mobile mothers. A notable exception to this pattern was the group who moved from social Class III into Class I or II. These mothers exhibited attitudes and behavior which were even more favorable than the static social Class I or II mothers. The similarity of these results to those of others in different fields is discussed.", "PMID": 1056825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1946", "title": "Caries prevalence in different racial groups of schoolchildren in West Malaysia.", "content": "A dental health survey of 15,197 schoolchildren age 6-18 years was conducted in West Malaysia. The caries experience in the permanent teeth of the three racial groups, namely Malay, Chinese and Indian/Pakistani, showed a distinct variation. The prevalence was highest among the Chinese children, being about twice that of the Malay and Indian/Pakistani children. In the primary dentition, however, the caries experience in the three racial groups was comparable. An analysis of the factors contributing to the racial variation showed that dietary influence was not the only factor responsible. The possibility of a racial variation in caries susceptibility has been postulated. In the primary dentition the similar caries experience observed in the three groups of children was most probably due to the widespread occurrence of rampant caries which would heavily weight the dift score of the children in all three groups. The need to fluoridate the public water supply as an effective preventive measure is emphasized.", "contents": "Caries prevalence in different racial groups of schoolchildren in West Malaysia. A dental health survey of 15,197 schoolchildren age 6-18 years was conducted in West Malaysia. The caries experience in the permanent teeth of the three racial groups, namely Malay, Chinese and Indian/Pakistani, showed a distinct variation. The prevalence was highest among the Chinese children, being about twice that of the Malay and Indian/Pakistani children. In the primary dentition, however, the caries experience in the three racial groups was comparable. An analysis of the factors contributing to the racial variation showed that dietary influence was not the only factor responsible. The possibility of a racial variation in caries susceptibility has been postulated. In the primary dentition the similar caries experience observed in the three groups of children was most probably due to the widespread occurrence of rampant caries which would heavily weight the dift score of the children in all three groups. The need to fluoridate the public water supply as an effective preventive measure is emphasized.", "PMID": 1056826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1947", "title": "Oral health in 5-year-old Swedish children.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to investigate the oral health of a group of 5-year-old children who had previously been examined in this respect at 3 and 4 years of age. The results were compared with those in an aged-matched reference group. The study included examination of caries and gingivitis, occlusion, presence of lactobacilli and C. albicans in plaque samples, flow rate, pH and buffer effect of stimulated saliva, and certain data on past prophylaxis and oral habits. Caries was found in 76% of the children in the study group (S-group) and in 78% in the reference group (R-group). No significant differences were found in caries or gingival indices, in oral habits or prophylactic measures between the two groups. Buffer effect and pH of stimulated saliva were negatively correlated with deft and defs. Lactobacilli were demonstrated in 37% and C. albicans in 12% of the plaque samples. Various sucking habits were still present in 25% of the S-group and 22% of the R-group. Forty-nine and 46% respectively had been given a daily supply of fluoride tablets by their parents for at least 2 years.", "contents": "Oral health in 5-year-old Swedish children. The purpose of the study was to investigate the oral health of a group of 5-year-old children who had previously been examined in this respect at 3 and 4 years of age. The results were compared with those in an aged-matched reference group. The study included examination of caries and gingivitis, occlusion, presence of lactobacilli and C. albicans in plaque samples, flow rate, pH and buffer effect of stimulated saliva, and certain data on past prophylaxis and oral habits. Caries was found in 76% of the children in the study group (S-group) and in 78% in the reference group (R-group). No significant differences were found in caries or gingival indices, in oral habits or prophylactic measures between the two groups. Buffer effect and pH of stimulated saliva were negatively correlated with deft and defs. Lactobacilli were demonstrated in 37% and C. albicans in 12% of the plaque samples. Various sucking habits were still present in 25% of the S-group and 22% of the R-group. Forty-nine and 46% respectively had been given a daily supply of fluoride tablets by their parents for at least 2 years.", "PMID": 1056827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1948", "title": "Dental mutilations among villagers in Central Java and Bali.", "content": "In Central Java and on the island of Bali 779 and 437 villagers respectively were examined for dental mutilations. In Java 81.1% of the males and 99.2% of the females showed dental mutilations in the form of grinding the incisal and vestibular surfaces of the maxillary incisors and canines. In Bali, the figure for males was 91.3% and for females 96.6%. In Java as well as on the island of Bali most of the mutilations had been subjected to artificial staining. The authors have found a relief in the temple of Borobudur, built about 800 A.D., possibly depicting the performance of a dental mutiliation.", "contents": "Dental mutilations among villagers in Central Java and Bali. In Central Java and on the island of Bali 779 and 437 villagers respectively were examined for dental mutilations. In Java 81.1% of the males and 99.2% of the females showed dental mutilations in the form of grinding the incisal and vestibular surfaces of the maxillary incisors and canines. In Bali, the figure for males was 91.3% and for females 96.6%. In Java as well as on the island of Bali most of the mutilations had been subjected to artificial staining. The authors have found a relief in the temple of Borobudur, built about 800 A.D., possibly depicting the performance of a dental mutiliation.", "PMID": 1056828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1949", "title": "Progressive and regressive changes in Hungarian oral leukoplakias in the course of longitudinal studies.", "content": "Follow-up studies of 520 patients with leukoplakia during a 25-year period showed changes in the clinical type in 66 cases, i.e. 12.7%. Regressive changes occurred in 9%, progressive changes in 3.7%. The highest frequency of change in the clinical type was found in the group of erosive leukoplakias. The most frequent changing sites were the labial mucosa, commissures and buccal mucosa. Of the etiologic factors, smoking and Candida infection seemed to be correlated with the change of type. Oral leukoplakia should be considered a dynamic changing lesion of the oral mucosa.", "contents": "Progressive and regressive changes in Hungarian oral leukoplakias in the course of longitudinal studies. Follow-up studies of 520 patients with leukoplakia during a 25-year period showed changes in the clinical type in 66 cases, i.e. 12.7%. Regressive changes occurred in 9%, progressive changes in 3.7%. The highest frequency of change in the clinical type was found in the group of erosive leukoplakias. The most frequent changing sites were the labial mucosa, commissures and buccal mucosa. Of the etiologic factors, smoking and Candida infection seemed to be correlated with the change of type. Oral leukoplakia should be considered a dynamic changing lesion of the oral mucosa.", "PMID": 1056829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1950", "title": "Inter- and intraexaminer variability in assessment of orthodontic treatment need.", "content": "Two examiners assessed subjectively the orthodontic treatment need of a group of 183 10-year-old children. The examiners did not standardize the criteria establishing treatment need. Intraexaminer agreement was reached in 79.8% of the cases. Intraexaminer agreement was 91.7% for Examiner A and 93.4% of Examiner B. The paper highlights the subjective element in deciding orthodontic treatment need.", "contents": "Inter- and intraexaminer variability in assessment of orthodontic treatment need. Two examiners assessed subjectively the orthodontic treatment need of a group of 183 10-year-old children. The examiners did not standardize the criteria establishing treatment need. Intraexaminer agreement was reached in 79.8% of the cases. Intraexaminer agreement was 91.7% for Examiner A and 93.4% of Examiner B. The paper highlights the subjective element in deciding orthodontic treatment need.", "PMID": 1056830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1951", "title": "[Production of radiographs of human mandible method and proof of accuracy of the reproducibility of the region].", "content": "In continuation of studies by Adolf, Lichtenau, and Epple (1975), the method for preparing congruent radiograms was technically improved. By photometric probing of the radiogram, the reproducibility of a given spot is demonstrated by means of data processing. The results show that in radiograms taken at different times the same spot can be identified.", "contents": "[Production of radiographs of human mandible method and proof of accuracy of the reproducibility of the region]. In continuation of studies by Adolf, Lichtenau, and Epple (1975), the method for preparing congruent radiograms was technically improved. By photometric probing of the radiogram, the reproducibility of a given spot is demonstrated by means of data processing. The results show that in radiograms taken at different times the same spot can be identified.", "PMID": 1056843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1952", "title": "[Pharmacology and periodontology].", "content": "In all inflammatory marginal peridontal diseases. removal of subgingival calculus cannot be replaced byhe B.D.Z. (Federal Association of German Dentists) in 1973 \"Informations on dental therapeutical drugs\" (5th edition) in which not more than 10 drugs for the treatment of periodontal diseases are mentioned. But this also means that research should intensively deal with the problems of pharmacologically influencing perodontal disease. Important items of furure periodontal research are: prevention of plaque and subgingival calculus, influencing a pathological oral flora, fighting inflammations as well as therapy of endogenous periodontal diseases", "contents": "[Pharmacology and periodontology]. In all inflammatory marginal peridontal diseases. removal of subgingival calculus cannot be replaced byhe B.D.Z. (Federal Association of German Dentists) in 1973 \"Informations on dental therapeutical drugs\" (5th edition) in which not more than 10 drugs for the treatment of periodontal diseases are mentioned. But this also means that research should intensively deal with the problems of pharmacologically influencing perodontal disease. Important items of furure periodontal research are: prevention of plaque and subgingival calculus, influencing a pathological oral flora, fighting inflammations as well as therapy of endogenous periodontal diseases", "PMID": 1056845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1953", "title": "[Endodontics in periodontology].", "content": "Every pulp disease extending beyond the apical foramen will affect the periodontium. On the other hand, a periodontal lesion may cause an infection of the pulp via the apical foramen or via accessory canals. Finally, a tooth may be affected by both periodontal disease and pulp disease that were independent from each other, but have merged. In the literature so far there have been only few studies dealing with these interrelationships. After explaining the pathogenesis of these diseases a classificiation is given which is based on etiology. For the diagnosis a detailed case history clinical findings, and radiograms possibly using contrast media are required. This also enables differential diagnostic delimitation and provides the basis for causal therapy.", "contents": "[Endodontics in periodontology]. Every pulp disease extending beyond the apical foramen will affect the periodontium. On the other hand, a periodontal lesion may cause an infection of the pulp via the apical foramen or via accessory canals. Finally, a tooth may be affected by both periodontal disease and pulp disease that were independent from each other, but have merged. In the literature so far there have been only few studies dealing with these interrelationships. After explaining the pathogenesis of these diseases a classificiation is given which is based on etiology. For the diagnosis a detailed case history clinical findings, and radiograms possibly using contrast media are required. This also enables differential diagnostic delimitation and provides the basis for causal therapy.", "PMID": 1056846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1954", "title": "[The relationship between pulp and periodontal diseases].", "content": "In line with the classification based on etiological principles, combined pulp and periodontal diseases are classified into three clases and the possible therapeutical measures are explained.", "contents": "[The relationship between pulp and periodontal diseases]. In line with the classification based on etiological principles, combined pulp and periodontal diseases are classified into three clases and the possible therapeutical measures are explained.", "PMID": 1056847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1955", "title": "[Management of gingival inflammation with active ingredients in toothpaste].", "content": "In order to study the effect of active additives in toothpastes, three different toothpastes were tested in 60 persons for a period of four weeks. The toothpastes used contained allantoin, pyridyl carbinol, alpha-tocopherol, potassium aluminum sulfate, and tartaric acid. In addition, a control paste without additives was used. In a double blind study plaque incidence of the Ramfjord teeth was determined by means of the indices of Silness and L\u00f6e and Quigley and Hein. The tissue reactions were studied by means of the S-B index and the keratinization index. After an initial examination for extablishing the origianl values, the indices were determined after 2 and 4 weeks. Statistical analysis of the data obtained allows the conclusion that none of the tested active additives in the concentrations applied had any applied had any medicamentous influence on the gingival inflammation. The therapeutical consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Management of gingival inflammation with active ingredients in toothpaste]. In order to study the effect of active additives in toothpastes, three different toothpastes were tested in 60 persons for a period of four weeks. The toothpastes used contained allantoin, pyridyl carbinol, alpha-tocopherol, potassium aluminum sulfate, and tartaric acid. In addition, a control paste without additives was used. In a double blind study plaque incidence of the Ramfjord teeth was determined by means of the indices of Silness and L\u00f6e and Quigley and Hein. The tissue reactions were studied by means of the S-B index and the keratinization index. After an initial examination for extablishing the origianl values, the indices were determined after 2 and 4 weeks. Statistical analysis of the data obtained allows the conclusion that none of the tested active additives in the concentrations applied had any applied had any medicamentous influence on the gingival inflammation. The therapeutical consequences are discussed.", "PMID": 1056849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1956", "title": "[Comparative clinical and cytological studies following the use of 2 toothpastes].", "content": "The effect of two toothpastes on plaque and gingiva is tested. This study allows the conclusion that higher portions of detergents in toothpastes are likely to breakup the intercellular structure of epithelium and thus provoke increased epithelial cell disquamation.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical and cytological studies following the use of 2 toothpastes]. The effect of two toothpastes on plaque and gingiva is tested. This study allows the conclusion that higher portions of detergents in toothpastes are likely to breakup the intercellular structure of epithelium and thus provoke increased epithelial cell disquamation.", "PMID": 1056850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1957", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic studies on the reepithelization of free connective tissue grafts].", "content": "1. In mini-pigs epithelium-free connective tissue grafts were transplanted from the cheek to the palate as well as from the palate to the area of the alveolar mucosa. 2. In the palatal transplant area (hard palate) epithelium without keratinization was observed after five months. But after 7 to 11 months orthokeratinized epithelium without any structural differenced from the neighboring palate was found. 3. In the alveolar mucosal transplant area, in some parts similarities to palatal epithelium were found after 5 to 7 months. 4. It could not be found that there was a gradual difference between buccal and platal connective tissue with regard to their inductive influence on epithelial differentiation.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic studies on the reepithelization of free connective tissue grafts]. 1. In mini-pigs epithelium-free connective tissue grafts were transplanted from the cheek to the palate as well as from the palate to the area of the alveolar mucosa. 2. In the palatal transplant area (hard palate) epithelium without keratinization was observed after five months. But after 7 to 11 months orthokeratinized epithelium without any structural differenced from the neighboring palate was found. 3. In the alveolar mucosal transplant area, in some parts similarities to palatal epithelium were found after 5 to 7 months. 4. It could not be found that there was a gradual difference between buccal and platal connective tissue with regard to their inductive influence on epithelial differentiation.", "PMID": 1056851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1958", "title": "[Results of clinical and experimental studies in the diagnosis of periodontological function].", "content": "By means of clinical and experimental control studies in partly adjustable individual articulators, it was tested how exact an apparatus has to be in order to ensure a reliable clinical diagnosis of periodontal disease. In the clinical as well as the experimental part of the studies, it was possible to demonstrate that the intra-alveolar movement of the tooth plays the most important role in allfunctional disturbances of traumatized periodontal diseases.", "contents": "[Results of clinical and experimental studies in the diagnosis of periodontological function]. By means of clinical and experimental control studies in partly adjustable individual articulators, it was tested how exact an apparatus has to be in order to ensure a reliable clinical diagnosis of periodontal disease. In the clinical as well as the experimental part of the studies, it was possible to demonstrate that the intra-alveolar movement of the tooth plays the most important role in allfunctional disturbances of traumatized periodontal diseases.", "PMID": 1056854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1959", "title": "[A comparative study of 3 planimetric methods of plaque evaluation].", "content": "Three plaque-scoring methods were compared by studying planimetrically on front teeth from coloured slides. Three criteria were investigated reprocucibility, discrinimating power and scoring time. Reproducibility was high and nearly the same for all methods. The discrinimating power of the tracing-method and the Optocom-method were higher than was found for the pilot-method. In conclusion the quick Pilot-method is useful in epidemiological studies whilst the other two time-consuming methods are preferable in clinical trials and follow-up studies.. The scoring time for the Optocom-method is half of that needed for the tracing method; this advantage speaks in favour of the semi-automatic Optocom-method in experimental/follow-up studies", "contents": "[A comparative study of 3 planimetric methods of plaque evaluation]. Three plaque-scoring methods were compared by studying planimetrically on front teeth from coloured slides. Three criteria were investigated reprocucibility, discrinimating power and scoring time. Reproducibility was high and nearly the same for all methods. The discrinimating power of the tracing-method and the Optocom-method were higher than was found for the pilot-method. In conclusion the quick Pilot-method is useful in epidemiological studies whilst the other two time-consuming methods are preferable in clinical trials and follow-up studies.. The scoring time for the Optocom-method is half of that needed for the tracing method; this advantage speaks in favour of the semi-automatic Optocom-method in experimental/follow-up studies", "PMID": 1056855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1960", "title": "[Morphometric studies in the dento-periodontal region under physiological conditions].", "content": "The morphometric method [6] has again proven reliable in the objective evaluation of clinical conditions of periodontal soft tissue even in longitudinal studies. In three-dimensional examination, criteria for the definition of the physiomorphological condition in the dento=gingival region could be established. The interdental region essentially determines the surface morphology of the interdental soft tissue. The interdental region was examined radiogically by using mehtods developed by the author and correlated with results of the evaluation in mesio-distal direction.", "contents": "[Morphometric studies in the dento-periodontal region under physiological conditions]. The morphometric method [6] has again proven reliable in the objective evaluation of clinical conditions of periodontal soft tissue even in longitudinal studies. In three-dimensional examination, criteria for the definition of the physiomorphological condition in the dento=gingival region could be established. The interdental region essentially determines the surface morphology of the interdental soft tissue. The interdental region was examined radiogically by using mehtods developed by the author and correlated with results of the evaluation in mesio-distal direction.", "PMID": 1056856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1961", "title": "Cardiovascular actions of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) in the cat.", "content": "The cardiovascular effects of the psychotomimetic DOM were investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. DOM (1,2 and 4 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a rise in mean blood pressure accompanied by bradycardia. DOM (1 and 2 mg/kg, i.v.) also produced a contraction of the decentralized nictitating membrane. The duration of the pressor response to DOM was reduced in magnitude and duration by hexamethonium, by spinal section plus vagotomy, and by carotid sinus denervation plus vagotomy. Ventricular--cisternal perfusion of 20 mug DOM resulted in a slow developing hypertensive response. Methylsergid significantly attenuated the pressor response and the contraction of the nictitating membrane induced by i.v. DOM administration. The pressor response to DOM was not altered by phentolamine, propranolol or atropine and vagotomy. Bradycardia induced by DOM was antagonized by carotid sinus denervation plus vagotomy, hexamethonium, spinal sectioning plus vagotomy, and propranolol. Bradycardia induced by DOM is therefore a result of a reflex response to increased blood pressure. The present data thus indicate that the pressor response to DOM consists of two compents: a direct vascular effect mediated via the stimulation of serotonergic receptors; and a second pressor effect, mediated by the central nervous system.", "contents": "Cardiovascular actions of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) in the cat. The cardiovascular effects of the psychotomimetic DOM were investigated in pentobarbital-anesthetized cats. DOM (1,2 and 4 mg/kg, i.v.) produced a rise in mean blood pressure accompanied by bradycardia. DOM (1 and 2 mg/kg, i.v.) also produced a contraction of the decentralized nictitating membrane. The duration of the pressor response to DOM was reduced in magnitude and duration by hexamethonium, by spinal section plus vagotomy, and by carotid sinus denervation plus vagotomy. Ventricular--cisternal perfusion of 20 mug DOM resulted in a slow developing hypertensive response. Methylsergid significantly attenuated the pressor response and the contraction of the nictitating membrane induced by i.v. DOM administration. The pressor response to DOM was not altered by phentolamine, propranolol or atropine and vagotomy. Bradycardia induced by DOM was antagonized by carotid sinus denervation plus vagotomy, hexamethonium, spinal sectioning plus vagotomy, and propranolol. Bradycardia induced by DOM is therefore a result of a reflex response to increased blood pressure. The present data thus indicate that the pressor response to DOM consists of two compents: a direct vascular effect mediated via the stimulation of serotonergic receptors; and a second pressor effect, mediated by the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1056857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1962", "title": "The importance of a central adrenergic mechanism in the cardiovascular responses to ouabain.", "content": "Central administration of ouabain in the ventricular system of vagotomized dogs and cats elicited increases in blood pressure, cardiac contractile force and cardiac rate followed by ventricular arrhythmia. Spinal transection (C2) or hexamethonium treatment abolished the central effects of ouabain. Bilateral stellate ganglionectomy prevented the tachycardia and reduced the pressor response to the lower dose (15 mug) of ouabain; bilateral adrenalectomy only reduced the pressor effect. Neither of the procedures alone was adequate to inhibit the cardiovascular responses following a higher dose (90 mug) of ouabain whereas a combination of both procedures blocked these responses completely. Tachyphylaxis to the cardiovascular effects of very high doses of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.)-administered ouabain was shown to be of central origin. Prior depletion of brain catecholamines by Ro 4-1284 or 6-hydroxy -dopamine, and central adrenergic neuron blockade by bretylium prevented the centrogenic effects of ouabain. Similarly, central alpha- or beta-adrenoceptor blockade also prevented the responses to i.c.v. orabain. The results suggest that ouabain causes the release of adrenergic mediator (noradrenaline) in the brain, probably by a depolarization of a primary neuron(s), and that the central adrenergic mechanism is responsible for the genesis of the cardiovascular effects. Both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors seem to be important in the central control of cardiovascular function. The most sensitive site for ouabain action was found to be the posterior hypothalamus in the vicinity of the third ventricle.", "contents": "The importance of a central adrenergic mechanism in the cardiovascular responses to ouabain. Central administration of ouabain in the ventricular system of vagotomized dogs and cats elicited increases in blood pressure, cardiac contractile force and cardiac rate followed by ventricular arrhythmia. Spinal transection (C2) or hexamethonium treatment abolished the central effects of ouabain. Bilateral stellate ganglionectomy prevented the tachycardia and reduced the pressor response to the lower dose (15 mug) of ouabain; bilateral adrenalectomy only reduced the pressor effect. Neither of the procedures alone was adequate to inhibit the cardiovascular responses following a higher dose (90 mug) of ouabain whereas a combination of both procedures blocked these responses completely. Tachyphylaxis to the cardiovascular effects of very high doses of intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.)-administered ouabain was shown to be of central origin. Prior depletion of brain catecholamines by Ro 4-1284 or 6-hydroxy -dopamine, and central adrenergic neuron blockade by bretylium prevented the centrogenic effects of ouabain. Similarly, central alpha- or beta-adrenoceptor blockade also prevented the responses to i.c.v. orabain. The results suggest that ouabain causes the release of adrenergic mediator (noradrenaline) in the brain, probably by a depolarization of a primary neuron(s), and that the central adrenergic mechanism is responsible for the genesis of the cardiovascular effects. Both alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors seem to be important in the central control of cardiovascular function. The most sensitive site for ouabain action was found to be the posterior hypothalamus in the vicinity of the third ventricle.", "PMID": 1056858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1963", "title": "Human diseases with genetically altered DNA repair processes.", "content": "DNA repair of single-strand breaks (produced by ionizing radiation) and of base damage (produced by ultraviolet (UV) light) are two repair mechanisms that most mammalian cells possess. Genetic defects in these repair mechanisms are exemplified by cells from the human premature-aging disease, progeria, which fail to rejoin single-strand breaks, and the skin disease, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which exhibits high actinic carcinogenesis and involves failure to repair base damage. In terms of the response of XP cells, many chemical carcinogens can be classified as either X-ray-like (i.e., they cause damage that XP cells can repair) or UV-like (i.e., they cause damage that XP cells cannot repair). The first group contains some of the more strongly  carcinogenic chemicals (e.g., alkylating agents). XP occurs in at least two clinical forms, and somatic cell hybridization indicates at least three complementation groups. In order to identify cell lines from various different laboratories unambiguously, a modified nomenclature of XP lines is proposed.", "contents": "Human diseases with genetically altered DNA repair processes. DNA repair of single-strand breaks (produced by ionizing radiation) and of base damage (produced by ultraviolet (UV) light) are two repair mechanisms that most mammalian cells possess. Genetic defects in these repair mechanisms are exemplified by cells from the human premature-aging disease, progeria, which fail to rejoin single-strand breaks, and the skin disease, xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), which exhibits high actinic carcinogenesis and involves failure to repair base damage. In terms of the response of XP cells, many chemical carcinogens can be classified as either X-ray-like (i.e., they cause damage that XP cells can repair) or UV-like (i.e., they cause damage that XP cells cannot repair). The first group contains some of the more strongly  carcinogenic chemicals (e.g., alkylating agents). XP occurs in at least two clinical forms, and somatic cell hybridization indicates at least three complementation groups. In order to identify cell lines from various different laboratories unambiguously, a modified nomenclature of XP lines is proposed.", "PMID": 1056890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1964", "title": "G banding in cytogenetic study of hemoblastoses.", "content": "G banding was used in the study of the karyotype of malignant cells in 10 patients: 5 with CML (3 in blastic crisis), 3 with AL and 2 with lymphosarcomas. In all cases of CML 22q-- (Ph1-chromosome) and 9q+ were present in leukemic cells. An i(17q) was observed in the karyotype of 2 out of 3 patients in blastic crisis of CML. In AL and lymphosarocmas small chromosome rearrangements were revealed and the origin of marker chromosomes could be established by the aid of G banding.", "contents": "G banding in cytogenetic study of hemoblastoses. G banding was used in the study of the karyotype of malignant cells in 10 patients: 5 with CML (3 in blastic crisis), 3 with AL and 2 with lymphosarcomas. In all cases of CML 22q-- (Ph1-chromosome) and 9q+ were present in leukemic cells. An i(17q) was observed in the karyotype of 2 out of 3 patients in blastic crisis of CML. In AL and lymphosarocmas small chromosome rearrangements were revealed and the origin of marker chromosomes could be established by the aid of G banding.", "PMID": 1056893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1965", "title": "Amylo-1,60glucosidase deficiency (glycogenosis type III) in the Faroe Islands.", "content": "Seven cases of glycogenosis type III (amylo-1,6-glucosidase deficiency) in two probably related families from the Faroe Islands are presented. The group of patients comprised two pairs of sibs. In a total of 78 members of the two families case histories were obtained and clinical examinations, analyses of amylo-1,6-glycosidase activity in erythrocytes and leucocytes, determinations of red cell, serum and enzyme groups as well as HL-A types were performed. In addition, all patients were subjected to studies of liver function. The distribution patients in these families supports the assumption of autosomal recessive inheritance. Heterozygotes could not be diagnosed with certainty by the methods of enzyme activity analysis employed. The incidence of glycogenosis type III with amylo-1,6-glucosidase deficiency was found to be high in the Faroe Islands.", "contents": "Amylo-1,60glucosidase deficiency (glycogenosis type III) in the Faroe Islands. Seven cases of glycogenosis type III (amylo-1,6-glucosidase deficiency) in two probably related families from the Faroe Islands are presented. The group of patients comprised two pairs of sibs. In a total of 78 members of the two families case histories were obtained and clinical examinations, analyses of amylo-1,6-glycosidase activity in erythrocytes and leucocytes, determinations of red cell, serum and enzyme groups as well as HL-A types were performed. In addition, all patients were subjected to studies of liver function. The distribution patients in these families supports the assumption of autosomal recessive inheritance. Heterozygotes could not be diagnosed with certainty by the methods of enzyme activity analysis employed. The incidence of glycogenosis type III with amylo-1,6-glucosidase deficiency was found to be high in the Faroe Islands.", "PMID": 1056894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1966", "title": "Chromosome banding anomalies in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Chromosome analysis in two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia are reported. On the basis of slight aberrations in the banding pattern marker chromosomes were observed in both cases. In one case a widened C-band of an additional D chromosome, and in the other case an unusual negative fluorescent band below the centromere of one of the chromosomes 16, were seen.", "contents": "Chromosome banding anomalies in acute myeloid leukaemia. Chromosome analysis in two cases of acute myeloid leukaemia are reported. On the basis of slight aberrations in the banding pattern marker chromosomes were observed in both cases. In one case a widened C-band of an additional D chromosome, and in the other case an unusual negative fluorescent band below the centromere of one of the chromosomes 16, were seen.", "PMID": 1056896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1967", "title": "Resistance of certain leukaemic myeloblasts to immunological attack.", "content": "Leukaemic cells from four out of 19 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia are shown to be resistant to lysis by rat anti-muman-myeloblast antibody in the presence of complement. To a lesser degree this is reflected in lack of immunogenicity of these myeloblasts. It is suggested that these findings may be relevant in planning immunotherapy in this disease and evaluating the benefit of this type of treatment. Finally data are presented to show that loss of immunogenicity of myeloblasts after irradiation with 10,000 R, as is practised in certain immunotherapy schedules, is small compared with differences in immunogenicity between non-irradiated myeloblasts from different individuals.", "contents": "Resistance of certain leukaemic myeloblasts to immunological attack. Leukaemic cells from four out of 19 patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia are shown to be resistant to lysis by rat anti-muman-myeloblast antibody in the presence of complement. To a lesser degree this is reflected in lack of immunogenicity of these myeloblasts. It is suggested that these findings may be relevant in planning immunotherapy in this disease and evaluating the benefit of this type of treatment. Finally data are presented to show that loss of immunogenicity of myeloblasts after irradiation with 10,000 R, as is practised in certain immunotherapy schedules, is small compared with differences in immunogenicity between non-irradiated myeloblasts from different individuals.", "PMID": 1056897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1968", "title": "Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase score in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: effects of splenectomy and antileukaemic drugs.", "content": "Staining with naphthol AS phosphate and Fast Blue BB salt has been used for the estimation of neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) scores in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). The very low scores found at diagnosis rise when the disease is treated, and there is some inverse correlation between the NAP score and the absolute neutrophil count. Patients treated intensively developed high NAP scores. Elective splenectomy performed during the chronic phase of CGL is followed by a pronounced but transient neutrophilia and a concurrent striking rise in the NAP score. Similar changes were observed in patients without CGL who underwent splenectomy. These observations can be explained by assuming that newly formed neutrophils in CGL have a normal content of NAP but are rapidly sequestered in non-circulating extramedullary pools, whereas the circulating neutrophil with a typically low NAP content is a relatively aged cell which has lost enzyme activity. In subjects with or without CGL, removal of the spleen, a major site of such pooling, temporarily permits the circulation of newly formed neutrophils but eventually other organs assume the sequestering functions of the spleen. Thus the aberrations of NAP score seen in CGL might be attributable not to an intrinsic cellular defect but to an exaggeration of the granulocyte storage phenomena which also occur in subjects without CGL.", "contents": "Neutrophil alkaline phosphatase score in chronic granulocytic leukaemia: effects of splenectomy and antileukaemic drugs. Staining with naphthol AS phosphate and Fast Blue BB salt has been used for the estimation of neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (NAP) scores in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL). The very low scores found at diagnosis rise when the disease is treated, and there is some inverse correlation between the NAP score and the absolute neutrophil count. Patients treated intensively developed high NAP scores. Elective splenectomy performed during the chronic phase of CGL is followed by a pronounced but transient neutrophilia and a concurrent striking rise in the NAP score. Similar changes were observed in patients without CGL who underwent splenectomy. These observations can be explained by assuming that newly formed neutrophils in CGL have a normal content of NAP but are rapidly sequestered in non-circulating extramedullary pools, whereas the circulating neutrophil with a typically low NAP content is a relatively aged cell which has lost enzyme activity. In subjects with or without CGL, removal of the spleen, a major site of such pooling, temporarily permits the circulation of newly formed neutrophils but eventually other organs assume the sequestering functions of the spleen. Thus the aberrations of NAP score seen in CGL might be attributable not to an intrinsic cellular defect but to an exaggeration of the granulocyte storage phenomena which also occur in subjects without CGL.", "PMID": 1056940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1969", "title": "The ascending projections of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the primate.", "content": "The ascending projections of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord to the brain stem have been determined in five macaque monkeys. Connections to the lateral cervical nucleus and to the reticular nucleus of the cord in the C1 and C2 segments are present. In the medulla the most prominent connections are to the nuclei \"Z\" and \"x\" of Brodal and Pompeiano, to the rostral portion of n. gracilis and to the n. proprius of the restiform body. Minor projections reach the rostral part of the medial and lateral cuneate nuclei, the reticular nucleus, the n. centralis dorsalis and the periependymal gray. There were no projections to planes rostral to the medulla. In view of the connections established it is concluded that ascending systems in the DLF to the brain stem of primates are concerned with transmission of mechanoreceptor input to the cerebellum and thalamus and that nociceptive relay appears very unlikely.", "contents": "The ascending projections of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the primate. The ascending projections of the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord to the brain stem have been determined in five macaque monkeys. Connections to the lateral cervical nucleus and to the reticular nucleus of the cord in the C1 and C2 segments are present. In the medulla the most prominent connections are to the nuclei \"Z\" and \"x\" of Brodal and Pompeiano, to the rostral portion of n. gracilis and to the n. proprius of the restiform body. Minor projections reach the rostral part of the medial and lateral cuneate nuclei, the reticular nucleus, the n. centralis dorsalis and the periependymal gray. There were no projections to planes rostral to the medulla. In view of the connections established it is concluded that ascending systems in the DLF to the brain stem of primates are concerned with transmission of mechanoreceptor input to the cerebellum and thalamus and that nociceptive relay appears very unlikely.", "PMID": 1056941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1970", "title": "Prefrontal cortex and the regulation of food intake in the rat.", "content": "The postoperative regulation of food and water intake was studied in rats with aspiration lesions to either the medial frontal or orbital frontal projection fields of thalamic nucleus medialis dorsalis (prefrontal cortex). These projection fields proved functionally dissociable in that orbital frontal lesions impaired immediate postoperative regulation of food and water intake for up to 2 wk., while medial frontal lesions produced finickiness. Neither lesion affected response to cellular dehydration or recovery from extended deprivation. These data are consistent with data from rhesus monkeys with prefrontal lesions and differ from animals with lateral hypothalamic lesions.", "contents": "Prefrontal cortex and the regulation of food intake in the rat. The postoperative regulation of food and water intake was studied in rats with aspiration lesions to either the medial frontal or orbital frontal projection fields of thalamic nucleus medialis dorsalis (prefrontal cortex). These projection fields proved functionally dissociable in that orbital frontal lesions impaired immediate postoperative regulation of food and water intake for up to 2 wk., while medial frontal lesions produced finickiness. Neither lesion affected response to cellular dehydration or recovery from extended deprivation. These data are consistent with data from rhesus monkeys with prefrontal lesions and differ from animals with lateral hypothalamic lesions.", "PMID": 1056942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1971", "title": "A study of the perceptions of dental deans toward formal administrative training.", "content": "In order to understand better the attitudes of dental deans toward formal administrative training, a questionnaire was devised which asked for both personal and opinion data. Questionnaires were mailed to 209 persons with the title of \"dean\" at the 58 institutional members of the American Association of Dental Schools. Replies were received from 167 respondents (80%), and the replies were subdivided into the categories of dean, associate dean, and assistant dean, according to each respondent's stated position. Personal data on the questionnaire included the respondent's age, sex, and education, as well as information on his current position. Additional data on the questionnaire were concerned with the respondent's opinion on the value of formal administrative training for someone in his position, and what specific areas of training would be most valuable. In addition, the respondents were asked to rank formal training against other methods of gaining experience and to make appropriate comments. The majority of respondents felt that formal administrative training would be of value and that such factors as decision-making and leadership behavior training would be very valuable. The respondents felt that formal administrative and teaching experience would be even more helpful.", "contents": "A study of the perceptions of dental deans toward formal administrative training. In order to understand better the attitudes of dental deans toward formal administrative training, a questionnaire was devised which asked for both personal and opinion data. Questionnaires were mailed to 209 persons with the title of \"dean\" at the 58 institutional members of the American Association of Dental Schools. Replies were received from 167 respondents (80%), and the replies were subdivided into the categories of dean, associate dean, and assistant dean, according to each respondent's stated position. Personal data on the questionnaire included the respondent's age, sex, and education, as well as information on his current position. Additional data on the questionnaire were concerned with the respondent's opinion on the value of formal administrative training for someone in his position, and what specific areas of training would be most valuable. In addition, the respondents were asked to rank formal training against other methods of gaining experience and to make appropriate comments. The majority of respondents felt that formal administrative training would be of value and that such factors as decision-making and leadership behavior training would be very valuable. The respondents felt that formal administrative and teaching experience would be even more helpful.", "PMID": 1056946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1972", "title": "A second generation training simulator for acquisition of psychomotor skills in cavity preparation.", "content": "Thirty freshmen dental students, without prior dental technique laboratory experience, were divided randomly into two groups of 15 subjects. One group (control) was trained in the traditional way while the other group used a newly developed dental training simulator.  The results for Class I cavity preparations in the mandibular right first molar indicate that a two-thirds reduction in training time occurred for the group trained by the simulator as compared to the control group. The mean training times were 57 minutes for the control group and 21 minutes for the experimental group. No statistically significant differences in quality were noted.", "contents": "A second generation training simulator for acquisition of psychomotor skills in cavity preparation. Thirty freshmen dental students, without prior dental technique laboratory experience, were divided randomly into two groups of 15 subjects. One group (control) was trained in the traditional way while the other group used a newly developed dental training simulator.  The results for Class I cavity preparations in the mandibular right first molar indicate that a two-thirds reduction in training time occurred for the group trained by the simulator as compared to the control group. The mean training times were 57 minutes for the control group and 21 minutes for the experimental group. No statistically significant differences in quality were noted.", "PMID": 1056947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1973", "title": "The immune response to infection with vaccinia virus in mice. II. Appearance of hypersensitivity, production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and transformation of spleen cells in response to virus antigens.", "content": "The appearance of specific hypersensitivity to virus antigens was examined in mice infected intravenously with vaccinia virus. Both immediate hypersensitivity, transferable by serum, and delayed-type hypersensitivity, transferable only by cells, were apparent 8 days after infection and demonstrable for at least a further 130 days. Production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by lymphocytes from infected mice was measured directly in terms of inhibition of migration by antigen or indirectly by determining the effect of soluble factors elaborated by the stimulated lymphocytes. The irregular results may have been the resultants of antigen-mediated macrophage stimulation, toxicity and induction of migration inhibitory factor. Transformation of spleen cells - presumably lymphocytes - from infected mice could be induced in vitro by virus antigens for at least 139 days after infection. Virus/lymphocyte interaction appears to be a particularly fruitful area for further study.", "contents": "The immune response to infection with vaccinia virus in mice. II. Appearance of hypersensitivity, production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and transformation of spleen cells in response to virus antigens. The appearance of specific hypersensitivity to virus antigens was examined in mice infected intravenously with vaccinia virus. Both immediate hypersensitivity, transferable by serum, and delayed-type hypersensitivity, transferable only by cells, were apparent 8 days after infection and demonstrable for at least a further 130 days. Production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor by lymphocytes from infected mice was measured directly in terms of inhibition of migration by antigen or indirectly by determining the effect of soluble factors elaborated by the stimulated lymphocytes. The irregular results may have been the resultants of antigen-mediated macrophage stimulation, toxicity and induction of migration inhibitory factor. Transformation of spleen cells - presumably lymphocytes - from infected mice could be induced in vitro by virus antigens for at least 139 days after infection. Virus/lymphocyte interaction appears to be a particularly fruitful area for further study.", "PMID": 1056960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1974", "title": "Warmth and comfort in the subtropical winter: a study in Brisbane schools.", "content": "Winter thermal sensations of secondary and primary school-children in Queensland are related to air temperature. Neutrality is estimated by regression analysis of over 6000 assessments and a lower comfort limit is suggested to include 80% of the children. Cold discomfort is seen as the main problem, and comparison is made to an earlier study in England.", "contents": "Warmth and comfort in the subtropical winter: a study in Brisbane schools. Winter thermal sensations of secondary and primary school-children in Queensland are related to air temperature. Neutrality is estimated by regression analysis of over 6000 assessments and a lower comfort limit is suggested to include 80% of the children. Cold discomfort is seen as the main problem, and comparison is made to an earlier study in England.", "PMID": 1056961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1975", "title": "Studies on the isolation of Salmonella dublin.", "content": "Abattoir drain swabs, bovine faeces and a few other veterinary samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella dublin. Three selective agar media and four enrichment broths were investigated. The two most efficient plating media were deoxycholate citrate agar and brilliant green MacConkey agar. Wilson and Blair's bismuth sulphite agar (de Loureiro's modifications) was least successful. Selenite F broth, whether incubated at 37 or 43 degrees C., was better than the other enrichment broths used which contained a triphenyl methane dye as one of the selective ingredients.", "contents": "Studies on the isolation of Salmonella dublin. Abattoir drain swabs, bovine faeces and a few other veterinary samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella dublin. Three selective agar media and four enrichment broths were investigated. The two most efficient plating media were deoxycholate citrate agar and brilliant green MacConkey agar. Wilson and Blair's bismuth sulphite agar (de Loureiro's modifications) was least successful. Selenite F broth, whether incubated at 37 or 43 degrees C., was better than the other enrichment broths used which contained a triphenyl methane dye as one of the selective ingredients.", "PMID": 1056962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1976", "title": "Myxomatosis: the virulence of field strains of myxoma virus in a population of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) with high resistance to myxomatosis.", "content": "The virulence of field strains of myxoma virus is increasing in the Mallee region of Victoria where the resistance of the rabbit to myxomatosis is high. This suggests that the climax association will be a moderately severe disease.", "contents": "Myxomatosis: the virulence of field strains of myxoma virus in a population of wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus L.) with high resistance to myxomatosis. The virulence of field strains of myxoma virus is increasing in the Mallee region of Victoria where the resistance of the rabbit to myxomatosis is high. This suggests that the climax association will be a moderately severe disease.", "PMID": 1056963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1977", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of difenacoum as a rodenticide.", "content": "The efficacy of difenacoum as a new anticoagulant rodenticide was evaluated by blood coagulation studies and laboratory feeding tests using warfarin-resistant and non-resistant common rats (Rattus norvegicus), ship rats (R. rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus). Prothrombin assays indicated that the compound had as marked an activity with warfarin-resistant common rats as coumatetralyl had with non-resistant animals. Feeding tests confirmed that 0-005% would be a near-optimal concentration for field use, although there was some evidence of unpalatability. Results with ship rats and house mice were less favourable. Trials with enclosed colonies of warfarin-resistant mice confirmed the laboratory finding that although difenacoum was more effective than all other currently used anticoagulants, it was unlikely to give complete control. It is concluded that difenacoum is a valuable new rodenticide, especiaaly for controlling warfarin-resistant common rats.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of difenacoum as a rodenticide. The efficacy of difenacoum as a new anticoagulant rodenticide was evaluated by blood coagulation studies and laboratory feeding tests using warfarin-resistant and non-resistant common rats (Rattus norvegicus), ship rats (R. rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus). Prothrombin assays indicated that the compound had as marked an activity with warfarin-resistant common rats as coumatetralyl had with non-resistant animals. Feeding tests confirmed that 0-005% would be a near-optimal concentration for field use, although there was some evidence of unpalatability. Results with ship rats and house mice were less favourable. Trials with enclosed colonies of warfarin-resistant mice confirmed the laboratory finding that although difenacoum was more effective than all other currently used anticoagulants, it was unlikely to give complete control. It is concluded that difenacoum is a valuable new rodenticide, especiaaly for controlling warfarin-resistant common rats.", "PMID": 1056964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1978", "title": "Field trials of difenacoum against warfarin-resistant infestations of Rattus norvegicus.", "content": "The anticoagulant difenacoum was tested at two concentrations, 0-005 and 0-01%, in bait against warfarin-resistant rat infestations in farm buildings. Twelve out of the 14 treatments in which the lower concentration of the anticoagulant was used resulted in complete control. One of the remaining two treatments was probably also completely successful, but in the other a few rats, that were not eating the poisoned baits, were still active after 30 days of baiting. All six treatments done using the stronger concentration of poison were completely effective. Since it took as long to control infestations with 0.01% as with 0.005% difenacoum in treatments carried out under similar conditions, the lower concentration is recommended for use against warfarin-resistant rats.", "contents": "Field trials of difenacoum against warfarin-resistant infestations of Rattus norvegicus. The anticoagulant difenacoum was tested at two concentrations, 0-005 and 0-01%, in bait against warfarin-resistant rat infestations in farm buildings. Twelve out of the 14 treatments in which the lower concentration of the anticoagulant was used resulted in complete control. One of the remaining two treatments was probably also completely successful, but in the other a few rats, that were not eating the poisoned baits, were still active after 30 days of baiting. All six treatments done using the stronger concentration of poison were completely effective. Since it took as long to control infestations with 0.01% as with 0.005% difenacoum in treatments carried out under similar conditions, the lower concentration is recommended for use against warfarin-resistant rats.", "PMID": 1056965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1979", "title": "A programme for collaborative influenza surveillance. A report of a working group of the Public Health Laboratory Service.", "content": "A surveillance programme is described which is intended to assess the effects of influenza virus infections on communities at large by collating influenza virus isolations and consultations for respiratory infections from general practices with new claims for sickness benefit and deaths from all causes. Particular importance is attached to relating virus isolations to symptomatic respiratory disease seen in practices of known age and sex structure.", "contents": "A programme for collaborative influenza surveillance. A report of a working group of the Public Health Laboratory Service. A surveillance programme is described which is intended to assess the effects of influenza virus infections on communities at large by collating influenza virus isolations and consultations for respiratory infections from general practices with new claims for sickness benefit and deaths from all causes. Particular importance is attached to relating virus isolations to symptomatic respiratory disease seen in practices of known age and sex structure.", "PMID": 1056966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1980", "title": "Citrobacter koseri. II. Serological and biochemical examination of Citrobacter koseri strains from clinical specimens.", "content": "165 strains of Citrobacter koseri isolated from clinical specimens were studied and their biochemical reactions determined. They were examined serologically by means of a scheme consisting of 14 O antigens. The sources of the clinical specimens were tabulated and the epidemiological information was summarized. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Citrobacter koseri. II. Serological and biochemical examination of Citrobacter koseri strains from clinical specimens. 165 strains of Citrobacter koseri isolated from clinical specimens were studied and their biochemical reactions determined. They were examined serologically by means of a scheme consisting of 14 O antigens. The sources of the clinical specimens were tabulated and the epidemiological information was summarized. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1056967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1981", "title": "The faecal flora of children in the United Kingdom.", "content": "The faecal flora of 55 children (aged 8 days to 8 years) and 16 adults was determined. All the children were artificially fed from birth. The faecal flora of the youngest age group was generally less complex and less predictable than that of adults. Some bacterial groups commonly found in adult stools, for example bacilli, lactobacilli and yeasts, were rarely found in the youngest infants. Most of the changes towards the adult pattern took place between 4 and 12 months. The faecal flora of children aged 1-4 years generally resembled that of adults, although lactobacilli were still infrequently isolated.", "contents": "The faecal flora of children in the United Kingdom. The faecal flora of 55 children (aged 8 days to 8 years) and 16 adults was determined. All the children were artificially fed from birth. The faecal flora of the youngest age group was generally less complex and less predictable than that of adults. Some bacterial groups commonly found in adult stools, for example bacilli, lactobacilli and yeasts, were rarely found in the youngest infants. Most of the changes towards the adult pattern took place between 4 and 12 months. The faecal flora of children aged 1-4 years generally resembled that of adults, although lactobacilli were still infrequently isolated.", "PMID": 1056968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1982", "title": "Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital. I. Air transfer between rooms.", "content": "Measurements have been made of the extent of air exchange between patient rooms in a fully air-conditioned hospital using a tracer-gas method. When the rooms were ventilated at about six air changes per hour, had an excess airflow through the doorway of about 0.1 m.3/sec. and the temperature difference between rooms and corridor was less than 0.5 degrees C., concentrations of the tracer in rooms close to that in which it was being liberated were 1000-fold less than that in the source room. This ratio fell to about 200-fold in the absence of any excess airflow through the doorways. Considerable dilution took place along the corridors so that the concentration fell by around 10-fold for every 10 m. of corridor.", "contents": "Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital. I. Air transfer between rooms. Measurements have been made of the extent of air exchange between patient rooms in a fully air-conditioned hospital using a tracer-gas method. When the rooms were ventilated at about six air changes per hour, had an excess airflow through the doorway of about 0.1 m.3/sec. and the temperature difference between rooms and corridor was less than 0.5 degrees C., concentrations of the tracer in rooms close to that in which it was being liberated were 1000-fold less than that in the source room. This ratio fell to about 200-fold in the absence of any excess airflow through the doorways. Considerable dilution took place along the corridors so that the concentration fell by around 10-fold for every 10 m. of corridor.", "PMID": 1056969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1983", "title": "Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital. II. Transfer of airborne particles between rooms resulting from the movement of air from one room to another.", "content": "Experiments were conducted simultaneously with gas and particle tracers to determine the relative loss of particles between source and recipient sites in the hospital ward units. The magnitude of this loss could be accounted for by the assumption of sedimentation from well-mixed air masses during the time required for movement between source and recipients sites. As a consequence of this loss the degree of isolation between patient rooms for airborne particles was between 4 and 25 times greater than that for gaseous contamination, which reflects the actual transport of air between the rooms. The design and construction of portable spinning-disk particle generators suitable for field studies is discussed.", "contents": "Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital. II. Transfer of airborne particles between rooms resulting from the movement of air from one room to another. Experiments were conducted simultaneously with gas and particle tracers to determine the relative loss of particles between source and recipient sites in the hospital ward units. The magnitude of this loss could be accounted for by the assumption of sedimentation from well-mixed air masses during the time required for movement between source and recipients sites. As a consequence of this loss the degree of isolation between patient rooms for airborne particles was between 4 and 25 times greater than that for gaseous contamination, which reflects the actual transport of air between the rooms. The design and construction of portable spinning-disk particle generators suitable for field studies is discussed.", "PMID": 1056970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1984", "title": "Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital. II. Transport of gaseous and airborne particulate material along ventilated passageways.", "content": "A mathematical model is described for the transport of gaseous or airborne particulate material between rooms along ventilated passageways. Experimental observations in three hospitals lead to a value of about 0.06 m.2/sec. for the effective diffusion constant in air without any systematic directional flow. The 'constant' appears to increase if there is any directional flow along the passage, reaching about 0.12 m. 2/sec. at a flow velocity of 0.04 m./sec. Together with previously published methods the present formulae make it possible to calculate the expected average amounts of gaseous or particulate material that will be transported from room to room in ventilated buildings in which the ventilation and exchange airflows can be calculated. The actual amounts transported in occupied buildings, however, vary greatly from time to time.", "contents": "Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital. II. Transport of gaseous and airborne particulate material along ventilated passageways. A mathematical model is described for the transport of gaseous or airborne particulate material between rooms along ventilated passageways. Experimental observations in three hospitals lead to a value of about 0.06 m.2/sec. for the effective diffusion constant in air without any systematic directional flow. The 'constant' appears to increase if there is any directional flow along the passage, reaching about 0.12 m. 2/sec. at a flow velocity of 0.04 m./sec. Together with previously published methods the present formulae make it possible to calculate the expected average amounts of gaseous or particulate material that will be transported from room to room in ventilated buildings in which the ventilation and exchange airflows can be calculated. The actual amounts transported in occupied buildings, however, vary greatly from time to time.", "PMID": 1056971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1985", "title": "Contamination of fluids from a hospital pharmacy.", "content": "An investigation into the cause of bacterial contamination of bottles of noninjectable water has been reported. A method of monitoring such bottles has also been described. The roles played by autoclave spray-cooling water and inadequate bottle seals in the contamination of fluids have been examined. Possible methods of reducing the risk of contamination are discussed and the design of an improved method of closure of sterile bottled fluids is stressed. Bacteriological examination is shown to be a more accurate index of the true rate of contamination than measurement of dye concentrations of bottle contents.", "contents": "Contamination of fluids from a hospital pharmacy. An investigation into the cause of bacterial contamination of bottles of noninjectable water has been reported. A method of monitoring such bottles has also been described. The roles played by autoclave spray-cooling water and inadequate bottle seals in the contamination of fluids have been examined. Possible methods of reducing the risk of contamination are discussed and the design of an improved method of closure of sterile bottled fluids is stressed. Bacteriological examination is shown to be a more accurate index of the true rate of contamination than measurement of dye concentrations of bottle contents.", "PMID": 1056972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1986", "title": "The routine serological investigation of cases and contacts of rubella.", "content": "The results of testing sera from 111 patients with rubella-like illnesses and 283 contacts of patients with rubella-like illnesses are described. A sensitive haemagglutination-inhibition test was used in conjunction with fractionation of serum proteins when this was indicated. It was concluded that the testing of serum protein fractions for IgM and IgG rubella antibody greatly increased the effectiveness of laboratory diagnosis. Evidence is presented that during the study period subclinical rubella was relatively uncommon in adults and that the accuracy of clinical diagnosis was high.", "contents": "The routine serological investigation of cases and contacts of rubella. The results of testing sera from 111 patients with rubella-like illnesses and 283 contacts of patients with rubella-like illnesses are described. A sensitive haemagglutination-inhibition test was used in conjunction with fractionation of serum proteins when this was indicated. It was concluded that the testing of serum protein fractions for IgM and IgG rubella antibody greatly increased the effectiveness of laboratory diagnosis. Evidence is presented that during the study period subclinical rubella was relatively uncommon in adults and that the accuracy of clinical diagnosis was high.", "PMID": 1056973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1987", "title": "Assay of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by tritiated thymidine labeled tumor cells.", "content": "A microtechnique for quantitating cell-mediated cytotoxicity using tritiated thymidine labeled target cells is presented. Target cell incorporation of tritiated thymidine is augmented by using methotrexate to arrest endogenous thymidine synthesis. Complete solubilization of labeled cells is accomplished by oxidizing samples to tritiated water and carbon dioxide prior to quantitation in a scintillation counter. This versatile technique, using various combinations of lymphocytes, sera and target cells, permits the simultaneous comparison of 500 or more individual samples.", "contents": "Assay of cell-mediated cytotoxicity by tritiated thymidine labeled tumor cells. A microtechnique for quantitating cell-mediated cytotoxicity using tritiated thymidine labeled target cells is presented. Target cell incorporation of tritiated thymidine is augmented by using methotrexate to arrest endogenous thymidine synthesis. Complete solubilization of labeled cells is accomplished by oxidizing samples to tritiated water and carbon dioxide prior to quantitation in a scintillation counter. This versatile technique, using various combinations of lymphocytes, sera and target cells, permits the simultaneous comparison of 500 or more individual samples.", "PMID": 1056974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1988", "title": "Properties of cell lines derived from tumors induced by Friend virus in BALB/c and BALB/c-H-2b mice.", "content": "Cell lines have been established in culture from Friend virus-induced tumors of BALB/c (H-2d) and congenic BALB/c-H-2b (BALB.B) origin. Spleens from virus-infected hosts in the terminal stages of erythroleukemic disease provided tissues for the establishment of subcutaneously transplantable tumors of both strains. Subsequently cells of these tumors were introduced into culture and passed serially. Complete, infectious Friend virus (FV) has been routinely recovered from culture supernates of BALB.B tumor cells (HFL/b) throughout its 2-yr passage history. However, after only a few transfer generations in culture BALB/c tumor cells (HFL/d) became nonproducers of virus detectable in either the spleen focus assay in vivo or the XC assay in vitro. Nonproducer HFL/d cells possessed the complete genomes of the components of the FV complex, since FV could be recovered from them either by cocultivation with helper virus-infected syngeneic embryo fibroblasts or by serial passage in the ascitic form in normal, syngeneic adult hosts.", "contents": "Properties of cell lines derived from tumors induced by Friend virus in BALB/c and BALB/c-H-2b mice. Cell lines have been established in culture from Friend virus-induced tumors of BALB/c (H-2d) and congenic BALB/c-H-2b (BALB.B) origin. Spleens from virus-infected hosts in the terminal stages of erythroleukemic disease provided tissues for the establishment of subcutaneously transplantable tumors of both strains. Subsequently cells of these tumors were introduced into culture and passed serially. Complete, infectious Friend virus (FV) has been routinely recovered from culture supernates of BALB.B tumor cells (HFL/b) throughout its 2-yr passage history. However, after only a few transfer generations in culture BALB/c tumor cells (HFL/d) became nonproducers of virus detectable in either the spleen focus assay in vivo or the XC assay in vitro. Nonproducer HFL/d cells possessed the complete genomes of the components of the FV complex, since FV could be recovered from them either by cocultivation with helper virus-infected syngeneic embryo fibroblasts or by serial passage in the ascitic form in normal, syngeneic adult hosts.", "PMID": 1056976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1989", "title": "Brain calcification in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Cortical calcifications, ween on X-ray in the brain of achild suffering from leukaemia, were submitted to morphological and chemical analysis. The morphology was studied by a combination of low teperature  ashing and microscanning. The calcification principally affected axons and capillary walls and consisted of  spherules amalgamated into hollow cylinders. The results of chemical analysis of the calcified material were compared and structure of both types of  calcification were similar, but the Mn concentration washigher in case of Fahr's disease. X-ray diffraction showed that the calcification consisted of amorphous calcium phosphate and acid calcium orthophosphate, most probably precursors of hydroxyapatite..", "contents": "Brain calcification in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cortical calcifications, ween on X-ray in the brain of achild suffering from leukaemia, were submitted to morphological and chemical analysis. The morphology was studied by a combination of low teperature  ashing and microscanning. The calcification principally affected axons and capillary walls and consisted of  spherules amalgamated into hollow cylinders. The results of chemical analysis of the calcified material were compared and structure of both types of  calcification were similar, but the Mn concentration washigher in case of Fahr's disease. X-ray diffraction showed that the calcification consisted of amorphous calcium phosphate and acid calcium orthophosphate, most probably precursors of hydroxyapatite..", "PMID": 1056977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1990", "title": "An alternative treatment in cases with advanced localized attrition.", "content": "A combined orthodontic/prosthetic treatment of patients with advanced localized attrition has been described. In one patient the effect of the orthodontic treatment upon the morphological face height has been studied using an X-ray cephalographic technique and the results have been discussed.", "contents": "An alternative treatment in cases with advanced localized attrition. A combined orthodontic/prosthetic treatment of patients with advanced localized attrition has been described. In one patient the effect of the orthodontic treatment upon the morphological face height has been studied using an X-ray cephalographic technique and the results have been discussed.", "PMID": 1056978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1991", "title": "Nocturnal electromyographic evaluation of bruxism patients undergoing short term splint therapy.", "content": "Eight confirmed bruxist subjects were investigated using portable electromyographic equipment. Nocturnal masseteric muscle activity, as measured by electromyography, was reduced immediately following the insertion of a full arch maxillary stabilization splint. It remained low until the splints were removed, at which time all but one subject's EMG values returned to pretreatment levels. Although the short-term spling therapy did not show a permanent reduction in EMG levels, a dramatic reduction has been demonstrated during treatment.", "contents": "Nocturnal electromyographic evaluation of bruxism patients undergoing short term splint therapy. Eight confirmed bruxist subjects were investigated using portable electromyographic equipment. Nocturnal masseteric muscle activity, as measured by electromyography, was reduced immediately following the insertion of a full arch maxillary stabilization splint. It remained low until the splints were removed, at which time all but one subject's EMG values returned to pretreatment levels. Although the short-term spling therapy did not show a permanent reduction in EMG levels, a dramatic reduction has been demonstrated during treatment.", "PMID": 1056979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1992", "title": "Methylmethacrylate screw implants--radiographic, histological and fluorescence microscopic investigations in dogs.", "content": "Twenty-one methylmethacrylate screw implants were inserted in the jaws of three Labrador dogs. Clinical, radiographic, microscopic and fluorescence microscopic examinations were performed. Direct bone-implant contact was found in all firm implants, and the density of the alveolar bone increased towards the screw surface. In these areas no fibrous tissue was found between bone and implant. Horizontal fibres at the junction between the head and the neck of the implant seem to have impeded downgrowth of subepithelial granulation tissue.", "contents": "Methylmethacrylate screw implants--radiographic, histological and fluorescence microscopic investigations in dogs. Twenty-one methylmethacrylate screw implants were inserted in the jaws of three Labrador dogs. Clinical, radiographic, microscopic and fluorescence microscopic examinations were performed. Direct bone-implant contact was found in all firm implants, and the density of the alveolar bone increased towards the screw surface. In these areas no fibrous tissue was found between bone and implant. Horizontal fibres at the junction between the head and the neck of the implant seem to have impeded downgrowth of subepithelial granulation tissue.", "PMID": 1056980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1993", "title": "The experimenter effect on results with oral form recognition tests and with tests measuring oral muscular ability.", "content": "In the introductory part of the present study considerable differences in registrations were found between three different experimenters when an oral form recognition test and an oral muscular-motor test was applied on ten subjects. In the following part recording differences between six other experimenters were evaluated. An intensive training programme was established and repeated twice with those six experimenters during a test period which twenty-eight subjects were tested with the same tests as mentioned above. The results show that in spite of the training programme, uniformity could not be obtained between experimenters. Registration deviations were (1) clearly found for the time results of identifying, (2) less distinctly for registration of subjective judgements of difficulty or for the times of putting together the halves of the test pieces in the test of muscular-motor ability and (3) not at all at the recording of test peice confusions at the oral form recognition test. It was found that the present forms of the training programme alone were not sufficient to gain uniformity between different experimenters but the suitability of prospective experimenters who are supposed to form a common group should be tested by an evaluation of test results found in a real test situation. Experimenters who are clearly deviating, should be replaced by other ones for the task who are more suitable inidividuals. The present study thus emphasizes the previously observed difficulties when clinical observations made by different persons are to be compared.", "contents": "The experimenter effect on results with oral form recognition tests and with tests measuring oral muscular ability. In the introductory part of the present study considerable differences in registrations were found between three different experimenters when an oral form recognition test and an oral muscular-motor test was applied on ten subjects. In the following part recording differences between six other experimenters were evaluated. An intensive training programme was established and repeated twice with those six experimenters during a test period which twenty-eight subjects were tested with the same tests as mentioned above. The results show that in spite of the training programme, uniformity could not be obtained between experimenters. Registration deviations were (1) clearly found for the time results of identifying, (2) less distinctly for registration of subjective judgements of difficulty or for the times of putting together the halves of the test pieces in the test of muscular-motor ability and (3) not at all at the recording of test peice confusions at the oral form recognition test. It was found that the present forms of the training programme alone were not sufficient to gain uniformity between different experimenters but the suitability of prospective experimenters who are supposed to form a common group should be tested by an evaluation of test results found in a real test situation. Experimenters who are clearly deviating, should be replaced by other ones for the task who are more suitable inidividuals. The present study thus emphasizes the previously observed difficulties when clinical observations made by different persons are to be compared.", "PMID": 1056981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1994", "title": "Reflex control of the jaw muscles by stimuli from receptors in the periodontal membrane.", "content": "In the opinion of a number of investigators, the only function of the mechano-receptors in the periodontal membrane is to inhibit closure of the jaws via a reflex pathway when a predetermined pressure on the teeth has been exceeded. In our opinion, the receptor system in the periodontal membrane may also play a role in a complex regulatory system which controls the movements of the lower jaw during chewing. In order to test this hypothesis a study was made of the changes occurring in the contraction pattern of three masticatory muscles of the cat, when the cuspids in the upper jaw were displaced in various directions. In all the experimental animals used, electromyographic changes in the three muscles investigated, could be recorded as a result of displacement of the cuspids. The results obtained suggest, at least in the case of the temporal and pterygoid muscles, that there are specific reflexogenic zones in the periodontal membrane, These results support the previously suggested hypothesis that a number of the pressure-sensitive receptors in the periodontal membrane play a role in a regulatory system which controls the movements of the lower jaw--as during chewing--by exerting a reflex influence on the degree of contraction of the masticatory muscles. In the discussion this hypothesis is worked out in more detail and the extent to which the results fit the chewing pattern of the cat is examined. In the conclusion, the author asks whether the finding of a regulatory system in the cat may also be applied to man.", "contents": "Reflex control of the jaw muscles by stimuli from receptors in the periodontal membrane. In the opinion of a number of investigators, the only function of the mechano-receptors in the periodontal membrane is to inhibit closure of the jaws via a reflex pathway when a predetermined pressure on the teeth has been exceeded. In our opinion, the receptor system in the periodontal membrane may also play a role in a complex regulatory system which controls the movements of the lower jaw during chewing. In order to test this hypothesis a study was made of the changes occurring in the contraction pattern of three masticatory muscles of the cat, when the cuspids in the upper jaw were displaced in various directions. In all the experimental animals used, electromyographic changes in the three muscles investigated, could be recorded as a result of displacement of the cuspids. The results obtained suggest, at least in the case of the temporal and pterygoid muscles, that there are specific reflexogenic zones in the periodontal membrane, These results support the previously suggested hypothesis that a number of the pressure-sensitive receptors in the periodontal membrane play a role in a regulatory system which controls the movements of the lower jaw--as during chewing--by exerting a reflex influence on the degree of contraction of the masticatory muscles. In the discussion this hypothesis is worked out in more detail and the extent to which the results fit the chewing pattern of the cat is examined. In the conclusion, the author asks whether the finding of a regulatory system in the cat may also be applied to man.", "PMID": 1056982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1995", "title": "Histological features of the palatal mucosa in denture sore mouth. Densities of mast cells in the lamina propria and histological features in the epithelium of the denture bearing and non-denture bearing human palatal mucosa in comparison with patients suffering from denture sore mouth.", "content": "A histological investigation was carried out on biopsy specimens taken from patients suffering from denture sore mouth. The results were compared with those obtained in previous investigations on denture and non-denture-wearers. The sections were studied by standardized quantitative morphometric methods. After 4 years the denture bearing palatal epithelium from both groups, the denture wearers and the patients suffering from a denture sore mouth did not show changes in mean thickness of the epithelium from both groups, the denture wearers and the patients suffering from a denture sore mouth did not show changes in mean thickness of the epithelium compared with the controls. The mitotic index in denture bearing epithelium from patients suffering from denture sore mouth was three times lower than in the epithelium of the normal denture wearers. The three groups of patients investigated did not show differences in density of mast cells in the lamina propria of their palatal epithelium.", "contents": "Histological features of the palatal mucosa in denture sore mouth. Densities of mast cells in the lamina propria and histological features in the epithelium of the denture bearing and non-denture bearing human palatal mucosa in comparison with patients suffering from denture sore mouth. A histological investigation was carried out on biopsy specimens taken from patients suffering from denture sore mouth. The results were compared with those obtained in previous investigations on denture and non-denture-wearers. The sections were studied by standardized quantitative morphometric methods. After 4 years the denture bearing palatal epithelium from both groups, the denture wearers and the patients suffering from a denture sore mouth did not show changes in mean thickness of the epithelium from both groups, the denture wearers and the patients suffering from a denture sore mouth did not show changes in mean thickness of the epithelium compared with the controls. The mitotic index in denture bearing epithelium from patients suffering from denture sore mouth was three times lower than in the epithelium of the normal denture wearers. The three groups of patients investigated did not show differences in density of mast cells in the lamina propria of their palatal epithelium.", "PMID": 1056983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1996", "title": "Masticatory function--a review of the literature. 1. The form of the masticatory cycle.", "content": "Recently, the authors realized that an evaluation of the literature on mastication had never been undertaken, and it is hoped that this review presented in three parts, will be of value, not only to the dental clinician, but to other scientists working in associated fields. The first paper discusses the form of the masticatory cycle in the natural and artificial dentitions, including the controversial question of whether tooth contact occurs during function. The second paper reviews the literature concerning the speed of movement of the mandible, rate of chewing and the forces developed in chewing. The final paper describes masticatory efficiency and performance, the effect of food on masticatory function, and incorporates a summary of all these three papers.", "contents": "Masticatory function--a review of the literature. 1. The form of the masticatory cycle. Recently, the authors realized that an evaluation of the literature on mastication had never been undertaken, and it is hoped that this review presented in three parts, will be of value, not only to the dental clinician, but to other scientists working in associated fields. The first paper discusses the form of the masticatory cycle in the natural and artificial dentitions, including the controversial question of whether tooth contact occurs during function. The second paper reviews the literature concerning the speed of movement of the mandible, rate of chewing and the forces developed in chewing. The final paper describes masticatory efficiency and performance, the effect of food on masticatory function, and incorporates a summary of all these three papers.", "PMID": 1056984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1997", "title": "The origin of keratocysts in the basal cell nevus syndrome.", "content": "Evidence is presented to support the validity of the basal cell hamartia hypothesis as an explanation for the histogenesis of jaw cysts (keratocysts) in the basal cell nevus syndrome.  Possible implications for surgical management are outlined.", "contents": "The origin of keratocysts in the basal cell nevus syndrome. Evidence is presented to support the validity of the basal cell hamartia hypothesis as an explanation for the histogenesis of jaw cysts (keratocysts) in the basal cell nevus syndrome.  Possible implications for surgical management are outlined.", "PMID": 1056987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1998", "title": "Gardner's syndrome.", "content": "A 22-year-old woman had multiple osteomas of the facial skeleton that were thought to represent Gardner's syndrome. At the first examination, however, other symptoms were not present. The diagnosis was established when colonic polyposis developed four years later.", "contents": "Gardner's syndrome. A 22-year-old woman had multiple osteomas of the facial skeleton that were thought to represent Gardner's syndrome. At the first examination, however, other symptoms were not present. The diagnosis was established when colonic polyposis developed four years later.", "PMID": 1056989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_1999", "title": "Moebius syndrome.", "content": "A case report of Moebius syndrome is presented.  The syndrome includes bilateral facial and abducens nerve paresis, muscular hypoplasia, adactylia, club foot, and possible mental retardation.  This particular patient had bilateral facial and abducens nerve paralysis, mandibular hypoplasia, pectoral muscle hypoplasia, adactylia, and bilateral clubbed feet.", "contents": "Moebius syndrome. A case report of Moebius syndrome is presented.  The syndrome includes bilateral facial and abducens nerve paresis, muscular hypoplasia, adactylia, club foot, and possible mental retardation.  This particular patient had bilateral facial and abducens nerve paralysis, mandibular hypoplasia, pectoral muscle hypoplasia, adactylia, and bilateral clubbed feet.", "PMID": 1056990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2000", "title": "Multiple nervoid basal cell epithelioma, cysts of the jaw, and bifid rib syndrome: report of case.", "content": "A case of mutiple nevoid basal cell epithelium, cysts of the jaw, and bifid rib syndrome has been reported because of the large number of positive findings in a single patient.  Symptoms were a simple manner with slow learning ability, frontal bossing, wide nasal root, hypertelorism, large superciliary ridge, deep-set eyes, bifid uvula, dentigerous keratocyst of the mandible, pectus excavatum, bilateral shortened metacarpals, multiple basal cell nevi, bilateral palmar pitting, hemivertebrae C2-3 and C7-T1, several bifid ribs, calcification of the falx cerebri, bridging of the sella turcica, and an open frontal suture.  The need for establishing diagnosis has been emphasized.", "contents": "Multiple nervoid basal cell epithelioma, cysts of the jaw, and bifid rib syndrome: report of case. A case of mutiple nevoid basal cell epithelium, cysts of the jaw, and bifid rib syndrome has been reported because of the large number of positive findings in a single patient.  Symptoms were a simple manner with slow learning ability, frontal bossing, wide nasal root, hypertelorism, large superciliary ridge, deep-set eyes, bifid uvula, dentigerous keratocyst of the mandible, pectus excavatum, bilateral shortened metacarpals, multiple basal cell nevi, bilateral palmar pitting, hemivertebrae C2-3 and C7-T1, several bifid ribs, calcification of the falx cerebri, bridging of the sella turcica, and an open frontal suture.  The need for establishing diagnosis has been emphasized.", "PMID": 1056991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2001", "title": "Amyloidosis, macroglossia, and carpal tunnel syndrome associated with myeloma.", "content": "A case report of a patient with amyloidosis presented in which macroglossia and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome were the initial features and myeloma was the probable underlying cause.", "contents": "Amyloidosis, macroglossia, and carpal tunnel syndrome associated with myeloma. A case report of a patient with amyloidosis presented in which macroglossia and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome were the initial features and myeloma was the probable underlying cause.", "PMID": 1056992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2002", "title": "Conservative treatment of cysts of the jaws in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome:report of a case.", "content": "An 11-year-old girl had many features of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.  Extensive cysts of the maxilla and mandible were treated with marsupialization and secondary enucleation that resulted in a gradual but significant response.  Long-term observation will be necessary to detect the possible development of either basal cell carcinomas or the recurrence of odontogenic keratocysts.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of cysts of the jaws in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome:report of a case. An 11-year-old girl had many features of the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.  Extensive cysts of the maxilla and mandible were treated with marsupialization and secondary enucleation that resulted in a gradual but significant response.  Long-term observation will be necessary to detect the possible development of either basal cell carcinomas or the recurrence of odontogenic keratocysts.", "PMID": 1056993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2003", "title": "The diagnostic significance of the microhematocrit as an office screening test.", "content": "The microhematocrit provides accurate and reproducible test results. This laboratory procedure is useful not only in determining the hematocrit value, but also in the identification of conditions that may be of primary interest to the clinician. The information it provides is valuable in treatment planning, in choosing an anesthetic technique, and in helping to avoid operative and postoperative complications. This test can be easily and inexpensively performed and can be incorporated into the normal office routine with little difficulty.", "contents": "The diagnostic significance of the microhematocrit as an office screening test. The microhematocrit provides accurate and reproducible test results. This laboratory procedure is useful not only in determining the hematocrit value, but also in the identification of conditions that may be of primary interest to the clinician. The information it provides is valuable in treatment planning, in choosing an anesthetic technique, and in helping to avoid operative and postoperative complications. This test can be easily and inexpensively performed and can be incorporated into the normal office routine with little difficulty.", "PMID": 1056994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2004", "title": "Successful treatment of mucocutaneous mucormycosis after dental extractions in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes.", "content": "A successfully treated case of mucocutaneous mucormycosis, after dental extractions in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes, has been reported.  The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus that contributes to the development of opportunistic fungal infections and gangrenous ulcerations, in a setting of decreased host resistance, has been discussed with reference to differential diagnosis and management.  The consequences of operating on a patient with uncontrolled diabetes are evident.", "contents": "Successful treatment of mucocutaneous mucormycosis after dental extractions in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes. A successfully treated case of mucocutaneous mucormycosis, after dental extractions in a patient with uncontrolled diabetes, has been reported.  The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus that contributes to the development of opportunistic fungal infections and gangrenous ulcerations, in a setting of decreased host resistance, has been discussed with reference to differential diagnosis and management.  The consequences of operating on a patient with uncontrolled diabetes are evident.", "PMID": 1056995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2005", "title": "Intravenous sedation of the periodontal surgical patient.", "content": "A safe sedation technique for the periodontal surgical patient has been discussed. By utilizing the drugs discussed and titrating the dosage to the needs of the patient, intravenous sedation will last long enough to complete the selected periodontal surgical procedure. The Jorgenson combinatione of drugs seems ideal for procedures lasting two or more hours, while diazepam is more desirable for those of shorter duration. Patient and surgeon comfort is coexistent with the patient's safety. Although the intravenous route is considered to be the most dangerous of all, when it is employed with optimum care and on well-selected patients, it is possibly one of the safest.", "contents": "Intravenous sedation of the periodontal surgical patient. A safe sedation technique for the periodontal surgical patient has been discussed. By utilizing the drugs discussed and titrating the dosage to the needs of the patient, intravenous sedation will last long enough to complete the selected periodontal surgical procedure. The Jorgenson combinatione of drugs seems ideal for procedures lasting two or more hours, while diazepam is more desirable for those of shorter duration. Patient and surgeon comfort is coexistent with the patient's safety. Although the intravenous route is considered to be the most dangerous of all, when it is employed with optimum care and on well-selected patients, it is possibly one of the safest.", "PMID": 1056996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2006", "title": "Bioceramic implants in surgically produced infrabony defects.", "content": "Tricalcium phosphate ceramic of hydroxyapatite structure with 50% porosity and 800- to 1000-mum pore diameter was implanted in surgically produced infrabony defects in dogs. The defects were evaluated histologically at different time intervals, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. The results show that the ceramic is well tolerated by the tissue and yields no toxic reactions. Bone ingrowth into the pores and repair of the periodontium are clearly demonstrated. No significant hematological changes were observed.", "contents": "Bioceramic implants in surgically produced infrabony defects. Tricalcium phosphate ceramic of hydroxyapatite structure with 50% porosity and 800- to 1000-mum pore diameter was implanted in surgically produced infrabony defects in dogs. The defects were evaluated histologically at different time intervals, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. The results show that the ceramic is well tolerated by the tissue and yields no toxic reactions. Bone ingrowth into the pores and repair of the periodontium are clearly demonstrated. No significant hematological changes were observed.", "PMID": 1056997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2007", "title": "Relation of the alveolus to the cemento-enamel junction following attritional wear in aboriginal skulls. An enquiry into normality of cementum exposure with aging.", "content": "With tooth attrition, the height of the alveolar crest does not increase to keep pace with active tooth eruption and the cemento-enamel junction-alveolar crest distance increases slightly with age in aboriginal skulls. But there is no atrophy of the alveolar bony margin. Some decrease in interalveolar height does occur. This does not necessarily mean that passive eruption with exposure of cementum is normal. Rather it is postulated that the epithelial attachment proliferates onto cementum, inhibiting alveolar crest addition, while the base of the gingival sulcus remains at the cemento-enamel junction. During the course of this investigation, it was found that the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest increased more rapidly with advancing wear in the lower molar region than in the upper. In the lower first molar region, the lingual distance was significantly greater than that between cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest on the buccal aspect during each stage of wear. The size of the tooth, as reflected in the robustness index, had no influence on the processes or rate of active eruption, bone deposition at the alveolar crest, or measurements taken between cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest.", "contents": "Relation of the alveolus to the cemento-enamel junction following attritional wear in aboriginal skulls. An enquiry into normality of cementum exposure with aging. With tooth attrition, the height of the alveolar crest does not increase to keep pace with active tooth eruption and the cemento-enamel junction-alveolar crest distance increases slightly with age in aboriginal skulls. But there is no atrophy of the alveolar bony margin. Some decrease in interalveolar height does occur. This does not necessarily mean that passive eruption with exposure of cementum is normal. Rather it is postulated that the epithelial attachment proliferates onto cementum, inhibiting alveolar crest addition, while the base of the gingival sulcus remains at the cemento-enamel junction. During the course of this investigation, it was found that the distance between the cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest increased more rapidly with advancing wear in the lower molar region than in the upper. In the lower first molar region, the lingual distance was significantly greater than that between cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest on the buccal aspect during each stage of wear. The size of the tooth, as reflected in the robustness index, had no influence on the processes or rate of active eruption, bone deposition at the alveolar crest, or measurements taken between cemento-enamel junction and alveolar crest.", "PMID": 1056999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2008", "title": "Early periodontal disease in the Syrian hamster.", "content": "An investigation into periodontal disease in the Syrian Golden hamster was conducted over a period of six months. With the periodontitis-producing Diet 2000 only mild destruction of the periodontium was observed. The interproximal area between M1 and M2 may be a better area for analysis of early periodontal disease in the Syrian Golden hamster, as it more nearly approaches the human situation than does the mesial surface of M1. On the whole the hamster may not be a good model species for studying periodontal disease on morphological grounds, despite its excellence in terms of bacteriology and ease and cheapness of animal maintenance. Other animal models are discussed.", "contents": "Early periodontal disease in the Syrian hamster. An investigation into periodontal disease in the Syrian Golden hamster was conducted over a period of six months. With the periodontitis-producing Diet 2000 only mild destruction of the periodontium was observed. The interproximal area between M1 and M2 may be a better area for analysis of early periodontal disease in the Syrian Golden hamster, as it more nearly approaches the human situation than does the mesial surface of M1. On the whole the hamster may not be a good model species for studying periodontal disease on morphological grounds, despite its excellence in terms of bacteriology and ease and cheapness of animal maintenance. Other animal models are discussed.", "PMID": 1057000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2009", "title": "Radiographs in clinical periodontal trials.", "content": "Fifty-eight patients were selected from an ongoing study of periodontal therapy at The University of Michigan. Pre-and post-treatment series of full mouth radiographs obtained by conventional paralleling long cone technique were available. Mesial and distal radiographic bone height was scored using the technique developed by Bj\u00f6rn et al. A total of 1416 teeth were scored from the  itial radiographs, and subsequently at one, two, three, and four years after the treatment. Radiographic bone height scores were compared with level of attachment and pocket depth scores for the same teeth at the same time. Statistical significance and correlation coefficients were derived using computer analysis of the data. The data were analyzed using three different data groupings: individual teeth, patient means, and half-mouth treatment methods. High positive correlations were found between initial measurements of radiographic bone height and attachment level as well as pocket depth. The correlations between changes in measurements of radiographic bone height and attachment level after treatment were markedly lower but are statistically significant. A highly significant correlation between radiographic bone heights and measurements of attachment level also appeared in follow-up data one to four years after treatment. The method of data grouping resulted in different correlation coefficients. Highest correlations were found if the data were pooled for patients. Lowest correlations were found if the data for individual teeth were analyzed. When the data were combined to produce patient scores, sample variation is reduced and correlations increase in magnitude. The generally high correlations between radiographic bone height and attachment level scores before and after treatment tend to confirm the fact that radiographic assessment of alveolar bone height using the method of Bj\u00f6rn et al. can provide fairly accurate assessment of interproximal periodontal support.", "contents": "Radiographs in clinical periodontal trials. Fifty-eight patients were selected from an ongoing study of periodontal therapy at The University of Michigan. Pre-and post-treatment series of full mouth radiographs obtained by conventional paralleling long cone technique were available. Mesial and distal radiographic bone height was scored using the technique developed by Bj\u00f6rn et al. A total of 1416 teeth were scored from the  itial radiographs, and subsequently at one, two, three, and four years after the treatment. Radiographic bone height scores were compared with level of attachment and pocket depth scores for the same teeth at the same time. Statistical significance and correlation coefficients were derived using computer analysis of the data. The data were analyzed using three different data groupings: individual teeth, patient means, and half-mouth treatment methods. High positive correlations were found between initial measurements of radiographic bone height and attachment level as well as pocket depth. The correlations between changes in measurements of radiographic bone height and attachment level after treatment were markedly lower but are statistically significant. A highly significant correlation between radiographic bone heights and measurements of attachment level also appeared in follow-up data one to four years after treatment. The method of data grouping resulted in different correlation coefficients. Highest correlations were found if the data were pooled for patients. Lowest correlations were found if the data for individual teeth were analyzed. When the data were combined to produce patient scores, sample variation is reduced and correlations increase in magnitude. The generally high correlations between radiographic bone height and attachment level scores before and after treatment tend to confirm the fact that radiographic assessment of alveolar bone height using the method of Bj\u00f6rn et al. can provide fairly accurate assessment of interproximal periodontal support.", "PMID": 1057001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2010", "title": "Chemotactic ability of dental plaque upon autologous or heterologous human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "The chemotactic effect of pooled human plaque suspension, supernatant, and ultrafiltrate upon heterologous human PMNs was investigated using the Boyden chamber technique. It was observed that pooled plaque suspensions (20 mg/ml) were consistently chemotactic for heterologous human PMN cells. Whole plaque suspensions were most chemotactic, and the supernatant was approximately half as active, while the bacteria-free ultrafiltrate induced a negligible chemotactic response. Chemotactic assays of individual plaque suspensions were also performed. Twelve male subjects were paired according to age and PDI scores to assess whether the PMN cells of certain individuals responded differently to their autologous plaque. When comparing subjects with high or low PDI scores, there were no significant differences in the chemotactic responses. However, a trend of reduced chemotaxis was observed in most subjects with a high PDI. When the subjects were arbitrarily divided into groups with high and low plaque indices, a greater overall chemotactic response was generated by the higher plaque formers. The differences between the two groups, however, were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Chemotactic ability of dental plaque upon autologous or heterologous human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The chemotactic effect of pooled human plaque suspension, supernatant, and ultrafiltrate upon heterologous human PMNs was investigated using the Boyden chamber technique. It was observed that pooled plaque suspensions (20 mg/ml) were consistently chemotactic for heterologous human PMN cells. Whole plaque suspensions were most chemotactic, and the supernatant was approximately half as active, while the bacteria-free ultrafiltrate induced a negligible chemotactic response. Chemotactic assays of individual plaque suspensions were also performed. Twelve male subjects were paired according to age and PDI scores to assess whether the PMN cells of certain individuals responded differently to their autologous plaque. When comparing subjects with high or low PDI scores, there were no significant differences in the chemotactic responses. However, a trend of reduced chemotaxis was observed in most subjects with a high PDI. When the subjects were arbitrarily divided into groups with high and low plaque indices, a greater overall chemotactic response was generated by the higher plaque formers. The differences between the two groups, however, were not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1057003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2011", "title": "The use of laser beams for measuring tooth mobility and tooth movements.", "content": "The laser reflexion method, a direct contactless measuring technique with a high accuracy, has been applied for clinical purposes. A prototype has been tested using a laser beam to illuminate a patient's tooth fixed to the equipment by an impression plate. The reflected patterns were thrown onto a screen with a coordinate system and photographically recorded, and the movement of the tooth has been geometrically calculated. The relapse tendency after orthodontic treatment of a patient with periodontal disease and parafunctions was studied by repeated measurements of the left medial upper incisor. By use of the method, it was possible to observe that the velocity of the studied tooth was highest during the 1st day and, besides the horizontal movement, a rotation of the tooth began at the end of the measuring period.", "contents": "The use of laser beams for measuring tooth mobility and tooth movements. The laser reflexion method, a direct contactless measuring technique with a high accuracy, has been applied for clinical purposes. A prototype has been tested using a laser beam to illuminate a patient's tooth fixed to the equipment by an impression plate. The reflected patterns were thrown onto a screen with a coordinate system and photographically recorded, and the movement of the tooth has been geometrically calculated. The relapse tendency after orthodontic treatment of a patient with periodontal disease and parafunctions was studied by repeated measurements of the left medial upper incisor. By use of the method, it was possible to observe that the velocity of the studied tooth was highest during the 1st day and, besides the horizontal movement, a rotation of the tooth began at the end of the measuring period.", "PMID": 1057004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2012", "title": "Influence of tetrahydrouridine on the phosphorylation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine (ara-C) by enzymes from solid tumors in vitro.", "content": "The phosphorylation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) was studied in cell-free extracts from a variety of solid mouse tumors, L1210 ascites and in normal liver and spleen. Two apparent Michaelis constants were observed for kinase activity in Lewis lung (Km1, 4.15 muM; Km2 58.1 muM), sarcoma 180 (Km1 6.66 muM; Km2 56.18 muM), adenocarcinoma 755 (Km1 4.34 muM; Km2 50.0 muM) and l1210 (Km1 29.41 muM; Km2 41.67 muM). The Km1 values generally ranged from 5 to 20 muM 3H-ara-C while the Km2 values ranged from 20 to 60 muM 3H-ara-C. Normal spleen (Km 47.6 muM), normal liver (Km 10.0 muM) and Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma (Km 31.2 muM) had single Km values. In the presence of tetrahydrouridine (H4U), the in vitro phosphorylation of ara-C was increased as much as 91% in cell-free extracts from adenocarcinoma 755; lesser increases were observed in other tumor extracts. At low substrate concentrations, the apparent Km decreased or did not change in the presence of H4U, while at higher substrate concentrations the apparent Km was increased or did not change in the presence of H4U. In the presence of H4U, Vmax for kinase activity increased most in those tumors possessing deaminase activity.", "contents": "Influence of tetrahydrouridine on the phosphorylation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine (ara-C) by enzymes from solid tumors in vitro. The phosphorylation of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) was studied in cell-free extracts from a variety of solid mouse tumors, L1210 ascites and in normal liver and spleen. Two apparent Michaelis constants were observed for kinase activity in Lewis lung (Km1, 4.15 muM; Km2 58.1 muM), sarcoma 180 (Km1 6.66 muM; Km2 56.18 muM), adenocarcinoma 755 (Km1 4.34 muM; Km2 50.0 muM) and l1210 (Km1 29.41 muM; Km2 41.67 muM). The Km1 values generally ranged from 5 to 20 muM 3H-ara-C while the Km2 values ranged from 20 to 60 muM 3H-ara-C. Normal spleen (Km 47.6 muM), normal liver (Km 10.0 muM) and Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma (Km 31.2 muM) had single Km values. In the presence of tetrahydrouridine (H4U), the in vitro phosphorylation of ara-C was increased as much as 91% in cell-free extracts from adenocarcinoma 755; lesser increases were observed in other tumor extracts. At low substrate concentrations, the apparent Km decreased or did not change in the presence of H4U, while at higher substrate concentrations the apparent Km was increased or did not change in the presence of H4U. In the presence of H4U, Vmax for kinase activity increased most in those tumors possessing deaminase activity.", "PMID": 1057009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2013", "title": "Nonverbal communication in the dentist-patient relationship.", "content": "This article presented a discussion of four aspects of the nonverbal communication process, suggesting implications for the dentist-patient relationship. The subjects reviewed and discussed included (1) environmental factors, (2) the perception and use of personal space (3) touching, and (4) various types of physical behavior. The outcome of any dentist-patient interaction can be significantly altered depending upon the dentist's awareness of, and responses to, the various nonverbal cues present in the dentist-patient interaction.", "contents": "Nonverbal communication in the dentist-patient relationship. This article presented a discussion of four aspects of the nonverbal communication process, suggesting implications for the dentist-patient relationship. The subjects reviewed and discussed included (1) environmental factors, (2) the perception and use of personal space (3) touching, and (4) various types of physical behavior. The outcome of any dentist-patient interaction can be significantly altered depending upon the dentist's awareness of, and responses to, the various nonverbal cues present in the dentist-patient interaction.", "PMID": 1057011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2014", "title": "Survey of income of prosthodontists as assessed by the American College of Prosthodontists.", "content": "The American College of Prosthodontists conducted a survey of the income of prosthodontists who were Diplomates of The American Board of Prosthodontics in 1973. Results indicated a significantly higher level of income for prosthodontics than that reported earlier by the Bureau of Economic Research and Statistics of the American Dental Association.", "contents": "Survey of income of prosthodontists as assessed by the American College of Prosthodontists. The American College of Prosthodontists conducted a survey of the income of prosthodontists who were Diplomates of The American Board of Prosthodontics in 1973. Results indicated a significantly higher level of income for prosthodontics than that reported earlier by the Bureau of Economic Research and Statistics of the American Dental Association.", "PMID": 1057015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2015", "title": "Periodontal considerations in operative dentistry.", "content": "Periodontal and preventive considerations, other marginal fit and occlusion, are discussed as they relate to the fabrication of restorations in operative dentistry. The development of buccal, lingual, proximal, and transitional line contours is presented as related to maintenance of healthy periodontal tissues. Proximal contacts and marginal ridge relationships are related to food retention and arch integrity. The gingival attachment is described, as it determines certain techniques of tooth preparation and impression making.", "contents": "Periodontal considerations in operative dentistry. Periodontal and preventive considerations, other marginal fit and occlusion, are discussed as they relate to the fabrication of restorations in operative dentistry. The development of buccal, lingual, proximal, and transitional line contours is presented as related to maintenance of healthy periodontal tissues. Proximal contacts and marginal ridge relationships are related to food retention and arch integrity. The gingival attachment is described, as it determines certain techniques of tooth preparation and impression making.", "PMID": 1057016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2016", "title": "Retentive properties of stainless steel pins cemented with ethyl cyanoacrylate.", "content": "The bonds provided by the ethyl cyanoacrylate is only one fifth as strong as that obtained with a self-threading pin. This retention is comparable to that of zinc phosphate-cemented pins. The simplicty and quick-setting reaction are definite advantages; however, long-term studies are needed prior to clinical acceptance.", "contents": "Retentive properties of stainless steel pins cemented with ethyl cyanoacrylate. The bonds provided by the ethyl cyanoacrylate is only one fifth as strong as that obtained with a self-threading pin. This retention is comparable to that of zinc phosphate-cemented pins. The simplicty and quick-setting reaction are definite advantages; however, long-term studies are needed prior to clinical acceptance.", "PMID": 1057017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2017", "title": "Adjustment of the lateral condylar guidances of Dentatus AR series of articulators.", "content": "A method of accurately adjusting the lateral condylar guidances of the Dentatus AR series of articulators is described which, hopefully, will serve to reinforce and improve the instructions provided by the manufacturer of this excellent instrument.", "contents": "Adjustment of the lateral condylar guidances of Dentatus AR series of articulators. A method of accurately adjusting the lateral condylar guidances of the Dentatus AR series of articulators is described which, hopefully, will serve to reinforce and improve the instructions provided by the manufacturer of this excellent instrument.", "PMID": 1057019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2018", "title": "Utilization of emergency dental services by rural, nonreservation Indians.", "content": "The Shasta-Trinity-Siskiyou Indian dental clinic, which serves rural, nonreservation Indians in California, implemented a health education program designed to convert patients from an emergency to a routine care basis. A study was conducted, therefore, of the utilization patterns of 109 emergency patients treated at a clinic from September, 1971, through November, 1972, in order to provide information to improve this educational program. The results of the study showed that 58.7 percent of the emergency patients returned for routine care. Analyses of those patients who returned and those who did not return for care were made with regard to age, sex, time since last dental visit, and type of emergency treatment received. There were significant differences between the two groups of emergency patients with regard to age and type of treatment received. Those most likely to return for routine care were the patients 15 years or younger, and those who had received operative care. The emergency patients in the 16-25 age group, and those who received periodontal care were the least likely to return. No significant differences were found with regard to sex, or time since last dental visit. The emergency patients and patients whose initial visit to the clinic was for routine care were compared. A significant difference was found with regard to age. The patients 15 years or younger had the lowest percentage of initial visits for emergency care, and the 16-25 year age group had the highest. No significant differences were found with regard to sex, or time since last dental visit. This study may well be the first to examine the utilization of dental services by rural, non reservation Indians. The findings presented can serve as a basis for future investigation to improve the provision of dental services to this patient population.", "contents": "Utilization of emergency dental services by rural, nonreservation Indians. The Shasta-Trinity-Siskiyou Indian dental clinic, which serves rural, nonreservation Indians in California, implemented a health education program designed to convert patients from an emergency to a routine care basis. A study was conducted, therefore, of the utilization patterns of 109 emergency patients treated at a clinic from September, 1971, through November, 1972, in order to provide information to improve this educational program. The results of the study showed that 58.7 percent of the emergency patients returned for routine care. Analyses of those patients who returned and those who did not return for care were made with regard to age, sex, time since last dental visit, and type of emergency treatment received. There were significant differences between the two groups of emergency patients with regard to age and type of treatment received. Those most likely to return for routine care were the patients 15 years or younger, and those who had received operative care. The emergency patients in the 16-25 age group, and those who received periodontal care were the least likely to return. No significant differences were found with regard to sex, or time since last dental visit. The emergency patients and patients whose initial visit to the clinic was for routine care were compared. A significant difference was found with regard to age. The patients 15 years or younger had the lowest percentage of initial visits for emergency care, and the 16-25 year age group had the highest. No significant differences were found with regard to sex, or time since last dental visit. This study may well be the first to examine the utilization of dental services by rural, non reservation Indians. The findings presented can serve as a basis for future investigation to improve the provision of dental services to this patient population.", "PMID": 1057023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2019", "title": "Satisfaction with care and the utilization of dental services at a neighborhood health center.", "content": "The purpose of this research was to develop further information relevant to the problem of utilization of dental services at neighborhood health centers.  The research objectives were: (1) A descriptive assessment of the utilization trends of the population served by a neighborhood health center; (2) Some determination of any possible correlation between failed appointments and patients' satisfaction with dental care; and, (3) Some exploration of possible reasons for non-utilization of scheduled dental appointments by a sample of patients from the neighborhood health center who report a history of previous dental treatment.  From dental clinic daily appointment sheets, an assessment of utilization trends of a neighborhood health center population for a seven-month period (jon trends of a neighborhood health center population for a seven-month period (June 1, 1973 to December 31,1973) was obtained.  In addition, analyses of patient treatment records and information obtained from personal interviews with 40 individuals from the health center population facilitated the completion of the second and third research objectives.  The results indicated: (1) Compared to the findings of earlier research,-3 the reported ratio of broken to total appointments scheduled for this study population was substantially lower; (2) There is a rather strong relation between satisfaction with care and the utilization of dental services at the neighborhood health center studied; (3) Satisfaction with care is dependent upon a number of factors; and (4) Reasons given for nonutilization of scheduled dental services are practical ones, of which some are also reflected in the reasons given ofr dissatisfaction with dental care.", "contents": "Satisfaction with care and the utilization of dental services at a neighborhood health center. The purpose of this research was to develop further information relevant to the problem of utilization of dental services at neighborhood health centers.  The research objectives were: (1) A descriptive assessment of the utilization trends of the population served by a neighborhood health center; (2) Some determination of any possible correlation between failed appointments and patients' satisfaction with dental care; and, (3) Some exploration of possible reasons for non-utilization of scheduled dental appointments by a sample of patients from the neighborhood health center who report a history of previous dental treatment.  From dental clinic daily appointment sheets, an assessment of utilization trends of a neighborhood health center population for a seven-month period (jon trends of a neighborhood health center population for a seven-month period (June 1, 1973 to December 31,1973) was obtained.  In addition, analyses of patient treatment records and information obtained from personal interviews with 40 individuals from the health center population facilitated the completion of the second and third research objectives.  The results indicated: (1) Compared to the findings of earlier research,-3 the reported ratio of broken to total appointments scheduled for this study population was substantially lower; (2) There is a rather strong relation between satisfaction with care and the utilization of dental services at the neighborhood health center studied; (3) Satisfaction with care is dependent upon a number of factors; and (4) Reasons given for nonutilization of scheduled dental services are practical ones, of which some are also reflected in the reasons given ofr dissatisfaction with dental care.", "PMID": 1057024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2020", "title": "Attitudes among dental students concerning dental public health as a professional career.", "content": "The report has presented information about attitudes concerning Career in Dental Public Health of 722 dental students representing 19 American schools of dentistry.  \"Attitude\" was operationally defined by the \"attractiveness\" of the concept as measured in 1969 with the semantic differential technic (exciting-dull, rewarding-frustrating, successful-unsuccessful).-6  The \"attractiveness\" of Career in Dental Public Health was compared with that of two other concepts: Career in Private Practice and Career in Dental Education.  Specifications were made according to year of study, individual school, type of school (public or private control), geographical region of university town, and dental school relation to graduate schools of public health.  Observed differences in student attitudes at the different schools were analyzed in relation to the emphasis each school placed in 1968-69 on instruction in (dental) public health, and to the amount of experieniced instruction in (dental) public health by each individual class.", "contents": "Attitudes among dental students concerning dental public health as a professional career. The report has presented information about attitudes concerning Career in Dental Public Health of 722 dental students representing 19 American schools of dentistry.  \"Attitude\" was operationally defined by the \"attractiveness\" of the concept as measured in 1969 with the semantic differential technic (exciting-dull, rewarding-frustrating, successful-unsuccessful).-6  The \"attractiveness\" of Career in Dental Public Health was compared with that of two other concepts: Career in Private Practice and Career in Dental Education.  Specifications were made according to year of study, individual school, type of school (public or private control), geographical region of university town, and dental school relation to graduate schools of public health.  Observed differences in student attitudes at the different schools were analyzed in relation to the emphasis each school placed in 1968-69 on instruction in (dental) public health, and to the amount of experieniced instruction in (dental) public health by each individual class.", "PMID": 1057026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2021", "title": "The effect of the new federalism on education for dental public health.", "content": "The interest of this paper was to explore the effects of the \"New Federalism\" on the future dental public health training.  It has indicated that there is a need for an immediate source of funding in order to avoid curtailment of dental public health training programs, and an adverse change in the composition of future students.  Further, the national character of public health training was recognized and the federal level of government was looked to anxiously in order to observe what will happen with the training and general purpose monies.  Only with a definite and long-term commitment from government, whether it be centrally or regionally located, can dental public health programming flourish once again.", "contents": "The effect of the new federalism on education for dental public health. The interest of this paper was to explore the effects of the \"New Federalism\" on the future dental public health training.  It has indicated that there is a need for an immediate source of funding in order to avoid curtailment of dental public health training programs, and an adverse change in the composition of future students.  Further, the national character of public health training was recognized and the federal level of government was looked to anxiously in order to observe what will happen with the training and general purpose monies.  Only with a definite and long-term commitment from government, whether it be centrally or regionally located, can dental public health programming flourish once again.", "PMID": 1057027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2022", "title": "Educational program  n dental public health at schools of public health as of fall 1973.", "content": "A letter of inquiry from a fictious dentist, requesting applications and information regarding training in dental public health, was sent to each of the 19 accredited Schools of Public Health. The purpose of the survey was to determine the manner in which the schools respond to a letter of inquiry from a dentist and to determine, from the material included in the response, what type of program in dental public health, if any, each school had. All 19 schools responded, but the type and quality of the responses varied greatly. Some schools answered the questions fully and others ignored them. From the bulletins of the schools and other material contained in the responses, seven schools were determined to have what could be termed viable programs in dental public health. Two of the seven programs are administratively independent with full-time faculty as directors of their programs; three of the programs receive their major input in dental public health from an affiliated dental school; one program's input of dental public health is provided by the school of public health; and one program has an affiliation with a dental school, but the major portion of the input for dental public health during the year of preparation for the degree of MPH is provided in the school of public health. There are seven schools of public health with eight full-time faculty who are public health dentists, although only three of the faculty spend a substantial portion of their time in activities related to dental public health. Five schoolshave no public health dentist on the faculty and they have a total of 33 part-time faculty at the rank of assistant professor or higher and a total of 36 part-time faculty with a rank lower than instructor. Twelve of the schools of public health still require only a minimum of an academic year for a dentist to receive the degree of MPH and only one school requires more than a calendar year. Only five schools require field-experience in order for a dentist to receive his degree of MPH. Most schools, it appears, do not provide a program for dentists which meets the standards established by the American Public Health Association or the American Board of Dental Public Health. It is time to question the blanket acceptance by the Council on Dental Education of the American Public Health Association's accreditation of Schools of Public Health for meeting the academic requirements in the specialty of dental public health.", "contents": "Educational program  n dental public health at schools of public health as of fall 1973. A letter of inquiry from a fictious dentist, requesting applications and information regarding training in dental public health, was sent to each of the 19 accredited Schools of Public Health. The purpose of the survey was to determine the manner in which the schools respond to a letter of inquiry from a dentist and to determine, from the material included in the response, what type of program in dental public health, if any, each school had. All 19 schools responded, but the type and quality of the responses varied greatly. Some schools answered the questions fully and others ignored them. From the bulletins of the schools and other material contained in the responses, seven schools were determined to have what could be termed viable programs in dental public health. Two of the seven programs are administratively independent with full-time faculty as directors of their programs; three of the programs receive their major input in dental public health from an affiliated dental school; one program's input of dental public health is provided by the school of public health; and one program has an affiliation with a dental school, but the major portion of the input for dental public health during the year of preparation for the degree of MPH is provided in the school of public health. There are seven schools of public health with eight full-time faculty who are public health dentists, although only three of the faculty spend a substantial portion of their time in activities related to dental public health. Five schoolshave no public health dentist on the faculty and they have a total of 33 part-time faculty at the rank of assistant professor or higher and a total of 36 part-time faculty with a rank lower than instructor. Twelve of the schools of public health still require only a minimum of an academic year for a dentist to receive the degree of MPH and only one school requires more than a calendar year. Only five schools require field-experience in order for a dentist to receive his degree of MPH. Most schools, it appears, do not provide a program for dentists which meets the standards established by the American Public Health Association or the American Board of Dental Public Health. It is time to question the blanket acceptance by the Council on Dental Education of the American Public Health Association's accreditation of Schools of Public Health for meeting the academic requirements in the specialty of dental public health.", "PMID": 1057028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2023", "title": "Dental students paired for DAU training.", "content": "In summary, policy has been established at the University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry which pairs dental students for their clinical experiences during the first two years of their dental education--alternating the roles of dentist and assistant. A modified program for third-year dental students has been designed which includes assignment of trained dental assistants and some limited solo operations as well as a continuation of the pairing. It is anticipated that this approach will also be employed during the fourth year with more emphasis being placed upon utilization of trained assistants. The formal DAU course is given first semester of freshman year; and the principles are reinforced in each subsequent year. The advantages of this program seem to be (1) early integration of DAU principles into the curriculum, (2) increased efficiency while operating in pairs, (3) experience for training assistants for further private practice, (4) reduced appointment time for patients and (5) better use of clinical space. The application of the pairing concept will be continuously reevaluated to determine if such benefits are forthcoming.", "contents": "Dental students paired for DAU training. In summary, policy has been established at the University of Oklahoma College of Dentistry which pairs dental students for their clinical experiences during the first two years of their dental education--alternating the roles of dentist and assistant. A modified program for third-year dental students has been designed which includes assignment of trained dental assistants and some limited solo operations as well as a continuation of the pairing. It is anticipated that this approach will also be employed during the fourth year with more emphasis being placed upon utilization of trained assistants. The formal DAU course is given first semester of freshman year; and the principles are reinforced in each subsequent year. The advantages of this program seem to be (1) early integration of DAU principles into the curriculum, (2) increased efficiency while operating in pairs, (3) experience for training assistants for further private practice, (4) reduced appointment time for patients and (5) better use of clinical space. The application of the pairing concept will be continuously reevaluated to determine if such benefits are forthcoming.", "PMID": 1057029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2024", "title": "Fever of unknown origin and the value of gallium-67 and technetium-99M for defining abnormality of the spleen: a case report.", "content": "A three-year-old white female with acute promyelocytic leukemia developed persistent fever after successful induction-remission therapy; many large monilial abscesses were later found in the grossly enlarged spleen. Although the technetium-99M sulfur colloid scan prior to splenectomy suggested only a slight abnormality of the spleen, the gallium-67 citrate scintigraph showed a marked increase in gallium accumulation. The disparate results of the scanning techniques utilized in this patient suggest that it may be necessary to use more than one type of radiopharmaceutical to define an enlarged spleen, as well as the pathological process responsible for its enlargement.", "contents": "Fever of unknown origin and the value of gallium-67 and technetium-99M for defining abnormality of the spleen: a case report. A three-year-old white female with acute promyelocytic leukemia developed persistent fever after successful induction-remission therapy; many large monilial abscesses were later found in the grossly enlarged spleen. Although the technetium-99M sulfur colloid scan prior to splenectomy suggested only a slight abnormality of the spleen, the gallium-67 citrate scintigraph showed a marked increase in gallium accumulation. The disparate results of the scanning techniques utilized in this patient suggest that it may be necessary to use more than one type of radiopharmaceutical to define an enlarged spleen, as well as the pathological process responsible for its enlargement.", "PMID": 1057032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2025", "title": "An analysis of controlled mandibular movement.", "content": "Kinematographic traces enable an assessment of jaw movements in the sagittal and coronal planes and the relationship of centric relation to centric occlusion can be determined. Centric relation in this context does not necessarily imply the ligamentous position but rather to an actively obtained physiological border position possibly corresponding to the retruded direct contact position. This position in normal subjects is either postero-inferior to or coincident with centric occlusion. Normal subjects were able to make lateral movements of the jaws to and from centric occlusion on either side and certain subjects were able to describe a plateau in or about the horizontal position of centric occlusion. Rhythmic traces showed that opening and closing movements of the jaws could be made in about 550 msec and reflex jaw opening was usually elicited after centric occlusion had been achieved. The significant correlation coefficients found by measuring the angles of opening, terminal opening and closing indicated that jaw movement was integrated. The TMJ series differed from the normal series in nearly all phases of jaw movement recorded. Centric relation was found to be lateral and antero-inferior to centric occlusion. On the side of the first interceptive tooth contact the patient was not able to return the jaws to centric occlusion. Intermittent traces indicated that there was no significant correlation between the angles of opening, terminal opening and closing suggesting that jaw movement were incoordinated. This was reflected in rhythmic traces which were considerably longer than those of the normal series. This increase in duration was found to be due partially to centric slides and partially to asynergistic movements of the mandible. The jaw-opening reflex was not usually elicitable. It is considered that in the TMJ series centric occlusion is a strained position and is usually lateral to and postero-superior to centric relation. This relationship of centric occlusion to centric relation is the reverse of normal relations and indicates that the mandible is displaced in centric occlusion. In general, patients with the TMJ syndrome have a postero-lateral displacement of the mandible.", "contents": "An analysis of controlled mandibular movement. Kinematographic traces enable an assessment of jaw movements in the sagittal and coronal planes and the relationship of centric relation to centric occlusion can be determined. Centric relation in this context does not necessarily imply the ligamentous position but rather to an actively obtained physiological border position possibly corresponding to the retruded direct contact position. This position in normal subjects is either postero-inferior to or coincident with centric occlusion. Normal subjects were able to make lateral movements of the jaws to and from centric occlusion on either side and certain subjects were able to describe a plateau in or about the horizontal position of centric occlusion. Rhythmic traces showed that opening and closing movements of the jaws could be made in about 550 msec and reflex jaw opening was usually elicited after centric occlusion had been achieved. The significant correlation coefficients found by measuring the angles of opening, terminal opening and closing indicated that jaw movement was integrated. The TMJ series differed from the normal series in nearly all phases of jaw movement recorded. Centric relation was found to be lateral and antero-inferior to centric occlusion. On the side of the first interceptive tooth contact the patient was not able to return the jaws to centric occlusion. Intermittent traces indicated that there was no significant correlation between the angles of opening, terminal opening and closing suggesting that jaw movement were incoordinated. This was reflected in rhythmic traces which were considerably longer than those of the normal series. This increase in duration was found to be due partially to centric slides and partially to asynergistic movements of the mandible. The jaw-opening reflex was not usually elicitable. It is considered that in the TMJ series centric occlusion is a strained position and is usually lateral to and postero-superior to centric relation. This relationship of centric occlusion to centric relation is the reverse of normal relations and indicates that the mandible is displaced in centric occlusion. In general, patients with the TMJ syndrome have a postero-lateral displacement of the mandible.", "PMID": 1057040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2026", "title": "Medical ethics: some uses, abuses, and limitations.", "content": "A backlash against medical ethics may be developing because of a misunderstanding of its purpose and limitation.  A primary role of medical ethics is to \"structure\" the disputed issues--i.e., by detailing the relevant principles and implications, analyzing the pivotal concepts, and focusing on the relevant facts.  Medical ethics is limited by being unable to discriminate finely, so that a single line of action can seldom be determined by moral criteria alone.  Underlying many criticisms of medical ethics is the failure to realize that medical ethics as such is not a reform movement or an effort to inspire moral behavior, that it is not and cannot be a specialist's body of esoteric knowledge, that it requires facts and conceptual analyses from other fields to do its work, and that value arguments can be carried farther than one generally expects.", "contents": "Medical ethics: some uses, abuses, and limitations. A backlash against medical ethics may be developing because of a misunderstanding of its purpose and limitation.  A primary role of medical ethics is to \"structure\" the disputed issues--i.e., by detailing the relevant principles and implications, analyzing the pivotal concepts, and focusing on the relevant facts.  Medical ethics is limited by being unable to discriminate finely, so that a single line of action can seldom be determined by moral criteria alone.  Underlying many criticisms of medical ethics is the failure to realize that medical ethics as such is not a reform movement or an effort to inspire moral behavior, that it is not and cannot be a specialist's body of esoteric knowledge, that it requires facts and conceptual analyses from other fields to do its work, and that value arguments can be carried farther than one generally expects.", "PMID": 1057044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2027", "title": "[Morphological changes in lung tissue developing during controlled respiration in patients with severe neurological diseases].", "content": "Morphological analysis of lungs was carried out in patients dying in the Department of Neurology who were treated before death by controlled respiration with respirators. Changes in the pulmonary tissue included mainly atelectasis and chronic oedema. For a better analysis the material was divided into 4 groups. Group I included earliest changes with slight atelectasis and hyperaemia of alveolar septa. Group II comprised cased with advanced atelectasis and manifest oedema. Group III contained cases with hyaeline membrane presence. In group IV pulmonary fibrosis was found. These findings were similar to those observed in other patients treated with respirators.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in lung tissue developing during controlled respiration in patients with severe neurological diseases]. Morphological analysis of lungs was carried out in patients dying in the Department of Neurology who were treated before death by controlled respiration with respirators. Changes in the pulmonary tissue included mainly atelectasis and chronic oedema. For a better analysis the material was divided into 4 groups. Group I included earliest changes with slight atelectasis and hyperaemia of alveolar septa. Group II comprised cased with advanced atelectasis and manifest oedema. Group III contained cases with hyaeline membrane presence. In group IV pulmonary fibrosis was found. These findings were similar to those observed in other patients treated with respirators.", "PMID": 1057047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2028", "title": "The place of a general intensive care unit in a metropolitan hospital.", "content": "The results of a six-year survey are given of the admissions, treatment and prognosis of 3310 patients in the intensive care unit at Middlemore Hospital from 1966-72. The range and extent of the treatment underlines both the need for and the value of a general intensive care unit in the integrated daily routine of a large general hospital.", "contents": "The place of a general intensive care unit in a metropolitan hospital. The results of a six-year survey are given of the admissions, treatment and prognosis of 3310 patients in the intensive care unit at Middlemore Hospital from 1966-72. The range and extent of the treatment underlines both the need for and the value of a general intensive care unit in the integrated daily routine of a large general hospital.", "PMID": 1057084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2029", "title": "Anaemia in the elderly: caveat caecum.", "content": "The experience of a professorial unit over a four-year period of carcinoma of the colon and rectum is described. The high incidence of anaemia in lesions proximal to the splenic flexure is shown. The distressing misdiagnosis of the cause of this anaemia is pointed out, and the consequent misuse of haematinics in the form of blood transfusion, iron and vitamin B12 is shown.", "contents": "Anaemia in the elderly: caveat caecum. The experience of a professorial unit over a four-year period of carcinoma of the colon and rectum is described. The high incidence of anaemia in lesions proximal to the splenic flexure is shown. The distressing misdiagnosis of the cause of this anaemia is pointed out, and the consequent misuse of haematinics in the form of blood transfusion, iron and vitamin B12 is shown.", "PMID": 1057085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2030", "title": "Environmental lead exposure in Christchurch children: soil lead a potential hazard.", "content": "A study of childhood blood lead levels and of soil lead levels has been carried out in Christchurch. The results indicate a potent hazard especially to the child with unusual appetite for soil. Screening and preventative programmes are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Environmental lead exposure in Christchurch children: soil lead a potential hazard. A study of childhood blood lead levels and of soil lead levels has been carried out in Christchurch. The results indicate a potent hazard especially to the child with unusual appetite for soil. Screening and preventative programmes are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1057086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2031", "title": "Dural invasion by pituitary tumours.", "content": "In 12 cases of pituitary tumour the dura mater of the sella turcica or diaphragma sellae in contact with the tumour was examined histologically. In nine cases tumour cells were found lying deep in the substance of the dura. Dura from the sella of seven subjects without pituitary disease, obtianed at autopsy, showed no inclusions of pituitary tissue. Four of the cases studied were known before death to suffer from an invasive pituitary adenoma. Of eight surviving cases operated upon in the last two years, five showed dural invasion by tumour. The present report suggests that the condition may be more frequent than expected and that with more study it may provide an index of prognosis. It also defines a requirement for the surgeon aiming to prevent recurrence of tumour after operation or to achieve a complete endocrine ablation.", "contents": "Dural invasion by pituitary tumours. In 12 cases of pituitary tumour the dura mater of the sella turcica or diaphragma sellae in contact with the tumour was examined histologically. In nine cases tumour cells were found lying deep in the substance of the dura. Dura from the sella of seven subjects without pituitary disease, obtianed at autopsy, showed no inclusions of pituitary tissue. Four of the cases studied were known before death to suffer from an invasive pituitary adenoma. Of eight surviving cases operated upon in the last two years, five showed dural invasion by tumour. The present report suggests that the condition may be more frequent than expected and that with more study it may provide an index of prognosis. It also defines a requirement for the surgeon aiming to prevent recurrence of tumour after operation or to achieve a complete endocrine ablation.", "PMID": 1057087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2032", "title": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome with hepatitis following therapy with ampicillin and cephalexin.", "content": "The Stevens-Johnson syndrome is rarely associated with hepatitis and neither entity is commonly seen following the use of ampicillin or cephalexin. An infant is described in whom both entities appeared simultaneously following therapy with these drugs.", "contents": "Stevens-Johnson syndrome with hepatitis following therapy with ampicillin and cephalexin. The Stevens-Johnson syndrome is rarely associated with hepatitis and neither entity is commonly seen following the use of ampicillin or cephalexin. An infant is described in whom both entities appeared simultaneously following therapy with these drugs.", "PMID": 1057088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2033", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip in Southland.", "content": "A study of incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip in Southland was undertaken. Covering as it does a 20-year period during which the common age of diagnosis was reduced from 20 months to three months, this series shows a rising recorded incidence of CDH in a period associated with the arrival of a resident orthopaedic surgeon and introduction of the test of limited abduction with x-ray confirmation. The incidence in the succeeding 10 years rising to 2.9 per thousand live births was between the old average for late diagnosis and that obtained with neonatal examination. A higher incidence among winter births, being twice that of summer, agrees with previously published series. An area of higher incidence on the South coast appears to be explained by two families which include seven of the 25 children born in that zone and 12 of the total 103 in the series. In these two families, the affected children are related by being cousins or second cousins.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip in Southland. A study of incidence of congenital dislocation of the hip in Southland was undertaken. Covering as it does a 20-year period during which the common age of diagnosis was reduced from 20 months to three months, this series shows a rising recorded incidence of CDH in a period associated with the arrival of a resident orthopaedic surgeon and introduction of the test of limited abduction with x-ray confirmation. The incidence in the succeeding 10 years rising to 2.9 per thousand live births was between the old average for late diagnosis and that obtained with neonatal examination. A higher incidence among winter births, being twice that of summer, agrees with previously published series. An area of higher incidence on the South coast appears to be explained by two families which include seven of the 25 children born in that zone and 12 of the total 103 in the series. In these two families, the affected children are related by being cousins or second cousins.", "PMID": 1057091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2034", "title": "The transient nephrotic syndrome of pregnancy.", "content": "The transient nephrotic syndrome was observed in 24 pregnancies in 23 patients, over a five-year period, in a base hospital obstetric unit. The clinical and biochemical features of this syndrome were similar to the nephrotic syndrome observed in non-pregnant patients. In only half the episodes was the patient a primigravida. In three multigravida patients, previous pregnancies were normal. In 10 of the 24 pregnancies, a perinatal death occurred. A bad fetal prognosis was associated with an early onset of the nephrotic syndrome. Of 11 pregnancies in nine patients occurring after the pregnancy complicated by the transient nephrotic syndrome, seven were normal. One pregnancy was complicated by heavy proteinuria, one by hypertension and intra-uterine death, one by an hydatidiform mole, and one was terminated.", "contents": "The transient nephrotic syndrome of pregnancy. The transient nephrotic syndrome was observed in 24 pregnancies in 23 patients, over a five-year period, in a base hospital obstetric unit. The clinical and biochemical features of this syndrome were similar to the nephrotic syndrome observed in non-pregnant patients. In only half the episodes was the patient a primigravida. In three multigravida patients, previous pregnancies were normal. In 10 of the 24 pregnancies, a perinatal death occurred. A bad fetal prognosis was associated with an early onset of the nephrotic syndrome. Of 11 pregnancies in nine patients occurring after the pregnancy complicated by the transient nephrotic syndrome, seven were normal. One pregnancy was complicated by heavy proteinuria, one by hypertension and intra-uterine death, one by an hydatidiform mole, and one was terminated.", "PMID": 1057092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2035", "title": "Scombroid-type poisoning induced by the ingestion of smoked kahawai.", "content": "Three incidents of presumptive scombroid poisoning were reported in the Wellington area in 1973. Two of these cases were attributed to canned mackerel and the third to smoked kahawai. The marked similarity of the symptoms of the kahawai poisoning to those of the other two outbreaks of scombroid fish poisoning and the relief following anti-histamine therapy suggests that the poisoning arose from a similar source. Analysis of the extracts from the smoked kahawai revealed an abnormally high level of histamine and the presence of an unknown toxin. The unknown substance resembled saurine, the toxin that has been incriminated in scromboid poisoning, thus suggesting that scombroid intoxication may not be confined to fish belonging to the sub-order Scombroidei.", "contents": "Scombroid-type poisoning induced by the ingestion of smoked kahawai. Three incidents of presumptive scombroid poisoning were reported in the Wellington area in 1973. Two of these cases were attributed to canned mackerel and the third to smoked kahawai. The marked similarity of the symptoms of the kahawai poisoning to those of the other two outbreaks of scombroid fish poisoning and the relief following anti-histamine therapy suggests that the poisoning arose from a similar source. Analysis of the extracts from the smoked kahawai revealed an abnormally high level of histamine and the presence of an unknown toxin. The unknown substance resembled saurine, the toxin that has been incriminated in scromboid poisoning, thus suggesting that scombroid intoxication may not be confined to fish belonging to the sub-order Scombroidei.", "PMID": 1057093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2036", "title": "Cyanosis and unrecognised atrial septal defect in children.", "content": "Two unusual cases of cyanosis and atrial septal defects are presented. Relative hypoplasia of the right ventricle was an associated feature. In both cases cyanosis was the presenting symptom and the usual clinical signs of atrial septal defect were absent. Chest x-rays and electrocardiograms were normal and the correct diagnosis was not made until after cardiac catherisation.", "contents": "Cyanosis and unrecognised atrial septal defect in children. Two unusual cases of cyanosis and atrial septal defects are presented. Relative hypoplasia of the right ventricle was an associated feature. In both cases cyanosis was the presenting symptom and the usual clinical signs of atrial septal defect were absent. Chest x-rays and electrocardiograms were normal and the correct diagnosis was not made until after cardiac catherisation.", "PMID": 1057094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2037", "title": "Late presenting, intrarenal haematoma as a complication of renal biopsy.", "content": "An intrarenal haematoma, necessitating surgical evacuation, is described as a novel, late presenting, complication of percutaneous renal biopsy in a patient with amyloid disease.", "contents": "Late presenting, intrarenal haematoma as a complication of renal biopsy. An intrarenal haematoma, necessitating surgical evacuation, is described as a novel, late presenting, complication of percutaneous renal biopsy in a patient with amyloid disease.", "PMID": 1057095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2038", "title": "Christchurch traffic trauma survey: Part 1, Blood alcohol analysis.", "content": "Some accurate information concerning the drivers involved in traffic accidents was obtained in a survey at Christchurch Hospital. Investigation of these drivers' occupations revealed that a significant proportion came from the semi-skilled and unskilled occupational groups. Alcohol is confirmed as an important factor in traffic accidents and a number of other characteristics of the drivers are described. The dangers of relying on officially-acquired statistics for research work are revealed.", "contents": "Christchurch traffic trauma survey: Part 1, Blood alcohol analysis. Some accurate information concerning the drivers involved in traffic accidents was obtained in a survey at Christchurch Hospital. Investigation of these drivers' occupations revealed that a significant proportion came from the semi-skilled and unskilled occupational groups. Alcohol is confirmed as an important factor in traffic accidents and a number of other characteristics of the drivers are described. The dangers of relying on officially-acquired statistics for research work are revealed.", "PMID": 1057100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2039", "title": "Non-compliance and errors of drug administration in patients discharged from acute medical wards.", "content": "Three hundred and fifteen patients discharged from acute general medical wards over an 18-month period were studied prospectively to determine deficiencies in medication ingestion from that expected by the hospital clinicians. Thirteen percent did not receive an entirely correct written prescription at the time of discharge from hospital. In 4.5 percent this was the sole reason for treatment failure. Excluding these patients, 40.5 percent of the remainder admitted to medication variations over a 1-6 week period. Non-compliance proved to be a cause of drug default by patients three times as frequently as simple error. Where all errors were considered the ratio was 2 : 1. Whereas non-compliance (indicating volitional intent) was a more common basis for medication variation in Europeans, simple error was a more common cause in Polynesians. Two out of every five of the latter group took incorrect or incomplete therapy because of misinterpretation of instructions, either provided by hospital clinical staff, or printed upon their medication containers. The reasons for non-compliance and simple error are elucidated and the problem of non-delivery of expected medication is discussed. In devising methods for improving accuracy of drug self-administration after discharge from hospital the entities of simple error and non-compliance warrant individual attention.", "contents": "Non-compliance and errors of drug administration in patients discharged from acute medical wards. Three hundred and fifteen patients discharged from acute general medical wards over an 18-month period were studied prospectively to determine deficiencies in medication ingestion from that expected by the hospital clinicians. Thirteen percent did not receive an entirely correct written prescription at the time of discharge from hospital. In 4.5 percent this was the sole reason for treatment failure. Excluding these patients, 40.5 percent of the remainder admitted to medication variations over a 1-6 week period. Non-compliance proved to be a cause of drug default by patients three times as frequently as simple error. Where all errors were considered the ratio was 2 : 1. Whereas non-compliance (indicating volitional intent) was a more common basis for medication variation in Europeans, simple error was a more common cause in Polynesians. Two out of every five of the latter group took incorrect or incomplete therapy because of misinterpretation of instructions, either provided by hospital clinical staff, or printed upon their medication containers. The reasons for non-compliance and simple error are elucidated and the problem of non-delivery of expected medication is discussed. In devising methods for improving accuracy of drug self-administration after discharge from hospital the entities of simple error and non-compliance warrant individual attention.", "PMID": 1057101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2040", "title": "A study of the normal range of blood pressure in the aged New Zealand male.", "content": "A study of blood pressure in males 60 years of age and over, its relationship to age, ideal body weight and time of day, was performed by taking a total of 442 recordings on 133 subjects. No relationship between arterial pressure and increasing age was demonstrable. The relationship between arterial pressure and ideal body weight which exists in other sectors of the population also exists in this age group. In this age group, arterial pressure was not found to vary significantly during the day.", "contents": "A study of the normal range of blood pressure in the aged New Zealand male. A study of blood pressure in males 60 years of age and over, its relationship to age, ideal body weight and time of day, was performed by taking a total of 442 recordings on 133 subjects. No relationship between arterial pressure and increasing age was demonstrable. The relationship between arterial pressure and ideal body weight which exists in other sectors of the population also exists in this age group. In this age group, arterial pressure was not found to vary significantly during the day.", "PMID": 1057102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2041", "title": "Hyperkinesis and chronic constipation.", "content": "A series of hyperkinetic children (Minimal Brain Dysfunction) is presented, who in part or whole responded to therapy for chronic constipation.", "contents": "Hyperkinesis and chronic constipation. A series of hyperkinetic children (Minimal Brain Dysfunction) is presented, who in part or whole responded to therapy for chronic constipation.", "PMID": 1057103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2042", "title": "Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus \"mitis\" as indicators of contamination of root canal cultures.", "content": "Small samples were taken from the first drop of saliva entering an operation field for root canal treatment isolated by rubber dam, which was intentionally leaky. The samples were primarly cultured in TAS- and BLH-medium and on MS-agar aerobically. The culture media were inoculated directly and via transport medium (VMG III). The cultures were analysed for Strep. salivarius, Strep. sanguis and/or Strep. \"mitis\" after subculture on MS-agar as soon as visible growth had appeared in the broth media and again after a further 2 days. The following observations were made: 1. Strep. salivarius was almost regularly found in either or both of TAS- and BLH-medium at primary culture of the samples contaminated with saliva. The result was the same whether these broth media were inoculated directly or via VMG III. 2. Strep. salivarius was always found in mixed cultures and was nearly always accompanied by Strep. sanguis and/or Strep. \"mitis\". 3. Strep. salivarius as well as Strep. sanguis survived two days after visible growth significantly more oftern in BLH-medium than in TAS-medium. The findings lend support to the hypothesis based on clinical studies that when present in root canal cultures Strep. salivarius is ascribable to contamination with saliva.", "contents": "Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus \"mitis\" as indicators of contamination of root canal cultures. Small samples were taken from the first drop of saliva entering an operation field for root canal treatment isolated by rubber dam, which was intentionally leaky. The samples were primarly cultured in TAS- and BLH-medium and on MS-agar aerobically. The culture media were inoculated directly and via transport medium (VMG III). The cultures were analysed for Strep. salivarius, Strep. sanguis and/or Strep. \"mitis\" after subculture on MS-agar as soon as visible growth had appeared in the broth media and again after a further 2 days. The following observations were made: 1. Strep. salivarius was almost regularly found in either or both of TAS- and BLH-medium at primary culture of the samples contaminated with saliva. The result was the same whether these broth media were inoculated directly or via VMG III. 2. Strep. salivarius was always found in mixed cultures and was nearly always accompanied by Strep. sanguis and/or Strep. \"mitis\". 3. Strep. salivarius as well as Strep. sanguis survived two days after visible growth significantly more oftern in BLH-medium than in TAS-medium. The findings lend support to the hypothesis based on clinical studies that when present in root canal cultures Strep. salivarius is ascribable to contamination with saliva.", "PMID": 1057108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2043", "title": "Denture stomatitis. A histological and microradiographic study of the alveolar mucosa.", "content": "The alveolar mucosa in the upper jaw from 12 patients suffering from severe denture stomatitis was examined histologically and microradiographically using ultrasoft X-rays. Pathological changes of the epithelial cell layers were observed in all cases. In 10 of the 12 cases examined no keratinization was found. A reduction in the number of epithelial cell layers was commonly observed. In most cases the connective tissue showed signs of moderate to severe inflammation. The inflammatory reaction and the degenerative changes of the tissue were presumably due to a combined effect of microorganisms and mechanical trauma.", "contents": "Denture stomatitis. A histological and microradiographic study of the alveolar mucosa. The alveolar mucosa in the upper jaw from 12 patients suffering from severe denture stomatitis was examined histologically and microradiographically using ultrasoft X-rays. Pathological changes of the epithelial cell layers were observed in all cases. In 10 of the 12 cases examined no keratinization was found. A reduction in the number of epithelial cell layers was commonly observed. In most cases the connective tissue showed signs of moderate to severe inflammation. The inflammatory reaction and the degenerative changes of the tissue were presumably due to a combined effect of microorganisms and mechanical trauma.", "PMID": 1057109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2044", "title": "Variation of caries frequency with socio-economic background in unselected and extreme groups of 14-year old children in Malm\u00f6.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to find out whether any correlation exists between socio-economic factors and caries frequency in unselected and extreme groups of 14-year old school children in Malm\u00f6. The material consisted of 360 randomly selected 14-year old school children in Malm\u00f6 (1969) and their parents. The number of DF-surfaces was obtained from the records of the school dental service. Data on the parents' occupation and gross incomes in 1969 were obtained from the tax office in Amlm\u00f6. Extreme groups were obtained by chosen those 10% with the highest caries frequency (H'-group) and a corresponding group with the lowest frequency of caries (L'-group). These two subgroups were compared with a selection of 14-year old school children with high (H-group) and low (L-group) caries frequency, which have been analysed earlier in respect of socio-economic background. No significant correlation was found between socio-economic factors and caries frequency in the non-stratified selection. H'-group and L'-group, on the other hand, showed marked differences in socio-economic background. Compared with the H-group, the H'-group showed a higher number of DF-surfaces. This difference was due to variations in distribution of caries between different schools but was not clearly correlated to socio-economic factors. The differences in socio-economic distribution between H'-group and H-group like between L'-group and L-group were not found to be significant. The findings mean that the conclusions drawn regarding socio-economic factors and dental care regarding H- and L-group also can be regarded as representative of schoolchildren with extremely high and low caries frequency, respectively.", "contents": "Variation of caries frequency with socio-economic background in unselected and extreme groups of 14-year old children in Malm\u00f6. The purpose of the present investigation was to find out whether any correlation exists between socio-economic factors and caries frequency in unselected and extreme groups of 14-year old school children in Malm\u00f6. The material consisted of 360 randomly selected 14-year old school children in Malm\u00f6 (1969) and their parents. The number of DF-surfaces was obtained from the records of the school dental service. Data on the parents' occupation and gross incomes in 1969 were obtained from the tax office in Amlm\u00f6. Extreme groups were obtained by chosen those 10% with the highest caries frequency (H'-group) and a corresponding group with the lowest frequency of caries (L'-group). These two subgroups were compared with a selection of 14-year old school children with high (H-group) and low (L-group) caries frequency, which have been analysed earlier in respect of socio-economic background. No significant correlation was found between socio-economic factors and caries frequency in the non-stratified selection. H'-group and L'-group, on the other hand, showed marked differences in socio-economic background. Compared with the H-group, the H'-group showed a higher number of DF-surfaces. This difference was due to variations in distribution of caries between different schools but was not clearly correlated to socio-economic factors. The differences in socio-economic distribution between H'-group and H-group like between L'-group and L-group were not found to be significant. The findings mean that the conclusions drawn regarding socio-economic factors and dental care regarding H- and L-group also can be regarded as representative of schoolchildren with extremely high and low caries frequency, respectively.", "PMID": 1057111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2045", "title": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia. Report of five new cases from Argentina.", "content": "Five cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia in Argentina from 1968 to 1974 are reported. There was an age range from 11 to 27 years, with an average of 18 years. Three of the patients were born in Jujuy in the northwest corner of the country. Two of these cases were observed in an epidemiologic study carried out among 8,895 20-year-old Argentine men from different areas.", "contents": "Focal epithelial hyperplasia. Report of five new cases from Argentina. Five cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia in Argentina from 1968 to 1974 are reported. There was an age range from 11 to 27 years, with an average of 18 years. Three of the patients were born in Jujuy in the northwest corner of the country. Two of these cases were observed in an epidemiologic study carried out among 8,895 20-year-old Argentine men from different areas.", "PMID": 1057126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2046", "title": "Observation of the articular disc.", "content": "This article reports on a 5-year study of 198 articular discs of the human temporomandibular joint. The investigation revealed a striking incidence of disc degeneration, notably bilaterally presented. The classification used to qualify the condition of the discs consisted of maximal and minimal degeneration and normalcy. We sought to establish the \"norm\" for the disc in each successive decade. The fourth decade revealed no degeneration. Disc alteration follows soon after, as shown by the rather high total curve in the fifth decade. Changes are most marked in the fifth, sixth, and seventh decades. There is inconclusive evidence as to the influence of the dentition on disc alteration. However, the view that a complete and/or partial dentition is least likely to contribute to disc problems seems plausible. In general, no one causal agent could be incriminated with certainty.", "contents": "Observation of the articular disc. This article reports on a 5-year study of 198 articular discs of the human temporomandibular joint. The investigation revealed a striking incidence of disc degeneration, notably bilaterally presented. The classification used to qualify the condition of the discs consisted of maximal and minimal degeneration and normalcy. We sought to establish the \"norm\" for the disc in each successive decade. The fourth decade revealed no degeneration. Disc alteration follows soon after, as shown by the rather high total curve in the fifth decade. Changes are most marked in the fifth, sixth, and seventh decades. There is inconclusive evidence as to the influence of the dentition on disc alteration. However, the view that a complete and/or partial dentition is least likely to contribute to disc problems seems plausible. In general, no one causal agent could be incriminated with certainty.", "PMID": 1057127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2047", "title": "The staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome versus erythema multiforme.", "content": "This article reports a case of scalded-skin syndrome in a young child. Characterized by a generalized exfoliative dermatitis resembling scalded skin, the disease may involve the oral mucosa and must be differentiated from Stevens-Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme). Since the etiology is specific, the disease can be treated with antibiotics with dramatic results.", "contents": "The staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome versus erythema multiforme. This article reports a case of scalded-skin syndrome in a young child. Characterized by a generalized exfoliative dermatitis resembling scalded skin, the disease may involve the oral mucosa and must be differentiated from Stevens-Johnson syndrome (erythema multiforme). Since the etiology is specific, the disease can be treated with antibiotics with dramatic results.", "PMID": 1057129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2048", "title": "Solitary intraductal papilloma of the minor salivary glands.", "content": "A case of solitary intraductal papilloma of a minor salivary gland is presented. The lesion was diagnosed clinically as a mucocele and has not recurred in 6 months of observation. This case is compared, on the basis of clinical data and histomorphologic findings, to three other known cases. Discussion is made of the role this lesion might play in the etiology of ductal obstruction, and the histologic findings of the intraductal papilloma of minor salivary glands and the solitary intraductal papilloma of the breast are compared.", "contents": "Solitary intraductal papilloma of the minor salivary glands. A case of solitary intraductal papilloma of a minor salivary gland is presented. The lesion was diagnosed clinically as a mucocele and has not recurred in 6 months of observation. This case is compared, on the basis of clinical data and histomorphologic findings, to three other known cases. Discussion is made of the role this lesion might play in the etiology of ductal obstruction, and the histologic findings of the intraductal papilloma of minor salivary glands and the solitary intraductal papilloma of the breast are compared.", "PMID": 1057130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2049", "title": "Benign cementoblastoma (true cementoma).", "content": "Benign cementoblastoma is a rare benign odontogenic tumor of mesenchymal origin. As only a few documented cases have been reported in the literature, the clinical and histologic criteria for identifying this type of tumor are still uncertain. Thus, problems of differential diagnosis warrant the present report of a case of benign cementoblastoma in the mandible of a 27-year-old man.", "contents": "Benign cementoblastoma (true cementoma). Benign cementoblastoma is a rare benign odontogenic tumor of mesenchymal origin. As only a few documented cases have been reported in the literature, the clinical and histologic criteria for identifying this type of tumor are still uncertain. Thus, problems of differential diagnosis warrant the present report of a case of benign cementoblastoma in the mandible of a 27-year-old man.", "PMID": 1057131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2050", "title": "Microradiographic description of a crown dilaceration.", "content": "A case of a crown dilaceration in an upper permanent incisor of a 6-year-old child is described. Microradiographs of sagittal sections demonstrated that enamel was broken into fragments which differed on the vestibular and palatal sides. A study of the structural lines in the dentin layer and the disposition of the enamel fragments permits consideration of the lesion as a consolidated fracture.", "contents": "Microradiographic description of a crown dilaceration. A case of a crown dilaceration in an upper permanent incisor of a 6-year-old child is described. Microradiographs of sagittal sections demonstrated that enamel was broken into fragments which differed on the vestibular and palatal sides. A study of the structural lines in the dentin layer and the disposition of the enamel fragments permits consideration of the lesion as a consolidated fracture.", "PMID": 1057133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2051", "title": "Lip reconstruction following resection for an unusual basal-cell carcinoma.", "content": "Basal-cell carcinoma most commonly occurs in men in the fifth to seventh decades of life. The area of the lesion is usually one that has frequent exposure to the sun: the middle third of the face and upper lip. An unusual case of basal-cell carcinoma occurring on the lower lip and involving the commissure in a 21-year-old woman is presented. The surgical procedures for resection of the tumor and reconstruction of the commissure are described.", "contents": "Lip reconstruction following resection for an unusual basal-cell carcinoma. Basal-cell carcinoma most commonly occurs in men in the fifth to seventh decades of life. The area of the lesion is usually one that has frequent exposure to the sun: the middle third of the face and upper lip. An unusual case of basal-cell carcinoma occurring on the lower lip and involving the commissure in a 21-year-old woman is presented. The surgical procedures for resection of the tumor and reconstruction of the commissure are described.", "PMID": 1057136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2052", "title": "Coated versus non-Proplast-coated endosseous blade-vent dental implants.", "content": "In order to determine the efficacy of applying Proplast to dental endosseous bladevent implants, this material was coated on half of sixteen such implants which were bilaterally placed in the mandibles of eight rhesus monkeys. No difference in the clinical acceptability could be ascertained between the two groups. Histologic examination revealed a loose connective tissue layer around the noncoated implants which was not evident around the coated ones.", "contents": "Coated versus non-Proplast-coated endosseous blade-vent dental implants. In order to determine the efficacy of applying Proplast to dental endosseous bladevent implants, this material was coated on half of sixteen such implants which were bilaterally placed in the mandibles of eight rhesus monkeys. No difference in the clinical acceptability could be ascertained between the two groups. Histologic examination revealed a loose connective tissue layer around the noncoated implants which was not evident around the coated ones.", "PMID": 1057137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2053", "title": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: diagnosis and treatment. Report of two cases.", "content": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (phycomycetes), a human fungal disease with oral and perioral findings, has an extremely high morbidity and mortality. The disease is most frequently seen in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. The symptoms, findings, and treatment of rhinocerebral mucormycosis are discussed, and two case histories are presented.", "contents": "Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: diagnosis and treatment. Report of two cases. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (phycomycetes), a human fungal disease with oral and perioral findings, has an extremely high morbidity and mortality. The disease is most frequently seen in patients with poorly controlled diabetes. The symptoms, findings, and treatment of rhinocerebral mucormycosis are discussed, and two case histories are presented.", "PMID": 1057138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2054", "title": "Fractured condyle in a  3-month-old infant.", "content": "A 3-month-old infant sustained trauma to the mandibular symphysis resulting in radiographic evidence of a fracture of the right condylar head. This presented the diffculty of performing a clinical examination and total reliance on history of a trauma and subsequent swelling. Multiple radiographs of the condyles were used to establish the diagnosis and rule out a film artifact. No definitive treatment was required other than muscle exercises and parental instruction as to potential problems.", "contents": "Fractured condyle in a  3-month-old infant. A 3-month-old infant sustained trauma to the mandibular symphysis resulting in radiographic evidence of a fracture of the right condylar head. This presented the diffculty of performing a clinical examination and total reliance on history of a trauma and subsequent swelling. Multiple radiographs of the condyles were used to establish the diagnosis and rule out a film artifact. No definitive treatment was required other than muscle exercises and parental instruction as to potential problems.", "PMID": 1057139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2055", "title": "A sublingual-submandibular calcific mass associated with tumoral calcinosis in a patient with suspected milk-alkali syndrome.", "content": "The milk-alkali syndrome is a disorder with diverse clinical and biochemical manifestations. It includes three known clinical syndromes. A case of milk-alkali syndrome with associated tumoral calcinosis is presented. The patient developed an unusual oral mass as part of the disease complex. Treatment consisted of excision of the intraoral mass, diet management, and surgical correction of the associated ulcer disease.", "contents": "A sublingual-submandibular calcific mass associated with tumoral calcinosis in a patient with suspected milk-alkali syndrome. The milk-alkali syndrome is a disorder with diverse clinical and biochemical manifestations. It includes three known clinical syndromes. A case of milk-alkali syndrome with associated tumoral calcinosis is presented. The patient developed an unusual oral mass as part of the disease complex. Treatment consisted of excision of the intraoral mass, diet management, and surgical correction of the associated ulcer disease.", "PMID": 1057142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2056", "title": "Calcifying odontogenic cyst. A review and analysis of seventy cases.", "content": "Six new cases of the calcifying odontogenic cyst are presented. These and sixty-four previously reported cases have been studied to further delineate characteristic clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of the calcifying odontogenic cyst. A review of the literature with emphasis on the possible histogenesis of the calcifying odontogenic cyst and the nature of the \"ghost cells\" and their products is also presented.", "contents": "Calcifying odontogenic cyst. A review and analysis of seventy cases. Six new cases of the calcifying odontogenic cyst are presented. These and sixty-four previously reported cases have been studied to further delineate characteristic clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of the calcifying odontogenic cyst. A review of the literature with emphasis on the possible histogenesis of the calcifying odontogenic cyst and the nature of the \"ghost cells\" and their products is also presented.", "PMID": 1057143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2057", "title": "Temporomandibular degenerative joint disease. Part I. Anatomy, pathophysiology, and clinical description.", "content": "The anatomy and function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are described in the detail needed to evaluate and treat temporomandibular degenerative joint disease (TDJD). Innervation of the joint and the mechanism of arthralgia are described and related to TDJD. The clinical course of TDJD, radiographic evaluation of it, histopathologic description, and etiology are presented.", "contents": "Temporomandibular degenerative joint disease. Part I. Anatomy, pathophysiology, and clinical description. The anatomy and function of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are described in the detail needed to evaluate and treat temporomandibular degenerative joint disease (TDJD). Innervation of the joint and the mechanism of arthralgia are described and related to TDJD. The clinical course of TDJD, radiographic evaluation of it, histopathologic description, and etiology are presented.", "PMID": 1057144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2058", "title": "An unusual case of temporomandibular joint ankylosis.", "content": "An unusual cause of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint is presented. The treatment plan took into account the potential hazards of major vessel hemorrhage and airway obstruction.", "contents": "An unusual case of temporomandibular joint ankylosis. An unusual cause of ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint is presented. The treatment plan took into account the potential hazards of major vessel hemorrhage and airway obstruction.", "PMID": 1057145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2059", "title": "Maxillary exostoses. Surgical management of an unusual case.", "content": "A case of an unusually large palatal torus and maxillary exostoses is presented. The preoperative evaluation, including laminagrams, is demonstrated. The surgical approach, with an apparent satisfactory result, is also described.", "contents": "Maxillary exostoses. Surgical management of an unusual case. A case of an unusually large palatal torus and maxillary exostoses is presented. The preoperative evaluation, including laminagrams, is demonstrated. The surgical approach, with an apparent satisfactory result, is also described.", "PMID": 1057146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2060", "title": "The elfin facies syndrome.", "content": "The elfin facies syndrome is characterized by idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia; mental retardation; cardiovascular anomalies, usually supravalvular aortic stenosis and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis; a peculiar elfin facies and oral anomalies, primarily enamel hypoplasia and oligodontia. The dental features found in the three cases reported include enamel hypoplasia, severe dental decay, oligodontia, pulp stones, microdontia, and abnormally small roots. Some consistent cephalometric abnormalities were thought to contribute to the unusual facial appearance of these patients.", "contents": "The elfin facies syndrome. The elfin facies syndrome is characterized by idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia; mental retardation; cardiovascular anomalies, usually supravalvular aortic stenosis and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis; a peculiar elfin facies and oral anomalies, primarily enamel hypoplasia and oligodontia. The dental features found in the three cases reported include enamel hypoplasia, severe dental decay, oligodontia, pulp stones, microdontia, and abnormally small roots. Some consistent cephalometric abnormalities were thought to contribute to the unusual facial appearance of these patients.", "PMID": 1057147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2061", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis: a retrospective study.", "content": "A retrospective study was done on patients admitted to the University of Michigan Hospital from 1962 to 1972 with a diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis. The findings in the group studied indicate that Streptococcus viridans was the predominant causative organism, males were affected three times as often as females, erythromycin was effective against organisms of oral origin, dental procedures were not definitely established as responsible for the onset of the disease in any of the cases, and rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease were the predominant, but not the only, predisposing factors.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis: a retrospective study. A retrospective study was done on patients admitted to the University of Michigan Hospital from 1962 to 1972 with a diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis. The findings in the group studied indicate that Streptococcus viridans was the predominant causative organism, males were affected three times as often as females, erythromycin was effective against organisms of oral origin, dental procedures were not definitely established as responsible for the onset of the disease in any of the cases, and rheumatic heart disease and congenital heart disease were the predominant, but not the only, predisposing factors.", "PMID": 1057148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2062", "title": "Verruciform xanthoma. Further light and electron microscopic studies, with the addition of a third case.", "content": "The authors report their third case of verruciform xanthoma confirmed by electron microscopy and frozen-section lipid stains. Studies of the blood in this case revealed normal levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose, just as in the previous two cases reported. An ultrastructural search for etiologic factors with the use of material from all three cases resulted in the hypothesis that this lesion is initiated within the epithelium. The authors propose that epithelial entrapment with degeneration and accumulation of lipid may be the logical sequence of early events leading to the formation of foam cells.", "contents": "Verruciform xanthoma. Further light and electron microscopic studies, with the addition of a third case. The authors report their third case of verruciform xanthoma confirmed by electron microscopy and frozen-section lipid stains. Studies of the blood in this case revealed normal levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose, just as in the previous two cases reported. An ultrastructural search for etiologic factors with the use of material from all three cases resulted in the hypothesis that this lesion is initiated within the epithelium. The authors propose that epithelial entrapment with degeneration and accumulation of lipid may be the logical sequence of early events leading to the formation of foam cells.", "PMID": 1057149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2063", "title": "Juvenile pemphigus vulgaris. Report of a case.", "content": "Although pemphigus vulgaris rarely occurs in childhood, we herewith report the history of a 19-year-old patient with an apparent 4-year course of pemphigus. In this patient, as in every previously reported case of childhood pemphigus, oral lesions preceded the appearance of skin manifestations. The importance of early biopsy and adequate treatment with adrenocorticosteroids is emphasized.", "contents": "Juvenile pemphigus vulgaris. Report of a case. Although pemphigus vulgaris rarely occurs in childhood, we herewith report the history of a 19-year-old patient with an apparent 4-year course of pemphigus. In this patient, as in every previously reported case of childhood pemphigus, oral lesions preceded the appearance of skin manifestations. The importance of early biopsy and adequate treatment with adrenocorticosteroids is emphasized.", "PMID": 1057150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2064", "title": "Enamel defects associated with tuberous sclerosis. A clinical and scanning-electron-microscope study.", "content": "The clinical and scanning-electron-microscope appearances of enamel defects in six patients with tuberous sclerosis are described. The pit-shaped enamel defects seem to be pathognomonic of the disease. The detection may be an important help in the early diagnosis of this complex syndrome.", "contents": "Enamel defects associated with tuberous sclerosis. A clinical and scanning-electron-microscope study. The clinical and scanning-electron-microscope appearances of enamel defects in six patients with tuberous sclerosis are described. The pit-shaped enamel defects seem to be pathognomonic of the disease. The detection may be an important help in the early diagnosis of this complex syndrome.", "PMID": 1057151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2065", "title": "X-ray production variability.", "content": "Some dental x-ray generators do not produce the quantity of x-rays expected at the kilovoltage and milliamperage setting made. A simple experiment was performed on five dental x-ray generators of three manufacturers to test their output in roentgens per minute at a range of kilovoltage and milliamperage settings. Each generator had variable kilovoltage and milliamperage capability. The recorded output was compared with its theoretic output. The results confirm the suspicion that considerable output variations exist and suggest a serious problem to the practitioner wishing to expand his radiographic technique armementarium.", "contents": "X-ray production variability. Some dental x-ray generators do not produce the quantity of x-rays expected at the kilovoltage and milliamperage setting made. A simple experiment was performed on five dental x-ray generators of three manufacturers to test their output in roentgens per minute at a range of kilovoltage and milliamperage settings. Each generator had variable kilovoltage and milliamperage capability. The recorded output was compared with its theoretic output. The results confirm the suspicion that considerable output variations exist and suggest a serious problem to the practitioner wishing to expand his radiographic technique armementarium.", "PMID": 1057152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2066", "title": "Relations between tooth positions and focal troughs of panoramic machines.", "content": "A comparison of the established focal troughs of three panoramic machines with positions of the teeth in the dental arches of 240 patients. The patients, divided into twelve cells, were selected on the basis of race, sex, age, number of teeth, and occlusion. Occlusal registrations were made in fast-set acrylic. Tooth centers were identified and, with the midline-incisal point as a reference point, various composite drawings of tooth positions of patients were made. The total composite of all teeth revealed the striking similarity of the arches. Superimposition on the focal troughs showed that the focal trough of the Panorex easily encompassed all tooth positions. The focal trough of the Orthopantomograph encompassed all tooth positions, although tooth centers lie on the edges of the trough. The focal trough of the GE-3000 with profile index 10 extended so far buccally that many teeth are positioned lingual to the trough. The focal trough of the GE-3000, when reduced uniformly to profile index 7.5, encompasses all tooth positions although some positions fall quite near the borders of the trough.", "contents": "Relations between tooth positions and focal troughs of panoramic machines. A comparison of the established focal troughs of three panoramic machines with positions of the teeth in the dental arches of 240 patients. The patients, divided into twelve cells, were selected on the basis of race, sex, age, number of teeth, and occlusion. Occlusal registrations were made in fast-set acrylic. Tooth centers were identified and, with the midline-incisal point as a reference point, various composite drawings of tooth positions of patients were made. The total composite of all teeth revealed the striking similarity of the arches. Superimposition on the focal troughs showed that the focal trough of the Panorex easily encompassed all tooth positions. The focal trough of the Orthopantomograph encompassed all tooth positions, although tooth centers lie on the edges of the trough. The focal trough of the GE-3000 with profile index 10 extended so far buccally that many teeth are positioned lingual to the trough. The focal trough of the GE-3000, when reduced uniformly to profile index 7.5, encompasses all tooth positions although some positions fall quite near the borders of the trough.", "PMID": 1057153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2067", "title": "Nucleotide composition analysis of tRNA from leukemia patient cell samples and human cell lines.", "content": "A technique developed for analysis of less than microgram quantities of tRNA has been applied to the study of human leukemia. Leucocytes from peripheal blood and bone marrow samples of six, untreated leukemia patients and cells of five different established human cell lines were maintained for 18 hours in media containing (32P)-phosphate. Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the cells from the patient samples was slightly less than that of the cell lines. Likewise, incorporation of (32P)-phosphate into the tRNA of the patient samples (approximately 5 x 106 DPM/mug tRNA) was also less then that incorporated into the tRNA of the cell lines. The major and minor nucleotide compositions of the unfractionated tRNA preparations from each patient sample and each cell line were determined and compared. Similarities and differences in the major and minor nucleotide compositions of the tRNA preparations are discussed with reference to types of leukemia and the importance of patient sample analysis versus analysis of cultured human cells.", "contents": "Nucleotide composition analysis of tRNA from leukemia patient cell samples and human cell lines. A technique developed for analysis of less than microgram quantities of tRNA has been applied to the study of human leukemia. Leucocytes from peripheal blood and bone marrow samples of six, untreated leukemia patients and cells of five different established human cell lines were maintained for 18 hours in media containing (32P)-phosphate. Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into the cells from the patient samples was slightly less than that of the cell lines. Likewise, incorporation of (32P)-phosphate into the tRNA of the patient samples (approximately 5 x 106 DPM/mug tRNA) was also less then that incorporated into the tRNA of the cell lines. The major and minor nucleotide compositions of the unfractionated tRNA preparations from each patient sample and each cell line were determined and compared. Similarities and differences in the major and minor nucleotide compositions of the tRNA preparations are discussed with reference to types of leukemia and the importance of patient sample analysis versus analysis of cultured human cells.", "PMID": 1057159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2068", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of bovine carboxypeptidase B.", "content": "The amino-acid sequence of bovine carboxypeptidase B [peptidyl-L-lysine(-L-arginine)hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.3] has been determined using the heavy and light chains of the enzyme isolated from spontaneously activated pancreatic juice. Comparison of the sequence with that of carboxypeptidase A shows that the two enzymes are homologous (49% identity) and that all but one of the functional residues identified in carboxypeptidase A occur in corresponding loci in carboxypeptidase B (peptidyl-L-amino acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.2). The exception is the replacement of Ile-255 at the bottom of the substrate binding pocket of carboxypeptidase A, by aspartic acid in carboxypeptidase B. This single change can account for the difference in specificity of the two enzymes.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of bovine carboxypeptidase B. The amino-acid sequence of bovine carboxypeptidase B [peptidyl-L-lysine(-L-arginine)hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.3] has been determined using the heavy and light chains of the enzyme isolated from spontaneously activated pancreatic juice. Comparison of the sequence with that of carboxypeptidase A shows that the two enzymes are homologous (49% identity) and that all but one of the functional residues identified in carboxypeptidase A occur in corresponding loci in carboxypeptidase B (peptidyl-L-amino acid hydrolase, EC 3.4.12.2). The exception is the replacement of Ile-255 at the bottom of the substrate binding pocket of carboxypeptidase A, by aspartic acid in carboxypeptidase B. This single change can account for the difference in specificity of the two enzymes.", "PMID": 1057162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2069", "title": "Stereochemistry of decarboxylation of trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid by Aerobacter.", "content": "The stereochemistry of the decarboxylation of trans-p-coumaric acid to 4-hydroxystyrene by Aerobacter aerogenes has been examined. The decarboxylation has been found to proceed with retention of the geometry about the trans-substituted double-bond.", "contents": "Stereochemistry of decarboxylation of trans-4-hydroxycinnamic acid by Aerobacter. The stereochemistry of the decarboxylation of trans-p-coumaric acid to 4-hydroxystyrene by Aerobacter aerogenes has been examined. The decarboxylation has been found to proceed with retention of the geometry about the trans-substituted double-bond.", "PMID": 1057163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2070", "title": "Remark on the phase problem in crystallography.", "content": "The ambiguities found in determining a crystal structure from x-ray diffraction can be resolved if one takes into account the random thermal motion of the atoms.", "contents": "Remark on the phase problem in crystallography. The ambiguities found in determining a crystal structure from x-ray diffraction can be resolved if one takes into account the random thermal motion of the atoms.", "PMID": 1057164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2071", "title": "South American mammal zoogeography: evidence from convergent evolution in desert rodents.", "content": "Current theories regarding colonization of South America by mammals are divided between those supported by fossil evidence, which suggest the original mammal fauna of the isolated continent was augmented by early immigrants (primates, caviomorph rodents, and later, procyonids) with a final large influx of northern mammals occurring with the formation of the Panama land bridge, and an opposing view which states that the purported \"recent invaders\" are too taxonomically and ecologically differentiated to have colonized since the land bridge arose. The second theory suggests that most extant mammals entered before the Plio-Pleistocene land connection. An analysis of degree of physiological adaptation, natural history, distribution patterns, and a multivariate assessment of convergent evolution of Monte Desert rodents indicate that South American cricetine rodents are not highly specialized for desert life. Their degree of adaptation could be accounted for, in large part, by adaptations for arid or semiarid Andean habitats. No Monte Desert rodent has developed the specialized desert traits that have evolved in most desert rodent faunas of the world, although extinct marsupials similar to living bipedal desert rodents were present in the Monte as recently as late Pliocene. Evidence suggests that Monte caviomorphs have been associated with the desert for a longer period than cricetines, and that the latter represent a fairly recent invasion of the Monte Desert. The data thus support the first hypothesis of South American mammal colonization.", "contents": "South American mammal zoogeography: evidence from convergent evolution in desert rodents. Current theories regarding colonization of South America by mammals are divided between those supported by fossil evidence, which suggest the original mammal fauna of the isolated continent was augmented by early immigrants (primates, caviomorph rodents, and later, procyonids) with a final large influx of northern mammals occurring with the formation of the Panama land bridge, and an opposing view which states that the purported \"recent invaders\" are too taxonomically and ecologically differentiated to have colonized since the land bridge arose. The second theory suggests that most extant mammals entered before the Plio-Pleistocene land connection. An analysis of degree of physiological adaptation, natural history, distribution patterns, and a multivariate assessment of convergent evolution of Monte Desert rodents indicate that South American cricetine rodents are not highly specialized for desert life. Their degree of adaptation could be accounted for, in large part, by adaptations for arid or semiarid Andean habitats. No Monte Desert rodent has developed the specialized desert traits that have evolved in most desert rodent faunas of the world, although extinct marsupials similar to living bipedal desert rodents were present in the Monte as recently as late Pliocene. Evidence suggests that Monte caviomorphs have been associated with the desert for a longer period than cricetines, and that the latter represent a fairly recent invasion of the Monte Desert. The data thus support the first hypothesis of South American mammal colonization.", "PMID": 1057165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2072", "title": "Activation of adenylate cyclase by phosphoramidate and phosphonate analogs of GTP: possible role of covalent enzyme-substrate intermediates in the mechanism of hormonal activation.", "content": "Incubation of rat fat pad membranes with 5-guanylyliminodiphosphonate [Gpp-(NH)p] and 5-guanylylmethylenediphosphonate [Gpp(CH2)p], but not GTP (with or without hormones), at 24 degrees or 30 degrees (but not at 4 degrees) greatly stimulates adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] measured after thoroughly washing the membranes. The rate of activation is relatively slow, even with very high (and saturating) concentrations of the analogs. Binding alone appears to be insufficient for activation. Hormones (catecholamines, glucagon) increase the rate but not the extent of activation, even when saturating analog concentrations are used. The dependence on analog concentration (apparent Km) varies with the time of incubation. GTP and very high concentrations of ATP inhibit the activation by Gpp(NH)p, but this effect is dependent on the length of incubation and can be overcome with time. The activated state is not reversed upon incubation of the washed membranes at 30 degrees, even in the presence of GTP, or by solubilization with nonionic detergents. Also, Gpp(NH)p can directly stimulate the control, solubilized enzyme. The activated state of the solubilized enzyme persists upon specific adsorption to and subsequent elution from an organomercurial-agarose column. It is suggested that after forming reversible Michaelis complexes of relatively low affinity, these analogs may react irreversibly with the GTP regulatory site of the enzyme, perhaps forming p(NH)p- and p(CH2)p-covalent enzyme intermediates which capture the activated state of the enzyme. GTP, after binding, may normally activate the enzyme by forming a \"labile\" pyrophosphoryl enzyme intermediate, and hormone receptors may function to increase the rate of formation (and thus concentration) of this active state of the enzyme.", "contents": "Activation of adenylate cyclase by phosphoramidate and phosphonate analogs of GTP: possible role of covalent enzyme-substrate intermediates in the mechanism of hormonal activation. Incubation of rat fat pad membranes with 5-guanylyliminodiphosphonate [Gpp-(NH)p] and 5-guanylylmethylenediphosphonate [Gpp(CH2)p], but not GTP (with or without hormones), at 24 degrees or 30 degrees (but not at 4 degrees) greatly stimulates adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] measured after thoroughly washing the membranes. The rate of activation is relatively slow, even with very high (and saturating) concentrations of the analogs. Binding alone appears to be insufficient for activation. Hormones (catecholamines, glucagon) increase the rate but not the extent of activation, even when saturating analog concentrations are used. The dependence on analog concentration (apparent Km) varies with the time of incubation. GTP and very high concentrations of ATP inhibit the activation by Gpp(NH)p, but this effect is dependent on the length of incubation and can be overcome with time. The activated state is not reversed upon incubation of the washed membranes at 30 degrees, even in the presence of GTP, or by solubilization with nonionic detergents. Also, Gpp(NH)p can directly stimulate the control, solubilized enzyme. The activated state of the solubilized enzyme persists upon specific adsorption to and subsequent elution from an organomercurial-agarose column. It is suggested that after forming reversible Michaelis complexes of relatively low affinity, these analogs may react irreversibly with the GTP regulatory site of the enzyme, perhaps forming p(NH)p- and p(CH2)p-covalent enzyme intermediates which capture the activated state of the enzyme. GTP, after binding, may normally activate the enzyme by forming a \"labile\" pyrophosphoryl enzyme intermediate, and hormone receptors may function to increase the rate of formation (and thus concentration) of this active state of the enzyme.", "PMID": 1057166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2073", "title": "Molecular model of postsynaptic potential.", "content": "A molecular model of the excitatory postsynaptic membrane is given in terms of two biochemical cycles intimately associated: an acetylcholine cycle and a calcium cycle. The acetylcholine controls the Na ionophores while calcium ions control the tk ionophore. The two ionophores are spatially separated but interact in such a way that the variation in K conductance precedes that in Na conductance. Digital simulation shows that our model accounts quantitatively for both the evolution of excitatory postsynaptic potential and current in a variety of experimental conditions.", "contents": "Molecular model of postsynaptic potential. A molecular model of the excitatory postsynaptic membrane is given in terms of two biochemical cycles intimately associated: an acetylcholine cycle and a calcium cycle. The acetylcholine controls the Na ionophores while calcium ions control the tk ionophore. The two ionophores are spatially separated but interact in such a way that the variation in K conductance precedes that in Na conductance. Digital simulation shows that our model accounts quantitatively for both the evolution of excitatory postsynaptic potential and current in a variety of experimental conditions.", "PMID": 1057167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2074", "title": "Visualization of actin fibers associated with the cell membrane in amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum were attached to a surface coated with polylysine, and the upper portion of the cells was sheared off with a stream of buffer. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the cytoplasmic surface of the exposed membrane was covered with fibers consisting of actin-containing filaments. The actin was identified by its solubility properties and its ability to interact with muscle myosin.", "contents": "Visualization of actin fibers associated with the cell membrane in amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum. Amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum were attached to a surface coated with polylysine, and the upper portion of the cells was sheared off with a stream of buffer. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that the cytoplasmic surface of the exposed membrane was covered with fibers consisting of actin-containing filaments. The actin was identified by its solubility properties and its ability to interact with muscle myosin.", "PMID": 1057168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2075", "title": "Cooperative activation of action potential Na+ ionophore by neurotoxins.", "content": "Four neurotoxins that activate the action potential Na+ ionophore of electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells interact with two distinct classes of sites, one specific for the alkaloids veratridine, batrachotoxin, and aconitine, and the second specific for scorpion toxin. Positive heterotropic cooperativity is observed between toxins bound at these two classes of sites. Tetrodotoxin is a noncompetitive inhibitor of activation by each of these toxins (KI = 4-8 nM). These results suggest the existence of three functionally separable components of the action potential Na+ ionophore: two regulatroy components, which bind activating neurotoxins and interact allosterically in controlling the activity of a third ion-transport component, which binds tetrodotoxin.", "contents": "Cooperative activation of action potential Na+ ionophore by neurotoxins. Four neurotoxins that activate the action potential Na+ ionophore of electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells interact with two distinct classes of sites, one specific for the alkaloids veratridine, batrachotoxin, and aconitine, and the second specific for scorpion toxin. Positive heterotropic cooperativity is observed between toxins bound at these two classes of sites. Tetrodotoxin is a noncompetitive inhibitor of activation by each of these toxins (KI = 4-8 nM). These results suggest the existence of three functionally separable components of the action potential Na+ ionophore: two regulatroy components, which bind activating neurotoxins and interact allosterically in controlling the activity of a third ion-transport component, which binds tetrodotoxin.", "PMID": 1057169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2076", "title": "Transfer of the human gene for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase via isolated human metaphase chromosomes into mouse L-cells.", "content": "We have transferred the human gene for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, EC 2.4.2.8; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferease) via isolated metaphase chromosomes from human HeLa S3 cells into murine A9 cells which lack functional murine HPRT activity, using the technique of McBride and Ozer (Proc, Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1258-1262, 1973). Three transformed clones were isolated which contained human HPRT activity as determined by electrophoretic and immunochemical assays. Twenty human isozymes other than HPRT whose genes have been assigned to 14 human chromosomes were found to be absent in our transformed clones. Moreover, the human isozymes of hlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49; D-glucose 6-phosphate:NADP 1-oxidoreductase) and phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3;ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase), whose genes have been linked with the HPRT gene to the long are of the human X chromosome, were also absent. On the basis of the known linkage relationships of the three markers, we thereby suggest that the transferred piece of human genetic material is smaller than 20% of the human X chromosome or less than 1% of the human genome. This estimate assumes a normal syntenic relationship for the long arm of the X chromosome in HeLa S3 cells. In agreement with this conclusion, no human chromosomes could be detected in our transformed clones. When grown under nonselective conditions about 3% of the gene transfer cells lost the human HPRT marker per cell generation. Transformants that had lost human HPRT activity were subjected to hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine selection. The frequency of revertants to the HPRT(+) phenotype was less than 1 x 10(-6), and two revertants that were obtained possessed the mouse electrophoretic phenotype. These results argue against a stable integration of the human donor genetic material into the mouse recipient genome.", "contents": "Transfer of the human gene for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase via isolated human metaphase chromosomes into mouse L-cells. We have transferred the human gene for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT, EC 2.4.2.8; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferease) via isolated metaphase chromosomes from human HeLa S3 cells into murine A9 cells which lack functional murine HPRT activity, using the technique of McBride and Ozer (Proc, Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1258-1262, 1973). Three transformed clones were isolated which contained human HPRT activity as determined by electrophoretic and immunochemical assays. Twenty human isozymes other than HPRT whose genes have been assigned to 14 human chromosomes were found to be absent in our transformed clones. Moreover, the human isozymes of hlucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49; D-glucose 6-phosphate:NADP 1-oxidoreductase) and phosphoglycerate kinase (EC 2.7.2.3;ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase), whose genes have been linked with the HPRT gene to the long are of the human X chromosome, were also absent. On the basis of the known linkage relationships of the three markers, we thereby suggest that the transferred piece of human genetic material is smaller than 20% of the human X chromosome or less than 1% of the human genome. This estimate assumes a normal syntenic relationship for the long arm of the X chromosome in HeLa S3 cells. In agreement with this conclusion, no human chromosomes could be detected in our transformed clones. When grown under nonselective conditions about 3% of the gene transfer cells lost the human HPRT marker per cell generation. Transformants that had lost human HPRT activity were subjected to hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine selection. The frequency of revertants to the HPRT(+) phenotype was less than 1 x 10(-6), and two revertants that were obtained possessed the mouse electrophoretic phenotype. These results argue against a stable integration of the human donor genetic material into the mouse recipient genome.", "PMID": 1057170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2077", "title": "Distribution of end-to-end distances of oligopeptides in solution as estimated by energy transfer.", "content": "A homologous series of oligopeptides each containing at its ends a donor and an acceptor of electronic excitation energy was synthesized by the solid-phase method. N-5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamine was the repeating unit, and peptides containing 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of these amino-acid residues were prepared. The chromophores naphthalene and dansyl, which were used as donor and acceptor, respectively, fulfil the conditions necessary for energy transfer according to the F\u00f6rster mechanism. A distance corresponding to 50% efficiency of energy transfer, tro = 22 plus or minus 1 A, was calculated. The kinetics of fluorescence decay of an oligomer containing the naphthalene chromophore only could be described precisely by a monoexponential function. In contrast, the kinetics of the decay curves of the fluorescence of the donor of all of the oligomers containing both donor and acceptor, as measured in viscous solution, deviated markedly from monoexponential behavior. The deviation was interpreted in terms of the great number of different conformations that the various molecules of each of the oligomers attain in solution, leading to characteristic end-to-end distribution functions between the donor and acceptor. Numerical adjustment of the parameters of some of the previously proposed expressions to describe the end-to-end distribution enabled the reconstruction of the kinetics of the fluorescence decay of the donor with great precision. The end-to-end distribution functions for the various oligopeptides were thus evaluated.", "contents": "Distribution of end-to-end distances of oligopeptides in solution as estimated by energy transfer. A homologous series of oligopeptides each containing at its ends a donor and an acceptor of electronic excitation energy was synthesized by the solid-phase method. N-5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-L-glutamine was the repeating unit, and peptides containing 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of these amino-acid residues were prepared. The chromophores naphthalene and dansyl, which were used as donor and acceptor, respectively, fulfil the conditions necessary for energy transfer according to the F\u00f6rster mechanism. A distance corresponding to 50% efficiency of energy transfer, tro = 22 plus or minus 1 A, was calculated. The kinetics of fluorescence decay of an oligomer containing the naphthalene chromophore only could be described precisely by a monoexponential function. In contrast, the kinetics of the decay curves of the fluorescence of the donor of all of the oligomers containing both donor and acceptor, as measured in viscous solution, deviated markedly from monoexponential behavior. The deviation was interpreted in terms of the great number of different conformations that the various molecules of each of the oligomers attain in solution, leading to characteristic end-to-end distribution functions between the donor and acceptor. Numerical adjustment of the parameters of some of the previously proposed expressions to describe the end-to-end distribution enabled the reconstruction of the kinetics of the fluorescence decay of the donor with great precision. The end-to-end distribution functions for the various oligopeptides were thus evaluated.", "PMID": 1057171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2078", "title": "Use of biochemical lesions for selection of human cells with hybrid cytoplasms.", "content": "Techniques for preparing large populations of anucleate cytoplasms from cultured eukaryotic cells have only recently been described. The principal value of anucleate cytoplasms derives from studies that can be done after they are fused to whole cells. Since present methods for the isolation of heterokaryons are unsuitable for the selection of hybrids between whole cells and anucleate cytoplasms (heteroplasmons), a selective system has been developed which is based on the capacity of anucleate cytoplasms containing active enzymes to rescue whole cells poisoned with iodoacetate. Ethidium bromide, a partially effective agent, was used in conjunction with iodoacetate to demonstrate the feasibility of selecting heterokaryons by producing complementary biochemical lesions in the parental cell strains. The potential for artifact in these systems is not, however, entirely precluded.", "contents": "Use of biochemical lesions for selection of human cells with hybrid cytoplasms. Techniques for preparing large populations of anucleate cytoplasms from cultured eukaryotic cells have only recently been described. The principal value of anucleate cytoplasms derives from studies that can be done after they are fused to whole cells. Since present methods for the isolation of heterokaryons are unsuitable for the selection of hybrids between whole cells and anucleate cytoplasms (heteroplasmons), a selective system has been developed which is based on the capacity of anucleate cytoplasms containing active enzymes to rescue whole cells poisoned with iodoacetate. Ethidium bromide, a partially effective agent, was used in conjunction with iodoacetate to demonstrate the feasibility of selecting heterokaryons by producing complementary biochemical lesions in the parental cell strains. The potential for artifact in these systems is not, however, entirely precluded.", "PMID": 1057172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2079", "title": "Scanning transmission ion microscope with a field ion source.", "content": "Experiments with a low-resolution scanning transmission ion microscope, using hydrogen ions from a field ionization source, indicate that it will be feasible by this approach to aim at high-resolution ion microscopy. Micrographs of unstained biological specimens have been obtained by critical range absorption of a 55 keV hydrogen ion beam at a resolution of 2000 A.", "contents": "Scanning transmission ion microscope with a field ion source. Experiments with a low-resolution scanning transmission ion microscope, using hydrogen ions from a field ionization source, indicate that it will be feasible by this approach to aim at high-resolution ion microscopy. Micrographs of unstained biological specimens have been obtained by critical range absorption of a 55 keV hydrogen ion beam at a resolution of 2000 A.", "PMID": 1057173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2080", "title": "Subversion of immune system by tumor cells and role of prostaglandins.", "content": "Mice bearing syngeneic tumors, chemical and virus-induced, became immunologically unresponsive to sheep erythrocytes. The increase in the degree of unresponsiveness with tumor growth suggested a causal relationship. Immunosuppression was in fact caused by the tumor cells because the addition of tumor cells to in vitro cultures of spleen cells and sheep erythrocytes resulted in suppression of antibody response. Suppression was dose dependent with a ratio of 1 to 1000 of tumor cells to spleen cells sufficient to produce significant suppression. Prostaglandins were found to have a role in immunosuppression by tumor cells in that PGE2 was itself immunosuppressive and in that indomethacin and aspirin, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetases, blocked immunosuppression in vitro and retarded tumor growth in vivo. These findings suggest that tumors, although antigenic, may be able to escape immuno-sureillance by their host by means of subverting the immune system. Thus, success of immunotherapy may well depend on our ability to prevent or block the immunosuppressive activity of tumors.", "contents": "Subversion of immune system by tumor cells and role of prostaglandins. Mice bearing syngeneic tumors, chemical and virus-induced, became immunologically unresponsive to sheep erythrocytes. The increase in the degree of unresponsiveness with tumor growth suggested a causal relationship. Immunosuppression was in fact caused by the tumor cells because the addition of tumor cells to in vitro cultures of spleen cells and sheep erythrocytes resulted in suppression of antibody response. Suppression was dose dependent with a ratio of 1 to 1000 of tumor cells to spleen cells sufficient to produce significant suppression. Prostaglandins were found to have a role in immunosuppression by tumor cells in that PGE2 was itself immunosuppressive and in that indomethacin and aspirin, inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetases, blocked immunosuppression in vitro and retarded tumor growth in vivo. These findings suggest that tumors, although antigenic, may be able to escape immuno-sureillance by their host by means of subverting the immune system. Thus, success of immunotherapy may well depend on our ability to prevent or block the immunosuppressive activity of tumors.", "PMID": 1057174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2081", "title": "A protein factor essential for microtubule assembly.", "content": "A heat stable protein essentail for microtubule assembly has been isolated. This protein, which we designate tau (tau), is present in association with tubulin purified from porcine brain by repeated cycles of polymerization. Tau is separated from tubulin by ion exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose. In the absence of tau, tubulin exists entirely as a 6S dimer of two polypeptide chains (alpha and beta tubulin) with a molecular weight of 120,000, which will not assemble into microtubules in vitro. Addition of tau completely restores tubule-forming capacity. Under nonpolymerizing conditions, tau converts 6S dimers to 36S rings-structures which have been implicated as intermediates in tubule formation. Hence, tau appears to act on the 6S tubulin dimer, activating it for polymerization. The unique ability of tau to restore the normal features of in vitro microtubule assembly makes it likely that tau is a major regulator of microtubule formation in cells.", "contents": "A protein factor essential for microtubule assembly. A heat stable protein essentail for microtubule assembly has been isolated. This protein, which we designate tau (tau), is present in association with tubulin purified from porcine brain by repeated cycles of polymerization. Tau is separated from tubulin by ion exchange chromatography on phosphocellulose. In the absence of tau, tubulin exists entirely as a 6S dimer of two polypeptide chains (alpha and beta tubulin) with a molecular weight of 120,000, which will not assemble into microtubules in vitro. Addition of tau completely restores tubule-forming capacity. Under nonpolymerizing conditions, tau converts 6S dimers to 36S rings-structures which have been implicated as intermediates in tubule formation. Hence, tau appears to act on the 6S tubulin dimer, activating it for polymerization. The unique ability of tau to restore the normal features of in vitro microtubule assembly makes it likely that tau is a major regulator of microtubule formation in cells.", "PMID": 1057175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2082", "title": "Induction of endogenous and of spleen focus-forming viruses during dimethylsulfoxide-induced differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia cells transformed by spleen focus-forming virus.", "content": "Spleen focus-forming virus-transformed erythroleukemic cell clones, which have been established by infection of N type mice with NB trophic Friend virus, continue to release biologically active tfriend virus of NB host range. Dimethylsulfoxide induces erythroid differentiation and a 10- to 100-fold increase in the release of biologically active Friend virus. The increase of Friend virus release is a function of the differentiating erythroleukemic cell. The induced Friend viurs is not the NB tropic Friend virus complex, but shows N host range. The induction of the Friend virus complex is due to simultaneous induction of both spleen focus-forming and endogenous viruses.", "contents": "Induction of endogenous and of spleen focus-forming viruses during dimethylsulfoxide-induced differentiation of mouse erythroleukemia cells transformed by spleen focus-forming virus. Spleen focus-forming virus-transformed erythroleukemic cell clones, which have been established by infection of N type mice with NB trophic Friend virus, continue to release biologically active tfriend virus of NB host range. Dimethylsulfoxide induces erythroid differentiation and a 10- to 100-fold increase in the release of biologically active Friend virus. The increase of Friend virus release is a function of the differentiating erythroleukemic cell. The induced Friend viurs is not the NB tropic Friend virus complex, but shows N host range. The induction of the Friend virus complex is due to simultaneous induction of both spleen focus-forming and endogenous viruses.", "PMID": 1057176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2083", "title": "Identification of human RNA transcripts among heterogeneous nuclear RNA from man-mouse somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "In man-mouse hybrid line from our cell library, the only cytological detectable portion of the human genome is the X chromosome, and the only genetic markers regularly expressed are coded by genes known to be ?X-linked. A component of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA of these cells was found to be complementary to repetitive human DNA sequences by means of RNA-DNA hybridization on nitrocellulose filters. The same procedure also permitted the identification of hybrid cell DNA sequences that are complementary to human heterogeneous nuclear RNA. This experimental approach, coupled with hybridization studies in situ, is expected to yield critical data on the distribution and the specificity of the repetitive DNA sequences present in the human genome and to provide a new tool for cytological mapping of human chromosomes.", "contents": "Identification of human RNA transcripts among heterogeneous nuclear RNA from man-mouse somatic cell hybrids. In man-mouse hybrid line from our cell library, the only cytological detectable portion of the human genome is the X chromosome, and the only genetic markers regularly expressed are coded by genes known to be ?X-linked. A component of the heterogeneous nuclear RNA of these cells was found to be complementary to repetitive human DNA sequences by means of RNA-DNA hybridization on nitrocellulose filters. The same procedure also permitted the identification of hybrid cell DNA sequences that are complementary to human heterogeneous nuclear RNA. This experimental approach, coupled with hybridization studies in situ, is expected to yield critical data on the distribution and the specificity of the repetitive DNA sequences present in the human genome and to provide a new tool for cytological mapping of human chromosomes.", "PMID": 1057177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2084", "title": "Play: early and eternal.", "content": "A systematic 12-week investigation of development of play behavior was conducted with eight socially reared rhesus monkey infants. A new, basic and primary play form termed self-motion play or peragration was identified and examined. This behavior follows a human model which includes a wide range of pleasurable activities involving motion of the body through space, e.g., rocking, swinging, running, leaping, and water or snow skiing. It can be argued that self-motion play is the initial primate play form and because of its persistence constitutes a reinforcing agent for maintaining many complex patterns and even pastimes. Monkey self-motion play in the present study was divided into five separate patterns in order to compare the relative importance of social and individual peragration play, the role of apparatus and the overall developmental relationships between the different individual and social self-motion play patterns. The data showed that from 90 to 180 days of age self-motion play was independent of other forms of play, that individual self-motion play appeared earlier and with significantly greater increases in frequency than did social self-motion play, and that apparatus was a necessary component for significant increases in social self-motion play. Other findings were that self-motion play existed independent of locomotion and, though initiated by exploration, was separate from it. Therapeutic implications of self-motion play were discussed.", "contents": "Play: early and eternal. A systematic 12-week investigation of development of play behavior was conducted with eight socially reared rhesus monkey infants. A new, basic and primary play form termed self-motion play or peragration was identified and examined. This behavior follows a human model which includes a wide range of pleasurable activities involving motion of the body through space, e.g., rocking, swinging, running, leaping, and water or snow skiing. It can be argued that self-motion play is the initial primate play form and because of its persistence constitutes a reinforcing agent for maintaining many complex patterns and even pastimes. Monkey self-motion play in the present study was divided into five separate patterns in order to compare the relative importance of social and individual peragration play, the role of apparatus and the overall developmental relationships between the different individual and social self-motion play patterns. The data showed that from 90 to 180 days of age self-motion play was independent of other forms of play, that individual self-motion play appeared earlier and with significantly greater increases in frequency than did social self-motion play, and that apparatus was a necessary component for significant increases in social self-motion play. Other findings were that self-motion play existed independent of locomotion and, though initiated by exploration, was separate from it. Therapeutic implications of self-motion play were discussed.", "PMID": 1057178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2085", "title": "Secretion of a nerve growth factor by mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture.", "content": "Analyses of supernatant solutions from mouse C1300 neuroblastoma cultures by two independent immunoassays reveal that these cells secrete a factor which is immunochemically similar to mouse submaxillary gland nerve growth factor. The neuroblastoma factor is also biologically active in inducing neurite outgrowth from embryonic sensory ganglia-an effect that is completely blocked by specific antibody to nerve growth factor. Neuroblastoma cells are known to be functionally responsive to nerve growth factor, and the observation that they secrete a molecule like it may mean that these cells require or utilize the factor during growth in culture.", "contents": "Secretion of a nerve growth factor by mouse neuroblastoma cells in culture. Analyses of supernatant solutions from mouse C1300 neuroblastoma cultures by two independent immunoassays reveal that these cells secrete a factor which is immunochemically similar to mouse submaxillary gland nerve growth factor. The neuroblastoma factor is also biologically active in inducing neurite outgrowth from embryonic sensory ganglia-an effect that is completely blocked by specific antibody to nerve growth factor. Neuroblastoma cells are known to be functionally responsive to nerve growth factor, and the observation that they secrete a molecule like it may mean that these cells require or utilize the factor during growth in culture.", "PMID": 1057179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2086", "title": "Methylated, blocked 5 termini in HeLa cell mRNA.", "content": "Poly(A)-containing HeLa cell mRNA prepared from cells labeled with [methyl-(3)H]methionine or [(32)P]phosphate was found to contain a variety of methylated, blocked 5'-terminal structures of two general types: m(7)GpppN(7)-Np and m(7)GpppN(m)-N(m)-Np. In addition, about one-third of the [(3)H]methyl label was present in the N(6)-methyladenosine; this labeled nucleoside was not found in the 3'-terminal one-third of the mRNA chain and thus may also be in the 5' portion of the mRNA.", "contents": "Methylated, blocked 5 termini in HeLa cell mRNA. Poly(A)-containing HeLa cell mRNA prepared from cells labeled with [methyl-(3)H]methionine or [(32)P]phosphate was found to contain a variety of methylated, blocked 5'-terminal structures of two general types: m(7)GpppN(7)-Np and m(7)GpppN(m)-N(m)-Np. In addition, about one-third of the [(3)H]methyl label was present in the N(6)-methyladenosine; this labeled nucleoside was not found in the 3'-terminal one-third of the mRNA chain and thus may also be in the 5' portion of the mRNA.", "PMID": 1057180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2087", "title": "A co-evolution theory of the genetic code.", "content": "The theory is proposed that the structure of the genetic code was determined by the sequence of evolutionary emergence of new amino acids within the primordial biochemical system.", "contents": "A co-evolution theory of the genetic code. The theory is proposed that the structure of the genetic code was determined by the sequence of evolutionary emergence of new amino acids within the primordial biochemical system.", "PMID": 1057181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2088", "title": "Modulation of lymphocyte mitogenesis.", "content": "Comparisons of the stimulation of normal lymphocytes and lymphoma cells by tetrameric concanavalin a (Con ta) and dimeric succinyl-Con A suggest that both stimulatory and inhibitory signals operate to modulate mitogenesis. Synergistic effects can be obtained for the stimulatory event using lectins, phorbol esters, and calcium ionophores, all of which are independently mitogenic for lymphocytes. The inhibitory effects of high doses of Con A could be mimicked by the simultaneous addition of the phorbol ester and Con A under conditions in which both reagents are optimally mitogenic when used alone. No inhibition of stimulation was found, however, when succinyl-Con A was used with phorbol ester under the same conditions. Moreover, when lymphocytes were cultured with Con A in the presence of succinyl-Con A, the inhibitory effect of the native lectin was seen at lower doses than in the absence of the derivative. These observations suggest that the stimulatory and inhibitory portions of the dose-response curve can be manipulated independently and may be mediated by two distinct signals. It is likely the signal for the inhibition of cell proliferation is regulated by the same cell surface modulating assembly that controls the mobility of cell surface receptors.", "contents": "Modulation of lymphocyte mitogenesis. Comparisons of the stimulation of normal lymphocytes and lymphoma cells by tetrameric concanavalin a (Con ta) and dimeric succinyl-Con A suggest that both stimulatory and inhibitory signals operate to modulate mitogenesis. Synergistic effects can be obtained for the stimulatory event using lectins, phorbol esters, and calcium ionophores, all of which are independently mitogenic for lymphocytes. The inhibitory effects of high doses of Con A could be mimicked by the simultaneous addition of the phorbol ester and Con A under conditions in which both reagents are optimally mitogenic when used alone. No inhibition of stimulation was found, however, when succinyl-Con A was used with phorbol ester under the same conditions. Moreover, when lymphocytes were cultured with Con A in the presence of succinyl-Con A, the inhibitory effect of the native lectin was seen at lower doses than in the absence of the derivative. These observations suggest that the stimulatory and inhibitory portions of the dose-response curve can be manipulated independently and may be mediated by two distinct signals. It is likely the signal for the inhibition of cell proliferation is regulated by the same cell surface modulating assembly that controls the mobility of cell surface receptors.", "PMID": 1057182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2089", "title": "Catecholamine-induced subsensitivity of adenylate cyclase associated with loss of beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites.", "content": "Injection of frogs with beta-adrenergic catecholamines for 1-24 hr produces marked subsensitivity of the erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.1.] to in vitro stimulation by isoproterenol. The subsensitization is specific for catecholamine stimulation, since basal and fluoride-stimulated enzyme activity are unaffected. Maximum isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity declines by 75% in the isoproterenol-treated animals (P less than 0.001). The concentration of isoproterenol causing one-half maximal activation of adenylate cyclase, however, is unaltered. (-)[3H]Alprenolol, a potent competitive beta-adrenergic antagonist, was used to study directly the beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites in the erythrocyte membranes from control and subsensitized animals. A highly significant (P less than 0.005) 60% fall in the number of the beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites (\"specific\"(-)[3H]alprenolol binding sites) in the treated animals was found. The binding affinity of the sites was not markedly altered. These data suggest that beta-adrenergic catecholamines are able to regulate catecholamine sensitivity of tissues in vivo, by regulating the properties of the beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites.", "contents": "Catecholamine-induced subsensitivity of adenylate cyclase associated with loss of beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites. Injection of frogs with beta-adrenergic catecholamines for 1-24 hr produces marked subsensitivity of the erythrocyte membrane adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.1.] to in vitro stimulation by isoproterenol. The subsensitization is specific for catecholamine stimulation, since basal and fluoride-stimulated enzyme activity are unaffected. Maximum isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity declines by 75% in the isoproterenol-treated animals (P less than 0.001). The concentration of isoproterenol causing one-half maximal activation of adenylate cyclase, however, is unaltered. (-)[3H]Alprenolol, a potent competitive beta-adrenergic antagonist, was used to study directly the beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites in the erythrocyte membranes from control and subsensitized animals. A highly significant (P less than 0.005) 60% fall in the number of the beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites (\"specific\"(-)[3H]alprenolol binding sites) in the treated animals was found. The binding affinity of the sites was not markedly altered. These data suggest that beta-adrenergic catecholamines are able to regulate catecholamine sensitivity of tissues in vivo, by regulating the properties of the beta-adrenergic receptor binding sites.", "PMID": 1057183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2090", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for melatonin.", "content": "Rabbits immunized with human albumin conjugates of N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid (indomethacin), 5-methoxytryptamine, and 2-methyl-5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid produced antibodies that bound [3-H] melatonin. The serologic specificities for the binding of melatonin with antibodies from four antisera to these three immunogens were determined. Melatonin was measurable even at the 0.1 picomole level by a radioimmunoassay. Serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, 5-methoxytryptamine and 6-hydroxymelatonin can be ruled out as immunoreactive material with the use of the multiple antisera of different specificities.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for melatonin. Rabbits immunized with human albumin conjugates of N-(p-chlorobenzoyl)-2-methyl-5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid (indomethacin), 5-methoxytryptamine, and 2-methyl-5-methoxyindole-3-acetic acid produced antibodies that bound [3-H] melatonin. The serologic specificities for the binding of melatonin with antibodies from four antisera to these three immunogens were determined. Melatonin was measurable even at the 0.1 picomole level by a radioimmunoassay. Serotonin, N-acetylserotonin, 5-methoxytryptophol, 5-methoxytryptamine and 6-hydroxymelatonin can be ruled out as immunoreactive material with the use of the multiple antisera of different specificities.", "PMID": 1057224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2091", "title": "[Statistical analysis of 92 orthodontic cases].", "content": "A comparison has been made within 92 children who were either observed or treated by extractions or by orthodontic  appliances and submitted to statistical analysis. Conventional treatments do not influence the skeletal structures except for the convex faces which are favorably modified by plate. The changes of the dental axis varied according to the dental group. The growth direction of the anterior facial structures seems to be constant amongst all considered children.", "contents": "[Statistical analysis of 92 orthodontic cases]. A comparison has been made within 92 children who were either observed or treated by extractions or by orthodontic  appliances and submitted to statistical analysis. Conventional treatments do not influence the skeletal structures except for the convex faces which are favorably modified by plate. The changes of the dental axis varied according to the dental group. The growth direction of the anterior facial structures seems to be constant amongst all considered children.", "PMID": 1057225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2092", "title": "[Psychological approach to the child in a hospital stomatology department].", "content": "The authors describe what form the psychological approach to children by the stomatologist should take. If the future dental care of a patient depends upon the way in which he has been treated at the time of the first consultation, it is obvious that respect and interest for the child should form part of operative technique--just as important as technical skill and aptitude.", "contents": "[Psychological approach to the child in a hospital stomatology department]. The authors describe what form the psychological approach to children by the stomatologist should take. If the future dental care of a patient depends upon the way in which he has been treated at the time of the first consultation, it is obvious that respect and interest for the child should form part of operative technique--just as important as technical skill and aptitude.", "PMID": 1057226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2093", "title": "[Mesiodistal inclination of permanent 2d molars Angles of bite].", "content": "Measurement of the angles formed by the axes of the second permanent molars on the plane of bite in premolar sector was carried out by profile teleradiographies of 50 young adults. These patients showed no abnormality likely to affect the molar alveolar processes in the saggital plane. The results were as follows: Open angle in front of the second upper molar with plane of bite:80degres. Open angle in front of the second lowermolar with plane of bite: 110degrees. Angle of bite of the second molars: 170degrees, identical with the angle of bite of the first molars.", "contents": "[Mesiodistal inclination of permanent 2d molars Angles of bite]. Measurement of the angles formed by the axes of the second permanent molars on the plane of bite in premolar sector was carried out by profile teleradiographies of 50 young adults. These patients showed no abnormality likely to affect the molar alveolar processes in the saggital plane. The results were as follows: Open angle in front of the second upper molar with plane of bite:80degres. Open angle in front of the second lowermolar with plane of bite: 110degrees. Angle of bite of the second molars: 170degrees, identical with the angle of bite of the first molars.", "PMID": 1057227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2094", "title": "[Semiologic significance of Angle's classifications].", "content": "Study of profile teleradiographies and the inclination of the molars in relation to the lateral occlusal plane, make it possible to distinguish various types of Angle's classification: 1. those associated with displacement, 2. those resulting from dento-maxillary disharmony, 3. those resulting from a dento-dental or temporary disharmony, 4. those connected with abnormality of the occlusal path. Examination of the contact of the arches is not then sufficient to establish a diagnosis.", "contents": "[Semiologic significance of Angle's classifications]. Study of profile teleradiographies and the inclination of the molars in relation to the lateral occlusal plane, make it possible to distinguish various types of Angle's classification: 1. those associated with displacement, 2. those resulting from dento-maxillary disharmony, 3. those resulting from a dento-dental or temporary disharmony, 4. those connected with abnormality of the occlusal path. Examination of the contact of the arches is not then sufficient to establish a diagnosis.", "PMID": 1057228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2095", "title": "[Induction alveolectomies and root malformations].", "content": "In connection with 2 cases of dental retention due to radicular malformations, the authors draw attention to the following three points: 1. The diastema in which the retained tooth develops should exceed its mediodistal diameter. 2. The malformation of the root is not a counter-indication for induction alveolectomy: this triggers growth of the alveolar bone satellite of the tooth, following a process different from the usual mechanism of dental eruption. It could mean that the coronary portion, which is of epithelial origin, is rejected by its bony, connective tissue environment. 3. They would like diagnosis of dento-maxillary disharmony to be graded: --difficult to judge from X-rays alone; --dubious when abnormalities in the transverse diameter of the arches also contribute to crowding of the teeth.", "contents": "[Induction alveolectomies and root malformations]. In connection with 2 cases of dental retention due to radicular malformations, the authors draw attention to the following three points: 1. The diastema in which the retained tooth develops should exceed its mediodistal diameter. 2. The malformation of the root is not a counter-indication for induction alveolectomy: this triggers growth of the alveolar bone satellite of the tooth, following a process different from the usual mechanism of dental eruption. It could mean that the coronary portion, which is of epithelial origin, is rejected by its bony, connective tissue environment. 3. They would like diagnosis of dento-maxillary disharmony to be graded: --difficult to judge from X-rays alone; --dubious when abnormalities in the transverse diameter of the arches also contribute to crowding of the teeth.", "PMID": 1057229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2096", "title": "[Calcified parotiditis].", "content": "Six cases of parotiditis with multiple concretions clearly seen on X-rays in front view and without contrast, and associated with parenchymatous cavitation, have led us to suggest the concept of calcified parotiditis. The process was seen to be bilateral each time such an eventuality was sought. Histological examination confirmed that the calcifications were situated in the small efferent canals and provides evidence in favour of the similarity between such forms of parotiditis and calcified pancreatitis. As with pancreatitis, it is difficult to say whether such calcifications are responsible for ascending infection or if they result from it.", "contents": "[Calcified parotiditis]. Six cases of parotiditis with multiple concretions clearly seen on X-rays in front view and without contrast, and associated with parenchymatous cavitation, have led us to suggest the concept of calcified parotiditis. The process was seen to be bilateral each time such an eventuality was sought. Histological examination confirmed that the calcifications were situated in the small efferent canals and provides evidence in favour of the similarity between such forms of parotiditis and calcified pancreatitis. As with pancreatitis, it is difficult to say whether such calcifications are responsible for ascending infection or if they result from it.", "PMID": 1057233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2097", "title": "[Is it possible to make a diagnosis on only the morphological appearance in a child? Importance of complementary examinations in dentofacial orthopedics].", "content": "Orthodontic diagnosis cannot be made from the morphological appearance of the patient alone. The skeleton cannot be seen except by radiography. And the positioning of the dental system within the cranio-facial mass depends on the caprice of the musculature which may even simulate displacement of mandible in connection to maxillae. It is to illustrate this fact that we have selected from the Orthodontic Dept. of the Institute of Stomatology the cases of 3 children presenting with an abnormality in incisal contact, characterized by vestibular occlusion of the lower incisors clinically reminiscent of mandibular prognathism. In all of them we found evidence of abnormalities in neuro-muscular behaviour, at rest and in action, whilst teleradiography showed only one case with sagittal displacement of the maxillae, with a Coutand guide mark 9 mm below the bissector.", "contents": "[Is it possible to make a diagnosis on only the morphological appearance in a child? Importance of complementary examinations in dentofacial orthopedics]. Orthodontic diagnosis cannot be made from the morphological appearance of the patient alone. The skeleton cannot be seen except by radiography. And the positioning of the dental system within the cranio-facial mass depends on the caprice of the musculature which may even simulate displacement of mandible in connection to maxillae. It is to illustrate this fact that we have selected from the Orthodontic Dept. of the Institute of Stomatology the cases of 3 children presenting with an abnormality in incisal contact, characterized by vestibular occlusion of the lower incisors clinically reminiscent of mandibular prognathism. In all of them we found evidence of abnormalities in neuro-muscular behaviour, at rest and in action, whilst teleradiography showed only one case with sagittal displacement of the maxillae, with a Coutand guide mark 9 mm below the bissector.", "PMID": 1057230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2098", "title": "[Diffuse papulous histiocytosis X of the buccal mucosa during prolonged development of multiple eosinophilic granulomas of the jaws].", "content": "A diffuse papulo-erosive histiocytosis of the oral mucosa occurred during the fourth year of progression of a case of multiple maxillary eosinophilic granuloma whilst the bone lesions were progressing favourably. This mucosal form appeared to have completed its course in approximately one year, i.e. much more quickly than each of the bony lesions.", "contents": "[Diffuse papulous histiocytosis X of the buccal mucosa during prolonged development of multiple eosinophilic granulomas of the jaws]. A diffuse papulo-erosive histiocytosis of the oral mucosa occurred during the fourth year of progression of a case of multiple maxillary eosinophilic granuloma whilst the bone lesions were progressing favourably. This mucosal form appeared to have completed its course in approximately one year, i.e. much more quickly than each of the bony lesions.", "PMID": 1057231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2099", "title": "[Multiple cysts of the jaws: basocellular nevomatosis].", "content": "The authors presents two cases of basocellular nevomatosis with multiple maxillary cysts. He thought it important to point out the presence of a cyst in the left styloid apophysis, as up to now, epidermoid cysts have never been observed in other facial bones apart from the maxillae in BCN. In conclusion, the author presents three casses, which although showing multiple cysts or pseudocysts of the maxillae, do not belong to the BCN syndrome.", "contents": "[Multiple cysts of the jaws: basocellular nevomatosis]. The authors presents two cases of basocellular nevomatosis with multiple maxillary cysts. He thought it important to point out the presence of a cyst in the left styloid apophysis, as up to now, epidermoid cysts have never been observed in other facial bones apart from the maxillae in BCN. In conclusion, the author presents three casses, which although showing multiple cysts or pseudocysts of the maxillae, do not belong to the BCN syndrome.", "PMID": 1057234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2100", "title": "[Lipoma of the buccal cavity apropos of a case of intrajugal lipoma].", "content": "Lipoma of the oral cavity is a rare condition. It is a symptomless and slowgrowing tumour. Surgery is the adequate treatment. No recurrence does occur. The author describes a case of lipoma which developped in the cheek.", "contents": "[Lipoma of the buccal cavity apropos of a case of intrajugal lipoma]. Lipoma of the oral cavity is a rare condition. It is a symptomless and slowgrowing tumour. Surgery is the adequate treatment. No recurrence does occur. The author describes a case of lipoma which developped in the cheek.", "PMID": 1057235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2101", "title": "[Leontiasis ossea: a symptom...!].", "content": "The keyword \"leontiasis ossea\" has no diagnostic significance. It is only a description of a symptom of bone disease with a broad variability such as Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia, hyperparathyro\u00efdism and condensing osteopathies. (Pyle's disease, or cranio-diaphyseal dysplasia.) The first case presented shows advanced Paget's disease with radiographic signs of maxillary bone pathology. A tooth extraction in this patient was complicated by a severe healing problem. Sequestration occurred after two years. Healing was only obtained after removal of the sequestrum. The authors believe that the healing problem was directly related to Paget's disease of maxillary bone. The second case represents a patient with hyperparathyro\u00efdism, showing an unusual facial swelling as only physical symptom of the disease. The problem of interpretation of biopsymaterial and the occurrence of osteosclerotic appearence on X-ray are discussed. The authors suggest that a complete examination (X-ray of the skeleton, blood and urine parameters, and functionel tests) should be performed to put forward a right diagnosis in the patient, presenting leontiasis ossea.", "contents": "[Leontiasis ossea: a symptom...!]. The keyword \"leontiasis ossea\" has no diagnostic significance. It is only a description of a symptom of bone disease with a broad variability such as Paget's disease, fibrous dysplasia, hyperparathyro\u00efdism and condensing osteopathies. (Pyle's disease, or cranio-diaphyseal dysplasia.) The first case presented shows advanced Paget's disease with radiographic signs of maxillary bone pathology. A tooth extraction in this patient was complicated by a severe healing problem. Sequestration occurred after two years. Healing was only obtained after removal of the sequestrum. The authors believe that the healing problem was directly related to Paget's disease of maxillary bone. The second case represents a patient with hyperparathyro\u00efdism, showing an unusual facial swelling as only physical symptom of the disease. The problem of interpretation of biopsymaterial and the occurrence of osteosclerotic appearence on X-ray are discussed. The authors suggest that a complete examination (X-ray of the skeleton, blood and urine parameters, and functionel tests) should be performed to put forward a right diagnosis in the patient, presenting leontiasis ossea.", "PMID": 1057232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2102", "title": "[Temporomandibular menisci].", "content": "The temporo-mandibular meniscus is an anatomical structure which has been the subject of very little recent research. The usual macroscopic and dynamic tests were actually carried out on anatomical specimens taken from injected corpses whose anatomical structures were discoloured, stiff, hardened and unrecognizable, or from meniscectomy for pathological meniscus. In order to approximate as nearly as possible to the actual conditions under which anatomical testing is carried out, we dissected and removed 50 temporo-mandibular meniscuses from fresh corpses (14 females, 11 males between the ages of 42 and 78). Here are the partial conclusions from the macroscopic, microscopic and mechanical study of these 50 meniscuses caried out by us.", "contents": "[Temporomandibular menisci]. The temporo-mandibular meniscus is an anatomical structure which has been the subject of very little recent research. The usual macroscopic and dynamic tests were actually carried out on anatomical specimens taken from injected corpses whose anatomical structures were discoloured, stiff, hardened and unrecognizable, or from meniscectomy for pathological meniscus. In order to approximate as nearly as possible to the actual conditions under which anatomical testing is carried out, we dissected and removed 50 temporo-mandibular meniscuses from fresh corpses (14 females, 11 males between the ages of 42 and 78). Here are the partial conclusions from the macroscopic, microscopic and mechanical study of these 50 meniscuses caried out by us.", "PMID": 1057236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2103", "title": "[Functional treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle and its neck].", "content": "The functional treatment of condylar and sub-condylar fractures requires very early mobilisation of the mandible, in protraction. This form of treatment, suggested in France since 1928 by L. Lebourg, is usually carried out with the aid of traction using a plaster helmet. The authors use more simple inter-maxillary traction (as parallel as possible from the standpoint of occlusion) followed by propulsion plates.", "contents": "[Functional treatment of fractures of the mandibular condyle and its neck]. The functional treatment of condylar and sub-condylar fractures requires very early mobilisation of the mandible, in protraction. This form of treatment, suggested in France since 1928 by L. Lebourg, is usually carried out with the aid of traction using a plaster helmet. The authors use more simple inter-maxillary traction (as parallel as possible from the standpoint of occlusion) followed by propulsion plates.", "PMID": 1057237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2104", "title": "Haemolytic anaemia with hereditary pyruvate kinase instability developing acute leukaemia.", "content": "The case of a 27-year-old woman with pancytopenia, revealing acute monocytic leukaemia and haemolytic anaemia, is described in detail. The underlying cause for the red cell destruction was found to be a pyruvate kinase (PK) instability. Further investigation into three generations of her family (n = 12) disclosed a hereditary PK instability. This was proven by performing biochemical studies to elucidate mutants representing a structurally defective enzyme. Since conversions of pancytopenia with acquired red cell enzyme deficiency into leukaemia have been described, our observation emphasizes that hereditary red cell enzymopathy might also be associated with adult acute leukaemia.", "contents": "Haemolytic anaemia with hereditary pyruvate kinase instability developing acute leukaemia. The case of a 27-year-old woman with pancytopenia, revealing acute monocytic leukaemia and haemolytic anaemia, is described in detail. The underlying cause for the red cell destruction was found to be a pyruvate kinase (PK) instability. Further investigation into three generations of her family (n = 12) disclosed a hereditary PK instability. This was proven by performing biochemical studies to elucidate mutants representing a structurally defective enzyme. Since conversions of pancytopenia with acquired red cell enzyme deficiency into leukaemia have been described, our observation emphasizes that hereditary red cell enzymopathy might also be associated with adult acute leukaemia.", "PMID": 1057238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2105", "title": "Quantitative determination of splenic red blood cell destruction in patients with splenomegaly.", "content": "In order to evaluate a method permitting quantitation of splenic red blood cell destruction, a model of erythrocyte destruction in enlarged spleens was created: Erythrocytes are destroyed in the splenic erythrocyte pool at a constant rate, producing in labelling studies hyperhaemolysis due to random destruction. A mathematical analysis of the model shows that the splenic destruction rate can be calculated with great accuracy from quantitation of the initial excess radioactivity, measured over the spleen during the first days after infusion of 51-Cr-labelled autologous erythrocytes. 18 patients with splenomegaly (479-4700 g) were investigated. The splenic erythrocyte destruction rate was estimated to be between 0.5-4.4% of the total erythrocyte mass per day, increasing significantly with increasing splenic weight. The results indicate that erythrocyte destruction takes place almost exclusively in the enlarged spleen in cases of predominant splenomegaly without complicating immunohaemolysis.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of splenic red blood cell destruction in patients with splenomegaly. In order to evaluate a method permitting quantitation of splenic red blood cell destruction, a model of erythrocyte destruction in enlarged spleens was created: Erythrocytes are destroyed in the splenic erythrocyte pool at a constant rate, producing in labelling studies hyperhaemolysis due to random destruction. A mathematical analysis of the model shows that the splenic destruction rate can be calculated with great accuracy from quantitation of the initial excess radioactivity, measured over the spleen during the first days after infusion of 51-Cr-labelled autologous erythrocytes. 18 patients with splenomegaly (479-4700 g) were investigated. The splenic erythrocyte destruction rate was estimated to be between 0.5-4.4% of the total erythrocyte mass per day, increasing significantly with increasing splenic weight. The results indicate that erythrocyte destruction takes place almost exclusively in the enlarged spleen in cases of predominant splenomegaly without complicating immunohaemolysis.", "PMID": 1057239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2106", "title": "Chromosome abnormalities identified by banding technique in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia complicating Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Chromosome analyses using the Giemsa banding technique were performed on bone marrow cells in a patient with the association of Hodgkin's disease and acute myeloid leukaemia. All cells had an abnormal karyotype showing an extra chromosome No. 14, loss of one chromosome No. 17 and gain of one chromosome No. 18. These abnormalities are in many respects similar to the karyotype changes of lymphoid cells in malignant lymphomas, suggesting a pathogenetic relationship between the two disorders.", "contents": "Chromosome abnormalities identified by banding technique in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia complicating Hodgkin's disease. Chromosome analyses using the Giemsa banding technique were performed on bone marrow cells in a patient with the association of Hodgkin's disease and acute myeloid leukaemia. All cells had an abnormal karyotype showing an extra chromosome No. 14, loss of one chromosome No. 17 and gain of one chromosome No. 18. These abnormalities are in many respects similar to the karyotype changes of lymphoid cells in malignant lymphomas, suggesting a pathogenetic relationship between the two disorders.", "PMID": 1057240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2107", "title": "[Odontogenic keratocysts].", "content": "Keratocysts may develop from cellular multiplication, from recidivating growth of epithelial cells left after curettage, and they have an important potential growth, they can degenerate into malignancies. There are several etiological possibilities: tissues connected with crown formation, invagination of nucous epithelium, degeneration of follicular cysts producing keratin. The most important characteristic of these cysts is the frequent recidivation. Fron a clinical standpoint, they are classified as benign tumors. After enucleation, the walls of healthy tissue should be reduced, particularly in locations where the access of curettes is difficult. If necessary, apicetomy is performed in order to completely eliminate the cyst walls. Histological examination is mandatory. Finally, radiologic controls during at least six years should be made.", "contents": "[Odontogenic keratocysts]. Keratocysts may develop from cellular multiplication, from recidivating growth of epithelial cells left after curettage, and they have an important potential growth, they can degenerate into malignancies. There are several etiological possibilities: tissues connected with crown formation, invagination of nucous epithelium, degeneration of follicular cysts producing keratin. The most important characteristic of these cysts is the frequent recidivation. Fron a clinical standpoint, they are classified as benign tumors. After enucleation, the walls of healthy tissue should be reduced, particularly in locations where the access of curettes is difficult. If necessary, apicetomy is performed in order to completely eliminate the cyst walls. Histological examination is mandatory. Finally, radiologic controls during at least six years should be made.", "PMID": 1057247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2108", "title": "[Prophylactic measures in general dental practice. An inquirly on their state and frequency].", "content": "Questionnaires concerning the type of oral examinations and preventive measures used in private practice were sent to 500 randomly selected dentists in the german-speaking part of Switzerland. 300 were returned completed, the majority of these anonymously. In the examination of new patients, bite-wing radiographs were the most commonly used diagnostic aid. This was reported in 60% of the offices--more often by younger than by older pracitioners, more frequently in urban than in rural offices and more often in surgeries treating less than 12 patients a day. Concerning oral restauration itself, the most frequently frequently reported procedures were the treatment of clinically visible carious lesions, polishing and the replacement of defective fillings. A broad spectrum of prophylactic oral hygiene aids were reported. Toothbrush and dental floss combined with oral hygiene instruction, however, were still the most commonly used. There was considerably correlation between the type of prophylactic acids used and the type of the dental practice. According to the questionnaires, fluoride prophylaxis is very regulary carried out and recommended. The ways in which this fluoride prophylaxis is carried out differs from practice to practice. Nutritional prophylaxis counseling was considered in the majority of the offices irrespective of the type of office. Relatively little emphasis was placed upon cooperation of the patient. From the questionnaries we calculated a need for about 550 DH for Switzerland. Younger dentists mentioned this need relatively moe often than older practitioners. A recall system was used in 70% of the practices, whereby annual and semi-annual intervals were reported with equal frequency. It is obvious that the emphasis placed upon prevention is not the same in all practices. This statement is valid also for the carious and periodontal diagnostic measures utilized. Much work as well as maybe a certain resignation resulting from previous failures may prevent the dentist from instituting more preventive measures in his practice. It is obvious that the graduates of the new dental hygiene school can help in this regard. However, because as yet these new graduates cannot supply even one half of the 550 required hygienists, it is discussed whether or not dental chair-side assistants with special training could motivate our patients toward a more satisfactory oral hygiene.", "contents": "[Prophylactic measures in general dental practice. An inquirly on their state and frequency]. Questionnaires concerning the type of oral examinations and preventive measures used in private practice were sent to 500 randomly selected dentists in the german-speaking part of Switzerland. 300 were returned completed, the majority of these anonymously. In the examination of new patients, bite-wing radiographs were the most commonly used diagnostic aid. This was reported in 60% of the offices--more often by younger than by older pracitioners, more frequently in urban than in rural offices and more often in surgeries treating less than 12 patients a day. Concerning oral restauration itself, the most frequently frequently reported procedures were the treatment of clinically visible carious lesions, polishing and the replacement of defective fillings. A broad spectrum of prophylactic oral hygiene aids were reported. Toothbrush and dental floss combined with oral hygiene instruction, however, were still the most commonly used. There was considerably correlation between the type of prophylactic acids used and the type of the dental practice. According to the questionnaires, fluoride prophylaxis is very regulary carried out and recommended. The ways in which this fluoride prophylaxis is carried out differs from practice to practice. Nutritional prophylaxis counseling was considered in the majority of the offices irrespective of the type of office. Relatively little emphasis was placed upon cooperation of the patient. From the questionnaries we calculated a need for about 550 DH for Switzerland. Younger dentists mentioned this need relatively moe often than older practitioners. A recall system was used in 70% of the practices, whereby annual and semi-annual intervals were reported with equal frequency. It is obvious that the emphasis placed upon prevention is not the same in all practices. This statement is valid also for the carious and periodontal diagnostic measures utilized. Much work as well as maybe a certain resignation resulting from previous failures may prevent the dentist from instituting more preventive measures in his practice. It is obvious that the graduates of the new dental hygiene school can help in this regard. However, because as yet these new graduates cannot supply even one half of the 550 required hygienists, it is discussed whether or not dental chair-side assistants with special training could motivate our patients toward a more satisfactory oral hygiene.", "PMID": 1057248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2109", "title": "[A new method for intraoral photography: the oral-zoom-converter].", "content": "The article describes the design and application of a lens-converter specifically developed for intraoral photography: the Oral-Zoom-Converter. With a few simple manipulations this converter modifies an existing standard single-lens-reflex camera with an electronic flash unit into a compact intraoral setup which delivers excellent photographic results. A special optical mechanism allows for the continuous change of the magnification range between the overview range (lower half of the face) and the closeup range (2-4 crowns of teeth). The revolving friction-lock flash show positions the flash window on the appropriate side of the master lens for optimal illumination of the object. The cost of this converter will be moderate.", "contents": "[A new method for intraoral photography: the oral-zoom-converter]. The article describes the design and application of a lens-converter specifically developed for intraoral photography: the Oral-Zoom-Converter. With a few simple manipulations this converter modifies an existing standard single-lens-reflex camera with an electronic flash unit into a compact intraoral setup which delivers excellent photographic results. A special optical mechanism allows for the continuous change of the magnification range between the overview range (lower half of the face) and the closeup range (2-4 crowns of teeth). The revolving friction-lock flash show positions the flash window on the appropriate side of the master lens for optimal illumination of the object. The cost of this converter will be moderate.", "PMID": 1057249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2110", "title": "[Root fragments of deciduous teeth remaining in the alveolar bone. Microradiographic and ultrastructural study].", "content": "Deciduous tooth fragments retained in the alveolar bone can be either unresorbed portions of root, or root splinters of various sizes resulting from a fracture. The composition and ultrastructure of the fragment dentine remain unchanged even after a long period of inclusion; any specific alterations present at the time of inclusion persist. Some fracture surfaces and resorption lacunae of completely embedded fragments are covered with newly-formed cementum, usually in continuity with the preexisting cementum. Osteo-dentinal ankylosis occurs on certain resorption surfaces. The ultrastructure of the ankylosis zones is characterized by the continuity of the collagenous fibrillar framework of the dentine and that of the newly-formed bone, and by the penetration of bone substance into the dentinal tubuli and the pulp canals.", "contents": "[Root fragments of deciduous teeth remaining in the alveolar bone. Microradiographic and ultrastructural study]. Deciduous tooth fragments retained in the alveolar bone can be either unresorbed portions of root, or root splinters of various sizes resulting from a fracture. The composition and ultrastructure of the fragment dentine remain unchanged even after a long period of inclusion; any specific alterations present at the time of inclusion persist. Some fracture surfaces and resorption lacunae of completely embedded fragments are covered with newly-formed cementum, usually in continuity with the preexisting cementum. Osteo-dentinal ankylosis occurs on certain resorption surfaces. The ultrastructure of the ankylosis zones is characterized by the continuity of the collagenous fibrillar framework of the dentine and that of the newly-formed bone, and by the penetration of bone substance into the dentinal tubuli and the pulp canals.", "PMID": 1057250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2111", "title": "[Prospective evaluation of the risk of hemorrhage. Measures for the prevention of postoperative bleeding in dental surgical procedures].", "content": "The authors concern themselves with the problem of a possible prospective hemorrhage. The history of the patients proved to be the most efficient means to prophylaxis: From 250 patients, seven had histories of hemorrhages, mainly after tooth extractions. In the most prominent case, hematologic examination showed a hemophilia A, which was unknown to the patient. Examination of the family uncovered another case of this disease. Two cases could be interpreted as caused by medication. Preopertive selection uncovered only one patient with abnormal Quick value. Practical instruction for pre-, intra-, and postoperative prophylaxis against bleeding may contribute to reduce unexpected and life endangering hemorrhages to minimum.", "contents": "[Prospective evaluation of the risk of hemorrhage. Measures for the prevention of postoperative bleeding in dental surgical procedures]. The authors concern themselves with the problem of a possible prospective hemorrhage. The history of the patients proved to be the most efficient means to prophylaxis: From 250 patients, seven had histories of hemorrhages, mainly after tooth extractions. In the most prominent case, hematologic examination showed a hemophilia A, which was unknown to the patient. Examination of the family uncovered another case of this disease. Two cases could be interpreted as caused by medication. Preopertive selection uncovered only one patient with abnormal Quick value. Practical instruction for pre-, intra-, and postoperative prophylaxis against bleeding may contribute to reduce unexpected and life endangering hemorrhages to minimum.", "PMID": 1057251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2112", "title": "Hypocalcemia in leukemia.", "content": "Hypocalcemia is seen in patients with leukemia and is usually due to renal impairment or to low serum albumin concentrations. Four patients are reported who had hypocalcemia but without these usual explanations. One patient had chronic lymphatic leukemia and overwhelming infections which led to death. The other three patients had chronic myelogenous leukemia in an accelerated phase of the disease characterized by increasing blast cells in circulation, massive hepatosplenomegaly, and myelofibrosis. The cause of the hypocclcemia is unknown.", "contents": "Hypocalcemia in leukemia. Hypocalcemia is seen in patients with leukemia and is usually due to renal impairment or to low serum albumin concentrations. Four patients are reported who had hypocalcemia but without these usual explanations. One patient had chronic lymphatic leukemia and overwhelming infections which led to death. The other three patients had chronic myelogenous leukemia in an accelerated phase of the disease characterized by increasing blast cells in circulation, massive hepatosplenomegaly, and myelofibrosis. The cause of the hypocclcemia is unknown.", "PMID": 1057254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2113", "title": "Angiography in the management of musculoskeletal tumors.", "content": "The contribution to pretreatment evaluation and surgical planning of 200 angiograms of bone and soft tissue lesions, mostly tumors, was evaluated. Their accuracy was studied  by careful post-operative examination of gross surgical specimens and histologic sections. The angiograms were helpful in delineating the anatomic extent of lesions and, therefore, in planning the appropriate resection or amputation. This was particularly true in lesions treatable by radical local resection, such as most malignant tumors of soft tissues, giant cell tumors of bone, parosteal osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas and occasional small central osteosarcomas. The angiograms were of some help in confirming or detecting residual or recurrent tumor and prior resection. This was not true immediately after inadequate local resections because residual tumor was likely to be quite small and reactive vascularity secondary to operation was confusing. Angiography was not accurate or helpful in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions when the clinical presentation and roentgenographic findings were confusing. The surgeon relied on biopsy rather than angiography. Aso, although we saw lymph node blushes on several angiograms, we could not reliably interpret whether or not this represented tumor metastasis. The vascularity of pathologic fractures was also confusing. Pelvic angiograms were difficult to interpret because of the complex anatomy. We made most of our serious mistakes in delineating tumor extent in pelvic lesions. Angiography is valuable in planning operative treatment of tumors if radical local resection is considered or if physical examination and roentgenographic findings do not indicate the appropriate level of amputation.", "contents": "Angiography in the management of musculoskeletal tumors. The contribution to pretreatment evaluation and surgical planning of 200 angiograms of bone and soft tissue lesions, mostly tumors, was evaluated. Their accuracy was studied  by careful post-operative examination of gross surgical specimens and histologic sections. The angiograms were helpful in delineating the anatomic extent of lesions and, therefore, in planning the appropriate resection or amputation. This was particularly true in lesions treatable by radical local resection, such as most malignant tumors of soft tissues, giant cell tumors of bone, parosteal osteosarcomas, chondrosarcomas and occasional small central osteosarcomas. The angiograms were of some help in confirming or detecting residual or recurrent tumor and prior resection. This was not true immediately after inadequate local resections because residual tumor was likely to be quite small and reactive vascularity secondary to operation was confusing. Angiography was not accurate or helpful in distinguishing benign from malignant lesions when the clinical presentation and roentgenographic findings were confusing. The surgeon relied on biopsy rather than angiography. Aso, although we saw lymph node blushes on several angiograms, we could not reliably interpret whether or not this represented tumor metastasis. The vascularity of pathologic fractures was also confusing. Pelvic angiograms were difficult to interpret because of the complex anatomy. We made most of our serious mistakes in delineating tumor extent in pelvic lesions. Angiography is valuable in planning operative treatment of tumors if radical local resection is considered or if physical examination and roentgenographic findings do not indicate the appropriate level of amputation.", "PMID": 1057256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2114", "title": "Mother cell of megakaryocyte.", "content": "It was attempted to describe the morphology of the most immature cell of megakaryocytic series. The megakaryocytes were observed with the electron microscope in five cases, being traced back to their immature forms. In two cases the most immature cells of megakaryocytic series were considered to be the cells which were probably identified as lymphocytes under the light microscope, but they were not lymphocytes with the electron microscope. In other two cases it was presumed that neutrophilic and megakaryocytic series were derived from morphologically similar immature cells, since the most immature cells of neutrophilic and megakaryocytic series were not distinguished when they were traced back to their immature forms. These findings suggest that mother cells of megakaryocytes in the adult bone marrow may be identified as lymphoid cells with the light microscope.", "contents": "Mother cell of megakaryocyte. It was attempted to describe the morphology of the most immature cell of megakaryocytic series. The megakaryocytes were observed with the electron microscope in five cases, being traced back to their immature forms. In two cases the most immature cells of megakaryocytic series were considered to be the cells which were probably identified as lymphocytes under the light microscope, but they were not lymphocytes with the electron microscope. In other two cases it was presumed that neutrophilic and megakaryocytic series were derived from morphologically similar immature cells, since the most immature cells of neutrophilic and megakaryocytic series were not distinguished when they were traced back to their immature forms. These findings suggest that mother cells of megakaryocytes in the adult bone marrow may be identified as lymphoid cells with the light microscope.", "PMID": 1057280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2115", "title": "Mechanism of platelet liberation.", "content": "Megakaryocytes from 5 patients and 1 normal person were observed electronmicroscopically. In some pathologic states platelets seemed to be liberated without demarcation membrane system (DMS) and in a normal individual they seemed to be liberated independently of DMS. These findings suggest that DMS is not concerned with platelet liberation and that platelets are liberated through pseudopodia and bleb formation. In mature megakaryocytes vigorous amoeboid movement seems to exist and both pseudopodia and blebs may represent this movement. Structural similarity between surface connected system (SCS) of platelet and DMS of megakaryocyte suggests that the structure called DMS is transported as SCS into platelet.", "contents": "Mechanism of platelet liberation. Megakaryocytes from 5 patients and 1 normal person were observed electronmicroscopically. In some pathologic states platelets seemed to be liberated without demarcation membrane system (DMS) and in a normal individual they seemed to be liberated independently of DMS. These findings suggest that DMS is not concerned with platelet liberation and that platelets are liberated through pseudopodia and bleb formation. In mature megakaryocytes vigorous amoeboid movement seems to exist and both pseudopodia and blebs may represent this movement. Structural similarity between surface connected system (SCS) of platelet and DMS of megakaryocyte suggests that the structure called DMS is transported as SCS into platelet.", "PMID": 1057281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2116", "title": "[Material-testing studies for the rationalization of the technology of stomatological cold curing-plastics].", "content": "Materials scientific studies on the rationalization of the processing of stomatological cold-curing plastics. Hydropneumatic overpressure polymerization leads to a considerable rationalization of the processing of stomatological cold-curing plastics, but its effects on the course of polymerization and the properties of the polymerizate are yet not sufficiently elucidated. For this reason, the author studied in several test series the effects of various processing parameters (flask and overpressure vessel; varying mixing ratios, pressures and temperatures) on the polymerization of Kallocryl-AS, a cold-curing plastic. The results obtained indicate that, under certain processing conditions, overpressure polymerization of cold-curing plastics may be recommended from the viewpoint of materials science.", "contents": "[Material-testing studies for the rationalization of the technology of stomatological cold curing-plastics]. Materials scientific studies on the rationalization of the processing of stomatological cold-curing plastics. Hydropneumatic overpressure polymerization leads to a considerable rationalization of the processing of stomatological cold-curing plastics, but its effects on the course of polymerization and the properties of the polymerizate are yet not sufficiently elucidated. For this reason, the author studied in several test series the effects of various processing parameters (flask and overpressure vessel; varying mixing ratios, pressures and temperatures) on the polymerization of Kallocryl-AS, a cold-curing plastic. The results obtained indicate that, under certain processing conditions, overpressure polymerization of cold-curing plastics may be recommended from the viewpoint of materials science.", "PMID": 1057282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2117", "title": "[Orthodontic therapy by tooth extraction--indication and prognosis].", "content": "From 1000 current orthodontic treatments, a percentage of 23.3 (233 patients) was selected for extraction therapy. The indication and the prognosis were analysed from various viewpoints to deduce suggestions for the application in practice. The advantages described and the possibilities of use meet the demands on efficient orthodontic therapy.", "contents": "[Orthodontic therapy by tooth extraction--indication and prognosis]. From 1000 current orthodontic treatments, a percentage of 23.3 (233 patients) was selected for extraction therapy. The indication and the prognosis were analysed from various viewpoints to deduce suggestions for the application in practice. The advantages described and the possibilities of use meet the demands on efficient orthodontic therapy.", "PMID": 1057283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2118", "title": "[An attempt at assessment of the numerical grading of success concerning diagnosis, therapy and prognosis in tooth alignment and malocclusion].", "content": "An attempt to assess the numerical grading of success with regard to the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of anomalies of tooth alignment and occlusal position. Classifications according to Korkhaus, Angle and Eismann were evaluated using the original and final models of 42 patients who had been very co-operative. The importance and applicability in therapy and prognosis are assessed.", "contents": "[An attempt at assessment of the numerical grading of success concerning diagnosis, therapy and prognosis in tooth alignment and malocclusion]. An attempt to assess the numerical grading of success with regard to the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of anomalies of tooth alignment and occlusal position. Classifications according to Korkhaus, Angle and Eismann were evaluated using the original and final models of 42 patients who had been very co-operative. The importance and applicability in therapy and prognosis are assessed.", "PMID": 1057284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2119", "title": "[Can changes be substantiated after termination of orthodontic treatment by means of yearly follow-up examinations? A longitudinal study over 5 years].", "content": "Is it possible to substantiate changes after terminated orthodontic treatment by annual follow-up examinations? A longitudinal study over five years. 42 patients with duly terminated orthodontic treatment were re-examined at intervals of one year during a period of five years. Relevant changes could be substantiated and discussed with regard to their importance in prognostic assessment.", "contents": "[Can changes be substantiated after termination of orthodontic treatment by means of yearly follow-up examinations? A longitudinal study over 5 years]. Is it possible to substantiate changes after terminated orthodontic treatment by annual follow-up examinations? A longitudinal study over five years. 42 patients with duly terminated orthodontic treatment were re-examined at intervals of one year during a period of five years. Relevant changes could be substantiated and discussed with regard to their importance in prognostic assessment.", "PMID": 1057285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2120", "title": "[Stomatological studies of a Neolithic population from the collective grave at Sch\u00f6nstedt in Thuringia].", "content": "Of 64 burials at the Sch\u00f6nstedt common burial-ground which dates from the neolithic age, 49 well-preserved dentitions were examined for caries incidence, periodontal disease, abrasion, hypodontia and polydontia, tooth alignment and occlusal position. The results obtained are discussed with regard to contemporaneous and modern conditions.", "contents": "[Stomatological studies of a Neolithic population from the collective grave at Sch\u00f6nstedt in Thuringia]. Of 64 burials at the Sch\u00f6nstedt common burial-ground which dates from the neolithic age, 49 well-preserved dentitions were examined for caries incidence, periodontal disease, abrasion, hypodontia and polydontia, tooth alignment and occlusal position. The results obtained are discussed with regard to contemporaneous and modern conditions.", "PMID": 1057286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2121", "title": "[Stomatological studies of Merowingian skulls from the 5th and 6th century in Thuringia].", "content": "89 individuals of a Merovingian series from Weimar and M\u00fchlhausen were examined for caries incidence, tooth abrasion, periodontal disease and dysgnathia. The results obtained were interpreted.", "contents": "[Stomatological studies of Merowingian skulls from the 5th and 6th century in Thuringia]. 89 individuals of a Merovingian series from Weimar and M\u00fchlhausen were examined for caries incidence, tooth abrasion, periodontal disease and dysgnathia. The results obtained were interpreted.", "PMID": 1057287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2122", "title": "[Possibilities of an ergonomically designed working place].", "content": "Starting from a conventional stomatological work place, the author shows how to arrive stepwise, by reconstruction and new aquisitions, at two conceptions which enable the treating team to work in seated position.", "contents": "[Possibilities of an ergonomically designed working place]. Starting from a conventional stomatological work place, the author shows how to arrive stepwise, by reconstruction and new aquisitions, at two conceptions which enable the treating team to work in seated position.", "PMID": 1057288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2123", "title": "[Construction and mode of action of a suction apparatus based on the vacuum cleaner principle].", "content": "Design and mode of action of a suction apparatus worked on the vacuum cleaner principle. A suction apparatus worked on the vacuum cleaner principle is presented as a part of a modern work-place conception.", "contents": "[Construction and mode of action of a suction apparatus based on the vacuum cleaner principle]. Design and mode of action of a suction apparatus worked on the vacuum cleaner principle. A suction apparatus worked on the vacuum cleaner principle is presented as a part of a modern work-place conception.", "PMID": 1057289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2124", "title": "[A new possibility of improving the breaking strength of mineral tooth facets by ion exchange ].", "content": "A 140% increase in the breaking strength of Keradens facings may be achieved by ion exchange, i.e., by substitution of the small sodium ions in soda feldspar by the larger potassium ions, which is done by melting the soda feldspar with potassium nitrate. The temperature and the time required for optimum exchange conditions are derived from the results of the present study.", "contents": "[A new possibility of improving the breaking strength of mineral tooth facets by ion exchange ]. A 140% increase in the breaking strength of Keradens facings may be achieved by ion exchange, i.e., by substitution of the small sodium ions in soda feldspar by the larger potassium ions, which is done by melting the soda feldspar with potassium nitrate. The temperature and the time required for optimum exchange conditions are derived from the results of the present study.", "PMID": 1057290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2125", "title": "[The effect of irrigation on the oxygen tension in the healthy rat gingiva].", "content": "The temperature of the rat's gingiva was 30.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C. before, and 37.1 +/- 0.2 degrees C. after irrigation. After irrigation, the oxygen tension in the gingiva of the rats was by 40% higher than its original value. When pure oxygen was inhaled, the tension increased by 120% before irrigation, and by 126% after irrigation.", "contents": "[The effect of irrigation on the oxygen tension in the healthy rat gingiva]. The temperature of the rat's gingiva was 30.4 +/- 0.3 degrees C. before, and 37.1 +/- 0.2 degrees C. after irrigation. After irrigation, the oxygen tension in the gingiva of the rats was by 40% higher than its original value. When pure oxygen was inhaled, the tension increased by 120% before irrigation, and by 126% after irrigation.", "PMID": 1057291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2126", "title": "[Diabetes and periodontal therapy].", "content": "The relationships of diabetes to periodontal diseases are still not elucidated. Due to the increasing morbidity of the two diseases, it becomes more and more frequent that they occurr both in the same patient. There is no doubt that periodontal disease is at least aggravated by diabetes. This is corroborated by the author's experienence. The control and dispensary treatment of diabetics by a stomatological nurse are regarded as a possibility of early detection of periodontal disease and, thus, of preservation of the teeth.", "contents": "[Diabetes and periodontal therapy]. The relationships of diabetes to periodontal diseases are still not elucidated. Due to the increasing morbidity of the two diseases, it becomes more and more frequent that they occurr both in the same patient. There is no doubt that periodontal disease is at least aggravated by diabetes. This is corroborated by the author's experienence. The control and dispensary treatment of diabetics by a stomatological nurse are regarded as a possibility of early detection of periodontal disease and, thus, of preservation of the teeth.", "PMID": 1057292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2127", "title": "[Intraoral UV irradiation in gingivitis and ulcerative stomatitis].", "content": "The different specific and non-specific general effects of ultra-violet rays are discussed. Intro-oral ultra-violet irradiation is indicated  in all ulcerous and ulcero-aphthous diseases of the gingiva and the remaining oral mucosa. The author's experience does not plead for other applications, e. g., in case of parodontopathia inflammata and parodontopathia dystrophica, which is sometimes recommedned. The technique of ultra-violet irradiation is described. It is emphasized that a stomatological nurse may give this treatment, which relieves the stomatologist", "contents": "[Intraoral UV irradiation in gingivitis and ulcerative stomatitis]. The different specific and non-specific general effects of ultra-violet rays are discussed. Intro-oral ultra-violet irradiation is indicated  in all ulcerous and ulcero-aphthous diseases of the gingiva and the remaining oral mucosa. The author's experience does not plead for other applications, e. g., in case of parodontopathia inflammata and parodontopathia dystrophica, which is sometimes recommedned. The technique of ultra-violet irradiation is described. It is emphasized that a stomatological nurse may give this treatment, which relieves the stomatologist", "PMID": 1057293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2128", "title": "[Fundamentals of applied oncology].", "content": "The fundamentals of applied oncology involve essential aspects: Intensive cancer prevention is necessary, which may be achieved by the elimination of certain environmental factors and the early recognition of premaligant and maligant growth processes, including an intensive fight against neglect and an extended health education. The WHO classification is an internationally understandable nomenclature. It is established and commented upon with regard to its specific application in practice. The importance of the dignity of tumour classes and types to prognosis and therapy is indicated. It is arranged in 7 qualities of dignity with corresponding types of neoplasms, with regard to transitional types between benign and malignant tumours. The definition of 4 tumoral stages according to the TNM system is intended for obtaining patient groups which permit to compare therapeutical results. The principle and application of the different therapeutical possibilites (surgical intervention, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonotherapy, virus therapy, immunotherapy and complex treatment) are outlined. The rehabilitation and the after-care are of deciding individual, vocational and social importance to the resocialization of the tumour patients.", "contents": "[Fundamentals of applied oncology]. The fundamentals of applied oncology involve essential aspects: Intensive cancer prevention is necessary, which may be achieved by the elimination of certain environmental factors and the early recognition of premaligant and maligant growth processes, including an intensive fight against neglect and an extended health education. The WHO classification is an internationally understandable nomenclature. It is established and commented upon with regard to its specific application in practice. The importance of the dignity of tumour classes and types to prognosis and therapy is indicated. It is arranged in 7 qualities of dignity with corresponding types of neoplasms, with regard to transitional types between benign and malignant tumours. The definition of 4 tumoral stages according to the TNM system is intended for obtaining patient groups which permit to compare therapeutical results. The principle and application of the different therapeutical possibilites (surgical intervention, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonotherapy, virus therapy, immunotherapy and complex treatment) are outlined. The rehabilitation and the after-care are of deciding individual, vocational and social importance to the resocialization of the tumour patients.", "PMID": 1057295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2129", "title": "The effect of some local anaesthetics upon the electrical and mechanical activity of respiratory muscles in cats during pentobarbital anaesthesia.", "content": "No thorough investigation has been made of the effect of small intravenous doses of local anaesthetics upon respiration, although those agents are extensively used for clinical purposes. This prompted a study of the effects of rapid intravenous injections of 2 and 4 mg/kg lidocaine, 3 and 7 mg/kg mepivacaine and 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg bupivacaine upon the electrical and mechanical activity of the respiratory muscles. Studies were also made of the effects of 3 mg/kg lidocaine when gas mixtures of different carbon dioxide and oxygen content were bein g breathed. The experimental animals were 43 cats, anaesthetized with 35 mg/kg pentobarbital intraperitoneally. Recordings were made of the number of impulses and the maximal impulse frquency from the external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve, together with the tidal volume, minute ventilation, breathing frequency, duration of inspiration, and, during occluded breaths, the maximal pressure and the pressure impulses generated by the inspiratory muscles. It was found that all of the agents investigated had a clear effect upon respiration. The most marked changes became apparent during the first few minutes following the injections, and the effects lasted 10-20 minutes, as judged from changes observed in the recorded parameters. No differences could be seen in the effects of lidocaine and mepivacaine upon respiration, except as regards the effect upon inspiratory time. However, both of these agents differed from bupivacaine in the r effects. Lidocaine and mepivacaine depressed the activity of the external intercostal muscles, whereas the changes recorded from the diaphragm were much less marked...", "contents": "The effect of some local anaesthetics upon the electrical and mechanical activity of respiratory muscles in cats during pentobarbital anaesthesia. No thorough investigation has been made of the effect of small intravenous doses of local anaesthetics upon respiration, although those agents are extensively used for clinical purposes. This prompted a study of the effects of rapid intravenous injections of 2 and 4 mg/kg lidocaine, 3 and 7 mg/kg mepivacaine and 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg bupivacaine upon the electrical and mechanical activity of the respiratory muscles. Studies were also made of the effects of 3 mg/kg lidocaine when gas mixtures of different carbon dioxide and oxygen content were bein g breathed. The experimental animals were 43 cats, anaesthetized with 35 mg/kg pentobarbital intraperitoneally. Recordings were made of the number of impulses and the maximal impulse frquency from the external intercostal muscles, the diaphragm and the phrenic nerve, together with the tidal volume, minute ventilation, breathing frequency, duration of inspiration, and, during occluded breaths, the maximal pressure and the pressure impulses generated by the inspiratory muscles. It was found that all of the agents investigated had a clear effect upon respiration. The most marked changes became apparent during the first few minutes following the injections, and the effects lasted 10-20 minutes, as judged from changes observed in the recorded parameters. No differences could be seen in the effects of lidocaine and mepivacaine upon respiration, except as regards the effect upon inspiratory time. However, both of these agents differed from bupivacaine in the r effects. Lidocaine and mepivacaine depressed the activity of the external intercostal muscles, whereas the changes recorded from the diaphragm were much less marked...", "PMID": 1057345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2130", "title": "Primary lymphomas of the central nervous system; in vitro culture observations.", "content": "Out of 960 human brain neoplasms seven primary lymphomas were cultured and grown up to twenty eight days. The monolayers had common cytological characteristics; /i/ immediately after plantation a high density of uniform cells was observed; /ii/ many cells were lost during subsequent medium changes; /iii/ the monolayers contained lymphocyte-like cells in different numbers. According to their individual characteristics the cultures could be classified into three categories: 1./ In the cultures of three tumours lymphocyte-like cells predominated. These tumours had low proliferative capacity in vitro. 2./ Cultures of three other tumours consisting mainly of tissue macrophages had a high proliferative capacity in vitro. 3./ Cultures of a single tumour showed the combined features of the former two categories: both lymphocyte-like cells, and tissue macrophages were present. These cultures showed the highest proliferative activity. On the basis of these findings it is quite possible that beside other methods, tissue culture technique may be useful in the classification of brain lymphomas.", "contents": "Primary lymphomas of the central nervous system; in vitro culture observations. Out of 960 human brain neoplasms seven primary lymphomas were cultured and grown up to twenty eight days. The monolayers had common cytological characteristics; /i/ immediately after plantation a high density of uniform cells was observed; /ii/ many cells were lost during subsequent medium changes; /iii/ the monolayers contained lymphocyte-like cells in different numbers. According to their individual characteristics the cultures could be classified into three categories: 1./ In the cultures of three tumours lymphocyte-like cells predominated. These tumours had low proliferative capacity in vitro. 2./ Cultures of three other tumours consisting mainly of tissue macrophages had a high proliferative capacity in vitro. 3./ Cultures of a single tumour showed the combined features of the former two categories: both lymphocyte-like cells, and tissue macrophages were present. These cultures showed the highest proliferative activity. On the basis of these findings it is quite possible that beside other methods, tissue culture technique may be useful in the classification of brain lymphomas.", "PMID": 1057346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2131", "title": "[Spontaneous nitroblue terazolium reduction test (NBT) by peripheral blood granulocytes in healthy subjects and in some hematologic syndromes].", "content": "The NBT reduction test and determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in the peripheral blood granulocytes (FAG) were done in 94 subjects including 30 blood donors donating blood for the first time and 64 cases of various haematological syndromes. Raised proportion of formazan granulocytes was found in patients with pancytopenia, acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia during blastic exacerbation, Hodgkin's disease during exacerbation and lymphosarcoma. These results correlated with increased FAG activity. Lower proportions of formazan granulocytes capable of spontaneous reduction of NBT were found in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, in immunohaemolytic anaemias and in plasmocytoma. Of all the above syndromes only in chronic myeloid leukaemia impaired ability of formazan cell formation parallelled decreased FAG activity. In the remaining syndromes FAG activity in the granulocytes was normal or raised. In the remissions of Hodgkin's disease a fall was observed in the proportion of formazan granulocytes to values of FAG. In chronic myeloid leukaemia the proportion of formazan cells showed considerable fluctuations and no correlation was observed between the proportion of formazan cells and FAG activity.", "contents": "[Spontaneous nitroblue terazolium reduction test (NBT) by peripheral blood granulocytes in healthy subjects and in some hematologic syndromes]. The NBT reduction test and determination of alkaline phosphatase activity in the peripheral blood granulocytes (FAG) were done in 94 subjects including 30 blood donors donating blood for the first time and 64 cases of various haematological syndromes. Raised proportion of formazan granulocytes was found in patients with pancytopenia, acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia during blastic exacerbation, Hodgkin's disease during exacerbation and lymphosarcoma. These results correlated with increased FAG activity. Lower proportions of formazan granulocytes capable of spontaneous reduction of NBT were found in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia, in immunohaemolytic anaemias and in plasmocytoma. Of all the above syndromes only in chronic myeloid leukaemia impaired ability of formazan cell formation parallelled decreased FAG activity. In the remaining syndromes FAG activity in the granulocytes was normal or raised. In the remissions of Hodgkin's disease a fall was observed in the proportion of formazan granulocytes to values of FAG. In chronic myeloid leukaemia the proportion of formazan cells showed considerable fluctuations and no correlation was observed between the proportion of formazan cells and FAG activity.", "PMID": 1057343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2132", "title": "A comparison of the fine structure of malignant lymphoma and other neoplasms in the brain.", "content": "The fine structure of a primary intracranial lymphoma was examined and compared with that of a group of central nervous system tumors comprised of medulloblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, ependymoblastoma. The principal difference was the absence of any junctional devices on the principal tumor cells of the lymphoma and their presence in the other tumors. It is suggested that this difference reflects the difference in origin of these tumors.", "contents": "A comparison of the fine structure of malignant lymphoma and other neoplasms in the brain. The fine structure of a primary intracranial lymphoma was examined and compared with that of a group of central nervous system tumors comprised of medulloblastoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, ependymoblastoma. The principal difference was the absence of any junctional devices on the principal tumor cells of the lymphoma and their presence in the other tumors. It is suggested that this difference reflects the difference in origin of these tumors.", "PMID": 1057347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2133", "title": "[Results of immunotherapy of acute leukemias with BCG vaccine of Polish production].", "content": "In 18 patients with acute leukaemia complete remission was obtained by chemotherapy and it was tried then to prolong remissions repeating at weekly intervals BCG immunization by the method of searification. In one patient no response was obtained, in 5 cases leukaemic exacerbations occurred after withdrawal of cytostatic agent. Twelve patients were maintained in complete remission during BCG vaccinations for 3.5 to 37 months. Presently only 2 patients remain in remission from 14 to 37 months with repeated BCG vaccinations only. In the remaining cases exacerbations developed after 3 to 17 months of vaccinations. The same cytostatic agents were administered to which the patients had responded previously favourably before starting vaccinations and new remissions were obtained again lasting from 3 to 24 months. Six patients died 4 to 19 months after withdrawal of BCG vaccinations. Autopsy confirmed the diagnosis of acute leukaemia.", "contents": "[Results of immunotherapy of acute leukemias with BCG vaccine of Polish production]. In 18 patients with acute leukaemia complete remission was obtained by chemotherapy and it was tried then to prolong remissions repeating at weekly intervals BCG immunization by the method of searification. In one patient no response was obtained, in 5 cases leukaemic exacerbations occurred after withdrawal of cytostatic agent. Twelve patients were maintained in complete remission during BCG vaccinations for 3.5 to 37 months. Presently only 2 patients remain in remission from 14 to 37 months with repeated BCG vaccinations only. In the remaining cases exacerbations developed after 3 to 17 months of vaccinations. The same cytostatic agents were administered to which the patients had responded previously favourably before starting vaccinations and new remissions were obtained again lasting from 3 to 24 months. Six patients died 4 to 19 months after withdrawal of BCG vaccinations. Autopsy confirmed the diagnosis of acute leukaemia.", "PMID": 1057344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2134", "title": "Ultrastructural study of two central nervous system lymphomas.", "content": "Electron microscopy was performed on two CNS lymphomas, one primary and the second a skull metastasis from a brain primary lymphoma. The former revealed a tumor perivascularly arranged, which was composed of rounded cells having no specialized organellae. Biopsies from the primary and metastasis of the second case revealed a predominance of rounded cells with scanty cytoplasm, another population of cells with phagocytic activity and a third group with elongated ctyoplasmic processes which stain positively for microglia. By electron microscopy some of these processes resembled neurites or oligondendroglia, while others suggested an astrocytic appearance.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of two central nervous system lymphomas. Electron microscopy was performed on two CNS lymphomas, one primary and the second a skull metastasis from a brain primary lymphoma. The former revealed a tumor perivascularly arranged, which was composed of rounded cells having no specialized organellae. Biopsies from the primary and metastasis of the second case revealed a predominance of rounded cells with scanty cytoplasm, another population of cells with phagocytic activity and a third group with elongated ctyoplasmic processes which stain positively for microglia. By electron microscopy some of these processes resembled neurites or oligondendroglia, while others suggested an astrocytic appearance.", "PMID": 1057348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2135", "title": "The ulstratructure of reticulin.", "content": "The electron microscopic examination of various organs and tumours of different species proved that the ultrastructural equivalent of reticulin fibres is not a uniform substance. Reticulin fibres are either basement membranes or an amorphous mass which appears as argyrophil fibres under the light microscope. Microfibrils may in some cases produce an argyrophilic reticulum. The claimed identity of reticulin and collagen can partly be explained by the chemical similarity of collagen and basement membranes. It seems possible, moreover, that the amorphous mass and microfibrils, which may be an ultrastructural substrate of reticulin, are composed of a material essentially similar to that of collagen.", "contents": "The ulstratructure of reticulin. The electron microscopic examination of various organs and tumours of different species proved that the ultrastructural equivalent of reticulin fibres is not a uniform substance. Reticulin fibres are either basement membranes or an amorphous mass which appears as argyrophil fibres under the light microscope. Microfibrils may in some cases produce an argyrophilic reticulum. The claimed identity of reticulin and collagen can partly be explained by the chemical similarity of collagen and basement membranes. It seems possible, moreover, that the amorphous mass and microfibrils, which may be an ultrastructural substrate of reticulin, are composed of a material essentially similar to that of collagen.", "PMID": 1057349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2136", "title": "Cytology of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Hodgkin's disease or malignant lymphoma.", "content": "The cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of 18 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 33 patients with malignant lymphoma were evaluated for the presence of malignant cells. The CSF  cytology was correlated with the neuropathologic findings at surgery or autopsy. In the 51 patients included in the study there were seven false-negative CSF cytodiagnoses. Methods to improve detection in the false-negatives will be discussed. There were two false-positives. Explanations for the two false-positive cytodiagnoses will be presented. It is concluded that cytological examination of the CSF in patients with Hodgkin's disease and malignant lymphoma is a useful and reliable diagnostic tool.", "contents": "Cytology of the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Hodgkin's disease or malignant lymphoma. The cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of 18 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 33 patients with malignant lymphoma were evaluated for the presence of malignant cells. The CSF  cytology was correlated with the neuropathologic findings at surgery or autopsy. In the 51 patients included in the study there were seven false-negative CSF cytodiagnoses. Methods to improve detection in the false-negatives will be discussed. There were two false-positives. Explanations for the two false-positive cytodiagnoses will be presented. It is concluded that cytological examination of the CSF in patients with Hodgkin's disease and malignant lymphoma is a useful and reliable diagnostic tool.", "PMID": 1057350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2137", "title": "Electron microscopy of lymphocytic leukaemia cells in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "The ultrastructure of cells in the CSF are reported in 2 cases of lymphocytic leukaemia of the CNS. Unusual nuclear pockets, margination of the nuclear chromatin and fragmentation of the nuclei were frequent in the first case, whereas in the second nuclear pockets were rare and deep indentations of the nuclei frequent.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of lymphocytic leukaemia cells in the cerebrospinal fluid. The ultrastructure of cells in the CSF are reported in 2 cases of lymphocytic leukaemia of the CNS. Unusual nuclear pockets, margination of the nuclear chromatin and fragmentation of the nuclei were frequent in the first case, whereas in the second nuclear pockets were rare and deep indentations of the nuclei frequent.", "PMID": 1057351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2138", "title": "Family studies in cases with malignant lymphomas.", "content": "A short review of the genetic aspects of tumors of the reticuloendothelial system is given. Of special interest is the observation of a \"familial lymphohistiocytosis of the nervous system\" published by PRICE et al. in 1971. Important are also our own observations with different types of malignant lymphoma in the same family. In addition to the possibilities of classical mendelian inheritance and the possibility of multifactorial inheritance preexisting immunological deficiency syndromes and chromosomal aberrations have to be considered as causal factors.", "contents": "Family studies in cases with malignant lymphomas. A short review of the genetic aspects of tumors of the reticuloendothelial system is given. Of special interest is the observation of a \"familial lymphohistiocytosis of the nervous system\" published by PRICE et al. in 1971. Important are also our own observations with different types of malignant lymphoma in the same family. In addition to the possibilities of classical mendelian inheritance and the possibility of multifactorial inheritance preexisting immunological deficiency syndromes and chromosomal aberrations have to be considered as causal factors.", "PMID": 1057352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2139", "title": "Lymphoblastic extramedullary spinal tumor during remission of acute lymphoblastic leukaemie.", "content": "An unusual case history of a girl with ALL is presented. The diagnosis was established at the age of 7. At the age of 11, 5 years and 3 months after remission due to treatment an extramedullary tumour of a lumbar vertebra produced a transverse lesion of the spinal cord and meningeal leukaemia. The tumour consisted mainly of connective tissue with small foci of lymphoblastic cells, identical with those originally seen in the peripheral blood stream. After laminectomy, irradiation and chemotherapy the girl is still in her first haematological remission, lasting nearly 7 years.", "contents": "Lymphoblastic extramedullary spinal tumor during remission of acute lymphoblastic leukaemie. An unusual case history of a girl with ALL is presented. The diagnosis was established at the age of 7. At the age of 11, 5 years and 3 months after remission due to treatment an extramedullary tumour of a lumbar vertebra produced a transverse lesion of the spinal cord and meningeal leukaemia. The tumour consisted mainly of connective tissue with small foci of lymphoblastic cells, identical with those originally seen in the peripheral blood stream. After laminectomy, irradiation and chemotherapy the girl is still in her first haematological remission, lasting nearly 7 years.", "PMID": 1057353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2140", "title": "Radiotherapy of malignant lymphomas.", "content": "Radiotherapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas situated in the central nervous system is basically similar to the treatment applied to any other part of the body. There are two requirements: the first is the prophylactic irradiation of the CNS in a systemic disease of the reticuloendothelial system mainly in acute lymphatic leukemia; the second is the treatment of solitary tumors in the CNS. Radiotherapy can improve dramatically the results obtained with intrathecal chemotherapy, particularly in leukemic involvement of the CNS in childhood. The fractionated single radiation dose should be increased slowly and total doses of 2 500 rd should not be exceeded. Prophylactic radiotherapy of the CNS in acute leukemia has to include the entire subarachnoid space. It is therefore necessary to irradiate the entire skull and spinal cord. This treatment schedule and its results will be discussed. There is a tendency to sue prophylactic radiotherapy in other systemic diseases of the RES as well. The indications and contraindications for this will be discussed. The methods and results of treatment of focal lesions with regard to the morphologic tumor pattern are discussed. Rare primary tumors of the CNS which have the histological features of lymphoma-sarcoma or reticulosarcoma have the best prognosis as far as radiotherapy is concerned.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of malignant lymphomas. Radiotherapy of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas situated in the central nervous system is basically similar to the treatment applied to any other part of the body. There are two requirements: the first is the prophylactic irradiation of the CNS in a systemic disease of the reticuloendothelial system mainly in acute lymphatic leukemia; the second is the treatment of solitary tumors in the CNS. Radiotherapy can improve dramatically the results obtained with intrathecal chemotherapy, particularly in leukemic involvement of the CNS in childhood. The fractionated single radiation dose should be increased slowly and total doses of 2 500 rd should not be exceeded. Prophylactic radiotherapy of the CNS in acute leukemia has to include the entire subarachnoid space. It is therefore necessary to irradiate the entire skull and spinal cord. This treatment schedule and its results will be discussed. There is a tendency to sue prophylactic radiotherapy in other systemic diseases of the RES as well. The indications and contraindications for this will be discussed. The methods and results of treatment of focal lesions with regard to the morphologic tumor pattern are discussed. Rare primary tumors of the CNS which have the histological features of lymphoma-sarcoma or reticulosarcoma have the best prognosis as far as radiotherapy is concerned.", "PMID": 1057354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2141", "title": "Chemotherapy of malignant lymphomas.", "content": "In malignant lymphomas generally, radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. Chemotherapy cannot be very effective in lymphomas of the CNS because most of the cytostatic drugs in question are not able to pass the blood-brain barrier. But in cases in which malignant lymphomas are disseminated throughout the body including the CNS, cytostatic chemotherapy is the only means of prolonging the life of the patient. In such cases one has to distinguish between Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Alkylating agents, metaphase inhibitors and antibiotics are used in the treatment of malignant lymphomas. The best results are achieved with combination schedules. In Hodgkin lymphomas the so-called MOPP-schedule is the most effective. In non-Hodgkin lymphomas the same drugs are ususally given without procarbacine. After having achieved a remission, maintenance therapy is very important. Vinblastine and Chlorambuzil are able to prolonge the remission. When resistance to these drugs occurs Bleomycin, Adriamycin, CCNU and Peptichemio are effective agents. The results as well as the side effects of such regimens are described.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of malignant lymphomas. In malignant lymphomas generally, radiotherapy is the treatment of choice. Chemotherapy cannot be very effective in lymphomas of the CNS because most of the cytostatic drugs in question are not able to pass the blood-brain barrier. But in cases in which malignant lymphomas are disseminated throughout the body including the CNS, cytostatic chemotherapy is the only means of prolonging the life of the patient. In such cases one has to distinguish between Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Alkylating agents, metaphase inhibitors and antibiotics are used in the treatment of malignant lymphomas. The best results are achieved with combination schedules. In Hodgkin lymphomas the so-called MOPP-schedule is the most effective. In non-Hodgkin lymphomas the same drugs are ususally given without procarbacine. After having achieved a remission, maintenance therapy is very important. Vinblastine and Chlorambuzil are able to prolonge the remission. When resistance to these drugs occurs Bleomycin, Adriamycin, CCNU and Peptichemio are effective agents. The results as well as the side effects of such regimens are described.", "PMID": 1057355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2142", "title": "Immunotherapy of malignant disease in man.", "content": "At present active specific immunotherapy should only be attempted where a tumour is shown to be antigenic and immunogenic, patients are immunocompetent, large numbers of tumour cells can be stored and minimal residual disease can be achieved without heavy immunosuppression. Acute myeloblastic leukaema (AML) satisfies such criteria reasonable well and evidence is presented that treatment with BCG and irradiated allogeneic AML cells is of value in this disease. It is suggested that there is insufficient evidence at present to justify embarking on similar regimes in most of the malignant lymphomas.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of malignant disease in man. At present active specific immunotherapy should only be attempted where a tumour is shown to be antigenic and immunogenic, patients are immunocompetent, large numbers of tumour cells can be stored and minimal residual disease can be achieved without heavy immunosuppression. Acute myeloblastic leukaema (AML) satisfies such criteria reasonable well and evidence is presented that treatment with BCG and irradiated allogeneic AML cells is of value in this disease. It is suggested that there is insufficient evidence at present to justify embarking on similar regimes in most of the malignant lymphomas.", "PMID": 1057356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2143", "title": "Meningeal localisation of acute leukaemias.", "content": "A preventive chemoradiotherapeutic treatment of the central  nervous system has to be started as soon as a complete remission is obtained in acute lymphoid leukemia. Any meningeal localisation is barely sensitive to treatment and reduces the long term chances of survival. The best treatment, according to our study, consists in the intrathecal administration of methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside followed by an irradiation of the central nervous system at a dose of 1,500 rads. The present trials have attempted to reduce the number of intrathecal injections, to increase the irradiation dose to 2,400 rads, and to restrict it to the skull.", "contents": "Meningeal localisation of acute leukaemias. A preventive chemoradiotherapeutic treatment of the central  nervous system has to be started as soon as a complete remission is obtained in acute lymphoid leukemia. Any meningeal localisation is barely sensitive to treatment and reduces the long term chances of survival. The best treatment, according to our study, consists in the intrathecal administration of methotrexate and cytosine arabinoside followed by an irradiation of the central nervous system at a dose of 1,500 rads. The present trials have attempted to reduce the number of intrathecal injections, to increase the irradiation dose to 2,400 rads, and to restrict it to the skull.", "PMID": 1057357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2144", "title": "Leukoencephalopathy following combined therapy of central nervous system leukemia and lymphoma.", "content": "We report a from of disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy observed in five children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoma, who received systemic chemotherapy, brain radiation, and intrathecal (IT) methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside and hydrocortisone because of meningeal tumor involvement. Three children developed a progressive neurologic disease at the end of IT therapy or shortly thereafter. The lesions consisted in discrete, apparently coalescent foci of coagulative necrosis in the white matter, with a remarkable absence of inflammatory cells, little or no tissue break-down, and striking axonal swellings. The adjacent tissue showed status spongiosus and moderate astrocytic hypertrophy. Vascular lesions were few and inconstant.", "contents": "Leukoencephalopathy following combined therapy of central nervous system leukemia and lymphoma. We report a from of disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy observed in five children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoma, who received systemic chemotherapy, brain radiation, and intrathecal (IT) methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside and hydrocortisone because of meningeal tumor involvement. Three children developed a progressive neurologic disease at the end of IT therapy or shortly thereafter. The lesions consisted in discrete, apparently coalescent foci of coagulative necrosis in the white matter, with a remarkable absence of inflammatory cells, little or no tissue break-down, and striking axonal swellings. The adjacent tissue showed status spongiosus and moderate astrocytic hypertrophy. Vascular lesions were few and inconstant.", "PMID": 1057358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2145", "title": "The ultrastructure of normal and reactive microglia.", "content": "Normal microglia have a distinct morphology. In rapidly, but now in slowly evolving pathological states the features used to identify the resting cell are often lost. When there is invasion by haematogenous monocytes, phagocytes develop whose origin - cerebral or haematogenous- cannot be ascertained on morphological features alone. These observations stress that microglia are part of the reticulo-endothelial system.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of normal and reactive microglia. Normal microglia have a distinct morphology. In rapidly, but now in slowly evolving pathological states the features used to identify the resting cell are often lost. When there is invasion by haematogenous monocytes, phagocytes develop whose origin - cerebral or haematogenous- cannot be ascertained on morphological features alone. These observations stress that microglia are part of the reticulo-endothelial system.", "PMID": 1057359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2146", "title": "EM findings on the source of reactive microglia on the mammalian brain.", "content": "In traumatic brain lesions microglia cells are often plastered on the outer surface of capillaries. Basement membranes delimit these juxtacepillary cells from pericytes and endothelial cells. In altered nervous tissue many stages in the activation of pericytes may be seen at the same time. It is clearly demonstrable that these pericytes attack the basement membrane vigorously from inside. After penetration of the basement membrane these cells propel themselves between the perivascular feet processes of astrocytes and squeeze between the intracellular gaps, becoming surrounded by the cell processes of the neruopil. The observations suggest that in reactive stages in microglia cells may, at least in part, originate from the perivascular mesenchymal tissue.", "contents": "EM findings on the source of reactive microglia on the mammalian brain. In traumatic brain lesions microglia cells are often plastered on the outer surface of capillaries. Basement membranes delimit these juxtacepillary cells from pericytes and endothelial cells. In altered nervous tissue many stages in the activation of pericytes may be seen at the same time. It is clearly demonstrable that these pericytes attack the basement membrane vigorously from inside. After penetration of the basement membrane these cells propel themselves between the perivascular feet processes of astrocytes and squeeze between the intracellular gaps, becoming surrounded by the cell processes of the neruopil. The observations suggest that in reactive stages in microglia cells may, at least in part, originate from the perivascular mesenchymal tissue.", "PMID": 1057360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2147", "title": "Experimental studies on kinetics and functions of monuclear phagozytes of the central nervous system.", "content": "The described experimental studies on rabbits gave evidence of the hematogenous - obviously monocytic - origin, the lymphatic drainage, and the IgG- and complement-receptor sites of monocytoid CSF-cells, epiplexus cells, perivascular cells of the intracerebral vessels, and of some cells within damaged brain tissue - so-called progressive microglia. - Becuase of their identical kinetics and functions these types of mononuclear cells of the CNS were placed in a system known as 'Mononuclear Phagocyte System\".", "contents": "Experimental studies on kinetics and functions of monuclear phagozytes of the central nervous system. The described experimental studies on rabbits gave evidence of the hematogenous - obviously monocytic - origin, the lymphatic drainage, and the IgG- and complement-receptor sites of monocytoid CSF-cells, epiplexus cells, perivascular cells of the intracerebral vessels, and of some cells within damaged brain tissue - so-called progressive microglia. - Becuase of their identical kinetics and functions these types of mononuclear cells of the CNS were placed in a system known as 'Mononuclear Phagocyte System\".", "PMID": 1057361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2148", "title": "The relationship between microglia and brain macrophages. Experimental investigations.", "content": "A series of experiments are reported which indicate that the microglia are endogenous cells which may constitute the only source of phagocytes in certain mild degenerative conditions, such as Wallerian degeneration and retrograde nerve cell disintegration. In more extensive lesions with increased vascular permeability a substantial number of the phagocytes are derived from the blood monocytes.", "contents": "The relationship between microglia and brain macrophages. Experimental investigations. A series of experiments are reported which indicate that the microglia are endogenous cells which may constitute the only source of phagocytes in certain mild degenerative conditions, such as Wallerian degeneration and retrograde nerve cell disintegration. In more extensive lesions with increased vascular permeability a substantial number of the phagocytes are derived from the blood monocytes.", "PMID": 1057362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2149", "title": "Studies of the mechanism of growth promotion of lymphoma cells by 2-mercaptoethanol in vitro.", "content": "Rates of incorporation of thymidine and uridine, but not leucine, decrease markedly in L1210 (V) cells within 1 hour of incubation in DULBECCO'S medium containing 10% serum. 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-ME) after a latent period of more than 5 hours causes an increase in nucleotide incorporation. Bovine serum albumin can substitute for serum in the medium, but a higher concentration of 2-ME is required for growth. After charcoal treatment of the albumin less 2-ME is required. These experiments suggest that inhibition of the tumor cells is caused by a serum factor whose effect is antagonized by the thiol.", "contents": "Studies of the mechanism of growth promotion of lymphoma cells by 2-mercaptoethanol in vitro. Rates of incorporation of thymidine and uridine, but not leucine, decrease markedly in L1210 (V) cells within 1 hour of incubation in DULBECCO'S medium containing 10% serum. 2-Mercaptoethanol (2-ME) after a latent period of more than 5 hours causes an increase in nucleotide incorporation. Bovine serum albumin can substitute for serum in the medium, but a higher concentration of 2-ME is required for growth. After charcoal treatment of the albumin less 2-ME is required. These experiments suggest that inhibition of the tumor cells is caused by a serum factor whose effect is antagonized by the thiol.", "PMID": 1057363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2150", "title": "Myxovirus-like particles in cells of American Burkitt's-type lymphoma.", "content": "Distinct tubular arrays associated with cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were observed in neoplastic lymphoid cells in a primary American Burkitt's-type lymphoma. A late relapse of the disease was complicated by severe CNS involvement. The pathogenesis of CNS involvement and the significance of the tubular arrays are discussed.", "contents": "Myxovirus-like particles in cells of American Burkitt's-type lymphoma. Distinct tubular arrays associated with cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum were observed in neoplastic lymphoid cells in a primary American Burkitt's-type lymphoma. A late relapse of the disease was complicated by severe CNS involvement. The pathogenesis of CNS involvement and the significance of the tubular arrays are discussed.", "PMID": 1057364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2151", "title": "Acid phosphatase of azurophilic granules of C3HST4 lymphoma.", "content": "A transplantable mouse lymphoblastic tumor with unusual azurophilic granules has been recently reported. The present tumor has been studied with Gomori and Novikoff methods for lysosomal marker, acid phosphatase. By electron microscopy enzyme was found in granules surrounded by single or double membrane, which displayed a wide morphologic range appearing as 1. vesicular, 2. multivesicular, 3. compound, 4. granular and 5. tubular bodies. The occurrence and the amount of enzyme activity in the granules appeared dependent on their morphology. It was least in vesicular bodies and most in granular organelles, characteristically at their periphery. Since the present tumor, labelled C3HST4, is an unusual rich source of azurophilic granules, it might be useful for further studies of lysosomal bodies. Their functions are poorly understood. Similar structures have been observed in normal human lymphocytes and those from chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Acid phosphatase of azurophilic granules of C3HST4 lymphoma. A transplantable mouse lymphoblastic tumor with unusual azurophilic granules has been recently reported. The present tumor has been studied with Gomori and Novikoff methods for lysosomal marker, acid phosphatase. By electron microscopy enzyme was found in granules surrounded by single or double membrane, which displayed a wide morphologic range appearing as 1. vesicular, 2. multivesicular, 3. compound, 4. granular and 5. tubular bodies. The occurrence and the amount of enzyme activity in the granules appeared dependent on their morphology. It was least in vesicular bodies and most in granular organelles, characteristically at their periphery. Since the present tumor, labelled C3HST4, is an unusual rich source of azurophilic granules, it might be useful for further studies of lysosomal bodies. Their functions are poorly understood. Similar structures have been observed in normal human lymphocytes and those from chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 1057365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2152", "title": "Postirradiation syndrome and eeg findings in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Out of 12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated with craniospinal irradiation during primary haematologic remission, 8 developed a postirradiation syndrome characterized by fever and tiredness. The symptoms lasted 1-2 weeks and subsided spontaneously. Longitudinal EEG studies revealed no acute disturbances during the irradiation therapy but in all cases studied, moderate to severe diffuse general slowing developed during the postirradiation syndrome. Complete normalization of the EEG occurred in all children at follow-up. It is concluded that the described EEG abnormalities constitute an integral part of the postirradiation syndrome.", "contents": "Postirradiation syndrome and eeg findings in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Out of 12 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia treated with craniospinal irradiation during primary haematologic remission, 8 developed a postirradiation syndrome characterized by fever and tiredness. The symptoms lasted 1-2 weeks and subsided spontaneously. Longitudinal EEG studies revealed no acute disturbances during the irradiation therapy but in all cases studied, moderate to severe diffuse general slowing developed during the postirradiation syndrome. Complete normalization of the EEG occurred in all children at follow-up. It is concluded that the described EEG abnormalities constitute an integral part of the postirradiation syndrome.", "PMID": 1057366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2153", "title": "On thorotrast leucaemia. Evolution of clone of bone marrow cells with radiation-induced chromosome aberrations.", "content": "Results are presented of chromosome studies of bone marrow cells from a 62-year-old woman. The patient had been given 40 ml of Thorotrast in connection with a neuro-radiological examination 34 years earlier. Clinically, the patient was now considered to be in an incipient myeloid leucaemic phase. Ninety-seven per cent of the bone marrow cells belonged to a clone with characteristic marker chromosomes induced by radiation. Few data are available on chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells from Thorotrast patients. Therefore, the results of the present study are compared with data from chromosome analyses of 32P-treated patients with polycythaemia vera, in whom large clones were found in the bone marrow. The results of chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells from the Thorotrast patient support previous hypotheses concerning the carcinogenesis in radiation-induced leucaemia in patients with polycythaemia vera, treated with 32P. In the latter patients, the clone cells are pressumed to represent cell populations with selective qualities, originating from radiation-damaged cells, which possibly possess an increased tendency to malignant transformation because of a more pronounced sensitivity to carcinogenic agents. The cells might also be potentially malignant and manifest themselves as leucaemic cells, if the patient's immunological defence mechanism is broken.", "contents": "On thorotrast leucaemia. Evolution of clone of bone marrow cells with radiation-induced chromosome aberrations. Results are presented of chromosome studies of bone marrow cells from a 62-year-old woman. The patient had been given 40 ml of Thorotrast in connection with a neuro-radiological examination 34 years earlier. Clinically, the patient was now considered to be in an incipient myeloid leucaemic phase. Ninety-seven per cent of the bone marrow cells belonged to a clone with characteristic marker chromosomes induced by radiation. Few data are available on chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells from Thorotrast patients. Therefore, the results of the present study are compared with data from chromosome analyses of 32P-treated patients with polycythaemia vera, in whom large clones were found in the bone marrow. The results of chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells from the Thorotrast patient support previous hypotheses concerning the carcinogenesis in radiation-induced leucaemia in patients with polycythaemia vera, treated with 32P. In the latter patients, the clone cells are pressumed to represent cell populations with selective qualities, originating from radiation-damaged cells, which possibly possess an increased tendency to malignant transformation because of a more pronounced sensitivity to carcinogenic agents. The cells might also be potentially malignant and manifest themselves as leucaemic cells, if the patient's immunological defence mechanism is broken.", "PMID": 1057367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2154", "title": "The hypothalamus and vagally mediated gastric relaxation.", "content": "Experiments, with recording of gastric volume, were performed in chloralosed cats. Topical hypothalamic stimulations produced vagally mediated increases in volume by two mechanisms. One type of response, due to central inhibition of vagal excitatory tone was induced from the defence area and eliminated by atropine or vagotomy. The other type of response, far less commonly encountered, remained after atropine and spinal cord section, but was abolished by vagotomy. The latter type was not induced from any well defined hypothalamic region, and had a high stimulation threshold. While sham feeding in conscious cats with esophagostomy and gastrostomy induced prompt, marked and longlasting gastric volume increases in connection with swallowing, such responses were not evoked as \"anticipatory\" reaction to food intake;The relaxations could be prevented by vagotomy but not by guanethidine nor atropine. It is concluded that the vagally mediated relaxation in connection with sham feeding occurs mainly from activation of mechanoreceptors and that the hypothalamic control over the vagal relaxatory fibres is probably minor.", "contents": "The hypothalamus and vagally mediated gastric relaxation. Experiments, with recording of gastric volume, were performed in chloralosed cats. Topical hypothalamic stimulations produced vagally mediated increases in volume by two mechanisms. One type of response, due to central inhibition of vagal excitatory tone was induced from the defence area and eliminated by atropine or vagotomy. The other type of response, far less commonly encountered, remained after atropine and spinal cord section, but was abolished by vagotomy. The latter type was not induced from any well defined hypothalamic region, and had a high stimulation threshold. While sham feeding in conscious cats with esophagostomy and gastrostomy induced prompt, marked and longlasting gastric volume increases in connection with swallowing, such responses were not evoked as \"anticipatory\" reaction to food intake;The relaxations could be prevented by vagotomy but not by guanethidine nor atropine. It is concluded that the vagally mediated relaxation in connection with sham feeding occurs mainly from activation of mechanoreceptors and that the hypothalamic control over the vagal relaxatory fibres is probably minor.", "PMID": 1057368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2155", "title": "The autoregulation of the microcirculation.", "content": "The paper reviews August Krogh's contribution to capillary physiology stressing his formulation of useful new concepts such as \"tissue cylinder model\", capillary intermittency and the intimate matching of capillary perfusion and cellular metabolism. Looked upon from a control theory viewpoint. Krogh was very early in considering the microcirculation as an autoregulated system with tissue oxygen tension as the controlled parameter. Recent work on Krogh's theories is briefly summarized.", "contents": "The autoregulation of the microcirculation. The paper reviews August Krogh's contribution to capillary physiology stressing his formulation of useful new concepts such as \"tissue cylinder model\", capillary intermittency and the intimate matching of capillary perfusion and cellular metabolism. Looked upon from a control theory viewpoint. Krogh was very early in considering the microcirculation as an autoregulated system with tissue oxygen tension as the controlled parameter. Recent work on Krogh's theories is briefly summarized.", "PMID": 1057371}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2156", "title": "The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic picture of diabetic retinopathy.", "content": "The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic findings in diabetic retinopathy are reviewed. It is pointed out that the fundus lesions seen in diabetic retinopathy are characteristic, but not specific for diabetes. It is still not settled which role alterations in the microcirculation, alterations in the tissue metabolism, hypoxia or defects in the oxygen delivery system may play as provoking factors in the development of the diabetic retinopathy. Future investigations should concentrate on early diabetes and must include studies on the retinal blood-flow, electroretinographic and histopathologic changes.", "contents": "The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic picture of diabetic retinopathy. The ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic findings in diabetic retinopathy are reviewed. It is pointed out that the fundus lesions seen in diabetic retinopathy are characteristic, but not specific for diabetes. It is still not settled which role alterations in the microcirculation, alterations in the tissue metabolism, hypoxia or defects in the oxygen delivery system may play as provoking factors in the development of the diabetic retinopathy. Future investigations should concentrate on early diabetes and must include studies on the retinal blood-flow, electroretinographic and histopathologic changes.", "PMID": 1057372}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2157", "title": "Dynamic changes in the microcirculation of diabetics as related to diabetic microangiopathy.", "content": "Reversible abnormalities of many vascular beds have been observed in early diabetes, before irreversible structural changes of diabetic microangiopathy became apparent. In the bulbar conjenctiva and in the kidney the changes are associated with vascular dysfunction and may be due to autonomic neuropathy. The role of autoregulation in these vascular beds is not clear. In the limb muscles and in the retina the functional abnormality in early diabetes and in those with only mild retinopathy is increased blood flow. This increase in blood flow is probably the result of autoregulatory adaptation to hypoxia induced by 2,3 diphosphoglycerate deficiency. Lactic acid accumulation may also contribute. Breakdown of the autoregulation in the retina results in the development of diabetic retinopathy. The late stages of retinopathy, new vessel formation, are an attempt at revascularisation of areas of capillary non-perfusion.", "contents": "Dynamic changes in the microcirculation of diabetics as related to diabetic microangiopathy. Reversible abnormalities of many vascular beds have been observed in early diabetes, before irreversible structural changes of diabetic microangiopathy became apparent. In the bulbar conjenctiva and in the kidney the changes are associated with vascular dysfunction and may be due to autonomic neuropathy. The role of autoregulation in these vascular beds is not clear. In the limb muscles and in the retina the functional abnormality in early diabetes and in those with only mild retinopathy is increased blood flow. This increase in blood flow is probably the result of autoregulatory adaptation to hypoxia induced by 2,3 diphosphoglycerate deficiency. Lactic acid accumulation may also contribute. Breakdown of the autoregulation in the retina results in the development of diabetic retinopathy. The late stages of retinopathy, new vessel formation, are an attempt at revascularisation of areas of capillary non-perfusion.", "PMID": 1057373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2158", "title": "The problems of tissue oxygenation in diabetes mellitus. III. The \"three-in-one concept\" for the development of diabetic microangiopathy and a rational approach to its prophylaxis.", "content": "Evidence for a causative relationship between prolonged tissue hypoxia and diabetic retinopathy and glomerulosclerosis are presented. Based on the assumption that one of the most fundamental requirements for optimal cellular metabolism is a constant cellular oxygen tension, the \"three-in-one concept\" for the development of diabetic microangiopathy is formulated. The term \"three-in-one\" is employed because this concept partly or completely includes \"the glycoprotein-\", \"the hypoxia-\", and \"the growth hormone hypothesis\". Diabetics show evidence of variability in the tissue oxygen availability/demand ratio which is compensated by three self-regulating factors: 1) an increase in local flow, 2) an increase in red cell 2,3-DPG leading to a shift to the right of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, and 3) an increase in the oxygen-binding capacity or the haemoglobin concentration. The level of plasma inorganic phosphate (Pi) is of importance in maintaining high 2,3-DPG levels. However, since Pi fluctuates depending upon changes in the control of diabetes, the regulatory mechanism of the 2,3-DPG modulated unloading of oxygen from the erythrocytes often becomes insufficient, and therefore in poorly regulated diabetics with less than optimal 2,3-DPG levels, the main load of compensation against tissue hypoxia is placed on an adjustment in the microcirculation of the organ involved. However, in order for the microvascular dilatation to occur, the cells must experience a hypoxic stimulus. The summation of the infinite number of discrete and occasionally pronounced hypoxic injuries to the tissue cells in association with the adverse effect of local vasodilatation with increased plasma permeation through the vessel walls might over the years lead to diabetic microangiopathy. Based on this theory the high level of Pi in diabetes becomes of particular significance. Our experience with a high phosphate diabetes diet in the treatment of diabetics is presented. This dietary regimen leads to a significant increase in the oxygen release capacity of the erythrocytes, suggesting an improvement in tissue oxygenation, and may therefore become of value in the prophylaxis of diabetic microangiopathy.", "contents": "The problems of tissue oxygenation in diabetes mellitus. III. The \"three-in-one concept\" for the development of diabetic microangiopathy and a rational approach to its prophylaxis. Evidence for a causative relationship between prolonged tissue hypoxia and diabetic retinopathy and glomerulosclerosis are presented. Based on the assumption that one of the most fundamental requirements for optimal cellular metabolism is a constant cellular oxygen tension, the \"three-in-one concept\" for the development of diabetic microangiopathy is formulated. The term \"three-in-one\" is employed because this concept partly or completely includes \"the glycoprotein-\", \"the hypoxia-\", and \"the growth hormone hypothesis\". Diabetics show evidence of variability in the tissue oxygen availability/demand ratio which is compensated by three self-regulating factors: 1) an increase in local flow, 2) an increase in red cell 2,3-DPG leading to a shift to the right of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve, and 3) an increase in the oxygen-binding capacity or the haemoglobin concentration. The level of plasma inorganic phosphate (Pi) is of importance in maintaining high 2,3-DPG levels. However, since Pi fluctuates depending upon changes in the control of diabetes, the regulatory mechanism of the 2,3-DPG modulated unloading of oxygen from the erythrocytes often becomes insufficient, and therefore in poorly regulated diabetics with less than optimal 2,3-DPG levels, the main load of compensation against tissue hypoxia is placed on an adjustment in the microcirculation of the organ involved. However, in order for the microvascular dilatation to occur, the cells must experience a hypoxic stimulus. The summation of the infinite number of discrete and occasionally pronounced hypoxic injuries to the tissue cells in association with the adverse effect of local vasodilatation with increased plasma permeation through the vessel walls might over the years lead to diabetic microangiopathy. Based on this theory the high level of Pi in diabetes becomes of particular significance. Our experience with a high phosphate diabetes diet in the treatment of diabetics is presented. This dietary regimen leads to a significant increase in the oxygen release capacity of the erythrocytes, suggesting an improvement in tissue oxygenation, and may therefore become of value in the prophylaxis of diabetic microangiopathy.", "PMID": 1057374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2159", "title": "Lipid composition of the mouse spleen in Rauscher leukaemia.", "content": "Lipid constituents were examined in the spleen of mice 10, 14 and 18 days after infection with Rauscher leukaemia virus. (i) The total lipid content, as related to the amount of protein, decreased with the development of the tumour. (ii) Spleen cells of control and infected mice synthesized the same lipids. (iii) In the infected spleen, free fatty acids increased by 80% and triglycerides decreased by 44% as compared to the control. The percentage distribution of phospholipid components showed a change in tumour cells: lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine increased, lysolecithin and sphingomyelin decreased. (iv) After intraperitoneal injection of [32P] orthophosphate, in infected mice the incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine increased, while 32P incorporation into lysophosphatidylcholine + sphingomyelin and phosphatidylinositol + phosphatidylserine fractions decreased.", "contents": "Lipid composition of the mouse spleen in Rauscher leukaemia. Lipid constituents were examined in the spleen of mice 10, 14 and 18 days after infection with Rauscher leukaemia virus. (i) The total lipid content, as related to the amount of protein, decreased with the development of the tumour. (ii) Spleen cells of control and infected mice synthesized the same lipids. (iii) In the infected spleen, free fatty acids increased by 80% and triglycerides decreased by 44% as compared to the control. The percentage distribution of phospholipid components showed a change in tumour cells: lecithin and phosphatidylethanolamine increased, lysolecithin and sphingomyelin decreased. (iv) After intraperitoneal injection of [32P] orthophosphate, in infected mice the incorporation of 32P into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine increased, while 32P incorporation into lysophosphatidylcholine + sphingomyelin and phosphatidylinositol + phosphatidylserine fractions decreased.", "PMID": 1057375}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2160", "title": "Glucocorticoid binding proteins in myeloblasts of acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "The myeloblasts of 16 patients with untreated acute myelogenous leukemia were examined for specific glucocorticoid binding proteins. In only 3 of the 16 patients were such high affinity receptors found. The presence of glucocorticoid binding protein activity was positively correlated with inhibition of macromolecular synthesis of myeloblasts in vitro whereas absence of binding protein activity was associated with lack of glucocorticoid inhibition of the cells. Since glucocorticoids appear efficacious in only a small fraction of cases of acute myelogenous leukemia, determination of glucocorticoid binding protein activity may provide assistance in planning chemotherapeutic regimens.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid binding proteins in myeloblasts of acute myelogenous leukemia. The myeloblasts of 16 patients with untreated acute myelogenous leukemia were examined for specific glucocorticoid binding proteins. In only 3 of the 16 patients were such high affinity receptors found. The presence of glucocorticoid binding protein activity was positively correlated with inhibition of macromolecular synthesis of myeloblasts in vitro whereas absence of binding protein activity was associated with lack of glucocorticoid inhibition of the cells. Since glucocorticoids appear efficacious in only a small fraction of cases of acute myelogenous leukemia, determination of glucocorticoid binding protein activity may provide assistance in planning chemotherapeutic regimens.", "PMID": 1057376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2161", "title": "Peripheral retinal microaneurysms in chronic leukemia.", "content": "Of 25 patients with chronic leukemia, there was clinical evidence of peripheral retinal microaneurysm formation in two of eight patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and six of 17 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. There was no proliferative retinopathy in any of the 25 patients. An elevated leukocyte count seemed necessary for microaneurysm formation in leukemia, although some patients with elevated counts had no microaneurysms. The prolonged leukocytosis of chronic leukemia can produce peripheral capillary dropout, vascular stagnation, microaneurysm formation, and, rarely, peripheral proliferative retinopathy similar to sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Peripheral retinal microaneurysms in chronic leukemia. Of 25 patients with chronic leukemia, there was clinical evidence of peripheral retinal microaneurysm formation in two of eight patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and six of 17 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. There was no proliferative retinopathy in any of the 25 patients. An elevated leukocyte count seemed necessary for microaneurysm formation in leukemia, although some patients with elevated counts had no microaneurysms. The prolonged leukocytosis of chronic leukemia can produce peripheral capillary dropout, vascular stagnation, microaneurysm formation, and, rarely, peripheral proliferative retinopathy similar to sickle cell disease.", "PMID": 1057377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2162", "title": "Basis for late expiratory spinal inhibition of phrenic nerve discharge.", "content": "The relationship between spinal inhibition of phrenic nerve activity and thoratic expiratory motoneuronal discharge was studied in chloralose-anesthetized and unanesthetized decerebrate cats.  The amplitude of the phrenic nerve response elicited by singleshocks applied to descending tracts in the second cervical spinal segment progressively fell during the late expiratory phase of the central respiratory cycle.  The depression resulted, at least in part, from active spinal inhibition since the spina-to-phrenic evoked response was smaller in late expiration than after C'1 spinal transection.  Inhibition of the spinal-to-phrenic evoked was time-locked to the spontaneousburst of activity recorded from the eigth internal intercostal nerve.  The degree of inhibition of the spinal-to-phenic evoked discharge was directly related to theamplitude of spontaneously occurring internal intercostal nerve activity.  A similiarrelationship was observed when internal intercostal nerve activity and spinal inhibitionof phrenic discharge were evoked by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve.  It is concluded htat late expiratory spinal inhibition of phrenic discharge was dependent on those neural events responsible for the activation of thoracic expiratory motoneurons.", "contents": "Basis for late expiratory spinal inhibition of phrenic nerve discharge. The relationship between spinal inhibition of phrenic nerve activity and thoratic expiratory motoneuronal discharge was studied in chloralose-anesthetized and unanesthetized decerebrate cats.  The amplitude of the phrenic nerve response elicited by singleshocks applied to descending tracts in the second cervical spinal segment progressively fell during the late expiratory phase of the central respiratory cycle.  The depression resulted, at least in part, from active spinal inhibition since the spina-to-phrenic evoked response was smaller in late expiration than after C'1 spinal transection.  Inhibition of the spinal-to-phrenic evoked was time-locked to the spontaneousburst of activity recorded from the eigth internal intercostal nerve.  The degree of inhibition of the spinal-to-phenic evoked discharge was directly related to theamplitude of spontaneously occurring internal intercostal nerve activity.  A similiarrelationship was observed when internal intercostal nerve activity and spinal inhibitionof phrenic discharge were evoked by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve.  It is concluded htat late expiratory spinal inhibition of phrenic discharge was dependent on those neural events responsible for the activation of thoracic expiratory motoneurons.", "PMID": 1057378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2163", "title": "Loa loa: development to the infective stage in an American deerfly, Chrysops atlanticus.", "content": "Chrysops atlanticus, an American species of deerfly collected along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, will support the development of the microfilaria of human Loa loa to the infective stage. Development takes place in the fat body of the fly and requires 9 to 10 days of development and pattern of morphogenesis of the parasite in C. atlanticus is virtually identical to that described in natural African vectors. Chrysops atlanticus will support the development of large numbers of L. loa to the infective stage without apparent ill effects. Two uninfected patas nonkeys each were given 75 third-stage larvae obtained from experimentally infected C. atlanticus. Both animals developed patent infections in approximately 5 months, clearly demonstrating that the entire life cycle of Loa loa can be maintained in the laboratory outside endemic areas.", "contents": "Loa loa: development to the infective stage in an American deerfly, Chrysops atlanticus. Chrysops atlanticus, an American species of deerfly collected along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, will support the development of the microfilaria of human Loa loa to the infective stage. Development takes place in the fat body of the fly and requires 9 to 10 days of development and pattern of morphogenesis of the parasite in C. atlanticus is virtually identical to that described in natural African vectors. Chrysops atlanticus will support the development of large numbers of L. loa to the infective stage without apparent ill effects. Two uninfected patas nonkeys each were given 75 third-stage larvae obtained from experimentally infected C. atlanticus. Both animals developed patent infections in approximately 5 months, clearly demonstrating that the entire life cycle of Loa loa can be maintained in the laboratory outside endemic areas.", "PMID": 1057379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2164", "title": "Influence of serum blocking factors on cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy.", "content": "Blocking factors are small polypeptide molecules that may appear in the serum of patients with cancer. These factors block the transformation of lymphocytes in culture to nonspecific mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A and, therefore, may reflect changes in the immunocompetence of the patient. Blocking factors were monitored during the clinical course of thirty-five patients with cancer. These factors did not develop in patients with response to therapy whereas they did develop in patients without response. A third group of patients without response to therapy after a previous remission showed an absence of lymphocyte responsiveness in culture that was not due to blocking factors, suggesting that immune clone consumption had occurred. Dermal responsiveness to tumor antigen correlated with a favorable clinical course and was usually absent when serum blocking factors were present.", "contents": "Influence of serum blocking factors on cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy. Blocking factors are small polypeptide molecules that may appear in the serum of patients with cancer. These factors block the transformation of lymphocytes in culture to nonspecific mitogens such as phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A and, therefore, may reflect changes in the immunocompetence of the patient. Blocking factors were monitored during the clinical course of thirty-five patients with cancer. These factors did not develop in patients with response to therapy whereas they did develop in patients without response. A third group of patients without response to therapy after a previous remission showed an absence of lymphocyte responsiveness in culture that was not due to blocking factors, suggesting that immune clone consumption had occurred. Dermal responsiveness to tumor antigen correlated with a favorable clinical course and was usually absent when serum blocking factors were present.", "PMID": 1057380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2165", "title": "Effects of iproniazid, chlorpromazine and methiothepin on DMT-induced changes in body temperature, pupillary dilatation, blood pressure and EEG in the rabbit.", "content": "The effects of i.v. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were studied on arterial blood pressure, rectal temperature, pupil size and the electroencephalogram of the rabbit. DMT altered these parameters in a dose-related manner causing increased blood pressure, hyperthermia, pupilary mydriasis and activation of the electroencephalogram. Pretreatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, iproniazid, prolonged the effects of DMT, while pretreatment with chlorpromazine or methiothepin attenuated these actions of DMT.", "contents": "Effects of iproniazid, chlorpromazine and methiothepin on DMT-induced changes in body temperature, pupillary dilatation, blood pressure and EEG in the rabbit. The effects of i.v. N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) were studied on arterial blood pressure, rectal temperature, pupil size and the electroencephalogram of the rabbit. DMT altered these parameters in a dose-related manner causing increased blood pressure, hyperthermia, pupilary mydriasis and activation of the electroencephalogram. Pretreatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor, iproniazid, prolonged the effects of DMT, while pretreatment with chlorpromazine or methiothepin attenuated these actions of DMT.", "PMID": 1057382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2166", "title": "Torsion of the testis in the newborn.", "content": "A series of 12 patients with torsion of the testis in the newborn is reported. In all patients the torsion occurred above the investment of the tunica vaginalis. Torsion occurred on the right side in six patients, on the left side in five, and was bilateral in one. The clinical features, operative findings and treatment are described", "contents": "Torsion of the testis in the newborn. A series of 12 patients with torsion of the testis in the newborn is reported. In all patients the torsion occurred above the investment of the tunica vaginalis. Torsion occurred on the right side in six patients, on the left side in five, and was bilateral in one. The clinical features, operative findings and treatment are described", "PMID": 1057395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2167", "title": "Mean flow measurements in aortofemoral arterial reconstructions.", "content": "Eighty-seven limbs in 48 patients have been studied with an electromagnetic flow meter at the time of arterial reconstruction designed to restore blood flow from the aorta to the femoral artery system. The mean overall flow was 339 ml per minute. Blood flow in aneurysmal disease was significantly higher than that recorded in obstructive disease. Blood flow in arteries running into a fully patent femoral system was significantly higher than in those that ran only into the profunda. Age, sex, type of surgery and size of graft had no influence on the flow achieved. Reconstructions for rest pain or advanced trophic change produced flows of the same magnitude as reconstructions for intermittent claudication. The patient's weight correlated significantly with the intraoperative flow. The mean flow in the limbs of 28 patients in whom an accurate preoperative weight was known was 2-56 ml/100 gm/minute, taking the hind limb and hemi-pelvis as 25% of the body weight. This is an acceptably \"normal\" value. A flow of less than 100 ml per minute in an aortoiliac reconstruction was found to be not likely to result in long-term patency.", "contents": "Mean flow measurements in aortofemoral arterial reconstructions. Eighty-seven limbs in 48 patients have been studied with an electromagnetic flow meter at the time of arterial reconstruction designed to restore blood flow from the aorta to the femoral artery system. The mean overall flow was 339 ml per minute. Blood flow in aneurysmal disease was significantly higher than that recorded in obstructive disease. Blood flow in arteries running into a fully patent femoral system was significantly higher than in those that ran only into the profunda. Age, sex, type of surgery and size of graft had no influence on the flow achieved. Reconstructions for rest pain or advanced trophic change produced flows of the same magnitude as reconstructions for intermittent claudication. The patient's weight correlated significantly with the intraoperative flow. The mean flow in the limbs of 28 patients in whom an accurate preoperative weight was known was 2-56 ml/100 gm/minute, taking the hind limb and hemi-pelvis as 25% of the body weight. This is an acceptably \"normal\" value. A flow of less than 100 ml per minute in an aortoiliac reconstruction was found to be not likely to result in long-term patency.", "PMID": 1057396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2168", "title": "Postoperative complications of thyroidectomy: a comparison of two series at an interval of ten years.", "content": "A comparison is presented of the complications found in two series each consisting of 331 consecutive patients undergoing thyroidectomy in the same Unit ten years apart. The overall incidence of postoperative complications has been reduced, particularly in the group of patients having thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis following which it is now no greater than after thyroidectomy for benign non-toxic goitre. The techniques used to try to reduce the postoperative complication rate are discussed. The incidence of permenent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy has been reduced to 0-3% and of permanent hypoparathyroidism to 1-2%. The overall incidence of complications causing permanent disability is now 3-9%.", "contents": "Postoperative complications of thyroidectomy: a comparison of two series at an interval of ten years. A comparison is presented of the complications found in two series each consisting of 331 consecutive patients undergoing thyroidectomy in the same Unit ten years apart. The overall incidence of postoperative complications has been reduced, particularly in the group of patients having thyroidectomy for thyrotoxicosis following which it is now no greater than after thyroidectomy for benign non-toxic goitre. The techniques used to try to reduce the postoperative complication rate are discussed. The incidence of permenent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy has been reduced to 0-3% and of permanent hypoparathyroidism to 1-2%. The overall incidence of complications causing permanent disability is now 3-9%.", "PMID": 1057397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2169", "title": "Chondromatous hamartoma of the thyroid gland: report of a case.", "content": "A case of congenital chondromatous hamartoma of the thyroid gland in a male infant is reported. It presented as a congenital goitre. The thyroid swelling started to increase in size and became hard. It was excised. Histopathological examination revealed the tumour to be a chondromatous hamartoma of the thyroid gland. Reports of this condition in the literature are few.", "contents": "Chondromatous hamartoma of the thyroid gland: report of a case. A case of congenital chondromatous hamartoma of the thyroid gland in a male infant is reported. It presented as a congenital goitre. The thyroid swelling started to increase in size and became hard. It was excised. Histopathological examination revealed the tumour to be a chondromatous hamartoma of the thyroid gland. Reports of this condition in the literature are few.", "PMID": 1057398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2170", "title": "Preoperative irradiation for carcinoma of the bronchus.", "content": "This paper reports a series of 43 patients with lung cancer treated by means of planned preoperative radiotherapy between 1961 and 1966. A five-year survival figure of 23% is reported for the series. The rationale of the treatment is discussed, together with some clinical situations in which it was felt that this regime had a definite advantage over other methods.", "contents": "Preoperative irradiation for carcinoma of the bronchus. This paper reports a series of 43 patients with lung cancer treated by means of planned preoperative radiotherapy between 1961 and 1966. A five-year survival figure of 23% is reported for the series. The rationale of the treatment is discussed, together with some clinical situations in which it was felt that this regime had a definite advantage over other methods.", "PMID": 1057399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2171", "title": "Primary malignant tumours of the mediastinum and their management.", "content": "Primary malignant tumours of the mediastinum are difficult clinical problems in thoracic surgery from both diagnostic and therapeutic points of view. Three cases of malignant seminoma of the mediastinum have been documented, thus bringing the total number of cases reported in the literature to 78. A case of metastasis to the subcutaneous tissue in malignant thymoma has been documented. Because of the multiple-cell types of these tumours and their ill-defined extent due to involvement of adjacent structures, surgery is often difficult. Radiotherapy along with chemotherapy has a definit place in their management, either as a primary treatment in inoperable cases or as a supplement to surgery if the condition is operable.", "contents": "Primary malignant tumours of the mediastinum and their management. Primary malignant tumours of the mediastinum are difficult clinical problems in thoracic surgery from both diagnostic and therapeutic points of view. Three cases of malignant seminoma of the mediastinum have been documented, thus bringing the total number of cases reported in the literature to 78. A case of metastasis to the subcutaneous tissue in malignant thymoma has been documented. Because of the multiple-cell types of these tumours and their ill-defined extent due to involvement of adjacent structures, surgery is often difficult. Radiotherapy along with chemotherapy has a definit place in their management, either as a primary treatment in inoperable cases or as a supplement to surgery if the condition is operable.", "PMID": 1057400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2172", "title": "The fractured patella: a long-term follow-up study.", "content": "One hundred and three patients with 104 patellar fractures were examined over a follow-up period ranging from three to 11 years. Patients were assessed subjectively and objectively. The fractures were classified into three groups, transverse, comminuted and polar. Four methods of treatment were used, conservative, internal fixation, partial excision and total excision. In general, the results in the majority of patients were satisfactory, those patients who underwent total patellectomy faring at least as well as any others requiring surgical intervention.", "contents": "The fractured patella: a long-term follow-up study. One hundred and three patients with 104 patellar fractures were examined over a follow-up period ranging from three to 11 years. Patients were assessed subjectively and objectively. The fractures were classified into three groups, transverse, comminuted and polar. Four methods of treatment were used, conservative, internal fixation, partial excision and total excision. In general, the results in the majority of patients were satisfactory, those patients who underwent total patellectomy faring at least as well as any others requiring surgical intervention.", "PMID": 1057401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2173", "title": "Experience with the below-knee total-contact cast in the management of tibial fractures.", "content": "The method of application of the below-knee total-contact cast is illustrated, stressing the importance of firm moulding over the medial flare of the tibia, the popliteal space and the patellar tendon. Forty patients with tibial shaft fractures treated in this manner in Middlemore Hospital during the past four years are reviewed, and a comparison of some features is made with those of forty similar fractures treated in conventional above-knee plasters. The results indicate that a well-applied total contact case controls these fractures adequately and that convalescence is relatively straighforward. In addition, there are obvious advantages to the patient in respect of comfort and mobility.", "contents": "Experience with the below-knee total-contact cast in the management of tibial fractures. The method of application of the below-knee total-contact cast is illustrated, stressing the importance of firm moulding over the medial flare of the tibia, the popliteal space and the patellar tendon. Forty patients with tibial shaft fractures treated in this manner in Middlemore Hospital during the past four years are reviewed, and a comparison of some features is made with those of forty similar fractures treated in conventional above-knee plasters. The results indicate that a well-applied total contact case controls these fractures adequately and that convalescence is relatively straighforward. In addition, there are obvious advantages to the patient in respect of comfort and mobility.", "PMID": 1057402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2174", "title": "Tropical pyomyositis.", "content": "Six cases of tropical pyomyositis occurring in Australian, New Zealand and British soldiers in Malaysia and Singapore are described.", "contents": "Tropical pyomyositis. Six cases of tropical pyomyositis occurring in Australian, New Zealand and British soldiers in Malaysia and Singapore are described.", "PMID": 1057403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2175", "title": "Actinomycosis of bone.", "content": "Actinomycosis is a rare disease, which is most commonly seen in the cervicofacial region and provides problems in diagnosis and treatment. Cervicofacial actinomycotic osteomyelitis is a curable disease. Its natural history and guides to its management are described.", "contents": "Actinomycosis of bone. Actinomycosis is a rare disease, which is most commonly seen in the cervicofacial region and provides problems in diagnosis and treatment. Cervicofacial actinomycotic osteomyelitis is a curable disease. Its natural history and guides to its management are described.", "PMID": 1057404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2176", "title": "Ureterostomy-in-situ.", "content": "A simple operation is described, which in the presence of upper urinary tract obstruction is under certain conditions an alternative to nephrostomy, and which may be modified for use in conjunction with conservative upper urinary tract surgery.", "contents": "Ureterostomy-in-situ. A simple operation is described, which in the presence of upper urinary tract obstruction is under certain conditions an alternative to nephrostomy, and which may be modified for use in conjunction with conservative upper urinary tract surgery.", "PMID": 1057405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2177", "title": "Giant ureteric calculus.", "content": "A case of giant ureteric calculus 12 cm in length is reported. Only 11 cases of such calculi measuring 12 cm or more have been previously reported in the literature. The relevant features of giant ureteric calculus are discussed.", "contents": "Giant ureteric calculus. A case of giant ureteric calculus 12 cm in length is reported. Only 11 cases of such calculi measuring 12 cm or more have been previously reported in the literature. The relevant features of giant ureteric calculus are discussed.", "PMID": 1057406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2178", "title": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: a further contribution.", "content": "A new dimension has been added to the concept of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver, in the observation of recent upsurge in incidence pari passu with the use of anovulatory pills. A newly recognized significant surgical feature of the disease is its propensity to serious haemorrhage.", "contents": "Focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver: a further contribution. A new dimension has been added to the concept of focal nodular hyperplasia of the liver, in the observation of recent upsurge in incidence pari passu with the use of anovulatory pills. A newly recognized significant surgical feature of the disease is its propensity to serious haemorrhage.", "PMID": 1057407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2179", "title": "Gliomas: a review of an 11-year series.", "content": "A series of gliomas is reviewed in an endeavour to establish the efficacy or otherwise of the various forms of treatment available. In general, it would seem that prognosis depends upon the activity of tumour cells and the anatomical relationships of the lesion. From the experience of this series it appears that wide resection, if this is possible, offers a longer survival time than any other form of treatment.", "contents": "Gliomas: a review of an 11-year series. A series of gliomas is reviewed in an endeavour to establish the efficacy or otherwise of the various forms of treatment available. In general, it would seem that prognosis depends upon the activity of tumour cells and the anatomical relationships of the lesion. From the experience of this series it appears that wide resection, if this is possible, offers a longer survival time than any other form of treatment.", "PMID": 1057408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2180", "title": "Traumatic pancreatitis and pleural effusion.", "content": "Two cases of pleural effusion are described, both of which were associated with pancreatitis of traumatic origin. It is suggested that in some cases of unexplained pleural effusion, concomitant pancreatitis should be sought as a possible cause.", "contents": "Traumatic pancreatitis and pleural effusion. Two cases of pleural effusion are described, both of which were associated with pancreatitis of traumatic origin. It is suggested that in some cases of unexplained pleural effusion, concomitant pancreatitis should be sought as a possible cause.", "PMID": 1057409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2181", "title": "Temporo-mandibular joint ankylosis and oro-nasal fistula as complications of facial trauma.", "content": "Condylar fractures with or without disruption of the temporo-mandibular joint occur commonly with other facial injuries. The subsequent development of ankylosis presents surgical and anaesthetic problems in management and results in severe physical disability to the patient. Oro-nasal fistula is a rare complication of fractures involving the middle third of the facial skeleton, and two cases are reported.", "contents": "Temporo-mandibular joint ankylosis and oro-nasal fistula as complications of facial trauma. Condylar fractures with or without disruption of the temporo-mandibular joint occur commonly with other facial injuries. The subsequent development of ankylosis presents surgical and anaesthetic problems in management and results in severe physical disability to the patient. Oro-nasal fistula is a rare complication of fractures involving the middle third of the facial skeleton, and two cases are reported.", "PMID": 1057410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2182", "title": "Malignant parotid cyst.", "content": "A case of primary malignant cyst of the parotid gland is described, and the possible origins of such cysts are discussed.", "contents": "Malignant parotid cyst. A case of primary malignant cyst of the parotid gland is described, and the possible origins of such cysts are discussed.", "PMID": 1057411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2183", "title": "A comparative study of four depression rating scales.", "content": "Comparisons were made between the overall scores on the Beck, Hamilton, Zung and a visual analogue rating scale in a group of depressed patients. The comparisons were made initially and at one, two and three weeks. Significant correlations between the global scores were found on these depression scales. The value of these scales in clinical research studies in depression is discussed wirh special mention of the value of the visual analogue scale.", "contents": "A comparative study of four depression rating scales. Comparisons were made between the overall scores on the Beck, Hamilton, Zung and a visual analogue rating scale in a group of depressed patients. The comparisons were made initially and at one, two and three weeks. Significant correlations between the global scores were found on these depression scales. The value of these scales in clinical research studies in depression is discussed wirh special mention of the value of the visual analogue scale.", "PMID": 1057413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2184", "title": "Some preliminary observations on a questionnaire technique for classifying depressive illness: its relationship with clinical diagnosis and a biological technique for depressive classification.", "content": "A questionnaire designed to assist in the classification of depressive illness, was administered to 20 acute depressive patients and 10 normal controls. Patient classification according to the decision rules employed by the questionnaire, were compared with patient classification arrived at by symptomatic (diagnostic) and physiological (G.S.R. inhibition threshold) means. It was found that a preponderance of patients classified as \"endogenous depressives\" by the questionnaire technique, also had clinical diagnoses of endogenous depression, and had low G.S.R. inhibition thresholds relative to normals. Furthermore a preponderance of patients classified as \"non-endogenous depressives\" by the questionnaire technique, had clinical diagnoses of neurotic depressive illness, and had high G.S.R. inhibition thresholds relative to normals. This supports the assertion that the questionnaire technique has some validity in the classification of depressive illness.", "contents": "Some preliminary observations on a questionnaire technique for classifying depressive illness: its relationship with clinical diagnosis and a biological technique for depressive classification. A questionnaire designed to assist in the classification of depressive illness, was administered to 20 acute depressive patients and 10 normal controls. Patient classification according to the decision rules employed by the questionnaire, were compared with patient classification arrived at by symptomatic (diagnostic) and physiological (G.S.R. inhibition threshold) means. It was found that a preponderance of patients classified as \"endogenous depressives\" by the questionnaire technique, also had clinical diagnoses of endogenous depression, and had low G.S.R. inhibition thresholds relative to normals. Furthermore a preponderance of patients classified as \"non-endogenous depressives\" by the questionnaire technique, had clinical diagnoses of neurotic depressive illness, and had high G.S.R. inhibition thresholds relative to normals. This supports the assertion that the questionnaire technique has some validity in the classification of depressive illness.", "PMID": 1057414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2185", "title": "Psychotherapy and the iatrogenic \"love affair\".", "content": "After giving an introductory outline of the phenomenology and theoretical aspects of the concept \"love affair\", the author proceeds to review a number of symptomatic love affairs arising in the lives of a series of female patients during the course of analytically oriented psychotherapy.. The material is presented in its general aspects and in the form of one detailed case history. In subsequent discussion the author attempts to explain the genesis of these love affairs in terms of phase-speciifc conflicts in the patient and certain iatrogenic aspects of the therapy.", "contents": "Psychotherapy and the iatrogenic \"love affair\". After giving an introductory outline of the phenomenology and theoretical aspects of the concept \"love affair\", the author proceeds to review a number of symptomatic love affairs arising in the lives of a series of female patients during the course of analytically oriented psychotherapy.. The material is presented in its general aspects and in the form of one detailed case history. In subsequent discussion the author attempts to explain the genesis of these love affairs in terms of phase-speciifc conflicts in the patient and certain iatrogenic aspects of the therapy.", "PMID": 1057415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2186", "title": "Ritual prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis.", "content": "Behaviouristic theories of obsessive-compulsive neurosis are reviewed and their relationship indicated to the introduction of ritual prevention as a form of treatment for this condition. Studies investigating aspects of ritual prevention are summarised. The treatment of six obsessive-compulsive patients in a psychiatric ward of a general hospital is described and the difficulties encountered outlined. The authors' impression was that the response of patients shown was more marked and immediate than with any other treatment apart from leucotomy.", "contents": "Ritual prevention in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive neurosis. Behaviouristic theories of obsessive-compulsive neurosis are reviewed and their relationship indicated to the introduction of ritual prevention as a form of treatment for this condition. Studies investigating aspects of ritual prevention are summarised. The treatment of six obsessive-compulsive patients in a psychiatric ward of a general hospital is described and the difficulties encountered outlined. The authors' impression was that the response of patients shown was more marked and immediate than with any other treatment apart from leucotomy.", "PMID": 1057416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2187", "title": "The effects of discharge on long-stay psychiatric hospital patients.", "content": "One hundred and forty long-stay patients discharged from Callan Park Hospital were followed up. All except nine were accounted for and 90 who were living outside hospital at the time of the study were interviewed. Thirty percent of the total sample were readmitted during the mean follow up period of 20.4 months. Most of those living outside hospital said that they were happier than when living in hospital. They formed a relatively homogeneous socio-economic group with the majority living in boarding houses and convalescent homes and being unemployed.", "contents": "The effects of discharge on long-stay psychiatric hospital patients. One hundred and forty long-stay patients discharged from Callan Park Hospital were followed up. All except nine were accounted for and 90 who were living outside hospital at the time of the study were interviewed. Thirty percent of the total sample were readmitted during the mean follow up period of 20.4 months. Most of those living outside hospital said that they were happier than when living in hospital. They formed a relatively homogeneous socio-economic group with the majority living in boarding houses and convalescent homes and being unemployed.", "PMID": 1057418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2188", "title": "Mental health organizations in transition.", "content": "Many mental health institutions are changing their traditional treatment policies and practices and their organizational structures. Literature is reviewed which provides a model for changing mental health organizations based in general systems theory. The systems organizational model has empirical support in the growing community mental health movement. The strong interaction of technological and ideological factors determining the nature of the new mental health organizations is stressed. Also considered are some of the problems facing those planning and managing changing mental health organizations.", "contents": "Mental health organizations in transition. Many mental health institutions are changing their traditional treatment policies and practices and their organizational structures. Literature is reviewed which provides a model for changing mental health organizations based in general systems theory. The systems organizational model has empirical support in the growing community mental health movement. The strong interaction of technological and ideological factors determining the nature of the new mental health organizations is stressed. Also considered are some of the problems facing those planning and managing changing mental health organizations.", "PMID": 1057420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2189", "title": "Out-patient follow-up of those who have attempted suicide: fact or fantasy?", "content": "46% of patients who had attempted suicide and were referred to the out-patient clinic of the Royal Adelaide Hospital failed to attend. Similar findings have been reported from other centres. Though it is not known why this is so, tentative speculation is possible. Since it has been shown that persons who attempt suicide are more at risk for suiciding in the future, it seems surprising that their non-attendance has not been more fully investigated.", "contents": "Out-patient follow-up of those who have attempted suicide: fact or fantasy? 46% of patients who had attempted suicide and were referred to the out-patient clinic of the Royal Adelaide Hospital failed to attend. Similar findings have been reported from other centres. Though it is not known why this is so, tentative speculation is possible. Since it has been shown that persons who attempt suicide are more at risk for suiciding in the future, it seems surprising that their non-attendance has not been more fully investigated.", "PMID": 1057421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2190", "title": "Puerperal psychosis: a follow-up study of a joint mother and baby treatment programme.", "content": "A cohort of 54 mothers with puerperal psychoses admitted between 1965 and 1969 to a joint mother and baby short stay treatment programme is reported with a follow-up at the end of 1973. The outcomes indicate that this treatment routine is as satisfactory as other programmes. Those who, for various reasons, did not complete the joint programme of treatment did not do so well.", "contents": "Puerperal psychosis: a follow-up study of a joint mother and baby treatment programme. A cohort of 54 mothers with puerperal psychoses admitted between 1965 and 1969 to a joint mother and baby short stay treatment programme is reported with a follow-up at the end of 1973. The outcomes indicate that this treatment routine is as satisfactory as other programmes. Those who, for various reasons, did not complete the joint programme of treatment did not do so well.", "PMID": 1057424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2191", "title": "The two town study: a comparison of psychiatric illness in two contrasting Western Australian mining towns.", "content": "The results are presented of a survey of patients identified by their general practitioner as having conspicuous psychiatric morbidity, according to Kessel's (1960) Classification, during a three months general practice survey in two Western Australian towns, one Gynalla, a new expanding town in the Pilbara area and the other, Jaburoo, an established economically stagnant town in the South West. The findings show a higher general practice consultation attendance rate for both sexes, and a higher rate of psychiatric illness among females, in Jaburoo than in Gynalla. In Gynalla psychiatric cases among women formed a disproportionately high percentage of all general practice attendances. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The two town study: a comparison of psychiatric illness in two contrasting Western Australian mining towns. The results are presented of a survey of patients identified by their general practitioner as having conspicuous psychiatric morbidity, according to Kessel's (1960) Classification, during a three months general practice survey in two Western Australian towns, one Gynalla, a new expanding town in the Pilbara area and the other, Jaburoo, an established economically stagnant town in the South West. The findings show a higher general practice consultation attendance rate for both sexes, and a higher rate of psychiatric illness among females, in Jaburoo than in Gynalla. In Gynalla psychiatric cases among women formed a disproportionately high percentage of all general practice attendances. The implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1057426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2192", "title": "Psychotherapy in a large open family group.", "content": "A technique of psychotherapy is reported, using a large open group of theoretically unlimited lifetime. Family and friends are encouraged to attend and new members are added independently of those leaving the group. Various features of such a group are comparable to small group analysis. The group may be used for the exploration and treatment of family psychopathology. Meetings containing 20 or more members, with several families being represented, are not uncommon. Observers likewise are not limited in number and the group serves a useful teaching and training function as a consequence. A wide range of patients, including those regarded as unsuitable or too difficult for conventional psychotherapeutic management, may be treated by this technique. Illustrative cases are described. The purpose of this paper is to describe a technique of group psychotherapy which has been practised over a period of several years and which differs in some important respects from established methods. This technique, the large open family group, has proven itself to be useful in treating a wide range of patients.", "contents": "Psychotherapy in a large open family group. A technique of psychotherapy is reported, using a large open group of theoretically unlimited lifetime. Family and friends are encouraged to attend and new members are added independently of those leaving the group. Various features of such a group are comparable to small group analysis. The group may be used for the exploration and treatment of family psychopathology. Meetings containing 20 or more members, with several families being represented, are not uncommon. Observers likewise are not limited in number and the group serves a useful teaching and training function as a consequence. A wide range of patients, including those regarded as unsuitable or too difficult for conventional psychotherapeutic management, may be treated by this technique. Illustrative cases are described. The purpose of this paper is to describe a technique of group psychotherapy which has been practised over a period of several years and which differs in some important respects from established methods. This technique, the large open family group, has proven itself to be useful in treating a wide range of patients.", "PMID": 1057427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2193", "title": "Influence of hypothalamic hyperphagia on tolerance of lung to explosive decompression.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of hypothalamic hyperphagia on the tolerance of lung to explosive decompression in male Long-Evans rats. The control and hypothalamic hyperphagic rats were explosively decompressed together from 1 atm to an ambient pressure of 30 min Hg in 0.04s. The hypothalamic-lesiones rats gained from 252 g average weight to 460 g, a 82% gain. The respective figures for the controls. were from 248 g to 336 g and 36%. It was also observed that a considerable amount of fat was accumulated between pleura and lungs in experimental animals. The average accumulation of fat between pleura and lungs in experimental rats was 3.23 g, while the value of the control group was only 0.42 g. The difference was statistically significant. Such an increase of fat accumulation in the thoracic cage could decrease the tidal volume. The severity of decompression-induced pulmonary hemorrages might thus be decreased. On the other hand, it also seems possible that the soft fat cushion between pleura and lungs might damp the bruising of the pulmonary tissue against the resistant thoracic wall to a certain extent, thus resulting in a decreased susceptibility to decompression-induced lung damage. Besides  , the mortality in obese rats undergoing explosive decompression was also significantly lower than that of the controls", "contents": "Influence of hypothalamic hyperphagia on tolerance of lung to explosive decompression. A study was made of the effect of hypothalamic hyperphagia on the tolerance of lung to explosive decompression in male Long-Evans rats. The control and hypothalamic hyperphagic rats were explosively decompressed together from 1 atm to an ambient pressure of 30 min Hg in 0.04s. The hypothalamic-lesiones rats gained from 252 g average weight to 460 g, a 82% gain. The respective figures for the controls. were from 248 g to 336 g and 36%. It was also observed that a considerable amount of fat was accumulated between pleura and lungs in experimental animals. The average accumulation of fat between pleura and lungs in experimental rats was 3.23 g, while the value of the control group was only 0.42 g. The difference was statistically significant. Such an increase of fat accumulation in the thoracic cage could decrease the tidal volume. The severity of decompression-induced pulmonary hemorrages might thus be decreased. On the other hand, it also seems possible that the soft fat cushion between pleura and lungs might damp the bruising of the pulmonary tissue against the resistant thoracic wall to a certain extent, thus resulting in a decreased susceptibility to decompression-induced lung damage. Besides  , the mortality in obese rats undergoing explosive decompression was also significantly lower than that of the controls", "PMID": 1057429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2194", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity in leukaemia.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4., ADA) has been measured in the blast cells of 36 patients with acute lymphoblastic, acute myeloid, chronic myeloid and chronic myeloid blast crisis leukaemia. Particularly high levels were found in acute lymphoblastic and chronic myeloid blast crisis patients. The measurement of ADA may be useful diagnostically in the undifferentiated acute leukaemias and in detecting the early onset of blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Possible reasons for the elevation of ADA in malignant cells are discussed.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity in leukaemia. Adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4., ADA) has been measured in the blast cells of 36 patients with acute lymphoblastic, acute myeloid, chronic myeloid and chronic myeloid blast crisis leukaemia. Particularly high levels were found in acute lymphoblastic and chronic myeloid blast crisis patients. The measurement of ADA may be useful diagnostically in the undifferentiated acute leukaemias and in detecting the early onset of blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukaemia. Possible reasons for the elevation of ADA in malignant cells are discussed.", "PMID": 1057444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2195", "title": "Growth rate of pulmonary metastases in human sarcomas.", "content": "The growth rate of spherical pulmonary metastases was studied in 15 patients with osseous and soft tissue sarcoma. The median volume doubling time (Dt) was 25 days. The time from diagnosis of the primary tumor to occurrence of pulmonary metastases correlated directly with the length of Dt. No correlation between Dt and tumor histology was observed. The effect of therapy on the tumor growth curve was studied in 1 patient. The therapeutic implications derived from the quantitative evaluation of tumor growth rate are discussed.", "contents": "Growth rate of pulmonary metastases in human sarcomas. The growth rate of spherical pulmonary metastases was studied in 15 patients with osseous and soft tissue sarcoma. The median volume doubling time (Dt) was 25 days. The time from diagnosis of the primary tumor to occurrence of pulmonary metastases correlated directly with the length of Dt. No correlation between Dt and tumor histology was observed. The effect of therapy on the tumor growth curve was studied in 1 patient. The therapeutic implications derived from the quantitative evaluation of tumor growth rate are discussed.", "PMID": 1057449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2196", "title": "Treatment of acute leukemia in adults.", "content": "Improvement in the management of acute leukemia in adults has not progressed nearly so rapidly as has the treatment of childhood leukemia. One important difference is that most adults have myeloblastic or related forms of the disease (AML), whereas the majority of children have lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, even adults with ALL fail to respond as well to a similar regimen as do children with the same type of leukemia. In a recent series of patients with ALL who were treated with the complex multiple drug \"L-2\" protocol, the incidence of complete remission in adults was 78% vs. 99% in children, and the median duration of remission was only 24 months in the adults, whereas it has not yet been reached in the children and is projected to be over 4 years. In AML and the related nonlymphoblastic forms of acute leukemia, therapy is still unsatisfactory in both adults and children. With the best current drug treatment schedules, the incidence of complete remission is now better than 50%, but it is often difficult to compare the exact remission rates in different series because of differences in reporting results. In adults treated with the multiple drug \"L-6\" protocol, the incidence of remission in previously untreated patients was 56% and the median duration of remission was 10 months. The median survival of all patients (responders and non-responders) was 1 year whereas that of responders only was 2 years. It is encouraging that a significant proportion of those patients with AML who have complete remissions now remain in remission for extended periods; about 45% of patients responding to the \"L-6\" protocol remained in remission over 1 year, and 18% have been in continuous remission for 2 to over 4 years. Even after discontinuing treatment, some patients with AML stay in remission for long periods, and it is possible that some of them may have been cured. If this proves to be true, it becomes of great importance to determine what is different about the patients who do exceptionally well as compared to the majority who continue to die within a year. However, no consistent nor distinctive favorable prognostic features have yet been identified.", "contents": "Treatment of acute leukemia in adults. Improvement in the management of acute leukemia in adults has not progressed nearly so rapidly as has the treatment of childhood leukemia. One important difference is that most adults have myeloblastic or related forms of the disease (AML), whereas the majority of children have lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, even adults with ALL fail to respond as well to a similar regimen as do children with the same type of leukemia. In a recent series of patients with ALL who were treated with the complex multiple drug \"L-2\" protocol, the incidence of complete remission in adults was 78% vs. 99% in children, and the median duration of remission was only 24 months in the adults, whereas it has not yet been reached in the children and is projected to be over 4 years. In AML and the related nonlymphoblastic forms of acute leukemia, therapy is still unsatisfactory in both adults and children. With the best current drug treatment schedules, the incidence of complete remission is now better than 50%, but it is often difficult to compare the exact remission rates in different series because of differences in reporting results. In adults treated with the multiple drug \"L-6\" protocol, the incidence of remission in previously untreated patients was 56% and the median duration of remission was 10 months. The median survival of all patients (responders and non-responders) was 1 year whereas that of responders only was 2 years. It is encouraging that a significant proportion of those patients with AML who have complete remissions now remain in remission for extended periods; about 45% of patients responding to the \"L-6\" protocol remained in remission over 1 year, and 18% have been in continuous remission for 2 to over 4 years. Even after discontinuing treatment, some patients with AML stay in remission for long periods, and it is possible that some of them may have been cured. If this proves to be true, it becomes of great importance to determine what is different about the patients who do exceptionally well as compared to the majority who continue to die within a year. However, no consistent nor distinctive favorable prognostic features have yet been identified.", "PMID": 1057450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2197", "title": "Antigens shared by leukemic blast cell and lymphoblastoid cell lines detected by lymphocyte-dependent antibody.", "content": "Lymphocyte-dependent antibodies (LDA's) directed against antigenic determinants present on lymphoblastoid cell lines as well as human leukemia blast cells were demonstrated in heterologous antisera obtained by immunizing rabbits with a membrane fraction from RPMI-4265 (a lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia). LDA was present at high titers against B-lymphoblastoid, myelomonocytic, and stem cell lines. The T-lymphoblastoid cell line MOLT-4, however, did not react. LDA was demonstrated against acute myelogenous as well as lymphoblastic leukemia cells. The reactivity was not directed against phytohemagglutinin-induced blastoid antigens, fetal antigens, or fetal calf serum. Absorptions with lymphoblastoid cell lines removed all LDA reactivity. Similar results were obtained by absorbing the rabbit antiserum with acute lymphoblastic and/or acute myelogeneous leukemia cells. These findings indicate the presence of cross-reactive antigens between lymphoblastoid cell lines and leukemia cells. Furthermore, cross-reactivity between acute lymphoblastic and acute myelogenous leukemia cells was demonstrated.", "contents": "Antigens shared by leukemic blast cell and lymphoblastoid cell lines detected by lymphocyte-dependent antibody. Lymphocyte-dependent antibodies (LDA's) directed against antigenic determinants present on lymphoblastoid cell lines as well as human leukemia blast cells were demonstrated in heterologous antisera obtained by immunizing rabbits with a membrane fraction from RPMI-4265 (a lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia). LDA was present at high titers against B-lymphoblastoid, myelomonocytic, and stem cell lines. The T-lymphoblastoid cell line MOLT-4, however, did not react. LDA was demonstrated against acute myelogenous as well as lymphoblastic leukemia cells. The reactivity was not directed against phytohemagglutinin-induced blastoid antigens, fetal antigens, or fetal calf serum. Absorptions with lymphoblastoid cell lines removed all LDA reactivity. Similar results were obtained by absorbing the rabbit antiserum with acute lymphoblastic and/or acute myelogeneous leukemia cells. These findings indicate the presence of cross-reactive antigens between lymphoblastoid cell lines and leukemia cells. Furthermore, cross-reactivity between acute lymphoblastic and acute myelogenous leukemia cells was demonstrated.", "PMID": 1057451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2198", "title": "Speech results after Millard island flap repair in cleft palate and other velopharyngeal insufficiencies.", "content": "Twenty-four patients were evaluated for voice quality after primary palatal repair by the Millard island flap procedure. In patients with overt cleft palate, acceptable speech was obtained in 71 percent. In patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency without an overt cleft, the success rate was 60 percent. Although we consider this method reliable and useful, we have no reason to believe that it offers substantial advantages over other established procedures. We suggest that the main reason for our failures to achieve velopharyngeal competence and acceptable voice quality after a repair is the inherent hypoplasia of palatal musculature.", "contents": "Speech results after Millard island flap repair in cleft palate and other velopharyngeal insufficiencies. Twenty-four patients were evaluated for voice quality after primary palatal repair by the Millard island flap procedure. In patients with overt cleft palate, acceptable speech was obtained in 71 percent. In patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency without an overt cleft, the success rate was 60 percent. Although we consider this method reliable and useful, we have no reason to believe that it offers substantial advantages over other established procedures. We suggest that the main reason for our failures to achieve velopharyngeal competence and acceptable voice quality after a repair is the inherent hypoplasia of palatal musculature.", "PMID": 1057452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2199", "title": "Location of the levator veli palatini insertion following levator retropositioning, palatal pushback, and pharyngeal flap procedures.", "content": "A long-term cineradiographic follow-up study of twenty patients with velo-pharyngeal incompetence fails to demonstrate predictable retrodisplacement of the levator insertion following combined levator retropositioning, pushback, and pharyngeal flap procedures. Simple levator retropositioning gave posterior displacement in the two patients evaluated. Patients with normal or posterior levator insertions pre-operatively all demonstrated post-operative anterior displacement following pharyngeal flap procedures, either alone or in combination with pushback. Anterior levator displacement may be the result of scar contraction or division of the levator sling (during insetting of a pharyngeal flap). Pre-operative and post-operative speech evaluation demonstrated substantial improvement in all except 3 patients; 2 of the poor speech results were patients with demonstrated levator retrodisplacement on post-operative cineradiography.", "contents": "Location of the levator veli palatini insertion following levator retropositioning, palatal pushback, and pharyngeal flap procedures. A long-term cineradiographic follow-up study of twenty patients with velo-pharyngeal incompetence fails to demonstrate predictable retrodisplacement of the levator insertion following combined levator retropositioning, pushback, and pharyngeal flap procedures. Simple levator retropositioning gave posterior displacement in the two patients evaluated. Patients with normal or posterior levator insertions pre-operatively all demonstrated post-operative anterior displacement following pharyngeal flap procedures, either alone or in combination with pushback. Anterior levator displacement may be the result of scar contraction or division of the levator sling (during insetting of a pharyngeal flap). Pre-operative and post-operative speech evaluation demonstrated substantial improvement in all except 3 patients; 2 of the poor speech results were patients with demonstrated levator retrodisplacement on post-operative cineradiography.", "PMID": 1057454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2200", "title": "A review of the results of two different surgical procedures for the repair of clefts of the soft palate only.", "content": "This study evaluated results of the two surgical procedures for repair of cleft palate. Simple closure using the Von Langenbeck technique was compared with the V-Y retroposition technique as modified by Wardill and Kilner. The population consisted of two groups of children who were similar in chronological age and intelligence and for whom surgery was performed at an average age of 1 year, 11 months, in the simple closure group and 1 year, 8 months, in the V-Y repair group. In the early pre-school years, the children were evaluated in the areas of intelligence, language, hypernasality hearing, articulation, and voice quality. The two groups were found to be roughly similar in intelligence, language, and articulation at that time. The simple closure group was at first found to be slightly more hoarse than the V-Y repair group while the latter was found to have slightly more hypernasality. Hearing acuity was somewhat poorer in the simple closure group. The final evaluation was carried out when the mean chronological ages were 10 years, 1 month, for the simple closure group and 10 years, 2 months, for the V-Y repair group. Included in the second assessment were measurements of intelligence, language, articulation, nasal resonance, hoarseness, nasal emission, hearing, and velopharyngeal closure, The groups were judged to roughly comparable in intelligence, language, articulation, hypernasality, nasal emission, and velopharyngeal closure. A difference between groups occurred in regard to hearing acuity where the simple closure group showed slightly more hearing loss. This group was also judged to have more hoarseness. In regard to velopharyngeal closure, it was noted that all subjects in both groups had mechanisms of adequate or borderline efficiency. However, the children in the simple closure group compared as well as they did with the V-Y retroposition group only after 27 per cent had had secondary procedures as compared to 11 per cent in the V-Y repair group...", "contents": "A review of the results of two different surgical procedures for the repair of clefts of the soft palate only. This study evaluated results of the two surgical procedures for repair of cleft palate. Simple closure using the Von Langenbeck technique was compared with the V-Y retroposition technique as modified by Wardill and Kilner. The population consisted of two groups of children who were similar in chronological age and intelligence and for whom surgery was performed at an average age of 1 year, 11 months, in the simple closure group and 1 year, 8 months, in the V-Y repair group. In the early pre-school years, the children were evaluated in the areas of intelligence, language, hypernasality hearing, articulation, and voice quality. The two groups were found to be roughly similar in intelligence, language, and articulation at that time. The simple closure group was at first found to be slightly more hoarse than the V-Y repair group while the latter was found to have slightly more hypernasality. Hearing acuity was somewhat poorer in the simple closure group. The final evaluation was carried out when the mean chronological ages were 10 years, 1 month, for the simple closure group and 10 years, 2 months, for the V-Y repair group. Included in the second assessment were measurements of intelligence, language, articulation, nasal resonance, hoarseness, nasal emission, hearing, and velopharyngeal closure, The groups were judged to roughly comparable in intelligence, language, articulation, hypernasality, nasal emission, and velopharyngeal closure. A difference between groups occurred in regard to hearing acuity where the simple closure group showed slightly more hearing loss. This group was also judged to have more hoarseness. In regard to velopharyngeal closure, it was noted that all subjects in both groups had mechanisms of adequate or borderline efficiency. However, the children in the simple closure group compared as well as they did with the V-Y retroposition group only after 27 per cent had had secondary procedures as compared to 11 per cent in the V-Y repair group...", "PMID": 1057455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2201", "title": "Radioautographic study of chondrocytic proliferation in nasal septal cartilage of the 5-day-old rat.", "content": "Relative rates of chondrocytic proliferation in the 5-day-old rat nasal septum are determined radioautographically, using tritiated thymidine as the labeling agent. The results are tabulated and charted graphically; they show that the zone of greatest activity is the portion just anterior to the septoethmoidal junction. The area of second highest activity is the antero-superior tip of the septum. All other regions are either relatively inactive or show only sporadic areas of proliferative activity.", "contents": "Radioautographic study of chondrocytic proliferation in nasal septal cartilage of the 5-day-old rat. Relative rates of chondrocytic proliferation in the 5-day-old rat nasal septum are determined radioautographically, using tritiated thymidine as the labeling agent. The results are tabulated and charted graphically; they show that the zone of greatest activity is the portion just anterior to the septoethmoidal junction. The area of second highest activity is the antero-superior tip of the septum. All other regions are either relatively inactive or show only sporadic areas of proliferative activity.", "PMID": 1057456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2202", "title": "Two dimensional ultrasonic demonstration of lateral pharyngeal wall movement in real time--a preliminary report.", "content": "Preliminary observations are reported in three normal subjects using a multi-element, ultrasonic transducer unit for demonstrating in real time and two dimensions the movements of the lateral nasal and oropharyngeal walls during phonation. Ultrasonic images produced are similar to those seen on frontal roentgen motion recordings. Present limitations, potential applications and advantages of this technique are discussed.", "contents": "Two dimensional ultrasonic demonstration of lateral pharyngeal wall movement in real time--a preliminary report. Preliminary observations are reported in three normal subjects using a multi-element, ultrasonic transducer unit for demonstrating in real time and two dimensions the movements of the lateral nasal and oropharyngeal walls during phonation. Ultrasonic images produced are similar to those seen on frontal roentgen motion recordings. Present limitations, potential applications and advantages of this technique are discussed.", "PMID": 1057457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2203", "title": "Sociological aspects of cleft palate adults: IV. Social integration.", "content": "The patterns of social integration of adults with primary and secondary groups were evaluated for 196 adult cleft subjects, their 190 siblings and 209 random controls. Results indicated that cleft adults tended to rely on the extended family for mutual aid and social activities. They also participated less frequently in voluntary associations and relied on a few one-to-one friendships. Social activities tended to be that of informal visiting patterns. While it would be inaccurate to characterize the cleft adult family as grossly different from other American families, they are a definable population experiencing some degree of limitation associated with having a cleft.", "contents": "Sociological aspects of cleft palate adults: IV. Social integration. The patterns of social integration of adults with primary and secondary groups were evaluated for 196 adult cleft subjects, their 190 siblings and 209 random controls. Results indicated that cleft adults tended to rely on the extended family for mutual aid and social activities. They also participated less frequently in voluntary associations and relied on a few one-to-one friendships. Social activities tended to be that of informal visiting patterns. While it would be inaccurate to characterize the cleft adult family as grossly different from other American families, they are a definable population experiencing some degree of limitation associated with having a cleft.", "PMID": 1057458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2204", "title": "Incidence and type of otologic disease in the older cleft-palate patient.", "content": "Cleft lip and palate patients, 16 years and older, selected at random, were studied to determine the type and frequency of middle ear disease. Various morphologic and physiologic factors interrelating to cleft form and otopathology are discussed.", "contents": "Incidence and type of otologic disease in the older cleft-palate patient. Cleft lip and palate patients, 16 years and older, selected at random, were studied to determine the type and frequency of middle ear disease. Various morphologic and physiologic factors interrelating to cleft form and otopathology are discussed.", "PMID": 1057459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2205", "title": "Current concepts of treatment of ear disease in cleft palate children and adults.", "content": "This author had demonstrated that the incidence of conductive hearing loss in adults who have had cleft palates approximates 50%. That their ear disease arises during infancy has been well documented by Stool and Paradise. The serous otitis media which develops in infancy and persists through adolescence is presently best treated by tympanic aeration tubes. Whether or not a limited adenoidectomy is a useful adjunct in treatment remains to be conclusively demonstrated. That cleft palate repair and/or pharyngeal flap surgery is helpful in the eventual outcome of ear disease would seem to be so. The end product of recurrent serous effusions and/or ear infections can be a chronic draining ear and/or cholesteatoma which following the attainment of adolescence is best treated by mastoid tympanoplasty with ossicular reconstruction. The effect of hearing on the speech of palate patients is discussed and a new method for using visual cues in helping palate patients speak less hypernasally offered.", "contents": "Current concepts of treatment of ear disease in cleft palate children and adults. This author had demonstrated that the incidence of conductive hearing loss in adults who have had cleft palates approximates 50%. That their ear disease arises during infancy has been well documented by Stool and Paradise. The serous otitis media which develops in infancy and persists through adolescence is presently best treated by tympanic aeration tubes. Whether or not a limited adenoidectomy is a useful adjunct in treatment remains to be conclusively demonstrated. That cleft palate repair and/or pharyngeal flap surgery is helpful in the eventual outcome of ear disease would seem to be so. The end product of recurrent serous effusions and/or ear infections can be a chronic draining ear and/or cholesteatoma which following the attainment of adolescence is best treated by mastoid tympanoplasty with ossicular reconstruction. The effect of hearing on the speech of palate patients is discussed and a new method for using visual cues in helping palate patients speak less hypernasally offered.", "PMID": 1057460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2206", "title": "A family with oculodentodigital dysplasia.", "content": "Three members of a family present definite features of the oculodentodigital (ODD) dysplasia and one presents only a few features. The mother shows no clinical evidence of the syndrome but does have an isolated cleft of the palate. The syndrome is compatible with Mendelian autosomal dominant inheritance with father-to-son transmission. The variable expression of the gene in the three affected members is clearly demonstrable.", "contents": "A family with oculodentodigital dysplasia. Three members of a family present definite features of the oculodentodigital (ODD) dysplasia and one presents only a few features. The mother shows no clinical evidence of the syndrome but does have an isolated cleft of the palate. The syndrome is compatible with Mendelian autosomal dominant inheritance with father-to-son transmission. The variable expression of the gene in the three affected members is clearly demonstrable.", "PMID": 1057461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2207", "title": "Chemotherapy of osteosarcoma.", "content": "Recent advances in the use of chemotherapy for treatment of osteosarcoma have altered out pessimism in this disease. Results are presented from 3 groups of investigators using different agents as adjuvant chemotherapy following immediately upon amputation of the primary. The Roswell Park Memorial Institute began a regime, immediately after amputation, of adriamycin 30 mg/M2 for 3 doses and given every 4-6 weeks. This study was subsequently expanded in a cooperative group (ALGB) and the results on 20 patients analyzed. At 19 months approximately 75 per cent are free of any pulmonary metastases compared with 10-25 per cent expected from amputation alone. Similar results have been obtained by other Centers using different chemotherapeutic agents. In Boston Children's Hospital high dose Methotrexate with citrovorum factor is used. In 12 of these patients local control of the primary by surgery was obtained and of these only 1 developed pulmonary metastases during an observation time of 23 months. At the M. D. Anderson Hospital multi-drug combinations were used including Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, L-Phenylalamine Mustard and Adriamycin. They reported a survival rate of 55 per cent (10 out of 18). All of these neoplastic agents have toxic side effects but when carefully used these effects are minimized and the quality of life is quite good. Many questions must be answered by future controlled long term follow-up studies.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of osteosarcoma. Recent advances in the use of chemotherapy for treatment of osteosarcoma have altered out pessimism in this disease. Results are presented from 3 groups of investigators using different agents as adjuvant chemotherapy following immediately upon amputation of the primary. The Roswell Park Memorial Institute began a regime, immediately after amputation, of adriamycin 30 mg/M2 for 3 doses and given every 4-6 weeks. This study was subsequently expanded in a cooperative group (ALGB) and the results on 20 patients analyzed. At 19 months approximately 75 per cent are free of any pulmonary metastases compared with 10-25 per cent expected from amputation alone. Similar results have been obtained by other Centers using different chemotherapeutic agents. In Boston Children's Hospital high dose Methotrexate with citrovorum factor is used. In 12 of these patients local control of the primary by surgery was obtained and of these only 1 developed pulmonary metastases during an observation time of 23 months. At the M. D. Anderson Hospital multi-drug combinations were used including Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, L-Phenylalamine Mustard and Adriamycin. They reported a survival rate of 55 per cent (10 out of 18). All of these neoplastic agents have toxic side effects but when carefully used these effects are minimized and the quality of life is quite good. Many questions must be answered by future controlled long term follow-up studies.", "PMID": 1057462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2208", "title": "The implications of \"skip\" metastases in osteosarcoma.", "content": "A prospective study of 40 consecutive classic primary osteosarcomas employing tomography, angiography, radio-scanning, tetracycline labelling, macroscopic and microscopic study revealed that in 10 (25%) \"skip\" metastases were found. In 8 the \"skips\" were completely unsuspected prior to computation. It is evident that patients with \"skips\" are more prone to local recurrence and have a worse prognosis following amputation than those without such satellite lesions. Through-bone amputation entails a considered risk of leaving micro-foci of tumor; proximal disarticulation does not obviate the risk of cross joint \"skips\" when the lesion is in a sub-articular site. What affect such residual foci has upon the effectiveness of adjunct therapy and conversely whether such therapy will permit more conservative surgery by suppressing residual \"skips\" is an important but unanswered question.", "contents": "The implications of \"skip\" metastases in osteosarcoma. A prospective study of 40 consecutive classic primary osteosarcomas employing tomography, angiography, radio-scanning, tetracycline labelling, macroscopic and microscopic study revealed that in 10 (25%) \"skip\" metastases were found. In 8 the \"skips\" were completely unsuspected prior to computation. It is evident that patients with \"skips\" are more prone to local recurrence and have a worse prognosis following amputation than those without such satellite lesions. Through-bone amputation entails a considered risk of leaving micro-foci of tumor; proximal disarticulation does not obviate the risk of cross joint \"skips\" when the lesion is in a sub-articular site. What affect such residual foci has upon the effectiveness of adjunct therapy and conversely whether such therapy will permit more conservative surgery by suppressing residual \"skips\" is an important but unanswered question.", "PMID": 1057464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2209", "title": "The surgical management of primary osteosarcoma.", "content": "Regrettably amputation remains to the present day an essential part of treatment in osteosarcoma of the limb bones. Only by its inclusion in the therapeutic regime can the present best level of about 20 per cent survival be achieved in any large group of patients. Preliminary biopsy is essential and there is no evidence that it is harmful even if followed by a delay of many days before definitive treatment. In patients treated initially by radiotherapy, selective amputation some 6 months later only in patients free of metastases, carries just as good a prognosis for the group as a whole as initial primary amputation in all patients. This method, first described by Cade, is widely practiced in the United Kingdom and spares many patients who develop early metastases following initial radiotherapy from unnecessary mutilating surgery shortly before inevitable death. Local recurrence may follow retention of a femoral stump following amputation for osteosarcoma at the most common site in the lower femoral metaphysis. There are cogent arguments in favor of hip disarticulation in such patients although they do not include evidence of greater survival. The balance between the two procedures is finely drawn but is weighted in favor of disarticulation.", "contents": "The surgical management of primary osteosarcoma. Regrettably amputation remains to the present day an essential part of treatment in osteosarcoma of the limb bones. Only by its inclusion in the therapeutic regime can the present best level of about 20 per cent survival be achieved in any large group of patients. Preliminary biopsy is essential and there is no evidence that it is harmful even if followed by a delay of many days before definitive treatment. In patients treated initially by radiotherapy, selective amputation some 6 months later only in patients free of metastases, carries just as good a prognosis for the group as a whole as initial primary amputation in all patients. This method, first described by Cade, is widely practiced in the United Kingdom and spares many patients who develop early metastases following initial radiotherapy from unnecessary mutilating surgery shortly before inevitable death. Local recurrence may follow retention of a femoral stump following amputation for osteosarcoma at the most common site in the lower femoral metaphysis. There are cogent arguments in favor of hip disarticulation in such patients although they do not include evidence of greater survival. The balance between the two procedures is finely drawn but is weighted in favor of disarticulation.", "PMID": 1057465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2210", "title": "The host immune response in human osteosarcoma.", "content": "A patient's immunologic response to a malignant tumor may be a major factor in determining his ultimate prognosis. An in vitro microcytotoxicity test using cultured tritiated thymidine (3HT) labeled osteosarcoma cells and autologous fibroblasts has been developed to determine the nature of this response. The role of cell mediated and serum factors has been quantitatively evaluated and the following results obtained. Osteosarcoma patients have been demonstrated to possess a normal cellular immune response which exhibits non-specific cytotoxicity in vitro. These patients can not differentiate their tumor cells from autologous fibroblasts, even though they may significantly suppress the growth of homologous tumors or fibroblasts. Serum blocking factors capable of inhibiting lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity are occasionally noted. A reliable quantitative microcytotoxicity technique is presented which demonstrates that: (1) osteosarcoma is not due to host immuno-incompetence, (2) a common sarcoma antigen does not exist and (3) serum blocking factors may occasionally be present.", "contents": "The host immune response in human osteosarcoma. A patient's immunologic response to a malignant tumor may be a major factor in determining his ultimate prognosis. An in vitro microcytotoxicity test using cultured tritiated thymidine (3HT) labeled osteosarcoma cells and autologous fibroblasts has been developed to determine the nature of this response. The role of cell mediated and serum factors has been quantitatively evaluated and the following results obtained. Osteosarcoma patients have been demonstrated to possess a normal cellular immune response which exhibits non-specific cytotoxicity in vitro. These patients can not differentiate their tumor cells from autologous fibroblasts, even though they may significantly suppress the growth of homologous tumors or fibroblasts. Serum blocking factors capable of inhibiting lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity are occasionally noted. A reliable quantitative microcytotoxicity technique is presented which demonstrates that: (1) osteosarcoma is not due to host immuno-incompetence, (2) a common sarcoma antigen does not exist and (3) serum blocking factors may occasionally be present.", "PMID": 1057466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2211", "title": "Osteosarcoma. Results of treatment employing adjuvant immunotherapy.", "content": "The treatment of patients with osteosarcoma continues to result in few survivors despite advances in surgery and radiotherapy. Since the primary site of failure is pulmonary, it is apparent that a systemically active adjuvant must be employed if a cure is to be achieved. Because of the experimental evidence for an immune response against osteosarcoma and because of the potential systemic activity of the immune system, a trial of postoperative adjuvant immunotherapy was begun. Seventeen patients received immunotherapy consisting of BCG and an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine following surgical removal of all gross tumors. Eighteen per cent (3/17) of the patients who received immunotherapy remained alive and free of disease compared to 0/12 who did not. An analysis of the 14 patients with recurrence, revealed that the median time to recurrence was 3.0 months in both groups. It is, therefore, apparent that at the time of initiation of immunotherapy subclinical metastasis must already have been present. Therefore, on the basis of this study we conclude that adjuvant chemotherapy should be employed to further reduce the tumor cell burden in order for immunotherapy to be effective for osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma. Results of treatment employing adjuvant immunotherapy. The treatment of patients with osteosarcoma continues to result in few survivors despite advances in surgery and radiotherapy. Since the primary site of failure is pulmonary, it is apparent that a systemically active adjuvant must be employed if a cure is to be achieved. Because of the experimental evidence for an immune response against osteosarcoma and because of the potential systemic activity of the immune system, a trial of postoperative adjuvant immunotherapy was begun. Seventeen patients received immunotherapy consisting of BCG and an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine following surgical removal of all gross tumors. Eighteen per cent (3/17) of the patients who received immunotherapy remained alive and free of disease compared to 0/12 who did not. An analysis of the 14 patients with recurrence, revealed that the median time to recurrence was 3.0 months in both groups. It is, therefore, apparent that at the time of initiation of immunotherapy subclinical metastasis must already have been present. Therefore, on the basis of this study we conclude that adjuvant chemotherapy should be employed to further reduce the tumor cell burden in order for immunotherapy to be effective for osteosarcoma.", "PMID": 1057467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2212", "title": "Mechanism of induction of RNA tumor viruses by halogenated pyrimidines.", "content": "Frome these studies on JLS V-9 cells, a number of conclusions can be drawn about the mechanism of MuLV induction by halogenated pyrimidines. The compounds can induce virus from otherwise healthy cells as long as deoxycytidine is present along with the inducing agent. The compounds must be present during the S phase of the cell cycle and must be incorporated into DNA in order to induce virus (Teich et al. 1973). Only one strand of DNA need be substituted by BrdU or IdU in order to induce virus, because a one-hour period of incorporation leads to induction. From these results it is possible to construct a model for how halogenated pyrimidines are able to induce viruses from otherwise uninfected cells. Because the critical period for the incorporation of the compound is a restricted segment of the S phase of the cell, there would appear to be a critical segment of the genetic information of the cell which, when substituted with BrdU or IdU, leads to a transcriptional derepression. Presumably the critical segment of DNA is either a controlling element of the integrated provirus or it is a separate gene which controls the expression of the integrated provirus. Whichever is true, these results strongly imply that the search for specific repressors of the segments of mammalian DNA is likely to be successful and that RNA tumor viruses may offer a system in which such repression systems can be identified and investigated.", "contents": "Mechanism of induction of RNA tumor viruses by halogenated pyrimidines. Frome these studies on JLS V-9 cells, a number of conclusions can be drawn about the mechanism of MuLV induction by halogenated pyrimidines. The compounds can induce virus from otherwise healthy cells as long as deoxycytidine is present along with the inducing agent. The compounds must be present during the S phase of the cell cycle and must be incorporated into DNA in order to induce virus (Teich et al. 1973). Only one strand of DNA need be substituted by BrdU or IdU in order to induce virus, because a one-hour period of incorporation leads to induction. From these results it is possible to construct a model for how halogenated pyrimidines are able to induce viruses from otherwise uninfected cells. Because the critical period for the incorporation of the compound is a restricted segment of the S phase of the cell, there would appear to be a critical segment of the genetic information of the cell which, when substituted with BrdU or IdU, leads to a transcriptional derepression. Presumably the critical segment of DNA is either a controlling element of the integrated provirus or it is a separate gene which controls the expression of the integrated provirus. Whichever is true, these results strongly imply that the search for specific repressors of the segments of mammalian DNA is likely to be successful and that RNA tumor viruses may offer a system in which such repression systems can be identified and investigated.", "PMID": 1057469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2213", "title": "Mapping of adenovirus 2 RNA sequences in lytically infected cells and transformed cell lines.", "content": "The strands of the six EcoRI fragments and the HpaI fragments E and C of Ad2 DNA were separated by electrophoresis in agarose gels. Using 32P-labeled fragment strands in solution hybridization experiments, the fraction of each strand complementary to RNA extracted from infected or transformed cells was assayed by chromatography on hydroxylapatite. In this manner, a tentative map of the cytoplasmic RNA sequences has been constructed for viral RNA extracted from cells both early and late during infection (see Fig. 16; in the map shown, the two strands of Ad2 are named the r and l strands following the bacteriophage convention). Since early cytoplasmic RNA anneals to four distinct regions of the genome, Ad2 probably codes for at least four early gene functions. Summation experiments have shown that all RNA sequences found in the cytoplasm of cells early during infection are also present in the cells' cytoplasm at late times. Viral RNA sequences in five independently isolated and cloned transformed rat cell lines were also mapped on the Ad2 genome. One class of Ad2-transformed rat cells contains RNA sequences complementary to only the segment of Ad2 DNA from 0.03-0.10 on the physical map, and this corresponds to one of the four regions of the genome expressed early during infection. If a viral gene product is necessary to maintain the transformed phenotype of the cell or codes for the virus-specific tumor (T) antigen, this genetic information must be at the left end of the genome (see Fig. 16). The two other classes of Ad2-transformed rat cells contain viral RNA sequences complementary to two or three of the regions of the genome transcribed into early cytoplasmic RNA. At both early and late times during the lytic cycle, the nucleus of the infected cell contains viral RNA sequences that are not transported to the cell's cytoplasm, suggesting that RNA processing and selection may play a role in the regulation of viral mRNA production.", "contents": "Mapping of adenovirus 2 RNA sequences in lytically infected cells and transformed cell lines. The strands of the six EcoRI fragments and the HpaI fragments E and C of Ad2 DNA were separated by electrophoresis in agarose gels. Using 32P-labeled fragment strands in solution hybridization experiments, the fraction of each strand complementary to RNA extracted from infected or transformed cells was assayed by chromatography on hydroxylapatite. In this manner, a tentative map of the cytoplasmic RNA sequences has been constructed for viral RNA extracted from cells both early and late during infection (see Fig. 16; in the map shown, the two strands of Ad2 are named the r and l strands following the bacteriophage convention). Since early cytoplasmic RNA anneals to four distinct regions of the genome, Ad2 probably codes for at least four early gene functions. Summation experiments have shown that all RNA sequences found in the cytoplasm of cells early during infection are also present in the cells' cytoplasm at late times. Viral RNA sequences in five independently isolated and cloned transformed rat cell lines were also mapped on the Ad2 genome. One class of Ad2-transformed rat cells contains RNA sequences complementary to only the segment of Ad2 DNA from 0.03-0.10 on the physical map, and this corresponds to one of the four regions of the genome expressed early during infection. If a viral gene product is necessary to maintain the transformed phenotype of the cell or codes for the virus-specific tumor (T) antigen, this genetic information must be at the left end of the genome (see Fig. 16). The two other classes of Ad2-transformed rat cells contain viral RNA sequences complementary to two or three of the regions of the genome transcribed into early cytoplasmic RNA. At both early and late times during the lytic cycle, the nucleus of the infected cell contains viral RNA sequences that are not transported to the cell's cytoplasm, suggesting that RNA processing and selection may play a role in the regulation of viral mRNA production.", "PMID": 1057474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2214", "title": "The transcriptional role of host DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in adenovirus-infected KB cells.", "content": "From the present experiments, we can conclude that late in infection two classes of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribe the viral genome. Although we cannot definitively exclude the possibility that one or both of these enzymes are coded for by the virus, it appears more probable that these are hos enzymes, because of the coincidence of the alpha-amanitin sensitivities for synthesis of specific viral RNAs with the toxin sensitivities of the respective host RNA polymerases. Furthermore, the chromatographic properties of the enzymes, the alpha-amanitin sensitivities of the purified RNA polymerases and the levels of solubilized activities are the same for uninfected and late infected cells. It seems probable that some virus-coded or virus-induced factor(s) modifies either the selectivity or the activity of these host RNA polymerases. As an example, the \"inactivation\" of RNA polymerase I activity in vivo or the increased endogenous activity of isolated infected cell nuclei, without changes in the solubilized level of the respective RNA polymerases, could be mediated by such factor(s). The effect of such factors may not be detected by activity measurements on exogenous DNA, because it acts as a nonspecific template. Analysis of such factors will require reconstitution of appropriate in vitro systems, which retain some transcriptional specificity. Since several viral mRNAs synthesized at late times (Tal et al. 1974) and the 5.5S RNA (J. Pan, pers, comm.) are transcribed from the same region (R-R1 restriction enzyme fragment A), initiation and termination signals for both RNA polymerase II and III are contained in this portion of the genome. Further studies of the interaction of these two enzymes with the adenovirus 2 genome should contribute to understanding the control of transcription in eukaryotic cells, in particular in the case of virus-infected or -transformed cells.", "contents": "The transcriptional role of host DNA-dependent RNA polymerases in adenovirus-infected KB cells. From the present experiments, we can conclude that late in infection two classes of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase transcribe the viral genome. Although we cannot definitively exclude the possibility that one or both of these enzymes are coded for by the virus, it appears more probable that these are hos enzymes, because of the coincidence of the alpha-amanitin sensitivities for synthesis of specific viral RNAs with the toxin sensitivities of the respective host RNA polymerases. Furthermore, the chromatographic properties of the enzymes, the alpha-amanitin sensitivities of the purified RNA polymerases and the levels of solubilized activities are the same for uninfected and late infected cells. It seems probable that some virus-coded or virus-induced factor(s) modifies either the selectivity or the activity of these host RNA polymerases. As an example, the \"inactivation\" of RNA polymerase I activity in vivo or the increased endogenous activity of isolated infected cell nuclei, without changes in the solubilized level of the respective RNA polymerases, could be mediated by such factor(s). The effect of such factors may not be detected by activity measurements on exogenous DNA, because it acts as a nonspecific template. Analysis of such factors will require reconstitution of appropriate in vitro systems, which retain some transcriptional specificity. Since several viral mRNAs synthesized at late times (Tal et al. 1974) and the 5.5S RNA (J. Pan, pers, comm.) are transcribed from the same region (R-R1 restriction enzyme fragment A), initiation and termination signals for both RNA polymerase II and III are contained in this portion of the genome. Further studies of the interaction of these two enzymes with the adenovirus 2 genome should contribute to understanding the control of transcription in eukaryotic cells, in particular in the case of virus-infected or -transformed cells.", "PMID": 1057477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2215", "title": "The viral DNA replication machinery of adenovirus 12.", "content": "The viral DNA replication complex was found in the M band after fractionation. However, it did not associate with the nuclear membrane, but was found in association with types II and IV inclusions. It is suggested, therefore, that the viral DNA replication complex is the inclusions types II and IV. The analysis with Ad12 ts mutants showed the involvement of three viral genes in initiation of viral DNA replication, in formation of the viral DNA replication complex and the inclusions types II and IV. Temperature sensitivity of the gene products involved in viral DNA replication was also examined. From the data presented, the following sequence of viral DNA replication in Ad12-infected cells is suggested: (1) Synthesis of a protein (gene A product), which may be an acceptor or may modify the nuclear constituent to be an acceptor for parental viral DNA, to form the viral DNA replication complex; (2) synthesis of a protein (gene B product), which may be required for the parental viral DNA to associate with the acceptor and to form a type II inclusion-like structure (precursor of type II inclusion?); (3) synthesis of a protein (gene C product), which may be required for activation of the complex or type II inclusion and to alter type II inclusion to type IV inclusion. Further studies are necessary to substantiate the suggestion.", "contents": "The viral DNA replication machinery of adenovirus 12. The viral DNA replication complex was found in the M band after fractionation. However, it did not associate with the nuclear membrane, but was found in association with types II and IV inclusions. It is suggested, therefore, that the viral DNA replication complex is the inclusions types II and IV. The analysis with Ad12 ts mutants showed the involvement of three viral genes in initiation of viral DNA replication, in formation of the viral DNA replication complex and the inclusions types II and IV. Temperature sensitivity of the gene products involved in viral DNA replication was also examined. From the data presented, the following sequence of viral DNA replication in Ad12-infected cells is suggested: (1) Synthesis of a protein (gene A product), which may be an acceptor or may modify the nuclear constituent to be an acceptor for parental viral DNA, to form the viral DNA replication complex; (2) synthesis of a protein (gene B product), which may be required for the parental viral DNA to associate with the acceptor and to form a type II inclusion-like structure (precursor of type II inclusion?); (3) synthesis of a protein (gene C product), which may be required for activation of the complex or type II inclusion and to alter type II inclusion to type IV inclusion. Further studies are necessary to substantiate the suggestion.", "PMID": 1057479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2216", "title": "The mechanism of replication of adenovirus type 5 DNA.", "content": "The analysis of replicating Ad5 DNA has led to a model for replication involving linear intermediates. The origin of replication has been localized at the molecular right end, suggesting the presence of a unique sequence of nucleotides which can be recognized by an initiation factor. On the other hand, the study of the molecular ends has shown, so far, a high degree of symmetry in the terminal nucleotide sequences of Ad5 DNA. A more detailed study of the nucleotide sequences at the ends is necessary to solve this problem.", "contents": "The mechanism of replication of adenovirus type 5 DNA. The analysis of replicating Ad5 DNA has led to a model for replication involving linear intermediates. The origin of replication has been localized at the molecular right end, suggesting the presence of a unique sequence of nucleotides which can be recognized by an initiation factor. On the other hand, the study of the molecular ends has shown, so far, a high degree of symmetry in the terminal nucleotide sequences of Ad5 DNA. A more detailed study of the nucleotide sequences at the ends is necessary to solve this problem.", "PMID": 1057480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2217", "title": "Analysis of multiple viral genome fragments in adenovirus 7-transformed hamster cells.", "content": "The presence of multiple copies of a portion of the viral genome was demonstrated in Ad7-transformed cells by a new method based on the kinetic analysis of labeled viral DNA reassociation in the presence of unlabeled transformed cell DNA. DNA-DNA homology measurement utilizing defined DNA fragments (restriction endonuclease digests) as labeled probes supported the above conclusion.", "contents": "Analysis of multiple viral genome fragments in adenovirus 7-transformed hamster cells. The presence of multiple copies of a portion of the viral genome was demonstrated in Ad7-transformed cells by a new method based on the kinetic analysis of labeled viral DNA reassociation in the presence of unlabeled transformed cell DNA. DNA-DNA homology measurement utilizing defined DNA fragments (restriction endonuclease digests) as labeled probes supported the above conclusion.", "PMID": 1057486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2218", "title": "[Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy of the central nervous system in malignant neoplasms of children (author's transl)].", "content": "A combination of radiotherapy and cytostatic drugs was used in the treatment of 39 children with primary brain tumour between 1961 and 1974, and 40 children with acute lymphoid leukaemia between 1971 and 1974. Best results were obtained with medulloblastoma using cerebrospinal radiotherapy and cytostatic drugs: 10 of 17 children are still alive. Of 40 children with acute lymphoid leukaemia 18 are still alive after cerebrospinal or cranial radiotherapy. The side effects of the combined therapy were within justifiable limits.", "contents": "[Combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy of the central nervous system in malignant neoplasms of children (author's transl)]. A combination of radiotherapy and cytostatic drugs was used in the treatment of 39 children with primary brain tumour between 1961 and 1974, and 40 children with acute lymphoid leukaemia between 1971 and 1974. Best results were obtained with medulloblastoma using cerebrospinal radiotherapy and cytostatic drugs: 10 of 17 children are still alive. Of 40 children with acute lymphoid leukaemia 18 are still alive after cerebrospinal or cranial radiotherapy. The side effects of the combined therapy were within justifiable limits.", "PMID": 1057505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2219", "title": "[Plasmocytoma, alkylating agents, and acute myeloid leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after treatment with alkylating agents are reported. In Case 1, melphalan and then cyclophosphamide had been given for multiple myeloma. 46 months after onset of cytostatic treatment AML occurred, as confirmed cytochemically and by qualitative determination of urinary lysozyme. In Case 2, cyclophosphamide had been given for rheumatoid arthritis. After a latency of 34 months 'smouldering leukaemia' developed with an atypical monocytic leukaemic cell population. In a third case, multiple myeloma and monocytic leukaemia developed synchronously. The causative role of melphalan and cyclophosphamide in the development of AML seems securely established. Despite the risk of alkylating agents in the treatment of multiple myeloma or Hodgkin's disease causing AML, they should not be replaced, as other drugs have been shown to be less beneficial. On the other hand, alkylating agents should be used with great caution in the treatment of non-malignant diseases.", "contents": "[Plasmocytoma, alkylating agents, and acute myeloid leukemia (author's transl)]. Two cases of the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) after treatment with alkylating agents are reported. In Case 1, melphalan and then cyclophosphamide had been given for multiple myeloma. 46 months after onset of cytostatic treatment AML occurred, as confirmed cytochemically and by qualitative determination of urinary lysozyme. In Case 2, cyclophosphamide had been given for rheumatoid arthritis. After a latency of 34 months 'smouldering leukaemia' developed with an atypical monocytic leukaemic cell population. In a third case, multiple myeloma and monocytic leukaemia developed synchronously. The causative role of melphalan and cyclophosphamide in the development of AML seems securely established. Despite the risk of alkylating agents in the treatment of multiple myeloma or Hodgkin's disease causing AML, they should not be replaced, as other drugs have been shown to be less beneficial. On the other hand, alkylating agents should be used with great caution in the treatment of non-malignant diseases.", "PMID": 1057506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2220", "title": "[Studies on grinding according to Lauritzen in the articulator and in the patient's mouth].", "content": "After functional analysis and diagnostic grinding-in in the Dentatus articulator, the teeth of 10 patients were ground in directly in the mouth using a list of corrections. The results achieved in the patients were re-evaluated in the Dentatus articulator. It was compared to what extent correctional grinding-in in the articulator and the results achieved hereby can be transferred to the natural dentition. The tests showed that the diagnostic grinding-in can be largely reproduced, so that treatment at the patient himself becomes more effective.", "contents": "[Studies on grinding according to Lauritzen in the articulator and in the patient's mouth]. After functional analysis and diagnostic grinding-in in the Dentatus articulator, the teeth of 10 patients were ground in directly in the mouth using a list of corrections. The results achieved in the patients were re-evaluated in the Dentatus articulator. It was compared to what extent correctional grinding-in in the articulator and the results achieved hereby can be transferred to the natural dentition. The tests showed that the diagnostic grinding-in can be largely reproduced, so that treatment at the patient himself becomes more effective.", "PMID": 1057507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2221", "title": "[The heredity of odontogenic cysts].", "content": "It is reported on a family in which diseases of the jaws in considerable conformity were observed over four generations. The diagnosis of the latest case (keratocyst) has been verified. In the paper some peculiar characteristics are pointed out and the question of heredity is discussed.", "contents": "[The heredity of odontogenic cysts]. It is reported on a family in which diseases of the jaws in considerable conformity were observed over four generations. The diagnosis of the latest case (keratocyst) has been verified. In the paper some peculiar characteristics are pointed out and the question of heredity is discussed.", "PMID": 1057510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2222", "title": "[The treatment of collum fractures in children, clinical and radiographic results].", "content": "18 children -- with unilateral or bilateral fractures of the condyle -- were treated with conservative measures only. The clinical and radiological results showed a restitution mainly with children of less than 10 years whereby the true repositioning of the dislocated condyloid process is of no importance. Ankylosis, pseudoarthrosis, nearthrosis, or microgenia were not found in any of the tested children. The wire-and-acrylic splint according to Schuchardt is especially appropriate for the conservative treatment.", "contents": "[The treatment of collum fractures in children, clinical and radiographic results]. 18 children -- with unilateral or bilateral fractures of the condyle -- were treated with conservative measures only. The clinical and radiological results showed a restitution mainly with children of less than 10 years whereby the true repositioning of the dislocated condyloid process is of no importance. Ankylosis, pseudoarthrosis, nearthrosis, or microgenia were not found in any of the tested children. The wire-and-acrylic splint according to Schuchardt is especially appropriate for the conservative treatment.", "PMID": 1057511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2223", "title": "[The daily consumption of table salt in relation to body weight].", "content": "The fluoride concentration of table salt and kitchen salt used for the prevention of caries can only be determined when the consumption of salt is related to the bodyweight (Kg). Therefore the amount of salt consumed was determined in 242 subjects aged between 4 months and 85 years. The subjects lived in different parts of Hungary. The daily average intake of salt (ingestion) per kg was 0.0668 g. The consumption of salt is greater in youth than later. Men up to the age of 30 appear to consume more salt than women, but in relation to the whole group investigated, there is no important difference between the two sexes. The average commercial sales data over a number of years were compared with the average salt consumption in a kitchen service for 2929 persons.", "contents": "[The daily consumption of table salt in relation to body weight]. The fluoride concentration of table salt and kitchen salt used for the prevention of caries can only be determined when the consumption of salt is related to the bodyweight (Kg). Therefore the amount of salt consumed was determined in 242 subjects aged between 4 months and 85 years. The subjects lived in different parts of Hungary. The daily average intake of salt (ingestion) per kg was 0.0668 g. The consumption of salt is greater in youth than later. Men up to the age of 30 appear to consume more salt than women, but in relation to the whole group investigated, there is no important difference between the two sexes. The average commercial sales data over a number of years were compared with the average salt consumption in a kitchen service for 2929 persons.", "PMID": 1057512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2224", "title": "[Documentation and physician's letter by means of modern data processing].", "content": "When starting our surgical out-patient department at the Hannover Medical School we were forced to computerize our medical correspondence as far as possible. In cooperation with the department of biometrics of the Hannover Medical School, a set of three computerized forms was established which in addition to facilitating medical correspondence enabled systematic documentation. The FTSS system generally used in the computer language PL/1 was used for computerization of our forms.", "contents": "[Documentation and physician's letter by means of modern data processing]. When starting our surgical out-patient department at the Hannover Medical School we were forced to computerize our medical correspondence as far as possible. In cooperation with the department of biometrics of the Hannover Medical School, a set of three computerized forms was established which in addition to facilitating medical correspondence enabled systematic documentation. The FTSS system generally used in the computer language PL/1 was used for computerization of our forms.", "PMID": 1057513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2225", "title": "Hormology with inorganic compounds.", "content": "Three components of the dose-response reaction, usually seen as three separate curves, are reviewed as a single continuum of the effect of the dose of any agent upon an organism. The usual considerations of any agent in toxicology are the harmful actions. The individual considerations of an essential nutrient or of a hormone usually suggests a positive action. The third component is the stimulatory action as understood in hormone research and as seen in many studies with minute doses of toxic materials. The coelescence of these concepts into one continuum gives a broad viewpoint which is helpful to understand the biologic implications of any toxic, nutritious or stimulating material under a variety of conditions. Such a view is useful in predicting results and in understanding the reaction of living organisms to their environments; when small amounts of a chemical are added to a biologic system, one parameter may be affected in one way and another parameter in the opposite manner. Consideration of the complete dose-response curve led to the concept of hormology, the sutdy of excitation. The thesis of hormology is that any harmful agent may be stimulatory for any parameter when it is administered in subharmful quantities to an organism existing in a suboptimum environment. Concepts fro hormology allow the suggestion that the zero equivalent point (zep) could be used to replace zero tolerance as a practical, legislative concept for dangerous chemicals in our environment. A reivew of three pharmacology texts revealed four types of dose-response curves. The alpha curve demonstrated a simple toxicity, the beta curve exhibited a single stimulation peak followed by a toxicity as more material was added; the gamma curve showed an initial harmful reaction followed by a stimulatory reaction which, in turn, was followed by a toxic reaction as the quantity of material administered was increased; and the delta curve was essentially a sign wave in which two peaks of stimulation were separated by a \"harmful valley\", then, as greater concentrations of material were administered, toxicity was noted. A brief review of agents which are stimulatory in minute doses showed that a considerable amount of work had been done with radiation and late work has established emf as a stimulatory vehicle. Little work is done with other physical agents. Organic chemical compounds are known to be stimulatory in small quantities; e.g. dietary antibiotics. The fact that antibiotics stimulate growth in germfree animals and the fact that nongermicides stimulate classic animals proves their direct effect on the animal tissues.", "contents": "Hormology with inorganic compounds. Three components of the dose-response reaction, usually seen as three separate curves, are reviewed as a single continuum of the effect of the dose of any agent upon an organism. The usual considerations of any agent in toxicology are the harmful actions. The individual considerations of an essential nutrient or of a hormone usually suggests a positive action. The third component is the stimulatory action as understood in hormone research and as seen in many studies with minute doses of toxic materials. The coelescence of these concepts into one continuum gives a broad viewpoint which is helpful to understand the biologic implications of any toxic, nutritious or stimulating material under a variety of conditions. Such a view is useful in predicting results and in understanding the reaction of living organisms to their environments; when small amounts of a chemical are added to a biologic system, one parameter may be affected in one way and another parameter in the opposite manner. Consideration of the complete dose-response curve led to the concept of hormology, the sutdy of excitation. The thesis of hormology is that any harmful agent may be stimulatory for any parameter when it is administered in subharmful quantities to an organism existing in a suboptimum environment. Concepts fro hormology allow the suggestion that the zero equivalent point (zep) could be used to replace zero tolerance as a practical, legislative concept for dangerous chemicals in our environment. A reivew of three pharmacology texts revealed four types of dose-response curves. The alpha curve demonstrated a simple toxicity, the beta curve exhibited a single stimulation peak followed by a toxicity as more material was added; the gamma curve showed an initial harmful reaction followed by a stimulatory reaction which, in turn, was followed by a toxic reaction as the quantity of material administered was increased; and the delta curve was essentially a sign wave in which two peaks of stimulation were separated by a \"harmful valley\", then, as greater concentrations of material were administered, toxicity was noted. A brief review of agents which are stimulatory in minute doses showed that a considerable amount of work had been done with radiation and late work has established emf as a stimulatory vehicle. Little work is done with other physical agents. Organic chemical compounds are known to be stimulatory in small quantities; e.g. dietary antibiotics. The fact that antibiotics stimulate growth in germfree animals and the fact that nongermicides stimulate classic animals proves their direct effect on the animal tissues.", "PMID": 1057516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2226", "title": "Administrative structure of an accredited hospital.", "content": "The administrative structure of an accredited hospital is defined by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. It includes a governing board that represents the community, an executive committee that is responsible for patient care activities and is supported by standing committees, and a hospital administrative unit consisting of a chief administrator and numerous assistants. Policy recommendations are received by the governing board from the executive committee and must be approved by the board. Problems are resolved through a joint conference committee made up of representation from the executive committee and the board, as well as participation by hospital administrators. Finally, the medical staff is divided into departments that assume responsibility for patient care within their disciplines, as well as determine the awarding of credentials to applicants for hospital privileges.", "contents": "Administrative structure of an accredited hospital. The administrative structure of an accredited hospital is defined by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals. It includes a governing board that represents the community, an executive committee that is responsible for patient care activities and is supported by standing committees, and a hospital administrative unit consisting of a chief administrator and numerous assistants. Policy recommendations are received by the governing board from the executive committee and must be approved by the board. Problems are resolved through a joint conference committee made up of representation from the executive committee and the board, as well as participation by hospital administrators. Finally, the medical staff is divided into departments that assume responsibility for patient care within their disciplines, as well as determine the awarding of credentials to applicants for hospital privileges.", "PMID": 1057519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2227", "title": "Ambulatory hospital dentistry.", "content": "The scope of outpatient hospital dentistry is broad and embraces a full range of patient care as well as education and investigative activities. The ambulatory dental service provides an ideal setting for the care of medically compromised patients and treatment requiring a multidisciplinary approach. The hospital dental staff and administration are especially well qualified to bring dignified, high quality, total health care to patients and educational programs to the profession. These factors are paramount in formulating a strategy for meeting the future health care needs of our population.", "contents": "Ambulatory hospital dentistry. The scope of outpatient hospital dentistry is broad and embraces a full range of patient care as well as education and investigative activities. The ambulatory dental service provides an ideal setting for the care of medically compromised patients and treatment requiring a multidisciplinary approach. The hospital dental staff and administration are especially well qualified to bring dignified, high quality, total health care to patients and educational programs to the profession. These factors are paramount in formulating a strategy for meeting the future health care needs of our population.", "PMID": 1057520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2228", "title": "Inpatient hospital dentistry.", "content": "Inpatient hospital dentistry has been reviewed. The expanding role of the hospital as a focal point for dental treatment of the healthy as well as medically compromised patient has been emphasized. A portion of this article has been devoted to admission and discharge procedures for the dental inpatient. The hospital chart is seen as the only instrument and record of the patient management and thus the various parts of the chart have been outlined. A review of the common laboratory tests useful to dentist and physician alike is included in this section. It is hoped that the material contained herein will serve as a guide to the general dentist or specialist who may utilize the hospital to admit patients.", "contents": "Inpatient hospital dentistry. Inpatient hospital dentistry has been reviewed. The expanding role of the hospital as a focal point for dental treatment of the healthy as well as medically compromised patient has been emphasized. A portion of this article has been devoted to admission and discharge procedures for the dental inpatient. The hospital chart is seen as the only instrument and record of the patient management and thus the various parts of the chart have been outlined. A review of the common laboratory tests useful to dentist and physician alike is included in this section. It is hoped that the material contained herein will serve as a guide to the general dentist or specialist who may utilize the hospital to admit patients.", "PMID": 1057521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2229", "title": "Pain control--the team approach.", "content": "The most important factors involved in administering sedation and anesthesia to patients undergoing dental treatment are good preoperative evaluation, a well equipped facility with all necessary equipment not only for the safe administration of drugs but also for resolving complications that may ensue, and a team of experts capable of working together smoothly and able to deal with any emergency. This care is possible in the office situation; however, we believe it is only achieved at great expense and with the underutilization of equipment as well as personnel. It may be, therefore, that the best way to achieve this goal is for dentists and anesthesiologists to work together in the hospital environment. Hopefully, an ever increasing number of dentists will be joining the staffs of hospitals so that these objections may be achieved simply and with maximal utilization of equipment and personnel.", "contents": "Pain control--the team approach. The most important factors involved in administering sedation and anesthesia to patients undergoing dental treatment are good preoperative evaluation, a well equipped facility with all necessary equipment not only for the safe administration of drugs but also for resolving complications that may ensue, and a team of experts capable of working together smoothly and able to deal with any emergency. This care is possible in the office situation; however, we believe it is only achieved at great expense and with the underutilization of equipment as well as personnel. It may be, therefore, that the best way to achieve this goal is for dentists and anesthesiologists to work together in the hospital environment. Hopefully, an ever increasing number of dentists will be joining the staffs of hospitals so that these objections may be achieved simply and with maximal utilization of equipment and personnel.", "PMID": 1057523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2230", "title": "Some laboratory studies on the accuracy of bite mark comparison.", "content": "Bite marks in wax and in pig skin were compared with study models of the subject making the bite. Photographs, impressions and measurements of the bites were used. Bites in wax could be readily identified especially if measurements were made on photographs but identification from bites in non-vital pig skin was more unreliable. It is suggested that similar difficulties may be encountered in the assessment of bites in human skin. Expert witnesses involved in presenting evidence on bite marks in a court of law should be aware of the difficulties of making valid comparisons even under standardized laboratory conditions. Further studies to improve and substantiate the reliability of the technique are clearly required.", "contents": "Some laboratory studies on the accuracy of bite mark comparison. Bite marks in wax and in pig skin were compared with study models of the subject making the bite. Photographs, impressions and measurements of the bites were used. Bites in wax could be readily identified especially if measurements were made on photographs but identification from bites in non-vital pig skin was more unreliable. It is suggested that similar difficulties may be encountered in the assessment of bites in human skin. Expert witnesses involved in presenting evidence on bite marks in a court of law should be aware of the difficulties of making valid comparisons even under standardized laboratory conditions. Further studies to improve and substantiate the reliability of the technique are clearly required.", "PMID": 1057531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2231", "title": "A hotel fire.", "content": "A hotel fire in Copenhagen claimed 35 victims of eight different nationalities. An account is given of some major aspects of the dental identification work, including a few case reports. This disaster became professionally important because the dental expert team was allowed a completely free hand. Eight dental experts cooperated closely in recording, photographing and radiographing dental conditions in the victims and thereby became able to establish that, with adequate facilities at hand, complete dental registration of a single victim required an average of three man-hours. Three of the experts subsequently cooperated in establishing comparable antemortem data on the known missing persons, in comparing the ante- and postmortem data sets, and in completing the necessary paper work. Here, it could be shown that a further two man-hours were required per victim. In a final report to the police it was proposed that---in any future case---such number of dentists should be assigned which, allowing three man-hours per victim, would enable the dental team to finish the oral autopsy of the given number of victims within five full working days, i.e. a minimum of two dentists per 30 victims. Two dentists will accomplish complete recording in less than half the time it will take any dentist working single-handed to finish it, so that the question of cost can hardly become an obstacle. It remains for the profession to make sure that an adequate number of knowledgeable dental experts are always available.", "contents": "A hotel fire. A hotel fire in Copenhagen claimed 35 victims of eight different nationalities. An account is given of some major aspects of the dental identification work, including a few case reports. This disaster became professionally important because the dental expert team was allowed a completely free hand. Eight dental experts cooperated closely in recording, photographing and radiographing dental conditions in the victims and thereby became able to establish that, with adequate facilities at hand, complete dental registration of a single victim required an average of three man-hours. Three of the experts subsequently cooperated in establishing comparable antemortem data on the known missing persons, in comparing the ante- and postmortem data sets, and in completing the necessary paper work. Here, it could be shown that a further two man-hours were required per victim. In a final report to the police it was proposed that---in any future case---such number of dentists should be assigned which, allowing three man-hours per victim, would enable the dental team to finish the oral autopsy of the given number of victims within five full working days, i.e. a minimum of two dentists per 30 victims. Two dentists will accomplish complete recording in less than half the time it will take any dentist working single-handed to finish it, so that the question of cost can hardly become an obstacle. It remains for the profession to make sure that an adequate number of knowledgeable dental experts are always available.", "PMID": 1057532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2232", "title": "A new approach to the basic principles of endodontics.", "content": "The basic principles on which successful endodontic therapy depends have been commonly accepted as (1) debridement, (2) sterilization and (3) obturation. Each of these principles is subjected to critical evaluation. Because of the morphological complexity of most root canals complete debridement is not possible. No sampling technique is yet available to ensure total sterility of the prepared root canal nor is it possible to ensure that the root canal system is hermetically sealed by the filling material. Although it has been shown that 43 per cent of biopsies from the periapical area of endodontically involved teeth show evidence of cyst formation, the fact that up to 90 per cent of cases show evidence of healing following endodontic treatment without surgery indicates that radicular cysts can resolve without surgical intervention. In the light of these findings it is suggested that the basic principles should be accepted as (1) adequate debridement, (2) adequate obturation and (3) trephination where indicated.", "contents": "A new approach to the basic principles of endodontics. The basic principles on which successful endodontic therapy depends have been commonly accepted as (1) debridement, (2) sterilization and (3) obturation. Each of these principles is subjected to critical evaluation. Because of the morphological complexity of most root canals complete debridement is not possible. No sampling technique is yet available to ensure total sterility of the prepared root canal nor is it possible to ensure that the root canal system is hermetically sealed by the filling material. Although it has been shown that 43 per cent of biopsies from the periapical area of endodontically involved teeth show evidence of cyst formation, the fact that up to 90 per cent of cases show evidence of healing following endodontic treatment without surgery indicates that radicular cysts can resolve without surgical intervention. In the light of these findings it is suggested that the basic principles should be accepted as (1) adequate debridement, (2) adequate obturation and (3) trephination where indicated.", "PMID": 1057533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2233", "title": "There are no two cases alike.", "content": "A number of routine cases are reviewed: 1. A skull with a canine porcelain crown nicely glued in line was considered a study object, not a case of actual forensic interest (Fig. 1). 2. A murder victim was identified as a certain young girl; records including radiographs and plaster models showed no inconsistencies, but at least 28 concordant traits, among them characteristics in a root-filled central incisor (Fig. 2). 3. The body of a young suicide could be identified by means of one intraoral radiograph taken prior to one extraction, the only treatment listed in his dental record (Fig. 3). 4. After a fire, an unmarked rubber denture was found among debris; it showed burning along the distal palatal edge, so could not have been in the mouth of the owner during the fire. Being so completely deformed, it had to be discarded as evidence. 5. Another denture, removed from the mouth of a victim of the same fire, showed typical burning of the frontal parts, but also a stripe of burning along the midline (Fig. 4); accordingly, this victim must have inhaled flames before he died. 6. An old woman disappeared; in her home, police found an unmarked full lower denture left behind on her bed. When recovered dead several months later, this woman carried a full upper denture but no lower. Dental experts were not involved in this case but later saw both dentures; they had been made at different times and occluded badly. Did this woman have two sets? Or did the lower denture maybe originate from her murderer? The author urges that the FDI design an international system of denture marking. 7. A man was found murdered with an axe; police experts had reason to believe that he might have been executed somewhere else, but tooth 12 (Fig. 6)---found lying loose under the head---showed marks which proved that it had been exarticulated by one of the axe blows (Fig. 5). Consequently, the recovery site was also the execution site.", "contents": "There are no two cases alike. A number of routine cases are reviewed: 1. A skull with a canine porcelain crown nicely glued in line was considered a study object, not a case of actual forensic interest (Fig. 1). 2. A murder victim was identified as a certain young girl; records including radiographs and plaster models showed no inconsistencies, but at least 28 concordant traits, among them characteristics in a root-filled central incisor (Fig. 2). 3. The body of a young suicide could be identified by means of one intraoral radiograph taken prior to one extraction, the only treatment listed in his dental record (Fig. 3). 4. After a fire, an unmarked rubber denture was found among debris; it showed burning along the distal palatal edge, so could not have been in the mouth of the owner during the fire. Being so completely deformed, it had to be discarded as evidence. 5. Another denture, removed from the mouth of a victim of the same fire, showed typical burning of the frontal parts, but also a stripe of burning along the midline (Fig. 4); accordingly, this victim must have inhaled flames before he died. 6. An old woman disappeared; in her home, police found an unmarked full lower denture left behind on her bed. When recovered dead several months later, this woman carried a full upper denture but no lower. Dental experts were not involved in this case but later saw both dentures; they had been made at different times and occluded badly. Did this woman have two sets? Or did the lower denture maybe originate from her murderer? The author urges that the FDI design an international system of denture marking. 7. A man was found murdered with an axe; police experts had reason to believe that he might have been executed somewhere else, but tooth 12 (Fig. 6)---found lying loose under the head---showed marks which proved that it had been exarticulated by one of the axe blows (Fig. 5). Consequently, the recovery site was also the execution site.", "PMID": 1057534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2234", "title": "Dental care of the special patient in the hospital environment.", "content": "In this new era, where the emphasis in dental care is gradually moving in the direction of the patient, as differentiated from the former emphasis on the teeth and the mouth, the 'special patient' can and should receive the type of total dental care he or she deserves. The environment of the hospital, and all that the hospital brings with it to the patient care environment, makes the facilities for special patient care better and allows patients who were formerly seriously neglected to receive much the same attention as so-called normal patients. The group of special patients considered includes the physically handicapped, institutionalized or home-bound chronically ill, those with psychiatric disturbances and the mentally retarded as well as the hospitalized patient. One example of a hospital dental service conducted as a group practice is described in some detail. Advantages of this pattern of practice to the participants include the availability of conferences and clinics, access to a broad range of patient experience and the possibility of further study in specialized hospital activities. For the patient, total dental care is available throughout the 24 hours. Each patient is normally assigned to his or her own dentist, but is referred to another member of the group when special skills are needed.", "contents": "Dental care of the special patient in the hospital environment. In this new era, where the emphasis in dental care is gradually moving in the direction of the patient, as differentiated from the former emphasis on the teeth and the mouth, the 'special patient' can and should receive the type of total dental care he or she deserves. The environment of the hospital, and all that the hospital brings with it to the patient care environment, makes the facilities for special patient care better and allows patients who were formerly seriously neglected to receive much the same attention as so-called normal patients. The group of special patients considered includes the physically handicapped, institutionalized or home-bound chronically ill, those with psychiatric disturbances and the mentally retarded as well as the hospitalized patient. One example of a hospital dental service conducted as a group practice is described in some detail. Advantages of this pattern of practice to the participants include the availability of conferences and clinics, access to a broad range of patient experience and the possibility of further study in specialized hospital activities. For the patient, total dental care is available throughout the 24 hours. Each patient is normally assigned to his or her own dentist, but is referred to another member of the group when special skills are needed.", "PMID": 1057535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2235", "title": "Ewing's tumour. A study of behaviour and treatment in forty-seven cases.", "content": "Forty-seven histologically confirmed cases of Ewing's tumour are reported, with typical age, sex and skeletal distributions. The disease-free survival curves are like those for osteosarcoma of corresponding types of bone, but with higher mortality. The two-year disease-free survival rates were 24 percent for tumours of long bones and 5 per cent for those of other bones. Osseous metastases were most frequent, although the lung was the commonest single site involved. There were secondary deposits in lymph nodes in nine patients, possibly also in four more with mediastinal enlargement. Although initially radiosensitive, one-third of tumours recurred locally, almost always with the appearance of metastases. Neither whole bone irradiation nor high dosage alone ensures complete control of the primary tumour, and it is suggested that recently reported improved results of treatment should be attributed to adjuvant multi-drug chemotherapy. Inadequate control of the primary tumour diminishes the chance of survival and for some sites radical operation merits reconsideration.", "contents": "Ewing's tumour. A study of behaviour and treatment in forty-seven cases. Forty-seven histologically confirmed cases of Ewing's tumour are reported, with typical age, sex and skeletal distributions. The disease-free survival curves are like those for osteosarcoma of corresponding types of bone, but with higher mortality. The two-year disease-free survival rates were 24 percent for tumours of long bones and 5 per cent for those of other bones. Osseous metastases were most frequent, although the lung was the commonest single site involved. There were secondary deposits in lymph nodes in nine patients, possibly also in four more with mediastinal enlargement. Although initially radiosensitive, one-third of tumours recurred locally, almost always with the appearance of metastases. Neither whole bone irradiation nor high dosage alone ensures complete control of the primary tumour, and it is suggested that recently reported improved results of treatment should be attributed to adjuvant multi-drug chemotherapy. Inadequate control of the primary tumour diminishes the chance of survival and for some sites radical operation merits reconsideration.", "PMID": 1057545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2236", "title": "Osteosarcoma in children. A study of 125 cases.", "content": "A study is presented of the aetiology and results of treatment in a group of 125 proven osteosarcomas present in children under fifteen years of age. These cases have been collected from the records of one English and six European treatment centres. There is a slight male preponderance, but the striking aetiological feature is the very high proportion of tumours of the long bones of the limbs (96 per cent). The two and a half and five year disease-free survival rates were respectively 15 and 12 per cent, with a further 9 per cent still living, but under observation for less than two and a half years. Evidence of metastasis after two and a half years is very unusual, but no child with a tumour of an axial or girdle bone lived this length of time. Although the differences in the results of the different methods of treatment employed are not statistically valid, the largest number of long survivors had been treated by early amputation, which method also provided the lowest rate of local tumour recurrences. Reasons are discussed which indicate that prompt ablation is the treatment of choice, perhaps with certain advantages in the light of recent advances in adjuvant treatment. The past situation in connection with childhood osteosarcoma certainly provides strong support for immediate carefully designed clinical trials of the new adjuvant methods cited.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma in children. A study of 125 cases. A study is presented of the aetiology and results of treatment in a group of 125 proven osteosarcomas present in children under fifteen years of age. These cases have been collected from the records of one English and six European treatment centres. There is a slight male preponderance, but the striking aetiological feature is the very high proportion of tumours of the long bones of the limbs (96 per cent). The two and a half and five year disease-free survival rates were respectively 15 and 12 per cent, with a further 9 per cent still living, but under observation for less than two and a half years. Evidence of metastasis after two and a half years is very unusual, but no child with a tumour of an axial or girdle bone lived this length of time. Although the differences in the results of the different methods of treatment employed are not statistically valid, the largest number of long survivors had been treated by early amputation, which method also provided the lowest rate of local tumour recurrences. Reasons are discussed which indicate that prompt ablation is the treatment of choice, perhaps with certain advantages in the light of recent advances in adjuvant treatment. The past situation in connection with childhood osteosarcoma certainly provides strong support for immediate carefully designed clinical trials of the new adjuvant methods cited.", "PMID": 1057546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2237", "title": "Cytofluorometric studies on the action of podophyllotoxin and epipodophyllotoxins (VM-26, VP-16-213) on the cell cycle traverse of human lymphoblasts.", "content": "Flow microfluorometric analysis of human lymphoid cells exposed in vitro to cytostatic concentrations of podophyllotoxin (0.01-5 mug/ml for 24 h) shows that a major part of this population (40-60%) has the DNA content of cells in the G2-M part of the cell cycle, and that approximately 60% of these cells are arrested in mitosis. Although a similar pattern of DNA distribution is seen in cultures exposed to cytostatic concentrations of VM-26(0.01 mug/ml) and VP--16-213(0.1 mug/ml), no mitotic cells are seen in these cultures. Exposure to higher concentrations: of VM-26 (0.1 mug/ml) and VP-16-213 (1.0 mug/ml) inhibits cell cycle traverse, and after 24 hr of exposure a major part of the population is arrested with the DNA content of cell in the S part of the cell cycle. Exposure to higher drug concentrations leads to a reduction in the number of cells with the late S-G2DNA content. Whereas the cell cycle block induced by cytostatic concentrations of podophyllotoxin (0.01 mug/ml) is readily reversible by reincubation of cells in drug-free medium, cells blocked by VM-26 and VP-16-213 are unable to resume cell-cycle traverse under similar conditions.", "contents": "Cytofluorometric studies on the action of podophyllotoxin and epipodophyllotoxins (VM-26, VP-16-213) on the cell cycle traverse of human lymphoblasts. Flow microfluorometric analysis of human lymphoid cells exposed in vitro to cytostatic concentrations of podophyllotoxin (0.01-5 mug/ml for 24 h) shows that a major part of this population (40-60%) has the DNA content of cells in the G2-M part of the cell cycle, and that approximately 60% of these cells are arrested in mitosis. Although a similar pattern of DNA distribution is seen in cultures exposed to cytostatic concentrations of VM-26(0.01 mug/ml) and VP--16-213(0.1 mug/ml), no mitotic cells are seen in these cultures. Exposure to higher concentrations: of VM-26 (0.1 mug/ml) and VP-16-213 (1.0 mug/ml) inhibits cell cycle traverse, and after 24 hr of exposure a major part of the population is arrested with the DNA content of cell in the S part of the cell cycle. Exposure to higher drug concentrations leads to a reduction in the number of cells with the late S-G2DNA content. Whereas the cell cycle block induced by cytostatic concentrations of podophyllotoxin (0.01 mug/ml) is readily reversible by reincubation of cells in drug-free medium, cells blocked by VM-26 and VP-16-213 are unable to resume cell-cycle traverse under similar conditions.", "PMID": 1057547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2238", "title": "Variations in microbial and biochemical components of four-day plaque during a four-week controlled diet period.", "content": "Variation in microbial and biochemical components of human four-day plaque was studied in seven subjects who were maintained on a high-sucrose diet during a four-week period. Significant changes in populations of lactobacilli dextranase-producing organisms, Streptococcus mutans, and S sanguis occurred during this period.", "contents": "Variations in microbial and biochemical components of four-day plaque during a four-week controlled diet period. Variation in microbial and biochemical components of human four-day plaque was studied in seven subjects who were maintained on a high-sucrose diet during a four-week period. Significant changes in populations of lactobacilli dextranase-producing organisms, Streptococcus mutans, and S sanguis occurred during this period.", "PMID": 1057555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2239", "title": "An epidemiologic study of deciduous molar relations in preschool children.", "content": "This study indicated that distoclusion decreased significantly with age and was more prevalent in siblings of children with Class II molar relation as compared with the prevalence for the total population. Children of middle socioeconomic status (SES) and girls with Class I molar relation had prevalences of posterior crossbite significantly greater than lower SES children and boys, respectively. Finger habits were highly associated with posterior crossbite (P less than 0.001).", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of deciduous molar relations in preschool children. This study indicated that distoclusion decreased significantly with age and was more prevalent in siblings of children with Class II molar relation as compared with the prevalence for the total population. Children of middle socioeconomic status (SES) and girls with Class I molar relation had prevalences of posterior crossbite significantly greater than lower SES children and boys, respectively. Finger habits were highly associated with posterior crossbite (P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1057556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2240", "title": "Occurrence of haemophili in dental plaque and their association with neuraminidase activity.", "content": "The mean concentration of haemophili in 31 specimens of plaque was 1.23 times 10(6) per milligram or approximately 4.4% of the viable bacteria present. Occurrence of different species was similar to saliva with Haemophilus parainfluenzae constituting 87.8%. Most haemophili produced neuraminidase and appeared to be primarily responsible for the small amounts of this enzyme in plaque.", "contents": "Occurrence of haemophili in dental plaque and their association with neuraminidase activity. The mean concentration of haemophili in 31 specimens of plaque was 1.23 times 10(6) per milligram or approximately 4.4% of the viable bacteria present. Occurrence of different species was similar to saliva with Haemophilus parainfluenzae constituting 87.8%. Most haemophili produced neuraminidase and appeared to be primarily responsible for the small amounts of this enzyme in plaque.", "PMID": 1057557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2241", "title": "SNA and SNB angles in a population of Nubian schoolchildren.", "content": "The descriptive statistics for the sella-nasion-A point (SNA) and sella-nasion-B point (SNB) angles computed from a sample of Nubian schoolchildren are presented, by age and sex, and compared with the analogous statistics for American Caucasian schoolchildren.", "contents": "SNA and SNB angles in a population of Nubian schoolchildren. The descriptive statistics for the sella-nasion-A point (SNA) and sella-nasion-B point (SNB) angles computed from a sample of Nubian schoolchildren are presented, by age and sex, and compared with the analogous statistics for American Caucasian schoolchildren.", "PMID": 1057559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2242", "title": "Impedance of amalgam-dentin interface in cat tooth.", "content": "The impedance between two amalgam electrodes implanted in the maxillary canine of a cat was measured at various frequencies between 0.02 kilohertz (kHz) and 100 kHz. When plotted on the X-R plane as a function of frequency, two types of impedance loci were obtained. One resembled a circular are at low frequencies, whereas the other was parabolic or exponential in formmthe circular-arc loci are similar to those calculated from membrane models. The parabolic or exponential loci are predicted by a polyelectrolyte model.", "contents": "Impedance of amalgam-dentin interface in cat tooth. The impedance between two amalgam electrodes implanted in the maxillary canine of a cat was measured at various frequencies between 0.02 kilohertz (kHz) and 100 kHz. When plotted on the X-R plane as a function of frequency, two types of impedance loci were obtained. One resembled a circular are at low frequencies, whereas the other was parabolic or exponential in formmthe circular-arc loci are similar to those calculated from membrane models. The parabolic or exponential loci are predicted by a polyelectrolyte model.", "PMID": 1057558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2243", "title": "Polymerizable amines as promoters of cold-curing resins and composites.", "content": "The accelerating activity of N,N-substituted aminoethyl methacrylates on the curing of methyl methacrylate and composite resins with benzoyl peroxide is somewhat smaller than that of dimethyl-p-toluidine. Tesins cured with aminoethyl methacrylates containing a p-tolyl and 3,5-xylyl substituent on the nitrogen atom turned approximately the same color in ultraviolet light as resins cured with dimethyl-p-toluidinemthe incorporation of the predominant part of an unsaturated tertiary amine into polymer chains reduces to a minimum the possibility of its diffusion from the resin into the surrounding tissue.", "contents": "Polymerizable amines as promoters of cold-curing resins and composites. The accelerating activity of N,N-substituted aminoethyl methacrylates on the curing of methyl methacrylate and composite resins with benzoyl peroxide is somewhat smaller than that of dimethyl-p-toluidine. Tesins cured with aminoethyl methacrylates containing a p-tolyl and 3,5-xylyl substituent on the nitrogen atom turned approximately the same color in ultraviolet light as resins cured with dimethyl-p-toluidinemthe incorporation of the predominant part of an unsaturated tertiary amine into polymer chains reduces to a minimum the possibility of its diffusion from the resin into the surrounding tissue.", "PMID": 1057560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2244", "title": "Localization of bacteria on the rat tongue with scanning and transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Scanning microscopy of rat tongue showed that bacterial habitation of the tongue was almost completely localized to the middle third of the anterior surface of the filiform papillae. Transmission microscopy showed coccal forms attached to the surface of the epithelium by means of fibrillar strands and present up to four cell layers deep within the epithelium.", "contents": "Localization of bacteria on the rat tongue with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Scanning microscopy of rat tongue showed that bacterial habitation of the tongue was almost completely localized to the middle third of the anterior surface of the filiform papillae. Transmission microscopy showed coccal forms attached to the surface of the epithelium by means of fibrillar strands and present up to four cell layers deep within the epithelium.", "PMID": 1057561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2245", "title": "Use of filmed modeling to reduce uncooperative behavior of children during dental treatment.", "content": "Sixteen inner city children attending a pedodontic clinic were shown either a filmed demonstration of a child model cooperatively undergoing dental treatment or a film unrelated to dental activity. The group viewing the modeling film showed significantly fewer disruptive behaviors during restorative care and were rated as less fearful than the control group.", "contents": "Use of filmed modeling to reduce uncooperative behavior of children during dental treatment. Sixteen inner city children attending a pedodontic clinic were shown either a filmed demonstration of a child model cooperatively undergoing dental treatment or a film unrelated to dental activity. The group viewing the modeling film showed significantly fewer disruptive behaviors during restorative care and were rated as less fearful than the control group.", "PMID": 1057562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2246", "title": "Frequency of dental trait anomalies in cleft, sibling, and noncleft groups.", "content": "The incidence and types of dental trait anomalies found in individuals with cleft lip or cleft palate or both (cleft group), in siblings of the cleft group, and in a group of individuals without cleft lip or cleft palate (noncleft group) were compared. The cleft group had 1.02 anomalies per individual, the sibling group, 0.38; and the noncleft group, 0.17. The frequency of occurrence of thick-curved maxillary central incisors, incisal fissures, and missing teeth were significantly different among the three groups.", "contents": "Frequency of dental trait anomalies in cleft, sibling, and noncleft groups. The incidence and types of dental trait anomalies found in individuals with cleft lip or cleft palate or both (cleft group), in siblings of the cleft group, and in a group of individuals without cleft lip or cleft palate (noncleft group) were compared. The cleft group had 1.02 anomalies per individual, the sibling group, 0.38; and the noncleft group, 0.17. The frequency of occurrence of thick-curved maxillary central incisors, incisal fissures, and missing teeth were significantly different among the three groups.", "PMID": 1057563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2247", "title": "Analysis of stress patterns in the human mandible.", "content": "Replicas of a dentate human mandible were prepared in photoelastic resin material. They were positioned in a supporting frame by means of struts, representing the principal muscles of mastication. Occlusal loading was simulated, and the stresses generated within the models were examined by three-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis.", "contents": "Analysis of stress patterns in the human mandible. Replicas of a dentate human mandible were prepared in photoelastic resin material. They were positioned in a supporting frame by means of struts, representing the principal muscles of mastication. Occlusal loading was simulated, and the stresses generated within the models were examined by three-dimensional photoelastic stress analysis.", "PMID": 1057564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2248", "title": "Dose-dependent ultrastructural changes induced by tetracycline in developing dental tissues of the rat.", "content": "Tetracycline was administered to rats in varying doses in order to study the likelihood of ultrastructural alterations to ameloblasts and to study odontoblasts and dentin as well. The changes caused by tetracycline to the mineralization of dentin and the ultrastructural changes to the odontoblasts and ameloblasts increased with larger doses.", "contents": "Dose-dependent ultrastructural changes induced by tetracycline in developing dental tissues of the rat. Tetracycline was administered to rats in varying doses in order to study the likelihood of ultrastructural alterations to ameloblasts and to study odontoblasts and dentin as well. The changes caused by tetracycline to the mineralization of dentin and the ultrastructural changes to the odontoblasts and ameloblasts increased with larger doses.", "PMID": 1057565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2249", "title": "Failure of rabbit anti-Streptococcus mutans serum to penetrate in vitro plaque.", "content": "An indirect fluorescent antibody technique indicated that specific antiserums did not penetrate in vitro plaque formed by Streptococcus mutans. Specific reactions did occur between the antiserums and antigens in the surface layers of plaque globules. Measurements of plaque diameters indicated that the serums exerted a nonspecific effect of enhancing plaque growth.", "contents": "Failure of rabbit anti-Streptococcus mutans serum to penetrate in vitro plaque. An indirect fluorescent antibody technique indicated that specific antiserums did not penetrate in vitro plaque formed by Streptococcus mutans. Specific reactions did occur between the antiserums and antigens in the surface layers of plaque globules. Measurements of plaque diameters indicated that the serums exerted a nonspecific effect of enhancing plaque growth.", "PMID": 1057566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2250", "title": "Dentist's ratings and adolescents' perceptions of oral health.", "content": "The extent to which adolescents' self-appraisals of dental status agree with the dentist's evaluation is analyzed. The dentist's evaluation was expressed in standard dental status indicators (DMF, OHI-S, Russell Index) and in a rating of overall status as \"excellent,\" \"good,\" \"fair,\" \"poor.\" The relationship between the adolescents' self-reported dental care practices and the dentist's evaluation is also examined.", "contents": "Dentist's ratings and adolescents' perceptions of oral health. The extent to which adolescents' self-appraisals of dental status agree with the dentist's evaluation is analyzed. The dentist's evaluation was expressed in standard dental status indicators (DMF, OHI-S, Russell Index) and in a rating of overall status as \"excellent,\" \"good,\" \"fair,\" \"poor.\" The relationship between the adolescents' self-reported dental care practices and the dentist's evaluation is also examined.", "PMID": 1057567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2251", "title": "Electromyographic investigations of the tongue and circumoral muscular sling with fine-wire electrodes.", "content": "The electromyographic (EMG) examination of 11 normal individuals in whom bipolar fine-wire indwelling electrodes were placed showed no EMG activity during rest periods and only very slight to slight activity during normal oral functionsmduring aberrant oral activity, such as thumb-sucking, the orbicularis oris and genioglossus muscles gave a marked EMG response and the buccinator muscles were slightly active. These findings may help explain the classical malocclusions seen in tongue-thrusters and thumb-suckers.", "contents": "Electromyographic investigations of the tongue and circumoral muscular sling with fine-wire electrodes. The electromyographic (EMG) examination of 11 normal individuals in whom bipolar fine-wire indwelling electrodes were placed showed no EMG activity during rest periods and only very slight to slight activity during normal oral functionsmduring aberrant oral activity, such as thumb-sucking, the orbicularis oris and genioglossus muscles gave a marked EMG response and the buccinator muscles were slightly active. These findings may help explain the classical malocclusions seen in tongue-thrusters and thumb-suckers.", "PMID": 1057568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2252", "title": "Electrophoretic patterns of parotid fluid proteins from caries-resistant and caries-susceptible individuals.", "content": "Parotid saliva samples from caries-resistant and caries-rampant individuals were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gel slabs. The parotid saliva of the caries-rampant group showed a significantly higher level of anodemigrating proteins, predominantly isoamylases, and a significantly lower level of cathode-migrating proteins than that of the caries-resistant group in both paraffin-stimulated and sour lemon-stimulated salivary flows.", "contents": "Electrophoretic patterns of parotid fluid proteins from caries-resistant and caries-susceptible individuals. Parotid saliva samples from caries-resistant and caries-rampant individuals were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gel slabs. The parotid saliva of the caries-rampant group showed a significantly higher level of anodemigrating proteins, predominantly isoamylases, and a significantly lower level of cathode-migrating proteins than that of the caries-resistant group in both paraffin-stimulated and sour lemon-stimulated salivary flows.", "PMID": 1057569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2253", "title": "Investigation of possible solvents for extracellular polysaccharides from Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis.", "content": "The solubilities of extracellular polysaccharide fractions produced by 14 oral streptococcal strains were compared in water, aqueous lithium and guanidine salt solutions, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and a 9:1 DMSO-water mixture. The best results for solubilizing the fractions were obtained with the DMSO-water mixture procedure, which used the water and DMSO in sequence. By this method all fo the fractions were solubilized.", "contents": "Investigation of possible solvents for extracellular polysaccharides from Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis. The solubilities of extracellular polysaccharide fractions produced by 14 oral streptococcal strains were compared in water, aqueous lithium and guanidine salt solutions, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and a 9:1 DMSO-water mixture. The best results for solubilizing the fractions were obtained with the DMSO-water mixture procedure, which used the water and DMSO in sequence. By this method all fo the fractions were solubilized.", "PMID": 1057570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2254", "title": "Reproducibility of the electromyogram.", "content": "Electromyographic recordings of masseter muscles were taken during mastication without the introduction of an experimental variable. The amplitude, duration, and sequence of the onset of muscle bursts were used to evaluated the recordings. Amplitude showed the most variation during the same session, at different sessions, and between three different areas of the masseter muscle. Onset showed the least variation during the same session and at different sessions; duration showed the  least variation between areas.", "contents": "Reproducibility of the electromyogram. Electromyographic recordings of masseter muscles were taken during mastication without the introduction of an experimental variable. The amplitude, duration, and sequence of the onset of muscle bursts were used to evaluated the recordings. Amplitude showed the most variation during the same session, at different sessions, and between three different areas of the masseter muscle. Onset showed the least variation during the same session and at different sessions; duration showed the  least variation between areas.", "PMID": 1057571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2255", "title": "Effects of dietary sucrose levels on the quantity and microbial composition of human dental plaque.", "content": "The effects of dietary sucrose levels on the microbial composition of 4- and 12-day plaque were investigated in eight dental students. Sucrose-rich diets had no demonstrable effects on total plaque accumulation, whereas total viable microbial density, Streptococcus mutans, and the lactobacilli populations increased. The S sanguis population was unaffected. However, in individual subjects, an inverse relationship between the S sanguis and S mutans population was observed.", "contents": "Effects of dietary sucrose levels on the quantity and microbial composition of human dental plaque. The effects of dietary sucrose levels on the microbial composition of 4- and 12-day plaque were investigated in eight dental students. Sucrose-rich diets had no demonstrable effects on total plaque accumulation, whereas total viable microbial density, Streptococcus mutans, and the lactobacilli populations increased. The S sanguis population was unaffected. However, in individual subjects, an inverse relationship between the S sanguis and S mutans population was observed.", "PMID": 1057572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2256", "title": "Effects of dietary sucrose levels on extracellular polysaccharide metabolism of human dental plaque.", "content": "The effects of increased and low dietary sucrose levels on the biochemical activities and composition of 4- and 12-day plaque were investigated in eight young men. The subjects were fed supervised, nutritionally adequate diets. Dextran hydrolase, levan hydrolase, and total carbohydrate content were increased during a sucrose-rich diet while invertase activity was decreased. Base-extractable carbohydrate was decreased in four-day plaque during the sucrose-rich diet. Glucosyltransferase and fructosyltransferase activity, buffer-soluble carbohydrate, and buffer-soluble protein were also determined.", "contents": "Effects of dietary sucrose levels on extracellular polysaccharide metabolism of human dental plaque. The effects of increased and low dietary sucrose levels on the biochemical activities and composition of 4- and 12-day plaque were investigated in eight young men. The subjects were fed supervised, nutritionally adequate diets. Dextran hydrolase, levan hydrolase, and total carbohydrate content were increased during a sucrose-rich diet while invertase activity was decreased. Base-extractable carbohydrate was decreased in four-day plaque during the sucrose-rich diet. Glucosyltransferase and fructosyltransferase activity, buffer-soluble carbohydrate, and buffer-soluble protein were also determined.", "PMID": 1057573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2257", "title": "Role of attrition and occlusal contact in the physiology of the rat incisor: IX. Impeded and unimpeded eruption in lathyritic rats.", "content": "In the rat, the administration of a lathyrogenic agent reduced both impeded and unimpeded eruption rates of incisors. Unimpeded eruption rates were greater than impeded eruption rates. The general eruption pattern in the experimental rats was, however, similar to that in the control rats. Thus, eruption was possible even in rats with a lathyrogenically impaired periodontal ligament.", "contents": "Role of attrition and occlusal contact in the physiology of the rat incisor: IX. Impeded and unimpeded eruption in lathyritic rats. In the rat, the administration of a lathyrogenic agent reduced both impeded and unimpeded eruption rates of incisors. Unimpeded eruption rates were greater than impeded eruption rates. The general eruption pattern in the experimental rats was, however, similar to that in the control rats. Thus, eruption was possible even in rats with a lathyrogenically impaired periodontal ligament.", "PMID": 1057574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2258", "title": "Residual fluoride concentrations and scanning electron microscopic examination of root surfaces of human teeth after topical application of fluoride in vivo.", "content": "Fluoride concentrations in root surfaces of human teeth after a single topical application with a 2% acidulated sodium fluoride solution in vivo were investigated. Increased residual fluoride concentrations in the root surfaces and precipitations on the peritubular dentin, as revealed by SEM micrographs, may be factors in reducing hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Residual fluoride concentrations and scanning electron microscopic examination of root surfaces of human teeth after topical application of fluoride in vivo. Fluoride concentrations in root surfaces of human teeth after a single topical application with a 2% acidulated sodium fluoride solution in vivo were investigated. Increased residual fluoride concentrations in the root surfaces and precipitations on the peritubular dentin, as revealed by SEM micrographs, may be factors in reducing hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 1057575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2259", "title": "MIND--a five-state regional approach to continuing dental education.", "content": "MIND has finished two years of operation as a regional center for continuing dental education. The responses from viewing cards, and the number of credit hours given, indicate that approximately 20% of the potential audience participated in the course offerings. Previous experience from a two-year study in South Dakota has shown that there are three major factors that are essential for effective use of television as a dissemination medium. These are as follows: 1) the program should establish effective use of the communication system to maintain an audience; 2) the quality of thr programming material that is televised must be high; 3) the program should be televised on a regular basis to develop viewer habits or expectations. With a potential audience of 11,000 persons, MIND has had to depend heavily on a bulk-rate mailing system to communicate with members of the dental profession. This has caused problems such as reminders not being received on time, or being lost in the mail, or not being read, so that the individual is unaware that the courses are being telecast. Another problem of mailing system is maintaining an up-to-date list of addresses. The names and addresses of the dental assistants are impossible to keep up to date. We use the lists of licensed dentists and dental hygienists issued each July and a list of the certified dental assistants, which, of course, does not include all the dental assistants in our five-state area. A system providing more direct contact with the individual needs to be developed. Quality of televised courses is determined by the clinician's style of presentation as well as by the content and organization of the course material. The selection of dental information aimed toward the dentist in general practice results in loss of some members of the viewing audience, particularly specialists and generalpractitioners who have confined their practice to a particular area of dentistry. Quality is also judged by the technical aspects such as camera coverage, color, types of audiovisual materials, and televison reception. There is a limited amount of videotaped material available, and the members of the Board of Directors are asked to preview the videotapes and select three courses that they judge to be of the best quality for the year's programs. One difficulty is to find courses that will be of value to all three groups--dentists, dental assistants, and dental hygienists. Despite the problems encountered, the use of educational television should focus on the positive characteristics of availability, relatively low cost of operation, and the opportunity to provide continuing dental education at a convenient time and place.", "contents": "MIND--a five-state regional approach to continuing dental education. MIND has finished two years of operation as a regional center for continuing dental education. The responses from viewing cards, and the number of credit hours given, indicate that approximately 20% of the potential audience participated in the course offerings. Previous experience from a two-year study in South Dakota has shown that there are three major factors that are essential for effective use of television as a dissemination medium. These are as follows: 1) the program should establish effective use of the communication system to maintain an audience; 2) the quality of thr programming material that is televised must be high; 3) the program should be televised on a regular basis to develop viewer habits or expectations. With a potential audience of 11,000 persons, MIND has had to depend heavily on a bulk-rate mailing system to communicate with members of the dental profession. This has caused problems such as reminders not being received on time, or being lost in the mail, or not being read, so that the individual is unaware that the courses are being telecast. Another problem of mailing system is maintaining an up-to-date list of addresses. The names and addresses of the dental assistants are impossible to keep up to date. We use the lists of licensed dentists and dental hygienists issued each July and a list of the certified dental assistants, which, of course, does not include all the dental assistants in our five-state area. A system providing more direct contact with the individual needs to be developed. Quality of televised courses is determined by the clinician's style of presentation as well as by the content and organization of the course material. The selection of dental information aimed toward the dentist in general practice results in loss of some members of the viewing audience, particularly specialists and generalpractitioners who have confined their practice to a particular area of dentistry. Quality is also judged by the technical aspects such as camera coverage, color, types of audiovisual materials, and televison reception. There is a limited amount of videotaped material available, and the members of the Board of Directors are asked to preview the videotapes and select three courses that they judge to be of the best quality for the year's programs. One difficulty is to find courses that will be of value to all three groups--dentists, dental assistants, and dental hygienists. Despite the problems encountered, the use of educational television should focus on the positive characteristics of availability, relatively low cost of operation, and the opportunity to provide continuing dental education at a convenient time and place.", "PMID": 1057592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2260", "title": "A survey of extramural experiences for dental students.", "content": "A survey was conducted of the chairmen of the departments of community dentistry (or an equivalent department) within all full-curriculum dental schools in the United States as of September 1973, to obtain information on the rane of extramural experiences, the departmental responsibilities for these experiences, the times and the distributions of the experiences, and on feedback related to the experiences. Thirty-six respondents reported a wide variety of experiences with most activities under the auspices of departments of community dentistry. A trend toward concentration of the extramural experiences in the latter years of the curriculum was noted. Feedback from both the participating dental students and the patients was mostly positive to strongly positive. Most responding chairmen agreed that the extramural experiences may be helping to create a more socially conscious graduate, although few had conducted formal evaluations of the programs which could support this impression.", "contents": "A survey of extramural experiences for dental students. A survey was conducted of the chairmen of the departments of community dentistry (or an equivalent department) within all full-curriculum dental schools in the United States as of September 1973, to obtain information on the rane of extramural experiences, the departmental responsibilities for these experiences, the times and the distributions of the experiences, and on feedback related to the experiences. Thirty-six respondents reported a wide variety of experiences with most activities under the auspices of departments of community dentistry. A trend toward concentration of the extramural experiences in the latter years of the curriculum was noted. Feedback from both the participating dental students and the patients was mostly positive to strongly positive. Most responding chairmen agreed that the extramural experiences may be helping to create a more socially conscious graduate, although few had conducted formal evaluations of the programs which could support this impression.", "PMID": 1057593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2261", "title": "Plastic replicas as three-dimensional models of pulps.", "content": "It has been found that the plastic models significantly enhance the student's knowledge of the anatomy of teeth as it relates to operative dentistry. The fact that the models are three-dimensional eliminates guesswork as to the exact position of the pulp, and the rigidity of the plastic cast enhances the recovery of morphological features of the pulp as it existed in the natural tooth.", "contents": "Plastic replicas as three-dimensional models of pulps. It has been found that the plastic models significantly enhance the student's knowledge of the anatomy of teeth as it relates to operative dentistry. The fact that the models are three-dimensional eliminates guesswork as to the exact position of the pulp, and the rigidity of the plastic cast enhances the recovery of morphological features of the pulp as it existed in the natural tooth.", "PMID": 1057596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2262", "title": "Practical considerations of a flexible course in a nonflexible curriculum.", "content": "In the context in which this course was conducted, i.e., flexibility within an otherwise rigid curriculum, and no deadlines, several conclusions can be drawn: 1. Students used considerably more time than when the course was traditionally structured. 2. Quality of performance in the preclinical laboratory was significantly better. 3. Students took longer to complete the laboratory requirements than didactic requirements. 4. Some reasonable deadlines are necessary. 5. Student and instructor attitudes favored flexibility.", "contents": "Practical considerations of a flexible course in a nonflexible curriculum. In the context in which this course was conducted, i.e., flexibility within an otherwise rigid curriculum, and no deadlines, several conclusions can be drawn: 1. Students used considerably more time than when the course was traditionally structured. 2. Quality of performance in the preclinical laboratory was significantly better. 3. Students took longer to complete the laboratory requirements than didactic requirements. 4. Some reasonable deadlines are necessary. 5. Student and instructor attitudes favored flexibility.", "PMID": 1057600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2263", "title": "Financial record-keeping simulation in the dental auxiliary utilization clinic.", "content": "A financial record-keeping and billing simulation program which is part of the Dental Auxiliary Utilization (DAU) didactic and clinical experiences has been reported. Evaluation of student performance has demonstrated a satisfactory level of accomplishment. The students' performance may reflect their awareness regarding the importance of understanding the management of the financial affairs of a dental practice.", "contents": "Financial record-keeping simulation in the dental auxiliary utilization clinic. A financial record-keeping and billing simulation program which is part of the Dental Auxiliary Utilization (DAU) didactic and clinical experiences has been reported. Evaluation of student performance has demonstrated a satisfactory level of accomplishment. The students' performance may reflect their awareness regarding the importance of understanding the management of the financial affairs of a dental practice.", "PMID": 1057604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2264", "title": "Human pulp response to acid pretreatment of dentin and to composite restoration.", "content": "The newer composites, although free of methacrylic acid and of a neutral pH, were still found to be toxic to the pulp. The intensity of response was increased after acid pretreatment procedures; this indicates an increase in dentin permeability. When the remaining dentin thickness was 1.0 mm or less, regardless of whether the dentin was primary dentin or primary and reparative dentin, the percentage of teeth with abscess formations increased. Use of calcium hydroxide bases or liners to coat the dentin before acid pretreatment of enamel is therefore highly recommended.", "contents": "Human pulp response to acid pretreatment of dentin and to composite restoration. The newer composites, although free of methacrylic acid and of a neutral pH, were still found to be toxic to the pulp. The intensity of response was increased after acid pretreatment procedures; this indicates an increase in dentin permeability. When the remaining dentin thickness was 1.0 mm or less, regardless of whether the dentin was primary dentin or primary and reparative dentin, the percentage of teeth with abscess formations increased. Use of calcium hydroxide bases or liners to coat the dentin before acid pretreatment of enamel is therefore highly recommended.", "PMID": 1057623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2265", "title": "New light on the transmissibility of viral hepatitis in dental practice and its control.", "content": "Evidence of an increase in the nonparenteral spread of viral hepatitis is of much concern in dentistry and supports the need for sterilization of all instruments used in intraoral treatments. Methods for the rapid sterilization of all dental handpieces and air-water syringes are still inadequate for routine clinical use. It may be possible to improve surface disinfection of these items by more thorough, repeated cleansing with common disinfectants and by the use of stronger germicidal agents such as aldehydes. However, for handpieces and some other equipment, effective sterilization methods must be developed or the instruments must be modified so they can be safely and rapidly sterilized. Surface disinfectants that will destroy hepatitis viruses are needed for disinfection of the dental unit. The use of gloves is also an important consideration for the protection of both the dentist and his patient. The high attack rate of hepatitis among surgeons, as well as patient protection, make the wearing of gloves during surgery imperative. Evidence that aerosolborne viruses would be removed by filtered laminar air flow or by face masks is not available, but use of these devices reduces exposure of personnel to aerosols in general and appears to be highly desirable. Sterilization of all possible instruments is advocated for use in all institutions and dental offices. Careful monitoring of the effectiveness of sterilization also is advocated. These concepts and new information on which they are based should be incorporated into dental curriculums and continuing education courses for all dentists and auxiliary personnel.", "contents": "New light on the transmissibility of viral hepatitis in dental practice and its control. Evidence of an increase in the nonparenteral spread of viral hepatitis is of much concern in dentistry and supports the need for sterilization of all instruments used in intraoral treatments. Methods for the rapid sterilization of all dental handpieces and air-water syringes are still inadequate for routine clinical use. It may be possible to improve surface disinfection of these items by more thorough, repeated cleansing with common disinfectants and by the use of stronger germicidal agents such as aldehydes. However, for handpieces and some other equipment, effective sterilization methods must be developed or the instruments must be modified so they can be safely and rapidly sterilized. Surface disinfectants that will destroy hepatitis viruses are needed for disinfection of the dental unit. The use of gloves is also an important consideration for the protection of both the dentist and his patient. The high attack rate of hepatitis among surgeons, as well as patient protection, make the wearing of gloves during surgery imperative. Evidence that aerosolborne viruses would be removed by filtered laminar air flow or by face masks is not available, but use of these devices reduces exposure of personnel to aerosols in general and appears to be highly desirable. Sterilization of all possible instruments is advocated for use in all institutions and dental offices. Careful monitoring of the effectiveness of sterilization also is advocated. These concepts and new information on which they are based should be incorporated into dental curriculums and continuing education courses for all dentists and auxiliary personnel.", "PMID": 1057624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2266", "title": "A quantitative comparison of services performed for fee-for-service and capitation patients.", "content": "The numbers of specific services performed for fee-for-service and capitation patients were compared in a group dental practice. The capitation patients received more services per 100 patients in almost all categories. This is attributed to the incentives for the dentist and a lower out-of-pocket cost for the patient.", "contents": "A quantitative comparison of services performed for fee-for-service and capitation patients. The numbers of specific services performed for fee-for-service and capitation patients were compared in a group dental practice. The capitation patients received more services per 100 patients in almost all categories. This is attributed to the incentives for the dentist and a lower out-of-pocket cost for the patient.", "PMID": 1057625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2267", "title": "Dental caries after radiotherapy of the oral regions.", "content": "Five cases of dental caries after radiation therapy of the oral regions for treatment of carcinomas are presented. The differences in clinical appearance and behavior between radiation caries and ordinary smooth-surface dental caries are described. The role of salivary gland irradiation and the resultant xerostomia in the development of these lesions is discussed. Some explanations are offered as to how these lesions develop in the light of current knowledge concerning plaque and the development of dental caries. Several measures that may be taken to reduce the incidence and severity of these lesions are suggested.", "contents": "Dental caries after radiotherapy of the oral regions. Five cases of dental caries after radiation therapy of the oral regions for treatment of carcinomas are presented. The differences in clinical appearance and behavior between radiation caries and ordinary smooth-surface dental caries are described. The role of salivary gland irradiation and the resultant xerostomia in the development of these lesions is discussed. Some explanations are offered as to how these lesions develop in the light of current knowledge concerning plaque and the development of dental caries. Several measures that may be taken to reduce the incidence and severity of these lesions are suggested.", "PMID": 1057626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2268", "title": "Laboratory and clinical evaluation of the radiation-potentiating activity of ethyl-N-bis (2,2-dimethylethylamidinophosphoro) carbamate (AB-132).", "content": "Ethyl-N-bis (2,2-dimethylethylamidinophosphoro) carbamate (AB-132) has been shown to potentiate the effect of whole-body radiation on inhibition of splenomegaly induced by Friend leukemia virus in ICR/H Swiss mice. The combined effect of AB-132 and radiation does not appear to be related to Friend virus inhibition but seems to act on the proliferating tumor in the spleen. Nine children with advanced cancer were treated with combined administration of local radiation and systemic AB-132. Although regression of tumor was seem, no dramatic effect on survival was apparent. One case of metastatic Ewing's sarcoma showed systemic tumor response to AB-132 in addition to localized response to radiation. Bone marrow depression appeared to be the main side effect of combination therapy.", "contents": "Laboratory and clinical evaluation of the radiation-potentiating activity of ethyl-N-bis (2,2-dimethylethylamidinophosphoro) carbamate (AB-132). Ethyl-N-bis (2,2-dimethylethylamidinophosphoro) carbamate (AB-132) has been shown to potentiate the effect of whole-body radiation on inhibition of splenomegaly induced by Friend leukemia virus in ICR/H Swiss mice. The combined effect of AB-132 and radiation does not appear to be related to Friend virus inhibition but seems to act on the proliferating tumor in the spleen. Nine children with advanced cancer were treated with combined administration of local radiation and systemic AB-132. Although regression of tumor was seem, no dramatic effect on survival was apparent. One case of metastatic Ewing's sarcoma showed systemic tumor response to AB-132 in addition to localized response to radiation. Bone marrow depression appeared to be the main side effect of combination therapy.", "PMID": 1057639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2269", "title": "Loss with age in the capacity for erythrogenin production by extrarenal tissues in rats.", "content": "Erythrogenin levels in liver and spleen were compared in young and adult anephric rats exposed to 6h of hypoxia. Hepatic and splenic erythrogenin levels in young nephrectomized rats were significantly higher than those in anephric adults. This lowered ability of the adult rat to elaborate extrarenal erythrogenin may be related to a decrease in selective enzyme production which accompanies the aging process.", "contents": "Loss with age in the capacity for erythrogenin production by extrarenal tissues in rats. Erythrogenin levels in liver and spleen were compared in young and adult anephric rats exposed to 6h of hypoxia. Hepatic and splenic erythrogenin levels in young nephrectomized rats were significantly higher than those in anephric adults. This lowered ability of the adult rat to elaborate extrarenal erythrogenin may be related to a decrease in selective enzyme production which accompanies the aging process.", "PMID": 1057640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2270", "title": "Implanted amniotic membrane as an autograft and as an allograft.", "content": "Detailed studies on autograft and allograft amniotic membranes implanted in the subcutaneous tissues to form tunnels are described. Autograft amniotic membranes appear to become permanent structures whereas allografts of this material, though accepted by the host for a longer time than most allografts, were eventually rejected. Serial histological studies were performed.", "contents": "Implanted amniotic membrane as an autograft and as an allograft. Detailed studies on autograft and allograft amniotic membranes implanted in the subcutaneous tissues to form tunnels are described. Autograft amniotic membranes appear to become permanent structures whereas allografts of this material, though accepted by the host for a longer time than most allografts, were eventually rejected. Serial histological studies were performed.", "PMID": 1057641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2271", "title": "Effect of N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine treatment in vivo on hexokinase activity of mouse L 1210 cells.", "content": "The kinetic properties of hexokinase of L1210 ascites tumor cells propagated in DBA/2HaD mice are altered by treatment of the mice with the modified nucleoside N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adensone (IPA). Relative to animals not treated with IPA, ascites cell hexokinase showed an increased affinity for ATP and a decreased affinity for glucose as a result of IPA treatment. The heat stability of the enzyme was different in treated and untreated mice. It was concluded that IPA treatment may either produce changes in enzyme conformation which resulted in a change in control mechanisms or may induce the formation of a hexokinase isoenzyme.", "contents": "Effect of N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenosine treatment in vivo on hexokinase activity of mouse L 1210 cells. The kinetic properties of hexokinase of L1210 ascites tumor cells propagated in DBA/2HaD mice are altered by treatment of the mice with the modified nucleoside N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)-adensone (IPA). Relative to animals not treated with IPA, ascites cell hexokinase showed an increased affinity for ATP and a decreased affinity for glucose as a result of IPA treatment. The heat stability of the enzyme was different in treated and untreated mice. It was concluded that IPA treatment may either produce changes in enzyme conformation which resulted in a change in control mechanisms or may induce the formation of a hexokinase isoenzyme.", "PMID": 1057642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2272", "title": "The significance of lymphocytosis in congenital hypoplastic anemia.", "content": "Two infants with congenital hypoplastic anemia had an unusual number of lymphocytes in their peripheral blood and in the bone marrow. This caused an erroneous diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia to be made in the first case and inappropriate therapy to be administered for three months. The second of these cases provided an unusual opportunity to study human erythrocyte precursor dynamics. Serial bone marrow aspirates, obtained after institution of treatment with a corticosteroid, revealed an initial increase in labeled lymphocytes, a concomitant decrease in their number, and the subsequent appearance of erythroid elements. These findings suggest that cells classified morphologically as lymphocytes may serve as erythroid precursors in human beings.", "contents": "The significance of lymphocytosis in congenital hypoplastic anemia. Two infants with congenital hypoplastic anemia had an unusual number of lymphocytes in their peripheral blood and in the bone marrow. This caused an erroneous diagnosis of acute lymphocytic leukemia to be made in the first case and inappropriate therapy to be administered for three months. The second of these cases provided an unusual opportunity to study human erythrocyte precursor dynamics. Serial bone marrow aspirates, obtained after institution of treatment with a corticosteroid, revealed an initial increase in labeled lymphocytes, a concomitant decrease in their number, and the subsequent appearance of erythroid elements. These findings suggest that cells classified morphologically as lymphocytes may serve as erythroid precursors in human beings.", "PMID": 1057643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2273", "title": "Results following three modalities of periodontal therapy.", "content": "Three methods for treatment of periodontal pockets (subgingival curettage, modified Widman flap surgery, and pocket elimination) were applied as a clinical trial to 82 patients. Follow up results over one to five years after the initial treatment are reported. The variations in attachment levels and pocket depth were analyzed statistically as related to methods of treatment and yearly time intervals following the initial treatment. The most favorable results regarding gain or maintenance of attachment levels and reduction of pocket depth were observed interproximally. Subgingival curettage provided the greatest gain in attachment level up to three years postoperatively, but after four to five years there was no significant difference in results following the three methods. The most significant loss of attachment and return of pocket depth occurred on the buccal aspects of the teeth, and the results were not significantly different for the three methods except at the first year of follow up when the attachment level was maintained best after curettage.", "contents": "Results following three modalities of periodontal therapy. Three methods for treatment of periodontal pockets (subgingival curettage, modified Widman flap surgery, and pocket elimination) were applied as a clinical trial to 82 patients. Follow up results over one to five years after the initial treatment are reported. The variations in attachment levels and pocket depth were analyzed statistically as related to methods of treatment and yearly time intervals following the initial treatment. The most favorable results regarding gain or maintenance of attachment levels and reduction of pocket depth were observed interproximally. Subgingival curettage provided the greatest gain in attachment level up to three years postoperatively, but after four to five years there was no significant difference in results following the three methods. The most significant loss of attachment and return of pocket depth occurred on the buccal aspects of the teeth, and the results were not significantly different for the three methods except at the first year of follow up when the attachment level was maintained best after curettage.", "PMID": 1057645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2274", "title": "Mucogingival problems, prevalence and therapy in children.", "content": "The clinical impressions of the authors and a survey of mucogingival problems in children lead to the following conclusions: 1. Mucogingival problems occur in children. 2. The prevalence of such problems is 12 to 19% in sample of 100 patients examined. 3. Insufficient keratinized tissue is developmentally related to: a. eruption pattern of the permanent incisors. b. buccolingual width of the alveolar process. 4. The autogenous free gingival graft is recommended as an acceptable procedure to prevent incipient mucogingival problems from progressing. 5. Where orthodontic therapy is anticipated and coincidentally insufficient keratinized tissue exists, a free gingival graft should be performed prior to tooth movement. 6. Grafts would be recommended in children with 1 mm or less of keratinized tissue. 7. Grafts would not be recommended in children when there is over 2 mm of keratinized tissue. 8. Grafts would not be recommended in children with greater than 1 mm of attached gingiva.", "contents": "Mucogingival problems, prevalence and therapy in children. The clinical impressions of the authors and a survey of mucogingival problems in children lead to the following conclusions: 1. Mucogingival problems occur in children. 2. The prevalence of such problems is 12 to 19% in sample of 100 patients examined. 3. Insufficient keratinized tissue is developmentally related to: a. eruption pattern of the permanent incisors. b. buccolingual width of the alveolar process. 4. The autogenous free gingival graft is recommended as an acceptable procedure to prevent incipient mucogingival problems from progressing. 5. Where orthodontic therapy is anticipated and coincidentally insufficient keratinized tissue exists, a free gingival graft should be performed prior to tooth movement. 6. Grafts would be recommended in children with 1 mm or less of keratinized tissue. 7. Grafts would not be recommended in children when there is over 2 mm of keratinized tissue. 8. Grafts would not be recommended in children with greater than 1 mm of attached gingiva.", "PMID": 1057647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2275", "title": "Occlusal characteristics and tooth mobility in periodontally healthy young males classified orthodontically.", "content": "Three groups of periodontally healthy young males classified as to orthodontic status by the Handicapping Labio-Lingual Deviations Index were evaluated for various occlusal characteristics. A much larger proportion (95%) of the orthodontically normal subjects (Group I) had an Angle Class I type of occlusion than the Group II subjects requiring orthodontic care (60.5%), or the Group III subjects who had received orthodontic care (63.4%). The percentages of subjects with a \"cuspid-protected\" type of occlusion were larger in the orthodontically normal and orthodontically treated groups than in the group requiring orthodontic care. Anterior displacement of the mandible in closing from centric relation to the intercuspal position was found in the majority of subjects in each group. Displacement of more than 2 mm was most common in the subjects requiring orthodontic care. Only 1 of the 41 orthodontically treated subjects reported that his occlusion had been adjusted by grinding after tooth movement. There were no statistically significant differences in mean tooth mobility values between the orthodontically normal and orthodontically treated subjects. The lateral incisor tooth had a significantly lower mean mobility value in subjects whose orthodontic care included removal of the first premolar than in subjects treated without removal of the first premolar. Wear facets were common in all three groups. Based on the findings, one can conclude that orthodontic therapy was only partially successful in obtaining the objectives described as part of an ideal result. It should be noted, however, that the status of the dentition and occlusion prior to orthodontic treatment could not be determined for more than a few subjects.", "contents": "Occlusal characteristics and tooth mobility in periodontally healthy young males classified orthodontically. Three groups of periodontally healthy young males classified as to orthodontic status by the Handicapping Labio-Lingual Deviations Index were evaluated for various occlusal characteristics. A much larger proportion (95%) of the orthodontically normal subjects (Group I) had an Angle Class I type of occlusion than the Group II subjects requiring orthodontic care (60.5%), or the Group III subjects who had received orthodontic care (63.4%). The percentages of subjects with a \"cuspid-protected\" type of occlusion were larger in the orthodontically normal and orthodontically treated groups than in the group requiring orthodontic care. Anterior displacement of the mandible in closing from centric relation to the intercuspal position was found in the majority of subjects in each group. Displacement of more than 2 mm was most common in the subjects requiring orthodontic care. Only 1 of the 41 orthodontically treated subjects reported that his occlusion had been adjusted by grinding after tooth movement. There were no statistically significant differences in mean tooth mobility values between the orthodontically normal and orthodontically treated subjects. The lateral incisor tooth had a significantly lower mean mobility value in subjects whose orthodontic care included removal of the first premolar than in subjects treated without removal of the first premolar. Wear facets were common in all three groups. Based on the findings, one can conclude that orthodontic therapy was only partially successful in obtaining the objectives described as part of an ideal result. It should be noted, however, that the status of the dentition and occlusion prior to orthodontic treatment could not be determined for more than a few subjects.", "PMID": 1057648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2276", "title": "Periodontosis: a problem in orthodontics.", "content": "1. Periodontosis occurs in the same age group in which orthodontic therapy is most often done. It is a periodontal disease which in the early stages may show little or no gingival inflammation and is easily overlooked unless one is aware of the existence of this condition and looks for it. 2. Since malocclusions are common in adolescents, it is reasonable to expect that some adolescents with malocclusions will also develop periodontosis. 3. Periodontosis may have its onset during active orthodontic treatment. 4. Orthodontists, should routinely examine all of their patients, using adequate roentgenograms and a periodontal probe before initiating therapy and at periodic (yearly) intervals during active treatment. 5. Where malocclusions are present in patients who already have periodontosis, orthodontic treatment may be a necessary and beneficial part of the total treatment plan.", "contents": "Periodontosis: a problem in orthodontics. 1. Periodontosis occurs in the same age group in which orthodontic therapy is most often done. It is a periodontal disease which in the early stages may show little or no gingival inflammation and is easily overlooked unless one is aware of the existence of this condition and looks for it. 2. Since malocclusions are common in adolescents, it is reasonable to expect that some adolescents with malocclusions will also develop periodontosis. 3. Periodontosis may have its onset during active orthodontic treatment. 4. Orthodontists, should routinely examine all of their patients, using adequate roentgenograms and a periodontal probe before initiating therapy and at periodic (yearly) intervals during active treatment. 5. Where malocclusions are present in patients who already have periodontosis, orthodontic treatment may be a necessary and beneficial part of the total treatment plan.", "PMID": 1057649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2277", "title": "Human lymphoproliferative reaction to food products. Possible role in periodontal inflammation.", "content": "Extracts of corn and some nuts were found to ubiquitously stimulate both adult and newborn cord blood lymphocytes to transform and produce a factor chemotactic for monocytes. This indicates that corn and nuts contain a mitogen and are potential stimulators of the cellular immune response. The exposure of lymphocytes to this mitogen in vivo might trigger a destructive inflammatory reaction in the surrounding tissues. These findings, therefore, suggest that foods such as corn and nuts may be responsible for some periodontal abscesses and may be contributing factors to the development of intrabony alveolar lesions and chronic periodontitis.", "contents": "Human lymphoproliferative reaction to food products. Possible role in periodontal inflammation. Extracts of corn and some nuts were found to ubiquitously stimulate both adult and newborn cord blood lymphocytes to transform and produce a factor chemotactic for monocytes. This indicates that corn and nuts contain a mitogen and are potential stimulators of the cellular immune response. The exposure of lymphocytes to this mitogen in vivo might trigger a destructive inflammatory reaction in the surrounding tissues. These findings, therefore, suggest that foods such as corn and nuts may be responsible for some periodontal abscesses and may be contributing factors to the development of intrabony alveolar lesions and chronic periodontitis.", "PMID": 1057650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2278", "title": "Salivary alterations in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Separately collected parotid and submaxillary salivary samples from 20 diabetic and 20 matched control subjects were analyzed for flow rate, electrolyte content and immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG and IgM) levels. Flow rates did not vary significantly between the two groups of subjects; calcium ion content, however, was higher in the diabetic subjects for both salivary glands. The presence of salivary IgI in 6 of 10 patients was also a significant finding. Any attempt to draw a conclusion between the severity of periodontal disease and Diabetes Mellitus from the above findings is still speculative but does indicate further areas of research.", "contents": "Salivary alterations in diabetes mellitus. Separately collected parotid and submaxillary salivary samples from 20 diabetic and 20 matched control subjects were analyzed for flow rate, electrolyte content and immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG and IgM) levels. Flow rates did not vary significantly between the two groups of subjects; calcium ion content, however, was higher in the diabetic subjects for both salivary glands. The presence of salivary IgI in 6 of 10 patients was also a significant finding. Any attempt to draw a conclusion between the severity of periodontal disease and Diabetes Mellitus from the above findings is still speculative but does indicate further areas of research.", "PMID": 1057651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2279", "title": "Synthesis and biological activities of some N6-(nitro- and -aminobenzyl)adenosines.", "content": "Synthesis and biological activities of 12 analogs of N6-benzyladenosine are described. The compounds were prepared by two methods: (1) direct alkylation of adenosine with an appropriately substituted benzyl bromide to give the N1-substituted derivative which was then rearranged in base to give the N6-substituted compound, and (2) by nucleophilic displacement of chlorine in 6-chloropurine ribonucleoside, 6-chloro-2-aminopurine ribonucleoside, and 6-chloro-2-aminopurine with an amine. These analogs were examined for their growth inhibitory effect in cultured leukemic cells and also for their effect on adenosine aminohydrolase activity. N6-p-Nitrobenzyladenosine and its 2'-deoxy analog were competitive inhibitors (K1 65, 22 MUM). The 2-amino-N6-p-nitrobenzyladenine and its ribonucleoside were found to be noncompetitive inhibitors of adenosine aminohydrolase. In cultured L1210 leukemia, 2-amino-6-p-nitrobenzylaminopurine and the corresponding ribonucleoside were better growth inhibitors than N6-benzyladenosine, while N6-p-nitrobenzyladenosine, its 2'-deoxy analog, and N6-p-fluorobenzyladenosine were as active as N6-benzyladenosine.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activities of some N6-(nitro- and -aminobenzyl)adenosines. Synthesis and biological activities of 12 analogs of N6-benzyladenosine are described. The compounds were prepared by two methods: (1) direct alkylation of adenosine with an appropriately substituted benzyl bromide to give the N1-substituted derivative which was then rearranged in base to give the N6-substituted compound, and (2) by nucleophilic displacement of chlorine in 6-chloropurine ribonucleoside, 6-chloro-2-aminopurine ribonucleoside, and 6-chloro-2-aminopurine with an amine. These analogs were examined for their growth inhibitory effect in cultured leukemic cells and also for their effect on adenosine aminohydrolase activity. N6-p-Nitrobenzyladenosine and its 2'-deoxy analog were competitive inhibitors (K1 65, 22 MUM). The 2-amino-N6-p-nitrobenzyladenine and its ribonucleoside were found to be noncompetitive inhibitors of adenosine aminohydrolase. In cultured L1210 leukemia, 2-amino-6-p-nitrobenzylaminopurine and the corresponding ribonucleoside were better growth inhibitors than N6-benzyladenosine, while N6-p-nitrobenzyladenosine, its 2'-deoxy analog, and N6-p-fluorobenzyladenosine were as active as N6-benzyladenosine.", "PMID": 1057653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2280", "title": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by tumor-associated antigens in soluble extracts of human malignant melanoma.", "content": "Direct leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays were performed to investigate whether cell-mediated immune reactions could be detected in response to tumor-associated antigens of human melanoma. The antigens were 3 M KCl-soluble extracts of different fresh melanomas, other cancers, and benign nevus tissue. A total of 48 of the 79 (61%) blood samples from melanoma patients (64 patients) reacted with extracts of melanoma tissue. Since the subjects were usually tested with two or three extracts, 57/134 (42%) tests with melanoma patients' leukocytes were inhibited by KCl extracts of melanoma tissue, whereas only 3/50 (6%) tests with leukocytes of normal donors and 4/27 (15%) with patients having other cancers gave positive results. No positive reactions were obtained when 13 melanoma patients were tested with a 3 M KCl extract of benign nevus tissue. Likewise, only 2/26 (8%) positive tests were obtained from melanoma patients tested with extracts of other cancers. Individuals in all stages of disease had similar incidences of positive reactions to the soluble melanoma extracts, except for patients with stage-1 disease who exhibited a somewhat higher incidence of reactivity. The highest incidence of reactivity was observed in patients before surgical resection of the tumor, and somewhat decreased reactivity was seen 0-14 days post surgery. The results indicate that the direct LMI assay may be used to measure cell immune reactivity against melanoma-associated antigens. Since many of the positive results were obtained with allogeneic extracts, the results also indicate that different melanomas possess common antigens.", "contents": "Inhibition of leukocyte migration by tumor-associated antigens in soluble extracts of human malignant melanoma. Direct leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays were performed to investigate whether cell-mediated immune reactions could be detected in response to tumor-associated antigens of human melanoma. The antigens were 3 M KCl-soluble extracts of different fresh melanomas, other cancers, and benign nevus tissue. A total of 48 of the 79 (61%) blood samples from melanoma patients (64 patients) reacted with extracts of melanoma tissue. Since the subjects were usually tested with two or three extracts, 57/134 (42%) tests with melanoma patients' leukocytes were inhibited by KCl extracts of melanoma tissue, whereas only 3/50 (6%) tests with leukocytes of normal donors and 4/27 (15%) with patients having other cancers gave positive results. No positive reactions were obtained when 13 melanoma patients were tested with a 3 M KCl extract of benign nevus tissue. Likewise, only 2/26 (8%) positive tests were obtained from melanoma patients tested with extracts of other cancers. Individuals in all stages of disease had similar incidences of positive reactions to the soluble melanoma extracts, except for patients with stage-1 disease who exhibited a somewhat higher incidence of reactivity. The highest incidence of reactivity was observed in patients before surgical resection of the tumor, and somewhat decreased reactivity was seen 0-14 days post surgery. The results indicate that the direct LMI assay may be used to measure cell immune reactivity against melanoma-associated antigens. Since many of the positive results were obtained with allogeneic extracts, the results also indicate that different melanomas possess common antigens.", "PMID": 1057654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2281", "title": "Antiserum against leukemia cell ferritin as a diagnostic tool for malignant neoplasms.", "content": "The specific antiserum against a type of ferritin that is especially common to leukemia cells and the placenta was used to test, by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, sera from humans with various diseases. The best results were obtained with leukemia; patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic phase, acute myelogenous leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia, and unclassifiable juvenile leukemia frequently showed a positive reaction, but patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in static phase did not. The average incidence of positive reaction among all leukemia patients was 54.0%. Patients with other malignant tumors (i.e., multiple myeloma, malignant lymphoma and carcinomas of the stomach, rectum, and liver) also often showed a positive reaction. The average incidence of positive reaction among all the patients with malignant diseases of the hematopoietic system, except for leukemia, was 34.3%, and that among patients with nonhematologic malignant neoplasms was 36.8%. However, the incidence of a positive reaction in patients with benign diseases and healthy individuals was less than 3%.", "contents": "Antiserum against leukemia cell ferritin as a diagnostic tool for malignant neoplasms. The specific antiserum against a type of ferritin that is especially common to leukemia cells and the placenta was used to test, by countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis, sera from humans with various diseases. The best results were obtained with leukemia; patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic phase, acute myelogenous leukemia, lymphogenous leukemia, and unclassifiable juvenile leukemia frequently showed a positive reaction, but patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in static phase did not. The average incidence of positive reaction among all leukemia patients was 54.0%. Patients with other malignant tumors (i.e., multiple myeloma, malignant lymphoma and carcinomas of the stomach, rectum, and liver) also often showed a positive reaction. The average incidence of positive reaction among all the patients with malignant diseases of the hematopoietic system, except for leukemia, was 34.3%, and that among patients with nonhematologic malignant neoplasms was 36.8%. However, the incidence of a positive reaction in patients with benign diseases and healthy individuals was less than 3%.", "PMID": 1057655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2282", "title": "Electroencephalographic and other neurophysiological abnormalities in uremia.", "content": "1) Neurophysiological abnormalities in patients with renal failure are being investigated because a) it is the nervous system which preeminently produces the phenomena of clinical uremia that dialysis affects and b) objective quantitative measures of such functions are generally lacking and are needed to provide objective evidence for adequacy of dialysis and other treatment measures in uremic patients. Accordingly, the attempt is warranted to measure in objective terms what renal failure, alternatively maintenance dialysis, does to the patient's nervous system in the comprehensive terms and the several modalities by which the nervous system serves the patient. 2) It is clear from the foregoing presentation that electroencephalographic phenomena including some aspects of the spontaneous EEG and certain event-related potentials can be readily reduced to quantitative terms. Some of these are abnormal in the presence of renal failure, are improved by dialysis treatment, may vary with the frequency of dialysis treatment and are often normalized by renal transplantation. Apparently similar EEG changes may be induced by other intercurrent influences occasionally operating in patients with renal failure. These can usually be readily detected but appear at this time to limit the potential usefulness of the EEG in those instances. However, especially using successive determinations in individual patients, the quantitative measure of slow-wave-associated EEG power is a reasonable candidate-measure of adequacy of dialysis. Other measures should be explored. 3) Quantitative measures of EEG phenomena appear to be superior in speed and objectivity to conventional, descriptive reporting of electroencephalograms, especially for the repetitive comparisons which are necessary for clinical patient monitoring. 4) The data system so far employed to transform EEG phenomena into clinically useful data (Fig. 1) will be greatly simplified as soon as the most informative, sensitive and specific measures are selected from among those being explored. Dedicated micro-processing equipment, for example, can then be expected to replace the much more expensive, multipurpose computer system which is necessary for the initial investigation.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic and other neurophysiological abnormalities in uremia. 1) Neurophysiological abnormalities in patients with renal failure are being investigated because a) it is the nervous system which preeminently produces the phenomena of clinical uremia that dialysis affects and b) objective quantitative measures of such functions are generally lacking and are needed to provide objective evidence for adequacy of dialysis and other treatment measures in uremic patients. Accordingly, the attempt is warranted to measure in objective terms what renal failure, alternatively maintenance dialysis, does to the patient's nervous system in the comprehensive terms and the several modalities by which the nervous system serves the patient. 2) It is clear from the foregoing presentation that electroencephalographic phenomena including some aspects of the spontaneous EEG and certain event-related potentials can be readily reduced to quantitative terms. Some of these are abnormal in the presence of renal failure, are improved by dialysis treatment, may vary with the frequency of dialysis treatment and are often normalized by renal transplantation. Apparently similar EEG changes may be induced by other intercurrent influences occasionally operating in patients with renal failure. These can usually be readily detected but appear at this time to limit the potential usefulness of the EEG in those instances. However, especially using successive determinations in individual patients, the quantitative measure of slow-wave-associated EEG power is a reasonable candidate-measure of adequacy of dialysis. Other measures should be explored. 3) Quantitative measures of EEG phenomena appear to be superior in speed and objectivity to conventional, descriptive reporting of electroencephalograms, especially for the repetitive comparisons which are necessary for clinical patient monitoring. 4) The data system so far employed to transform EEG phenomena into clinically useful data (Fig. 1) will be greatly simplified as soon as the most informative, sensitive and specific measures are selected from among those being explored. Dedicated micro-processing equipment, for example, can then be expected to replace the much more expensive, multipurpose computer system which is necessary for the initial investigation.", "PMID": 1057681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2283", "title": "Neurobehavioral dysfunction in uremia.", "content": "To summarize our concepts relating to impaired function of the mind in uremic patients before and during treatment with maintenance dialysis, the emphasis had gradually shifted from the use of \"static taxonomy\", the diagnostic labels of mental illness, to a more dynamic and sympathetic appreciation that the observed behaviors represent patients' attempts to cope with disease and threats of disability and death, as influenced by varying levels of intelligence, education, cultural conditioning, life experiences and organization of personality defense mechanisms. The dialysis patient is aware that his behavior evokes reciprocal and complicating responses from important people in his environment. These interactions are perceived and conducted by neurochemical mechanisms of the brain which may be impaired in the abnormal chemical environment imposed by renal failure. It is the behaviors we perceive as indicators of disordered nervous mechanisms. Therefore, it is logical that neurobehavioral phenomena should be measured quantitatively in order 1) to estimate objectively the patients' success in achieving the goal of maintenance dialysis treatment, 2) to assess the comparative adequacy of dialysis regimens and 3) to provide objective end-point measures which are relevant to uremia for further investigations of the etiology and pathogenesis of these critically significant uremic manifestations. Our experimental results using ipsitive cognition performance tasks clearly suggest that discrete human performances may be evoked and employed to detect mentational impairments of uremia in quantitative terms, a fundamental step having central relevance to what dialysis does in controlling uremic symptoms.", "contents": "Neurobehavioral dysfunction in uremia. To summarize our concepts relating to impaired function of the mind in uremic patients before and during treatment with maintenance dialysis, the emphasis had gradually shifted from the use of \"static taxonomy\", the diagnostic labels of mental illness, to a more dynamic and sympathetic appreciation that the observed behaviors represent patients' attempts to cope with disease and threats of disability and death, as influenced by varying levels of intelligence, education, cultural conditioning, life experiences and organization of personality defense mechanisms. The dialysis patient is aware that his behavior evokes reciprocal and complicating responses from important people in his environment. These interactions are perceived and conducted by neurochemical mechanisms of the brain which may be impaired in the abnormal chemical environment imposed by renal failure. It is the behaviors we perceive as indicators of disordered nervous mechanisms. Therefore, it is logical that neurobehavioral phenomena should be measured quantitatively in order 1) to estimate objectively the patients' success in achieving the goal of maintenance dialysis treatment, 2) to assess the comparative adequacy of dialysis regimens and 3) to provide objective end-point measures which are relevant to uremia for further investigations of the etiology and pathogenesis of these critically significant uremic manifestations. Our experimental results using ipsitive cognition performance tasks clearly suggest that discrete human performances may be evoked and employed to detect mentational impairments of uremia in quantitative terms, a fundamental step having central relevance to what dialysis does in controlling uremic symptoms.", "PMID": 1057682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2284", "title": "Recommendations for evaluation of the cardiovascular response of dialysis patients.", "content": "The minimum parameters, which I have stressed in the first section, should be measured at least once a week, as should the chest films, the films of the vessels and so on, plus the chemistries, probably when determined by the investigator. If we are going to compare program to program, these intervals should, of course, be synchronized. The more sophisticated parameters, which I have mentioned, should be measured perhaps only when specific areas are to be investigated because the number of things which we think need to be measured is, indeed, enormous for any one laboratory. Now, if such studies are to be carried out by a number of investigators, the standard form mentioned should be instituted and yearly meetings of such groups should be held to compare notes, and particularly the adequacy of the data obtained and the method of obtaining it. Initially perhaps, after the program is underway, if enough groups are actively involved, the first meeting probably should be held six months after the beginning of the evaluation. I realize what we have put forth here is ambitious. I think it is probably wise to put in as many things as possible which might be important, and then with a little rethinking time, obviously some of these things can be eliminated. To my knowledge, we have covered almost everything that needs to be covered, and what we need to do now, perhaps, is to thin this out a little bit with discussion and consultation.", "contents": "Recommendations for evaluation of the cardiovascular response of dialysis patients. The minimum parameters, which I have stressed in the first section, should be measured at least once a week, as should the chest films, the films of the vessels and so on, plus the chemistries, probably when determined by the investigator. If we are going to compare program to program, these intervals should, of course, be synchronized. The more sophisticated parameters, which I have mentioned, should be measured perhaps only when specific areas are to be investigated because the number of things which we think need to be measured is, indeed, enormous for any one laboratory. Now, if such studies are to be carried out by a number of investigators, the standard form mentioned should be instituted and yearly meetings of such groups should be held to compare notes, and particularly the adequacy of the data obtained and the method of obtaining it. Initially perhaps, after the program is underway, if enough groups are actively involved, the first meeting probably should be held six months after the beginning of the evaluation. I realize what we have put forth here is ambitious. I think it is probably wise to put in as many things as possible which might be important, and then with a little rethinking time, obviously some of these things can be eliminated. To my knowledge, we have covered almost everything that needs to be covered, and what we need to do now, perhaps, is to thin this out a little bit with discussion and consultation.", "PMID": 1057688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2285", "title": "Neurotoxicity in uremia.", "content": "The dialysis patient is aware that his behavior evokes reciprocal and complicating responses from important people in his environment. These interactions are perceived and conducted by neurochemical mechanisms which may be impaired in the abnormal chemical environment imposed in renal failure. It is the behaviors we comprehend as indicators of disordered nervous mechanisms. Therefore, it is logical that neurophysiological and neurobehavioral phenomena should be measured quantitatively in order 1) to estimate objectively the patients' success in achieving the goal of maintenance dialysis treatment, 2) to assess the comparative adequacy of dialysis regimens and 3) to provide objective endpoint measures which are relevant to uremia for further investigations of the etiology and pathogenesis of these critically significant uremic manifestations. Our experimental results illustrate that: 1) measures of conduction velocity, distal latency and response amplitudes, as employed by us, were relatively insensitive in the patients and circumstances studied; 2) several neurophysiological measures, i.e., the spontaneous EEG, VER latency and, perhaps, photic stimulation, on the other hand, are highly correlated with the severity of renal failure; 3) behavioral measures of sustained attention and alertness (TMT), of short-term memory (ASTM) and of cognitive manipulation of symbols (AR) are also highly correlated with the severity of renal failure; 4) some measured abnormalities improve following dialysis, but not always to normal--three residual impairments may indicate dialysis in adequacy; 5) several of these measures can provide objective evidence for adequacy of dialysis and other clinical and treatment effects in patients with renal failure.", "contents": "Neurotoxicity in uremia. The dialysis patient is aware that his behavior evokes reciprocal and complicating responses from important people in his environment. These interactions are perceived and conducted by neurochemical mechanisms which may be impaired in the abnormal chemical environment imposed in renal failure. It is the behaviors we comprehend as indicators of disordered nervous mechanisms. Therefore, it is logical that neurophysiological and neurobehavioral phenomena should be measured quantitatively in order 1) to estimate objectively the patients' success in achieving the goal of maintenance dialysis treatment, 2) to assess the comparative adequacy of dialysis regimens and 3) to provide objective endpoint measures which are relevant to uremia for further investigations of the etiology and pathogenesis of these critically significant uremic manifestations. Our experimental results illustrate that: 1) measures of conduction velocity, distal latency and response amplitudes, as employed by us, were relatively insensitive in the patients and circumstances studied; 2) several neurophysiological measures, i.e., the spontaneous EEG, VER latency and, perhaps, photic stimulation, on the other hand, are highly correlated with the severity of renal failure; 3) behavioral measures of sustained attention and alertness (TMT), of short-term memory (ASTM) and of cognitive manipulation of symbols (AR) are also highly correlated with the severity of renal failure; 4) some measured abnormalities improve following dialysis, but not always to normal--three residual impairments may indicate dialysis in adequacy; 5) several of these measures can provide objective evidence for adequacy of dialysis and other clinical and treatment effects in patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 1057711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2286", "title": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia after tuberculosis in a 8-year old greek boy with homozygous beta-thalassemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A greek boy is described in whom pulmonary tuberculosis and homozygous beta-thalassemia was discovered at 4 years of age. Tuberculosis was cured after 1 year of combined tuberculostatic chemotherapy. His thalassemia only required 1-2 blood transfusions per year. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was diagnosed in the patient at 8 years of age and treated with antileukemic combination chemotherapy and cranial irradiation. 7 months after diagnosis the boy is still in continuous complete remission under antileukemic chemotherapy without requiring blood transfusions.", "contents": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia after tuberculosis in a 8-year old greek boy with homozygous beta-thalassemia (author's transl)]. A greek boy is described in whom pulmonary tuberculosis and homozygous beta-thalassemia was discovered at 4 years of age. Tuberculosis was cured after 1 year of combined tuberculostatic chemotherapy. His thalassemia only required 1-2 blood transfusions per year. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was diagnosed in the patient at 8 years of age and treated with antileukemic combination chemotherapy and cranial irradiation. 7 months after diagnosis the boy is still in continuous complete remission under antileukemic chemotherapy without requiring blood transfusions.", "PMID": 1057723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2287", "title": "Modern trends in human genetics.", "content": "Every physician is deeply concerned with the tremendous advances in genetics during the last decade. Through 'gene surgery' DNA transplantation on both somatic and germinal tissue is feasible. Thus, genetic determinism is no longer ineluctable. Tissue culture is a tool to avoid cellular degeneration and achieve cellular immortality.Precise chromosome identification allows one to follow transmission from generation to generation, as well as human gene mapping. Through clinical and especially biochemical methods, genetic entities are dissected more accurately. Ecological genetics studies the risk inherent with drugs, radiations, chemicals and a myriad of environmental factors. On the other hand, behavioral genetics tend to specify the part of the genetic set in human behaviour. Computerized programmes are responsible for some significant advances in population genetics. Prenatal diagnosis, newborn screening programmes, heterozygote detection, and so on, and add a new dimension to genetic counseling. Knowing the part of inheritance in retinal affections, our speciality will greatly benefit from these recent advances in genetics.", "contents": "Modern trends in human genetics. Every physician is deeply concerned with the tremendous advances in genetics during the last decade. Through 'gene surgery' DNA transplantation on both somatic and germinal tissue is feasible. Thus, genetic determinism is no longer ineluctable. Tissue culture is a tool to avoid cellular degeneration and achieve cellular immortality.Precise chromosome identification allows one to follow transmission from generation to generation, as well as human gene mapping. Through clinical and especially biochemical methods, genetic entities are dissected more accurately. Ecological genetics studies the risk inherent with drugs, radiations, chemicals and a myriad of environmental factors. On the other hand, behavioral genetics tend to specify the part of the genetic set in human behaviour. Computerized programmes are responsible for some significant advances in population genetics. Prenatal diagnosis, newborn screening programmes, heterozygote detection, and so on, and add a new dimension to genetic counseling. Knowing the part of inheritance in retinal affections, our speciality will greatly benefit from these recent advances in genetics.", "PMID": 1057730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2288", "title": "Ligand-induced redistribution of lymphocyte membrane ganglioside GM1.", "content": "Dynamic aspects of the binding of cholera toxin to lymphocyte membranes have been studied. We have shown that the receptor for this ligand--the GM1 ganglioside--can be laterally redistributed into aggregates and caps. Exogenous purified GM1 inserted into GM1-deficient human leukaemic cells can undergo a similar pattern of ligand-induced mobilisation. These observations may have important implications for both the general behaviour of cell surface glycolipids and the mode of action of cholera toxin on adenyl cyclase.", "contents": "Ligand-induced redistribution of lymphocyte membrane ganglioside GM1. Dynamic aspects of the binding of cholera toxin to lymphocyte membranes have been studied. We have shown that the receptor for this ligand--the GM1 ganglioside--can be laterally redistributed into aggregates and caps. Exogenous purified GM1 inserted into GM1-deficient human leukaemic cells can undergo a similar pattern of ligand-induced mobilisation. These observations may have important implications for both the general behaviour of cell surface glycolipids and the mode of action of cholera toxin on adenyl cyclase.", "PMID": 1057731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2289", "title": "The adequacy of outpatient child psychiatric facilities?", "content": "An analysis was made of South Auckland cases referred to the Auckland child health clinic in 1972 and 1973, and a survey of the views of the doctors and others who refer to the clinic was undertaken. The aim of the study was to establish whether the child assessment and treatment needs of the South Auckland area are being met, and the conclusion of the authors was that they are not. Recommendations are made.", "contents": "The adequacy of outpatient child psychiatric facilities? An analysis was made of South Auckland cases referred to the Auckland child health clinic in 1972 and 1973, and a survey of the views of the doctors and others who refer to the clinic was undertaken. The aim of the study was to establish whether the child assessment and treatment needs of the South Auckland area are being met, and the conclusion of the authors was that they are not. Recommendations are made.", "PMID": 1057736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2290", "title": "Normal radiological renal size: simple estimation from single urogram series.", "content": "A normal range of kidney size can be defined from a single, technically adequate, excretory urogram series. Relation of kidney length to distance between L1 to L3 bodies inclusive gives a better indication of normal size, than comparison between kidney length and a single vertebra. The span of the normal range of kidney length to lumbar spine ratio is such that its application to a given radiological examination will be of marginal value.", "contents": "Normal radiological renal size: simple estimation from single urogram series. A normal range of kidney size can be defined from a single, technically adequate, excretory urogram series. Relation of kidney length to distance between L1 to L3 bodies inclusive gives a better indication of normal size, than comparison between kidney length and a single vertebra. The span of the normal range of kidney length to lumbar spine ratio is such that its application to a given radiological examination will be of marginal value.", "PMID": 1057737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2291", "title": "Prophylactic antibiotics in open heart surgery.", "content": "Two prophylactic antibiotic regimes were compared in 129 patients who had open heart surgery for mitral and/or aortic valve replacements at Guy's Hospital. The first group were prescribed cephalothin for five days beginning with premedication. The second group were prescribed the combination of cloxacillin and gentamicin for the same time. The incidence of minor infection was low. There was no statistical difference between the two antibiotic regimes. The major infections were due predominantly to Gram negative organisms and difficult to prevent by any prophylactic regime.", "contents": "Prophylactic antibiotics in open heart surgery. Two prophylactic antibiotic regimes were compared in 129 patients who had open heart surgery for mitral and/or aortic valve replacements at Guy's Hospital. The first group were prescribed cephalothin for five days beginning with premedication. The second group were prescribed the combination of cloxacillin and gentamicin for the same time. The incidence of minor infection was low. There was no statistical difference between the two antibiotic regimes. The major infections were due predominantly to Gram negative organisms and difficult to prevent by any prophylactic regime.", "PMID": 1057738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2292", "title": "Lung cancer diagnosis: evaluation of diagnostic techniques.", "content": "In 200 patients with histologically proven lung cancer, retrospective analysis of the relative diagnostic value of sputum cytology, bronchial washings cytology, bronchial biopsy, scalene node biopsy, mediastinoscopy and thoracotomy was undertaken. Bronchial biopsy proved positive in 80 percent of patients with central tumours (those lying between the origin of a main brochus and the origins of lobar segmental bronchi) against 35 percent of patients with peripheral tumours (those lying distal to the origins of the lobar segmental bronchi). Sputum cytology was positive in 27 percent of patients so investigated and bronchial washings cytology in 14 percent--both techniques being more effective with central tumours. Thoracotomy, as the sole method of obtaining histological confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, accounted for 20.5 percent of all cases, being used more often in patients with peripheral tumours. In 15 percent the first histologically positive result came from distal spread. The relative indications for needle biopsy and endobronchial fibroscopy are discussed.", "contents": "Lung cancer diagnosis: evaluation of diagnostic techniques. In 200 patients with histologically proven lung cancer, retrospective analysis of the relative diagnostic value of sputum cytology, bronchial washings cytology, bronchial biopsy, scalene node biopsy, mediastinoscopy and thoracotomy was undertaken. Bronchial biopsy proved positive in 80 percent of patients with central tumours (those lying between the origin of a main brochus and the origins of lobar segmental bronchi) against 35 percent of patients with peripheral tumours (those lying distal to the origins of the lobar segmental bronchi). Sputum cytology was positive in 27 percent of patients so investigated and bronchial washings cytology in 14 percent--both techniques being more effective with central tumours. Thoracotomy, as the sole method of obtaining histological confirmation of the clinical diagnosis, accounted for 20.5 percent of all cases, being used more often in patients with peripheral tumours. In 15 percent the first histologically positive result came from distal spread. The relative indications for needle biopsy and endobronchial fibroscopy are discussed.", "PMID": 1057739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2293", "title": "Unwanted corticosteroid effects in childhood bone marrow failure, renal failure and brain damage: case report.", "content": "The case report of the corticosteroid complication in an eight-year-old girl with immune thrombocytopenic purpura is presented. She was treated with high dosage corticosteroids and incurred severe side effects, including bone marrow depression, renal magnesium stones, osteoporosis, depression of affect, convulsions with cerebral damage and adrenal suppression.", "contents": "Unwanted corticosteroid effects in childhood bone marrow failure, renal failure and brain damage: case report. The case report of the corticosteroid complication in an eight-year-old girl with immune thrombocytopenic purpura is presented. She was treated with high dosage corticosteroids and incurred severe side effects, including bone marrow depression, renal magnesium stones, osteoporosis, depression of affect, convulsions with cerebral damage and adrenal suppression.", "PMID": 1057740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2294", "title": "Christchurch traffic trauma survey: Part 2, victims and statistics.", "content": "The results of a survey carried out at Christchurch Hospital examining the problem of traffic trauma are described. The majority of casualties were in the 15-24 age group and motorcyclists were especially prominent. The type and severity of injuries is discussed for each role, e.g., driver, passenger etc. The availability and use of safety equipment (seat belts and crash helmets) by the victims who came to hospital is also detailed. Accidents were found to occur predominantly (88 percent) in urban areas and very close to the victim's home.", "contents": "Christchurch traffic trauma survey: Part 2, victims and statistics. The results of a survey carried out at Christchurch Hospital examining the problem of traffic trauma are described. The majority of casualties were in the 15-24 age group and motorcyclists were especially prominent. The type and severity of injuries is discussed for each role, e.g., driver, passenger etc. The availability and use of safety equipment (seat belts and crash helmets) by the victims who came to hospital is also detailed. Accidents were found to occur predominantly (88 percent) in urban areas and very close to the victim's home.", "PMID": 1057745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2295", "title": "Estimation of maximal oxygen uptake in New Zealanders of three age groups.", "content": "An assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness has been made in New Zealanders of both sexes, in three age groups. Three separate methods were used to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) from observations during submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The nomogram of Astrand was inappropriate for the prediction of VO2 max in most groups: extrapolation of the submaximal data gave values essentially in agreement with those calculated from the formula of von Dobeln, Astrand, Bergstrom (1967). Mean VO2 max of each of the male groups was 40.31 ml/kg (adults); 43.54 ml/kg (university students) and 52.92 ml/kg (secondary school students). Corresponding values for females were 38.91 ml/kg, 46.64ml/kg and 42.87ml/kg. These values put young New Zealanders into a low fitness category compared with populations studied in Norway, Sweden, Japan, USA, Britain, Peru and Canada.", "contents": "Estimation of maximal oxygen uptake in New Zealanders of three age groups. An assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness has been made in New Zealanders of both sexes, in three age groups. Three separate methods were used to predict maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) from observations during submaximal exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The nomogram of Astrand was inappropriate for the prediction of VO2 max in most groups: extrapolation of the submaximal data gave values essentially in agreement with those calculated from the formula of von Dobeln, Astrand, Bergstrom (1967). Mean VO2 max of each of the male groups was 40.31 ml/kg (adults); 43.54 ml/kg (university students) and 52.92 ml/kg (secondary school students). Corresponding values for females were 38.91 ml/kg, 46.64ml/kg and 42.87ml/kg. These values put young New Zealanders into a low fitness category compared with populations studied in Norway, Sweden, Japan, USA, Britain, Peru and Canada.", "PMID": 1057746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2296", "title": "Antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections.", "content": "In this investigation Gram negative bacilli resistant to two or more antibiotics were isolated from 120 individuals with urinary tract infection. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were determined by the Kirby-Bauer paper disc method and by an agar-plate-dilution method capable of measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration at the level of antibiotic attainable in the renal interstitium and urine. The results have shown that with selected antibiotics up to 75 percent of the isolates resistant by standard disc procedures are sensitive at concentrations of antibiotic readily attainable in the urine. The implications of these results in relation to the therapy of urinary tract infection have been discussed and evidence presented that the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of selected antibiotics may be of considerable value in the management of urinary tract infections.", "contents": "Antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract infections. In this investigation Gram negative bacilli resistant to two or more antibiotics were isolated from 120 individuals with urinary tract infection. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns were determined by the Kirby-Bauer paper disc method and by an agar-plate-dilution method capable of measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration at the level of antibiotic attainable in the renal interstitium and urine. The results have shown that with selected antibiotics up to 75 percent of the isolates resistant by standard disc procedures are sensitive at concentrations of antibiotic readily attainable in the urine. The implications of these results in relation to the therapy of urinary tract infection have been discussed and evidence presented that the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of selected antibiotics may be of considerable value in the management of urinary tract infections.", "PMID": 1057747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2297", "title": "Treatment of anorexia nervosa.", "content": "Anorexia nervosa is a well-known syndrome occurring predominantly in adolescent girls, and characterised by amenorrhoea and gross weight loss due to self-induced restriction of food intake. The prognosis is poor but full recovery does occur as illustrated by long-term follow-up of 22 unselected patients, eight of whom have recovered to date. A definite treatment programme is recommended as likely to improve the prognosis. This consists of hospital admission for restoration of normal weight, combined with family intervention and continuing long-term individual psychotherapy. The hospital regime for weight restoration involves bed rest, refeeding by experienced nursing staff, and a situation where the patient has no opportuinty for avoiding weight gain but receives constant reassurance. Under these conditions restoration of full normal weight is achieved, as illustrated by 14 admissions to hospital with only one failure to acheive target weight.", "contents": "Treatment of anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is a well-known syndrome occurring predominantly in adolescent girls, and characterised by amenorrhoea and gross weight loss due to self-induced restriction of food intake. The prognosis is poor but full recovery does occur as illustrated by long-term follow-up of 22 unselected patients, eight of whom have recovered to date. A definite treatment programme is recommended as likely to improve the prognosis. This consists of hospital admission for restoration of normal weight, combined with family intervention and continuing long-term individual psychotherapy. The hospital regime for weight restoration involves bed rest, refeeding by experienced nursing staff, and a situation where the patient has no opportuinty for avoiding weight gain but receives constant reassurance. Under these conditions restoration of full normal weight is achieved, as illustrated by 14 admissions to hospital with only one failure to acheive target weight.", "PMID": 1057752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2298", "title": "Soleus rupture: a differential diagnosis of calf thrombosis.", "content": "Soleus rupture may present with clinical features similar to those of calf thrombosis. It is postulated that the signs are the result of compression of the posterior tibial vein as it passes through the narrow space adjacent to the fibrous origin of soleus. A distinctive venographic sign of compression of the posterior tibial vein by a soft tissue mass at the level of the origin of the soleus is described.", "contents": "Soleus rupture: a differential diagnosis of calf thrombosis. Soleus rupture may present with clinical features similar to those of calf thrombosis. It is postulated that the signs are the result of compression of the posterior tibial vein as it passes through the narrow space adjacent to the fibrous origin of soleus. A distinctive venographic sign of compression of the posterior tibial vein by a soft tissue mass at the level of the origin of the soleus is described.", "PMID": 1057753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2299", "title": "Attitudes of the public to medical care: Part 5-Para-medical services.", "content": "A sample of the population of Auckland and Dunedin was asked a series of six questions concerning their attitude to para-medical services as provided by a Plunket nurse; a public health or school nurse; a district nurse; a medico-social worker from a hospital and the ambulance service. Analysis of the replies shows some differences in utilisation of specific services comparing one city to the other. Respondents' opinions on the methods of financing these services show a general vote for preservation of the status quo but with some increased Government support. These are indications that the public is unaware of current methods of financing such services. Public acceptance of the idea of employment of trained nurses and social workers in general practice was high and when the question was made more specific by referring to the respondent's own family doctor the acceptance was much higher. Reasons for non-acceptance do not indicate any major difficulties in the employment of such staff in general practice, at least as far as the patients are concerned.", "contents": "Attitudes of the public to medical care: Part 5-Para-medical services. A sample of the population of Auckland and Dunedin was asked a series of six questions concerning their attitude to para-medical services as provided by a Plunket nurse; a public health or school nurse; a district nurse; a medico-social worker from a hospital and the ambulance service. Analysis of the replies shows some differences in utilisation of specific services comparing one city to the other. Respondents' opinions on the methods of financing these services show a general vote for preservation of the status quo but with some increased Government support. These are indications that the public is unaware of current methods of financing such services. Public acceptance of the idea of employment of trained nurses and social workers in general practice was high and when the question was made more specific by referring to the respondent's own family doctor the acceptance was much higher. Reasons for non-acceptance do not indicate any major difficulties in the employment of such staff in general practice, at least as far as the patients are concerned.", "PMID": 1057757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2300", "title": "Conjugated polyene fatty acids as membrane probes: preliminary characterization.", "content": "The use of fluorescent conjugated polyenoic fatty acids as probes of membrane structure is introduced. alpha- and beta-parinaric acid (cis, trans, trans, cis-, and all trans-9,11,13,15-octadecatetraenoic acid) and synthetic lecithins containing an alpha-parinaric acid chain in position 2 are prepared and their absorption and fluorescence properties are determined. Phase transitions are detected as fluorescence changes at characteristic temperatures when either the free fatty acid probes or the labeled phospholipid probe are included in sonicated aqueous dispersions of L-alpha-dimyristoyl lecithin, L-alpha dipalmitoyl lecithin, or L-alpha-distearoyl lecithin. The phase transitions are detected at about 23 degrees C (dimyristoyl), 44 degrees C (dipalmitoyl), and 53 degrees C (distearoyl lecithin). Binding of alpha-parinaric acid to bovine serum albumin is measured by shifts in the absorption spectrum and enhanced quantum yield of the fatty acid upon binding and by energy transfer between 2 tryptophyl residues in bovine serum albumin and alpha-parinaric acid. Approximately six binding sites are detected. Other applications of these probe molecules, including phase transitions of phospholipid/cholesterol dispersions, induced circular dichroism of parinaric acid bound to albumin, and biosynthetic incorporation of parinaric acid into biological membranes, are discussed.", "contents": "Conjugated polyene fatty acids as membrane probes: preliminary characterization. The use of fluorescent conjugated polyenoic fatty acids as probes of membrane structure is introduced. alpha- and beta-parinaric acid (cis, trans, trans, cis-, and all trans-9,11,13,15-octadecatetraenoic acid) and synthetic lecithins containing an alpha-parinaric acid chain in position 2 are prepared and their absorption and fluorescence properties are determined. Phase transitions are detected as fluorescence changes at characteristic temperatures when either the free fatty acid probes or the labeled phospholipid probe are included in sonicated aqueous dispersions of L-alpha-dimyristoyl lecithin, L-alpha dipalmitoyl lecithin, or L-alpha-distearoyl lecithin. The phase transitions are detected at about 23 degrees C (dimyristoyl), 44 degrees C (dipalmitoyl), and 53 degrees C (distearoyl lecithin). Binding of alpha-parinaric acid to bovine serum albumin is measured by shifts in the absorption spectrum and enhanced quantum yield of the fatty acid upon binding and by energy transfer between 2 tryptophyl residues in bovine serum albumin and alpha-parinaric acid. Approximately six binding sites are detected. Other applications of these probe molecules, including phase transitions of phospholipid/cholesterol dispersions, induced circular dichroism of parinaric acid bound to albumin, and biosynthetic incorporation of parinaric acid into biological membranes, are discussed.", "PMID": 1057769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2301", "title": "Human gene expression in rodent cells after uptake of isolated metaphase chromosomes.", "content": "Permanent transfer of genetic information from chromosomes isolated from human diploid cells to recipient cells has been demonstrated. Human metaphase chromosomes were incubated with mouse A9 fibroblasts deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7). Colonies of cells containing hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase appeared during growth in a selective medium. The hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene product in four independent colonies was identified as human donor species by both gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing; hence these colonies did not result from reversion of ta9 parental cells. Other X-linked human genes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate:NAD(+) 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) and phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3), were not expressed in these same colonies. Dissociation of expression of these X-linked genes probably results from chromosomal fragmentation during uptake, but other mechanisms have not been excluded.", "contents": "Human gene expression in rodent cells after uptake of isolated metaphase chromosomes. Permanent transfer of genetic information from chromosomes isolated from human diploid cells to recipient cells has been demonstrated. Human metaphase chromosomes were incubated with mouse A9 fibroblasts deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8) and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (AMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.7). Colonies of cells containing hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase appeared during growth in a selective medium. The hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene product in four independent colonies was identified as human donor species by both gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing; hence these colonies did not result from reversion of ta9 parental cells. Other X-linked human genes, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate:NAD(+) 1-oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.49) and phosphoglycerate kinase (ATP:3-phospho-D-glycerate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.3), were not expressed in these same colonies. Dissociation of expression of these X-linked genes probably results from chromosomal fragmentation during uptake, but other mechanisms have not been excluded.", "PMID": 1057770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2302", "title": "Distribution and virogenic effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in synchronized rat embryo cells.", "content": "Rat embryo cell cultures were synchronized by a double thymidine block. The DNA replication phase (S) was divided into an early, middle, and late period. Cell cultures in the early, middle, or late S phase were pulsed with 0.1 muM 5-bromo[(3)H]deoxyuridine (BrdU) or equimolar [(3)H]dT. DNA-DNA reassociation experiments of each sample revealed that [(3)H]BrdU was more concentrated in the intermediate repetitive than the repetitive or unique DNA sequences of the early and middle S phase. In contrast, [(3)H]dT was nearly uniformly jistributed throughout all nucleotide sequences during the entire S phase. synchronized rat cells were pulsed during various portions of the S phase with unlabeled 0.1 mM or 0.1 muM BrdU and examined for sytoplasmic immumofluorescence against the 30,000 molecular weight group-specific antigen (p30) of Friend mouse leukemia virus. Equally strong fluorescence was detected 12 hr later in cells treated with each concentration of BrdU. Furthermore, incorporation of BrdU during late S phase was suffieient to elicit maximal antigen expression.", "contents": "Distribution and virogenic effects of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in synchronized rat embryo cells. Rat embryo cell cultures were synchronized by a double thymidine block. The DNA replication phase (S) was divided into an early, middle, and late period. Cell cultures in the early, middle, or late S phase were pulsed with 0.1 muM 5-bromo[(3)H]deoxyuridine (BrdU) or equimolar [(3)H]dT. DNA-DNA reassociation experiments of each sample revealed that [(3)H]BrdU was more concentrated in the intermediate repetitive than the repetitive or unique DNA sequences of the early and middle S phase. In contrast, [(3)H]dT was nearly uniformly jistributed throughout all nucleotide sequences during the entire S phase. synchronized rat cells were pulsed during various portions of the S phase with unlabeled 0.1 mM or 0.1 muM BrdU and examined for sytoplasmic immumofluorescence against the 30,000 molecular weight group-specific antigen (p30) of Friend mouse leukemia virus. Equally strong fluorescence was detected 12 hr later in cells treated with each concentration of BrdU. Furthermore, incorporation of BrdU during late S phase was suffieient to elicit maximal antigen expression.", "PMID": 1057771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2303", "title": "Coezyme A requirement of malaria parasites: effects of coenzyme A precursors on extracellular development in vitro of Plasmodium lophurae.", "content": "The extracellular development in vitro of the avian malaria Plasmodium lophurae is favored by addition to the medium of coenzyme A at 0.05 mM. Coenzyme A can be replaced by dephospho-coenzyme A and to some extent by phosphopantetheine, but not by phosphopantothenoylcysteine or by phosphopantothenic acid. The activity of the two former precursors results from their conversion to coenzyme A by enzymes in the erythrocyte extract of the culture medium in the presence of ATP, also an essential ingredient of the medium. Hence, P. lophurae in its erythrocytic stage has an absolute requirement for an exogenous source of coenzyme A.", "contents": "Coezyme A requirement of malaria parasites: effects of coenzyme A precursors on extracellular development in vitro of Plasmodium lophurae. The extracellular development in vitro of the avian malaria Plasmodium lophurae is favored by addition to the medium of coenzyme A at 0.05 mM. Coenzyme A can be replaced by dephospho-coenzyme A and to some extent by phosphopantetheine, but not by phosphopantothenoylcysteine or by phosphopantothenic acid. The activity of the two former precursors results from their conversion to coenzyme A by enzymes in the erythrocyte extract of the culture medium in the presence of ATP, also an essential ingredient of the medium. Hence, P. lophurae in its erythrocytic stage has an absolute requirement for an exogenous source of coenzyme A.", "PMID": 1057772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2304", "title": "Cell-division factors from Vinca rosca L. crown gall tumor tissue.", "content": "A cell-division factor has been precipitated from extracts of cultured Vinca rosea L. crown gall tumor tissue by using the mercuric acetate procedure previously employed by Wood and colleagues to obtain their \"cytokinesin I.\" On the basis of its mass spectrum, ultraviolet light absorbancy spectra, solubilities, chromatographic migration values, and growth activity, the factor is ribosyl-trans-zeatin, that is, 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-trans-2-butenylamino)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. Ribosylzeatin has now been isolated from tumor tissue by four experimental techniques; any possibility that it is an artifact seems to have been eliminated. Contrary to the report by Wood and colleagues, synthetic ribosylzeatin is precipitated from an aqueous solution by mercuric acetate, provided the complete precipitation procedure is utilized. These facts and others discussed strongly support our suggestion that ribosylzeatin was present in the preparation (\"cytokinesin I\") examined by Wood and colleagues in several biological assays. The reasons advanced by Wood and others for rejecting this suggestion have been found either not to be pertinent to the question or to have insufficient experimental bases.", "contents": "Cell-division factors from Vinca rosca L. crown gall tumor tissue. A cell-division factor has been precipitated from extracts of cultured Vinca rosea L. crown gall tumor tissue by using the mercuric acetate procedure previously employed by Wood and colleagues to obtain their \"cytokinesin I.\" On the basis of its mass spectrum, ultraviolet light absorbancy spectra, solubilities, chromatographic migration values, and growth activity, the factor is ribosyl-trans-zeatin, that is, 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-trans-2-butenylamino)-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine. Ribosylzeatin has now been isolated from tumor tissue by four experimental techniques; any possibility that it is an artifact seems to have been eliminated. Contrary to the report by Wood and colleagues, synthetic ribosylzeatin is precipitated from an aqueous solution by mercuric acetate, provided the complete precipitation procedure is utilized. These facts and others discussed strongly support our suggestion that ribosylzeatin was present in the preparation (\"cytokinesin I\") examined by Wood and colleagues in several biological assays. The reasons advanced by Wood and others for rejecting this suggestion have been found either not to be pertinent to the question or to have insufficient experimental bases.", "PMID": 1057773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2305", "title": "Relationship between sterol synthesis and DNA synthesis in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "Incubation of peripheral blood or isolated lymphocytes of C57L/J mice with phytohemagglutinin stimulated the incorporation of thymidine into DNA of lymphocytes as they transformed into large lymphoblasts. DNA synthesis began after about 24 hr of incubation and reached a peak at 48 hours. The de-novo synthesis of sterols from acetate was stimulated much earlier, at 4 hr of incubation, and the rate reached a maximum at 24 hr, approximately at the time DNA synthesis began. Rates of incorporation of radioactivity from [14-C]acetate into fatty acids and into CO2 by phytohemagglutinin-treated blood were not significantly different from control values. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of sterol synthesis could be abolished by the addition of certain oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (e.g., 25-hydroxycholesterol and 20alpha-hydroxycholesterol) which specifically depress the activity of the regulatory enzyme in the sterol synthesis pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase [mevalonate:NADP-nOXIDOREDUCTASE (CoA acylating); EC 1.1.1.34]. This treatment also abolished DNA synthesis and blastogenesis which otherwise followed the peak of sterol synthesis. Furthermore, DNA synthesis was repressed only if the inhibitor was added early enough to prevent sterol synthesis from reaching its usual maximum. When the compound was added after the rate of sterol synthesis had reached its maximum, DNA synthesis was not affected. These findings suggest that the synthesis of cholesterol is an essential prerequisite for successful initiation and completion of the cell cycle in lymphocytes after phytohemagglutinin activation.", "contents": "Relationship between sterol synthesis and DNA synthesis in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated mouse lymphocytes. Incubation of peripheral blood or isolated lymphocytes of C57L/J mice with phytohemagglutinin stimulated the incorporation of thymidine into DNA of lymphocytes as they transformed into large lymphoblasts. DNA synthesis began after about 24 hr of incubation and reached a peak at 48 hours. The de-novo synthesis of sterols from acetate was stimulated much earlier, at 4 hr of incubation, and the rate reached a maximum at 24 hr, approximately at the time DNA synthesis began. Rates of incorporation of radioactivity from [14-C]acetate into fatty acids and into CO2 by phytohemagglutinin-treated blood were not significantly different from control values. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation of sterol synthesis could be abolished by the addition of certain oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol (e.g., 25-hydroxycholesterol and 20alpha-hydroxycholesterol) which specifically depress the activity of the regulatory enzyme in the sterol synthesis pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase [mevalonate:NADP-nOXIDOREDUCTASE (CoA acylating); EC 1.1.1.34]. This treatment also abolished DNA synthesis and blastogenesis which otherwise followed the peak of sterol synthesis. Furthermore, DNA synthesis was repressed only if the inhibitor was added early enough to prevent sterol synthesis from reaching its usual maximum. When the compound was added after the rate of sterol synthesis had reached its maximum, DNA synthesis was not affected. These findings suggest that the synthesis of cholesterol is an essential prerequisite for successful initiation and completion of the cell cycle in lymphocytes after phytohemagglutinin activation.", "PMID": 1057774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2306", "title": "Formation of cholinergic synapses between dissociated sympathetic neurons and skeletal myotubes of the rat in cell culture.", "content": "Sympathetic principal neurons, dissociated from superior cervical ganglia of newborn rats, were plated into cultures containing rat skeletal myotubes formed from previously plated primary myoblasts. Electrophysiological evidence is presented that the neurons developed cholinergic synapses with the myotubes. In addition, the neurons developed cholinergic synapses with each other as previously reported [O'Lague et al. (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 3602-3606]. The acetylcholine receptors of myotubes differed from those of the neurons in their sensitivities to curare and hexamethonium, in a manner expected of adult muscle and ganglionic receptors. alpha-Bungarotoxin blocked synaptic transmission from neuron to myotube, but not from neuron to neuron in the same culture.", "contents": "Formation of cholinergic synapses between dissociated sympathetic neurons and skeletal myotubes of the rat in cell culture. Sympathetic principal neurons, dissociated from superior cervical ganglia of newborn rats, were plated into cultures containing rat skeletal myotubes formed from previously plated primary myoblasts. Electrophysiological evidence is presented that the neurons developed cholinergic synapses with the myotubes. In addition, the neurons developed cholinergic synapses with each other as previously reported [O'Lague et al. (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 3602-3606]. The acetylcholine receptors of myotubes differed from those of the neurons in their sensitivities to curare and hexamethonium, in a manner expected of adult muscle and ganglionic receptors. alpha-Bungarotoxin blocked synaptic transmission from neuron to myotube, but not from neuron to neuron in the same culture.", "PMID": 1057775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2307", "title": "Gastric pathology produced by hypothalamic lesions in rats.", "content": "Rats made aphagic and adipsic by damage to the lateral hypothalamus develop gastric lesions and lose body weight excessively over a four day period. Control observations indicate that these effects cannot be accounted for by food and water deprivation or by operative trauma. The possibility that gastric lesions may contribute to aphagia or anorexia is discussed.", "contents": "Gastric pathology produced by hypothalamic lesions in rats. Rats made aphagic and adipsic by damage to the lateral hypothalamus develop gastric lesions and lose body weight excessively over a four day period. Control observations indicate that these effects cannot be accounted for by food and water deprivation or by operative trauma. The possibility that gastric lesions may contribute to aphagia or anorexia is discussed.", "PMID": 1057776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2308", "title": "[Fibrous dysplasia and a cementofibroma in a child].", "content": "The authors present a case of odontogenic tumour occuring at birth. Its origin seems to be an early modification of the ectomesenchyme. The course of the disease may be followed by lines within the dentin traced by courses of tetracycline during the first few years of life.", "contents": "[Fibrous dysplasia and a cementofibroma in a child]. The authors present a case of odontogenic tumour occuring at birth. Its origin seems to be an early modification of the ectomesenchyme. The course of the disease may be followed by lines within the dentin traced by courses of tetracycline during the first few years of life.", "PMID": 1057781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2309", "title": "[2 new methods of retention in sagittal osteotomy of the ascending ramus].", "content": "The authors present two techniques designed to ensure contact between the two bone cortical plates in sagittal osteotomy of the superior ramus of the mandible used in the correction of prognathia and retrognathia. The first technique requires the use of a special suture guide, designed to aid in steel wire osteosynthesis. The second involves a bolt fixed by a screw, the role of which is to keep the external cortex applied against the medial fragment.", "contents": "[2 new methods of retention in sagittal osteotomy of the ascending ramus]. The authors present two techniques designed to ensure contact between the two bone cortical plates in sagittal osteotomy of the superior ramus of the mandible used in the correction of prognathia and retrognathia. The first technique requires the use of a special suture guide, designed to aid in steel wire osteosynthesis. The second involves a bolt fixed by a screw, the role of which is to keep the external cortex applied against the medial fragment.", "PMID": 1057782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2310", "title": "[Prosthetic problems after excisional surgery].", "content": "The authors present a few cases maxillary and facial reconstruction with restoration of the esthetic appearance, mastication and phonation, using the obturator muscles and prostheses made up of acrylic resin and silicone elastomers.", "contents": "[Prosthetic problems after excisional surgery]. The authors present a few cases maxillary and facial reconstruction with restoration of the esthetic appearance, mastication and phonation, using the obturator muscles and prostheses made up of acrylic resin and silicone elastomers.", "PMID": 1057783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2311", "title": "[Abnormal inclinations of the alveolar process; incidence of total forms].", "content": "Statistics from 1500 orthodontic cases confirm the frequency of total clinical forms of inclination abnormalities of the alveolar processes. The results obtained emphasize the importance of teleradiography of the head in a vertical position, the X-rays being directed perpendicularly in the direction of the plane of bite of the molars, completing in a transverse direction the morphological examinations begun by teleradiographies of the side of the face.", "contents": "[Abnormal inclinations of the alveolar process; incidence of total forms]. Statistics from 1500 orthodontic cases confirm the frequency of total clinical forms of inclination abnormalities of the alveolar processes. The results obtained emphasize the importance of teleradiography of the head in a vertical position, the X-rays being directed perpendicularly in the direction of the plane of bite of the molars, completing in a transverse direction the morphological examinations begun by teleradiographies of the side of the face.", "PMID": 1057784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2312", "title": "Prolonged in vitro closure of the mouse secondary palate by salicylates.", "content": "In organ culture sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid in a 1.4 mM concentration caused prolongation of the time needed for the closure of the mouse secondary palate. The response of Strain A and the hybrids CBA X A was more distinct than that of Strain CBA. The mitotic rate, calculated from serial sections, was significantly reduced in the salicylate-treated shelves in both strains. The extrapolation of the results to an in vivo situation is discussed in the light of different theories of the mechanism of cleft palate formation.", "contents": "Prolonged in vitro closure of the mouse secondary palate by salicylates. In organ culture sodium salicylate and acetylsalicylic acid in a 1.4 mM concentration caused prolongation of the time needed for the closure of the mouse secondary palate. The response of Strain A and the hybrids CBA X A was more distinct than that of Strain CBA. The mitotic rate, calculated from serial sections, was significantly reduced in the salicylate-treated shelves in both strains. The extrapolation of the results to an in vivo situation is discussed in the light of different theories of the mechanism of cleft palate formation.", "PMID": 1057785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2313", "title": "Dose and age dependent variations in effect of tetracycline on enamel formation in rat.", "content": "Incidence of rats with gross enamel lesions in response to tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) was studied in relationship to age, tooth type, and concentration of antibiotic in the injection fluid. Incidence was defined as percentage of animals with defects in at least one incisor or one molar. Serum levels were measured at various intervals in 4- and 75-day-old rats, which received a single i.p. injection with 130 mg/kg bw in concentrations of either 13 or 25 mg/ml saline. The study confirmed that the effect of TC on enamel varied with age of the animal and that the molar responded more readily than the incisor. Furthermore, the incidence was higher the higher the concentration of antibiotic. This effect appeared tied to a direct relationship between concentration and serum level. Serum levels declined more slowly in the younger than in the older rats, resulting in significantly higher levels 6, 24 and 48 h after dosing, which correlated with a more extensive labeling of the dentin in the young rats. The possible roles of serum levels, capillary supply and cell susceptibility are discussed in relation to differences in response with animal age, between tooth types, tooth surfaces and with age of the secretory cells.", "contents": "Dose and age dependent variations in effect of tetracycline on enamel formation in rat. Incidence of rats with gross enamel lesions in response to tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) was studied in relationship to age, tooth type, and concentration of antibiotic in the injection fluid. Incidence was defined as percentage of animals with defects in at least one incisor or one molar. Serum levels were measured at various intervals in 4- and 75-day-old rats, which received a single i.p. injection with 130 mg/kg bw in concentrations of either 13 or 25 mg/ml saline. The study confirmed that the effect of TC on enamel varied with age of the animal and that the molar responded more readily than the incisor. Furthermore, the incidence was higher the higher the concentration of antibiotic. This effect appeared tied to a direct relationship between concentration and serum level. Serum levels declined more slowly in the younger than in the older rats, resulting in significantly higher levels 6, 24 and 48 h after dosing, which correlated with a more extensive labeling of the dentin in the young rats. The possible roles of serum levels, capillary supply and cell susceptibility are discussed in relation to differences in response with animal age, between tooth types, tooth surfaces and with age of the secretory cells.", "PMID": 1057786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2314", "title": "Effect of oxytetracycline and purified calcein (DCAF) on the apposition and mineralization of rat incisor dentin.", "content": "Thirty male rats in groups of ten were given intraperitoneal injections of oxytetracycline and purified calcein (DCAF) every day for 10 d in order to determine whether these fluorescent hard tissue markers per se had any adverse effects on weight development and dentin apposition and mineralization. It was found that oxytetracycline and DCAF in doses of 15 mg/kg, which are the routine doses used by the author in hard tissue studies, do not seem to have any measurable influence on these parameters, while their ability to cause fluorescence is fully satisfying in dentin as well as in bone.", "contents": "Effect of oxytetracycline and purified calcein (DCAF) on the apposition and mineralization of rat incisor dentin. Thirty male rats in groups of ten were given intraperitoneal injections of oxytetracycline and purified calcein (DCAF) every day for 10 d in order to determine whether these fluorescent hard tissue markers per se had any adverse effects on weight development and dentin apposition and mineralization. It was found that oxytetracycline and DCAF in doses of 15 mg/kg, which are the routine doses used by the author in hard tissue studies, do not seem to have any measurable influence on these parameters, while their ability to cause fluorescence is fully satisfying in dentin as well as in bone.", "PMID": 1057787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2315", "title": "Clinical kinesthetic experiments on the lateral pterygoid muscle and temporomandibular joint in man.", "content": "The possible kinesthetic function of proprioceptors in the lateral pterygoid muscle was clinically assessed after anesthesia of muscle and temporomandibular joint receptors, respectively. A mandibular posture was actively and repetitively produced with an average accuracy of 2.5 mm, while the accuracy decreased by about two-fold after narcotization. It is suggested that muscle spindles in the lateral pterygoid muscle as well as mechanoreceptors in the temporomandibular joint capsule are active in the perception and/or control of mandibular postures.", "contents": "Clinical kinesthetic experiments on the lateral pterygoid muscle and temporomandibular joint in man. The possible kinesthetic function of proprioceptors in the lateral pterygoid muscle was clinically assessed after anesthesia of muscle and temporomandibular joint receptors, respectively. A mandibular posture was actively and repetitively produced with an average accuracy of 2.5 mm, while the accuracy decreased by about two-fold after narcotization. It is suggested that muscle spindles in the lateral pterygoid muscle as well as mechanoreceptors in the temporomandibular joint capsule are active in the perception and/or control of mandibular postures.", "PMID": 1057788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2316", "title": "Creep of dental amalgam.", "content": "The steady-state creep rates of dental amalgams were measured and the creep rates were correlated with the microstructure of the amalgams. The influence of manipulation variables on creep rate and microstructure are evaluated. The samples were either mechanically or hand triturated, hand condensed, and stored at 20 degrees C for 7 d. The specimens were subjected to a constant tensile load for 24 h, and the elongation was measured with a displacement transducer. The smallest creep rate was found on a spherical amalgam, and the highest on an amalgam made from a preamalgamated fine grain alloy. A correlation between microstructure and creep rate could be demonstrated. The amount of gamma2 phase did not seem to influence the creep rate. Amalgams that had large closely packed gamma particles surrounded by a small volume fraction of gamma1 phase exhibited a low creep rate. Amalgams that had small broken up gamma particles surrounded by a large volume fraction of gamma1 exhibited a high creep rate. Abusive manipulation of lathe-cut amalgam alloys resulted in high creep rates, small broken up gamma particles and a high volume fraction of gamma1.", "contents": "Creep of dental amalgam. The steady-state creep rates of dental amalgams were measured and the creep rates were correlated with the microstructure of the amalgams. The influence of manipulation variables on creep rate and microstructure are evaluated. The samples were either mechanically or hand triturated, hand condensed, and stored at 20 degrees C for 7 d. The specimens were subjected to a constant tensile load for 24 h, and the elongation was measured with a displacement transducer. The smallest creep rate was found on a spherical amalgam, and the highest on an amalgam made from a preamalgamated fine grain alloy. A correlation between microstructure and creep rate could be demonstrated. The amount of gamma2 phase did not seem to influence the creep rate. Amalgams that had large closely packed gamma particles surrounded by a small volume fraction of gamma1 phase exhibited a low creep rate. Amalgams that had small broken up gamma particles surrounded by a large volume fraction of gamma1 exhibited a high creep rate. Abusive manipulation of lathe-cut amalgam alloys resulted in high creep rates, small broken up gamma particles and a high volume fraction of gamma1.", "PMID": 1057789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2317", "title": "Morphology of growing bone surfaces.", "content": "The relation between bone surface patterns and the rate of bone formation and destruction was studied by observing surface sections and ground sections. The material used consisted of the dried skulls of three pigs. Observations on surface sections revealed two prinicipal types of bone surface patterns, i.e. a type characterized by smoothness and regularity and a type characterized by roughness and irregularity. Observations on corresponding ground sections revealed that these patterns represent appositional surfaces and resorptive surfaces, respectively. Within each type of surface pattern, variations occurred. As judged from the corresponding ground section, these variations might express variations in growth rates.", "contents": "Morphology of growing bone surfaces. The relation between bone surface patterns and the rate of bone formation and destruction was studied by observing surface sections and ground sections. The material used consisted of the dried skulls of three pigs. Observations on surface sections revealed two prinicipal types of bone surface patterns, i.e. a type characterized by smoothness and regularity and a type characterized by roughness and irregularity. Observations on corresponding ground sections revealed that these patterns represent appositional surfaces and resorptive surfaces, respectively. Within each type of surface pattern, variations occurred. As judged from the corresponding ground section, these variations might express variations in growth rates.", "PMID": 1057790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2318", "title": "Graded gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer -- a five-year prospective study.", "content": "One hundred and twelve consecutive patients selected for surgical treatment for duodenal ulcer disease were treated by a graded gastrectomy according to the Moynihan modification of the Billroth II partial gastrectomy. A large partial gastrectomy (R) (2/3-3/4 gastrectomy) was done in patients who after maximal stimulation with histamine showed a high acid output (MAO greater than 30 mEa/hr), and a small resection (r) (1/3-1/2 gastrectomy) in low secretors (MAO less than 30 mEq/hr). The material was prospectively controlled by admission to hospital at 3 months, 1 year and 5 years postoperatively. The preoperative values of MAO found in R and r were 42.8 and 21.5 mEq/hr (p less than 0.001), respectively. The postoperative MAO values at the 3-month control were 4.5 and 3.0 mEq/hr by R and r, respectively, which shows that the grading of resection had been successful. Atrophic gastritis increased in frequency from 4% at the time of operation to 72% at the 1-year control...", "contents": "Graded gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer -- a five-year prospective study. One hundred and twelve consecutive patients selected for surgical treatment for duodenal ulcer disease were treated by a graded gastrectomy according to the Moynihan modification of the Billroth II partial gastrectomy. A large partial gastrectomy (R) (2/3-3/4 gastrectomy) was done in patients who after maximal stimulation with histamine showed a high acid output (MAO greater than 30 mEa/hr), and a small resection (r) (1/3-1/2 gastrectomy) in low secretors (MAO less than 30 mEq/hr). The material was prospectively controlled by admission to hospital at 3 months, 1 year and 5 years postoperatively. The preoperative values of MAO found in R and r were 42.8 and 21.5 mEq/hr (p less than 0.001), respectively. The postoperative MAO values at the 3-month control were 4.5 and 3.0 mEq/hr by R and r, respectively, which shows that the grading of resection had been successful. Atrophic gastritis increased in frequency from 4% at the time of operation to 72% at the 1-year control...", "PMID": 1057791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2319", "title": "[The development of the filiform papillae in the human tongue].", "content": "Filiform papillae are described in a 4-month-old fetus, in premature children (22-36 weeks) and in children who died soon after birth. Under the scanning electron microscope papillae filiformes often displayed tubercles appearing either independently or arising near the base of the tongue from obliquely running ridges dividing afterwards into tubercles. Some SEM specimens showed further development of papillae from tubercles and cylindrical papillae into papillae quite similar to those found in a fully developed tongue. They were however significantly smaller. Filiform papillae are more varied in the stage of development than in the fully developed tongue, because developmental stages could be observed here. We could also see spheroid papillae with tiny processes on the top or large scales on the circumference besides the above mentioned formations. Even places with \"hairs\" resembling those of the hair-tongue were found. These atypical findings were most likely pathological changes resulting from hypoxia before death.", "contents": "[The development of the filiform papillae in the human tongue]. Filiform papillae are described in a 4-month-old fetus, in premature children (22-36 weeks) and in children who died soon after birth. Under the scanning electron microscope papillae filiformes often displayed tubercles appearing either independently or arising near the base of the tongue from obliquely running ridges dividing afterwards into tubercles. Some SEM specimens showed further development of papillae from tubercles and cylindrical papillae into papillae quite similar to those found in a fully developed tongue. They were however significantly smaller. Filiform papillae are more varied in the stage of development than in the fully developed tongue, because developmental stages could be observed here. We could also see spheroid papillae with tiny processes on the top or large scales on the circumference besides the above mentioned formations. Even places with \"hairs\" resembling those of the hair-tongue were found. These atypical findings were most likely pathological changes resulting from hypoxia before death.", "PMID": 1057793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2320", "title": "[The Centric relation. II. Volumetric variations during the mounting of models on the articulator].", "content": "When mounting models on the articulator there is some possibility of error due to the expansion of plaster during the setting period. If one does not pay attention to this expansion, one can observe an opening in between the arms of the articulator. In order to minimize expansion one must: -- increase the W/P ratio -- decrease the amount of plaster used for mounting the models The expansion modifies the reference plane and this is important only in case of remountings.", "contents": "[The Centric relation. II. Volumetric variations during the mounting of models on the articulator]. When mounting models on the articulator there is some possibility of error due to the expansion of plaster during the setting period. If one does not pay attention to this expansion, one can observe an opening in between the arms of the articulator. In order to minimize expansion one must: -- increase the W/P ratio -- decrease the amount of plaster used for mounting the models The expansion modifies the reference plane and this is important only in case of remountings.", "PMID": 1057794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2321", "title": "[The uptake of oxygen and glucose by the gingiva in diabetes mellitus with various forms of periodontal diseases].", "content": "Gingiva biopsy samples from healthy individuals and from diabetics with different forms of periodontal disease were incubated in the Warburg apparatus for 2 hours. Considerable reduction in oxygen consumption and glucose uptake was found in each type of periodontal disease, the most marked reduction being stated in case of parodontopathia dystrophica. The extent of the metabolic disturbance as well as the appearence of periodontal disease correlated with the duration of diabetes on the one hand with the frequency and severity of diabetic retinopathy on the other hand.", "contents": "[The uptake of oxygen and glucose by the gingiva in diabetes mellitus with various forms of periodontal diseases]. Gingiva biopsy samples from healthy individuals and from diabetics with different forms of periodontal disease were incubated in the Warburg apparatus for 2 hours. Considerable reduction in oxygen consumption and glucose uptake was found in each type of periodontal disease, the most marked reduction being stated in case of parodontopathia dystrophica. The extent of the metabolic disturbance as well as the appearence of periodontal disease correlated with the duration of diabetes on the one hand with the frequency and severity of diabetic retinopathy on the other hand.", "PMID": 1057798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2322", "title": "[A quantitative method for the measurement of the marginal space using Ca45].", "content": "A survey of the most known methods of testing for marginal fit is followed by the description of the determination of marginal leakage by means of autoradiography. 45Ca was used as a radioactive isotope. The most favourable times of penetration and exposure are indicated. Provided that certain standards are respected, the magnified autoradiograms may be measured and the values obtained can be used for comparisons. The applicability and the error range of the method were tested in 2 series of Super-Syntrex fillings.", "contents": "[A quantitative method for the measurement of the marginal space using Ca45]. A survey of the most known methods of testing for marginal fit is followed by the description of the determination of marginal leakage by means of autoradiography. 45Ca was used as a radioactive isotope. The most favourable times of penetration and exposure are indicated. Provided that certain standards are respected, the magnified autoradiograms may be measured and the values obtained can be used for comparisons. The applicability and the error range of the method were tested in 2 series of Super-Syntrex fillings.", "PMID": 1057799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2323", "title": "[Electrophoretic study of serum proteins in patients with periodontal diseases].", "content": "Electrophoretic study of the serum proteins in individuals with periodontal disease. Total protein was determined in serum samples from 20 subjects affected with periodontal disease and from 20 healthy persons. In addition the authors performed paper chromatographic and immuno-electrophoretic studies. It was found that the relative ans also the absolute mean values for gamma globulins were significantly higher in the control group. In individuals affected with periodontal disease, an increase of all three immunoglobulins (i.e., IgA, IgG and IgM) was observed in 10 of 20 cases, whereas such an increase occurred but once in the control group. The increase in the immunoglobulin content of serum samples from individuals affected with periodontal disease is brought in relation to the inflammatory condition of the periodontium.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic study of serum proteins in patients with periodontal diseases]. Electrophoretic study of the serum proteins in individuals with periodontal disease. Total protein was determined in serum samples from 20 subjects affected with periodontal disease and from 20 healthy persons. In addition the authors performed paper chromatographic and immuno-electrophoretic studies. It was found that the relative ans also the absolute mean values for gamma globulins were significantly higher in the control group. In individuals affected with periodontal disease, an increase of all three immunoglobulins (i.e., IgA, IgG and IgM) was observed in 10 of 20 cases, whereas such an increase occurred but once in the control group. The increase in the immunoglobulin content of serum samples from individuals affected with periodontal disease is brought in relation to the inflammatory condition of the periodontium.", "PMID": 1057800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2324", "title": "[Teleradiodiagnosis for players of brass instruments].", "content": "Teleradiodiagnostics as applied to brass instrument players. Specific diagnostic procedures are a great help in the stomatological care of wind instrument players. The authors summarize already confirmed radiological results which had been obtained from examinations of wind instrument players. Further teleradiodiagnostic possibilities are indicated, using lip representations in the cup of mouthpiece, tongue documentations and projections of the rim of mouthpiece on the subjacent structures. Their applicability to this occupational category is discussed.", "contents": "[Teleradiodiagnosis for players of brass instruments]. Teleradiodiagnostics as applied to brass instrument players. Specific diagnostic procedures are a great help in the stomatological care of wind instrument players. The authors summarize already confirmed radiological results which had been obtained from examinations of wind instrument players. Further teleradiodiagnostic possibilities are indicated, using lip representations in the cup of mouthpiece, tongue documentations and projections of the rim of mouthpiece on the subjacent structures. Their applicability to this occupational category is discussed.", "PMID": 1057802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2325", "title": "[Stomatological morbidity study--Berlin 1972. 3. The frequency of dysgnathias and their symptoms in the subjects of an epidemiologic-stomatological study].", "content": "Stomatological morbidity study - Berlin 1972. Part III. The frequency of dysgnathias and their symptoms in subjects of an epidemiologic-stomatological study. In the course of a stomatological morbidity study which was performed in Berlin in 1972, the authors investigated the dental conditions of 657 subjects, having an age range from 18 to 30 years. Only 15.2% of the persons under investigation had an eugnathic dentition. Almost 85% of the individuals showed dysgnathias. Apart from the frequency of certain tooth malalignments and malocclusions, associated symptoms were recorded. 15.5 of the subjects under investigation said that they had had orthodontic treatment. Significant differences were found in comparing the results obtained from treated individuals with those from untreated subjects.", "contents": "[Stomatological morbidity study--Berlin 1972. 3. The frequency of dysgnathias and their symptoms in the subjects of an epidemiologic-stomatological study]. Stomatological morbidity study - Berlin 1972. Part III. The frequency of dysgnathias and their symptoms in subjects of an epidemiologic-stomatological study. In the course of a stomatological morbidity study which was performed in Berlin in 1972, the authors investigated the dental conditions of 657 subjects, having an age range from 18 to 30 years. Only 15.2% of the persons under investigation had an eugnathic dentition. Almost 85% of the individuals showed dysgnathias. Apart from the frequency of certain tooth malalignments and malocclusions, associated symptoms were recorded. 15.5 of the subjects under investigation said that they had had orthodontic treatment. Significant differences were found in comparing the results obtained from treated individuals with those from untreated subjects.", "PMID": 1057803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2326", "title": "[Aims and methods of treatment in orthodontics].", "content": "The scope and the forms of treatment in orthodontics. On the occasion of the Symposium of the Society of Orthopaedic Stomatology of the German Democratic Republic at Reinhardsbrunn (Thuringia) from April 8 to 11, 1974, questions concerning the scope and the forms of treatment in orthodontics were dealt with in the framework of the main subject \"The Effectiveness of Orthodontic Treatment in Adolescents\". The present contribution was the discussion basis on the first day of the meeting. It is possible to substantiate the extent of normal biological, dentometric and cephalometric variations. The form of treatment should be an individual one, respecting the most favourable moment for treatment and well-tried therapeutical methods. Modifiable biological parameters should be adepted to unchangeable morphological and functional conditions. Broad-based, prevention-oriented orthodontics should be adhered to.", "contents": "[Aims and methods of treatment in orthodontics]. The scope and the forms of treatment in orthodontics. On the occasion of the Symposium of the Society of Orthopaedic Stomatology of the German Democratic Republic at Reinhardsbrunn (Thuringia) from April 8 to 11, 1974, questions concerning the scope and the forms of treatment in orthodontics were dealt with in the framework of the main subject \"The Effectiveness of Orthodontic Treatment in Adolescents\". The present contribution was the discussion basis on the first day of the meeting. It is possible to substantiate the extent of normal biological, dentometric and cephalometric variations. The form of treatment should be an individual one, respecting the most favourable moment for treatment and well-tried therapeutical methods. Modifiable biological parameters should be adepted to unchangeable morphological and functional conditions. Broad-based, prevention-oriented orthodontics should be adhered to.", "PMID": 1057805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2327", "title": "[Complex therapy].", "content": "Complex therapy. On the occasion of the Symposium of the Society of Orthopaedic Stomatology of the German Democratic Republic at Reinhardsbrunn (Thuringia) from April 8 to 11, 1974, questions of complex therapy were dealt with in the framework of the main subject \"The Effectiveness of Orthodontic Treatment in Adolescents\". The present contribution was the discussion basis on the second day of the meeting.", "contents": "[Complex therapy]. Complex therapy. On the occasion of the Symposium of the Society of Orthopaedic Stomatology of the German Democratic Republic at Reinhardsbrunn (Thuringia) from April 8 to 11, 1974, questions of complex therapy were dealt with in the framework of the main subject \"The Effectiveness of Orthodontic Treatment in Adolescents\". The present contribution was the discussion basis on the second day of the meeting.", "PMID": 1057806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2328", "title": "Incidence of glycogen storage disease in the German Federal Republic.", "content": "100 cases of GSD were traced in the GFR.  The overall incidence is 1:113000 in proportion to live births.  Type I occurs most frequently with 30%, followed by Type II and Type VI with 20% each.  Type III is extremely rate in the GFR.  5 cases were classified as glycogenosis with the Fanconi syndrome.  With the exception of Type III the type distribution in the GFR was similar to that found in 316 cases in a diagnostic center in Belgium.", "contents": "Incidence of glycogen storage disease in the German Federal Republic. 100 cases of GSD were traced in the GFR.  The overall incidence is 1:113000 in proportion to live births.  Type I occurs most frequently with 30%, followed by Type II and Type VI with 20% each.  Type III is extremely rate in the GFR.  5 cases were classified as glycogenosis with the Fanconi syndrome.  With the exception of Type III the type distribution in the GFR was similar to that found in 316 cases in a diagnostic center in Belgium.", "PMID": 1057811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2329", "title": "[Granulocytic sarcoma of the breast in chronic granulocytic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A 46 year old women with long lasting menstruation disturbances and amenorrhea developed a chronic granulocytic leukemia and bilateral mammary tumors after pregnancy.  The histologic examination revealed a myelosarcoma of the breast.  The diagnostic features and the pathogenesis of these tumors are discussed.  The severe hormonal disturbances could be accepted as localizing factors.", "contents": "[Granulocytic sarcoma of the breast in chronic granulocytic leukemia (author's transl)]. A 46 year old women with long lasting menstruation disturbances and amenorrhea developed a chronic granulocytic leukemia and bilateral mammary tumors after pregnancy.  The histologic examination revealed a myelosarcoma of the breast.  The diagnostic features and the pathogenesis of these tumors are discussed.  The severe hormonal disturbances could be accepted as localizing factors.", "PMID": 1057829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2330", "title": "Cytologic studies on so-called atypical epithelium of the protuberant lesions in the stomach.", "content": "Cytologic studies based on the observation of 32 atypical epithelial growths from 31 patients revealed the following characteristics: (1) The nuclei were usually elongated. The mean size of the major axis of the nuclei was most frequently distributed in the range of from 14 to 17mu while the mean size of the minor axis was between 6 and 10mu. (2) The chromatins of the nuclei were fine and showed even to somewhat dense distribution. The nucleolus was inconspicuous. (3) The cells were heaped together. A cellular aggregation was clearly composed of smaller groups of cells in which the polarity of nuclear arrangement was well preserved. Some cells at the periphery of a cellular aggregation were arranged radially toward the outside. The cells were usually cohesive, but in severe grade of atypism, they sometimes showed a scattering tendency. (4) The cells of atypical epithelium seemed to be very insensitive to radiation, compared with carcinoma cells of the stomach.", "contents": "Cytologic studies on so-called atypical epithelium of the protuberant lesions in the stomach. Cytologic studies based on the observation of 32 atypical epithelial growths from 31 patients revealed the following characteristics: (1) The nuclei were usually elongated. The mean size of the major axis of the nuclei was most frequently distributed in the range of from 14 to 17mu while the mean size of the minor axis was between 6 and 10mu. (2) The chromatins of the nuclei were fine and showed even to somewhat dense distribution. The nucleolus was inconspicuous. (3) The cells were heaped together. A cellular aggregation was clearly composed of smaller groups of cells in which the polarity of nuclear arrangement was well preserved. Some cells at the periphery of a cellular aggregation were arranged radially toward the outside. The cells were usually cohesive, but in severe grade of atypism, they sometimes showed a scattering tendency. (4) The cells of atypical epithelium seemed to be very insensitive to radiation, compared with carcinoma cells of the stomach.", "PMID": 1057837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2331", "title": "Prevention of meningeal  leukaemia and relapses by cranial irradiation and intrathecal MTX in acute lymphatic leukaemia.", "content": "Experience with CNS prophylaxis in 35 children with acute lymphatic leukaemia is reported. Before prophylactic irradiation of the skull was given the average survival time in 36 children was 2,8 (2,7) years. Menigeal leukaemia preceeded bone marrow relapse in 9 cases and followed relapse in a further 5 cases (39%). Between 1971 and 1973 Pinkel's treatment scheme VII was given to 35 children. This included prophylactic skull irradiation and intraspinal MTX injections. 29 children are still in their first remissions which range from 10 - 35 months in length. Meningeal leukaemia has not so far been observed, in this latter group.", "contents": "Prevention of meningeal  leukaemia and relapses by cranial irradiation and intrathecal MTX in acute lymphatic leukaemia. Experience with CNS prophylaxis in 35 children with acute lymphatic leukaemia is reported. Before prophylactic irradiation of the skull was given the average survival time in 36 children was 2,8 (2,7) years. Menigeal leukaemia preceeded bone marrow relapse in 9 cases and followed relapse in a further 5 cases (39%). Between 1971 and 1973 Pinkel's treatment scheme VII was given to 35 children. This included prophylactic skull irradiation and intraspinal MTX injections. 29 children are still in their first remissions which range from 10 - 35 months in length. Meningeal leukaemia has not so far been observed, in this latter group.", "PMID": 1057842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2332", "title": "Application of discrete computer modeling to the dynamics of cell populations.", "content": "Computer simulation of the dynamics of cell populations is discussed in the paper. Fundamental features of CELLSIM simulation language are described. Acute leukemia cell population model was implemented on a digital computer using CELLSIM. Some of the computer outputs are shown. The results obtained so far are interesting and promissing for further research.", "contents": "Application of discrete computer modeling to the dynamics of cell populations. Computer simulation of the dynamics of cell populations is discussed in the paper. Fundamental features of CELLSIM simulation language are described. Acute leukemia cell population model was implemented on a digital computer using CELLSIM. Some of the computer outputs are shown. The results obtained so far are interesting and promissing for further research.", "PMID": 1057840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2333", "title": "Atypical progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with plasma-cell infiltrates.", "content": "In rare cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) the lesions are atypical in that the characteristic alteration of oligodendrocytic nuclei is infrequent or absent, and the demyelinated foci contain mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates including numerous plasma cells. Otherwise these cases, both as to the topographic features of the lesions, and the background of chronic lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disease or immunosuppressive treatment, conform to the usual pattern. In the case here reported, that of a 54-year-old man receiving immunosuppressive drugs for chronic polymyositis, electron microscopy showed papovavirions in astrocytic nuclei and fluorescent antibody studies indicated that these represented JC virus. In this and the 3 previously reported similar cases of atypical PML, the neurologic illness was less devastating than generally occurs in classic PML. Possibly these cases represent instances of unusually strong host-resistance against the disease.", "contents": "Atypical progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with plasma-cell infiltrates. In rare cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) the lesions are atypical in that the characteristic alteration of oligodendrocytic nuclei is infrequent or absent, and the demyelinated foci contain mononuclear inflammatory infiltrates including numerous plasma cells. Otherwise these cases, both as to the topographic features of the lesions, and the background of chronic lymphoproliferative or myeloproliferative disease or immunosuppressive treatment, conform to the usual pattern. In the case here reported, that of a 54-year-old man receiving immunosuppressive drugs for chronic polymyositis, electron microscopy showed papovavirions in astrocytic nuclei and fluorescent antibody studies indicated that these represented JC virus. In this and the 3 previously reported similar cases of atypical PML, the neurologic illness was less devastating than generally occurs in classic PML. Possibly these cases represent instances of unusually strong host-resistance against the disease.", "PMID": 1057843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2334", "title": "[Effect of hydroxyurea treatment on free nucleotides in leukemic leukocytes].", "content": "An increase was observed in the pool of free nucleotides of leukaemic leucocytes during treatment with hydroxyurea, which was used as a drug inducing remission in chronic myeloid leukaemia and as an agent synchronizing the cell cycle in the so-called synchronization treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia. The increase in the amount of free nucleotides may depend on their increased synthesis and on their less extensive utilization for synthesis of nucleic acids. According to the authors the observed changes in the pool of free nucloetides may possess certain therapeutic implications.", "contents": "[Effect of hydroxyurea treatment on free nucleotides in leukemic leukocytes]. An increase was observed in the pool of free nucleotides of leukaemic leucocytes during treatment with hydroxyurea, which was used as a drug inducing remission in chronic myeloid leukaemia and as an agent synchronizing the cell cycle in the so-called synchronization treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia. The increase in the amount of free nucleotides may depend on their increased synthesis and on their less extensive utilization for synthesis of nucleic acids. According to the authors the observed changes in the pool of free nucloetides may possess certain therapeutic implications.", "PMID": 1057841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2335", "title": "SSPE-like inclusion body disorder in treated childhood leukemia.", "content": "Clinico-pathological report on a boy with cytostatically treated leukemia, dying with cerebral symptoms after passing clinical measles 10 weeks before death. At autopsy, numerous nuclear inclusion bodies in glial and nerve cells were found. By electron microscopy, nuclear inclusions appeared as loosely arranged smooth tubules, corresponding to paramyxovirus nucleocapsids. Frequently, cytoplasmic changes appeared too, consisting of incomplete tubular structures and an abundant dense \"fuzzy\" material. No regular tubuli of the coated granular type were present, as in common measles virus infection, nor any mature viral structures or differentiation of the surface membrane. The lack of maturation in cytoplasm together with a predominance of nuclear changes suggested a slow type of measles virus infection, while the particular cytoplasmic changes suggested a defect in synthesis of granular nucleocapsids, possibly a basic factor for the slow type of the viral infection. Possible pathogenetic factors are discussed.", "contents": "SSPE-like inclusion body disorder in treated childhood leukemia. Clinico-pathological report on a boy with cytostatically treated leukemia, dying with cerebral symptoms after passing clinical measles 10 weeks before death. At autopsy, numerous nuclear inclusion bodies in glial and nerve cells were found. By electron microscopy, nuclear inclusions appeared as loosely arranged smooth tubules, corresponding to paramyxovirus nucleocapsids. Frequently, cytoplasmic changes appeared too, consisting of incomplete tubular structures and an abundant dense \"fuzzy\" material. No regular tubuli of the coated granular type were present, as in common measles virus infection, nor any mature viral structures or differentiation of the surface membrane. The lack of maturation in cytoplasm together with a predominance of nuclear changes suggested a slow type of measles virus infection, while the particular cytoplasmic changes suggested a defect in synthesis of granular nucleocapsids, possibly a basic factor for the slow type of the viral infection. Possible pathogenetic factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1057844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2336", "title": "A scanning electron microscopic study of 34 cases of acute granulocytic, myelomonocytic, monoblastic and histiocytic leukemia.", "content": "This report describes the surface architecture of leukemic cells, as seen by scanning electron microscopy in 34 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Six patients with myeloblastic, 4 with promyelocytic, 10 with myelomonocytic, 8 with monocytic, 4 with histiocytic and 2 with undifferentiated leukemia were studied. Under the scanning electron microscope most leukemia histiocytes and monocytes appeared similar and were characterized by the presence of large, well developed broad-based ruffled membranes or prominent raised ridge-like profiles, resembling ithis respect normal monocytes. Most cells from patients with acute promyelocytic or myeloblastic leukemia exhibited narrower ridge-like profiles whereas some showed ruffles or microvilli. Patients with myelomonocytic leukemia showed mixed populations of cells with ridge-like profiles and ruffled membranes whereas cells from two patients with undifferentiated leukemia had smooth surfaces, similar to those encountered in cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It appears that nonlymphoblastic and lymphoblastic leukemia cells (particularly histiocytes and monocytes) can frequently be distinquished on the basis of their surface architecture. The surface features of leukemic histiocytes and monocytes are similar, suggesting that they may belong to the same cell series. The monocytes seem to have characteristic surface features recognizable with the scanning electron microscope and differ from most cells from patients with acute granulocytic leukemia. Although overlap of surface features and misidentification can occur, scanning electron microscopy is a useful adjunct to other modes of microscopy in the study and diagnosis of acute leukemia.", "contents": "A scanning electron microscopic study of 34 cases of acute granulocytic, myelomonocytic, monoblastic and histiocytic leukemia. This report describes the surface architecture of leukemic cells, as seen by scanning electron microscopy in 34 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Six patients with myeloblastic, 4 with promyelocytic, 10 with myelomonocytic, 8 with monocytic, 4 with histiocytic and 2 with undifferentiated leukemia were studied. Under the scanning electron microscope most leukemia histiocytes and monocytes appeared similar and were characterized by the presence of large, well developed broad-based ruffled membranes or prominent raised ridge-like profiles, resembling ithis respect normal monocytes. Most cells from patients with acute promyelocytic or myeloblastic leukemia exhibited narrower ridge-like profiles whereas some showed ruffles or microvilli. Patients with myelomonocytic leukemia showed mixed populations of cells with ridge-like profiles and ruffled membranes whereas cells from two patients with undifferentiated leukemia had smooth surfaces, similar to those encountered in cells from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It appears that nonlymphoblastic and lymphoblastic leukemia cells (particularly histiocytes and monocytes) can frequently be distinquished on the basis of their surface architecture. The surface features of leukemic histiocytes and monocytes are similar, suggesting that they may belong to the same cell series. The monocytes seem to have characteristic surface features recognizable with the scanning electron microscope and differ from most cells from patients with acute granulocytic leukemia. Although overlap of surface features and misidentification can occur, scanning electron microscopy is a useful adjunct to other modes of microscopy in the study and diagnosis of acute leukemia.", "PMID": 1057845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2337", "title": "The surgical uncovering and orthodontic positioning of unerupted maxillary canines.", "content": "1. The presence of the maxillary canine is vital to the function and esthetics of the dental complex. The availability of this tooth must be carefully considered during an orthodontic diagnosis. Lack of space is the most common cause of canine impaction. Other contributing factors are that this tooth has the longest period of developmenent and that it is bigger longer, and travels farther while erupting than any other tooth. 2. Proper management of unerupted canines is a challenge to the dental practitioner. Maxillary canines are found impacted to both the buccal and the lingual. Palatal impactions are much more common than labial impactions, but, of the two, labial impactions are more difficult to manage. 3. An appropriate surgical procedure which opens to the crowns of unerupted teeth is a key to uneventful orthodontic positioning of these teeth. Packing the follicular space with baseplate gutta-percha and keeping the crown open to the oral cavity with surgical WondrPak is an effective method of making the tooth erupt into the oral cavity. 4. Modern preformed bands and improved cements make the placement of attachment on malposed teeth relatively easy. Direct bonding techniques are also of value in the management of unerupted teeth. 5. It is practical to move teeth orthodontically from seemingly impossible positions into ideal alignment. Such teeth will function normally, and no evidence will be left of their original position or of their having been moved over long distances.", "contents": "The surgical uncovering and orthodontic positioning of unerupted maxillary canines. 1. The presence of the maxillary canine is vital to the function and esthetics of the dental complex. The availability of this tooth must be carefully considered during an orthodontic diagnosis. Lack of space is the most common cause of canine impaction. Other contributing factors are that this tooth has the longest period of developmenent and that it is bigger longer, and travels farther while erupting than any other tooth. 2. Proper management of unerupted canines is a challenge to the dental practitioner. Maxillary canines are found impacted to both the buccal and the lingual. Palatal impactions are much more common than labial impactions, but, of the two, labial impactions are more difficult to manage. 3. An appropriate surgical procedure which opens to the crowns of unerupted teeth is a key to uneventful orthodontic positioning of these teeth. Packing the follicular space with baseplate gutta-percha and keeping the crown open to the oral cavity with surgical WondrPak is an effective method of making the tooth erupt into the oral cavity. 4. Modern preformed bands and improved cements make the placement of attachment on malposed teeth relatively easy. Direct bonding techniques are also of value in the management of unerupted teeth. 5. It is practical to move teeth orthodontically from seemingly impossible positions into ideal alignment. Such teeth will function normally, and no evidence will be left of their original position or of their having been moved over long distances.", "PMID": 1057848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2338", "title": "Clinical management of the mandibular molars.", "content": "The complex variety of clinical problems posed by the lower molars requires maximum care in diagnosis and in treatment planning. In this article several therapeutic solutions to these problems are presented. The need to treat positional anomalies of the second molars and to control their drifting in cases of bracing and mandibular insertion, may be an effective auxillary means of treatment of those malocclusions in which lengthening of the dental bracing zones is indicated.", "contents": "Clinical management of the mandibular molars. The complex variety of clinical problems posed by the lower molars requires maximum care in diagnosis and in treatment planning. In this article several therapeutic solutions to these problems are presented. The need to treat positional anomalies of the second molars and to control their drifting in cases of bracing and mandibular insertion, may be an effective auxillary means of treatment of those malocclusions in which lengthening of the dental bracing zones is indicated.", "PMID": 1057849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2339", "title": "On optimum orthodontic force theory as applied to canine retraction.", "content": "The study reported here was undertaken in an attempt to contribute, from a theoretical standpoint, to the knowledge and understanding of optimum force theory, particularly as it may be relevant to canine retraction. The following statements are derived from my analysis of the applicable published literature and the results of the present investigation: 1. This study lends support to the beliefs, from the findings of previous investigations, 20, 22 that the center of rotation for simple tipping is three tenths to four tenths of the distance from the root apex to the alveolar crest and that the center of resistance is at approximately midroot for the single-rooted tooth. 2. For a given distal driving force, increasing the countertipping couple from zero causes the center of rotation to \"move\" from a point near the apical end of the middle third of the root to the root apex and then to infinity. That is, the couple to be developed by the appliance to produce crown movement is smaller than required for bodily movement. Also, increasing the rotational stiffness of a canine-retraction appliance will result in greater inherent potential for canine root control and a greater probability of achieving bodily movement. 3. In a specific orthodontic case, an average periodontal stress value (active force divided by root area) can be used as a basis of comparison of suggested active force magnitudes among several single-rooted teeth having different root surface areas, provided all teeth are to experience the same form of displacement (for example, bodily movement). Similarly, differences in average stress magnitudes developed in the periodontium, rather than differences in root surface areas, are actually the basis for the differential force theory. 4. Clinical studies have suggested that the size of active force for bodily movement or root movement of a given tooth be two to three times that employed in simple tipping of the same tooth. Induced stress levels in the periodontium, especially at the root apex and alveolar crest locations, can be related to suggested magnitudes of aplied crown force components.", "contents": "On optimum orthodontic force theory as applied to canine retraction. The study reported here was undertaken in an attempt to contribute, from a theoretical standpoint, to the knowledge and understanding of optimum force theory, particularly as it may be relevant to canine retraction. The following statements are derived from my analysis of the applicable published literature and the results of the present investigation: 1. This study lends support to the beliefs, from the findings of previous investigations, 20, 22 that the center of rotation for simple tipping is three tenths to four tenths of the distance from the root apex to the alveolar crest and that the center of resistance is at approximately midroot for the single-rooted tooth. 2. For a given distal driving force, increasing the countertipping couple from zero causes the center of rotation to \"move\" from a point near the apical end of the middle third of the root to the root apex and then to infinity. That is, the couple to be developed by the appliance to produce crown movement is smaller than required for bodily movement. Also, increasing the rotational stiffness of a canine-retraction appliance will result in greater inherent potential for canine root control and a greater probability of achieving bodily movement. 3. In a specific orthodontic case, an average periodontal stress value (active force divided by root area) can be used as a basis of comparison of suggested active force magnitudes among several single-rooted teeth having different root surface areas, provided all teeth are to experience the same form of displacement (for example, bodily movement). Similarly, differences in average stress magnitudes developed in the periodontium, rather than differences in root surface areas, are actually the basis for the differential force theory. 4. Clinical studies have suggested that the size of active force for bodily movement or root movement of a given tooth be two to three times that employed in simple tipping of the same tooth. Induced stress levels in the periodontium, especially at the root apex and alveolar crest locations, can be related to suggested magnitudes of aplied crown force components.", "PMID": 1057850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2340", "title": "A modified technique for evaluating apical base relationships.", "content": "1. The ANB difference is not always an accurate method of establishing the actual amount of apical base divergence. In addition to the geometric shortcomings previously pointed out, the results of this study indicate that the ANB landmarks are subject to growth and treatment mechanics which cause corresponding variations in the measurements used. 2. The AXD method described in this study demonstrates a method of relating apical bases which eliminates two of the variables, nasion and point B. The AXD angle is a more critical evaluation and was found to correspond significantly with a linear measurement of the actual apical base difference. 3. This study and others have demonstrated conclusively that angular measurements cannot compensate for divergence of apical bases resulting from variations in vertical facial height. For this reason, a set of linear measurements was proposed which would offer an accurate method of evaluating the pre- and posttreatment changes taking place. 4. The linear measurements introduced in this study demonstrate an accurate method of assessing apical base relationships. The use of these measurements provides a critical evaluation of treatment and places proper emphasis on favorable growth and treatment mechanics. 5. The study of the pre- and posttreatment  linear measurement concerning point A determined that this landmark remained remarkably constant during orthodontic treatment. It would appear from this study that treatment mechanics for Class II cases do not actively relocate point A but actually hold it in position while the middle face is growing forward. 6. The A-D' measurement is concerned with the actual distance, in millimeters, between the apical base landmarks. In the fifty cases studied, the mean pretreatment measurement of A-D' was reduced 15.8 per cent as the Class II malocclusion was corrected. The mean pretreatment ANB underwent a reduction of 43.1 per cent on these same cases. While the A-D' pre- and posttreatment change may not be as dramatic as the ANB evaluation, the major point to consider is the critical degree of accuracy which this measurement brings into an analysis.", "contents": "A modified technique for evaluating apical base relationships. 1. The ANB difference is not always an accurate method of establishing the actual amount of apical base divergence. In addition to the geometric shortcomings previously pointed out, the results of this study indicate that the ANB landmarks are subject to growth and treatment mechanics which cause corresponding variations in the measurements used. 2. The AXD method described in this study demonstrates a method of relating apical bases which eliminates two of the variables, nasion and point B. The AXD angle is a more critical evaluation and was found to correspond significantly with a linear measurement of the actual apical base difference. 3. This study and others have demonstrated conclusively that angular measurements cannot compensate for divergence of apical bases resulting from variations in vertical facial height. For this reason, a set of linear measurements was proposed which would offer an accurate method of evaluating the pre- and posttreatment changes taking place. 4. The linear measurements introduced in this study demonstrate an accurate method of assessing apical base relationships. The use of these measurements provides a critical evaluation of treatment and places proper emphasis on favorable growth and treatment mechanics. 5. The study of the pre- and posttreatment  linear measurement concerning point A determined that this landmark remained remarkably constant during orthodontic treatment. It would appear from this study that treatment mechanics for Class II cases do not actively relocate point A but actually hold it in position while the middle face is growing forward. 6. The A-D' measurement is concerned with the actual distance, in millimeters, between the apical base landmarks. In the fifty cases studied, the mean pretreatment measurement of A-D' was reduced 15.8 per cent as the Class II malocclusion was corrected. The mean pretreatment ANB underwent a reduction of 43.1 per cent on these same cases. While the A-D' pre- and posttreatment change may not be as dramatic as the ANB evaluation, the major point to consider is the critical degree of accuracy which this measurement brings into an analysis.", "PMID": 1057851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2341", "title": "Effect of edgewise treatment and retention on manidbular incisors.", "content": "This study consisted of analyzing clinical records of fifty cases treated for correction of Class I malocclusion with varying degrees of bimaxillary protrusion and anterior mandibular crowding. Thrity of these cases required extraction of all four first premolars. Parameters characterizing changes in position of mandibular incisors during treatment with edgewise appliances and during retention and shortly afterward were studied. All the parameters indicated rather similar changes for the nonextraction and the extraction groups. The relapse of anterior mandibular crowding was significantly larger (p less than or equal to 0.05) in the nonextraction group. The IMPA and interincisal angle changed significantly more in the extraction group. Upon testing for validity of the mesiodistal to faciolingual indices, it was determined that they predicted stability of the achieved alignment of mandibular incisors. There were, however, individual cases in both groups which did not follow the central tendency. It was observed that the mesiodistal diameters of mandibular incisirs were somewhat larger in the extraction cases. There was only one pair of parameters that showed a moderately high intercorrelation (r equals 0.68); that was between correction of the anterior crowding and relapse of the intercanine expansion. It was observed that the more correction took place, the more readily expanded canines would relapse. An over-all impression is that the mandibular incisors change little in their position to each other and relative to the other structures of the mouth. The question remains: Is this due to our ability to control them well, or due to an inability to move and maintain them in their new position?", "contents": "Effect of edgewise treatment and retention on manidbular incisors. This study consisted of analyzing clinical records of fifty cases treated for correction of Class I malocclusion with varying degrees of bimaxillary protrusion and anterior mandibular crowding. Thrity of these cases required extraction of all four first premolars. Parameters characterizing changes in position of mandibular incisors during treatment with edgewise appliances and during retention and shortly afterward were studied. All the parameters indicated rather similar changes for the nonextraction and the extraction groups. The relapse of anterior mandibular crowding was significantly larger (p less than or equal to 0.05) in the nonextraction group. The IMPA and interincisal angle changed significantly more in the extraction group. Upon testing for validity of the mesiodistal to faciolingual indices, it was determined that they predicted stability of the achieved alignment of mandibular incisors. There were, however, individual cases in both groups which did not follow the central tendency. It was observed that the mesiodistal diameters of mandibular incisirs were somewhat larger in the extraction cases. There was only one pair of parameters that showed a moderately high intercorrelation (r equals 0.68); that was between correction of the anterior crowding and relapse of the intercanine expansion. It was observed that the more correction took place, the more readily expanded canines would relapse. An over-all impression is that the mandibular incisors change little in their position to each other and relative to the other structures of the mouth. The question remains: Is this due to our ability to control them well, or due to an inability to move and maintain them in their new position?", "PMID": 1057852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2342", "title": "Drug evaluation of pyrantel pamoate against Ancylostoma, Toxocara, and Toxascaris in eleven dogs.", "content": "Eleven dogs dosed at approximately the recommended rate of 1.029 mg of pyrantel pamoate/kg of body weight were used. The efficacy against Ancylostoma in the 11 dogs was 99% (av; min-max, 94-99%). In 4 dogs with both Toxocara and Ancylostoma, average efficacy against Toxocara was 96%, and in 5 dogs with both Toxoscaris and Ancylostoma, efficacy against Toxascaris was 93%. Only 2 dogs of the 11 were infected with the 3 species; the average efficacy was 90%. There appeared to be no activity against the Trichuris found in one dog and the Dipylidium found in another. Treated dogs did not vomit or have other noticeable ill effects.", "contents": "Drug evaluation of pyrantel pamoate against Ancylostoma, Toxocara, and Toxascaris in eleven dogs. Eleven dogs dosed at approximately the recommended rate of 1.029 mg of pyrantel pamoate/kg of body weight were used. The efficacy against Ancylostoma in the 11 dogs was 99% (av; min-max, 94-99%). In 4 dogs with both Toxocara and Ancylostoma, average efficacy against Toxocara was 96%, and in 5 dogs with both Toxoscaris and Ancylostoma, efficacy against Toxascaris was 93%. Only 2 dogs of the 11 were infected with the 3 species; the average efficacy was 90%. There appeared to be no activity against the Trichuris found in one dog and the Dipylidium found in another. Treated dogs did not vomit or have other noticeable ill effects.", "PMID": 1057855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2343", "title": "Synovial membrane and fluid morphologic alterations in early rheumatoid arthritis: microvascular injury and virus-like particles.", "content": "Eight patients have been studied during the first 6 weeks of rheumatoid synovitis. All of them exhibited microvascular injury, which was manifested by gaps between endothelial cells, vascular occlusion, erythrocyte extravasation, or endothelial cell injury. In four patients, a variety of virus-like particles were found associated with the endothelium or perivascular cells. In two cases, particles were seen in electron-dense deposits in vessel walls. Lymphocytes and PMN infiltrated the synovial membranes, but plasma cells were uncommon. Evidence of phagocytosis was prominent in synovial lining cells and other large mononuclear cells, but not in PMN. These observations are consistent with injury to synovium and, specifically, synovial vessels as an early stage in RA synovitis. The virus-like particles require further investigation, because nonviral cell components remain very difficult to distinguish in electron microscopy tissue sections.", "contents": "Synovial membrane and fluid morphologic alterations in early rheumatoid arthritis: microvascular injury and virus-like particles. Eight patients have been studied during the first 6 weeks of rheumatoid synovitis. All of them exhibited microvascular injury, which was manifested by gaps between endothelial cells, vascular occlusion, erythrocyte extravasation, or endothelial cell injury. In four patients, a variety of virus-like particles were found associated with the endothelium or perivascular cells. In two cases, particles were seen in electron-dense deposits in vessel walls. Lymphocytes and PMN infiltrated the synovial membranes, but plasma cells were uncommon. Evidence of phagocytosis was prominent in synovial lining cells and other large mononuclear cells, but not in PMN. These observations are consistent with injury to synovium and, specifically, synovial vessels as an early stage in RA synovitis. The virus-like particles require further investigation, because nonviral cell components remain very difficult to distinguish in electron microscopy tissue sections.", "PMID": 1057866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2344", "title": "Control of respiratory therapy in flail chest.", "content": "Pulmonary mechanics and oxygenation were measured in 24 consecutive patients with posttraumatic flail chest requiring continuous mechanical ventilation. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was fourteen days. Mortality was 38% for all patients, 29% if deaths from head injury are excluded. Pneumonia occurred in 4 patients (17%) and pneumothorax in 1 (4%). Vital capacity and maximal inspiratory force measurements were useful in assessing chest wall stabilization. Total lung compliance correlated negatively with fatal outcome from respiratory failure. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient was not useful in assessing chest wall stabilization.", "contents": "Control of respiratory therapy in flail chest. Pulmonary mechanics and oxygenation were measured in 24 consecutive patients with posttraumatic flail chest requiring continuous mechanical ventilation. The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was fourteen days. Mortality was 38% for all patients, 29% if deaths from head injury are excluded. Pneumonia occurred in 4 patients (17%) and pneumothorax in 1 (4%). Vital capacity and maximal inspiratory force measurements were useful in assessing chest wall stabilization. Total lung compliance correlated negatively with fatal outcome from respiratory failure. The alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient was not useful in assessing chest wall stabilization.", "PMID": 1057869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2345", "title": "Fever in acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Implications and course of fever were evaluated during hospitalization of 24 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Forty-five febrile episodes were identified. Fever present at admission was usually associated with a diagnosable and treatable infection; fever shortly after induction was self-limited; and fever during granulocytopenia was more likely to be associated with bacteremia. Bacteremia and pneumonia were the most common types of infection. Only Gram-negative bacteria and Candida were identified as causes of infection during life, with Pseudomonas and Klebsiella the most frequently isolated pathogens. Invasive candidiasis was a major postmortem finding. A delay in initiation of empirical treatment beyond the third day of fever was associated with an increase in mortality as was continuation of treatment for longer than 14 days.", "contents": "Fever in acute myelogenous leukemia. Implications and course of fever were evaluated during hospitalization of 24 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Forty-five febrile episodes were identified. Fever present at admission was usually associated with a diagnosable and treatable infection; fever shortly after induction was self-limited; and fever during granulocytopenia was more likely to be associated with bacteremia. Bacteremia and pneumonia were the most common types of infection. Only Gram-negative bacteria and Candida were identified as causes of infection during life, with Pseudomonas and Klebsiella the most frequently isolated pathogens. Invasive candidiasis was a major postmortem finding. A delay in initiation of empirical treatment beyond the third day of fever was associated with an increase in mortality as was continuation of treatment for longer than 14 days.", "PMID": 1057870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2346", "title": "Myopathies related to diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases.", "content": "Although it has long been known that both large and small blood vessels are abnormal in the tissues of diabetic patients, recent work has emphasized the widening of capillary basement membranes in diabetic tissues. Current views of  the nature of this lesion and its relationship to diabetes are discussed and diabetic muscle and nerve lesions are emphasized. Other metabolic diseases with significant muscle pathology are types II, III and VII glycogen storage diseases. Myopathy with abnormal mitochondria is reviewed.", "contents": "Myopathies related to diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Although it has long been known that both large and small blood vessels are abnormal in the tissues of diabetic patients, recent work has emphasized the widening of capillary basement membranes in diabetic tissues. Current views of  the nature of this lesion and its relationship to diabetes are discussed and diabetic muscle and nerve lesions are emphasized. Other metabolic diseases with significant muscle pathology are types II, III and VII glycogen storage diseases. Myopathy with abnormal mitochondria is reviewed.", "PMID": 1057868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2347", "title": "Leukemic urate nephropathy.", "content": "The tubules appear to be the primary sites of injury in renal failure and urate nephropathy associated with leukemia. Tubular injury is not always associated with precipitation and phagocytosis of crystals, except in the collecting tubules where cellular changes are invariably caused by intraluminal crystallization of urates. The electron microscopical observations in this communication may apply to the urate nephropathy associated with hyperuricemia of various causes.", "contents": "Leukemic urate nephropathy. The tubules appear to be the primary sites of injury in renal failure and urate nephropathy associated with leukemia. Tubular injury is not always associated with precipitation and phagocytosis of crystals, except in the collecting tubules where cellular changes are invariably caused by intraluminal crystallization of urates. The electron microscopical observations in this communication may apply to the urate nephropathy associated with hyperuricemia of various causes.", "PMID": 1057883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2348", "title": "Minimizing radiation exposure in dental radiology.", "content": "Rectangular field collimation gives high quality roentgenograms and reduces unnecessary exposure of radiation to the patient by 73-96 per cent.", "contents": "Minimizing radiation exposure in dental radiology. Rectangular field collimation gives high quality roentgenograms and reduces unnecessary exposure of radiation to the patient by 73-96 per cent.", "PMID": 1057884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2349", "title": "A restraining device for irradiating rats.", "content": "The construction and use is described of a holding device which ensures replication of irradiation procedures for rats and the location of the animal for maximum ionization in the selected area.", "contents": "A restraining device for irradiating rats. The construction and use is described of a holding device which ensures replication of irradiation procedures for rats and the location of the animal for maximum ionization in the selected area.", "PMID": 1057885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2350", "title": "Extraction socket healing in the calcium deficient rat.", "content": "The healing of extraction sockets was studied in normal and calcium deficient rats. New bone formation occurred earlier and proceeded more rapidly in the deficient rats, and the newly formed trabeculae were sparse and delicate but with a similar osteoporotic appearance to the alveolar bone.", "contents": "Extraction socket healing in the calcium deficient rat. The healing of extraction sockets was studied in normal and calcium deficient rats. New bone formation occurred earlier and proceeded more rapidly in the deficient rats, and the newly formed trabeculae were sparse and delicate but with a similar osteoporotic appearance to the alveolar bone.", "PMID": 1057886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2351", "title": "A lapping apparatus for hard tissue sections.", "content": "A Lapping Apparatus is described which enables sections both embedded and unembedded to be ground plano parallel within +/- 1 micron. Sections cemented to steel subplates are retained by a magnetic holder which simplifies loading and unloading. Good surface and edge finish can be obtained and only short lapping times are required.", "contents": "A lapping apparatus for hard tissue sections. A Lapping Apparatus is described which enables sections both embedded and unembedded to be ground plano parallel within +/- 1 micron. Sections cemented to steel subplates are retained by a magnetic holder which simplifies loading and unloading. Good surface and edge finish can be obtained and only short lapping times are required.", "PMID": 1057887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2352", "title": "Excessive long-term dimensional change of dental amalgam.", "content": "Increase in dimension in relation to mercury content, annealing time at 37 degrees C at 24 and 3500 hours and mercury content of dental amalgam mixed by machine and hand-packed in cylindrical moulds is shown.", "contents": "Excessive long-term dimensional change of dental amalgam. Increase in dimension in relation to mercury content, annealing time at 37 degrees C at 24 and 3500 hours and mercury content of dental amalgam mixed by machine and hand-packed in cylindrical moulds is shown.", "PMID": 1057888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2353", "title": "Oral hygiene home care kits: effects on the dental behaviour of kindergarten children.", "content": "Oral hygiene kits issued directly to children of kindergarten age positively influenced their dental care behaviour. Significantly increased percentages of children changed to using the clinically proven fluoride toothpaste, an approved type of toothbrush, and disclosing tablets, the three oral hygiene aids included in the kit.", "contents": "Oral hygiene home care kits: effects on the dental behaviour of kindergarten children. Oral hygiene kits issued directly to children of kindergarten age positively influenced their dental care behaviour. Significantly increased percentages of children changed to using the clinically proven fluoride toothpaste, an approved type of toothbrush, and disclosing tablets, the three oral hygiene aids included in the kit.", "PMID": 1057889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2354", "title": "South Australian kindergarten children: fluoride tablet supplements and dental caries.", "content": "A study of 4,278 country and city kindergarten children living in South Australia showed 63 and 59 per cent received fluoride tablets at some time and 17 per cent received daily doses. Lower dmf scores were found in those taking fluoride tablets but of decreasing value in the older children. Where no fluoride was taken zero dmf scores were 41-69 per cent. Protection from fluoride was not found where fluoride was taken for less than two years. Self administration appears to be an unsatisfactory method for fluoride therapy.", "contents": "South Australian kindergarten children: fluoride tablet supplements and dental caries. A study of 4,278 country and city kindergarten children living in South Australia showed 63 and 59 per cent received fluoride tablets at some time and 17 per cent received daily doses. Lower dmf scores were found in those taking fluoride tablets but of decreasing value in the older children. Where no fluoride was taken zero dmf scores were 41-69 per cent. Protection from fluoride was not found where fluoride was taken for less than two years. Self administration appears to be an unsatisfactory method for fluoride therapy.", "PMID": 1057890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2355", "title": "Anatomy of root canals. IV deciduous teeth.", "content": "The root canal systems of the deciduous teeth have been demonstrated by the epoxy resin injection technique. A major difference is noted between the simplicity of that seen in the incisors and the molars.", "contents": "Anatomy of root canals. IV deciduous teeth. The root canal systems of the deciduous teeth have been demonstrated by the epoxy resin injection technique. A major difference is noted between the simplicity of that seen in the incisors and the molars.", "PMID": 1057891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2356", "title": "Oral surgery in general dental practice. The removal of roots.", "content": "The removal of fractured teeth and retained tooth roots is described in a systematic fashion, with emphasis being placed on such procedures being carried out in general practice. The discussion is aimed at producing sound treatment planning and sequential action in order to achieve best results for patient and surgeon.", "contents": "Oral surgery in general dental practice. The removal of roots. The removal of fractured teeth and retained tooth roots is described in a systematic fashion, with emphasis being placed on such procedures being carried out in general practice. The discussion is aimed at producing sound treatment planning and sequential action in order to achieve best results for patient and surgeon.", "PMID": 1057892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2357", "title": "Retention with specific and mechanical adhesive lutes.", "content": "Attention is drawn to some of the fundamental differences between retention afforded by specifically adhesive and mechanically adhesive lutes. Terms are defined and conclusions drawn regarding the present status and potential of polyacrylate cements.", "contents": "Retention with specific and mechanical adhesive lutes. Attention is drawn to some of the fundamental differences between retention afforded by specifically adhesive and mechanically adhesive lutes. Terms are defined and conclusions drawn regarding the present status and potential of polyacrylate cements.", "PMID": 1057893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2358", "title": "Effect of manipulative variables on the properties of a polycarboxylate cement.", "content": "Strength and film thickness increased in polycarboxylate cement as the powder liquid ratio is increased and there is a tendency to reduction in adhesion which was more marked when cementation was delayed for three minutes with a 2:1 powder liquid ratio.", "contents": "Effect of manipulative variables on the properties of a polycarboxylate cement. Strength and film thickness increased in polycarboxylate cement as the powder liquid ratio is increased and there is a tendency to reduction in adhesion which was more marked when cementation was delayed for three minutes with a 2:1 powder liquid ratio.", "PMID": 1057896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2359", "title": "Innervation of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "The human temporomandibular joint in transverse and longitudinal section was found to have two types of mechanoreceptors. One of capsular form approximately 40 times 200 mum innervated by myelinated nerve fibres 8 mum in diameter and the other corresponding to the Golgi tendon organ was innervated by myelinated nerve fibers 15 mum in diameter which on entering the tendon organ lost their myelin sheaths.", "contents": "Innervation of the temporomandibular joint. The human temporomandibular joint in transverse and longitudinal section was found to have two types of mechanoreceptors. One of capsular form approximately 40 times 200 mum innervated by myelinated nerve fibres 8 mum in diameter and the other corresponding to the Golgi tendon organ was innervated by myelinated nerve fibers 15 mum in diameter which on entering the tendon organ lost their myelin sheaths.", "PMID": 1057897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2360", "title": "Silane coupling agents in stainless steel and polymethyl methacrylate systems.", "content": "Smooth stainless steel rods coated with silanes were embedded in acrylic resin dough. The strength of the bond between treated rods and polymerized resin was improved compared with that found in the untreated rods under all conditions of the tests. The strength increased with age when specimens were left in air; immersion in water lessened the increase in strength.", "contents": "Silane coupling agents in stainless steel and polymethyl methacrylate systems. Smooth stainless steel rods coated with silanes were embedded in acrylic resin dough. The strength of the bond between treated rods and polymerized resin was improved compared with that found in the untreated rods under all conditions of the tests. The strength increased with age when specimens were left in air; immersion in water lessened the increase in strength.", "PMID": 1057898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2361", "title": "The treatment of first permanent molars in a school dental programme: implications for fissure sealants.", "content": "Analysis of data derived from the pattern of treatment for first permanent molars in New Zealand school children from fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas shows that occlusal surfaces became carious at a later age in the former and in such areas sealants could further reduce the need for occlusal restorations. Since occlusoproximal restorations are rare, retention of sealants for long periods is needed.", "contents": "The treatment of first permanent molars in a school dental programme: implications for fissure sealants. Analysis of data derived from the pattern of treatment for first permanent molars in New Zealand school children from fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas shows that occlusal surfaces became carious at a later age in the former and in such areas sealants could further reduce the need for occlusal restorations. Since occlusoproximal restorations are rare, retention of sealants for long periods is needed.", "PMID": 1057899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2362", "title": "Oral surgery in general dental practice. The removal of malpositioned premolars and canines.", "content": "Malposed mandibular and maxillary premolars and canines often cause great difficulties in removal. The ways in which these procedures are accomplished are described in detail.", "contents": "Oral surgery in general dental practice. The removal of malpositioned premolars and canines. Malposed mandibular and maxillary premolars and canines often cause great difficulties in removal. The ways in which these procedures are accomplished are described in detail.", "PMID": 1057900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2363", "title": "Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in palatal shelf fusion. An in vitro study.", "content": "Cleft palate is the result of a number of deviations from normal facial development, including failure of the paired palatal shelves to fuse in the midline. By the use of in vitro techniques it is possible to isolate and study fusion alone. This study investigates some of the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions involved and finds that contact between two epithelial covered surfaces is essential for fusion.", "contents": "Epithelial-mesenchymal interaction in palatal shelf fusion. An in vitro study. Cleft palate is the result of a number of deviations from normal facial development, including failure of the paired palatal shelves to fuse in the midline. By the use of in vitro techniques it is possible to isolate and study fusion alone. This study investigates some of the epithelial-mesenchymal interactions involved and finds that contact between two epithelial covered surfaces is essential for fusion.", "PMID": 1057902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2364", "title": "Dental health on Mornington Island.", "content": "A group of remote island Australian Aborigines was examined for dental caries, periodontal disease, pathologic disorders and orthodontic problems and the results were recorded. It would appear that race and heredity may influence periodontal disease.", "contents": "Dental health on Mornington Island. A group of remote island Australian Aborigines was examined for dental caries, periodontal disease, pathologic disorders and orthodontic problems and the results were recorded. It would appear that race and heredity may influence periodontal disease.", "PMID": 1057903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2365", "title": "Six years of fluoridation on the goldfields of Western Australia.", "content": "The Kalgoorlie-Boulder-Kambalda area in arid inland Western Australia receives its water supply from distant Perth, through a pipeline constructed in the fabulous goldrush period at the turn of the century. This water was fluoridated at the source in 1968. Comparison of dental data obtained by examination of goldfields schoolchildren before and after 6 years of fluoridation shows improved dental health through reduced caries rates, less tooth loss, and a change in the pattern of child dental care.", "contents": "Six years of fluoridation on the goldfields of Western Australia. The Kalgoorlie-Boulder-Kambalda area in arid inland Western Australia receives its water supply from distant Perth, through a pipeline constructed in the fabulous goldrush period at the turn of the century. This water was fluoridated at the source in 1968. Comparison of dental data obtained by examination of goldfields schoolchildren before and after 6 years of fluoridation shows improved dental health through reduced caries rates, less tooth loss, and a change in the pattern of child dental care.", "PMID": 1057904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2366", "title": "Technique of surgery of the mandibular joint.", "content": "A method of surgical access to the temporomandibular joint is described. An operative technique which widely exposes the temporomandibular joint, safeguards the facial nerve, and is capable of extension is described. Sixty operations have been carried out without permanent facial nerve injury.", "contents": "Technique of surgery of the mandibular joint. A method of surgical access to the temporomandibular joint is described. An operative technique which widely exposes the temporomandibular joint, safeguards the facial nerve, and is capable of extension is described. Sixty operations have been carried out without permanent facial nerve injury.", "PMID": 1057905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2367", "title": "A comparison of methods for determining setting rate of amalgam.", "content": "Four methods were compared for determining the setting rate of amalgams. The resultant order of preference as a standard method was compressive strength at 30 minutes after preparation of the specimen, the time to the last transverse cut on a cylindrical specimen with a \"guillotine\" blade and the time to nonfracture of a ball of a amalgam with a final set Gillmore needle. A mercury absorption method was unacceptable. Alloys labelled fast and standard setting could be separated and limits between fast and standard alloys have been examined for each method.", "contents": "A comparison of methods for determining setting rate of amalgam. Four methods were compared for determining the setting rate of amalgams. The resultant order of preference as a standard method was compressive strength at 30 minutes after preparation of the specimen, the time to the last transverse cut on a cylindrical specimen with a \"guillotine\" blade and the time to nonfracture of a ball of a amalgam with a final set Gillmore needle. A mercury absorption method was unacceptable. Alloys labelled fast and standard setting could be separated and limits between fast and standard alloys have been examined for each method.", "PMID": 1057906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2368", "title": "Pericarditis in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 1505 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) pericarditis was diagnosed most often in those with anterior transmural ECG changes. Those with pericarditis had a significantly greater hospital mortality and peak serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and a greater incidence of left ventricular failure (LVF).", "contents": "Pericarditis in acute myocardial infarction. In 1505 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) pericarditis was diagnosed most often in those with anterior transmural ECG changes. Those with pericarditis had a significantly greater hospital mortality and peak serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and a greater incidence of left ventricular failure (LVF).", "PMID": 1057907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2369", "title": "Acute coronary artery disease and oral contraceptives.", "content": "The Waikato Hospital experience of women admitted or seen in the Cardiology Outpatient Clinic who were under the age of 40 and whose diagnosis was a recent acute coronary occlusive episode was reviewed. It was found that there were nine admissions in eight women in this category between December 1971 and November 1973, plus one further patient who was seen with a recent acute ischaemic episode as an outpatient. The histories of these patients were reviewed and their risk factors surveyed. Of the nine women in the study, seven were taking oral contraceptives. As opposed to previous studies, not all the women in this study showed risk factors other than oral contraceptive usage. Three patients in this group taking oral contraceptives and who were thought to have definite coronary ischaemic episodes had no other major risk factor though two of the three were obese. It is thought probable that oral contraceptives containing oestrogens should be considered as a coronary risk factor in young women.", "contents": "Acute coronary artery disease and oral contraceptives. The Waikato Hospital experience of women admitted or seen in the Cardiology Outpatient Clinic who were under the age of 40 and whose diagnosis was a recent acute coronary occlusive episode was reviewed. It was found that there were nine admissions in eight women in this category between December 1971 and November 1973, plus one further patient who was seen with a recent acute ischaemic episode as an outpatient. The histories of these patients were reviewed and their risk factors surveyed. Of the nine women in the study, seven were taking oral contraceptives. As opposed to previous studies, not all the women in this study showed risk factors other than oral contraceptive usage. Three patients in this group taking oral contraceptives and who were thought to have definite coronary ischaemic episodes had no other major risk factor though two of the three were obese. It is thought probable that oral contraceptives containing oestrogens should be considered as a coronary risk factor in young women.", "PMID": 1057908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2370", "title": "Effect of high dose spironolactone and chlorthalidone in essential hypertension: relation to plasma renin activity and plasma volume.", "content": "The effect on blood pressure of high (400 mg/day-S400) and moderate dose (200 mg/day-S200) spironolactone and chlorthalidone (100 mg/day-C100), given in a random double-blind manner was related to plasma renin activity and plasma volume in 38 essential hypertensives. The fall in pressure from a control of 154/103 mm Hg was essentially the same after four weeks of each drug--S400 deltaBP 24/13 mm, S200 18/9 mm, C100 17/12 mm (all P less than 0-001). Twelve of 37 patients (32%) had low initial renin, but this appeared as responsive to the chlorthalidone stimulus as that of the normal renin group. The antihypertensive effect of all regimens was unrelated to plasma renin activity. Plasma volume was significantly lowered at the end of each treatment period, but the decline could not be correlated with blood pressure effects. Patients with initially low plasma volume were more likely to respond to S400 (r = 0-545, P less than 0-001), whereas the antihypertensive effect of the S200 and C100 regimens was independent of this variable.", "contents": "Effect of high dose spironolactone and chlorthalidone in essential hypertension: relation to plasma renin activity and plasma volume. The effect on blood pressure of high (400 mg/day-S400) and moderate dose (200 mg/day-S200) spironolactone and chlorthalidone (100 mg/day-C100), given in a random double-blind manner was related to plasma renin activity and plasma volume in 38 essential hypertensives. The fall in pressure from a control of 154/103 mm Hg was essentially the same after four weeks of each drug--S400 deltaBP 24/13 mm, S200 18/9 mm, C100 17/12 mm (all P less than 0-001). Twelve of 37 patients (32%) had low initial renin, but this appeared as responsive to the chlorthalidone stimulus as that of the normal renin group. The antihypertensive effect of all regimens was unrelated to plasma renin activity. Plasma volume was significantly lowered at the end of each treatment period, but the decline could not be correlated with blood pressure effects. Patients with initially low plasma volume were more likely to respond to S400 (r = 0-545, P less than 0-001), whereas the antihypertensive effect of the S200 and C100 regimens was independent of this variable.", "PMID": 1057909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2371", "title": "Interaction of bile with erythromycin Lactobionate in vitro.", "content": "An interaction of bile with erythromycin lactobionate in vitro has been demonstrated. The major bile components involved in this interaction have been shown to be the bile salts. The nature of the bile salt-erythromycin interaction has been investigated. The way in which an interaction between bile salts and erythromycin in vivo might lead to the hepatic dysfunction and cholestasis associated with some instances of erythromycin therapy is discussed.", "contents": "Interaction of bile with erythromycin Lactobionate in vitro. An interaction of bile with erythromycin lactobionate in vitro has been demonstrated. The major bile components involved in this interaction have been shown to be the bile salts. The nature of the bile salt-erythromycin interaction has been investigated. The way in which an interaction between bile salts and erythromycin in vivo might lead to the hepatic dysfunction and cholestasis associated with some instances of erythromycin therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 1057910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2372", "title": "Tachyarrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In 1505 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) serious ventricular arrhythmias were commoner in those with transmural ECG changes, and were associated with an increase in mortality and in the incidence of left ventricular failure (LVF) as well as higher peak serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurred more often in older patients and in those with LVF and clinical evidence of pericarditis.", "contents": "Tachyarrhythmias in acute myocardial infarction. In 1505 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) serious ventricular arrhythmias were commoner in those with transmural ECG changes, and were associated with an increase in mortality and in the incidence of left ventricular failure (LVF) as well as higher peak serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurred more often in older patients and in those with LVF and clinical evidence of pericarditis.", "PMID": 1057911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2373", "title": "Observations on Maori-European lung function differences.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-one regular soldiers between the ages of 18 and 34 years, who had lived and worked under identical conditions for the two previous years were examined. All subjects with respiratory symptoms of wheeze, dyspnoea, persistent cough or sputum were excluded. Smoking, per se, was not a reason for exclusion. Eighty-three \"respiratorily fit\" men, comprising 47 Maoris and 36 Europeans, were studied to see whether height, weight or obesity could account for the ethnic differences in lung function. The forced vital capacity in the Maoris was found to be about 9% lower than in the Europeans. The one-second forced expiratory volume of the Maoris was about 8% lower than in the Europeans. No significant difference could be found in the peak expiratory flow rates between the two ethnic groups. The only significant physical difference found between the two ethnic groups was that the Maoris were heavier for their height than the Europeans. Statistical tests showed that neither weight nor an obesity index accounted for the ethnic differences in lung function. Full laboratory investigation of these ethnic differences is recommended.", "contents": "Observations on Maori-European lung function differences. One hundred and twenty-one regular soldiers between the ages of 18 and 34 years, who had lived and worked under identical conditions for the two previous years were examined. All subjects with respiratory symptoms of wheeze, dyspnoea, persistent cough or sputum were excluded. Smoking, per se, was not a reason for exclusion. Eighty-three \"respiratorily fit\" men, comprising 47 Maoris and 36 Europeans, were studied to see whether height, weight or obesity could account for the ethnic differences in lung function. The forced vital capacity in the Maoris was found to be about 9% lower than in the Europeans. The one-second forced expiratory volume of the Maoris was about 8% lower than in the Europeans. No significant difference could be found in the peak expiratory flow rates between the two ethnic groups. The only significant physical difference found between the two ethnic groups was that the Maoris were heavier for their height than the Europeans. Statistical tests showed that neither weight nor an obesity index accounted for the ethnic differences in lung function. Full laboratory investigation of these ethnic differences is recommended.", "PMID": 1057912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2374", "title": "The spectrum of liver diseases in alcoholism.", "content": "Liver biopsies obtained from 100 alcoholic patient attending a clinic primarily for the management of their alcoholism, have been reviewed. The morphological appearances have been correlated with histories of alcohol consumption and with clinical and biochemical findings. There were 77 men and 23 women. Eight biopsies appeared normal, 62 showed fatty liver with or without fribrosis, 17 had alcoholic hepatitis with or without fibrosis and 13 had alcoholic hepatitis with established cirrhosis. Patients with fatty liver had drunk as long and as heavily as those with alcoholic hepatitis, suggesting that some other factor in addition to alcohol is of importance in the development of alcoholic hepatitis. Clinical and biochemical abnormalities showed no constant relationship to histological findings. Thus liver biopsy would seem to be an essential part of the full clinical assessment of the alcoholic patient.", "contents": "The spectrum of liver diseases in alcoholism. Liver biopsies obtained from 100 alcoholic patient attending a clinic primarily for the management of their alcoholism, have been reviewed. The morphological appearances have been correlated with histories of alcohol consumption and with clinical and biochemical findings. There were 77 men and 23 women. Eight biopsies appeared normal, 62 showed fatty liver with or without fribrosis, 17 had alcoholic hepatitis with or without fibrosis and 13 had alcoholic hepatitis with established cirrhosis. Patients with fatty liver had drunk as long and as heavily as those with alcoholic hepatitis, suggesting that some other factor in addition to alcohol is of importance in the development of alcoholic hepatitis. Clinical and biochemical abnormalities showed no constant relationship to histological findings. Thus liver biopsy would seem to be an essential part of the full clinical assessment of the alcoholic patient.", "PMID": 1057913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2375", "title": "Constrictive pericarditis following mild non-penetrating trauma.", "content": "A case of constrictive pericarditis developed within twenty-four days of mild, blunt thoracic trauma. Rapid progression from traumatic pericarditis to constriction is documented with clinical evidence, electrocardiographic changes and cardiac catheterisation data. Other manifestations of pericardial reaction after blunt chest trauma are reviewed briefly.", "contents": "Constrictive pericarditis following mild non-penetrating trauma. A case of constrictive pericarditis developed within twenty-four days of mild, blunt thoracic trauma. Rapid progression from traumatic pericarditis to constriction is documented with clinical evidence, electrocardiographic changes and cardiac catheterisation data. Other manifestations of pericardial reaction after blunt chest trauma are reviewed briefly.", "PMID": 1057914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2376", "title": "Dialysis-associated dementia.", "content": "Two patients from an Australian Dialysis Centre developed a progressive neurological disorder with features similar to those recently discribed as the snydrome of Dementia Dialytica. These two patients are reported here and this newly recognised syndrome reviewed.", "contents": "Dialysis-associated dementia. Two patients from an Australian Dialysis Centre developed a progressive neurological disorder with features similar to those recently discribed as the snydrome of Dementia Dialytica. These two patients are reported here and this newly recognised syndrome reviewed.", "PMID": 1057915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2377", "title": "Assessment of cardiovascular side effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic anti-depressant drugs.", "content": "An assessment of the side effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic anti-depressant drugs was attempted in 32 patients with depressive illness. The patients studied had no evidence of clinical heart disease or hypertension and were not receiving any other drugs. Moderate increase in heart rate and mild prolongation of atrioventricular conduction occurred. No significant effect on the corrected QT interval or blood pressure was found. There was no correlation between the increased heart rate, prolongation of the atrioventricular conduction time (PR interval) and plasma nortriptyline levels measured in 20 out of 32 patients.", "contents": "Assessment of cardiovascular side effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic anti-depressant drugs. An assessment of the side effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic anti-depressant drugs was attempted in 32 patients with depressive illness. The patients studied had no evidence of clinical heart disease or hypertension and were not receiving any other drugs. Moderate increase in heart rate and mild prolongation of atrioventricular conduction occurred. No significant effect on the corrected QT interval or blood pressure was found. There was no correlation between the increased heart rate, prolongation of the atrioventricular conduction time (PR interval) and plasma nortriptyline levels measured in 20 out of 32 patients.", "PMID": 1057916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2378", "title": "The relationship of red cell membrane lipid content to red cell morphology and survival in patients with liver disease.", "content": "The relationship of red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipid content to RBC morphology and survival was studied in patients with liver diseases. An increase in RBC cholesterol and phospholipid was detected in most patients with hepatocellular disease or cholestatic jaundice but the alteration in RBC lipid content did not correlate with RBC survival. The main abnormality of RBC morphology observed was the presence of macrocytes and target cells. In a small proportion of patients (approximately 3%) with severe hepatocellular disease, significant numbers of severely deformed (\"spur\") cells were seen. In these patients haemolysis was moderately severe and the RBC lipid profile showed increased membrane cholesterol without a concomitant increase in phospholipids. It is concluded that only in patients with \"spur\" cell anaemia do the morphological alterations lead to premature removal of cells from the circulation. The cause of the shortened RBC survival in jaundiced patients without \"spur\" cells remains to be determined.", "contents": "The relationship of red cell membrane lipid content to red cell morphology and survival in patients with liver disease. The relationship of red blood cell (RBC) membrane lipid content to RBC morphology and survival was studied in patients with liver diseases. An increase in RBC cholesterol and phospholipid was detected in most patients with hepatocellular disease or cholestatic jaundice but the alteration in RBC lipid content did not correlate with RBC survival. The main abnormality of RBC morphology observed was the presence of macrocytes and target cells. In a small proportion of patients (approximately 3%) with severe hepatocellular disease, significant numbers of severely deformed (\"spur\") cells were seen. In these patients haemolysis was moderately severe and the RBC lipid profile showed increased membrane cholesterol without a concomitant increase in phospholipids. It is concluded that only in patients with \"spur\" cell anaemia do the morphological alterations lead to premature removal of cells from the circulation. The cause of the shortened RBC survival in jaundiced patients without \"spur\" cells remains to be determined.", "PMID": 1057918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2379", "title": "The significance of HL-A W27 in ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome with three family studies.", "content": "So as to test the diagnostic significance of tissue typing in an Australian population the HL-A antigens of forty-seven patients with Ankylosing Sondylitis and six patients with Reiter's Syndrome were compared with those found in three hundred and six controls.  Since HL-A W27 was found in 92% of the patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis and all patients with Reiter's Syndrome it is concluded that these diagnoses should be questioned if this antigen cannot be demonstrated.  In three family studies it was apparent that Ankylosing Spondylitis only occurred in those who had inherited HL-A W27 so that the absence of the antigen may help to identify those family members who will not develop the disease.  Notwithstanding the association demonstrated the data argue against a close and simple linkage between the antigen and these diseases.", "contents": "The significance of HL-A W27 in ankylosing spondylitis and Reiter's syndrome with three family studies. So as to test the diagnostic significance of tissue typing in an Australian population the HL-A antigens of forty-seven patients with Ankylosing Sondylitis and six patients with Reiter's Syndrome were compared with those found in three hundred and six controls.  Since HL-A W27 was found in 92% of the patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis and all patients with Reiter's Syndrome it is concluded that these diagnoses should be questioned if this antigen cannot be demonstrated.  In three family studies it was apparent that Ankylosing Spondylitis only occurred in those who had inherited HL-A W27 so that the absence of the antigen may help to identify those family members who will not develop the disease.  Notwithstanding the association demonstrated the data argue against a close and simple linkage between the antigen and these diseases.", "PMID": 1057919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2380", "title": "The floppy mitral valve syndrome--a review of fourteen patients requiring valve surgery.", "content": "The correlation of clinical features with the operative findings in 14 patients with a floppy mitral valve is discussed.  The clinical course is typified by rapidly progressive disability.  An abrupt deterioration was present in five of our subjects and this may be due to  rupture of chordae tendinea or stretching of the valve apparatus.  The redundancy of the anterior cusp in 13 of our series may explain the absence of mid systolic clicks in all except one patient.  The diagnosis of prolapse can be difficult to make prior to surgery because the prolapsed cusp may be masked by the regurgitant contrast medium.  Hypokinesis and prominent inflow sacculation of the left ventricular inflow tract suggest an associated myocardial abnormality.  Calcium was present in one valve and thus mitral valve calcification does not exclude the possibility of a floppy valve in patients with mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "The floppy mitral valve syndrome--a review of fourteen patients requiring valve surgery. The correlation of clinical features with the operative findings in 14 patients with a floppy mitral valve is discussed.  The clinical course is typified by rapidly progressive disability.  An abrupt deterioration was present in five of our subjects and this may be due to  rupture of chordae tendinea or stretching of the valve apparatus.  The redundancy of the anterior cusp in 13 of our series may explain the absence of mid systolic clicks in all except one patient.  The diagnosis of prolapse can be difficult to make prior to surgery because the prolapsed cusp may be masked by the regurgitant contrast medium.  Hypokinesis and prominent inflow sacculation of the left ventricular inflow tract suggest an associated myocardial abnormality.  Calcium was present in one valve and thus mitral valve calcification does not exclude the possibility of a floppy valve in patients with mitral regurgitation.", "PMID": 1057920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2381", "title": "Reduction of platelet/fibrin deposition in haemodialysers by aspirin administration.", "content": "Aspirin, a drug known to inhibit the platelet release reaction, was evaluated for its potential in reducing platelet/fibrin deposition in hollow fibre dialysers.  Twelve patients with endstage renal failure were given the drug under controlled conditions while being treated by regular maintenance haemodialysis.  After base-line data were collected during a mean number of 11.7 dialysers per study, observations were repeated for a mean of 9.3 dialysers, during which time each patient took 600 mg of aspirin by mouth every morning.  Thrombus deposition, measured by volume loss of the blood compartment of the dialyser fibre bundle, was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) during aspirin administration in six of the 12 studies.  The mean volume loss of the fibre bundle in these six studies (responders) was 25% per dialysis during the control period, and 13% with aspirin; in the other six studies (non-responders), the mean values were 8% and 6% respectively.  Aspirin prolonged the bleeding time in all patients, and significantly (p less than 0.05) impaired platelet aggregation in both responders and non-responders.", "contents": "Reduction of platelet/fibrin deposition in haemodialysers by aspirin administration. Aspirin, a drug known to inhibit the platelet release reaction, was evaluated for its potential in reducing platelet/fibrin deposition in hollow fibre dialysers.  Twelve patients with endstage renal failure were given the drug under controlled conditions while being treated by regular maintenance haemodialysis.  After base-line data were collected during a mean number of 11.7 dialysers per study, observations were repeated for a mean of 9.3 dialysers, during which time each patient took 600 mg of aspirin by mouth every morning.  Thrombus deposition, measured by volume loss of the blood compartment of the dialyser fibre bundle, was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) during aspirin administration in six of the 12 studies.  The mean volume loss of the fibre bundle in these six studies (responders) was 25% per dialysis during the control period, and 13% with aspirin; in the other six studies (non-responders), the mean values were 8% and 6% respectively.  Aspirin prolonged the bleeding time in all patients, and significantly (p less than 0.05) impaired platelet aggregation in both responders and non-responders.", "PMID": 1057921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2382", "title": "Nutrition in the Australian aborginines--effects of the fortification of white flour.", "content": "The nutritional status of 66 part Aborginines was re-examined in 1974--with particular reference to blood levels of haemoglobin and vitamins--after white bread fortified with iron and the vitamins B1 and PP (niacin) had been available for six and half months to the population of Bourke, New South Wales.  The results found in 1971 and 1974 are compared.  A significant improvement from deficient to acceptable blood levels of vitamins B1 and B6 was found in 44% and 52% of the subjects respectively.  This attributed to the comsumption of fortified bread since the levels of the other vitamins had remained either unchanged or worsened.  The biochemical improvement in vitamin B6 is attributed to the sparing effect of vitamin PP on vitamin B6 requirement because the conversion of tryptophan to niacin is impaired in vitamin B6 deficiency.  Iron deficiency anaemia in children had decreased by 50% but this could have been due to many other factors besides the iron which had been added to the bread.  Clinically there was a marked decrease in angular stomatitis and skin xerosis which could be related to the biochemical improvement of the two B-vitamins and a decrease in active trachoma and suppurative otitis media probably due to intensive treatment received since 1971.  The results of this study and the extent of biochemical vitamin B1 and B6 deficiency found in other groups, indicate that fortification of bread may be of benefit to the community as a whole.", "contents": "Nutrition in the Australian aborginines--effects of the fortification of white flour. The nutritional status of 66 part Aborginines was re-examined in 1974--with particular reference to blood levels of haemoglobin and vitamins--after white bread fortified with iron and the vitamins B1 and PP (niacin) had been available for six and half months to the population of Bourke, New South Wales.  The results found in 1971 and 1974 are compared.  A significant improvement from deficient to acceptable blood levels of vitamins B1 and B6 was found in 44% and 52% of the subjects respectively.  This attributed to the comsumption of fortified bread since the levels of the other vitamins had remained either unchanged or worsened.  The biochemical improvement in vitamin B6 is attributed to the sparing effect of vitamin PP on vitamin B6 requirement because the conversion of tryptophan to niacin is impaired in vitamin B6 deficiency.  Iron deficiency anaemia in children had decreased by 50% but this could have been due to many other factors besides the iron which had been added to the bread.  Clinically there was a marked decrease in angular stomatitis and skin xerosis which could be related to the biochemical improvement of the two B-vitamins and a decrease in active trachoma and suppurative otitis media probably due to intensive treatment received since 1971.  The results of this study and the extent of biochemical vitamin B1 and B6 deficiency found in other groups, indicate that fortification of bread may be of benefit to the community as a whole.", "PMID": 1057922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2383", "title": "The prevalence of chronic gastritis in patients with gastric ulcer.", "content": "Multiple gastric biopsies were performed with a duodenofiberscope in 58 Chinese subjects.  All 58 cases had a gastric ulcer crater, demonstrated by endoscopy, or barium meal, or both.  Histological sections of the gastric biopsies showed chronic atrophic gastritis in 12 (20.6%), chronic gastritis in 31 (53.4%), and acute-on-chronic gastritis in 11 (19%).  Only two cases or 3.4% had normal gastric mucosa, while 54 cases or 93% had some form of chronic gastritis, on the gastric biopsy.  The gastritis was associated with intestinal metaplasia in 16 cases (27.6%), while two cases had histological evidence of gastric atypia.  No significant difference was found in the mean basal and peak acid outputs among the three groups of gastric ulcer cases with chronic atrophic gastritis, chronic gastritis, and acute-on-chronic gastritis.  The high frequency of chronic gastritis (93%) occurring in patients with gastric ulcer in the present series suggests that chronic gastritis may be an important aetiological factor in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration.", "contents": "The prevalence of chronic gastritis in patients with gastric ulcer. Multiple gastric biopsies were performed with a duodenofiberscope in 58 Chinese subjects.  All 58 cases had a gastric ulcer crater, demonstrated by endoscopy, or barium meal, or both.  Histological sections of the gastric biopsies showed chronic atrophic gastritis in 12 (20.6%), chronic gastritis in 31 (53.4%), and acute-on-chronic gastritis in 11 (19%).  Only two cases or 3.4% had normal gastric mucosa, while 54 cases or 93% had some form of chronic gastritis, on the gastric biopsy.  The gastritis was associated with intestinal metaplasia in 16 cases (27.6%), while two cases had histological evidence of gastric atypia.  No significant difference was found in the mean basal and peak acid outputs among the three groups of gastric ulcer cases with chronic atrophic gastritis, chronic gastritis, and acute-on-chronic gastritis.  The high frequency of chronic gastritis (93%) occurring in patients with gastric ulcer in the present series suggests that chronic gastritis may be an important aetiological factor in the pathogenesis of gastric ulceration.", "PMID": 1057923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2384", "title": "Effect of stasis on intestinal enzyme activities.", "content": "Activities of the small intestinal mucosal enzymes lactase, sucrase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were studied in rats with surgically-induced upper intestinal stasis and in control animals. The first four are brush border enzymes, the latter a lysosomal enzyme. There was a reduction in the activities of all enzymes in the operated animals. The change lining was significant and most marked in mucosa the blind loop and gut distal to it; areas in which there is gross bacterial overgrowth and excessive levels of intraluminal deconjugated bile salts. The significance of these findings in relation to malabsorption consequent on bacterial contamination of the upper gut is uncertain and requires further study.", "contents": "Effect of stasis on intestinal enzyme activities. Activities of the small intestinal mucosal enzymes lactase, sucrase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase were studied in rats with surgically-induced upper intestinal stasis and in control animals. The first four are brush border enzymes, the latter a lysosomal enzyme. There was a reduction in the activities of all enzymes in the operated animals. The change lining was significant and most marked in mucosa the blind loop and gut distal to it; areas in which there is gross bacterial overgrowth and excessive levels of intraluminal deconjugated bile salts. The significance of these findings in relation to malabsorption consequent on bacterial contamination of the upper gut is uncertain and requires further study.", "PMID": 1057924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2385", "title": "Phenytoin sensitivity in a case of phenytoin-associated Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The case of a patient who developed Hodgkin's disease three years after commencement of therapy with phenytoin is presented.  Humoral and cellular immunological capacity were significantly depressed.  Phenytoin caused a striking increase in DNA synthesis when lymphocytes were culture in the presence of this drug, in contrast to significant inhibition in the lymphocytes of control subjects.  These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that both chronic antigenic stimulation and immunosuppression by phenytoin and involved in the induction of lymphoma.", "contents": "Phenytoin sensitivity in a case of phenytoin-associated Hodgkin's disease. The case of a patient who developed Hodgkin's disease three years after commencement of therapy with phenytoin is presented.  Humoral and cellular immunological capacity were significantly depressed.  Phenytoin caused a striking increase in DNA synthesis when lymphocytes were culture in the presence of this drug, in contrast to significant inhibition in the lymphocytes of control subjects.  These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that both chronic antigenic stimulation and immunosuppression by phenytoin and involved in the induction of lymphoma.", "PMID": 1057925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2386", "title": "Emphysema in Papua New Guinea--a pathological study.", "content": "The authors examined 47 lungs obtained at post mortem in Papua New Gunea.  These were inflated with formalin, fixed under pressure, sliced and examined for emphysema using a \"point-counting\" method.  There was no emphysema before the age of 30 years.  The pathological types encountered were similar to those in the United Kingdom.  In patients over 50 years of age there appeared to be little difference between the amount of emphysema present in Paua New Guinea and in the United Kingdom.  Enviromental air pollution seemed to be relatively unimportant in the pathogenesis.  Repeated lower respiratory tract infections may be more important.  Emphysema appeared to be more prevalent in lowland than highland dwellers.  The findings of this pathological study supported the clinical and epidemiological studies carried out concurrently, but independently by others.", "contents": "Emphysema in Papua New Guinea--a pathological study. The authors examined 47 lungs obtained at post mortem in Papua New Gunea.  These were inflated with formalin, fixed under pressure, sliced and examined for emphysema using a \"point-counting\" method.  There was no emphysema before the age of 30 years.  The pathological types encountered were similar to those in the United Kingdom.  In patients over 50 years of age there appeared to be little difference between the amount of emphysema present in Paua New Guinea and in the United Kingdom.  Enviromental air pollution seemed to be relatively unimportant in the pathogenesis.  Repeated lower respiratory tract infections may be more important.  Emphysema appeared to be more prevalent in lowland than highland dwellers.  The findings of this pathological study supported the clinical and epidemiological studies carried out concurrently, but independently by others.", "PMID": 1057926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2387", "title": "A case of Hageman factor deficiency with myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "The co-existence of blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukaemia and an isolated deficiency of coagulation factor XII (Hageman Factor), is reported.  In the absence of any evidence of factor XII deficiency in the patient's siblings and children, it is uncertain if this represents an acquired factor XII deficiency due to myeloid leukaemia, or the coincidental occurrence of myeloid leukaemia with this autosomal recessive condition.", "contents": "A case of Hageman factor deficiency with myeloid leukaemia. The co-existence of blastic transformation of chronic myeloid leukaemia and an isolated deficiency of coagulation factor XII (Hageman Factor), is reported.  In the absence of any evidence of factor XII deficiency in the patient's siblings and children, it is uncertain if this represents an acquired factor XII deficiency due to myeloid leukaemia, or the coincidental occurrence of myeloid leukaemia with this autosomal recessive condition.", "PMID": 1057927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2388", "title": "Mycobacterium ulcerans in Australia.", "content": "The epidemiology of 39 case reports of infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans published during the past 25 years in Australia is presented.  A review is made of the laboratory findings of the strains found in Australia and of the contribution of Australian workers to the description, treatment and prevention of this disfiguring disease.", "contents": "Mycobacterium ulcerans in Australia. The epidemiology of 39 case reports of infection with Mycobacterium ulcerans published during the past 25 years in Australia is presented.  A review is made of the laboratory findings of the strains found in Australia and of the contribution of Australian workers to the description, treatment and prevention of this disfiguring disease.", "PMID": 1057928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2389", "title": "IgA-associated glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Mesangial IgA depostiiton was detected by routine fluorescent microscopy of 19 cases of glomerulonephritis.  Twelve patients had a variable degree of diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.  The heterogeneous histological findings in the other seven patients show that mesangial IgA deposition alone does not have diagnostic specificity.  However, when interpretation of the mesangial IgA deposition is complemented by clinical and histological information, a group of patients with the characteristic combined features can be distinguished.", "contents": "IgA-associated glomerulonephritis. Mesangial IgA depostiiton was detected by routine fluorescent microscopy of 19 cases of glomerulonephritis.  Twelve patients had a variable degree of diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis.  The heterogeneous histological findings in the other seven patients show that mesangial IgA deposition alone does not have diagnostic specificity.  However, when interpretation of the mesangial IgA deposition is complemented by clinical and histological information, a group of patients with the characteristic combined features can be distinguished.", "PMID": 1057931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2390", "title": "The effect of impairment of renal function and dialysis on the serum and urine levels of clindamycin.", "content": "A single 150 mg oral dose of clindamycin was given to three healthy volunteers and 13 patients with varying degrees of renal functional impairment.  The mean peak serum levels in the two groups were 2.55 +/- 0.92 mug/ml and 3.39 +/- 0.68 mug/ml respectively.  In all patients the levels greatly exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration for sensitive pathogens.  The serum half-life was extremely variable in patients with renal failure and bore no relationship to the glomerular filtration rate.  In the normal subjects 11.9% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine but in severe renal failure less than 1% of the bioactivity was detected in the urine in 24 hours.  The drug was not removed by haemodialysis.  In patients with mild to moderate impairment of renal function no dosage adjustment of clindamycin is necessary.  However, in those with severe renal failure some modification to dosage would be prudent and this should be monitored by measuring serum levels of the antibiotic.", "contents": "The effect of impairment of renal function and dialysis on the serum and urine levels of clindamycin. A single 150 mg oral dose of clindamycin was given to three healthy volunteers and 13 patients with varying degrees of renal functional impairment.  The mean peak serum levels in the two groups were 2.55 +/- 0.92 mug/ml and 3.39 +/- 0.68 mug/ml respectively.  In all patients the levels greatly exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration for sensitive pathogens.  The serum half-life was extremely variable in patients with renal failure and bore no relationship to the glomerular filtration rate.  In the normal subjects 11.9% of the administered dose was excreted in the urine but in severe renal failure less than 1% of the bioactivity was detected in the urine in 24 hours.  The drug was not removed by haemodialysis.  In patients with mild to moderate impairment of renal function no dosage adjustment of clindamycin is necessary.  However, in those with severe renal failure some modification to dosage would be prudent and this should be monitored by measuring serum levels of the antibiotic.", "PMID": 1057932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2391", "title": "A study of serum and myocardial digitoxin concentrations in man during cardiac arrest.", "content": "In 22 digitalized (of a total of 39) patients studied at random by radioimmunoassay during cardiac arrest, the mean serum digoxin concentration was 2.6 (+/- 1.86, range 0.6-8.2) ng/ml, significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than the \"eudigitalized\" concentration (1.3 +/- 0.52, range 0.5-2.3 ng/ml) determined under carefully standardized conditions in a non-toxic population.  Half of the arrest patients had serum digoxin levels in the toxic range (2.4 ng/ml or above), mainly due to significant renal failure (mean serum creatinine concentration 2.9 +/- 2.66 v. 1 +/- 0.26 mg/dl for non-toxic subjects, P less than 0.001), partly due to a higher mean daily digoxin dose (0.40 v 0.31 mg/day, P less than 0.05) and frequently associated with potent diuretic therapy (73 v 54%).  A smaller fraction of digitalized patients survived, both short- (27%) and long-term (14%), than did non-digitalized subjects (35% and 26%, respectively).  The mean myocardial digoxin concentration was 150 (+/- 63.3, range 52-252) ng/g with an average myocardial/serum ratio of 62.5 (range 38-91).  There were significant positive correlations between the serum digoxin and left-ventricular myocardial digoxin concentration (r=0.8107, P less than 0.01) or serum creatinine concentration (r=0.4637, P less than 0.001).", "contents": "A study of serum and myocardial digitoxin concentrations in man during cardiac arrest. In 22 digitalized (of a total of 39) patients studied at random by radioimmunoassay during cardiac arrest, the mean serum digoxin concentration was 2.6 (+/- 1.86, range 0.6-8.2) ng/ml, significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than the \"eudigitalized\" concentration (1.3 +/- 0.52, range 0.5-2.3 ng/ml) determined under carefully standardized conditions in a non-toxic population.  Half of the arrest patients had serum digoxin levels in the toxic range (2.4 ng/ml or above), mainly due to significant renal failure (mean serum creatinine concentration 2.9 +/- 2.66 v. 1 +/- 0.26 mg/dl for non-toxic subjects, P less than 0.001), partly due to a higher mean daily digoxin dose (0.40 v 0.31 mg/day, P less than 0.05) and frequently associated with potent diuretic therapy (73 v 54%).  A smaller fraction of digitalized patients survived, both short- (27%) and long-term (14%), than did non-digitalized subjects (35% and 26%, respectively).  The mean myocardial digoxin concentration was 150 (+/- 63.3, range 52-252) ng/g with an average myocardial/serum ratio of 62.5 (range 38-91).  There were significant positive correlations between the serum digoxin and left-ventricular myocardial digoxin concentration (r=0.8107, P less than 0.01) or serum creatinine concentration (r=0.4637, P less than 0.001).", "PMID": 1057933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2392", "title": "The effect of multiphasic biochemical screening on the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "Experience of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) at the Royal Brisbane Hospital was reviewed to determine the effect of multiphasic biochemical screening, introduced during 1970, on the rate of diagnosis of this disease.  In the period 1959-1970, there were 28 proved cases and, in the period 1971-1974, 41 cases, an increase from 2.5 to 11.7 cases per annum.  The main factor contributing to this increase was the inclusion of plasma calcium in the multiphasic screening programme, together with correction of the plasma calcium for the total protein concentration in the same blood sample.", "contents": "The effect of multiphasic biochemical screening on the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism. Experience of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) at the Royal Brisbane Hospital was reviewed to determine the effect of multiphasic biochemical screening, introduced during 1970, on the rate of diagnosis of this disease.  In the period 1959-1970, there were 28 proved cases and, in the period 1971-1974, 41 cases, an increase from 2.5 to 11.7 cases per annum.  The main factor contributing to this increase was the inclusion of plasma calcium in the multiphasic screening programme, together with correction of the plasma calcium for the total protein concentration in the same blood sample.", "PMID": 1057934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2393", "title": "The effect of carbenoxolone sodium on the plasma 11 hydroxycorticoid levels in chronic gastric ulceration.", "content": "The mineralcorticoid effects of carbenoxolone sodium are well established and seem related to the ulcer healing of the drug.  In the present study the plasma 11 hydroxycorticoid responses were assessed in 12 patients undergoing treatment with carbenoxolone for chronic gastric ulceration.  After treatment with carbenoxolone for one month the plasma 11 hydroxycoticoid levels rose significantly, suppression by dexamethosone was less marked and the normal diurnal periodicity was abolished.  Carbenoxolone therapy influences the results of tests designed to assess the function of the pituitaryadrenal axis and may lead to sub-clinical adrenocortical hyperfunction.", "contents": "The effect of carbenoxolone sodium on the plasma 11 hydroxycorticoid levels in chronic gastric ulceration. The mineralcorticoid effects of carbenoxolone sodium are well established and seem related to the ulcer healing of the drug.  In the present study the plasma 11 hydroxycorticoid responses were assessed in 12 patients undergoing treatment with carbenoxolone for chronic gastric ulceration.  After treatment with carbenoxolone for one month the plasma 11 hydroxycoticoid levels rose significantly, suppression by dexamethosone was less marked and the normal diurnal periodicity was abolished.  Carbenoxolone therapy influences the results of tests designed to assess the function of the pituitaryadrenal axis and may lead to sub-clinical adrenocortical hyperfunction.", "PMID": 1057935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2394", "title": "Bood vitamin levels in children with gastroenteritis.", "content": "Clinical evaluation and estimation of blood levels of vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B6 and of total carotenoids were carried out in 52 consecutive children admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in Sydney during the winter epidemic of diarrhoea.  The children included 37 Europeans and 15 Aboriginals, who were previously apparently healthy.  Of these, 19 Europeans and ten Abororigines were studied also after recovery.  The anthropometric, clinical, microbiological and biochemical data for each child is presented.  Vitamin treatment, duration of symptoms, severity of diarrhoea, stool microbiology and the role of secondary malabsorption as a main cause of the depressed plasma vitamin levels found is discussed.", "contents": "Bood vitamin levels in children with gastroenteritis. Clinical evaluation and estimation of blood levels of vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B6 and of total carotenoids were carried out in 52 consecutive children admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children in Sydney during the winter epidemic of diarrhoea.  The children included 37 Europeans and 15 Aboriginals, who were previously apparently healthy.  Of these, 19 Europeans and ten Abororigines were studied also after recovery.  The anthropometric, clinical, microbiological and biochemical data for each child is presented.  Vitamin treatment, duration of symptoms, severity of diarrhoea, stool microbiology and the role of secondary malabsorption as a main cause of the depressed plasma vitamin levels found is discussed.", "PMID": 1057936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2395", "title": "A family study of coeliac disease.", "content": "Studies by Thompson, 1 Carter et al, 2 MacDonald et al. and McCrae 4 have all shown a high familial frequency of coeliac disease (CD).  The diagnostic criteria differed in each study; in Thompson's patients the diagnosis was based on clinical or historical data alone; in Carter's study response to a gluten-free diet was required, while in MacDonald's and McCrae's studies the diagnostic criteria included the demonstration of the lesion of CD by small bowel biopsy.  In MacDonald's study some asymptomatic cases were discovered and a few of these had normal fat balance results.  No hereditary pattern emerged from these studies though MacDonald postulated a dominant gene with variable penetrance while McCrae suggested that susceptibility to CD is inhereited multifactorially and that enviromental factors other than dietary gluten are of aetiological importance.  Hoffman et al. 5, on the other hand, have described discordance for CD in identical twins.", "contents": "A family study of coeliac disease. Studies by Thompson, 1 Carter et al, 2 MacDonald et al. and McCrae 4 have all shown a high familial frequency of coeliac disease (CD).  The diagnostic criteria differed in each study; in Thompson's patients the diagnosis was based on clinical or historical data alone; in Carter's study response to a gluten-free diet was required, while in MacDonald's and McCrae's studies the diagnostic criteria included the demonstration of the lesion of CD by small bowel biopsy.  In MacDonald's study some asymptomatic cases were discovered and a few of these had normal fat balance results.  No hereditary pattern emerged from these studies though MacDonald postulated a dominant gene with variable penetrance while McCrae suggested that susceptibility to CD is inhereited multifactorially and that enviromental factors other than dietary gluten are of aetiological importance.  Hoffman et al. 5, on the other hand, have described discordance for CD in identical twins.", "PMID": 1057937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2396", "title": "Detection of synovial cysts by transmission-emission scintigrams following intra-articular 169Yb-DTPA.", "content": "A new simple and safe technique for the detection of synovial cysts is described.  This investigation employs combined transmission-emission scintigraphy following intra-articular injection of 169Yb-DTPA.  Twenty-two joints were investigated in 18 patients.  A high degree of correlation was found between clinical findings and the results of this investigation.  The major advantages of this method are low local radiation to synovial linings, adequate visualisation of periarticular soft tissue, and small volumes required for intra-articular injection.", "contents": "Detection of synovial cysts by transmission-emission scintigrams following intra-articular 169Yb-DTPA. A new simple and safe technique for the detection of synovial cysts is described.  This investigation employs combined transmission-emission scintigraphy following intra-articular injection of 169Yb-DTPA.  Twenty-two joints were investigated in 18 patients.  A high degree of correlation was found between clinical findings and the results of this investigation.  The major advantages of this method are low local radiation to synovial linings, adequate visualisation of periarticular soft tissue, and small volumes required for intra-articular injection.", "PMID": 1057938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2397", "title": "Spirometric standards from 387 healthy New Zealand children.", "content": "Vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were measured in 387 healthy European and 16 non-European children aged from five to 11 years.  These measurements were correlated with height, sitting height, arm span, weight, lean weight and age in various combinations.  Suitable linear regression equations are presented from which these lung volumes may be predicted with confidence limits down to approximately +/- 400 ml and +/- 200 ml respectively.", "contents": "Spirometric standards from 387 healthy New Zealand children. Vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s were measured in 387 healthy European and 16 non-European children aged from five to 11 years.  These measurements were correlated with height, sitting height, arm span, weight, lean weight and age in various combinations.  Suitable linear regression equations are presented from which these lung volumes may be predicted with confidence limits down to approximately +/- 400 ml and +/- 200 ml respectively.", "PMID": 1057939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2398", "title": "Leukemias induced by 1-butyl- and 1-propyl-1-nitrosoureas in the rat.", "content": "The leukemogenic effect of 1-propyl- and 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea (PNU and BNU) was studied in Donryu and Sprague-Dawley rats, which received the chemical in their drinking water. BNU produced leukemia in 42 out of 46 (91%) of the Donryu rats, and the majority of the induced leukemia were myeloblastic type. In the Sprague-Dawley rats, the incidence of leukemia was 70% (47/67), of which 37%(13/35) were myelocytic leukemia, although the development of myeloblastic leukemia was still predominant (54%, 19/35). The leukemogenic activity of PNU was slightly lower than that of BNU; it produced leukemia in 64% (61/95) of the Donryu rats. The predominant type of induced leukemia was myelocytic leukemia (59%, 36/61). Therefore, it was demonstrated through the series of experiments using BNU and PNU that the strength of leukemogenic activity has a close relationship to the types of leukemia induced in animals. Both BNU and PNU, however, provide excellent disease models of myelogeneous leukemia in the human being.", "contents": "Leukemias induced by 1-butyl- and 1-propyl-1-nitrosoureas in the rat. The leukemogenic effect of 1-propyl- and 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea (PNU and BNU) was studied in Donryu and Sprague-Dawley rats, which received the chemical in their drinking water. BNU produced leukemia in 42 out of 46 (91%) of the Donryu rats, and the majority of the induced leukemia were myeloblastic type. In the Sprague-Dawley rats, the incidence of leukemia was 70% (47/67), of which 37%(13/35) were myelocytic leukemia, although the development of myeloblastic leukemia was still predominant (54%, 19/35). The leukemogenic activity of PNU was slightly lower than that of BNU; it produced leukemia in 64% (61/95) of the Donryu rats. The predominant type of induced leukemia was myelocytic leukemia (59%, 36/61). Therefore, it was demonstrated through the series of experiments using BNU and PNU that the strength of leukemogenic activity has a close relationship to the types of leukemia induced in animals. Both BNU and PNU, however, provide excellent disease models of myelogeneous leukemia in the human being.", "PMID": 1057941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2399", "title": "Increased virus budding from Friend erythroleukemic cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, and/or bromodeoxyuridine in vitro.", "content": "Chronically infected Friend leukemia cells (FLC), grown in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (2%, v/v), dimethyl formamide (DMF) (1% v/v), or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) (3 or 20 mug/ml) for 4 or 7 days, were examined under the electron microscope. It was found that at the 4th day all three compounds induced comparable increases in the number of budding viruses (3 to 5 times that of the control). At the 7th day, the number had remained relatively constant in the BrdU-treated cells in contrast to the cells of the DMSO- or DMF-treated cultures, which showed a further increase of budding viruses. The greatest increase was seen when BrdU was added in combination with either DMSO or DMF, and this was reflected in the apparent increase in the number of extracellular viruses seen in cell pellets. Scanning electron microscopy on whole FLC mounts provided a rapid means of counting budding viruses and a good correlation was obtained between these counts and those made on thin sections by transmission electron microscopy. Attempts to quantitate the number of released viruses in controls and treated cultures after 4 days of growth revealed a 5- to 10-fold increase per cell in the samples treated with a combination of BrdU and either DMSO or DMF. Thymidine failed to prevent the increase of budding viruses induced by BrdU treatment. The number of budding viruses found after treatment with 3 mug/ml BrdU in the presence of 12 mug/ml thymidine was at a level comparable to that found after the individual BrdU treatment Finally, although FLC always contained varying amounts of intracisternal particles, their number, as compared to the paired controls, always decreased after BrdU treatment.", "contents": "Increased virus budding from Friend erythroleukemic cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, and/or bromodeoxyuridine in vitro. Chronically infected Friend leukemia cells (FLC), grown in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (2%, v/v), dimethyl formamide (DMF) (1% v/v), or bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) (3 or 20 mug/ml) for 4 or 7 days, were examined under the electron microscope. It was found that at the 4th day all three compounds induced comparable increases in the number of budding viruses (3 to 5 times that of the control). At the 7th day, the number had remained relatively constant in the BrdU-treated cells in contrast to the cells of the DMSO- or DMF-treated cultures, which showed a further increase of budding viruses. The greatest increase was seen when BrdU was added in combination with either DMSO or DMF, and this was reflected in the apparent increase in the number of extracellular viruses seen in cell pellets. Scanning electron microscopy on whole FLC mounts provided a rapid means of counting budding viruses and a good correlation was obtained between these counts and those made on thin sections by transmission electron microscopy. Attempts to quantitate the number of released viruses in controls and treated cultures after 4 days of growth revealed a 5- to 10-fold increase per cell in the samples treated with a combination of BrdU and either DMSO or DMF. Thymidine failed to prevent the increase of budding viruses induced by BrdU treatment. The number of budding viruses found after treatment with 3 mug/ml BrdU in the presence of 12 mug/ml thymidine was at a level comparable to that found after the individual BrdU treatment Finally, although FLC always contained varying amounts of intracisternal particles, their number, as compared to the paired controls, always decreased after BrdU treatment.", "PMID": 1057942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2400", "title": "Attempts to transform murine hemopoietic cells by Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "Primary Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV)-induced myeloid leukemias can produce many small clones in agar in the absence of a factor needed for the proliferation of normal myeloid cells. It seems that leukemic cells can more efficiently utilize the small amount of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) that is produced by them. At optimal stimulation by exogenous CSF, leukemic cells exhibit a poorer rate of proliferation than normal bone marrow cells. Hemopoietic cells can replicate the virus after infection in vitro. In some experiments, infection of normal bone marrow cells leads to the production of some cells with the same growth pattern as cells from primary leukemias.", "contents": "Attempts to transform murine hemopoietic cells by Rauscher leukemia virus. Primary Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV)-induced myeloid leukemias can produce many small clones in agar in the absence of a factor needed for the proliferation of normal myeloid cells. It seems that leukemic cells can more efficiently utilize the small amount of colony-stimulating factor (CSF) that is produced by them. At optimal stimulation by exogenous CSF, leukemic cells exhibit a poorer rate of proliferation than normal bone marrow cells. Hemopoietic cells can replicate the virus after infection in vitro. In some experiments, infection of normal bone marrow cells leads to the production of some cells with the same growth pattern as cells from primary leukemias.", "PMID": 1057943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2401", "title": "Transformation of cells in human bone tumor cultures.", "content": "Two cell lines from tumors of 16 patients with osteosarcoma and two cell lines from 5 patients with giant cell tumor of bone showed conversion of cell type after 2 to 13 months in culture. Transformed cells of epithelial like morphology appeared in small focal areas and rapidly overgrew nontransformed cells. These cells were characterized by rapid growth, loss of contact inhibition, and growth in soft agar. Attempts to demonstrate virus(es) by electron microscopy, treatment with chemicals, or by inoculation of human cell lines were thus far unsuccessful. Antigens not present in parental cultures were observed in the transformed cells by fixed immunofluorescence test with sera of 13 and 20 osteosarcoma patients and 3 of 8 patients with giant cell tumor of bone. Absorption of positive sera with transformed cells of either osteosarcoma or giant cell tumor removed the reaction but not with absorption with heterophile material or mycoplasma. Presence of group-specific-like antigen (gs-3) in the transformed cells (but not in parent cultures) was shown by immunofluorescence. Fluids of transformed cultures contained heavy RNA similar to that of oncornaviruses. These findings suggest the presence of viral information in some human bone tumors.", "contents": "Transformation of cells in human bone tumor cultures. Two cell lines from tumors of 16 patients with osteosarcoma and two cell lines from 5 patients with giant cell tumor of bone showed conversion of cell type after 2 to 13 months in culture. Transformed cells of epithelial like morphology appeared in small focal areas and rapidly overgrew nontransformed cells. These cells were characterized by rapid growth, loss of contact inhibition, and growth in soft agar. Attempts to demonstrate virus(es) by electron microscopy, treatment with chemicals, or by inoculation of human cell lines were thus far unsuccessful. Antigens not present in parental cultures were observed in the transformed cells by fixed immunofluorescence test with sera of 13 and 20 osteosarcoma patients and 3 of 8 patients with giant cell tumor of bone. Absorption of positive sera with transformed cells of either osteosarcoma or giant cell tumor removed the reaction but not with absorption with heterophile material or mycoplasma. Presence of group-specific-like antigen (gs-3) in the transformed cells (but not in parent cultures) was shown by immunofluorescence. Fluids of transformed cultures contained heavy RNA similar to that of oncornaviruses. These findings suggest the presence of viral information in some human bone tumors.", "PMID": 1057944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2402", "title": "Growth and responsiveness of human granulocytic leukemic cells in vitro.", "content": "Cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) can be grown and their properties analyzed in agar gel cultures. Levels of the glycoprotein regulator colony stimulating factor (CSF) were found to be elevated in 19-66% of plasmas tested from patients with various types of granulocytic leukemia, and the growth of AML and CML cells in vitro was observed to be dependent on, and responsive to, stimulation by CSF-containing material. In both diseases, the leukemic cells appear to be in a responsive state with respect to normal growth regulators, and potentially alterations in regulator levels may therefore be able to achieve sustained arrest of the growth of leukemic populations.", "contents": "Growth and responsiveness of human granulocytic leukemic cells in vitro. Cells from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) can be grown and their properties analyzed in agar gel cultures. Levels of the glycoprotein regulator colony stimulating factor (CSF) were found to be elevated in 19-66% of plasmas tested from patients with various types of granulocytic leukemia, and the growth of AML and CML cells in vitro was observed to be dependent on, and responsive to, stimulation by CSF-containing material. In both diseases, the leukemic cells appear to be in a responsive state with respect to normal growth regulators, and potentially alterations in regulator levels may therefore be able to achieve sustained arrest of the growth of leukemic populations.", "PMID": 1057945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2403", "title": "Proliferation and maturation of human leukemia cells in liquid culture.", "content": "Bone marrow from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), preleukemia, and from healthy volunteers was cultured using a recently developed liquid diffusion technique. Differential and viable cell counts and 3H-thymidine labeling indices were performed at intervals up to 30 days. Differentiation was assessed morphologically by light and electron microscopy, histochemically, and by functional tests for phagocytosis and the presence of surface receptors for IgG. Colony-stimulating activity (CSA) was assayed against normal human bone marrow by the agar colony technique. In acute leukemia cultures, viable cell counts usually fell within the normal range. However, most AML cells failed to demonstrate significant maturation in vitro, and did not produce detectable CSA. In AMML cultures, maturation was defective but some differentiated macrophages were observed and the cells produced high concentrations of CSA. Preleukemic cultures demonstrated normal growth but maturation was impaired as evidenced by a high percentage of immature cells during the first 7 days. CML cultures showed abnormally high growth capacity resulting in viable cell counts 2-3 times normal. In the chronic phase of CML, maturation was qualitatively normal and the cells produced CSA. With the onset of blast transformation, maturation became abnormal but growth remained high. These studies support a concept of AML as a primary defect in cellular maturation and of CML as a primary abnormality of proliferation. The production of CSA by neoplastic cells relates to the degree of monocyte-macrophage differentiation within the leukemic population. Human preleukemia is characterized by a failure of normal maturation in vitro.", "contents": "Proliferation and maturation of human leukemia cells in liquid culture. Bone marrow from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML), chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), preleukemia, and from healthy volunteers was cultured using a recently developed liquid diffusion technique. Differential and viable cell counts and 3H-thymidine labeling indices were performed at intervals up to 30 days. Differentiation was assessed morphologically by light and electron microscopy, histochemically, and by functional tests for phagocytosis and the presence of surface receptors for IgG. Colony-stimulating activity (CSA) was assayed against normal human bone marrow by the agar colony technique. In acute leukemia cultures, viable cell counts usually fell within the normal range. However, most AML cells failed to demonstrate significant maturation in vitro, and did not produce detectable CSA. In AMML cultures, maturation was defective but some differentiated macrophages were observed and the cells produced high concentrations of CSA. Preleukemic cultures demonstrated normal growth but maturation was impaired as evidenced by a high percentage of immature cells during the first 7 days. CML cultures showed abnormally high growth capacity resulting in viable cell counts 2-3 times normal. In the chronic phase of CML, maturation was qualitatively normal and the cells produced CSA. With the onset of blast transformation, maturation became abnormal but growth remained high. These studies support a concept of AML as a primary defect in cellular maturation and of CML as a primary abnormality of proliferation. The production of CSA by neoplastic cells relates to the degree of monocyte-macrophage differentiation within the leukemic population. Human preleukemia is characterized by a failure of normal maturation in vitro.", "PMID": 1057946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2404", "title": "Identification and characterization: cell membrane antigens associated with the blast phase of human adult leukemia.", "content": "Cell membrane antigens which produce delayed skin reactions and are associated with the blast phase of human acute leukemia have been identified and characterized. When patients are in remission, these proteins are not present on their white blood cells. The blast antigens associated with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) are also present on early human fetal thymus cells. Blast antigens from acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) appear to have a different structure and are not associated with fetal antigens. The isolation away from blocking factors of purified, solubilized proteins from the leukemic blast cell membranes now permits the possibility of testing to see whether or not such specific antigens will be useful in diagnosis and in immuno-chemotherapy of leukemia.", "contents": "Identification and characterization: cell membrane antigens associated with the blast phase of human adult leukemia. Cell membrane antigens which produce delayed skin reactions and are associated with the blast phase of human acute leukemia have been identified and characterized. When patients are in remission, these proteins are not present on their white blood cells. The blast antigens associated with acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) are also present on early human fetal thymus cells. Blast antigens from acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) appear to have a different structure and are not associated with fetal antigens. The isolation away from blocking factors of purified, solubilized proteins from the leukemic blast cell membranes now permits the possibility of testing to see whether or not such specific antigens will be useful in diagnosis and in immuno-chemotherapy of leukemia.", "PMID": 1057947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2405", "title": "Immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "One hundred and seven untreated patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were admitted to St. Bartholomew's Hospital between the 10th October 1970 and the 31st January 1973. Before receiving drugs to induce remission they were allocated alternatively into 2 groups to decide their remission treatment, a group to receive chemotherapy alone and a group to receive the same chemotherapy with immunotherapy. The patients were then given induction chemotherapy and 45 of them attained complete remission. All patients in remission then received chemotherapy consisting of 5 days treatment every 28 days. Patients receiving immunotherapy were also given multiple weekly intradermal injections of irradiated stored AML cells and Glaxo BCG using a Heaf gun. There were 19 patients in the group which received only chemotherapy during remission; 7 of these patients remain alive (median survival after attaining remission--303 days) and only 5 are still in their first remission (median remission length 188 days). Twenty three patients were allocated to receive immunotherapy during remission in addition to chemotherapy and 16 remain alive (median 545 days) and 8 are in their first remission (median 312 days). The difference in survival of the 2 groups is significant with a sigma value of 0.003.", "contents": "Immunotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia. One hundred and seven untreated patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were admitted to St. Bartholomew's Hospital between the 10th October 1970 and the 31st January 1973. Before receiving drugs to induce remission they were allocated alternatively into 2 groups to decide their remission treatment, a group to receive chemotherapy alone and a group to receive the same chemotherapy with immunotherapy. The patients were then given induction chemotherapy and 45 of them attained complete remission. All patients in remission then received chemotherapy consisting of 5 days treatment every 28 days. Patients receiving immunotherapy were also given multiple weekly intradermal injections of irradiated stored AML cells and Glaxo BCG using a Heaf gun. There were 19 patients in the group which received only chemotherapy during remission; 7 of these patients remain alive (median survival after attaining remission--303 days) and only 5 are still in their first remission (median remission length 188 days). Twenty three patients were allocated to receive immunotherapy during remission in addition to chemotherapy and 16 remain alive (median 545 days) and 8 are in their first remission (median 312 days). The difference in survival of the 2 groups is significant with a sigma value of 0.003.", "PMID": 1057948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2406", "title": "[N,N-dimethyltryptamine: first comparative results. Preliminary communication].", "content": "On 7 male subjects (VP) the effect of 1.0--1.2 mg/kg N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) s.c. on the acoustic evoked potentials (AEP) was studied; in 3 subjects simultaneously with the scalp EEG. The AEP were reduced 10 min after the application of DMT and returned at the 55th min. The on-off effect was diminished at the same time. Nevertheless, the VP recognized every click and tone and understood every word. d-LSD 25 (100 mug p.o.) showed no effect on AEP. The maximum of the psychopathological phenomena of DMT was shown about the 15th min. The maximum of the AEP suppressing effect was observed at the 30th min and coincided with the extrapyramidal signs of DMT effect. In cats (2 mg/kg DMT i.v.) AEP reacted in the same way. 2 mg/kg serotonin (5-HT) i.v. did not change the AEP in cats. I.v. DMT application 23 min later reduced the AEP only for a short period. It is discussed whether the antagonistic mechanism on peripheral substrates of 5-HT and DMT might be possible also on central synapses. In that case DMT might suppress inhibitory effects of 5-HT on receptors of the area postrema and---via feed-back---stimulate neurons of the ascending reticular system (hallucinogenic effects). The extinction of AEP and the reduction of on-off effect might be interpreted as a restoration of 5-HT effect with overcompensation and, therefore, with strong inhibitory interaction.", "contents": "[N,N-dimethyltryptamine: first comparative results. Preliminary communication]. On 7 male subjects (VP) the effect of 1.0--1.2 mg/kg N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) s.c. on the acoustic evoked potentials (AEP) was studied; in 3 subjects simultaneously with the scalp EEG. The AEP were reduced 10 min after the application of DMT and returned at the 55th min. The on-off effect was diminished at the same time. Nevertheless, the VP recognized every click and tone and understood every word. d-LSD 25 (100 mug p.o.) showed no effect on AEP. The maximum of the psychopathological phenomena of DMT was shown about the 15th min. The maximum of the AEP suppressing effect was observed at the 30th min and coincided with the extrapyramidal signs of DMT effect. In cats (2 mg/kg DMT i.v.) AEP reacted in the same way. 2 mg/kg serotonin (5-HT) i.v. did not change the AEP in cats. I.v. DMT application 23 min later reduced the AEP only for a short period. It is discussed whether the antagonistic mechanism on peripheral substrates of 5-HT and DMT might be possible also on central synapses. In that case DMT might suppress inhibitory effects of 5-HT on receptors of the area postrema and---via feed-back---stimulate neurons of the ascending reticular system (hallucinogenic effects). The extinction of AEP and the reduction of on-off effect might be interpreted as a restoration of 5-HT effect with overcompensation and, therefore, with strong inhibitory interaction.", "PMID": 1057950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2407", "title": "Inhibition of normal human in vitro colony forming cells by cells from leukaemic patients.", "content": "Co-culture in agar of normal bone marrow cells from different individuals gave granulocyte macrophage colony counts that were expected from counts made when the marrows were cultured separately. Co-culture of normal marrow with normal peripheral blood leucocytes (which did not themselves give rise to colonies) caused inhibition of colony growth only when the ratio of peripheral blood to bone marrow cells was of the order of 4 : 1. Peripheral blood or bone marrow cells from 7 of 9 patients with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, which did not give rise to colonies, caused a marked reduction in the number of colonies obtained from normal marrow cells when cultured with them. This inhibitory effect of leukaemic cells was found when ratios of leukaemic to normal cells were as low as 1 : 4. Additional evidence that the inhibition of normal colony formation was related to the leukaemic process was obtained from follow-up studies on one of the patients whose cells lost the capacity to inhibit normal colony formation during remission and became inhibitory again on relapse.", "contents": "Inhibition of normal human in vitro colony forming cells by cells from leukaemic patients. Co-culture in agar of normal bone marrow cells from different individuals gave granulocyte macrophage colony counts that were expected from counts made when the marrows were cultured separately. Co-culture of normal marrow with normal peripheral blood leucocytes (which did not themselves give rise to colonies) caused inhibition of colony growth only when the ratio of peripheral blood to bone marrow cells was of the order of 4 : 1. Peripheral blood or bone marrow cells from 7 of 9 patients with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, which did not give rise to colonies, caused a marked reduction in the number of colonies obtained from normal marrow cells when cultured with them. This inhibitory effect of leukaemic cells was found when ratios of leukaemic to normal cells were as low as 1 : 4. Additional evidence that the inhibition of normal colony formation was related to the leukaemic process was obtained from follow-up studies on one of the patients whose cells lost the capacity to inhibit normal colony formation during remission and became inhibitory again on relapse.", "PMID": 1058036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2408", "title": "Agglutination of peripheral blood lymphocytes from cancer patients and not from healthy controls, with the F2A1 histone fraction.", "content": "A simple, rapid histone agglutination test (HAT) is described. It consists of incubation in microplates or in microtubes of blood lymphocytes isolated from cancer patients and patients with non-malignant diseases with microquantities of histone fraction F2A1. Positive reaction is shown by massive agglutination of lymphocytes of the patients tested (126 subjects): this test was positive in 76% of cases. All controls (59 subjects) were negative.", "contents": "Agglutination of peripheral blood lymphocytes from cancer patients and not from healthy controls, with the F2A1 histone fraction. A simple, rapid histone agglutination test (HAT) is described. It consists of incubation in microplates or in microtubes of blood lymphocytes isolated from cancer patients and patients with non-malignant diseases with microquantities of histone fraction F2A1. Positive reaction is shown by massive agglutination of lymphocytes of the patients tested (126 subjects): this test was positive in 76% of cases. All controls (59 subjects) were negative.", "PMID": 1058037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2409", "title": "The metastatic patterns of osteosarcoma.", "content": "The paper presents a detailed comparison of the anatomical distribution and frequency of clinically evident metastases in 152 cases of osteosarcoma, and autopsy findings in 43 cases. The behaviour of long bone tumours is contrasted with those arising elsewhere, which tend to metastasize less widely because of early death from effects of the primary tumour. In both clinical and autopsy series long bone tumours produced lung metastases (LM) in over 90% of patients dying with metastases, but the terminal frequency of extra-pulmonary metastases (EPM) rises from a clinical level of 33% to 83% at autopsy. There was little difference between tumours of the major long bones in the frequency of either LM or EPM, but EPM from the humerus tended to be fewer and sited above the diaphragm and from the femur below it. EPM most often involved other bones, notably vertebrae and pelvis. Not more than 10% of tumours invaded regional lymph nodes but terminally a quarter of the long bone tumours had metastasized to heart and abdomen. The infrequency of metastases in muscle was confirmed. The median time for LM was 5-6 months after starting treatment, for EPM 9-10. months. First metastases after 24 months were infrequent, especially in children. With delay in the appearance of metastases, whether LM or EPM, post-metastatic survival lengthened. Neither age, sex nor mode of treatment of the primary notably affected metastatic frequency, although recurrences were much more numerous when radiotherapy, even with high dosage, was the definitive treatment. Local recurrence usually appeared within 6-8 months and was shown to lead to increased frequency of osseous metastases. It is suggested that terminal dissemination may often be tertiary but not always from a pulmonary secondary.", "contents": "The metastatic patterns of osteosarcoma. The paper presents a detailed comparison of the anatomical distribution and frequency of clinically evident metastases in 152 cases of osteosarcoma, and autopsy findings in 43 cases. The behaviour of long bone tumours is contrasted with those arising elsewhere, which tend to metastasize less widely because of early death from effects of the primary tumour. In both clinical and autopsy series long bone tumours produced lung metastases (LM) in over 90% of patients dying with metastases, but the terminal frequency of extra-pulmonary metastases (EPM) rises from a clinical level of 33% to 83% at autopsy. There was little difference between tumours of the major long bones in the frequency of either LM or EPM, but EPM from the humerus tended to be fewer and sited above the diaphragm and from the femur below it. EPM most often involved other bones, notably vertebrae and pelvis. Not more than 10% of tumours invaded regional lymph nodes but terminally a quarter of the long bone tumours had metastasized to heart and abdomen. The infrequency of metastases in muscle was confirmed. The median time for LM was 5-6 months after starting treatment, for EPM 9-10. months. First metastases after 24 months were infrequent, especially in children. With delay in the appearance of metastases, whether LM or EPM, post-metastatic survival lengthened. Neither age, sex nor mode of treatment of the primary notably affected metastatic frequency, although recurrences were much more numerous when radiotherapy, even with high dosage, was the definitive treatment. Local recurrence usually appeared within 6-8 months and was shown to lead to increased frequency of osseous metastases. It is suggested that terminal dissemination may often be tertiary but not always from a pulmonary secondary.", "PMID": 1058038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2410", "title": "Reactivation of scabies rash by methotrexate.", "content": "A 13-year-old female was on maintenance therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. On three occasions she received methotrexate orally and each time this was associated with reactivation of scabies rash. The mechanisms for this phenomenon are discussed.", "contents": "Reactivation of scabies rash by methotrexate. A 13-year-old female was on maintenance therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. On three occasions she received methotrexate orally and each time this was associated with reactivation of scabies rash. The mechanisms for this phenomenon are discussed.", "PMID": 1058039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2411", "title": "Biochemical studies in early infantile autism.", "content": "In four series of studies on schizophrenic patients and normals we found that all the schizophrenics eliminated N, N-dimethyltryptamines in their urine while none of the normals did so. Similarly, with early infantile autism (Studies I and II) and normal controls, this separation between patiens and normals still held. But ten parents of the five autistic children positive for bufotenin revealed that one or both parents, i.e.,  seven of ten were positive. The Psychiatric Assessment Interview, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Index, and the Rorschach indicated no significant evidence of psychopathology. Thus, individuals who revealed no psychopathology could still be positive for bufotenin. In studies III and V, 1 of 13 normals and 13 of 27 normals were positive, respectively. Study IV showed that 6 of 18 autistic children were positive for bufotenin.", "contents": "Biochemical studies in early infantile autism. In four series of studies on schizophrenic patients and normals we found that all the schizophrenics eliminated N, N-dimethyltryptamines in their urine while none of the normals did so. Similarly, with early infantile autism (Studies I and II) and normal controls, this separation between patiens and normals still held. But ten parents of the five autistic children positive for bufotenin revealed that one or both parents, i.e.,  seven of ten were positive. The Psychiatric Assessment Interview, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Index, and the Rorschach indicated no significant evidence of psychopathology. Thus, individuals who revealed no psychopathology could still be positive for bufotenin. In studies III and V, 1 of 13 normals and 13 of 27 normals were positive, respectively. Study IV showed that 6 of 18 autistic children were positive for bufotenin.", "PMID": 1058040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2412", "title": "Cytogenetic studies in a patient with acute granulocytic leukemia of seven and one-half years duration.", "content": "During a 7 1/2-yr period we monitored a chromosomally aberrant cell line in a woman with acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL) whose disease followed a rather unusual course. Her initial remission induced with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and prednisone was maintained for 52 mo with biweekly doses of methotrexate (MTX) given orally. Because signs of liver dysfunction occurred, maintenance therapy was stopped. After 15 mo without chemotherapy, she suffered her first relapse (5 yr 7 mo after the initial diagnosis). A second remission, again induced with 6-MP and prednisone, was maintained for 1 yr, after which a second relapse occurred. Another remission lasting for only 4 mo was followed by a relapse of the leukemic process which led to her death. Cytogenetic studies of marrow cells and peripheral blood at the time of her initial diagnosis showed abnormal stem lines with characteristic chromosome markers. A small percentage of malignant cells bearing these markers persisted in her marrow during the years of her prolonged remission. At the time of her first relapse, 75% of her marrow cells had the marker karyotype, and at the time of her death (7 1/2 yr after the leukemia was diagnosed) all analyzable marrow metaphases had the characteristic chromosome changes.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies in a patient with acute granulocytic leukemia of seven and one-half years duration. During a 7 1/2-yr period we monitored a chromosomally aberrant cell line in a woman with acute granulocytic leukemia (AGL) whose disease followed a rather unusual course. Her initial remission induced with 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) and prednisone was maintained for 52 mo with biweekly doses of methotrexate (MTX) given orally. Because signs of liver dysfunction occurred, maintenance therapy was stopped. After 15 mo without chemotherapy, she suffered her first relapse (5 yr 7 mo after the initial diagnosis). A second remission, again induced with 6-MP and prednisone, was maintained for 1 yr, after which a second relapse occurred. Another remission lasting for only 4 mo was followed by a relapse of the leukemic process which led to her death. Cytogenetic studies of marrow cells and peripheral blood at the time of her initial diagnosis showed abnormal stem lines with characteristic chromosome markers. A small percentage of malignant cells bearing these markers persisted in her marrow during the years of her prolonged remission. At the time of her first relapse, 75% of her marrow cells had the marker karyotype, and at the time of her death (7 1/2 yr after the leukemia was diagnosed) all analyzable marrow metaphases had the characteristic chromosome changes.", "PMID": 1058041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2413", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVI. Banding studies of chronic myelocytic leukemia, including five unusual Ph11 translocations.", "content": "Forty-two Ph1-positive cases of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) were examined with chromosomal banding techniques. Thirty-seven of these cases had the \"standard\" type of Ph1 translocation between chromosomes No. 9 and No. 22 [t(9;22)(q34;q11)] in the Ph1-positive marrow cells; 5 cases had unusual types of Ph1 translocation. Of the 37 cases, 21 had additional numerical and/or structural chromosomal changes, 2 had a missing Y chromosome, and 1 had an extra Ph1 in the Ph1-positive cells. In the 5 cases with unusual types of Ph1 translocation, chromosomes No. 2, No. 9 No. 10, and No. 13 were involved. The clinical picture in these 5 patients did not differ materially from that of the other Ph1-positive patients with CML, probably indicating that the recipient chromosome, with which the translocation from No. 22 takes place, does not play a crucial role in the course of the CML. In the 21 cases with abnormal karyotypes, nonrandom chromosomal changes were observed. Most of the changes were related to events occurring at the centromeric region. The prognosis of cases with only an extra No. 8 or Ph1 appears to be better than that for cases with an iso-17q [I(17a)] chromosome or other extra chromosomes. The presence of the Ph1 (delected No. 22) in every case points to the essentiality of this karyotypic findings in the diagnosis of CML and possibly in the genesis of the disease.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVI. Banding studies of chronic myelocytic leukemia, including five unusual Ph11 translocations. Forty-two Ph1-positive cases of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) were examined with chromosomal banding techniques. Thirty-seven of these cases had the \"standard\" type of Ph1 translocation between chromosomes No. 9 and No. 22 [t(9;22)(q34;q11)] in the Ph1-positive marrow cells; 5 cases had unusual types of Ph1 translocation. Of the 37 cases, 21 had additional numerical and/or structural chromosomal changes, 2 had a missing Y chromosome, and 1 had an extra Ph1 in the Ph1-positive cells. In the 5 cases with unusual types of Ph1 translocation, chromosomes No. 2, No. 9 No. 10, and No. 13 were involved. The clinical picture in these 5 patients did not differ materially from that of the other Ph1-positive patients with CML, probably indicating that the recipient chromosome, with which the translocation from No. 22 takes place, does not play a crucial role in the course of the CML. In the 21 cases with abnormal karyotypes, nonrandom chromosomal changes were observed. Most of the changes were related to events occurring at the centromeric region. The prognosis of cases with only an extra No. 8 or Ph1 appears to be better than that for cases with an iso-17q [I(17a)] chromosome or other extra chromosomes. The presence of the Ph1 (delected No. 22) in every case points to the essentiality of this karyotypic findings in the diagnosis of CML and possibly in the genesis of the disease.", "PMID": 1058043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2414", "title": "Combination chemotherapy for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia who fail to respond to standard remission-induction therapy.", "content": "Short courses of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), cyclophosphamide, and L-asparaginase were given to seven children with newly diagnosed acute lymphocytic leukemia, who had failed to remit on standard remission induction therapy. These 4-day courses of Ara-C and cyclophophamide followed by 4 days of L-asparaginase were repeated at 3- to 4-week intervals for two or four courses. Complete remission occurred in six patients. The median duration of remission was 94+ days, on various maintenance regimens. The most serious side effect was neutropenia. This combination of these three drugs appears to be effective remission-induction therapy for children with ALL with unfavorable prognostic features.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy for children with acute lymphocytic leukemia who fail to respond to standard remission-induction therapy. Short courses of cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C), cyclophosphamide, and L-asparaginase were given to seven children with newly diagnosed acute lymphocytic leukemia, who had failed to remit on standard remission induction therapy. These 4-day courses of Ara-C and cyclophophamide followed by 4 days of L-asparaginase were repeated at 3- to 4-week intervals for two or four courses. Complete remission occurred in six patients. The median duration of remission was 94+ days, on various maintenance regimens. The most serious side effect was neutropenia. This combination of these three drugs appears to be effective remission-induction therapy for children with ALL with unfavorable prognostic features.", "PMID": 1058044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2415", "title": "Adriamycin in the treatment of childhood acute leukemia. A Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "Sixty-six children with acute leukemia, in advanced stages of their disease and resistant to conventional chemotherapy, received adriamycin for remssion induction. Seventeen of 46 (37%) evaluable children with acute lymphocytic leukemia achieved a complete remission, and 5 (11%) achieved a partial remission. Two of 12 evaluable children with acute myelogenous leukemia achieved a complete remission, while an additional 3 achieved a partial remission. Two children with erythroleukemia also achieved a complete remission. Previous therapy with daunorubicin did not affect the response rate. The main toxicities observed with adriamycin were myelosuppression, fever, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, alopecia, and cardiac toxicity (ST segment changes and arrhythmias).", "contents": "Adriamycin in the treatment of childhood acute leukemia. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Sixty-six children with acute leukemia, in advanced stages of their disease and resistant to conventional chemotherapy, received adriamycin for remssion induction. Seventeen of 46 (37%) evaluable children with acute lymphocytic leukemia achieved a complete remission, and 5 (11%) achieved a partial remission. Two of 12 evaluable children with acute myelogenous leukemia achieved a complete remission, while an additional 3 achieved a partial remission. Two children with erythroleukemia also achieved a complete remission. Previous therapy with daunorubicin did not affect the response rate. The main toxicities observed with adriamycin were myelosuppression, fever, nausea and vomiting, stomatitis, alopecia, and cardiac toxicity (ST segment changes and arrhythmias).", "PMID": 1058045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2416", "title": "Fine structure of a radiation-induced osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "An osteogenic sarcoma arose in the right orbit of a 7-year-old boy some 5 years after the right orbit had been treated by four courses of radiotherapy (total dose approximately 13,000 rads) for a multicentric retinoblastoma. Death occurred 6 months after the orbital tumor was first detected. Study of the orbital tumor by electron microscopy revealed a cell population of varied morphology in which two main types were identified. In one group, the cells were large with radiolucent cytoplasm, which contained long branching segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the second group, the cells were smaller with irregular nuclei and an electron-dense cytoplasm, which contained short segments of dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. The first group of cells closely resembled osteoblasts, while the second group had some features of osteoclasts or their percursors. The branching processes of the tumor cells were separated by an amorphous ground substance, which contained collagen-like fibrils and hydroxyapatite crystals. Crystal deposition was in some instances in close relation to extracellular membrane-bound vesicles.", "contents": "Fine structure of a radiation-induced osteogenic sarcoma. An osteogenic sarcoma arose in the right orbit of a 7-year-old boy some 5 years after the right orbit had been treated by four courses of radiotherapy (total dose approximately 13,000 rads) for a multicentric retinoblastoma. Death occurred 6 months after the orbital tumor was first detected. Study of the orbital tumor by electron microscopy revealed a cell population of varied morphology in which two main types were identified. In one group, the cells were large with radiolucent cytoplasm, which contained long branching segments of rough endoplasmic reticulum. In the second group, the cells were smaller with irregular nuclei and an electron-dense cytoplasm, which contained short segments of dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous mitochondria. The first group of cells closely resembled osteoblasts, while the second group had some features of osteoclasts or their percursors. The branching processes of the tumor cells were separated by an amorphous ground substance, which contained collagen-like fibrils and hydroxyapatite crystals. Crystal deposition was in some instances in close relation to extracellular membrane-bound vesicles.", "PMID": 1058046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2417", "title": "Proliferative fasciitis.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic features of 53 cases of proliferative fasciitis, a pseudosarcomatous process involving fascia and interlobular fibrous septa of the subcutaneous fat, were reviewed. In the reviewed material, the lesion affected adults exclusively, with a high incidence in patients older than 40 years (median 54 years). It involved most commonly the upper and lower extremities, and microscopically was characterized by a diffuse infiltrative fibroblastic growth intimately associated with multifocal proliferation of large basophilic cells, closely resembling ganglion cells--a microscopic picture akin to proliferative myositis. In 16 of the 53 cases, the lesion had been initially confused with sarcoma because of its rapid growth and its bizarre histologic features. Although the term \"proliferative fasciitis\" has been used in the past as a symptom for nodular fasciitis, it is suggested that it be limited to the lesion under discussion, in order to emphasize its close relationship to proliferative myositis. Followup information revealed a benign clinical course. Therefore, despite its rapid growth and bizarre microscopic appearance, the lesion is adequately treated by local excision, and there is no indication for radical surgery.", "contents": "Proliferative fasciitis. The clinical and pathologic features of 53 cases of proliferative fasciitis, a pseudosarcomatous process involving fascia and interlobular fibrous septa of the subcutaneous fat, were reviewed. In the reviewed material, the lesion affected adults exclusively, with a high incidence in patients older than 40 years (median 54 years). It involved most commonly the upper and lower extremities, and microscopically was characterized by a diffuse infiltrative fibroblastic growth intimately associated with multifocal proliferation of large basophilic cells, closely resembling ganglion cells--a microscopic picture akin to proliferative myositis. In 16 of the 53 cases, the lesion had been initially confused with sarcoma because of its rapid growth and its bizarre histologic features. Although the term \"proliferative fasciitis\" has been used in the past as a symptom for nodular fasciitis, it is suggested that it be limited to the lesion under discussion, in order to emphasize its close relationship to proliferative myositis. Followup information revealed a benign clinical course. Therefore, despite its rapid growth and bizarre microscopic appearance, the lesion is adequately treated by local excision, and there is no indication for radical surgery.", "PMID": 1058047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2418", "title": "Effect of mouth rinsing and toothbrushing with fluoride solutions on caries among Norwegian schoolchildren.", "content": "The caries experience and the plaque and gingival conditions of 14-year-old children participating in fortnightly fluoride (0.2 % NaF) mouth rinsing (88 subjects) were compared with observations in children performing supervised toothbrushing with a fluoride (0.5 % NaF) solution 4-5 times per year (n = 90). Most of the children, 84 and 90% respectively, had participated in these programs for the previous 6 years. Caries was assessed only on radiographs. The mean number of decayed surfaces was 5.8 (s.d. = 4.1, n = 88) and 5.4 (s.d. = 4.1, n = 90). The mean numbers of decayed and filled surfaces were 19.3 +/- 9.2 and 27.9 +/- 10.2 for subjects with rinsing or brushing. This significant difference could not be ascribed to sex, social class, years of residence in the towns, number of dentists performing the previous treatments, toothbrushing habits, use of fluorides at home, or amount of plaque. All children had gingivitis. There were no differences in the mean number of Plaque Index score 2 or the number of Gingival Index score 2 between the children with the different preventive programs. The girls' oral hygiene was better than the boys', but the gingival conditions were the same. Sex, social class, and toothbrushing techniques tended to have a slight influence on the amount of plaque.", "contents": "Effect of mouth rinsing and toothbrushing with fluoride solutions on caries among Norwegian schoolchildren. The caries experience and the plaque and gingival conditions of 14-year-old children participating in fortnightly fluoride (0.2 % NaF) mouth rinsing (88 subjects) were compared with observations in children performing supervised toothbrushing with a fluoride (0.5 % NaF) solution 4-5 times per year (n = 90). Most of the children, 84 and 90% respectively, had participated in these programs for the previous 6 years. Caries was assessed only on radiographs. The mean number of decayed surfaces was 5.8 (s.d. = 4.1, n = 88) and 5.4 (s.d. = 4.1, n = 90). The mean numbers of decayed and filled surfaces were 19.3 +/- 9.2 and 27.9 +/- 10.2 for subjects with rinsing or brushing. This significant difference could not be ascribed to sex, social class, years of residence in the towns, number of dentists performing the previous treatments, toothbrushing habits, use of fluorides at home, or amount of plaque. All children had gingivitis. There were no differences in the mean number of Plaque Index score 2 or the number of Gingival Index score 2 between the children with the different preventive programs. The girls' oral hygiene was better than the boys', but the gingival conditions were the same. Sex, social class, and toothbrushing techniques tended to have a slight influence on the amount of plaque.", "PMID": 1058064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2419", "title": "Dental status and treatment needs among institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway.", "content": "Dental status and treatment needs were studied in a random sample comprising 353 mentally subnormal persons. The sample was drawn to represent institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway aged 5-45. The overall dental health was poor, primarily due to inadequate and fragmentary treatment facilities. Whereas the dental condition of children below 15 years of age was acceptable, as measured by the DMFT index, tooth loss increased rapidly with advancing age. Nearly every second dentulous person needed some conservation, and every tenth needed extraction of one or more teeth. One-third of the patients needed treatment requiring general anesthesia. It was concluded that a new system for the investigation of treatment requirements should be developed. This system must be based on diagnostic and social criteria, and should serve as a guideline for the plannning and delivery of dental services to the various subgroups of mentally subnormal persons.", "contents": "Dental status and treatment needs among institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway. Dental status and treatment needs were studied in a random sample comprising 353 mentally subnormal persons. The sample was drawn to represent institutionalized mentally subnormal persons in Norway aged 5-45. The overall dental health was poor, primarily due to inadequate and fragmentary treatment facilities. Whereas the dental condition of children below 15 years of age was acceptable, as measured by the DMFT index, tooth loss increased rapidly with advancing age. Nearly every second dentulous person needed some conservation, and every tenth needed extraction of one or more teeth. One-third of the patients needed treatment requiring general anesthesia. It was concluded that a new system for the investigation of treatment requirements should be developed. This system must be based on diagnostic and social criteria, and should serve as a guideline for the plannning and delivery of dental services to the various subgroups of mentally subnormal persons.", "PMID": 1058065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2420", "title": "The influence of examination of the assessment of the intra-examiner error by using the plaque and gingival index systems.", "content": "The plaque situation on 48 surfaces in 31 children 13 years of age was assessed. A re-examination within 2 hours indicated a significant increase in the number of O Plaque Index scores. Following paired comparison of each of the 48 areas, 22 % of the surfaces were found to have changed score. Significantly more scores indicating improvement of the plaque situation were found at the second examination. A re-examination of plaque on consecutive days in a similar group of children showed no significant changes. Re-examination of the gingival conditions within 2 hours indicated a significant increase in the number of scores of 2 and this was confirmed by the paired comparison on the 48 surfaces. The findings indicate systematic errors rather than intra-examiner inconsistency.", "contents": "The influence of examination of the assessment of the intra-examiner error by using the plaque and gingival index systems. The plaque situation on 48 surfaces in 31 children 13 years of age was assessed. A re-examination within 2 hours indicated a significant increase in the number of O Plaque Index scores. Following paired comparison of each of the 48 areas, 22 % of the surfaces were found to have changed score. Significantly more scores indicating improvement of the plaque situation were found at the second examination. A re-examination of plaque on consecutive days in a similar group of children showed no significant changes. Re-examination of the gingival conditions within 2 hours indicated a significant increase in the number of scores of 2 and this was confirmed by the paired comparison on the 48 surfaces. The findings indicate systematic errors rather than intra-examiner inconsistency.", "PMID": 1058066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2421", "title": "A field biopsy method for fluoride determinations in human surface enamel.", "content": "An enamel biopsy method was developed that is especially intended for use under primitive clinical conditions in field studies. Three successive enamel layers, each of 1 mum or less, were etched off the same delimited area of 3 mm2 by means of perchloric acid, using a microsampler with disposable tips. The biopsy technique was applicable to the vestibular surface of almost all teeth, causing no perceptible damage to the enamel surface. Based on cumulated data from the successive enamel layers, curves were drawn from which F levels at various depths in the outer 3 mum of the enamel could be interpolated. F levels in surface enamel of maxillary first premolars in 40 12-13-year-old children in a locale with 0.5 mg F/l in the drinking water were found to be 3,800, 2,400 and 2,000 parts/10(6) in three successive enamel layers of 0.6, 1.0 and 1.1 mum, respectively, demonstrating a decrease in F concentration of about 1,800 parts/10(6) within this depth interval. Identical F concentrations were found in bilateral premolars.", "contents": "A field biopsy method for fluoride determinations in human surface enamel. An enamel biopsy method was developed that is especially intended for use under primitive clinical conditions in field studies. Three successive enamel layers, each of 1 mum or less, were etched off the same delimited area of 3 mm2 by means of perchloric acid, using a microsampler with disposable tips. The biopsy technique was applicable to the vestibular surface of almost all teeth, causing no perceptible damage to the enamel surface. Based on cumulated data from the successive enamel layers, curves were drawn from which F levels at various depths in the outer 3 mum of the enamel could be interpolated. F levels in surface enamel of maxillary first premolars in 40 12-13-year-old children in a locale with 0.5 mg F/l in the drinking water were found to be 3,800, 2,400 and 2,000 parts/10(6) in three successive enamel layers of 0.6, 1.0 and 1.1 mum, respectively, demonstrating a decrease in F concentration of about 1,800 parts/10(6) within this depth interval. Identical F concentrations were found in bilateral premolars.", "PMID": 1058067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2422", "title": "Some epidemiologic evidence on the etiology of caries.", "content": "While laboratory research has identified multiple causal factors in dental caries, few epidemiologic studies have been conducted on large representative populations that have utilized enough variables to test the current models of causation. Data from a large, representative study were available to the authors for secondary analysis. The epidemiology of dental caries as presented in the study indicates that the caries patterns in a free-living population were consistent with an infectious and nutrition model of causality. The genetic explanation, while represented in the data, was not as consistent with the findings as the infectious and nutritional explanations.", "contents": "Some epidemiologic evidence on the etiology of caries. While laboratory research has identified multiple causal factors in dental caries, few epidemiologic studies have been conducted on large representative populations that have utilized enough variables to test the current models of causation. Data from a large, representative study were available to the authors for secondary analysis. The epidemiology of dental caries as presented in the study indicates that the caries patterns in a free-living population were consistent with an infectious and nutrition model of causality. The genetic explanation, while represented in the data, was not as consistent with the findings as the infectious and nutritional explanations.", "PMID": 1058068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2423", "title": "A longitudinal study of dental health in Swedish children aged 3-5 years.", "content": "This paper presents data concerning caries, gingivitis, interdental spacing, occlusion and oral habits obtained in a longitudinal investigation of 177 children at the ages of 3, 4 and 5 years. It was found that between 3 and 5 years of age, deft increased from 2.01 to 4.05 and defs from 2.69 to 5.98. The occlusal surfaces of the primary second molars and the occlusal and distal surfaces of the primary first molars were the ones most often affected. The mean Gingival Index decreased from 3 to 5 years (P less than 0.05) and also the number of children with a score of 2 from 4 to 5 years (P less than 0.05). The sagittal and transversal relationship between the jaws remained unchanged in most of the children, while the vertical relationship varied with changes in sucking habits. Dummy sucking was initially more than three times as common as finger sucking, but decreased markedly with increasing age. The children with the habit of finger sucking tended to keep this habit. Nocturnal grinding of the teeth was reported by the parents of 13 % of the children. Dental treatment was needed by 61 % at the age of 3, by 71 % at the age of 4 and by 68 % at the age of 5, as they had caries and/or gingivitis with a gingival score of 2. Futhermor, there was a need for orthodontic supervision including treatment. Caries prophylactic treatment was necessary in all age groups.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of dental health in Swedish children aged 3-5 years. This paper presents data concerning caries, gingivitis, interdental spacing, occlusion and oral habits obtained in a longitudinal investigation of 177 children at the ages of 3, 4 and 5 years. It was found that between 3 and 5 years of age, deft increased from 2.01 to 4.05 and defs from 2.69 to 5.98. The occlusal surfaces of the primary second molars and the occlusal and distal surfaces of the primary first molars were the ones most often affected. The mean Gingival Index decreased from 3 to 5 years (P less than 0.05) and also the number of children with a score of 2 from 4 to 5 years (P less than 0.05). The sagittal and transversal relationship between the jaws remained unchanged in most of the children, while the vertical relationship varied with changes in sucking habits. Dummy sucking was initially more than three times as common as finger sucking, but decreased markedly with increasing age. The children with the habit of finger sucking tended to keep this habit. Nocturnal grinding of the teeth was reported by the parents of 13 % of the children. Dental treatment was needed by 61 % at the age of 3, by 71 % at the age of 4 and by 68 % at the age of 5, as they had caries and/or gingivitis with a gingival score of 2. Futhermor, there was a need for orthodontic supervision including treatment. Caries prophylactic treatment was necessary in all age groups.", "PMID": 1058069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2424", "title": "Dental caries in schoolchildren in some Danish communities with and without school dental service.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to compare the caries prevalence (DMF-T) among 762 7th grade children, of whom one-half had never received school dental care. The children were grouped according to social status in order to see if there was any difference in the caries prevalence between the social groups. The caries prevalence in children both with and without school dental service was high, 9.5 DMF-T and 10.5 DMF-T. The prevalence of untreated caries and secondary caries was lowest in the group with school dental service.", "contents": "Dental caries in schoolchildren in some Danish communities with and without school dental service. The purpose of the investigation was to compare the caries prevalence (DMF-T) among 762 7th grade children, of whom one-half had never received school dental care. The children were grouped according to social status in order to see if there was any difference in the caries prevalence between the social groups. The caries prevalence in children both with and without school dental service was high, 9.5 DMF-T and 10.5 DMF-T. The prevalence of untreated caries and secondary caries was lowest in the group with school dental service.", "PMID": 1058070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2425", "title": "A method for defining the level of periodontal treatment need in a population of 15-year-old schoolchildren.", "content": "In a public dental service with scarce resources, the presence of gingivitis in teenage children cannot necessarily be considered as indicating treatment need. However, it is suggested that early bone loss may be an important indication for treatment in teenage children and the aim of the present study was to determine whether the presence of early bone loss in 622 15-year-old children assessed by the measurement of loss of attachment could be predicted from more readily identifiable factors such as gingival bleeding or subgingival calculus. However, such screening tests will make errors by including \"healthy subjects\" or excluding \"diseased \"subjects. The acceptable balance of these two kinds of error is a public health decision, a decision which may be affected by a number of variables, including the public's and profession's attitudes to the disease, the effectiveness of available treatments and the resources available.", "contents": "A method for defining the level of periodontal treatment need in a population of 15-year-old schoolchildren. In a public dental service with scarce resources, the presence of gingivitis in teenage children cannot necessarily be considered as indicating treatment need. However, it is suggested that early bone loss may be an important indication for treatment in teenage children and the aim of the present study was to determine whether the presence of early bone loss in 622 15-year-old children assessed by the measurement of loss of attachment could be predicted from more readily identifiable factors such as gingival bleeding or subgingival calculus. However, such screening tests will make errors by including \"healthy subjects\" or excluding \"diseased \"subjects. The acceptable balance of these two kinds of error is a public health decision, a decision which may be affected by a number of variables, including the public's and profession's attitudes to the disease, the effectiveness of available treatments and the resources available.", "PMID": 1058071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2426", "title": "[The surface of ceramics covered bridges].", "content": "The gingival surfaces of bridge bodies and routinely baked ceramic samples were examined under the microscope with top illumination, the scanning electron miscroscope, and by means of a surface testing device (caliper). The findings correspond more or less to the results found by other authors. Furthermore they confirm the clinically well-founded suspicion that the dull glow, which is preferred for esthetical reasons, does not provide a desirable surface quality. Therefore it is requested that the mucosal surfaces of the bridge bodies be glazed. The defective spots in the ceramic surface frequently found in the transitional area to the metal give rise to the recommendation that these regions should not be brought into contact with the gingiva and that the transitional zone between bridge body and bridge abutment should be prepared in line with hygienical considerations.", "contents": "[The surface of ceramics covered bridges]. The gingival surfaces of bridge bodies and routinely baked ceramic samples were examined under the microscope with top illumination, the scanning electron miscroscope, and by means of a surface testing device (caliper). The findings correspond more or less to the results found by other authors. Furthermore they confirm the clinically well-founded suspicion that the dull glow, which is preferred for esthetical reasons, does not provide a desirable surface quality. Therefore it is requested that the mucosal surfaces of the bridge bodies be glazed. The defective spots in the ceramic surface frequently found in the transitional area to the metal give rise to the recommendation that these regions should not be brought into contact with the gingiva and that the transitional zone between bridge body and bridge abutment should be prepared in line with hygienical considerations.", "PMID": 1058073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2427", "title": "[Is the testing for changes in shape of denture base materials meaningful].", "content": "The results obtained in measurements of the dimensional behavior of U-shaped specimens correspond to the dimensional behavior of dentures. Part of the dimensional changes found in U-shaped specimens are not observed to the same extent in dentures, but produce interior tension in the denture. The bigger the dimensional changes in the U-shaped specimen, the bigger the dimensional changes in the denture or the tensions in its interior. Thus, the results of the measurements of U-shaped specimens demonstrate the behavior of a clinically used denture. Corresponding guidelines for testing purposes are proposed.", "contents": "[Is the testing for changes in shape of denture base materials meaningful]. The results obtained in measurements of the dimensional behavior of U-shaped specimens correspond to the dimensional behavior of dentures. Part of the dimensional changes found in U-shaped specimens are not observed to the same extent in dentures, but produce interior tension in the denture. The bigger the dimensional changes in the U-shaped specimen, the bigger the dimensional changes in the denture or the tensions in its interior. Thus, the results of the measurements of U-shaped specimens demonstrate the behavior of a clinically used denture. Corresponding guidelines for testing purposes are proposed.", "PMID": 1058074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2428", "title": "[Mechanical-dynamic properties of prosthesis plastics].", "content": "Comparative studies on the mechanic and molecular properties of heat- and self-curing polymers (PMMA) showed the following results: 1. The glass-transition temperature of heat- and self-curing polymers clearly shows measurable differences also as a function of their storage conditions. However, this is hardly of any clinical or practical significance. 2. The modulus of elasticity values of heat and self-curing polymers are not significantly different in the range of the usually applied temperatures. However, water-uptake considerably reduces the rigidity. 3. Overloading or fatigue failures do not show any clear differences in morphological characteristics. The practical influence of smaller long-term inflation strength of self-curing polymers has not yet been sufficiently proven. 4. Heat and self-curing polymers are identical as basic materials for dentures from the point of view of material technology.", "contents": "[Mechanical-dynamic properties of prosthesis plastics]. Comparative studies on the mechanic and molecular properties of heat- and self-curing polymers (PMMA) showed the following results: 1. The glass-transition temperature of heat- and self-curing polymers clearly shows measurable differences also as a function of their storage conditions. However, this is hardly of any clinical or practical significance. 2. The modulus of elasticity values of heat and self-curing polymers are not significantly different in the range of the usually applied temperatures. However, water-uptake considerably reduces the rigidity. 3. Overloading or fatigue failures do not show any clear differences in morphological characteristics. The practical influence of smaller long-term inflation strength of self-curing polymers has not yet been sufficiently proven. 4. Heat and self-curing polymers are identical as basic materials for dentures from the point of view of material technology.", "PMID": 1058075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2429", "title": "[Reaction heat of elastomer casting materials. Preliminary report].", "content": "Cross-linking of elastomeric impression materials is an exothermic process. In addition to the frictional heat produced during mixing, the reaction heat may increase the temperature by several degrees Centigrade in thermically isolated samples.", "contents": "[Reaction heat of elastomer casting materials. Preliminary report]. Cross-linking of elastomeric impression materials is an exothermic process. In addition to the frictional heat produced during mixing, the reaction heat may increase the temperature by several degrees Centigrade in thermically isolated samples.", "PMID": 1058076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2430", "title": "[Methods and results of dental and prosthetic care following mandibular hemignathectomy].", "content": "By inserting auxiliary prosthetical means (anchored dental replacement with splinting elements) functional failures can be reduced. By using molding surfaces in the one-piece model cast denture the displaced mandibular stump is repositioned and the occlusal relationship between upper and lower teeth reconstructed largely without periodontal damage to the residual dentition.", "contents": "[Methods and results of dental and prosthetic care following mandibular hemignathectomy]. By inserting auxiliary prosthetical means (anchored dental replacement with splinting elements) functional failures can be reduced. By using molding surfaces in the one-piece model cast denture the displaced mandibular stump is repositioned and the occlusal relationship between upper and lower teeth reconstructed largely without periodontal damage to the residual dentition.", "PMID": 1058077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2431", "title": "[Evaluation and wearing habits of complete dentures--results from a patient questionnaire].", "content": "In a questionnaire answered by 578 patients with new total dentures the personal attitude of the patient to his dental replacement was tested. Ninety per cent of the patients considered their dentures to be good or satisfactory, while 10 per cent were not satisfied. In addition, findings regarding the length of time for and manner in which dentures are being worn as well as denture care and expectations concerning prosthetical treatment are reported.", "contents": "[Evaluation and wearing habits of complete dentures--results from a patient questionnaire]. In a questionnaire answered by 578 patients with new total dentures the personal attitude of the patient to his dental replacement was tested. Ninety per cent of the patients considered their dentures to be good or satisfactory, while 10 per cent were not satisfied. In addition, findings regarding the length of time for and manner in which dentures are being worn as well as denture care and expectations concerning prosthetical treatment are reported.", "PMID": 1058078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2432", "title": "[The functional loading capacity of total prostheses].", "content": "In 63 patients the loading capacity of total dentures was measured. The tests started with the day of insertion and covered up to 200 days. During this period of time changes in the loading capacity as a function of the measuring point were recorded and evaluated. The tests showed that with the exception of the incisors, the loading capacity is bigger after 200 days than when the denture is inserted and that the existence of denture sores and the base surface influence these values. However, patients' age and sex as well as the length of time for which an already existing denture had been worn do not seem to have any influence.", "contents": "[The functional loading capacity of total prostheses]. In 63 patients the loading capacity of total dentures was measured. The tests started with the day of insertion and covered up to 200 days. During this period of time changes in the loading capacity as a function of the measuring point were recorded and evaluated. The tests showed that with the exception of the incisors, the loading capacity is bigger after 200 days than when the denture is inserted and that the existence of denture sores and the base surface influence these values. However, patients' age and sex as well as the length of time for which an already existing denture had been worn do not seem to have any influence.", "PMID": 1058079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2433", "title": "[Remounting of complete dentures].", "content": "A remounting method in which after polymerization, total dentures together with the original models are replaced into the articulator and are ground in there, does not produce the accuracy we are aiming at when determining the intermaxillary relation by means of registration with a central pin. On the patient it was demonstrated that grinding-in after intraoral registration of the finished mandibular and maxillary total dentures by means of the central pin registration, interlocking, and placement into the articulator produces more accurate results.", "contents": "[Remounting of complete dentures]. A remounting method in which after polymerization, total dentures together with the original models are replaced into the articulator and are ground in there, does not produce the accuracy we are aiming at when determining the intermaxillary relation by means of registration with a central pin. On the patient it was demonstrated that grinding-in after intraoral registration of the finished mandibular and maxillary total dentures by means of the central pin registration, interlocking, and placement into the articulator produces more accurate results.", "PMID": 1058080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2434", "title": "[Clinical results of the functional bite analysis. II. Co-determining factors for the therapeutic results].", "content": "In the present study the influences of type and duration of complaints, findings, therapeutic method, duration of therapy and patient cooperation on the prognosis of temporo-mandibular joint disorders were analyzed. The elimination of occlusal interferences may be regarded as causal therapy in the large majority of temporo-mandibular joint disorders. In these cases a very good and long-term rate of success may be achieved by the method of selectively grinding-in the teeth according to A. Lauritzen.", "contents": "[Clinical results of the functional bite analysis. II. Co-determining factors for the therapeutic results]. In the present study the influences of type and duration of complaints, findings, therapeutic method, duration of therapy and patient cooperation on the prognosis of temporo-mandibular joint disorders were analyzed. The elimination of occlusal interferences may be regarded as causal therapy in the large majority of temporo-mandibular joint disorders. In these cases a very good and long-term rate of success may be achieved by the method of selectively grinding-in the teeth according to A. Lauritzen.", "PMID": 1058081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2435", "title": "[Traumatic injury of a permanent tooth by forceps delivery (presentation of a case)].", "content": "A case of malformation of an upper central permanent incisor is described. From the history, it is assumed that the isolated malformation of the affected tooth, No. 21, may be due to indirect consequences of a birth trauma (forceps delivery). The problems of developing malformations connected with this case are discussed generally and specifically for a single tooth.", "contents": "[Traumatic injury of a permanent tooth by forceps delivery (presentation of a case)]. A case of malformation of an upper central permanent incisor is described. From the history, it is assumed that the isolated malformation of the affected tooth, No. 21, may be due to indirect consequences of a birth trauma (forceps delivery). The problems of developing malformations connected with this case are discussed generally and specifically for a single tooth.", "PMID": 1058082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2436", "title": "[Elementary electromyographic analysis and motion patterns of the myoglossus muscle].", "content": "In five fully dentulous and one edentulous patient, the m. myloglossus was examined by means of concentric needle electrodes and implanted wire electrodes. It was not possible to achieve absolute inertia with the conductors. The individual potentials of motoric units are bi- and triphasic. The duration was 3 to 5 msec, and the amplitude was 200 to 800 muvolt. The portion of polyphasic potentials is about 5%. With moderate innervation the discharge frequency is 2 to 8/sec. With maximum innervation, interference activity is observed. Kinetic studies showed that the m.myloglossus acts as typical antagonist in lateral tongue movements and as synergist when raising tongue and throat. From these findings conclusions may be drawn with regard to prosthetics.", "contents": "[Elementary electromyographic analysis and motion patterns of the myoglossus muscle]. In five fully dentulous and one edentulous patient, the m. myloglossus was examined by means of concentric needle electrodes and implanted wire electrodes. It was not possible to achieve absolute inertia with the conductors. The individual potentials of motoric units are bi- and triphasic. The duration was 3 to 5 msec, and the amplitude was 200 to 800 muvolt. The portion of polyphasic potentials is about 5%. With moderate innervation the discharge frequency is 2 to 8/sec. With maximum innervation, interference activity is observed. Kinetic studies showed that the m.myloglossus acts as typical antagonist in lateral tongue movements and as synergist when raising tongue and throat. From these findings conclusions may be drawn with regard to prosthetics.", "PMID": 1058083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2437", "title": "[Percentual loss of active desmodontioum in horizontal tooth resorption].", "content": "Radicular surfaces connected with the bone by the periodontal membrane were measured by means of a galvanic method. The investigation showed that the surface reduction as a function of the length of the root cannot be compared with the surface reduction of a cone, since at least in the coronal quarter of the root, the percent decrease in surface is linear, especially in the case of teeth with several roots. The clinical significance of this investigation becomes evident when evaluating the bone destruction visible in a radiogram related to loading capacity. In the author's investigation an average loss of 60% was found.", "contents": "[Percentual loss of active desmodontioum in horizontal tooth resorption]. Radicular surfaces connected with the bone by the periodontal membrane were measured by means of a galvanic method. The investigation showed that the surface reduction as a function of the length of the root cannot be compared with the surface reduction of a cone, since at least in the coronal quarter of the root, the percent decrease in surface is linear, especially in the case of teeth with several roots. The clinical significance of this investigation becomes evident when evaluating the bone destruction visible in a radiogram related to loading capacity. In the author's investigation an average loss of 60% was found.", "PMID": 1058084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2438", "title": "[Evaluation of a teaching program as caries and periodontal prophylaxis].", "content": "Evaluation of the teaching program on caries and periodontal prophylaxis for students in the first preclinical semester in the dental school shows that after four evaluation steps with a total of 159 pro-bands the final test was answered to more than 80%, that it may be expected that about 65% of the knowledge is memorized after one and a half years, and that teaching a patient how to clean his teeth may be regarded as promising with the students having behaved correctly with regard to more than 70% of the most important criteria. Since the training program is independently worked through by the students, in addition to the other lectures, the continuing program may be based on the above mentioned values.", "contents": "[Evaluation of a teaching program as caries and periodontal prophylaxis]. Evaluation of the teaching program on caries and periodontal prophylaxis for students in the first preclinical semester in the dental school shows that after four evaluation steps with a total of 159 pro-bands the final test was answered to more than 80%, that it may be expected that about 65% of the knowledge is memorized after one and a half years, and that teaching a patient how to clean his teeth may be regarded as promising with the students having behaved correctly with regard to more than 70% of the most important criteria. Since the training program is independently worked through by the students, in addition to the other lectures, the continuing program may be based on the above mentioned values.", "PMID": 1058085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2439", "title": "[Apex and periapical periodontium of teeth with endodontic-endosseal pin fixation].", "content": "Teeth with endodontic-endosteal pin fixation were observed for several years and radiolucencies that could be interpreted as chronic inflammation, were found in the periapical region of these teeth. The cause is sought in the iatrogenic noxa of the originally applied method. It is recommended to expose the apex of teeth to be provided with endodontic-endosteal pin fixation and to shorten the apex by grinding off 2-3 mm.", "contents": "[Apex and periapical periodontium of teeth with endodontic-endosseal pin fixation]. Teeth with endodontic-endosteal pin fixation were observed for several years and radiolucencies that could be interpreted as chronic inflammation, were found in the periapical region of these teeth. The cause is sought in the iatrogenic noxa of the originally applied method. It is recommended to expose the apex of teeth to be provided with endodontic-endosteal pin fixation and to shorten the apex by grinding off 2-3 mm.", "PMID": 1058088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2440", "title": "[Endodontic-endosseal fixation and capping pin].", "content": "For improving the endodontic-endosteal fixation method, an endodontic-endosteal fixing and capping pin was developed after six years of experience. Its form and adaptability to the widened root canal permits succesful fixation via the canal in a single session with only little technical means. At the same time the pin with its cap enables permanent anchorage of the crown.", "contents": "[Endodontic-endosseal fixation and capping pin]. For improving the endodontic-endosteal fixation method, an endodontic-endosteal fixing and capping pin was developed after six years of experience. Its form and adaptability to the widened root canal permits succesful fixation via the canal in a single session with only little technical means. At the same time the pin with its cap enables permanent anchorage of the crown.", "PMID": 1058089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2441", "title": "[Management of the edentulous mandible with plate implants and prosthetic solution].", "content": "With exact indications and selection of patients, improvements may be achieved by implants especially in patients of specific professional groups. Blade implants with one or two posts are used, they are connected with each other by means of bars fastened by screws. The denture itself is fixed to the bars by means of a bolt.", "contents": "[Management of the edentulous mandible with plate implants and prosthetic solution]. With exact indications and selection of patients, improvements may be achieved by implants especially in patients of specific professional groups. Blade implants with one or two posts are used, they are connected with each other by means of bars fastened by screws. The denture itself is fixed to the bars by means of a bolt.", "PMID": 1058090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2442", "title": "[Clinical studies on fissure sealants of the Bis-GMA type].", "content": "In this study the effects of two fissure sealants were tested clinically, 50 teeth were sealed with Nuva Seal and 54 teeth with Epoxy-Lite 9075. Follow-ups were performed over a period of 15 months. In chi2 tests, a highly significant reduction in caries or restriction of caries was found in the sealed teeth as compared to the teeth of the control group.", "contents": "[Clinical studies on fissure sealants of the Bis-GMA type]. In this study the effects of two fissure sealants were tested clinically, 50 teeth were sealed with Nuva Seal and 54 teeth with Epoxy-Lite 9075. Follow-ups were performed over a period of 15 months. In chi2 tests, a highly significant reduction in caries or restriction of caries was found in the sealed teeth as compared to the teeth of the control group.", "PMID": 1058091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2443", "title": "[The damage caused by caustic acids during sealing of the dental enamel].", "content": "The chemical etching of enamel required for adhesion of sealant layers on the dental surfaces means that the enamel structure is weakened, especially due to the fact that after application of the sealant the cauterized layers are no longer in a remineralization equilibrium with the dental environment. The reactions on which cauterization is based are critically discussed. Newly developed synthetics are mentioned whose application as a sealant renders previous cauterization of the enamel by acids superfluous.", "contents": "[The damage caused by caustic acids during sealing of the dental enamel]. The chemical etching of enamel required for adhesion of sealant layers on the dental surfaces means that the enamel structure is weakened, especially due to the fact that after application of the sealant the cauterized layers are no longer in a remineralization equilibrium with the dental environment. The reactions on which cauterization is based are critically discussed. Newly developed synthetics are mentioned whose application as a sealant renders previous cauterization of the enamel by acids superfluous.", "PMID": 1058092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2444", "title": "[The use of energy in casting and the viscosity of zinc oxide-eugenol pastes].", "content": "The recorded diagrams give information on the viscosity (consistency) at any given time. The force data indicate the difference in the viscosity (consistency). The line in the graph reflects the setting behavior. A flow test should be included in the specification of impression materials. The consistency test provided for in the ADA specification does not have any clinical significance, neither have changes in the load.", "contents": "[The use of energy in casting and the viscosity of zinc oxide-eugenol pastes]. The recorded diagrams give information on the viscosity (consistency) at any given time. The force data indicate the difference in the viscosity (consistency). The line in the graph reflects the setting behavior. A flow test should be included in the specification of impression materials. The consistency test provided for in the ADA specification does not have any clinical significance, neither have changes in the load.", "PMID": 1058094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2445", "title": "[Occlusal interferences in children (result of a study on 12 to 16 year olds].", "content": "Occlusal interferences entail painful muscular changes from the static as well as dynamic viewpoint. On the basis of this hypothesis, the causes for occlusal interferences were to be detected by means of clinical findings and model findings. In accordance with an earlier study by the author, the following main causes were found in 212 juveniles (98 without and 114 with orthodontic treatment) in the age of 12 to 15 years: occlusal interferences are dut to premature contacts and lacking disclusion. The juveniles were classified according to the type, causes, and consequences of their occlusal interferences. 178 juveniles had occlusal interferences and 34 had physiological occlusions.", "contents": "[Occlusal interferences in children (result of a study on 12 to 16 year olds]. Occlusal interferences entail painful muscular changes from the static as well as dynamic viewpoint. On the basis of this hypothesis, the causes for occlusal interferences were to be detected by means of clinical findings and model findings. In accordance with an earlier study by the author, the following main causes were found in 212 juveniles (98 without and 114 with orthodontic treatment) in the age of 12 to 15 years: occlusal interferences are dut to premature contacts and lacking disclusion. The juveniles were classified according to the type, causes, and consequences of their occlusal interferences. 178 juveniles had occlusal interferences and 34 had physiological occlusions.", "PMID": 1058097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2446", "title": "[Radiation exposure of the dentist].", "content": "The radiation dosis per person undergoing dental treatment measured at the trunk is rather considerable, though not alarming. However, the number of people whose hands has been exposed to radiation as well as the individual extent of exposure were unexpectedly high. The radiation dosis measured at the hands was about 100 times bigger than the radiation dosis determined at the trunk for the whole body. Although these results may be very impressive, it should be borne in mind that the data on which the investigation was based date from 1967/68 and may no longer be fully applicable to the present situation. Whether and to what extent this assumption is justified ought to found out by control studies regarding radiation dosis per person and R\u00f6pak programs which are presently being started and whose results will be discussed in this journal.", "contents": "[Radiation exposure of the dentist]. The radiation dosis per person undergoing dental treatment measured at the trunk is rather considerable, though not alarming. However, the number of people whose hands has been exposed to radiation as well as the individual extent of exposure were unexpectedly high. The radiation dosis measured at the hands was about 100 times bigger than the radiation dosis determined at the trunk for the whole body. Although these results may be very impressive, it should be borne in mind that the data on which the investigation was based date from 1967/68 and may no longer be fully applicable to the present situation. Whether and to what extent this assumption is justified ought to found out by control studies regarding radiation dosis per person and R\u00f6pak programs which are presently being started and whose results will be discussed in this journal.", "PMID": 1058098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2447", "title": "[Objective radiological stereophotogrammetry in dentistry].", "content": "By means of objective radiological stereo-photogrammetry of two extraoral stereoscopic radiograms, the location of dislocated impacted teeth was determined preoperatively in a model. During operation it was possible to find the teeth at the computed position.", "contents": "[Objective radiological stereophotogrammetry in dentistry]. By means of objective radiological stereo-photogrammetry of two extraoral stereoscopic radiograms, the location of dislocated impacted teeth was determined preoperatively in a model. During operation it was possible to find the teeth at the computed position.", "PMID": 1058099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2448", "title": "A survey of air and population lead levels in selected American communities.", "content": "The concentration of lead in the ambient atmosphere was determined at 59 sampling sites in eight American communities during the period 1968-71. Nineteen sampling sites had existed in a similar survey in 1961-62. At 14 of these sites the lead-in-air value was found to be higher in the current study than in 1961-62. The observed annual mean atmospheric concentration of lead varied from 0.14 mug/m3 (Los Alamos) to 4.55 mug/m3 (Downtown Los Angeles). Higher lead values were associated with urbanization. The concentration of lead in the blood of specific well-defined populations was determined. Such populations lived in geographic proximity to specific air sampling sites. In the three metropolitan areas from which both urban and suburban population groups had been obtained, the mean blood lead levels were significantly higher in the former. In two of the three areas the blood lead level was higher in urban smokers and non-smokers than in the corresponding suburban populations, classified by smoking habits. At each location the concentration of lead in the blood of smokers was greater than that in the blood of non-smokers. The magnitude of the observed urban-suburban difference (for populations comparable in smoking habits) ranged from 0.9 mug/100 gms to 4.5 mug/100 gms. It is probable that these observations partially reflect lead absorption from ambient atmospheres differing in lead concentration. There was no significant concordance between the ranking by site of mean air lead levels and that of the mean blood lead levels prevalent in the related populations. The observation that urban levels of blood lead and higher than suburban levels, but that air concentrations of lead are not clearly reflected in blood lead levels on a general national basis, suggests that factors other than the atmospheric lead level are of relatively greater importance in determining the blood lead levels in population groups. No relationship was established between age of participant and the blood lead level. In husband-wife pairs, presumably exposed to similar diets and atmospheres, the males had significantly higher blood lead levels than did the females. This difference could not be attributed to smoking habits or to hematocrit levels. The possibility that the difference was due to dissimilar quantities of foods in the respective diets of men and women was not examined. Studies of dietary lead levels showed them to be generally lower than commonly reported in the literature, 100 mug/day being a closer approximation in the population studies than the widely quoted 300 mug/day.", "contents": "A survey of air and population lead levels in selected American communities. The concentration of lead in the ambient atmosphere was determined at 59 sampling sites in eight American communities during the period 1968-71. Nineteen sampling sites had existed in a similar survey in 1961-62. At 14 of these sites the lead-in-air value was found to be higher in the current study than in 1961-62. The observed annual mean atmospheric concentration of lead varied from 0.14 mug/m3 (Los Alamos) to 4.55 mug/m3 (Downtown Los Angeles). Higher lead values were associated with urbanization. The concentration of lead in the blood of specific well-defined populations was determined. Such populations lived in geographic proximity to specific air sampling sites. In the three metropolitan areas from which both urban and suburban population groups had been obtained, the mean blood lead levels were significantly higher in the former. In two of the three areas the blood lead level was higher in urban smokers and non-smokers than in the corresponding suburban populations, classified by smoking habits. At each location the concentration of lead in the blood of smokers was greater than that in the blood of non-smokers. The magnitude of the observed urban-suburban difference (for populations comparable in smoking habits) ranged from 0.9 mug/100 gms to 4.5 mug/100 gms. It is probable that these observations partially reflect lead absorption from ambient atmospheres differing in lead concentration. There was no significant concordance between the ranking by site of mean air lead levels and that of the mean blood lead levels prevalent in the related populations. The observation that urban levels of blood lead and higher than suburban levels, but that air concentrations of lead are not clearly reflected in blood lead levels on a general national basis, suggests that factors other than the atmospheric lead level are of relatively greater importance in determining the blood lead levels in population groups. No relationship was established between age of participant and the blood lead level. In husband-wife pairs, presumably exposed to similar diets and atmospheres, the males had significantly higher blood lead levels than did the females. This difference could not be attributed to smoking habits or to hematocrit levels. The possibility that the difference was due to dissimilar quantities of foods in the respective diets of men and women was not examined. Studies of dietary lead levels showed them to be generally lower than commonly reported in the literature, 100 mug/day being a closer approximation in the population studies than the widely quoted 300 mug/day.", "PMID": 1058103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2449", "title": "Tracer studies of ingestion of dust by urban children.", "content": "It has been known for many years that the eating of leaded paint is the prime cause of lead poisoning and elevated blood leads of children living in deteriorated housing. Recently, there has been speculation that children may eat dirt and dust contaminated with lead exhausted from cars and that this amount of ingested lead is sufficient to contribute significantly to the childhood lead problem. This study used a naturally occurring radioactive tracer (lead-210) to determine the relative amounts of dust and other lead-containing materials (e.g., paint) eaten by young children. This tracer is present in very low concentrations in paint and in significantly higher concentrations in fallout dust. Stable lead and lead-210 were analyzed in fecal material from 8 children suspected of having elevated body burdens of lead and 10 children living in good housing where lead poisoning is not a problem. The normal children averaged 4 micrograms lead per gram dry feces, with a range of 2 to 7. Of the eight children suspected of having elevated lead body burdens, two had fecal lead values within the normal range. However, the remaining six were 4 to 400 times higher. Despite these differences in fecal lead between the two groups, the groups were essentially identical in the lead-210 content of their feces. The \"elevated\" children averaged 0.040 picocurie lead-210 per gram dry feces, while the normal group averaged 0.044. The results provide sound evidence that these children suspected of elevated lead body burden were not ingesting dust or air-suspended particulate.", "contents": "Tracer studies of ingestion of dust by urban children. It has been known for many years that the eating of leaded paint is the prime cause of lead poisoning and elevated blood leads of children living in deteriorated housing. Recently, there has been speculation that children may eat dirt and dust contaminated with lead exhausted from cars and that this amount of ingested lead is sufficient to contribute significantly to the childhood lead problem. This study used a naturally occurring radioactive tracer (lead-210) to determine the relative amounts of dust and other lead-containing materials (e.g., paint) eaten by young children. This tracer is present in very low concentrations in paint and in significantly higher concentrations in fallout dust. Stable lead and lead-210 were analyzed in fecal material from 8 children suspected of having elevated body burdens of lead and 10 children living in good housing where lead poisoning is not a problem. The normal children averaged 4 micrograms lead per gram dry feces, with a range of 2 to 7. Of the eight children suspected of having elevated lead body burdens, two had fecal lead values within the normal range. However, the remaining six were 4 to 400 times higher. Despite these differences in fecal lead between the two groups, the groups were essentially identical in the lead-210 content of their feces. The \"elevated\" children averaged 0.040 picocurie lead-210 per gram dry feces, while the normal group averaged 0.044. The results provide sound evidence that these children suspected of elevated lead body burden were not ingesting dust or air-suspended particulate.", "PMID": 1058104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2450", "title": "Biologic effects of airborne particulate lead on continuously exposed rats and rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The biological effects of airborne particulate lead were studied in rats and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) exposed nearly continuously (22 hours per day) at a concentration of 21.5 mug Pb/cubic meter of air. The year-long exposure elicited an increase in the concentration of lead in the blood to 28 mug/100 ml in the rats and 17 mug/100 ml in the monkeys. Levels of lead in control animals were about 5 mug/100 and 4 mug/100 ml, respectively, in the rats and monkeys. The elevated blood-lead levels reached a maximum during the first few months of exposure and did not increase significantly after that time. Elevated concentrations of lead were also detected in lung, liver, kidney and bone of both species. While concentrations of lead were nearly always less than 1 mug/g in control animals, they rose to 2-3 mug/g in soft tissues of exposed animals and up to 6 mug/g in bone. Differences between lead levels in animals exposed six months or twelve months were very small. The concentration of lead decreased in the soft tissues of animals removed from the chamber after one year's exposure but remained elevated in bone. The activity of the enzyme delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD) in circulating erythrocytes was inhibited about 70% in rats exposed to the airborne lead. No reduction of the enzyme activity occurred in brain or liver tissue of either the rats or monkeys. Normal levels of ALAD in erythrocytes of the monkeys were too low to permit meaningful measurements. In spite of the reduced ALAD activity in rat erythrocytes, there was no concomitant alteration in the excretion of heme precursors. In all other respects, there appeared to be no deleterious effects on the animals from exposure to the airborne particulate lead. No changes were detected in serum chemistry or hematology nor were there any gross, microscopic or ultrastructural pathologic changes observed.", "contents": "Biologic effects of airborne particulate lead on continuously exposed rats and rhesus monkeys. The biological effects of airborne particulate lead were studied in rats and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) exposed nearly continuously (22 hours per day) at a concentration of 21.5 mug Pb/cubic meter of air. The year-long exposure elicited an increase in the concentration of lead in the blood to 28 mug/100 ml in the rats and 17 mug/100 ml in the monkeys. Levels of lead in control animals were about 5 mug/100 and 4 mug/100 ml, respectively, in the rats and monkeys. The elevated blood-lead levels reached a maximum during the first few months of exposure and did not increase significantly after that time. Elevated concentrations of lead were also detected in lung, liver, kidney and bone of both species. While concentrations of lead were nearly always less than 1 mug/g in control animals, they rose to 2-3 mug/g in soft tissues of exposed animals and up to 6 mug/g in bone. Differences between lead levels in animals exposed six months or twelve months were very small. The concentration of lead decreased in the soft tissues of animals removed from the chamber after one year's exposure but remained elevated in bone. The activity of the enzyme delta-amino-levulinic acid dehydrase (ALAD) in circulating erythrocytes was inhibited about 70% in rats exposed to the airborne lead. No reduction of the enzyme activity occurred in brain or liver tissue of either the rats or monkeys. Normal levels of ALAD in erythrocytes of the monkeys were too low to permit meaningful measurements. In spite of the reduced ALAD activity in rat erythrocytes, there was no concomitant alteration in the excretion of heme precursors. In all other respects, there appeared to be no deleterious effects on the animals from exposure to the airborne particulate lead. No changes were detected in serum chemistry or hematology nor were there any gross, microscopic or ultrastructural pathologic changes observed.", "PMID": 1058105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2451", "title": "Clinical studies on men continuously exposed to airborne particulate lead.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of low-level exposure to airborne lead particulates on humans. Male volunteers were exposed 23 hours per day for about 18 weeks to either 10.9 mug Pb/m3 or 3.2 mug Pb/m3 of air. The particulate matter consisted primarily of sub-micron sized particles of alpha lead dioxide. During exposure to 10.9 mug Pb/m3, the mean blood-lead level of the men increased to 37 mug/100 ml while the level in controls remained at about 15 mug/100 ml. Exposure to 3.2 mug Pb/m3 elicited an increase in blood-lead to about 27 mug/100 ml. In both cases, the blood-lead levels appeared to plateau after about three months of exposure and subsequent to that, no further increases were observed. About two months after the men left the exposure chamber, their blood-leads returned to near normal levels. Although urinary excretion of lead was always within the limits usually considered normal, there was a definite increase in urinary lead in the men exposed to 10.9 mug Pb/m3 and a somewhat smaller increase in the men exposed to 3.2 mug Pb/m3. The activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase was reduced by about 50% in the erythrocytes of men exposed to 10.9 mug Pb/m3, but returned to normal after exposure was terminated. Practically no changes in the activity of the enzyme were noted in the men exposed to 3.2 mug Pb/m3. Exposure to either level of particulate lead did not cause measurable changes in the excretion of heme precursors nor were there any alterations of serum chemistry or hematology profiles in any of the men.", "contents": "Clinical studies on men continuously exposed to airborne particulate lead. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of low-level exposure to airborne lead particulates on humans. Male volunteers were exposed 23 hours per day for about 18 weeks to either 10.9 mug Pb/m3 or 3.2 mug Pb/m3 of air. The particulate matter consisted primarily of sub-micron sized particles of alpha lead dioxide. During exposure to 10.9 mug Pb/m3, the mean blood-lead level of the men increased to 37 mug/100 ml while the level in controls remained at about 15 mug/100 ml. Exposure to 3.2 mug Pb/m3 elicited an increase in blood-lead to about 27 mug/100 ml. In both cases, the blood-lead levels appeared to plateau after about three months of exposure and subsequent to that, no further increases were observed. About two months after the men left the exposure chamber, their blood-leads returned to near normal levels. Although urinary excretion of lead was always within the limits usually considered normal, there was a definite increase in urinary lead in the men exposed to 10.9 mug Pb/m3 and a somewhat smaller increase in the men exposed to 3.2 mug Pb/m3. The activity of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase was reduced by about 50% in the erythrocytes of men exposed to 10.9 mug Pb/m3, but returned to normal after exposure was terminated. Practically no changes in the activity of the enzyme were noted in the men exposed to 3.2 mug Pb/m3. Exposure to either level of particulate lead did not cause measurable changes in the excretion of heme precursors nor were there any alterations of serum chemistry or hematology profiles in any of the men.", "PMID": 1058106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2452", "title": "In vitro effect of lead in blood on the determination of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase.", "content": "Whole blood, as withdrawn, from lead-exposed dogs was added in varying proportions, to whole blood, as withdrawn, from normal (non-exposed) dogs. The resultant red cell ALADP activities and lead concentrations of the mixtures were then determined. It was found that the resultant ALAD activities could be predicted on the basis of simple dilution of the blood with normal ALAD activity by the blood with severely reduced ALAD activity. The observed values for ALAD of the mixtures related to resultant lead concentration according to the equation: Y = a+ bx, rather than to the equation log y = a+ bx as reportedly observed for samples of blood from lead-exposed humans, and from lead-fed dogs. There was no evidence that the ALAD activity contributed by the portion of normal blood in the mixture was affected by the lead contributed by the blood from the lead exposed dog. This is considered as evidence that the reduction in red cell ALAD activity observed in lead-exposed dogs is not an in vitro artifact inherent in the method used to determined ALAD activity...", "contents": "In vitro effect of lead in blood on the determination of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrase. Whole blood, as withdrawn, from lead-exposed dogs was added in varying proportions, to whole blood, as withdrawn, from normal (non-exposed) dogs. The resultant red cell ALADP activities and lead concentrations of the mixtures were then determined. It was found that the resultant ALAD activities could be predicted on the basis of simple dilution of the blood with normal ALAD activity by the blood with severely reduced ALAD activity. The observed values for ALAD of the mixtures related to resultant lead concentration according to the equation: Y = a+ bx, rather than to the equation log y = a+ bx as reportedly observed for samples of blood from lead-exposed humans, and from lead-fed dogs. There was no evidence that the ALAD activity contributed by the portion of normal blood in the mixture was affected by the lead contributed by the blood from the lead exposed dog. This is considered as evidence that the reduction in red cell ALAD activity observed in lead-exposed dogs is not an in vitro artifact inherent in the method used to determined ALAD activity...", "PMID": 1058107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2453", "title": "An epidemiologic approach to community air lead exposure using personal air samplers.", "content": "Accurate information on the relationship between blood lead and air lead is essential to any consideration of the possible effect of air lead on the body burden. Past studies of occupationally exposed workers have established that such a relationship exists at high levels of air lead exposure. No such information has been available for subjects exposed to the low air lead levels representative of present-day community exposure. Past studies in this area have suffered from inadequate information on actual lead exposure at the air lead levels of concern. Researchers have has to rely on air lead data obtained from stationary samp;ing stations. Because wide variations can exist betwween locations within a city such information could not be assumed to represent the exposure of any individual subject. At lbest they can be considered only approximations of actual exposures. The Naational Research Council recognized the deficiencies of past studies in their report \"Airborne lead in perspective\" and recommended that \"more precise studies are needed of the relation between atmospheric lead in the urban environment and the concentration of lead in the blood, perphaps by the use of personal monitors\". This paper describes the study which was undertaken to evaluate the effect of air lead exposure as measured with personal air sampling devices on indices of lead absorption such as blood lead, urine lead, DALA and ALAD activity...", "contents": "An epidemiologic approach to community air lead exposure using personal air samplers. Accurate information on the relationship between blood lead and air lead is essential to any consideration of the possible effect of air lead on the body burden. Past studies of occupationally exposed workers have established that such a relationship exists at high levels of air lead exposure. No such information has been available for subjects exposed to the low air lead levels representative of present-day community exposure. Past studies in this area have suffered from inadequate information on actual lead exposure at the air lead levels of concern. Researchers have has to rely on air lead data obtained from stationary samp;ing stations. Because wide variations can exist betwween locations within a city such information could not be assumed to represent the exposure of any individual subject. At lbest they can be considered only approximations of actual exposures. The Naational Research Council recognized the deficiencies of past studies in their report \"Airborne lead in perspective\" and recommended that \"more precise studies are needed of the relation between atmospheric lead in the urban environment and the concentration of lead in the blood, perphaps by the use of personal monitors\". This paper describes the study which was undertaken to evaluate the effect of air lead exposure as measured with personal air sampling devices on indices of lead absorption such as blood lead, urine lead, DALA and ALAD activity...", "PMID": 1058108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2454", "title": "Structural rearrangements associated with the Ph1 chromosome in chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Four cases of C.G.L. in which banding of the Ph1 chromosome was performed were found to have variation from the usual 9/22 translocation pattern. All 4 cases showed a rearrangement involving at least 3 chromosomes, 2 of which were a9 and a22. One of these cases had in addition an XYY karyotype in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Structural rearrangements associated with the Ph1 chromosome in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Four cases of C.G.L. in which banding of the Ph1 chromosome was performed were found to have variation from the usual 9/22 translocation pattern. All 4 cases showed a rearrangement involving at least 3 chromosomes, 2 of which were a9 and a22. One of these cases had in addition an XYY karyotype in the bone marrow.", "PMID": 1058170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2455", "title": "Missing Y chromosome in juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A child with Ph1-negative juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is presented. The only chromosomal abnormality in hematopoietic tissues consisted of an absent Y chromosome. While a missing Y chromosome in adult patients with CML may be associated with a better prognosis, the clinical course in our patient was as malignant as that usually observed in other children with Ph1-negative juvenile CML.", "contents": "Missing Y chromosome in juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia. A child with Ph1-negative juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is presented. The only chromosomal abnormality in hematopoietic tissues consisted of an absent Y chromosome. While a missing Y chromosome in adult patients with CML may be associated with a better prognosis, the clinical course in our patient was as malignant as that usually observed in other children with Ph1-negative juvenile CML.", "PMID": 1058171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2456", "title": "Intermittent chemotherapy and immunotherapy with BCG in remission maintenance of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia: effects upon immunological function.", "content": "Twelve children with acute lymphocytic leukemia who had been in complete remission on continuous chemotherapy for at least 12 months, were treated with intermittent courses of chemotherapy alternating with BCG inoculation during the drug-free intervals. Measurements were made of leukocyte populations in blood and bone marrow leukemic blastogenic responses of blood lymphoid cells to phytohemmagglutinin and soluble leukemic blast cell membrane antigen. Antibody titers to a soluble leukemic blast-cell membrane-derived antigen were determined. Comparison was made with similar measurements during a second phase of intermittent chemotherapy without BCG inoculation (phase II). Two children showed bone-marrow relapse and two developed central nervous system leukemia during the study. Rises in blood and bone-marrow lymphoid cell numbers were found during both phases of the study. Blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin, depressed at the start of the study following at least 12 months of continuous chemotherapy, rose during intermittent chemotherapy and BCG and remained within normal ranges during phase II. Antibody titers and blastogenic responses to leukemia blast-cell membrane antigens increased in eight of twelve and six of seven children respectively during the BCG phase and were maintained during phase II. Only one child showed further increases in phase II. The combination of BCG and intermittent chemotherapy may increase leukemia-associated immunity in some patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission. The separate contributions of either BCG or intermittent chemotherapy in producing this effect cannot be determined by this study.", "contents": "Intermittent chemotherapy and immunotherapy with BCG in remission maintenance of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia: effects upon immunological function. Twelve children with acute lymphocytic leukemia who had been in complete remission on continuous chemotherapy for at least 12 months, were treated with intermittent courses of chemotherapy alternating with BCG inoculation during the drug-free intervals. Measurements were made of leukocyte populations in blood and bone marrow leukemic blastogenic responses of blood lymphoid cells to phytohemmagglutinin and soluble leukemic blast cell membrane antigen. Antibody titers to a soluble leukemic blast-cell membrane-derived antigen were determined. Comparison was made with similar measurements during a second phase of intermittent chemotherapy without BCG inoculation (phase II). Two children showed bone-marrow relapse and two developed central nervous system leukemia during the study. Rises in blood and bone-marrow lymphoid cell numbers were found during both phases of the study. Blastogenic responses to phytohemagglutinin, depressed at the start of the study following at least 12 months of continuous chemotherapy, rose during intermittent chemotherapy and BCG and remained within normal ranges during phase II. Antibody titers and blastogenic responses to leukemia blast-cell membrane antigens increased in eight of twelve and six of seven children respectively during the BCG phase and were maintained during phase II. Only one child showed further increases in phase II. The combination of BCG and intermittent chemotherapy may increase leukemia-associated immunity in some patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission. The separate contributions of either BCG or intermittent chemotherapy in producing this effect cannot be determined by this study.", "PMID": 1058172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2457", "title": "Distinctive banded marker chromosomes of human tumor cell lines.", "content": "Nine human tumor cell lines (five breast carcinomas and four sarcomas) have been studied and each revealed groups of distinctive banded marker chromosomes which can serve to identify them and aid in monitoring cell line specificity. This was possible neither by conventional karyology in terms of numbers and morphology of chromosomes nor by glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase mobility which was type B for all cultures. The significance of the clonal nature of the cell lines is discussed.", "contents": "Distinctive banded marker chromosomes of human tumor cell lines. Nine human tumor cell lines (five breast carcinomas and four sarcomas) have been studied and each revealed groups of distinctive banded marker chromosomes which can serve to identify them and aid in monitoring cell line specificity. This was possible neither by conventional karyology in terms of numbers and morphology of chromosomes nor by glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase mobility which was type B for all cultures. The significance of the clonal nature of the cell lines is discussed.", "PMID": 1058173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2458", "title": "Effect of human lysozyme (muramidase) on potassium handling by the perfused rat kidney. A mechanism for renal damage in human monocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Purified human lysozyme (muramidase) stimulated potassium excretion by the isolated perfused rat kidney. Lysozyme is filtered and reabsorbed, without a tubular maximum. Over 90% of lysozyme filtered is retained within the kidney; 50% was recovered by enzymic assay and histologically localized to the proximal tubular cells. Hypokalaemia seen in some patients with myelomonocytic leukaemia may be directly attributed to an elevated circulating lysozyme level.", "contents": "Effect of human lysozyme (muramidase) on potassium handling by the perfused rat kidney. A mechanism for renal damage in human monocytic leukaemia. Purified human lysozyme (muramidase) stimulated potassium excretion by the isolated perfused rat kidney. Lysozyme is filtered and reabsorbed, without a tubular maximum. Over 90% of lysozyme filtered is retained within the kidney; 50% was recovered by enzymic assay and histologically localized to the proximal tubular cells. Hypokalaemia seen in some patients with myelomonocytic leukaemia may be directly attributed to an elevated circulating lysozyme level.", "PMID": 1058211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2459", "title": "Influence of occlusal adjustment by grinding on gingivitis and mobility of traumatized teeth.", "content": "The effect on marginal inflammation and tooth mobility of occlusal adjustment by grinding was investigated in 43 occlusally traumatized teeth in 29 subjects with gingivitis and marginal periodontitis. The material consisted of 4 groups with tooth mobility of varying degrees of severity, and bone destruction. In all groups increased tooth mobility decreased subsequent to occlusal adjustment. The latter was without effect on the sulcus fluid flow rate or gingivitis scores in either gingivitis or periodontitis patients.", "contents": "Influence of occlusal adjustment by grinding on gingivitis and mobility of traumatized teeth. The effect on marginal inflammation and tooth mobility of occlusal adjustment by grinding was investigated in 43 occlusally traumatized teeth in 29 subjects with gingivitis and marginal periodontitis. The material consisted of 4 groups with tooth mobility of varying degrees of severity, and bone destruction. In all groups increased tooth mobility decreased subsequent to occlusal adjustment. The latter was without effect on the sulcus fluid flow rate or gingivitis scores in either gingivitis or periodontitis patients.", "PMID": 1058212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2460", "title": "Periodontal treatment of multirooted teeth. Results after 5 years.", "content": "This paper describes: (1) a system for classification and treatment of furcation involvements, and (2) a 5-year post-operative evaluation of 100 patients treated for periodontal breakdown in the bi/tri-function areas. The results of this study demonstrate that it is possible to arrest further destruction within the root furcation area. The successful treatment of the multirooted teeth was probably the consequence of: (1) the quasi total elimination of plaque retention areas from the bi/tri-furcation area, and (2) meticulous oral hygiene by the patients.", "contents": "Periodontal treatment of multirooted teeth. Results after 5 years. This paper describes: (1) a system for classification and treatment of furcation involvements, and (2) a 5-year post-operative evaluation of 100 patients treated for periodontal breakdown in the bi/tri-function areas. The results of this study demonstrate that it is possible to arrest further destruction within the root furcation area. The successful treatment of the multirooted teeth was probably the consequence of: (1) the quasi total elimination of plaque retention areas from the bi/tri-furcation area, and (2) meticulous oral hygiene by the patients.", "PMID": 1058213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2461", "title": "Effect of chlorhexidine on dental plaque formation under periodontal pack.", "content": "In a first experiment, no appreciable differences in plaque formation under periodontal packs were observed in subjects rinsing with and without 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate. In a second experiment, one gram periodontal packs were coated with 15 to 20 mg of chlorhexidine dihydrochloride powder prior to application and allowed to remain in situ for 4 days. Significantly less plaque formed under periodontal packs with chlorhexidine powder than with control packs. Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride powder may be recommended under periodontal packs for reduction of microbial plaque.", "contents": "Effect of chlorhexidine on dental plaque formation under periodontal pack. In a first experiment, no appreciable differences in plaque formation under periodontal packs were observed in subjects rinsing with and without 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate. In a second experiment, one gram periodontal packs were coated with 15 to 20 mg of chlorhexidine dihydrochloride powder prior to application and allowed to remain in situ for 4 days. Significantly less plaque formed under periodontal packs with chlorhexidine powder than with control packs. Chlorhexidine dihydrochloride powder may be recommended under periodontal packs for reduction of microbial plaque.", "PMID": 1058214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2462", "title": "Effect of chlorhexidine on gingival wound healing in the dog. A histometric study.", "content": "Wound healing after gingivectomy was studied in five 1-year-old dogs (Beagles). During a preparatory period of 4 months, the teeth of the dogs were brushed twice a day using a toothbrush and dentifrice. At the end of this period, all gingival units appeared healthy. All mechanical tooth cleaning procedures were then terminated. Following a period a 2 weeks without oral hygiene, six gingival units, taken bilaterally from the maxillary first molar and posterior premolar areas, were subjected to standardized gingivectomies. Subsequently, the biopsied areas of the left half of the jaws were treated twice a day with a 0.2% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine digluconate for 42 days, while corresponding areas of the right jaws were given saline treatment. Tissue specimens were obtained after healing periods of 42, 28, 14, 7, 4 and 2 days. They were then immediately placed in a Karnovsky fixative, and afterwards decalcified in EDTA. The rate of tissue regeneration and degree of inflammatory cell infiltration were evaluated with histometric methods. It was found that while gingival wounds treated with saline regenerated with extensive inflammatory reactions, corresponding chlorhexidine-treated wounds healed with only minor signs of inflammation.", "contents": "Effect of chlorhexidine on gingival wound healing in the dog. A histometric study. Wound healing after gingivectomy was studied in five 1-year-old dogs (Beagles). During a preparatory period of 4 months, the teeth of the dogs were brushed twice a day using a toothbrush and dentifrice. At the end of this period, all gingival units appeared healthy. All mechanical tooth cleaning procedures were then terminated. Following a period a 2 weeks without oral hygiene, six gingival units, taken bilaterally from the maxillary first molar and posterior premolar areas, were subjected to standardized gingivectomies. Subsequently, the biopsied areas of the left half of the jaws were treated twice a day with a 0.2% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine digluconate for 42 days, while corresponding areas of the right jaws were given saline treatment. Tissue specimens were obtained after healing periods of 42, 28, 14, 7, 4 and 2 days. They were then immediately placed in a Karnovsky fixative, and afterwards decalcified in EDTA. The rate of tissue regeneration and degree of inflammatory cell infiltration were evaluated with histometric methods. It was found that while gingival wounds treated with saline regenerated with extensive inflammatory reactions, corresponding chlorhexidine-treated wounds healed with only minor signs of inflammation.", "PMID": 1058215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2463", "title": "Common medical emergencies: a dilemma in dental education.", "content": "A four-week hospital-based program offers a comprehensive course for dental students in the evaluation and management of medical emergencies. The program first emphasizes medical evaluation with the taking of accurate, comprehensive patient histories and the performance of physical examinations; information about supportive care, including intravenous techniques and airway maintenance, is given. The diagnostic signs and treatment of common medical emergencies, as taught in the program, are described.", "contents": "Common medical emergencies: a dilemma in dental education. A four-week hospital-based program offers a comprehensive course for dental students in the evaluation and management of medical emergencies. The program first emphasizes medical evaluation with the taking of accurate, comprehensive patient histories and the performance of physical examinations; information about supportive care, including intravenous techniques and airway maintenance, is given. The diagnostic signs and treatment of common medical emergencies, as taught in the program, are described.", "PMID": 1058234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2464", "title": "Carotid system arteritis: an overlooked and misdiagnosed syndrome.", "content": "Because of the broadened scope of dental practice, a thorough knowledge and understanding of head and neck pain is necessary to diagnose adequately and to treat the patient properly. The complexities of disease related to head and neck pain may mislead and confuse the diagnostician. Carotid system arteritis may be easily overlooked in everyday practice. Diseases with similar symptoms must be considered before rendering treatment. Although the mortality rate of arteritis is extremely low, the condition merits immediate recognition and treatment for relief of pain. The need to include head and neck arteritis in the differential diagnosis of orofacial-neck pain has been discussed and a treatment regimen with use of corticosteroids has been suggested.", "contents": "Carotid system arteritis: an overlooked and misdiagnosed syndrome. Because of the broadened scope of dental practice, a thorough knowledge and understanding of head and neck pain is necessary to diagnose adequately and to treat the patient properly. The complexities of disease related to head and neck pain may mislead and confuse the diagnostician. Carotid system arteritis may be easily overlooked in everyday practice. Diseases with similar symptoms must be considered before rendering treatment. Although the mortality rate of arteritis is extremely low, the condition merits immediate recognition and treatment for relief of pain. The need to include head and neck arteritis in the differential diagnosis of orofacial-neck pain has been discussed and a treatment regimen with use of corticosteroids has been suggested.", "PMID": 1058235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2465", "title": "Composition and structure of dental enamel: elemental composition and crystalline structure of dental enamel as they relate to its solubility.", "content": "The same elements, 21 in number, were found in both acid-resistant and acid-susceptible enamel specimens by ion microprobe analyses. However, there were differences in the concentrations of 14 elements between groups. Of the 16 trace elements found in enamel, the concentrations of K, F, and Na in parts per million were the greatest. Enamel surface analyses showed V and Zn were more concentrated in acid-resistant specimens by factors of 7.4 and 6.1 respectively, followed by nine other elements, the last molybdenum, that were just slightly more prevalent in acid-resistant enamel. Four elements were equally concentrated in both groups of samples, and only one trace element, B, was more abundant in the acid-susceptible samples by a factor of ten. Ca and P were predominantly more abundant in acid-resistant speciems, and C, H, and O were more concentrated in acid-susceptible samples. The enamel substance in acid-resistant and acid-susceptible groups was found to be similar by these methods. --Ion microprobe: the same elements were detected in both groups. Four trace elements (titanium, lead, Cl, and lithium) were equally abundant in the two groups. --Electron diffraction: the crystal structure type was the same in both groups of samples. --Infrared absorption: the crystalline substance showed the same spectra in both groups. The enamel substance in the two groups of specimens was found to be dissimilar by these methods. --Ion microprobe: the concentrations of 11 trace elements as well as Ca and P were greater in acid-resistant enamel. The concentrations of C, H, O, and B were greater in acid-susceptible enamel. --X-ray diffraction: crystallites in the acid-resistant specimens were larger by a factor of more than two. Enamel solubility appears not to be related to atomic species but associated with one, some, or all elements quantitatively and also with its physical form (crystallite size and probably density).", "contents": "Composition and structure of dental enamel: elemental composition and crystalline structure of dental enamel as they relate to its solubility. The same elements, 21 in number, were found in both acid-resistant and acid-susceptible enamel specimens by ion microprobe analyses. However, there were differences in the concentrations of 14 elements between groups. Of the 16 trace elements found in enamel, the concentrations of K, F, and Na in parts per million were the greatest. Enamel surface analyses showed V and Zn were more concentrated in acid-resistant specimens by factors of 7.4 and 6.1 respectively, followed by nine other elements, the last molybdenum, that were just slightly more prevalent in acid-resistant enamel. Four elements were equally concentrated in both groups of samples, and only one trace element, B, was more abundant in the acid-susceptible samples by a factor of ten. Ca and P were predominantly more abundant in acid-resistant speciems, and C, H, and O were more concentrated in acid-susceptible samples. The enamel substance in acid-resistant and acid-susceptible groups was found to be similar by these methods. --Ion microprobe: the same elements were detected in both groups. Four trace elements (titanium, lead, Cl, and lithium) were equally abundant in the two groups. --Electron diffraction: the crystal structure type was the same in both groups of samples. --Infrared absorption: the crystalline substance showed the same spectra in both groups. The enamel substance in the two groups of specimens was found to be dissimilar by these methods. --Ion microprobe: the concentrations of 11 trace elements as well as Ca and P were greater in acid-resistant enamel. The concentrations of C, H, O, and B were greater in acid-susceptible enamel. --X-ray diffraction: crystallites in the acid-resistant specimens were larger by a factor of more than two. Enamel solubility appears not to be related to atomic species but associated with one, some, or all elements quantitatively and also with its physical form (crystallite size and probably density).", "PMID": 1058236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2466", "title": "Treatment of temporomandibular joint syndrome with biofeedback training.", "content": "Treatment of temporomandibular joint syndrome by the use of biofeedback training involves two stages. First, the patient is made aware of the level of tension in the masseter muscle and, second, he is taught to reduce the level of tension. In those individuals whose pain most likely is associated with high muscle tension, this treatment method is apparently successful. The successful treatment of a patient with a history of long-term TMJ pain is described.", "contents": "Treatment of temporomandibular joint syndrome with biofeedback training. Treatment of temporomandibular joint syndrome by the use of biofeedback training involves two stages. First, the patient is made aware of the level of tension in the masseter muscle and, second, he is taught to reduce the level of tension. In those individuals whose pain most likely is associated with high muscle tension, this treatment method is apparently successful. The successful treatment of a patient with a history of long-term TMJ pain is described.", "PMID": 1058237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2467", "title": "Prevalence and localization of Streptococcus mutans in infants and children.", "content": "The prevalence and localization of Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavities of 92 children was investigated. The ages of the children ranged from newborns to 5 years. The edentulous newborns and infants with only their deciduous incisors did not harbor S mutans on the mucous membranes or the smooth surfaces of the incisors. As the number of erupted deciduous teeth increased, there was a gradual increase in the isolation of the organism. The greatest isolation frequency of S mutans, 46.3%, occurred in those children with a complete deciduous dentition and contact between the deciduous molars. The interproximal areas where there was molar contact were the most frequent sites of early colonization of S mutans.", "contents": "Prevalence and localization of Streptococcus mutans in infants and children. The prevalence and localization of Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavities of 92 children was investigated. The ages of the children ranged from newborns to 5 years. The edentulous newborns and infants with only their deciduous incisors did not harbor S mutans on the mucous membranes or the smooth surfaces of the incisors. As the number of erupted deciduous teeth increased, there was a gradual increase in the isolation of the organism. The greatest isolation frequency of S mutans, 46.3%, occurred in those children with a complete deciduous dentition and contact between the deciduous molars. The interproximal areas where there was molar contact were the most frequent sites of early colonization of S mutans.", "PMID": 1058238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2468", "title": "Status report on silver amalgam. Council on Dental Materials and Devices.", "content": "This report discusses the current status of amalgam. The new alloy systems have been reviewed in relation to their advantages, disadvantages, and clinical use. Values for the physical properties of amalgam have increased tremendously in the past 50 years and relatively recent changes in alloy composition, size, and shape of particles can produce clinically observable improvements in restorations, particularly with respect to marginal integrity. New alloys that are now available or are very close to being introduced on the market should be investigated and observed by practitioners. However, it should be recognized that correct alloy manipulation of currently available alloys probably has more influence on the longevity of restorations than the type of alloy selected.", "contents": "Status report on silver amalgam. Council on Dental Materials and Devices. This report discusses the current status of amalgam. The new alloy systems have been reviewed in relation to their advantages, disadvantages, and clinical use. Values for the physical properties of amalgam have increased tremendously in the past 50 years and relatively recent changes in alloy composition, size, and shape of particles can produce clinically observable improvements in restorations, particularly with respect to marginal integrity. New alloys that are now available or are very close to being introduced on the market should be investigated and observed by practitioners. However, it should be recognized that correct alloy manipulation of currently available alloys probably has more influence on the longevity of restorations than the type of alloy selected.", "PMID": 1058241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2469", "title": "Observations on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Kenya.", "content": "The epizootic range of Rift Valley fever in Kenya is defined from the results of virus isolations during epizootics, and form an extensive serological survey of cattle which were exposed during an epizootic. A study of the sera from a wide range of wild bovidae sampled immediately after the epizootic, showed that they did not act as reservoir or amplifying hosts for RVF. Virus isolation attempts from a variety of rodents proved negative. Rift Valley fever did not persist between epizootics by producing symptomless abortions in cattle in areas within its epizootic range. A sentinel herd sampled annually after an epizootic in 1968 revealed not one single seroconversion from 1969 to 1974. Certain forest and forest edge situations were postulated as enzootic for Rift Valley fever, and a small percentage of seroconversions were detected in cattle in these areas, born four years after the last epizootic. This has been the only evidence for the persistence of the virus in Kenya since 1968, and may be a part of the interepizootic maintenance cycle for Rift Valley fever in Kenya, which otherwise remains unknown.", "contents": "Observations on the epidemiology of Rift Valley fever in Kenya. The epizootic range of Rift Valley fever in Kenya is defined from the results of virus isolations during epizootics, and form an extensive serological survey of cattle which were exposed during an epizootic. A study of the sera from a wide range of wild bovidae sampled immediately after the epizootic, showed that they did not act as reservoir or amplifying hosts for RVF. Virus isolation attempts from a variety of rodents proved negative. Rift Valley fever did not persist between epizootics by producing symptomless abortions in cattle in areas within its epizootic range. A sentinel herd sampled annually after an epizootic in 1968 revealed not one single seroconversion from 1969 to 1974. Certain forest and forest edge situations were postulated as enzootic for Rift Valley fever, and a small percentage of seroconversions were detected in cattle in these areas, born four years after the last epizootic. This has been the only evidence for the persistence of the virus in Kenya since 1968, and may be a part of the interepizootic maintenance cycle for Rift Valley fever in Kenya, which otherwise remains unknown.", "PMID": 1058243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2470", "title": "Observations on the epidemiology of ephemeral fever in Kenya.", "content": "Ephemeral fever antibody was found in domestic cattle in Kenya across a wide range of ecological zones, from highland forests and grasslands to desert and semidesert thorn scrub. Antibody was found in several species of game animals, notably waterbuck and buffalo, where over 50% of the samples showed antibody to EF. Evidence was obtained to show that the virus had been cycling in these wild ruminant populations between epizootics in domestic cattle.", "contents": "Observations on the epidemiology of ephemeral fever in Kenya. Ephemeral fever antibody was found in domestic cattle in Kenya across a wide range of ecological zones, from highland forests and grasslands to desert and semidesert thorn scrub. Antibody was found in several species of game animals, notably waterbuck and buffalo, where over 50% of the samples showed antibody to EF. Evidence was obtained to show that the virus had been cycling in these wild ruminant populations between epizootics in domestic cattle.", "PMID": 1058244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2471", "title": "The differential transmissibility of Myxoma virus strains of differing virulence grades by the rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale).", "content": "Laboratory studies showed that few rabbit fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale)) transmitted myxomatosis after removal from wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L) that had been infected for fever than 10-12 days, irrespective of the virulence of the myxoma virus strain involved. Rabbits infected with fully virulent (Grade I) strains died within 10-15 days and few fleas from these hosts became infective; averaging all the samples takem. 12% of the fleas were infective. Also, few fleas acquired infectivity on individual rabbits which covered from infection with attenuated strains; the mean was 8% infective. Rabbits which died between 17 and 44 days after infection had higher proportions of infective fleas at all sampling times; the mean was 42% infective. Male and female fleas transmitted virus with equal efficiency. For rabbits infected with any of the attenuated virus strains the mean percentage of infective fleas was inversely related to the survival time of the host. Rabbits infected with moderately attenuated strains (Grades IIIA and IIIB) had, on average, the highest proportion of infective fleas; hence such strains have a selective advantage and have become predominant under natural conditions in Britain. The changes that might occur if there is an increase in host resistance to myxomatosis are discussed.", "contents": "The differential transmissibility of Myxoma virus strains of differing virulence grades by the rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale). Laboratory studies showed that few rabbit fleas (Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale)) transmitted myxomatosis after removal from wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L) that had been infected for fever than 10-12 days, irrespective of the virulence of the myxoma virus strain involved. Rabbits infected with fully virulent (Grade I) strains died within 10-15 days and few fleas from these hosts became infective; averaging all the samples takem. 12% of the fleas were infective. Also, few fleas acquired infectivity on individual rabbits which covered from infection with attenuated strains; the mean was 8% infective. Rabbits which died between 17 and 44 days after infection had higher proportions of infective fleas at all sampling times; the mean was 42% infective. Male and female fleas transmitted virus with equal efficiency. For rabbits infected with any of the attenuated virus strains the mean percentage of infective fleas was inversely related to the survival time of the host. Rabbits infected with moderately attenuated strains (Grades IIIA and IIIB) had, on average, the highest proportion of infective fleas; hence such strains have a selective advantage and have become predominant under natural conditions in Britain. The changes that might occur if there is an increase in host resistance to myxomatosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1058245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2472", "title": "Multiple skin testing of Kenyan schoolchildren with a series of new tuberculins.", "content": "This study on Kenyan schoolchildren aims to elucidate the effect of contact with environmental mycobacteria on the development of specific delayed hypersensitivity. A series of 12 skin test reagents was employed; eleven of them were prepared from extracts of living mycobacteria and the last was the P.P.D. RT 23. Eight of the new tuberculins were prepared from mycobacteria recovered from the East African environment. A total of 8641 tests were carried out on 4320 children between the ages of 6 and 17 years in four townships. Two of these townships were in fertile agricultural areas and two were in the desert. Just over 80% of the children had received BCG immunization The results obtained showed that increasing age, geographical locality and BCG immunization all had a profound effect, and socioeconomic background had some effect, on the pattern of reactivity to the various reagents. The rationale behind the use of the series of new tuberculins and the results obtained with them are discussed in relation to the interacting effects of the factors complicating these results.", "contents": "Multiple skin testing of Kenyan schoolchildren with a series of new tuberculins. This study on Kenyan schoolchildren aims to elucidate the effect of contact with environmental mycobacteria on the development of specific delayed hypersensitivity. A series of 12 skin test reagents was employed; eleven of them were prepared from extracts of living mycobacteria and the last was the P.P.D. RT 23. Eight of the new tuberculins were prepared from mycobacteria recovered from the East African environment. A total of 8641 tests were carried out on 4320 children between the ages of 6 and 17 years in four townships. Two of these townships were in fertile agricultural areas and two were in the desert. Just over 80% of the children had received BCG immunization The results obtained showed that increasing age, geographical locality and BCG immunization all had a profound effect, and socioeconomic background had some effect, on the pattern of reactivity to the various reagents. The rationale behind the use of the series of new tuberculins and the results obtained with them are discussed in relation to the interacting effects of the factors complicating these results.", "PMID": 1058246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2473", "title": "[Studies on the effects of dental amalgam upon the fertilization and early development of sea urchin eggs (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) (author's transl)].", "content": "Silver-tin amalgam that has been used as a filling material in routine dental clinic contains a large amount of mercury and the cytotoxity of metal mercury may hazard to patients. There have been a number of papers reporting that the dental amalgam has not any toxic action to living cells in animal experiments in vivo. However, the mechanism of cytotoxic action and effects of these metals for tissues and cells were not reported so far. In the present experiments, the analysis of the cytotoxic action of silver-tin alloys and their amalgam in vitro cytological experiments with fertilized eggs and developing embryos of sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, were examined. When the silver-tin alloy powder was incubated in normal sea water medium there are non or weak cytotoxic reaction upon fertilized eggs and early embryos of sea urchin. Metal mercury in the medium effects remarkable cytotoxic action upon the development of early embryos; the cleavage and early development were delayed and all of the embryos show deformity. Immediately after the alloy powder was triturated with mercury, it shows strong cytotoxic action as the metal mercury was incubated, however, the cytotoxic action decreased and almost disappeared in 5 hours after trituration. The mechanism of cytotoxic action and the adequacy of clinical application of the amalgam were discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on the effects of dental amalgam upon the fertilization and early development of sea urchin eggs (Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus) (author's transl)]. Silver-tin amalgam that has been used as a filling material in routine dental clinic contains a large amount of mercury and the cytotoxity of metal mercury may hazard to patients. There have been a number of papers reporting that the dental amalgam has not any toxic action to living cells in animal experiments in vivo. However, the mechanism of cytotoxic action and effects of these metals for tissues and cells were not reported so far. In the present experiments, the analysis of the cytotoxic action of silver-tin alloys and their amalgam in vitro cytological experiments with fertilized eggs and developing embryos of sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, were examined. When the silver-tin alloy powder was incubated in normal sea water medium there are non or weak cytotoxic reaction upon fertilized eggs and early embryos of sea urchin. Metal mercury in the medium effects remarkable cytotoxic action upon the development of early embryos; the cleavage and early development were delayed and all of the embryos show deformity. Immediately after the alloy powder was triturated with mercury, it shows strong cytotoxic action as the metal mercury was incubated, however, the cytotoxic action decreased and almost disappeared in 5 hours after trituration. The mechanism of cytotoxic action and the adequacy of clinical application of the amalgam were discussed.", "PMID": 1058261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2474", "title": "[Elastic modulus of dental porcelains by dynamic method (author's transl)].", "content": "Using an equipment with sensitive vibretor-controller oscillater of elactrostatic drive system, we sought for the difference between elastic modulus of various kinds of dental porcelain and elastic modulus by firing method. We examined the relation between temperature of firing and elastic modulus as well. The obtained results are as follows: 1). Elastic modulus of low fusing porcelain of enamel color was 4.32 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by air firing 3.95 approximately 4.63 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by vacuum firing. Low fusing of porcelain of dentin color and the one of enamel color had the same elastic modulus. 2). Elastic modulas of high fusing porcelain of enamel color was 3.58 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by air firing, 3.41 approximately 3.64 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by vacuum firing. High fusing porcelain of dentin color and the one of enamel color were of the same elastic modulus. 3). Porcelain of opaque color for metal bond was 3.22 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by air firing 3.97 approximately 4.22 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by vacuum firing. When dentin color was added to opaque color elastic modulus was low (3.90 times 10(11) dyn/cm2). 4). Alumina porcelain of opaque color was 5.42 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by air firing, 6.50 approximately 6.80 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by vacuum firing. When dentin color was added to opaque color elastic modulus was very low (3.90 times 10(11) dyn/cm2). 5). Elastic modulus to various kinds porcelain changes according to temprature of fusing. And the highest elastic modulus is at the temperature which is 50 approximately 100 degrees C lower than final firing temperature.", "contents": "[Elastic modulus of dental porcelains by dynamic method (author's transl)]. Using an equipment with sensitive vibretor-controller oscillater of elactrostatic drive system, we sought for the difference between elastic modulus of various kinds of dental porcelain and elastic modulus by firing method. We examined the relation between temperature of firing and elastic modulus as well. The obtained results are as follows: 1). Elastic modulus of low fusing porcelain of enamel color was 4.32 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by air firing 3.95 approximately 4.63 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by vacuum firing. Low fusing of porcelain of dentin color and the one of enamel color had the same elastic modulus. 2). Elastic modulas of high fusing porcelain of enamel color was 3.58 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by air firing, 3.41 approximately 3.64 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by vacuum firing. High fusing porcelain of dentin color and the one of enamel color were of the same elastic modulus. 3). Porcelain of opaque color for metal bond was 3.22 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by air firing 3.97 approximately 4.22 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by vacuum firing. When dentin color was added to opaque color elastic modulus was low (3.90 times 10(11) dyn/cm2). 4). Alumina porcelain of opaque color was 5.42 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by air firing, 6.50 approximately 6.80 times 10(11) dyn/cm2 by vacuum firing. When dentin color was added to opaque color elastic modulus was very low (3.90 times 10(11) dyn/cm2). 5). Elastic modulus to various kinds porcelain changes according to temprature of fusing. And the highest elastic modulus is at the temperature which is 50 approximately 100 degrees C lower than final firing temperature.", "PMID": 1058262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2475", "title": "[Study on the age-hardenable silver alloy (3 rd report). III. On the ageing process of dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy (author's transl)].", "content": "The precipitation hardening process of a dental silver base alloy, Ag-28 Pd-10 Cu-12 wt % Au, was studied by means of X-ray diffraction, hardness measurement and metallographic observations. After solution treatment at 900 degrees C for 30 min, specimens were subjected to anisothermal annealing at the rate of 1 degrees C/min. PdCu ordered phase and alpha2 solid solution (Ag rich phase) precipitated hetelogeneously at the grain boundaries and then grew up into each grain. Drastic increase in hardness was recognized with the spread of nodular region. Electron microscopic observation of these precipitates showed very fine lamellar structure. It is concluded that the age hardening of this alloy could be attributed to this grain boundary precipitation and the softening at the overaged stage to the second grain boundary reaction which produced very coarse lamellar structure.", "contents": "[Study on the age-hardenable silver alloy (3 rd report). III. On the ageing process of dental Ag-Pd-Cu-Au alloy (author's transl)]. The precipitation hardening process of a dental silver base alloy, Ag-28 Pd-10 Cu-12 wt % Au, was studied by means of X-ray diffraction, hardness measurement and metallographic observations. After solution treatment at 900 degrees C for 30 min, specimens were subjected to anisothermal annealing at the rate of 1 degrees C/min. PdCu ordered phase and alpha2 solid solution (Ag rich phase) precipitated hetelogeneously at the grain boundaries and then grew up into each grain. Drastic increase in hardness was recognized with the spread of nodular region. Electron microscopic observation of these precipitates showed very fine lamellar structure. It is concluded that the age hardening of this alloy could be attributed to this grain boundary precipitation and the softening at the overaged stage to the second grain boundary reaction which produced very coarse lamellar structure.", "PMID": 1058263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2476", "title": "[Studies on the dental gold-alloys (13). Precipitation hardening in gold-cobalt alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "The precipitation of cobalt from gold-rich solid solution was studied about Au-Co binary alloys containing less than 5 wt.% cobalt by correlating the results of metallographic observation and micro-hardness measurement to electrical resistivity measurements. The hardness curves of the alloys showed to hardness peaks after isothermal ageing below a certain temperature. It was considered that the first peak was due to formation of G. P. zone which was confirmed by reversion phenomenon. The second peak was due to growing of metastable cobalt rich precipitate. The maximum hardness obtained by ageing was higher in Au-5 wt.% Co alloy than in Au-1 wt.% Co alloy. Difference in growing mechanism of metastable precipitate was deduced from the kinetics data and the values of time exponent obtained by Johnson-Mehl equation.", "contents": "[Studies on the dental gold-alloys (13). Precipitation hardening in gold-cobalt alloys (author's transl)]. The precipitation of cobalt from gold-rich solid solution was studied about Au-Co binary alloys containing less than 5 wt.% cobalt by correlating the results of metallographic observation and micro-hardness measurement to electrical resistivity measurements. The hardness curves of the alloys showed to hardness peaks after isothermal ageing below a certain temperature. It was considered that the first peak was due to formation of G. P. zone which was confirmed by reversion phenomenon. The second peak was due to growing of metastable cobalt rich precipitate. The maximum hardness obtained by ageing was higher in Au-5 wt.% Co alloy than in Au-1 wt.% Co alloy. Difference in growing mechanism of metastable precipitate was deduced from the kinetics data and the values of time exponent obtained by Johnson-Mehl equation.", "PMID": 1058264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2477", "title": "[Studies on the dental gold-alloys (14). Effect of platinum addition on the AuCu-transformation by means of x-ray diffraction analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "X-ray diffraction studies were carried out so as to investigate the effects of 0.33-6.90 at. % additions of platinum on the ordering process of AuCu alloy. The stable existing temperature range of AuCu I was extended to higher temperature by the addition of platinum to stoichiometric gold-copper alloy, the ordering rate in these alloys were slower than that of binary AuCu. Changes in diffraction patterns showed a different sequence in ordering process at higher and lower temperature range. Orthorhombic AuCu II was only found in the alloy containing 0.33 at.% Pt at around 410 degrees C.", "contents": "[Studies on the dental gold-alloys (14). Effect of platinum addition on the AuCu-transformation by means of x-ray diffraction analysis (author's transl)]. X-ray diffraction studies were carried out so as to investigate the effects of 0.33-6.90 at. % additions of platinum on the ordering process of AuCu alloy. The stable existing temperature range of AuCu I was extended to higher temperature by the addition of platinum to stoichiometric gold-copper alloy, the ordering rate in these alloys were slower than that of binary AuCu. Changes in diffraction patterns showed a different sequence in ordering process at higher and lower temperature range. Orthorhombic AuCu II was only found in the alloy containing 0.33 at.% Pt at around 410 degrees C.", "PMID": 1058265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2478", "title": "[Studies on the dental methacrylic resins (part 4). Flow properties and curing times of the pour methacrylic resins (author's transl)].", "content": "Flow properties and curing times of the pour resins consisted of polymethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate were investigated by the viscosity and the temperature measurements. The polymers with various article sizes and molecular weights and the monomer with 0.005 per cent hydroquinone were used the pour resins respectively. The initiator system of benzoyl peroxide--N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine was used for the polymerization. The results were as follows: 1) The viscosities of the pour resins were increased with the time elapsed. That was for reasons of physical phenomenon, that is, dissolution of polymer into monomer. The logarithmic viscosities increased linearly in proportion to the time elapsed. 2) The viscosities of the pour resins were increased by the reduction of the particle size of the polymer and by the increase of the molecular weight of the polymer. 3) The curing times of the pour resins were reduced by the increase of the concentrations of benzoyl peroxide and N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, and by the reduction of the particle size and the molecular weight of the polymer respectively.", "contents": "[Studies on the dental methacrylic resins (part 4). Flow properties and curing times of the pour methacrylic resins (author's transl)]. Flow properties and curing times of the pour resins consisted of polymethyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate were investigated by the viscosity and the temperature measurements. The polymers with various article sizes and molecular weights and the monomer with 0.005 per cent hydroquinone were used the pour resins respectively. The initiator system of benzoyl peroxide--N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine was used for the polymerization. The results were as follows: 1) The viscosities of the pour resins were increased with the time elapsed. That was for reasons of physical phenomenon, that is, dissolution of polymer into monomer. The logarithmic viscosities increased linearly in proportion to the time elapsed. 2) The viscosities of the pour resins were increased by the reduction of the particle size of the polymer and by the increase of the molecular weight of the polymer. 3) The curing times of the pour resins were reduced by the increase of the concentrations of benzoyl peroxide and N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, and by the reduction of the particle size and the molecular weight of the polymer respectively.", "PMID": 1058266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2479", "title": "[A study on the cytotoxic action of gold-copper alloy by means of tissue culture (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine kinds of gold-copper alloy containing copper of various contents, such as 91% Au-9% Cu, 83% Au-17% Cu, 75% Au-25% Cu, 58% Au-42% Cu, 50% Au-50% Cu, 25% Au-75% Cu, 20% Au-80% Cu, 15% Au-85% Cu, 10% Au-90% Cu and two pure metals of copper and gold, were used to analyse cytotoxic action of gold-copper alloy. A cytotoxicity of these alloys and metals was observed by replicate culture using L-strain cells. The results obtained, were as follows; When the range of copper content was from 0 to 42%, the alloys showed no cytotoxic reaction. There was, however, strong cytotoxic action in the gold-copper alloys containing copper of 50% or more.", "contents": "[A study on the cytotoxic action of gold-copper alloy by means of tissue culture (author's transl)]. Nine kinds of gold-copper alloy containing copper of various contents, such as 91% Au-9% Cu, 83% Au-17% Cu, 75% Au-25% Cu, 58% Au-42% Cu, 50% Au-50% Cu, 25% Au-75% Cu, 20% Au-80% Cu, 15% Au-85% Cu, 10% Au-90% Cu and two pure metals of copper and gold, were used to analyse cytotoxic action of gold-copper alloy. A cytotoxicity of these alloys and metals was observed by replicate culture using L-strain cells. The results obtained, were as follows; When the range of copper content was from 0 to 42%, the alloys showed no cytotoxic reaction. There was, however, strong cytotoxic action in the gold-copper alloys containing copper of 50% or more.", "PMID": 1058267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2480", "title": "[Studies on the cytotoxic action of various composite resins by means of cell culture (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate biocompatibility of composite resin, L strain cells were brought contact either directly with mixed resin or with immersion liquid, which was obtained by replacing with fresh medium twice for 48 hours, followed by utilizing these immersed medium as the second immersion liquid or the third, and results were assessed by cell multiplication rate calculated from cell nuclei counting per milliliter of medium, morphological observation and agar diffusion method, originally used by Guess et al. (1965) and later modified. The materials used were selected from the presently available composite resins, which were classified by composition and form for use provided by manufacturers, i. e, powder, paste, or liquid. Those which were classified were as follows; Types Pa-L-L (Paste-Liquid-Liquid), Pa-L (Paste-Liquid), Pa-Pa (Paste-Paste), Po-L (Powder-Liquid) and Po-L-Pa (Powder-Liquid-Paste).", "contents": "[Studies on the cytotoxic action of various composite resins by means of cell culture (author's transl)]. In order to investigate biocompatibility of composite resin, L strain cells were brought contact either directly with mixed resin or with immersion liquid, which was obtained by replacing with fresh medium twice for 48 hours, followed by utilizing these immersed medium as the second immersion liquid or the third, and results were assessed by cell multiplication rate calculated from cell nuclei counting per milliliter of medium, morphological observation and agar diffusion method, originally used by Guess et al. (1965) and later modified. The materials used were selected from the presently available composite resins, which were classified by composition and form for use provided by manufacturers, i. e, powder, paste, or liquid. Those which were classified were as follows; Types Pa-L-L (Paste-Liquid-Liquid), Pa-L (Paste-Liquid), Pa-Pa (Paste-Paste), Po-L (Powder-Liquid) and Po-L-Pa (Powder-Liquid-Paste).", "PMID": 1058268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2481", "title": "Contribution to the reconstruction of the lower lip after tumour resection combined with neck dissection.", "content": "Methods of reconstruction of lip defects following tumour resection must also be assessed in their suitability, as to whether it is possible to combine the simultaneous total excision of the regional lymphatic drainage with the achievement of a functionally and aesthetically satifactory result. The current methods of reconstruction in use in the Hamburg Clinic are demonstrated from this point of view. By viualising the lymphatic drainage in tumours of the lower lip, it is shown that there is no method of reconstruction which realises the principle of en bloc resection of tumours. Supported by the results of postoperative investigation, it can, however, be shown that the percentage of recurrence in the area of lymphatic drainage can still be kept extremely low by observing various principles.", "contents": "Contribution to the reconstruction of the lower lip after tumour resection combined with neck dissection. Methods of reconstruction of lip defects following tumour resection must also be assessed in their suitability, as to whether it is possible to combine the simultaneous total excision of the regional lymphatic drainage with the achievement of a functionally and aesthetically satifactory result. The current methods of reconstruction in use in the Hamburg Clinic are demonstrated from this point of view. By viualising the lymphatic drainage in tumours of the lower lip, it is shown that there is no method of reconstruction which realises the principle of en bloc resection of tumours. Supported by the results of postoperative investigation, it can, however, be shown that the percentage of recurrence in the area of lymphatic drainage can still be kept extremely low by observing various principles.", "PMID": 1058279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2482", "title": "Clinical Experience in the Cryosurgery of Haemangioma.", "content": "The author using cryoapplicator of his own modification presents cryosurgery as a successful surgical technique in cases of haemangiomas involving the face, lips, tongue and oral cavity. From 1968 to 1974 in the Stomatological Clinic of Lublin 56 patients were operated upon using this method. The results were very encouraging. Total regression of haemangiomas and regeneration of normal mucosa with no noticeable scar resulted. A method of cryosurgery especially suitable for very young patients or for those who are poor risks because of associated disease and advanced age is suggested.", "contents": "Clinical Experience in the Cryosurgery of Haemangioma. The author using cryoapplicator of his own modification presents cryosurgery as a successful surgical technique in cases of haemangiomas involving the face, lips, tongue and oral cavity. From 1968 to 1974 in the Stomatological Clinic of Lublin 56 patients were operated upon using this method. The results were very encouraging. Total regression of haemangiomas and regeneration of normal mucosa with no noticeable scar resulted. A method of cryosurgery especially suitable for very young patients or for those who are poor risks because of associated disease and advanced age is suggested.", "PMID": 1058280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2483", "title": "Curative treatment of malignant midline granuloma of the face.", "content": "The symptomatology of the malignant centro-facial granuloma is described. A case and its treatment are demonstrated. Radiotherapy achieved complete healing. The possibilities of treatment are discussed and the author expresses the opinion that radiotherapy is the method of choice for treating centro-facial malignant granuloma.", "contents": "Curative treatment of malignant midline granuloma of the face. The symptomatology of the malignant centro-facial granuloma is described. A case and its treatment are demonstrated. Radiotherapy achieved complete healing. The possibilities of treatment are discussed and the author expresses the opinion that radiotherapy is the method of choice for treating centro-facial malignant granuloma.", "PMID": 1058281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2484", "title": "Experiences on the sequela of maxillary sinusitis following closure of the causative oro-antral fistula.", "content": "After describing the method of treating sinusitis in established oro-antral fistulae, which consists of irrigation of the maxillary sinus, antibiotic therapy and closure of the fistula, our experience gained on 75 cases checked postoperatively is presented. We found that a radical operation of the sinus, even later, was not necessary in most cases (present investigation of our clinical material showed 97.3 per cent). The inflammatorily a altered mucosa recovers after the elimination of the causative factor, which in this case is the closure of the oro-antral fistula. These findings thus correlate with those made by Obwegeser a and Tschamer (1957) and by Killey and Kay (1967).", "contents": "Experiences on the sequela of maxillary sinusitis following closure of the causative oro-antral fistula. After describing the method of treating sinusitis in established oro-antral fistulae, which consists of irrigation of the maxillary sinus, antibiotic therapy and closure of the fistula, our experience gained on 75 cases checked postoperatively is presented. We found that a radical operation of the sinus, even later, was not necessary in most cases (present investigation of our clinical material showed 97.3 per cent). The inflammatorily a altered mucosa recovers after the elimination of the causative factor, which in this case is the closure of the oro-antral fistula. These findings thus correlate with those made by Obwegeser a and Tschamer (1957) and by Killey and Kay (1967).", "PMID": 1058282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2485", "title": "New concept of morphogenesis of clefts in the lip, alveolus, and palate.", "content": "The morphogenesis of clefts in the lip, alveolus, and palate is a process of both functional and formative adaptation of the affected mouth cavity to the disturbance which the cleft would represent in \"pumping\" the amniotic fluid. Only a normally developed portal venous system of the foetus, which is a continuation of the digestive canal through the liver, ensures efficient per-oral nutrition after birth. According to the findings known to date, the foetus feeds by \"pumping\" the amniotic fluid as early as the end of the third month of pregnancy. The amniotic fluid and nutritive substances contained in the fluid, which the foetus receives from the mother through the umbilical vein, are for the greatest part discharged through the foetus's skin. The morphogenesis of clefts proves the formative power of the tongue and its importance in the development of the mouth cavity as well as the ability of the normal growth response of the tissues around the cleft.", "contents": "New concept of morphogenesis of clefts in the lip, alveolus, and palate. The morphogenesis of clefts in the lip, alveolus, and palate is a process of both functional and formative adaptation of the affected mouth cavity to the disturbance which the cleft would represent in \"pumping\" the amniotic fluid. Only a normally developed portal venous system of the foetus, which is a continuation of the digestive canal through the liver, ensures efficient per-oral nutrition after birth. According to the findings known to date, the foetus feeds by \"pumping\" the amniotic fluid as early as the end of the third month of pregnancy. The amniotic fluid and nutritive substances contained in the fluid, which the foetus receives from the mother through the umbilical vein, are for the greatest part discharged through the foetus's skin. The morphogenesis of clefts proves the formative power of the tongue and its importance in the development of the mouth cavity as well as the ability of the normal growth response of the tissues around the cleft.", "PMID": 1058283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2486", "title": "Mid-face anthropometry on the cephalometric radiograph in cleft lip and palate cases.", "content": "An attempt is made to analyse mid-face deformities objectively in operated cleft lip and palate patients with the help of cephalometric techniques. Mid-face growth of cleft patients after the age of 10 years is compared with growth parameters of non-cleft subjects. This comparison indicates that some of the angles in the nasal area (Subnasale angle, Alaria angle) do not undergo any change in size with increasing age. Others which are subject to change (Rhinion angle, Pronasale angle) show no difference in the extent of growth between cleft patients and normal subjects inspite of different conditions at the age of 10 years. The lateral growth of the nasal soft parts (bialar distance) is largely independent of the lateral growth of the bony structures.", "contents": "Mid-face anthropometry on the cephalometric radiograph in cleft lip and palate cases. An attempt is made to analyse mid-face deformities objectively in operated cleft lip and palate patients with the help of cephalometric techniques. Mid-face growth of cleft patients after the age of 10 years is compared with growth parameters of non-cleft subjects. This comparison indicates that some of the angles in the nasal area (Subnasale angle, Alaria angle) do not undergo any change in size with increasing age. Others which are subject to change (Rhinion angle, Pronasale angle) show no difference in the extent of growth between cleft patients and normal subjects inspite of different conditions at the age of 10 years. The lateral growth of the nasal soft parts (bialar distance) is largely independent of the lateral growth of the bony structures.", "PMID": 1058284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2487", "title": "Conservative treatment of cervico-facial suppurations.", "content": "The author prefers conservative treatment of suppurations in the cervico-facial area. It consists of evacuation of pus by puncture and simultaneous instillation of antibiotics. The technique for superficial and deep infections is described. On the basis of 470 cases treated the method is considered very efficient.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of cervico-facial suppurations. The author prefers conservative treatment of suppurations in the cervico-facial area. It consists of evacuation of pus by puncture and simultaneous instillation of antibiotics. The technique for superficial and deep infections is described. On the basis of 470 cases treated the method is considered very efficient.", "PMID": 1058285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2488", "title": "Teaching of physical diagnosis to dental students and oral surgery residents.", "content": "To provide background information related to teaching of physical diagnosis, a survey was sent to all dental schools and approved oral surgery residencies. Seventy-eight percent of the schools and 90% of the residencies responded. Analysis of the data indicated only half of the reporting schools taught physical diagnosis to predoctoral students in a specifically designated course. Comparison of the type and duration of experience with that offered to medical students showed a great disparity between the two groups. The programs in physical diagnosis provided to oral surgery residents compared much more favorably with those offered medical students and were superior in some aspects. However, the total experience was not comparable to that which a resident in a medical specialty would obtain. It may be concluded from these data that the weakest link in the educational experience of the oral surgeon related to physical diagnosis lies in the predoctoral program.", "contents": "Teaching of physical diagnosis to dental students and oral surgery residents. To provide background information related to teaching of physical diagnosis, a survey was sent to all dental schools and approved oral surgery residencies. Seventy-eight percent of the schools and 90% of the residencies responded. Analysis of the data indicated only half of the reporting schools taught physical diagnosis to predoctoral students in a specifically designated course. Comparison of the type and duration of experience with that offered to medical students showed a great disparity between the two groups. The programs in physical diagnosis provided to oral surgery residents compared much more favorably with those offered medical students and were superior in some aspects. However, the total experience was not comparable to that which a resident in a medical specialty would obtain. It may be concluded from these data that the weakest link in the educational experience of the oral surgeon related to physical diagnosis lies in the predoctoral program.", "PMID": 1058289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2489", "title": "Principles of treatment for temporomandibular joint ankylosis.", "content": "An understanding of the growth and development of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is necessary for successful treatment of TMJ ankylosis. The concept of a growth center in the condyle is probably misleading; instead, the soft tissues of the orofacial region seem to provide the primary growth forces. As a result of this concept, methods of treatment should be reexamined.", "contents": "Principles of treatment for temporomandibular joint ankylosis. An understanding of the growth and development of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is necessary for successful treatment of TMJ ankylosis. The concept of a growth center in the condyle is probably misleading; instead, the soft tissues of the orofacial region seem to provide the primary growth forces. As a result of this concept, methods of treatment should be reexamined.", "PMID": 1058292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2490", "title": "Surgical correction of temporomandibular joint arthritis.", "content": "Restoration of the contour of the articular eminence with a prosthesis has been successful when chronic sublaxation has resulted from flattening of the eminence. Use of a prosthesis is helpful in the treatment of patients with arthritic disease of the temporomandibular joint. A careful differential diagnosis is necessary to eliminate other possible causes of the patient's symptoms.", "contents": "Surgical correction of temporomandibular joint arthritis. Restoration of the contour of the articular eminence with a prosthesis has been successful when chronic sublaxation has resulted from flattening of the eminence. Use of a prosthesis is helpful in the treatment of patients with arthritic disease of the temporomandibular joint. A careful differential diagnosis is necessary to eliminate other possible causes of the patient's symptoms.", "PMID": 1058293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2491", "title": "Eminectomy for the treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation.", "content": "Several techniques have been used to treat chronic dislocation of the mandible. Most of these techniques represent attempts at reducing the mobility of the TMJ. The eminectomy procedure is an attempt at restoring normal joint function without reducing mobility of the joint. We have presented two cases of chronic dislocation of the mandible that were treated successfully by removal of the articular tubercle and the lateral portion of the temporal bone. Although surgery of the TMJ area may be hazardous if approached without caution, we feel that the complications associated with this procedure are minimized if adequate care is taken in flap design and tissue dissection. On the basis of the excellent results of the eminectomy procedures reported in the literature and of our own experience with this procedure, we feel that this is the preferred treatment for chronic dislocation of the mandible.", "contents": "Eminectomy for the treatment of recurrent temporomandibular joint dislocation. Several techniques have been used to treat chronic dislocation of the mandible. Most of these techniques represent attempts at reducing the mobility of the TMJ. The eminectomy procedure is an attempt at restoring normal joint function without reducing mobility of the joint. We have presented two cases of chronic dislocation of the mandible that were treated successfully by removal of the articular tubercle and the lateral portion of the temporal bone. Although surgery of the TMJ area may be hazardous if approached without caution, we feel that the complications associated with this procedure are minimized if adequate care is taken in flap design and tissue dissection. On the basis of the excellent results of the eminectomy procedures reported in the literature and of our own experience with this procedure, we feel that this is the preferred treatment for chronic dislocation of the mandible.", "PMID": 1058294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2492", "title": "Symptomatic osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint: report of a case.", "content": "A case of osteoarthritis in the TMJ which manifested clinical symptoms, radiographic changes, and the classic microscopic alterations has been presented. Whether the condition was a primary or secondary form of the disease could not be unequivocally ascertained, as the symptoms preceded the injection of a sclerosing solution and a mandibular fracture, both of which could be significant contributing factors to a trauma-induced secondary osteoarthritic change. Nevertherless, a lack of symptoms in other joints would tend to exclude a generalized (primary) form of osteoarthropathy. In this regard, symptoms referable to the TMJ (to the exclusion of other joints) are more consistent with findings of secondary osteoarthritic change. Whether osteoarthritic changes were discernible by radiography in the TMJ before the traumatic episodes recorded in the history is unknown. Indeed, a developmental anatomic anomaly could not be ruled out. Regardless of whether the changes were the result of primary degenerative disease or chronic trauma, the symptoms were adequately resolved by surgical intervention.", "contents": "Symptomatic osteoarthritis of the temporomandibular joint: report of a case. A case of osteoarthritis in the TMJ which manifested clinical symptoms, radiographic changes, and the classic microscopic alterations has been presented. Whether the condition was a primary or secondary form of the disease could not be unequivocally ascertained, as the symptoms preceded the injection of a sclerosing solution and a mandibular fracture, both of which could be significant contributing factors to a trauma-induced secondary osteoarthritic change. Nevertherless, a lack of symptoms in other joints would tend to exclude a generalized (primary) form of osteoarthropathy. In this regard, symptoms referable to the TMJ (to the exclusion of other joints) are more consistent with findings of secondary osteoarthritic change. Whether osteoarthritic changes were discernible by radiography in the TMJ before the traumatic episodes recorded in the history is unknown. Indeed, a developmental anatomic anomaly could not be ruled out. Regardless of whether the changes were the result of primary degenerative disease or chronic trauma, the symptoms were adequately resolved by surgical intervention.", "PMID": 1058295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2493", "title": "Temporomandibular joint ankylosis secondary to Marie-Str\u00fcmpell disease.", "content": "Marie-Str\u00fcmpell disease, or ankylosing spondylitis, is a severe arthritic disorder that may involve the TMJs. Bony alkylosis may result and cause lack of jaw mobility. Familiarity with this disease entity and other arthritic disorders is a necessity for the dentist and oral surgeons.", "contents": "Temporomandibular joint ankylosis secondary to Marie-Str\u00fcmpell disease. Marie-Str\u00fcmpell disease, or ankylosing spondylitis, is a severe arthritic disorder that may involve the TMJs. Bony alkylosis may result and cause lack of jaw mobility. Familiarity with this disease entity and other arthritic disorders is a necessity for the dentist and oral surgeons.", "PMID": 1058296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2494", "title": "Bilateral enlargement of the mandibular coronoid processes in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joints.", "content": "A case of rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joint with enlargement of both coronoid processes has been presented. Limited excursions of the mandible were due mainly to the encroachment of the coronoid processes on the posterolateral surfaces of the maxilla. The condition was relieved by unilateral arthroplasty and bilateral coronoidectomies. The etiology of the enlarged coronoid processes is unknown. However, the condition does resemble that which occurs experimentally when condylectomy is performed and the ramus is shortened. In this case, shortening of the ramus could be attributed to condylar destruction by the arthritic condition.", "contents": "Bilateral enlargement of the mandibular coronoid processes in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joints. A case of rheumatoid arthritis of the temporomandibular joint with enlargement of both coronoid processes has been presented. Limited excursions of the mandible were due mainly to the encroachment of the coronoid processes on the posterolateral surfaces of the maxilla. The condition was relieved by unilateral arthroplasty and bilateral coronoidectomies. The etiology of the enlarged coronoid processes is unknown. However, the condition does resemble that which occurs experimentally when condylectomy is performed and the ramus is shortened. In this case, shortening of the ramus could be attributed to condylar destruction by the arthritic condition.", "PMID": 1058297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2495", "title": "Dynamic splints for rehabilitation after surgical treatment of ankylosis.", "content": "Using strictly surgical techniques without rehabilitation often leads to a systemic pattern of relapse within approximately a year's time. With the technique proposed, we have obtained functional recuperation that has persisted for more than five years (Fig 4). We feel the splints are useful because they afford comfort to the patient, a shorter hospitalization period, and no risk of infection.", "contents": "Dynamic splints for rehabilitation after surgical treatment of ankylosis. Using strictly surgical techniques without rehabilitation often leads to a systemic pattern of relapse within approximately a year's time. With the technique proposed, we have obtained functional recuperation that has persisted for more than five years (Fig 4). We feel the splints are useful because they afford comfort to the patient, a shorter hospitalization period, and no risk of infection.", "PMID": 1058298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2496", "title": "A correlation between microscopic numerical evaluation, clinical scoring and total collagen content in inflamed gingivae.", "content": "The histopathological observation was carried out on 12 periodontally involved gingivae and the microscopic inflammatory index was utilized for a quantitative expression of the periodontal pathology. Namely, each of 40 to 50 sections obtained from one gingival biospy was microscopically examined concerning the changes in the epithelium of the periodontal pocket and the gingival lamina propria which were divided into several items tested. The total number of the indices for each item examined was defined as the microscopic inflammatory index in individual cases. This index showed a tendency to increase proportionally to the decrease of the amount of collagen per wet weight of gingiva adjacent to the gingival biopsy aforementioned. In evaluating periodontal diseases, this estimation appears to be more objective and reproducible compared with other various indices based on clinical observation.", "contents": "A correlation between microscopic numerical evaluation, clinical scoring and total collagen content in inflamed gingivae. The histopathological observation was carried out on 12 periodontally involved gingivae and the microscopic inflammatory index was utilized for a quantitative expression of the periodontal pathology. Namely, each of 40 to 50 sections obtained from one gingival biospy was microscopically examined concerning the changes in the epithelium of the periodontal pocket and the gingival lamina propria which were divided into several items tested. The total number of the indices for each item examined was defined as the microscopic inflammatory index in individual cases. This index showed a tendency to increase proportionally to the decrease of the amount of collagen per wet weight of gingiva adjacent to the gingival biopsy aforementioned. In evaluating periodontal diseases, this estimation appears to be more objective and reproducible compared with other various indices based on clinical observation.", "PMID": 1058299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2497", "title": "A chlorhexidine-containing methacrylic gel as a periodontal dressing.", "content": "The modification of a methacrylic gel for use as a periodontal dressing was attempted. The increased adhesion and rigidity of the resultant material appeared consistent with the clinical findings. Satisfactory retention of the dressing was found in 85% of those placed on a group of patients attending for periodontal surgery. The potential value of the methacrylic gel for carrying and releasing pharmacological agents useful in the management of lesions of the oral mucosa was assessed by incorporating chlorhexidine acetate into the dressing. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated effective release of the chlorhexidine from the dressing throughout the period of time a periodontal dressing is normally in situ. In conclusion the results suggested that the modified methacrylic gel fulfills the requirements of a periodontal dressing. Study to assess further the potential for this material to carry other pharmacological agents used in the topical treatment of lesions of the oral mucosa is indicated.", "contents": "A chlorhexidine-containing methacrylic gel as a periodontal dressing. The modification of a methacrylic gel for use as a periodontal dressing was attempted. The increased adhesion and rigidity of the resultant material appeared consistent with the clinical findings. Satisfactory retention of the dressing was found in 85% of those placed on a group of patients attending for periodontal surgery. The potential value of the methacrylic gel for carrying and releasing pharmacological agents useful in the management of lesions of the oral mucosa was assessed by incorporating chlorhexidine acetate into the dressing. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated effective release of the chlorhexidine from the dressing throughout the period of time a periodontal dressing is normally in situ. In conclusion the results suggested that the modified methacrylic gel fulfills the requirements of a periodontal dressing. Study to assess further the potential for this material to carry other pharmacological agents used in the topical treatment of lesions of the oral mucosa is indicated.", "PMID": 1058300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2498", "title": "Antibacterial properties of periodontal dressings.", "content": "The relationship between the build-up of bacterial plaque at the dento-gingival junction and the development of gingivitis is well established. The susceptibility of patients requiring periodontal surgery to the pathogenic potential of plaque would seem to necessitate the protection of the surgically treated area by a periodontal dressing until adequate plaque control by the patient is possible. In the light of clinical experience, an investigation was undertaken into the antibacterial properties of certain proprietary periodontal dressings and a zinc oxide/eugenol material. None of these materials showed any marked degree of antibacterial activity. One of these materials, Coe-Pak, had been used alone or combined with Cross Pack for all the patients in the clinical survey with very satisfactory results, and it is concluded that this material is successful because of its physical properties and not its antibacterial ones. Careful attention to asepsis, gentle and controlled tissue handling, correct technique, and thorough removal of plaque and calculus are the prerequisites for successful periodontal surgery. The protection of the surgical wound by a dressing of adequate physical properties aids in ensuring uneventful healing. The use of potent antibacterial agents in the dressing is not necessary; a physical barrier to salivary/bacterial contamination and food impaction may be the most important factor.", "contents": "Antibacterial properties of periodontal dressings. The relationship between the build-up of bacterial plaque at the dento-gingival junction and the development of gingivitis is well established. The susceptibility of patients requiring periodontal surgery to the pathogenic potential of plaque would seem to necessitate the protection of the surgically treated area by a periodontal dressing until adequate plaque control by the patient is possible. In the light of clinical experience, an investigation was undertaken into the antibacterial properties of certain proprietary periodontal dressings and a zinc oxide/eugenol material. None of these materials showed any marked degree of antibacterial activity. One of these materials, Coe-Pak, had been used alone or combined with Cross Pack for all the patients in the clinical survey with very satisfactory results, and it is concluded that this material is successful because of its physical properties and not its antibacterial ones. Careful attention to asepsis, gentle and controlled tissue handling, correct technique, and thorough removal of plaque and calculus are the prerequisites for successful periodontal surgery. The protection of the surgical wound by a dressing of adequate physical properties aids in ensuring uneventful healing. The use of potent antibacterial agents in the dressing is not necessary; a physical barrier to salivary/bacterial contamination and food impaction may be the most important factor.", "PMID": 1058301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2499", "title": "Clinical study of iodine as a chemotherapeutic agent for the control of dental plaque and gingivitis in man.", "content": "The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of the local use of iodine solution as a chemotherapeutic agent on the degree of dental plaque formation and ongingival status in the presence and absence of mechanical oral hygiene. Thirty-six male dental students, 20 freshmen and 16 sophomores, at Case Western Reserve University, participated in the study. All subjects received a prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction to reduce their plaque and gingival scoeres before the start of the experiment. The 20 freshmen dental students were selected for the test of iodine used in a form of mouthwash. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a 0.02% iodine mouthwash, the other a placebo solution of distilled water. Each student was randomly assigned to brush and floss the right or left side of his dentition once daily. The students rinsed with 7.5 ml. of the assigned solution twice daily. The 16 sophomore dental students were selected for the test of iodine applied topically on the tooth surfaces. The subjects were assigned to a randomized block design in which each quadrant received one of the following treatments daily: topical application of iodine solution (2.0% I2 and 2.4% NaI) with brushing and flossing, brushing and flossing only, topical application of iodine solution only, and topical application of distilled water only...", "contents": "Clinical study of iodine as a chemotherapeutic agent for the control of dental plaque and gingivitis in man. The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of the local use of iodine solution as a chemotherapeutic agent on the degree of dental plaque formation and ongingival status in the presence and absence of mechanical oral hygiene. Thirty-six male dental students, 20 freshmen and 16 sophomores, at Case Western Reserve University, participated in the study. All subjects received a prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction to reduce their plaque and gingival scoeres before the start of the experiment. The 20 freshmen dental students were selected for the test of iodine used in a form of mouthwash. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a 0.02% iodine mouthwash, the other a placebo solution of distilled water. Each student was randomly assigned to brush and floss the right or left side of his dentition once daily. The students rinsed with 7.5 ml. of the assigned solution twice daily. The 16 sophomore dental students were selected for the test of iodine applied topically on the tooth surfaces. The subjects were assigned to a randomized block design in which each quadrant received one of the following treatments daily: topical application of iodine solution (2.0% I2 and 2.4% NaI) with brushing and flossing, brushing and flossing only, topical application of iodine solution only, and topical application of distilled water only...", "PMID": 1058303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2500", "title": "Odontogenic fibromyxoma arising from the periodontal ligament.", "content": "A case is reported of an intraosseous odontogenic fibromyxoma which presented as an epulis and appeared to arise from the periodontal ligament of an upper lateral incisor. True neoplasms rarely present in this fashion, and the literature reveals no report of an intraosseous myxomatous neoplasm exhibiting such clinical features. Evidence supporting the periodontal ligament origin of the lesion is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Odontogenic fibromyxoma arising from the periodontal ligament. A case is reported of an intraosseous odontogenic fibromyxoma which presented as an epulis and appeared to arise from the periodontal ligament of an upper lateral incisor. True neoplasms rarely present in this fashion, and the literature reveals no report of an intraosseous myxomatous neoplasm exhibiting such clinical features. Evidence supporting the periodontal ligament origin of the lesion is presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1058304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2501", "title": "Dental prophylaxis procedures in control of periodontal disease in Lucknow (rural) India.", "content": "Frequent professional scaling and regular tooth brushing are the main public health measures available for preventing and controlling periodontal disease but their frequency and efficacy are still incompletely understood. This investigation was carried out on 1,416 rural children and 189 factory workers in Lucknow area in the age groups 14 +/- 1, 17 +/- 1 and 28 +/- 2 years of age to evaluate the optimum requirement of these measures to the extent they will be economical and usable in the public health programs. The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontal disease in Lucknow children and adult samples was found to vary between 93 to 100%. Periodontal disease (including gingivitis and loss of attachment) and calculus accumulation showed considerable reduction (P less than 0.01) with any type of treatment. Scaling alone will not reduce the plaque formation for which regular tooth brushing is essential. Yearly and half-yearly scaling along with tooth brushing instructions will considerably improve and maintain the oral hygiene thereby reducing the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease, plaque, and calculus accumulations. However, more intensive measures (quarterly prophylaxis) will further improve the periodontal health and reduce calculus accumulation. The apical migration of the epithelial attachment can practically be stopped by rendering scaling half yearly, without any instructions in oral hygiene and elimination of dental plaque.", "contents": "Dental prophylaxis procedures in control of periodontal disease in Lucknow (rural) India. Frequent professional scaling and regular tooth brushing are the main public health measures available for preventing and controlling periodontal disease but their frequency and efficacy are still incompletely understood. This investigation was carried out on 1,416 rural children and 189 factory workers in Lucknow area in the age groups 14 +/- 1, 17 +/- 1 and 28 +/- 2 years of age to evaluate the optimum requirement of these measures to the extent they will be economical and usable in the public health programs. The prevalence of gingivitis and periodontal disease in Lucknow children and adult samples was found to vary between 93 to 100%. Periodontal disease (including gingivitis and loss of attachment) and calculus accumulation showed considerable reduction (P less than 0.01) with any type of treatment. Scaling alone will not reduce the plaque formation for which regular tooth brushing is essential. Yearly and half-yearly scaling along with tooth brushing instructions will considerably improve and maintain the oral hygiene thereby reducing the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease, plaque, and calculus accumulations. However, more intensive measures (quarterly prophylaxis) will further improve the periodontal health and reduce calculus accumulation. The apical migration of the epithelial attachment can practically be stopped by rendering scaling half yearly, without any instructions in oral hygiene and elimination of dental plaque.", "PMID": 1058305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2502", "title": "A new concept of periodontal diseases.", "content": "Both the inflammatory and noninflammatory types of periodontal diseases begin with an aseptic, traumatic destruction of alveolar bone, caused by traumatizing parafunctions and followed by changes in the gingiva. The latter may or may not have a superimposed infectious inflammatory process. A new concept to fit these facts is proposed: periodontal diseases are autodestructive processes in the masticatory system, with or without superimposed septic inflammation. To confirm the theory of autodestruction, direct evidence as well as indirect but conclusive evidence is given for the existence of traumatizing forces in the masticatory system, for traumatic destruction of alveolar bone, for changes in the gingiva following destruction of alveolar bone, and for the parafunctions by all persons afflicted by periodontal disease. It is concluded that traumatizing parafunctions are the main factor in the etiology of periodontal diseases and that in therapy recurrences are inevitable unless parafunctions have been eliminated.", "contents": "A new concept of periodontal diseases. Both the inflammatory and noninflammatory types of periodontal diseases begin with an aseptic, traumatic destruction of alveolar bone, caused by traumatizing parafunctions and followed by changes in the gingiva. The latter may or may not have a superimposed infectious inflammatory process. A new concept to fit these facts is proposed: periodontal diseases are autodestructive processes in the masticatory system, with or without superimposed septic inflammation. To confirm the theory of autodestruction, direct evidence as well as indirect but conclusive evidence is given for the existence of traumatizing forces in the masticatory system, for traumatic destruction of alveolar bone, for changes in the gingiva following destruction of alveolar bone, and for the parafunctions by all persons afflicted by periodontal disease. It is concluded that traumatizing parafunctions are the main factor in the etiology of periodontal diseases and that in therapy recurrences are inevitable unless parafunctions have been eliminated.", "PMID": 1058306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2503", "title": "A variation in complete mandibular impression form related to an anomaly of the mylohyoid muscle.", "content": "1. Mylohyoid eminentiae form on the lingual flange of a denture impression when a gap exists in the mylohyoid muscle. The gap, when void of resistant structures, allows the overlying mucous membrane to sag into the aperture under pressure from impression material. 2. The eminentiae may be considered clinically unimportant, because they can be altered if necessary without affecting the serviceability of the denture.", "contents": "A variation in complete mandibular impression form related to an anomaly of the mylohyoid muscle. 1. Mylohyoid eminentiae form on the lingual flange of a denture impression when a gap exists in the mylohyoid muscle. The gap, when void of resistant structures, allows the overlying mucous membrane to sag into the aperture under pressure from impression material. 2. The eminentiae may be considered clinically unimportant, because they can be altered if necessary without affecting the serviceability of the denture.", "PMID": 1058308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2504", "title": "Use of the remount jig as an aid in relining upper dentures.", "content": "A remount jig record is used to reposition the teeth of an upper denture reline in their original position. A face-bow record is used to position the upper edentulous cast in the correct relation to cranial planes. The impression may be developed as is done in any other impression procedure, and the repositioning can be accomplished in the laboratory with reasonable assurance that the upper denture is positioned occlusally as it was when the denture was constructed originally. This procedure relieves the dentist of the monumental task of making a reline impression and adjusting the position of the denture in one three-minute operation.", "contents": "Use of the remount jig as an aid in relining upper dentures. A remount jig record is used to reposition the teeth of an upper denture reline in their original position. A face-bow record is used to position the upper edentulous cast in the correct relation to cranial planes. The impression may be developed as is done in any other impression procedure, and the repositioning can be accomplished in the laboratory with reasonable assurance that the upper denture is positioned occlusally as it was when the denture was constructed originally. This procedure relieves the dentist of the monumental task of making a reline impression and adjusting the position of the denture in one three-minute operation.", "PMID": 1058310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2505", "title": "Modification of stresses in alveolar bone induced by a tilted molar.", "content": "Stresses induced in the supporting bone by a tilted molar tooth under load have been investigated by both the photoelastic and the finite element model systems. The following conclusions were reached. 1. Altering the angle of the load applied to the unsupported molar from 0 (axial) to 30 degrees resulted in a fourfold increase in compressive stress in the supporting bone mesial to the tooth. 2. Increasing the load from 30 to 90 pounds while maintaining a 30 degree angle of application resulted in a linear increase in the shear stress on the supporting bone mesial to the tooth. 3. Following the placement of a fixed partial denture, the induced stress at a point on the mesial aspect of the molar tooth, subjected to a 60 pound load at 30 degrees to the long axis, was reduced from 241 to 43 p.s.i. 4. The introduction of a fixed partial denture resulted in a decrease in the compressive stress in the bone adjacent to the apex of the mesial root of the molar from 481 to 174 p.s.i. 5. A distributed 120 pound load applied over the length of the fixed partial denture compared against individual tooth loadings of 60 pounds revealed that placement of the fixed partial denture favored the tilted molar at the expense of the premolar.", "contents": "Modification of stresses in alveolar bone induced by a tilted molar. Stresses induced in the supporting bone by a tilted molar tooth under load have been investigated by both the photoelastic and the finite element model systems. The following conclusions were reached. 1. Altering the angle of the load applied to the unsupported molar from 0 (axial) to 30 degrees resulted in a fourfold increase in compressive stress in the supporting bone mesial to the tooth. 2. Increasing the load from 30 to 90 pounds while maintaining a 30 degree angle of application resulted in a linear increase in the shear stress on the supporting bone mesial to the tooth. 3. Following the placement of a fixed partial denture, the induced stress at a point on the mesial aspect of the molar tooth, subjected to a 60 pound load at 30 degrees to the long axis, was reduced from 241 to 43 p.s.i. 4. The introduction of a fixed partial denture resulted in a decrease in the compressive stress in the bone adjacent to the apex of the mesial root of the molar from 481 to 174 p.s.i. 5. A distributed 120 pound load applied over the length of the fixed partial denture compared against individual tooth loadings of 60 pounds revealed that placement of the fixed partial denture favored the tilted molar at the expense of the premolar.", "PMID": 1058311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2506", "title": "The immediate palatal plate.", "content": "The immediate palatal plate is therapeutically beneficial for relief of temporomandibular joint pain, for reduction of occlusal trauma with and without selective grinding, for orthodontic tooth movement as a disarticulating device, and for relief of pericementitis subsequent to periodontal surgery. The immediate palatal plate is durable and well tolerated by patients and has established itself to be more than just an interim appliance.", "contents": "The immediate palatal plate. The immediate palatal plate is therapeutically beneficial for relief of temporomandibular joint pain, for reduction of occlusal trauma with and without selective grinding, for orthodontic tooth movement as a disarticulating device, and for relief of pericementitis subsequent to periodontal surgery. The immediate palatal plate is durable and well tolerated by patients and has established itself to be more than just an interim appliance.", "PMID": 1058312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2507", "title": "Compressive facial splints.", "content": "A method of constructing long-term compressive splints for the regions of the head and neck using available materials has been described. These splints have been useful where continuous pressure is needed to promote healing or enhance treatment over long periods of time.", "contents": "Compressive facial splints. A method of constructing long-term compressive splints for the regions of the head and neck using available materials has been described. These splints have been useful where continuous pressure is needed to promote healing or enhance treatment over long periods of time.", "PMID": 1058313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2508", "title": "Chronic myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome with chest pain.", "content": "A patient with a myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome with pain radiating into the chest has been described. A direct relationship between a dental malocclusion and the chest pain was confirmed by tests. The patient was treated for MPD syndrome related to the malocclusion, and the chest pain symptoms were relieved. This report demonstrates the need for the dentist to consider not only the muscles of mastication in the management of problems of the neuromuscular apparatus but also the delicate balance which exists between the masticatory apparatus and the postural muscles of the head and neck.", "contents": "Chronic myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome with chest pain. A patient with a myofascial pain-dysfunction (MPD) syndrome with pain radiating into the chest has been described. A direct relationship between a dental malocclusion and the chest pain was confirmed by tests. The patient was treated for MPD syndrome related to the malocclusion, and the chest pain symptoms were relieved. This report demonstrates the need for the dentist to consider not only the muscles of mastication in the management of problems of the neuromuscular apparatus but also the delicate balance which exists between the masticatory apparatus and the postural muscles of the head and neck.", "PMID": 1058314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2509", "title": "The bony residual ridge in man.", "content": "The bone which fills in the socket after tooth extractions was investigated in 120 dry skull specimens and 100 radiographs in which one or more teeth had been missing for at least three months. The bony content of the socket was of the trabecular type. This trabecular bone was well differentiated from the adjacent cortical bony plates. In buccolingual sections, the residual crest was formed by dense trabecular bone, clearly differentiated from the cortical plates as well as from the less dense trabecular bone that was deeper within the former sockets. From the occlusal aspect, the crest of the edentulous surface had shifted lingually when compared to the original position of the teeth before extractions. From the lateral aspect, the residual ridge formed a concavity or went straight between the alveolar crests of the adjacent remaining teeth. When several teeth were missing, the concavity was more pronounced than when a single tooth was missing.", "contents": "The bony residual ridge in man. The bone which fills in the socket after tooth extractions was investigated in 120 dry skull specimens and 100 radiographs in which one or more teeth had been missing for at least three months. The bony content of the socket was of the trabecular type. This trabecular bone was well differentiated from the adjacent cortical bony plates. In buccolingual sections, the residual crest was formed by dense trabecular bone, clearly differentiated from the cortical plates as well as from the less dense trabecular bone that was deeper within the former sockets. From the occlusal aspect, the crest of the edentulous surface had shifted lingually when compared to the original position of the teeth before extractions. From the lateral aspect, the residual ridge formed a concavity or went straight between the alveolar crests of the adjacent remaining teeth. When several teeth were missing, the concavity was more pronounced than when a single tooth was missing.", "PMID": 1058315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2510", "title": "Restoration of immunocompetency by lymphocyte transfusion.", "content": "A female patient with metastatic osteosarcoma was given a lymphocyte transfusion from her brother, cured of the same histologic type of tumor ten years earlier. Prior to the transfusion the patient was anergic. Following lymphocyte transfer cutaneous reactivity to DNCB was restored. Skin reactivity to mumps and varidase antigens was specifically transferred. Whole lymphocyte transfer is a feasible method for restoring immune competence in the anergic cancer patient.", "contents": "Restoration of immunocompetency by lymphocyte transfusion. A female patient with metastatic osteosarcoma was given a lymphocyte transfusion from her brother, cured of the same histologic type of tumor ten years earlier. Prior to the transfusion the patient was anergic. Following lymphocyte transfer cutaneous reactivity to DNCB was restored. Skin reactivity to mumps and varidase antigens was specifically transferred. Whole lymphocyte transfer is a feasible method for restoring immune competence in the anergic cancer patient.", "PMID": 1058322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2511", "title": "Investigation of carbohydrate metabolism and somatomedin in osteosarcoma patients.", "content": "Altered carbohydrate metabolism associated with fibrosarcomas and chondrosarcomas has been well-documented in past literature. This report describes abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in 2 osteosarcoma patients, and abnormalities in growth hormone and somatomedin serum levels. Experimental evidence is presented showing in vitro suppression of osteosarcoma tumor cell proliferation by 17 beta Estradiol. Estrogen inhibition of linear bone growth, cartilage proliferation, and somatomedin is discussed with reference to possible estrogen therapy in osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Investigation of carbohydrate metabolism and somatomedin in osteosarcoma patients. Altered carbohydrate metabolism associated with fibrosarcomas and chondrosarcomas has been well-documented in past literature. This report describes abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in 2 osteosarcoma patients, and abnormalities in growth hormone and somatomedin serum levels. Experimental evidence is presented showing in vitro suppression of osteosarcoma tumor cell proliferation by 17 beta Estradiol. Estrogen inhibition of linear bone growth, cartilage proliferation, and somatomedin is discussed with reference to possible estrogen therapy in osteosarcoma.", "PMID": 1058323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2512", "title": "The platelets in preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. Ultrastructural cytochemistry and cytogenetics.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies of platelets from 16 patients with myelomonocytic leukemia or \"preleukemia\" revealed major morphologic alterations in 15 and minor ones in 1. Although variable in severity from case to case, the changes present followed a distinct pattern. In most cases there were two platelet populations, one morphologically normal and one morpholigically abnormal. The most salient changes pertained to size (giant forms), shape (the platelets being rounded and probably spheroidal), decrease or absence of the microtubules, and increase in immature elements. A striking feature was the variation in size and shape of the granules, with truly giant forms (up to 2.5 mum) being present. In cytogenetic studies in 14 cases, there was no correlation between the chromosomal changes and the various types of platelet anomalies.", "contents": "The platelets in preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. Ultrastructural cytochemistry and cytogenetics. Light and electron microscopic studies of platelets from 16 patients with myelomonocytic leukemia or \"preleukemia\" revealed major morphologic alterations in 15 and minor ones in 1. Although variable in severity from case to case, the changes present followed a distinct pattern. In most cases there were two platelet populations, one morphologically normal and one morpholigically abnormal. The most salient changes pertained to size (giant forms), shape (the platelets being rounded and probably spheroidal), decrease or absence of the microtubules, and increase in immature elements. A striking feature was the variation in size and shape of the granules, with truly giant forms (up to 2.5 mum) being present. In cytogenetic studies in 14 cases, there was no correlation between the chromosomal changes and the various types of platelet anomalies.", "PMID": 1058329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2513", "title": "[Chronic myelogenous leukaemia as a possible consequence of immunosuppressive treatment of nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A boy, aged 14, suffered since his 5th year from nephrotic syndrome. During the first 7 years he had been treated with adrenocorticosteroids, but his condition hardly improved. Then a cyclophosphamide treatment was started with a total dosis of 5 g in 50 days. The nephrotic syndrome had disappeared, but relapsed 3 years afterwards, this time accompanied by chronic myelogenous leukaemia. The possibility of the onset of chronic myelogenous leukaemia in connection with the immunosuppressive therapy (adrenocorticosteroids and cyclophosphamide) is discussed.", "contents": "[Chronic myelogenous leukaemia as a possible consequence of immunosuppressive treatment of nephrotic syndrome (author's transl)]. A boy, aged 14, suffered since his 5th year from nephrotic syndrome. During the first 7 years he had been treated with adrenocorticosteroids, but his condition hardly improved. Then a cyclophosphamide treatment was started with a total dosis of 5 g in 50 days. The nephrotic syndrome had disappeared, but relapsed 3 years afterwards, this time accompanied by chronic myelogenous leukaemia. The possibility of the onset of chronic myelogenous leukaemia in connection with the immunosuppressive therapy (adrenocorticosteroids and cyclophosphamide) is discussed.", "PMID": 1058334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2514", "title": "Chronic granulomatous disease: an inherited disorder of phagocytosis in a Maori ancestry.", "content": "Chronic granulomatous disease, in which abnormal susceptibility to infection is caused by an inherited defect in phagocytic cells, has been diagnosed in three brothers. Two brothers had repeated bacterial infections of the skin, superficial lymph nodes and lungs from infancy and died aged 27 months and 13 months. Characteristic suppurating granulomata were found in many organs. The diagnosis was established in both during life, and in the third asymptomatic brother shortly after birth, by studies of phagocytic function which included tests for nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction, hexose monophosphate shunt activity and bactericidal capacity. Their mother and a maternal aunt, both Maoris with no known Caucasian ancestry, were identified as carriers of the presumed sex-linked recessive gene. The clinical features of the disease and the laboratory methods for diagnosis are described.", "contents": "Chronic granulomatous disease: an inherited disorder of phagocytosis in a Maori ancestry. Chronic granulomatous disease, in which abnormal susceptibility to infection is caused by an inherited defect in phagocytic cells, has been diagnosed in three brothers. Two brothers had repeated bacterial infections of the skin, superficial lymph nodes and lungs from infancy and died aged 27 months and 13 months. Characteristic suppurating granulomata were found in many organs. The diagnosis was established in both during life, and in the third asymptomatic brother shortly after birth, by studies of phagocytic function which included tests for nitroblue-tetrazolium reduction, hexose monophosphate shunt activity and bactericidal capacity. Their mother and a maternal aunt, both Maoris with no known Caucasian ancestry, were identified as carriers of the presumed sex-linked recessive gene. The clinical features of the disease and the laboratory methods for diagnosis are described.", "PMID": 1058339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2515", "title": "Early experience with total knee replacement.", "content": "This paper presents a review of two years' experience with the geometric total knee replacement. The results of 23 arthroplasties in 22 patients are discussed. Relief of pain was consistent and dramatic, movement was increased postoperatively in only three patients, but imporvement in overall function occurred in 20 of the 22 patients. There was one failure requiring arthrodesis. In this patient, six months after surgery the medial tibial condyle collapsed and the polyethylene tibial component fractured. This complication has not been reported before. Early results are encouraging. Total knee joint replacement is a useful procedure in advanced arthritis when arthrodesis is the only alternative.", "contents": "Early experience with total knee replacement. This paper presents a review of two years' experience with the geometric total knee replacement. The results of 23 arthroplasties in 22 patients are discussed. Relief of pain was consistent and dramatic, movement was increased postoperatively in only three patients, but imporvement in overall function occurred in 20 of the 22 patients. There was one failure requiring arthrodesis. In this patient, six months after surgery the medial tibial condyle collapsed and the polyethylene tibial component fractured. This complication has not been reported before. Early results are encouraging. Total knee joint replacement is a useful procedure in advanced arthritis when arthrodesis is the only alternative.", "PMID": 1058340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2516", "title": "Smoking behaviour and respiratory health in teenage sample: the rotorua lakes study, 1.", "content": "A survey in a New Zealand high school compared boys and girls, Maori and European, aged 13 to 15 years, and found differences in smoking habits. Smoking was most prevalent in Maori students of both sexes, and least in European girls, who appeared to be most influenced by home factors such as father's occupational status and older siblings' habits. Maori students and European boys showed relationships rather to the habits of the peer group. Findings were comparable with earlier studies suggesting little secular change in the smoking habits of this age group. Current smokers in all sex/race groups had higher current respiratory morbidity scores than non-smokers and ex-smokers, and smoking partly accounted for racial differences in morbidity.", "contents": "Smoking behaviour and respiratory health in teenage sample: the rotorua lakes study, 1. A survey in a New Zealand high school compared boys and girls, Maori and European, aged 13 to 15 years, and found differences in smoking habits. Smoking was most prevalent in Maori students of both sexes, and least in European girls, who appeared to be most influenced by home factors such as father's occupational status and older siblings' habits. Maori students and European boys showed relationships rather to the habits of the peer group. Findings were comparable with earlier studies suggesting little secular change in the smoking habits of this age group. Current smokers in all sex/race groups had higher current respiratory morbidity scores than non-smokers and ex-smokers, and smoking partly accounted for racial differences in morbidity.", "PMID": 1058343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2517", "title": "Medical services at a music festival.", "content": "A three-day open air musical festival attended by approximately 20 000 people was held at Ngaruawahia in January 1973. A medical service was provided and staffed mainly by medical students, nurses and young medical graduates. There were 1998 patient visits to the medical area, the five most common complaints being sunburn, headaches, minor foot trauma, gastroenteritis and lacerations which collectively accounted for 75 percent of the diagnoses. The medical services provided are discussed and recommendations for future festivals made.", "contents": "Medical services at a music festival. A three-day open air musical festival attended by approximately 20 000 people was held at Ngaruawahia in January 1973. A medical service was provided and staffed mainly by medical students, nurses and young medical graduates. There were 1998 patient visits to the medical area, the five most common complaints being sunburn, headaches, minor foot trauma, gastroenteritis and lacerations which collectively accounted for 75 percent of the diagnoses. The medical services provided are discussed and recommendations for future festivals made.", "PMID": 1058344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2518", "title": "Youthline Dunedin: an evaluation of a telephone counselling service.", "content": "Youth Dunedin is a telephone counselling service which has been in operation for over two years. The type and pattern of calls is discussed, and results of a survey aimed at eliciting how well the youth of Dunedin know of the operations are presented. The trend in the number of calls is forecast. The calls over a wide range of concerns with no noted daily or monthly pattern. There is an upward trend in the frequency of calls.", "contents": "Youthline Dunedin: an evaluation of a telephone counselling service. Youth Dunedin is a telephone counselling service which has been in operation for over two years. The type and pattern of calls is discussed, and results of a survey aimed at eliciting how well the youth of Dunedin know of the operations are presented. The trend in the number of calls is forecast. The calls over a wide range of concerns with no noted daily or monthly pattern. There is an upward trend in the frequency of calls.", "PMID": 1058345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2519", "title": "Solo mothers after delivery at Christchurch.", "content": "A questionnaire was sent to 130 single mothers who kept their infants after delivery. The questionnaire was designed to find out the needs if any, of solo mothers. The Social Welfares Services were not fully utilised.", "contents": "Solo mothers after delivery at Christchurch. A questionnaire was sent to 130 single mothers who kept their infants after delivery. The questionnaire was designed to find out the needs if any, of solo mothers. The Social Welfares Services were not fully utilised.", "PMID": 1058346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2520", "title": "Performance of the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device.", "content": "A modern second generation intrauterine device, the Dalkon Shield has been assessed at the National Women's Hospital. The markedly low expulsion rate represents a real advance in intrauterine contraception. Pregnancy rates are comparable with other modern devices. Patient acceptability is higher than with earlier devices.", "contents": "Performance of the Dalkon Shield intrauterine device. A modern second generation intrauterine device, the Dalkon Shield has been assessed at the National Women's Hospital. The markedly low expulsion rate represents a real advance in intrauterine contraception. Pregnancy rates are comparable with other modern devices. Patient acceptability is higher than with earlier devices.", "PMID": 1058347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2521", "title": "Pediatric mandibular fractures.", "content": "This article is a study of the experience with mandibular fractures at a large pediatric hospital. A total of ninety-four mandibular fractures in sixty-three patients is reviewed. The cause, location, male-female ratio, occurrence of multiple fractures, and associated problems are studied.", "contents": "Pediatric mandibular fractures. This article is a study of the experience with mandibular fractures at a large pediatric hospital. A total of ninety-four mandibular fractures in sixty-three patients is reviewed. The cause, location, male-female ratio, occurrence of multiple fractures, and associated problems are studied.", "PMID": 1058417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2522", "title": "Comparison of two submandibular incisions on the motor function of the lower lip.", "content": "The usual submandibular surgical approach to the mandible carries with it the risk of injury to the mandibular ramus of the seventh nerve. This may result in transient or permanent palsy of the lip. In a study of twenty operative procedures, of which half were performed at the conventional level and the other half at a lower level, an interesting contrast in facial nerve involvement was noted: 50 per cent at the conventional incision and none at the inferior one.", "contents": "Comparison of two submandibular incisions on the motor function of the lower lip. The usual submandibular surgical approach to the mandible carries with it the risk of injury to the mandibular ramus of the seventh nerve. This may result in transient or permanent palsy of the lip. In a study of twenty operative procedures, of which half were performed at the conventional level and the other half at a lower level, an interesting contrast in facial nerve involvement was noted: 50 per cent at the conventional incision and none at the inferior one.", "PMID": 1058418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2523", "title": "The styloid or \"Eagle\" syndrome: an unexpected consequence.", "content": "The development and pathogenesis of the elongated styloid process with a calcified stylohyoid ligament are reviewed and discussed. A case report is presented to demonstrate that, although the related symptoms may be mild, unless the patient is aware of the cause of the discomfort, a \"cancerophobia\" may cause great emotional distress.", "contents": "The styloid or \"Eagle\" syndrome: an unexpected consequence. The development and pathogenesis of the elongated styloid process with a calcified stylohyoid ligament are reviewed and discussed. A case report is presented to demonstrate that, although the related symptoms may be mild, unless the patient is aware of the cause of the discomfort, a \"cancerophobia\" may cause great emotional distress.", "PMID": 1058420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2524", "title": "The effect of steroid hormones on buccal mucosa of menopausal women.", "content": "The effects of local application of estrone and progesterone on the oral mucosa was studied in sixty-one patients. These included forty-one postmenopausal women with various subjective oral complaints, ten postmenopausal women with no oral complaints, and ten normally menstruating women. Subjective complaints (dryness, bad taste, burning sensation, and viscous saliva), quantity of saliva, and histologic changes in buccal mucosa were evaluated before and after treatment. Treatment comprised three modalities: an ointment containing estrone alone; another ointment of estrone and progesterone; and a third with a placebo base. These were massaged three times daily over the gingivae and oral mucosa for 30 days. A significant increase in secretion of saliva was observed with all three treatment modalities. Biopsies showed marked proliferative changes with all three types of ointment. A moderate improvement in subjective complaints followed all types of medication. These results indicate no specific effect of female sex hormones on the factors considered in this study. It appears that simple, repeated massage with any suitable ointment base is an effective method of inducing proliferative changes in atrophic buccal mucosa, increasing salivary secretion, and alleviating some of the subjective oral complaints of postmenopausal women.", "contents": "The effect of steroid hormones on buccal mucosa of menopausal women. The effects of local application of estrone and progesterone on the oral mucosa was studied in sixty-one patients. These included forty-one postmenopausal women with various subjective oral complaints, ten postmenopausal women with no oral complaints, and ten normally menstruating women. Subjective complaints (dryness, bad taste, burning sensation, and viscous saliva), quantity of saliva, and histologic changes in buccal mucosa were evaluated before and after treatment. Treatment comprised three modalities: an ointment containing estrone alone; another ointment of estrone and progesterone; and a third with a placebo base. These were massaged three times daily over the gingivae and oral mucosa for 30 days. A significant increase in secretion of saliva was observed with all three treatment modalities. Biopsies showed marked proliferative changes with all three types of ointment. A moderate improvement in subjective complaints followed all types of medication. These results indicate no specific effect of female sex hormones on the factors considered in this study. It appears that simple, repeated massage with any suitable ointment base is an effective method of inducing proliferative changes in atrophic buccal mucosa, increasing salivary secretion, and alleviating some of the subjective oral complaints of postmenopausal women.", "PMID": 1058422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2525", "title": "The C.C.A. syndrome (congenital contractural arachnodactyly): a new differential syndrome for Marfan's syndrome and homocystinuria.", "content": "The first case in the dental literature of congenital contractural arachnodactyly (C.C.A. syndrome) is presented. This newly delineated syndrome is an autosomal dominant heritable disorder of connective tissue. Its similarities to Marfan's syndrome and homocystinuria, as well as other syndromes, are discussed. The lack of cardiovascular disease, specific ocular anomalies, and mental retardation are presented in the differential diagnosis of the C.C.A syndrome with Marfan's syndrome and homocystinuria.", "contents": "The C.C.A. syndrome (congenital contractural arachnodactyly): a new differential syndrome for Marfan's syndrome and homocystinuria. The first case in the dental literature of congenital contractural arachnodactyly (C.C.A. syndrome) is presented. This newly delineated syndrome is an autosomal dominant heritable disorder of connective tissue. Its similarities to Marfan's syndrome and homocystinuria, as well as other syndromes, are discussed. The lack of cardiovascular disease, specific ocular anomalies, and mental retardation are presented in the differential diagnosis of the C.C.A syndrome with Marfan's syndrome and homocystinuria.", "PMID": 1058423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2526", "title": "Primordial cyst versus keratocyst.", "content": "The term primordial cyst was introduced in 1945 to identify the odontogenic cyst formed from enamel organ before calcification occurred as part of a classification based on development, structure, and radiographic appearance. The term odontogenic keratocyst was introduced in 1956 to describe cysts of the jaw exhibiting keratinization of their lining. Periodontal, dentigerous, primordial, residual, and gingival cysts may exhibit keratinized linings and can properly be identified as odontogenic keratocysts on the basis of their histologic appearance but may also be identified by their \"developmental\" designation. There is no justification for considering odontogenic keratocyst as a synonym for primordial cyst.", "contents": "Primordial cyst versus keratocyst. The term primordial cyst was introduced in 1945 to identify the odontogenic cyst formed from enamel organ before calcification occurred as part of a classification based on development, structure, and radiographic appearance. The term odontogenic keratocyst was introduced in 1956 to describe cysts of the jaw exhibiting keratinization of their lining. Periodontal, dentigerous, primordial, residual, and gingival cysts may exhibit keratinized linings and can properly be identified as odontogenic keratocysts on the basis of their histologic appearance but may also be identified by their \"developmental\" designation. There is no justification for considering odontogenic keratocyst as a synonym for primordial cyst.", "PMID": 1058424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2527", "title": "Oral nodular excrescences in epidermolysis bullosa.", "content": "Two brothers are reported with what appears to be a recessive and dystrophic type of epidermolysis bullosa. The oral lesions seen in these patients consisted of small fibrous nodules that were liberally distributed on the bound-down mucosa. These lesions have not been previously reported. One of the offspring of these patients, who was not affected by epidermolysis bullosa, was missing a large number of teeth.", "contents": "Oral nodular excrescences in epidermolysis bullosa. Two brothers are reported with what appears to be a recessive and dystrophic type of epidermolysis bullosa. The oral lesions seen in these patients consisted of small fibrous nodules that were liberally distributed on the bound-down mucosa. These lesions have not been previously reported. One of the offspring of these patients, who was not affected by epidermolysis bullosa, was missing a large number of teeth.", "PMID": 1058426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2528", "title": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising within a Warthin's tumor.", "content": "A case of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising within a Warthin's tumor is reported. The carcinoma appeared to have originated from the hyperplastic atypical epithelium of the Warthin's tumor. It did not infiltrate the capsule of the lymph node in which the Warthin's tumor developed. After 6 years of follow-up, there is no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. The literature on malignant Warthin's tumor is reviewed.", "contents": "Mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising within a Warthin's tumor. A case of low-grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma arising within a Warthin's tumor is reported. The carcinoma appeared to have originated from the hyperplastic atypical epithelium of the Warthin's tumor. It did not infiltrate the capsule of the lymph node in which the Warthin's tumor developed. After 6 years of follow-up, there is no evidence of recurrence or metastasis. The literature on malignant Warthin's tumor is reviewed.", "PMID": 1058427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2529", "title": "Nodular fasciitis.", "content": "The case of a highly unusual lesion present in the mandibular area is reported. Operative intervention was successful, and healing was uneventful. The pathologic diagnosis was difficult to make because of the nature of the lesion.", "contents": "Nodular fasciitis. The case of a highly unusual lesion present in the mandibular area is reported. Operative intervention was successful, and healing was uneventful. The pathologic diagnosis was difficult to make because of the nature of the lesion.", "PMID": 1058428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2530", "title": "Felty's syndrome.", "content": "The clinical and pathologic findings of Felty's syndrome are discussed. A case is presented which demonstrates the nonspecific inflammatory oral lesions commonly seen with this syndrome. The role of the dentist in relating these nonspecific lesions to the basic disease process is emphasized.", "contents": "Felty's syndrome. The clinical and pathologic findings of Felty's syndrome are discussed. A case is presented which demonstrates the nonspecific inflammatory oral lesions commonly seen with this syndrome. The role of the dentist in relating these nonspecific lesions to the basic disease process is emphasized.", "PMID": 1058430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2531", "title": "Variations in the interpretation of periapical radiolucencies.", "content": "Comparison of the first and second interpretations by means of measurements on enlarged tracings of forty-five periapical radiolucencies by ten experienced dentists revealed an average relative error of interpretation of 21 per cent for the area measurements of the readily defined radiolucencies and 37 per cent for the area measurements of the diffuse radiolucencies. Comparing the dentists, the relative error of interpretation by means of measurements of the area varied from 14 to 32 per cent for the readily defined radiolucencies and from 23 to 52 per cent for the diffuse radiolucencies. The differences in interpretation were more obvious in the area measurements than in the measurements of the largest distance between the root surface and the outline of the radiolucency or the largest diameter.", "contents": "Variations in the interpretation of periapical radiolucencies. Comparison of the first and second interpretations by means of measurements on enlarged tracings of forty-five periapical radiolucencies by ten experienced dentists revealed an average relative error of interpretation of 21 per cent for the area measurements of the readily defined radiolucencies and 37 per cent for the area measurements of the diffuse radiolucencies. Comparing the dentists, the relative error of interpretation by means of measurements of the area varied from 14 to 32 per cent for the readily defined radiolucencies and from 23 to 52 per cent for the diffuse radiolucencies. The differences in interpretation were more obvious in the area measurements than in the measurements of the largest distance between the root surface and the outline of the radiolucency or the largest diameter.", "PMID": 1058431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2532", "title": "Automatic processing of intraoral films in dental schools.", "content": "Most of the active and provisional members of the American Association of Dental Schools used automatic processors for developing, fixing, and washing intraoral x-ray films. The S. S. White Auveloper was the processor most commonly used, the next most common being Litton's Profexray. Processing solutions were changed, on the average, two to three times a month. The quality of developing, fixing, and washing was generally reported to be satisfactory. The one major drawback to automatic processing was breakdown and malfunction of equipment.", "contents": "Automatic processing of intraoral films in dental schools. Most of the active and provisional members of the American Association of Dental Schools used automatic processors for developing, fixing, and washing intraoral x-ray films. The S. S. White Auveloper was the processor most commonly used, the next most common being Litton's Profexray. Processing solutions were changed, on the average, two to three times a month. The quality of developing, fixing, and washing was generally reported to be satisfactory. The one major drawback to automatic processing was breakdown and malfunction of equipment.", "PMID": 1058432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2533", "title": "Fibro-osseous lesion of the mandible mimicking chronic osteomyelitis.", "content": "An account is given of the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic, features of a special form of fibro-osseous lesion of the mandible. The material consists of fifteen cases (eleven females and four males). Two cases are described in detail. Together with Case 1, a probably unique series of radiographic pictures is presented, showing the development of the disease.", "contents": "Fibro-osseous lesion of the mandible mimicking chronic osteomyelitis. An account is given of the clinical, radiologic, and pathologic, features of a special form of fibro-osseous lesion of the mandible. The material consists of fifteen cases (eleven females and four males). Two cases are described in detail. Together with Case 1, a probably unique series of radiographic pictures is presented, showing the development of the disease.", "PMID": 1058435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2534", "title": "Ameloblastoma of the jaws in Nigerian children. A review of sixteen cases.", "content": "The records of sixteen patients under 18 years of age with ameloblastoma of the jaws treated at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, within the last 10 years were examined. In fifteen of the sixteen cases, the tumor was found in the mandible, with the symphysis being affected in seven cases. The ease with which the monocystic type of the tumor may be confused with a dentigerous cyst is pointed out. The different methods of treatment of ameloblastoma of the jaws in children are discussed.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma of the jaws in Nigerian children. A review of sixteen cases. The records of sixteen patients under 18 years of age with ameloblastoma of the jaws treated at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria, within the last 10 years were examined. In fifteen of the sixteen cases, the tumor was found in the mandible, with the symphysis being affected in seven cases. The ease with which the monocystic type of the tumor may be confused with a dentigerous cyst is pointed out. The different methods of treatment of ameloblastoma of the jaws in children are discussed.", "PMID": 1058437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2535", "title": "Craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Report of a case.", "content": "Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, often referred to as Pyle's disease, is a hereditary disease involving the expansion of the metaphyses of the long bones, giving the appearance of an Erlenmeyer flask. There is diffuse hyperostosis of the entire cranial vault, along with absence or decreased development of the paranasal sinuses. In the case presented here the mouth demonstrated an abnormality wide maxilla with a slight palatal vault. Genetically, this appeared to be a dmoninant form of dysplasia.", "contents": "Craniometaphyseal dysplasia. Report of a case. Craniometaphyseal dysplasia, often referred to as Pyle's disease, is a hereditary disease involving the expansion of the metaphyses of the long bones, giving the appearance of an Erlenmeyer flask. There is diffuse hyperostosis of the entire cranial vault, along with absence or decreased development of the paranasal sinuses. In the case presented here the mouth demonstrated an abnormality wide maxilla with a slight palatal vault. Genetically, this appeared to be a dmoninant form of dysplasia.", "PMID": 1058438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2536", "title": "The disturbances in odontogenesis in epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis.", "content": "The disturbances in odontogenesis in a case of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis are described, with particular emphasis on the morphologic alterations in the ameloblasts and on the nature of vesicles in the enamel organ. These latter structures are compared to those found in the skin.", "contents": "The disturbances in odontogenesis in epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis. The disturbances in odontogenesis in a case of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria letalis are described, with particular emphasis on the morphologic alterations in the ameloblasts and on the nature of vesicles in the enamel organ. These latter structures are compared to those found in the skin.", "PMID": 1058439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2537", "title": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of odontogenic keratocysts.", "content": "The ultrastructural characteristics of the superficial cells of the epithelial lining of odontogenic keratocysts were studied. Examples of both the parakeratinized type and the less common orthokeratinized variant were examined. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the morphology of the two cyst types is distinctly different. In parakeratinized cysts the transition of the epithelial cells into parakeratin is readily apparent and the epithelial surface is sparsely covered with parakeratin squames. In the orthokeratinized type the surface morphology is more uniform and is entirely covered with a leafy layer of keratin squames. The morphologic differences between the parakeratinized and orthokeratinized cysts may reflect differences in their biologic behavior.", "contents": "Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of odontogenic keratocysts. The ultrastructural characteristics of the superficial cells of the epithelial lining of odontogenic keratocysts were studied. Examples of both the parakeratinized type and the less common orthokeratinized variant were examined. Scanning electron microscopy reveals that the morphology of the two cyst types is distinctly different. In parakeratinized cysts the transition of the epithelial cells into parakeratin is readily apparent and the epithelial surface is sparsely covered with parakeratin squames. In the orthokeratinized type the surface morphology is more uniform and is entirely covered with a leafy layer of keratin squames. The morphologic differences between the parakeratinized and orthokeratinized cysts may reflect differences in their biologic behavior.", "PMID": 1058440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2538", "title": "Odontogenic tumors in an African population. Analysis of twenty-nine cases seen over a 5-year period.", "content": "The patients reported on here were seen and treated in the Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Division of Dentistry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, between September, 1969, and September, 1974. Materials for histopathologic examination came from tissues removed at biopsy or surgical excision of the lesions. Out of a total of about 200 benign and malignant lesions of the oral cavity seen during the 5-year period (all cysts excluded), twenty-nine (15 per cent) were tumors arising from the odontogenic tissues as follows: ameloblastoma, nineteen; ameloblastic fibroma, two; adrenomatoid odontogenic tumor, two; ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, one; odontoma, two; cementoma, two; and calcifying odontogenic cyst, one. The author had the privilege of seeing all the patients and examining all the biopsy and surgical specimens.", "contents": "Odontogenic tumors in an African population. Analysis of twenty-nine cases seen over a 5-year period. The patients reported on here were seen and treated in the Department of Oral Surgery and Pathology, Division of Dentistry, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, between September, 1969, and September, 1974. Materials for histopathologic examination came from tissues removed at biopsy or surgical excision of the lesions. Out of a total of about 200 benign and malignant lesions of the oral cavity seen during the 5-year period (all cysts excluded), twenty-nine (15 per cent) were tumors arising from the odontogenic tissues as follows: ameloblastoma, nineteen; ameloblastic fibroma, two; adrenomatoid odontogenic tumor, two; ameloblastic fibro-odontoma, one; odontoma, two; cementoma, two; and calcifying odontogenic cyst, one. The author had the privilege of seeing all the patients and examining all the biopsy and surgical specimens.", "PMID": 1058441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2539", "title": "Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. A histologic, histochemical, fluorescent, and ultrastructural study.", "content": "A previously unreported calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT; Pindborg tumor) occurring in a Negro patient is presented. Only 12 per cent of these neoplasms have been found in nonwhite patients. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies indicated that the amorphous, acellular, eosinophilic substance present within the tumor was not amyloid. The presence of only sparse calcifications is an unusual histologic variant. No relationship between neoplasm and reduced enamel epithelium could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor. A histologic, histochemical, fluorescent, and ultrastructural study. A previously unreported calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (CEOT; Pindborg tumor) occurring in a Negro patient is presented. Only 12 per cent of these neoplasms have been found in nonwhite patients. Ultrastructural and histochemical studies indicated that the amorphous, acellular, eosinophilic substance present within the tumor was not amyloid. The presence of only sparse calcifications is an unusual histologic variant. No relationship between neoplasm and reduced enamel epithelium could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1058442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2540", "title": "Endodontic emergency dilemma: leave tooth open or keep it closed?", "content": "Various methods of emergency endodontic treatment for teeth with vital pulps have been suggested, and some authors have advised that the access be left open if the tooth is tender to percussion. This study evaluated 225 open and closed teeth which were referred after emergency treatment where pulps had been vital. When the access had been left open, a statistically significant greater number of appointments were needed to complete treatment and more intratreatment exacerbations occurred than when the tooth was kept sealed.", "contents": "Endodontic emergency dilemma: leave tooth open or keep it closed? Various methods of emergency endodontic treatment for teeth with vital pulps have been suggested, and some authors have advised that the access be left open if the tooth is tender to percussion. This study evaluated 225 open and closed teeth which were referred after emergency treatment where pulps had been vital. When the access had been left open, a statistically significant greater number of appointments were needed to complete treatment and more intratreatment exacerbations occurred than when the tooth was kept sealed.", "PMID": 1058443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2541", "title": "The diagnostic correlator: an endodontic teaching device.", "content": "A chart is proposed as an aid to assist students and practitioners to correlate clinical information and arrive at an accurate endodontic diagnosis. A brief description of current displays, the clinical examination, and an endodontic disease classification is given. A discussion and examples of how to use the chart are presented. The chart has been found to be a useful teaching aid.", "contents": "The diagnostic correlator: an endodontic teaching device. A chart is proposed as an aid to assist students and practitioners to correlate clinical information and arrive at an accurate endodontic diagnosis. A brief description of current displays, the clinical examination, and an endodontic disease classification is given. A discussion and examples of how to use the chart are presented. The chart has been found to be a useful teaching aid.", "PMID": 1058444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2542", "title": "Exposure factor determination.", "content": "Differences in radiation output between dental x-ray generators operated with a given electrical input often discourage the practitioner from trying to use supplemental x-ray techniques. Methods are described by which the exposure time is easily computed for an generator, regardless of cone length, kilovoltage, milliamperage, or idiosyncrasies of output.", "contents": "Exposure factor determination. Differences in radiation output between dental x-ray generators operated with a given electrical input often discourage the practitioner from trying to use supplemental x-ray techniques. Methods are described by which the exposure time is easily computed for an generator, regardless of cone length, kilovoltage, milliamperage, or idiosyncrasies of output.", "PMID": 1058445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2543", "title": "An alternative approach to dose reduction in dental radiography.", "content": "A responsible approach to dose reduction in dental radiography requires that relative exposure be related to the specific diagnostic task performed. All but the most demanding tasks can be performed when suitable film is used in conjunction with high-speed screens. Placing the source of radiation inside the mouth permits radiographic information to be recorded on an improved Polaroid cassette that has a relatively high quantum efficiency. As a result, the radiation dose can be significantly reduced in a versatile system which provides for instantaneous processing and interpretation from prints rather than negatives.", "contents": "An alternative approach to dose reduction in dental radiography. A responsible approach to dose reduction in dental radiography requires that relative exposure be related to the specific diagnostic task performed. All but the most demanding tasks can be performed when suitable film is used in conjunction with high-speed screens. Placing the source of radiation inside the mouth permits radiographic information to be recorded on an improved Polaroid cassette that has a relatively high quantum efficiency. As a result, the radiation dose can be significantly reduced in a versatile system which provides for instantaneous processing and interpretation from prints rather than negatives.", "PMID": 1058446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2544", "title": "The development of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria maxima in the laboratory.", "content": "The development of strains of Eimeria maxima resistant to buquinolate, methyl benzoquate, clopidol, sulphaquinoxaline and robenidine is described. It was not possible to standardize a schedule of inoculations and drug administration, which would enable the development of resistance to the different drugs to be compared directly. Resistance developed most readily to the quinolones. One robenidine-resistant strain proved to be drug-dependent. Dinitolmide showed unusual effects upon sporogony and three attempts to develop resistance against this activity failed. Chicks previously immunized with the parent strain were completely protected against infection with the drug-resistant strains.", "contents": "The development of drug-resistant strains of Eimeria maxima in the laboratory. The development of strains of Eimeria maxima resistant to buquinolate, methyl benzoquate, clopidol, sulphaquinoxaline and robenidine is described. It was not possible to standardize a schedule of inoculations and drug administration, which would enable the development of resistance to the different drugs to be compared directly. Resistance developed most readily to the quinolones. One robenidine-resistant strain proved to be drug-dependent. Dinitolmide showed unusual effects upon sporogony and three attempts to develop resistance against this activity failed. Chicks previously immunized with the parent strain were completely protected against infection with the drug-resistant strains.", "PMID": 1058449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2545", "title": "Eimeria tenella in chickens: development of resistance to quinolone anticoccidial drugs.", "content": "The development of drug resistance by the present Houghton strain of Eimeria tenella to the quinolones, methyl benzoquate and buquinolate, was found to take place after a single experimental passage. The development of resistance was independent of drug selection pressure and showed cross resistance to other quinolones, but not to amprolium and robenidine. When the Weybridge, Beltsville and Elberfeld strains of E. tenella were compared under similar laboratory conditions, the Weybridge and Elberfeld strains developed resistance to methyl benzoquate after 6 passages and the Beltsville after 5. Studies on the response of the Houghton strain to methyl benzoquate and buquinolate revealed that the drugs did not completely control the infection as measured by weight gain and that oocyst production was not suppressed. These observations indicate that the strain had already acquired some resistance to these drugs. This was confirmed by examining the resistance to methyl benzoquate of a culture of the Houghton strain of E. tenella which had been stored frozen in liquid nitrogen since 1969. This showed full sensitivity to the drug and developed resistance after 8 passages. This suggests that drug tolerance has been acquired by the Houghton strain since 1969. Oocyst lines were established from the Houghton strain by infecting single birds with approximately 10 oocysts. Eleven of these lines were found to be sensitive to methyl benzoquate, and nine to give rise to resistant parasites. It is concluded that the Houghton strain is contaminated by a small number of resistant oocysts which can be eliminated from a culture by dilution of the challenge inoculum. One of these Houghton oocyst lines, sensitive to methyl benzoquate, developed resistance after 8 serial passages.", "contents": "Eimeria tenella in chickens: development of resistance to quinolone anticoccidial drugs. The development of drug resistance by the present Houghton strain of Eimeria tenella to the quinolones, methyl benzoquate and buquinolate, was found to take place after a single experimental passage. The development of resistance was independent of drug selection pressure and showed cross resistance to other quinolones, but not to amprolium and robenidine. When the Weybridge, Beltsville and Elberfeld strains of E. tenella were compared under similar laboratory conditions, the Weybridge and Elberfeld strains developed resistance to methyl benzoquate after 6 passages and the Beltsville after 5. Studies on the response of the Houghton strain to methyl benzoquate and buquinolate revealed that the drugs did not completely control the infection as measured by weight gain and that oocyst production was not suppressed. These observations indicate that the strain had already acquired some resistance to these drugs. This was confirmed by examining the resistance to methyl benzoquate of a culture of the Houghton strain of E. tenella which had been stored frozen in liquid nitrogen since 1969. This showed full sensitivity to the drug and developed resistance after 8 passages. This suggests that drug tolerance has been acquired by the Houghton strain since 1969. Oocyst lines were established from the Houghton strain by infecting single birds with approximately 10 oocysts. Eleven of these lines were found to be sensitive to methyl benzoquate, and nine to give rise to resistant parasites. It is concluded that the Houghton strain is contaminated by a small number of resistant oocysts which can be eliminated from a culture by dilution of the challenge inoculum. One of these Houghton oocyst lines, sensitive to methyl benzoquate, developed resistance after 8 serial passages.", "PMID": 1058450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2546", "title": "[A comparison of paying patients in private practice and in public dental service--found from the Harstad-study 1974].", "content": "Since 1950, the Public Dental Service (PDS) has gradually been developed in Norway. In addition to rendering free and systematic treatment to children aged 6--17 years, which has priority, the PDS also offers treatment to other categories of patients at fixed fees, generally lower than those in private practice. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the impact made by PDS on the dental treatment pattern within one particular area (the district of Harstad with a population of approximately 29,000). Furthermore, the study included a description of the clientele in the PDS, excluding the \"free clientele\" aged 6--17, in relation to that treated in private practice. During a limited period in February--March 1974, all the 9 dentists in the PDS treating \"paying clientele\" and all the 9 private practitioners in the district, filled in a questionnaire by each patient visit (course of treatment) (Fig. 1). In addition to the information on social and demographic  characteristics, data were also collected on dental treatment pattern, the treatment presently rendered, and the presence of teeth and possible dentures (Fig. 1). Four--fifths of the visits made by \"paying clientele\" were made in private practice, only one--fifth in the PDS. In private practice, rural people, women and people of young age were underrepresented. Children under 6 years of age comprised 3% of the clientele in private practice and 9% in the PDS. No significant difference was found between the two types of practice regarding the social class composition of the clientele. Dental status as measured by the occurrence of teeth and dentures was generally poorer among the PDS patients, seemingly due to the overweight of rural people and of those with an irregular or occasional treatment pattern. Totally 40% of all visits were made by regular treatment attenders. 20% of the services delivered were prophylaxes and/or periodontics, 56% were conservative and/or endodontic treatments. The introduction of the FDS in the district some 10--15 years ago has conceivably contributed to an overall increase in the demand for dental services, and to an improvement of denial treatment patterns. During this period, the number of public dentists has increased from 2--3 to a total of 12. Correspondingly, the number of private practitioners has increased from 5 to 9, of whom 2 work part time. The treatment attendance of some population subgroups is, however, still lagging behind: rural people, small children and persons over 50 years of age, and particularly people belonging to lower socio-economic brackets.", "contents": "[A comparison of paying patients in private practice and in public dental service--found from the Harstad-study 1974]. Since 1950, the Public Dental Service (PDS) has gradually been developed in Norway. In addition to rendering free and systematic treatment to children aged 6--17 years, which has priority, the PDS also offers treatment to other categories of patients at fixed fees, generally lower than those in private practice. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the impact made by PDS on the dental treatment pattern within one particular area (the district of Harstad with a population of approximately 29,000). Furthermore, the study included a description of the clientele in the PDS, excluding the \"free clientele\" aged 6--17, in relation to that treated in private practice. During a limited period in February--March 1974, all the 9 dentists in the PDS treating \"paying clientele\" and all the 9 private practitioners in the district, filled in a questionnaire by each patient visit (course of treatment) (Fig. 1). In addition to the information on social and demographic  characteristics, data were also collected on dental treatment pattern, the treatment presently rendered, and the presence of teeth and possible dentures (Fig. 1). Four--fifths of the visits made by \"paying clientele\" were made in private practice, only one--fifth in the PDS. In private practice, rural people, women and people of young age were underrepresented. Children under 6 years of age comprised 3% of the clientele in private practice and 9% in the PDS. No significant difference was found between the two types of practice regarding the social class composition of the clientele. Dental status as measured by the occurrence of teeth and dentures was generally poorer among the PDS patients, seemingly due to the overweight of rural people and of those with an irregular or occasional treatment pattern. Totally 40% of all visits were made by regular treatment attenders. 20% of the services delivered were prophylaxes and/or periodontics, 56% were conservative and/or endodontic treatments. The introduction of the FDS in the district some 10--15 years ago has conceivably contributed to an overall increase in the demand for dental services, and to an improvement of denial treatment patterns. During this period, the number of public dentists has increased from 2--3 to a total of 12. Correspondingly, the number of private practitioners has increased from 5 to 9, of whom 2 work part time. The treatment attendance of some population subgroups is, however, still lagging behind: rural people, small children and persons over 50 years of age, and particularly people belonging to lower socio-economic brackets.", "PMID": 1058460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2547", "title": "[Sale and use of fluoride tablets in Norway].", "content": "Fluoride tablets and lozenges have been marketed in Norway since 1963. Until 1971, the consumption was very moderate and less than one per cent of the children between 0 and 12 years of age used fluoride tablets or lozenges. In 1971 a campaign of information was started. Since then it has been a marked increase in the sale (Fig. 1). Estimated from the sale figures, about 15--20 per cent of all Norwegian children used fluoride tablets or lozenges in 1974. There were, however, rather large variations between the different counties (Table 1). In the present paper, the importance of giving fluoride supplement from early childhood is emphasized. The role of dentists, physicians, dental hygienists, and health nurses in promoting dental health in children is discussed.", "contents": "[Sale and use of fluoride tablets in Norway]. Fluoride tablets and lozenges have been marketed in Norway since 1963. Until 1971, the consumption was very moderate and less than one per cent of the children between 0 and 12 years of age used fluoride tablets or lozenges. In 1971 a campaign of information was started. Since then it has been a marked increase in the sale (Fig. 1). Estimated from the sale figures, about 15--20 per cent of all Norwegian children used fluoride tablets or lozenges in 1974. There were, however, rather large variations between the different counties (Table 1). In the present paper, the importance of giving fluoride supplement from early childhood is emphasized. The role of dentists, physicians, dental hygienists, and health nurses in promoting dental health in children is discussed.", "PMID": 1058463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2548", "title": "Antigen mobility in membranes and complement-medical immune attack.", "content": "The complement fixing activity of liposomes containing cholesterol, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), and 3 mol % of cardiolipin has been studied as a function of cholesterol concentration by use of human syphilitic serum containing cardiolipin-specific (Wasserman) antibodies. It is found that complement fixation increases rapidly for cholesterol concentrations above 35 mol %. Spin label studies have been used to study the incorporation of cardiolipin in the relatively rigid phase of binary mixtures of cholesterol and dimyristolphosphatidycholine (or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine). It is concluded that cardiolipin is included in such a phase of these lipids for cholesterol concentrations above 35 mol %. These results indicate that a relatively rigid lateral distribution of this monovalent antigen in the plane of the membrane facilitates complement fixation and concomitant complement-mediated membrane damage.", "contents": "Antigen mobility in membranes and complement-medical immune attack. The complement fixing activity of liposomes containing cholesterol, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine), and 3 mol % of cardiolipin has been studied as a function of cholesterol concentration by use of human syphilitic serum containing cardiolipin-specific (Wasserman) antibodies. It is found that complement fixation increases rapidly for cholesterol concentrations above 35 mol %. Spin label studies have been used to study the incorporation of cardiolipin in the relatively rigid phase of binary mixtures of cholesterol and dimyristolphosphatidycholine (or dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine). It is concluded that cardiolipin is included in such a phase of these lipids for cholesterol concentrations above 35 mol %. These results indicate that a relatively rigid lateral distribution of this monovalent antigen in the plane of the membrane facilitates complement fixation and concomitant complement-mediated membrane damage.", "PMID": 1058468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2549", "title": "Attraction of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis, to methyl eugenol and related olfactory stimulants.", "content": "The attraction of male oriental fruit flies to methyl eugenol and 34 analogues was investigated quantitatively using the characteristic feeding response. Methyl eugenol was the most active compound studied, with a feeding response to 0.01 mug, but saturation of the allyl side chain or replacement of allyl by allyloxy produced compounds almost as effective. Replacement of the methoxy groups by methylenedioxy, methyl, or chloro groups abolished all response. The ring geometry of the methoxy groups was critical, with orthodimethoxy most active and meta-dimethoxy inactive. Replacement of methoxy with hydroxy, methylthio, or amino groups did not abolish the response. The failure of the oriental fruit fly to respond to the methyl and chloro isosteres of methyl eugenol was contrasted with the response of a human odor panel which perceived these compounds as having weak floral odors.", "contents": "Attraction of the oriental fruit fly, Dacus dorsalis, to methyl eugenol and related olfactory stimulants. The attraction of male oriental fruit flies to methyl eugenol and 34 analogues was investigated quantitatively using the characteristic feeding response. Methyl eugenol was the most active compound studied, with a feeding response to 0.01 mug, but saturation of the allyl side chain or replacement of allyl by allyloxy produced compounds almost as effective. Replacement of the methoxy groups by methylenedioxy, methyl, or chloro groups abolished all response. The ring geometry of the methoxy groups was critical, with orthodimethoxy most active and meta-dimethoxy inactive. Replacement of methoxy with hydroxy, methylthio, or amino groups did not abolish the response. The failure of the oriental fruit fly to respond to the methyl and chloro isosteres of methyl eugenol was contrasted with the response of a human odor panel which perceived these compounds as having weak floral odors.", "PMID": 1058469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2550", "title": "Preparation and microbial decomposition of synthetic [14C]ligins.", "content": "A definitive assay for microbiological and biochemical research on the biodegradation of lignin was developed using radioactive synthetic lignins specifically labeled in the side chains, aromatic rings or in the methoxyl groups. The [14C]lignins were prepared by oxidative polymerization with peroxidase and H2O2 Of specifically labeled coniferyl alcohol (4-hydroxy-3-methyoxycinnamyl alcohol). The synthetic polymers were shown by spectroscopic and chemical methods to contain the same intermonomer linkages found in natural lignins. Incubation of the [14C]lignins with known lignin-degrading fungi and with a forest soil resulted in 14CO2 evolution.", "contents": "Preparation and microbial decomposition of synthetic [14C]ligins. A definitive assay for microbiological and biochemical research on the biodegradation of lignin was developed using radioactive synthetic lignins specifically labeled in the side chains, aromatic rings or in the methoxyl groups. The [14C]lignins were prepared by oxidative polymerization with peroxidase and H2O2 Of specifically labeled coniferyl alcohol (4-hydroxy-3-methyoxycinnamyl alcohol). The synthetic polymers were shown by spectroscopic and chemical methods to contain the same intermonomer linkages found in natural lignins. Incubation of the [14C]lignins with known lignin-degrading fungi and with a forest soil resulted in 14CO2 evolution.", "PMID": 1058470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2551", "title": "Interaction of cholera toxin and membrane GM1 ganglioside of small intestine.", "content": "Ganglioside GM1 was isolated from the small intestinal mucosa of man, pig, and beef and amounted to 0.1, 2.0, and 43 nmol per g fresh weight, respectively. These differences in GM1 content were associated with a quantitatively differing ability of the mucosal cells to bind cholera toxin. Human cells bound about 15,000 toxin molecules when saturated with the toxin, porcine cells 120,000, and bovine cells 2,600,000 molecules. The association constant (KA) of the cholera toxin binding was, for cells of all three species, about 10(9) liters/mol. Exogenously added GM1 ganglioside was incorporated in intestinal mucosal cells as well as in intact rabbit small bowel. The increment in GM1 was associated with a correspondingly increased number of binding sites for cholera toxin, whereas KA was unchanged. GM1 incorporation increased the sensitivity of the rabbit small bowel to the diarrheogenic action of cholera toxin. Vibrio cholerae sialidase hydrolyzed isolated intestinal diand trisialogangliosides to GM1. However, the enzyme did not change the ganglioside pattern of intestinal mucosa, had very little influence on the number of toxin binding sites on intestinal cells, and did not alter the sensitivity of the small bowel to the diarrheogenic action of the toxin. These results demonstrate a relationship in the intestinal mucosa between the GM1 ganglioside concentration, the number of binding sites for cholera toxin, and the sensitivity to the biologic action of the toxin. Thus, the study strongly supports the concept that the GM1 ganglioside is the intestinal binding receptor for cholera toxin.", "contents": "Interaction of cholera toxin and membrane GM1 ganglioside of small intestine. Ganglioside GM1 was isolated from the small intestinal mucosa of man, pig, and beef and amounted to 0.1, 2.0, and 43 nmol per g fresh weight, respectively. These differences in GM1 content were associated with a quantitatively differing ability of the mucosal cells to bind cholera toxin. Human cells bound about 15,000 toxin molecules when saturated with the toxin, porcine cells 120,000, and bovine cells 2,600,000 molecules. The association constant (KA) of the cholera toxin binding was, for cells of all three species, about 10(9) liters/mol. Exogenously added GM1 ganglioside was incorporated in intestinal mucosal cells as well as in intact rabbit small bowel. The increment in GM1 was associated with a correspondingly increased number of binding sites for cholera toxin, whereas KA was unchanged. GM1 incorporation increased the sensitivity of the rabbit small bowel to the diarrheogenic action of cholera toxin. Vibrio cholerae sialidase hydrolyzed isolated intestinal diand trisialogangliosides to GM1. However, the enzyme did not change the ganglioside pattern of intestinal mucosa, had very little influence on the number of toxin binding sites on intestinal cells, and did not alter the sensitivity of the small bowel to the diarrheogenic action of the toxin. These results demonstrate a relationship in the intestinal mucosa between the GM1 ganglioside concentration, the number of binding sites for cholera toxin, and the sensitivity to the biologic action of the toxin. Thus, the study strongly supports the concept that the GM1 ganglioside is the intestinal binding receptor for cholera toxin.", "PMID": 1058471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2552", "title": "Modification of the 5'-terminus of mRNA by soluble guanylyl and methyl transferases from vaccinia virus.", "content": "RNA guanylyl and methyl transferases have been solubilized from vaccinia virus cores. The guanylyl transferase specifically adds a GMP residue to the 5'-terminus of unmethylated vaccinia virus mRNA to form the structures G(5')ppp(5')Gp- and G(5')ppp(5')Ap-. Studies with [alpha-32P]GTP and [beta, gamma-32P]GTP indicated that only the alpha-phosphate is transferred. In the presence of S-adenosylmethionine, the methyl transferases convert the blocked 5'-termini to m7G(5')ppp(5')Gmp- and m7G(5')ppp(5')Amp-. Similarly, the enzymes can modify synthetic poly(A) to form the structure m7G(5')ppp(5')Amp-.", "contents": "Modification of the 5'-terminus of mRNA by soluble guanylyl and methyl transferases from vaccinia virus. RNA guanylyl and methyl transferases have been solubilized from vaccinia virus cores. The guanylyl transferase specifically adds a GMP residue to the 5'-terminus of unmethylated vaccinia virus mRNA to form the structures G(5')ppp(5')Gp- and G(5')ppp(5')Ap-. Studies with [alpha-32P]GTP and [beta, gamma-32P]GTP indicated that only the alpha-phosphate is transferred. In the presence of S-adenosylmethionine, the methyl transferases convert the blocked 5'-termini to m7G(5')ppp(5')Gmp- and m7G(5')ppp(5')Amp-. Similarly, the enzymes can modify synthetic poly(A) to form the structure m7G(5')ppp(5')Amp-.", "PMID": 1058472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2553", "title": "Site-specific cleavage of single-stranded DNA by a Hemophilus restriction endonuclease.", "content": "Single-stranded viral DNA of bacteriophage f1 is cleaved into specific fragments by endo R-HaeIII, a restriction endonuclease isolated from Hemophilus aegyptius. The sites of the single strand cleavage correspond to those of the double strand cleavage. A single-stranded DNA fragment containing only one HaeIII site is also cleaved by this enzyme. This observation suggests that the reaction of single-stranded DNA cleavage does not require the formation of a symmetrical double-stranded structure that would result from the intramolecular base-pairing between two different HaeIII sites. Other restriction endonucleases may also cleave single-stranded DNA.", "contents": "Site-specific cleavage of single-stranded DNA by a Hemophilus restriction endonuclease. Single-stranded viral DNA of bacteriophage f1 is cleaved into specific fragments by endo R-HaeIII, a restriction endonuclease isolated from Hemophilus aegyptius. The sites of the single strand cleavage correspond to those of the double strand cleavage. A single-stranded DNA fragment containing only one HaeIII site is also cleaved by this enzyme. This observation suggests that the reaction of single-stranded DNA cleavage does not require the formation of a symmetrical double-stranded structure that would result from the intramolecular base-pairing between two different HaeIII sites. Other restriction endonucleases may also cleave single-stranded DNA.", "PMID": 1058473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2554", "title": "Cholera toxin activation of adenylate cyclase in cancer cell membrane fragments.", "content": "Activation of adenylate [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] by cholera toxin (84,000 daltons, 5.5 S) is demonstrated in plasma membrane fragments of mouse ascites cancer cells. The activation of adenylate cyclase is mediated by a macromolecular cyclase activating factor (MCAF), which has a sedimentation constant of 2.7 S and a molecular weight of about 26,000. MCAF is derived from, and may be identical to the \"A fragment\" of cholera toxin. Generation of MCAF depends on prior interaction of cholera toxin with either dithiothreitol, NADH, NAD, or a low-molecular-weight component (less than 700 daltons) present in cytoplasm. Subsequent exposure of this pretreated cholera toxin to cell membranes from a variety of mouse ascites cancer cells is followed rapidly by the appearance of MCAF, which no longer requires dithiothreitol, NADH, or NAD for the activation of adenylate cyclase. Activation of adenylate cyclase by MCAF in ascites cancer cell membrane fragments is not reversed by repeated washing of these membrane fragments. Adenylate cyclase in normal cell membrane fragments fails to respond either to cholera toxin or MCAF in the presence of dithiothreitol. In striking contrast, the adenylate cyclase in membrane fragments from five ascites cancer cells responds to either MCAF or native cholera toxin preincubated with dithiothreitol, NADH, or NAD.", "contents": "Cholera toxin activation of adenylate cyclase in cancer cell membrane fragments. Activation of adenylate [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] by cholera toxin (84,000 daltons, 5.5 S) is demonstrated in plasma membrane fragments of mouse ascites cancer cells. The activation of adenylate cyclase is mediated by a macromolecular cyclase activating factor (MCAF), which has a sedimentation constant of 2.7 S and a molecular weight of about 26,000. MCAF is derived from, and may be identical to the \"A fragment\" of cholera toxin. Generation of MCAF depends on prior interaction of cholera toxin with either dithiothreitol, NADH, NAD, or a low-molecular-weight component (less than 700 daltons) present in cytoplasm. Subsequent exposure of this pretreated cholera toxin to cell membranes from a variety of mouse ascites cancer cells is followed rapidly by the appearance of MCAF, which no longer requires dithiothreitol, NADH, or NAD for the activation of adenylate cyclase. Activation of adenylate cyclase by MCAF in ascites cancer cell membrane fragments is not reversed by repeated washing of these membrane fragments. Adenylate cyclase in normal cell membrane fragments fails to respond either to cholera toxin or MCAF in the presence of dithiothreitol. In striking contrast, the adenylate cyclase in membrane fragments from five ascites cancer cells responds to either MCAF or native cholera toxin preincubated with dithiothreitol, NADH, or NAD.", "PMID": 1058474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2555", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of activation cleavage site in plasminogen: homology with \"pro\" part of prothrombin.", "content": "A 38-residue fragment is isolated from carboxymethylated plasminogen. Residues 29-38 have the same sequence as the amino-terminal end of the light chain of plasmin. The sequence 1-28 is therefore the sequence of the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain and contains the specific sequence at which urokinase (EC 3.4.99.26) and other plasminogen-activating serine proteases split. Two of the five carboxymethyl-cysteine residues in the isolated fragment are situated close to the cleavage site and the fragment is not itself a substrate for plasminogen-activators. Residues 1-11 show extensive sequence homology with residues 137-147 and 242-252 in prothrombin, which are located in corresponding regions of the two internally homologous 83-residue structures in the non-thrombin part of the molecule, indicating that such structures may be a common feature of the non-protease part of the larger serine protease zymogens.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of activation cleavage site in plasminogen: homology with \"pro\" part of prothrombin. A 38-residue fragment is isolated from carboxymethylated plasminogen. Residues 29-38 have the same sequence as the amino-terminal end of the light chain of plasmin. The sequence 1-28 is therefore the sequence of the carboxyl-terminal end of the heavy chain and contains the specific sequence at which urokinase (EC 3.4.99.26) and other plasminogen-activating serine proteases split. Two of the five carboxymethyl-cysteine residues in the isolated fragment are situated close to the cleavage site and the fragment is not itself a substrate for plasminogen-activators. Residues 1-11 show extensive sequence homology with residues 137-147 and 242-252 in prothrombin, which are located in corresponding regions of the two internally homologous 83-residue structures in the non-thrombin part of the molecule, indicating that such structures may be a common feature of the non-protease part of the larger serine protease zymogens.", "PMID": 1058475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2556", "title": "Molecular orbital studies of enzyme activity: I: Charge relay system and tetrahedral intermediate in acylation of serine proteinases.", "content": "The charge relay ststem and its role in the acylation of serine proteinases is studied using the partial retention of diatomic differential overlap (PRDDO) technique to perform approximate ab initio molecular orbital calculations on a model of the enzyme-substrate complex. The aspartate in the charge relay system is seen to act as the ultimate proton acceptor during the charging of the serine nucleophile. A projection of the potential energy surface is obtained in a subspace corresponding to this charge transfer and to the coupled motions of active site residues and the substrate. These results together with extended basis set results for cruder models suggest that a concerted transfer of protons from Ser-195 to His-57 and from His-57 to Asp-102 occurs with an energy barrier of 20-25 kcal/mole (84-105 kJ/mole). The subsequent nucleophilic attack on the scissile peptide linkage by the charged serine is then seen to proceed energetically downhill to the tetrahedral intermediate. The formation of the tetrahedral intermediate from the Michaelis complex is calculated to be nearly thermoneutral.", "contents": "Molecular orbital studies of enzyme activity: I: Charge relay system and tetrahedral intermediate in acylation of serine proteinases. The charge relay ststem and its role in the acylation of serine proteinases is studied using the partial retention of diatomic differential overlap (PRDDO) technique to perform approximate ab initio molecular orbital calculations on a model of the enzyme-substrate complex. The aspartate in the charge relay system is seen to act as the ultimate proton acceptor during the charging of the serine nucleophile. A projection of the potential energy surface is obtained in a subspace corresponding to this charge transfer and to the coupled motions of active site residues and the substrate. These results together with extended basis set results for cruder models suggest that a concerted transfer of protons from Ser-195 to His-57 and from His-57 to Asp-102 occurs with an energy barrier of 20-25 kcal/mole (84-105 kJ/mole). The subsequent nucleophilic attack on the scissile peptide linkage by the charged serine is then seen to proceed energetically downhill to the tetrahedral intermediate. The formation of the tetrahedral intermediate from the Michaelis complex is calculated to be nearly thermoneutral.", "PMID": 1058476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2557", "title": "Methylation of messenger RNA of Newcastle disease virus in vitro by a virion-associated enzyme.", "content": "Purified Newcastle disease virus contains an enzyme that incorporates the methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine into RNA synthesized in vitro by the virion-associated RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase). Incorporation of radioactivity from S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine was totally dependent upon RNA synthesis. The methylation reaction was completely inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, suggesting the transfer of only the methyl group of S-adenosyl-methionine to RNA products. Velocity sedimentation and hybridization of the in vitro product RNA indicated that both [3H]methyl and [32P]GMP labels resided in single-stranded 18S RNA molecules which were virus specific. Approximately 1 to 2 methyl groups were incorporated per RNA molecule. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of product RNA after alkaline hydrolysis suggested that the 5' terminus was the site of methylation.", "contents": "Methylation of messenger RNA of Newcastle disease virus in vitro by a virion-associated enzyme. Purified Newcastle disease virus contains an enzyme that incorporates the methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine into RNA synthesized in vitro by the virion-associated RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase). Incorporation of radioactivity from S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-3H]methionine was totally dependent upon RNA synthesis. The methylation reaction was completely inhibited by S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine, suggesting the transfer of only the methyl group of S-adenosyl-methionine to RNA products. Velocity sedimentation and hybridization of the in vitro product RNA indicated that both [3H]methyl and [32P]GMP labels resided in single-stranded 18S RNA molecules which were virus specific. Approximately 1 to 2 methyl groups were incorporated per RNA molecule. DEAE-cellulose chromatography of product RNA after alkaline hydrolysis suggested that the 5' terminus was the site of methylation.", "PMID": 1058477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2558", "title": "Isolation of a cationic polypeptide from human serum that stimulates proliferation of 3T3 cells.", "content": "A basic polypeptide that stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in confluent populations of mouse Balb/c-3T3 cells has been isolated from whole human serum, and has been separated from the heterogenous group of molecules with insulin-like activity. This highly purified basic polypeptide has a molecular weight of 1.3 x 10(4) and an isoelectric point of 9.7. Approximately 10(7) polypeptide molecules in the growth medium allow the replication of one density-inhibited cell.", "contents": "Isolation of a cationic polypeptide from human serum that stimulates proliferation of 3T3 cells. A basic polypeptide that stimulates DNA synthesis and cell division in confluent populations of mouse Balb/c-3T3 cells has been isolated from whole human serum, and has been separated from the heterogenous group of molecules with insulin-like activity. This highly purified basic polypeptide has a molecular weight of 1.3 x 10(4) and an isoelectric point of 9.7. Approximately 10(7) polypeptide molecules in the growth medium allow the replication of one density-inhibited cell.", "PMID": 1058478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2559", "title": "Minimal requirements for template recognition by bacteriophage Qbeta replicase: approach to general RNA-dependent RNA synthesis.", "content": "Any oligo- or polynucleotide able to offer a C-C-C-sequence at the 3'-terminus and a second C-C-C-sequence in a defined steric position to Qbeta replicase is an efficient template. Corresponding chemical modifications convert non-template RNAs to template RNAs.", "contents": "Minimal requirements for template recognition by bacteriophage Qbeta replicase: approach to general RNA-dependent RNA synthesis. Any oligo- or polynucleotide able to offer a C-C-C-sequence at the 3'-terminus and a second C-C-C-sequence in a defined steric position to Qbeta replicase is an efficient template. Corresponding chemical modifications convert non-template RNAs to template RNAs.", "PMID": 1058479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2560", "title": "Apparent dependence of interactions between cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase upon translational diffusion in dimyristoyl lecithin liposomes.", "content": "Dimyristoyl lecithin liposomes, containing cytochrome b5 reductase (NADH:ferricytochrome b5 oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.2) and varying amounts of cytochrome b5, were used to measure flavoprotein catalysis alone and catalysis requiring electron transfer between the reductase and cytochrome as a function of temperature. Whereas flavoprotein catalysis showed a simple linear temperature dependence in an Arrhenius plot, the reaction involving electron transfer between the two bound enzymes showed a marked, 4-fold, change in rate at the crystalline-liquid crystalline phase transition of the hydrocarbon chains of the lecithin vesicles and a second, minor change involving the minor transition. These data represent strong evidence that protein-protein interactions in this membrane model system are dependent upon translational diffusion of nonpolar segments of the proteins in the hydrocarbon region of the phospholipid bilayer.", "contents": "Apparent dependence of interactions between cytochrome b5 and cytochrome b5 reductase upon translational diffusion in dimyristoyl lecithin liposomes. Dimyristoyl lecithin liposomes, containing cytochrome b5 reductase (NADH:ferricytochrome b5 oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.2) and varying amounts of cytochrome b5, were used to measure flavoprotein catalysis alone and catalysis requiring electron transfer between the reductase and cytochrome as a function of temperature. Whereas flavoprotein catalysis showed a simple linear temperature dependence in an Arrhenius plot, the reaction involving electron transfer between the two bound enzymes showed a marked, 4-fold, change in rate at the crystalline-liquid crystalline phase transition of the hydrocarbon chains of the lecithin vesicles and a second, minor change involving the minor transition. These data represent strong evidence that protein-protein interactions in this membrane model system are dependent upon translational diffusion of nonpolar segments of the proteins in the hydrocarbon region of the phospholipid bilayer.", "PMID": 1058480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2561", "title": "Protein-water interaction studied by solvent 1H, 2H, and 17O magnetic relaxation.", "content": "Previous studies of the magnetic field dependence of the magnetic relaxation rate of solvent protons in protein solutions have indicated that this dependence (called relaxation dispersion) is related to the rotational Brownian motion of the solute proteins. In particular, the dispersion of the longitudinal (spin-lattice) relaxation rate 1/T1 shows a monotonic decrease with increasing field, with an inflection point corresponding to a proton Larmor frequency which is inversely proportional to the orientational relaxation time of the protein. We have now compared the relaxation dispersion of solvent 1H, 2H, and 17O In aqueous solutions of lysozyme (molecular weight 14,700) and 1H and 2H in solutions of hemocyanin (molecular weight 14,7 00) and 1H and 2H in solutions of hemocyanin (molecular weight 9 x 10(6)). The main experimental observation is that the dispersion of the relaxation rates of the three solvent nuclei in lysozyme solutions, normalized to their respective rates in pure water, is essentially the same. This is also true for 1H and 2H relaxation in hemocyanin solutions. These results confirm that entire solvent water molecules, rather than exchanging protons, are involved in the interaction. We have been unable to deduce the correct mechanism to explain the data, but we can eliminate several interaction mechanisms from consideration. For example, all observations combined cannot be explained by a simple two-site model of exchange, in which water molecules are either in sites on the protein with a relaxation rate characteristic of these sites, or else in the bulk solvent (the observed relaxation rate being the weighted average of the two). Also eliminated is the class of models in which the protein molecules induce a preferential partial alignment of neighboring solvent molecules, for example by electrostatic interaction of the electric dipole moments of the water with the electric fields produced by surface charges of the protein molecules. In addition, the idea that relaxation of solvent nuclei is due, in the main, to interactions with protein protons is precluded. Rather, it appears that the protein molecules influence the dynamics of the motion of solvent water molecules in their neighborhood in a manner that imposes on all the solvent molecules a correlation time for their orientational relaxation which equals that of the solute proteins.", "contents": "Protein-water interaction studied by solvent 1H, 2H, and 17O magnetic relaxation. Previous studies of the magnetic field dependence of the magnetic relaxation rate of solvent protons in protein solutions have indicated that this dependence (called relaxation dispersion) is related to the rotational Brownian motion of the solute proteins. In particular, the dispersion of the longitudinal (spin-lattice) relaxation rate 1/T1 shows a monotonic decrease with increasing field, with an inflection point corresponding to a proton Larmor frequency which is inversely proportional to the orientational relaxation time of the protein. We have now compared the relaxation dispersion of solvent 1H, 2H, and 17O In aqueous solutions of lysozyme (molecular weight 14,700) and 1H and 2H in solutions of hemocyanin (molecular weight 14,7 00) and 1H and 2H in solutions of hemocyanin (molecular weight 9 x 10(6)). The main experimental observation is that the dispersion of the relaxation rates of the three solvent nuclei in lysozyme solutions, normalized to their respective rates in pure water, is essentially the same. This is also true for 1H and 2H relaxation in hemocyanin solutions. These results confirm that entire solvent water molecules, rather than exchanging protons, are involved in the interaction. We have been unable to deduce the correct mechanism to explain the data, but we can eliminate several interaction mechanisms from consideration. For example, all observations combined cannot be explained by a simple two-site model of exchange, in which water molecules are either in sites on the protein with a relaxation rate characteristic of these sites, or else in the bulk solvent (the observed relaxation rate being the weighted average of the two). Also eliminated is the class of models in which the protein molecules induce a preferential partial alignment of neighboring solvent molecules, for example by electrostatic interaction of the electric dipole moments of the water with the electric fields produced by surface charges of the protein molecules. In addition, the idea that relaxation of solvent nuclei is due, in the main, to interactions with protein protons is precluded. Rather, it appears that the protein molecules influence the dynamics of the motion of solvent water molecules in their neighborhood in a manner that imposes on all the solvent molecules a correlation time for their orientational relaxation which equals that of the solute proteins.", "PMID": 1058481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2562", "title": "Hemoglobin synthesis in somatic cell hybrids: coexpression of mouse with human or chinese hamster globin genes in interspecific somatic cell hybrids of mouse erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids were derived by fusion of mouse erythroleukemia cells with fractionated human marrow enriched in erythroblasts, or with chinese hamster fetal liver erythroid cells. Such interspecific hybrid cells, when isolated in suspension culture, had retained nearly all the mouse chromosomes and had lost most of the human or chinese hamster chromosomes. However, two such hybrids (one human, the other hamster) studied 4-6 weeks after fusion, were found to contain several non-mouse chromosomes. RNA extracted from the human marrow x erythroleukemia hybrid annealed equally to both human and mouse globin complementary DNA, indicating that coexpression of the globin genes of each species had occurred in the hybrid cells. Mouse and human mRNA were found to accumulate only after incubation of the cells in 2% dimethylsulfoxide. The chinese hamster x erythroleukemia hybrid appeared to contain a double complement of mouse chromosomes in addition to several chinese hamster chromosomes. After 7 days of incubation in 2% dimethylsulfoxide, [3H]leucine was incorporated into chinese hamster beta-globin and the mouse globin chains. Thus, globin genes from differentiated cells, when introduced into spontaneously proliferating erythroleukemia cells, may be expressed after exposure of the resulting hybrid cells to an agent capable of inducing hemoglobin synthesis in the erythroleukemia cell.", "contents": "Hemoglobin synthesis in somatic cell hybrids: coexpression of mouse with human or chinese hamster globin genes in interspecific somatic cell hybrids of mouse erythroleukemia cells. Somatic cell hybrids were derived by fusion of mouse erythroleukemia cells with fractionated human marrow enriched in erythroblasts, or with chinese hamster fetal liver erythroid cells. Such interspecific hybrid cells, when isolated in suspension culture, had retained nearly all the mouse chromosomes and had lost most of the human or chinese hamster chromosomes. However, two such hybrids (one human, the other hamster) studied 4-6 weeks after fusion, were found to contain several non-mouse chromosomes. RNA extracted from the human marrow x erythroleukemia hybrid annealed equally to both human and mouse globin complementary DNA, indicating that coexpression of the globin genes of each species had occurred in the hybrid cells. Mouse and human mRNA were found to accumulate only after incubation of the cells in 2% dimethylsulfoxide. The chinese hamster x erythroleukemia hybrid appeared to contain a double complement of mouse chromosomes in addition to several chinese hamster chromosomes. After 7 days of incubation in 2% dimethylsulfoxide, [3H]leucine was incorporated into chinese hamster beta-globin and the mouse globin chains. Thus, globin genes from differentiated cells, when introduced into spontaneously proliferating erythroleukemia cells, may be expressed after exposure of the resulting hybrid cells to an agent capable of inducing hemoglobin synthesis in the erythroleukemia cell.", "PMID": 1058482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2563", "title": "Chromatin architecture: investigation of a subunit of chromatin by dark field electron microscopy.", "content": "Dark field scanning electron microscopy of unstained, unfixed samples of chromatin, histone-1-depleted chromatin, and nucleohistone has been used to identify an apparent subunit of chromatin, namely a disk-shaped structure we term the unit particle, which is probably about 135 A wide and 50 A thick in the hydrated state. The unit particles are found at rather uniform intervals along thin DNA-like fibers. Histone 1 depletion leads to a bimodal distribution of these spacings. Our observations suggest that the unit particle consists of a loop of nucleoprotein, perhaps around a histone core.", "contents": "Chromatin architecture: investigation of a subunit of chromatin by dark field electron microscopy. Dark field scanning electron microscopy of unstained, unfixed samples of chromatin, histone-1-depleted chromatin, and nucleohistone has been used to identify an apparent subunit of chromatin, namely a disk-shaped structure we term the unit particle, which is probably about 135 A wide and 50 A thick in the hydrated state. The unit particles are found at rather uniform intervals along thin DNA-like fibers. Histone 1 depletion leads to a bimodal distribution of these spacings. Our observations suggest that the unit particle consists of a loop of nucleoprotein, perhaps around a histone core.", "PMID": 1058483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2564", "title": "Association of high-molecular-weight proteins with microtubules and their role in microtubule assembly in vitro.", "content": "High-molecular-weight components (HMW) specifically associated with microtubule protein purified from porcine brain tissue were separated from tubulin by DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography. Analysis by viscometry, sedimentation, and electron microscopy of the unfractionated microtubule protein, separated HMW and tubulin fractions, and reconstituted mixtures showed that HMW promoted formation of ring structures at 5 degrees and tubule polymerization at 37 degrees. The HMW reassociated with tubulin and was identified in thin sections as 18.9 x 5.6 nm projections attached to the microtubules with a longitudinal periodicity of 32.5 nm. These studies: (1) indicate that the HMW fraction stimulates microtubule assembly by facilitating the formation of ring structures which are apparently intermediates in polymerization, and (2) demonstrate that the HMW associates with microtubules as a structural component projecting from the surface of the microtubule wall.", "contents": "Association of high-molecular-weight proteins with microtubules and their role in microtubule assembly in vitro. High-molecular-weight components (HMW) specifically associated with microtubule protein purified from porcine brain tissue were separated from tubulin by DEAE-Sephadex ion exchange chromatography. Analysis by viscometry, sedimentation, and electron microscopy of the unfractionated microtubule protein, separated HMW and tubulin fractions, and reconstituted mixtures showed that HMW promoted formation of ring structures at 5 degrees and tubule polymerization at 37 degrees. The HMW reassociated with tubulin and was identified in thin sections as 18.9 x 5.6 nm projections attached to the microtubules with a longitudinal periodicity of 32.5 nm. These studies: (1) indicate that the HMW fraction stimulates microtubule assembly by facilitating the formation of ring structures which are apparently intermediates in polymerization, and (2) demonstrate that the HMW associates with microtubules as a structural component projecting from the surface of the microtubule wall.", "PMID": 1058484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2565", "title": "Microfibril assembly by granules of chitin synthetase.", "content": "Purified preparations of chitin synthetase (EC 2.4.1.16; UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:chitin 4-beta-acetamidodeoxyglucosyltransferase), capable of forming microfibrils in vitro, were isolated from yeast cells of Mucor rouxii. Chitin synthetase was obtained either by substrate-induced liberation of bound enzyme (54,000 x g pellet) or by isolation of unbound enzyme present in the 54,000 x g supernatant of a cell-free extract. Both preparations contained ellipsoidal granules from about 350 to 1000 A diameter. Many granules exhibited a marked depression. No typical unit membrane profiles appeared in thin sections of glutaraldehyde/OsO4-fixed samples. Upon incubation with substrate and activators, chitin microfibrils were produced. The microfibrils were often found intimately associated with granules. The most common configurations were: a microfibril with a granule at one end, or two microfibrils \"arising\" from the same granule. These findings lend support to the granule hypothesis for the elaboration of cell wall microfibrils by end-synthesis.", "contents": "Microfibril assembly by granules of chitin synthetase. Purified preparations of chitin synthetase (EC 2.4.1.16; UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:chitin 4-beta-acetamidodeoxyglucosyltransferase), capable of forming microfibrils in vitro, were isolated from yeast cells of Mucor rouxii. Chitin synthetase was obtained either by substrate-induced liberation of bound enzyme (54,000 x g pellet) or by isolation of unbound enzyme present in the 54,000 x g supernatant of a cell-free extract. Both preparations contained ellipsoidal granules from about 350 to 1000 A diameter. Many granules exhibited a marked depression. No typical unit membrane profiles appeared in thin sections of glutaraldehyde/OsO4-fixed samples. Upon incubation with substrate and activators, chitin microfibrils were produced. The microfibrils were often found intimately associated with granules. The most common configurations were: a microfibril with a granule at one end, or two microfibrils \"arising\" from the same granule. These findings lend support to the granule hypothesis for the elaboration of cell wall microfibrils by end-synthesis.", "PMID": 1058485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2566", "title": "Establishment of tight junctions between epithelial cells.", "content": "Epithelia serve as barriers to the diffusion of solutes between body compartments, and must do so despite the frequent loss of cells. When single cells are experimentally removed from the Necturus gallbladder epithelium, contiguous cells migrate to fill the defect within 30 min. Electrophysiological measurements show that the local electrical resistance across the epithelium in the region of a wound returns to normal in the same period of time; electron microscopy demonstrates that tight junctions are formed concurrently. Physiologically functional and morphologically recognizable tight junctions can thus be established within 30 min, demonstrating a mechanism for the rapid restoration of epithelial integrity after cell loss.", "contents": "Establishment of tight junctions between epithelial cells. Epithelia serve as barriers to the diffusion of solutes between body compartments, and must do so despite the frequent loss of cells. When single cells are experimentally removed from the Necturus gallbladder epithelium, contiguous cells migrate to fill the defect within 30 min. Electrophysiological measurements show that the local electrical resistance across the epithelium in the region of a wound returns to normal in the same period of time; electron microscopy demonstrates that tight junctions are formed concurrently. Physiologically functional and morphologically recognizable tight junctions can thus be established within 30 min, demonstrating a mechanism for the rapid restoration of epithelial integrity after cell loss.", "PMID": 1058486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2567", "title": "Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid from the intact carbon skeleton of glutamic acid in greening barley.", "content": "The customary route in animals and bacteria for delta-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis is from glycine and succinyl CoA, catalyzed by the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase [succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating), EC 2.3.1.37]. Attempts to demonstrate this route in plants have been unsuccessful. Evidence is given for a new enzymic route of synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid in plants. This route involves the incorporation of the intact five-carbon skeleton of glutamic acid into delta-aminolevulinic acid. Demonstration of the new pathway in plants has been made by feeding specifically labeled [14C]glutamic acid to etiolated barley shoots greening in the light. In the presence of levulinate, a competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrastase [porphobilinogen synthase; delta-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding delta-aminolevulinate and cyclizing); EC 4.2.1.24], delta-aminolevulinate accumulates. The delta-aminolevulinate formed was chemically degraded by periodate to formaldehyde and succinic acid. The C5 (formaldehyde) fragment was separated, as the 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) derivative, from the C1-C4 (succinic acid) fragment. The C5 atom contained radioactivity predominantly derived from C1 of glutamic acid. Conversely, the labeled C3 and C4 atoms of glutamic acid were found primarily in the succinic acid (C1-C4) fragment of delta-aminolevulinate. This labeling pattern for delta-aminolevulinic acid is consistent with a biosynthetic route utilizing the intact five-carbon skeleton of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, or glutamine, and is inconsistent with the delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase pathway utilizing glycine and succinyl CoA as precursors.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid from the intact carbon skeleton of glutamic acid in greening barley. The customary route in animals and bacteria for delta-aminolevulinic acid biosynthesis is from glycine and succinyl CoA, catalyzed by the enzyme delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase [succinyl-CoA:glycine C-succinyltransferase (decarboxylating), EC 2.3.1.37]. Attempts to demonstrate this route in plants have been unsuccessful. Evidence is given for a new enzymic route of synthesis of delta-aminolevulinic acid in plants. This route involves the incorporation of the intact five-carbon skeleton of glutamic acid into delta-aminolevulinic acid. Demonstration of the new pathway in plants has been made by feeding specifically labeled [14C]glutamic acid to etiolated barley shoots greening in the light. In the presence of levulinate, a competitive inhibitor of delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydrastase [porphobilinogen synthase; delta-aminolevulinate hydro-lyase (adding delta-aminolevulinate and cyclizing); EC 4.2.1.24], delta-aminolevulinate accumulates. The delta-aminolevulinate formed was chemically degraded by periodate to formaldehyde and succinic acid. The C5 (formaldehyde) fragment was separated, as the 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione (dimedone) derivative, from the C1-C4 (succinic acid) fragment. The C5 atom contained radioactivity predominantly derived from C1 of glutamic acid. Conversely, the labeled C3 and C4 atoms of glutamic acid were found primarily in the succinic acid (C1-C4) fragment of delta-aminolevulinate. This labeling pattern for delta-aminolevulinic acid is consistent with a biosynthetic route utilizing the intact five-carbon skeleton of alpha-ketoglutarate, glutamate, or glutamine, and is inconsistent with the delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase pathway utilizing glycine and succinyl CoA as precursors.", "PMID": 1058487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2568", "title": "Myogenesis of avian striated muscle in vitro: role of collagen in myofiber formation.", "content": "The complex chemical environment required for the development of the myofiber (myotube) from embryonic avian muscle myoblasts in vitro has been simplified. Myotube formation is shown to occur in the presence of insulin, a low-molecular-weight (fusion) factor obtained from embryo extract, and a collagen substratum. In the absence of collagen, globular structures are formed which are microscopically identical to the globular syncytial structures previously described [de la Haba and Amundsen (1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 1131-1135]. A high-molecular-weight fraction from embryo extract will also promote myotube formation in the presence of the fusion factor. This fraction is shown to contain (a) collagen, which promotes myotube formation, and (b) an additional factor which also promotes myotube formation, and which we tentatively hypothsize to be an inducer of collagen synthesis by myogenic cells.", "contents": "Myogenesis of avian striated muscle in vitro: role of collagen in myofiber formation. The complex chemical environment required for the development of the myofiber (myotube) from embryonic avian muscle myoblasts in vitro has been simplified. Myotube formation is shown to occur in the presence of insulin, a low-molecular-weight (fusion) factor obtained from embryo extract, and a collagen substratum. In the absence of collagen, globular structures are formed which are microscopically identical to the globular syncytial structures previously described [de la Haba and Amundsen (1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 1131-1135]. A high-molecular-weight fraction from embryo extract will also promote myotube formation in the presence of the fusion factor. This fraction is shown to contain (a) collagen, which promotes myotube formation, and (b) an additional factor which also promotes myotube formation, and which we tentatively hypothsize to be an inducer of collagen synthesis by myogenic cells.", "PMID": 1058488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2569", "title": "Feedback dynamics analysis of secondary successional transients in ecosystems.", "content": "A theoretical dynamic model of the mutual causalities that generate secondary successional behavior in ecological systems is developed using zero- and first-order nonlinear difference equations. The model is based on Odum's tabular model of ecological succession, and has been simulation-tested for the case of secondary succession in a grassland ecosystem. It shows how energy, abiotic and biotic matter, and community (species) diversity interact in time and space to produce autogenic succession, that is, developmental changes generated by biotic components within the system as distinguished from allogenic forcing functions from without the system. The simulations demonstrate that successional transients can arise from the endogenous feedback structure of the ecosystem and provide strong evidence for the validity of the model.", "contents": "Feedback dynamics analysis of secondary successional transients in ecosystems. A theoretical dynamic model of the mutual causalities that generate secondary successional behavior in ecological systems is developed using zero- and first-order nonlinear difference equations. The model is based on Odum's tabular model of ecological succession, and has been simulation-tested for the case of secondary succession in a grassland ecosystem. It shows how energy, abiotic and biotic matter, and community (species) diversity interact in time and space to produce autogenic succession, that is, developmental changes generated by biotic components within the system as distinguished from allogenic forcing functions from without the system. The simulations demonstrate that successional transients can arise from the endogenous feedback structure of the ecosystem and provide strong evidence for the validity of the model.", "PMID": 1058489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2570", "title": "Interlocus variation of genetic distance and the neutral mutation theory.", "content": "Theoretical distributions of genetic distance between reproductively isolated taxa are derived by means of computer simulation, taking into account mutation and random genetic drift. The distributions obtained are in good agreement with the observed distributions of interracial and interspecific genetic distances for enzymes loci in Drosophila. This indicates that the gene substitution at enzyme loci can be explained by the neutral mutation theory.", "contents": "Interlocus variation of genetic distance and the neutral mutation theory. Theoretical distributions of genetic distance between reproductively isolated taxa are derived by means of computer simulation, taking into account mutation and random genetic drift. The distributions obtained are in good agreement with the observed distributions of interracial and interspecific genetic distances for enzymes loci in Drosophila. This indicates that the gene substitution at enzyme loci can be explained by the neutral mutation theory.", "PMID": 1058490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2571", "title": "Distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population under stepwise production of neutral alleles.", "content": "A formula for the distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population is derived assuming stepwise production of multiple alleles. Monte Carlo experiments were performed to check the validity of the formula, and excellent agreement was obtained between theoretical distribution and experimental results. The formula should be useful for analyzing genetic variability in natural populations that can be detected by electrophoretic methods.", "contents": "Distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population under stepwise production of neutral alleles. A formula for the distribution of allelic frequencies in a finite population is derived assuming stepwise production of multiple alleles. Monte Carlo experiments were performed to check the validity of the formula, and excellent agreement was obtained between theoretical distribution and experimental results. The formula should be useful for analyzing genetic variability in natural populations that can be detected by electrophoretic methods.", "PMID": 1058491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2572", "title": "Antigen-induced conformational changes in antibodies and their Fab fragments studied by circular polarization of fluorescence.", "content": "Conformational changes induced in antibody molecules and in their Fab fragments by binding of antigen were investigated by the circular polarization of the fluorescence emitted by the tryptophan residues. This property of the fluorescence is related to the asymmetry, and thus to the conformation and environment, of the emitting chromophore. Changes in the circular polarization of the fluorescence of the antibody were observed upon binding of RNase to anti-RNase, of poly(DL-alanyl)-poly(L-lysine) to antipoly(D-alanine), and of the \"loop\" of lysozyme, a monovalent antigenic determinant, to anti\"loop.\" The spectral changes were observed at different antigen-antibody ratios, including high antigen excess, indicating that they are due to antigen binding and not to aggregation. The circular polarization of fluorescence also detects changes in conformation of the different Fab fragments upon binding of the corresponding antigens. These changes in conformation were, however, markedly different from those observed for the whole antibody molecules, and indicated an interaction between the Fc and Fab fragments in the antibody molecule, and probably a change in the conformation of Fc upon binding of antigen to the antibody. In contrast, the small hapten, phosphorylcholine, did not induce a change in the circular polarization of the fluorescence of its antibody or corresponding Fab fragments. Reduction of the interchain disulfide bonds of the antibodies abolished the antigen-induced spectral changes due to the presence of the Fc portion in the molecule, but not the changes observed in Fab, suggesting that the disulfide bonds at the hinge region of the antibody are required for the transmission of the conformational change from the Fab to the Fc.", "contents": "Antigen-induced conformational changes in antibodies and their Fab fragments studied by circular polarization of fluorescence. Conformational changes induced in antibody molecules and in their Fab fragments by binding of antigen were investigated by the circular polarization of the fluorescence emitted by the tryptophan residues. This property of the fluorescence is related to the asymmetry, and thus to the conformation and environment, of the emitting chromophore. Changes in the circular polarization of the fluorescence of the antibody were observed upon binding of RNase to anti-RNase, of poly(DL-alanyl)-poly(L-lysine) to antipoly(D-alanine), and of the \"loop\" of lysozyme, a monovalent antigenic determinant, to anti\"loop.\" The spectral changes were observed at different antigen-antibody ratios, including high antigen excess, indicating that they are due to antigen binding and not to aggregation. The circular polarization of fluorescence also detects changes in conformation of the different Fab fragments upon binding of the corresponding antigens. These changes in conformation were, however, markedly different from those observed for the whole antibody molecules, and indicated an interaction between the Fc and Fab fragments in the antibody molecule, and probably a change in the conformation of Fc upon binding of antigen to the antibody. In contrast, the small hapten, phosphorylcholine, did not induce a change in the circular polarization of the fluorescence of its antibody or corresponding Fab fragments. Reduction of the interchain disulfide bonds of the antibodies abolished the antigen-induced spectral changes due to the presence of the Fc portion in the molecule, but not the changes observed in Fab, suggesting that the disulfide bonds at the hinge region of the antibody are required for the transmission of the conformational change from the Fab to the Fc.", "PMID": 1058492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2573", "title": "Lysis of leukemia cells by spleen cells of normal mice.", "content": "Spleen cells from 2- to 3-month-old normal mice of some strains having a low incidence of spontaneous leukemia were found to lyse cells of the spontaneous AKR leukemia K36 in the 51Cr release assay. Incubation of 51Cr-labeled ADR K36 cells with spleen cells from normal C57BL/6, C57L, C57BL/10, and RF mice resulted in the release of significantly more 51Cr than that released in the presence of medium alone. In contrast, 51Cr released from AKR K36 cells after incubation with spleen cells from mice of the high leukemic strains AKR and C58 was less than that released spontaneously. The results of competitive inhibition tests when C57BL/6 spleen cells were incubated simultaneously with 51Cr-labeled AKR K36 target cells and varying numbers of nonlabeled cells demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity of normal C57BL/6 spleen cells was directed against an antigen(s) associated with several leukemias, but that was undetectable on normal thymocytes. Pretreatment of C57BL/6 spleen cells with carbonyl iron and a magnet, which removed phagocytic macrophages, did not decrease the cytotoxic acitivity for AKR K36 cells.", "contents": "Lysis of leukemia cells by spleen cells of normal mice. Spleen cells from 2- to 3-month-old normal mice of some strains having a low incidence of spontaneous leukemia were found to lyse cells of the spontaneous AKR leukemia K36 in the 51Cr release assay. Incubation of 51Cr-labeled ADR K36 cells with spleen cells from normal C57BL/6, C57L, C57BL/10, and RF mice resulted in the release of significantly more 51Cr than that released in the presence of medium alone. In contrast, 51Cr released from AKR K36 cells after incubation with spleen cells from mice of the high leukemic strains AKR and C58 was less than that released spontaneously. The results of competitive inhibition tests when C57BL/6 spleen cells were incubated simultaneously with 51Cr-labeled AKR K36 target cells and varying numbers of nonlabeled cells demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity of normal C57BL/6 spleen cells was directed against an antigen(s) associated with several leukemias, but that was undetectable on normal thymocytes. Pretreatment of C57BL/6 spleen cells with carbonyl iron and a magnet, which removed phagocytic macrophages, did not decrease the cytotoxic acitivity for AKR K36 cells.", "PMID": 1058493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2574", "title": "Interaction of lymphocytes with lipid bilayer membranes: a model for lymphocyte-mediated lysis of target cells.", "content": "Horizontal lipid bilayer membranes were used as a model system to study lymphocyte-mediated killing of target cells. Dinitrophenylated lipid bilayers can physically support dozens of lymphocytes for periods of over one hour without breakage or increasing the electrical conductance of the membrane. However, in the presence of antibody against Dnp, human lymphocytes rapidly induced increases in membrane conductance of several orders of magnitude without membrane breakage. Such ionic permeability increases occurred only when the membrane voluage was positive on the lymphocyte side, as would be the case with a target cell membrane. The lymphocyte and antibody dependence of this conductance increase parallels that observed for lymphocyte killing of antibody-coated target cells. The results are interpreted as evidence that the primary event in lymphocyte killing of antibody-coated target cells is the creation of ion-conducting channels in the target membrane.", "contents": "Interaction of lymphocytes with lipid bilayer membranes: a model for lymphocyte-mediated lysis of target cells. Horizontal lipid bilayer membranes were used as a model system to study lymphocyte-mediated killing of target cells. Dinitrophenylated lipid bilayers can physically support dozens of lymphocytes for periods of over one hour without breakage or increasing the electrical conductance of the membrane. However, in the presence of antibody against Dnp, human lymphocytes rapidly induced increases in membrane conductance of several orders of magnitude without membrane breakage. Such ionic permeability increases occurred only when the membrane voluage was positive on the lymphocyte side, as would be the case with a target cell membrane. The lymphocyte and antibody dependence of this conductance increase parallels that observed for lymphocyte killing of antibody-coated target cells. The results are interpreted as evidence that the primary event in lymphocyte killing of antibody-coated target cells is the creation of ion-conducting channels in the target membrane.", "PMID": 1058494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2575", "title": "Methylmalonicacidemia: biochemical heterogeneity in defects of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin synthesis.", "content": "We measured the synthesis of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) in fibroblast extracts from patients with inherited methylmalonicacidemia due to deficient activity of the cobalamin-dependent holoenzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.2). Previous studies with intact fibroblasts from patients whose holoenzyme deficiency was secondary to abnormal cobalamin metabolism had defined two phenotypes, one in which whole cells failed to accumulate AdoCbl and a second in which they failed to accumulate both AdoCbl and the second cobalamin coenzyme, methylcobalamin. With a broken cell assay of AdoCbl synthesis in cell extracts and the cell lines are named cbl A mutants; the other class shows severe deficiency of AdoCbl synthesis and the cell lines are named cbl B mutants. We define cbl C mutants as those in which both AdoCbl and methylcobalamin fail to accumulate in intact cells. The assay for AdoCbl synthesis is thought to measure two enzymatic activities, cob(II)alamin reductase (EC 1.6.99.9) and cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.17). Subcellular fractionation studies place this combined activity in mitochondria.", "contents": "Methylmalonicacidemia: biochemical heterogeneity in defects of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin synthesis. We measured the synthesis of 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) in fibroblast extracts from patients with inherited methylmalonicacidemia due to deficient activity of the cobalamin-dependent holoenzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (EC 5.4.99.2). Previous studies with intact fibroblasts from patients whose holoenzyme deficiency was secondary to abnormal cobalamin metabolism had defined two phenotypes, one in which whole cells failed to accumulate AdoCbl and a second in which they failed to accumulate both AdoCbl and the second cobalamin coenzyme, methylcobalamin. With a broken cell assay of AdoCbl synthesis in cell extracts and the cell lines are named cbl A mutants; the other class shows severe deficiency of AdoCbl synthesis and the cell lines are named cbl B mutants. We define cbl C mutants as those in which both AdoCbl and methylcobalamin fail to accumulate in intact cells. The assay for AdoCbl synthesis is thought to measure two enzymatic activities, cob(II)alamin reductase (EC 1.6.99.9) and cob(I)alamin adenosyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.17). Subcellular fractionation studies place this combined activity in mitochondria.", "PMID": 1058495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2576", "title": "Fetal mouse hearts: a model for studying ischemia.", "content": "A new experimental model for the study of two important aspects of ischemia, namely, oxygen and substrate deprivation, is proposed: the intact, beating fetal mouse heart in organ culture. This model offers long-term stability, ease and reproducibility of preparation, and the ability to manipulate experimental conditions. Hearts deprived of oxygen and glucose ceased beating immediately. After 3-4 hr of deprivation, biochemical and ultrastructural changes consistent with ischemic injury were evident. These include depletion of ATP and glycogen levels, loss of cytoplasmic enzymes, and extensive swelling and disruption of mitochondrial structure. Glucose and insulin partially protected against ATP depletion. Upon resupply of oxygen and glucose , beating resumed immediately, ATP levels rapidly increased to control levels and, consistent with this, mitochondrial structure returned toward normal. During the recovery phase autophagic vacuoles containing damaged mitochondria and myofibrils were seen, indicating that repair mechanisms were activated. Consistent with this, the proportion of lysosomal enzymes that were present in the nonsedimentable fraction of the tissue homogenate increased. We conclude that the cultured fetal mouse heart is a model useful for studying myocardial responses to anoxia and/or substrate deprivation and for assessing interventions designed to limit damage or to stimulate repair after ischemic injury.", "contents": "Fetal mouse hearts: a model for studying ischemia. A new experimental model for the study of two important aspects of ischemia, namely, oxygen and substrate deprivation, is proposed: the intact, beating fetal mouse heart in organ culture. This model offers long-term stability, ease and reproducibility of preparation, and the ability to manipulate experimental conditions. Hearts deprived of oxygen and glucose ceased beating immediately. After 3-4 hr of deprivation, biochemical and ultrastructural changes consistent with ischemic injury were evident. These include depletion of ATP and glycogen levels, loss of cytoplasmic enzymes, and extensive swelling and disruption of mitochondrial structure. Glucose and insulin partially protected against ATP depletion. Upon resupply of oxygen and glucose , beating resumed immediately, ATP levels rapidly increased to control levels and, consistent with this, mitochondrial structure returned toward normal. During the recovery phase autophagic vacuoles containing damaged mitochondria and myofibrils were seen, indicating that repair mechanisms were activated. Consistent with this, the proportion of lysosomal enzymes that were present in the nonsedimentable fraction of the tissue homogenate increased. We conclude that the cultured fetal mouse heart is a model useful for studying myocardial responses to anoxia and/or substrate deprivation and for assessing interventions designed to limit damage or to stimulate repair after ischemic injury.", "PMID": 1058496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2577", "title": "Ontogenesis of a biological clock for serotonin:acetyl coenzyme A N-acetyltransferase in pineal gland of rat.", "content": "Serotonin:acetyl coenzyme A N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) Activity in pineal gland was assayed in rats which were born and raised under diurnal lighting conditions, in continuous darkness, or in constant light. N-Acetyltransferase activity in the pups raised under diurnal lighting showed a rhythmic pattern, with high enzyme activity during dark period. The pups raised in continuous darkness also showed a rhythmic pattern, the phase of which was delayed by 8 hr in 7-week-old pups; the rhythmic phase of N-acetyltransferase began in the evening in 12-day-old pups and was regularly delayed by 1 hr every week. The pups raised in constant illumination also showed a rhythmic pattern; the rhythmic phase was delayed by 3 hr every week. When the mother rats were coupled in darkness and maintained in darkness during pregnancy and after the pups were born, their pups again showed a rhythmic pattern. These observations indicate that the biological clock for N-acetyltransferase is generated independently of environmental lighting. When mothers were coupled under reversed lighting conditions and transferred into darkness or light, the rhythmic pattern in their pups was inverted 180 degrees from that of pups born of diurnal mothers. When the pups were raised in darkness, the rhythmic phase of N-acetyltransferase in the pups was similar to that of their mothers. It is suggested that in the absence of light-darkness cycle, the mother rat sets the rhythm of the pups to synchronize with her own rhythm. When pups were reared by a foster mother with a different rhythmic pattern from that of their original mother, the rhythmic phase in the pups was closer to that of the original mother, suggesting that the original mother plays the predominant role setting the rhythm of the pups.", "contents": "Ontogenesis of a biological clock for serotonin:acetyl coenzyme A N-acetyltransferase in pineal gland of rat. Serotonin:acetyl coenzyme A N-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.5) Activity in pineal gland was assayed in rats which were born and raised under diurnal lighting conditions, in continuous darkness, or in constant light. N-Acetyltransferase activity in the pups raised under diurnal lighting showed a rhythmic pattern, with high enzyme activity during dark period. The pups raised in continuous darkness also showed a rhythmic pattern, the phase of which was delayed by 8 hr in 7-week-old pups; the rhythmic phase of N-acetyltransferase began in the evening in 12-day-old pups and was regularly delayed by 1 hr every week. The pups raised in constant illumination also showed a rhythmic pattern; the rhythmic phase was delayed by 3 hr every week. When the mother rats were coupled in darkness and maintained in darkness during pregnancy and after the pups were born, their pups again showed a rhythmic pattern. These observations indicate that the biological clock for N-acetyltransferase is generated independently of environmental lighting. When mothers were coupled under reversed lighting conditions and transferred into darkness or light, the rhythmic pattern in their pups was inverted 180 degrees from that of pups born of diurnal mothers. When the pups were raised in darkness, the rhythmic phase of N-acetyltransferase in the pups was similar to that of their mothers. It is suggested that in the absence of light-darkness cycle, the mother rat sets the rhythm of the pups to synchronize with her own rhythm. When pups were reared by a foster mother with a different rhythmic pattern from that of their original mother, the rhythmic phase in the pups was closer to that of the original mother, suggesting that the original mother plays the predominant role setting the rhythm of the pups.", "PMID": 1058497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2578", "title": "Individual odor differences and their social functions in insects.", "content": "The evolution of individual or subgroup differences in odors of halictine bees is suggested from possible widespread intraspecific variation in pheromones. An important result of such variation may be maintenance of genetic polymorphisms; in nesting Hymenoptera odor differences may also facilitate individual nest recognition. In Lasioglosum zephyrum males habituate to odors of different females and perhaps thus save time by not trying to copulate with nonreceptive individuals. Guards (females) at nest entrances distinguish their few nestmates (other females) from other conspecific individuals by odors, seemingly pheromones. Duration of the habituation in L. zephyrum is at least an hour (perhaps much more) for males in relation to females and 6 or 7 days for guards in relation to nestmates. Studies of pheromones should take into consideration the possibility of pheromonal polymorphism in any species and the likelihood that it may be significant from biological and practical viewpoints.", "contents": "Individual odor differences and their social functions in insects. The evolution of individual or subgroup differences in odors of halictine bees is suggested from possible widespread intraspecific variation in pheromones. An important result of such variation may be maintenance of genetic polymorphisms; in nesting Hymenoptera odor differences may also facilitate individual nest recognition. In Lasioglosum zephyrum males habituate to odors of different females and perhaps thus save time by not trying to copulate with nonreceptive individuals. Guards (females) at nest entrances distinguish their few nestmates (other females) from other conspecific individuals by odors, seemingly pheromones. Duration of the habituation in L. zephyrum is at least an hour (perhaps much more) for males in relation to females and 6 or 7 days for guards in relation to nestmates. Studies of pheromones should take into consideration the possibility of pheromonal polymorphism in any species and the likelihood that it may be significant from biological and practical viewpoints.", "PMID": 1058498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2579", "title": "Slow growth rate of a deep-sea clam determined by 228Ra chronology.", "content": "The age of a deep-sea clam, Tindaria callistiformis, from 3803 m depth has been determined by 228Ra (6.7 year half-life) chronology of separated size fractions of a captured population. A length of 8.4 mm is attained in about 100 years. Shells of this size fraction show about 100 regularly spaced bands, indicating that the growth feature may be an annual one.", "contents": "Slow growth rate of a deep-sea clam determined by 228Ra chronology. The age of a deep-sea clam, Tindaria callistiformis, from 3803 m depth has been determined by 228Ra (6.7 year half-life) chronology of separated size fractions of a captured population. A length of 8.4 mm is attained in about 100 years. Shells of this size fraction show about 100 regularly spaced bands, indicating that the growth feature may be an annual one.", "PMID": 1058499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2580", "title": "Glycogen metabolism in human skin fibroblasts. Influence of maltose on the activity of acid alpha-1, 4-glucosidase.", "content": "Maltose added to medium in a concentration of 100 mg/100 ml enhances the hydrolytic activity of acid alpha-1, 4-glucosidase in skin fibroblasts in culture derived from normal human subjects, but under the same conditions maltose has no demostrable effect on the enzyme in fibroblasts derived from skin of patients with Cori Type II glycogenosis. Upon addition of maltose to Cori Type II fibroblasts there is a marked decrease of glucose in medium overlying the cells with a concomitant marked increase in glycogen content of the same cells. Glycogen decreases in a similar manner in both normal and mutant cell types after 16 days in culture. This apparent utilization or degradation of glycogen in Cori Type II fibroblasts in culture is difficult to explain unless only a proportion of the polysaccharide accumulates within lysosomes. We propose, therefore, that extra-lysosomal glycogen which accumulates in fibroblasts from Cori Type II glycogenosis may be more easily degraded by glycogenolytic cytoplasmic enzymes, particularly in cells grown for as long as 2 wk in glucose-starved media.", "contents": "Glycogen metabolism in human skin fibroblasts. Influence of maltose on the activity of acid alpha-1, 4-glucosidase. Maltose added to medium in a concentration of 100 mg/100 ml enhances the hydrolytic activity of acid alpha-1, 4-glucosidase in skin fibroblasts in culture derived from normal human subjects, but under the same conditions maltose has no demostrable effect on the enzyme in fibroblasts derived from skin of patients with Cori Type II glycogenosis. Upon addition of maltose to Cori Type II fibroblasts there is a marked decrease of glucose in medium overlying the cells with a concomitant marked increase in glycogen content of the same cells. Glycogen decreases in a similar manner in both normal and mutant cell types after 16 days in culture. This apparent utilization or degradation of glycogen in Cori Type II fibroblasts in culture is difficult to explain unless only a proportion of the polysaccharide accumulates within lysosomes. We propose, therefore, that extra-lysosomal glycogen which accumulates in fibroblasts from Cori Type II glycogenosis may be more easily degraded by glycogenolytic cytoplasmic enzymes, particularly in cells grown for as long as 2 wk in glucose-starved media.", "PMID": 1058500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2581", "title": "An effect of chlorhexidine and two related drugs on glycosaminoglycans in rat skin.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to estimate the local effect of three plaque-inhibiting drugs on some glycosaminoglycans in rat skin. The drugs comprised chlorhexidine, dichlorhexidine, and trichlorhexidine; and the glycosaminoglycans examined were hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin. Glycosaminoglycans were measured by the carbazole method. Upon subcutaneous injections in rats, chlorhexidine, dichlorhexidine, and trichlorhexidine caused marked reductions in the surrounding skin's content of total hexosamine as well as of the three types of glycosaminoglycans. No significant difference could be demonstrated between the different types of glycosaminoglycans in this respect.", "contents": "An effect of chlorhexidine and two related drugs on glycosaminoglycans in rat skin. The aim of the present investigation was to estimate the local effect of three plaque-inhibiting drugs on some glycosaminoglycans in rat skin. The drugs comprised chlorhexidine, dichlorhexidine, and trichlorhexidine; and the glycosaminoglycans examined were hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin. Glycosaminoglycans were measured by the carbazole method. Upon subcutaneous injections in rats, chlorhexidine, dichlorhexidine, and trichlorhexidine caused marked reductions in the surrounding skin's content of total hexosamine as well as of the three types of glycosaminoglycans. No significant difference could be demonstrated between the different types of glycosaminoglycans in this respect.", "PMID": 1058501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2582", "title": "The effectiveness of a synthetic vasopressin analogue as a vasoconstrictor.", "content": "The effectiveness of a synthetis vassopressin analogue, ornithine-8-vasopressin (POR-8), as a vasocontrictor was tested in the superficial vessels of the rabbit ear. When compared to a control of normal saline and a standard of a dilute solution of epinephrine in lidocaine, POR-8 in saline is more effective than POR-8 in lidocaine, and is comparable in its effectiveness to the epinephrine solution.", "contents": "The effectiveness of a synthetic vasopressin analogue as a vasoconstrictor. The effectiveness of a synthetis vassopressin analogue, ornithine-8-vasopressin (POR-8), as a vasocontrictor was tested in the superficial vessels of the rabbit ear. When compared to a control of normal saline and a standard of a dilute solution of epinephrine in lidocaine, POR-8 in saline is more effective than POR-8 in lidocaine, and is comparable in its effectiveness to the epinephrine solution.", "PMID": 1058502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2583", "title": "Chromosome constitution of cells from human gingiva.", "content": "This is a study of cells and chromosomes during serial transfer of tissue cultures, starting from the first mitosis occurring before explantation of normal gingival tissues and continuing until a genotypic variation was attained after explantation. From 16 specimens, 9 could be maintained in vitro for varying lengths of time, 7 for more than 50 weeks. In all cases, at 2 months in cultures and afterward, cells were found to be fibroblast-like cells with heteroploid chromosomal complement. The heteroploidy of the cells was due to extrasomy of chromosomes from all groups. However, chromosomes of the  me cells before culturing showed the normal diploid number of 46 chromosomes.", "contents": "Chromosome constitution of cells from human gingiva. This is a study of cells and chromosomes during serial transfer of tissue cultures, starting from the first mitosis occurring before explantation of normal gingival tissues and continuing until a genotypic variation was attained after explantation. From 16 specimens, 9 could be maintained in vitro for varying lengths of time, 7 for more than 50 weeks. In all cases, at 2 months in cultures and afterward, cells were found to be fibroblast-like cells with heteroploid chromosomal complement. The heteroploidy of the cells was due to extrasomy of chromosomes from all groups. However, chromosomes of the  me cells before culturing showed the normal diploid number of 46 chromosomes.", "PMID": 1058503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2584", "title": "The parakeratin layer of zinc-deficient rat buccal epithelial.", "content": "Weanling rats were fed a zinc-deificient diet, 1.3 ppm zinc, for four weeks. Parakeratotic changes of the buccal epithelium were studied by electron microscopy. The incomplete disintegration of the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles in the horny layer is deemed to be due to insufficient function of zinc-related lytic enzymes.", "contents": "The parakeratin layer of zinc-deficient rat buccal epithelial. Weanling rats were fed a zinc-deificient diet, 1.3 ppm zinc, for four weeks. Parakeratotic changes of the buccal epithelium were studied by electron microscopy. The incomplete disintegration of the nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles in the horny layer is deemed to be due to insufficient function of zinc-related lytic enzymes.", "PMID": 1058504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2585", "title": "Emotional factors in juvenile diabetes mellitus: a study of the early life experiences of eight diabetic children.", "content": "The developmental history of eight diabetic children was compared with that of their nondiabetic siblings. On the basis of data obtained through interviews with the children and their families, as well as a chart review, we advance the hypothesis that an as yet unspecified metabolic \"pre-diabetic\" pathophysiological condition may be reflected in disturbances of appetite, satiation and weight regulation appearing early in life in those children who may later develop clinical diabetes mellitus. We further hypothesize that these dysfunctions are accompanied by a disturbance in important psychological developmental processes, compounding the liability a physiologically susceptible individual suffers. The results are discussed in terms of previous psychosomatic research.", "contents": "Emotional factors in juvenile diabetes mellitus: a study of the early life experiences of eight diabetic children. The developmental history of eight diabetic children was compared with that of their nondiabetic siblings. On the basis of data obtained through interviews with the children and their families, as well as a chart review, we advance the hypothesis that an as yet unspecified metabolic \"pre-diabetic\" pathophysiological condition may be reflected in disturbances of appetite, satiation and weight regulation appearing early in life in those children who may later develop clinical diabetes mellitus. We further hypothesize that these dysfunctions are accompanied by a disturbance in important psychological developmental processes, compounding the liability a physiologically susceptible individual suffers. The results are discussed in terms of previous psychosomatic research.", "PMID": 1058506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2586", "title": "[Rotation myoplasty using the sternocleidomastoid muscle, together with hemimandibulectomy].", "content": "Rotation myoplasty using the sternomastoid muscle in association with hemi-mandibulectomy would appear to be of value for two reasons:--functional, strengthening the wall of the buccal cavity and providing a contour capable of containing the prosthesis, following fibrous transformation of the muscle,--plastic, restoring the aesthetic symmetry of the lower half of the face.", "contents": "[Rotation myoplasty using the sternocleidomastoid muscle, together with hemimandibulectomy]. Rotation myoplasty using the sternomastoid muscle in association with hemi-mandibulectomy would appear to be of value for two reasons:--functional, strengthening the wall of the buccal cavity and providing a contour capable of containing the prosthesis, following fibrous transformation of the muscle,--plastic, restoring the aesthetic symmetry of the lower half of the face.", "PMID": 1058516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2587", "title": "A morphologic description of a dry skull with mandibulofacial dysostosis.", "content": "The morphology of an East Indian, dry skull exhibiting the characteristics of mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD) is described. The skull was small, but the shape of the calvarium was essentially normal. Extensive anomalies were registered in the sphenoid bone, the temporal bone, the zygomatic bone, the maxilla, and the mandible. A lateral cephalometric radiograph of the skull was compared with a mean value diagram of adult Danish males in order to illustrate the morphologic aberrations of the MFD skull. The etiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome are disucssed.", "contents": "A morphologic description of a dry skull with mandibulofacial dysostosis. The morphology of an East Indian, dry skull exhibiting the characteristics of mandibulofacial dysostosis (MFD) is described. The skull was small, but the shape of the calvarium was essentially normal. Extensive anomalies were registered in the sphenoid bone, the temporal bone, the zygomatic bone, the maxilla, and the mandible. A lateral cephalometric radiograph of the skull was compared with a mean value diagram of adult Danish males in order to illustrate the morphologic aberrations of the MFD skull. The etiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome are disucssed.", "PMID": 1058519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2588", "title": "Mandibular anterior crowding in relation to tooth size and craniofacial morphology.", "content": "In the present study the problem of mandibular anterior crowding was investigated by comparing a group of adults having approximately ideal occlusion (n = 27) with a group with  corresponding occlusion except for a slight crowding in the mandibular anterior segment (n = 39). Both sexes were represented. A statistical evaluation revealed that in the latter group the mesiodistal diameter of the four mandibular incisor teeth was significantly greater, whereas the intercanine width and the frequency of third molars were the same in both groups. A comparison of the craniofacial morphology of the two groups displayed limited differences, and only the basal sagittal jaw relationship and the mandibular inclination differed significantly. No significant correlations were observed between the space conditions and any of the variables studied.", "contents": "Mandibular anterior crowding in relation to tooth size and craniofacial morphology. In the present study the problem of mandibular anterior crowding was investigated by comparing a group of adults having approximately ideal occlusion (n = 27) with a group with  corresponding occlusion except for a slight crowding in the mandibular anterior segment (n = 39). Both sexes were represented. A statistical evaluation revealed that in the latter group the mesiodistal diameter of the four mandibular incisor teeth was significantly greater, whereas the intercanine width and the frequency of third molars were the same in both groups. A comparison of the craniofacial morphology of the two groups displayed limited differences, and only the basal sagittal jaw relationship and the mandibular inclination differed significantly. No significant correlations were observed between the space conditions and any of the variables studied.", "PMID": 1058520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2589", "title": "[2 special technics improving the results of Trauner mylohyoid plasty].", "content": "The author reports twelve Trauner mylo-hyoid plasties, recommending:--a medial incision forming a covering flap on the medial aspect of the body of the mandible after lowering of the floor of the mouth,--disinsertion not only of the mylo-hyoid but of all the retro-symphyseal muscles,--keeping in place the temporary prosthesis, in part fashioned inside the mouth, for five weeks.", "contents": "[2 special technics improving the results of Trauner mylohyoid plasty]. The author reports twelve Trauner mylo-hyoid plasties, recommending:--a medial incision forming a covering flap on the medial aspect of the body of the mandible after lowering of the floor of the mouth,--disinsertion not only of the mylo-hyoid but of all the retro-symphyseal muscles,--keeping in place the temporary prosthesis, in part fashioned inside the mouth, for five weeks.", "PMID": 1058517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2590", "title": "Application of chlorhexidine by oral irrigation systems.", "content": "Low concentrations of chlorhexidine (0.006%) were found to inhibit plaque formation when 750 ml was applied twice daily by oral irrigation systems. The procedure took 1-2 min and may be a convenient method of maintaining oral hygiene in patients in whom normal mechanical cleansing is difficult.", "contents": "Application of chlorhexidine by oral irrigation systems. Low concentrations of chlorhexidine (0.006%) were found to inhibit plaque formation when 750 ml was applied twice daily by oral irrigation systems. The procedure took 1-2 min and may be a convenient method of maintaining oral hygiene in patients in whom normal mechanical cleansing is difficult.", "PMID": 1058521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2591", "title": "[Importance of silicone bases in complete dentures].", "content": "The use of a silicone base under a total prosthesis makes possible the solution of certain problems of tolerance or maintenance of such denture. I.--Full denture in patients who have received radiotherapy. II.--Full denture with intolerant mucosa. III.--Following failure of classical prosthesis. IV--Prosthesis fitted following pre-prosthetic surgery. The technical problems associated with the fabrication of such prosthesis and possible adjustements are discussed.", "contents": "[Importance of silicone bases in complete dentures]. The use of a silicone base under a total prosthesis makes possible the solution of certain problems of tolerance or maintenance of such denture. I.--Full denture in patients who have received radiotherapy. II.--Full denture with intolerant mucosa. III.--Following failure of classical prosthesis. IV--Prosthesis fitted following pre-prosthetic surgery. The technical problems associated with the fabrication of such prosthesis and possible adjustements are discussed.", "PMID": 1058518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2592", "title": "Sealing properties of intermediary bases and effect on rat molar pulp.", "content": "Five \"cream-like\" intermediary bases (Hypocal\u00bf, Dycal\u00bf, Reocap\u00bf, Cavitec\u00bf and Dropsin\u00bf) were studied using ZnO-eugenol (ZOE) and phosphate cement for comparison. The in vitro experiments, which were designed to reveal the penetration of a dye and an etching liquid, showed that Dropsin and Hyypocal were permeable to dye and that Dropsin was permeable to acid as well. The in vivo experiments revealed no definite differences between the different cream-like base materials, nor were there differences between those and the conventional cements. The overall mildness of the dentin-pulp reactions and the suitability of the rat molar for this kind of research are discussed.", "contents": "Sealing properties of intermediary bases and effect on rat molar pulp. Five \"cream-like\" intermediary bases (Hypocal\u00bf, Dycal\u00bf, Reocap\u00bf, Cavitec\u00bf and Dropsin\u00bf) were studied using ZnO-eugenol (ZOE) and phosphate cement for comparison. The in vitro experiments, which were designed to reveal the penetration of a dye and an etching liquid, showed that Dropsin and Hyypocal were permeable to dye and that Dropsin was permeable to acid as well. The in vivo experiments revealed no definite differences between the different cream-like base materials, nor were there differences between those and the conventional cements. The overall mildness of the dentin-pulp reactions and the suitability of the rat molar for this kind of research are discussed.", "PMID": 1058522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2593", "title": "Ultrastructural study of erythrophagocytosis in the rat bone marrow. I. Red cell engulfment by reticulum cells.", "content": "Previous light microscopic studies have revealed the erythroclastic potential of the rat bone marrow reticulum cells, and call for ultrastructural study of the finer details of this process. Electron microscopy of rat bone marrow which had been stimulated to increase its erythrophagic activity, either by splenectomy or by transfusion of heat denatured erythrocytes, confirmed the central reticulum cell of erythroblastic islands as the main phagocytic cell in bone marrow erythroclasia. The early digestive vacuoles, which are formed by the fusion of erythrophagic vacuoles with lysosomes, correspond to the acidophilic, globular structures which characterize erythrophagocytosis as observed by light microscopy. By forming intrasinusoidal protrusions, the bone marrow reticulum cells engulf circulating effete red cells. The engulfed red cells are then transported intracellularly across the sinusoidal wall for final disintegration in the intraparenchymal part of the reticulum cell. This transmural mode of erythrophagocytosis by reticulum cells most probably demonstrates the fundamental phagocytic mechanism of the bone marrow part of the reticulo-endothelial system. Transmural transport of reticulocytes adherent to reticulum cells during the formation of protrusions illustrates a possible mechanism for liberation of red cells from the bone marrow.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of erythrophagocytosis in the rat bone marrow. I. Red cell engulfment by reticulum cells. Previous light microscopic studies have revealed the erythroclastic potential of the rat bone marrow reticulum cells, and call for ultrastructural study of the finer details of this process. Electron microscopy of rat bone marrow which had been stimulated to increase its erythrophagic activity, either by splenectomy or by transfusion of heat denatured erythrocytes, confirmed the central reticulum cell of erythroblastic islands as the main phagocytic cell in bone marrow erythroclasia. The early digestive vacuoles, which are formed by the fusion of erythrophagic vacuoles with lysosomes, correspond to the acidophilic, globular structures which characterize erythrophagocytosis as observed by light microscopy. By forming intrasinusoidal protrusions, the bone marrow reticulum cells engulf circulating effete red cells. The engulfed red cells are then transported intracellularly across the sinusoidal wall for final disintegration in the intraparenchymal part of the reticulum cell. This transmural mode of erythrophagocytosis by reticulum cells most probably demonstrates the fundamental phagocytic mechanism of the bone marrow part of the reticulo-endothelial system. Transmural transport of reticulocytes adherent to reticulum cells during the formation of protrusions illustrates a possible mechanism for liberation of red cells from the bone marrow.", "PMID": 1058523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2594", "title": "Ultrastructural study of erythrophagocytosis in the rat bone marrow II. Iron metabolism in reticulum cells following red cell digestion.", "content": "Intracellular transport and storage of iron in bone marrow reticulum cells can be studied in the electron microscope by the recognition of iron macromolecules. Following artificially increased bone marrow erythrophagocytosis ferritin molecules accumulate both in the cell sap and in the lysosomes of erythroclastic reticulum cells. Persistent iron loading transforms lysossomes into siderosomes, after which haemosiderin may be formed by grandual transformation of ferritin. The bone marrow reticulum cell shows evidence suggestive of autophagy, a process which may allow for the transfer of cell sap ferritin into lysosomes, as documented for other types of iron storing cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of erythrophagocytosis in the rat bone marrow II. Iron metabolism in reticulum cells following red cell digestion. Intracellular transport and storage of iron in bone marrow reticulum cells can be studied in the electron microscope by the recognition of iron macromolecules. Following artificially increased bone marrow erythrophagocytosis ferritin molecules accumulate both in the cell sap and in the lysosomes of erythroclastic reticulum cells. Persistent iron loading transforms lysossomes into siderosomes, after which haemosiderin may be formed by grandual transformation of ferritin. The bone marrow reticulum cell shows evidence suggestive of autophagy, a process which may allow for the transfer of cell sap ferritin into lysosomes, as documented for other types of iron storing cells.", "PMID": 1058524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2595", "title": "Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase activity in patients with haematological malignancies.", "content": "Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) activity was decreased with acute myelomonoblastic leukaemia (AML) and lymphosarcoma cell leukaemia (LSAL) but increased in patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML). There was no difference in the enzyme activity between controls and relatives of patients with AML. PK activity in patients with ALL during complete remission was higher than during untreated and relapsed stages. These data provided evidence that the altered enzyme activity is acquired rather than genetic. There was a positive correlation between PK activity and red cell creatine levels. The red cell creatine was low in patients with AML but high in patients with CML. This suggests that the altered enzyme activity in these patients is at least part due to red cell age.", "contents": "Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase activity in patients with haematological malignancies. Erythrocyte pyruvate kinase (PK) activity was decreased with acute myelomonoblastic leukaemia (AML) and lymphosarcoma cell leukaemia (LSAL) but increased in patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML). There was no difference in the enzyme activity between controls and relatives of patients with AML. PK activity in patients with ALL during complete remission was higher than during untreated and relapsed stages. These data provided evidence that the altered enzyme activity is acquired rather than genetic. There was a positive correlation between PK activity and red cell creatine levels. The red cell creatine was low in patients with AML but high in patients with CML. This suggests that the altered enzyme activity in these patients is at least part due to red cell age.", "PMID": 1058525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2596", "title": "The ultrastructure of spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei in bone marrow cells from 3 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Bone marrow cells with spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei from three patients with acute myeloid leukaemia were analysed by means of electron microscopy. The centriole was found in the centre of the cluster of nuclear segments. Cytoplasmic microtubules were found in the intersegmental clefts and in the pericentriolar area. The present observations support the hypothesis that spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei in tumour cells is due to a microtubule-associated contractile process, by which the nucleus is folded into segments.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei in bone marrow cells from 3 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Bone marrow cells with spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei from three patients with acute myeloid leukaemia were analysed by means of electron microscopy. The centriole was found in the centre of the cluster of nuclear segments. Cytoplasmic microtubules were found in the intersegmental clefts and in the pericentriolar area. The present observations support the hypothesis that spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei in tumour cells is due to a microtubule-associated contractile process, by which the nucleus is folded into segments.", "PMID": 1058526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2597", "title": "L-asparaginase and prednisolone pretreatment followed by rubidomycin and cytosine arabinoside for induction of remission in adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia.", "content": "77 unselected adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML), including practically all AML patients from an area with 1.9 million inhabitants, were randomized for either (1) 5 days pretreatment with 1-asparaginase and prednisolone followed by  a combination of rubidomycin and cytosine arabinoside (ARAP), or (2) treatment with a combination of rubidomycin, cytosine arabinoside and prednisolone without 1-asparaginase pretreatment (RAP). Complete remission was induced with ARAP in 12 patients (31%) and with RAP in 13 patients (34%). Thus pretreatment with 1-asparaginase did not improve the therapeutic response. The overall remission frequency was significantly higher below the age of 60; 50% compared to 13% above this age. Side-effects such as liver dysfunction, nausea and vomiting were more common in patients pretreated with 1-asparaginase. Sterilization of the gut did not improve the remission frequency with either regime.", "contents": "L-asparaginase and prednisolone pretreatment followed by rubidomycin and cytosine arabinoside for induction of remission in adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia. 77 unselected adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML), including practically all AML patients from an area with 1.9 million inhabitants, were randomized for either (1) 5 days pretreatment with 1-asparaginase and prednisolone followed by  a combination of rubidomycin and cytosine arabinoside (ARAP), or (2) treatment with a combination of rubidomycin, cytosine arabinoside and prednisolone without 1-asparaginase pretreatment (RAP). Complete remission was induced with ARAP in 12 patients (31%) and with RAP in 13 patients (34%). Thus pretreatment with 1-asparaginase did not improve the therapeutic response. The overall remission frequency was significantly higher below the age of 60; 50% compared to 13% above this age. Side-effects such as liver dysfunction, nausea and vomiting were more common in patients pretreated with 1-asparaginase. Sterilization of the gut did not improve the remission frequency with either regime.", "PMID": 1058527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2598", "title": "[Childhood leukemias].", "content": "Acute leukemias of childhood differ considerably from the adult type with regard to clinical and laboratory findings as well as prognosis (Tables 1-3). Therapeutic progress (Table 4) within the last two decades has resulted not only in remarkable palliation, but increasingly also in true cure. However, this development appears to be far from complete, and to think in terms of a definitive scheme of treatment is therefore misleading and dangerous. On the contrary, work in cooperative study groups aiming at further therapeutic improvement must continue. All children with leukemia in Switzerland may benefit from the advances offered by such studies if they are initially admitted to one of our centers of pediatric oncology. Further control and follow-up, however, can continue to be carried out on a decentralized basis by practicing pediatricians and hematologists.", "contents": "[Childhood leukemias]. Acute leukemias of childhood differ considerably from the adult type with regard to clinical and laboratory findings as well as prognosis (Tables 1-3). Therapeutic progress (Table 4) within the last two decades has resulted not only in remarkable palliation, but increasingly also in true cure. However, this development appears to be far from complete, and to think in terms of a definitive scheme of treatment is therefore misleading and dangerous. On the contrary, work in cooperative study groups aiming at further therapeutic improvement must continue. All children with leukemia in Switzerland may benefit from the advances offered by such studies if they are initially admitted to one of our centers of pediatric oncology. Further control and follow-up, however, can continue to be carried out on a decentralized basis by practicing pediatricians and hematologists.", "PMID": 1058529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2599", "title": "[Hematological problems in geriatrics].", "content": "By way of introduction, the physiologic alterations of blood cells in old age are described. Besides the well known anemias in younger persons, protein deficiency may be an additional cause of anemia in the elderly. Acquired sideroblastic anemia of varying etiology is more often seen in the elderly than in younger people. In pernicious anemia the daner of gastric cancer has been overestimated. Aggressive treatment of acute leukemias is not indicated in patients over 60. The special form of smouldering leukemia is mentioned. The syndrome of anemia, thrombocytopenia and enzymatic dysfunction of granulocytes may, it is suggested, be a symptom of preleukemia. Anemia with accelerated sedimentation rate responsive to steriods is helpful in diagnosing polymyalgia rheumatica in the oligosymptomatic form.", "contents": "[Hematological problems in geriatrics]. By way of introduction, the physiologic alterations of blood cells in old age are described. Besides the well known anemias in younger persons, protein deficiency may be an additional cause of anemia in the elderly. Acquired sideroblastic anemia of varying etiology is more often seen in the elderly than in younger people. In pernicious anemia the daner of gastric cancer has been overestimated. Aggressive treatment of acute leukemias is not indicated in patients over 60. The special form of smouldering leukemia is mentioned. The syndrome of anemia, thrombocytopenia and enzymatic dysfunction of granulocytes may, it is suggested, be a symptom of preleukemia. Anemia with accelerated sedimentation rate responsive to steriods is helpful in diagnosing polymyalgia rheumatica in the oligosymptomatic form.", "PMID": 1058530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2600", "title": "[Anorexia in rats following protracted whole-body irradiation with low doses].", "content": "In our experiments, carried out hitherto, concerning the effect of incorporated and radioactive substances, weight behaviour and food uptake have proved to be a sensitive test. With regard to these experiments and the half-life of the radionuclides used, it is reported about trial series in Wistar rats. These rats were applied, with Co-60 gamma irradiation, different whole-body doses protracted over 48 hours. A total of 32 groups of experimental animals (20 animals each) was exposed to irradiation doses of lethal, medium lethal, and sublethal ranges, control and pseudo-irradiation series included. The experiments were carried out under observance of constant irradiation and attitude conditions, night and day changes, as conditioned by the season, included. Even in the inferior sublethal range (12 to 24 R), a significant trend of decreased food uptake is registered. This trend remains for a short period after the end of irradiation, but then it returns to normal conditions. Furthermore, a new decrease with subsequent increase seems to become evident-about ten days after termination of the radiotherapy (especially after several hundred R); report about these items will be made later on.", "contents": "[Anorexia in rats following protracted whole-body irradiation with low doses]. In our experiments, carried out hitherto, concerning the effect of incorporated and radioactive substances, weight behaviour and food uptake have proved to be a sensitive test. With regard to these experiments and the half-life of the radionuclides used, it is reported about trial series in Wistar rats. These rats were applied, with Co-60 gamma irradiation, different whole-body doses protracted over 48 hours. A total of 32 groups of experimental animals (20 animals each) was exposed to irradiation doses of lethal, medium lethal, and sublethal ranges, control and pseudo-irradiation series included. The experiments were carried out under observance of constant irradiation and attitude conditions, night and day changes, as conditioned by the season, included. Even in the inferior sublethal range (12 to 24 R), a significant trend of decreased food uptake is registered. This trend remains for a short period after the end of irradiation, but then it returns to normal conditions. Furthermore, a new decrease with subsequent increase seems to become evident-about ten days after termination of the radiotherapy (especially after several hundred R); report about these items will be made later on.", "PMID": 1058535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2601", "title": "[Interpretation of orthodontically treated by means of punched cards. 2. Data at the completion of treatment].", "content": "The authors analysed the key-word cards of 3245 terminated orthodontic cases. Statistical data were obtained about treatment results, therapeutical aids, duration of treatment and co-operation of the patients. These data give a survey on the achievements of the orthodontic practitioner, the choice of his methods and the utilization of his therapeutical aids. The authors could draw certain conclusions as to their own work in practice. Furthermore, they realized that the use of key-word cards permits to evaluate critically their achievements and to perform collective scientific studies.", "contents": "[Interpretation of orthodontically treated by means of punched cards. 2. Data at the completion of treatment]. The authors analysed the key-word cards of 3245 terminated orthodontic cases. Statistical data were obtained about treatment results, therapeutical aids, duration of treatment and co-operation of the patients. These data give a survey on the achievements of the orthodontic practitioner, the choice of his methods and the utilization of his therapeutical aids. The authors could draw certain conclusions as to their own work in practice. Furthermore, they realized that the use of key-word cards permits to evaluate critically their achievements and to perform collective scientific studies.", "PMID": 1058536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2602", "title": "[Diagnosis of frequent periodontal diseases by the specialist for general dentistry].", "content": "It is reasonable to refer a patient to a specialist or a special clinic if the own diagnostic possibilities are not sufficient to elucidate the case. But the own diagnostic possibilities should be fully used to spare the patient unnecessary travelling and loss of time. The most reliable and important symptoms and the local causes of frequent periodontal diseases are described and tabulated. All the symptoms indicated may be verified in any institution by inspection, palpation, measuring of socket depth and radiological examination. In this way the specialist is general stomatology will be aided in establishing a periodontal differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of frequent periodontal diseases by the specialist for general dentistry]. It is reasonable to refer a patient to a specialist or a special clinic if the own diagnostic possibilities are not sufficient to elucidate the case. But the own diagnostic possibilities should be fully used to spare the patient unnecessary travelling and loss of time. The most reliable and important symptoms and the local causes of frequent periodontal diseases are described and tabulated. All the symptoms indicated may be verified in any institution by inspection, palpation, measuring of socket depth and radiological examination. In this way the specialist is general stomatology will be aided in establishing a periodontal differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1058537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2603", "title": "[Late results in surgical treatment of periodontal diseases].", "content": "The authors re-examined 102 patients who had undergone periodontal surgical intervention 1--15 years ago. In 50% the results were good, in 25% they were mediocre, and in 25% they were poor. The results from gingivectomies were better than those from flap operations. The operation results were better in younger patients. The proportion of lost teeth was 14%. Oral hygiene was unsatisfactory in 65,7% of the cases. The relatively unfavourable results may be explained by the tardiness of intervention and the neglect of oral hygienic measures.", "contents": "[Late results in surgical treatment of periodontal diseases]. The authors re-examined 102 patients who had undergone periodontal surgical intervention 1--15 years ago. In 50% the results were good, in 25% they were mediocre, and in 25% they were poor. The results from gingivectomies were better than those from flap operations. The operation results were better in younger patients. The proportion of lost teeth was 14%. Oral hygiene was unsatisfactory in 65,7% of the cases. The relatively unfavourable results may be explained by the tardiness of intervention and the neglect of oral hygienic measures.", "PMID": 1058538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2604", "title": "[Psychological preparation of pre-school children for pedodontic diagnosis and treatment].", "content": "The psychological preparation of preschool children is of great importance to their behaviour during dental treatment. A trial show that repeated occupation with the object of play may produce positive reminiscences for years.", "contents": "[Psychological preparation of pre-school children for pedodontic diagnosis and treatment]. The psychological preparation of preschool children is of great importance to their behaviour during dental treatment. A trial show that repeated occupation with the object of play may produce positive reminiscences for years.", "PMID": 1058539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2605", "title": "[The specialist-dentist regulations and the program for the traing for the \"dental specialist for general dentistry\"].", "content": "The Central Professional Committee for General Stomatology provides the instructors and the dentists training for a speciality with an interpretation of the regulations for the diploma of specialist physician/specialist dentist of May 23, 1974, and of the educational program. Advice and recommendations are given for the fulfilment of the training program and also for the course and methods of the training for a dental speciality.", "contents": "[The specialist-dentist regulations and the program for the traing for the \"dental specialist for general dentistry\"]. The Central Professional Committee for General Stomatology provides the instructors and the dentists training for a speciality with an interpretation of the regulations for the diploma of specialist physician/specialist dentist of May 23, 1974, and of the educational program. Advice and recommendations are given for the fulfilment of the training program and also for the course and methods of the training for a dental speciality.", "PMID": 1058540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2606", "title": "[Studies of longitudinal section on jaw development and resulting conclusions for orthodontic treatment planning in the deciduous dentition].", "content": "From a 11 years' longitudinal study of the tooth development in 93 children conclusions are drawn as to the planning of orthodontic treatment in the deciduous dentition. In accepting the task of orthodontic treatment, the dentist assumes a very responsible function which he will only master if he knows the various patterns of dental development. The difficulties of a prognosis as to dental development in an individual child are exemplified by the evaluation of dental findings obtained at the different years of life.", "contents": "[Studies of longitudinal section on jaw development and resulting conclusions for orthodontic treatment planning in the deciduous dentition]. From a 11 years' longitudinal study of the tooth development in 93 children conclusions are drawn as to the planning of orthodontic treatment in the deciduous dentition. In accepting the task of orthodontic treatment, the dentist assumes a very responsible function which he will only master if he knows the various patterns of dental development. The difficulties of a prognosis as to dental development in an individual child are exemplified by the evaluation of dental findings obtained at the different years of life.", "PMID": 1058541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2607", "title": "[The effect of repeated spray treatment on the bacterial flora of the mouth cavity in patients with periodontal disease].", "content": "The effect of a four times repeated spray application on the clinical picture and the number of oral aerobic micro-organisms has been studied on 21 patients with periodontal disease during a stay at hospital. Comparative studies corroborated the effect of antiseptics added to the spray. The reduction of the number of micro-organisms did not continue during the four days of application so that there was a discrepancy between the clinical picture and the microbiological findings. Possible causes of this fact are indicated in the discussion.", "contents": "[The effect of repeated spray treatment on the bacterial flora of the mouth cavity in patients with periodontal disease]. The effect of a four times repeated spray application on the clinical picture and the number of oral aerobic micro-organisms has been studied on 21 patients with periodontal disease during a stay at hospital. Comparative studies corroborated the effect of antiseptics added to the spray. The reduction of the number of micro-organisms did not continue during the four days of application so that there was a discrepancy between the clinical picture and the microbiological findings. Possible causes of this fact are indicated in the discussion.", "PMID": 1058542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2608", "title": "[A method for the instruction of patients in adequate oral hygiene].", "content": "Starting from the necessity of instructing the patients in adequate oral hygiene, the authors prepared a show-case containing graphic representations, colour photographs, posters and models. It is considered to be a successful aid in health education.", "contents": "[A method for the instruction of patients in adequate oral hygiene]. Starting from the necessity of instructing the patients in adequate oral hygiene, the authors prepared a show-case containing graphic representations, colour photographs, posters and models. It is considered to be a successful aid in health education.", "PMID": 1058543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2609", "title": "[A contribution to health education].", "content": "Adequate health education is of importance to prophylaxis and the long-term success of periodontal (and other stomatological) measures. This possibility is illustrated by some instructional pamphlets for patients.", "contents": "[A contribution to health education]. Adequate health education is of importance to prophylaxis and the long-term success of periodontal (and other stomatological) measures. This possibility is illustrated by some instructional pamphlets for patients.", "PMID": 1058544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2610", "title": "[An interesting case].", "content": "A rare observation on a 57-year-old female patient serves to emphasize that striking findings may also occur in the orofacial region. In the present case, the patient was afflicted with a tubular cystadenoma of the oral mucosa, extending from 22 to 24. In this connection, the authors briefly deal with the epidemiology, clinic and morphology of these tumours.", "contents": "[An interesting case]. A rare observation on a 57-year-old female patient serves to emphasize that striking findings may also occur in the orofacial region. In the present case, the patient was afflicted with a tubular cystadenoma of the oral mucosa, extending from 22 to 24. In this connection, the authors briefly deal with the epidemiology, clinic and morphology of these tumours.", "PMID": 1058545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2611", "title": "[Diagnostic contribution: the misinterpretation of radiographs].", "content": "A case report shows the difficulties of the exact interpretation of skull radiographs which result from superposition effects. The possibilities of extracting reliable diagnostic information are outlined.", "contents": "[Diagnostic contribution: the misinterpretation of radiographs]. A case report shows the difficulties of the exact interpretation of skull radiographs which result from superposition effects. The possibilities of extracting reliable diagnostic information are outlined.", "PMID": 1058546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2612", "title": "[Measurement of forces in highly elastic regulating rings].", "content": "The forces developed on stretching bands of various sizes are tabulated to obtain approximate reference values for practice.", "contents": "[Measurement of forces in highly elastic regulating rings]. The forces developed on stretching bands of various sizes are tabulated to obtain approximate reference values for practice.", "PMID": 1058548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2613", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic aspects of acute unspecific cervical lymphadenitis of unknown etiology].", "content": "The authors give a survey of the clinic and therapy of the unspecific cervical lymphadenitis of unknown origin with special reference to its differentiation from the odontogenic abscess. The cooperation with other specialities is pointed to.", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic aspects of acute unspecific cervical lymphadenitis of unknown etiology]. The authors give a survey of the clinic and therapy of the unspecific cervical lymphadenitis of unknown origin with special reference to its differentiation from the odontogenic abscess. The cooperation with other specialities is pointed to.", "PMID": 1058549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2614", "title": "[Etiology and possibilities of treatment of the displaced and impacted front tooth].", "content": "The paper gives a survey of the causes and forms of anterior tooth impaction. Some clinical pictures serve to explain and illustrate such cases. The importance of an accurate diagnosis and the possibilities of treatment are pointed to do.", "contents": "[Etiology and possibilities of treatment of the displaced and impacted front tooth]. The paper gives a survey of the causes and forms of anterior tooth impaction. Some clinical pictures serve to explain and illustrate such cases. The importance of an accurate diagnosis and the possibilities of treatment are pointed to do.", "PMID": 1058550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2615", "title": "[The maxillonasal syndrome (Binder)].", "content": "In the light of three case reports, the authors explain the symptoms of the maxillonasal syndrome and draw conclusions as to orthodontic therapy.", "contents": "[The maxillonasal syndrome (Binder)]. In the light of three case reports, the authors explain the symptoms of the maxillonasal syndrome and draw conclusions as to orthodontic therapy.", "PMID": 1058551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2616", "title": "[Rational cleaning of instruments by means of ultrasonics].", "content": "The author presents an ultrasonic cleaning program which is the result of more than 3 years of experience with the 2-litre ultrasonic cleaning apparatus of the VEB Elektromat Dresden. It is based on a classification of the kinds of contaminations occurring most frequently in general stomatological practice to which cleaning solutions were assigned which have been chosen empirically and which have been found to be effective. With a view to more rational utilization, the author points to the employment of inserted receptacles in a double-bath method and gives suggestions for a more general use of this cleaning apparatus in medicine.", "contents": "[Rational cleaning of instruments by means of ultrasonics]. The author presents an ultrasonic cleaning program which is the result of more than 3 years of experience with the 2-litre ultrasonic cleaning apparatus of the VEB Elektromat Dresden. It is based on a classification of the kinds of contaminations occurring most frequently in general stomatological practice to which cleaning solutions were assigned which have been chosen empirically and which have been found to be effective. With a view to more rational utilization, the author points to the employment of inserted receptacles in a double-bath method and gives suggestions for a more general use of this cleaning apparatus in medicine.", "PMID": 1058552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2617", "title": "[Ultrasonic cleaning of dental instruments].", "content": "The author describes an inserted basket system which conformes to the size of the dental instrumentarium and of the tank of the ultrasonic cleaning apparatus.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic cleaning of dental instruments]. The author describes an inserted basket system which conformes to the size of the dental instrumentarium and of the tank of the ultrasonic cleaning apparatus.", "PMID": 1058553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2618", "title": "[Dental assistants].", "content": "On the basis of studies on the work efficiency of stomatological auxiliaries, the author suggests a standard educational program for stomatological nurses in the U.S.S.R.", "contents": "[Dental assistants]. On the basis of studies on the work efficiency of stomatological auxiliaries, the author suggests a standard educational program for stomatological nurses in the U.S.S.R.", "PMID": 1058554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2619", "title": "[The medical-dental specialty regulation and the training program for \"Orthodontic specialist\"].", "content": "The Central Professional Committee for Orthodontics provides the instructors and the dentists specializing in orthodontics with an interpretation of the regulations for the diploma of specialist physician/specialist dentist of May 23, 1974, and of the educational program. Advice and recommendations are given for the fulfillment of the training program and also for the course and methods of the training for a dental speciality.", "contents": "[The medical-dental specialty regulation and the training program for \"Orthodontic specialist\"]. The Central Professional Committee for Orthodontics provides the instructors and the dentists specializing in orthodontics with an interpretation of the regulations for the diploma of specialist physician/specialist dentist of May 23, 1974, and of the educational program. Advice and recommendations are given for the fulfillment of the training program and also for the course and methods of the training for a dental speciality.", "PMID": 1058557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2620", "title": "Chronic myeloid leukaemia in Zambians.", "content": "Sixteen Zambian Africans with chronic myeloid leukaemia are described. Clinical and haematological features were unremarkable except for the relative extreme youth of three patients (aged 18 years or less) and one patient with the aleukaemic form in whom the diagnosis was proved by marrow examination. Thirteen patients were treated with busulphan (Myleran), of whom 12 showed varying degrees of responsiveness, and one was completely resistant both to busulphan and cyclophosphamide. One patient became pregnant while receiving busulphan and another showed depression of spermatogenesis when investigated four years after start of treatment. The poor responsiveness of some Africans to busulphan is briefly speculated upon.", "contents": "Chronic myeloid leukaemia in Zambians. Sixteen Zambian Africans with chronic myeloid leukaemia are described. Clinical and haematological features were unremarkable except for the relative extreme youth of three patients (aged 18 years or less) and one patient with the aleukaemic form in whom the diagnosis was proved by marrow examination. Thirteen patients were treated with busulphan (Myleran), of whom 12 showed varying degrees of responsiveness, and one was completely resistant both to busulphan and cyclophosphamide. One patient became pregnant while receiving busulphan and another showed depression of spermatogenesis when investigated four years after start of treatment. The poor responsiveness of some Africans to busulphan is briefly speculated upon.", "PMID": 1058559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2621", "title": "[Malignant change in fibrous dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on 2 cases of poly-ostotic fibrous dysplasia combined with pigmented areas of the skin with secondary fibrosarcoma of the ulna or femur. They are analysed together with 49 cases published so far. The average age at the time of malignancy being diagnosed was 34.4 years. The average time from recognition of fibrous dysplasia to malignant changes was 17.7 years. In 14 cases local radiotherapy preceded the development of sarcoma. Femur and jaws were the most common sites. There were 30 osteosarcomas, 11 fibrosarcomas and 7 chondrosarcomas. The prognosis is bad: only 14 patients survived for 5 years. But malignant change is rare in fibrous dysplasia. It occurs in less than 1% of cases. Severe forms of poly-ostotic fibrous dysplasia which still progress in adults with a raised alkali phosphatase appear to show an increased tendency towards malignant degeneration.", "contents": "[Malignant change in fibrous dysplasia (author's transl)]. Report on 2 cases of poly-ostotic fibrous dysplasia combined with pigmented areas of the skin with secondary fibrosarcoma of the ulna or femur. They are analysed together with 49 cases published so far. The average age at the time of malignancy being diagnosed was 34.4 years. The average time from recognition of fibrous dysplasia to malignant changes was 17.7 years. In 14 cases local radiotherapy preceded the development of sarcoma. Femur and jaws were the most common sites. There were 30 osteosarcomas, 11 fibrosarcomas and 7 chondrosarcomas. The prognosis is bad: only 14 patients survived for 5 years. But malignant change is rare in fibrous dysplasia. It occurs in less than 1% of cases. Severe forms of poly-ostotic fibrous dysplasia which still progress in adults with a raised alkali phosphatase appear to show an increased tendency towards malignant degeneration.", "PMID": 1058566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2622", "title": "The clinical significance of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in locomotor diseases.", "content": "AP isoenzymes were estimated in 292 patients with locomotor diseases and in 124 healthy controls. The diagnostic usefulness of AP determination is increased by estimation of isoenzymes. Investigations were made to study the biological profile of organ specific AP activities: 1. Rheumatoid arthritis and Reiter's syndrome - the total AP and L-AP activities were increased. 2. Ankylosing spondylitis treated by physiotherapy - the total AP, B-AP and I-AP activities were increased. After drug therapy an increase occurred also in L-AP activity while I-AP activity showed no significant change. 3. Progressive OA of hip and knee showed increased levels of total AP and B-AP activities. 4. Degenerative diseases of the spine, chiefly cases of discopathy, showed significantly reduced levels of AP and B-AP activities. 5. In osteoporosis there was an increase in total AP, L-AP, B-AP and I-AP activities. 6. In the active generalised form of Paget's disease, increased levels were found of total AP, B-AP, I-AP and L-AP activities. 7. In neoplastic diseases the isoenzymes can help to reveal metastatic dissemination and thus aid preoperative evaluation. 8. In gout and hyperuricemic syndromes there was a relative increase of B-AP activity and non-significant fall of L-AP activity. Increased levels of L-AP occured in patients with gallbladder disease, after immunosuppressive therapy or after infectious hepatitis. A fall of L-AP levels was found after Corticotrophin and after intraarticular administration of Kenalog. Increased B-AP activities occurred after total hip replacement, in acute or chronic pyelonephritis and in active osteonecrosis and osteoporosis. Anabolic therapy caused a significant fale of B-AP activity to fall significantly. Reduced B-AP levels were also found after antibiotic therapy. Increased I-AP activity was found in cases of osteoporosis, and in secondary amyloidosis; reduced I-AP activity was seen in mucous colitis. The activity of I-AP is assumed to increase as a result of the changed intestinal calcium and phosphorus regulation occurring in association with the enhanced bone tissue metabolism. From this point of view an order of significance is given for the activity of bone pathology in the separate diagnostic groups of locomotor diseases.", "contents": "The clinical significance of serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes in locomotor diseases. AP isoenzymes were estimated in 292 patients with locomotor diseases and in 124 healthy controls. The diagnostic usefulness of AP determination is increased by estimation of isoenzymes. Investigations were made to study the biological profile of organ specific AP activities: 1. Rheumatoid arthritis and Reiter's syndrome - the total AP and L-AP activities were increased. 2. Ankylosing spondylitis treated by physiotherapy - the total AP, B-AP and I-AP activities were increased. After drug therapy an increase occurred also in L-AP activity while I-AP activity showed no significant change. 3. Progressive OA of hip and knee showed increased levels of total AP and B-AP activities. 4. Degenerative diseases of the spine, chiefly cases of discopathy, showed significantly reduced levels of AP and B-AP activities. 5. In osteoporosis there was an increase in total AP, L-AP, B-AP and I-AP activities. 6. In the active generalised form of Paget's disease, increased levels were found of total AP, B-AP, I-AP and L-AP activities. 7. In neoplastic diseases the isoenzymes can help to reveal metastatic dissemination and thus aid preoperative evaluation. 8. In gout and hyperuricemic syndromes there was a relative increase of B-AP activity and non-significant fall of L-AP activity. Increased levels of L-AP occured in patients with gallbladder disease, after immunosuppressive therapy or after infectious hepatitis. A fall of L-AP levels was found after Corticotrophin and after intraarticular administration of Kenalog. Increased B-AP activities occurred after total hip replacement, in acute or chronic pyelonephritis and in active osteonecrosis and osteoporosis. Anabolic therapy caused a significant fale of B-AP activity to fall significantly. Reduced B-AP levels were also found after antibiotic therapy. Increased I-AP activity was found in cases of osteoporosis, and in secondary amyloidosis; reduced I-AP activity was seen in mucous colitis. The activity of I-AP is assumed to increase as a result of the changed intestinal calcium and phosphorus regulation occurring in association with the enhanced bone tissue metabolism. From this point of view an order of significance is given for the activity of bone pathology in the separate diagnostic groups of locomotor diseases.", "PMID": 1058609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2623", "title": "Ciliated bodies in gynecologic cytopathology: parasite or cellular debris?", "content": "Ciliated bodies, similar to the ones described originally by Gaudefroy and Coliche, were discovered in fluid from an ovarian cyst and fluid in the Douglas pouch. These were reproduced experimentally by mucosal scraping of Fallopian tubes. In fact, they were of cellular origin from desquamation of the ciliated apical portion of columnar cells.", "contents": "Ciliated bodies in gynecologic cytopathology: parasite or cellular debris? Ciliated bodies, similar to the ones described originally by Gaudefroy and Coliche, were discovered in fluid from an ovarian cyst and fluid in the Douglas pouch. These were reproduced experimentally by mucosal scraping of Fallopian tubes. In fact, they were of cellular origin from desquamation of the ciliated apical portion of columnar cells.", "PMID": 1058611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2624", "title": "The cytology of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder.", "content": "Urine specimens from 77 patients with transitional cell tumors of the urinary bladder, 15 patients with inflammatory lesions and five normal individuals were analyzed. The two nuclepore slides of all patients with neoplastic disease contained over 100 neoplastic cells and in one-half of the cases over 1,000 tumor cells were present. The percentage of neoplastic cells to atypical and normal cells ranged from 25 per cent for papillary carcinomas, Grade I, to 36 per cent for poorly differenciated carcinomas. There were no significant differences of the cytoplasmic features but the nuclei of malignant cells were slightly more hyperchromatic, contained significantly more nuclei and were characterized by a coarsely rather than finely granular nucleoplasm. The cell size of 5,970 cells and the nuclear size of 8,455 cells was determined by planimetry. Normal transitional cells averaged 341 square microns and were larger than those exfoliated from tumors. The mean nuclear area was 36 square microns for normal cells, 52 square microns for benign atypical cells, 54 square microns for cells from papillary carcinoma, Grade I, 78 square microns for papillary carcinomas, Grade II, and 90 square microns for transitional cell carcinoma, Grades III and IV. The study indicated that significant quantitative differences exist between normal transitional cells and those exfoliated from moderately and poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinomas. The cells exfoliated from papillomas or papillary transitional cell carcinomas, Grade I, closely resemble hyperplastic or atypical transitional cells which in turn can be differentiated from normal urothelial cells.", "contents": "The cytology of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Urine specimens from 77 patients with transitional cell tumors of the urinary bladder, 15 patients with inflammatory lesions and five normal individuals were analyzed. The two nuclepore slides of all patients with neoplastic disease contained over 100 neoplastic cells and in one-half of the cases over 1,000 tumor cells were present. The percentage of neoplastic cells to atypical and normal cells ranged from 25 per cent for papillary carcinomas, Grade I, to 36 per cent for poorly differenciated carcinomas. There were no significant differences of the cytoplasmic features but the nuclei of malignant cells were slightly more hyperchromatic, contained significantly more nuclei and were characterized by a coarsely rather than finely granular nucleoplasm. The cell size of 5,970 cells and the nuclear size of 8,455 cells was determined by planimetry. Normal transitional cells averaged 341 square microns and were larger than those exfoliated from tumors. The mean nuclear area was 36 square microns for normal cells, 52 square microns for benign atypical cells, 54 square microns for cells from papillary carcinoma, Grade I, 78 square microns for papillary carcinomas, Grade II, and 90 square microns for transitional cell carcinoma, Grades III and IV. The study indicated that significant quantitative differences exist between normal transitional cells and those exfoliated from moderately and poorly differentiated transitional cell carcinomas. The cells exfoliated from papillomas or papillary transitional cell carcinomas, Grade I, closely resemble hyperplastic or atypical transitional cells which in turn can be differentiated from normal urothelial cells.", "PMID": 1058612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2625", "title": "Hormonal patterns in vaginal smears from puerperal women.", "content": "Maturation indices were determined for 1,000 vaginal smears from women three weeks to nine months postpartum. Atrophic smears predominated three to six weeks after delivery in women who were lactating, but only one-third of the non-lactators had an atrophic pattern during those weeks. There was a progressive increase in the incidence of estrogenic patterns observed beyond the sixth postpartum week, irrespective of the persistence of lactation. The incidence of mixed patterns (equal numbers of parabasal, intermediate and superficial cells) was remarkedly constant (about 5 per cent) regardless of lactation or time beyond delivery. This study confirms the traditional view of hormonally related puerperal vaginal cytologic patterns, and is at variance with recent claims that vaginal atrophy is unusual in the puerperium.", "contents": "Hormonal patterns in vaginal smears from puerperal women. Maturation indices were determined for 1,000 vaginal smears from women three weeks to nine months postpartum. Atrophic smears predominated three to six weeks after delivery in women who were lactating, but only one-third of the non-lactators had an atrophic pattern during those weeks. There was a progressive increase in the incidence of estrogenic patterns observed beyond the sixth postpartum week, irrespective of the persistence of lactation. The incidence of mixed patterns (equal numbers of parabasal, intermediate and superficial cells) was remarkedly constant (about 5 per cent) regardless of lactation or time beyond delivery. This study confirms the traditional view of hormonally related puerperal vaginal cytologic patterns, and is at variance with recent claims that vaginal atrophy is unusual in the puerperium.", "PMID": 1058614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2626", "title": "Splanchnic oxygen uptake in relation to systemic oxygen uptake during postoperative splanchnic blockade and postoperative fentanyl analgesia.", "content": "In 34 patients with gallbladder disease, but otherwise healthy, the systemic and splanchnic oxygen uptake were studied in connection with cholecystectomy. Postoperatively, 22 patients were given a posterior splanchnic blockade with 0.5% plain lidocaine, and 12 were given fentanyl intramuscularly in a dose of 3.5 mug/kg b.w. Postoperatively, before the analgesic agent was administered, both the systemic and splanchnic oxygen uptake were increased by 40--50%, the splanchnic fraction of the systemic oxygen uptake being the same as preoperatively. Following administration of fentanyl, as well as after splanchnic blockade, the systemic oxygen uptake decreased almost to the preoperative level. The splanchnic oxygen uptake, however, did not change after fentanyl administration but increased further significantly following splanchnic blockade. The splanchnic fraction of the systemic oxygen uptake increased rapidly after the blockade, while it increased slowly after fentanyl administration.", "contents": "Splanchnic oxygen uptake in relation to systemic oxygen uptake during postoperative splanchnic blockade and postoperative fentanyl analgesia. In 34 patients with gallbladder disease, but otherwise healthy, the systemic and splanchnic oxygen uptake were studied in connection with cholecystectomy. Postoperatively, 22 patients were given a posterior splanchnic blockade with 0.5% plain lidocaine, and 12 were given fentanyl intramuscularly in a dose of 3.5 mug/kg b.w. Postoperatively, before the analgesic agent was administered, both the systemic and splanchnic oxygen uptake were increased by 40--50%, the splanchnic fraction of the systemic oxygen uptake being the same as preoperatively. Following administration of fentanyl, as well as after splanchnic blockade, the systemic oxygen uptake decreased almost to the preoperative level. The splanchnic oxygen uptake, however, did not change after fentanyl administration but increased further significantly following splanchnic blockade. The splanchnic fraction of the systemic oxygen uptake increased rapidly after the blockade, while it increased slowly after fentanyl administration.", "PMID": 1058620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2627", "title": "Anitschkow nuclear changes observed in oral smears.", "content": "Squamous epithelial cells with nuclear characteristics similar to those of the \"Anitschkow myocyte\" have been found in smears from the oral cavity. The cells are found in scrapings from the area around the labial fold of the lower lip and are most commonly found in abundance in people with active aphthous ulcers. Electron microscopic study of material from the oral cavity is being undertaken by the ultrastructural section of our department.", "contents": "Anitschkow nuclear changes observed in oral smears. Squamous epithelial cells with nuclear characteristics similar to those of the \"Anitschkow myocyte\" have been found in smears from the oral cavity. The cells are found in scrapings from the area around the labial fold of the lower lip and are most commonly found in abundance in people with active aphthous ulcers. Electron microscopic study of material from the oral cavity is being undertaken by the ultrastructural section of our department.", "PMID": 1058615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2628", "title": "Effects of abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia and of postoperative analgesic therapy on splanchnic exchange of some blood borne energy metabolites.", "content": "Sixteen patients with gallbladder disease, but otherwise healthy, were studied in connection with cholecystectomy. For postoperative analgesia, seven patients were given a posterior splanchnic blockade, 30 ml of 0.5% plain lidocaine, and nine patients were given fentanyl intramuscularly in a dose of 3.5 mug/kg b.w. Immediately after the operation and before analgesia, the arterial blood concentrations of glucose, lactate, glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acids increased significantly. The splanchnic exchange of these metabolites was also significantly increased, except for glucose, the splanchnic release of which was significantly reduced. Induction of analgesia, both methods, was followed by a rapid significant decrease of the arterial blood concentration of glycerol, which tended to rise later when the analgesia disappeared. The arterial blood concentration of glucose and lactate showed a tendency to decrease slowly following both kinds of analgesia, while the arterial blood concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate remained stable. The splanchnic release of glucose was significantly reduced after administration of fentanyl, while it increased significantly following splanchnic blockade, the splanchnic glucose release being correlated to arterial blood pH. The splanchnic release of 3-hydroxybutyrate was significantly reduced during maximal analgesia in both groups. The splanchnic uptakes of glycerol and free fatty acids were correlated to their splanchnic inflows.", "contents": "Effects of abdominal surgery under general anaesthesia and of postoperative analgesic therapy on splanchnic exchange of some blood borne energy metabolites. Sixteen patients with gallbladder disease, but otherwise healthy, were studied in connection with cholecystectomy. For postoperative analgesia, seven patients were given a posterior splanchnic blockade, 30 ml of 0.5% plain lidocaine, and nine patients were given fentanyl intramuscularly in a dose of 3.5 mug/kg b.w. Immediately after the operation and before analgesia, the arterial blood concentrations of glucose, lactate, glycerol, 3-hydroxybutyrate, and free fatty acids increased significantly. The splanchnic exchange of these metabolites was also significantly increased, except for glucose, the splanchnic release of which was significantly reduced. Induction of analgesia, both methods, was followed by a rapid significant decrease of the arterial blood concentration of glycerol, which tended to rise later when the analgesia disappeared. The arterial blood concentration of glucose and lactate showed a tendency to decrease slowly following both kinds of analgesia, while the arterial blood concentration of 3-hydroxybutyrate remained stable. The splanchnic release of glucose was significantly reduced after administration of fentanyl, while it increased significantly following splanchnic blockade, the splanchnic glucose release being correlated to arterial blood pH. The splanchnic release of 3-hydroxybutyrate was significantly reduced during maximal analgesia in both groups. The splanchnic uptakes of glycerol and free fatty acids were correlated to their splanchnic inflows.", "PMID": 1058621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2629", "title": "Non-visual prescreening of cervical smears with a flow-through cytophotometer.", "content": "An experiment was carried out with the fluorescence impulse cytophotometer I.C.P. 11 (Phywe, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany) in a routine cytology laboratory. A total of 600 cervical smears were examined with 15 test samples of body fluids and tissue cultures. The results were compared with those obtained by classical Papanicolaou cytology and clinical \"follow-up\". The main purpose was to find criteria for malignancy to be used as parameters in automated non-visual cytology. The main problems in the technique of preparing and measuring specimens have been discussed. Preparation of cell suspensions was time consuming; moreover, techniques were not completely controllable. A method for judging histograms was discussed. It appears that unless a better method is found for preparing suspensions of single, naked and undamaged nuclei, free from leukocytes, impulse cytophotometric measurement of DNA will remain an unreliable method for prescreening of cervical smears.", "contents": "Non-visual prescreening of cervical smears with a flow-through cytophotometer. An experiment was carried out with the fluorescence impulse cytophotometer I.C.P. 11 (Phywe, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany) in a routine cytology laboratory. A total of 600 cervical smears were examined with 15 test samples of body fluids and tissue cultures. The results were compared with those obtained by classical Papanicolaou cytology and clinical \"follow-up\". The main purpose was to find criteria for malignancy to be used as parameters in automated non-visual cytology. The main problems in the technique of preparing and measuring specimens have been discussed. Preparation of cell suspensions was time consuming; moreover, techniques were not completely controllable. A method for judging histograms was discussed. It appears that unless a better method is found for preparing suspensions of single, naked and undamaged nuclei, free from leukocytes, impulse cytophotometric measurement of DNA will remain an unreliable method for prescreening of cervical smears.", "PMID": 1058617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2630", "title": "Mixed-image planimetry. Assessment of a new method for stereometric analysis in microscopy.", "content": "A new method for stereometric measurement of surface area in microscopy is described, based on the mixed-image principle. The measurement was accomplished by observing the area on which was superimposed the image of a miniature electric lamp attached to an ordinary planimeter. Mixed-image planimetric measurements were more easily made and required much less time than area calculation by an integrating eyepiece, by weight or by ordinary planimetric measurements of photomicrographs or tracings of the area. Mixed-image planimetric measurements of a finite area varied less than 1 per cent. Such precision was not obtained with the other methods. The new method was devised in vivo stereometric measurements of bone tissue remodelling in rabbit ear chambers, but should find a much wider application in quantitative microscopy of both finite and extensive objects.", "contents": "Mixed-image planimetry. Assessment of a new method for stereometric analysis in microscopy. A new method for stereometric measurement of surface area in microscopy is described, based on the mixed-image principle. The measurement was accomplished by observing the area on which was superimposed the image of a miniature electric lamp attached to an ordinary planimeter. Mixed-image planimetric measurements were more easily made and required much less time than area calculation by an integrating eyepiece, by weight or by ordinary planimetric measurements of photomicrographs or tracings of the area. Mixed-image planimetric measurements of a finite area varied less than 1 per cent. Such precision was not obtained with the other methods. The new method was devised in vivo stereometric measurements of bone tissue remodelling in rabbit ear chambers, but should find a much wider application in quantitative microscopy of both finite and extensive objects.", "PMID": 1058623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2631", "title": "Postoperative hepatic blood flow and its relation to systemic circulation and blood gases during splanchnic blockade and fentanyl analgesia.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with gallbladder disease, but otherwise healthy, were studied in connection with cholecystectomy. For postoperative analgesia, 22 patients were given a posterior splanchnic blockade with 0.5% plain lidocaine, and 12 were injected intramuscularly with fentanyl in a dose of 3.5 mug/kg b.w. Postoperatively, before administration of the analgesic agent, the cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, heart work and estimated hepatic blood flow were increased and the total peripheral resistance, splanchnic vascular resistance, arterial oxygen tension and base excess values were decreased. Fentanyl, in addition to its analgesic effect, also decreased the arterial oxygen tension and pH and increased the arterial carbon dioxide tension. There was little change in cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure and estimated hepatic blood flow. Following splanchnic blockade, on the other hand, pain relief was accompanied by a decrease in cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure and heart work to about the preoperative level, while the estimated hepatic blood flow remained unchanged and the splanchnic vascular resistance decreased rapidly. Neither total peripheral resistance nor blood gases altered as a result of splanchnic blockade.", "contents": "Postoperative hepatic blood flow and its relation to systemic circulation and blood gases during splanchnic blockade and fentanyl analgesia. Thirty-four patients with gallbladder disease, but otherwise healthy, were studied in connection with cholecystectomy. For postoperative analgesia, 22 patients were given a posterior splanchnic blockade with 0.5% plain lidocaine, and 12 were injected intramuscularly with fentanyl in a dose of 3.5 mug/kg b.w. Postoperatively, before administration of the analgesic agent, the cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure, heart work and estimated hepatic blood flow were increased and the total peripheral resistance, splanchnic vascular resistance, arterial oxygen tension and base excess values were decreased. Fentanyl, in addition to its analgesic effect, also decreased the arterial oxygen tension and pH and increased the arterial carbon dioxide tension. There was little change in cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure and estimated hepatic blood flow. Following splanchnic blockade, on the other hand, pain relief was accompanied by a decrease in cardiac output, mean arterial blood pressure and heart work to about the preoperative level, while the estimated hepatic blood flow remained unchanged and the splanchnic vascular resistance decreased rapidly. Neither total peripheral resistance nor blood gases altered as a result of splanchnic blockade.", "PMID": 1058622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2632", "title": "I. Validity of dichnomatic earpiece densitometry for quantitative studies in children with shunt-free cardiovascular malformations.", "content": "Cardiac output was assessed in 16 children without evidence of cardiovascular shunts from simultaneously recorded earpiece and cuvette densitometric tracings. The earpiece set-up was calibrated by the end-tail method. Both instruments gave linear response to dye concentrations used. There was a close correlation between cardiac output figures recorded by the two methods (r equal to 0.95) and no systematic difference occurred. It is concluded that in infants and children earpiece densitometry constitutes a rapid and accurate method for quantitative circulatory studies.", "contents": "I. Validity of dichnomatic earpiece densitometry for quantitative studies in children with shunt-free cardiovascular malformations. Cardiac output was assessed in 16 children without evidence of cardiovascular shunts from simultaneously recorded earpiece and cuvette densitometric tracings. The earpiece set-up was calibrated by the end-tail method. Both instruments gave linear response to dye concentrations used. There was a close correlation between cardiac output figures recorded by the two methods (r equal to 0.95) and no systematic difference occurred. It is concluded that in infants and children earpiece densitometry constitutes a rapid and accurate method for quantitative circulatory studies.", "PMID": 1058624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2633", "title": "V. Exercise studies in children with congenital heart disease. An earpiece densitometric investigation.", "content": "Twenty-three patients have been studied by exercise testing during right heart catheterization. Cardiac output was measured by the earpiece densitometric technique before, during and after the exercise period. It is concluded that the earpiece densitometric technique in conjunction with exercise testing offers an attractive alternative for the study of pressure and flow characteristics in children with congenital heart disease.", "contents": "V. Exercise studies in children with congenital heart disease. An earpiece densitometric investigation. Twenty-three patients have been studied by exercise testing during right heart catheterization. Cardiac output was measured by the earpiece densitometric technique before, during and after the exercise period. It is concluded that the earpiece densitometric technique in conjunction with exercise testing offers an attractive alternative for the study of pressure and flow characteristics in children with congenital heart disease.", "PMID": 1058625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2634", "title": "II. Cardiac output studies in infants and children undergoing right heart catheterization.", "content": "Cardiac output figures from 97 patients were computed by earpiece densitometry and correlated to various dimensional parameters. Stroke volume was better correlated to body dimensions than cardiac output indicating that patients undergoing right heart catheterization were not in basal state.", "contents": "II. Cardiac output studies in infants and children undergoing right heart catheterization. Cardiac output figures from 97 patients were computed by earpiece densitometry and correlated to various dimensional parameters. Stroke volume was better correlated to body dimensions than cardiac output indicating that patients undergoing right heart catheterization were not in basal state.", "PMID": 1058626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2635", "title": "Pectus excavatum; a clinical study with long term postoperavtive follow-up.", "content": "There are divergent views about the harm that pectus excavatum and related chest deformities does to the respiratory and heart function. The indications for surgery and the optimal age for surgical intervention are debatable. In this study 37 operated and 38 nonoperated cases of about the same severity have been followed for more than ten years and examined after the age of 18 years. The examination included socio-economic, cosmetic and cardio-pulmonary function aspects. It could be shown that from the psychological aspect there were no significant differences between the operated and the non-operated cases. The tendency to contract bronchopneumonia is not influenced by operation. The physical working capacity was the same in the two groups. The operated cases have slightly lower pulmonary function values that the non-operated in spite of the fact that the non-operated group at the time of follow-up included the more seveee cases. Age at operation did not seem to be of any importance for the long-term results. The lower pulmonary function capacity in the operated cases is thought to be attributed to a restriction secondary to the operation. There are also indications that pectus excavatum tends to become less pronounced with increasing age. The study supports a restrictive attitude towards surgery.", "contents": "Pectus excavatum; a clinical study with long term postoperavtive follow-up. There are divergent views about the harm that pectus excavatum and related chest deformities does to the respiratory and heart function. The indications for surgery and the optimal age for surgical intervention are debatable. In this study 37 operated and 38 nonoperated cases of about the same severity have been followed for more than ten years and examined after the age of 18 years. The examination included socio-economic, cosmetic and cardio-pulmonary function aspects. It could be shown that from the psychological aspect there were no significant differences between the operated and the non-operated cases. The tendency to contract bronchopneumonia is not influenced by operation. The physical working capacity was the same in the two groups. The operated cases have slightly lower pulmonary function values that the non-operated in spite of the fact that the non-operated group at the time of follow-up included the more seveee cases. Age at operation did not seem to be of any importance for the long-term results. The lower pulmonary function capacity in the operated cases is thought to be attributed to a restriction secondary to the operation. There are also indications that pectus excavatum tends to become less pronounced with increasing age. The study supports a restrictive attitude towards surgery.", "PMID": 1058627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2636", "title": "Myeloproliferative disorders with selective differentiation toward megakaryocytic cells. A clinicopathological study of three autopsy cases.", "content": "Three autopsy cases of myeloproliferative disorders with selective differentiation toward megakaryocytic cells were reported with a clinicopathological analysis. All of these cases had some common distinctive features; (1) patients, adult of more than 40 years of age, (2) relatively acute fatal course (about 20 to 100 days), (3) continued pancytopenia in the peripheral blood, (4) so-called blast cells, occasionally showing accumulation, according to the length of total duration, in addition to overwhelming predominance of atypical megakaryocytic cells in the bone marrow, and (5) an increased tendency of fibrillosis in the interstitium of the bone marrow corresponding to the more or less prolonged duration of the course. From these facts, they should be compatible with so-called megakaryocytic myelosis. Some relationship between this disorder and myelogenous leukemia, and infiltrative tendency of megakaryocytic cells in the extramedullary organs had also been discussed shortly.", "contents": "Myeloproliferative disorders with selective differentiation toward megakaryocytic cells. A clinicopathological study of three autopsy cases. Three autopsy cases of myeloproliferative disorders with selective differentiation toward megakaryocytic cells were reported with a clinicopathological analysis. All of these cases had some common distinctive features; (1) patients, adult of more than 40 years of age, (2) relatively acute fatal course (about 20 to 100 days), (3) continued pancytopenia in the peripheral blood, (4) so-called blast cells, occasionally showing accumulation, according to the length of total duration, in addition to overwhelming predominance of atypical megakaryocytic cells in the bone marrow, and (5) an increased tendency of fibrillosis in the interstitium of the bone marrow corresponding to the more or less prolonged duration of the course. From these facts, they should be compatible with so-called megakaryocytic myelosis. Some relationship between this disorder and myelogenous leukemia, and infiltrative tendency of megakaryocytic cells in the extramedullary organs had also been discussed shortly.", "PMID": 1058628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2637", "title": "The Di Guglielmo syndrome: a study of 17 cases. I. Clinical and haematological manifestations.", "content": "Based on a series of 17 patients with Di Guglielmo's syndrome, i.e., erythraemic myelosis and erythroleukaemia, a description is given of the clinical and haematological manifestations of this disease. Three cases were anerythraemic, i.e. no erythroblasts were seen in the blood smears, and three were aleukaemic, i.e. no myeloblasts and/or promyelocytes were found in the blood. The percentage of erythroblasts in the bone marrow smears varied from 34 to 96. In all cases, abnormalities (often megaloblastoid changes) of varying severity were observed in the erythroblasts. Proerythroblasts showing erythrophagocytosis, multinuclearity and vacuolation of the cytoplasm are features of great diagnostic importance. Five patients had myeloblasts or promyelocytes containing Auer rods, six had neutrophilic granulocytes showing pseudo-Pelger-H\u00fcet anomaly, and in most cases agranular polymorphonuclears were present. Brief comments are given on the PAS, nuclear arylsulphatase and naphtol-AS-D-chloroacetate-esterase staining methods. Four of five patients studied cytogenetically revealed abnormal stem lines. The survival times after the onset of the disease ranged from 17 days to 20 months. The disease is closely related to myeloblastic leukaemia. In the course of Di Guglielmo's syndrome, the leukaemic component often becomes more conspicuous, so that, in the terminal phase, the disease cannot be distinguished from typical myeloblastic leukaemia. As, in Di Guglielmo's \"leukaemia\", the diagnostic problems are greater than and different from those in typical myeloblastic leukaemia, it is still reasonable to place this disease in a separate group under acute granulocytic leukaemia.", "contents": "The Di Guglielmo syndrome: a study of 17 cases. I. Clinical and haematological manifestations. Based on a series of 17 patients with Di Guglielmo's syndrome, i.e., erythraemic myelosis and erythroleukaemia, a description is given of the clinical and haematological manifestations of this disease. Three cases were anerythraemic, i.e. no erythroblasts were seen in the blood smears, and three were aleukaemic, i.e. no myeloblasts and/or promyelocytes were found in the blood. The percentage of erythroblasts in the bone marrow smears varied from 34 to 96. In all cases, abnormalities (often megaloblastoid changes) of varying severity were observed in the erythroblasts. Proerythroblasts showing erythrophagocytosis, multinuclearity and vacuolation of the cytoplasm are features of great diagnostic importance. Five patients had myeloblasts or promyelocytes containing Auer rods, six had neutrophilic granulocytes showing pseudo-Pelger-H\u00fcet anomaly, and in most cases agranular polymorphonuclears were present. Brief comments are given on the PAS, nuclear arylsulphatase and naphtol-AS-D-chloroacetate-esterase staining methods. Four of five patients studied cytogenetically revealed abnormal stem lines. The survival times after the onset of the disease ranged from 17 days to 20 months. The disease is closely related to myeloblastic leukaemia. In the course of Di Guglielmo's syndrome, the leukaemic component often becomes more conspicuous, so that, in the terminal phase, the disease cannot be distinguished from typical myeloblastic leukaemia. As, in Di Guglielmo's \"leukaemia\", the diagnostic problems are greater than and different from those in typical myeloblastic leukaemia, it is still reasonable to place this disease in a separate group under acute granulocytic leukaemia.", "PMID": 1058630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2638", "title": "Attempted orthodontic movement in the presence of suspected ankylosis.", "content": "A 37-year-old man with suspected ankylosis (\"submerged\" teeth, radiographically obliterated periodontal membranes, and sharp or ringing percussion tests) was subjected to attempted orthodontic movement. The maxillary canine and posterior segments were chosen as treatment areas. While the terms \"light\" and \"heavy\" are relative, forces ranging from 6 to 24 ounces were variants great enough in the areas treated to have elicited movement if movement were possible. After continuous forces had been applied for 110 days, measurements showed no movement in either maxillary quadrant.", "contents": "Attempted orthodontic movement in the presence of suspected ankylosis. A 37-year-old man with suspected ankylosis (\"submerged\" teeth, radiographically obliterated periodontal membranes, and sharp or ringing percussion tests) was subjected to attempted orthodontic movement. The maxillary canine and posterior segments were chosen as treatment areas. While the terms \"light\" and \"heavy\" are relative, forces ranging from 6 to 24 ounces were variants great enough in the areas treated to have elicited movement if movement were possible. After continuous forces had been applied for 110 days, measurements showed no movement in either maxillary quadrant.", "PMID": 1058638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2639", "title": "Muscles of mastication in small children: an electromyographic analysis.", "content": "The temporalis, masseter, and depressor muscles of fifteen normal children were studied electromyographically to determine their activities during the position of resting tonus, during various movements of the mandible, and during the act of swallowing. Analysis of our results led to the following conclusions: 1. Resting tonus of the mandible does not depend on neuromuscular activity in the three portions of the temporalis, masseter, and depressor muscle group; they were inactive bilaterally. 2. Opening of the jaw either slowly or maximally, and against resistance, is brought about by the contraction of the depressor muscle group. 3. Closing of the jaw quickly is brought about mainly by greater contraction of the masseter muscle, and slightly by contraction of the temporalis. 4. Closing the jaw quickly with occlusal contact of the teeth is effected by the temporalis and masseter muscles. 5. Protraction of the jaw is performed by contraction of the masseter muscles. The depressor muscle group contracts to maintain the slight depression followed by the protraction. 6. Swallowing saliva and water is accompanied by contractions of the depressor muscle group. 7. Incisor chewing of gum and peanuts mainly recruits marked contraction of the masseter muscle. Some slight-to-moderate activity is achieved by the temporalis. The depressor muscle group acts in antagonism with the elevator muscles. 8. Chewing gum on the right and left molar sides and normal mastication are effected by the contraction of the temporal and masseter muscles. The suprahyoid muscle group acts in antagonism with the elevator muscles. 9. Normal children with deciduous teeth have patterns that are similar to those of normal adults.", "contents": "Muscles of mastication in small children: an electromyographic analysis. The temporalis, masseter, and depressor muscles of fifteen normal children were studied electromyographically to determine their activities during the position of resting tonus, during various movements of the mandible, and during the act of swallowing. Analysis of our results led to the following conclusions: 1. Resting tonus of the mandible does not depend on neuromuscular activity in the three portions of the temporalis, masseter, and depressor muscle group; they were inactive bilaterally. 2. Opening of the jaw either slowly or maximally, and against resistance, is brought about by the contraction of the depressor muscle group. 3. Closing of the jaw quickly is brought about mainly by greater contraction of the masseter muscle, and slightly by contraction of the temporalis. 4. Closing the jaw quickly with occlusal contact of the teeth is effected by the temporalis and masseter muscles. 5. Protraction of the jaw is performed by contraction of the masseter muscles. The depressor muscle group contracts to maintain the slight depression followed by the protraction. 6. Swallowing saliva and water is accompanied by contractions of the depressor muscle group. 7. Incisor chewing of gum and peanuts mainly recruits marked contraction of the masseter muscle. Some slight-to-moderate activity is achieved by the temporalis. The depressor muscle group acts in antagonism with the elevator muscles. 8. Chewing gum on the right and left molar sides and normal mastication are effected by the contraction of the temporal and masseter muscles. The suprahyoid muscle group acts in antagonism with the elevator muscles. 9. Normal children with deciduous teeth have patterns that are similar to those of normal adults.", "PMID": 1058639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2640", "title": "A test of the transmethylation hypothesis in acute schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Keeping biochemical determinations and clinical judgements independent, the authors investigated three aspects of the transmethylation hypothesis. They found that 26 acutely schizophrenic patients were no more likely to have bufotenine or N,N-dimethyltryptamine present in urine or elevated serum indolethylamine N-methyltransferase activity than 10 normal control subjects. The authors conclude that these are naturally occurring substances which are equally likely to be present in normal and schizophrenic subjects.", "contents": "A test of the transmethylation hypothesis in acute schizophrenic patients. Keeping biochemical determinations and clinical judgements independent, the authors investigated three aspects of the transmethylation hypothesis. They found that 26 acutely schizophrenic patients were no more likely to have bufotenine or N,N-dimethyltryptamine present in urine or elevated serum indolethylamine N-methyltransferase activity than 10 normal control subjects. The authors conclude that these are naturally occurring substances which are equally likely to be present in normal and schizophrenic subjects.", "PMID": 1058643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2641", "title": "Localization of secretory IgA, secretory component, and alpha chain in the mammary gland of lactating rabbits by immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "The different steps in the processing of secretory IgA (sIgA) of the mammary gland of lactating rabbits have been investigated with immunoelectron microscopy. The method employed consists of an indirect localization sequence, in which the immunologic reagents are allowed to diffuse into the fixed tissue prior to embedding and thin sectioning. In the first step, goat F(ab')2 fragments directed against sIgA, secretory component (SC), or alpha chain were used. To visualize the location of these first-step antibody fragments, a second Fab fragment directed against goat F(ab')2 antibody was prepared and coupled to a small heme octapeptide that possessed peroxidatic activity, the reaction product of which is visible by electron microscopy. Both the epithelial cell and the local plasmacytes of the mammary gland contain alpha chain, whereas SC is exclusively located in the epithelial cells. In the plasmacytes, both the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the saccules and vesicles of the Golgi complex contain alpha chain. In the epithelial cells, the elements of the Golgi complex and large apical vacuoles situated in the apical region of the cell. Based on these results, a model for processing of sIgA is proposed and discussed.", "contents": "Localization of secretory IgA, secretory component, and alpha chain in the mammary gland of lactating rabbits by immunoelectron microscopy. The different steps in the processing of secretory IgA (sIgA) of the mammary gland of lactating rabbits have been investigated with immunoelectron microscopy. The method employed consists of an indirect localization sequence, in which the immunologic reagents are allowed to diffuse into the fixed tissue prior to embedding and thin sectioning. In the first step, goat F(ab')2 fragments directed against sIgA, secretory component (SC), or alpha chain were used. To visualize the location of these first-step antibody fragments, a second Fab fragment directed against goat F(ab')2 antibody was prepared and coupled to a small heme octapeptide that possessed peroxidatic activity, the reaction product of which is visible by electron microscopy. Both the epithelial cell and the local plasmacytes of the mammary gland contain alpha chain, whereas SC is exclusively located in the epithelial cells. In the plasmacytes, both the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the saccules and vesicles of the Golgi complex contain alpha chain. In the epithelial cells, the elements of the Golgi complex and large apical vacuoles situated in the apical region of the cell. Based on these results, a model for processing of sIgA is proposed and discussed.", "PMID": 1058646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2642", "title": "Myeloproliferative disorders.", "content": "Forty-three operative procedures were performed on a population of 250 patients with myeloproliferative disorders, including polycythemia vera, myeloid metaplasia (MM) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The overall operative mortality was approximately 7% and the incidence of excessive bleeding which could be related to coagulopathy was 5%. Twenty-one patients with MM or CML underwent splenectomy for palliation of symptoms related to the enlarged spleen or hematologic problems. Eighty-four percent of the latter group were improved. Adverse hematologic effects which could be attributed to splenectomy in these patients were confined to two patients who developed marked thrombocytosis. Among the 23 patients with MM, 9 had portal hypertension. Three underwent portacaval shunt and one a splenorenal shunt for bleeding varices. One of the patients died of hepatic necrosis. Estimated hepatic blood flow determinations (EHBF) in 4 patients with portal hypertension demonstrated a marked absolute increase and an increase in the ratio of EHBF/Cardiac Index. Absence of any evidence of intrahepatic or extrahepatic obstruction in these patients and the demonstration that splenectomy relieved portal hypertension defined at surgery in 4 patients, suggests that augmented adhepatic flow contributes to portal hypertension in some cases. The review leads to the conclusions that: 1) Operative procedures in prepared patients with myeloproliferative disorders are not associated with prohibitive mortality and morbidity rates. 2) Splenectomy is indicated for patients with increasing transfusion requirements and symptomatic splenomegaly or hypersplenism and should be performed early in the course of disease. 3) When associated portal hypertension and bleeding varices are present, hemodynamic studies should be carried out to define if splenectomy alone, or a portal systemic decompressive procedure is indicated.", "contents": "Myeloproliferative disorders. Forty-three operative procedures were performed on a population of 250 patients with myeloproliferative disorders, including polycythemia vera, myeloid metaplasia (MM) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The overall operative mortality was approximately 7% and the incidence of excessive bleeding which could be related to coagulopathy was 5%. Twenty-one patients with MM or CML underwent splenectomy for palliation of symptoms related to the enlarged spleen or hematologic problems. Eighty-four percent of the latter group were improved. Adverse hematologic effects which could be attributed to splenectomy in these patients were confined to two patients who developed marked thrombocytosis. Among the 23 patients with MM, 9 had portal hypertension. Three underwent portacaval shunt and one a splenorenal shunt for bleeding varices. One of the patients died of hepatic necrosis. Estimated hepatic blood flow determinations (EHBF) in 4 patients with portal hypertension demonstrated a marked absolute increase and an increase in the ratio of EHBF/Cardiac Index. Absence of any evidence of intrahepatic or extrahepatic obstruction in these patients and the demonstration that splenectomy relieved portal hypertension defined at surgery in 4 patients, suggests that augmented adhepatic flow contributes to portal hypertension in some cases. The review leads to the conclusions that: 1) Operative procedures in prepared patients with myeloproliferative disorders are not associated with prohibitive mortality and morbidity rates. 2) Splenectomy is indicated for patients with increasing transfusion requirements and symptomatic splenomegaly or hypersplenism and should be performed early in the course of disease. 3) When associated portal hypertension and bleeding varices are present, hemodynamic studies should be carried out to define if splenectomy alone, or a portal systemic decompressive procedure is indicated.", "PMID": 1058648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2643", "title": "[Atypical amputations of bone tumors of the lower extremity (author's transl)].", "content": "The most predominant problem concerning malignant tumors in the lower extremities is the radical removal of the tumor, for this almost always involves amputation. Referring to the eventual outfitting of a prosthesis one must keep functionality in mind from the start. This includes all the planing for the preservation of a stump that can be fitted with a prosthesis. Experience has confirmed the advantages of foot-root stumps and knee disarticulation. Good functional results can be attained with tumors of the femur in individual cases through atypical operations. This involved elongation of the stump by means of a fibula transplant; replacing the femur with a bioceramic endoprosthesis; and rotation-plasty, whereby the knee joint is replaced by the ankle joint.", "contents": "[Atypical amputations of bone tumors of the lower extremity (author's transl)]. The most predominant problem concerning malignant tumors in the lower extremities is the radical removal of the tumor, for this almost always involves amputation. Referring to the eventual outfitting of a prosthesis one must keep functionality in mind from the start. This includes all the planing for the preservation of a stump that can be fitted with a prosthesis. Experience has confirmed the advantages of foot-root stumps and knee disarticulation. Good functional results can be attained with tumors of the femur in individual cases through atypical operations. This involved elongation of the stump by means of a fibula transplant; replacing the femur with a bioceramic endoprosthesis; and rotation-plasty, whereby the knee joint is replaced by the ankle joint.", "PMID": 1058659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2644", "title": "Oral surgery in general dental practice. Apicoectomy.", "content": "Apicoectomy is a frequently performed operation. In order to produce consistently good results the operation and its varieties are described, with stress being placed on correct assessment of each case prior to surgery.", "contents": "Oral surgery in general dental practice. Apicoectomy. Apicoectomy is a frequently performed operation. In order to produce consistently good results the operation and its varieties are described, with stress being placed on correct assessment of each case prior to surgery.", "PMID": 1058660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2645", "title": "Reorganization for intravenous procedures in dentistry.", "content": "The importance of reorganization for intravenous dental procedures, involving not only premises and equipment but also the dentist and his staff, is emphasised. These matters are discussed in detail with special emphasis on certain essential factors and psychologic aspects.", "contents": "Reorganization for intravenous procedures in dentistry. The importance of reorganization for intravenous dental procedures, involving not only premises and equipment but also the dentist and his staff, is emphasised. These matters are discussed in detail with special emphasis on certain essential factors and psychologic aspects.", "PMID": 1058661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2646", "title": "Analysis of jaw opening reflexes.", "content": "Electromyograms were compared with kinematograms recorded for 35 male dental students, average age 25 years, with full occlusions and without temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The records were obtained during the open-close-clench cycle rhythmically performed as the patient occluded on the molar teeth. The mechanical tracings disclosed seven subjects with centric slide and the duration of the cycle was significantly longer than normal. The kinematographic latency of the jaw opening reflex was found to be about equal to the sum of the electromyographic latency and inhibition.", "contents": "Analysis of jaw opening reflexes. Electromyograms were compared with kinematograms recorded for 35 male dental students, average age 25 years, with full occlusions and without temporomandibular joint dysfunction. The records were obtained during the open-close-clench cycle rhythmically performed as the patient occluded on the molar teeth. The mechanical tracings disclosed seven subjects with centric slide and the duration of the cycle was significantly longer than normal. The kinematographic latency of the jaw opening reflex was found to be about equal to the sum of the electromyographic latency and inhibition.", "PMID": 1058662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2647", "title": "Composite resin restorations. A three-year clinical assessment of four materials.", "content": "The clinical characteristics of four composite resins were assessed over a period or up to three years. Two hundred and sixty nine restorations of composite resins placed in anterior teeth were subjected to 380 examinations during a three year study. The restorations had been placed in the mouth of patients aged 11 to more than 51 years by a variety of operators and the clinical characteristics observed. An increase in defects and deficiencies occurred at the progressive examinations.", "contents": "Composite resin restorations. A three-year clinical assessment of four materials. The clinical characteristics of four composite resins were assessed over a period or up to three years. Two hundred and sixty nine restorations of composite resins placed in anterior teeth were subjected to 380 examinations during a three year study. The restorations had been placed in the mouth of patients aged 11 to more than 51 years by a variety of operators and the clinical characteristics observed. An increase in defects and deficiencies occurred at the progressive examinations.", "PMID": 1058663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2648", "title": "Practical recording of dental caries increment.", "content": "Records obtained from regular dental patients at initial examination are transferred to punch cards. Subsequent data entered on punch cards. Provision is made for transferring basic and amended information to new cards when required. Analysis of incremental data can be used to evaluate changes in practice and assess work load.", "contents": "Practical recording of dental caries increment. Records obtained from regular dental patients at initial examination are transferred to punch cards. Subsequent data entered on punch cards. Provision is made for transferring basic and amended information to new cards when required. Analysis of incremental data can be used to evaluate changes in practice and assess work load.", "PMID": 1058664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2649", "title": "Back from the cuspid.", "content": "Denture reduction in formal orthodontic treatment does not appear to prevent the impaction of lower third molars. The extraction of premolar teeth is best carried out as close as possible to the eruption time of the cuspids. The posterior part of the mandibular arch should be evaluated by the study of lateral oblique roentgenograms and one of several options regarding treatment should then be adopted.", "contents": "Back from the cuspid. Denture reduction in formal orthodontic treatment does not appear to prevent the impaction of lower third molars. The extraction of premolar teeth is best carried out as close as possible to the eruption time of the cuspids. The posterior part of the mandibular arch should be evaluated by the study of lateral oblique roentgenograms and one of several options regarding treatment should then be adopted.", "PMID": 1058665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2650", "title": "Some epidemiological aspects of clefts of the primary and secondary palate in South Australia, 1949-1968.", "content": "The hospital records of 559 children born in South Australia with clefting of the lip and/or palate were analysed and compared with similar reports in epidemiological characteristics.", "contents": "Some epidemiological aspects of clefts of the primary and secondary palate in South Australia, 1949-1968. The hospital records of 559 children born in South Australia with clefting of the lip and/or palate were analysed and compared with similar reports in epidemiological characteristics.", "PMID": 1058666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2651", "title": "Cytogenetic studies of the spleen in chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Using a technique of short-term in vitro culture, cytogenetic studies were performed on splenic tissue from 12 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In eight patients the disease was in its chronic phase and had been treated with busulphan (seven cases) or splenic irradiation (one case). In five of these patients, small numbers of dividing cells possessing the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome were observed; in one, only Ph1 -negative metaphases, presumably those of lymphocytes, occurred, and in two patients no dividing cells were obtained. In four patients chronic granulocytic leukaemia had undergone metamorphosis to an acute phase: in two of these patients no dividing cells were observed in splenic cultures with or without added phytohaemagglutinin: this result may have been attributable to prior cytotoxic therapy. In cultures from the other two patients in metamorphosis, almost all dividing cells were Ph1 -positve and many cells possessed two Ph1 chromosomes. Full cytogenetic analysis in one of these cases showed that the spleen contained several closely related cell lines, apparently reflecting progressive tumour cell evolution.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies of the spleen in chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Using a technique of short-term in vitro culture, cytogenetic studies were performed on splenic tissue from 12 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In eight patients the disease was in its chronic phase and had been treated with busulphan (seven cases) or splenic irradiation (one case). In five of these patients, small numbers of dividing cells possessing the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome were observed; in one, only Ph1 -negative metaphases, presumably those of lymphocytes, occurred, and in two patients no dividing cells were obtained. In four patients chronic granulocytic leukaemia had undergone metamorphosis to an acute phase: in two of these patients no dividing cells were observed in splenic cultures with or without added phytohaemagglutinin: this result may have been attributable to prior cytotoxic therapy. In cultures from the other two patients in metamorphosis, almost all dividing cells were Ph1 -positve and many cells possessed two Ph1 chromosomes. Full cytogenetic analysis in one of these cases showed that the spleen contained several closely related cell lines, apparently reflecting progressive tumour cell evolution.", "PMID": 1058669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2652", "title": "Treatment of chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis by lymphocyte transfer factor.", "content": "A beneficial clinical effect from the administration of lymphocyte transfer factor is described in six patients with idiopathic early onset chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis. Five patients in two families showed a familial disease pattern. Dermal anergy and failure to produce migratory inhibition factor with intact general immune function were found in patients tested. Antifungal chemotherapy was effective in clearing or markedly reducing the candidiasis and remission was maintained by repeated injections of transfer factor. Therapy was monitored using Candida skin test.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis by lymphocyte transfer factor. A beneficial clinical effect from the administration of lymphocyte transfer factor is described in six patients with idiopathic early onset chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis. Five patients in two families showed a familial disease pattern. Dermal anergy and failure to produce migratory inhibition factor with intact general immune function were found in patients tested. Antifungal chemotherapy was effective in clearing or markedly reducing the candidiasis and remission was maintained by repeated injections of transfer factor. Therapy was monitored using Candida skin test.", "PMID": 1058670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2653", "title": "A clinical and lung function study of chronic lung disease and asthma in coastal Papua New Guinea.", "content": "A prevalence survey on the island of Karkar had previously shown that chronic lung disease was common in both sexes after the age of 35 years and that, in part, this was related to the smoking of home-grown air-cured tobacco. To investigate the nature of this chronic lung disease, 37 nontuberculous subjects with reduced ventilatory capacity (forced expiratory volume in one second less than 75% predicted) underwent clinical and lung function investigations. Ninety-two per cent had adventitiae, 62% had chronic productive cough and 54% had dyspnoea on exertion. Lung function tests showed an irreversible obstructive defect with a variable, but on average, only moderately reduced transfer factor. The chest radiography showed evidence of hyperinflation in 38% of cases but non had narrowing or loss of pulmonary vessels suggestive of emphysema. \"Inflammatory changes\" occurred in 35% and were associated with a mild but significant element of restriction. The results suggest that chronic bronchitis and chronic bronchiolitis were the main underlying abnormalities and that emphysema was comparatively unimportant. Asthma appeared to be relatively uncommon, especially in children. The clinical and lung function findings in 16 asthmatics were essentially similar to those observed in asthmatics elsewhere and the atopic status of asthmatics and controls was similar to that observed in developed societies. In common with Highland asthmatics however, the age at onset was in early adult life rather than in childhood.", "contents": "A clinical and lung function study of chronic lung disease and asthma in coastal Papua New Guinea. A prevalence survey on the island of Karkar had previously shown that chronic lung disease was common in both sexes after the age of 35 years and that, in part, this was related to the smoking of home-grown air-cured tobacco. To investigate the nature of this chronic lung disease, 37 nontuberculous subjects with reduced ventilatory capacity (forced expiratory volume in one second less than 75% predicted) underwent clinical and lung function investigations. Ninety-two per cent had adventitiae, 62% had chronic productive cough and 54% had dyspnoea on exertion. Lung function tests showed an irreversible obstructive defect with a variable, but on average, only moderately reduced transfer factor. The chest radiography showed evidence of hyperinflation in 38% of cases but non had narrowing or loss of pulmonary vessels suggestive of emphysema. \"Inflammatory changes\" occurred in 35% and were associated with a mild but significant element of restriction. The results suggest that chronic bronchitis and chronic bronchiolitis were the main underlying abnormalities and that emphysema was comparatively unimportant. Asthma appeared to be relatively uncommon, especially in children. The clinical and lung function findings in 16 asthmatics were essentially similar to those observed in asthmatics elsewhere and the atopic status of asthmatics and controls was similar to that observed in developed societies. In common with Highland asthmatics however, the age at onset was in early adult life rather than in childhood.", "PMID": 1058671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2654", "title": "Extensive drug surveillance--a pilot study.", "content": "The aim of this Extensive Drug Surveillance programme was to develop a system of drug monitoring suitable for detecting adverse drug reactions in hospitalised patients. The monitored field was a general medical ward in the Royal Adelaide Hospital and monitoring was carried out for a period of one month (September 1974). A total of 85 patients (45 males and 40 females) were monitored and in 14 of them adverse reactions were noted. The overall incidence of such reactions was 16.5%. A greater intake of drugs was a significant finding in patients who experienced adverse reactions. Coupled with this was the observation that patients who stayed longer in hospital had a greater number of drugs administered to them. A third finding was the higher incidence of reactions in female patients.", "contents": "Extensive drug surveillance--a pilot study. The aim of this Extensive Drug Surveillance programme was to develop a system of drug monitoring suitable for detecting adverse drug reactions in hospitalised patients. The monitored field was a general medical ward in the Royal Adelaide Hospital and monitoring was carried out for a period of one month (September 1974). A total of 85 patients (45 males and 40 females) were monitored and in 14 of them adverse reactions were noted. The overall incidence of such reactions was 16.5%. A greater intake of drugs was a significant finding in patients who experienced adverse reactions. Coupled with this was the observation that patients who stayed longer in hospital had a greater number of drugs administered to them. A third finding was the higher incidence of reactions in female patients.", "PMID": 1058672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2655", "title": "Diarrhoea and colitis associated with antibiotic treatment.", "content": "Sixteen cases of colitis developing within twenty-one days of antibiotic therapy are reported. There was a wide range of disease severity. Lincomycin and Clindamycin were implicated in twelve. The colitis was of two pathological patterns pseudomembranous colitis and \"non-specific\" colitis. There is a relative sparing of the rectum in some cases making the diagnosis more difficult on sigmoidoscopy.", "contents": "Diarrhoea and colitis associated with antibiotic treatment. Sixteen cases of colitis developing within twenty-one days of antibiotic therapy are reported. There was a wide range of disease severity. Lincomycin and Clindamycin were implicated in twelve. The colitis was of two pathological patterns pseudomembranous colitis and \"non-specific\" colitis. There is a relative sparing of the rectum in some cases making the diagnosis more difficult on sigmoidoscopy.", "PMID": 1058673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2656", "title": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis.", "content": "The clinical and pathological features of histiocytic medullary reticulosis (HMR) are described in five patients. Treatment by splenectomy and the MOPP routine resulted in a transient improvement in platelet and neutrophil counts and resolution of anaemia and apparent prolongation of survival in two of the five patients. The relationship of HMR to other histiocytic disorders is discussed. HMR is defined as a unique malignant histiocytosis in which malignant histiocytes engage in phagocytosis of eryrhrocytes, leucocytes and platelets.", "contents": "Histiocytic medullary reticulosis. The clinical and pathological features of histiocytic medullary reticulosis (HMR) are described in five patients. Treatment by splenectomy and the MOPP routine resulted in a transient improvement in platelet and neutrophil counts and resolution of anaemia and apparent prolongation of survival in two of the five patients. The relationship of HMR to other histiocytic disorders is discussed. HMR is defined as a unique malignant histiocytosis in which malignant histiocytes engage in phagocytosis of eryrhrocytes, leucocytes and platelets.", "PMID": 1058674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2657", "title": "Symptomatic hypergastrinaemia with achlorhydria: reflief by antrectomy.", "content": "A women had hypergastrinaemia associated with the variety of gastritis (Type A) that is associated usually with pernicious anaemia, together with recurring bouts of severe abdominal pain. Fasting serum gastrin levels ranged between 600 and 2750 pg/ml. There was a rise in serum gastrin levels after a standard protein meal, indicative of a large G cell mass, and a fall after intragastric HCI, which led to a trial of treatment with HCI; this gave some symptomatic relief. After surgical antrectomy there was a profound fall of serum gastrin from a pre-operative level of 2500 pg/ml to constant values of 16--25 pg/ml, and complete and lasting relief from the bouts of abdominal pain.", "contents": "Symptomatic hypergastrinaemia with achlorhydria: reflief by antrectomy. A women had hypergastrinaemia associated with the variety of gastritis (Type A) that is associated usually with pernicious anaemia, together with recurring bouts of severe abdominal pain. Fasting serum gastrin levels ranged between 600 and 2750 pg/ml. There was a rise in serum gastrin levels after a standard protein meal, indicative of a large G cell mass, and a fall after intragastric HCI, which led to a trial of treatment with HCI; this gave some symptomatic relief. After surgical antrectomy there was a profound fall of serum gastrin from a pre-operative level of 2500 pg/ml to constant values of 16--25 pg/ml, and complete and lasting relief from the bouts of abdominal pain.", "PMID": 1058675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2658", "title": "Familial hypertrophic cariomyopathy and lentiginosis.", "content": "Members of three generations of a family studied, manifest profuse lentiginosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The autosomal dominant inheritance of this syndrome is established. Lentiginosis should alert the physician to possible underlying heart disease.", "contents": "Familial hypertrophic cariomyopathy and lentiginosis. Members of three generations of a family studied, manifest profuse lentiginosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The autosomal dominant inheritance of this syndrome is established. Lentiginosis should alert the physician to possible underlying heart disease.", "PMID": 1058676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2659", "title": "Salmonella meningitis treatment with intravenous trimethoprim.", "content": "Intravenous trimethoprim and sulphadiazine were used in the successful treatment of Salmonella meningitis in a four months old child. Pharmacological data are presented which show good penetration of the bloodbrain barrier by trimethoprim. This combination appears to be a useful alternative therapy for gram-negative meningitis.", "contents": "Salmonella meningitis treatment with intravenous trimethoprim. Intravenous trimethoprim and sulphadiazine were used in the successful treatment of Salmonella meningitis in a four months old child. Pharmacological data are presented which show good penetration of the bloodbrain barrier by trimethoprim. This combination appears to be a useful alternative therapy for gram-negative meningitis.", "PMID": 1058677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2660", "title": "Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome during the pre-icteric phase of acute type B viral hepatitis.", "content": "A 54-year-old man presented with the Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) during the pre-icteric phase of acute type B viral hepatitis. This neurological syndrome has been infrequently described in the clinical course of viral hepatitis but only once previously during the prodromal period. Deposition of circulating immune complexes of the HBsAg have been implicated in the pathogenesis of arthritis, nephritis and polyarteritis associated with type B viral hepatitis. Although the relationship of GBS to type B viral hepatitis is uncertain, a similar immunopathological mechanism may be involved.", "contents": "Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome during the pre-icteric phase of acute type B viral hepatitis. A 54-year-old man presented with the Guillain Barr\u00e9 syndrome (GBS) during the pre-icteric phase of acute type B viral hepatitis. This neurological syndrome has been infrequently described in the clinical course of viral hepatitis but only once previously during the prodromal period. Deposition of circulating immune complexes of the HBsAg have been implicated in the pathogenesis of arthritis, nephritis and polyarteritis associated with type B viral hepatitis. Although the relationship of GBS to type B viral hepatitis is uncertain, a similar immunopathological mechanism may be involved.", "PMID": 1058678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2661", "title": "Regression of acromegaly following pituitary apoplexy.", "content": "A case of acromegaly complicated by pituitary apoplexy is described. The pituitary apoplexy occurred while the patient was under investigation in a metabolic ward permitting full assessment of pituitary function both before and immediately after the event. This demonstrated a remarkably selective reduction in the plasma growth hormone concentration with preservation of other pituitary function excluding mild diabetes insipidus. The plasma growth hormone fell from values greater than 120 ng/ml to less than 4 ng/ml. The brisk inappropriate release of growth hormone observed on stimulation with thyrotrophic hormone releasing hormone, associated with a severe headache and the onset of pituitary apoplexy two days later raised the possibility of provocative tests of pituitary function precipitating pituitary apoplexy.", "contents": "Regression of acromegaly following pituitary apoplexy. A case of acromegaly complicated by pituitary apoplexy is described. The pituitary apoplexy occurred while the patient was under investigation in a metabolic ward permitting full assessment of pituitary function both before and immediately after the event. This demonstrated a remarkably selective reduction in the plasma growth hormone concentration with preservation of other pituitary function excluding mild diabetes insipidus. The plasma growth hormone fell from values greater than 120 ng/ml to less than 4 ng/ml. The brisk inappropriate release of growth hormone observed on stimulation with thyrotrophic hormone releasing hormone, associated with a severe headache and the onset of pituitary apoplexy two days later raised the possibility of provocative tests of pituitary function precipitating pituitary apoplexy.", "PMID": 1058679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2662", "title": "Factor XIII deficiency in two Melanesian families from Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Three patients from two families in Papua New Guinea with a deficiency of Factor XIII activity are described. Lowered levels of Factor XIII activity were found in the parents of both families. Simple screening tests for Factor XIII deficiency should be included in all coagulation screening tests, even in a developing country.", "contents": "Factor XIII deficiency in two Melanesian families from Papua New Guinea. Three patients from two families in Papua New Guinea with a deficiency of Factor XIII activity are described. Lowered levels of Factor XIII activity were found in the parents of both families. Simple screening tests for Factor XIII deficiency should be included in all coagulation screening tests, even in a developing country.", "PMID": 1058680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2663", "title": "The sequelae inferior vena caval interruption.", "content": "Recurrent pulmonary emboli occurred in 26 of 85 patients (31%) after inferior vena caval interruption to prevent pulmonary emboli. Sequelae following this procedure included early problems associated with bleeding, venous thrombosis, the sequestration syndrome, and death. Late sequelae were recurrent episodes of venous thrombosis, the post-phlebitic syndrome and recurrent emboli. Inferior vena caval interruption is associated with significant continuing disability, and it fails to solve the problem it was designed to prevent.", "contents": "The sequelae inferior vena caval interruption. Recurrent pulmonary emboli occurred in 26 of 85 patients (31%) after inferior vena caval interruption to prevent pulmonary emboli. Sequelae following this procedure included early problems associated with bleeding, venous thrombosis, the sequestration syndrome, and death. Late sequelae were recurrent episodes of venous thrombosis, the post-phlebitic syndrome and recurrent emboli. Inferior vena caval interruption is associated with significant continuing disability, and it fails to solve the problem it was designed to prevent.", "PMID": 1058681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2664", "title": "The accuracy of methods of diagnosis in patients with suspected recurrent ulcer after vagotomy.", "content": "This paper reports a critical analysis of the results of the investigations used to establish a diagnosis in 37 patients submitted to a second operation for presumed recurrent or unhealed ulcer. The results of investigations have been correlated with the operative and histopathological findings.", "contents": "The accuracy of methods of diagnosis in patients with suspected recurrent ulcer after vagotomy. This paper reports a critical analysis of the results of the investigations used to establish a diagnosis in 37 patients submitted to a second operation for presumed recurrent or unhealed ulcer. The results of investigations have been correlated with the operative and histopathological findings.", "PMID": 1058682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2665", "title": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis.", "content": "Two cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis are reported, with a discussion of eosinophilia in general and the incidence of various disorders which may be associated with it.", "contents": "Eosinophilic gastroenteritis. Two cases of eosinophilic gastroenteritis are reported, with a discussion of eosinophilia in general and the incidence of various disorders which may be associated with it.", "PMID": 1058683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2666", "title": "Emphysematous gastritis: report of a case.", "content": "Emphysematous gastritis is a rare and frequently lethal disorder, characterized by phlegmonous gastritis caused by gas-forming organisms. A patient with this condition is described, in whom the ante-mortem diagnosis was made on clinical and radiological grounds.", "contents": "Emphysematous gastritis: report of a case. Emphysematous gastritis is a rare and frequently lethal disorder, characterized by phlegmonous gastritis caused by gas-forming organisms. A patient with this condition is described, in whom the ante-mortem diagnosis was made on clinical and radiological grounds.", "PMID": 1058684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2667", "title": "Large abdominal wall herniae: an easy method of repair without prosthetic material, with the induction of pneumoperitoneum.", "content": "Large abdominal wall herniae may pose problems of management, particularly in the presence of obstructive airway and cardiovascular disease. Preoperative induction of pneumoperitoneum usually permits the anatomical repair of large herniae without complications and without the use of prosthetic materials to close the defect.", "contents": "Large abdominal wall herniae: an easy method of repair without prosthetic material, with the induction of pneumoperitoneum. Large abdominal wall herniae may pose problems of management, particularly in the presence of obstructive airway and cardiovascular disease. Preoperative induction of pneumoperitoneum usually permits the anatomical repair of large herniae without complications and without the use of prosthetic materials to close the defect.", "PMID": 1058685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2668", "title": "Dormia basket removal of a residual common duct stone: report of a case.", "content": "A case is presented of successful removal of a residual common bile duct calculus by the use of a Dormia basket introduced through a T tube.", "contents": "Dormia basket removal of a residual common duct stone: report of a case. A case is presented of successful removal of a residual common bile duct calculus by the use of a Dormia basket introduced through a T tube.", "PMID": 1058686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2669", "title": "Acute diverticulitis of the caecum.", "content": "Two cases of inflammation of a solitary diverticulum of the caecum are reported. These probably represent the first cases to be reported in Chinese. The pathogenesis of solitary diverticulum of the caecum is different from that of multiple diverticulosis of the colon. A study of these cases was made to understand better this uncommon entity. Before operation, the symptoms, signs and physical findings of caecal diverticulitis are those found in appendicitis. The diagnosis at operation in some cases is difficult because the inflammatory reaction may simulate a malignant process. Local excision is the operation of choice. Our two patients were treated by right hemicolectomy. Discussion is presented of the clinical presentation, pathology and treatment of this condition, so that its prompt recognition may avoid the incorrect diagnosis of caecal malignancy, which in turn would lead to unnecessary radical surgery resulting in a high mortality rate.", "contents": "Acute diverticulitis of the caecum. Two cases of inflammation of a solitary diverticulum of the caecum are reported. These probably represent the first cases to be reported in Chinese. The pathogenesis of solitary diverticulum of the caecum is different from that of multiple diverticulosis of the colon. A study of these cases was made to understand better this uncommon entity. Before operation, the symptoms, signs and physical findings of caecal diverticulitis are those found in appendicitis. The diagnosis at operation in some cases is difficult because the inflammatory reaction may simulate a malignant process. Local excision is the operation of choice. Our two patients were treated by right hemicolectomy. Discussion is presented of the clinical presentation, pathology and treatment of this condition, so that its prompt recognition may avoid the incorrect diagnosis of caecal malignancy, which in turn would lead to unnecessary radical surgery resulting in a high mortality rate.", "PMID": 1058687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2670", "title": "Enteric perforation in typhoid fever: a study of 15 cases.", "content": "Fifteen patients suffering from typhoid perforation are reported and discussed. Controversy still persists regarding the best form of treatment. One can still only state that each patient should be treated on his or her merits.", "contents": "Enteric perforation in typhoid fever: a study of 15 cases. Fifteen patients suffering from typhoid perforation are reported and discussed. Controversy still persists regarding the best form of treatment. One can still only state that each patient should be treated on his or her merits.", "PMID": 1058688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2671", "title": "Portal pyaemia secondary to carcinoma of the rectum.", "content": "A case of multiple liver abscesses occurring in association with a carcinoma of the rectum is presented. This complication has not been previously recorded. It gave rise to an unexplained pyrexia and a confusing liver scan.", "contents": "Portal pyaemia secondary to carcinoma of the rectum. A case of multiple liver abscesses occurring in association with a carcinoma of the rectum is presented. This complication has not been previously recorded. It gave rise to an unexplained pyrexia and a confusing liver scan.", "PMID": 1058689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2672", "title": "The management of solitary thyroid nodules under local anaesthesia.", "content": "A group of patients with solitary nodules of the thyroid were treated at the University of Malaya by surgery under local anaesthesia. This was done in order to expedite exploration of a potentially malignant condition. This group comprised 43 patients, and four cancers were found. The standard technique used was satisfactory from the viewpoint of both the patient and the surgeon. The pattern of this condition in a Malaysian population is documented, the technique used is described, and thyroidectomy under local aneaesthesia is discussed.", "contents": "The management of solitary thyroid nodules under local anaesthesia. A group of patients with solitary nodules of the thyroid were treated at the University of Malaya by surgery under local anaesthesia. This was done in order to expedite exploration of a potentially malignant condition. This group comprised 43 patients, and four cancers were found. The standard technique used was satisfactory from the viewpoint of both the patient and the surgeon. The pattern of this condition in a Malaysian population is documented, the technique used is described, and thyroidectomy under local aneaesthesia is discussed.", "PMID": 1058690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2673", "title": "Drill biopsy of the thyroid gland.", "content": "Needle drill biopsies were performed on 360 patients presenting with thyroid swellings. The indications and technique are discussed. Surgical treatment was carried out for 154 of the 225 solitary nodules and 82 of the 129 nodular goitres. The overall success rate in obtaining thyroid tissue was 74%. The accuracy rate was 100% in lymphocytic thyroiditis, anaplastic carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. With adenoma, 66% of those presenting as solitary nodules and 44-4% as nodular goitres were correctly diagnosed. Two-thirds of papillary carcinomas were correctly diagnosed by drill biopsy. Only 28-6% of follicular carcinomas were diagnosed before operation. The drill biopsy proved to be a simple procedure, with few complications, and served the purpose of selecting patients for operative treatment.", "contents": "Drill biopsy of the thyroid gland. Needle drill biopsies were performed on 360 patients presenting with thyroid swellings. The indications and technique are discussed. Surgical treatment was carried out for 154 of the 225 solitary nodules and 82 of the 129 nodular goitres. The overall success rate in obtaining thyroid tissue was 74%. The accuracy rate was 100% in lymphocytic thyroiditis, anaplastic carcinoma and medullary carcinoma. With adenoma, 66% of those presenting as solitary nodules and 44-4% as nodular goitres were correctly diagnosed. Two-thirds of papillary carcinomas were correctly diagnosed by drill biopsy. Only 28-6% of follicular carcinomas were diagnosed before operation. The drill biopsy proved to be a simple procedure, with few complications, and served the purpose of selecting patients for operative treatment.", "PMID": 1058691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2674", "title": "Slipped femoral capital epiphysis: a review of 49 cases treated at the University of New South Wales teaching Hospitals over the last ten years.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to assess critically the results of treatment of slipped femoral capital epiphyses in patients seen over the past ten years at the Prince of Wales Hospital. The problems examined in this study include: (a) the indications for prophylactic pinning; (b) the number of Knowles pins necessary for fixation; and (c) the questions whether and when these should be removed.", "contents": "Slipped femoral capital epiphysis: a review of 49 cases treated at the University of New South Wales teaching Hospitals over the last ten years. The purpose of this paper is to assess critically the results of treatment of slipped femoral capital epiphyses in patients seen over the past ten years at the Prince of Wales Hospital. The problems examined in this study include: (a) the indications for prophylactic pinning; (b) the number of Knowles pins necessary for fixation; and (c) the questions whether and when these should be removed.", "PMID": 1058692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2675", "title": "Below-knee amputation in peripheral arterial disease.", "content": "A below-knee amputation will heal in most patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, using no anterior flap and a long posterior myoplastic flap. The technique used by the authors is presented in detail, with their experience in 32 cases.", "contents": "Below-knee amputation in peripheral arterial disease. A below-knee amputation will heal in most patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease, using no anterior flap and a long posterior myoplastic flap. The technique used by the authors is presented in detail, with their experience in 32 cases.", "PMID": 1058693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2676", "title": "The effect of intrauterine phrenic nerve division on the development of the lungs and diaphragm in fetal rabbits.", "content": "Intrauterine division of the left phrenic nerve has been successfully performed in rabbit fetuses as early as the 21st day of gestation, prior to alveolar differentiation. This procedure results in intrauterine atrophy of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm and hypertrophy of the contralateral side. Light and electron microscopic studies have shown no interference with the subsequent maturation of the lung.", "contents": "The effect of intrauterine phrenic nerve division on the development of the lungs and diaphragm in fetal rabbits. Intrauterine division of the left phrenic nerve has been successfully performed in rabbit fetuses as early as the 21st day of gestation, prior to alveolar differentiation. This procedure results in intrauterine atrophy of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm and hypertrophy of the contralateral side. Light and electron microscopic studies have shown no interference with the subsequent maturation of the lung.", "PMID": 1058695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2677", "title": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children: results of treatment with LSA2-L2 protocol.", "content": "The results obtained with very intensive treatment in previously untreated patients early in the disease are encouraging, and we hope will change the philosophy of most investigators that even in far advanced disease such as those with marrow metastases or multiple primary sites, one can still obtain complete regression at all tumour sites within 1 to 1 1/2 months from onset of therapy by combined treatment with multiple chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy to one or more sites.", "contents": "Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in children: results of treatment with LSA2-L2 protocol. The results obtained with very intensive treatment in previously untreated patients early in the disease are encouraging, and we hope will change the philosophy of most investigators that even in far advanced disease such as those with marrow metastases or multiple primary sites, one can still obtain complete regression at all tumour sites within 1 to 1 1/2 months from onset of therapy by combined treatment with multiple chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy to one or more sites.", "PMID": 1058708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2678", "title": "The relationship between personality and the symptoms of depressive illness.", "content": "The Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory, with additional items to assess depressive functional shift features and outlook on life values, were administered to 100 patients diagnosed as suffering from depressive illness. Patients' scores for questions eliciting information about symptoms assumed to be dependent on personality correlated at substantial and significant levels with N scale scores of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Similar levels of correlation were found for the added items for assessing life values. Items believed to assess changes in functions independent of personality, such as the features of the Depressive Functional Shift, showed no correlation with either N or E scales of the Maudsley Personality Inventory, while demonstrating a substantial level of correlation with the depression scale. It is concluded that whereas changes in innate biological functions independent of environment are direct indications of the depressive illness process, psychological symptoms of the illness may reflect changes in personality dependent on upbringing, education and cultural background, thereby producing greater variation in this group of psychological symptoms.", "contents": "The relationship between personality and the symptoms of depressive illness. The Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory, with additional items to assess depressive functional shift features and outlook on life values, were administered to 100 patients diagnosed as suffering from depressive illness. Patients' scores for questions eliciting information about symptoms assumed to be dependent on personality correlated at substantial and significant levels with N scale scores of the Maudsley Personality Inventory. Similar levels of correlation were found for the added items for assessing life values. Items believed to assess changes in functions independent of personality, such as the features of the Depressive Functional Shift, showed no correlation with either N or E scales of the Maudsley Personality Inventory, while demonstrating a substantial level of correlation with the depression scale. It is concluded that whereas changes in innate biological functions independent of environment are direct indications of the depressive illness process, psychological symptoms of the illness may reflect changes in personality dependent on upbringing, education and cultural background, thereby producing greater variation in this group of psychological symptoms.", "PMID": 1058734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2679", "title": "Two cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome treated with haloperidol.", "content": "Two cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome occurring in Sri Lanka are reported. Both patients had the characteristics of the syndrome as described by Fernando (1967): (1) Childhood onset (below 16 years of age); (2) Multiple motor tics; (3) Unprovoked vocal utterances which may progress to coprolalia. Both responded to haloperidol, withdrawal of medication being followed by relapse, and reintroduction by remission. The literature on the aetiology of the condition has been reviewed. The weight of evidence favours an organic cause, although psychological precipitation cannot be ruled out.", "contents": "Two cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome treated with haloperidol. Two cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome occurring in Sri Lanka are reported. Both patients had the characteristics of the syndrome as described by Fernando (1967): (1) Childhood onset (below 16 years of age); (2) Multiple motor tics; (3) Unprovoked vocal utterances which may progress to coprolalia. Both responded to haloperidol, withdrawal of medication being followed by relapse, and reintroduction by remission. The literature on the aetiology of the condition has been reviewed. The weight of evidence favours an organic cause, although psychological precipitation cannot be ruled out.", "PMID": 1058735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2680", "title": "Treatment of acute leukemia during pregnancy.", "content": "Cytarabine and thioguanine therapy for acute myelocytic leukemia, initiated during the 26th week of pregnancy, led to complete remission of the leukemia in a 22-year-old woman, and allowed for delivery of a normal infant at term. No chromosomal abnormalities were detected in the infant. Cytarabine and thioguanine in combination are effective agents in the treatment of acute leukemia in adults. Their use appears warranted in pregnant patients after the first trimester.", "contents": "Treatment of acute leukemia during pregnancy. Cytarabine and thioguanine therapy for acute myelocytic leukemia, initiated during the 26th week of pregnancy, led to complete remission of the leukemia in a 22-year-old woman, and allowed for delivery of a normal infant at term. No chromosomal abnormalities were detected in the infant. Cytarabine and thioguanine in combination are effective agents in the treatment of acute leukemia in adults. Their use appears warranted in pregnant patients after the first trimester.", "PMID": 1058736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2681", "title": "The relationship between the time of fractionated and single doses of radiation and hyperthermia on the sensitization of an in vivo mouse tumor.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to explore the relationship of the time interval between application of heat and irradiation on enhanced tumor cell sensitivity. Using the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma grown in AKD2F1/J mice, local tumor hyperthermia (42.5 +/- .5 degrees C for 15 minutes) was applied at various time intervals before or after single or fractionated doses of x irradiation. Enhancement of tumor cell sensitivity by combined treatment with radiation and heat, as measured by delay in tumor growth, cure rates, and mean survival times was inversely proportional to the time interval between application of both modalities. The interactions associated with this increased sensitivity appear to be transitory, diminishing with time between treatments. Possible mechanisms of action for thermal sensitization may involve the reduction of oxygen dependence as well as a reduced recovery capacity of tumor cells.", "contents": "The relationship between the time of fractionated and single doses of radiation and hyperthermia on the sensitization of an in vivo mouse tumor. The present study was undertaken to explore the relationship of the time interval between application of heat and irradiation on enhanced tumor cell sensitivity. Using the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma grown in AKD2F1/J mice, local tumor hyperthermia (42.5 +/- .5 degrees C for 15 minutes) was applied at various time intervals before or after single or fractionated doses of x irradiation. Enhancement of tumor cell sensitivity by combined treatment with radiation and heat, as measured by delay in tumor growth, cure rates, and mean survival times was inversely proportional to the time interval between application of both modalities. The interactions associated with this increased sensitivity appear to be transitory, diminishing with time between treatments. Possible mechanisms of action for thermal sensitization may involve the reduction of oxygen dependence as well as a reduced recovery capacity of tumor cells.", "PMID": 1058737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2682", "title": "Nuclear incorporation of radioactive DNA precursors and progression of cells through S. Combined radioautographic and cytophotometric studies on normal and leukaemic bone marrow and thoracic duct lymph cells of man.", "content": "Bone marrow blast cells of nine children with untreated acute leukaemia (five lymphoid, three myeloid, one monocytic), myeloid precursor cells of a haematologically normal child and thoracic duct lymph cells of a patient with sclerodermia were pulse-labelled in vitro with tritiated thymidine and/or tritiated cytidine. Combined radioautographic and cytophotometric techniques were used for the determination of the median nuclear size and the median grain count of labelled cells in different segments of S. It was found that the median grain count reached maximum values in the second or third quarter of S in all cell populations studied, and that the variation, during S, of the median grain count appeared to be independent of the median DNA synthesis times of the cell types investigated. In six cell populations a clear-cut inverse relation existed between the number and the median grain count of labelled cells in different segments of S. In three populations this relation was less apparent and in two it was not found at all.", "contents": "Nuclear incorporation of radioactive DNA precursors and progression of cells through S. Combined radioautographic and cytophotometric studies on normal and leukaemic bone marrow and thoracic duct lymph cells of man. Bone marrow blast cells of nine children with untreated acute leukaemia (five lymphoid, three myeloid, one monocytic), myeloid precursor cells of a haematologically normal child and thoracic duct lymph cells of a patient with sclerodermia were pulse-labelled in vitro with tritiated thymidine and/or tritiated cytidine. Combined radioautographic and cytophotometric techniques were used for the determination of the median nuclear size and the median grain count of labelled cells in different segments of S. It was found that the median grain count reached maximum values in the second or third quarter of S in all cell populations studied, and that the variation, during S, of the median grain count appeared to be independent of the median DNA synthesis times of the cell types investigated. In six cell populations a clear-cut inverse relation existed between the number and the median grain count of labelled cells in different segments of S. In three populations this relation was less apparent and in two it was not found at all.", "PMID": 1058744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2683", "title": "A question of the role of the vomer in the growth of the premaxillary segment.", "content": "Antero-posterior retardation of upper jaw growth became evident in all five dogs with surgically placed clefts and extirpation of the vomer within 8 weeks following surgery. Five control dogs with congenital cleft palate maintained a normal jaw relationship. The evidence indicated that the difference in growth between the two groups may be explained in terms of the role played by the vomer in the growth and support of the upper jaw in the dog. This observation suggests that the dog may be used as a model for the study of retardation of growth in the antero-posterior dimension and indicates a need for research concerned with the role of the vomer in the human bilateral cleft condition.", "contents": "A question of the role of the vomer in the growth of the premaxillary segment. Antero-posterior retardation of upper jaw growth became evident in all five dogs with surgically placed clefts and extirpation of the vomer within 8 weeks following surgery. Five control dogs with congenital cleft palate maintained a normal jaw relationship. The evidence indicated that the difference in growth between the two groups may be explained in terms of the role played by the vomer in the growth and support of the upper jaw in the dog. This observation suggests that the dog may be used as a model for the study of retardation of growth in the antero-posterior dimension and indicates a need for research concerned with the role of the vomer in the human bilateral cleft condition.", "PMID": 1058745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2684", "title": "The occult submucous cleft palate.", "content": "We have studied 41 patients with classic submucous cleft and 32 cases with occult submucous cleft. Both groups have the same anatomic abnormality that leads to velar dysfunction-the insertion of the palate muscles onto the hard palate rather than onto the midline soft palate raphe. However, the occult submucous cleft palate does not have the classic triad of bifid uvula, hard palate bony notch, and furrow in the midline of the soft palate. Characteristic facial features, cephalmetric x-rays, and cine voice studies can help make a presumptive diagnosis of occult submucous cleft palate. Surgical management includes a diagnostic palate exploration to identify muscle configuration followed by levator muscle sling reconstruction, palate pushback, and pharyngeal flap. Excellent speech results are obtained except with patients having palate paresis.", "contents": "The occult submucous cleft palate. We have studied 41 patients with classic submucous cleft and 32 cases with occult submucous cleft. Both groups have the same anatomic abnormality that leads to velar dysfunction-the insertion of the palate muscles onto the hard palate rather than onto the midline soft palate raphe. However, the occult submucous cleft palate does not have the classic triad of bifid uvula, hard palate bony notch, and furrow in the midline of the soft palate. Characteristic facial features, cephalmetric x-rays, and cine voice studies can help make a presumptive diagnosis of occult submucous cleft palate. Surgical management includes a diagnostic palate exploration to identify muscle configuration followed by levator muscle sling reconstruction, palate pushback, and pharyngeal flap. Excellent speech results are obtained except with patients having palate paresis.", "PMID": 1058746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2685", "title": "Patterns of velopharyngeal closure in subjects with repaired cleft palate and normal speech: a multi-view videofluoroscopic analysis.", "content": "Thirty subjects with repaired palatal clefts and normal speech ranging in age from 2 to 12 years were examined in multiple videofluoroscopic projections in order to assess velopharyngeal closure in three dimensions. The following points became evident from the results of this study: 1. All 30 subjects exhibited contact between the superior border of the velum and the adenoid mass in the nasopharynx. Often, a sharp levator eminance was not formed due to the small space between the velum at rest and the adenoids. Thus, there was little room for the velum to elevate. 2. All 30 subjects showed good localized medial movement of the LAPW at the approximate plane of the hard palate. 3. 10 out of 30 subjects, 33%, had a Passavant's Ridge during speech. All 10 of these subjects utilized the ridge as a point of closure, as well as the adenoids. 4. The observed patterns of closure were consistent across varied consonant utterances. 5. The mechanism of velopharyngel closure in this group of subjects is essentially the same as for normal adult speakers and differs only anatomically due to a lack of verticle head growth in children. Thus, in spite of the presence of adenoids and the lack of verticle head development, the basic sphincteric mechanism of velopharyngeal colsure is utilized in these subjects.", "contents": "Patterns of velopharyngeal closure in subjects with repaired cleft palate and normal speech: a multi-view videofluoroscopic analysis. Thirty subjects with repaired palatal clefts and normal speech ranging in age from 2 to 12 years were examined in multiple videofluoroscopic projections in order to assess velopharyngeal closure in three dimensions. The following points became evident from the results of this study: 1. All 30 subjects exhibited contact between the superior border of the velum and the adenoid mass in the nasopharynx. Often, a sharp levator eminance was not formed due to the small space between the velum at rest and the adenoids. Thus, there was little room for the velum to elevate. 2. All 30 subjects showed good localized medial movement of the LAPW at the approximate plane of the hard palate. 3. 10 out of 30 subjects, 33%, had a Passavant's Ridge during speech. All 10 of these subjects utilized the ridge as a point of closure, as well as the adenoids. 4. The observed patterns of closure were consistent across varied consonant utterances. 5. The mechanism of velopharyngel closure in this group of subjects is essentially the same as for normal adult speakers and differs only anatomically due to a lack of verticle head growth in children. Thus, in spite of the presence of adenoids and the lack of verticle head development, the basic sphincteric mechanism of velopharyngeal colsure is utilized in these subjects.", "PMID": 1058747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2686", "title": "A roentgencephalometric investigation of the effect of adenoid removal upon selected measures of velopharyngeal function.", "content": "Pre-and postoperative lateral x-rays were taken of 15 candidates for adenoid removal, ranging in age from four to seven years. Cephalometric measurements were taken during rest and during function (/s/). The postoperative group acquired pharyngeal dimensions of C.P.I. proportions as a result of adenoid removal. However, all subjects achieved velopharyngeal closure and displayd no hypernasality following this surgical procedure, indicating success in terms of speech. The success in their adaptation can be attributed to the following: 1) increased velar mobility; 2) increased height of velopharyngeal closure; 3) increased percent of velar stretch; and 4) anterior movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall when amount of velopharyngeal contact became tenuous. The normal velopharyngeal mechanism has the capacity to successfully overcome the imbalance between pharyngeal dimensions and velar length caused by adenoid removal. The normal mechanism overcomes this imbalance by means of compensations, some of which are typical of the inadequate mechanism.", "contents": "A roentgencephalometric investigation of the effect of adenoid removal upon selected measures of velopharyngeal function. Pre-and postoperative lateral x-rays were taken of 15 candidates for adenoid removal, ranging in age from four to seven years. Cephalometric measurements were taken during rest and during function (/s/). The postoperative group acquired pharyngeal dimensions of C.P.I. proportions as a result of adenoid removal. However, all subjects achieved velopharyngeal closure and displayd no hypernasality following this surgical procedure, indicating success in terms of speech. The success in their adaptation can be attributed to the following: 1) increased velar mobility; 2) increased height of velopharyngeal closure; 3) increased percent of velar stretch; and 4) anterior movement of the posterior pharyngeal wall when amount of velopharyngeal contact became tenuous. The normal velopharyngeal mechanism has the capacity to successfully overcome the imbalance between pharyngeal dimensions and velar length caused by adenoid removal. The normal mechanism overcomes this imbalance by means of compensations, some of which are typical of the inadequate mechanism.", "PMID": 1058748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2687", "title": "Height-weight growth of cleft children, birth to six years.", "content": "A study was conducted on 279 patients from the longitudinal patient series at the Institue to determine the general physical growth of cleft children using height and weight measurements. The objectives were to determine if severity of cleft type and sex in relation to severity of cleft type significantly affected height and weight and to determine if the height and weight of cleft children vary significantly from the non-cleft norm. The results showed that severity of cleft type is not significant while sex in relation to cleft type may be significant in several instances. It was also found that cleft children are neither consistently shorter nor consistenely lighter than the norm. An early lag period occurred, but by three years cleft children catch-up to the norm and rebound to growth equality, thus appearing to conform to the concept of catch-up growth.", "contents": "Height-weight growth of cleft children, birth to six years. A study was conducted on 279 patients from the longitudinal patient series at the Institue to determine the general physical growth of cleft children using height and weight measurements. The objectives were to determine if severity of cleft type and sex in relation to severity of cleft type significantly affected height and weight and to determine if the height and weight of cleft children vary significantly from the non-cleft norm. The results showed that severity of cleft type is not significant while sex in relation to cleft type may be significant in several instances. It was also found that cleft children are neither consistently shorter nor consistenely lighter than the norm. An early lag period occurred, but by three years cleft children catch-up to the norm and rebound to growth equality, thus appearing to conform to the concept of catch-up growth.", "PMID": 1058750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2688", "title": "Electromyographic verification of viable muscle tissue following a double-pendulum flap procedure for surgical repair of bilateral cleft lip.", "content": "Five patients were seen in an electromyographic study of the double pendulum flap method of bilateral cleft lip repair. All five patients displayed active orbicularis oris muscle tissue. By bringing lateral lip segments to the center of the cleft, the double pendulum flap method restores muscular function and improves cosmetic appearance. This surgical procedure may be modified to be performed on other anomalies resulting from a discontinuity of muscular tissue.", "contents": "Electromyographic verification of viable muscle tissue following a double-pendulum flap procedure for surgical repair of bilateral cleft lip. Five patients were seen in an electromyographic study of the double pendulum flap method of bilateral cleft lip repair. All five patients displayed active orbicularis oris muscle tissue. By bringing lateral lip segments to the center of the cleft, the double pendulum flap method restores muscular function and improves cosmetic appearance. This surgical procedure may be modified to be performed on other anomalies resulting from a discontinuity of muscular tissue.", "PMID": 1058751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2689", "title": "A cephalometric study of velar stretch in 8 and 10-year old children.", "content": "Radiographic cephalometry was used to examine the prevalence, magnitude, and relationship between velar stretch and other commonly employed cephalometric measurements in forty (40) normal-speaking 8 and 10-year-old children. Velar stretch was not universally observed although the average soft palate length characteristics of these children measured during speech were significantly longer than the resting or intrinsic palate length measurements. Significant differences in average stretch magnitude were measured as a function of speech task (/u/ vs /s/) and subject age (8 vs 10-year-olds). Although velar stretch was significantly correlated with several commonly used cephalometric measurements, stretch was not well predicted by any single cephalometric measurement used in this research. These findings are interpreted in terms of their implications for determining velopharyneal adequacy for speech and their implications with respect to developmental features of velar function.", "contents": "A cephalometric study of velar stretch in 8 and 10-year old children. Radiographic cephalometry was used to examine the prevalence, magnitude, and relationship between velar stretch and other commonly employed cephalometric measurements in forty (40) normal-speaking 8 and 10-year-old children. Velar stretch was not universally observed although the average soft palate length characteristics of these children measured during speech were significantly longer than the resting or intrinsic palate length measurements. Significant differences in average stretch magnitude were measured as a function of speech task (/u/ vs /s/) and subject age (8 vs 10-year-olds). Although velar stretch was significantly correlated with several commonly used cephalometric measurements, stretch was not well predicted by any single cephalometric measurement used in this research. These findings are interpreted in terms of their implications for determining velopharyneal adequacy for speech and their implications with respect to developmental features of velar function.", "PMID": 1058753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2690", "title": "Differential cell proliferation of embryonic rat palatal processes as determined by incorporation of tritiated thymidine.", "content": "The differential cellular proliferation of the palatal processes in the Wistar albino rat was studied utilizing tritiated thymidine labeling. 3HTdr was given to pregnant rats at 14, 15, 16, and 17 days of gestation. The animals were killed one hour after injection. The fetuses were removed and the heads were embedded, sectioned, and an autoradiographic technique utilized. The autoradiograms were examined microscopically and labeling indices for various areas and regions of the palatal processes were calculated. The findings revealed that the pattern of cellular activity of mesenchymal and epithelial cells changes in different areas and regions of the palatal processes with different stages of secondary palate development.", "contents": "Differential cell proliferation of embryonic rat palatal processes as determined by incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The differential cellular proliferation of the palatal processes in the Wistar albino rat was studied utilizing tritiated thymidine labeling. 3HTdr was given to pregnant rats at 14, 15, 16, and 17 days of gestation. The animals were killed one hour after injection. The fetuses were removed and the heads were embedded, sectioned, and an autoradiographic technique utilized. The autoradiograms were examined microscopically and labeling indices for various areas and regions of the palatal processes were calculated. The findings revealed that the pattern of cellular activity of mesenchymal and epithelial cells changes in different areas and regions of the palatal processes with different stages of secondary palate development.", "PMID": 1058754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2691", "title": "Development of the palatal arch in relation to unilateral cleft lip and palate surgery: a comparison of the effects of different surgical approaches.", "content": "Our cases are too small in number to conclude which kind of surgical method retards the maxilla development. But we can say that a maldevelopment of the maxilla may be expected to occur in the case of any surgery performed. In the cleft lip only patients, Millard's method and our method show a better effect than the other methods from the point of view of the retardation of the mid-third of the face. In the group of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients our method may be the best on this point. At the end, we would like to present our typical cases with figures (Figures 4 and 5).", "contents": "Development of the palatal arch in relation to unilateral cleft lip and palate surgery: a comparison of the effects of different surgical approaches. Our cases are too small in number to conclude which kind of surgical method retards the maxilla development. But we can say that a maldevelopment of the maxilla may be expected to occur in the case of any surgery performed. In the cleft lip only patients, Millard's method and our method show a better effect than the other methods from the point of view of the retardation of the mid-third of the face. In the group of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients our method may be the best on this point. At the end, we would like to present our typical cases with figures (Figures 4 and 5).", "PMID": 1058755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2692", "title": "Factors associated with missed appointments of patients in a cleft lip and palate clinic.", "content": "This is a report of the utilization rate of patients in a cleft lip and palate clinic and to ascertain what factors are associated with missed appointments. We had a missed appointment rate of 13.4 percent which compares favorably with those rates reported in the literature. We found that the group of patients who missed all appointments were more highly educated and private payment patients. We also found that our longitudinal patients had a better record of keeping appointments than did other patients.", "contents": "Factors associated with missed appointments of patients in a cleft lip and palate clinic. This is a report of the utilization rate of patients in a cleft lip and palate clinic and to ascertain what factors are associated with missed appointments. We had a missed appointment rate of 13.4 percent which compares favorably with those rates reported in the literature. We found that the group of patients who missed all appointments were more highly educated and private payment patients. We also found that our longitudinal patients had a better record of keeping appointments than did other patients.", "PMID": 1058757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2693", "title": "[Effect of mexamine on the resistance of dogs to acute hypoxic hypoxia].", "content": "As demonstrated in experiments staged on dogs mexamine hydrochloride, used in a dose of 20 mg/kg by the intraperiotoneal route 1.5 hours before the onset of acute hypoxic hypoxia increases the resistance of the organism to oxigen deficiency. Mexamine is capable of significantly intensity hypothermy in dogs during acute hypoxic hypoxia.", "contents": "[Effect of mexamine on the resistance of dogs to acute hypoxic hypoxia]. As demonstrated in experiments staged on dogs mexamine hydrochloride, used in a dose of 20 mg/kg by the intraperiotoneal route 1.5 hours before the onset of acute hypoxic hypoxia increases the resistance of the organism to oxigen deficiency. Mexamine is capable of significantly intensity hypothermy in dogs during acute hypoxic hypoxia.", "PMID": 1058774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2694", "title": "Two complex translocations in chronic granulocytic leukemia involving chromosomes 22, 9, and a third chromosome.", "content": "Among 13 Ph-positive cases of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), banding studies revealed two with complex rearrangements involving translocation of the long arm of number 22 to another autosome and a segment of that chromosome translocated to the long arm of number 9. In a patient with both CGL and sickle cell anemia, the 3-way rearrangement involved chromosomes 5, 9, and 22; and he also had a second Philadelphia chromosome and two constitutional variants: pericentric inversion of the other number 9 chromosome and satellite polymorphism in the G group. The karyotype of the leukemic cells was interpreted as: 47,XY,inv(9) (p11q13),t(5;9;22)(q13;q34;q11)+del(22)(q11). In the second patient, the complex translocation in the Ph-positive cells involved chromosomes 3, 9, and 22, resulting in a karyotype interpreted as: 46,XX,t(3;9;22)(p21;q34;q11). Several reports indicate that an abnormality of chromosome 9 is not essential for the development of Ph-positive CGL, but the very high frequency of its involvement (including these unusual translocations) suggests that some type of non-random somatic association may exist between 9q and 22q which makes simultaneous breakage likely. Attempts to correlate specific types of pH chromosome rearrangements with the clinical course of CGL must await the identification of more cases and longer follow-up.", "contents": "Two complex translocations in chronic granulocytic leukemia involving chromosomes 22, 9, and a third chromosome. Among 13 Ph-positive cases of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL), banding studies revealed two with complex rearrangements involving translocation of the long arm of number 22 to another autosome and a segment of that chromosome translocated to the long arm of number 9. In a patient with both CGL and sickle cell anemia, the 3-way rearrangement involved chromosomes 5, 9, and 22; and he also had a second Philadelphia chromosome and two constitutional variants: pericentric inversion of the other number 9 chromosome and satellite polymorphism in the G group. The karyotype of the leukemic cells was interpreted as: 47,XY,inv(9) (p11q13),t(5;9;22)(q13;q34;q11)+del(22)(q11). In the second patient, the complex translocation in the Ph-positive cells involved chromosomes 3, 9, and 22, resulting in a karyotype interpreted as: 46,XX,t(3;9;22)(p21;q34;q11). Several reports indicate that an abnormality of chromosome 9 is not essential for the development of Ph-positive CGL, but the very high frequency of its involvement (including these unusual translocations) suggests that some type of non-random somatic association may exist between 9q and 22q which makes simultaneous breakage likely. Attempts to correlate specific types of pH chromosome rearrangements with the clinical course of CGL must await the identification of more cases and longer follow-up.", "PMID": 1058830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2695", "title": "Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque.", "content": "The origin of indices for recording gingivitis and plaque is reviewed. Each index seems to have been constructed for a special purpose. The development so far has been towards more and more delicately graded indices which are well suited for evaluation of short term clinical trials. The increased sensitively, though advantageous for scientific purpose, is not always practical from a public dental health point of view. It seems that at present there is a need for several different types of index systems. In order to be able to conduct his preventive programs the practicing dentist needs a simple and well defined recording system for oral hygiene and gingival inflammation. Such an index system should be as easy and natural to use as is the scoring of decayed and filled surfaces today. Instead of using individual mean scores of multi-graded plaque and gingival indices, the use of the site prevalence of a single finding is suggested. For recording of gingivitis in daily dental practice the number of gingival margins bleeding on pressure is recommended to be determined as a percentage of the sites examined (Fig. 1,2 and 3). For oral hygiene, correspondingly, the frequency of occurrence of tooth surfaces covered with clearly visible plaque could be used as a clinically relevant parameter (Fig. 4). Keeping visible plaque and gingival bleeding away is also suggested to be a clearly understandable and practical aim in the dental health education of the individual patient.", "contents": "Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. The origin of indices for recording gingivitis and plaque is reviewed. Each index seems to have been constructed for a special purpose. The development so far has been towards more and more delicately graded indices which are well suited for evaluation of short term clinical trials. The increased sensitively, though advantageous for scientific purpose, is not always practical from a public dental health point of view. It seems that at present there is a need for several different types of index systems. In order to be able to conduct his preventive programs the practicing dentist needs a simple and well defined recording system for oral hygiene and gingival inflammation. Such an index system should be as easy and natural to use as is the scoring of decayed and filled surfaces today. Instead of using individual mean scores of multi-graded plaque and gingival indices, the use of the site prevalence of a single finding is suggested. For recording of gingivitis in daily dental practice the number of gingival margins bleeding on pressure is recommended to be determined as a percentage of the sites examined (Fig. 1,2 and 3). For oral hygiene, correspondingly, the frequency of occurrence of tooth surfaces covered with clearly visible plaque could be used as a clinically relevant parameter (Fig. 4). Keeping visible plaque and gingival bleeding away is also suggested to be a clearly understandable and practical aim in the dental health education of the individual patient.", "PMID": 1058834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2696", "title": "Should I be using amalgam or composite restorative materials?", "content": "Composite materials were first introduced for use in Class III and Class V cavities. They have now been accepted as the most popular material for the restoration of Class IV cavities and of fractured incisors and their use in Class I and Class II cavities has been advocated. Laboratory investigation of the physical properties of the composite materials suggests that with the exception of hardness, the values recorded are comparable with those for amalgam. In their favour are a lower coefficient of thermal conductivity and superior aesthetics. It has been claimed that a Class II composite restoration can be placed more easily and more rapidly than an amalgam but if comparable contour and adaptation is to be achieved, this claim cannot be substantiated. In contrast to laboratory studies, clinical research has shown that composite materials have some shortcomings. Their colour tends to become more yellow with time and their ability to resist marginal percolation is inferior to that of amalgam. Under clinical conditions their resistance to abrasion is unsatisfactory because of the failure of the bond between the filler particles and the resin. On balance, at the present time amalgam is preferable to composites for Class I and Class II restorations except in cases where aesthetics is the overriding consideration.", "contents": "Should I be using amalgam or composite restorative materials? Composite materials were first introduced for use in Class III and Class V cavities. They have now been accepted as the most popular material for the restoration of Class IV cavities and of fractured incisors and their use in Class I and Class II cavities has been advocated. Laboratory investigation of the physical properties of the composite materials suggests that with the exception of hardness, the values recorded are comparable with those for amalgam. In their favour are a lower coefficient of thermal conductivity and superior aesthetics. It has been claimed that a Class II composite restoration can be placed more easily and more rapidly than an amalgam but if comparable contour and adaptation is to be achieved, this claim cannot be substantiated. In contrast to laboratory studies, clinical research has shown that composite materials have some shortcomings. Their colour tends to become more yellow with time and their ability to resist marginal percolation is inferior to that of amalgam. Under clinical conditions their resistance to abrasion is unsatisfactory because of the failure of the bond between the filler particles and the resin. On balance, at the present time amalgam is preferable to composites for Class I and Class II restorations except in cases where aesthetics is the overriding consideration.", "PMID": 1058835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2697", "title": "The effect of new technologies in training and utilization of dental auxiliaries in the United States Air Force.", "content": "Training of Dental Auxiliaries in the United States Air Force is a highly structured process combining training in short formal courses at the School of Health Care Sciences with extended periods of formal on-the-job training and self-study correspondence courses conducted at bases throughout the Air Force. The rigid control imposed by Air Force training directives is a major factor in the success of this dual channel concept. Dental auxiliaries are trained for what they need to know, as outlined in a 'task list' for their specific career field and behavioral objectives devised from the task list. Dental auxiliaries are utilized in the field performing in four basic areas: Dental Laboratory Technology, Chairside Dental Assisting, Preventive Dentistry (dental hygiene), and Expanded Function Dental Assisting. The scope of their duties range all the way from receiving the patient at the reception desk, assisting with dental treatment and dismissing the patient, to long-range planning for resource requirements necessary for the operation of a complete dental service. To paraphrase an old saying: 'The dental auxiliary is the backbone of the Dental Corps of the United States Air Force'.", "contents": "The effect of new technologies in training and utilization of dental auxiliaries in the United States Air Force. Training of Dental Auxiliaries in the United States Air Force is a highly structured process combining training in short formal courses at the School of Health Care Sciences with extended periods of formal on-the-job training and self-study correspondence courses conducted at bases throughout the Air Force. The rigid control imposed by Air Force training directives is a major factor in the success of this dual channel concept. Dental auxiliaries are trained for what they need to know, as outlined in a 'task list' for their specific career field and behavioral objectives devised from the task list. Dental auxiliaries are utilized in the field performing in four basic areas: Dental Laboratory Technology, Chairside Dental Assisting, Preventive Dentistry (dental hygiene), and Expanded Function Dental Assisting. The scope of their duties range all the way from receiving the patient at the reception desk, assisting with dental treatment and dismissing the patient, to long-range planning for resource requirements necessary for the operation of a complete dental service. To paraphrase an old saying: 'The dental auxiliary is the backbone of the Dental Corps of the United States Air Force'.", "PMID": 1058836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2698", "title": "The organization of the Department of Defense in relation to the administration of the armed forces dental services in the United States.", "content": "In 1947 the organization that became the Department of Defense was established. During the ensuing years the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health and Environment (ASD (H & E)) evolved. On the staff of the Assistant Secretary (H & E) is a Special Assistant for Dental Affairs. In concert with the military departments and their Surgeons General, policies and programs are developed to provide the highest possible quality of health care by a totally voluntary, professionally satisfied, efficient and effective medical service to all for whom the military services are responsible.", "contents": "The organization of the Department of Defense in relation to the administration of the armed forces dental services in the United States. In 1947 the organization that became the Department of Defense was established. During the ensuing years the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health and Environment (ASD (H & E)) evolved. On the staff of the Assistant Secretary (H & E) is a Special Assistant for Dental Affairs. In concert with the military departments and their Surgeons General, policies and programs are developed to provide the highest possible quality of health care by a totally voluntary, professionally satisfied, efficient and effective medical service to all for whom the military services are responsible.", "PMID": 1058837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2699", "title": "Inter-examiner and intra-examiner reproducibility in clinical and radiographic diagnosis.", "content": "The first technical report to be published by the FDI considered the principal requirements for controlled clinical trials of caries preventive agents and procedures. This document advocated the use of a simple reproducibility ratio as a measure of variability in caries diagnosis. In accordance with the FDI recommendations available figures from published work on duplicated examinations are presented in terms of this reproducibility ratio. The data refers to intra- and inter-examiner variability with respect to both clinical and radiographic examinations. Reproducibility studies carried out as a pre-calibration investigation and during the baseline examinations of a current clinical trial are also included. Considerable diversity is apparent, the intra- and inter-examiner variation for clinical examinations ranging from 0-13 to 0-61, and for radio-graphic assessments from 0-06 to 0-60. If an acceptable range of reproducibility ratios is to be formulated then this wide variation will have to be taken into account. Ultimately, if examiner variability cannot be maintained within reasonable limits, then the choice of an examiner could be just as important as the choice of the test substance.", "contents": "Inter-examiner and intra-examiner reproducibility in clinical and radiographic diagnosis. The first technical report to be published by the FDI considered the principal requirements for controlled clinical trials of caries preventive agents and procedures. This document advocated the use of a simple reproducibility ratio as a measure of variability in caries diagnosis. In accordance with the FDI recommendations available figures from published work on duplicated examinations are presented in terms of this reproducibility ratio. The data refers to intra- and inter-examiner variability with respect to both clinical and radiographic examinations. Reproducibility studies carried out as a pre-calibration investigation and during the baseline examinations of a current clinical trial are also included. Considerable diversity is apparent, the intra- and inter-examiner variation for clinical examinations ranging from 0-13 to 0-61, and for radio-graphic assessments from 0-06 to 0-60. If an acceptable range of reproducibility ratios is to be formulated then this wide variation will have to be taken into account. Ultimately, if examiner variability cannot be maintained within reasonable limits, then the choice of an examiner could be just as important as the choice of the test substance.", "PMID": 1058838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2700", "title": "Temporomandibular articular reflex control of the mandibular musculature.", "content": "The results of an experimental electromyographic investigation of temporomandibular arthrokinetic reflex control of the mandibular musculature are reported. Co-ordinated, rapidly-adapting and slowly-adapting facilitatory and inhibitory reflex changes in motor unit activity in the mandibular musculature were evoked by graduated passive movements of the isolated (but innervated) temporomandibular joint. Induced dysfunction of regionally discrete groups of articular mechanoreceptors was shown to result in specific changes in static and synamic reflex motor unit activity. The possible clinical significance of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Temporomandibular articular reflex control of the mandibular musculature. The results of an experimental electromyographic investigation of temporomandibular arthrokinetic reflex control of the mandibular musculature are reported. Co-ordinated, rapidly-adapting and slowly-adapting facilitatory and inhibitory reflex changes in motor unit activity in the mandibular musculature were evoked by graduated passive movements of the isolated (but innervated) temporomandibular joint. Induced dysfunction of regionally discrete groups of articular mechanoreceptors was shown to result in specific changes in static and synamic reflex motor unit activity. The possible clinical significance of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 1058839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2701", "title": "Lymphocyte stimulation by autologous tumor cells in the presence of serum from the same patient or from healthy donors.", "content": "Lymphocyte blastogenesis induced by autologous tumor biopsy cells, by allogeneic lymphocytes and by PHA, was performed in the presence of autologous or allogeneic serum collected from normal blood donors. In 13 of the 15 cases lymphocyte stimulation by autologous tumor cells was inhibited in the presence of autologous serum. In contrast, autologous serum somewhat enhanced the blastogenic effect of PHA and allogeneic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Lymphocyte stimulation by autologous tumor cells in the presence of serum from the same patient or from healthy donors. Lymphocyte blastogenesis induced by autologous tumor biopsy cells, by allogeneic lymphocytes and by PHA, was performed in the presence of autologous or allogeneic serum collected from normal blood donors. In 13 of the 15 cases lymphocyte stimulation by autologous tumor cells was inhibited in the presence of autologous serum. In contrast, autologous serum somewhat enhanced the blastogenic effect of PHA and allogeneic lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1058840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2702", "title": "Monokaryon frequency among survivors from dikaryotic mycelial fragments.", "content": "If unicellular fragments of dikaryotic fungal mycelia are treated with environmental agents which inactivate their nuclei, a sharp rise of monokaryotic fragments among the survivors is expected. Mathematical evidence is presented that the same is also true for homogeneous multicellular fragment populations. It is shown that almost the same increase in monokaryon frequency is to be expected if the fragment population is heterogeneous and composed of different size fragments, regardless of whether these sizes are randomly or non-randomly distributed in the population. The curves for monokaryon frequencies among survivors are almost identical for all four situations considered. We may conclude that dikaryotic mycelia of higher fungi, such as Schizophyllum commune, are very suitable systems for investigating the effect of environmental agents on the nuclei.", "contents": "Monokaryon frequency among survivors from dikaryotic mycelial fragments. If unicellular fragments of dikaryotic fungal mycelia are treated with environmental agents which inactivate their nuclei, a sharp rise of monokaryotic fragments among the survivors is expected. Mathematical evidence is presented that the same is also true for homogeneous multicellular fragment populations. It is shown that almost the same increase in monokaryon frequency is to be expected if the fragment population is heterogeneous and composed of different size fragments, regardless of whether these sizes are randomly or non-randomly distributed in the population. The curves for monokaryon frequencies among survivors are almost identical for all four situations considered. We may conclude that dikaryotic mycelia of higher fungi, such as Schizophyllum commune, are very suitable systems for investigating the effect of environmental agents on the nuclei.", "PMID": 1058843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2703", "title": "Genotype X environment interactions. II. Some genetical considerations.", "content": "An algebraic formulation, alternative to that of Mather and Jones (1958) and hierarchial rather than factorial in nauture, is presented for describing the differences among the phenotypes produced by a number of genotypes each grown in each of a number of environments. This formuationdoes not include terms representing statistical interactions between genotypes and environments: it depends instead on comparisons between the different genotypes in their variation over the relevant ranges of environemnts. The two-line case is considered ant eht condition established for linearity of the regress ion of genotype X enviroment interaction (g in Mather and Jones' formulation) on overall effect of the envirronment (e in Mather and Jones' formulation)...", "contents": "Genotype X environment interactions. II. Some genetical considerations. An algebraic formulation, alternative to that of Mather and Jones (1958) and hierarchial rather than factorial in nauture, is presented for describing the differences among the phenotypes produced by a number of genotypes each grown in each of a number of environments. This formuationdoes not include terms representing statistical interactions between genotypes and environments: it depends instead on comparisons between the different genotypes in their variation over the relevant ranges of environemnts. The two-line case is considered ant eht condition established for linearity of the regress ion of genotype X enviroment interaction (g in Mather and Jones' formulation) on overall effect of the envirronment (e in Mather and Jones' formulation)...", "PMID": 1058844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2704", "title": "Polymorphisms in cyclically-varying environments.", "content": "We analysed both continuous and discrete two-allele models of cyclically-varying environments with an arbitrary degree of dominance. In continuous models, the gene frequency fluctuates with the period of the environmental oscillation. For the discrete case, the calculations were carried out to second order in selection. In contrast to the continuous models, and depending on the amount of dominance and the intitial gene frequency, fixation is possible as well as polymorphism.", "contents": "Polymorphisms in cyclically-varying environments. We analysed both continuous and discrete two-allele models of cyclically-varying environments with an arbitrary degree of dominance. In continuous models, the gene frequency fluctuates with the period of the environmental oscillation. For the discrete case, the calculations were carried out to second order in selection. In contrast to the continuous models, and depending on the amount of dominance and the intitial gene frequency, fixation is possible as well as polymorphism.", "PMID": 1058845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2705", "title": "Effect of metabolic inhibitors on bone lipid synthesis from radioactive bases.", "content": "Iodoacetate at 10(-3) M and 10(-4) M concentrations was found to strongly inhibit incorporation of both 14C-choline and 3H-inositol into phospholipids of calvaria from newborn rats; it had somewhat less effect on ethanolamine incorporation and almost no effect on serine incorporation. Similar though less dramatic results were observed with cyanide or dinitrophenol at similar concentrations.", "contents": "Effect of metabolic inhibitors on bone lipid synthesis from radioactive bases. Iodoacetate at 10(-3) M and 10(-4) M concentrations was found to strongly inhibit incorporation of both 14C-choline and 3H-inositol into phospholipids of calvaria from newborn rats; it had somewhat less effect on ethanolamine incorporation and almost no effect on serine incorporation. Similar though less dramatic results were observed with cyanide or dinitrophenol at similar concentrations.", "PMID": 1058850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2706", "title": "Effects of single exposure to sugar on calcium and phosphorus concentrations of dental plaque.", "content": "The results from three studies on the plaque of children and adults indicated that the response of the plaque to a single five-minute exposure to sugar cubes or boiled sweets (candies) depended on the initial condition of the plaque. Thus, significant decreases in the levels of calcium and phosphorus in plaque were observed in previously starved plaques but not in plaque from participants without previous dietary sugar restriction.", "contents": "Effects of single exposure to sugar on calcium and phosphorus concentrations of dental plaque. The results from three studies on the plaque of children and adults indicated that the response of the plaque to a single five-minute exposure to sugar cubes or boiled sweets (candies) depended on the initial condition of the plaque. Thus, significant decreases in the levels of calcium and phosphorus in plaque were observed in previously starved plaques but not in plaque from participants without previous dietary sugar restriction.", "PMID": 1058851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2707", "title": "Electron microscopic structure of the two layers of carious dentin.", "content": "Two layers of carious dentin from extracted human teeth were observed with an electron microscope. The first layer, which is superficial and fuchsin-stainable, showed degenerated collagen fibers and granular or leaflike inorganic crystals irregularly scattered. The second layer, which is profound and fuchsinunstainable, showed expanded odontoblastic processes, sound collagen fibers, and apatite crystals bound to the fibers like fringes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic structure of the two layers of carious dentin. Two layers of carious dentin from extracted human teeth were observed with an electron microscope. The first layer, which is superficial and fuchsin-stainable, showed degenerated collagen fibers and granular or leaflike inorganic crystals irregularly scattered. The second layer, which is profound and fuchsinunstainable, showed expanded odontoblastic processes, sound collagen fibers, and apatite crystals bound to the fibers like fringes.", "PMID": 1058852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2708", "title": "Localization of amylase in major salivary glands of the guinea pig.", "content": "The localization of amylase activity in the major salivary glands of adult male and female guinea pigs was determined by a substrate film technique. Parotid and submandibular glands showed intense activity localized to the acini. Only a weak reaction in the lumen of intralobular ducts was observed in sublingual glands. The sex differences in amylase activity reported in other commonly studied laboratory rodents were not detected in this species.", "contents": "Localization of amylase in major salivary glands of the guinea pig. The localization of amylase activity in the major salivary glands of adult male and female guinea pigs was determined by a substrate film technique. Parotid and submandibular glands showed intense activity localized to the acini. Only a weak reaction in the lumen of intralobular ducts was observed in sublingual glands. The sex differences in amylase activity reported in other commonly studied laboratory rodents were not detected in this species.", "PMID": 1058853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2709", "title": "In vivo and in vitro corrosion products of dental amalgam.", "content": "Corrosion products of amalgam produced in Ringer's solution were compared with products formed in vivo using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and potentiostatic anodic polarization. The corrosion products in an old amalgam were probably a mixture of tin-oxide and tin oxychloride. In vitro corrosion of fresh amalgam resulted in the buildup of similar products.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro corrosion products of dental amalgam. Corrosion products of amalgam produced in Ringer's solution were compared with products formed in vivo using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, and potentiostatic anodic polarization. The corrosion products in an old amalgam were probably a mixture of tin-oxide and tin oxychloride. In vitro corrosion of fresh amalgam resulted in the buildup of similar products.", "PMID": 1058854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2710", "title": "Polyurethane elastomer as a possible resilient material for denture protheses: a microbiological evaluation.", "content": "A polyurethane elastomer was microbiologically evaluated in vitro for its potential use in resilient denture liners. Specimens were immersed in suspensions of ten selected oral microorganisms; this was followed by viable cell counts at intervals during a 16-week period. Results indicated that the polyurethane neither supported the growth of the organisms nor was it degraded.", "contents": "Polyurethane elastomer as a possible resilient material for denture protheses: a microbiological evaluation. A polyurethane elastomer was microbiologically evaluated in vitro for its potential use in resilient denture liners. Specimens were immersed in suspensions of ten selected oral microorganisms; this was followed by viable cell counts at intervals during a 16-week period. Results indicated that the polyurethane neither supported the growth of the organisms nor was it degraded.", "PMID": 1058855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2711", "title": "Truncated Poisson distribution with optimization techniques in the epidemiology of caries.", "content": "A truncated Poisson distribution provides a closer fit to observed caries in a sample of 10- to 11-year-old children than a previously reported chain binomial distribution. Operations research techniques are used in estimating a parameter.", "contents": "Truncated Poisson distribution with optimization techniques in the epidemiology of caries. A truncated Poisson distribution provides a closer fit to observed caries in a sample of 10- to 11-year-old children than a previously reported chain binomial distribution. Operations research techniques are used in estimating a parameter.", "PMID": 1058856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2712", "title": "Glycoprotein biosynthesis at the time of palate fusion by rabbit palate and maxilla cultured in vitro.", "content": "The dynamics of glycoprotein biosynthesis in rabbit maxillary and palatal explants at the time of palatal fusion was studied using 3H-fucose and 14C-leucine as precursors. The results show that there is an increase in glycoprotein biosynthesis in the rabbit palate in vitro at a time commensurate with the onset of contact and adherence of the palatal shelves.", "contents": "Glycoprotein biosynthesis at the time of palate fusion by rabbit palate and maxilla cultured in vitro. The dynamics of glycoprotein biosynthesis in rabbit maxillary and palatal explants at the time of palatal fusion was studied using 3H-fucose and 14C-leucine as precursors. The results show that there is an increase in glycoprotein biosynthesis in the rabbit palate in vitro at a time commensurate with the onset of contact and adherence of the palatal shelves.", "PMID": 1058857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2713", "title": "Behaviorally based measures for evaluating the nonclinical performance of dentists in team settings.", "content": "Retranslations of expectations technique was used to develop behaviorally anchored scales for evaluating dentists' utilization of expanded duty dental auxiliaries. To enhance the reliability and validity of such instruments the project focused on specific acts and decisions of the dentist which are either effective or ineffective in accomplishing the health team's tasks.", "contents": "Behaviorally based measures for evaluating the nonclinical performance of dentists in team settings. Retranslations of expectations technique was used to develop behaviorally anchored scales for evaluating dentists' utilization of expanded duty dental auxiliaries. To enhance the reliability and validity of such instruments the project focused on specific acts and decisions of the dentist which are either effective or ineffective in accomplishing the health team's tasks.", "PMID": 1058858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2714", "title": "Bacterial conditions of water in dental units.", "content": "Stagnant water in the boiler of a dental unit can cause a high bacterial density. A spiral unit is somewhat superior to a boiler in this respect. Normal unchlorinated tapwater is the main problem in achieving hygienic conditions in dental practice. The technical performance of the unit is only partly responsible for the water quality.", "contents": "Bacterial conditions of water in dental units. Stagnant water in the boiler of a dental unit can cause a high bacterial density. A spiral unit is somewhat superior to a boiler in this respect. Normal unchlorinated tapwater is the main problem in achieving hygienic conditions in dental practice. The technical performance of the unit is only partly responsible for the water quality.", "PMID": 1058859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2715", "title": "Cleft palate induction: quantitative studies of 3H corticoids in A/Jax mouse tissues after maternal injections of 3H cortisol.", "content": "A/Jax mice were injected with 50 muCi of 3H cortisol and 10 mg of cortisone acetate on day 12 of gestation. At various intervals after injection, the maternal liver, placenta, yolk sac, and the fetal jaws were removed and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography in conjunction with oxidative combustion and liquid scintillation counting to identify and measure the amount of labeled corticoid metabolites. The results support the thesis that these corticoids may induce clefts by an individual or combined direct action on the fetal jaws and palatal shelf tissue.", "contents": "Cleft palate induction: quantitative studies of 3H corticoids in A/Jax mouse tissues after maternal injections of 3H cortisol. A/Jax mice were injected with 50 muCi of 3H cortisol and 10 mg of cortisone acetate on day 12 of gestation. At various intervals after injection, the maternal liver, placenta, yolk sac, and the fetal jaws were removed and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography in conjunction with oxidative combustion and liquid scintillation counting to identify and measure the amount of labeled corticoid metabolites. The results support the thesis that these corticoids may induce clefts by an individual or combined direct action on the fetal jaws and palatal shelf tissue.", "PMID": 1058860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2716", "title": "Reduction in dentin wear resistance by irradiation and effects of storage in aqueous media.", "content": "Electromechanical dentin abrasion measurements showed that the irradiation treatment applied before radiotracer dentin abrasion measurements reduced the wear resistance of dentin. This caused changes in the measured relative abrasitivities of dentifrices. Effects of storage in aqueous media were also investigated.", "contents": "Reduction in dentin wear resistance by irradiation and effects of storage in aqueous media. Electromechanical dentin abrasion measurements showed that the irradiation treatment applied before radiotracer dentin abrasion measurements reduced the wear resistance of dentin. This caused changes in the measured relative abrasitivities of dentifrices. Effects of storage in aqueous media were also investigated.", "PMID": 1058861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2717", "title": "Composition and mechanical properties of gutta-percha endodontic points.", "content": "Gutta-percha endodontic filling points were found to contain approximately 20% gutta-percha (matrix), 66% zinc oxide (filler), 11% heavy metal sulfates (radiopacifier), and 3% waxes and/or resins (plasticizer). The mechanical properties were indicative of a partially crystalline viscoelastic polymeric material. They were found to obey Hooke's law and displayed a prominent upper and lower yield point when stressed beyond the proportional limit. The essential differences in mechanical properties of individual brands were found to be a function of the gutta-percha and zinc oxide concentration.", "contents": "Composition and mechanical properties of gutta-percha endodontic points. Gutta-percha endodontic filling points were found to contain approximately 20% gutta-percha (matrix), 66% zinc oxide (filler), 11% heavy metal sulfates (radiopacifier), and 3% waxes and/or resins (plasticizer). The mechanical properties were indicative of a partially crystalline viscoelastic polymeric material. They were found to obey Hooke's law and displayed a prominent upper and lower yield point when stressed beyond the proportional limit. The essential differences in mechanical properties of individual brands were found to be a function of the gutta-percha and zinc oxide concentration.", "PMID": 1058875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2718", "title": "Method for the clinical evaluation of enamel polish.", "content": "Enamel polish of 600 children was scored. The method used is simple and comprises a visual comparison of the facial surfaces of incisors with a polish standard prepared by selectively polishing extracted teeth. Examiners with little experience can distinguish degrees of enamel polish. A high-polish dentifrice produced significantly greater enamel polish during the 27-month study. A \"polish\" with flour of pumice at the beginning of the study did not influence this enamel polish.", "contents": "Method for the clinical evaluation of enamel polish. Enamel polish of 600 children was scored. The method used is simple and comprises a visual comparison of the facial surfaces of incisors with a polish standard prepared by selectively polishing extracted teeth. Examiners with little experience can distinguish degrees of enamel polish. A high-polish dentifrice produced significantly greater enamel polish during the 27-month study. A \"polish\" with flour of pumice at the beginning of the study did not influence this enamel polish.", "PMID": 1058877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2719", "title": "Biochemical and morphological studies of rat submandibular gland: I. Centrifugal fractionation of granule-rich fraction.", "content": "Submandibular glands from male rats were homogenized in 0.34 M sucrose and 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in 10 mM HEPES buffer at a pH of 7.4. The extract was centrifuged and filtered through nuclepore filters to prepare a granule-rich fraction. Electron dense zymogen granules constituted approximately 85% of the particles in this fraction which also contained about a third of the total alkaline esterase activity in the gland.", "contents": "Biochemical and morphological studies of rat submandibular gland: I. Centrifugal fractionation of granule-rich fraction. Submandibular glands from male rats were homogenized in 0.34 M sucrose and 0.5 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in 10 mM HEPES buffer at a pH of 7.4. The extract was centrifuged and filtered through nuclepore filters to prepare a granule-rich fraction. Electron dense zymogen granules constituted approximately 85% of the particles in this fraction which also contained about a third of the total alkaline esterase activity in the gland.", "PMID": 1058878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2720", "title": "Histology of fissures in human unerupted teeth.", "content": "An investigation into the contents of the fissures of unerupted teeth was made using light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. For this study, 193 unerupted teeth were used. The presence of ameloblasts in the fissures was substantiated, and their role in forming the fissure is discussed.", "contents": "Histology of fissures in human unerupted teeth. An investigation into the contents of the fissures of unerupted teeth was made using light and scanning electron microscopy techniques. For this study, 193 unerupted teeth were used. The presence of ameloblasts in the fissures was substantiated, and their role in forming the fissure is discussed.", "PMID": 1058879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2721", "title": "Effects of short-term and long-term administration of procaine hydrochloride and mepivacaine hydrochloride on hexobarbital-induced sleeping times in mice.", "content": "Investigations were performed to determine the effects of short-and long-term pretreatment with procaine and mepivacaine on hexobarbital-induced sleeping times in mice. It was found that short-term preadministration with procaine (40 mg/kg) and mepivacine (40 and 60 mg/kg) significantly increased hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, but long-term pretreatment had no effect.", "contents": "Effects of short-term and long-term administration of procaine hydrochloride and mepivacaine hydrochloride on hexobarbital-induced sleeping times in mice. Investigations were performed to determine the effects of short-and long-term pretreatment with procaine and mepivacaine on hexobarbital-induced sleeping times in mice. It was found that short-term preadministration with procaine (40 mg/kg) and mepivacine (40 and 60 mg/kg) significantly increased hexobarbital-induced sleeping time, but long-term pretreatment had no effect.", "PMID": 1058876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2722", "title": "Analysis of blood cortisol levels in oral surgery patients given various levels of intravenous medication.", "content": "Blood cortisol levels of oral surgery patients were analyzed to objectively determine the effect of intravenous sedation on surgical stress. Results showed a measure of sedation but did not adequately reflect the stress of oral surgery or the changes produced by intravenous sedation.", "contents": "Analysis of blood cortisol levels in oral surgery patients given various levels of intravenous medication. Blood cortisol levels of oral surgery patients were analyzed to objectively determine the effect of intravenous sedation on surgical stress. Results showed a measure of sedation but did not adequately reflect the stress of oral surgery or the changes produced by intravenous sedation.", "PMID": 1058880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2723", "title": "Quantitative studies of in vitro inhibition of Streptococcus mutans plaque formation by organic amines.", "content": "The abilities of five, long-chain aliphatic monamines to inhibit the deposition of plaque formed by Streptococcus mutans on stainless-steel wires were determined. The compounds along with their relative inhibitory potencies that were studied are N-methyltetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, dodecylamine, N-ethyldodecylamine, and octylamine. Activities are compared with critical micelle concentrations, partition coefficients, and quantum mechanical charges on the amine nitrogens.", "contents": "Quantitative studies of in vitro inhibition of Streptococcus mutans plaque formation by organic amines. The abilities of five, long-chain aliphatic monamines to inhibit the deposition of plaque formed by Streptococcus mutans on stainless-steel wires were determined. The compounds along with their relative inhibitory potencies that were studied are N-methyltetradecylamine, hexadecylamine, dodecylamine, N-ethyldodecylamine, and octylamine. Activities are compared with critical micelle concentrations, partition coefficients, and quantum mechanical charges on the amine nitrogens.", "PMID": 1058881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2724", "title": "Structure-activity studies on inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by long-chain aliphatic diamines.", "content": "A series of long-chain aliphatic diamines, R1R2N(CH2)mNR3-CnH2n+1' was tested for in vitro inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. In general, high activity was found for all analogs with alkyl chains containing 14 to 18 carbons. The nature of the substituents on the remainder of the alkylenediamine were of secondary importance. N-hydroxyethyl substituents tend to decrease activity. Good correlations of activity with quadratic functions of diamine critical micelle concentrations were obtained.", "contents": "Structure-activity studies on inhibition of Streptococcus mutans by long-chain aliphatic diamines. A series of long-chain aliphatic diamines, R1R2N(CH2)mNR3-CnH2n+1' was tested for in vitro inhibition of Streptococcus mutans. In general, high activity was found for all analogs with alkyl chains containing 14 to 18 carbons. The nature of the substituents on the remainder of the alkylenediamine were of secondary importance. N-hydroxyethyl substituents tend to decrease activity. Good correlations of activity with quadratic functions of diamine critical micelle concentrations were obtained.", "PMID": 1058882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2725", "title": "New method for comparing the activity of local anesthetics used in dentistry.", "content": "A method using conscious rats was designed to determine, measure, and compare the local anesthetic property of agents used in dentistry. The technique involves a local anesthetic blockade of the mental and incisive nerves at the mental foramen and electrical stimulation proximal to the anesthetized region. This pharmacodynamic method is simple to perform and appropriate for the assessment of local anesthetics as used in clinical dentistry.", "contents": "New method for comparing the activity of local anesthetics used in dentistry. A method using conscious rats was designed to determine, measure, and compare the local anesthetic property of agents used in dentistry. The technique involves a local anesthetic blockade of the mental and incisive nerves at the mental foramen and electrical stimulation proximal to the anesthetized region. This pharmacodynamic method is simple to perform and appropriate for the assessment of local anesthetics as used in clinical dentistry.", "PMID": 1058883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2726", "title": "Natural desensitization of exposed tooth roots in dogs.", "content": "With scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe elemental analysis, and an objective method for eliciting responses to electrical stimuli, exposed tooth root surfaces in dogs were found to become naturally desensitized with time, perhaps because of the formation of acquired pellicle.", "contents": "Natural desensitization of exposed tooth roots in dogs. With scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe elemental analysis, and an objective method for eliciting responses to electrical stimuli, exposed tooth root surfaces in dogs were found to become naturally desensitized with time, perhaps because of the formation of acquired pellicle.", "PMID": 1058884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2727", "title": "Effect of dietary supplementation of glycine on caries development and lipids in rat molars.", "content": "The effect of dietary supplementation of glycine at a level of 4% on caries development and the lipid content of rat molar teeth was studied. The glycine supplementation caused a 65.7% reduction in caries development and a 15.1% reduction in lipid content. In a concurrent balance study, it was noted that the dietary glycine did not have any significant effect on the retention of either calcium or phosphorus by the rat's body. Changes in the fatty acid composition of the tooth and a reduction in growth rate were noted, however.", "contents": "Effect of dietary supplementation of glycine on caries development and lipids in rat molars. The effect of dietary supplementation of glycine at a level of 4% on caries development and the lipid content of rat molar teeth was studied. The glycine supplementation caused a 65.7% reduction in caries development and a 15.1% reduction in lipid content. In a concurrent balance study, it was noted that the dietary glycine did not have any significant effect on the retention of either calcium or phosphorus by the rat's body. Changes in the fatty acid composition of the tooth and a reduction in growth rate were noted, however.", "PMID": 1058885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2728", "title": "Adhesive penetration in human artificial and natural white spots.", "content": "Penetration of a liquid adhesive into human artificial and natural white spots, both acid-conditioned and nonconditioned, was studied. All artificial white spots showed penetration of the adhesive. Acid-conditioned natural lesions exhibited penetration to a lesser amount than in vitro lesions. Penetration in nonconditioned natural lesions was not apparent.", "contents": "Adhesive penetration in human artificial and natural white spots. Penetration of a liquid adhesive into human artificial and natural white spots, both acid-conditioned and nonconditioned, was studied. All artificial white spots showed penetration of the adhesive. Acid-conditioned natural lesions exhibited penetration to a lesser amount than in vitro lesions. Penetration in nonconditioned natural lesions was not apparent.", "PMID": 1058886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2729", "title": "Prediction of post-freshman year dental student performance.", "content": "The orientation of the remedial education program was changed as a result of this study. By using freshman achievement to aid in prediction of later performance it was found that inefficient students could be identified much earlier with reliable accuracy (R equal to 0.9). Although the computer program did not produce a reliable formula for the prediction of specific problem disciplines, it allowed a preventive as well as a remedial mechanism to assist the inefficient student.", "contents": "Prediction of post-freshman year dental student performance. The orientation of the remedial education program was changed as a result of this study. By using freshman achievement to aid in prediction of later performance it was found that inefficient students could be identified much earlier with reliable accuracy (R equal to 0.9). Although the computer program did not produce a reliable formula for the prediction of specific problem disciplines, it allowed a preventive as well as a remedial mechanism to assist the inefficient student.", "PMID": 1058893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2730", "title": "Evaluation by objectives: A systematic approach to the evaluation of educational programs and activities in dental education.", "content": "In response to the need for more effective utilization of resources, many institutions of higher learning are beginning to use corporate management methods. These methods, MBO being the most familiar example, center on the common comprehension at all levels of the goals of the corporation. However, institutions of higher learning uniformly lack a cohesiveness of purpose that extends from the level of president to that of teaching faculty. It is a mistake to assume that institutional educational goals are understood and supported by appropriate educational objectives at the department and program level. The evaluation-by-objective format is a concise graphical way to identify areas of support and confusion. It can be applied at each level of the institution and transmitted upward so that personnel at each administrative level can see the way in which its goals and objectives are perceived at lower levels. The proposed format facilitates grouping of educational objectives into programs, providing a framework for the estimation of effort and of needed resources. Since perceptions of effort and required resources will differ depending upon perspective, important issues will be identified, a most significant benefit of the system. The format leads to the formulation of an action plan, which should be reviewed periodically. The first step toward scientific management in institutions of higher learning must be a clear understanding of institutional and subunit goals, along with a set of education objectives that will accomplish these goals. The evaluation-by-objective format directs itself to exactly that concern.", "contents": "Evaluation by objectives: A systematic approach to the evaluation of educational programs and activities in dental education. In response to the need for more effective utilization of resources, many institutions of higher learning are beginning to use corporate management methods. These methods, MBO being the most familiar example, center on the common comprehension at all levels of the goals of the corporation. However, institutions of higher learning uniformly lack a cohesiveness of purpose that extends from the level of president to that of teaching faculty. It is a mistake to assume that institutional educational goals are understood and supported by appropriate educational objectives at the department and program level. The evaluation-by-objective format is a concise graphical way to identify areas of support and confusion. It can be applied at each level of the institution and transmitted upward so that personnel at each administrative level can see the way in which its goals and objectives are perceived at lower levels. The proposed format facilitates grouping of educational objectives into programs, providing a framework for the estimation of effort and of needed resources. Since perceptions of effort and required resources will differ depending upon perspective, important issues will be identified, a most significant benefit of the system. The format leads to the formulation of an action plan, which should be reviewed periodically. The first step toward scientific management in institutions of higher learning must be a clear understanding of institutional and subunit goals, along with a set of education objectives that will accomplish these goals. The evaluation-by-objective format directs itself to exactly that concern.", "PMID": 1058897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2731", "title": "Training program in maxillofacial prosthetics for medical artists.", "content": "A program in maxillofacial prosthetics for medical artists was initiated at the University of Illinois Medical Center in 1966 as a joint enterprise of the Center for Craniofacial Anomalies of the Abraham Lincoln School of Medicine and the Department of Medical Art of the School of Associated Medical Sciences. In the intervening years, 25 medical artists have been graduated from the program. The general background of the trainees, the scope of their training, and their clinical contribution were discussed and illustrated.", "contents": "Training program in maxillofacial prosthetics for medical artists. A program in maxillofacial prosthetics for medical artists was initiated at the University of Illinois Medical Center in 1966 as a joint enterprise of the Center for Craniofacial Anomalies of the Abraham Lincoln School of Medicine and the Department of Medical Art of the School of Associated Medical Sciences. In the intervening years, 25 medical artists have been graduated from the program. The general background of the trainees, the scope of their training, and their clinical contribution were discussed and illustrated.", "PMID": 1058902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2732", "title": "Role of the dental technician in professional education.", "content": "This survey has documented the current role of dental technicians in dental schools in the United States. This role is still rather minor, but it is significant. Some suggestions for improving the situation have been made. A further survey of this kind should be made again in 3-5 years, at which time a comparison with this survey may reveal a developing pattern and some better clues to the future.", "contents": "Role of the dental technician in professional education. This survey has documented the current role of dental technicians in dental schools in the United States. This role is still rather minor, but it is significant. Some suggestions for improving the situation have been made. A further survey of this kind should be made again in 3-5 years, at which time a comparison with this survey may reveal a developing pattern and some better clues to the future.", "PMID": 1058905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2733", "title": "The dental externship: an educational methodology for extramural experiences.", "content": "Although this pilot program in extramural experiences failed to confront any major injustices of the health care system, the establishment of the externship succeeded in filling a major gap in the present curriculum. The selected sites afforded students the experience of relating to psychiatric patients, institutional bureaucracy, and incarcerated populations. Social attitudes appeared modified as a consequence of the externship, and a commitment to improve the delivery system was made.", "contents": "The dental externship: an educational methodology for extramural experiences. Although this pilot program in extramural experiences failed to confront any major injustices of the health care system, the establishment of the externship succeeded in filling a major gap in the present curriculum. The selected sites afforded students the experience of relating to psychiatric patients, institutional bureaucracy, and incarcerated populations. Social attitudes appeared modified as a consequence of the externship, and a commitment to improve the delivery system was made.", "PMID": 1058906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2734", "title": "Six-month and one-year clinical evaluation of a composite resin for class II restorations.", "content": "This clinical study was undertaken to compare a composite resin, containing a modified filler, with a dental amalgam alloy in Class II restorations. Eight senior dental students placed 98 pairs of restoration in 69 patients. After six months and one-year, 69 pairs of restorations in 49 patients were evaluated by two examiners. No significant differences were found between baseline and one-year evaluations for ratings of anatomic form and marginal adaptation. Color match was found to decrease in time, and marginal discoloration was found to increase in time. Failures of restoration were not attributed to the materials, but more probably were caused by faulty cavity preparations. Although the results for each patient analysis indicated no significant differences in anatomic form and marginal adaptation at one year, the B ratings for these two criteria for both types of restorations in this study indicate the need for continued clinical evaluation. The decreased number of composite restorations with good color match is not unexpected and indicates the need for judgment when selecting composite resin as the restorative material in Class II preparations for esthetic purposes. The significant number of composite restoration in this study with increasing marginal discoloration is reason for concern and continued evaluation of these restorations. Marginal discoloration and poor marginal adaptation are factors related to recurrent caries and replacement of restorations. Thus, continued research and clinical evaluation of new restorative materials is a necessity.", "contents": "Six-month and one-year clinical evaluation of a composite resin for class II restorations. This clinical study was undertaken to compare a composite resin, containing a modified filler, with a dental amalgam alloy in Class II restorations. Eight senior dental students placed 98 pairs of restoration in 69 patients. After six months and one-year, 69 pairs of restorations in 49 patients were evaluated by two examiners. No significant differences were found between baseline and one-year evaluations for ratings of anatomic form and marginal adaptation. Color match was found to decrease in time, and marginal discoloration was found to increase in time. Failures of restoration were not attributed to the materials, but more probably were caused by faulty cavity preparations. Although the results for each patient analysis indicated no significant differences in anatomic form and marginal adaptation at one year, the B ratings for these two criteria for both types of restorations in this study indicate the need for continued clinical evaluation. The decreased number of composite restorations with good color match is not unexpected and indicates the need for judgment when selecting composite resin as the restorative material in Class II preparations for esthetic purposes. The significant number of composite restoration in this study with increasing marginal discoloration is reason for concern and continued evaluation of these restorations. Marginal discoloration and poor marginal adaptation are factors related to recurrent caries and replacement of restorations. Thus, continued research and clinical evaluation of new restorative materials is a necessity.", "PMID": 1058913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2735", "title": "Preventive dentistry in private practice: a survey in Kentucky.", "content": "General practitioners in Kentucky were surveyed to establish a profile of preventive practice in the state and to identify factors influencing the profile. Both questionnaire and interview methods were used. A Kentuckian has a 55% chance of seeing a dentist who advises all his patients about prevention, and an 87% chance of seeing one who adivses some of his patients. Persons between the ages of 6 and 24 are most likely to receive preventive services. The dentist is selective about who receives a preventive-oriented examination, and he is more likely to perform the services than auxillaries. The profile shows the need for a greatly increased emphasis on preventive dentistry in undergraduate and continuing education courses and for the increased use of auxiliary personnel in the delivery of preventive services.", "contents": "Preventive dentistry in private practice: a survey in Kentucky. General practitioners in Kentucky were surveyed to establish a profile of preventive practice in the state and to identify factors influencing the profile. Both questionnaire and interview methods were used. A Kentuckian has a 55% chance of seeing a dentist who advises all his patients about prevention, and an 87% chance of seeing one who adivses some of his patients. Persons between the ages of 6 and 24 are most likely to receive preventive services. The dentist is selective about who receives a preventive-oriented examination, and he is more likely to perform the services than auxillaries. The profile shows the need for a greatly increased emphasis on preventive dentistry in undergraduate and continuing education courses and for the increased use of auxiliary personnel in the delivery of preventive services.", "PMID": 1058914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2736", "title": "Electromygraphic biofeedback and tricyclic antidepressants in myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome: psychological predictors of outcome.", "content": "Training in muscle relaxation using electromyographic biofeedback was successful in relieving myofascial pain-dysfunction symptoms in 15 of 23 patients. Half of the remainder were helped by tricyclic antidepressants. Effects of the therapies corresponded to psychological factors assessed before treatment. The implications of these factors are discussed.", "contents": "Electromygraphic biofeedback and tricyclic antidepressants in myofascial pain-dysfunction syndrome: psychological predictors of outcome. Training in muscle relaxation using electromyographic biofeedback was successful in relieving myofascial pain-dysfunction symptoms in 15 of 23 patients. Half of the remainder were helped by tricyclic antidepressants. Effects of the therapies corresponded to psychological factors assessed before treatment. The implications of these factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1058915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2737", "title": "The influence of proximal retention grooves on the retention and resistance of class II preparations for amalgams.", "content": "The addition of proximal retention grooves to various designs of the Class II cavity preparation considerably improves the retention and resistance characteristics of amalgam restorations. The incorporation of proximal grooves should reduce the necessity for gross outline form as a means of gaining adequate retention adn resistance in the Class II preparation.", "contents": "The influence of proximal retention grooves on the retention and resistance of class II preparations for amalgams. The addition of proximal retention grooves to various designs of the Class II cavity preparation considerably improves the retention and resistance characteristics of amalgam restorations. The incorporation of proximal grooves should reduce the necessity for gross outline form as a means of gaining adequate retention adn resistance in the Class II preparation.", "PMID": 1058916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2738", "title": "Brain damage after intrathecal methotrexate.", "content": "Ten brains from leukaemic patients given intrathecal methotrexate and 10 from leukaemic patients without intrathecal therapy have been examined. Three of the methodtrexate treated patients appear to have died from their therapy. The histological changes consisted of destruction of oligodendrocytes, sometimes complete over large areas, and sometimes relatively slight. All the patients who survived long enough after treatment showed severe astrocytosis.", "contents": "Brain damage after intrathecal methotrexate. Ten brains from leukaemic patients given intrathecal methotrexate and 10 from leukaemic patients without intrathecal therapy have been examined. Three of the methodtrexate treated patients appear to have died from their therapy. The histological changes consisted of destruction of oligodendrocytes, sometimes complete over large areas, and sometimes relatively slight. All the patients who survived long enough after treatment showed severe astrocytosis.", "PMID": 1058923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2739", "title": "Survey of local anesthetic toxicity in the families of patients with atypical plasma cholinesterase.", "content": "There have been reports of toxic reactions to ester-type local anesthetics in patients with genetic anomalies of plasma cholinesterase in so-called dibucaine-resistant homozygotes or heterozygotes. Because of these reports, 23 patients with prolonged apnea after administration of succinylcholine were studied with Kalow's method for abnormal dibucaine number (DN), which characterizes this condition, and for the history of local anesthetic toxicity. Thirty-eight relatives of abnormal individuals were studied in the same manner. Two atypical dibucaine-resistant homozygotes and the relative of one of these had toxic reactions to ester-type local anesthetics. Although low doses of ester-type local anesthetics may be tolerated by atypical homozygotes, these agents are best avoided and amide-type local anesthetics or tetracaine, which is hydrolyzed at a normal rate, should be used. Individuals with atypical plasma cholinesterase should wear a Medic-Alert bracelet or amulet so that complications and fatalities can be avoided.", "contents": "Survey of local anesthetic toxicity in the families of patients with atypical plasma cholinesterase. There have been reports of toxic reactions to ester-type local anesthetics in patients with genetic anomalies of plasma cholinesterase in so-called dibucaine-resistant homozygotes or heterozygotes. Because of these reports, 23 patients with prolonged apnea after administration of succinylcholine were studied with Kalow's method for abnormal dibucaine number (DN), which characterizes this condition, and for the history of local anesthetic toxicity. Thirty-eight relatives of abnormal individuals were studied in the same manner. Two atypical dibucaine-resistant homozygotes and the relative of one of these had toxic reactions to ester-type local anesthetics. Although low doses of ester-type local anesthetics may be tolerated by atypical homozygotes, these agents are best avoided and amide-type local anesthetics or tetracaine, which is hydrolyzed at a normal rate, should be used. Individuals with atypical plasma cholinesterase should wear a Medic-Alert bracelet or amulet so that complications and fatalities can be avoided.", "PMID": 1058931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2740", "title": "The combined anterior and posterior maxillary ostectomy: a new technique.", "content": "We have used the combined simultaneous anterior and posterior maxillary ostectomy to correct 32 dentofacial deformities during the past five years. Alterations and improvements in the procedure advocated by us in 1969 have made it more versatile. In indicated cases, it provides the best method to obtain optimum esthetic and functional results. In our experience, this approach permits a direct and definitive method for the correction of a group of dentofacial deformities that have been previously approached less directly with resulting compromised functional and esthetic results. The indications, methods of treatment, and follow-up data of this procedure are presented with two illustrative cases.", "contents": "The combined anterior and posterior maxillary ostectomy: a new technique. We have used the combined simultaneous anterior and posterior maxillary ostectomy to correct 32 dentofacial deformities during the past five years. Alterations and improvements in the procedure advocated by us in 1969 have made it more versatile. In indicated cases, it provides the best method to obtain optimum esthetic and functional results. In our experience, this approach permits a direct and definitive method for the correction of a group of dentofacial deformities that have been previously approached less directly with resulting compromised functional and esthetic results. The indications, methods of treatment, and follow-up data of this procedure are presented with two illustrative cases.", "PMID": 1058932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2741", "title": "Juvenile hemangioendothelioma: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A solitary juvenile hemangioendothelioma on the maxillary gingiva of a newborn white male has been presented. No recurrence or evidence of systemic involvement has been noted in the 18 months following excision. The literature was reviewed with emphasis on the varying location and behavior of the lesion and the methods of treatment. Simple excision of the isolated, histologically benign neoplasm is recommended provided adequate follow-up is assured.", "contents": "Juvenile hemangioendothelioma: report of a case and review of the literature. A solitary juvenile hemangioendothelioma on the maxillary gingiva of a newborn white male has been presented. No recurrence or evidence of systemic involvement has been noted in the 18 months following excision. The literature was reviewed with emphasis on the varying location and behavior of the lesion and the methods of treatment. Simple excision of the isolated, histologically benign neoplasm is recommended provided adequate follow-up is assured.", "PMID": 1058934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2742", "title": "Soft tissue closure of unilateral congenital maxillary alveolar cleft.", "content": "A surgical procedure for the soft tissue closure of a congenital maxillary osseous and soft tissue cleft is presented. Normal function is established and prosthodontic replacement of congenital dental defects is facilitated.", "contents": "Soft tissue closure of unilateral congenital maxillary alveolar cleft. A surgical procedure for the soft tissue closure of a congenital maxillary osseous and soft tissue cleft is presented. Normal function is established and prosthodontic replacement of congenital dental defects is facilitated.", "PMID": 1058935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2743", "title": "An appliance that permits early mobilization after correction of mandibular prognathism.", "content": "With certain orthognathic surgery patients, such as epileptics, severe asthmatics, or those with other medical problems that increase risk during intermaxillary fixation, there occasionally may be an indication for a reduced fixation time. By using Vitallium mesh for stability, immobilization for 2 to 2 1/2 weeks has proved to be sufficient in a limited number of cases. Mobilization before two weeks has not been attempted. The procedure, however, is not recommended as a routine method of fixation.", "contents": "An appliance that permits early mobilization after correction of mandibular prognathism. With certain orthognathic surgery patients, such as epileptics, severe asthmatics, or those with other medical problems that increase risk during intermaxillary fixation, there occasionally may be an indication for a reduced fixation time. By using Vitallium mesh for stability, immobilization for 2 to 2 1/2 weeks has proved to be sufficient in a limited number of cases. Mobilization before two weeks has not been attempted. The procedure, however, is not recommended as a routine method of fixation.", "PMID": 1058936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2744", "title": "The effects of exchange transfusion on intracranial pressure in patients with Reye syndrome.", "content": "Intracranial pressure has been monitored in ten patients with Reye syndrome. All of the patients were comatose and all were treated with dexamethasone, mannitol, hyperventilation, and multiple exchange transfusions. Five of these children are alive and well; five died. In each case ICP monitoring allowed for immediate treatment and evaluation of the mode of therapy used to reduce elevated ICP. Exchange transfusions in all patients either reduced the increased ICP or made the pressure rises easier to manage. ICP is not always reflected by lumbar spinal fluid pressure or clinical state. In our hands, ICP monitoring has proved to be a safe technique for the investigation of the significance of raised ICP in the outcome of patients with Reye syndrome and of the effectiveness of a chosen therapy in reducing this pressure.", "contents": "The effects of exchange transfusion on intracranial pressure in patients with Reye syndrome. Intracranial pressure has been monitored in ten patients with Reye syndrome. All of the patients were comatose and all were treated with dexamethasone, mannitol, hyperventilation, and multiple exchange transfusions. Five of these children are alive and well; five died. In each case ICP monitoring allowed for immediate treatment and evaluation of the mode of therapy used to reduce elevated ICP. Exchange transfusions in all patients either reduced the increased ICP or made the pressure rises easier to manage. ICP is not always reflected by lumbar spinal fluid pressure or clinical state. In our hands, ICP monitoring has proved to be a safe technique for the investigation of the significance of raised ICP in the outcome of patients with Reye syndrome and of the effectiveness of a chosen therapy in reducing this pressure.", "PMID": 1058937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2745", "title": "Clinical comparison of the free soft tissue autograft and partial thickness apically positioned flap--preoperative gingival or mucosal margins.", "content": "Apically positioned split thickness flaps were performed at two selected sites in each of 10 patients. Equivalent amounts of periosteum were left exposed to standardize the method. In five patients the preoperative dentogingival margins consisted of gingiva, whereas in the five others a margin of alveolar mucosa was present. In all patients the pre-existing margin was sutured apically to periosteum, after reflection of the split thickness flap. At one surgical site in each patient a free soft tissue autograft, donated from the palate, was sutured to the periosteum left exposed coronal to the apically positioned flap margin. The second surgical site was left not covered by any biological dressing. Measurements from three fixed reference points on a stable acrylic device were recorded preoperatively and at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks postoperatively. The graft and split thickness flap procedures were then biometrically compared by application of the Null Hypothesis and t test for the difference of the means to determine any significant differences. It was concluded that the presence of a preoperative dentogingival margin of gingiva suggested that either the free graft or split flap procedure would eliminate pockets extending beyond the mucogingival junction, and would establish adequate zones of attached gingiva without deformity at the dentogingival junction. However, the presence of a preoperative margin of alveolar mucosa suggested the use of the free soft tissue autograft to attain the above. The thickness of connective tissue afforded by a preoperative margin of gingiva was assumed to be the responsible factor for the above conclusions.", "contents": "Clinical comparison of the free soft tissue autograft and partial thickness apically positioned flap--preoperative gingival or mucosal margins. Apically positioned split thickness flaps were performed at two selected sites in each of 10 patients. Equivalent amounts of periosteum were left exposed to standardize the method. In five patients the preoperative dentogingival margins consisted of gingiva, whereas in the five others a margin of alveolar mucosa was present. In all patients the pre-existing margin was sutured apically to periosteum, after reflection of the split thickness flap. At one surgical site in each patient a free soft tissue autograft, donated from the palate, was sutured to the periosteum left exposed coronal to the apically positioned flap margin. The second surgical site was left not covered by any biological dressing. Measurements from three fixed reference points on a stable acrylic device were recorded preoperatively and at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks postoperatively. The graft and split thickness flap procedures were then biometrically compared by application of the Null Hypothesis and t test for the difference of the means to determine any significant differences. It was concluded that the presence of a preoperative dentogingival margin of gingiva suggested that either the free graft or split flap procedure would eliminate pockets extending beyond the mucogingival junction, and would establish adequate zones of attached gingiva without deformity at the dentogingival junction. However, the presence of a preoperative margin of alveolar mucosa suggested the use of the free soft tissue autograft to attain the above. The thickness of connective tissue afforded by a preoperative margin of gingiva was assumed to be the responsible factor for the above conclusions.", "PMID": 1058938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2746", "title": "An evaluation of clinical tooth mobility measurements.", "content": "This study evaluated the reliability and reproducibility of the modified Miller Index of horizontal tooth mobility. Each of three periodontists utilizing the modified Miller Index assessed the horizontal tooth mobility of 50 teeth in five subjects. The same teeth were also evaluated by the periodontometer. The results of these two methods were then compared. It was found that: (1) there were a high positive correlation between the periodontists' (pooled) assessment of clinical tooth mobility and the measurements of the periodontometer, (2) in any given patient the three periodontists (pooled) were highly accurate in their ability to rank teeth in order of their mobility as determined by the periodontometer, and (3) the periodontists (individually) were not as consistent when comparing teeth with the Miller Index across different subjects. The periodontists did not accurately utilize the Miller Index as it was originally described. It appears that the periodontists either ignored the reference to 1 mm in the description of the Miller Index, or they were unable to estimate what constitutes 1 mm of movemnet in the mouth. The periodontists all consistently scored as a 2 degrees mobility a tooth that moved approximately 0.5 mm not 1.0 mm as described by Miller. It is suggested that the modified Miller Index as described here provides an efficacious system for evaluating horizontal tooth mobility. It provides accurate, reproducible mobility scores in clinical studies requiring an estimation of this parameter. However, for individual teeth, when the clinician or researcher is trying to evaluate the effects of therapy on the periodontium and relatively few evaluation are made, the modified Miller Index may not provide the required degree of sensitively.", "contents": "An evaluation of clinical tooth mobility measurements. This study evaluated the reliability and reproducibility of the modified Miller Index of horizontal tooth mobility. Each of three periodontists utilizing the modified Miller Index assessed the horizontal tooth mobility of 50 teeth in five subjects. The same teeth were also evaluated by the periodontometer. The results of these two methods were then compared. It was found that: (1) there were a high positive correlation between the periodontists' (pooled) assessment of clinical tooth mobility and the measurements of the periodontometer, (2) in any given patient the three periodontists (pooled) were highly accurate in their ability to rank teeth in order of their mobility as determined by the periodontometer, and (3) the periodontists (individually) were not as consistent when comparing teeth with the Miller Index across different subjects. The periodontists did not accurately utilize the Miller Index as it was originally described. It appears that the periodontists either ignored the reference to 1 mm in the description of the Miller Index, or they were unable to estimate what constitutes 1 mm of movemnet in the mouth. The periodontists all consistently scored as a 2 degrees mobility a tooth that moved approximately 0.5 mm not 1.0 mm as described by Miller. It is suggested that the modified Miller Index as described here provides an efficacious system for evaluating horizontal tooth mobility. It provides accurate, reproducible mobility scores in clinical studies requiring an estimation of this parameter. However, for individual teeth, when the clinician or researcher is trying to evaluate the effects of therapy on the periodontium and relatively few evaluation are made, the modified Miller Index may not provide the required degree of sensitively.", "PMID": 1058939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2747", "title": "Some anatomical factors related to furcation involvements.", "content": "A total of 305 dry human skull specimens were examined for the presence of furcation involvements. Of a total of 188 furcation involvements, 142 (75%) were related to the close proximity of the furcation to the cemento enamel junction of the tooth.", "contents": "Some anatomical factors related to furcation involvements. A total of 305 dry human skull specimens were examined for the presence of furcation involvements. Of a total of 188 furcation involvements, 142 (75%) were related to the close proximity of the furcation to the cemento enamel junction of the tooth.", "PMID": 1058940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2748", "title": "Ultrastructural gingival reactions to gold foil restorations.", "content": "In the case of class-V gold foil restorations prepared below the gingival sulcus in beagle dogs after elevation of a flap, chronic inflammatory changes were observed after 3 weeks in the adjacent epithelium and connective tissue of the gingiva with the presence of dental plaque between the gold restorations and sulcular epithelium. However no inflammation was observed in the junctional epithelium and the subjacent connective tissue 3 weeks after implantation of a gold strip burnished and bounded to the root surface after elevation of a flap. The cell membranes of the superficial epithelial cells were either directly applied to the gold surface or were separated from the latter by an extracellular space about 200 to 500 A in width. No hemidesmosomes were seen. The different responses noted in the two experiments are related to the presence or absence of dental plaque and probably to the surface difference of the gold restorations.", "contents": "Ultrastructural gingival reactions to gold foil restorations. In the case of class-V gold foil restorations prepared below the gingival sulcus in beagle dogs after elevation of a flap, chronic inflammatory changes were observed after 3 weeks in the adjacent epithelium and connective tissue of the gingiva with the presence of dental plaque between the gold restorations and sulcular epithelium. However no inflammation was observed in the junctional epithelium and the subjacent connective tissue 3 weeks after implantation of a gold strip burnished and bounded to the root surface after elevation of a flap. The cell membranes of the superficial epithelial cells were either directly applied to the gold surface or were separated from the latter by an extracellular space about 200 to 500 A in width. No hemidesmosomes were seen. The different responses noted in the two experiments are related to the presence or absence of dental plaque and probably to the surface difference of the gold restorations.", "PMID": 1058942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2749", "title": "Effect of tongue brushing on formation of dental plaque.", "content": "The effect of tongue brushing on formation of dental plaque was studied in two groups of dental hygiene students. In one of the groups plaque formation during a 4-day period of no oral hygiene procedures was compared to a 4-day period of tongue brushing as the only hygiene procedure. In the other group tongue brushing as an adjunct to tooth brushing was evaluated on plaque formation during 7-day periods of partially ineffective tooth brushing. Both experiments failed to show any effect of the tongue brushing on plaque formation.", "contents": "Effect of tongue brushing on formation of dental plaque. The effect of tongue brushing on formation of dental plaque was studied in two groups of dental hygiene students. In one of the groups plaque formation during a 4-day period of no oral hygiene procedures was compared to a 4-day period of tongue brushing as the only hygiene procedure. In the other group tongue brushing as an adjunct to tooth brushing was evaluated on plaque formation during 7-day periods of partially ineffective tooth brushing. Both experiments failed to show any effect of the tongue brushing on plaque formation.", "PMID": 1058943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2750", "title": "In vitro attachment of human gingival fibroblasts to root surfaces.", "content": "Human gingival fibroblasts were used to study the in vitro attachment of cells to the root surface of periodontally-involved teeth. The portion of the root exposed to the disease process had little or no cell attachment; on the remainder of the root, the cells attached normally. Prior extraction of the roots with phenol-water or the mechanical removal of diseased cementum allowed the cells to attach normally. All things being equal, the extrapolation of these data to an in vivo situation dictates that a clinical success would depend upon complete removal of toxic materials from diseased cementum or the removal of the cementum itself.", "contents": "In vitro attachment of human gingival fibroblasts to root surfaces. Human gingival fibroblasts were used to study the in vitro attachment of cells to the root surface of periodontally-involved teeth. The portion of the root exposed to the disease process had little or no cell attachment; on the remainder of the root, the cells attached normally. Prior extraction of the roots with phenol-water or the mechanical removal of diseased cementum allowed the cells to attach normally. All things being equal, the extrapolation of these data to an in vivo situation dictates that a clinical success would depend upon complete removal of toxic materials from diseased cementum or the removal of the cementum itself.", "PMID": 1058944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2751", "title": "New method of viewing root surfaces.", "content": "A new technique, density slicing and color coding, was utilized in examining root surfaces. This technique proved to be an adjunct in evaluating tooth surfaces and appeared to have future dental application. Density slicing and color coding vividly portrays the root surface, the depth of depressions and the concentration and flow pattern of calculus, enhancing the ability of the naked eye to visualize root surface topography.", "contents": "New method of viewing root surfaces. A new technique, density slicing and color coding, was utilized in examining root surfaces. This technique proved to be an adjunct in evaluating tooth surfaces and appeared to have future dental application. Density slicing and color coding vividly portrays the root surface, the depth of depressions and the concentration and flow pattern of calculus, enhancing the ability of the naked eye to visualize root surface topography.", "PMID": 1058945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2752", "title": "Relations between early dental calculus production and calcium and phosphate parameters of salivary fractions.", "content": "A pilot study was carried out to obtain an idea of the strength of the relations between early mandibular calculus production in humans and amounts and concentrations of bound calcium and phosphate in three salivary fractions. The salivary fractions were: (1) the spontaneous precipitate from incubated whole saliva, (2) the spontaneous precipitate from incubated centrifugal (20,000 X g) saliva supernatant and (3) the fresh centrifugal saliva sediment. Strong and highly significant correlations were found for the amount and concentration of calcium in the fresh sediment and whole saliva precipitate fractions. Although the correlations for the calcium parameters of the saliva supernatant precipitate were not significant, there were significant differences in these parameters between low and high calculus formers as determined by Student's t test. Relations between calculus production and amount and concentration of phosphate were weaker and not significant for all fractions. The data suggest that the amount or concentration of calcium in fresh saliva sediment is an important determinant of early mandibular calculus production.", "contents": "Relations between early dental calculus production and calcium and phosphate parameters of salivary fractions. A pilot study was carried out to obtain an idea of the strength of the relations between early mandibular calculus production in humans and amounts and concentrations of bound calcium and phosphate in three salivary fractions. The salivary fractions were: (1) the spontaneous precipitate from incubated whole saliva, (2) the spontaneous precipitate from incubated centrifugal (20,000 X g) saliva supernatant and (3) the fresh centrifugal saliva sediment. Strong and highly significant correlations were found for the amount and concentration of calcium in the fresh sediment and whole saliva precipitate fractions. Although the correlations for the calcium parameters of the saliva supernatant precipitate were not significant, there were significant differences in these parameters between low and high calculus formers as determined by Student's t test. Relations between calculus production and amount and concentration of phosphate were weaker and not significant for all fractions. The data suggest that the amount or concentration of calcium in fresh saliva sediment is an important determinant of early mandibular calculus production.", "PMID": 1058947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2753", "title": "The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and D-glucose on the efferent discharge rate of sympathetic nerves.", "content": "Efferent discharges were recorded from nerve filaments dissected from the adrenal and renal nerves in the rabbit. 2. An increase in discharge rate was observed in the adrenal nerve filaments following I.V. administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). No change in discharge rate after 2-DG infusion was observed in the renal nerve filaments. 3. A decrease in discharge rate of the adrenal nerve filaments was observed after I.V. injection of glucose, but there was no change in the activity of renal nerve filaments. 4. Transection of the spinal cord abolished the adrenal nerve response to the systemic administration of 2-DG and glucose. 5. It is suggested that there might be a pathway from the hypothalmic area to the adrenal nerve cells of the spinal cord, but not to the renal nerve cells, through which activity of the adrenal nerve might be changed in response to 2-DG and glucose infusion.", "contents": "The effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose and D-glucose on the efferent discharge rate of sympathetic nerves. Efferent discharges were recorded from nerve filaments dissected from the adrenal and renal nerves in the rabbit. 2. An increase in discharge rate was observed in the adrenal nerve filaments following I.V. administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG). No change in discharge rate after 2-DG infusion was observed in the renal nerve filaments. 3. A decrease in discharge rate of the adrenal nerve filaments was observed after I.V. injection of glucose, but there was no change in the activity of renal nerve filaments. 4. Transection of the spinal cord abolished the adrenal nerve response to the systemic administration of 2-DG and glucose. 5. It is suggested that there might be a pathway from the hypothalmic area to the adrenal nerve cells of the spinal cord, but not to the renal nerve cells, through which activity of the adrenal nerve might be changed in response to 2-DG and glucose infusion.", "PMID": 1058948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2754", "title": "The cast restoration--why is it high?", "content": "Two clinical variables previously cited in the literature have been related to inaccuracies inherent in some indirect quadrant and full dental arch techniques. The Coe checkbite tray system appears to control these clinical variables better than any other procedure presently in use. No attempt has been made to correlate concepts discussed herein with restorative Types II and III which require more sophisticated procedures. The choice of any technique must be based upon intelligent gathering of pertinent facts of clinical history, examination procedures, diagnosis, and treatment planning.", "contents": "The cast restoration--why is it high? Two clinical variables previously cited in the literature have been related to inaccuracies inherent in some indirect quadrant and full dental arch techniques. The Coe checkbite tray system appears to control these clinical variables better than any other procedure presently in use. No attempt has been made to correlate concepts discussed herein with restorative Types II and III which require more sophisticated procedures. The choice of any technique must be based upon intelligent gathering of pertinent facts of clinical history, examination procedures, diagnosis, and treatment planning.", "PMID": 1058954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2755", "title": "A simple test to determine the need for occlusal treatment.", "content": "This report has described simple confirmation tests which show the direct relationship between a patient's occlusal interferences and his neuromuscular or temporomandibular articulation dysfunction. These tests are simple to perform, take only a few minutes, and aid in confirming the need for occlusal therapy.", "contents": "A simple test to determine the need for occlusal treatment. This report has described simple confirmation tests which show the direct relationship between a patient's occlusal interferences and his neuromuscular or temporomandibular articulation dysfunction. These tests are simple to perform, take only a few minutes, and aid in confirming the need for occlusal therapy.", "PMID": 1058955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2756", "title": "Psychological considerations in maxillofacial prosthetics.", "content": "An attempt has been made to integrate information from psychological principles and clinical research which is relevant to maxillofacial prosthetics. Attention was given to the role of body parts in the human experience, with particular consideration of facial aspects. The importance of the maxillofacial region in early development, personality dynamics, and day-to-day interpersonal relationships was reviewed together with several specific problems which often accompany maxillofacial changes in structure or function. The dentist must be concerned with the patient's expectations, personality characteristics, and ability to accept and integrate the prosthesis. Several implications for clinical practice were presented. The dentist's understanding and utilization of psychological considerations should result in increased effectiveness in treatment and rehabilitation of maxillofacial patients.", "contents": "Psychological considerations in maxillofacial prosthetics. An attempt has been made to integrate information from psychological principles and clinical research which is relevant to maxillofacial prosthetics. Attention was given to the role of body parts in the human experience, with particular consideration of facial aspects. The importance of the maxillofacial region in early development, personality dynamics, and day-to-day interpersonal relationships was reviewed together with several specific problems which often accompany maxillofacial changes in structure or function. The dentist must be concerned with the patient's expectations, personality characteristics, and ability to accept and integrate the prosthesis. Several implications for clinical practice were presented. The dentist's understanding and utilization of psychological considerations should result in increased effectiveness in treatment and rehabilitation of maxillofacial patients.", "PMID": 1058956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2757", "title": "Physical problems in obtaining records of the maxillofacial patient.", "content": "The maxillofacial prosthodontist has the dilemma of obtaining jaw relation records with structures that have been altered anatomically and/or physiologically. In the maxillae, problems associated with stability of the recording base require the prosthodontist to equalize pressure as best he can in obtaining jaw records. The maxillofacial prosthodontist is faced with the additional problem of altered mandibular movements. Five patients with lateral resections of the mandible were tested in a pilot study. These patients could not make protrusive or repeatable lateral movements. Anatomic correlations, especially the unilateral action of the mylohyoid muscle, may account for this pattern of abnormal mandibular movements. This study will continue.", "contents": "Physical problems in obtaining records of the maxillofacial patient. The maxillofacial prosthodontist has the dilemma of obtaining jaw relation records with structures that have been altered anatomically and/or physiologically. In the maxillae, problems associated with stability of the recording base require the prosthodontist to equalize pressure as best he can in obtaining jaw records. The maxillofacial prosthodontist is faced with the additional problem of altered mandibular movements. Five patients with lateral resections of the mandible were tested in a pilot study. These patients could not make protrusive or repeatable lateral movements. Anatomic correlations, especially the unilateral action of the mylohyoid muscle, may account for this pattern of abnormal mandibular movements. This study will continue.", "PMID": 1058957}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2758", "title": "The value of the nose width as an esthetic guide in prosthodontics.", "content": "A radiographic method was used to measure the interalar and interalar-fold widths of the nose on 80 men and women. These distances were compared to the subjects' intercanine distances as measure on artificial stone casts. In 56 of the subjects, the width of the skeletal nasal aperture was measured and compared to the intercanine distance. From the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn. 1. There was no significant relationship between the intercanine distance and the interalar width of the nose in the 80 men and women who served as subjects in this study. 2. There was no significant relationship between the intercanine distance and the interalar-fold width of the nose in the 80 men and women in this study. 3. The presence or absence of a significant relationship between the intercanine distance and the width of the skeletal nasal aperture was not demonstrated conclusively in this study. 4. The results of this study show that the width of the nose would not be a reliable guide for selecting or arranging artificial anterior teeth, provided one concurs that they should be the same size and shape and occupy the same position as their natural predecessors.", "contents": "The value of the nose width as an esthetic guide in prosthodontics. A radiographic method was used to measure the interalar and interalar-fold widths of the nose on 80 men and women. These distances were compared to the subjects' intercanine distances as measure on artificial stone casts. In 56 of the subjects, the width of the skeletal nasal aperture was measured and compared to the intercanine distance. From the results of this study, the following conclusions can be drawn. 1. There was no significant relationship between the intercanine distance and the interalar width of the nose in the 80 men and women who served as subjects in this study. 2. There was no significant relationship between the intercanine distance and the interalar-fold width of the nose in the 80 men and women in this study. 3. The presence or absence of a significant relationship between the intercanine distance and the width of the skeletal nasal aperture was not demonstrated conclusively in this study. 4. The results of this study show that the width of the nose would not be a reliable guide for selecting or arranging artificial anterior teeth, provided one concurs that they should be the same size and shape and occupy the same position as their natural predecessors.", "PMID": 1058958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2759", "title": "Mouth protector for an edentulous patient.", "content": "Upper and lower bases and occlusion rims are made of a soft vinyl plastic to form a mouth protector for an edentulous patient. In practical use, the patient can breathe more comfortably with the protectors in place (Fig. 4) than with dentures in the mouth. In addition, the prosthesis is an aid in the prevention of injury to the jaws and head.", "contents": "Mouth protector for an edentulous patient. Upper and lower bases and occlusion rims are made of a soft vinyl plastic to form a mouth protector for an edentulous patient. In practical use, the patient can breathe more comfortably with the protectors in place (Fig. 4) than with dentures in the mouth. In addition, the prosthesis is an aid in the prevention of injury to the jaws and head.", "PMID": 1058960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2760", "title": "An oral hygiene measurement system for possible research and clinical use.", "content": "A new hygiene index has been developed that it is felt better meets the requirements for individual patient analysis than other indices. Examiner subjectivity is reduced by scoring tooth surfaces as clean (0) or dirty (1), determining a percentage of \"dirty\" surfaces which then becomes the Hygiene Analysis Index. Tested on a group of dental students it appears to discriminate adequately between the various levels of mouth hygiene.", "contents": "An oral hygiene measurement system for possible research and clinical use. A new hygiene index has been developed that it is felt better meets the requirements for individual patient analysis than other indices. Examiner subjectivity is reduced by scoring tooth surfaces as clean (0) or dirty (1), determining a percentage of \"dirty\" surfaces which then becomes the Hygiene Analysis Index. Tested on a group of dental students it appears to discriminate adequately between the various levels of mouth hygiene.", "PMID": 1058962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2761", "title": "Comparative toothbrush efficiency utilizing a new oral hygiene index.", "content": "Through the use of a newly developed Hygiene Analysis Index (HAI), nine toothbrushes were evaluated for plaque-removing efficiency in 11 dental students. Results indicate that brush selection is an individual matter with no one brush clearly superior to all others. Further study is necessary before definite conclusions can be made.", "contents": "Comparative toothbrush efficiency utilizing a new oral hygiene index. Through the use of a newly developed Hygiene Analysis Index (HAI), nine toothbrushes were evaluated for plaque-removing efficiency in 11 dental students. Results indicate that brush selection is an individual matter with no one brush clearly superior to all others. Further study is necessary before definite conclusions can be made.", "PMID": 1058963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2762", "title": "Comparisons of poverty and nonpoverty groups on dental status, needs, and practices.", "content": "Poverty and nonpoverty adults have been screened in a program of Multiphasic Health Testing in which dental examinations were provided and in which information on dental care behavior was obtained through a health inventory using a video-terminal for recording replies. Findings of the dental examination indicate that, whatever measure of oral health was used, oral health of the poverty group was poorer than that of the nonpoverty group. The poverty group, for example, had more dental problems, and the problems they had were more severe. They also had lower levels of oral hygiene and less restorative treatment. The poverty group also was more likely to be edentulous, and to have higher levels of untreated decay and periodontal diseases. They had more missing teeth, and fewer restored teeth. Nearly all poverty-nonpoverty differences persisted when the data were controlled for age and sex. Information from the health inventory indicates that the poverty group is less likely than those in the nonpoverty group to seek dental care in general, and also specifically for rreventive dental services. Even among the nonpoverty group, however, one third stated that they never sought dental care for \"cleanings or checkups.\" Daily toothbrushing, on the other hand, was generally reported by both poverty-status groups. Consistent relations were found between oral health practices and oral health in both poverty and nonpoverty groups...", "contents": "Comparisons of poverty and nonpoverty groups on dental status, needs, and practices. Poverty and nonpoverty adults have been screened in a program of Multiphasic Health Testing in which dental examinations were provided and in which information on dental care behavior was obtained through a health inventory using a video-terminal for recording replies. Findings of the dental examination indicate that, whatever measure of oral health was used, oral health of the poverty group was poorer than that of the nonpoverty group. The poverty group, for example, had more dental problems, and the problems they had were more severe. They also had lower levels of oral hygiene and less restorative treatment. The poverty group also was more likely to be edentulous, and to have higher levels of untreated decay and periodontal diseases. They had more missing teeth, and fewer restored teeth. Nearly all poverty-nonpoverty differences persisted when the data were controlled for age and sex. Information from the health inventory indicates that the poverty group is less likely than those in the nonpoverty group to seek dental care in general, and also specifically for rreventive dental services. Even among the nonpoverty group, however, one third stated that they never sought dental care for \"cleanings or checkups.\" Daily toothbrushing, on the other hand, was generally reported by both poverty-status groups. Consistent relations were found between oral health practices and oral health in both poverty and nonpoverty groups...", "PMID": 1058964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2763", "title": "An evaluation of the University of Minnesota summer rural dental externship program.", "content": "This paper has presented an initial attempt at evaluating the influences and procedures of a specific health personnel-oriented program. It would seem legitimate to be concerned that many programs do not provide for systematic evaluation. If funds are to be directed to support the most effective strategies in the area of health manpower service and research, it seems imperative that systematic information be available for decisions concerning overall program effectiveness as well as program components. The Summer Rural Dental Externship Program evaluated here was found to be generally effective and will likely improve as a result of data provided by the evaluation. It is hoped that the methodology presented might have some general applicability and give some initial direction to those with similar interests and concerns.", "contents": "An evaluation of the University of Minnesota summer rural dental externship program. This paper has presented an initial attempt at evaluating the influences and procedures of a specific health personnel-oriented program. It would seem legitimate to be concerned that many programs do not provide for systematic evaluation. If funds are to be directed to support the most effective strategies in the area of health manpower service and research, it seems imperative that systematic information be available for decisions concerning overall program effectiveness as well as program components. The Summer Rural Dental Externship Program evaluated here was found to be generally effective and will likely improve as a result of data provided by the evaluation. It is hoped that the methodology presented might have some general applicability and give some initial direction to those with similar interests and concerns.", "PMID": 1058965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2764", "title": "Induction of follicular growth, ovulation and luteinization in the human ovary.", "content": "Studies on human ovulation are described, in which follicular growth and ovulation were controlled by HMG, clomiphene and HCG. Three regimes of treatment were employed: several injections of HMG, followed by an injection of HCG, a course of clomiphene followed by an injection of HCG and an injection of HCG alone timed to just pre-date the surge of  LH during the natural cycle. Aspects of follicular growth and the timing of ovulation have been studied following the use of these treatments. Follicles rupture some 37 hr after the injection of HCG in cycles where HMG or clomiphene were used to stimulate follicular growth. The timing of ovulation was established with less precision when HCG was used to induce ovulation in the natural cycle, since the LH surge sometimes occurred before HCG was injected and other problems arose during luteinization. The numbers of follicles growing in response to stimulation with clomiphene or HMG showed only a slight relationship to the levels of oestrogen excreted in urine. The morphology of the preovulatory follicle was noted and some biochemical and physiological parameters were measured, including the levels of various steroids and prostaglandins in follicular fluid. The morphology of the oocyte and granulosa cells was recorded. These observations are discussed in relation to several physiological and clinical aspects of ovarian activity: the regulation of follicular growth, the timing of ovulation following the LH surge, factors affecting ovulation, and the relation of studies on follicular growth and ovulation to the rhythm method of contraception and other medical situations.", "contents": "Induction of follicular growth, ovulation and luteinization in the human ovary. Studies on human ovulation are described, in which follicular growth and ovulation were controlled by HMG, clomiphene and HCG. Three regimes of treatment were employed: several injections of HMG, followed by an injection of HCG, a course of clomiphene followed by an injection of HCG and an injection of HCG alone timed to just pre-date the surge of  LH during the natural cycle. Aspects of follicular growth and the timing of ovulation have been studied following the use of these treatments. Follicles rupture some 37 hr after the injection of HCG in cycles where HMG or clomiphene were used to stimulate follicular growth. The timing of ovulation was established with less precision when HCG was used to induce ovulation in the natural cycle, since the LH surge sometimes occurred before HCG was injected and other problems arose during luteinization. The numbers of follicles growing in response to stimulation with clomiphene or HMG showed only a slight relationship to the levels of oestrogen excreted in urine. The morphology of the preovulatory follicle was noted and some biochemical and physiological parameters were measured, including the levels of various steroids and prostaglandins in follicular fluid. The morphology of the oocyte and granulosa cells was recorded. These observations are discussed in relation to several physiological and clinical aspects of ovarian activity: the regulation of follicular growth, the timing of ovulation following the LH surge, factors affecting ovulation, and the relation of studies on follicular growth and ovulation to the rhythm method of contraception and other medical situations.", "PMID": 1058970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2765", "title": "The rhythm method of contraception.", "content": "The rhythm method (safe period) is the only contraceptive method which is approved and actively promoted by the Roman Catholic Church. It therefore holds and attraction to a large number of followers. This paper reviews the historical development of the method from the initial efforts in the nineteenth century to the work of Ogino and Knaus, and covers the variations which are based on alteration of the basal body temperature and changes in cervical mucus. Although this method should be devoid of side effects, certain risks have been reported due to the possible fertilization of an overripe ovum. There may also be a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy than normal to users of this method and these reports are reviewed. The results of field trials concerning the use effectiveness of the method are also examined.", "contents": "The rhythm method of contraception. The rhythm method (safe period) is the only contraceptive method which is approved and actively promoted by the Roman Catholic Church. It therefore holds and attraction to a large number of followers. This paper reviews the historical development of the method from the initial efforts in the nineteenth century to the work of Ogino and Knaus, and covers the variations which are based on alteration of the basal body temperature and changes in cervical mucus. Although this method should be devoid of side effects, certain risks have been reported due to the possible fertilization of an overripe ovum. There may also be a higher risk of ectopic pregnancy than normal to users of this method and these reports are reviewed. The results of field trials concerning the use effectiveness of the method are also examined.", "PMID": 1058971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2766", "title": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome terminating as a myeloproliferative disorder.", "content": "A 59 year old female was diagnosed as having Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in 1963. A short time later, she developed a refractory sideroblastic anemia. In 1972, she was found to have a preleukemic state with a persistent \"shift to the left\" of the granulocytic series, terminating early in 1974 as acute myeloblastic leukemia. Although several cases of malignant lymphomata have been described in association with Sj\u00f6rgen's syndrome, to our knowledge no other example of Sj\u00f6rgen's syndrome has been described in association with a myeloproliferative disorder. Defective immune surveillance produced by the Sj\u00f6rgen's syndrome may have permitted the development of the myeloproliferative syndrome. Alternatively, both disorders may have developed from a hemopoietic stem cell defect.", "contents": "Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome terminating as a myeloproliferative disorder. A 59 year old female was diagnosed as having Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome in 1963. A short time later, she developed a refractory sideroblastic anemia. In 1972, she was found to have a preleukemic state with a persistent \"shift to the left\" of the granulocytic series, terminating early in 1974 as acute myeloblastic leukemia. Although several cases of malignant lymphomata have been described in association with Sj\u00f6rgen's syndrome, to our knowledge no other example of Sj\u00f6rgen's syndrome has been described in association with a myeloproliferative disorder. Defective immune surveillance produced by the Sj\u00f6rgen's syndrome may have permitted the development of the myeloproliferative syndrome. Alternatively, both disorders may have developed from a hemopoietic stem cell defect.", "PMID": 1058973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2767", "title": "Cytogenetic basis of acute myeloid leukemia.", "content": "The chromosomes of 12 adult patients with acute leukemia were analyzed by conventional means and by Giemsa and centromeric banding techniques. Acute myeloblastic leukemia was diagnosed in 7, acute myelomonocytic leukemia in 2, and acute undifferentiated leukemia in 3. Bone marrow was aspirated from patients when in relapse or remission, and both euploid and aneuploid cells were examined. All patients showed trisomy no. 9 and many showed additional numerical or structural changes in some or all their cells. These changes included monosomy no. 21 and/or monosomy no. 8. The proportion of trisomy no. 9 cells was 30-50% in patients in full remission and up to 100% in patients in relapse; thus trisomy no. 9 might be an important marker of leukemic cells. A mechanism was proposed to explain the induction and selection of the trisomy no. 9 karotype.", "contents": "Cytogenetic basis of acute myeloid leukemia. The chromosomes of 12 adult patients with acute leukemia were analyzed by conventional means and by Giemsa and centromeric banding techniques. Acute myeloblastic leukemia was diagnosed in 7, acute myelomonocytic leukemia in 2, and acute undifferentiated leukemia in 3. Bone marrow was aspirated from patients when in relapse or remission, and both euploid and aneuploid cells were examined. All patients showed trisomy no. 9 and many showed additional numerical or structural changes in some or all their cells. These changes included monosomy no. 21 and/or monosomy no. 8. The proportion of trisomy no. 9 cells was 30-50% in patients in full remission and up to 100% in patients in relapse; thus trisomy no. 9 might be an important marker of leukemic cells. A mechanism was proposed to explain the induction and selection of the trisomy no. 9 karotype.", "PMID": 1058986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2768", "title": "[One year's experience with mechanical ventilation in newborn infants (author's transl)].", "content": "During the first year of newborn intensive care at the Landeskinderkrankenhaus Linz/Donau there were 80 cases of artificial ventilation, 62 of these were Low Birth Weight Infants (LBWI). 12% of all LBWI required mechanical ventilation. 53 ventilated infants suffered from severe Hyalin Membrane Syndrome (HMS). 17 survived, 18 died of intraventricular hemorrhage and 18 died of HMS. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia was found in all patients ventilated for more than 7 days. 5 cases of pneumothorax occurred during ventilation. Good results were obtained in cases of respiratory insufficiency other than HMS (15 cases, 12 survivors. Mortality rate of LBWI delivered in Hospitals was 9.9%, whereas 34% of the LBWI delivered at home but cared for under identical conditions in the nursery died. This difference offers good evidence for the importance of the quality of the obstetrical care for the results of newborn intensive care.", "contents": "[One year's experience with mechanical ventilation in newborn infants (author's transl)]. During the first year of newborn intensive care at the Landeskinderkrankenhaus Linz/Donau there were 80 cases of artificial ventilation, 62 of these were Low Birth Weight Infants (LBWI). 12% of all LBWI required mechanical ventilation. 53 ventilated infants suffered from severe Hyalin Membrane Syndrome (HMS). 17 survived, 18 died of intraventricular hemorrhage and 18 died of HMS. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia was found in all patients ventilated for more than 7 days. 5 cases of pneumothorax occurred during ventilation. Good results were obtained in cases of respiratory insufficiency other than HMS (15 cases, 12 survivors. Mortality rate of LBWI delivered in Hospitals was 9.9%, whereas 34% of the LBWI delivered at home but cared for under identical conditions in the nursery died. This difference offers good evidence for the importance of the quality of the obstetrical care for the results of newborn intensive care.", "PMID": 1058988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2769", "title": "[Recurrence of rectal cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "36 cases of recurrent rectal cancer are reported. There is a wide-spread spectrum in the appearance of the relapse. Indirect symptoms are dominating. The most frequent of them are caused by obstruction of the bowl or the urinary pathways and by irritation of (lumbo-) sacral nerves. Especially rare manifestations are stressed. Often they are hardly regarded early symptoms of the recurrent cancer. Curative therapy was made 5-times by amputation, 2-times by resection of an anastomosial recurrence. 3 of these patients reach a survival rate over 18 months until now. An isolated pulmonary late-metastasis was removed by lobectomy; this patients shows no recurrence for the last 3 years. Palliative procedures took place in 20 patients. The worth of radiation therapy is to be seen in a (temporary) reduction of pain. Chordotomy remains as ultima ratio for uninfluencable pain.", "contents": "[Recurrence of rectal cancer (author's transl)]. 36 cases of recurrent rectal cancer are reported. There is a wide-spread spectrum in the appearance of the relapse. Indirect symptoms are dominating. The most frequent of them are caused by obstruction of the bowl or the urinary pathways and by irritation of (lumbo-) sacral nerves. Especially rare manifestations are stressed. Often they are hardly regarded early symptoms of the recurrent cancer. Curative therapy was made 5-times by amputation, 2-times by resection of an anastomosial recurrence. 3 of these patients reach a survival rate over 18 months until now. An isolated pulmonary late-metastasis was removed by lobectomy; this patients shows no recurrence for the last 3 years. Palliative procedures took place in 20 patients. The worth of radiation therapy is to be seen in a (temporary) reduction of pain. Chordotomy remains as ultima ratio for uninfluencable pain.", "PMID": 1058997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2770", "title": "Analysis of human mandibular movement.", "content": "The parametric electrical outputs of the six-transducer mandibulograph were used to analyze three-dimensional pathways, displacement profiles, and velocity profiles of selected mandibular areas during jaw movement. This was accomplished by means of digital computer implementation of derived mathematical equations of motion. Five jaw movements were studied: chewing, open-close, right lateral, left lateral and protrusive. The results demonstrate the analytical and diagnostic value of this method and provice new clarification and insight into the nature of mandibular movements. The following observations summarize the principal findings derived from the analysis of jaw movement patterns of a normal patient. The chewing jaw movement exhibited a smoothly coordinated sequence of events. Lateral jaw motion appeared to be prominent during the masticatory phase and throughout the movement cycle. Mastication was abruptly terminated by a vertical desscent of the mandible through the freeway space, until the condyles began their forward movement producing a rotation in the sagittal plane. T occlusal area continued its downward descent along a nearly vertical pathway producing a compressed figure eight pattern in the frontal plane. The open-close jaw movement exhibited minor periods of hesitancy. Jaw movement was initiated with a forward and downward movement of the condyle occurring at the same time as a downward and backward movement of the occlusal area. This motion produced a rotation in the sagittal plane about a moving axis which was not coincident with the intercondylar axis.  The general form of the command open-close jaw movement was that of noncoincident curved pathways in the sagittal plane with little lateral displacement. Closing jaw movement occurred with the condyle in a protruded position...", "contents": "Analysis of human mandibular movement. The parametric electrical outputs of the six-transducer mandibulograph were used to analyze three-dimensional pathways, displacement profiles, and velocity profiles of selected mandibular areas during jaw movement. This was accomplished by means of digital computer implementation of derived mathematical equations of motion. Five jaw movements were studied: chewing, open-close, right lateral, left lateral and protrusive. The results demonstrate the analytical and diagnostic value of this method and provice new clarification and insight into the nature of mandibular movements. The following observations summarize the principal findings derived from the analysis of jaw movement patterns of a normal patient. The chewing jaw movement exhibited a smoothly coordinated sequence of events. Lateral jaw motion appeared to be prominent during the masticatory phase and throughout the movement cycle. Mastication was abruptly terminated by a vertical desscent of the mandible through the freeway space, until the condyles began their forward movement producing a rotation in the sagittal plane. T occlusal area continued its downward descent along a nearly vertical pathway producing a compressed figure eight pattern in the frontal plane. The open-close jaw movement exhibited minor periods of hesitancy. Jaw movement was initiated with a forward and downward movement of the condyle occurring at the same time as a downward and backward movement of the occlusal area. This motion produced a rotation in the sagittal plane about a moving axis which was not coincident with the intercondylar axis.  The general form of the command open-close jaw movement was that of noncoincident curved pathways in the sagittal plane with little lateral displacement. Closing jaw movement occurred with the condyle in a protruded position...", "PMID": 1058999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2771", "title": "Obesity in a New Zealand community.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of the height, weight and certain biochemical data from the Rangiora Diabetic Survey is presented. In this survey 93 percent of the 2670 adult Europeans in Rangiora were studied. A high prevalence of obesity was found with 31 percent of the men and 46 percent of the women being greater than 20 percent above their ideal body weight. More than half the women aged 50 years and over were obese by the criteria used. The peak prevalence of obesity was in the seventh decade for women and in the eighth and ninth decades for men. There were significant increases in serum uric acid in obese men and women in each age decade. A surprise finding in the obese men was the increase in plasma protein levels but this did not occur in the obese women. Both men and women had a trend towards higher blood sugars when obese.", "contents": "Obesity in a New Zealand community. A retrospective analysis of the height, weight and certain biochemical data from the Rangiora Diabetic Survey is presented. In this survey 93 percent of the 2670 adult Europeans in Rangiora were studied. A high prevalence of obesity was found with 31 percent of the men and 46 percent of the women being greater than 20 percent above their ideal body weight. More than half the women aged 50 years and over were obese by the criteria used. The peak prevalence of obesity was in the seventh decade for women and in the eighth and ninth decades for men. There were significant increases in serum uric acid in obese men and women in each age decade. A surprise finding in the obese men was the increase in plasma protein levels but this did not occur in the obese women. Both men and women had a trend towards higher blood sugars when obese.", "PMID": 1059038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2772", "title": "The 1968 New Zealand cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis--Myxomycete or Naegleria?", "content": "The 1968 New Zealand cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis are reviewed with reference to the identification of the aetiological organisms. Evidence is presented to show that they were Naegleria gruberi.", "contents": "The 1968 New Zealand cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis--Myxomycete or Naegleria? The 1968 New Zealand cases of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis are reviewed with reference to the identification of the aetiological organisms. Evidence is presented to show that they were Naegleria gruberi.", "PMID": 1059039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2773", "title": "Dyspsychophobia: the abnormal fear of becoming psychologically and socially dysfunctional.", "content": "Six cases were mentioned in which the major factor was the pathological fear of developing various forms of mental illness or criminal behaviour that had assailed one or other of their relatives. The pathological fear had the characteristics of a particular phobia, and should be named as such as a preliminary towards psychotherapeutic treatment.", "contents": "Dyspsychophobia: the abnormal fear of becoming psychologically and socially dysfunctional. Six cases were mentioned in which the major factor was the pathological fear of developing various forms of mental illness or criminal behaviour that had assailed one or other of their relatives. The pathological fear had the characteristics of a particular phobia, and should be named as such as a preliminary towards psychotherapeutic treatment.", "PMID": 1059040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2774", "title": "Psychiatric illness in general practice: a survey of opinions.", "content": "A general practitioners' attitude and opinion survey about psychiatric matters has been carried out on 69 Auckland general practitioners. The reported results are compared with the United Kingdom figures and some differences noted.", "contents": "Psychiatric illness in general practice: a survey of opinions. A general practitioners' attitude and opinion survey about psychiatric matters has been carried out on 69 Auckland general practitioners. The reported results are compared with the United Kingdom figures and some differences noted.", "PMID": 1059044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2775", "title": "A computerised past medical history.", "content": "A patient questionnaire has been devised which is amenable to computer analysis, storage and retrieval. The computer prints out two copies of the condensed information, one for the patient and one for the doctor. The scheme has been tested in 100 patients in one practice and patient acceptability is 97 percent. The cost is between $2.50$2.50 and $10.00 per patient. The advantages of such a scheme to the patient, general practitioner, specialist and hospital are discussed.", "contents": "A computerised past medical history. A patient questionnaire has been devised which is amenable to computer analysis, storage and retrieval. The computer prints out two copies of the condensed information, one for the patient and one for the doctor. The scheme has been tested in 100 patients in one practice and patient acceptability is 97 percent. The cost is between $2.50$2.50 and $10.00 per patient. The advantages of such a scheme to the patient, general practitioner, specialist and hospital are discussed.", "PMID": 1059045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2776", "title": "The physician-specialist in Western Samoa.", "content": "An analysis of the work content of the physician-specialist at Apia General Hospital, Western Samoa, over a 12-month period in 1973-74 is described. Respiratory infections, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, peptic ulcer, and various forms of liver disease were encountered most commonly.", "contents": "The physician-specialist in Western Samoa. An analysis of the work content of the physician-specialist at Apia General Hospital, Western Samoa, over a 12-month period in 1973-74 is described. Respiratory infections, rheumatic heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, peptic ulcer, and various forms of liver disease were encountered most commonly.", "PMID": 1059046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2777", "title": "Unsealed radioactive materials in medical practice in New Zealand.", "content": "Information has been collected on numbers and types of radionuclide procedures in medical practice in New Zealand over a three-month period in the latter half of 1973. For in vivo procedures data on the age and sex of patients and the activities of radioactive materials administered were also collected. The changes in numbers of such procedures carried out over a seven-year period are discussed. A genetic radiation dose to the population of 0.24 mrad per person is derived for the year 1973, about 0.20 mrad of this dose arising from diagnostic procedures and 64 percent being attributable to brain imaging. Whereas formerly genetic doses have been estimated from data on activities of 131I and 32P used, this is no longer possible.", "contents": "Unsealed radioactive materials in medical practice in New Zealand. Information has been collected on numbers and types of radionuclide procedures in medical practice in New Zealand over a three-month period in the latter half of 1973. For in vivo procedures data on the age and sex of patients and the activities of radioactive materials administered were also collected. The changes in numbers of such procedures carried out over a seven-year period are discussed. A genetic radiation dose to the population of 0.24 mrad per person is derived for the year 1973, about 0.20 mrad of this dose arising from diagnostic procedures and 64 percent being attributable to brain imaging. Whereas formerly genetic doses have been estimated from data on activities of 131I and 32P used, this is no longer possible.", "PMID": 1059047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2778", "title": "Separation of \"sucrases\" in supernatants of human dental plaque material and characterisation of the reaction products.", "content": "Dental plaque material, collected from five subjects, was pooled, homogenised and sonicated. The cell-free extracts and the remaining plaque suspension were incubated with sucrose. Approximately 14 per cent of the total \"sucrase\" activity was found in the cell-free extracts after homogenisation, 46 per cent in the cell-free extracts after sonication and 40 per cent in the remaining plaque suspension containing cell-fractions, respectively. Using gel chromatography of pooled plaque extracs from 10 subjects, active fractions were incubated with sucrose. The reaction products were isolated and characterised. The results indicate the presence of at least three groups of sucrose-splitting enzymes: dextransucrase, levansucrase and invertase.", "contents": "Separation of \"sucrases\" in supernatants of human dental plaque material and characterisation of the reaction products. Dental plaque material, collected from five subjects, was pooled, homogenised and sonicated. The cell-free extracts and the remaining plaque suspension were incubated with sucrose. Approximately 14 per cent of the total \"sucrase\" activity was found in the cell-free extracts after homogenisation, 46 per cent in the cell-free extracts after sonication and 40 per cent in the remaining plaque suspension containing cell-fractions, respectively. Using gel chromatography of pooled plaque extracs from 10 subjects, active fractions were incubated with sucrose. The reaction products were isolated and characterised. The results indicate the presence of at least three groups of sucrose-splitting enzymes: dextransucrase, levansucrase and invertase.", "PMID": 1059054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2779", "title": "An abbreviated index for periodontal bone height.", "content": "An abbreviated roentgenographic index for proximal periodontal bone height was developed which may be used to facilitate epidemiolgic research. Roentgenograms from about 2900 individuals aged 20 to 65 years and participating in epidemiologic surveys were used. The means of mesial plus distal bone levels from the mandibular molar plus premolar areas were found to satisfactorily represent the averages for the total dentition.", "contents": "An abbreviated index for periodontal bone height. An abbreviated roentgenographic index for proximal periodontal bone height was developed which may be used to facilitate epidemiolgic research. Roentgenograms from about 2900 individuals aged 20 to 65 years and participating in epidemiologic surveys were used. The means of mesial plus distal bone levels from the mandibular molar plus premolar areas were found to satisfactorily represent the averages for the total dentition.", "PMID": 1059055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2780", "title": "The influence of the cement layer on the strength of porcelain crowns subjected to frequent loading.", "content": "The aim of this investigation was to find out whether the support of cemented porcelain crowns was altered by repeated loading. The experiments were carried out  on porcelain caps cemented with zincphosphate cement to cores of dentine. One cap was made half the scale of the other. The proximal tensile stresses were determined from strains measured from attached strain gauges with a measuring bridge. The top of the caps were loaded at an angle of 60 degrees. The first measurement was made one hour after the cementation. A loading cycle of 6000 loadings was afterwards started. A second measurement was then made. The proximal tensile stresses were increased after the loading cycle. Only in the small model this increase was significant. This was probably because the cement layer was relatively thinner in the large model. The experiments suggested that repeated loading of porcelain crowns alter the support and then to increase the risk of fractures of the crowns. If the cement layer is thin, this risk is smaller.", "contents": "The influence of the cement layer on the strength of porcelain crowns subjected to frequent loading. The aim of this investigation was to find out whether the support of cemented porcelain crowns was altered by repeated loading. The experiments were carried out  on porcelain caps cemented with zincphosphate cement to cores of dentine. One cap was made half the scale of the other. The proximal tensile stresses were determined from strains measured from attached strain gauges with a measuring bridge. The top of the caps were loaded at an angle of 60 degrees. The first measurement was made one hour after the cementation. A loading cycle of 6000 loadings was afterwards started. A second measurement was then made. The proximal tensile stresses were increased after the loading cycle. Only in the small model this increase was significant. This was probably because the cement layer was relatively thinner in the large model. The experiments suggested that repeated loading of porcelain crowns alter the support and then to increase the risk of fractures of the crowns. If the cement layer is thin, this risk is smaller.", "PMID": 1059056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2781", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to intraosseous injections containing catecholamines.", "content": "The cardiovascular responses to Adrenaline and Noradrenalin, given intraosseously, are reported. Intraosseous injections of anesthetic containing catecholamines clearly demonstrate the rapidity with which the catecholamines are absorbed into the general circulation. Adrenalin-containing local anesthetic gave rise to rapid increases in the heart rate and blood pressure within a few seconds of the injection. Such cardiovascular responses, in many instances, were unacceptable to the subject because of the tachycardia and a feeling of intense tightness across the thorax. With Noradrenalin, on the other hand, the cardiovascular responses were asymptomatic, although it was usual for the heart rate to fall while the peripheral resistance and the blood pressure increased. Direct comparison was made, in the same persons, of infiltration and intraosseous injection of a Noradrenalin-containing local anesthetic. Insignificant responses were found with infiltration injections of catecholamines (0.9 ml. of 1/80,000 solutions) which is in agreement with previously published data. However, similar solutions injected intraosseously elicited cardiovascular responses. Although intraosseous injection of lidocaine hydrochloride containing 1/80,000 Noradrenalin appears clinically acceptable, a further search for anesthetics without effects on the cardiovascular system is desirable.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to intraosseous injections containing catecholamines. The cardiovascular responses to Adrenaline and Noradrenalin, given intraosseously, are reported. Intraosseous injections of anesthetic containing catecholamines clearly demonstrate the rapidity with which the catecholamines are absorbed into the general circulation. Adrenalin-containing local anesthetic gave rise to rapid increases in the heart rate and blood pressure within a few seconds of the injection. Such cardiovascular responses, in many instances, were unacceptable to the subject because of the tachycardia and a feeling of intense tightness across the thorax. With Noradrenalin, on the other hand, the cardiovascular responses were asymptomatic, although it was usual for the heart rate to fall while the peripheral resistance and the blood pressure increased. Direct comparison was made, in the same persons, of infiltration and intraosseous injection of a Noradrenalin-containing local anesthetic. Insignificant responses were found with infiltration injections of catecholamines (0.9 ml. of 1/80,000 solutions) which is in agreement with previously published data. However, similar solutions injected intraosseously elicited cardiovascular responses. Although intraosseous injection of lidocaine hydrochloride containing 1/80,000 Noradrenalin appears clinically acceptable, a further search for anesthetics without effects on the cardiovascular system is desirable.", "PMID": 1059057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2782", "title": "Temporomandibular ankylosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of unilateral bony ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint secondary to rheumatoid arthritis is presented, and the surgical treatment and postoperative regime are suggested. It is believed that, with proper motivation of the patient, an adequate oral opening may be maintained.", "contents": "Temporomandibular ankylosis secondary to rheumatoid arthritis. Report of a case. A case of unilateral bony ankylosis of the temporomandibular joint secondary to rheumatoid arthritis is presented, and the surgical treatment and postoperative regime are suggested. It is believed that, with proper motivation of the patient, an adequate oral opening may be maintained.", "PMID": 1059058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2783", "title": "Postanesthetic necrotic defect.", "content": "An unusual defect was noted in a 10-year-old girl near the usual site of administration for an inferior nerve block. It was interpreted to be the result of a local anesthetic having been administered 2 months previously.", "contents": "Postanesthetic necrotic defect. An unusual defect was noted in a 10-year-old girl near the usual site of administration for an inferior nerve block. It was interpreted to be the result of a local anesthetic having been administered 2 months previously.", "PMID": 1059059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2784", "title": "The use of intraoral dexamethasone after extraction of mandibular third molars.", "content": "All oral surgeions have encountered problems associated with edema, trismus, and pain after intraoral procedures. In third-molar surgery, pain and trismus are often directly proportional to edema. Therefore, in the patient with minimal edema, pain and trismus should be proportionally reduced. Parenteral use of the corticosteroid dexamethasone, given as a transoral injection at the time of operation, appears to be effective in the prevention of postoperative edema.", "contents": "The use of intraoral dexamethasone after extraction of mandibular third molars. All oral surgeions have encountered problems associated with edema, trismus, and pain after intraoral procedures. In third-molar surgery, pain and trismus are often directly proportional to edema. Therefore, in the patient with minimal edema, pain and trismus should be proportionally reduced. Parenteral use of the corticosteroid dexamethasone, given as a transoral injection at the time of operation, appears to be effective in the prevention of postoperative edema.", "PMID": 1059060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2785", "title": "Orofaciodigital syndrome, type I: a phenotypic and genetic analysis.", "content": "An additional family with the orofaciodigital syndrome. Type I, is presented. On the basis of previously published pedigrees, as well as the present case, data are presented that conclusively support an X-linked dominant mode of inheritance. Segregation analysis demonstrated that not only is there lethality in the male but there is significant lethality in the female due to lyonization. In addition, a review of the familial cases will demonstrate a large degree of intra- and interfamilial variation.", "contents": "Orofaciodigital syndrome, type I: a phenotypic and genetic analysis. An additional family with the orofaciodigital syndrome. Type I, is presented. On the basis of previously published pedigrees, as well as the present case, data are presented that conclusively support an X-linked dominant mode of inheritance. Segregation analysis demonstrated that not only is there lethality in the male but there is significant lethality in the female due to lyonization. In addition, a review of the familial cases will demonstrate a large degree of intra- and interfamilial variation.", "PMID": 1059061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2786", "title": "Acute (toxic) epidermal necrolysis. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of acute (toxic) epidermal necrolysis is reported in the dental literature for the first time. This severe, life-threatening mucocutaneous syndrome resembles severely scalded skin. Sloughing vesiculobullous oral lesions are a frequent component. Staphylococcus aureus and drug reactions may cause separate entities presenting clinically as acute epidermal necrolysis. This case of drug-induced epidermal necrolysis ina child was successfully treated with methicillin and hydrocortisone.", "contents": "Acute (toxic) epidermal necrolysis. Report of a case. A case of acute (toxic) epidermal necrolysis is reported in the dental literature for the first time. This severe, life-threatening mucocutaneous syndrome resembles severely scalded skin. Sloughing vesiculobullous oral lesions are a frequent component. Staphylococcus aureus and drug reactions may cause separate entities presenting clinically as acute epidermal necrolysis. This case of drug-induced epidermal necrolysis ina child was successfully treated with methicillin and hydrocortisone.", "PMID": 1059062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2787", "title": "Squamous odontogenic tumor. Report of six cases of a previously undescribed lesion.", "content": "Six cases of a previously unnamed oral lesion are described and the name squamous odontogenic tumor is applied. The lesion causes radiolucent areas of bone destruction adjacent to the roots of teeth. In one case there were multiple separate lesions. Light microscopy revealed numerous islands of benign squamous epithelium with focal areas of keratinization and calcification. Electron microscope examination in one case showed normal squamous epithelial cells with abundant glycogen granules, tonofilaments and myelin bodies. Complete surgical excision seems the best therapy, as only one lesion recurred following treatment.", "contents": "Squamous odontogenic tumor. Report of six cases of a previously undescribed lesion. Six cases of a previously unnamed oral lesion are described and the name squamous odontogenic tumor is applied. The lesion causes radiolucent areas of bone destruction adjacent to the roots of teeth. In one case there were multiple separate lesions. Light microscopy revealed numerous islands of benign squamous epithelium with focal areas of keratinization and calcification. Electron microscope examination in one case showed normal squamous epithelial cells with abundant glycogen granules, tonofilaments and myelin bodies. Complete surgical excision seems the best therapy, as only one lesion recurred following treatment.", "PMID": 1059063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2788", "title": "Central mucoepidermoid tumors of the jaws. Report of nine cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Nine previously unreported cases of central mucoepidermoid tumor of the jaws (CMET) are presented and forty-one previously reported examples are reviewed. The mandible was involved in thirth-four cases and the maxilla in sixteen. The CMET is more common in females and has been reported in patients from 1 to 85 years of age. Most cases occur in the fourth and fifth decades. Radiographically, the CMET usually resembles an ameloblastoma or odontogenic cyst. Most CMET's are histologically well-differentiated lesions. Thirteen tumors recurred after various forms of therapy. Regional node metastasis was reported in four cases, and four patients died as a result of their tumors.", "contents": "Central mucoepidermoid tumors of the jaws. Report of nine cases and review of the literature. Nine previously unreported cases of central mucoepidermoid tumor of the jaws (CMET) are presented and forty-one previously reported examples are reviewed. The mandible was involved in thirth-four cases and the maxilla in sixteen. The CMET is more common in females and has been reported in patients from 1 to 85 years of age. Most cases occur in the fourth and fifth decades. Radiographically, the CMET usually resembles an ameloblastoma or odontogenic cyst. Most CMET's are histologically well-differentiated lesions. Thirteen tumors recurred after various forms of therapy. Regional node metastasis was reported in four cases, and four patients died as a result of their tumors.", "PMID": 1059064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2789", "title": "Anginal pain referred to the teeth. Report of a case.", "content": "A case is reported in which initial anginal pain was localized to the area of the left posterior teeth. Subsequently the patient reported that at certain times he experienced pain in the area of the left posterior teeth with concomitant chest pain while at other times the pain was confined to the teeth.", "contents": "Anginal pain referred to the teeth. Report of a case. A case is reported in which initial anginal pain was localized to the area of the left posterior teeth. Subsequently the patient reported that at certain times he experienced pain in the area of the left posterior teeth with concomitant chest pain while at other times the pain was confined to the teeth.", "PMID": 1059065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2790", "title": "Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (adenoameloblastoma). Report of a case.", "content": "A case of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor in which trauma was apparently a significant causative factor is presented. Consultation with an oral pathologist prevented unnecessary radical surgery.", "contents": "Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (adenoameloblastoma). Report of a case. A case of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor in which trauma was apparently a significant causative factor is presented. Consultation with an oral pathologist prevented unnecessary radical surgery.", "PMID": 1059066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2791", "title": "Sialolithiasis: the radiolucent ones.", "content": "Radiolucent calculi are discussed. Three cases are presented, with a sialographic interpretation of each. Recent studies show that radiolucent calculi in general and parotid gland sialolithiasis in particular occur more frequently than was previously believed.", "contents": "Sialolithiasis: the radiolucent ones. Radiolucent calculi are discussed. Three cases are presented, with a sialographic interpretation of each. Recent studies show that radiolucent calculi in general and parotid gland sialolithiasis in particular occur more frequently than was previously believed.", "PMID": 1059067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2792", "title": "Clinical evaluation of 67Ga-citrate scanning in the oral region.", "content": "Gallium-67-citrate was administered to thirty-nine patients who had a variety of benign, malignant, and inflammatory lesions of the oral region. The gallium-67 scintigram was noted to be valuable in the diagnosis of maxillary carcinoma, parotid carcinoma, and malignant lymphoma. Clinically, it is possible to differentiate malignant tumors from benign ones with the aid of 67Ga scanning. It is difficult, however, to differentiate malignant tumors from inflammatory lesions. At present, it is difficult to defect the small malignant lesion by means of a 67Ga scintigram.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of 67Ga-citrate scanning in the oral region. Gallium-67-citrate was administered to thirty-nine patients who had a variety of benign, malignant, and inflammatory lesions of the oral region. The gallium-67 scintigram was noted to be valuable in the diagnosis of maxillary carcinoma, parotid carcinoma, and malignant lymphoma. Clinically, it is possible to differentiate malignant tumors from benign ones with the aid of 67Ga scanning. It is difficult, however, to differentiate malignant tumors from inflammatory lesions. At present, it is difficult to defect the small malignant lesion by means of a 67Ga scintigram.", "PMID": 1059068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2793", "title": "Chronic erythremic myelosis profiling a refractory anemia.", "content": "Chronic erythremic myelosis is a myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by refractory macrocytic anemia and marked megaloblastoid erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow. Ferrokinetic and cytologic evidence indicates that the disorder demonstrates ineffective erythropoiesis. Certain cytochemical tests may help both to substantiate the diagnosis and to provide insight into some of the biochemical abnormalities in the erythroid precursors. Therapeutic trials of androgen or pyridoxine (vitamin B6) or both may be of value in some cases but ineffective in others, and some patients may require administration of blood transfusions. Why an erythroid disorder characterized by a uniquetype of megaloblastoid erythropoiesis should be the forerunner of acute leukemia is one of the many unanswered questions in this often therapeutically frustrating disorder.", "contents": "Chronic erythremic myelosis profiling a refractory anemia. Chronic erythremic myelosis is a myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology that is characterized by refractory macrocytic anemia and marked megaloblastoid erythroid hyperplasia of the bone marrow. Ferrokinetic and cytologic evidence indicates that the disorder demonstrates ineffective erythropoiesis. Certain cytochemical tests may help both to substantiate the diagnosis and to provide insight into some of the biochemical abnormalities in the erythroid precursors. Therapeutic trials of androgen or pyridoxine (vitamin B6) or both may be of value in some cases but ineffective in others, and some patients may require administration of blood transfusions. Why an erythroid disorder characterized by a uniquetype of megaloblastoid erythropoiesis should be the forerunner of acute leukemia is one of the many unanswered questions in this often therapeutically frustrating disorder.", "PMID": 1059074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2794", "title": "Effects of tetraalkylammonium salts on Brdicka and presodium curr\u00e9nts of bovine-serum albumin.", "content": "Tetraethyl-, tetrapropyl-, and tetrabutylammonium ions are capillary-active on the interface water-mercury. In the adsorbed state they increase Brdicka and presodium currents. These currents drop sharply at potentials where tetrabutylammonium ions are desorbed, these potentials being -1.60, -1.66, -1.72, and -1.79 V versus the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) at tetrabutyla-mmonium concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 1, and 5 mM, respectively. Indications are that tetraethylammonium ions at a concentration of 50 mM are desorbed at a potential of the order of -1.9 V (versus SCE). The increase of Brdicka currents is attributed--at least in part--to a decrease in the rate of electroreduction of cobalt(II). In the desorbed state the effect--if any--of tetrabutylammonium ions on Brdicka and presodium currents is very small. Tetrabutylammonium ions also greatly increase Brdicka currents observed with cysteine, the effect disappearing after these ions attain their desorption potential. The effect of tetraphenylarsonium on Brdicka currents is very similar to that of tetrabutylammonium, while that of diphenylguanidine is similar to that of tetraethylammonium ions.", "contents": "Effects of tetraalkylammonium salts on Brdicka and presodium curr\u00e9nts of bovine-serum albumin. Tetraethyl-, tetrapropyl-, and tetrabutylammonium ions are capillary-active on the interface water-mercury. In the adsorbed state they increase Brdicka and presodium currents. These currents drop sharply at potentials where tetrabutylammonium ions are desorbed, these potentials being -1.60, -1.66, -1.72, and -1.79 V versus the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) at tetrabutyla-mmonium concentrations of 0.1, 0.25, 1, and 5 mM, respectively. Indications are that tetraethylammonium ions at a concentration of 50 mM are desorbed at a potential of the order of -1.9 V (versus SCE). The increase of Brdicka currents is attributed--at least in part--to a decrease in the rate of electroreduction of cobalt(II). In the desorbed state the effect--if any--of tetrabutylammonium ions on Brdicka and presodium currents is very small. Tetrabutylammonium ions also greatly increase Brdicka currents observed with cysteine, the effect disappearing after these ions attain their desorption potential. The effect of tetraphenylarsonium on Brdicka currents is very similar to that of tetrabutylammonium, while that of diphenylguanidine is similar to that of tetraethylammonium ions.", "PMID": 1059079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2795", "title": "Synthetic analogs of active sites of iron-sulfur proteins: bis (o-xylyldithiolato) ferrate (III) monoanion, a structurally unconstrained model for the rubredoxin Fe-S4 unit.", "content": "To complete the set of synthetic analogs of the three recognized types of active sites in iron-sulfur redox proteins, the compound (Et4N)[Fe((SCH2)2C6H4)2], derived from o-xylyl-alpha,alpha'-dithiol, has been prepared and its structure has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The bischelate anion contains a near-tetrahedral Fe(III)-S4 coordination unit with small rhombic distortions and all Fe-S bond distances in the range 2.252-2.279 A. Its electronic properties have been partially characterized by measurement of electronic absorption, paramagnetic resonance, M\u00f6ssbauer spectra, and magnetic susceptibility. The analog, as the protein, exhibits the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. These results substantiate designation of [Fe((SCH2)2C6H4)2]- as a synthetic analog of the Fe(III)(S-Cys)4 center in oxidized rubredoxin proteins. Comparison of the analog structure with that of the Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin active site shows that the former is substantially less distorted from idealized tetrahedral symmetry, and is considered to represent an essentially unconstrained structural model of the latter. Provided the grossly distorted tetrahedral stereochemistry of the protein site persists through final structural refinement, the analog-protein structural comparison supports an entatic state description of oxidized rubredoxin.", "contents": "Synthetic analogs of active sites of iron-sulfur proteins: bis (o-xylyldithiolato) ferrate (III) monoanion, a structurally unconstrained model for the rubredoxin Fe-S4 unit. To complete the set of synthetic analogs of the three recognized types of active sites in iron-sulfur redox proteins, the compound (Et4N)[Fe((SCH2)2C6H4)2], derived from o-xylyl-alpha,alpha'-dithiol, has been prepared and its structure has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The bischelate anion contains a near-tetrahedral Fe(III)-S4 coordination unit with small rhombic distortions and all Fe-S bond distances in the range 2.252-2.279 A. Its electronic properties have been partially characterized by measurement of electronic absorption, paramagnetic resonance, M\u00f6ssbauer spectra, and magnetic susceptibility. The analog, as the protein, exhibits the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. These results substantiate designation of [Fe((SCH2)2C6H4)2]- as a synthetic analog of the Fe(III)(S-Cys)4 center in oxidized rubredoxin proteins. Comparison of the analog structure with that of the Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin active site shows that the former is substantially less distorted from idealized tetrahedral symmetry, and is considered to represent an essentially unconstrained structural model of the latter. Provided the grossly distorted tetrahedral stereochemistry of the protein site persists through final structural refinement, the analog-protein structural comparison supports an entatic state description of oxidized rubredoxin.", "PMID": 1059080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2796", "title": "Donor properties of the three carbonyl groups of chlorophyll a: ab initio calculations and 13C magnetic resonance studies.", "content": "The relative donor properties of the three carbonyl groups of chlorophyll a have been studied theoretically by a series of ab initio molecular fragment, floating spherical Gaussian orbital, self-consistent field calculations on ethyl chlorophyllide a and experimentally through a 13C magnetic resonance study on chlorophyll a. The approximate ground state electronic wavefunction of ethyl chlorophyllide a was perturbed by monopole and dipole point charges whose signs, magnitudes, and positions were chosen to mimic the coulombic interactions associated with carbonyl coordination to Mg. Because the polarizability of the ring V keto carbonyl binding site is substantially greater than that for the ester carbonyl binding sites, the ring V keto binding site binds with smallest binding energy for weak perturbations and with largest binding energy for strong perturbations. A comparison of 13C magnetic resonance chemical shifts in chlorophyll a monomer and dimer provides new experimental evidence that the donor-acceptor interactions that bind the chlorophyll dimer together involve a substantial participation by the ring V keto carbonyl and minimal participation by the two ester carbonyl groups, and thus are in agreement with conclusions derived from the ab initio calculations.", "contents": "Donor properties of the three carbonyl groups of chlorophyll a: ab initio calculations and 13C magnetic resonance studies. The relative donor properties of the three carbonyl groups of chlorophyll a have been studied theoretically by a series of ab initio molecular fragment, floating spherical Gaussian orbital, self-consistent field calculations on ethyl chlorophyllide a and experimentally through a 13C magnetic resonance study on chlorophyll a. The approximate ground state electronic wavefunction of ethyl chlorophyllide a was perturbed by monopole and dipole point charges whose signs, magnitudes, and positions were chosen to mimic the coulombic interactions associated with carbonyl coordination to Mg. Because the polarizability of the ring V keto carbonyl binding site is substantially greater than that for the ester carbonyl binding sites, the ring V keto binding site binds with smallest binding energy for weak perturbations and with largest binding energy for strong perturbations. A comparison of 13C magnetic resonance chemical shifts in chlorophyll a monomer and dimer provides new experimental evidence that the donor-acceptor interactions that bind the chlorophyll dimer together involve a substantial participation by the ring V keto carbonyl and minimal participation by the two ester carbonyl groups, and thus are in agreement with conclusions derived from the ab initio calculations.", "PMID": 1059081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2797", "title": "Aspartic acid racemization in tooth enamel from living humans.", "content": "The aspartic acid in human tooth enamel shows increasing racemization with age. This increase is not seen in the metabolically active protein hemoglobin. The rate constant for the racemization reaction of aspartic acid in human tooth enamel was found to be 8.29 X 10(-4) yr-1. This rate constant suggests that in any protein with a long in vivo lifetime, D-aspartic acid will accumulate with age (about 8% of total aspartic acid in enamel will be the D-enantiomer after 60 years). Thus, racemization may play some role in the aging process affecting metabolically stable tissues in long-lived homeotherms. Aspartic acid racemization in toogh enamel also provides a biochronological tool for assessing the age of living mammals.", "contents": "Aspartic acid racemization in tooth enamel from living humans. The aspartic acid in human tooth enamel shows increasing racemization with age. This increase is not seen in the metabolically active protein hemoglobin. The rate constant for the racemization reaction of aspartic acid in human tooth enamel was found to be 8.29 X 10(-4) yr-1. This rate constant suggests that in any protein with a long in vivo lifetime, D-aspartic acid will accumulate with age (about 8% of total aspartic acid in enamel will be the D-enantiomer after 60 years). Thus, racemization may play some role in the aging process affecting metabolically stable tissues in long-lived homeotherms. Aspartic acid racemization in toogh enamel also provides a biochronological tool for assessing the age of living mammals.", "PMID": 1059082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2798", "title": "Synthesis of RNA containing a methylated blocked 5' terminus by HeLa nuclear homogenates.", "content": "RNA synthesized in vitro by HeLa nuclei contains a variety of blocked methylated 5'-terminal structures that can be grouped into four general types: (a) m(7)GppN(m)p...; (b) m(7)GppN(m)pM(m)p...; (c) m(7)GpppN(m)p...; and (d) m(7)GpppN(m)pM(m).... Both N(m) and M(m) can be either one of the four 2'-O-methylated nucleosides. The relative amounts of the N(m) species are G = 45%, A = 25%, U = 20%, and C = 10%.", "contents": "Synthesis of RNA containing a methylated blocked 5' terminus by HeLa nuclear homogenates. RNA synthesized in vitro by HeLa nuclei contains a variety of blocked methylated 5'-terminal structures that can be grouped into four general types: (a) m(7)GppN(m)p...; (b) m(7)GppN(m)pM(m)p...; (c) m(7)GpppN(m)p...; and (d) m(7)GpppN(m)pM(m).... Both N(m) and M(m) can be either one of the four 2'-O-methylated nucleosides. The relative amounts of the N(m) species are G = 45%, A = 25%, U = 20%, and C = 10%.", "PMID": 1059083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2799", "title": "Increased frequency of initiation of RNA synthesis due to a protein factor from chicken myeloblastosis nuclei.", "content": "The mechanism of the effect of an RNA polymerase II (RNA nucleotidyltransferase II) stimulation factor isolated from the nuclei of chicken myeloblastosis cells was studied. The stimulation requires the presence of all four nucleoside triphosphates and depends upon an exogenous DNA template. In the absence of the factor, RNA synthesis ceases after 20-30 min, but in the presence of the factor, synthesis continues up to 60-80 min. Addition of the factor at 35 min after incubation causes resumption of RNA synthesis. The factor greatly stimulates the activity of RNA polymerase II at low enzyme concentrations. The RNA polymerase activity is more sensitive to alpha-amanitin inhibition when the factor is present. Experiments of [gamma-32P]ATP incorporation reveal that the factor provides for an increased frequency of initiation of RNA chains, both of the primary initiation events and re-initiation after previous ones were completed. A slightly higher rate of RNA chain growth was also observed with this factor but the ultimate size of RNA synthesized was not affected, as determined by formaldehyde/sucrose gradient centrifugation. These data suggest that the factor functions at the initiation stages of the RNA polymerase reaction.", "contents": "Increased frequency of initiation of RNA synthesis due to a protein factor from chicken myeloblastosis nuclei. The mechanism of the effect of an RNA polymerase II (RNA nucleotidyltransferase II) stimulation factor isolated from the nuclei of chicken myeloblastosis cells was studied. The stimulation requires the presence of all four nucleoside triphosphates and depends upon an exogenous DNA template. In the absence of the factor, RNA synthesis ceases after 20-30 min, but in the presence of the factor, synthesis continues up to 60-80 min. Addition of the factor at 35 min after incubation causes resumption of RNA synthesis. The factor greatly stimulates the activity of RNA polymerase II at low enzyme concentrations. The RNA polymerase activity is more sensitive to alpha-amanitin inhibition when the factor is present. Experiments of [gamma-32P]ATP incorporation reveal that the factor provides for an increased frequency of initiation of RNA chains, both of the primary initiation events and re-initiation after previous ones were completed. A slightly higher rate of RNA chain growth was also observed with this factor but the ultimate size of RNA synthesized was not affected, as determined by formaldehyde/sucrose gradient centrifugation. These data suggest that the factor functions at the initiation stages of the RNA polymerase reaction.", "PMID": 1059084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2800", "title": "Interaction of elongation factor Tu with 2'(3')-O-aminoacyloligonucleotides derived from the 3' terminus of aminoacyl-tRNA.", "content": "The interaction between Escherichia coli elongation factor-Tu-GTP complex and chemically synthesized 2'(3')-O-aminoacyldinucleoside phosphates with the nucleotide sequence of the 3' terminus of aminoacyl-tRNA (AA-tRNA) has been studied. It was found that C-A-Phe, C-A-Pro, and C-A-Asp interact with EF-Tu-GTP, causing the release of GTP bound to the enzyme. The specificity of this interaction closely resembles that of AA-tRNA since C-A and C-A(Ac-Phe) as well as the corresponding tRNAs are inactive. The 3'-O-aminoacyl derivative C-2'-dA-Phe does not interact with EF-Tu-GTP, whereas the 2'-O-aminoacyl derivative C-3'-dA-Phe is almost as active as the 2'(3')-O-aminoacyl derivative, C-A-Phe. C-A-Phe also interacts with the EF-Tu-GDP complex in a manner similar to its interaction with EF-Tu-GTP. It is concluded that interaction of 2'(3')-O-aminoacyloligonucleotides possessing the sequence of the 3' terminus of AA-tRNA is analogous to the interaction of that terminus with EF-Tu and it is suggested that EF-Tu is specific for 2'-O-AA-tRNA.", "contents": "Interaction of elongation factor Tu with 2'(3')-O-aminoacyloligonucleotides derived from the 3' terminus of aminoacyl-tRNA. The interaction between Escherichia coli elongation factor-Tu-GTP complex and chemically synthesized 2'(3')-O-aminoacyldinucleoside phosphates with the nucleotide sequence of the 3' terminus of aminoacyl-tRNA (AA-tRNA) has been studied. It was found that C-A-Phe, C-A-Pro, and C-A-Asp interact with EF-Tu-GTP, causing the release of GTP bound to the enzyme. The specificity of this interaction closely resembles that of AA-tRNA since C-A and C-A(Ac-Phe) as well as the corresponding tRNAs are inactive. The 3'-O-aminoacyl derivative C-2'-dA-Phe does not interact with EF-Tu-GTP, whereas the 2'-O-aminoacyl derivative C-3'-dA-Phe is almost as active as the 2'(3')-O-aminoacyl derivative, C-A-Phe. C-A-Phe also interacts with the EF-Tu-GDP complex in a manner similar to its interaction with EF-Tu-GTP. It is concluded that interaction of 2'(3')-O-aminoacyloligonucleotides possessing the sequence of the 3' terminus of AA-tRNA is analogous to the interaction of that terminus with EF-Tu and it is suggested that EF-Tu is specific for 2'-O-AA-tRNA.", "PMID": 1059085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2801", "title": "Electrophoretic patterns of deadenylylated chorion and globin mRNAs.", "content": "Treatment of silkmoth chorion mRNAs with calf thymus RNase H (EC 3.1.4.34; RNA-DNA-hybrid ribonucleotidohydrolase) in the presence of oligo(dT) specifically and effectively removes the 3'-terminal poly(A) sequences. Excision of non-poly(A) fragments cannot be detected. Under these conditions, RNase H leads to increased electrophoretic homogeneity of rabbit globin mRNA, presumably as a result of removal of poly(A) sequences that are inherently variable in length. Treatment with RNase H converts the three diffuse zones of messages for the several chorion proteins into multiple sharp bands.", "contents": "Electrophoretic patterns of deadenylylated chorion and globin mRNAs. Treatment of silkmoth chorion mRNAs with calf thymus RNase H (EC 3.1.4.34; RNA-DNA-hybrid ribonucleotidohydrolase) in the presence of oligo(dT) specifically and effectively removes the 3'-terminal poly(A) sequences. Excision of non-poly(A) fragments cannot be detected. Under these conditions, RNase H leads to increased electrophoretic homogeneity of rabbit globin mRNA, presumably as a result of removal of poly(A) sequences that are inherently variable in length. Treatment with RNase H converts the three diffuse zones of messages for the several chorion proteins into multiple sharp bands.", "PMID": 1059086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2802", "title": "Amino-acid sequence and oligosaccharide attachment sites of human erythrocyte glycophorin.", "content": "Glycophorin, the major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane, is composed of 131 amino acids and an average of 16 oligosaccharide chains. Fifteen oligosaccharides are linked to threonine/serine residues via O-glycosidic bonds, and one more complex unit is attached to asparagine. The location of each of these oligosaccharides and the complete amino-acid sequence of this molecular have been determined by Edman degradation techniques. Glycophorin appears to be organized into three distinct \"domains\" on the basis of the locations of glycosylated amino acids and the clustering of residues of similar type. These include (i) a glycosylated segment composed of approximately 64 residues from the NH2-terminus, (ii) a \"hydrophobic\" segment of approximately 32 nonpolar residues, and (iii) a COOH-terminal segment, composed of approximately 35 residues, which has an unusual concentration of hydrophilic amino acids. This unique structure is consistent with the earlier suggestions that glycophorin is one of the major \"intrinsic\" membrane proteins which has a transmembrane orientation.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence and oligosaccharide attachment sites of human erythrocyte glycophorin. Glycophorin, the major sialoglycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane, is composed of 131 amino acids and an average of 16 oligosaccharide chains. Fifteen oligosaccharides are linked to threonine/serine residues via O-glycosidic bonds, and one more complex unit is attached to asparagine. The location of each of these oligosaccharides and the complete amino-acid sequence of this molecular have been determined by Edman degradation techniques. Glycophorin appears to be organized into three distinct \"domains\" on the basis of the locations of glycosylated amino acids and the clustering of residues of similar type. These include (i) a glycosylated segment composed of approximately 64 residues from the NH2-terminus, (ii) a \"hydrophobic\" segment of approximately 32 nonpolar residues, and (iii) a COOH-terminal segment, composed of approximately 35 residues, which has an unusual concentration of hydrophilic amino acids. This unique structure is consistent with the earlier suggestions that glycophorin is one of the major \"intrinsic\" membrane proteins which has a transmembrane orientation.", "PMID": 1059087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2803", "title": "Thromboxanes: a new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides.", "content": "An unstable [t1/2 at 37 degrees = 32 +/- 2 (SD) sec] intermediate, thromboxane A2, was detected in the conversion of prostaglandin G2 into 8-(1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9,12L-dihydroxy-5,10-heptadecadienoic acid (thromboxane B2) in platelets. The intermediate was trapped by addition of methanol, ethanol, or sodium azide to suspensions of washed human platelets incubated for 30 sec with arachidonic acid or prostaglandin G2. The structures of the resulting derivatives demonstrated that the intermediate possessed an oxane ring as in thromboxane B2 but lacked its hemiacetal hydroxyl group. Additional experiments using 18O2 or [2H8]arachidonic acid in the formation of thromboxane B2 and CH3O2H for the trapping of thromboxane A2, together with information on the t1/2 of the intermediate, indicated the presence of an oxetane structure in thromboxane A2. Incubation of arachidonic acid or prostaglandin G2 with washed platelets led to formation of an unstable factor that induced irreversible platelet aggregation and caused release of [14C]serotonin from platelets that had been incubated with [14C]serotonin. The properties and the mode of formation of this factor indicated that it was identical with thromboxane A2. Furthermore, evidence is presented that the more unstable and major component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) formed in platelets and guinea pig lung is also thromboxane A2.", "contents": "Thromboxanes: a new group of biologically active compounds derived from prostaglandin endoperoxides. An unstable [t1/2 at 37 degrees = 32 +/- 2 (SD) sec] intermediate, thromboxane A2, was detected in the conversion of prostaglandin G2 into 8-(1-hydroxy-3-oxopropyl)-9,12L-dihydroxy-5,10-heptadecadienoic acid (thromboxane B2) in platelets. The intermediate was trapped by addition of methanol, ethanol, or sodium azide to suspensions of washed human platelets incubated for 30 sec with arachidonic acid or prostaglandin G2. The structures of the resulting derivatives demonstrated that the intermediate possessed an oxane ring as in thromboxane B2 but lacked its hemiacetal hydroxyl group. Additional experiments using 18O2 or [2H8]arachidonic acid in the formation of thromboxane B2 and CH3O2H for the trapping of thromboxane A2, together with information on the t1/2 of the intermediate, indicated the presence of an oxetane structure in thromboxane A2. Incubation of arachidonic acid or prostaglandin G2 with washed platelets led to formation of an unstable factor that induced irreversible platelet aggregation and caused release of [14C]serotonin from platelets that had been incubated with [14C]serotonin. The properties and the mode of formation of this factor indicated that it was identical with thromboxane A2. Furthermore, evidence is presented that the more unstable and major component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS) formed in platelets and guinea pig lung is also thromboxane A2.", "PMID": 1059088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2804", "title": "Activation volumes in enzymic catalysis: their sources and modification by low-molecular-weight solutes.", "content": "Changes in enzyme conformation are often accompanied by large changes in volume. Model compound studies suggest that these volume changes may derive from two sources: (i) \"hydration density\" effects due to changes in the exposure to solvent of protein groups which modify water density, and (ii) \"structural\" contributions arising from changes in the volume of the protein itself. An experimental approach was developed to test the validity of the predictions based on model compound studies for catalytic conformational changes. By examining the effects of different solutes on the activation volumes of different enzymic reactions, we show that both sources of volume change provide significant contributions to the activation volume.", "contents": "Activation volumes in enzymic catalysis: their sources and modification by low-molecular-weight solutes. Changes in enzyme conformation are often accompanied by large changes in volume. Model compound studies suggest that these volume changes may derive from two sources: (i) \"hydration density\" effects due to changes in the exposure to solvent of protein groups which modify water density, and (ii) \"structural\" contributions arising from changes in the volume of the protein itself. An experimental approach was developed to test the validity of the predictions based on model compound studies for catalytic conformational changes. By examining the effects of different solutes on the activation volumes of different enzymic reactions, we show that both sources of volume change provide significant contributions to the activation volume.", "PMID": 1059089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2805", "title": "A rapid and specific method for isolation of thiol-containing peptides from large proteins by thiol-disulfide exchange on a solid support.", "content": "Activated thiol-Sepharose [agarose-(glutathione-2-pyridyl disulfide) conjugate] has been used to immobilize proteins with a single or a few thiol groups via disulfide bridges. The immobilized proteins were subsequently proteolytically degraded. After washing, the thiol-containing peptides were eluted with a reducing agent. A single preparative paper electrophoresis, occasionally after a modification such as oxidation, was sufficient to obtain pure peptides in good yields. The method was applied to the major parvalbumin from hake muscle (a protein with 108 amino acid residues and one cysteine residue), to mercaptalbumin from bovine serum (565 residues and one cysteine), and to human serum ferroxidase [EC 1.16.3.1; iron (II):oxygen oxidoreductase] (ceruloplasmin) (1065 residues and three cysteines). The use of the technique, e.g., as a simple means of obtaining homologous peptides in related proteins, is discussed.", "contents": "A rapid and specific method for isolation of thiol-containing peptides from large proteins by thiol-disulfide exchange on a solid support. Activated thiol-Sepharose [agarose-(glutathione-2-pyridyl disulfide) conjugate] has been used to immobilize proteins with a single or a few thiol groups via disulfide bridges. The immobilized proteins were subsequently proteolytically degraded. After washing, the thiol-containing peptides were eluted with a reducing agent. A single preparative paper electrophoresis, occasionally after a modification such as oxidation, was sufficient to obtain pure peptides in good yields. The method was applied to the major parvalbumin from hake muscle (a protein with 108 amino acid residues and one cysteine residue), to mercaptalbumin from bovine serum (565 residues and one cysteine), and to human serum ferroxidase [EC 1.16.3.1; iron (II):oxygen oxidoreductase] (ceruloplasmin) (1065 residues and three cysteines). The use of the technique, e.g., as a simple means of obtaining homologous peptides in related proteins, is discussed.", "PMID": 1059090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2806", "title": "On primary structure and biosynthesis of histidine-rich polypeptide from malarial parasite Plasmodium lophurae.", "content": "Experiments on the primary structure of a histidine-rich polypeptide isolated from the malarial parasite Plasmodium lophurae indicate that the smaller quantities of amino acids other than histidine form an integral part of the polypeptide and do not arise from a protein contaminating a histidine homopolymer. In culture, the parasites incorporate over 50% of exogenously supplied histidine into the histidine-rich polypeptide and this incorporation is inhibited by puromycin.", "contents": "On primary structure and biosynthesis of histidine-rich polypeptide from malarial parasite Plasmodium lophurae. Experiments on the primary structure of a histidine-rich polypeptide isolated from the malarial parasite Plasmodium lophurae indicate that the smaller quantities of amino acids other than histidine form an integral part of the polypeptide and do not arise from a protein contaminating a histidine homopolymer. In culture, the parasites incorporate over 50% of exogenously supplied histidine into the histidine-rich polypeptide and this incorporation is inhibited by puromycin.", "PMID": 1059091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2807", "title": "Absence of polyadenylate segment in globin messenger RNA accelerates its degradation in Xenopus oocytes.", "content": "Rabbit globin poly(A)-free and native mRNA preparations were microinjected into Xenopus oocytes. The amount of globin message remaining after incubation of injected oocytes was determined by molecular hybridization with a radioactive complementary DNA probe, synthesized by copying globin mRNA with purified RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) from avian myeloblastosis virus. The results show that 56 hr after injection about 85% of the poly(A)-free mRNA molecules are degraded, while native poly(A)-containing mRNA chains are almost completely preserved during the same period of time.", "contents": "Absence of polyadenylate segment in globin messenger RNA accelerates its degradation in Xenopus oocytes. Rabbit globin poly(A)-free and native mRNA preparations were microinjected into Xenopus oocytes. The amount of globin message remaining after incubation of injected oocytes was determined by molecular hybridization with a radioactive complementary DNA probe, synthesized by copying globin mRNA with purified RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) from avian myeloblastosis virus. The results show that 56 hr after injection about 85% of the poly(A)-free mRNA molecules are degraded, while native poly(A)-containing mRNA chains are almost completely preserved during the same period of time.", "PMID": 1059092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2808", "title": "Bovine factor X1 (Stuart factor): amino-acid sequence of heavey chain.", "content": "The amino-acid sequence of the heavy chain of bovine blood coagulation factor X1 (Stuart factor) isolated before and after activation has been determined. Sequence analysis was performed on fragments obtained by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and by tryptic digestion. Comparison of the complete sequence with those of other hepatic and pancreatic serine proteases demonstrates homology of the heavy chain of activated factor X1 (factor X1a) with the B chain of bovine thrombin as well as with bovine trypsin, chymotrypsins A and B, and porcine elastase. The activation peptide cleaved near the amino terminus by a protease from Russell's viper venom differs in both size and sequence from those of other serine proteases. With three exceptions, all of the residues which are important in the catalytic functions of trypsin and chymotrypsin occur in corresponding loci in the heavy chain of factor Xa. These finding suggest that the three-dimensional structure of the heavy chain is similar to that of the pancreatic serine proteases and that these enzymes have evolved from a common ancestral gene.", "contents": "Bovine factor X1 (Stuart factor): amino-acid sequence of heavey chain. The amino-acid sequence of the heavy chain of bovine blood coagulation factor X1 (Stuart factor) isolated before and after activation has been determined. Sequence analysis was performed on fragments obtained by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and by tryptic digestion. Comparison of the complete sequence with those of other hepatic and pancreatic serine proteases demonstrates homology of the heavy chain of activated factor X1 (factor X1a) with the B chain of bovine thrombin as well as with bovine trypsin, chymotrypsins A and B, and porcine elastase. The activation peptide cleaved near the amino terminus by a protease from Russell's viper venom differs in both size and sequence from those of other serine proteases. With three exceptions, all of the residues which are important in the catalytic functions of trypsin and chymotrypsin occur in corresponding loci in the heavy chain of factor Xa. These finding suggest that the three-dimensional structure of the heavy chain is similar to that of the pancreatic serine proteases and that these enzymes have evolved from a common ancestral gene.", "PMID": 1059093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2809", "title": "Dual regulation of adenylate cyclase accounts for narcotic dependence and tolerance.", "content": "Narcotics affect adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] in two opposing ways, both mediated by the opiate receptor. The first process is the readily reversible inhibition of the enzyme by narcotics; the second is a compensatory increase in enzyme activity which is delayed in onset and relatively stable. Late positive regulation of the enzyme counteracts the inhibitory influence of morphine and is responsible for narcotic dependence and tolerance. The coupled inhibitory and positive regulatory mechanisms for adenylate cyclase provide a means of activating and deactivating neural circuits hours after the initial event and thus may play a role in a memory process.", "contents": "Dual regulation of adenylate cyclase accounts for narcotic dependence and tolerance. Narcotics affect adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] in two opposing ways, both mediated by the opiate receptor. The first process is the readily reversible inhibition of the enzyme by narcotics; the second is a compensatory increase in enzyme activity which is delayed in onset and relatively stable. Late positive regulation of the enzyme counteracts the inhibitory influence of morphine and is responsible for narcotic dependence and tolerance. The coupled inhibitory and positive regulatory mechanisms for adenylate cyclase provide a means of activating and deactivating neural circuits hours after the initial event and thus may play a role in a memory process.", "PMID": 1059094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2810", "title": "Molecular mechanism for oscillation in flagella and muscle.", "content": "Two-state models for muscle cross-bridges, of the type originally detailed by Andrew Huxley, were examined. Rate functions for cross-bridge attachment and detachment can be chosen which yield a steady-state force-velocity relationship appropriate for the spontaneous generation of oscillatory contractions. Computer simulations have been used to demonstrate oscillation of such cross-bridge systems, and to demonstrate that distribution of this type of local shear oscillation along the length of a flagellum is sufficient for the generation of propagated bending waves.", "contents": "Molecular mechanism for oscillation in flagella and muscle. Two-state models for muscle cross-bridges, of the type originally detailed by Andrew Huxley, were examined. Rate functions for cross-bridge attachment and detachment can be chosen which yield a steady-state force-velocity relationship appropriate for the spontaneous generation of oscillatory contractions. Computer simulations have been used to demonstrate oscillation of such cross-bridge systems, and to demonstrate that distribution of this type of local shear oscillation along the length of a flagellum is sufficient for the generation of propagated bending waves.", "PMID": 1059095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2811", "title": "Brownian motion in biological membranes.", "content": "Brownian motion (diffusion) of particles in membranes occurs in a highly anisotropic environment. For such particles a translational mobility (independent of velocity) can be defined if the viscosity of the liquid embedding the membrane is taken into account. The results of a model calculation are presented. They suggest that for a realistic situation translational diffusion should be about four times faster in relation to rotational diffusion than in the isotropic case.", "contents": "Brownian motion in biological membranes. Brownian motion (diffusion) of particles in membranes occurs in a highly anisotropic environment. For such particles a translational mobility (independent of velocity) can be defined if the viscosity of the liquid embedding the membrane is taken into account. The results of a model calculation are presented. They suggest that for a realistic situation translational diffusion should be about four times faster in relation to rotational diffusion than in the isotropic case.", "PMID": 1059096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2812", "title": "Gene expression in mouse neuroblastoma cells: properties of the genome.", "content": "Chromatin was prepared from isolated nuclei of proliferating and differentiated cultures of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells. Differentiation was induced by serum withdrawal or treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The ability to support DNA-dependent RNA synthesis when assayed in a cell-free system is three times greater for chromatin from proliferating cells. Histones isolated from proliferating and differentiated cells were fractionated electrophoretically. The relative amounts of proteins present in the five major histone fractions were similar. In contrast, there were significant differences in the nonhistone chromosomal proteins synthesized and associated with the genome of proliferating and differentiating neuroblastoma cells. Such differences are reflected by modifications in the electrophoretic banding patterns and in incorporation of [3H]tryptophan into various molecular weight classes of nonhistone chromosomal polypeptides. A functional relationship between changes in the nonhistone chromosomal proteins and variations in the transcriptional activity accompanying differentiation of neuroblastoma cells may exist.", "contents": "Gene expression in mouse neuroblastoma cells: properties of the genome. Chromatin was prepared from isolated nuclei of proliferating and differentiated cultures of C1300 mouse neuroblastoma cells. Differentiation was induced by serum withdrawal or treatment with dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The ability to support DNA-dependent RNA synthesis when assayed in a cell-free system is three times greater for chromatin from proliferating cells. Histones isolated from proliferating and differentiated cells were fractionated electrophoretically. The relative amounts of proteins present in the five major histone fractions were similar. In contrast, there were significant differences in the nonhistone chromosomal proteins synthesized and associated with the genome of proliferating and differentiating neuroblastoma cells. Such differences are reflected by modifications in the electrophoretic banding patterns and in incorporation of [3H]tryptophan into various molecular weight classes of nonhistone chromosomal polypeptides. A functional relationship between changes in the nonhistone chromosomal proteins and variations in the transcriptional activity accompanying differentiation of neuroblastoma cells may exist.", "PMID": 1059097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2813", "title": "Chromosomal localization of human genes governing the interferon-induced antiviral state.", "content": "Interferon sensitivity of different normal and aneusomic human cells and of different mouse-human hybrids cells has been compared. G21 trisomic cells are more sensitive than diploid cells; whereas, on the contrary, triploid cells are normal in their human interferon sensitivity. Among other aneusomic cell lines tested, E16 trisomic cells are significantly less sensitive. These data are in favor of the hypotheses that the G21 chromosome carries genetic information for structural proteins involved in the receptor system for interferon, that there is a regulatory mechanism governing the antiviral state, and that the E16 chromosome is a possible candidate for carrying information for such a depressive regulatory mechanism. None of the chromosome abnormalities studies are involved with interferon synthesis.", "contents": "Chromosomal localization of human genes governing the interferon-induced antiviral state. Interferon sensitivity of different normal and aneusomic human cells and of different mouse-human hybrids cells has been compared. G21 trisomic cells are more sensitive than diploid cells; whereas, on the contrary, triploid cells are normal in their human interferon sensitivity. Among other aneusomic cell lines tested, E16 trisomic cells are significantly less sensitive. These data are in favor of the hypotheses that the G21 chromosome carries genetic information for structural proteins involved in the receptor system for interferon, that there is a regulatory mechanism governing the antiviral state, and that the E16 chromosome is a possible candidate for carrying information for such a depressive regulatory mechanism. None of the chromosome abnormalities studies are involved with interferon synthesis.", "PMID": 1059098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2814", "title": "Chromatin and DNA synthesis associated with nuclear membrane in germinating cotton.", "content": "The synthesis of nuclear DNA and possible attachment sites of chromatin in the cells of cotton (Gossypium barbadense) radicles during germination was investigated. Biochemical analysis of nuclear membrane fragments or Sarkosyl-magnesium-membrane complexes indicates that the DNA, including newly replicated DNA, is attached to the nuclear membranes during periods of active synthesis. Electron micrographs of nuclear membrane fragments indicate a physical association between chromatin fibers and the membranes. The attachment site appears to be proteinaceous, since the chromatin is released by protein degradative enzymes as evidenced by biochemical techniques and electron microscopic observations. Short-term labeling results in incorporation into a membrane-associated product indistinguishable from the bulk of nuclear DNA. DNA polymerase activity is also associated with nuclear membrane preparations in which [3H]thymidine triphosphate is incorporated into an acid-insoluble. DNase-sensitive product.", "contents": "Chromatin and DNA synthesis associated with nuclear membrane in germinating cotton. The synthesis of nuclear DNA and possible attachment sites of chromatin in the cells of cotton (Gossypium barbadense) radicles during germination was investigated. Biochemical analysis of nuclear membrane fragments or Sarkosyl-magnesium-membrane complexes indicates that the DNA, including newly replicated DNA, is attached to the nuclear membranes during periods of active synthesis. Electron micrographs of nuclear membrane fragments indicate a physical association between chromatin fibers and the membranes. The attachment site appears to be proteinaceous, since the chromatin is released by protein degradative enzymes as evidenced by biochemical techniques and electron microscopic observations. Short-term labeling results in incorporation into a membrane-associated product indistinguishable from the bulk of nuclear DNA. DNA polymerase activity is also associated with nuclear membrane preparations in which [3H]thymidine triphosphate is incorporated into an acid-insoluble. DNase-sensitive product.", "PMID": 1059099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2815", "title": "Growth-dependent alterations in oligomannosyl cores of glycopeptides.", "content": "Mannose-labeled glycopeptides from the surface of growing and nongrowing human diploid cells (KL-2) were separated into neutral glycopeptides and acidic glycopeptides by paper electrophoresis. Growth-dependent alterations occurred in oligomannosyl cores in the neutral glycopeptides; namely, the neutral glycopeptides from the surface of growing cells were more resistant to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D but were more susceptible to alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24; alpha-D-mannose mannohydrolase) than those derived from the surface of nongrowing cells. Another growth-dependent change was found when the endoglycosidase-resistant material from acidic glycopeptides was compared by paper electrophoresis at pH 1.9. The material from the surface of nongrowing cells contained a component that was absent or greatly reduced in growing cells.", "contents": "Growth-dependent alterations in oligomannosyl cores of glycopeptides. Mannose-labeled glycopeptides from the surface of growing and nongrowing human diploid cells (KL-2) were separated into neutral glycopeptides and acidic glycopeptides by paper electrophoresis. Growth-dependent alterations occurred in oligomannosyl cores in the neutral glycopeptides; namely, the neutral glycopeptides from the surface of growing cells were more resistant to endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase D but were more susceptible to alpha-mannosidase (EC 3.2.1.24; alpha-D-mannose mannohydrolase) than those derived from the surface of nongrowing cells. Another growth-dependent change was found when the endoglycosidase-resistant material from acidic glycopeptides was compared by paper electrophoresis at pH 1.9. The material from the surface of nongrowing cells contained a component that was absent or greatly reduced in growing cells.", "PMID": 1059100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2816", "title": "On the alleged high sensitivity of mouse Ehrlich-Lettre ascites tumor cells to diphtheria toxin.", "content": "It was recently reported by Iglewski and Rittenberg in THESE PROCEEDINGS (71, 2707-2710, 1974) that low doses of purified diphtheria toxin inhibit protein synthesis in mouse Ehrlich-Lettre ascites carcinoma cells cultured in vitro. These observations could not be confirmed by us nor could the authors' further claim that toxin can cause regression of well-established ascites tumors in preimmunized mice be confirmed. Although temporary regression of such tumors can be demonstrated in unimmunized mice following intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin, the amounts of toxin required are high and approach the lethal dose. About the same amount of CRM45, a tox gene product serologically related to diphtheria toxin but only 1/10,000th as toxic for guinea pigs, will also cause temporary regression in tumor-bearing mice.", "contents": "On the alleged high sensitivity of mouse Ehrlich-Lettre ascites tumor cells to diphtheria toxin. It was recently reported by Iglewski and Rittenberg in THESE PROCEEDINGS (71, 2707-2710, 1974) that low doses of purified diphtheria toxin inhibit protein synthesis in mouse Ehrlich-Lettre ascites carcinoma cells cultured in vitro. These observations could not be confirmed by us nor could the authors' further claim that toxin can cause regression of well-established ascites tumors in preimmunized mice be confirmed. Although temporary regression of such tumors can be demonstrated in unimmunized mice following intraperitoneal injection of diphtheria toxin, the amounts of toxin required are high and approach the lethal dose. About the same amount of CRM45, a tox gene product serologically related to diphtheria toxin but only 1/10,000th as toxic for guinea pigs, will also cause temporary regression in tumor-bearing mice.", "PMID": 1059101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2817", "title": "The major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts is an agglutinin.", "content": "A major cell surface protein, CSP, of chick embryo fibroblasts has been shown to constitute up to 3% of total cell protein, and to be decreased after viral transformation. Its role in normal cell behavior is not known. We have isolated CSP from chick embryo fibroblasts by extraction with 1 M urea and find that these preparations of CSP agglutinate formalinized sheep erythrocytes at protein concentrations of under 2 mug/ml. In extracts of chick embryo cells, the quantity of such hemagglutinating activity parallels that of CSP determined by electrophoresis, and both are substantially decreased in chick cells transformed by the Bryan hightiter strain of Rous sarcoma virus. Both CSP and hemagglutinating activity are progressively adsorbed onto erythrocytes and can be released by 1 M urea. An antiserum to purified CSP specifically blocks the agglutination. The agglutinating activity is destroyed by boiling or treatment with proteases. The agglutination reaction is inhibited by the chelating agents EDTA and EGTA [ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid]. Agglutination is also inhibited to a lesser degres by amino sugars and other amines, increased osmolarity, and urea. Other monosaccharides, hyaluronidase, DNase, and RNase have little or not effect on the agglutination reaction. This demonstration that CSP has an agglutinating activity that is sensitive to proteases and that requires divalent cations suggests that this molecule may play a role in cell adhesion.", "contents": "The major cell surface glycoprotein of chick embryo fibroblasts is an agglutinin. A major cell surface protein, CSP, of chick embryo fibroblasts has been shown to constitute up to 3% of total cell protein, and to be decreased after viral transformation. Its role in normal cell behavior is not known. We have isolated CSP from chick embryo fibroblasts by extraction with 1 M urea and find that these preparations of CSP agglutinate formalinized sheep erythrocytes at protein concentrations of under 2 mug/ml. In extracts of chick embryo cells, the quantity of such hemagglutinating activity parallels that of CSP determined by electrophoresis, and both are substantially decreased in chick cells transformed by the Bryan hightiter strain of Rous sarcoma virus. Both CSP and hemagglutinating activity are progressively adsorbed onto erythrocytes and can be released by 1 M urea. An antiserum to purified CSP specifically blocks the agglutination. The agglutinating activity is destroyed by boiling or treatment with proteases. The agglutination reaction is inhibited by the chelating agents EDTA and EGTA [ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetraacetic acid]. Agglutination is also inhibited to a lesser degres by amino sugars and other amines, increased osmolarity, and urea. Other monosaccharides, hyaluronidase, DNase, and RNase have little or not effect on the agglutination reaction. This demonstration that CSP has an agglutinating activity that is sensitive to proteases and that requires divalent cations suggests that this molecule may play a role in cell adhesion.", "PMID": 1059102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2818", "title": "Synthesis of vitellogenin in cultures of male and female frog liver regulated by estradiol treatment in vitro.", "content": "Using the frog Xenopus laevis, we show that the addition of physiological concentrations of estradiol to cultures of liver from untreated males rapidly induces the synthesis of large amounts of vitellogenin. Sustained synthesis of vitellogenin requires continuous exposure to estradiol. A nonestrogenic steroid, dexamethasone, does not induce vitellogenin synthesis but does induce increased synthesis of a different protein in liver cultures.", "contents": "Synthesis of vitellogenin in cultures of male and female frog liver regulated by estradiol treatment in vitro. Using the frog Xenopus laevis, we show that the addition of physiological concentrations of estradiol to cultures of liver from untreated males rapidly induces the synthesis of large amounts of vitellogenin. Sustained synthesis of vitellogenin requires continuous exposure to estradiol. A nonestrogenic steroid, dexamethasone, does not induce vitellogenin synthesis but does induce increased synthesis of a different protein in liver cultures.", "PMID": 1059103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2819", "title": "Genetic complementation in heterokaryons of human fibroblasts defective in cobalamin metabolism.", "content": "Inherited methylmalonicacidemia due to deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (methylmalonyl-CoA CoA-carbonylmutase; EC 5.4.99.2) activity results from at least three classes of biochemically distinct defects affecting cobalamin (Cbl: vitamin B12) metabolism (cbl A, cbl B, and cbl C mutants) and a fourth class producing a defective mutase apoenzyme. We have obtained genetic evidence in support of this biochemical heterogeneity, using heterokaryons prepared by Sendai-virus-mediated cell fusion. Nine fibroblast lines from patients with defective Cbl metabolism (4 cbl A, 3 cbl B, and 2 cbl C), two from patients with defective mutase apoenzyme, and two from controls were fused in pairwise combinations and tested for functional mutase holoenzyme using a radioautographic procedure which detects [14C]propionate incorporation into trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable material in fibroblast monolayers in situ. Each of the mutants incorporates negligible radioactivity compared to control cells. Activity is also negligible when different mutants are mixed without virus or when homokaryons are produced by self-fusion. Heterokaryons produced by fusing members of each of the four mutant classes with representatives of any other class recover the ability to incorporate [14C]propionate to levels comparable to those of control cells. However, heterokaryons produced between members of the same class fail to complement in all cases. We conclude that the mutants with defective Cbl metabolism (cbl A, cbl B, cbl C) comprise three complementation groups, that a fourth group corresponds to mutase apoenzyme deficiency, and that all four classes of mutations are recessively inherited.", "contents": "Genetic complementation in heterokaryons of human fibroblasts defective in cobalamin metabolism. Inherited methylmalonicacidemia due to deficiency of methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (methylmalonyl-CoA CoA-carbonylmutase; EC 5.4.99.2) activity results from at least three classes of biochemically distinct defects affecting cobalamin (Cbl: vitamin B12) metabolism (cbl A, cbl B, and cbl C mutants) and a fourth class producing a defective mutase apoenzyme. We have obtained genetic evidence in support of this biochemical heterogeneity, using heterokaryons prepared by Sendai-virus-mediated cell fusion. Nine fibroblast lines from patients with defective Cbl metabolism (4 cbl A, 3 cbl B, and 2 cbl C), two from patients with defective mutase apoenzyme, and two from controls were fused in pairwise combinations and tested for functional mutase holoenzyme using a radioautographic procedure which detects [14C]propionate incorporation into trichloroacetic-acid-precipitable material in fibroblast monolayers in situ. Each of the mutants incorporates negligible radioactivity compared to control cells. Activity is also negligible when different mutants are mixed without virus or when homokaryons are produced by self-fusion. Heterokaryons produced by fusing members of each of the four mutant classes with representatives of any other class recover the ability to incorporate [14C]propionate to levels comparable to those of control cells. However, heterokaryons produced between members of the same class fail to complement in all cases. We conclude that the mutants with defective Cbl metabolism (cbl A, cbl B, cbl C) comprise three complementation groups, that a fourth group corresponds to mutase apoenzyme deficiency, and that all four classes of mutations are recessively inherited.", "PMID": 1059104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2820", "title": "Mutagenicity of chloroacetaldehyde, a possible metabolic product of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride), chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), vinyl chloride, and cyclophosphamide.", "content": "We have previously described a very sensitive and efficient bacterial test designed to detect chemical carcinogens as mutagens. Chloroacetaldehyde is mutagenic in this system and is of interest because it is a possible metabolite in mammals of the large volume industrial chemicals 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) (3.5 billion kg/yr, U.S.) and vinyl chloride (2.5 billion kg/yr, U.S.), and of the antineoplastic agent cyclophosphamide. Chloroacetaldehyde reverts a new Salmonella bacterial tester strain (TA100). Chloroacetaldehyde is shown to be hundreds of times more effective in reversion of TA100 than is chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), a known metabolic precursor of chloroacetaldehyde and a possible metabolite of dichloroethane and vinyl chloride, or than vinyl chloride, which is itself mutagenic for TA100. Chloroethanol is shown to be activated by rat (or human) liver homogenates to a more highly mutagenic form with reversion properties similar to chloroacetaldehyde. Reversion properties of cyclophosphamide after in vitro metabolic activation suggest that chloroacetaldehyde is not the active mutagenic form of this antineoplastic drug.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of chloroacetaldehyde, a possible metabolic product of 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride), chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), vinyl chloride, and cyclophosphamide. We have previously described a very sensitive and efficient bacterial test designed to detect chemical carcinogens as mutagens. Chloroacetaldehyde is mutagenic in this system and is of interest because it is a possible metabolite in mammals of the large volume industrial chemicals 1,2-dichloroethane (ethylene dichloride) (3.5 billion kg/yr, U.S.) and vinyl chloride (2.5 billion kg/yr, U.S.), and of the antineoplastic agent cyclophosphamide. Chloroacetaldehyde reverts a new Salmonella bacterial tester strain (TA100). Chloroacetaldehyde is shown to be hundreds of times more effective in reversion of TA100 than is chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin), a known metabolic precursor of chloroacetaldehyde and a possible metabolite of dichloroethane and vinyl chloride, or than vinyl chloride, which is itself mutagenic for TA100. Chloroethanol is shown to be activated by rat (or human) liver homogenates to a more highly mutagenic form with reversion properties similar to chloroacetaldehyde. Reversion properties of cyclophosphamide after in vitro metabolic activation suggest that chloroacetaldehyde is not the active mutagenic form of this antineoplastic drug.", "PMID": 1059105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2821", "title": "Statistical analyses of Drosophila and human protein polymorphisms.", "content": "By using the distribution function of allelic frequencies which was recently derived by Kimura and Ota for the model of stepwise production of neutral alleles, the observed protein polymorphisms of Drosophila and man are tested for fit to the theory of neutral protein variation. The observed and theoretical distributions of alleles agree quite well except for the excess of rare alleles in the actual distributions. In human polymorphisms, the alleles with frequencies less than 1% are more numerous than expected, whereas in Drosophila, those with frequencies less than 10% are more numerous. It is pointed out that these results support my thesis that mutational pressure rather than balancing selection is the main cause for the maintenance of protein polymorphisms.", "contents": "Statistical analyses of Drosophila and human protein polymorphisms. By using the distribution function of allelic frequencies which was recently derived by Kimura and Ota for the model of stepwise production of neutral alleles, the observed protein polymorphisms of Drosophila and man are tested for fit to the theory of neutral protein variation. The observed and theoretical distributions of alleles agree quite well except for the excess of rare alleles in the actual distributions. In human polymorphisms, the alleles with frequencies less than 1% are more numerous than expected, whereas in Drosophila, those with frequencies less than 10% are more numerous. It is pointed out that these results support my thesis that mutational pressure rather than balancing selection is the main cause for the maintenance of protein polymorphisms.", "PMID": 1059106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2822", "title": "Structural similarities between a product of the T/t-locus isolated from sperm and teratoma cells, and H-2 antigens isolated from splenocytes.", "content": "Molecules specified by the H-2-linked T/t locus in the mouse are expressed on H-2-negative cells such as early embryos, sperm, and teratoma cells. By means of enzymatic radioiodination of cells and immunoprecipitation of lysates with congenic antiserum, one of these molecules, known as F9, has been obtained from sperm and teratoma cells and compared to H-2 isolated from murine splenocytes. Our studies indicate that both H-2 and F9 have identical molecular weights and subunit structure, including the presence of a B2-microglobulin-like subunit. These findings, taken together with previous studies of TL alloantigens, suggest that a number of gene products of the 9th linkage group show structural homology with each other and, in addition, with immunoglobulin. The genes in question may therefore have arisen from a primitive gene concerned with cellular recognition.", "contents": "Structural similarities between a product of the T/t-locus isolated from sperm and teratoma cells, and H-2 antigens isolated from splenocytes. Molecules specified by the H-2-linked T/t locus in the mouse are expressed on H-2-negative cells such as early embryos, sperm, and teratoma cells. By means of enzymatic radioiodination of cells and immunoprecipitation of lysates with congenic antiserum, one of these molecules, known as F9, has been obtained from sperm and teratoma cells and compared to H-2 isolated from murine splenocytes. Our studies indicate that both H-2 and F9 have identical molecular weights and subunit structure, including the presence of a B2-microglobulin-like subunit. These findings, taken together with previous studies of TL alloantigens, suggest that a number of gene products of the 9th linkage group show structural homology with each other and, in addition, with immunoglobulin. The genes in question may therefore have arisen from a primitive gene concerned with cellular recognition.", "PMID": 1059107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2823", "title": "Properdin: initiation of alternative complement pathway.", "content": "Activation of the classical complement (C) system involves conversion of C1 to its active state with subsequent cleavage of C4 and  -d C2 so as to form the classical C3 convertase, C42 (a bar indicates the activated form of a protein), which sequentially cleaves C3 and C5 to initiate the cytolytic event associated with the complete reaction. An alternative, pr properdin-dependent, pathway to complement activation generates a C3 convertase, C3B, that is formed by cleavage of B with D in the presence of a C3b, the major cleavage fragment of C3. C3b is capable of binding activated properidin (P) with resultant stabilization of C3B, which otherwise rapidly decays by loss of B activity. Initial cleavage of C3, a prerequisite for formation of C3B, is demonstrated to occur through the interaction of native C3 and B in the presence of either D or P alone, or together. The effect of P on the interaction of D, B, and C3 is attributed to stabilization of C3B as has been shown for C3B. Larger amounts of P and B with C3 in the absence of D form a C3 convertase that is designated (P)C3B to indicate that demonstrable cleavage of B does not occur although the active site is available. The generation of this initial convertase, as assessed by C3 inactivation, is dose-related to P and B inputs. The presence of both P and D greatly augments initial cleavage of C3 with D fully uncovering the active site of B and P stabilizing that site.", "contents": "Properdin: initiation of alternative complement pathway. Activation of the classical complement (C) system involves conversion of C1 to its active state with subsequent cleavage of C4 and  -d C2 so as to form the classical C3 convertase, C42 (a bar indicates the activated form of a protein), which sequentially cleaves C3 and C5 to initiate the cytolytic event associated with the complete reaction. An alternative, pr properdin-dependent, pathway to complement activation generates a C3 convertase, C3B, that is formed by cleavage of B with D in the presence of a C3b, the major cleavage fragment of C3. C3b is capable of binding activated properidin (P) with resultant stabilization of C3B, which otherwise rapidly decays by loss of B activity. Initial cleavage of C3, a prerequisite for formation of C3B, is demonstrated to occur through the interaction of native C3 and B in the presence of either D or P alone, or together. The effect of P on the interaction of D, B, and C3 is attributed to stabilization of C3B as has been shown for C3B. Larger amounts of P and B with C3 in the absence of D form a C3 convertase that is designated (P)C3B to indicate that demonstrable cleavage of B does not occur although the active site is available. The generation of this initial convertase, as assessed by C3 inactivation, is dose-related to P and B inputs. The presence of both P and D greatly augments initial cleavage of C3 with D fully uncovering the active site of B and P stabilizing that site.", "PMID": 1059108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2824", "title": "Aggression patterns and speciation.", "content": "The evolutionary significance of interspecific aggression as a factor in speciation was tested among three chromosome forms of the actively speciating fossorial rodent Spalax ehrenbergi in Israel. Laboratory experiments testing intra- and interspecific aggression were conducted on 48 adult animals from 10 populations comprising three chromosome forms with 2n = 52, 58, and 60. Twelve agonistic, motivational-conflict, and territorial behavioral variables were recorded during 72 combats involving homo- and heter-ogametic encounters between opponents. Analysis of the data matrix was carried out by the nonmetric multivariate Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-II). The results indicate that (a) aggression patterns, involving agonistic conflict and territorial variables, are higher in heterogametic encounters than in homogametic ones; and (b) aggression is higher between contiguous chromosome forms (2n = 58-60, and 2n = 52-58) than between noncontiguous ones (2n = 52-60). Both a and b suggest that high interspecific aggression appears to be adaptively selected at final stages of speciation in mole rats as a premating isolating mechanism which reinforces species identification and establishes parapatric distributions between the evolving species.", "contents": "Aggression patterns and speciation. The evolutionary significance of interspecific aggression as a factor in speciation was tested among three chromosome forms of the actively speciating fossorial rodent Spalax ehrenbergi in Israel. Laboratory experiments testing intra- and interspecific aggression were conducted on 48 adult animals from 10 populations comprising three chromosome forms with 2n = 52, 58, and 60. Twelve agonistic, motivational-conflict, and territorial behavioral variables were recorded during 72 combats involving homo- and heter-ogametic encounters between opponents. Analysis of the data matrix was carried out by the nonmetric multivariate Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-II). The results indicate that (a) aggression patterns, involving agonistic conflict and territorial variables, are higher in heterogametic encounters than in homogametic ones; and (b) aggression is higher between contiguous chromosome forms (2n = 58-60, and 2n = 52-58) than between noncontiguous ones (2n = 52-60). Both a and b suggest that high interspecific aggression appears to be adaptively selected at final stages of speciation in mole rats as a premating isolating mechanism which reinforces species identification and establishes parapatric distributions between the evolving species.", "PMID": 1059109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2825", "title": "The ovary as a source of alpha-ecdysone in an adult mosquito.", "content": "The ovaries of the mosquito Aedes aegypti cultured in vitro secrete material that behaves like ecdysone in a radioimmunoassay. The material was identified as alpha-ecdysone by high-resolution liquid and gas-liquid chromatography. Secretion reached a maximum 16 hr after a blood meal as shown by bioassay and direct determination. Ovariectomy reduced the concentration of ecdysone in the adult after a blood meal. Qualitative analysis of whole-body extracts indicated beta-ecdysone to be the principal species present. Thus the ovaries appear to secrete a prohormone, alpha-ecdysone, which is converted to beta-ecdysone. Beta-ecdysone plays a significant role in stimulating egg development in the adult mosquito and may have reproductive roles in other insects.", "contents": "The ovary as a source of alpha-ecdysone in an adult mosquito. The ovaries of the mosquito Aedes aegypti cultured in vitro secrete material that behaves like ecdysone in a radioimmunoassay. The material was identified as alpha-ecdysone by high-resolution liquid and gas-liquid chromatography. Secretion reached a maximum 16 hr after a blood meal as shown by bioassay and direct determination. Ovariectomy reduced the concentration of ecdysone in the adult after a blood meal. Qualitative analysis of whole-body extracts indicated beta-ecdysone to be the principal species present. Thus the ovaries appear to secrete a prohormone, alpha-ecdysone, which is converted to beta-ecdysone. Beta-ecdysone plays a significant role in stimulating egg development in the adult mosquito and may have reproductive roles in other insects.", "PMID": 1059110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2826", "title": "Ribonuclease-sensitive DNA-synthesizing complex in human sperm heads and seminal fluid.", "content": "An endogenous DNA-synthesizing complex sensitive to ribonuclease has been found in purified preparations of swollen human sperm heads. Incorporation of [3H]dTTP into acid-precipitable material occurred in the presence of actinomycin D and required addition of dGTP, dCTP, dATP, plus Mg++. Polymerization was sensitive to pretreatment of the complex with pancreatic RNase A or Triton X-100. Exogenous activity was elicited by the synthetic template (dT)12--18-(rA)n but not by (dT)12--18-(dA)n or (dT)10. The complex sedimented from a 10,000 X g supernatant by centrifugation at 165,000 X g for 60 min and banded in sucrose at a density of 1.21--1.25 g/cm3. Endogenous RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase activity from cell-free seminal fluid was also detected in a fraction in sucrose at a density of 1.22 g/cm3. This activity was labile to freezing and stimulated by 0.04% Triton X-100, and thus differed from that of sperm heads.", "contents": "Ribonuclease-sensitive DNA-synthesizing complex in human sperm heads and seminal fluid. An endogenous DNA-synthesizing complex sensitive to ribonuclease has been found in purified preparations of swollen human sperm heads. Incorporation of [3H]dTTP into acid-precipitable material occurred in the presence of actinomycin D and required addition of dGTP, dCTP, dATP, plus Mg++. Polymerization was sensitive to pretreatment of the complex with pancreatic RNase A or Triton X-100. Exogenous activity was elicited by the synthetic template (dT)12--18-(rA)n but not by (dT)12--18-(dA)n or (dT)10. The complex sedimented from a 10,000 X g supernatant by centrifugation at 165,000 X g for 60 min and banded in sucrose at a density of 1.21--1.25 g/cm3. Endogenous RNase-sensitive DNA polymerase activity from cell-free seminal fluid was also detected in a fraction in sucrose at a density of 1.22 g/cm3. This activity was labile to freezing and stimulated by 0.04% Triton X-100, and thus differed from that of sperm heads.", "PMID": 1059111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2827", "title": "Transcription termination and late control in phage lambda.", "content": "A transcription termination site occurs between the promoter for late gene expression of bacteriophage lambda and the late genes themselves. It is proposed that the lambda Q gene product controls late gene expression by over-coming this termination barrier.", "contents": "Transcription termination and late control in phage lambda. A transcription termination site occurs between the promoter for late gene expression of bacteriophage lambda and the late genes themselves. It is proposed that the lambda Q gene product controls late gene expression by over-coming this termination barrier.", "PMID": 1059112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2828", "title": "Protein hydration changes during catalysis: a new mechanism of enzymic rate-enhancement and ion activation/inhibition of catalysis.", "content": "There exists a linear correlation between the effect of a salt on the rate of an enzymic reaction and its effect on the activation volume (delta V++) of the reaction. Salts that increase delta V++ invariably decrease the rate of the reaction, and vice versa. The salt effects on reaction rate are, however, much larger than would be predicted solely on the basis of pressure-volume work changes deriving from the observed alterations in delta V++. Different inorganic salts affect reaction rates and activation volumes in a manner that reflects the salts' positions in the Hofmeister series. These observations, taken in conjunction with data on the effects of salts on protein functional group (aminoacid side-chains and peptide linkages) hydration, lead us to propose the following hypothesis to account for salt activation and inhibition of catalysis. Aminoacid side-chains and peptide linkages located on or near the protein surface change their exposure to water during conformational events in catalysis. These protein group transfers are accompanied by large volume and energy changes that are due largely to changes in the organization of water around these groups. When these transfer processes occur during the rate-limiting step in catalysis, these energy and volume changes can contribute to the free energy of activation (delta G++) and the activation volume of the reaction. By influencing the degree to which water can organize around transferred protein groups, salts can modify both the delta G++ (rate) and the delta V++ of a reaction.", "contents": "Protein hydration changes during catalysis: a new mechanism of enzymic rate-enhancement and ion activation/inhibition of catalysis. There exists a linear correlation between the effect of a salt on the rate of an enzymic reaction and its effect on the activation volume (delta V++) of the reaction. Salts that increase delta V++ invariably decrease the rate of the reaction, and vice versa. The salt effects on reaction rate are, however, much larger than would be predicted solely on the basis of pressure-volume work changes deriving from the observed alterations in delta V++. Different inorganic salts affect reaction rates and activation volumes in a manner that reflects the salts' positions in the Hofmeister series. These observations, taken in conjunction with data on the effects of salts on protein functional group (aminoacid side-chains and peptide linkages) hydration, lead us to propose the following hypothesis to account for salt activation and inhibition of catalysis. Aminoacid side-chains and peptide linkages located on or near the protein surface change their exposure to water during conformational events in catalysis. These protein group transfers are accompanied by large volume and energy changes that are due largely to changes in the organization of water around these groups. When these transfer processes occur during the rate-limiting step in catalysis, these energy and volume changes can contribute to the free energy of activation (delta G++) and the activation volume of the reaction. By influencing the degree to which water can organize around transferred protein groups, salts can modify both the delta G++ (rate) and the delta V++ of a reaction.", "PMID": 1059113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2829", "title": "Changes in ribosomal RNA processing paths in resting and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes.", "content": "Processing of rRNA was examined in resting and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes. Synthesis of 1.7 (28S) and 0.7 (18S) X 10(6) dalton rRNA was more than 4-fold greater in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated than in resting cells. A 5- to 10-fold increase in flux of molecules through a 2.3 X 10(6) dalton RNA occurred without a concurrent change in the flux through a 2.6 X 10(6) dalton fraction in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cells. In both resting and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes, the 2.3 X 10(6) dalton intermediate equilibrated with [3H]methyl label and pulse-chased prior to the 2.6 X 10(6) dalton RNA. The data indicate at least two processing paths in guinea pig lymphocytes; one proceeds to rRNA via a 2.3 X 10(6) dalton intermediate, and another proceeds via a 2.6 X 10(6) dalton RNA. The increase in rRNA synthesis in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cells occurs primarily through that path containing the 2.3 X 10(6) dalton intermediate.", "contents": "Changes in ribosomal RNA processing paths in resting and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes. Processing of rRNA was examined in resting and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes. Synthesis of 1.7 (28S) and 0.7 (18S) X 10(6) dalton rRNA was more than 4-fold greater in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated than in resting cells. A 5- to 10-fold increase in flux of molecules through a 2.3 X 10(6) dalton RNA occurred without a concurrent change in the flux through a 2.6 X 10(6) dalton fraction in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cells. In both resting and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes, the 2.3 X 10(6) dalton intermediate equilibrated with [3H]methyl label and pulse-chased prior to the 2.6 X 10(6) dalton RNA. The data indicate at least two processing paths in guinea pig lymphocytes; one proceeds to rRNA via a 2.3 X 10(6) dalton intermediate, and another proceeds via a 2.6 X 10(6) dalton RNA. The increase in rRNA synthesis in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated cells occurs primarily through that path containing the 2.3 X 10(6) dalton intermediate.", "PMID": 1059114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2830", "title": "Electron microscopy of defined lengths of chromatin.", "content": "Defined lengths of chromatin were prepared by brief digestion with micrococcal nuclease and fractionation in a sucrose gradient. A length containing a given number of 200 base pair repeating units appeared as the same number of 100 A beads in the electron microscope. The distance between beads within a length was small, usually less than about 20 A.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of defined lengths of chromatin. Defined lengths of chromatin were prepared by brief digestion with micrococcal nuclease and fractionation in a sucrose gradient. A length containing a given number of 200 base pair repeating units appeared as the same number of 100 A beads in the electron microscope. The distance between beads within a length was small, usually less than about 20 A.", "PMID": 1059115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2831", "title": "Chinese hamster ovary cells selected for resistance to the cytotoxicity of phytohemagglutinin are deficient in a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.", "content": "Several clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells resistant to the cytotoxicity of the phytohemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris show decreased binding of 125I-labeled phytohemagglutinin and contain decreased levels of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.51; UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyltransferase) activity when compared to wild-type cells. The decrease in transferase activity varies from 45% to 96%, depending on the exogenous acceptor used in the enzyme assay. No differences between lectin-resistant and wild-type cells were noted for several other glycosyltransferases. The absence of a particular N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in the lectin-resistant cells apparently results in defective glycosylation of lectin-binding glycoproteins on the cell surface. A phytohemagglutinin-resistant clone which shows decreased binding of 125I-labeled phytohemagglutinin but does not exhibit the enzyme deficiency has also been isolated.", "contents": "Chinese hamster ovary cells selected for resistance to the cytotoxicity of phytohemagglutinin are deficient in a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity. Several clones of Chinese hamster ovary cells resistant to the cytotoxicity of the phytohemagglutinin from Phaseolus vulgaris show decreased binding of 125I-labeled phytohemagglutinin and contain decreased levels of a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.51; UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:glycoprotein 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucosyltransferase) activity when compared to wild-type cells. The decrease in transferase activity varies from 45% to 96%, depending on the exogenous acceptor used in the enzyme assay. No differences between lectin-resistant and wild-type cells were noted for several other glycosyltransferases. The absence of a particular N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in the lectin-resistant cells apparently results in defective glycosylation of lectin-binding glycoproteins on the cell surface. A phytohemagglutinin-resistant clone which shows decreased binding of 125I-labeled phytohemagglutinin but does not exhibit the enzyme deficiency has also been isolated.", "PMID": 1059116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2832", "title": "Chemical and physical properties of fractionated chromatin.", "content": "Sonicated chicken reticulocyte chromatin was fractionated into transcriptionally active and transcriptionally repressed components. The active fraction is 8% of the whole chromatin but contains 70% of the newly synthesized chromosomal RNA. This RNA has five times as many hemoglobin RNA sequences as does the RNA in the repressed fraction. The amount of the active fraction in the chromatins of several tissues correlates with their synthetic activity. The molecular weight of the DNA of the repressed fraction is approximately twice that of the active fraction. Moreover, the configuration of repressed chromatin is much more compact, consistent with a much larger sedimentation constant. The transcriptionally active fraction displays a 6 degrees lower melting profile and is highly susceptible to DNase I relative to the repressed fraction. The active fraction contains twice as much non-histone protein and 15% less histone than the repressed fraction and is lacking the lysine-rich and much of the arginine-rich histones.", "contents": "Chemical and physical properties of fractionated chromatin. Sonicated chicken reticulocyte chromatin was fractionated into transcriptionally active and transcriptionally repressed components. The active fraction is 8% of the whole chromatin but contains 70% of the newly synthesized chromosomal RNA. This RNA has five times as many hemoglobin RNA sequences as does the RNA in the repressed fraction. The amount of the active fraction in the chromatins of several tissues correlates with their synthetic activity. The molecular weight of the DNA of the repressed fraction is approximately twice that of the active fraction. Moreover, the configuration of repressed chromatin is much more compact, consistent with a much larger sedimentation constant. The transcriptionally active fraction displays a 6 degrees lower melting profile and is highly susceptible to DNase I relative to the repressed fraction. The active fraction contains twice as much non-histone protein and 15% less histone than the repressed fraction and is lacking the lysine-rich and much of the arginine-rich histones.", "PMID": 1059117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2833", "title": "A model for compartmentation of de novo and salvage thymidine nucleotide pools in mammalian cells.", "content": "When [3H]thymidine is added to HeLa cells grown in thymidine-free medium it is incorporated into DNA almost immediately at full specific activity, blocking any further incorporation of de novo synthesized thymidine nucleotides. Apparently, de novo nucleotide pools [Baumunk, C.N. & Friedman, D.L. (1971) Cancer Res. 31, 1930--35] and salvage nucleotide pools are compartmentalized in HeLa cells. After one generation in the presence of thymidine, the cells begin utilizing nucleotides from both pools to about equal extent.", "contents": "A model for compartmentation of de novo and salvage thymidine nucleotide pools in mammalian cells. When [3H]thymidine is added to HeLa cells grown in thymidine-free medium it is incorporated into DNA almost immediately at full specific activity, blocking any further incorporation of de novo synthesized thymidine nucleotides. Apparently, de novo nucleotide pools [Baumunk, C.N. & Friedman, D.L. (1971) Cancer Res. 31, 1930--35] and salvage nucleotide pools are compartmentalized in HeLa cells. After one generation in the presence of thymidine, the cells begin utilizing nucleotides from both pools to about equal extent.", "PMID": 1059118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2834", "title": "Correlation of moth sex pheromone activities with molecular characteristics involved in conformers of bombykol and its derivatives.", "content": "Molecular characteristics of bombykol and its 11 derivatives, which reveal significant correlations with biological activities for single sex pheromone receptor cells of four moth species, Bombyx mori, Aglia tau, Endromis versicolora, and Deilephila euphorbiae, were examined on the assumption of the \"bifunctional unit model.\" Probabilities of bifunctional unit formations of those 12 compounds were assessed with frequency distribution patterns of distances between the proton acceptor, the proton donor, and the methyl group involved in a total of 1,200 conformers. A highly significant correlation exists between biological activity for each species and the probability of a particular bifunctional unit formation: a proton acceptor (A)--a methyl group (Me) unit (A--Me distances: about 6 A) for Deilephila (r = 0.94); a proton acceptor (A)--a proton donor (D)(A--D: about 11 A) for Aglia (r = 0.83); two antagonistic proton donor--methyl units (D--Me: about 14 and 5 A for favorable and adverse unit, respectively) for Bombyx (r = 0.94) and Endromis (r = 0.92).", "contents": "Correlation of moth sex pheromone activities with molecular characteristics involved in conformers of bombykol and its derivatives. Molecular characteristics of bombykol and its 11 derivatives, which reveal significant correlations with biological activities for single sex pheromone receptor cells of four moth species, Bombyx mori, Aglia tau, Endromis versicolora, and Deilephila euphorbiae, were examined on the assumption of the \"bifunctional unit model.\" Probabilities of bifunctional unit formations of those 12 compounds were assessed with frequency distribution patterns of distances between the proton acceptor, the proton donor, and the methyl group involved in a total of 1,200 conformers. A highly significant correlation exists between biological activity for each species and the probability of a particular bifunctional unit formation: a proton acceptor (A)--a methyl group (Me) unit (A--Me distances: about 6 A) for Deilephila (r = 0.94); a proton acceptor (A)--a proton donor (D)(A--D: about 11 A) for Aglia (r = 0.83); two antagonistic proton donor--methyl units (D--Me: about 14 and 5 A for favorable and adverse unit, respectively) for Bombyx (r = 0.94) and Endromis (r = 0.92).", "PMID": 1059119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2835", "title": "Fluorescence polarization and viscosities of membrane lipids of 3T3 cells.", "content": "Studies of the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in membranes of normal, transformed, and revertant 3T3 cells allowed estimation of microviscosities (eta) of the lipid bilayers of these cells. Fluorescence polarization values observed with normal cells were significantly lower than those observed with cells transformed either by polyoma virus or by simian virus 40. The values of fluorescence polarization obtained with revertant Py6R1 cells were lower than those obtained with the normal cells. The calculated microviscosities (eta) show a 50% increase upon transformation. Possible correlations between the bilayer viscosity and the mobility of the receptors in the membrane are discussed.", "contents": "Fluorescence polarization and viscosities of membrane lipids of 3T3 cells. Studies of the fluorescence polarization of 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene in membranes of normal, transformed, and revertant 3T3 cells allowed estimation of microviscosities (eta) of the lipid bilayers of these cells. Fluorescence polarization values observed with normal cells were significantly lower than those observed with cells transformed either by polyoma virus or by simian virus 40. The values of fluorescence polarization obtained with revertant Py6R1 cells were lower than those obtained with the normal cells. The calculated microviscosities (eta) show a 50% increase upon transformation. Possible correlations between the bilayer viscosity and the mobility of the receptors in the membrane are discussed.", "PMID": 1059120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2836", "title": "Synthesis and biological properties of a 9,11-azo-prostanoid: highly active biochemical mimic of prostaglandin endoperoxides.", "content": "The 9,11-azo-prostanoid III [(5Z, 9alpha, 11alpha, 13E, 15S)-9, 11-azo-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid] has been obtained by synthesis and tested for biological activity in systems which are responsive to the prostaglandin endoperoxides PGH2 (I) and PGG2 (II). The azo analog III is a powerful mimic of these endoperoxides with reference to platelet aggregation and release of serotonin when added to human platelet-rich plasma. The analog III is substantially more active (about 7 fold) than PGG2 in stimulating muscle contraction in the isolated rabbit aorta strip. The very great stability of III relative to PGH2 and PGG2 and its potency as a mimic of these important substances suggest that this azo analog will be of considerable value in future studies of the prostaglandin endoperoxides.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological properties of a 9,11-azo-prostanoid: highly active biochemical mimic of prostaglandin endoperoxides. The 9,11-azo-prostanoid III [(5Z, 9alpha, 11alpha, 13E, 15S)-9, 11-azo-15-hydroxyprosta-5,13-dienoic acid] has been obtained by synthesis and tested for biological activity in systems which are responsive to the prostaglandin endoperoxides PGH2 (I) and PGG2 (II). The azo analog III is a powerful mimic of these endoperoxides with reference to platelet aggregation and release of serotonin when added to human platelet-rich plasma. The analog III is substantially more active (about 7 fold) than PGG2 in stimulating muscle contraction in the isolated rabbit aorta strip. The very great stability of III relative to PGH2 and PGG2 and its potency as a mimic of these important substances suggest that this azo analog will be of considerable value in future studies of the prostaglandin endoperoxides.", "PMID": 1059121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2837", "title": "Activation of bovine factor X (Stuart factor): conversion of factor Xaalpha to factor Xabeta.", "content": "Bovine factor X (molecular weight 55,100) is a blood coagulation factor present in plasma in a precursor or zymogen form. It is a glycoprotein which has been isolated as a two-chain structure held together by one or more disulfide bonds. During the coagulation process, factor X is converted to a serine protease by the hydrolysis of a specific peptide bond in the amino-terminal region of the heavy chain. This cleavage occurs between Arg-51 and Ile-52, giving rise to factor Xaalpha (molecular weight 45,300) and an activation peptide (molecular weight 9500). Factor Xaalpha is then converted to factor Xabeta (molecular weight 42,600) by hydrolysis of a second specific peptide bond in the carboxyl-terminal region of the heavy chain. This cleavage occurs between Arg-290 and Gly-291, giving rise to a second glycopeptide (molecular weight 2700). Factor Xaalpha and factor Xabeta have equivalent coagulant activity, indicating that the cleavage of the second peptide bond is unrelated to the activation process.", "contents": "Activation of bovine factor X (Stuart factor): conversion of factor Xaalpha to factor Xabeta. Bovine factor X (molecular weight 55,100) is a blood coagulation factor present in plasma in a precursor or zymogen form. It is a glycoprotein which has been isolated as a two-chain structure held together by one or more disulfide bonds. During the coagulation process, factor X is converted to a serine protease by the hydrolysis of a specific peptide bond in the amino-terminal region of the heavy chain. This cleavage occurs between Arg-51 and Ile-52, giving rise to factor Xaalpha (molecular weight 45,300) and an activation peptide (molecular weight 9500). Factor Xaalpha is then converted to factor Xabeta (molecular weight 42,600) by hydrolysis of a second specific peptide bond in the carboxyl-terminal region of the heavy chain. This cleavage occurs between Arg-290 and Gly-291, giving rise to a second glycopeptide (molecular weight 2700). Factor Xaalpha and factor Xabeta have equivalent coagulant activity, indicating that the cleavage of the second peptide bond is unrelated to the activation process.", "PMID": 1059122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2838", "title": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression: purification of vitellogenin messenger RNA.", "content": "We report initial studies on estrogen-mediated regulation of egg yolk protein synthesis in the rooster. Egg yolk proteins are normally synthesized as a large precursor, vitellogenin, in the liver of the laying hen; roosters synthesize vitellogenin only when treated with estrogen. Polysomal RNA from the liver of estrogen-treated roosters was translated in a reticulocyte cell-free system, and the newly synthesized proteins were identified by a highly specific and sensitive indirect immunoprecipitation reaction. The messenger RNA that specifies vitellogenin has been purified more than 800-fold from rooster liver polysomal RNA by a combination of methods, including immunoprecipitation of polysomes and chromatography of RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen on gene expression: purification of vitellogenin messenger RNA. We report initial studies on estrogen-mediated regulation of egg yolk protein synthesis in the rooster. Egg yolk proteins are normally synthesized as a large precursor, vitellogenin, in the liver of the laying hen; roosters synthesize vitellogenin only when treated with estrogen. Polysomal RNA from the liver of estrogen-treated roosters was translated in a reticulocyte cell-free system, and the newly synthesized proteins were identified by a highly specific and sensitive indirect immunoprecipitation reaction. The messenger RNA that specifies vitellogenin has been purified more than 800-fold from rooster liver polysomal RNA by a combination of methods, including immunoprecipitation of polysomes and chromatography of RNA on poly(U)-Sepharose.", "PMID": 1059123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2839", "title": "Bacterial luciferase requires one reduced flavin for light emission.", "content": "Recent reports revive a hypothesis that the bacterial bioluminescence reaction involves two reduced flavin mononucleotide molecules per enzyme turnover. A two-flavin mechanism requires that the two flavins bind simultaneously or sequentially to the same or different sites on luciferase during a catalytic cycle. Measurements using equilibrium techniques show that the luciferase dimer has only a single reduced flavin binding site. Quantum yield results demonstrate that bioluminescence requires only one reduced flavin per luciferase, ruling out mechanisms involving either two reduced flavins or one reduced flavin plus one oxidized flavin per catalytic cycle.", "contents": "Bacterial luciferase requires one reduced flavin for light emission. Recent reports revive a hypothesis that the bacterial bioluminescence reaction involves two reduced flavin mononucleotide molecules per enzyme turnover. A two-flavin mechanism requires that the two flavins bind simultaneously or sequentially to the same or different sites on luciferase during a catalytic cycle. Measurements using equilibrium techniques show that the luciferase dimer has only a single reduced flavin binding site. Quantum yield results demonstrate that bioluminescence requires only one reduced flavin per luciferase, ruling out mechanisms involving either two reduced flavins or one reduced flavin plus one oxidized flavin per catalytic cycle.", "PMID": 1059124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2840", "title": "Intramolecular crosslinking of tropomyosin via disulfide bond formation: evidence for chain register.", "content": "Rabbit skeletal muscle tropomyosin can be crosslinked in the native state by the use of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), which forms disulfide bonds between the two subunits. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate we have shown that this crosslinking goes to completion over a wide range of protein concentration, ionic strength, and reagent concentration. Crosslinks are not formed in denaturing solvents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and guanidine hydrochloride despite the fact that the same number of SH groups react as in the native state (2.3 +/- 0.2). The sedimentation coefficients of crosslinked and non-crosslinked samples are identical. Thus, crosslinks are formed between corresponding cysteines on different chains of the same molecule. This provides strong evidence for a model of chain interaction with both chains in register. Evidence has also been obtained that rabbit skeletal tropomyosin is composed only of alphaalpha and alphabeta subunits rather than a random mixture of chains.", "contents": "Intramolecular crosslinking of tropomyosin via disulfide bond formation: evidence for chain register. Rabbit skeletal muscle tropomyosin can be crosslinked in the native state by the use of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate), which forms disulfide bonds between the two subunits. Using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate we have shown that this crosslinking goes to completion over a wide range of protein concentration, ionic strength, and reagent concentration. Crosslinks are not formed in denaturing solvents such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and guanidine hydrochloride despite the fact that the same number of SH groups react as in the native state (2.3 +/- 0.2). The sedimentation coefficients of crosslinked and non-crosslinked samples are identical. Thus, crosslinks are formed between corresponding cysteines on different chains of the same molecule. This provides strong evidence for a model of chain interaction with both chains in register. Evidence has also been obtained that rabbit skeletal tropomyosin is composed only of alphaalpha and alphabeta subunits rather than a random mixture of chains.", "PMID": 1059125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2841", "title": "Nonribosomal proteins associated with eukaryotic native small ribosomal subunits.", "content": "The native small ribosomal subunit (Sn) from rabbit reticulocytes which is able to initiate translation of globin mRNA in a cell-free system carries additional protein components. The latter can be separated from the subunit in a high salt sucrose gradient yielding a top fraction (T) and a complex fraction (C), sedimenting at about 4 and 15 S, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that fraction T contained four dominant polypeptides, while fraction C represents a large protein complex consisting of at least 10 polypeptides. Sn isolated from other sources showed similar patterns of their nonribosomal proteins. Reconstitution experiments revealed that fraction C is absolutely required for protein synthesis, while fraction T enhances protein synthesis only in the presence of C. The adherence of these protein factors to the subunit is not mediated by magnesium ions. Treatment of Sn with EDTA and centrifugation in a magnesium-free sucrose gradient caused unfolding of the subunits and dissociation of several ribosomal proteins, but not of the factors. The unfolded ribosomal subunits sedimented as two distinct peaks. The more slowly sedimenting peak contained proteins of fraction T and the faster sedimenting one contained the 15S complex, indicating heterogeneity of the Sn population with respect to the factors attached to them.", "contents": "Nonribosomal proteins associated with eukaryotic native small ribosomal subunits. The native small ribosomal subunit (Sn) from rabbit reticulocytes which is able to initiate translation of globin mRNA in a cell-free system carries additional protein components. The latter can be separated from the subunit in a high salt sucrose gradient yielding a top fraction (T) and a complex fraction (C), sedimenting at about 4 and 15 S, respectively. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate revealed that fraction T contained four dominant polypeptides, while fraction C represents a large protein complex consisting of at least 10 polypeptides. Sn isolated from other sources showed similar patterns of their nonribosomal proteins. Reconstitution experiments revealed that fraction C is absolutely required for protein synthesis, while fraction T enhances protein synthesis only in the presence of C. The adherence of these protein factors to the subunit is not mediated by magnesium ions. Treatment of Sn with EDTA and centrifugation in a magnesium-free sucrose gradient caused unfolding of the subunits and dissociation of several ribosomal proteins, but not of the factors. The unfolded ribosomal subunits sedimented as two distinct peaks. The more slowly sedimenting peak contained proteins of fraction T and the faster sedimenting one contained the 15S complex, indicating heterogeneity of the Sn population with respect to the factors attached to them.", "PMID": 1059126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2842", "title": "Modification of intensity and direction of electron flow across bileaflet membranes.", "content": "The intensity and the direction of electron flow across chloroplast extract bilayer membranes are modified by the presence of biliproteins. Biliproteins including C-phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin, and Chroomonas phycocyanin enhance the photosensitivity of the membranes. The photoelectric spectra of the membranes in the presence of biliproteins correlate with the absorption spectra of these biliproteins. Experiments are presented to demonstrate the specific character of the electron-directing ability of biliproteins. A possible mechanism involving the interaction between the biliproteins and the membranes is proposed.", "contents": "Modification of intensity and direction of electron flow across bileaflet membranes. The intensity and the direction of electron flow across chloroplast extract bilayer membranes are modified by the presence of biliproteins. Biliproteins including C-phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin, and Chroomonas phycocyanin enhance the photosensitivity of the membranes. The photoelectric spectra of the membranes in the presence of biliproteins correlate with the absorption spectra of these biliproteins. Experiments are presented to demonstrate the specific character of the electron-directing ability of biliproteins. A possible mechanism involving the interaction between the biliproteins and the membranes is proposed.", "PMID": 1059127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2843", "title": "Fatty acids as modulators of membrane functions: catecholamine-activated adenylate cyclase of the turkey erythrocyte.", "content": "Activation of the adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1[ from turkey erythrocytes by isoproterenol decreased precipitously below 26 degrees. Certain unsaturated fatty acids enhanced the activation by isoproterenol up to 25-fold at reduced temperatures. The fatty acid also enhanced the formation of a persistent active state of the enzyme which was produced by preincubation with guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]. Once the enzyme had been activated by Gpp(NH)p plus isoproterenol the reaction rate was no longer as temperature sensitive and the fatty acid had little effect. The synthetic Gpp(NH)p apparently substituted for the natural GTP, which is known to play a regulatory role in the adenylate cyclase system. The findings suggest that the function of GTP which is mediated by the hormone is the temperature-sensitive event which is enhanced by the fatty acid. The use of free fatty acid to probe membrane-associated reactions in intact cells and in isolated membrane preparations is proposed.", "contents": "Fatty acids as modulators of membrane functions: catecholamine-activated adenylate cyclase of the turkey erythrocyte. Activation of the adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1[ from turkey erythrocytes by isoproterenol decreased precipitously below 26 degrees. Certain unsaturated fatty acids enhanced the activation by isoproterenol up to 25-fold at reduced temperatures. The fatty acid also enhanced the formation of a persistent active state of the enzyme which was produced by preincubation with guanosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate [Gpp(NH)p]. Once the enzyme had been activated by Gpp(NH)p plus isoproterenol the reaction rate was no longer as temperature sensitive and the fatty acid had little effect. The synthetic Gpp(NH)p apparently substituted for the natural GTP, which is known to play a regulatory role in the adenylate cyclase system. The findings suggest that the function of GTP which is mediated by the hormone is the temperature-sensitive event which is enhanced by the fatty acid. The use of free fatty acid to probe membrane-associated reactions in intact cells and in isolated membrane preparations is proposed.", "PMID": 1059128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2844", "title": "Mechanism of activation of adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin.", "content": "Cholera toxin (choleragen) can stimulate adenylate cyclase [EC 4.6.1.1; ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing)] activity in whole particulate fractions or purified plasma membranes of homogenates of isolated fat cells provided special precautions are taken to stabilize the enzyme during the required preincubation period. As observed with intact cells, the activation exhibits a protracted (about 25 min) lag phase, and it is blocked by ganglioside GM1 and choleragenoid (\"binding\" subunit of toxin). The 36,000 molecular weight subunit (\"active\" subunit), a hydrophobic polypeptide which does not block choleragen binding or action, can directly activate the enzyme in intact cells without a lag phase. Its effects are not blocked by ganglioside GM1 or choleragenoid, yet the stimulated activity exhibits reduced fluoride and enhanced isoproterenol sensitivity, properties characteristic of the choleragen-activated enzyme. Binding of the 125I-labeled 36,000 molecular weight subunit to cells is not saturable and is unaffected by gangliosides, choleragen, or choleragenoid, and the bound material behaves as an integral membrane protein; this protein may simply partition into the membrane matrix. With increasing time of incubation cell-bound choleragen may dissociate into its component subunits, but these remain in the membrane. Using a double antibody immunoprecipitin system, substantial precipitation of cyclase activity occurs with antisera against the 36,000 molecular weight subunit provided toxin activation has occurred. The normal process of activation may involve an initially inactive toxin--ganglioside complex which, as a result of lateral mobility and multivalent binding (lag phase), results in destabilization of the molecule with release of the \"active\" subunit into the membrane core where it can spontaneously associate with and perturb the cyclase complex.", "contents": "Mechanism of activation of adenylate cyclase by cholera toxin. Cholera toxin (choleragen) can stimulate adenylate cyclase [EC 4.6.1.1; ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing)] activity in whole particulate fractions or purified plasma membranes of homogenates of isolated fat cells provided special precautions are taken to stabilize the enzyme during the required preincubation period. As observed with intact cells, the activation exhibits a protracted (about 25 min) lag phase, and it is blocked by ganglioside GM1 and choleragenoid (\"binding\" subunit of toxin). The 36,000 molecular weight subunit (\"active\" subunit), a hydrophobic polypeptide which does not block choleragen binding or action, can directly activate the enzyme in intact cells without a lag phase. Its effects are not blocked by ganglioside GM1 or choleragenoid, yet the stimulated activity exhibits reduced fluoride and enhanced isoproterenol sensitivity, properties characteristic of the choleragen-activated enzyme. Binding of the 125I-labeled 36,000 molecular weight subunit to cells is not saturable and is unaffected by gangliosides, choleragen, or choleragenoid, and the bound material behaves as an integral membrane protein; this protein may simply partition into the membrane matrix. With increasing time of incubation cell-bound choleragen may dissociate into its component subunits, but these remain in the membrane. Using a double antibody immunoprecipitin system, substantial precipitation of cyclase activity occurs with antisera against the 36,000 molecular weight subunit provided toxin activation has occurred. The normal process of activation may involve an initially inactive toxin--ganglioside complex which, as a result of lateral mobility and multivalent binding (lag phase), results in destabilization of the molecule with release of the \"active\" subunit into the membrane core where it can spontaneously associate with and perturb the cyclase complex.", "PMID": 1059129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2845", "title": "Regulation of binding properties of the nicotinic receptor protein by cholinergic ligands in membrane fragments from Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "Exposure of receptor-rich membrane fragments from Torpedo marmorata to carbamylcholine causes a slow (half-time of 5--10 min) and reversible change of properties of the cholinergic receptor protein manifested by a decrease of the initial rate of Naja nigricollis alpha-[3H]toxin binding in the presence of carbamylcholine. This change corresponds to a 5- to 20-fold increase of affinity for carbamylcholine. Other agonists, acetylcholine, phenyltrimethylammonium, show the same effect but not the antagonists d-tubocurarine and flaxedil. Decamethonium and hexamethonium show little, if any, agonistic effect in vitro on the same membrane fragments but cause the affinity change. This regulatory property can be lost after aging of the preparation of membrane fragments. Since the affinity increase progresses with a similar time course as the decrease of amplitude of the permeability response consecutive to agonist preincubation, it is proposed that, in the membrane at rest, the receptor protein is present under a state of low affinity for agonists and that the reversible stabilization by the agonists of a high affinity state corresponds to the \"pharmacological desensitization\" of the system as predicted by one of the models of Katz and Thesleff.", "contents": "Regulation of binding properties of the nicotinic receptor protein by cholinergic ligands in membrane fragments from Torpedo marmorata. Exposure of receptor-rich membrane fragments from Torpedo marmorata to carbamylcholine causes a slow (half-time of 5--10 min) and reversible change of properties of the cholinergic receptor protein manifested by a decrease of the initial rate of Naja nigricollis alpha-[3H]toxin binding in the presence of carbamylcholine. This change corresponds to a 5- to 20-fold increase of affinity for carbamylcholine. Other agonists, acetylcholine, phenyltrimethylammonium, show the same effect but not the antagonists d-tubocurarine and flaxedil. Decamethonium and hexamethonium show little, if any, agonistic effect in vitro on the same membrane fragments but cause the affinity change. This regulatory property can be lost after aging of the preparation of membrane fragments. Since the affinity increase progresses with a similar time course as the decrease of amplitude of the permeability response consecutive to agonist preincubation, it is proposed that, in the membrane at rest, the receptor protein is present under a state of low affinity for agonists and that the reversible stabilization by the agonists of a high affinity state corresponds to the \"pharmacological desensitization\" of the system as predicted by one of the models of Katz and Thesleff.", "PMID": 1059130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2846", "title": "Substrate specificity of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.", "content": "The protein substrate specificity of the catalytic subunit of rabbit skeletal muscle cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37; ATP:protein phosphotransferase) has been studied using genetic variants of beta casein. It was found that beta casein-B was phosphorylated at a much greater rate than beta caseins A1, A2, A3, or C. The enhanced phosphorylation of beta casein-B, as compared with the most common variant A2, was attributed to an arginine substitution for a serine at position 122, which caused a nearby residue, serine 124, to become a phosphorylation site for the protein kinase. These results further support the concept that the local primary structure is important in specificity and that arginine may be a specific determinant common to all the local phosphorylation site sequences recognized by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.", "contents": "Substrate specificity of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The protein substrate specificity of the catalytic subunit of rabbit skeletal muscle cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37; ATP:protein phosphotransferase) has been studied using genetic variants of beta casein. It was found that beta casein-B was phosphorylated at a much greater rate than beta caseins A1, A2, A3, or C. The enhanced phosphorylation of beta casein-B, as compared with the most common variant A2, was attributed to an arginine substitution for a serine at position 122, which caused a nearby residue, serine 124, to become a phosphorylation site for the protein kinase. These results further support the concept that the local primary structure is important in specificity and that arginine may be a specific determinant common to all the local phosphorylation site sequences recognized by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.", "PMID": 1059131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2847", "title": "Degradation of penicillin G to phenylacetylglycine by D-alanine carboxypeptidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "D-Alanine carboxypeptidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus is a membrane-bound enzyme which is inhibited by covalent interaction with penicillin G. The penicilloyl enzyme spontaneously reactivates and simultaneously releases a penicillin G degradation product; 0.2 mumol of the latter was isolated after incubation of 4.2 mumol of [8-14C]penicillin G with 10 g of membrane protein. It was identified as phenylacetylglycine by chromatographic techniques, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. A mechanism for the degradation is proposed in which the remaining part of penicillin G would be released as 5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Degradation of penicillin G to phenylacetylglycine by D-alanine carboxypeptidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus. D-Alanine carboxypeptidase from Bacillus stearothermophilus is a membrane-bound enzyme which is inhibited by covalent interaction with penicillin G. The penicilloyl enzyme spontaneously reactivates and simultaneously releases a penicillin G degradation product; 0.2 mumol of the latter was isolated after incubation of 4.2 mumol of [8-14C]penicillin G with 10 g of membrane protein. It was identified as phenylacetylglycine by chromatographic techniques, infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. A mechanism for the degradation is proposed in which the remaining part of penicillin G would be released as 5,5-dimethyl-delta2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid. The implications of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 1059132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2848", "title": "A spike-forming model of the neural membrane.", "content": "A model of the neural membrane is described, based on a set of \"convertible gates\" on its inner surface. The atomic arrangement of a gate is specified to be subject to modification by a set of chemical reactions, sometimes permitting sodium ions, sometimes potassium ions, sometimes neither, to have access to the transmembrane channel it guards. Reaction rate and current/voltage equations are developed, values assigned to the parameters, and computer solutions obtained. Under pulse or continuous stimulating current the model is found to generate action potential spikes closely similar in height and shape to those of real neurons. Other electrical properties are also relatively neuron-like.", "contents": "A spike-forming model of the neural membrane. A model of the neural membrane is described, based on a set of \"convertible gates\" on its inner surface. The atomic arrangement of a gate is specified to be subject to modification by a set of chemical reactions, sometimes permitting sodium ions, sometimes potassium ions, sometimes neither, to have access to the transmembrane channel it guards. Reaction rate and current/voltage equations are developed, values assigned to the parameters, and computer solutions obtained. Under pulse or continuous stimulating current the model is found to generate action potential spikes closely similar in height and shape to those of real neurons. Other electrical properties are also relatively neuron-like.", "PMID": 1059133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2849", "title": "Headgroup conformation and lipid--cholesterol association in phosphatidylcholine vesicles: a 31P(1H) nuclear Overhauser effect study.", "content": "The nuclear Overhauser effect has been observed in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 31P. The information content of the nuclear Overhauser effect has been applied to the structure and dynamic properties of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. In the vesicles only 1/3 of the theoretical maximum nuclear Overhauser effect enhancement is observed. This result is accounted for by dipolar interactions between the N-methyl protons and the phosphate of phosphatidylcholine, and a correlation time for internal motion of 1.4 X 10(-9) sec. Addition of up to 30% cholesterol does not change the nuclear Overhauser effect enhancement or spin-lattice relaxation time of the vesicles. It is argued that the OH group of cholesterol is hydrogen bonded to the ester carbonyl oxygen of the phosphatidylcholine molecules.", "contents": "Headgroup conformation and lipid--cholesterol association in phosphatidylcholine vesicles: a 31P(1H) nuclear Overhauser effect study. The nuclear Overhauser effect has been observed in the nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of 31P. The information content of the nuclear Overhauser effect has been applied to the structure and dynamic properties of phosphatidylcholine vesicles. In the vesicles only 1/3 of the theoretical maximum nuclear Overhauser effect enhancement is observed. This result is accounted for by dipolar interactions between the N-methyl protons and the phosphate of phosphatidylcholine, and a correlation time for internal motion of 1.4 X 10(-9) sec. Addition of up to 30% cholesterol does not change the nuclear Overhauser effect enhancement or spin-lattice relaxation time of the vesicles. It is argued that the OH group of cholesterol is hydrogen bonded to the ester carbonyl oxygen of the phosphatidylcholine molecules.", "PMID": 1059134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2850", "title": "Nuclear coupling of 33S and the nature of free radicals in irradiated crystals of cysteine hydrochloride and N-acetyl methionine.", "content": "The 33S hyperfine structure has been observed in the electron spin resonance of irradiated crystals of cysteine-HCl-H2O and of N-acetyl DL-methionine. An analysis of the results shows that in both substances the free radicals that are stable at room temperature are disulfide radicals, RCH2SS. A possible mechanism for formation of these radicals is proposed.", "contents": "Nuclear coupling of 33S and the nature of free radicals in irradiated crystals of cysteine hydrochloride and N-acetyl methionine. The 33S hyperfine structure has been observed in the electron spin resonance of irradiated crystals of cysteine-HCl-H2O and of N-acetyl DL-methionine. An analysis of the results shows that in both substances the free radicals that are stable at room temperature are disulfide radicals, RCH2SS. A possible mechanism for formation of these radicals is proposed.", "PMID": 1059135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2851", "title": "Relaxation measurements on the acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "In Electrophorus electroplaques, the agonist-induced postsynaptic conductance depends on membrane potential. During steady exposure to agonists, after a voltage step the conductance relaxes on a millisecond time scale, exponentially approaching a new equilibrium value. The relaxation rate constant k is an instantaneous function of voltage, insensitive to the past or present conductance. Two components sum to form k. A concentration-sensitive component increases linearly with agonist concentration and decreases during desensitization or exposure to curare. Thus this component reflects the average frequency at which acetylcholine receptors are opening. The voltage-sensitive component, obtained by extrapolating k to zero agonist concentration, increases at more positive potentials. For acetylcholine, the voltage-sensitive component equals the rate constant for the exponential decay of postsynaptic currents; it thus seems to be the closing rate for active receptors. The voltage-sensitive component has the relative amplitudes acetylcholine less than carbamoylcholine less than decamethonium, and for each agonist equals the closing rate determined from \"noise\" measurements at neuromuscular junctions. The kinetic data explain several aspects of the steady-state conductance induced by agonists, but shed no light on apparent cooperative effects.", "contents": "Relaxation measurements on the acetylcholine receptor. In Electrophorus electroplaques, the agonist-induced postsynaptic conductance depends on membrane potential. During steady exposure to agonists, after a voltage step the conductance relaxes on a millisecond time scale, exponentially approaching a new equilibrium value. The relaxation rate constant k is an instantaneous function of voltage, insensitive to the past or present conductance. Two components sum to form k. A concentration-sensitive component increases linearly with agonist concentration and decreases during desensitization or exposure to curare. Thus this component reflects the average frequency at which acetylcholine receptors are opening. The voltage-sensitive component, obtained by extrapolating k to zero agonist concentration, increases at more positive potentials. For acetylcholine, the voltage-sensitive component equals the rate constant for the exponential decay of postsynaptic currents; it thus seems to be the closing rate for active receptors. The voltage-sensitive component has the relative amplitudes acetylcholine less than carbamoylcholine less than decamethonium, and for each agonist equals the closing rate determined from \"noise\" measurements at neuromuscular junctions. The kinetic data explain several aspects of the steady-state conductance induced by agonists, but shed no light on apparent cooperative effects.", "PMID": 1059136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2852", "title": "Quasi-elastic behavior of solutions of viral capsid and RNA at very low shearing stresses.", "content": "By the application of shearing stresses on the order of 10(-3) dyne cm-2 (10(-2) muN cm-2), via the magnetic viscodensimeter, extremely high relative viscosities (greater than 500) were observed when turnip yellow mosaic virus was degraded in alkali into its capsid and RNA. The solutions, however, possessed a watery consistency at this stage and exhibited a quasi-elastic character by rotor-recoil experiments. The development of this curious behavior was concentration and temperature dependent; it was not seen less than 0.5% nor at 8 degrees, and appeared sooner at 30 degrees than at 20 degrees. The time of appearance was delayed as the pH was lowered; however, the effect was still observed when the pH was as low as 9. Whereas reversibility was demonstrated when the shearing stresses exceeded the elastic resistance [0.17 dyne cm-2 (1.7 muN CM-2)], thorough mixing usually resulted in a normal behavior of the solutions thereafter. Values for the modulus of rigidity at 20 degrees for about 1% virus concentration was less than 2 X 10(-2) dyne cm-2 rad-1 (0.2 muN cm-2 rad-1), which, while extremely small, was reproducible. A porous structure, possibly involving a capsid and RNA complex, is envisioned.", "contents": "Quasi-elastic behavior of solutions of viral capsid and RNA at very low shearing stresses. By the application of shearing stresses on the order of 10(-3) dyne cm-2 (10(-2) muN cm-2), via the magnetic viscodensimeter, extremely high relative viscosities (greater than 500) were observed when turnip yellow mosaic virus was degraded in alkali into its capsid and RNA. The solutions, however, possessed a watery consistency at this stage and exhibited a quasi-elastic character by rotor-recoil experiments. The development of this curious behavior was concentration and temperature dependent; it was not seen less than 0.5% nor at 8 degrees, and appeared sooner at 30 degrees than at 20 degrees. The time of appearance was delayed as the pH was lowered; however, the effect was still observed when the pH was as low as 9. Whereas reversibility was demonstrated when the shearing stresses exceeded the elastic resistance [0.17 dyne cm-2 (1.7 muN CM-2)], thorough mixing usually resulted in a normal behavior of the solutions thereafter. Values for the modulus of rigidity at 20 degrees for about 1% virus concentration was less than 2 X 10(-2) dyne cm-2 rad-1 (0.2 muN cm-2 rad-1), which, while extremely small, was reproducible. A porous structure, possibly involving a capsid and RNA complex, is envisioned.", "PMID": 1059137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2853", "title": "The glass point of elastin.", "content": "Elastin undergoes a glass transition in a temperature range depends on its water content. This behavior is similar to that of amorphous polymers swollen with solvent and, therefore, is additional evidence for the random network model proposed for the structure of elastin.", "contents": "The glass point of elastin. Elastin undergoes a glass transition in a temperature range depends on its water content. This behavior is similar to that of amorphous polymers swollen with solvent and, therefore, is additional evidence for the random network model proposed for the structure of elastin.", "PMID": 1059138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2854", "title": "Myelin structure transformed by dimethylsulfoxide.", "content": "X-ray diffraction patterns from nerves bathed for about one-half hour in Ringer's solution containing dimethylsulfoxide at concentrations of 10% or more show reflections from a new, highly ordered structure with a repeat period about two-thirds that of native myelin. The proportion of myelin transformed is greater at higher concentrations, and above 40% the native pattern is no longer observed. Replacing the dimethylsulfoxide with Ringer's solution leads to the rapid reappearance of the native diffraction pattern. The effect of dimethylsulfoxide can be accounted for by the loss of water from the spaces between the membrane units without significant modification of the bilayer structure.", "contents": "Myelin structure transformed by dimethylsulfoxide. X-ray diffraction patterns from nerves bathed for about one-half hour in Ringer's solution containing dimethylsulfoxide at concentrations of 10% or more show reflections from a new, highly ordered structure with a repeat period about two-thirds that of native myelin. The proportion of myelin transformed is greater at higher concentrations, and above 40% the native pattern is no longer observed. Replacing the dimethylsulfoxide with Ringer's solution leads to the rapid reappearance of the native diffraction pattern. The effect of dimethylsulfoxide can be accounted for by the loss of water from the spaces between the membrane units without significant modification of the bilayer structure.", "PMID": 1059139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2855", "title": "Mechanism of removal of senescent cells by human macrophages in situ.", "content": "Mechanisms by which macrophages discriminate between \"mature-self\" and \"senescent-self\" were investigated using the human red blood cell (RBC) system as a model. Conditions simulating those encountered in situ were adhered to as closely as possible by using short term culture techniques and incubating with autologous macrophages and immunoglobulins (Ig). It was found that RBC aged in vitro were phagocytized when they were incubated in pooled, normal human IgG, allogeneic Ig, autologous IgG or Ig, washed with medium, and then incubated with autologous macrophages. RBC treated in the same way but incubated in IgM or Iga, Ig-depleter serum, or Medium 199 alone were not phagocytized. This indicates that Ig is required for phagocytosis and suggests that the Ig which attaches to RBC is IgG. When freshly drawn RBC were separated into young (Y) and old (O) RBC according to density and incubated with autologous macrophages, less than 5% of the Y-RBC were phagocytized, whereas greater than 30% of the O-RBC were phagocytized, independent of whether the final incubations were performed in medium without serum (Y-RBC, 5 +/- 2% phagocytized; O-RBC, 33 +/- 1.5%), or autologous Ig-depleted serum (Y-RBC, 2 +/- 2.5%; O-RBC, 51 +/- 17%), or whole serum (Y-RBC, 0%; O-RBC, 43 +/- 5%). This indicates that (1) the Ig is attached in situ to the old RBC, and (2) that phagocytic recognition is not inhibited by other serum components. Scanning electron microscopy, employing labeled anti-IgG, IgM, and IgA reagents, revealed that Y-RBC had essentially no Ig on their surface, whereas old RBC had IgG on their surface. These findings indicate that IgG attaches in situ to senescent human RBC, making them vulnerable to phagocytosis by macrophages.", "contents": "Mechanism of removal of senescent cells by human macrophages in situ. Mechanisms by which macrophages discriminate between \"mature-self\" and \"senescent-self\" were investigated using the human red blood cell (RBC) system as a model. Conditions simulating those encountered in situ were adhered to as closely as possible by using short term culture techniques and incubating with autologous macrophages and immunoglobulins (Ig). It was found that RBC aged in vitro were phagocytized when they were incubated in pooled, normal human IgG, allogeneic Ig, autologous IgG or Ig, washed with medium, and then incubated with autologous macrophages. RBC treated in the same way but incubated in IgM or Iga, Ig-depleter serum, or Medium 199 alone were not phagocytized. This indicates that Ig is required for phagocytosis and suggests that the Ig which attaches to RBC is IgG. When freshly drawn RBC were separated into young (Y) and old (O) RBC according to density and incubated with autologous macrophages, less than 5% of the Y-RBC were phagocytized, whereas greater than 30% of the O-RBC were phagocytized, independent of whether the final incubations were performed in medium without serum (Y-RBC, 5 +/- 2% phagocytized; O-RBC, 33 +/- 1.5%), or autologous Ig-depleted serum (Y-RBC, 2 +/- 2.5%; O-RBC, 51 +/- 17%), or whole serum (Y-RBC, 0%; O-RBC, 43 +/- 5%). This indicates that (1) the Ig is attached in situ to the old RBC, and (2) that phagocytic recognition is not inhibited by other serum components. Scanning electron microscopy, employing labeled anti-IgG, IgM, and IgA reagents, revealed that Y-RBC had essentially no Ig on their surface, whereas old RBC had IgG on their surface. These findings indicate that IgG attaches in situ to senescent human RBC, making them vulnerable to phagocytosis by macrophages.", "PMID": 1059140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2856", "title": "Cell surface species-specific high affinity receptors for discoidin: developmental regulation in Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Vegetative (noncohesive) D. discoideum cells and cells at several stages during the development of cohesiveness were fixed with glutaraldehyde, and their agglutinability by purified carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) from slime molds  and plants was determined. The two purified lectins from D. discoideum, called discoidin I and II, were poor agglutinins of fixed vegetative D. discoideum cells and potent agglutinins of fixed cohesive D. discoideum cells. The increased agglutinability of D. discoideum cells by discoidin I or discoidin II with differentiation paralleled discoidin appearance in cell extracts and development of cohesiveness. The lectin of another slime mold, Polysphondylium pallidum (pallidin) and the lectin of Ricinus communis (RCA-I) were also more potent agglutinins of fixed differentiated D. discoideum cells than of fixed vegetative D. discoideum cells. However, wheat germ agglutinin was much more potent with fixed vegetative cells. The association constant (Ka) of discoidin I and discoidin II for fixed differentiated D. discoideum cells was in the range of 10(9) M-1, more than twenty-fold higher than the Ka of these lectins for fixed vegetative cells. The Ka of discoidin I and discoidin II for fixed differentiated P. pallidum cells was an order of magnitude lower than for fixed differentiated D. discoideum cells. The Ka of pallidin for fixed differentiated P. pallidum cells was about 4 X 10(9) M-1 and was an order of magnitude lower for fixed differentiated D. discoideum cells. Since previous studies showed that the lectin of each of these slime mold species is detectable on the surface of cohesive cells, the observation of species-specific receptors on the surface of cohesive cells suggests a basis for species-specific cohesion.", "contents": "Cell surface species-specific high affinity receptors for discoidin: developmental regulation in Dictyostelium discoideum. Vegetative (noncohesive) D. discoideum cells and cells at several stages during the development of cohesiveness were fixed with glutaraldehyde, and their agglutinability by purified carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins) from slime molds  and plants was determined. The two purified lectins from D. discoideum, called discoidin I and II, were poor agglutinins of fixed vegetative D. discoideum cells and potent agglutinins of fixed cohesive D. discoideum cells. The increased agglutinability of D. discoideum cells by discoidin I or discoidin II with differentiation paralleled discoidin appearance in cell extracts and development of cohesiveness. The lectin of another slime mold, Polysphondylium pallidum (pallidin) and the lectin of Ricinus communis (RCA-I) were also more potent agglutinins of fixed differentiated D. discoideum cells than of fixed vegetative D. discoideum cells. However, wheat germ agglutinin was much more potent with fixed vegetative cells. The association constant (Ka) of discoidin I and discoidin II for fixed differentiated D. discoideum cells was in the range of 10(9) M-1, more than twenty-fold higher than the Ka of these lectins for fixed vegetative cells. The Ka of discoidin I and discoidin II for fixed differentiated P. pallidum cells was an order of magnitude lower than for fixed differentiated D. discoideum cells. The Ka of pallidin for fixed differentiated P. pallidum cells was about 4 X 10(9) M-1 and was an order of magnitude lower for fixed differentiated D. discoideum cells. Since previous studies showed that the lectin of each of these slime mold species is detectable on the surface of cohesive cells, the observation of species-specific receptors on the surface of cohesive cells suggests a basis for species-specific cohesion.", "PMID": 1059141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2857", "title": "Erythroid colony induction without erythropoietin by Friend leukemia virus in vitro.", "content": "Erythroid colonies could be produced without the addition of erythropeietin in plasma cultures seeded with bone marrow cells from normal C3Hf/Bi mice by exposure of the cells in vitro to medium from a cell line (IS) that continuously produces Friend leukemia virus in culture. The activity in the culture medium was viral rather than erythropoietin-like, since it was sedimentable by high-speed centrifugation and heat labile. Erythroid colonies did not develop when the bone marrow cells exposed to virus-containing medium were from mice genetically resistant to Friend virus. IS culture medium contained both Friend spleen focus-forming and XC-plaque-forming activities. No erythroid colonies were induced when genetically sensitive cells were exposed to a preparation from which the spleen focus-forming activity had been removed, but which contained XC plaque-forming activity in high concentration. Thus the spleen focus-forming component of Friend virus appeared to be responsible for inducing erythroid colony formation without erythropoietin in vitro. Some erythroid colonies were also found in control cultures to which neither virus nor erythropoietin had been added. Reduction in the concentration of fetal calf serum in the culture medium substantially decreased the number of these colonies but had only a minor effect on the number of virus-induced colonies. The number of erythroid colonies produced after 2 days of culture without erythropoietin or fetal calf serum was approximately proportional to the titer of Friend spleen focus-forming virus to whcih the bone marrow cells had been exposed. This system should prove useful for investigation in vitro of Friend virus--host cell interactions which lead to erythropoietin-independent erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Erythroid colony induction without erythropoietin by Friend leukemia virus in vitro. Erythroid colonies could be produced without the addition of erythropeietin in plasma cultures seeded with bone marrow cells from normal C3Hf/Bi mice by exposure of the cells in vitro to medium from a cell line (IS) that continuously produces Friend leukemia virus in culture. The activity in the culture medium was viral rather than erythropoietin-like, since it was sedimentable by high-speed centrifugation and heat labile. Erythroid colonies did not develop when the bone marrow cells exposed to virus-containing medium were from mice genetically resistant to Friend virus. IS culture medium contained both Friend spleen focus-forming and XC-plaque-forming activities. No erythroid colonies were induced when genetically sensitive cells were exposed to a preparation from which the spleen focus-forming activity had been removed, but which contained XC plaque-forming activity in high concentration. Thus the spleen focus-forming component of Friend virus appeared to be responsible for inducing erythroid colony formation without erythropoietin in vitro. Some erythroid colonies were also found in control cultures to which neither virus nor erythropoietin had been added. Reduction in the concentration of fetal calf serum in the culture medium substantially decreased the number of these colonies but had only a minor effect on the number of virus-induced colonies. The number of erythroid colonies produced after 2 days of culture without erythropoietin or fetal calf serum was approximately proportional to the titer of Friend spleen focus-forming virus to whcih the bone marrow cells had been exposed. This system should prove useful for investigation in vitro of Friend virus--host cell interactions which lead to erythropoietin-independent erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 1059142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2858", "title": "Stimulation of epinephrine-sensitive fat cell adenylate cyclase by cytosol: effect of cholera toxin.", "content": "Cytosol prepared from rat epididymal fat cells by centrifugation at 100,000 X g for 1 hr was found to enhance the basal and epinephrine-sensitive adenylate cyclase [EC 4.6.1.1; ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing)] of fat cell ghosts. Cholera toxin also stimulated adenylate cyclase and increased the response to epinephrine in fat cells. A possible relationship between the adenylate cyclase modifying activities of cytosol and the effects of cholera toxin was sought. Cytosol from freshly prepared fat cells added to ghosts prepared from cells that had been exposed to toxin for varying periods showed a progressive loss of responsiveness to cytosol epinephrine-enhancing activity. The effect appeared within 15 min after toxin exposure, a full 30 min before any direct effect of toxin on adenylate cyclase was seen. Since exposure to toxin decreased membrane response to cytosol epinephrine-enhancing activity, the possibility that epinephrine-enhancing activity in cytosol might be altered by toxin was explored. Cytosol from cells exposed to toxin for varying periods lost epinephrine-enhancing activity to an appreciable degree within 15 min. Examination of these early events after exposure to toxin should clarify the way in which this bacterial substance affects mammalian cells. The cytosol epinephrine-enhancing activity was destroyed by boiling for 3 min and was partially inactivated by trypsin. It was nondialyzable and stable at -70 degrees.", "contents": "Stimulation of epinephrine-sensitive fat cell adenylate cyclase by cytosol: effect of cholera toxin. Cytosol prepared from rat epididymal fat cells by centrifugation at 100,000 X g for 1 hr was found to enhance the basal and epinephrine-sensitive adenylate cyclase [EC 4.6.1.1; ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing)] of fat cell ghosts. Cholera toxin also stimulated adenylate cyclase and increased the response to epinephrine in fat cells. A possible relationship between the adenylate cyclase modifying activities of cytosol and the effects of cholera toxin was sought. Cytosol from freshly prepared fat cells added to ghosts prepared from cells that had been exposed to toxin for varying periods showed a progressive loss of responsiveness to cytosol epinephrine-enhancing activity. The effect appeared within 15 min after toxin exposure, a full 30 min before any direct effect of toxin on adenylate cyclase was seen. Since exposure to toxin decreased membrane response to cytosol epinephrine-enhancing activity, the possibility that epinephrine-enhancing activity in cytosol might be altered by toxin was explored. Cytosol from cells exposed to toxin for varying periods lost epinephrine-enhancing activity to an appreciable degree within 15 min. Examination of these early events after exposure to toxin should clarify the way in which this bacterial substance affects mammalian cells. The cytosol epinephrine-enhancing activity was destroyed by boiling for 3 min and was partially inactivated by trypsin. It was nondialyzable and stable at -70 degrees.", "PMID": 1059143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2859", "title": "Inhibition of tubulin assembly by RNA and other polyanions: evidence for a required protein.", "content": "Nonneural cell extracts contain a heat-stable, nondialyzable activity that will inhibit the spontaneous assembly in vitro of partially purified brain tubulin. The sensitivity of this inhibitory activity to ribonucleases but not to a variety of other hydrolytic enzymes indicates that the inhibitor is an RNA. This conclusion is supported by the observation that purified RNAs from sea urchins, chinese hamster ovary cells, and brain all inhibit spontaneous microtubule assembly in vitro. The synthetic polynucleotides [poly(A), (C), (G), and (U)] are also inhibitory. This inhibition, however, appears to be nonspecific since the RNA base composition is unimportant and a variety of other nonnucleic acid polyanions also function as inhibitors. The treatment of assembly competent tubulin preparations with an insoluble RNA in the form of poly(A) covalently linked to agarose beads produces a \"stripped\" tubulin which will not assemble microtubules unless a heat-stable, trypsin-sensitive fraction eluted with increased ionic strength is mixed with the \"stripped\" tubulin. Similar results can be obtained with other cation exchangers, including phosphocellulose and carboxymethylcellulose. The heat-stable protein sequestered by poly(A)-agarose appears to be identical to the \"tau\" factor recently described by Kirschner and coworkers. Reconstitution experiments indicate that there is a stoichiometric requirement for these factors. These results suggest that spontaneous assembly of microtubules in nonneural cell extracts is blocked because the endogenous factors are complexed with RNA. This idea is supported by the observation that the ratio of tubulin to RNA is low in cultured cell extracts but very high in neural tissue extracts.", "contents": "Inhibition of tubulin assembly by RNA and other polyanions: evidence for a required protein. Nonneural cell extracts contain a heat-stable, nondialyzable activity that will inhibit the spontaneous assembly in vitro of partially purified brain tubulin. The sensitivity of this inhibitory activity to ribonucleases but not to a variety of other hydrolytic enzymes indicates that the inhibitor is an RNA. This conclusion is supported by the observation that purified RNAs from sea urchins, chinese hamster ovary cells, and brain all inhibit spontaneous microtubule assembly in vitro. The synthetic polynucleotides [poly(A), (C), (G), and (U)] are also inhibitory. This inhibition, however, appears to be nonspecific since the RNA base composition is unimportant and a variety of other nonnucleic acid polyanions also function as inhibitors. The treatment of assembly competent tubulin preparations with an insoluble RNA in the form of poly(A) covalently linked to agarose beads produces a \"stripped\" tubulin which will not assemble microtubules unless a heat-stable, trypsin-sensitive fraction eluted with increased ionic strength is mixed with the \"stripped\" tubulin. Similar results can be obtained with other cation exchangers, including phosphocellulose and carboxymethylcellulose. The heat-stable protein sequestered by poly(A)-agarose appears to be identical to the \"tau\" factor recently described by Kirschner and coworkers. Reconstitution experiments indicate that there is a stoichiometric requirement for these factors. These results suggest that spontaneous assembly of microtubules in nonneural cell extracts is blocked because the endogenous factors are complexed with RNA. This idea is supported by the observation that the ratio of tubulin to RNA is low in cultured cell extracts but very high in neural tissue extracts.", "PMID": 1059144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2860", "title": "Brain tryptophan hydroxylase: purification of, production of antibodies to, and cellular and ultrastructural localization in serotonergic neurons of rat midbrain.", "content": "Tryptophan hydroxylase [EC 1.14.16.4; L-tryptophan, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)], the enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin, was purified 79-fold from the region of the raphe nucleus of rat midbrain by sequential column chromatography and disc-gel electrophoresis. In electrophoresis three bands were distinguished, A, B, and C, which, when separated and submitted individually to electrophoresis, reproduced the same three bands. Bands A and C were enzymatically active and inhibited by para-chlorohenylalanine. Antibodies produced to each of the three bands crossreacted by immuno double diffusion and electrophoresis with each other and homogenates of raphe nuclei; they completely inhibited enzyme activity only of tryptophan hydroxylase. Tryptophan hydroxylase was localized by light and electron immunohistochemistry to serotonin neutrons of the raphe. Ultrastructurally, in cell bodies, the enzyme was distributed in cytoplasm and in association with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. In dendrites and axons, it was associated with microtubules. Tryptophan hydroxylase in brain is only neuronal and cytoplasmic, exists in multiple forms, and is associated with microtubules, suggesting it may be transported from sites of synthesis in cell body into axons.", "contents": "Brain tryptophan hydroxylase: purification of, production of antibodies to, and cellular and ultrastructural localization in serotonergic neurons of rat midbrain. Tryptophan hydroxylase [EC 1.14.16.4; L-tryptophan, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase (5-hydroxylating)], the enzyme catalyzing the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of serotonin, was purified 79-fold from the region of the raphe nucleus of rat midbrain by sequential column chromatography and disc-gel electrophoresis. In electrophoresis three bands were distinguished, A, B, and C, which, when separated and submitted individually to electrophoresis, reproduced the same three bands. Bands A and C were enzymatically active and inhibited by para-chlorohenylalanine. Antibodies produced to each of the three bands crossreacted by immuno double diffusion and electrophoresis with each other and homogenates of raphe nuclei; they completely inhibited enzyme activity only of tryptophan hydroxylase. Tryptophan hydroxylase was localized by light and electron immunohistochemistry to serotonin neutrons of the raphe. Ultrastructurally, in cell bodies, the enzyme was distributed in cytoplasm and in association with endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. In dendrites and axons, it was associated with microtubules. Tryptophan hydroxylase in brain is only neuronal and cytoplasmic, exists in multiple forms, and is associated with microtubules, suggesting it may be transported from sites of synthesis in cell body into axons.", "PMID": 1059145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2861", "title": "Relationship between nuclear and cytoplasmic poly(adenylic acid).", "content": "The kinetics of accumulation of radioactive poly(A) in the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse L cells have been determined using labeling conditions in which the cellular ATP pool is shown to have a nearly constant specific radioactivity. Most or all nuclear poly(A) accumulates with kinetics very similar to those of heterogeneous nuclear RNA, having a half-time of about 25 min. There is little or no lag before attainment of a maximal rate of accumulation of cytoplasmic poly(A). These data are consistent with a variety of models in which nuclear poly(A) does or does not all serve as a precursor of cytoplasmic poly(A). In either type of model there must be a class of poly(A) either synthesized in the cytoplasm or passing through a small nuclear pool separate from the main pool of nuclear poly(A).", "contents": "Relationship between nuclear and cytoplasmic poly(adenylic acid). The kinetics of accumulation of radioactive poly(A) in the nucleus and cytoplasm of mouse L cells have been determined using labeling conditions in which the cellular ATP pool is shown to have a nearly constant specific radioactivity. Most or all nuclear poly(A) accumulates with kinetics very similar to those of heterogeneous nuclear RNA, having a half-time of about 25 min. There is little or no lag before attainment of a maximal rate of accumulation of cytoplasmic poly(A). These data are consistent with a variety of models in which nuclear poly(A) does or does not all serve as a precursor of cytoplasmic poly(A). In either type of model there must be a class of poly(A) either synthesized in the cytoplasm or passing through a small nuclear pool separate from the main pool of nuclear poly(A).", "PMID": 1059146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2862", "title": "Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells.", "content": "Malignant mouse teratocarcinoma (or embryonal carcinoma) cells with a normal modal chromosome number were taken from the \"cores\" of embryoid bodies grown only in vivo as an ascites tumor for 8 years, and were injected into blastocysts bearing many genetic markers, in order to test the developmental capacities, genetic constitution, and reversibility of malignancy of the core cells. Ninety-three live normal pre- and postnatal animals were obtained. Of 14 thus far analyzed, three were cellular genetic mosaics with substantial contributions of tumor-derived cells in many developmentally unrelated tissues, including some never seen in the solid tumors that form in transplant hosts. The tissues functioned normally and synthesized their specific products (e.g., immunoglobulins, adult hemoglobin, liver proteins) coded for by strain-type alleles at known loci. In addition, a tumor-contributed color gene, steel, not previously known to be present in the carcinoma cells, was detected from the coat phenotype. Cells derived from the carcinoma, which is of X/Y sex chromosome constitution, also contributed to the germ line and formed reproductively functional sperms, some of which transmitted the steel gene to the progeny. Thus, after almost 200 transplant generations as a highly malignant tumor, embryoid body core cells appear to be developmentally totipotent and able to express, in an orderly sequence in differentiation of somatic and germ-line tissues, many genes hitherto silent in the tumor of origin. This experimental system of \"cycling\" teratocarcinoma core cells through mice, in conjunction with experimental mutagenesis of those cells, may therefore provide a new and useful tool for biochemical, developmental, and genetic analyses of mammalian differentiation. The results also furnish an unequivocal example in animals of a non-mutational basis for transformation to malignancy and of reversal to normalcy. The origin of this tumor from a disorganized embryo suggests that malignancies of some other, more specialized, stem cells might arise comparably through tissue disorganization, leading to developmental aberrations of gene expression rather than changes in gene structure.", "contents": "Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells. Malignant mouse teratocarcinoma (or embryonal carcinoma) cells with a normal modal chromosome number were taken from the \"cores\" of embryoid bodies grown only in vivo as an ascites tumor for 8 years, and were injected into blastocysts bearing many genetic markers, in order to test the developmental capacities, genetic constitution, and reversibility of malignancy of the core cells. Ninety-three live normal pre- and postnatal animals were obtained. Of 14 thus far analyzed, three were cellular genetic mosaics with substantial contributions of tumor-derived cells in many developmentally unrelated tissues, including some never seen in the solid tumors that form in transplant hosts. The tissues functioned normally and synthesized their specific products (e.g., immunoglobulins, adult hemoglobin, liver proteins) coded for by strain-type alleles at known loci. In addition, a tumor-contributed color gene, steel, not previously known to be present in the carcinoma cells, was detected from the coat phenotype. Cells derived from the carcinoma, which is of X/Y sex chromosome constitution, also contributed to the germ line and formed reproductively functional sperms, some of which transmitted the steel gene to the progeny. Thus, after almost 200 transplant generations as a highly malignant tumor, embryoid body core cells appear to be developmentally totipotent and able to express, in an orderly sequence in differentiation of somatic and germ-line tissues, many genes hitherto silent in the tumor of origin. This experimental system of \"cycling\" teratocarcinoma core cells through mice, in conjunction with experimental mutagenesis of those cells, may therefore provide a new and useful tool for biochemical, developmental, and genetic analyses of mammalian differentiation. The results also furnish an unequivocal example in animals of a non-mutational basis for transformation to malignancy and of reversal to normalcy. The origin of this tumor from a disorganized embryo suggests that malignancies of some other, more specialized, stem cells might arise comparably through tissue disorganization, leading to developmental aberrations of gene expression rather than changes in gene structure.", "PMID": 1059147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2863", "title": "Receptor synapses without synaptic ribbons in the cochlea of the cat.", "content": "This report describes recepto-neural junctions thought to be chemical synapses without synaptic ribbons or vesicle aggregates. Such synapses occur in the cat between the outer hair cells of the cochlea and auditory nerve fibers. These synapses are formed by flat or indented junctions having symmetric membrane complexes associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum and coated vesicles in the outer hair cell cytoplasm. Inner hair cells have receptoneural junctions with asymmetric membrane complexes; synaptic ribbons and vesicles gather at one type of junction, while the other type associates with endoplasmic reticulum. Gap junctions are not seen at cochlear synapses but do link supporting cells. The results suggest that inner and outer hair cell synapses have different properties and raise questions about the role of synaptic vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum in the storage and release of transmitters.", "contents": "Receptor synapses without synaptic ribbons in the cochlea of the cat. This report describes recepto-neural junctions thought to be chemical synapses without synaptic ribbons or vesicle aggregates. Such synapses occur in the cat between the outer hair cells of the cochlea and auditory nerve fibers. These synapses are formed by flat or indented junctions having symmetric membrane complexes associated with smooth endoplasmic reticulum and coated vesicles in the outer hair cell cytoplasm. Inner hair cells have receptoneural junctions with asymmetric membrane complexes; synaptic ribbons and vesicles gather at one type of junction, while the other type associates with endoplasmic reticulum. Gap junctions are not seen at cochlear synapses but do link supporting cells. The results suggest that inner and outer hair cell synapses have different properties and raise questions about the role of synaptic vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum in the storage and release of transmitters.", "PMID": 1059148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2864", "title": "Hemoglobin Cranston, an unstable variant having an elongated beta chain due to nonhomologous crossover between two normal beta chain genes.", "content": "An asymptomatic woman was found to have a compensated hemolytic state due to an unstable hemoglobin variant, comprising 35% of the total. Peptide maps of tryptic digests of the abnormal beta chain were identical to those of beta A except that tryptic peptide 15 (Tyr-His-COOH) was absent and a new peptide was detected, containing equivalent amounts of Ser, Ile, Thr, and Lys. Its sequence was determined by manual Edman degradation. An additional hydrophobic peptide isolated by counter-current distribution contained: Asx, Ser, Ala, Tyr, 2 Phe, and 3 Leu. Its sequence was determined on an automatic solid phase sequencer. Digestion with carboxypeptidase A confirmed the C-terminal sequence. Hemoglobin Cranston has an elongated beta chain with the following structure: (see article). This variant is the first \"adult\" human hemoglobin known to contain isoleucine. It is likely that hemoglobin Cranston arose because of a nonhomologous crossover of two normal beta chain genes, probably during meiosis, with the insertion of two nucleotides (AG) at position 144, resulting in a frame shift. Hemoglobin Cranston provides new information on the structure of the beta chain gene as well as an explanation of both the structure and genetic basis of hemoglobin Tak, the only other elongated beta chain variant that has been described.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Cranston, an unstable variant having an elongated beta chain due to nonhomologous crossover between two normal beta chain genes. An asymptomatic woman was found to have a compensated hemolytic state due to an unstable hemoglobin variant, comprising 35% of the total. Peptide maps of tryptic digests of the abnormal beta chain were identical to those of beta A except that tryptic peptide 15 (Tyr-His-COOH) was absent and a new peptide was detected, containing equivalent amounts of Ser, Ile, Thr, and Lys. Its sequence was determined by manual Edman degradation. An additional hydrophobic peptide isolated by counter-current distribution contained: Asx, Ser, Ala, Tyr, 2 Phe, and 3 Leu. Its sequence was determined on an automatic solid phase sequencer. Digestion with carboxypeptidase A confirmed the C-terminal sequence. Hemoglobin Cranston has an elongated beta chain with the following structure: (see article). This variant is the first \"adult\" human hemoglobin known to contain isoleucine. It is likely that hemoglobin Cranston arose because of a nonhomologous crossover of two normal beta chain genes, probably during meiosis, with the insertion of two nucleotides (AG) at position 144, resulting in a frame shift. Hemoglobin Cranston provides new information on the structure of the beta chain gene as well as an explanation of both the structure and genetic basis of hemoglobin Tak, the only other elongated beta chain variant that has been described.", "PMID": 1059149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2865", "title": "Nucleotide sequences of the 3'-terminal untranslated region of messenger RNA for human beta globin chain.", "content": "In normal messenger RNA for the human beta-globin chain, nucleotide sequences have been identified which can be matched to the amino-acid sequence of the abnormally long segment of the beta-chain of hemoglobin Cranston. The finding of these sequences strengthens the hypothesis that the betaCranston chain arose by a frameshift mutation allowing the \"readthrough\" of the normal termination codon and translation of usually untranslated portions of the messenger RNA for the beta-globin chain. The oligonucleotides which match the amino-acid sequence of hemoglobin Cranston provide a sequence of 36 nucleotides which follows the normal beta-chain termination codon UAA.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequences of the 3'-terminal untranslated region of messenger RNA for human beta globin chain. In normal messenger RNA for the human beta-globin chain, nucleotide sequences have been identified which can be matched to the amino-acid sequence of the abnormally long segment of the beta-chain of hemoglobin Cranston. The finding of these sequences strengthens the hypothesis that the betaCranston chain arose by a frameshift mutation allowing the \"readthrough\" of the normal termination codon and translation of usually untranslated portions of the messenger RNA for the beta-globin chain. The oligonucleotides which match the amino-acid sequence of hemoglobin Cranston provide a sequence of 36 nucleotides which follows the normal beta-chain termination codon UAA.", "PMID": 1059150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2866", "title": "A mechanism for initiation of genetic recombination.", "content": "A mechanism for the initiation of genetic recombination is proposed. Its key features are the pairing, nicking, and cross-annealing of palindromic loops, i.e., structures formed by DNA with sequences of inverted complementary repeats. This mechanism may provide a simple, yet specific means of producing crossed strand connections between homologous DNA duplexes to form structures which can be intermediates in the process of genetic recombination.", "contents": "A mechanism for initiation of genetic recombination. A mechanism for the initiation of genetic recombination is proposed. Its key features are the pairing, nicking, and cross-annealing of palindromic loops, i.e., structures formed by DNA with sequences of inverted complementary repeats. This mechanism may provide a simple, yet specific means of producing crossed strand connections between homologous DNA duplexes to form structures which can be intermediates in the process of genetic recombination.", "PMID": 1059151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2867", "title": "Transposition of R factor genes to bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "Transpositions of segments of R factor (antibiotic resistance plasmids) to bacteriophage lambda have been selected and characterized. Cells of Escherichia coli harboring R factors that determine kanamycin resistance were infected with phage lambda, and lambdakan transducing lines were obtained. Each of the three examined is unusual when compared to lambda transducing phages containing E. coli chromosomal genes: the kan insertions (a) occur at several sites, each well removed from the integration region POP', (b) are not associated with deletion of lambda phage DNA, and (c) are separable from the lambda genome during transduction or during lytic growth. Two insertions from the same R factor contain 1.5 kilobase sequences repeated in inverted order. The properties of the lambdakan phage suggest that R factors contain systems capable of mediating genetic exchange in the absence of extensive DNA homology. It is suggested that such systems of exchange may have played important roles in R factor evolution.", "contents": "Transposition of R factor genes to bacteriophage lambda. Transpositions of segments of R factor (antibiotic resistance plasmids) to bacteriophage lambda have been selected and characterized. Cells of Escherichia coli harboring R factors that determine kanamycin resistance were infected with phage lambda, and lambdakan transducing lines were obtained. Each of the three examined is unusual when compared to lambda transducing phages containing E. coli chromosomal genes: the kan insertions (a) occur at several sites, each well removed from the integration region POP', (b) are not associated with deletion of lambda phage DNA, and (c) are separable from the lambda genome during transduction or during lytic growth. Two insertions from the same R factor contain 1.5 kilobase sequences repeated in inverted order. The properties of the lambdakan phage suggest that R factors contain systems capable of mediating genetic exchange in the absence of extensive DNA homology. It is suggested that such systems of exchange may have played important roles in R factor evolution.", "PMID": 1059152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2868", "title": "Expression of the beta-thalassemia gene in the first trimester fetus.", "content": "To determine whether beta-thalassemia can be detected in the fetus, blood was obtained from abortuses of normal mothers and of mothers with beta-thalassemia trait. The red cells were incubated with radioactive leucine and the globin chains were analyzed by radiochromatography. Two independent methods were utilized to correct the results for contamination by maternal radioactive beta-chain, and the corrected beta/gamma ratios were compared to a previously established range of normal fetal beta/gamma synthetic ratios obtained by similar measurements in pure fetal cells. In the erythroid cells of three fetuses from mothers with beta-thalassemia trait, the beta/gamma synthetic ratio was normal in two. The third had a beta/gamma ratio of 0.04 at 10 1/2 weeks, a 50% reduction, consistent with fetal beta-thalassemia trait. Two other fetuses, derived from parents both of whom had beta-thalassemia trait, were also studied. One had a beta/gamma ratio of 0.029 at 8 weeks, a 65% reduction, also consistent with beta-thalassemia trait. The cells of the other had a ratio of essentially zero at 11 weeks, highly suggestive of homozygous beta-thalassemia. Although further experience will be needed to distinguish the homozygous and heterozygous states reliably, it now appears that the beta-thalassemia gene is expressed in the first trimester. Therefore these data suggest that the antenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia is becoming an attainable goal.", "contents": "Expression of the beta-thalassemia gene in the first trimester fetus. To determine whether beta-thalassemia can be detected in the fetus, blood was obtained from abortuses of normal mothers and of mothers with beta-thalassemia trait. The red cells were incubated with radioactive leucine and the globin chains were analyzed by radiochromatography. Two independent methods were utilized to correct the results for contamination by maternal radioactive beta-chain, and the corrected beta/gamma ratios were compared to a previously established range of normal fetal beta/gamma synthetic ratios obtained by similar measurements in pure fetal cells. In the erythroid cells of three fetuses from mothers with beta-thalassemia trait, the beta/gamma synthetic ratio was normal in two. The third had a beta/gamma ratio of 0.04 at 10 1/2 weeks, a 50% reduction, consistent with fetal beta-thalassemia trait. Two other fetuses, derived from parents both of whom had beta-thalassemia trait, were also studied. One had a beta/gamma ratio of 0.029 at 8 weeks, a 65% reduction, also consistent with beta-thalassemia trait. The cells of the other had a ratio of essentially zero at 11 weeks, highly suggestive of homozygous beta-thalassemia. Although further experience will be needed to distinguish the homozygous and heterozygous states reliably, it now appears that the beta-thalassemia gene is expressed in the first trimester. Therefore these data suggest that the antenatal diagnosis of beta-thalassemia is becoming an attainable goal.", "PMID": 1059153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2869", "title": "Analysis of incipient reproductive isolation within a species of Drosophila.", "content": "Drosophila willistoni and its subspecies quechua are morphologically indistinguishable, but differ in relative frequencies of certain allozyme genes. The cross quechua female X willistoni male produces nearly or completely sterile males, while the reciprocal cross gives fertile males. Hybrid females are fertile. Analysis of the sterility with the aid of chromosomes marked with mutant genes shows that the second and X-chromosomes have major and third chromosomes minor effects. Backcross males of the same chromosomal constitution may be either fertile or sterile; the threshold effect may be due to environmental variations or to gene variants present in the strains crossed. Only a trace of ethological isolation between the subspecies is present. In contrast to a narrowly localized and geographically isolated subspecies bogotana of D. pseudoobscura, the subspecies quechua of D. willistoni is fairly widespread, although its geographic area is not accurately known. Neither with bogotana nor with quechua are there valid reasons to suppose that these subspecies are of very recent origin.", "contents": "Analysis of incipient reproductive isolation within a species of Drosophila. Drosophila willistoni and its subspecies quechua are morphologically indistinguishable, but differ in relative frequencies of certain allozyme genes. The cross quechua female X willistoni male produces nearly or completely sterile males, while the reciprocal cross gives fertile males. Hybrid females are fertile. Analysis of the sterility with the aid of chromosomes marked with mutant genes shows that the second and X-chromosomes have major and third chromosomes minor effects. Backcross males of the same chromosomal constitution may be either fertile or sterile; the threshold effect may be due to environmental variations or to gene variants present in the strains crossed. Only a trace of ethological isolation between the subspecies is present. In contrast to a narrowly localized and geographically isolated subspecies bogotana of D. pseudoobscura, the subspecies quechua of D. willistoni is fairly widespread, although its geographic area is not accurately known. Neither with bogotana nor with quechua are there valid reasons to suppose that these subspecies are of very recent origin.", "PMID": 1059154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2870", "title": "Mutants of T7 bacteriophage inhibited by lambda prophage.", "content": "Mutants in gene 20, a new T7 gene, cannot grow on rex+ lambda lysogens. Gene 20-- mutants suppress in double mutants the phenotype of T7 ligase negative mutations, but not vice versa. Amber 20- mutants have been obtained. There are differences between these T7 mutations and the similar T4 rII mutations. There are host mutations which permit T7 20- mutants to grow on lambda+ lysogens. T7 DNA synthesis on normal lambda+ lysogens infected with 20- mutants is essentially normal, but the DNA is not packaged. The gene 20 protein is active in in vitro complementation and probably used late in infection for DNA packaging into phage heads.", "contents": "Mutants of T7 bacteriophage inhibited by lambda prophage. Mutants in gene 20, a new T7 gene, cannot grow on rex+ lambda lysogens. Gene 20-- mutants suppress in double mutants the phenotype of T7 ligase negative mutations, but not vice versa. Amber 20- mutants have been obtained. There are differences between these T7 mutations and the similar T4 rII mutations. There are host mutations which permit T7 20- mutants to grow on lambda+ lysogens. T7 DNA synthesis on normal lambda+ lysogens infected with 20- mutants is essentially normal, but the DNA is not packaged. The gene 20 protein is active in in vitro complementation and probably used late in infection for DNA packaging into phage heads.", "PMID": 1059155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2871", "title": "Selection for conditional gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "A new technique is described for selection of temperature-sensitive mutants affecting gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. The first mutant found by this technique is characterized. Cells exhibiting the gam-1 phenotype are capable of sexual agglutination, but cannot form zygotes at the restrictive temperature. The mutation, however, has been expressed only in gametes of mating type (-). Cells of mating type (+) which carry this gene are able to engage in normal zygote formation. Temperature shift experiments and antibiotic studies have indicated that this gene is expressed within 6 hr after the onset of gametogenesis in liquid culture, and its product has a lifetime of about 4 hr at 35 degrees.", "contents": "Selection for conditional gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. A new technique is described for selection of temperature-sensitive mutants affecting gametogenesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. The first mutant found by this technique is characterized. Cells exhibiting the gam-1 phenotype are capable of sexual agglutination, but cannot form zygotes at the restrictive temperature. The mutation, however, has been expressed only in gametes of mating type (-). Cells of mating type (+) which carry this gene are able to engage in normal zygote formation. Temperature shift experiments and antibiotic studies have indicated that this gene is expressed within 6 hr after the onset of gametogenesis in liquid culture, and its product has a lifetime of about 4 hr at 35 degrees.", "PMID": 1059156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2872", "title": "Complementation of H-2-linked Ir genes in the mouse.", "content": "The immune response to the random linear terpolymer of L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, and L-phenylalanine (GLphi) is under dominant H-2-linked Ir gene control in the mouse. Matings between two nonresponder strains produced responder F1 hybrids, demonstrating complementation of the nonresponder alleles. This observation, coupled with the fact that several intra H-2 recombinant strains derived by recombination between two nonresponder parental haplotypes are also GLphi responders, indicated at least two dominant loci are concerned with responsiveness to this terpolymer. The complementary genes were termed alpha (tentatively localized in a new subregion of the H-2 complex, I-F) and beta, which maps in the I-A subregion. Generally, both the alpha(+) and beta(+) alleles are required for responsiveness. However, in the (C57BL/6J X SJL)F1 hybrid we noted complementation between two parental nonresponder strains, each of which carried beta genes derived from different H-2 haplotypes, yet lacked functional alpha genes. The possible cell levels at which these genes may function in the regulation of the immune response are discussed.", "contents": "Complementation of H-2-linked Ir genes in the mouse. The immune response to the random linear terpolymer of L-glutamic acid, L-lysine, and L-phenylalanine (GLphi) is under dominant H-2-linked Ir gene control in the mouse. Matings between two nonresponder strains produced responder F1 hybrids, demonstrating complementation of the nonresponder alleles. This observation, coupled with the fact that several intra H-2 recombinant strains derived by recombination between two nonresponder parental haplotypes are also GLphi responders, indicated at least two dominant loci are concerned with responsiveness to this terpolymer. The complementary genes were termed alpha (tentatively localized in a new subregion of the H-2 complex, I-F) and beta, which maps in the I-A subregion. Generally, both the alpha(+) and beta(+) alleles are required for responsiveness. However, in the (C57BL/6J X SJL)F1 hybrid we noted complementation between two parental nonresponder strains, each of which carried beta genes derived from different H-2 haplotypes, yet lacked functional alpha genes. The possible cell levels at which these genes may function in the regulation of the immune response are discussed.", "PMID": 1059157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2873", "title": "Synthesis of hemoglobin AIc in normal and diabetic mice: potential model of basement membrane thickening.", "content": "Adult diabetic mice (C57Bl/KsJ--db/db) have increased amounts of a minor hemoglobin in their peripheral blood compared to wild-type (+/+) mice. This increase is analogous to the 2-fold increase of a glycohemoglobin with similar chromatographic mobility (Hb AIc) seen in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. Although the exact chemical nature of human or mouse Hb AIc is unknown, both contain a sodium-borohydride-reducible linkage on the beta chain which is a presumed Schiff base between a sugar moiety and the protein. The db/db animals, which have normal amounts of mouse Hb AIc at weaning, show the increase approximately 4 weeks after the onset of the signs of diabetes. This rise is brought about by an increase in a circulating factor that determines directly or indirectly the synthesis of mouse Hb AIc as a post-synthetic modification of Hb A. Evidence for this was obtained by showing that the rate of synthesis of the modified Hb is linear for at least the first 50 days of the life of the red cell and that the rate of synthesis is dependent on the environment in which the cells circulate. Thus the rate of mouse Hb AIc synthesis in +/+ cells is greater when those cells circulate in a db/db host than when they circulate in a +/+ host. The nature of the humoral factor is unknown. If glycosylations of basement membrane proteins and hemoglobin proceed via a common mechanism, then the monitoring of Hb AIc could provide a useful model for studying the early events of basement membrane thickening.", "contents": "Synthesis of hemoglobin AIc in normal and diabetic mice: potential model of basement membrane thickening. Adult diabetic mice (C57Bl/KsJ--db/db) have increased amounts of a minor hemoglobin in their peripheral blood compared to wild-type (+/+) mice. This increase is analogous to the 2-fold increase of a glycohemoglobin with similar chromatographic mobility (Hb AIc) seen in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. Although the exact chemical nature of human or mouse Hb AIc is unknown, both contain a sodium-borohydride-reducible linkage on the beta chain which is a presumed Schiff base between a sugar moiety and the protein. The db/db animals, which have normal amounts of mouse Hb AIc at weaning, show the increase approximately 4 weeks after the onset of the signs of diabetes. This rise is brought about by an increase in a circulating factor that determines directly or indirectly the synthesis of mouse Hb AIc as a post-synthetic modification of Hb A. Evidence for this was obtained by showing that the rate of synthesis of the modified Hb is linear for at least the first 50 days of the life of the red cell and that the rate of synthesis is dependent on the environment in which the cells circulate. Thus the rate of mouse Hb AIc synthesis in +/+ cells is greater when those cells circulate in a db/db host than when they circulate in a +/+ host. The nature of the humoral factor is unknown. If glycosylations of basement membrane proteins and hemoglobin proceed via a common mechanism, then the monitoring of Hb AIc could provide a useful model for studying the early events of basement membrane thickening.", "PMID": 1059158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2874", "title": "[13C]Valine metabolism in methylmalonicacidemia using nuclear magnetic resonance: propinonate as an obligate intermediate.", "content": "[Alpha-13C]- and [alpha,beta-13C]valine were administered sequentially to a patient with methylmalonicacidemia to clarify the metabolic pathway of valine from methylmalonic acid semialdehyde to methylmalonyl-CoA. Methylmalonic acid was isolated from multiple urine samples, purified, and analyzed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Contrary to the widely accepted view, the results show unequivocally that methylmalonic acid semialdehyde is decarboxylated to propionate before conversion to methylmalonyl CoA.", "contents": "[13C]Valine metabolism in methylmalonicacidemia using nuclear magnetic resonance: propinonate as an obligate intermediate. [Alpha-13C]- and [alpha,beta-13C]valine were administered sequentially to a patient with methylmalonicacidemia to clarify the metabolic pathway of valine from methylmalonic acid semialdehyde to methylmalonyl-CoA. Methylmalonic acid was isolated from multiple urine samples, purified, and analyzed by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Contrary to the widely accepted view, the results show unequivocally that methylmalonic acid semialdehyde is decarboxylated to propionate before conversion to methylmalonyl CoA.", "PMID": 1059159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2875", "title": "Mating signal and DNA penetration deficiency in conjugation between male Escherichia coli and minicells.", "content": "Strain OU122, a dnaB mutant of HfrH which stops vegetative DNA synthesis immediately when the temperature is shifted to 43 degrees, was mated at 43 degrees with minicells with and without 1 mM Zn2+. Synthesis of DNA was detected in the mating mixture containing minicells derived from either Fchi925 or F+chi115 cells, but only a small amount was detected in the mixture containing 1 mM Zn2+ which inhibits the formation of mates (previously called mating pairs). The supernatant liquid from cell cultures did not induce DNA synthesis, suggesting that DNA synthesis was not stimulated by diffusible molecules. Additional experiments showed that Zn2+ inhibited DNA synthesis associated with DNA transfer but did not inhibit the DNA transfer that had already been initiated. Thus, the stimulation of DNA synthesis observed required physical interaction of cells and F pili. Reisolated minicell exconjugants derived from the cross OU122 X F--chi925 minicells were shown to contain transferred DNA in contrast to either the cross OU122 X F--chi925 minicells in 1 mM Zn2+, or the cross OU122 X F+chi1115 minicells. Thus, F+chi1115 minicells retained the property of surface exclusion at 43 degrees.", "contents": "Mating signal and DNA penetration deficiency in conjugation between male Escherichia coli and minicells. Strain OU122, a dnaB mutant of HfrH which stops vegetative DNA synthesis immediately when the temperature is shifted to 43 degrees, was mated at 43 degrees with minicells with and without 1 mM Zn2+. Synthesis of DNA was detected in the mating mixture containing minicells derived from either Fchi925 or F+chi115 cells, but only a small amount was detected in the mixture containing 1 mM Zn2+ which inhibits the formation of mates (previously called mating pairs). The supernatant liquid from cell cultures did not induce DNA synthesis, suggesting that DNA synthesis was not stimulated by diffusible molecules. Additional experiments showed that Zn2+ inhibited DNA synthesis associated with DNA transfer but did not inhibit the DNA transfer that had already been initiated. Thus, the stimulation of DNA synthesis observed required physical interaction of cells and F pili. Reisolated minicell exconjugants derived from the cross OU122 X F--chi925 minicells were shown to contain transferred DNA in contrast to either the cross OU122 X F--chi925 minicells in 1 mM Zn2+, or the cross OU122 X F+chi1115 minicells. Thus, F+chi1115 minicells retained the property of surface exclusion at 43 degrees.", "PMID": 1059160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2876", "title": "Rapid changes in rat pineal beta-adrenergic receptor: alterations in l-(3H)alprenolol binding and adenylate cyclase.", "content": "The properties of the beta-adrenergic receptor which regulates adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing)8 EC 4.6.1.1] in the pineal gland are similar to the properties of the sites which specifically bind l-[3H]alprenolol, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist. Stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor results in a 30-fold increase in the activity of N-acetyltransferase (= arylamine acetyltransferase; acetyl CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.5), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of thepineal hormone melatonin. In the normal diurnal light-dark cycle there is greater physiological stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor in the pineal during the night than during the day. Pineals from rats kept in constant light for 24 hr possess more hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase and specifically bind more l-[3H]alprenolol than do pineals from rats kept in the dark overnight. When rats, exposed to light for 24 hr, are treated with the beat-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, there is a rapid loss of both hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity and specific l-[3H]alprenolol binding sites. There is no change in the affinity of adenylate cyclase for isoproterenol or for its substrate, ATP. Similarly, although there are fewer binding sites, there is no change in the affinity of the remaining sites for either agonist or antagonist. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide does not affect the loss of either adenylate cyclase activity or specific binding sites. The data suggest that stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor causes a rapid decrease in the number of available receptors and in hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity; conversely, lack of stimulation causes an increase in these parameters. It is suggested that these changes contribute to the phenomena of super- and subsensitivity in the pineal gland by regulating the capacity of the pineal to synthesize cyclic AMP in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation.", "contents": "Rapid changes in rat pineal beta-adrenergic receptor: alterations in l-(3H)alprenolol binding and adenylate cyclase. The properties of the beta-adrenergic receptor which regulates adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing)8 EC 4.6.1.1] in the pineal gland are similar to the properties of the sites which specifically bind l-[3H]alprenolol, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist. Stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor results in a 30-fold increase in the activity of N-acetyltransferase (= arylamine acetyltransferase; acetyl CoA:arylamine N-acetyltransferase, EC 2.3.1.5), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of thepineal hormone melatonin. In the normal diurnal light-dark cycle there is greater physiological stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor in the pineal during the night than during the day. Pineals from rats kept in constant light for 24 hr possess more hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase and specifically bind more l-[3H]alprenolol than do pineals from rats kept in the dark overnight. When rats, exposed to light for 24 hr, are treated with the beat-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol, there is a rapid loss of both hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity and specific l-[3H]alprenolol binding sites. There is no change in the affinity of adenylate cyclase for isoproterenol or for its substrate, ATP. Similarly, although there are fewer binding sites, there is no change in the affinity of the remaining sites for either agonist or antagonist. Inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide does not affect the loss of either adenylate cyclase activity or specific binding sites. The data suggest that stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor causes a rapid decrease in the number of available receptors and in hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity; conversely, lack of stimulation causes an increase in these parameters. It is suggested that these changes contribute to the phenomena of super- and subsensitivity in the pineal gland by regulating the capacity of the pineal to synthesize cyclic AMP in response to beta-adrenergic stimulation.", "PMID": 1059161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2877", "title": "Control of meal size by central noradrenergic action.", "content": "Previous investigations of central noradrenergic effects on food intake have concentrated on the use of high doses of noradrenaline (two to 200 times brain noradrenaline content). In this work we examined the effect of low doses of noradrenaline (not exceeding brain noradrenaline content) on the parameters of spontaneous ingestive behavior. By arranging for rats to trigger remote infusions of noradrenaline into their own anterior forebrains at the beginning of spontaneously initiated meals, meal size was very reliably increased more than 200% by doses of 0.015--0.37 nmol (2.5--62 ng of noradrenaline base) (n = 12). The effect was alpha-adrenergic. It was blocked by phentolamine but not by propranolol. Infusions of noradrenaline at the above doses, which nearly triple meal size, did not elicit eating when made during an intermeal interval, nor did they influence the length of the intermeal interval when made 60 min after the termination of an uninfused meal. These results show that noradrenaline increased food intake at doses less than 1% of the brain's endogenous noradrenaline content. Meal size is more susceptible to alteration by noradrenaline manipulations than is meal frequency.  The brain's own noradrenergic system may function to sustain food intake once feeding is initiated. This function of brain noradrenaline may control spontaneous meal size.", "contents": "Control of meal size by central noradrenergic action. Previous investigations of central noradrenergic effects on food intake have concentrated on the use of high doses of noradrenaline (two to 200 times brain noradrenaline content). In this work we examined the effect of low doses of noradrenaline (not exceeding brain noradrenaline content) on the parameters of spontaneous ingestive behavior. By arranging for rats to trigger remote infusions of noradrenaline into their own anterior forebrains at the beginning of spontaneously initiated meals, meal size was very reliably increased more than 200% by doses of 0.015--0.37 nmol (2.5--62 ng of noradrenaline base) (n = 12). The effect was alpha-adrenergic. It was blocked by phentolamine but not by propranolol. Infusions of noradrenaline at the above doses, which nearly triple meal size, did not elicit eating when made during an intermeal interval, nor did they influence the length of the intermeal interval when made 60 min after the termination of an uninfused meal. These results show that noradrenaline increased food intake at doses less than 1% of the brain's endogenous noradrenaline content. Meal size is more susceptible to alteration by noradrenaline manipulations than is meal frequency.  The brain's own noradrenergic system may function to sustain food intake once feeding is initiated. This function of brain noradrenaline may control spontaneous meal size.", "PMID": 1059162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2878", "title": "An effect of castration and testosterone replacement on a circadian pacemaker in mice (Mus musculus).", "content": "Castration of mice in freerunning conditions (total darkness, DD) causes a reduction of running wheel activity in the beginning of the active period (alpha) and stimulates activity at the end of alpha. Simultaneously, the period (tau) of the freerunning rhythm is increased. Both effects are abolished by implantation of a Silastic capsule from which a physiological dose of testosterone is released at a constant rate. The results are tentatively explained by differential endocrine influences on two oscillating components in the pacemaker of the circadian activity rhythm.", "contents": "An effect of castration and testosterone replacement on a circadian pacemaker in mice (Mus musculus). Castration of mice in freerunning conditions (total darkness, DD) causes a reduction of running wheel activity in the beginning of the active period (alpha) and stimulates activity at the end of alpha. Simultaneously, the period (tau) of the freerunning rhythm is increased. Both effects are abolished by implantation of a Silastic capsule from which a physiological dose of testosterone is released at a constant rate. The results are tentatively explained by differential endocrine influences on two oscillating components in the pacemaker of the circadian activity rhythm.", "PMID": 1059163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2879", "title": "Group selection, altruism, reinforcement, and throwing in human evolution.", "content": "Evolution of altruism by group selection involves sacrifice of some individuals, not to the \"group as a whole,\" but to other individuals in the group. Deme-group selection may establish strictly altruistic genes in a population, but only under limited conditions, and perhaps never among vertebrates, among which apparently altruistic behaviors may always potentially benefit the altruists. Responsive-group selection is a more effective mode of evolution of altruism, conspicuous in man. Evolutionary reinforcement increases the force of selection of advantageous behaviors, including altruistic ones, by making them pleasant or rewarding. It is probably involved also in ecological habitat selection, and may be the source of many human emotions, including esthetic ones. Throwing (of stones and weapons) exemplifies both the possible importance of a difficult-to-measure evolutionary factor and the role of reinforcement; in human evolution throwing may have been decisive in food-getting and fighting, in shifting emphasis from brute force to skill, and in inducing evolution of a brain able to handle three-body geometric problems precisely and thus preadapted for more complex functions.", "contents": "Group selection, altruism, reinforcement, and throwing in human evolution. Evolution of altruism by group selection involves sacrifice of some individuals, not to the \"group as a whole,\" but to other individuals in the group. Deme-group selection may establish strictly altruistic genes in a population, but only under limited conditions, and perhaps never among vertebrates, among which apparently altruistic behaviors may always potentially benefit the altruists. Responsive-group selection is a more effective mode of evolution of altruism, conspicuous in man. Evolutionary reinforcement increases the force of selection of advantageous behaviors, including altruistic ones, by making them pleasant or rewarding. It is probably involved also in ecological habitat selection, and may be the source of many human emotions, including esthetic ones. Throwing (of stones and weapons) exemplifies both the possible importance of a difficult-to-measure evolutionary factor and the role of reinforcement; in human evolution throwing may have been decisive in food-getting and fighting, in shifting emphasis from brute force to skill, and in inducing evolution of a brain able to handle three-body geometric problems precisely and thus preadapted for more complex functions.", "PMID": 1059164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2880", "title": "Cytoenzymochemical effects of some antiblastic drugs and prediction of response to chemotherapy in acute leukemias.", "content": "Over 20 cytoenzymochemical tests were carried out in 152 patients with different types of acute leukemia to estimate the effects of some antiblastic drugs such as L-asparaginase, Purinethol, Methotrexate, Endoxan, Vinchristine, Cytosine Arabinoside a.o. The patients selected for the study were carefully examined before treatment at different moments during and/or at the end of the treatment. The effects of these drugs on the blast cells were mild when the cellular populations had a low rate of nucleic acid synthesis, high glycogenic score and high amounts of lipids or an important oxidative enzymatic activity. The enzymatic prediction tests: the acid phosphate deviation test and the succinic dehydrogenase inhibition test including the variant suggested by some of the authors - the latic dehydrogenase inhibition test - gave satisfactory results only in certain cases of acute leukemia.", "contents": "Cytoenzymochemical effects of some antiblastic drugs and prediction of response to chemotherapy in acute leukemias. Over 20 cytoenzymochemical tests were carried out in 152 patients with different types of acute leukemia to estimate the effects of some antiblastic drugs such as L-asparaginase, Purinethol, Methotrexate, Endoxan, Vinchristine, Cytosine Arabinoside a.o. The patients selected for the study were carefully examined before treatment at different moments during and/or at the end of the treatment. The effects of these drugs on the blast cells were mild when the cellular populations had a low rate of nucleic acid synthesis, high glycogenic score and high amounts of lipids or an important oxidative enzymatic activity. The enzymatic prediction tests: the acid phosphate deviation test and the succinic dehydrogenase inhibition test including the variant suggested by some of the authors - the latic dehydrogenase inhibition test - gave satisfactory results only in certain cases of acute leukemia.", "PMID": 1059233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2881", "title": "[Chemistry and pharmacology of glucocorticosteroids].", "content": "The glucocorticosteroids are derived chemically from androsterone or pregnane. Their natural models are cortisone and cortisol (or hydrocortisone), characterised by the presence of oxygen or an oxydryle group at 11, of a --CO -- CH2OH group in the 17 position and of an-OH group in the 17 position. Their anti-inflammatory power dominate their pharmacodynamics: it goes hand in hand with their power to increase gluconeogenesis. They have an immunodepressant effect whose power seems to be proportional the their anti-inflammatory action. The use of hydrocortisone in the treatment of shock remains empirical. The mechanism of their anti-allergic effect remains debated. Glucocorticosteroids disturb lipid and protein metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, the central nervous system, and gastric secretion; they inhibit the secretion of ACTH. Their pharmaceutical forms are numerous: they are adapted to the oral route and to the parenteral routes (i.m., i.v., i.r., intra-articular) and to external use (cutaneous and mucosal applications).", "contents": "[Chemistry and pharmacology of glucocorticosteroids]. The glucocorticosteroids are derived chemically from androsterone or pregnane. Their natural models are cortisone and cortisol (or hydrocortisone), characterised by the presence of oxygen or an oxydryle group at 11, of a --CO -- CH2OH group in the 17 position and of an-OH group in the 17 position. Their anti-inflammatory power dominate their pharmacodynamics: it goes hand in hand with their power to increase gluconeogenesis. They have an immunodepressant effect whose power seems to be proportional the their anti-inflammatory action. The use of hydrocortisone in the treatment of shock remains empirical. The mechanism of their anti-allergic effect remains debated. Glucocorticosteroids disturb lipid and protein metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, the central nervous system, and gastric secretion; they inhibit the secretion of ACTH. Their pharmaceutical forms are numerous: they are adapted to the oral route and to the parenteral routes (i.m., i.v., i.r., intra-articular) and to external use (cutaneous and mucosal applications).", "PMID": 1059234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2882", "title": "[Secondary side effects of corticosteroids and the management of corticosteroid therapy].", "content": "The side effects of glucocorticoids are the result of their biological effects and closely related to the dose administered and the duration of treatment. Whilst excessive amounts may result in the development of a clinical and biological Cushings syndrome, there exists also the problem of avoiding acute adrenal insufficiency when corticosteroids are stopped after a prolonged period of administration or during substitutive therapy for adrenal insufficiency. Aspects requiring surveillance are discussed.", "contents": "[Secondary side effects of corticosteroids and the management of corticosteroid therapy]. The side effects of glucocorticoids are the result of their biological effects and closely related to the dose administered and the duration of treatment. Whilst excessive amounts may result in the development of a clinical and biological Cushings syndrome, there exists also the problem of avoiding acute adrenal insufficiency when corticosteroids are stopped after a prolonged period of administration or during substitutive therapy for adrenal insufficiency. Aspects requiring surveillance are discussed.", "PMID": 1059235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2883", "title": "[Complications following subchondral, not intra-articular, injections of corticosteroids].", "content": "The author describes two cases of bone changes following non-intra-articular and more probably sub-chondral injection of corticosteroids. The first, in condyle a mandibular was reversible with reconstruction of the bone after a year. The second, in the condyle of a knee was definitive with a permanent chip in the bone.", "contents": "[Complications following subchondral, not intra-articular, injections of corticosteroids]. The author describes two cases of bone changes following non-intra-articular and more probably sub-chondral injection of corticosteroids. The first, in condyle a mandibular was reversible with reconstruction of the bone after a year. The second, in the condyle of a knee was definitive with a permanent chip in the bone.", "PMID": 1059236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2884", "title": "[Action of corticosteroids on cutaneous cicatrization. Use in maxillofacial surgery].", "content": "The effects of glucocorticoids on cutaneous cicatrisation are discussed. It is generally admitted that they have a delaying effect especially when applied locally. Their use in maxillo-facial surgery is limited: generally, they are used against oedema; locally, to check excessive fleshy growth and to treat cheloid scars.", "contents": "[Action of corticosteroids on cutaneous cicatrization. Use in maxillofacial surgery]. The effects of glucocorticoids on cutaneous cicatrisation are discussed. It is generally admitted that they have a delaying effect especially when applied locally. Their use in maxillo-facial surgery is limited: generally, they are used against oedema; locally, to check excessive fleshy growth and to treat cheloid scars.", "PMID": 1059237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2885", "title": "[Results of a survey on the usefulness of adding corticoids to root canal obturation pastes].", "content": "500 questionnaires were sent out. The statistical survey was carried out on 116 replies. It emerges from this survey that 81% of our colleagues who answered use a canal filling paste containing a corticoid. The reason for its use is the prevention of fairly serious medicamentous arthritis. A small number (5 colleagues) had complications which they ascribed to the associated corticoid. A few use a non-hardening paste containing a corticoid as a temporary canal filling.", "contents": "[Results of a survey on the usefulness of adding corticoids to root canal obturation pastes]. 500 questionnaires were sent out. The statistical survey was carried out on 116 replies. It emerges from this survey that 81% of our colleagues who answered use a canal filling paste containing a corticoid. The reason for its use is the prevention of fairly serious medicamentous arthritis. A small number (5 colleagues) had complications which they ascribed to the associated corticoid. A few use a non-hardening paste containing a corticoid as a temporary canal filling.", "PMID": 1059238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2886", "title": "[Corticotherapy and stomatologic oncology].", "content": "Long-term use of corticoids had proved beneficial in the treatment of advanced stomatological cancers, the effective dose being 40 mg of prednisone per day. In so far as it is possible to distinguish any specific action on individual symptoms, its action on pain was obvious in 40% of cases, on inflammation and infection in 52% of cases on fever (independent of infection) in 14% of cases, on oedema in 34% of cases. It was almost invariably favourable on the general condition. The method of using it emphasize how easy it is to use corticoids by injection which is of particular value in our speciality in view of: dysphagia, administration of large doses, deficiencies in the general condition, sometimes a matter of urgency. The counter-indications usually recognized for corticoids need to be modified in the case of cancer patients. Incidents occur surprisingly rarely and are minor relative to the advantages of the therapy, provided the patient is kept under strict supervision.", "contents": "[Corticotherapy and stomatologic oncology]. Long-term use of corticoids had proved beneficial in the treatment of advanced stomatological cancers, the effective dose being 40 mg of prednisone per day. In so far as it is possible to distinguish any specific action on individual symptoms, its action on pain was obvious in 40% of cases, on inflammation and infection in 52% of cases on fever (independent of infection) in 14% of cases, on oedema in 34% of cases. It was almost invariably favourable on the general condition. The method of using it emphasize how easy it is to use corticoids by injection which is of particular value in our speciality in view of: dysphagia, administration of large doses, deficiencies in the general condition, sometimes a matter of urgency. The counter-indications usually recognized for corticoids need to be modified in the case of cancer patients. Incidents occur surprisingly rarely and are minor relative to the advantages of the therapy, provided the patient is kept under strict supervision.", "PMID": 1059239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2887", "title": "[Corticotherapy and mucocutaneous pathology].", "content": "The tremendous advances in treatment brought about by corticotherapy applied to cutaneo-mucosal pathology should not be allowed to obscure the fact that its action is merely palliative, that it should only be proceeded with after careful diagnosis and that it may trigger undesirable side-effects. General corticotherapy is definitely indicated in certain serious dermatoses (e.g. pemphigus vulgaris) in large doses at the beginning of the course of treatment which often has to be kept up indefinitely; it is in these patients that the most serious accidents occur. It is also indicated in other dermatoses (e.g. lichen planus) in smaller doses and in separate courses, generally triggering incidents and accidents of a less serious nature which to a certain extent seem to be attenuated by taking the drug on alternate days. It is counter-indicated in one particular condition: psoriasis. Corticotherapy by intra- and sub-lesional local injection is most useful in the treatment of certain localised skin lesions (e.g. cheloids) and of the oral mucosa (e.g. erosive lichen planus). Either a few drops are injected or a larger quantity in a suspension of microcrystals. Complications have sometimes been observed in the skin (leukoderma, dermoepidermatrophia and, particularly, amaurosis), but never so far after sub-mucosal injections. Local corticotherapy by external application, very widely used in the form of ointments, creams and lotions for numerous cutaneous conditions may cause various more or less serious local side-effects, the systemic effects with depression of the hypophyso-adrenal axis, only seem to occur to any extent with occlusive dressings. It can also be used in the treatment of some conditions of the oral mucosa (e.g. some forms of lichen planus, benign mucous membrane pemphigoid) by means of either a corticosteroid incorporated into a special excipient which adheres to the mucous membrane or in tablets of 17-betamethasone valerate which gradually break up in the saliva. With the usual posology of 10 tablets of 0.1 mg per day, even over several months, there are no systemic effects, 17-betamethasone valerate (unlike phosphate) having an action which is primarily topic and being practically unabsorbed as has been shown by assessment of plasmatic cortisol.", "contents": "[Corticotherapy and mucocutaneous pathology]. The tremendous advances in treatment brought about by corticotherapy applied to cutaneo-mucosal pathology should not be allowed to obscure the fact that its action is merely palliative, that it should only be proceeded with after careful diagnosis and that it may trigger undesirable side-effects. General corticotherapy is definitely indicated in certain serious dermatoses (e.g. pemphigus vulgaris) in large doses at the beginning of the course of treatment which often has to be kept up indefinitely; it is in these patients that the most serious accidents occur. It is also indicated in other dermatoses (e.g. lichen planus) in smaller doses and in separate courses, generally triggering incidents and accidents of a less serious nature which to a certain extent seem to be attenuated by taking the drug on alternate days. It is counter-indicated in one particular condition: psoriasis. Corticotherapy by intra- and sub-lesional local injection is most useful in the treatment of certain localised skin lesions (e.g. cheloids) and of the oral mucosa (e.g. erosive lichen planus). Either a few drops are injected or a larger quantity in a suspension of microcrystals. Complications have sometimes been observed in the skin (leukoderma, dermoepidermatrophia and, particularly, amaurosis), but never so far after sub-mucosal injections. Local corticotherapy by external application, very widely used in the form of ointments, creams and lotions for numerous cutaneous conditions may cause various more or less serious local side-effects, the systemic effects with depression of the hypophyso-adrenal axis, only seem to occur to any extent with occlusive dressings. It can also be used in the treatment of some conditions of the oral mucosa (e.g. some forms of lichen planus, benign mucous membrane pemphigoid) by means of either a corticosteroid incorporated into a special excipient which adheres to the mucous membrane or in tablets of 17-betamethasone valerate which gradually break up in the saliva. With the usual posology of 10 tablets of 0.1 mg per day, even over several months, there are no systemic effects, 17-betamethasone valerate (unlike phosphate) having an action which is primarily topic and being practically unabsorbed as has been shown by assessment of plasmatic cortisol.", "PMID": 1059240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2888", "title": "Thymidine kinase activity in human bone marrow cells.", "content": "The thymidine kinase activity per 10(6) DNA-synthesising marrow cells and the rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the DNA of 10(3) DNA-synthesising marrow cells were estimated in 9 haematologically normal patients and 49 patients suffering from a variety of haematological disorders. Slight increases in thymidine kinase activity were found in 6 of the 31 patients with haematological diseases associated with normoblastic erythropoiesis and greater increases were found in 3 of the 18 patients with megaloblastic haemopoiesis due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. In the latter group, there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between haemoglobin levels and thymidine kinase activity. No correlation was found between thymidine kinase activity and the rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine in either the normoblastic or megaloblastic group, suggesting that the level of thymidine kinase activity does not limit the rate of incorporation of exogenously supplied thymidine into the DNA of human bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Thymidine kinase activity in human bone marrow cells. The thymidine kinase activity per 10(6) DNA-synthesising marrow cells and the rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine into the DNA of 10(3) DNA-synthesising marrow cells were estimated in 9 haematologically normal patients and 49 patients suffering from a variety of haematological disorders. Slight increases in thymidine kinase activity were found in 6 of the 31 patients with haematological diseases associated with normoblastic erythropoiesis and greater increases were found in 3 of the 18 patients with megaloblastic haemopoiesis due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. In the latter group, there was a statistically significant inverse correlation between haemoglobin levels and thymidine kinase activity. No correlation was found between thymidine kinase activity and the rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine in either the normoblastic or megaloblastic group, suggesting that the level of thymidine kinase activity does not limit the rate of incorporation of exogenously supplied thymidine into the DNA of human bone marrow cells.", "PMID": 1059244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2889", "title": "[Etiology and treatment of glossodynias].", "content": "This study only concerns classical glossodynia with few symptoms and not related to general, tumoral or local syndromes. Lingual pain is caused in the majority of cases by apraxic movements of the tongue. These movements, related to the anguish, can by a regressive process be related to the \"searching\" lingual movements of the child in psychological distress. The patient suffering from glossodynia (usually a woman) is enclosed in a viscious circle : anguish, apraxic movements, lingual pain, of which the beginning is often contemporary with a cancer in the area. Therapy should be addressed first of all at the distress, by looking very closely at the patient, by examining her very carefully, by absolutely gaining her confidence and by asserting the absence of cancer while admitting the reality of her disease. It should then be addressed to the lingual movements, by immobilization exercises giving rise to consciousness of movements up to then unconscious. Relaxation exercises can be combined. Failure of this therapy : frequent in men, in those who speak a lot (teachers), in hysterics \"pithiatics\", senile, and those persons whose intellectual evolution is slight. The author emphasizes the therapist's availability ; success in this treatment being related to what he can give of himself to these patients.", "contents": "[Etiology and treatment of glossodynias]. This study only concerns classical glossodynia with few symptoms and not related to general, tumoral or local syndromes. Lingual pain is caused in the majority of cases by apraxic movements of the tongue. These movements, related to the anguish, can by a regressive process be related to the \"searching\" lingual movements of the child in psychological distress. The patient suffering from glossodynia (usually a woman) is enclosed in a viscious circle : anguish, apraxic movements, lingual pain, of which the beginning is often contemporary with a cancer in the area. Therapy should be addressed first of all at the distress, by looking very closely at the patient, by examining her very carefully, by absolutely gaining her confidence and by asserting the absence of cancer while admitting the reality of her disease. It should then be addressed to the lingual movements, by immobilization exercises giving rise to consciousness of movements up to then unconscious. Relaxation exercises can be combined. Failure of this therapy : frequent in men, in those who speak a lot (teachers), in hysterics \"pithiatics\", senile, and those persons whose intellectual evolution is slight. The author emphasizes the therapist's availability ; success in this treatment being related to what he can give of himself to these patients.", "PMID": 1059241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2890", "title": "[Phonetic results of velopharyngoplasties. Apropos of 67 cases].", "content": "The phonetic results of velopharyngoplasty depend on the anatomical conditions of velopharyngeal reconstitution. But this is not the only condition and the results are variable depending on the degree of phonetic disorders and their longstandingness. The latter therefore account for a certain number of bad results whatever the surgical technique used.", "contents": "[Phonetic results of velopharyngoplasties. Apropos of 67 cases]. The phonetic results of velopharyngoplasty depend on the anatomical conditions of velopharyngeal reconstitution. But this is not the only condition and the results are variable depending on the degree of phonetic disorders and their longstandingness. The latter therefore account for a certain number of bad results whatever the surgical technique used.", "PMID": 1059242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2891", "title": "[Root canal screws in amalgam restoration of devitalized teeth].", "content": "The placing of amalgam screws into root canals is indicated (1) on damaged teeth if the coronal retenion is insufficient, (2) on vital teeth, after canal treatment, as an alternative to dentine anchors like small crews or pins, and (3) for building up crown cores. Four systems of canal screws are described, Dentatus, FKG, Anthogyr and Mooser. The large differences of dimensions and conicity necessitate a better knowledge of the necessary dimensions of the root reamers and drills. After comparative evaluation of the systems, the clinical technique for the user of the Mooser system is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Root canal screws in amalgam restoration of devitalized teeth]. The placing of amalgam screws into root canals is indicated (1) on damaged teeth if the coronal retenion is insufficient, (2) on vital teeth, after canal treatment, as an alternative to dentine anchors like small crews or pins, and (3) for building up crown cores. Four systems of canal screws are described, Dentatus, FKG, Anthogyr and Mooser. The large differences of dimensions and conicity necessitate a better knowledge of the necessary dimensions of the root reamers and drills. After comparative evaluation of the systems, the clinical technique for the user of the Mooser system is demonstrated.", "PMID": 1059246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2892", "title": "[Gingivitis in Zurich preschool children].", "content": "The gingival condition of 96 boys and 92 girls 5 years old was clinically examined using the sulcus bleeding index (M\u00fchlemann)Son, 1971). 58% of all children exhibited a light degree of gingivitis. The average inflammatory degree was 0.17 (SBI). There was no significant difference in degree of inflammation between the boys and girls. Only 24 gingival units per child were inflammed.", "contents": "[Gingivitis in Zurich preschool children]. The gingival condition of 96 boys and 92 girls 5 years old was clinically examined using the sulcus bleeding index (M\u00fchlemann)Son, 1971). 58% of all children exhibited a light degree of gingivitis. The average inflammatory degree was 0.17 (SBI). There was no significant difference in degree of inflammation between the boys and girls. Only 24 gingival units per child were inflammed.", "PMID": 1059248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2893", "title": "[Motivation and education].", "content": "It was thought for many years that successful motivation in oral health should be based on the knowledge of epidemiology of caries and periodontal diseases and the methods of prevention. One should learn from mistakes: 95 per cent of the Swiss population \"suffers\" from caries and periodontal disease but apparently this had little impact on prevention. Simple, world-wide accepted methods of prevention are not used by the majority although they provide a pronounced reduction of caries and gingivitis. The number of Swiss communities which offer adequate preventive programs to schoolchildren ranges between 5 to 10 per cent. Although the budgets of school dental services could be lowered by 75%. Reasons for such failures may be inadequate information of dentists, authorities and the population. Not enough information is spread regarding sugarless sweets, or prevention by fluoride. Unsuccessful motivation probably also lies in the inadequate assignment of the roles ofthe patient, his dentist and the social security. So far only the dentist has formulated oral health duties to the patient, e.g. a better oral hygiene, a reasonable healthy nutrition. In the future the patient should have the right to ask the dentist some questions. Is his dentition at the end of a treatment, healthy and ready to render hygienic efforts effective? Patient, doctor and insurances should know that disease still exists if gingival papillae bleed upon using a toothpick. Absence or presence of gingival bleeding are the criteria for health or disease. A check list of the state of oral health and a signed questionnaire concerning the patient's knowledge of oral health are used to improve motivation of both patient and dentist.", "contents": "[Motivation and education]. It was thought for many years that successful motivation in oral health should be based on the knowledge of epidemiology of caries and periodontal diseases and the methods of prevention. One should learn from mistakes: 95 per cent of the Swiss population \"suffers\" from caries and periodontal disease but apparently this had little impact on prevention. Simple, world-wide accepted methods of prevention are not used by the majority although they provide a pronounced reduction of caries and gingivitis. The number of Swiss communities which offer adequate preventive programs to schoolchildren ranges between 5 to 10 per cent. Although the budgets of school dental services could be lowered by 75%. Reasons for such failures may be inadequate information of dentists, authorities and the population. Not enough information is spread regarding sugarless sweets, or prevention by fluoride. Unsuccessful motivation probably also lies in the inadequate assignment of the roles ofthe patient, his dentist and the social security. So far only the dentist has formulated oral health duties to the patient, e.g. a better oral hygiene, a reasonable healthy nutrition. In the future the patient should have the right to ask the dentist some questions. Is his dentition at the end of a treatment, healthy and ready to render hygienic efforts effective? Patient, doctor and insurances should know that disease still exists if gingival papillae bleed upon using a toothpick. Absence or presence of gingival bleeding are the criteria for health or disease. A check list of the state of oral health and a signed questionnaire concerning the patient's knowledge of oral health are used to improve motivation of both patient and dentist.", "PMID": 1059253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2894", "title": "Differentiation of erythroleukemic cells in the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis.", "content": "Erythroid differentiation can be readily induced by butyric acid in cultured erythroleukemic cells in the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis and in the absence of cell division. This result appears to rule out more complex models for globin gene expression which require gene replication or cell division (or both).", "contents": "Differentiation of erythroleukemic cells in the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Erythroid differentiation can be readily induced by butyric acid in cultured erythroleukemic cells in the presence of inhibitors of DNA synthesis and in the absence of cell division. This result appears to rule out more complex models for globin gene expression which require gene replication or cell division (or both).", "PMID": 1059262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2895", "title": "Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome) associated with acute granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "Incontinentia pigmenti, a syndrome of developmental defects, was found to be associated with acute granulocytic leukemia in a 4-month-old black girl. She has been responsive to antileukemic drugs, and remission has been induced without difficulty after each relapse. Although survival time was expected to be very short because of her age, race, type of leukemia, and initial peripheral leukocyte count at time of diagnosis, she is still alive 35 months after diagnosis of leukemia. One may speculate that the prolonged survival time might be related to the unknown genetic defect.", "contents": "Incontinentia pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger syndrome) associated with acute granulocytic leukemia. Incontinentia pigmenti, a syndrome of developmental defects, was found to be associated with acute granulocytic leukemia in a 4-month-old black girl. She has been responsive to antileukemic drugs, and remission has been induced without difficulty after each relapse. Although survival time was expected to be very short because of her age, race, type of leukemia, and initial peripheral leukocyte count at time of diagnosis, she is still alive 35 months after diagnosis of leukemia. One may speculate that the prolonged survival time might be related to the unknown genetic defect.", "PMID": 1059263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2896", "title": "[Immunological study in carcinogenesis. Distribution of tissue incompatibility antigens (system HL-A) in oncological patients].", "content": "By means of a micromethod of lymphocytotoxic test the content of eleven HL-A antigens (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13) was studied in 200 healthy human subjects, 100 patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis and 82 patients with bone tumors. The latter included 50 patients with benign tumors (osteoblastoclastomas, chondroblastomas, chondromas, non-osteogenic fibromas) and 32 patients with malignant tumors (chondro- and osteosarcomas, Ewing sarcoma, malignant osteoblastoclastomas). It was found that in patients with different bone tumors antigen HL-7 was encountered reliably more frequently than in control groups, in patients with malignant tumor also antigen HL-A10 was more often detected. The most frequently observed haplotyes in oncological patients were HL-A3/7 and HL-A2/7. In patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis antigen HL-A3 was found more rarely and antigen HL-A10 more frequently than in healthy subjects. The most frequent haplotypes in this group were as follows: HL-A2/7, HL-A2/8 and HL-A11/12. The possible mechanisms of the relationship between HL-A antigens and the development of pathology are discussed. Some considerations are offered concerning the possibility to utilize HL-A typing for an accessory differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Immunological study in carcinogenesis. Distribution of tissue incompatibility antigens (system HL-A) in oncological patients]. By means of a micromethod of lymphocytotoxic test the content of eleven HL-A antigens (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13) was studied in 200 healthy human subjects, 100 patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis and 82 patients with bone tumors. The latter included 50 patients with benign tumors (osteoblastoclastomas, chondroblastomas, chondromas, non-osteogenic fibromas) and 32 patients with malignant tumors (chondro- and osteosarcomas, Ewing sarcoma, malignant osteoblastoclastomas). It was found that in patients with different bone tumors antigen HL-7 was encountered reliably more frequently than in control groups, in patients with malignant tumor also antigen HL-A10 was more often detected. The most frequently observed haplotyes in oncological patients were HL-A3/7 and HL-A2/7. In patients with rheumatoid polyarthritis antigen HL-A3 was found more rarely and antigen HL-A10 more frequently than in healthy subjects. The most frequent haplotypes in this group were as follows: HL-A2/7, HL-A2/8 and HL-A11/12. The possible mechanisms of the relationship between HL-A antigens and the development of pathology are discussed. Some considerations are offered concerning the possibility to utilize HL-A typing for an accessory differential diagnosis.", "PMID": 1059274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2897", "title": "[Left ventricular decompression by means of a paracorporeal transatrial ventriculo-aortic bypass pump: hemodynamics and long-term results (author's transl)].", "content": "Circulatory assist devices in current clinical use are analyzed. In this study the hemodynamic effects and long-term results with a paracorporeal ventriculo-aortic membrane pump with transatrial access to the left ventricular chamber are reported. The effectiveness of the pump was demonstrated by left ventricular decompression (-63%) and reduction of MVO2 (-41%), TTI (-71%), dp/dt max (-66%) and Q cor (-17%). These highly significant hemodynamic changes were, furthermore, confirmed by evaluation of the force-velocity relation (V max). In chronic experiments the bypass pump was implanted in 6 calves. The longest survival time was 18 days. 5 experiments were terminated on account of rupture of mechanical parts, one death was due to acute renal failure caused by emboli. Different bypes of ventriculo-aortic assist devices are discussed in regard to technical problems, hemodynamic efficiency and long-term results.", "contents": "[Left ventricular decompression by means of a paracorporeal transatrial ventriculo-aortic bypass pump: hemodynamics and long-term results (author's transl)]. Circulatory assist devices in current clinical use are analyzed. In this study the hemodynamic effects and long-term results with a paracorporeal ventriculo-aortic membrane pump with transatrial access to the left ventricular chamber are reported. The effectiveness of the pump was demonstrated by left ventricular decompression (-63%) and reduction of MVO2 (-41%), TTI (-71%), dp/dt max (-66%) and Q cor (-17%). These highly significant hemodynamic changes were, furthermore, confirmed by evaluation of the force-velocity relation (V max). In chronic experiments the bypass pump was implanted in 6 calves. The longest survival time was 18 days. 5 experiments were terminated on account of rupture of mechanical parts, one death was due to acute renal failure caused by emboli. Different bypes of ventriculo-aortic assist devices are discussed in regard to technical problems, hemodynamic efficiency and long-term results.", "PMID": 1059284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2898", "title": "Breast disease. A clinical study with special reference to diagnostic procedures.", "content": "A consecutive series of 1.310 women with breast complaints and a control group of 241 healthy women were examined by clinical examination and mammography. The majority of the palpable and non-palpable lesions were preoperatively classified on a four-point scale according to the degree of suspicion of malignancy. A similar classification was performed after mammography as well as after aspiration biopsy. Some aspects of the case-histories including a positive family history of breast carcinoma, marital status and breast feeding were studied in women with breast complaints and compared to the findings in a control group of women. Previous breast disease, mode of detection, delay and breast symptoms were also studied...", "contents": "Breast disease. A clinical study with special reference to diagnostic procedures. A consecutive series of 1.310 women with breast complaints and a control group of 241 healthy women were examined by clinical examination and mammography. The majority of the palpable and non-palpable lesions were preoperatively classified on a four-point scale according to the degree of suspicion of malignancy. A similar classification was performed after mammography as well as after aspiration biopsy. Some aspects of the case-histories including a positive family history of breast carcinoma, marital status and breast feeding were studied in women with breast complaints and compared to the findings in a control group of women. Previous breast disease, mode of detection, delay and breast symptoms were also studied...", "PMID": 1059305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2899", "title": "Electron microscopic observations of the utricle and ampullae in a case of dizziness of suspected saccular origin.", "content": "Electron microscopic observation was reported on the utricle and ampullae of a case, a 36-year-old male, with dizziness attack due to suspected saccular origin. After the removal of the utricle and ampullae, the dizziness recurred, and finally the saccular nerve section relieved the dizziness attack of this case. So the actual lesion was localized in the saccule and was not in the specimens obtained at the first surgery. Though most of hair cells appeared normal, there were a few with many vacuoles or shrinkage of the cytoplasm distributing sparsely throughout the sensory epithelia. The distribution of the pathological hair cells in the utricle was more general than in the ampullae. The sensory hair cells without pathology and the presynaptic structures were similar to those found in the experimental animals. Nerve and nerve endings showed normal structures. The findings may be physiological at this age group or an extension of the pathology of the dizziness-causing lesion.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations of the utricle and ampullae in a case of dizziness of suspected saccular origin. Electron microscopic observation was reported on the utricle and ampullae of a case, a 36-year-old male, with dizziness attack due to suspected saccular origin. After the removal of the utricle and ampullae, the dizziness recurred, and finally the saccular nerve section relieved the dizziness attack of this case. So the actual lesion was localized in the saccule and was not in the specimens obtained at the first surgery. Though most of hair cells appeared normal, there were a few with many vacuoles or shrinkage of the cytoplasm distributing sparsely throughout the sensory epithelia. The distribution of the pathological hair cells in the utricle was more general than in the ampullae. The sensory hair cells without pathology and the presynaptic structures were similar to those found in the experimental animals. Nerve and nerve endings showed normal structures. The findings may be physiological at this age group or an extension of the pathology of the dizziness-causing lesion.", "PMID": 1059310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2900", "title": "[Lesions of the vertical and horizontal systems in the optokinetic vestibular system].", "content": "Symptoms of vestibulo-ocular disturbances may be classified into two major groups; i.e., vertical plane and horizontal plane disturbances. Vertical plane symptoms arise from midline lesions of the cerebellum or the brainstem and also from diffuse or symmetrical lesions to either. Vertical plane symptoms also arise from lesions which simultaneously effect both peripheral vestibular systems. Horizontal plane symptoms originate from a unilateral disturbance in the vestibular system. Thus, vertical plane symptoms indicate bilateral disturbances and the symptoms appear symmetrically in the eyes, trunk or extremities. Vertical plane symptoms appear in the sagittal plane, or the plane of the vertical semicircular canals. On the other hand, horizontal plane symptoms appear in the horizontal plane, or the plane of the horizontal semicircular canals.", "contents": "[Lesions of the vertical and horizontal systems in the optokinetic vestibular system]. Symptoms of vestibulo-ocular disturbances may be classified into two major groups; i.e., vertical plane and horizontal plane disturbances. Vertical plane symptoms arise from midline lesions of the cerebellum or the brainstem and also from diffuse or symmetrical lesions to either. Vertical plane symptoms also arise from lesions which simultaneously effect both peripheral vestibular systems. Horizontal plane symptoms originate from a unilateral disturbance in the vestibular system. Thus, vertical plane symptoms indicate bilateral disturbances and the symptoms appear symmetrically in the eyes, trunk or extremities. Vertical plane symptoms appear in the sagittal plane, or the plane of the vertical semicircular canals. On the other hand, horizontal plane symptoms appear in the horizontal plane, or the plane of the horizontal semicircular canals.", "PMID": 1059311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2901", "title": "Transition of nystagmus types in unilateral labyrinthine diseases.", "content": "In order to clarify changes in spontaneous and positional nystagmus which occurred during the course of peripheral labyrinthine diseases, 31 patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8res disease (17 cases), aural vertigo of unknown etiology (9 cases), and sudden deafness (5 cases) were tested repeatedly using ENG. The testing of each case was made 4.8 times on the average with an average interval of 7.2 days. Twenty-four cases (77.4%) showed more than two of the following four types which are listed in serial order of occurrence: spontaneous (or direction-fixed positional) nystagmus toward the involved ear; geotropic direction-changing positional nystagmus; spontaneous (or direction-fixed positional) nystagmus toward the opposite ear; and apogeotropic direction-changing positional nystagmus. Thus, the above-mentioned order may be regarded as the uniform pattern in the nystagmus transition caused by acute unilateral labyrinthine diseases.", "contents": "Transition of nystagmus types in unilateral labyrinthine diseases. In order to clarify changes in spontaneous and positional nystagmus which occurred during the course of peripheral labyrinthine diseases, 31 patients with M\u00e9ni\u00e8res disease (17 cases), aural vertigo of unknown etiology (9 cases), and sudden deafness (5 cases) were tested repeatedly using ENG. The testing of each case was made 4.8 times on the average with an average interval of 7.2 days. Twenty-four cases (77.4%) showed more than two of the following four types which are listed in serial order of occurrence: spontaneous (or direction-fixed positional) nystagmus toward the involved ear; geotropic direction-changing positional nystagmus; spontaneous (or direction-fixed positional) nystagmus toward the opposite ear; and apogeotropic direction-changing positional nystagmus. Thus, the above-mentioned order may be regarded as the uniform pattern in the nystagmus transition caused by acute unilateral labyrinthine diseases.", "PMID": 1059312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2902", "title": "Tubing, as a treatment for recurrent infant suppurative otitis media.", "content": "(1) The details described below have evidenced that the tubing therapy is an influential treatment for the recurrent infant suppurative otitis media. The tube with a beveled head and split shank is very convenient and effective for the treatment since it is not only easily inserted but also easily removed, preventing it from migration into the tympanum. (2) The treatment must promote the drainage of discharges through the infant auditory tubes which are thick and short and improve the ventilation of the middle ear cavity half permanently. (3) According to the author's experience, the spontaneous extrusion of the ideally set tube after 2 or 3 months is a sign of a perfect cure of this disease.", "contents": "Tubing, as a treatment for recurrent infant suppurative otitis media. (1) The details described below have evidenced that the tubing therapy is an influential treatment for the recurrent infant suppurative otitis media. The tube with a beveled head and split shank is very convenient and effective for the treatment since it is not only easily inserted but also easily removed, preventing it from migration into the tympanum. (2) The treatment must promote the drainage of discharges through the infant auditory tubes which are thick and short and improve the ventilation of the middle ear cavity half permanently. (3) According to the author's experience, the spontaneous extrusion of the ideally set tube after 2 or 3 months is a sign of a perfect cure of this disease.", "PMID": 1059313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2903", "title": "Responses of cortical vestibular center produced by stimulation of vestibular nuclei and visual association area in the cat.", "content": "(1) The cortical projection of the vestibular nuclei (LVN, MVN and IVN) was investigated by the evoked potential and unit discharge analyses in the cat anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and/or immobilized with gallamine triethiodide. (2) This projection field coincided well with that of the vestibular nerves, being principally contralateral by LVN stimulation but nearly symmetrical by either MVN or IVN stimulation. (3) Of 11 units responsive to vestibular nuclei stimulation, 6 reacted to stimulation of the visual association cortex (anterior part of the Clare-Bishop area). The response pattern of the cortical vestibular units by C-B stimulation was a sequence of excitation, inhibition and rebound. (4) Interaction of visual information with the cortical vestibular neurons was discussed.", "contents": "Responses of cortical vestibular center produced by stimulation of vestibular nuclei and visual association area in the cat. (1) The cortical projection of the vestibular nuclei (LVN, MVN and IVN) was investigated by the evoked potential and unit discharge analyses in the cat anesthetized with alpha-chloralose and/or immobilized with gallamine triethiodide. (2) This projection field coincided well with that of the vestibular nerves, being principally contralateral by LVN stimulation but nearly symmetrical by either MVN or IVN stimulation. (3) Of 11 units responsive to vestibular nuclei stimulation, 6 reacted to stimulation of the visual association cortex (anterior part of the Clare-Bishop area). The response pattern of the cortical vestibular units by C-B stimulation was a sequence of excitation, inhibition and rebound. (4) Interaction of visual information with the cortical vestibular neurons was discussed.", "PMID": 1059314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2904", "title": "A quantitative test of optokinetic nystagmus and its data processing by computer.", "content": "A quantitative test of optokinetic nystagmus was proposed. Horizontal nystagmus was examined by a large rotating cylinder with vertical stripes. Nystagmus responding to the cylinder rotation with an acceleration of 2 degrees/sec2 for 90 seconds was recorded with an electronystagmograph. On the records, the number of beats, average eye-speed, and average amplitude per each 10 seconds were calculated. This method was suitable for testing the nature of optokinetic nystagmus which indicates the ability of the eyes to adapt to objects moving through the visual field. Moreover, in order to save trouble in hand-scoring of each parameter of nystagmus, computer processing of electronystagmographic data was introduced. The results were printed numerically on the teletypewriter, and displayed graphically on a cathode ray tube and X-Y recorder. By displaying measured values on the form already printed with the normal ranges, the evaluation of the results was performed readily and objectively.", "contents": "A quantitative test of optokinetic nystagmus and its data processing by computer. A quantitative test of optokinetic nystagmus was proposed. Horizontal nystagmus was examined by a large rotating cylinder with vertical stripes. Nystagmus responding to the cylinder rotation with an acceleration of 2 degrees/sec2 for 90 seconds was recorded with an electronystagmograph. On the records, the number of beats, average eye-speed, and average amplitude per each 10 seconds were calculated. This method was suitable for testing the nature of optokinetic nystagmus which indicates the ability of the eyes to adapt to objects moving through the visual field. Moreover, in order to save trouble in hand-scoring of each parameter of nystagmus, computer processing of electronystagmographic data was introduced. The results were printed numerically on the teletypewriter, and displayed graphically on a cathode ray tube and X-Y recorder. By displaying measured values on the form already printed with the normal ranges, the evaluation of the results was performed readily and objectively.", "PMID": 1059316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2905", "title": "Optic organ and cervical proprioceptors in maintenance of body equilibrium.", "content": "Two experiments were made on the functional correlation between the optic organ and the cervical proprioceptors in maintenance of body equilibrium. Experiment I: The effects of weak and strong electric stimulation of the deep nuchal muscles on changes in optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus were examined in adult non-albino rabbits with binocular vision. Experiment II: Experiment I was repeated on rabbits with monocular vision giving optokinetic stimulation moving from the side of the blindfolded eye to that of the open eye and applying only weak electric stimulation to the neck muscles. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Experiment I: Weak electric stimulation of the deep nuchal muscles of rabbits with binocular vision tended to promote optokinetic nystagmus with either no significant change or decrease in optokinetic after-nystagmus. Strong electric stimulation had the opposite effects, i.e., it tended to inhibit optokinetic nystagmus and activate optokinetic after-nystagmus. It also produced abnormal optokinetic nystagmus, such as the inversion phenomenon of optokinetic nystagmus and \"optokinetic nystagmus firing\". (2) Experiment II: Weak electric stimulation of the deep nuchal muscles of rabbits with monocular vision had similar effects to those in experiment I, but promotion of optokinetic nystagmus was less obvious, while activation of optokinetic after-nystagmus was more marked. In addition, the inversion phenomenon of optokinetic nystagmus developed even on weak electric stimulation. From these results the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The cervical proprioceptors can function in two mechanisms causing promotion and break down of equilibrium of the optokinetic system. (2) The cervical proprioceptors, as an organ of equilibrium, can exert two different actions on the optokinetic eye reflexes, i.e., they can promote optokinetic nystagmus and inhibit optokinetic after-nystagmus.", "contents": "Optic organ and cervical proprioceptors in maintenance of body equilibrium. Two experiments were made on the functional correlation between the optic organ and the cervical proprioceptors in maintenance of body equilibrium. Experiment I: The effects of weak and strong electric stimulation of the deep nuchal muscles on changes in optokinetic nystagmus and optokinetic after-nystagmus were examined in adult non-albino rabbits with binocular vision. Experiment II: Experiment I was repeated on rabbits with monocular vision giving optokinetic stimulation moving from the side of the blindfolded eye to that of the open eye and applying only weak electric stimulation to the neck muscles. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Experiment I: Weak electric stimulation of the deep nuchal muscles of rabbits with binocular vision tended to promote optokinetic nystagmus with either no significant change or decrease in optokinetic after-nystagmus. Strong electric stimulation had the opposite effects, i.e., it tended to inhibit optokinetic nystagmus and activate optokinetic after-nystagmus. It also produced abnormal optokinetic nystagmus, such as the inversion phenomenon of optokinetic nystagmus and \"optokinetic nystagmus firing\". (2) Experiment II: Weak electric stimulation of the deep nuchal muscles of rabbits with monocular vision had similar effects to those in experiment I, but promotion of optokinetic nystagmus was less obvious, while activation of optokinetic after-nystagmus was more marked. In addition, the inversion phenomenon of optokinetic nystagmus developed even on weak electric stimulation. From these results the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The cervical proprioceptors can function in two mechanisms causing promotion and break down of equilibrium of the optokinetic system. (2) The cervical proprioceptors, as an organ of equilibrium, can exert two different actions on the optokinetic eye reflexes, i.e., they can promote optokinetic nystagmus and inhibit optokinetic after-nystagmus.", "PMID": 1059317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2906", "title": "Neurotological studies on the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the formation of traumatic vertigo of cervical origin.", "content": "To test the validity of the hypothesis that irritation of the cervical sympathetic nerves is a cause of hypertonicity of the cervical soft supporting tissues, especially the deep nuchal muscles, and that this hypertonicity is a cause of traumatic vertigo of cervical origin, we examined 44 vertigo cases with whiplash injury by testing equilibrium function and EMG discharges from the neck before and after administration of drugs affecting the sympathetic receptors. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Administration of iso-proterenol (beta-receptor stimulant) caused a significant increase in the EMG's from the injured neck muscles, in parallel with increased impairment of the righting reflex. The blindfolded vertical writing test showed the appearance or intensification of ataxia or deviation in writing when this drug was given. In contrast, administration of propranolol (beta-receptor depressor) had the opposite effects on the EMG's, the righting reflex and blindfolded vertical writing. Furthermore, the resulting changes in the EMG's and equilibrium functions were parallel with alterations in subjects' complaints, i.e., increase or decrease in neck pain and vertigo. 2. Administration of drugs affecting the alpha receptors, such as noradrenaline (alpha-receptor stimulant) and phentolamine (alpha-receptor depressor) had no appreciable effect on the EMG's, equilibrium function or the subjects' complaints. These results show that in vertigo due to whiplash injury hypertonicity of the cervical erector muscles can be induced sympathetically, and that this hypertonicity is based on over-excitement of beta receptors in the injured neck muscles, which results in vertigo of cervical origin.", "contents": "Neurotological studies on the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the formation of traumatic vertigo of cervical origin. To test the validity of the hypothesis that irritation of the cervical sympathetic nerves is a cause of hypertonicity of the cervical soft supporting tissues, especially the deep nuchal muscles, and that this hypertonicity is a cause of traumatic vertigo of cervical origin, we examined 44 vertigo cases with whiplash injury by testing equilibrium function and EMG discharges from the neck before and after administration of drugs affecting the sympathetic receptors. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Administration of iso-proterenol (beta-receptor stimulant) caused a significant increase in the EMG's from the injured neck muscles, in parallel with increased impairment of the righting reflex. The blindfolded vertical writing test showed the appearance or intensification of ataxia or deviation in writing when this drug was given. In contrast, administration of propranolol (beta-receptor depressor) had the opposite effects on the EMG's, the righting reflex and blindfolded vertical writing. Furthermore, the resulting changes in the EMG's and equilibrium functions were parallel with alterations in subjects' complaints, i.e., increase or decrease in neck pain and vertigo. 2. Administration of drugs affecting the alpha receptors, such as noradrenaline (alpha-receptor stimulant) and phentolamine (alpha-receptor depressor) had no appreciable effect on the EMG's, equilibrium function or the subjects' complaints. These results show that in vertigo due to whiplash injury hypertonicity of the cervical erector muscles can be induced sympathetically, and that this hypertonicity is based on over-excitement of beta receptors in the injured neck muscles, which results in vertigo of cervical origin.", "PMID": 1059318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2907", "title": "Lumbomuscular proprioceptive reflexes in body equilibrium.", "content": "To evaluate the role of reflexes related to the lumbar proprioceptors in maintenance of body equilibrium, changes in equilibrium function of the eyes and body were observed after unilateral procainization of the lumbar erector muscles. Observations were made on normal subjects and vertigo cases with lumbar pain after whiplash injury using various equilibrium tests. The results obtained were as follows: (1) On unilateral procainization of the lumbar erector muscles of normal subjects, eye nystagmus and disturbances of the righting reflex developed. Simultaneously, changes in drift reactions of the lower limbs were detected by the stepping test. Namely, in many of the subjects examined the direction of stepping deviation became quite different from that before procainization, and stepping after procainization tended to show slight or moderate ataxic features, associated with a sensation of unsteadiness. (2) When procaine was injected unilaterally into tender spots in the lumbar erector muscles of traumatic vertigo cases, spontaneous eye nystagmus and disturbances of the righting reflex decreased. Simultaneously, significant changes in the drift reactions of the lower limbs were observed in many of the cases examined. Namely, the direction of deviation became the opposite of that before procainization and ataxia in walking almost disappeared with reduction in vertigo. The following conclusions were drawn from these findings: (1) The effects of procaine on equilibrium of normal subjects are in sharp contrast to its effects on equilibrium of traumatic vertigo cases. Findings in the former might be due to increased imbalance between the activities of the right and left lumbar proprioceptors, while those in the latter might be due to decreased imbalance between the two. (2) These findings support the view that from the standpoint of body equilibrium, there are two phases of the proprioceptive reflex, and that Fukuda's concept of \"two phases of the labyrinthine reflex, i.e., a stage of disturbance and a stage of coordination\", can be applied to interpretation of the proprioceptive reflex of lumbar origin.", "contents": "Lumbomuscular proprioceptive reflexes in body equilibrium. To evaluate the role of reflexes related to the lumbar proprioceptors in maintenance of body equilibrium, changes in equilibrium function of the eyes and body were observed after unilateral procainization of the lumbar erector muscles. Observations were made on normal subjects and vertigo cases with lumbar pain after whiplash injury using various equilibrium tests. The results obtained were as follows: (1) On unilateral procainization of the lumbar erector muscles of normal subjects, eye nystagmus and disturbances of the righting reflex developed. Simultaneously, changes in drift reactions of the lower limbs were detected by the stepping test. Namely, in many of the subjects examined the direction of stepping deviation became quite different from that before procainization, and stepping after procainization tended to show slight or moderate ataxic features, associated with a sensation of unsteadiness. (2) When procaine was injected unilaterally into tender spots in the lumbar erector muscles of traumatic vertigo cases, spontaneous eye nystagmus and disturbances of the righting reflex decreased. Simultaneously, significant changes in the drift reactions of the lower limbs were observed in many of the cases examined. Namely, the direction of deviation became the opposite of that before procainization and ataxia in walking almost disappeared with reduction in vertigo. The following conclusions were drawn from these findings: (1) The effects of procaine on equilibrium of normal subjects are in sharp contrast to its effects on equilibrium of traumatic vertigo cases. Findings in the former might be due to increased imbalance between the activities of the right and left lumbar proprioceptors, while those in the latter might be due to decreased imbalance between the two. (2) These findings support the view that from the standpoint of body equilibrium, there are two phases of the proprioceptive reflex, and that Fukuda's concept of \"two phases of the labyrinthine reflex, i.e., a stage of disturbance and a stage of coordination\", can be applied to interpretation of the proprioceptive reflex of lumbar origin.", "PMID": 1059319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2908", "title": "[Reaction of the middle ear mucous membrane in tubal obstruction].", "content": "1. Tubal obstruction causes a rapid rise in transepithelial cytopempsis. The squamous epithelial cells show numerous vesicles carrying subepithelial fluid (extracellular fluid) to the middle ear cavity. 24 hours following tubal obstruction a widespread rupture of the epithelial junctions can be observed. Subepithelial fluid, consisting of lymphfluid, transsudate and later exsudate, enters the middle ear cavity without passing a cellular barrier. 2. Long lasting negative pressure provoces a cellular differentiation (metaplasia!) of the formerly squamous epithelium to a high, cylindric cell layer with new functions: ciliary movement and secretory activity. 3. Ablation of the tympanic membrane to expose the middle ear to air after 2-4 days, causes a stop in the epithelial differentiation but no regeneration to the normal histological flat formation. 4. Studies of samples of human middle ear mucosa in serous otitis or sero-mucous otitis show exactly the same results as during the different stages of our animal experiments.", "contents": "[Reaction of the middle ear mucous membrane in tubal obstruction]. 1. Tubal obstruction causes a rapid rise in transepithelial cytopempsis. The squamous epithelial cells show numerous vesicles carrying subepithelial fluid (extracellular fluid) to the middle ear cavity. 24 hours following tubal obstruction a widespread rupture of the epithelial junctions can be observed. Subepithelial fluid, consisting of lymphfluid, transsudate and later exsudate, enters the middle ear cavity without passing a cellular barrier. 2. Long lasting negative pressure provoces a cellular differentiation (metaplasia!) of the formerly squamous epithelium to a high, cylindric cell layer with new functions: ciliary movement and secretory activity. 3. Ablation of the tympanic membrane to expose the middle ear to air after 2-4 days, causes a stop in the epithelial differentiation but no regeneration to the normal histological flat formation. 4. Studies of samples of human middle ear mucosa in serous otitis or sero-mucous otitis show exactly the same results as during the different stages of our animal experiments.", "PMID": 1059320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2909", "title": "Simultaneous application of electronystagmography (ENG) and photoelectronystagmography (PENG) in the case of thermal labyrinth examination.", "content": "At examination of normal persons, the ENG registration method was compared with that of PENG. Special examinations were executed with regard to the behaviour of the beat rates during the culmination phase of thermal labyrinth reactions by using each of both registering methods. By synchronous recording of PENG and ENG, it was possible to settle the discrepancy of the greater number of beats in ENG compared with those of PENG, while the examinations were executed at different times. The PENG-method does not exclude an optical fixation due to the necessary interior illumination, and this results in a retarding of the reaction and smaller beat rates. This fact should be considered when comparing the results of ENG and PENG.", "contents": "Simultaneous application of electronystagmography (ENG) and photoelectronystagmography (PENG) in the case of thermal labyrinth examination. At examination of normal persons, the ENG registration method was compared with that of PENG. Special examinations were executed with regard to the behaviour of the beat rates during the culmination phase of thermal labyrinth reactions by using each of both registering methods. By synchronous recording of PENG and ENG, it was possible to settle the discrepancy of the greater number of beats in ENG compared with those of PENG, while the examinations were executed at different times. The PENG-method does not exclude an optical fixation due to the necessary interior illumination, and this results in a retarding of the reaction and smaller beat rates. This fact should be considered when comparing the results of ENG and PENG.", "PMID": 1059321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2910", "title": "The effect of gravity on galvanic nystagmus in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of gravity on a galvanic nystagmus provoked in rabbits was investigated. Weightlessness increased the amplitude but decreased the frequency as well as the speed of the nystagmus. During continuous galvanic stimulation the provoked nystagmus disappeared spontaneously after a period of 60-120 seconds. Weightlessness was able to arouse this nystagmus again. An explanation of this phenomenon might be that galvanic nystagmus undergoes a modifying effect from the vestibular maculae and their state of stimulation.", "contents": "The effect of gravity on galvanic nystagmus in rabbits. The effect of gravity on a galvanic nystagmus provoked in rabbits was investigated. Weightlessness increased the amplitude but decreased the frequency as well as the speed of the nystagmus. During continuous galvanic stimulation the provoked nystagmus disappeared spontaneously after a period of 60-120 seconds. Weightlessness was able to arouse this nystagmus again. An explanation of this phenomenon might be that galvanic nystagmus undergoes a modifying effect from the vestibular maculae and their state of stimulation.", "PMID": 1059322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2911", "title": "Tissue culture of the organ of Corti and the isolated hair cells from the newborn guinea pig.", "content": "The organ of Corti and isolated hair cells from newborn guinea pig were cultured with the Rose chamber method. The hair cells could be maintained for more than 20 days after explantation when the organ of Corti was cultured as a whole, though the isolated hair cells swelled and degenerated within about 13 hours after explantation. By comparison between the tissue culture of the hair cells with the organ of Corti and isolated hair cell culture, the following conclusions were reached: (1) There are some functional correlations concerning the nutritional requirements and cell metabolism between the hair cells and the supporting cells in addition to the structural correlations. (2) There are no distinct fundamental differences between both inner and outer hair cells about their affectability as a single cell level.", "contents": "Tissue culture of the organ of Corti and the isolated hair cells from the newborn guinea pig. The organ of Corti and isolated hair cells from newborn guinea pig were cultured with the Rose chamber method. The hair cells could be maintained for more than 20 days after explantation when the organ of Corti was cultured as a whole, though the isolated hair cells swelled and degenerated within about 13 hours after explantation. By comparison between the tissue culture of the hair cells with the organ of Corti and isolated hair cell culture, the following conclusions were reached: (1) There are some functional correlations concerning the nutritional requirements and cell metabolism between the hair cells and the supporting cells in addition to the structural correlations. (2) There are no distinct fundamental differences between both inner and outer hair cells about their affectability as a single cell level.", "PMID": 1059323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2912", "title": "Postural behavior and motion sickness.", "content": "(1) An interesting style of acting was demonstrated on a stage of a Kyogen, a classic comedy of Japan, titled \"Funawatashimuko\", i.e., \"A boatman and a bridgegroom in a boat\". Antagonistic postures which move toward the opposite direction were displayed by a boatman who is pulling an oar and a passenger who is being moved by the rolling of a boat. (2) Why doesn't one suffer from motion sickness when he drives a car but may suffer from it when he is a passenger? This question was answered, from the standpoint of human postures, by observing the antagonistic postures exhibited by a bus-driver and a passenger, and also by the findings in postrotatory eye nystagmus (an indication of artificial motion sickness) which was varied according to the three different positions of the head. (3) Learning postural adjustment against motion sickness, developing through repetitively traveling in vehicles, was also objectively shown in a posture of an experienced lady bus-conductor whose body inclined in the same direction as that of the driver. Its similarity to the establishment of a kinetic labyrinthine reflex in chickens was explained.", "contents": "Postural behavior and motion sickness. (1) An interesting style of acting was demonstrated on a stage of a Kyogen, a classic comedy of Japan, titled \"Funawatashimuko\", i.e., \"A boatman and a bridgegroom in a boat\". Antagonistic postures which move toward the opposite direction were displayed by a boatman who is pulling an oar and a passenger who is being moved by the rolling of a boat. (2) Why doesn't one suffer from motion sickness when he drives a car but may suffer from it when he is a passenger? This question was answered, from the standpoint of human postures, by observing the antagonistic postures exhibited by a bus-driver and a passenger, and also by the findings in postrotatory eye nystagmus (an indication of artificial motion sickness) which was varied according to the three different positions of the head. (3) Learning postural adjustment against motion sickness, developing through repetitively traveling in vehicles, was also objectively shown in a posture of an experienced lady bus-conductor whose body inclined in the same direction as that of the driver. Its similarity to the establishment of a kinetic labyrinthine reflex in chickens was explained.", "PMID": 1059324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2913", "title": "Serum lysozyme activity in children with hematological and malignant disorders.", "content": "Pretreatment serum lysozyme activity was high in 2 children with myelomonocytic leukemia, 800 and 1 000 mug/ml, normal in all 10 cases of acute lyelocytic leukemia and subnormal in 21 of 34 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Normal values were found in all but one case of acute lymphocytic leukemia during complete remission including 8 cases after all therapy had been discontinued. All 8 are still in complete remission. Low serum lysozyme activity was found in 5 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in complete relapse, this could possibly be helpful in the diagnosis of early relapse. Activity was subnormal in 5 of 17 children with malignant tumours, and in 3 of 65 cases of various benign hematological disorders.", "contents": "Serum lysozyme activity in children with hematological and malignant disorders. Pretreatment serum lysozyme activity was high in 2 children with myelomonocytic leukemia, 800 and 1 000 mug/ml, normal in all 10 cases of acute lyelocytic leukemia and subnormal in 21 of 34 cases of acute lymphocytic leukemia. Normal values were found in all but one case of acute lymphocytic leukemia during complete remission including 8 cases after all therapy had been discontinued. All 8 are still in complete remission. Low serum lysozyme activity was found in 5 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in complete relapse, this could possibly be helpful in the diagnosis of early relapse. Activity was subnormal in 5 of 17 children with malignant tumours, and in 3 of 65 cases of various benign hematological disorders.", "PMID": 1059325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2914", "title": "Liposarcoma a clinicopathologic, radiographic and prognostic study.", "content": "The present investigation is a clinicopathologic, radiologic and prognostic study of 122 liposarcomas registered in the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1958 and 1966. The incidence of liposarcoma in Sweden was estimated to be 2.5 cases per million inhabitants per year. The liposarcomas were divided into 4 main subtypes according to WHO's recommended classification (1969): well-differentiated (33 cases), myxoid (22 cases), rundcell (14 cases) and pleomorphic types (21 cases). When predominantly well-differentiated or myxoid liposarcomas contained areas of round-cell or pleomorphic types (24 and 8 cases, respectively), they were classified separately, thus adding 2 further subtypes to our classification. The validity of this histologic classification was emphasized by the prognostic study, based on a 10 year follow-up. The differential diagnosis for each of the 4 main subtypes is discussed. Three well-differentiated, lipoma-like liposarcomas which contained highly vascular hibernoma-like areas are described. Two well-differentiated liposarcomas situated in the neck and upper part of the back, respectively, of elderly patients included area similar to \"spindle-cell lipoma\" (Enzinger). An intracytoplasmic network of birefringent fibers with the staining reaction of collagen was found in 2 well-differentiated fibrosing liposarcomas...", "contents": "Liposarcoma a clinicopathologic, radiographic and prognostic study. The present investigation is a clinicopathologic, radiologic and prognostic study of 122 liposarcomas registered in the Swedish Cancer Registry between 1958 and 1966. The incidence of liposarcoma in Sweden was estimated to be 2.5 cases per million inhabitants per year. The liposarcomas were divided into 4 main subtypes according to WHO's recommended classification (1969): well-differentiated (33 cases), myxoid (22 cases), rundcell (14 cases) and pleomorphic types (21 cases). When predominantly well-differentiated or myxoid liposarcomas contained areas of round-cell or pleomorphic types (24 and 8 cases, respectively), they were classified separately, thus adding 2 further subtypes to our classification. The validity of this histologic classification was emphasized by the prognostic study, based on a 10 year follow-up. The differential diagnosis for each of the 4 main subtypes is discussed. Three well-differentiated, lipoma-like liposarcomas which contained highly vascular hibernoma-like areas are described. Two well-differentiated liposarcomas situated in the neck and upper part of the back, respectively, of elderly patients included area similar to \"spindle-cell lipoma\" (Enzinger). An intracytoplasmic network of birefringent fibers with the staining reaction of collagen was found in 2 well-differentiated fibrosing liposarcomas...", "PMID": 1059326}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2915", "title": "Meningeal leukemia in the blastic phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "One hundred one patients were treated for Ph' positive chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) in the blastic phase. In seven of these (6.9 per cent), meningeal leukemia developed. Of the 99 patients who died of their disease, a complete remission was achieved in 12 with a median survival of 12 months (three to 28 months). Incomplete responders had a median survival of only 2.5 months (one to 14 months). In five of the 12 complete responders (42 per cent), but in only two of the incomplete responders (2.3 per cent), meningeal leukemia developed. The principal neurologic signs were cranial nerve palsies and papilledema. All patients had pleocytosis with myeloblasts in the cerebrospinal fluid. As in patients with acute leukemia and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, increased survival of patients in whom hematologic remission from the blastic phase of CGL is achieved may allow sufficient time for the development of meningeal leukemia. Intrathecal methotrexate is extremely successful in treating this complication. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was eradicated in all seven of our patients, and neurologic symptoms and signs were completely eliminated in five patients. No evidence of meningeal leukemia was found in three of the five patients in whom an autopsy was performed.", "contents": "Meningeal leukemia in the blastic phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia. One hundred one patients were treated for Ph' positive chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) in the blastic phase. In seven of these (6.9 per cent), meningeal leukemia developed. Of the 99 patients who died of their disease, a complete remission was achieved in 12 with a median survival of 12 months (three to 28 months). Incomplete responders had a median survival of only 2.5 months (one to 14 months). In five of the 12 complete responders (42 per cent), but in only two of the incomplete responders (2.3 per cent), meningeal leukemia developed. The principal neurologic signs were cranial nerve palsies and papilledema. All patients had pleocytosis with myeloblasts in the cerebrospinal fluid. As in patients with acute leukemia and diffuse histiocytic lymphoma, increased survival of patients in whom hematologic remission from the blastic phase of CGL is achieved may allow sufficient time for the development of meningeal leukemia. Intrathecal methotrexate is extremely successful in treating this complication. Cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis was eradicated in all seven of our patients, and neurologic symptoms and signs were completely eliminated in five patients. No evidence of meningeal leukemia was found in three of the five patients in whom an autopsy was performed.", "PMID": 1059328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2916", "title": "The class II malocclusion: differential diagnosis and clinical application of activators, extraoral traction, and fixed appliances.", "content": "The importance of an exact differential diagnosis of the Class II malocclusion and its indications for treatment with activators, extraoral forces, and fixed appliances has been shown. Four schematized malocclusions with their cephalometric characteristics and their individualized orthopedic therapeutics have been presented. Special attention has been given to the subsequent fixed mechanotherapy showing the limited need for fixed appliances. This approach is attractive, for it reduces considerably the stress imposed on the patient and the orthodontist, it bypasses the iatrogenic hazards entailed in extensive and prolonged mechanotherapy, and it consistently increases chances for long-term stability.", "contents": "The class II malocclusion: differential diagnosis and clinical application of activators, extraoral traction, and fixed appliances. The importance of an exact differential diagnosis of the Class II malocclusion and its indications for treatment with activators, extraoral forces, and fixed appliances has been shown. Four schematized malocclusions with their cephalometric characteristics and their individualized orthopedic therapeutics have been presented. Special attention has been given to the subsequent fixed mechanotherapy showing the limited need for fixed appliances. This approach is attractive, for it reduces considerably the stress imposed on the patient and the orthodontist, it bypasses the iatrogenic hazards entailed in extensive and prolonged mechanotherapy, and it consistently increases chances for long-term stability.", "PMID": 1059330}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2917", "title": "Remodeling of teeth by grinding.", "content": "Pulp and dentin reactions to extensive grinding of human teeth were studied clinically and histologically. The facial portions of forty-eight premolars to be extracted for orthodontic reasons were reshaped to \"lateral incisors\" using diamond instruments and abundant water cooling. Following grinding and polishing with sandpaper discs and pumice, topical fluoride was administered. The patients were asked to report any increased sensitivity reactions. The teeth were extracted at 0, 1, or 3 weeks or 3 to 5 months and examined histologically. No significant discomfort was reported by the patients except for an initial period of a few days during which there was increased sensitivity to temperature changes. The histologic findings indicated that extensive remodeling of young permanent teeth is possible with no or only minor pulp and dentin reactions. Some initial localized effects in terms of aspiration of odontoblast nuclei, hyperemia, absence of a cell-free zone, and slight cellular infiltration were sometimes observed, but the long-term observations indicated that these reactions were transient. Secondary dentin formation was not registered. It is important that gentle grinding techniques with abundant water spray be used and that smooth and self-cleansing surfaces which allow hypermineralization of the ground enamel and dentin be prepared. In a few teeth in which proximal retention areas were unintentionally prepared, caries developed and marked pulp reactions occurred. Therefore, great care must be taken not to introduce proximal steps when mesiodistal tooth width adjustments are performed. The present study has provided histological and clinical evidence to indicate that even extensive recontouring by grinding may not be harmful to the teeth. This should encourage orthodontists to remodel teeth by grinding to improve the final occlusal and esthetic results in a number of different cases.", "contents": "Remodeling of teeth by grinding. Pulp and dentin reactions to extensive grinding of human teeth were studied clinically and histologically. The facial portions of forty-eight premolars to be extracted for orthodontic reasons were reshaped to \"lateral incisors\" using diamond instruments and abundant water cooling. Following grinding and polishing with sandpaper discs and pumice, topical fluoride was administered. The patients were asked to report any increased sensitivity reactions. The teeth were extracted at 0, 1, or 3 weeks or 3 to 5 months and examined histologically. No significant discomfort was reported by the patients except for an initial period of a few days during which there was increased sensitivity to temperature changes. The histologic findings indicated that extensive remodeling of young permanent teeth is possible with no or only minor pulp and dentin reactions. Some initial localized effects in terms of aspiration of odontoblast nuclei, hyperemia, absence of a cell-free zone, and slight cellular infiltration were sometimes observed, but the long-term observations indicated that these reactions were transient. Secondary dentin formation was not registered. It is important that gentle grinding techniques with abundant water spray be used and that smooth and self-cleansing surfaces which allow hypermineralization of the ground enamel and dentin be prepared. In a few teeth in which proximal retention areas were unintentionally prepared, caries developed and marked pulp reactions occurred. Therefore, great care must be taken not to introduce proximal steps when mesiodistal tooth width adjustments are performed. The present study has provided histological and clinical evidence to indicate that even extensive recontouring by grinding may not be harmful to the teeth. This should encourage orthodontists to remodel teeth by grinding to improve the final occlusal and esthetic results in a number of different cases.", "PMID": 1059331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2918", "title": "The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment.", "content": "A quantitative method of assessing mandibular anterior irregularity is proposed. The technique involves measurement directly from the mandibular cast with a caliper (calibrated to at least tenths of a millimeter) held parallel to the occlusal plane. The linear displacement of the adjacent anatomic contact points of the mandibular incisors is determined, the sum of the five measurements representing the Irregularity Index value of the case. Reliability and validity of the method were tested, with favorable results. At the University of Washington, several clinical studies have been and are continuing to be performed, using this technique as one of several methods of assessing pretreatment status and posttreatment change. It is hoped that this article will aid the reader in understanding the rationale and utility of a simple quantitative tool which could be used in malocclusion assessment.", "contents": "The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment. A quantitative method of assessing mandibular anterior irregularity is proposed. The technique involves measurement directly from the mandibular cast with a caliper (calibrated to at least tenths of a millimeter) held parallel to the occlusal plane. The linear displacement of the adjacent anatomic contact points of the mandibular incisors is determined, the sum of the five measurements representing the Irregularity Index value of the case. Reliability and validity of the method were tested, with favorable results. At the University of Washington, several clinical studies have been and are continuing to be performed, using this technique as one of several methods of assessing pretreatment status and posttreatment change. It is hoped that this article will aid the reader in understanding the rationale and utility of a simple quantitative tool which could be used in malocclusion assessment.", "PMID": 1059332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2919", "title": "New perspectives on orientation and their benefits to clinical orthodontics - part I.", "content": "The historical development of cranial reference lines, basic to cephalometric orientation, was discussed. The evolution to, away from, and back again to the Frankfort horizontal plane for descriptive and communicative purposes as benefits to the clinical orthodontist was explained. Objectives were set forth as a basis for selecting the most appropriate method in orienting the headplate for measurement and assessment. The major functions of cephalometrics were pointed out to be its use for description or classification of the face together with the malocclusion and for superimpositioning for longitudinal comparison. Each of these purposes calls for particular requirements pointing to the need for combinations of planes and multisuperimposing. The statistical findings via a computer pointed to the use of the Frankfort plane as the most desirable basic reference for descriptive reasons. Composites also suggested good order from Frankfort horizontal when serial tracings were compared. It was emphasized that true porion was used, not the ear rod of the cephalometer. For growth analysis the basion-nasion plane was shown to be longitudinally of superior value for chin behavior.", "contents": "New perspectives on orientation and their benefits to clinical orthodontics - part I. The historical development of cranial reference lines, basic to cephalometric orientation, was discussed. The evolution to, away from, and back again to the Frankfort horizontal plane for descriptive and communicative purposes as benefits to the clinical orthodontist was explained. Objectives were set forth as a basis for selecting the most appropriate method in orienting the headplate for measurement and assessment. The major functions of cephalometrics were pointed out to be its use for description or classification of the face together with the malocclusion and for superimpositioning for longitudinal comparison. Each of these purposes calls for particular requirements pointing to the need for combinations of planes and multisuperimposing. The statistical findings via a computer pointed to the use of the Frankfort plane as the most desirable basic reference for descriptive reasons. Composites also suggested good order from Frankfort horizontal when serial tracings were compared. It was emphasized that true porion was used, not the ear rod of the cephalometer. For growth analysis the basion-nasion plane was shown to be longitudinally of superior value for chin behavior.", "PMID": 1059336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2920", "title": "Activity of temporal and masseter muscles in children with a lateral forced bite.", "content": "The activity of the temporal and masseter muscles with the mandible in postural position and during chewing, maximal bite in the intercuspal position, and swallowing were recorded electromyographically in nineteen children with laterally forced bite. Of the children, aged 8-12 years, sixteen had unilateral crossbite. In all of the individuals there was lateral deviation between the retruded contact position and the intercuspal position. The magnitude of the lateral deviation was measured with a modified gnathothesiometer. The muscle activity was recorded bilaterally from the temporal muscle and from the masseter muscle. In the postural position asymmetric activity was found in the temporal muscle suggesting that the mandible in postural position was still displaced to the side of forced bite. During chewing the activity was asymmetric both in the anterior and the posterior temporal portions. This asymmetric muscle activity was interpreted as an adaptation to avoid cuspal interferences. Also in maximal bite the muscle activity was asymmetric, while the activity during swallowing was affected less than in the other functions. The swallowing activity was, however, less in children with a forced bite than in children with normal occlusion.", "contents": "Activity of temporal and masseter muscles in children with a lateral forced bite. The activity of the temporal and masseter muscles with the mandible in postural position and during chewing, maximal bite in the intercuspal position, and swallowing were recorded electromyographically in nineteen children with laterally forced bite. Of the children, aged 8-12 years, sixteen had unilateral crossbite. In all of the individuals there was lateral deviation between the retruded contact position and the intercuspal position. The magnitude of the lateral deviation was measured with a modified gnathothesiometer. The muscle activity was recorded bilaterally from the temporal muscle and from the masseter muscle. In the postural position asymmetric activity was found in the temporal muscle suggesting that the mandible in postural position was still displaced to the side of forced bite. During chewing the activity was asymmetric both in the anterior and the posterior temporal portions. This asymmetric muscle activity was interpreted as an adaptation to avoid cuspal interferences. Also in maximal bite the muscle activity was asymmetric, while the activity during swallowing was affected less than in the other functions. The swallowing activity was, however, less in children with a forced bite than in children with normal occlusion.", "PMID": 1059337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2921", "title": "Comparative analysis of changes resulting from bite plate therapy and Begg treatment.", "content": "This study was based on a cephalometric study of 82 children composed of three groups: the first group treated with a flat anterior bite plate, the second group subject to the Begg therapy, and an untreated control group. The object of this study was to investigate changes in the dentofacial complex which occur as a result of bite plate therapy compared with Begg treatment. It was found that the short term changes as a result of bite plate therapy were associated with an increase in the height of the upper and lower molars. The long term changes as a result of bite plate therapy were associated with a significant increase in the height of the molars and some increase in lower incisor height. Lower facial height showed a significant increase in dimension. During Begg treatment it was found that short term changes in the dentofacial complex were associated with a significant increase in the height of the lower molars and a significant reduction in the height of the lower incisors. The long term changes of Begg therapy were associated with a significant increase in the height of the lower molars and some increase in lower facial height.", "contents": "Comparative analysis of changes resulting from bite plate therapy and Begg treatment. This study was based on a cephalometric study of 82 children composed of three groups: the first group treated with a flat anterior bite plate, the second group subject to the Begg therapy, and an untreated control group. The object of this study was to investigate changes in the dentofacial complex which occur as a result of bite plate therapy compared with Begg treatment. It was found that the short term changes as a result of bite plate therapy were associated with an increase in the height of the upper and lower molars. The long term changes as a result of bite plate therapy were associated with a significant increase in the height of the molars and some increase in lower incisor height. Lower facial height showed a significant increase in dimension. During Begg treatment it was found that short term changes in the dentofacial complex were associated with a significant increase in the height of the lower molars and a significant reduction in the height of the lower incisors. The long term changes of Begg therapy were associated with a significant increase in the height of the lower molars and some increase in lower facial height.", "PMID": 1059338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2922", "title": "Soft-hard tissue correlations and computer drawings for the frontal view.", "content": "Hard and soft tissue measurements were obtained for nine Caucasian women. Based on these measurements, regression formulas were derived to approximate the soft tissue covering based on hard tissue data. The results are presented iconically by computer drawings. The preliminary data presented would suggest a definite predictable influence exerted by the facial skeleton on the position of landmarks in the overlying soft tissue.", "contents": "Soft-hard tissue correlations and computer drawings for the frontal view. Hard and soft tissue measurements were obtained for nine Caucasian women. Based on these measurements, regression formulas were derived to approximate the soft tissue covering based on hard tissue data. The results are presented iconically by computer drawings. The preliminary data presented would suggest a definite predictable influence exerted by the facial skeleton on the position of landmarks in the overlying soft tissue.", "PMID": 1059339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2923", "title": "Multiple extraction patterns in severe discrepancy cases.", "content": "Thirty-five cases have been collected from colleagues which illustrate that removal of additional maxillary teeth, following first bicuspid extractions, can allow the successful resolution of difficult discrepancy and anchorage cases. Charts 1 and 2 describe the amounts of space that might be expected by removal of additional upper bicuspids, upper first molars, and upper second molars. The findings on upper second molars are admittedly limited. Anchorage values as expressed by an efficiency percentage were approximately what would be expected from a study of anchorage values of the roots of teeth. The removal of upper second bicuspids has a better anchorage efficiency potential than the upper first molar, but this may be overcome somewhat by the greater size of the molar. Clear guidance cannot be given as to which teeth to remove in a specific case, but it is the observation of the author that for cases that are still in full Class II following four bicuspid space closure, upper second bicuspid removal would be more helpful from an anchorage perspective, whereas for cases that are in end-to-end molar relationship or require only a few millimeters to move into Class I, the upper first molar might be the tooth of choice. Also, the supper first molar removal allows for a more \"normal\" appearing arch assuming normal alignment and size of the upper second and third molars. The comparison with the nonextraction control group showed an enormous difference in the amount of incisor retraction that extractions provide when related to the maxilla. The nonextraction control group, though experiencing dramatic correction of Class II relationships, showed no incisor movement within the maxilla. Some problems which appeared in the sample were described. Removal of upper teeth in addition to the four first bicuspids can be a solution to an occasional anchorage, skeletal, growth or cooperation problem.", "contents": "Multiple extraction patterns in severe discrepancy cases. Thirty-five cases have been collected from colleagues which illustrate that removal of additional maxillary teeth, following first bicuspid extractions, can allow the successful resolution of difficult discrepancy and anchorage cases. Charts 1 and 2 describe the amounts of space that might be expected by removal of additional upper bicuspids, upper first molars, and upper second molars. The findings on upper second molars are admittedly limited. Anchorage values as expressed by an efficiency percentage were approximately what would be expected from a study of anchorage values of the roots of teeth. The removal of upper second bicuspids has a better anchorage efficiency potential than the upper first molar, but this may be overcome somewhat by the greater size of the molar. Clear guidance cannot be given as to which teeth to remove in a specific case, but it is the observation of the author that for cases that are still in full Class II following four bicuspid space closure, upper second bicuspid removal would be more helpful from an anchorage perspective, whereas for cases that are in end-to-end molar relationship or require only a few millimeters to move into Class I, the upper first molar might be the tooth of choice. Also, the supper first molar removal allows for a more \"normal\" appearing arch assuming normal alignment and size of the upper second and third molars. The comparison with the nonextraction control group showed an enormous difference in the amount of incisor retraction that extractions provide when related to the maxilla. The nonextraction control group, though experiencing dramatic correction of Class II relationships, showed no incisor movement within the maxilla. Some problems which appeared in the sample were described. Removal of upper teeth in addition to the four first bicuspids can be a solution to an occasional anchorage, skeletal, growth or cooperation problem.", "PMID": 1059341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2924", "title": "Follow-up respiratory function of a patient treated with a membrane lung.", "content": "A patient in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Despite \"optimal respiratory therapy\" and ventilatory assistance with 100 per cent inspired O2 (fraction of inspired O2 = 1) and 15 cm of positive end-expiratory pressure, the patient's arterial PO2 remained at 33 mm Hg. Prepulmonary venovenous respiratory support was given for 10 days with a spiral coil membrane lung. The data document the sequential improvement in respiratory function and suggest that despite the severe lung damage that may occur during the adult respiratory distress syndrome treated with prolonged high inspired concentration of O2, if the patient's lungs recover from the acute process, the respiratory system can recover so that there is little, if any, permanent restriction of the subject's activities as a result of respiratory impairment.", "contents": "Follow-up respiratory function of a patient treated with a membrane lung. A patient in remission from acute lymphoblastic leukemia developed the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Despite \"optimal respiratory therapy\" and ventilatory assistance with 100 per cent inspired O2 (fraction of inspired O2 = 1) and 15 cm of positive end-expiratory pressure, the patient's arterial PO2 remained at 33 mm Hg. Prepulmonary venovenous respiratory support was given for 10 days with a spiral coil membrane lung. The data document the sequential improvement in respiratory function and suggest that despite the severe lung damage that may occur during the adult respiratory distress syndrome treated with prolonged high inspired concentration of O2, if the patient's lungs recover from the acute process, the respiratory system can recover so that there is little, if any, permanent restriction of the subject's activities as a result of respiratory impairment.", "PMID": 1059343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2925", "title": "Synthesis and reaction of some 6-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides.", "content": "Treatment of 5-bromouridines with sodium cyanide afforded 6-cyanouridines. Further treatment of the 6-cyano derivatives with cyanide ion at higher temperature gave the 5-cyanouridines. The 6-cyano group was transformed to thioamido, carboxy, chloromethyl cyanomethyl, carboxymethyl, and methyl group, respectively. 5-Bromocytidines were also converted to the 6-cyanocytidines, from which cytidine 6-carboxylic acid was derived. The cyano group of 6-cyanocytidines has a leaving ability toward nucleophilic substitution reactions. The circular dichroic spectra of various 6-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides showed positive Cotton effect at B2u region, which were in contrast to the reported negative bands in 6-methyl-uridine or-cytidine.", "contents": "Synthesis and reaction of some 6-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides. Treatment of 5-bromouridines with sodium cyanide afforded 6-cyanouridines. Further treatment of the 6-cyano derivatives with cyanide ion at higher temperature gave the 5-cyanouridines. The 6-cyano group was transformed to thioamido, carboxy, chloromethyl cyanomethyl, carboxymethyl, and methyl group, respectively. 5-Bromocytidines were also converted to the 6-cyanocytidines, from which cytidine 6-carboxylic acid was derived. The cyano group of 6-cyanocytidines has a leaving ability toward nucleophilic substitution reactions. The circular dichroic spectra of various 6-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides showed positive Cotton effect at B2u region, which were in contrast to the reported negative bands in 6-methyl-uridine or-cytidine.", "PMID": 1059349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2926", "title": "Synthesis and evaluation of acyclic sugar nucleosides.", "content": "Acylated aldose dialkyl dithioacetals with bromine undergo replacement of one alkylthio group by bromine. These unstable bromides react, as by fusion with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)pyrimidine, to give acylated 1-(pyrimidin-1-yl) derivatives that upon saponification afford acyclic sugar nucleoside analogues, some as separable mixtures of 1-epimers. Systemic stereochemical variants have been conducted. Pmr conformational studies show that the sugar chain is extended in certain examples, whereas others favor folded (\"sickle\") conformations, in line with a general rationale developed for acyclic-sugar derivatives. Condensation of the bromides with purines gives 9-substituted acyclic-sugar nucleoside analogues; synthesized systematically for various series, these include the D-pentoses in combination with 6-mercaptopurine. In vitro and in vivo biological activities vary according to stereochemistry of the sugar. The position of substitution of the sugar chain, the chirality at C-1', and the tautomeric form of the heterocycle, were established by x-ray crystallography of the product from D-arabinose and 6-mercaptopurine. The x-ray data permit correlation of C-1 chirality throughout the series and pmr data indicate the favored conformations.", "contents": "Synthesis and evaluation of acyclic sugar nucleosides. Acylated aldose dialkyl dithioacetals with bromine undergo replacement of one alkylthio group by bromine. These unstable bromides react, as by fusion with 2,4-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)pyrimidine, to give acylated 1-(pyrimidin-1-yl) derivatives that upon saponification afford acyclic sugar nucleoside analogues, some as separable mixtures of 1-epimers. Systemic stereochemical variants have been conducted. Pmr conformational studies show that the sugar chain is extended in certain examples, whereas others favor folded (\"sickle\") conformations, in line with a general rationale developed for acyclic-sugar derivatives. Condensation of the bromides with purines gives 9-substituted acyclic-sugar nucleoside analogues; synthesized systematically for various series, these include the D-pentoses in combination with 6-mercaptopurine. In vitro and in vivo biological activities vary according to stereochemistry of the sugar. The position of substitution of the sugar chain, the chirality at C-1', and the tautomeric form of the heterocycle, were established by x-ray crystallography of the product from D-arabinose and 6-mercaptopurine. The x-ray data permit correlation of C-1 chirality throughout the series and pmr data indicate the favored conformations.", "PMID": 1059350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2927", "title": "Synthesis of certain 4'-substituted nucleosides.", "content": "We have developed general methods for the synthesis of 4'-fluoro- and 4'-methoxynucleosides by addition of iodinemonofluoride or iodine and methanol across the double bond of suitably protected 4',5'-unsaturated pyrimidine and purine nucleosides. The structures of these adducts have been determined by a combination of chemical, spectroscopic, and electrophoretic methods. The 4'-methoxy- and the uridine analogs of nucleocidin have been synthesized from the corresponding 4'-fluorouridine and 4'-methoxyadenosine derivatives.", "contents": "Synthesis of certain 4'-substituted nucleosides. We have developed general methods for the synthesis of 4'-fluoro- and 4'-methoxynucleosides by addition of iodinemonofluoride or iodine and methanol across the double bond of suitably protected 4',5'-unsaturated pyrimidine and purine nucleosides. The structures of these adducts have been determined by a combination of chemical, spectroscopic, and electrophoretic methods. The 4'-methoxy- and the uridine analogs of nucleocidin have been synthesized from the corresponding 4'-fluorouridine and 4'-methoxyadenosine derivatives.", "PMID": 1059351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2928", "title": "The utilization of nucleotides by animal cells.", "content": "We have extended our studies on the toxicity of several arabinosyl nucleotides to L cells. In contrast to a short-term toxic effect of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (araA), both 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate (araAMP) and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate produced sustained killing of the fibroblasts. 9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine 2',5'-cyclic phosphate and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-N1-oxide-5'-phosphate were not toxic, whereas 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-phosphate and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate had relatively slight effects on cell growth. 2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate was lethal to L cells, whereas 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine inhibited growth only slightly. The survival time of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was prolonged beyond controls equally well by treatment with either araAMP or araA. To explore the mechanism of nucleotide toxicity, we studied the metabolism of exogenous [3H, 32P]-araAMP. The double-labeled compound entered the cells very slowly and accumulated in both acid-soluble and acid-insoluble materials. 32P and 3H were associated with the adenine nucleotide fractions in ratios similar to that of the exogenous compound. After dephosphorylation of the acid-soluble fraction, greater than 85% of the 3H was associated with araA. Following degradation of the adenine-containing triphosphates with apyrase, all of the 32P and 97% of the 3H were associated with araAMP. Only small quantities of each label were associated with RNA and DNA. Following enzymatic degradation of DNA to 5'-monophosphates, most of both 3H and 32P were associated with the dAMP fraction in a ratio that was similar to that of the exogenous araAMP. After dephosphorylation of the 5'-monophosphates, greater than 90% of the 3H was contained in arabinosyl nucleosides. DNA was also enzymatically degreded to 3'-monophosphates. 3H was found primarily in the 3'-adenine nucleotide fraction with a slight amount in the nucleoside, whereas 32P was distributed among all the 3'-mononucleotides. After dephosphorylation of the 3'-monophosphates, 93% of the 3H was associated with araA. These results indicate that a small amount of araAMP penetrated the cell as the intact nucleotide, was phosphyorlated to the triphosphate and was subsequently incorporated within DNA.", "contents": "The utilization of nucleotides by animal cells. We have extended our studies on the toxicity of several arabinosyl nucleotides to L cells. In contrast to a short-term toxic effect of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine (araA), both 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 5'-phosphate (araAMP) and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate produced sustained killing of the fibroblasts. 9-beta-D-Arabinofuranosyladenine 2',5'-cyclic phosphate and 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyladenine-N1-oxide-5'-phosphate were not toxic, whereas 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylhypoxanthine 5'-phosphate and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic phosphate had relatively slight effects on cell growth. 2',3'-Dideoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate was lethal to L cells, whereas 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine inhibited growth only slightly. The survival time of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was prolonged beyond controls equally well by treatment with either araAMP or araA. To explore the mechanism of nucleotide toxicity, we studied the metabolism of exogenous [3H, 32P]-araAMP. The double-labeled compound entered the cells very slowly and accumulated in both acid-soluble and acid-insoluble materials. 32P and 3H were associated with the adenine nucleotide fractions in ratios similar to that of the exogenous compound. After dephosphorylation of the acid-soluble fraction, greater than 85% of the 3H was associated with araA. Following degradation of the adenine-containing triphosphates with apyrase, all of the 32P and 97% of the 3H were associated with araAMP. Only small quantities of each label were associated with RNA and DNA. Following enzymatic degradation of DNA to 5'-monophosphates, most of both 3H and 32P were associated with the dAMP fraction in a ratio that was similar to that of the exogenous araAMP. After dephosphorylation of the 5'-monophosphates, greater than 90% of the 3H was contained in arabinosyl nucleosides. DNA was also enzymatically degreded to 3'-monophosphates. 3H was found primarily in the 3'-adenine nucleotide fraction with a slight amount in the nucleoside, whereas 32P was distributed among all the 3'-mononucleotides. After dephosphorylation of the 3'-monophosphates, 93% of the 3H was associated with araA. These results indicate that a small amount of araAMP penetrated the cell as the intact nucleotide, was phosphyorlated to the triphosphate and was subsequently incorporated within DNA.", "PMID": 1059361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2929", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of nucleoside analogs.", "content": "Short-chain aliphatic esters and amides of adenosine-5'-carboxylic acid caused marked increases in coronary sinus oxygen tension (PO2) in the dog; the amides were generally more potent, causing additionally marked hypotension and tachycardia. The hypotensive effect was observed also in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. That the increase in coronary sinus PO2 paralleled an increase in coronary flow was verified with ethyl adenosine-5'-carboxylate hydrochloride. This compound also increased the reactive hyperemic response. Aminophylline blocked the increase in coronary flow. A representative amide and ester were very poor substrates for adenosine and adenylate deaminase in vitro; the amide exhibited a weak inhibitor effect on the enzymic activities while the ester was inactive. The observations that the compounds (1) cause marked pharmacological effects within seconds after intravenous administration, (2) are blocked by aminophylline like adenosine, (3) are not deaminated significantly in vitro by either adenosine or adenylate deaminase, and (4) cannot be phosphorylated at the 5' terminus because the 5'-OH has been removed chemically, support the hypothesis that they are acting directly on an \"adenosine receptor\" and have a prolonged duration of action because they are not metabolized significantly by the normal physiological pathways of adenosine degradation.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of nucleoside analogs. Short-chain aliphatic esters and amides of adenosine-5'-carboxylic acid caused marked increases in coronary sinus oxygen tension (PO2) in the dog; the amides were generally more potent, causing additionally marked hypotension and tachycardia. The hypotensive effect was observed also in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. That the increase in coronary sinus PO2 paralleled an increase in coronary flow was verified with ethyl adenosine-5'-carboxylate hydrochloride. This compound also increased the reactive hyperemic response. Aminophylline blocked the increase in coronary flow. A representative amide and ester were very poor substrates for adenosine and adenylate deaminase in vitro; the amide exhibited a weak inhibitor effect on the enzymic activities while the ester was inactive. The observations that the compounds (1) cause marked pharmacological effects within seconds after intravenous administration, (2) are blocked by aminophylline like adenosine, (3) are not deaminated significantly in vitro by either adenosine or adenylate deaminase, and (4) cannot be phosphorylated at the 5' terminus because the 5'-OH has been removed chemically, support the hypothesis that they are acting directly on an \"adenosine receptor\" and have a prolonged duration of action because they are not metabolized significantly by the normal physiological pathways of adenosine degradation.", "PMID": 1059366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2930", "title": "Organ irradiation and combination chemotherapy in treatment of acute lymphocytic leukaemia in children.", "content": "Lanzkowsky, P., Shende, A., Aral, I., Saluja, G. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 685. Organ irradiation and combination chemotherapy in treatment of acute lymphocytic leukaemia in children. A total of 30 consecutive children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) were treated from June 1971 until December 1974. Remission was induced with the use of vincristine and prednisone. After induction of remission, cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate were given. Then the liver, spleen, and kidney were irradiated and 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate were administered during the maintenance phase. Pulsed doses of vincristine and prednisone were administered at 10- to 12-week intervals. The patients were subdivided into two groups based on their initial white blood cell (WBC) counts: a standard risk group with an initial WBC count of less than 25 000/mm3 (25 X 10(9)/1) and a high risk group with an initial WBC count greater than 25 000/mm3 (25 X 10(9)/1). Of the 30 children entered in this study one standard risk patient died in the induction phase before attaining remission. Analysis of the results is therefore based on the remaining 29 patients, 22 standard risk and 7 high risk patients, who attained complete remission. Survival rates in continuous remission were found to be 43% of the high risk group, 88% for the standard risk group, and 77% for the combined group. Analysis of the data indicates that this therapy is unsatisfactory in high risk ALL. The results to date of this therapy for standard risk are sufficiently encouraging to continue its use in this subgroup of patients.", "contents": "Organ irradiation and combination chemotherapy in treatment of acute lymphocytic leukaemia in children. Lanzkowsky, P., Shende, A., Aral, I., Saluja, G. (1975). Archives of Disease in Childhood, 50, 685. Organ irradiation and combination chemotherapy in treatment of acute lymphocytic leukaemia in children. A total of 30 consecutive children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) were treated from June 1971 until December 1974. Remission was induced with the use of vincristine and prednisone. After induction of remission, cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate were given. Then the liver, spleen, and kidney were irradiated and 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate were administered during the maintenance phase. Pulsed doses of vincristine and prednisone were administered at 10- to 12-week intervals. The patients were subdivided into two groups based on their initial white blood cell (WBC) counts: a standard risk group with an initial WBC count of less than 25 000/mm3 (25 X 10(9)/1) and a high risk group with an initial WBC count greater than 25 000/mm3 (25 X 10(9)/1). Of the 30 children entered in this study one standard risk patient died in the induction phase before attaining remission. Analysis of the results is therefore based on the remaining 29 patients, 22 standard risk and 7 high risk patients, who attained complete remission. Survival rates in continuous remission were found to be 43% of the high risk group, 88% for the standard risk group, and 77% for the combined group. Analysis of the data indicates that this therapy is unsatisfactory in high risk ALL. The results to date of this therapy for standard risk are sufficiently encouraging to continue its use in this subgroup of patients.", "PMID": 1059384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2931", "title": "Arterial embolectomy in the lower limbs.", "content": "A series of arterial embolectomies of the lower limb is reviewed, and the results are compared with those in a previous series reported from this hospital. There were 40 emboli in the 36 patients, with an operative mortality of 16% and a limb salvage rate of 85%. This represents a considerable improvement on the results reported from the first series and is attributed to the greater experience of surgeons with the Fogarty embolectomy catheter. However, there has been no decrease in the delay between the onset of symptoms and the embolectomy. If this aspect of management could be improved, then even better results should be obtained.", "contents": "Arterial embolectomy in the lower limbs. A series of arterial embolectomies of the lower limb is reviewed, and the results are compared with those in a previous series reported from this hospital. There were 40 emboli in the 36 patients, with an operative mortality of 16% and a limb salvage rate of 85%. This represents a considerable improvement on the results reported from the first series and is attributed to the greater experience of surgeons with the Fogarty embolectomy catheter. However, there has been no decrease in the delay between the onset of symptoms and the embolectomy. If this aspect of management could be improved, then even better results should be obtained.", "PMID": 1059394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2932", "title": "Upper limb emboli: a reappraisal.", "content": "Upper limb embolus cannot be regarded as a benign condition, with invariable recovery due to copious collateral circulation. Gangrene of the upper limb may occur, as shown in the series of cases in this report. The overall mortality rate remains considerable, because of associated cardiac disease, recurrent embolism, or both. Emboli proximal to the origin of the profunda brachii artery represent a group associated with higher risk, for which prompt embolectomy is often indicated. In embolism due to subclavian aneurysm and with thrombosis, arterial reconstruction should be undertaken, for multiple recurrence is likely. Long-term anticoagulant therapy is usually required to try to prevent recurrence of embolism if the primary source of the embolus remains.", "contents": "Upper limb emboli: a reappraisal. Upper limb embolus cannot be regarded as a benign condition, with invariable recovery due to copious collateral circulation. Gangrene of the upper limb may occur, as shown in the series of cases in this report. The overall mortality rate remains considerable, because of associated cardiac disease, recurrent embolism, or both. Emboli proximal to the origin of the profunda brachii artery represent a group associated with higher risk, for which prompt embolectomy is often indicated. In embolism due to subclavian aneurysm and with thrombosis, arterial reconstruction should be undertaken, for multiple recurrence is likely. Long-term anticoagulant therapy is usually required to try to prevent recurrence of embolism if the primary source of the embolus remains.", "PMID": 1059395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2933", "title": "A comparison of the supraclavicular and axillary approaches to upper thoracic sympathectomy.", "content": "Twenty-nine upper dorsal sympathectomies have been carried out in 18 patients and a comparison made of the supraclavicular with the axillary approach to the upper thoracic sympathetic chain. Thirteen of these operations were carried out for essential hyperhidrosis, 15 for ischaemia in the hand and one for post-traumatic pain syndrome. Fourteen sympathectomies were carried out through the axilla and 15 through the supraclavicular approach. Post-operative pain was felt to be somewhat more severe when the axillary approach was used, but other complications were infrequent and hospital stay was slightly shorter in the axillary group. The axillary approach was felt to offer superior exposure, the capability for wider sympathetic excision, good cosmetic results, avoidance of Horner's syndrome and low morbidity. In the absence of lung disease or the need for a direct exploration of the root of the neck, the axillary approach is to be preferred for upper dorsal sympathectomy.", "contents": "A comparison of the supraclavicular and axillary approaches to upper thoracic sympathectomy. Twenty-nine upper dorsal sympathectomies have been carried out in 18 patients and a comparison made of the supraclavicular with the axillary approach to the upper thoracic sympathetic chain. Thirteen of these operations were carried out for essential hyperhidrosis, 15 for ischaemia in the hand and one for post-traumatic pain syndrome. Fourteen sympathectomies were carried out through the axilla and 15 through the supraclavicular approach. Post-operative pain was felt to be somewhat more severe when the axillary approach was used, but other complications were infrequent and hospital stay was slightly shorter in the axillary group. The axillary approach was felt to offer superior exposure, the capability for wider sympathetic excision, good cosmetic results, avoidance of Horner's syndrome and low morbidity. In the absence of lung disease or the need for a direct exploration of the root of the neck, the axillary approach is to be preferred for upper dorsal sympathectomy.", "PMID": 1059396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2934", "title": "Unilateral painful vasospasm in the lower limbs of young women.", "content": "The cases of five young women who presented with severe pain and associated vascular changes in one foot are described. The pain was spontaneous in onset and lasted for days, and its severity was such that none of the patients were able to walk without disability. Arteriography in three patients revealed arterial spasm. All had a good response from lumbar sympathectomy on the affected side.", "contents": "Unilateral painful vasospasm in the lower limbs of young women. The cases of five young women who presented with severe pain and associated vascular changes in one foot are described. The pain was spontaneous in onset and lasted for days, and its severity was such that none of the patients were able to walk without disability. Arteriography in three patients revealed arterial spasm. All had a good response from lumbar sympathectomy on the affected side.", "PMID": 1059397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2935", "title": "Subvalvular left ventricular aneurysm following mitral valve replacement.", "content": "Two cases are presented which represent different aspects of damage to the posterior wall of the left ventricle following mitral valve replacement. In the first case rupture of the ventricle occurred in the immediate postoperative period with a fatal result, while in the second, delayed aneurysm formation occurred with embolic and haemodynamic complications. This patient also did not survive. A review of the literature reveals four similar cases previously recorded. Possible aetiological factors are considered, including operative trauma, ischaemic damage, rupture of unsupported muscle, previous surgery with the development of pericardial adhesions and fixing of the valve ring, and finally abscess formation. The indications for operative intervention and possible complications of the aneurysm are noted.", "contents": "Subvalvular left ventricular aneurysm following mitral valve replacement. Two cases are presented which represent different aspects of damage to the posterior wall of the left ventricle following mitral valve replacement. In the first case rupture of the ventricle occurred in the immediate postoperative period with a fatal result, while in the second, delayed aneurysm formation occurred with embolic and haemodynamic complications. This patient also did not survive. A review of the literature reveals four similar cases previously recorded. Possible aetiological factors are considered, including operative trauma, ischaemic damage, rupture of unsupported muscle, previous surgery with the development of pericardial adhesions and fixing of the valve ring, and finally abscess formation. The indications for operative intervention and possible complications of the aneurysm are noted.", "PMID": 1059398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2936", "title": "Diaphragmatic rupture with cardiac tamponade.", "content": "Intrapericardial herniation of abdominal viscera following blunt abdominal trauma is rare. We have been able to find only nine reported cases. Six of these were finally diagnosed after a long delay, ranging from a year to 23 years. Three were diagnosed within three months of the original injury, but in these patients, the investigations were initiated following an abnormal chest skiagram. We wish to report a unique case in which a traumatic intrapericardial hernia presented as an acute cardiac tamponade within 48 hours of injury.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic rupture with cardiac tamponade. Intrapericardial herniation of abdominal viscera following blunt abdominal trauma is rare. We have been able to find only nine reported cases. Six of these were finally diagnosed after a long delay, ranging from a year to 23 years. Three were diagnosed within three months of the original injury, but in these patients, the investigations were initiated following an abnormal chest skiagram. We wish to report a unique case in which a traumatic intrapericardial hernia presented as an acute cardiac tamponade within 48 hours of injury.", "PMID": 1059399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2937", "title": "Dolichocolon.", "content": "A plea is made for the recognition of a disorder of the colon, commonly encountered in the elderly, which is characterized by elongation (and also by dilatation) of the colon, especially the sigmoid. It may give rise to symptoms which suggest a diagnosis of carcinoma. The condition is believed to be acquired, and is an important aetiological factor in the development of sigmoid and, less frequently, of caecal volvulus.", "contents": "Dolichocolon. A plea is made for the recognition of a disorder of the colon, commonly encountered in the elderly, which is characterized by elongation (and also by dilatation) of the colon, especially the sigmoid. It may give rise to symptoms which suggest a diagnosis of carcinoma. The condition is believed to be acquired, and is an important aetiological factor in the development of sigmoid and, less frequently, of caecal volvulus.", "PMID": 1059401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2938", "title": "Pancreatitis following intestinal bypass for obesity.", "content": "Three out of 24 patients undergoing intestinal bypass in the treatment of morbid obesity have developed acute pancreatitis in the postoperative period. All three had undergone end-to-end jejunoileal bypass. This serious postoperative complication has been infrequently recorded. Its significance and possible aetiological factors are discussed.", "contents": "Pancreatitis following intestinal bypass for obesity. Three out of 24 patients undergoing intestinal bypass in the treatment of morbid obesity have developed acute pancreatitis in the postoperative period. All three had undergone end-to-end jejunoileal bypass. This serious postoperative complication has been infrequently recorded. Its significance and possible aetiological factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1059402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2939", "title": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus: preoperative irradiation followed by planned resection for lesions in the middle and lower thirds--an interim report.", "content": "Since 1968, at the Thoracic Surgery Unit in the Royal Perth Hospital, a combined approach of preoperative deep X-ray therapy and excisional surgery has been adopted for patients with potentially operable carcinoma of the oesophagus. This has produced an improvement in the survival time for middle third lesions when compared with the result previously obtained following unaided surgical excision. The method is described, and the early results are indicated.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the oesophagus: preoperative irradiation followed by planned resection for lesions in the middle and lower thirds--an interim report. Since 1968, at the Thoracic Surgery Unit in the Royal Perth Hospital, a combined approach of preoperative deep X-ray therapy and excisional surgery has been adopted for patients with potentially operable carcinoma of the oesophagus. This has produced an improvement in the survival time for middle third lesions when compared with the result previously obtained following unaided surgical excision. The method is described, and the early results are indicated.", "PMID": 1059405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2940", "title": "Gallstone erosion of the aorta.", "content": "A case of fatal erosion of the abdominal aorta by gallstones is reported. The patient presented with a six-day history of melaena and died suddenly 39 hours after admission to hospital, with massive blood loss per rectum. At post-mortem examination a saccular cavity containing gallstones was found at the lower end of the common bile duct. The cavity communicated in front with the duodenum and behind with the aorta. This case appears to be the first of its kind to be reported.", "contents": "Gallstone erosion of the aorta. A case of fatal erosion of the abdominal aorta by gallstones is reported. The patient presented with a six-day history of melaena and died suddenly 39 hours after admission to hospital, with massive blood loss per rectum. At post-mortem examination a saccular cavity containing gallstones was found at the lower end of the common bile duct. The cavity communicated in front with the duodenum and behind with the aorta. This case appears to be the first of its kind to be reported.", "PMID": 1059408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2941", "title": "The in-vitro action of lymphocytes on autologous colon epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "The action in culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes on autologous large-intestinal epithelial cells was studied in 13 patients with severe mucosal ulcerative colitis. Two different methods were used to measure lymphocyte activity. These showed that autologous-lymphocyte-induced release of isotopic label and detachment in monolayer culture of large-intestinal epithelial cells was increased in acute ulcerative colitis when compared with findings in the same studies in six normal subjects. Subsequently in four of the six patients who responded to cortisone it was shown that lymphocyte activity against epithelial cells returned to the normal range. Further control studies showed little lymphocyte activity against autologous skin and ileum, suggesting that autologous-lymphocyte-induced damage of large-intestinal epithelial cells is a tissue-specific reaction in patients with acute ulcerative colitis. The absence of reactivity in other colonic inflammatory diseases also suggested that such increased in vitro lymphocyte activity is disease-specific for ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "The in-vitro action of lymphocytes on autologous colon epithelial cells in ulcerative colitis. The action in culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes on autologous large-intestinal epithelial cells was studied in 13 patients with severe mucosal ulcerative colitis. Two different methods were used to measure lymphocyte activity. These showed that autologous-lymphocyte-induced release of isotopic label and detachment in monolayer culture of large-intestinal epithelial cells was increased in acute ulcerative colitis when compared with findings in the same studies in six normal subjects. Subsequently in four of the six patients who responded to cortisone it was shown that lymphocyte activity against epithelial cells returned to the normal range. Further control studies showed little lymphocyte activity against autologous skin and ileum, suggesting that autologous-lymphocyte-induced damage of large-intestinal epithelial cells is a tissue-specific reaction in patients with acute ulcerative colitis. The absence of reactivity in other colonic inflammatory diseases also suggested that such increased in vitro lymphocyte activity is disease-specific for ulcerative colitis.", "PMID": 1059409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2942", "title": "Anaesthesia for portocaval bypass in patients with metabolic diseases.", "content": "The biochemical lesions of the glycogen storage diseases and of familial hyperlipidaemia are discussed and the anaesthetic management of patients with these conditions, for the procedure of portocaval bypass, is described.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for portocaval bypass in patients with metabolic diseases. The biochemical lesions of the glycogen storage diseases and of familial hyperlipidaemia are discussed and the anaesthetic management of patients with these conditions, for the procedure of portocaval bypass, is described.", "PMID": 1059457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2943", "title": "The anatomical and alveolar deadspaces during respirator treatment. Influence of respiratory frequency, minute volume and tracheal pressure.", "content": "In 10 patients receiving prolonged respirator treatment, respiratory deadspace was measured at 12, 18 and 24 b.p.m. and with two different minute volumes. The physiological deadspace (the sum of apparatus, anatomical and alveolar deadspaces) was derived using the Bohr equation, and the anatomical and alveolar deadspaces were measured by carbon dioxide analysis. Tracheal pressure was measured concurrently. The physiological deadspace to tidal volume ratio was increased on increasing the frequency, and was slightly reduced by an increase in minute volume. The mean values for anatomical deadspace ranged from 144 to 277 ml under the different conditions studied. Neither frequency nor minute volume had any influence on the VD/VT ratio. The volume of the alveolar deadspace was the less than half of the anatomical deadspace. The VD/VT ratio did not vary with frequency or minute volume. A relationship between tracheal end inspiratory pressure and anatomical deadspace was found, with a correlation coefficient of 0.80. The slope of the regression line indicated a high airway compliance of approximately 10 ml/cm H2O.", "contents": "The anatomical and alveolar deadspaces during respirator treatment. Influence of respiratory frequency, minute volume and tracheal pressure. In 10 patients receiving prolonged respirator treatment, respiratory deadspace was measured at 12, 18 and 24 b.p.m. and with two different minute volumes. The physiological deadspace (the sum of apparatus, anatomical and alveolar deadspaces) was derived using the Bohr equation, and the anatomical and alveolar deadspaces were measured by carbon dioxide analysis. Tracheal pressure was measured concurrently. The physiological deadspace to tidal volume ratio was increased on increasing the frequency, and was slightly reduced by an increase in minute volume. The mean values for anatomical deadspace ranged from 144 to 277 ml under the different conditions studied. Neither frequency nor minute volume had any influence on the VD/VT ratio. The volume of the alveolar deadspace was the less than half of the anatomical deadspace. The VD/VT ratio did not vary with frequency or minute volume. A relationship between tracheal end inspiratory pressure and anatomical deadspace was found, with a correlation coefficient of 0.80. The slope of the regression line indicated a high airway compliance of approximately 10 ml/cm H2O.", "PMID": 1059458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2944", "title": "Blood leucocyte enzymes. II. Activities at 8-9 a.m. in cells of normal subjects, chronic lymphatic leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia patients.", "content": "The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho-D-gluconate: NADP oxidoreductase, 6PGD), hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, Hx), lactate dehydrogenase (D-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, LDH). glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (L-aspartate: 2 oxoglutarate aminotransferase, GOT) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) were measured at 8 a.m. in leucocytes of healthy individuals and patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and polycythaemia vera. In view of the heterogeneity of the leucocyte populations in these conditions, the enzyme activities were correlated to the number of immature cells in CML and to the percentage of lymphocytes in CLL. No differences in the enzyme activities were found between the white cells of healthy individuals, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and polycythaemia vera. In CML the activities of all enzymes except GOT correlated directly with the number of immature cells; an inverse correlation with the number of lymphocytes was observed in CLL. GOT was the only enzyme whose activity correlated with the number of lymphocytes in the cell suspension. Furthermore, a significantly higher activity of this enzyme was found in Ficoll-isolated CLL lymphocytes as compared to normal lymphocytes.", "contents": "Blood leucocyte enzymes. II. Activities at 8-9 a.m. in cells of normal subjects, chronic lymphatic leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia patients. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate: NADP oxidoreductase, G6PD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-phospho-D-gluconate: NADP oxidoreductase, 6PGD), hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, Hx), lactate dehydrogenase (D-lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, LDH). glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (L-aspartate: 2 oxoglutarate aminotransferase, GOT) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) were measured at 8 a.m. in leucocytes of healthy individuals and patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and polycythaemia vera. In view of the heterogeneity of the leucocyte populations in these conditions, the enzyme activities were correlated to the number of immature cells in CML and to the percentage of lymphocytes in CLL. No differences in the enzyme activities were found between the white cells of healthy individuals, myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and polycythaemia vera. In CML the activities of all enzymes except GOT correlated directly with the number of immature cells; an inverse correlation with the number of lymphocytes was observed in CLL. GOT was the only enzyme whose activity correlated with the number of lymphocytes in the cell suspension. Furthermore, a significantly higher activity of this enzyme was found in Ficoll-isolated CLL lymphocytes as compared to normal lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1059470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2945", "title": "Leukaemia in children and their grandparents: studies of immune function in six families.", "content": "Seven of 500 children with acute leukaemia seen over a 15-year period were known to have a close relative with leukaemia or lymphoma. In each case the affected relative was a grandparent of the child, six of the seven being paternal grandparents. Investigation of thses six families showed that the fathers, who had two affected first-degree relatives, had lower lymphocyte counts and higher serum IgA concentrations than paired controls. Atopy, repeated infections and rheumatic disease were common amongst the parents and their sibs. The findings suggest a possible immunodeficiency basis for leukaemia in these families and perhaps also for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood in general. In the only family in which three generations, including both leukaemic patients, were available for HL-A typing, the affected grandson had not inherited either of his affected grandmother's haplotypes.", "contents": "Leukaemia in children and their grandparents: studies of immune function in six families. Seven of 500 children with acute leukaemia seen over a 15-year period were known to have a close relative with leukaemia or lymphoma. In each case the affected relative was a grandparent of the child, six of the seven being paternal grandparents. Investigation of thses six families showed that the fathers, who had two affected first-degree relatives, had lower lymphocyte counts and higher serum IgA concentrations than paired controls. Atopy, repeated infections and rheumatic disease were common amongst the parents and their sibs. The findings suggest a possible immunodeficiency basis for leukaemia in these families and perhaps also for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia of childhood in general. In the only family in which three generations, including both leukaemic patients, were available for HL-A typing, the affected grandson had not inherited either of his affected grandmother's haplotypes.", "PMID": 1059472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2946", "title": "Karyotypic abnormalities in transformed chronic granylocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Chromosomal abnormalities in three cases of chronic granylocytic leukaemia are presented. The relative importance of 'specific' chromosomal abnormalities, additional to the Ph1 in the karyotypic evolution of chronic granylocytic leukaemia is discussed. A new abnormal metacentric chromosome is described.", "contents": "Karyotypic abnormalities in transformed chronic granylocytic leukaemia. Chromosomal abnormalities in three cases of chronic granylocytic leukaemia are presented. The relative importance of 'specific' chromosomal abnormalities, additional to the Ph1 in the karyotypic evolution of chronic granylocytic leukaemia is discussed. A new abnormal metacentric chromosome is described.", "PMID": 1059473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2947", "title": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia.", "content": "The natural history and haematological features of 18 patients with a chronic form of myelomonocytic leukaemia are described. The majority were elderly and, in this series, females predominated. Haematological prodomata, such as unexplained monocytosis, leucopenia, or thrombocytopenia were common, and the clinical onset was insidious. Splenomegaly was variable but tended to increase as the disease progressed. Anaemia was usually less than in the acute disease, unless compounded by iron deficiency. The blood film typically showed a mixed monocytosis and granulocytosis, cells in both lines showing abnormalities. 'Paramyeloid' cells, appearing in Romanowsky stained films intermediate between myelocytes and monocytes, were characteristic, although cytochemical and electron microscopical analysis suggests that these cells may be allotted to one or other cell line. The marrow aspirate was characteristically hypercellular, showed granulocytic hyperplasia, and, in contrast to the well-differentiated blood picture, the proportion of poorly differentiated cells, including blasts, was high. Serum lysozyme levels were usually raised. Five of the 18 cases survived more than 5 years, while 10 lived 2 years or longer. The morphological and clinical features form part of a spectrum including acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, into which several of the patients transformed. Recognition of the syndrome is important because the patients are probably best managed without intensive chemotherapy.", "contents": "Chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia. The natural history and haematological features of 18 patients with a chronic form of myelomonocytic leukaemia are described. The majority were elderly and, in this series, females predominated. Haematological prodomata, such as unexplained monocytosis, leucopenia, or thrombocytopenia were common, and the clinical onset was insidious. Splenomegaly was variable but tended to increase as the disease progressed. Anaemia was usually less than in the acute disease, unless compounded by iron deficiency. The blood film typically showed a mixed monocytosis and granulocytosis, cells in both lines showing abnormalities. 'Paramyeloid' cells, appearing in Romanowsky stained films intermediate between myelocytes and monocytes, were characteristic, although cytochemical and electron microscopical analysis suggests that these cells may be allotted to one or other cell line. The marrow aspirate was characteristically hypercellular, showed granulocytic hyperplasia, and, in contrast to the well-differentiated blood picture, the proportion of poorly differentiated cells, including blasts, was high. Serum lysozyme levels were usually raised. Five of the 18 cases survived more than 5 years, while 10 lived 2 years or longer. The morphological and clinical features form part of a spectrum including acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, into which several of the patients transformed. Recognition of the syndrome is important because the patients are probably best managed without intensive chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1059474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2948", "title": "Dyserythropoiesis and annulate lamellae.", "content": "Cytoplasmic and intranuclear annulate lamellae in the erythroblasts from patients with dyserythropoietic anaemia (megaloblastic anaemia, dysplastic anaemia and erythroleukaemia) are described. Annulate lamellae have mainly been observed in oocytes, in embryonic tissues and in malignant cells. Their occurrence in dyserythropoietic anaemia may be related to the reappearance of fetal characteristics in the erythroblasts and erythrocytes.", "contents": "Dyserythropoiesis and annulate lamellae. Cytoplasmic and intranuclear annulate lamellae in the erythroblasts from patients with dyserythropoietic anaemia (megaloblastic anaemia, dysplastic anaemia and erythroleukaemia) are described. Annulate lamellae have mainly been observed in oocytes, in embryonic tissues and in malignant cells. Their occurrence in dyserythropoietic anaemia may be related to the reappearance of fetal characteristics in the erythroblasts and erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1059475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2949", "title": "Hypoplastic acute myelogenous leukaemia.", "content": "The clinical course, diagnosis and management of nine cases of hypoplastic acute myelogenous leukaemia are described. Such cases may follow a slowly progressive course and should not receive anti-leukaemic chemotherapy unless the disease is advancing rapidly or unless some specific complication develops. If chemotherapy has to be given, usually because of severe and recurrent infections, then prompt and prolonged remission of disease may occur.", "contents": "Hypoplastic acute myelogenous leukaemia. The clinical course, diagnosis and management of nine cases of hypoplastic acute myelogenous leukaemia are described. Such cases may follow a slowly progressive course and should not receive anti-leukaemic chemotherapy unless the disease is advancing rapidly or unless some specific complication develops. If chemotherapy has to be given, usually because of severe and recurrent infections, then prompt and prolonged remission of disease may occur.", "PMID": 1059476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2950", "title": "A comparative study of acute myeloblastic leukaemia in children and adults.", "content": "The presenting features and clinical course of 89 adults and 15 children with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) presenting to a Regional Leukaemia Centre has been analysed. Remission rate was related to age, being 40% for the total adult group and 60% for all children. Young adults and children had a particularly high remission rate, whilst elderly patients faired badly. Survival diminished with increasing age and patients who entered complete remission survived for a significantly longer time (P less than 0.001) than those who did not. Adult AML differs from childhood AML, the adults having a lower remission rate, a significantly shorter survival (P less than 0.005) and almost complete absence of second remissions. Adults showed no correlation between complete remission and initial WBC or initial blast cell count, but in children there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between initial total WBC and complete remission. A significant correlation between initial platelet count and complete remission could not be demonstrated in either group. Although the numbers of children are small, preadolescent children may represent a favourable sub-group, particularly those between 7 and 8 years of age.", "contents": "A comparative study of acute myeloblastic leukaemia in children and adults. The presenting features and clinical course of 89 adults and 15 children with acute myeloblastic leukaemia (AML) presenting to a Regional Leukaemia Centre has been analysed. Remission rate was related to age, being 40% for the total adult group and 60% for all children. Young adults and children had a particularly high remission rate, whilst elderly patients faired badly. Survival diminished with increasing age and patients who entered complete remission survived for a significantly longer time (P less than 0.001) than those who did not. Adult AML differs from childhood AML, the adults having a lower remission rate, a significantly shorter survival (P less than 0.005) and almost complete absence of second remissions. Adults showed no correlation between complete remission and initial WBC or initial blast cell count, but in children there was a significant correlation (P less than 0.05) between initial total WBC and complete remission. A significant correlation between initial platelet count and complete remission could not be demonstrated in either group. Although the numbers of children are small, preadolescent children may represent a favourable sub-group, particularly those between 7 and 8 years of age.", "PMID": 1059477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2951", "title": "Portal hypertension in chronic leukaemia.", "content": "Portal haemodynamic studies were carried out in 11 subjects, seven with chronic myeloid leukaemia and four with chronic lymphatic leukaemia, and results compared with those obtained in five patients with 'idiopathic' splenomegaly and with control subjects. All 11 patients with chronic leukaemia had intrasplenic pressures above 11 mmHg and of these four had pressures above 20 mmHg. Portosystemic collaterals were seen on splenovenography in four of these patients. Hepatic vein wedge pressure was above 7 mmHg in nine patients and these high levels were a result of increased free hepatic vein pressure. The corrected sinusoidal pressure and post sinusoidal resistance were essentially normal in all patients. Evidence of increased pre-sinusoidal resistance was seen in six patients. Estimated hepatic blood flow above 1500 ml/min was seen in six patients and all had evidence of histological portal or sinusoidal infilatration. Patients with 'idiopathic' splenomegaly regardless of increased liver blood flow did not have a significant increase in intrasplenic pressure and no alteration in other haemodynamic parameters. It appears that increased liver blood flow alone in a normal liver can only minimally elevate intrasplenic pressure but can play a significant part in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension when liver structure is altered.", "contents": "Portal hypertension in chronic leukaemia. Portal haemodynamic studies were carried out in 11 subjects, seven with chronic myeloid leukaemia and four with chronic lymphatic leukaemia, and results compared with those obtained in five patients with 'idiopathic' splenomegaly and with control subjects. All 11 patients with chronic leukaemia had intrasplenic pressures above 11 mmHg and of these four had pressures above 20 mmHg. Portosystemic collaterals were seen on splenovenography in four of these patients. Hepatic vein wedge pressure was above 7 mmHg in nine patients and these high levels were a result of increased free hepatic vein pressure. The corrected sinusoidal pressure and post sinusoidal resistance were essentially normal in all patients. Evidence of increased pre-sinusoidal resistance was seen in six patients. Estimated hepatic blood flow above 1500 ml/min was seen in six patients and all had evidence of histological portal or sinusoidal infilatration. Patients with 'idiopathic' splenomegaly regardless of increased liver blood flow did not have a significant increase in intrasplenic pressure and no alteration in other haemodynamic parameters. It appears that increased liver blood flow alone in a normal liver can only minimally elevate intrasplenic pressure but can play a significant part in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension when liver structure is altered.", "PMID": 1059478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2952", "title": "The three transcobalamins in myeloproliferative disorders and acute leukaemia.", "content": "The unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity of whole serum (UBBC) and of the three transcobalamins (TC) has been studied in patients with various haematological diseases including myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) and acute leukaemia. The binding capacity of TC I and TC III was increased in MPD; TC I being particularly high in chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and TC III especially raised in polycythaemia rubra vera (PRV) and in infectious leucocytosis. The binding capacity of both TC I and TC III correlated with blood neutrophil count and the ratio TC III/TC I was low in CGL and increased in PRV. TC II was increased in acute myelogenous leukaemia, during remission and blast cell crisis of CGL and in refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts but not in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). TC II correlated inversely with blood neutrophil count. There is an inverse ratio between TC II and TC I at least in myelogenous leukaemia. These abnormalities are discussed in relation to granulocyte kinetics. TC III and TC I reflect probably the total body granulocyte pool and share some biochemical and immunological properties supporting the view that they have a common origin in the more mature stages of the granulocyte cell line while TC II probably originates partly in more primitive granulocytes.", "contents": "The three transcobalamins in myeloproliferative disorders and acute leukaemia. The unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity of whole serum (UBBC) and of the three transcobalamins (TC) has been studied in patients with various haematological diseases including myeloproliferative disorders (MPD) and acute leukaemia. The binding capacity of TC I and TC III was increased in MPD; TC I being particularly high in chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and TC III especially raised in polycythaemia rubra vera (PRV) and in infectious leucocytosis. The binding capacity of both TC I and TC III correlated with blood neutrophil count and the ratio TC III/TC I was low in CGL and increased in PRV. TC II was increased in acute myelogenous leukaemia, during remission and blast cell crisis of CGL and in refractory anaemia with excess of myeloblasts but not in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). TC II correlated inversely with blood neutrophil count. There is an inverse ratio between TC II and TC I at least in myelogenous leukaemia. These abnormalities are discussed in relation to granulocyte kinetics. TC III and TC I reflect probably the total body granulocyte pool and share some biochemical and immunological properties supporting the view that they have a common origin in the more mature stages of the granulocyte cell line while TC II probably originates partly in more primitive granulocytes.", "PMID": 1059479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2953", "title": "The cryosurgery of bone. An experimental and clinical assessment.", "content": "The histological response of bone to freezing is descirbed and it is suggested that there are three overlapping phases: osteogenic and remodelling. Different methods of freezing bone are evaluated using thermographic data and conclusions are made regarding the clinical application for each in the region of the jaws. The use of cryosurgery is described in the treatment of a group of patients with odontogenic keratocysts. It was used in an attempt to eliminate residual cellular rests and reduce the tendency to recurrence.", "contents": "The cryosurgery of bone. An experimental and clinical assessment. The histological response of bone to freezing is descirbed and it is suggested that there are three overlapping phases: osteogenic and remodelling. Different methods of freezing bone are evaluated using thermographic data and conclusions are made regarding the clinical application for each in the region of the jaws. The use of cryosurgery is described in the treatment of a group of patients with odontogenic keratocysts. It was used in an attempt to eliminate residual cellular rests and reduce the tendency to recurrence.", "PMID": 1059480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2954", "title": "Cryosurgery, and its application to oral surgery.", "content": "The biological mechanisms of tissue necrosis by controlled freezing are discussed, with particular reference to their importance in cryosurgical technique. The clinical events following cryosurgery are decribed, together with common complications. As the oral mucosa is particularly amenable to this form of treatment, it has been used on a wide variety of oral lesions. From observations based on the treatment of over 300 patients, the advantages, disadvantages, relative indications and suitable variations in technique of cryosurgery are discussed.", "contents": "Cryosurgery, and its application to oral surgery. The biological mechanisms of tissue necrosis by controlled freezing are discussed, with particular reference to their importance in cryosurgical technique. The clinical events following cryosurgery are decribed, together with common complications. As the oral mucosa is particularly amenable to this form of treatment, it has been used on a wide variety of oral lesions. From observations based on the treatment of over 300 patients, the advantages, disadvantages, relative indications and suitable variations in technique of cryosurgery are discussed.", "PMID": 1059481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2955", "title": "The management of Ludwig's angina.", "content": "A severe case of Ludwig's Angina which was treated along the historical lines of surgical decompression is presented. The problem resulting from this approach are discussed together with alternative methods of management. The conclusion is made that surgical decompression as a means of avoiding respiratory obstruction should be abandoned and that tracheotomy should be used.", "contents": "The management of Ludwig's angina. A severe case of Ludwig's Angina which was treated along the historical lines of surgical decompression is presented. The problem resulting from this approach are discussed together with alternative methods of management. The conclusion is made that surgical decompression as a means of avoiding respiratory obstruction should be abandoned and that tracheotomy should be used.", "PMID": 1059482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2956", "title": "Cervico-facial and intra-oral actinomycosis: a 5-year retrospective study.", "content": "Actinomycosis is often considered to be a rare disease in the oral region. A retrospective study of the Routine Diagnostic Services in Glasgow Dental Hospital revealed 39 cases in which actinomyces were detected, indicating that this organism is not infrequent in oral infections and may be seen in a variety of lesions.", "contents": "Cervico-facial and intra-oral actinomycosis: a 5-year retrospective study. Actinomycosis is often considered to be a rare disease in the oral region. A retrospective study of the Routine Diagnostic Services in Glasgow Dental Hospital revealed 39 cases in which actinomyces were detected, indicating that this organism is not infrequent in oral infections and may be seen in a variety of lesions.", "PMID": 1059485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2957", "title": "Temporomandibular arthrokinetic reflex control of the mandibular musculature.", "content": "The results of an experimental electromyographic investigation of temporomandibular arthrokinetic reflex control of the mandibular musculature are reported. Co-ordinated, rapidly adapting and slowly adapting facilitatory and inhibitory reflex changes in motor unit activity in the mandibular musculature were evoked by graduated passive movements of the isolated (but innervated) temporomandibular joint. Induced dysfunction of regionally discrete groups of articular mechanoreceptors was shown to result in specific changes in static and dynamic reflex motor unit activity. The possible clinical significance of these changes is discussed.", "contents": "Temporomandibular arthrokinetic reflex control of the mandibular musculature. The results of an experimental electromyographic investigation of temporomandibular arthrokinetic reflex control of the mandibular musculature are reported. Co-ordinated, rapidly adapting and slowly adapting facilitatory and inhibitory reflex changes in motor unit activity in the mandibular musculature were evoked by graduated passive movements of the isolated (but innervated) temporomandibular joint. Induced dysfunction of regionally discrete groups of articular mechanoreceptors was shown to result in specific changes in static and dynamic reflex motor unit activity. The possible clinical significance of these changes is discussed.", "PMID": 1059487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2958", "title": "Physiological changes associated with unilateral pulmonary ventilation during operations on the lung.", "content": "No important changes in the respiratory parameters were observed during one-lung anaesthesia. However, this kind of thoracic intervention can be accompanied by a dramatic fall in arterial oxygen tension. Methods to avoid tissue hypoxia have been described. In our series no complications whatever occurred in the operative and post-operative periods which could be related to the oxygenation of the patient.", "contents": "Physiological changes associated with unilateral pulmonary ventilation during operations on the lung. No important changes in the respiratory parameters were observed during one-lung anaesthesia. However, this kind of thoracic intervention can be accompanied by a dramatic fall in arterial oxygen tension. Methods to avoid tissue hypoxia have been described. In our series no complications whatever occurred in the operative and post-operative periods which could be related to the oxygenation of the patient.", "PMID": 1059495}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2959", "title": "Comma-shaped venular segments of conjunctiva in chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "Isolated comma or corkscrew-shaped venular segments in the conjunctiva have been felt to be diagnostic of sickle cell disease. External eye examination of a 34-year-old black man with a two-year history of chronic granulocytic leukemia revealed multiple small and medium-sized isolated conjunctival venular segments. Laboratory findings at the time of examination included a white blood cell count of 132,000/mm3 with 87% eosinophils, a hematocrit reading of 30%, and hemoglobin AA. Since whole blood hyperviscosity can be present in chronic granulocytic leukemia as well as sickle cell disease, this may account for the similarly of the conjunctival changes.", "contents": "Comma-shaped venular segments of conjunctiva in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Isolated comma or corkscrew-shaped venular segments in the conjunctiva have been felt to be diagnostic of sickle cell disease. External eye examination of a 34-year-old black man with a two-year history of chronic granulocytic leukemia revealed multiple small and medium-sized isolated conjunctival venular segments. Laboratory findings at the time of examination included a white blood cell count of 132,000/mm3 with 87% eosinophils, a hematocrit reading of 30%, and hemoglobin AA. Since whole blood hyperviscosity can be present in chronic granulocytic leukemia as well as sickle cell disease, this may account for the similarly of the conjunctival changes.", "PMID": 1059496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2960", "title": "Female genital self-mutilation, dysorexia and the hysterical personality: the Caenis Syndrome.", "content": "A detailed case report of female genital self-mutilation associated with dysorexia and the hysterical personality is presented. This lends support to recent literature that has suggested the possibility that these clinical features may comprise a discrete syndrome. The usefulness of considering this triad as a syndrome is illustrated by its facilitating the recall of two previous patients who in retrospect appear to fulfil these criteria. It is suggested that the name Caenis syndrome be given to this triad of behaviour.", "contents": "Female genital self-mutilation, dysorexia and the hysterical personality: the Caenis Syndrome. A detailed case report of female genital self-mutilation associated with dysorexia and the hysterical personality is presented. This lends support to recent literature that has suggested the possibility that these clinical features may comprise a discrete syndrome. The usefulness of considering this triad as a syndrome is illustrated by its facilitating the recall of two previous patients who in retrospect appear to fulfil these criteria. It is suggested that the name Caenis syndrome be given to this triad of behaviour.", "PMID": 1059497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2961", "title": "Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia of childhood with cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, prednisolone, and mercaptopurine or thioguanine.", "content": "Eighteen children with acute myeloid leukemia have been treated with a four-drug protocol using cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, prednisolone, and mercaptopurine or thioguanine. The initial remission rate overall was 78%. Of 15 children who completed a week's treatment, i.e. one complete cycle, 14 entered complete remission (93%). The median survival was 7 months, and the median survival for those entering remission was 12 1/2 months.", "contents": "Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia of childhood with cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, prednisolone, and mercaptopurine or thioguanine. Eighteen children with acute myeloid leukemia have been treated with a four-drug protocol using cytosine arabinoside, daunorubicin, prednisolone, and mercaptopurine or thioguanine. The initial remission rate overall was 78%. Of 15 children who completed a week's treatment, i.e. one complete cycle, 14 entered complete remission (93%). The median survival was 7 months, and the median survival for those entering remission was 12 1/2 months.", "PMID": 1059498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2962", "title": "Comparative study of cytosine arabinoside therapy alone and combined with thioguanine, mercaptopurine, or daunorubicin in acute myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Three hundred twenty-six patients with acute myelocytic leukemia were randomly and prospectively assigned to four therapeutic regimens: cytosine arabinoside either alone or in combination with daunorubicin, 6-mercaptopurine, or 6-thioguanine. The results in 231 qualified previously untreated patients were analyzed. The combination treatments produced a significantly greater frequency of complete or partial remission than single drug therapy. Treatment with cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine led to 48% age-adjusted complete and partial responses. The median sur survival from diagnosis of all 66 evaluable patients treated with these two drugs was 18 weeks, while the median survival for those who responded to this combination was 15 months.", "contents": "Comparative study of cytosine arabinoside therapy alone and combined with thioguanine, mercaptopurine, or daunorubicin in acute myelocytic leukemia. Three hundred twenty-six patients with acute myelocytic leukemia were randomly and prospectively assigned to four therapeutic regimens: cytosine arabinoside either alone or in combination with daunorubicin, 6-mercaptopurine, or 6-thioguanine. The results in 231 qualified previously untreated patients were analyzed. The combination treatments produced a significantly greater frequency of complete or partial remission than single drug therapy. Treatment with cytosine arabinoside and thioguanine led to 48% age-adjusted complete and partial responses. The median sur survival from diagnosis of all 66 evaluable patients treated with these two drugs was 18 weeks, while the median survival for those who responded to this combination was 15 months.", "PMID": 1059499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2963", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in children with leukemia.", "content": "The records of 314 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were reviewed to determine the frequency, clinical and laboratory features; contributing factors; and prognosis of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Twenty-five well-documented cases of hemorrhagic cystitis were identified. While most of the affected children suffered a mild transient illness, 1 patient died as a result of bladder hemorrhage. The doses of cyclophosphamide received by these children ranged widely and did not correlate with the severity of the cystitis. The frequency of this complication did not differ significantly with sex, age or route of administration. However, cystitis was over twice as frequent in black children as in white. Nineteen of 25 cases occurred in the spring and summer months. The group of affected children did not differ significantly from a matched control group in terms of total drug dosage received, incidence of systemic toxicity, mean urine specific gravity, or overall survival.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in children with leukemia. The records of 314 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were reviewed to determine the frequency, clinical and laboratory features; contributing factors; and prognosis of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis. Twenty-five well-documented cases of hemorrhagic cystitis were identified. While most of the affected children suffered a mild transient illness, 1 patient died as a result of bladder hemorrhage. The doses of cyclophosphamide received by these children ranged widely and did not correlate with the severity of the cystitis. The frequency of this complication did not differ significantly with sex, age or route of administration. However, cystitis was over twice as frequent in black children as in white. Nineteen of 25 cases occurred in the spring and summer months. The group of affected children did not differ significantly from a matched control group in terms of total drug dosage received, incidence of systemic toxicity, mean urine specific gravity, or overall survival.", "PMID": 1059500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2964", "title": "Adjuvant chemotherapy in primary treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. A Southwest Oncology Group study.", "content": "A four-drug adjuvant chemotherapy regimen (CONPADRI-I) was utilized in the primary treatment of 18 children with osteogenic sarcoma. All patients had surgical amputation for the primary lesion. The children then received cyclophosphamide, vincristine, melphalan, and adriamycin in defined combinations intermittently over a 72-week period. Of the 18 patients, 10 (55%) remain free of disease 24 months or longer from time of amputation.", "contents": "Adjuvant chemotherapy in primary treatment of osteogenic sarcoma. A Southwest Oncology Group study. A four-drug adjuvant chemotherapy regimen (CONPADRI-I) was utilized in the primary treatment of 18 children with osteogenic sarcoma. All patients had surgical amputation for the primary lesion. The children then received cyclophosphamide, vincristine, melphalan, and adriamycin in defined combinations intermittently over a 72-week period. Of the 18 patients, 10 (55%) remain free of disease 24 months or longer from time of amputation.", "PMID": 1059501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2965", "title": "Thorotrast-induced extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the cervical region. Report of a case.", "content": "This is the seventh reported case of soft tissue sarcoma attributed to thorotrast extravasated during the course of an injection for arteriography. An extraskeletal osteosarcoma occurring the cervical region of a 51-year-old man 30 years after a cerebral arteriogram is presented. The other reported cases include a fibrosarcoma, two neurofibrosarcomas, two spindle cell sarcomas, and an extraskeletal chondrosarcoma. The latency period has varied from 5 to 30 years. The thorotrast granules are readily identified in macrophages near or adjacent to the tumor, and the demonstration of alpha tracks on autoradiographs is diagnostic.", "contents": "Thorotrast-induced extraskeletal osteosarcoma of the cervical region. Report of a case. This is the seventh reported case of soft tissue sarcoma attributed to thorotrast extravasated during the course of an injection for arteriography. An extraskeletal osteosarcoma occurring the cervical region of a 51-year-old man 30 years after a cerebral arteriogram is presented. The other reported cases include a fibrosarcoma, two neurofibrosarcomas, two spindle cell sarcomas, and an extraskeletal chondrosarcoma. The latency period has varied from 5 to 30 years. The thorotrast granules are readily identified in macrophages near or adjacent to the tumor, and the demonstration of alpha tracks on autoradiographs is diagnostic.", "PMID": 1059502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2966", "title": "Origins of nutritional imbalance in cancer.", "content": "Some parallels and differences are considered between the nutritional circumstances that favor carcinogenesis and those that favor tumor growth and host cachexia. From evidence on deletion of physiological feeding controls and changes in feeding behavior during tumor growth and from evidence on differences in sets of available feeding controls and in feeding behavior among normal individuals, it is suggested that acquisition of possibly carcinogenic dietary habits may originate, in part, from innate deficits in physiological feeding controls.", "contents": "Origins of nutritional imbalance in cancer. Some parallels and differences are considered between the nutritional circumstances that favor carcinogenesis and those that favor tumor growth and host cachexia. From evidence on deletion of physiological feeding controls and changes in feeding behavior during tumor growth and from evidence on differences in sets of available feeding controls and in feeding behavior among normal individuals, it is suggested that acquisition of possibly carcinogenic dietary habits may originate, in part, from innate deficits in physiological feeding controls.", "PMID": 1059503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2967", "title": "Survival of mice with metastatic osteosarcoma treated by cyclophosphamide or radiotherapy.", "content": "Dunn osteosarcoma cells injected i.v. into tumor-free isogeneic C3H/He mice resulted in artificial pulmonary metastases, which were treated by cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg/day i.p. for 3 days) or single thoracic X-ray doses of 1500 rads either 1 or 14 days after tumor cell injection. Compared to untreated controls, reduction in lung colony number and increase in life-span for the 1-day metastases were 56 and 46% for radiated mice, and 100 and greater than 367% for cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Corresponding values for 14-day metastases were 42, 26, 85, and 98%, respectively. Nine of 44 mice bearing 1-day metastases treated by cyclophosphamide are surviving greater than 340 days after treatment. Both treatments resulted in the extension of life-span and reduction of the number of lung colonies, and, in both modalities, there was a reduced antitumor effectiveness when treatment was withheld until the disease was more advanced.", "contents": "Survival of mice with metastatic osteosarcoma treated by cyclophosphamide or radiotherapy. Dunn osteosarcoma cells injected i.v. into tumor-free isogeneic C3H/He mice resulted in artificial pulmonary metastases, which were treated by cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg/day i.p. for 3 days) or single thoracic X-ray doses of 1500 rads either 1 or 14 days after tumor cell injection. Compared to untreated controls, reduction in lung colony number and increase in life-span for the 1-day metastases were 56 and 46% for radiated mice, and 100 and greater than 367% for cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Corresponding values for 14-day metastases were 42, 26, 85, and 98%, respectively. Nine of 44 mice bearing 1-day metastases treated by cyclophosphamide are surviving greater than 340 days after treatment. Both treatments resulted in the extension of life-span and reduction of the number of lung colonies, and, in both modalities, there was a reduced antitumor effectiveness when treatment was withheld until the disease was more advanced.", "PMID": 1059504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2968", "title": "Application of engineering principles in management of spinal cord injured patients.", "content": "Engineering services currently being used for spine stabilization, respiratory assist, and pressure sore prevention are discussed as well as devices under development for bowel and bladder control, reduction of contractural deformities and spasticity, and electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles. Concepts and devices for improved function are divided into categories of: orthotic devices; environmental control systems; mobility systems; page-turning devices. A wide range of engineering devices are available but strict attention must be given to medical rationale for their use.", "contents": "Application of engineering principles in management of spinal cord injured patients. Engineering services currently being used for spine stabilization, respiratory assist, and pressure sore prevention are discussed as well as devices under development for bowel and bladder control, reduction of contractural deformities and spasticity, and electrical stimulation of paralyzed muscles. Concepts and devices for improved function are divided into categories of: orthotic devices; environmental control systems; mobility systems; page-turning devices. A wide range of engineering devices are available but strict attention must be given to medical rationale for their use.", "PMID": 1059507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2969", "title": "Hormone suppression of DNA synthesis in cultured chondrocyte and osteosarcoma cell line.", "content": "Recent evidence suggests that endocrine factors play an important role in the natural history of osteosarcoma. The occurrence of this tumor in the metaphysis of rapidly growing adolescents, coupled with increased female survival led to the investigation of the effects of various hormones on cultured osteosarcoma cells. The in vitro effects of physiologic concentrations of human growth hormone, 17beta estradiol, and progesterone on cultured osteosarcoma cells and chondrocytes are presented. Growth hormone significantly enhances 3H-thymidine incorporation in osteosarcoma cells and chondrocytes, in the presence of human serum. The use of other sera, culture media, or heat inactivation of the human serum abolishes this effect. Estradiol and progesterone, alone, or in combination produce significant suppression of DNA synthesis in cultured tumor cells. Several sera contain a heat-labile factor which has the capacity to block the suppressive effect of estradiol. This factor could be overcome by increasing the concentration of hormone, or by heat-inactivation of the serum. The use of hormone therapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma has never been reported, despite its demonstrated value in certain other malignancies. In light of these observations and considering the poor prognosis in this disease it seems reasonable to initiate a study of adjunctive hormone therapy in osteosarcama.", "contents": "Hormone suppression of DNA synthesis in cultured chondrocyte and osteosarcoma cell line. Recent evidence suggests that endocrine factors play an important role in the natural history of osteosarcoma. The occurrence of this tumor in the metaphysis of rapidly growing adolescents, coupled with increased female survival led to the investigation of the effects of various hormones on cultured osteosarcoma cells. The in vitro effects of physiologic concentrations of human growth hormone, 17beta estradiol, and progesterone on cultured osteosarcoma cells and chondrocytes are presented. Growth hormone significantly enhances 3H-thymidine incorporation in osteosarcoma cells and chondrocytes, in the presence of human serum. The use of other sera, culture media, or heat inactivation of the human serum abolishes this effect. Estradiol and progesterone, alone, or in combination produce significant suppression of DNA synthesis in cultured tumor cells. Several sera contain a heat-labile factor which has the capacity to block the suppressive effect of estradiol. This factor could be overcome by increasing the concentration of hormone, or by heat-inactivation of the serum. The use of hormone therapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma has never been reported, despite its demonstrated value in certain other malignancies. In light of these observations and considering the poor prognosis in this disease it seems reasonable to initiate a study of adjunctive hormone therapy in osteosarcama.", "PMID": 1059508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2970", "title": "Chondroblastoma of bone.", "content": "Chondroblastoma is a rare benign neoplasm of cartilaginous origin. It appears as a round or oval translucent area with a thin sclerotic rim situated most often in the epiphysis of a long bone, and occurs mainly in the 12-20 age group. It has an excellent prognosis and the radiological features should suggest the correct diagnosis. Ten cases have been reviewed in this paper. The clinical, pathological as well as the radiological features and the differential diagnosis of this entity are discussed. It is hoped that this will help in its earlier diagnosis.", "contents": "Chondroblastoma of bone. Chondroblastoma is a rare benign neoplasm of cartilaginous origin. It appears as a round or oval translucent area with a thin sclerotic rim situated most often in the epiphysis of a long bone, and occurs mainly in the 12-20 age group. It has an excellent prognosis and the radiological features should suggest the correct diagnosis. Ten cases have been reviewed in this paper. The clinical, pathological as well as the radiological features and the differential diagnosis of this entity are discussed. It is hoped that this will help in its earlier diagnosis.", "PMID": 1059512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2971", "title": "Oral hygiene instruction and motivation in children using manual and electric toothbrushes.", "content": "The effect of individual chairside instruction and motivation on children using either manual or electric toothbrushes was investigated. From 123 children aged 9-15 years attending the Children's Department, Eastman Dental Hospital, four groups were constructed. Group 1 acted as the control, Groups 2 and 3 used manual toothbrushes and received instruction and motivation, and Group 4 used electric toothbrushes (Touch Tronic, Teledyne Aqua Tec) and also received instruction and motivation. For all children, modified L\u00f6e and Silness' Gingival and Plaque Indices were scored, a disclosing agent applied and a prophylaxis completed. Children in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were additionally shown the disclosed plaque, and its importance was discussed. Their attempts to \"get the stain off\" were checked and their own brushing techniques modified. Re-examinations took place after 1 and 3 months. To estimate the reliability of the diagnosis, 172 of the 344 examinations were repeated by a second operator. The overall coefficient of correlation (between operators) was 0.8. In the control group no detectable improvement in the gingival health or oral cleanliness occurred over the 3-month study period. However, both gingival and plaque scores decreased significantly, by 35-50%, in all instructed and motivated groups within 1 month and this improvement was still observable 2 months later. There were no significant differences in improvement between motivated children using manual or electric toothbrushes.", "contents": "Oral hygiene instruction and motivation in children using manual and electric toothbrushes. The effect of individual chairside instruction and motivation on children using either manual or electric toothbrushes was investigated. From 123 children aged 9-15 years attending the Children's Department, Eastman Dental Hospital, four groups were constructed. Group 1 acted as the control, Groups 2 and 3 used manual toothbrushes and received instruction and motivation, and Group 4 used electric toothbrushes (Touch Tronic, Teledyne Aqua Tec) and also received instruction and motivation. For all children, modified L\u00f6e and Silness' Gingival and Plaque Indices were scored, a disclosing agent applied and a prophylaxis completed. Children in Groups 2, 3 and 4 were additionally shown the disclosed plaque, and its importance was discussed. Their attempts to \"get the stain off\" were checked and their own brushing techniques modified. Re-examinations took place after 1 and 3 months. To estimate the reliability of the diagnosis, 172 of the 344 examinations were repeated by a second operator. The overall coefficient of correlation (between operators) was 0.8. In the control group no detectable improvement in the gingival health or oral cleanliness occurred over the 3-month study period. However, both gingival and plaque scores decreased significantly, by 35-50%, in all instructed and motivated groups within 1 month and this improvement was still observable 2 months later. There were no significant differences in improvement between motivated children using manual or electric toothbrushes.", "PMID": 1059513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2972", "title": "An epidemiologic study of osteogenic sarcoma in Malaysia. Incidence in urban as compared with rural environments and in each of three separate racial groups, 1969-1972.", "content": "To explore the possibility that environmental and/or genetic factors may yield clues to the etiology of osteogenic sarcoma, an epidemiologic retrospective study of all cases of osteogenic sarcoma in a country with clear geographic and racial variables (Malaysia) was conducted covering a 4-year period. Sixty-eight cases were identified (+85% of the predicted total). The incidence (cases per 100,000 population per year) was 0.11 in Malay, 0.23 in the Chinese, and 0.23 in the Indian. The urban versus rural incidence in the Malay was 0.22 versus 0.09, and in the Chinese 0.31 versus 0.18. The Indian population was too small when dividied into urban and rural segments to be significant.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of osteogenic sarcoma in Malaysia. Incidence in urban as compared with rural environments and in each of three separate racial groups, 1969-1972. To explore the possibility that environmental and/or genetic factors may yield clues to the etiology of osteogenic sarcoma, an epidemiologic retrospective study of all cases of osteogenic sarcoma in a country with clear geographic and racial variables (Malaysia) was conducted covering a 4-year period. Sixty-eight cases were identified (+85% of the predicted total). The incidence (cases per 100,000 population per year) was 0.11 in Malay, 0.23 in the Chinese, and 0.23 in the Indian. The urban versus rural incidence in the Malay was 0.22 versus 0.09, and in the Chinese 0.31 versus 0.18. The Indian population was too small when dividied into urban and rural segments to be significant.", "PMID": 1059509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2973", "title": "Establishment and alkaline phosphatase activity of clonal cell lines of murine osteosarcomas. A preliminary study.", "content": "Clonal cell lines of murine osteosarcomas were established and have been maintained in vitro for over a year. By implanting these cultured cells into mice, osteosarcomas, whose histological picutres were exactly the same as those of the original tumors, were easily reproduced. The cultured cells of murine osteosarcomas contain an extremely high level of alkaline phosphatase activity. The cells also secrete a great amount of extracellular alkaline phosphatase in culture media.", "contents": "Establishment and alkaline phosphatase activity of clonal cell lines of murine osteosarcomas. A preliminary study. Clonal cell lines of murine osteosarcomas were established and have been maintained in vitro for over a year. By implanting these cultured cells into mice, osteosarcomas, whose histological picutres were exactly the same as those of the original tumors, were easily reproduced. The cultured cells of murine osteosarcomas contain an extremely high level of alkaline phosphatase activity. The cells also secrete a great amount of extracellular alkaline phosphatase in culture media.", "PMID": 1059510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2974", "title": "Caries preventive effect of a fluoride-containing varnish (Duraphat) after 1 year's study.", "content": "The caries prophylactic effect of semi-annual applications of a fluoride-containing varnish (Duraphat) was tested in 121 15-year-old children. The children were divided into a test (60 subjects). The teeth of the children in the test group were coated with fluoride varnish at the beginning of the experimental period and again 6 months later. A clinical and radiographic examination of all children was performed immediately prior to the first application of varnish and 1 year later. The mean caries increment was 0.9 new DMFS in the test group and 4.0 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant at the 0.1% level. The caries prophylactic effect on different tooth surfaces was statistically significant both on proximal and on occlusal surfaces at the 0.1% level. Analyzing the material with respect to the caries prophylactic effect against the background of caries prevalence at the start of the investigation showed a better effect in the group of children with low and medium initial DMFS values.", "contents": "Caries preventive effect of a fluoride-containing varnish (Duraphat) after 1 year's study. The caries prophylactic effect of semi-annual applications of a fluoride-containing varnish (Duraphat) was tested in 121 15-year-old children. The children were divided into a test (60 subjects). The teeth of the children in the test group were coated with fluoride varnish at the beginning of the experimental period and again 6 months later. A clinical and radiographic examination of all children was performed immediately prior to the first application of varnish and 1 year later. The mean caries increment was 0.9 new DMFS in the test group and 4.0 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant at the 0.1% level. The caries prophylactic effect on different tooth surfaces was statistically significant both on proximal and on occlusal surfaces at the 0.1% level. Analyzing the material with respect to the caries prophylactic effect against the background of caries prevalence at the start of the investigation showed a better effect in the group of children with low and medium initial DMFS values.", "PMID": 1059514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2975", "title": "Errors in diagnosis of approximal caries on bitewing radiographs.", "content": "The number of overlapped and unreadable surfaces occurring on bitewing radiographs of 1,417 children participating in a clinical trial was recorded. Of erupted surfaces, only 73.3% were completely visible to both participating examiners. Interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility ratios were calculated according to the F.D.I. recommendations. The ratios obtained in the present study ranged from 0.06 to 0.36. Almost 57% of approximal cavities were diagnosed on radiographic examination only: 21% were diagnosed clinically, but were not apparent on the radiographs.", "contents": "Errors in diagnosis of approximal caries on bitewing radiographs. The number of overlapped and unreadable surfaces occurring on bitewing radiographs of 1,417 children participating in a clinical trial was recorded. Of erupted surfaces, only 73.3% were completely visible to both participating examiners. Interexaminer and intraexaminer reproducibility ratios were calculated according to the F.D.I. recommendations. The ratios obtained in the present study ranged from 0.06 to 0.36. Almost 57% of approximal cavities were diagnosed on radiographic examination only: 21% were diagnosed clinically, but were not apparent on the radiographs.", "PMID": 1059515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2976", "title": "Tooth loss in South Australia.", "content": "A survey of approximately 8,300 subjects in the State of South Australia indicated that approximately 228,400 South Australians aged 15 years and over (26%) were edentulous and, of these, 95% wore full maxillary and mandibular dentures. The proportion of edentulous subjects increased with age and was lower in males, upper socioeconomic groups, immigrants and in the State capital.", "contents": "Tooth loss in South Australia. A survey of approximately 8,300 subjects in the State of South Australia indicated that approximately 228,400 South Australians aged 15 years and over (26%) were edentulous and, of these, 95% wore full maxillary and mandibular dentures. The proportion of edentulous subjects increased with age and was lower in males, upper socioeconomic groups, immigrants and in the State capital.", "PMID": 1059516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2977", "title": "[Results of combined chemotherapy in treatment-resistant leukaemia of adults (author's transl)].", "content": "In 21 patients with acute leukaemia not or no longer responsive to conventional chemotherapy, and in four patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the blast phase, intensive combination treatment was started with thioguanine, daunomycine, cytarabine, methotrexate, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine. Six patients with acute leukaemia went into complete remission, three into partial remission. The mean duration of remission was relatively short at 11 weeks. Of the four patients in the blast phase of chronic myeloid leukaemia two had objective and subjective remission. The toxicity of the combined treatment was not marked and subjective tolerance good. Such combined treatment is a realistic means of managing treatment-resistant acute leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia in the blast phase.", "contents": "[Results of combined chemotherapy in treatment-resistant leukaemia of adults (author's transl)]. In 21 patients with acute leukaemia not or no longer responsive to conventional chemotherapy, and in four patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia in the blast phase, intensive combination treatment was started with thioguanine, daunomycine, cytarabine, methotrexate, prednisone, cyclophosphamide, and vincristine. Six patients with acute leukaemia went into complete remission, three into partial remission. The mean duration of remission was relatively short at 11 weeks. Of the four patients in the blast phase of chronic myeloid leukaemia two had objective and subjective remission. The toxicity of the combined treatment was not marked and subjective tolerance good. Such combined treatment is a realistic means of managing treatment-resistant acute leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia in the blast phase.", "PMID": 1059536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2978", "title": "[Co-existence of chronic myeloid leukaemia and carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic myeloid leukaemia and carcinoma of the breast co-existed in three women. This combination is exceedingly rare. Although the cancerogenic properties of ionizing radiation and cytostatic drugs could be held responsible for the occurrence of two malignant tumours, no definitive conclusions can be drawn in the individual case. Co-existence of leukaemia and carcinoma does not occur more frequently than could be predicted statistically from the incidence of each.", "contents": "[Co-existence of chronic myeloid leukaemia and carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. Chronic myeloid leukaemia and carcinoma of the breast co-existed in three women. This combination is exceedingly rare. Although the cancerogenic properties of ionizing radiation and cytostatic drugs could be held responsible for the occurrence of two malignant tumours, no definitive conclusions can be drawn in the individual case. Co-existence of leukaemia and carcinoma does not occur more frequently than could be predicted statistically from the incidence of each.", "PMID": 1059537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2979", "title": "[Fluoride content of teeth following treatment with Zircate paste].", "content": "We extracted the four lower incisive teeth 41, 42 and 31, 32 of ten patients in age of 50-73 years. The indication was a profound marginal parodontopathy. Before extraction the incisors of the right side were treated with 9% stannous-fluoride. Five minutes after treatment they and the unfluoridated left incisive teeth 31, 32 were extracted. For transformation of 19F to radioactive 20F the extracted teeth were exposed to neutrons in the nuclear reactor. The incorporated radioactivity was proportional to the fluoride-concentration. Considering fluoridated (128,45 +/- 13,659 mug/g) and unfluoridated (128,6 +/- 14,88 mug/g) teeth, the fluoride concentration did not differ significantly.", "contents": "[Fluoride content of teeth following treatment with Zircate paste]. We extracted the four lower incisive teeth 41, 42 and 31, 32 of ten patients in age of 50-73 years. The indication was a profound marginal parodontopathy. Before extraction the incisors of the right side were treated with 9% stannous-fluoride. Five minutes after treatment they and the unfluoridated left incisive teeth 31, 32 were extracted. For transformation of 19F to radioactive 20F the extracted teeth were exposed to neutrons in the nuclear reactor. The incorporated radioactivity was proportional to the fluoride-concentration. Considering fluoridated (128,45 +/- 13,659 mug/g) and unfluoridated (128,6 +/- 14,88 mug/g) teeth, the fluoride concentration did not differ significantly.", "PMID": 1059540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2980", "title": "[Tetracyclin and caries].", "content": "The influence of tetracyclines embedded in hard substances on caries predisposition of the teeth is tested in Syrian hamsters. Caries predisposition in the teeth that mineralized under tetracycline influence is by 67% smaller than in the teeth of the animals of the control group. This phenomenon can neither be explained by a permanent change in the microflora of the oral cavity nor by a local effect of the antibiotic resulting from dissolving processes when it is released. The reduction in caries predisposition can only be due to a change in the mineral structure of the enamel that developed under the influence of tetracycline.", "contents": "[Tetracyclin and caries]. The influence of tetracyclines embedded in hard substances on caries predisposition of the teeth is tested in Syrian hamsters. Caries predisposition in the teeth that mineralized under tetracycline influence is by 67% smaller than in the teeth of the animals of the control group. This phenomenon can neither be explained by a permanent change in the microflora of the oral cavity nor by a local effect of the antibiotic resulting from dissolving processes when it is released. The reduction in caries predisposition can only be due to a change in the mineral structure of the enamel that developed under the influence of tetracycline.", "PMID": 1059541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2981", "title": "[Lead and arsenic resorption in the hard tissues (crystallochemical studies)].", "content": "Histologic-analytical observations on the resorption of lead and arsenic compounds are put into relationship with crystal-chemical analogies in the composition of hard tissue and the structure of calcium phosphate apatites with lead and arsenic substitution. Chemical analyses and x-ray diffraction of calcium and lead apatites with phosphate and arsenate represented as mixed precipitates in solution equilibrium show that - with the exception of calcium arsenate apatite - linear diadochocinetic substitution conditions are existing. The composition of calcium arsenate apatite is clearly shown to contain much less arsenic. This result is explained by the crystallographic laws of substitution in the crystal lattice (diadochocinetic laws). The clinical and physiological findings in lead and arsenic resorption are confirmed by the found distributional equilibria.", "contents": "[Lead and arsenic resorption in the hard tissues (crystallochemical studies)]. Histologic-analytical observations on the resorption of lead and arsenic compounds are put into relationship with crystal-chemical analogies in the composition of hard tissue and the structure of calcium phosphate apatites with lead and arsenic substitution. Chemical analyses and x-ray diffraction of calcium and lead apatites with phosphate and arsenate represented as mixed precipitates in solution equilibrium show that - with the exception of calcium arsenate apatite - linear diadochocinetic substitution conditions are existing. The composition of calcium arsenate apatite is clearly shown to contain much less arsenic. This result is explained by the crystallographic laws of substitution in the crystal lattice (diadochocinetic laws). The clinical and physiological findings in lead and arsenic resorption are confirmed by the found distributional equilibria.", "PMID": 1059542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2982", "title": "[Report on the learning effect in school children following toothbrushing instruction by students].", "content": "After they had gone through a training program on the prevention of caries and periodontal disease, 20 students instructed young patients in how to brush their teeth. One of the students instructed a class of 35 pupils. The change-over from the learning situation to the situation at the patient was successful with 77% of the students. Questionnaires filled out by the patients before and after the instruction reveal that specific information and motivation regarding improved personal oral hygiene had increased.", "contents": "[Report on the learning effect in school children following toothbrushing instruction by students]. After they had gone through a training program on the prevention of caries and periodontal disease, 20 students instructed young patients in how to brush their teeth. One of the students instructed a class of 35 pupils. The change-over from the learning situation to the situation at the patient was successful with 77% of the students. Questionnaires filled out by the patients before and after the instruction reveal that specific information and motivation regarding improved personal oral hygiene had increased.", "PMID": 1059543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2983", "title": "[Reproducible and congruent radiographs for the study of bone structure].", "content": "Radiograms that are reproducible and are as identical as possible are an absolute prerequisite for objective early diagnosis of the smallest changes in the bone structure. Changes that are no longer visible to the naked eye, are recorded by photometry and can be represented objectively by computerized evaluation. It is the object of this study to develop a method for taking roentgenograms with films generally used in the dental office, which allows to always the area always to be radiographed reproducibly. The x-ray machine is described and tested on four patients. The radiograms are photometrically scanned and entered into a computer in order to check the location of the radiograph. The results show that with our method it is possible to take identical radiograms at different times.", "contents": "[Reproducible and congruent radiographs for the study of bone structure]. Radiograms that are reproducible and are as identical as possible are an absolute prerequisite for objective early diagnosis of the smallest changes in the bone structure. Changes that are no longer visible to the naked eye, are recorded by photometry and can be represented objectively by computerized evaluation. It is the object of this study to develop a method for taking roentgenograms with films generally used in the dental office, which allows to always the area always to be radiographed reproducibly. The x-ray machine is described and tested on four patients. The radiograms are photometrically scanned and entered into a computer in order to check the location of the radiograph. The results show that with our method it is possible to take identical radiograms at different times.", "PMID": 1059544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2984", "title": "[Jaw and dental abnormalities in children with cerebral movement disorders].", "content": "The dentitions of 146 children with cerebral palsy showed a high incidence of gnathic anomalies. There was, however, no relation between these anomalies and the severity of the neuropathological findings. Also the total number of anomalies was almost evenly distributed among the various clinical pictures such as spasticity, athetosis, ataxia. Although combinations of the individual anomalies were found most frequently, marked protrusions of the upper jaw were particularly impressive with 55%, and were followed by class II malformations (47%). In addition, almost every third tested child had an open bite.", "contents": "[Jaw and dental abnormalities in children with cerebral movement disorders]. The dentitions of 146 children with cerebral palsy showed a high incidence of gnathic anomalies. There was, however, no relation between these anomalies and the severity of the neuropathological findings. Also the total number of anomalies was almost evenly distributed among the various clinical pictures such as spasticity, athetosis, ataxia. Although combinations of the individual anomalies were found most frequently, marked protrusions of the upper jaw were particularly impressive with 55%, and were followed by class II malformations (47%). In addition, almost every third tested child had an open bite.", "PMID": 1059545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2985", "title": "[\"Dental worms\" iatroanthropological report from northern Thailand].", "content": "It is reported on a therapeutical method of smoking dental worms out of carious lesions that was observed in Chaingmai, Thailand. Historical concepts regarding the development of caries and methods for removing dental worms compared with the observations described reveal identical ideas and methods.", "contents": "[\"Dental worms\" iatroanthropological report from northern Thailand]. It is reported on a therapeutical method of smoking dental worms out of carious lesions that was observed in Chaingmai, Thailand. Historical concepts regarding the development of caries and methods for removing dental worms compared with the observations described reveal identical ideas and methods.", "PMID": 1059546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2986", "title": "[Articulation theory--today].", "content": "The classic theory of articulation (Hanau's quintet and Thielemann's formula) was to be modified on the basis of more exact methods of registering the mandibular movements. In the course of protrusion, laterotrusion and mediotrusion, different factors determine direction and inclination of the individual functional dental facets. The laws of articulation are redefined with regard to laterotrusion.", "contents": "[Articulation theory--today]. The classic theory of articulation (Hanau's quintet and Thielemann's formula) was to be modified on the basis of more exact methods of registering the mandibular movements. In the course of protrusion, laterotrusion and mediotrusion, different factors determine direction and inclination of the individual functional dental facets. The laws of articulation are redefined with regard to laterotrusion.", "PMID": 1059547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2987", "title": "[Damage of the permanent teeth after icterus neonatorum gravis--a case history].", "content": "A case is reported in which, after icterus gravis neonatorum (I.G.N.) with subsequent exchange transfusion, highly discolored permanent teeth were observed with the six-year molars showing hypoplastic cusps. Possible connections between I.G.N and the discoloration and hypoplasia of the permanent teeth are discussed.", "contents": "[Damage of the permanent teeth after icterus neonatorum gravis--a case history]. A case is reported in which, after icterus gravis neonatorum (I.G.N.) with subsequent exchange transfusion, highly discolored permanent teeth were observed with the six-year molars showing hypoplastic cusps. Possible connections between I.G.N and the discoloration and hypoplasia of the permanent teeth are discussed.", "PMID": 1059548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2988", "title": "[The awareness of oral hygiene in Swedish and German school children].", "content": "Within the framework of an epidemiological survey of the dental and periodontal conditions in Swedish and German school children born in 1965, the children were asked to answer ten questions regarding oral hygiene in a questionnaire. When comparing the ten answers regarding the consciousness of oral hygiene, significant differences in knowledge were observed with the exception of information given with respect to their own toothbrush. This difference may be interpreted to the effect that the Swedish children are better aware of the importance of oral hygiene than the German children.", "contents": "[The awareness of oral hygiene in Swedish and German school children]. Within the framework of an epidemiological survey of the dental and periodontal conditions in Swedish and German school children born in 1965, the children were asked to answer ten questions regarding oral hygiene in a questionnaire. When comparing the ten answers regarding the consciousness of oral hygiene, significant differences in knowledge were observed with the exception of information given with respect to their own toothbrush. This difference may be interpreted to the effect that the Swedish children are better aware of the importance of oral hygiene than the German children.", "PMID": 1059549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2989", "title": "[The development of strength in the masticatory muscles and its sensory control].", "content": "By means of inductive dynamometers the absolute force of mastication as well as factors influencing that force are studied. In addition to the mechanical effects resulting from the lower jaw's acting as lever arm, the pulp, especially its coronal portion, showed a dominating influence on the extent of the developed adduction force.", "contents": "[The development of strength in the masticatory muscles and its sensory control]. By means of inductive dynamometers the absolute force of mastication as well as factors influencing that force are studied. In addition to the mechanical effects resulting from the lower jaw's acting as lever arm, the pulp, especially its coronal portion, showed a dominating influence on the extent of the developed adduction force.", "PMID": 1059550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2990", "title": "[Report of case of opalescent dentin. A polariation optic and microradiographic study on a pulpless tooth].", "content": "Ground sections prepared from a molar (-7) with opalescent dentine were investigated by the means of polarizing microscopy and microradiography. Histological and clinical findings are discussed. Unfortunately, heredity could not be surely determined. But in all experience we are shure, that a hereditary mutation, recently or earlier in a generation occured, was the cause also in this case.", "contents": "[Report of case of opalescent dentin. A polariation optic and microradiographic study on a pulpless tooth]. Ground sections prepared from a molar (-7) with opalescent dentine were investigated by the means of polarizing microscopy and microradiography. Histological and clinical findings are discussed. Unfortunately, heredity could not be surely determined. But in all experience we are shure, that a hereditary mutation, recently or earlier in a generation occured, was the cause also in this case.", "PMID": 1059553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2991", "title": "[Tongue pathology and its effect on the stomatognathous system in juvenile cerebral movement disorders].", "content": "Studies in 146 children with cerebral palsy revealed a definite relation between malfunctioning, size, and location of the lingual muscle and the development of the dentition. The results may be regarded as a confirmation of the so-called functional adaptation theory first observed by ROUX in 1921. The formative influence of the maxillo-facial musculature-including the musculature of the tongue-on the development of the dentition is determined by the proper interaction of the various groups of muscles. Oral muscular malfunctioning, as is often observed in children with cerebral palsy, therefore has a direct influence on the malformation of the jaws and the dentition.", "contents": "[Tongue pathology and its effect on the stomatognathous system in juvenile cerebral movement disorders]. Studies in 146 children with cerebral palsy revealed a definite relation between malfunctioning, size, and location of the lingual muscle and the development of the dentition. The results may be regarded as a confirmation of the so-called functional adaptation theory first observed by ROUX in 1921. The formative influence of the maxillo-facial musculature-including the musculature of the tongue-on the development of the dentition is determined by the proper interaction of the various groups of muscles. Oral muscular malfunctioning, as is often observed in children with cerebral palsy, therefore has a direct influence on the malformation of the jaws and the dentition.", "PMID": 1059554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2992", "title": "Certain patterns of karyotype evolution in chronic myelogeneous leukaemia. Chromosome abnormalities in CML.", "content": "The study of chromosome banding pattern of leukaemic cells in 15 patients with CML revealed t(9;22) in all cases. Similar additional chromosome abnormalities were observed in the terminal stage of the disease in 5 of 9 patients with aneuploid cell lines. The most frequent abnormalities were i(17q) and trisomy 8. The regularities of karyotype evolution in the terminal stage of CML are discussed.", "contents": "Certain patterns of karyotype evolution in chronic myelogeneous leukaemia. Chromosome abnormalities in CML. The study of chromosome banding pattern of leukaemic cells in 15 patients with CML revealed t(9;22) in all cases. Similar additional chromosome abnormalities were observed in the terminal stage of the disease in 5 of 9 patients with aneuploid cell lines. The most frequent abnormalities were i(17q) and trisomy 8. The regularities of karyotype evolution in the terminal stage of CML are discussed.", "PMID": 1059629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2993", "title": "Radiographic manifestations of malignant mixed uterine tumors.", "content": "Malignant mixed uterine tumors have a varied radiographic appearance. The primary tumor is usually evident as an enlarged uterus, frequently with localized, faint, punctate calcification. New or increasing calcification within an enlarging uterus of a postmenopausal female should raise the suspicion of mixed malignant uterine tumor. Metastases are common, and usually involve the lung, most often becoming apparent quite rapidly. The pattern of pulmonary metastases is varied from large masses to lymphangitic spread, hilar lymph nodes and pleural effusions being common. Calcification within pulmonary secondaries may occur and cavitation has been observed.", "contents": "Radiographic manifestations of malignant mixed uterine tumors. Malignant mixed uterine tumors have a varied radiographic appearance. The primary tumor is usually evident as an enlarged uterus, frequently with localized, faint, punctate calcification. New or increasing calcification within an enlarging uterus of a postmenopausal female should raise the suspicion of mixed malignant uterine tumor. Metastases are common, and usually involve the lung, most often becoming apparent quite rapidly. The pattern of pulmonary metastases is varied from large masses to lymphangitic spread, hilar lymph nodes and pleural effusions being common. Calcification within pulmonary secondaries may occur and cavitation has been observed.", "PMID": 1059635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2994", "title": "Effect of a quinine-adulterated diet upon body weight maintenance in male rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions.", "content": "Male rats offered a quinine-adulterated diet after receiving either ventromedial hypothalamic or sham lesions displayed nearly identical periods of anorexia before maintaining their body weight at a stable but reduced level. When starved prior to surgery to a body weight below this reduced maintenance level, both ventromedial hypothalamic and control animals displayed an intial period of rapid weight gain on the quinine-adulterated diet. When subsequently offered only this diet for an 8-wk period, both groups, after castration, maintained the same reduced level of body weight. Thus, ventromedial hypothalamic animals overeat and become obese on palatable diets, but defend the same lower weight level as controls when challenged with unpalatable diets. Impairment of a mechanism setting the upper, but not the lower, weight limits is responsible for the greatly expanded range of body weights generated in the ventromedial hypothalamic animal by manipulation of diet palatability.", "contents": "Effect of a quinine-adulterated diet upon body weight maintenance in male rats with ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. Male rats offered a quinine-adulterated diet after receiving either ventromedial hypothalamic or sham lesions displayed nearly identical periods of anorexia before maintaining their body weight at a stable but reduced level. When starved prior to surgery to a body weight below this reduced maintenance level, both ventromedial hypothalamic and control animals displayed an intial period of rapid weight gain on the quinine-adulterated diet. When subsequently offered only this diet for an 8-wk period, both groups, after castration, maintained the same reduced level of body weight. Thus, ventromedial hypothalamic animals overeat and become obese on palatable diets, but defend the same lower weight level as controls when challenged with unpalatable diets. Impairment of a mechanism setting the upper, but not the lower, weight limits is responsible for the greatly expanded range of body weights generated in the ventromedial hypothalamic animal by manipulation of diet palatability.", "PMID": 1059642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2995", "title": "The increase in dental disease in the northern states of Nigeria and its manpower implications.", "content": "An epidemiological survey of dental decay was carried out in the six northern states of Nigeria on a population sample of 1396. The average number of decayed, missing and filled (DMF) teeth per person for the whole sample was 2-7. The percentage of caries-free persons was 47-1. Dental decay was more severe and widespread in the cities, where the mean DMF value was 2-8 and 42 per cent were caries-free, than in the villages, where the mean DMF value was 2-0 and 66-9 per cent were caries-free. The mean DMF index for the age group 10-19 years (which formed nearly 60 per cent of the sample) was 3-1, and untreated dental decay alone almost entirely accounted for this figure. This amount of untreated dental disease is an indication of the lack of dental treatment available as a consequence of the shortage of dental manpower, since only 15 dentists are available for a population of 28 800 000 in this area. Examination of the dietary habits of the population studied showed a remarkable level of consumption of sweets and sweet foods both in villages and cities. Overall, no fewer than 87 per cent of the people admitted to taking these cariogenic foods as snacks between meals. These habits are sufficient to explain the alarmingly increased incidence of dental decay and the decline in the number of caries-free persons when compared with earlier studies. This is an unhappy augury for the future dental health of Nigeria. The evidence of deterioration of dental health makes a national programme of dental health education and preventive dental treatment a matter of urgency. This necessitates a considerable increase in dental manpower if the population is to receive the maximum benefit.", "contents": "The increase in dental disease in the northern states of Nigeria and its manpower implications. An epidemiological survey of dental decay was carried out in the six northern states of Nigeria on a population sample of 1396. The average number of decayed, missing and filled (DMF) teeth per person for the whole sample was 2-7. The percentage of caries-free persons was 47-1. Dental decay was more severe and widespread in the cities, where the mean DMF value was 2-8 and 42 per cent were caries-free, than in the villages, where the mean DMF value was 2-0 and 66-9 per cent were caries-free. The mean DMF index for the age group 10-19 years (which formed nearly 60 per cent of the sample) was 3-1, and untreated dental decay alone almost entirely accounted for this figure. This amount of untreated dental disease is an indication of the lack of dental treatment available as a consequence of the shortage of dental manpower, since only 15 dentists are available for a population of 28 800 000 in this area. Examination of the dietary habits of the population studied showed a remarkable level of consumption of sweets and sweet foods both in villages and cities. Overall, no fewer than 87 per cent of the people admitted to taking these cariogenic foods as snacks between meals. These habits are sufficient to explain the alarmingly increased incidence of dental decay and the decline in the number of caries-free persons when compared with earlier studies. This is an unhappy augury for the future dental health of Nigeria. The evidence of deterioration of dental health makes a national programme of dental health education and preventive dental treatment a matter of urgency. This necessitates a considerable increase in dental manpower if the population is to receive the maximum benefit.", "PMID": 1059643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2996", "title": "Transverse bend testing of denture base polymers.", "content": "A test rig has been designed for transverse bend testing on the Instron machine. The rig is a robust, accurately machined piece of equipment that enables this test to be carried out with accuracy and ease. A range of denture base polymers has been tested under similar conditions to the ISO standard recommendations (ISO/R 1567, 1974), and in this series all the materials except 3 satisfied the criteria laid down in the standard. The specimens were tested in water after 1 month because it has been shown previously that the materials are almost fully saturated at that time (Stafford and Huggett, 1973). Nevertheless, this immersion in water may also weaken the material and this could account for the failure of some materials to pass the standards criteria.", "contents": "Transverse bend testing of denture base polymers. A test rig has been designed for transverse bend testing on the Instron machine. The rig is a robust, accurately machined piece of equipment that enables this test to be carried out with accuracy and ease. A range of denture base polymers has been tested under similar conditions to the ISO standard recommendations (ISO/R 1567, 1974), and in this series all the materials except 3 satisfied the criteria laid down in the standard. The specimens were tested in water after 1 month because it has been shown previously that the materials are almost fully saturated at that time (Stafford and Huggett, 1973). Nevertheless, this immersion in water may also weaken the material and this could account for the failure of some materials to pass the standards criteria.", "PMID": 1059644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2997", "title": "Studies of mandibular movements in speech.", "content": "A method of transducing mandibular movements in speech using synchro-transmitters is described. Incisal occlusion was shown to have an important part to play in the amount and direction of jaw movement. Mandibular positions were shown to be precise and repeatable, especially for the 's' sound. Insertion of intra-oral appliances of varying dimensions did not have a significant effect on this positional precision. It is anticipated that the precision of vertical dimension determination during full denture construction will not be influenced by the dimensions of the intra-oral appliances.", "contents": "Studies of mandibular movements in speech. A method of transducing mandibular movements in speech using synchro-transmitters is described. Incisal occlusion was shown to have an important part to play in the amount and direction of jaw movement. Mandibular positions were shown to be precise and repeatable, especially for the 's' sound. Insertion of intra-oral appliances of varying dimensions did not have a significant effect on this positional precision. It is anticipated that the precision of vertical dimension determination during full denture construction will not be influenced by the dimensions of the intra-oral appliances.", "PMID": 1059645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2998", "title": "Telemetry and the study of vertical jaw relations.", "content": "A method of monitoring vertical jaw separation over extended periods by radiotelemetry is given. The patterns of mandibular movement evoked by different activities such as rest, work, sleep and swallowing and the effect of a bite-raising splint are described. The influence of gravity and friction on mandibular rest position is discussed. The results were consistent with the view that the rest position of the mandible is determined by passive soft tissue balance, but subject to overriding muscular control as shown when a bite-raising splint was worn.", "contents": "Telemetry and the study of vertical jaw relations. A method of monitoring vertical jaw separation over extended periods by radiotelemetry is given. The patterns of mandibular movement evoked by different activities such as rest, work, sleep and swallowing and the effect of a bite-raising splint are described. The influence of gravity and friction on mandibular rest position is discussed. The results were consistent with the view that the rest position of the mandible is determined by passive soft tissue balance, but subject to overriding muscular control as shown when a bite-raising splint was worn.", "PMID": 1059646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_2999", "title": "A note on the variation in the timing of deciduous tooth eruption.", "content": "A survey was carried out on the timing of deciduous tooth eruption based upon 3600 Caucasian children in three heterogeneous samples from Birmingham, Sheffield and Gloucester and a small more or less homogeneous sample from Biddulph (North Staffordshire). These data were compared with the eruption times derived from a sample of 600 British Negro children. Generally, the deciduous teeth of Negroes erupted before those of Caucasians, although the actual eruption times in each sample exhibited a greater degree of variability than is appreciated by most dental workers.", "contents": "A note on the variation in the timing of deciduous tooth eruption. A survey was carried out on the timing of deciduous tooth eruption based upon 3600 Caucasian children in three heterogeneous samples from Birmingham, Sheffield and Gloucester and a small more or less homogeneous sample from Biddulph (North Staffordshire). These data were compared with the eruption times derived from a sample of 600 British Negro children. Generally, the deciduous teeth of Negroes erupted before those of Caucasians, although the actual eruption times in each sample exhibited a greater degree of variability than is appreciated by most dental workers.", "PMID": 1059647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3000", "title": "The reaction of rabbit tissues to implanted vitreous carbon.", "content": "Vitreous carbon, an allotropic form of carbon, may have a potential for the construction of implants. This paper describes experiments which have been conducted to assess tissue reactions to the material when it is inserted into bone. Implants were prepared with mean surface roughness values of 2-1 and 2-9 mum, and placed in the mandible and iliac crest of the pelvic bone of rabbits. The animals were killed after periods of up to 1 year, and the implant and surrounding tissues dissected out. The specimens were embedded in a resin and prepared for examination by light microscopy. Observations have been made on the tissue reactions in the two implantation sites, the effect of the surface textures and the significance of implant movement. The material excited very little tissue reaction and did not appear to be degraded.", "contents": "The reaction of rabbit tissues to implanted vitreous carbon. Vitreous carbon, an allotropic form of carbon, may have a potential for the construction of implants. This paper describes experiments which have been conducted to assess tissue reactions to the material when it is inserted into bone. Implants were prepared with mean surface roughness values of 2-1 and 2-9 mum, and placed in the mandible and iliac crest of the pelvic bone of rabbits. The animals were killed after periods of up to 1 year, and the implant and surrounding tissues dissected out. The specimens were embedded in a resin and prepared for examination by light microscopy. Observations have been made on the tissue reactions in the two implantation sites, the effect of the surface textures and the significance of implant movement. The material excited very little tissue reaction and did not appear to be degraded.", "PMID": 1059648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3001", "title": "Polynomial and catenary curve fits to human dental arches.", "content": "Polynomial and catenary equations were fit by least square error methods to the dentitions of seven children with \"normal\" occlusion. Mean and mean square error were then used to analyze accuracy of curve fits and asymmetries of arches. A lack of congruency for the \"lines of occlusion\" common to the maxilla and mandible suggest that the defining anatomic landmarks are inaccurate. These analyses show that the coefficients of the sixth degree polynomial equations appear to have potential as clinical indicators of arch form and, perhaps, malocclusion.", "contents": "Polynomial and catenary curve fits to human dental arches. Polynomial and catenary equations were fit by least square error methods to the dentitions of seven children with \"normal\" occlusion. Mean and mean square error were then used to analyze accuracy of curve fits and asymmetries of arches. A lack of congruency for the \"lines of occlusion\" common to the maxilla and mandible suggest that the defining anatomic landmarks are inaccurate. These analyses show that the coefficients of the sixth degree polynomial equations appear to have potential as clinical indicators of arch form and, perhaps, malocclusion.", "PMID": 1059650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3002", "title": "Initiation of cracks in dental amalgam.", "content": "The force required to initiate cracks in dental amalgam beams was measured and related to the microstructure. The force measured was dependent on age and on the distribution of phases on the tension side of the beam. The Ag-Cu phase is most resistant to failure in Dispersalloy and an experimental alloy.", "contents": "Initiation of cracks in dental amalgam. The force required to initiate cracks in dental amalgam beams was measured and related to the microstructure. The force measured was dependent on age and on the distribution of phases on the tension side of the beam. The Ag-Cu phase is most resistant to failure in Dispersalloy and an experimental alloy.", "PMID": 1059651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3003", "title": "Continuous in vitro measurement of mouse salivary gland enzymes.", "content": "A perifusion chamber technique is described that permits continuous measurement of the in vitro release of salivary enzymes from slices of mouse salivary glands responding to various stimuli. Kinetics of amylase secretion differed from those of esterase, which suggests that the secretory processes differ for these two enzymes.", "contents": "Continuous in vitro measurement of mouse salivary gland enzymes. A perifusion chamber technique is described that permits continuous measurement of the in vitro release of salivary enzymes from slices of mouse salivary glands responding to various stimuli. Kinetics of amylase secretion differed from those of esterase, which suggests that the secretory processes differ for these two enzymes.", "PMID": 1059652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3004", "title": "Biosynthesis of collagen in isolated periodontal ligament.", "content": "This study showed that the excised periodontal ligament from humans and hamsters actively synthesizes protein, as measured by 14C-proline incorporation, when incubated in vitro for periods of 30 minutes to six hours. However, only a small percentage of the protein synthesized was collagen.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of collagen in isolated periodontal ligament. This study showed that the excised periodontal ligament from humans and hamsters actively synthesizes protein, as measured by 14C-proline incorporation, when incubated in vitro for periods of 30 minutes to six hours. However, only a small percentage of the protein synthesized was collagen.", "PMID": 1059649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3005", "title": "Short-term stress-relaxation behavior of nonmetallic restoratives.", "content": "The rheological behavior of five nonmetallic dental materials was studied. Short-term stress relaxation was found to be strongly dependent on time and temperature. Relaxation behavior of the test materials conformed well to simple mathematical models.", "contents": "Short-term stress-relaxation behavior of nonmetallic restoratives. The rheological behavior of five nonmetallic dental materials was studied. Short-term stress relaxation was found to be strongly dependent on time and temperature. Relaxation behavior of the test materials conformed well to simple mathematical models.", "PMID": 1059653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3006", "title": "Lip and tongue pressures related to dental arch and oral cavity size in Australian aborigines.", "content": "Although the oral cavity and dental arches of the Australian aborigine are large, studies of lingual and labial pressures indicate that the tongue is neither unusually large nor strong. The Australian aborigine's pharyngeal cavity is smaller in height and depth than that of the American; just the opposite is true for the oral cavity. To the extent that environmental factors are important at all, the resting pressure of the lips, not tongue pressure during swallowing, is probably the significant determinant of dental arch dimensions.", "contents": "Lip and tongue pressures related to dental arch and oral cavity size in Australian aborigines. Although the oral cavity and dental arches of the Australian aborigine are large, studies of lingual and labial pressures indicate that the tongue is neither unusually large nor strong. The Australian aborigine's pharyngeal cavity is smaller in height and depth than that of the American; just the opposite is true for the oral cavity. To the extent that environmental factors are important at all, the resting pressure of the lips, not tongue pressure during swallowing, is probably the significant determinant of dental arch dimensions.", "PMID": 1059654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3007", "title": "Gelation of polyacrylic acid aqueous solutions and the measurement of viscosity.", "content": "A simple method is described for following changes in viscosity of concentrated aqueous solutions of polycarboxylic acids used in certain dental cements. The difference in behavior over several months between solutions of polyacrylic acid and related polyelectrolytes is discussed.", "contents": "Gelation of polyacrylic acid aqueous solutions and the measurement of viscosity. A simple method is described for following changes in viscosity of concentrated aqueous solutions of polycarboxylic acids used in certain dental cements. The difference in behavior over several months between solutions of polyacrylic acid and related polyelectrolytes is discussed.", "PMID": 1059655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3008", "title": "Lingual ascorbic acid test: poor correlation with blood and tissue levels of ascorbic acid in guinea pigs.", "content": "The lingual ascorbic acid test, based on the reduction and decolorization of the blue dye, 2,6-dichloroindophenol sodium, was evaluated in a group of guinea pigs conditioned to have a wide range of ascorbic acid levels in the tissues. The test did not correlate well with ascorbic acid levels in either blood or tissue.", "contents": "Lingual ascorbic acid test: poor correlation with blood and tissue levels of ascorbic acid in guinea pigs. The lingual ascorbic acid test, based on the reduction and decolorization of the blue dye, 2,6-dichloroindophenol sodium, was evaluated in a group of guinea pigs conditioned to have a wide range of ascorbic acid levels in the tissues. The test did not correlate well with ascorbic acid levels in either blood or tissue.", "PMID": 1059656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3009", "title": "In vitro wear response of composite resin, amalgam, and enamel.", "content": "A two-body, wear-testing method was developed and the test results were used for comparing and ranking the rate of wear for an amalgam, an experimental composite resin, and a commercial composite resin. The ranking of wear found by this method was the same as that shown by clinical research for the rate of wear of amalgam and commercial composite resin.", "contents": "In vitro wear response of composite resin, amalgam, and enamel. A two-body, wear-testing method was developed and the test results were used for comparing and ranking the rate of wear for an amalgam, an experimental composite resin, and a commercial composite resin. The ranking of wear found by this method was the same as that shown by clinical research for the rate of wear of amalgam and commercial composite resin.", "PMID": 1059657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3010", "title": "Feulgen microspectrophotometry of oral cancer and leukoplakia.", "content": "Feulgen microspectrophotometry was performed using the two wavelength method on 33 lesions and showed that five of ten carcinomas and 12 of 16 leukoplakias had diploid cell lines. This correlates well with similar findings in cervical cancer and dysplasia suggesting that changes in nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content occur quite early in the evolution of cancer.", "contents": "Feulgen microspectrophotometry of oral cancer and leukoplakia. Feulgen microspectrophotometry was performed using the two wavelength method on 33 lesions and showed that five of ten carcinomas and 12 of 16 leukoplakias had diploid cell lines. This correlates well with similar findings in cervical cancer and dysplasia suggesting that changes in nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid content occur quite early in the evolution of cancer.", "PMID": 1059658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3011", "title": "Effects of anti-inflammatory steroids on mouse embryonic movements during palatal development.", "content": "The frequency of spontaneous embryonic muscular movements was recorded for embryos from mice treated with cortisone or triamcinolone. Movement was significantly reduced in A/J strain mouse embryos exposed to these anti-inflammatory agents. Cleft palates induced by the drugs may originate from failure of the embryonic tongue to be withdrawn from between the palatine shelves.", "contents": "Effects of anti-inflammatory steroids on mouse embryonic movements during palatal development. The frequency of spontaneous embryonic muscular movements was recorded for embryos from mice treated with cortisone or triamcinolone. Movement was significantly reduced in A/J strain mouse embryos exposed to these anti-inflammatory agents. Cleft palates induced by the drugs may originate from failure of the embryonic tongue to be withdrawn from between the palatine shelves.", "PMID": 1059659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3012", "title": "Compressive viscoelastic properties of human dentin: I. Stress-relaxation behavior.", "content": "Stress-relaxation measurements were performed on specimens of radicular human dentin. The relaxation modulus showed a linear dependence on the logarithm of time and the approximation to the logarithmic distribution function of relaxation times was used to predict the behavior of other viscoelastic properties. This experimental technique provides significant criteria for the design of polymeric restorative and prosthetic materials.", "contents": "Compressive viscoelastic properties of human dentin: I. Stress-relaxation behavior. Stress-relaxation measurements were performed on specimens of radicular human dentin. The relaxation modulus showed a linear dependence on the logarithm of time and the approximation to the logarithmic distribution function of relaxation times was used to predict the behavior of other viscoelastic properties. This experimental technique provides significant criteria for the design of polymeric restorative and prosthetic materials.", "PMID": 1059660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3013", "title": "Fluoride in dog parotid saliva after intravenous administration of sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, and calcium fluoride.", "content": "Sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, or calcium fluoride, in amounts equivalent to 0.5 mg/kg, were given intravenously to dogs and the effect on parotid saliva F was determined. Significant (P less than 0.01) differences in saliva F levels were related to the ionization of NaF, the hydrolysis of the PO3F ion, and the insolubility of CaF2.", "contents": "Fluoride in dog parotid saliva after intravenous administration of sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, and calcium fluoride. Sodium fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate, or calcium fluoride, in amounts equivalent to 0.5 mg/kg, were given intravenously to dogs and the effect on parotid saliva F was determined. Significant (P less than 0.01) differences in saliva F levels were related to the ionization of NaF, the hydrolysis of the PO3F ion, and the insolubility of CaF2.", "PMID": 1059661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3014", "title": "Dynamic mechanical properties of maxillofacial materials.", "content": "Six maxillofacial materials were evaluated by determining their dynamic properties with use of a Goodyear Vibrotester. The dynamic modulus, internal friction, and dynamic resilience were measured for all materials over a temperature range of -15 to 37 C. The dynamic modulus ranged from 11.1 to 124.8 kg/cm2 and the dynamic resilience varied from 1.1 to 63.5%.", "contents": "Dynamic mechanical properties of maxillofacial materials. Six maxillofacial materials were evaluated by determining their dynamic properties with use of a Goodyear Vibrotester. The dynamic modulus, internal friction, and dynamic resilience were measured for all materials over a temperature range of -15 to 37 C. The dynamic modulus ranged from 11.1 to 124.8 kg/cm2 and the dynamic resilience varied from 1.1 to 63.5%.", "PMID": 1059662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3015", "title": "Continuing education: attitudes, interests, and experiences of practicing dentists.", "content": "This study was designed to examine the determinants of interest in formal continuing education courses of two different types, clinical and practice oriented. Major findings were (1) practice-oriented and clinically oriented courses differed in attractiveness among different segments of the dental profession, (2) interest in courses of a clinical nature was higher and more widespread throughout the proffession than was interest in management courses, and (3) half of the dentists supported mandatory continuing education for renewal of licenses, but 56% opposed a requirement that examinations in those courses be successfully completed. Interest in practice-related courses was related to age, income, use of allied health personnel, journal reading, and participation in study clubs. Clinically related courses were slightly more attractive to the sample than were practice-oriented courses, but current offerings of this type are less attractive to specialists than to general practitioners. Clinical courses generally appeal to the more active segments of the profession, and interest is associated with journal reading, participation in study clubs, and attendance at dental meetings. The appeal of clinical titles was more universal than that of management titles. Few background and practice characteristics were correlated with desire to keep up with the field, and those correlations that existed were smaller than those relating these variables to interest in practice; the only exception was specialization, as was noted above. Support for mandatory continuing education without examination as a requirement for relicensure was substantial. Further, no significant cleavages on this issue could be associated with any of the background or practice characteristics which were studied, a finding that indicate the existence of broad-based consensus in the sample.", "contents": "Continuing education: attitudes, interests, and experiences of practicing dentists. This study was designed to examine the determinants of interest in formal continuing education courses of two different types, clinical and practice oriented. Major findings were (1) practice-oriented and clinically oriented courses differed in attractiveness among different segments of the dental profession, (2) interest in courses of a clinical nature was higher and more widespread throughout the proffession than was interest in management courses, and (3) half of the dentists supported mandatory continuing education for renewal of licenses, but 56% opposed a requirement that examinations in those courses be successfully completed. Interest in practice-related courses was related to age, income, use of allied health personnel, journal reading, and participation in study clubs. Clinically related courses were slightly more attractive to the sample than were practice-oriented courses, but current offerings of this type are less attractive to specialists than to general practitioners. Clinical courses generally appeal to the more active segments of the profession, and interest is associated with journal reading, participation in study clubs, and attendance at dental meetings. The appeal of clinical titles was more universal than that of management titles. Few background and practice characteristics were correlated with desire to keep up with the field, and those correlations that existed were smaller than those relating these variables to interest in practice; the only exception was specialization, as was noted above. Support for mandatory continuing education without examination as a requirement for relicensure was substantial. Further, no significant cleavages on this issue could be associated with any of the background or practice characteristics which were studied, a finding that indicate the existence of broad-based consensus in the sample.", "PMID": 1059679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3016", "title": "Comparison of the effects of two handpiece locations on dental team performance.", "content": "Using audiovisual tapes of 150 actual dental treatment sessions, five dental teams working with handpieces positioned in the 8-o'clock location were compared with five dental teams working with hand pieces positioned in the 12-o'clock location. Criteria used for analysis were frequency and duration of instrument transfer, critical incidents that interfered with instrument movements, and subjective responses of the dental team members. The data showed that the handpiece transfers were faster and more frequent in the 12-o'clock location where they were done via the assistant. However, the reverse was true for transfers of the three-way syringe. Most critical incidents occurred with equal frequency and were common to both rooms, but some were related to instrument location. The subjective responses indicated that the assistant working with the 12-o'clock instrument location had many more tasks and must be more highly trained.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of two handpiece locations on dental team performance. Using audiovisual tapes of 150 actual dental treatment sessions, five dental teams working with handpieces positioned in the 8-o'clock location were compared with five dental teams working with hand pieces positioned in the 12-o'clock location. Criteria used for analysis were frequency and duration of instrument transfer, critical incidents that interfered with instrument movements, and subjective responses of the dental team members. The data showed that the handpiece transfers were faster and more frequent in the 12-o'clock location where they were done via the assistant. However, the reverse was true for transfers of the three-way syringe. Most critical incidents occurred with equal frequency and were common to both rooms, but some were related to instrument location. The subjective responses indicated that the assistant working with the 12-o'clock instrument location had many more tasks and must be more highly trained.", "PMID": 1059693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3017", "title": "Nasolabial cyst: report of case.", "content": "A case of a nasolabial cyst in a woman has been presented; this case adds to the findings that the majority of these lesions are seen in women. The diagnosis of the lesion was complicated by the presence of a radiolucent lesion, and this required the inclusion of other lesions in the differential diagnosis. The presence of S aureus, considered as normal nasal flora, precluded the use of a radiopaque contrast medium to delineate the presence of a nasolabial cyst. Surgical removal of the cyst has achieved a satisfactory result.", "contents": "Nasolabial cyst: report of case. A case of a nasolabial cyst in a woman has been presented; this case adds to the findings that the majority of these lesions are seen in women. The diagnosis of the lesion was complicated by the presence of a radiolucent lesion, and this required the inclusion of other lesions in the differential diagnosis. The presence of S aureus, considered as normal nasal flora, precluded the use of a radiopaque contrast medium to delineate the presence of a nasolabial cyst. Surgical removal of the cyst has achieved a satisfactory result.", "PMID": 1059694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3018", "title": "Women in dentistry--a review of the literature.", "content": "In the dental profession, the percentage of women has not changed appreciably over the last 50 years. Today, about 3.5% of the nation's dentists are women. In 1920, 3% of the dentists in this country were women. This review will examine some of the issues as they pertain to women in dentistry and as they refer to these topics: the situation of female dental students and female dentists in this country; reasons why more women are not attracted to dentistry; and suggestions for recruitment efforts to increase the number of women in the dental profession.", "contents": "Women in dentistry--a review of the literature. In the dental profession, the percentage of women has not changed appreciably over the last 50 years. Today, about 3.5% of the nation's dentists are women. In 1920, 3% of the dentists in this country were women. This review will examine some of the issues as they pertain to women in dentistry and as they refer to these topics: the situation of female dental students and female dentists in this country; reasons why more women are not attracted to dentistry; and suggestions for recruitment efforts to increase the number of women in the dental profession.", "PMID": 1059695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3019", "title": "Instructions for patients--a positive factor in removable partial denture service.", "content": "Studies have shown that improper wearing and care of removable partial dentures may adversely affect abutment teeth and associated periodontal tissues. A comprehensive removable partial denture service should include not only accurate construction of the prosthesis, but also printed instructions for the patient. Printed instructions help to inform the patient that delivery of removably partial dentures is only a part of our health service designed to maintain good oral health. A text of such concise printed information and instructions for the patient is presented.", "contents": "Instructions for patients--a positive factor in removable partial denture service. Studies have shown that improper wearing and care of removable partial dentures may adversely affect abutment teeth and associated periodontal tissues. A comprehensive removable partial denture service should include not only accurate construction of the prosthesis, but also printed instructions for the patient. Printed instructions help to inform the patient that delivery of removably partial dentures is only a part of our health service designed to maintain good oral health. A text of such concise printed information and instructions for the patient is presented.", "PMID": 1059696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3020", "title": "The individual with a pacemaker in the dental environment.", "content": "A systematic examination of the potential hazards of electromagnetic interference with pacemakers in patients in the dental environment was carried out with the use of several pulse generators of three manufacturers. Only one model was affected by the dental operatory equipment tested. In two of three patients 2-second periods of asystole were noted: this was accompanied by symptoms in one. Permanent pacemakers implanted in three dogs were unaffected by short or sustained stimulation with pulp vitality testers. A permanent pacemaker implanted in one dog was unaffected by short or sustained stimulation with an ultrasonic cleaner. Reliance on severe symptoms alone is a poor method of assessing interference in the clinical situation. Guidelines for protection of the patient wearing a pacemaker in the dental environment are given.", "contents": "The individual with a pacemaker in the dental environment. A systematic examination of the potential hazards of electromagnetic interference with pacemakers in patients in the dental environment was carried out with the use of several pulse generators of three manufacturers. Only one model was affected by the dental operatory equipment tested. In two of three patients 2-second periods of asystole were noted: this was accompanied by symptoms in one. Permanent pacemakers implanted in three dogs were unaffected by short or sustained stimulation with pulp vitality testers. A permanent pacemaker implanted in one dog was unaffected by short or sustained stimulation with an ultrasonic cleaner. Reliance on severe symptoms alone is a poor method of assessing interference in the clinical situation. Guidelines for protection of the patient wearing a pacemaker in the dental environment are given.", "PMID": 1059697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3021", "title": "A two-year clinical dental evaluation of 200 cases of chronic headache: the craniocervical-mandibular syndrome.", "content": "The procedure of diagnosis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in 200 patients referred from a headache unit is detailed. The condition is viewed as an orthopedic imbalance, and occlusal therapy and the administration of muscle relaxants are used in treatment.", "contents": "A two-year clinical dental evaluation of 200 cases of chronic headache: the craniocervical-mandibular syndrome. The procedure of diagnosis of temporomandibular joint dysfunction in 200 patients referred from a headache unit is detailed. The condition is viewed as an orthopedic imbalance, and occlusal therapy and the administration of muscle relaxants are used in treatment.", "PMID": 1059698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3022", "title": "An analysis of 1,331 sedations using inhalation, intravenous, or other techniques.", "content": "The safety and efficacy of various sedative techniques was studied. Inhalation sedation provided the mainstay of anxiety control, whereas intravenous and combination techniques were reserved for more difficult patients or procedures. Pooled data from all techniques yielded an 87% effectiveness rate and 93% patient acceptance rate. Sedation was less often effective in persons with poorer health status than in healthy persons. Complications encountered were few, rarely of serious potential, and easily managed. Nitrous oxide sedation was effective 88.5% of the time and usually at concentrations of 50% or less. The safety and efficacy of intravenous, oral, combination, and especially inhalation sedation given by individuals not formally trained in general anesthesia appears to be confirmed. No correlation of side effects to a specific technique of administration or to patients suffering significant medical disorders could be established. However, more data need to be obtained in this area before firm conclusions can be made.", "contents": "An analysis of 1,331 sedations using inhalation, intravenous, or other techniques. The safety and efficacy of various sedative techniques was studied. Inhalation sedation provided the mainstay of anxiety control, whereas intravenous and combination techniques were reserved for more difficult patients or procedures. Pooled data from all techniques yielded an 87% effectiveness rate and 93% patient acceptance rate. Sedation was less often effective in persons with poorer health status than in healthy persons. Complications encountered were few, rarely of serious potential, and easily managed. Nitrous oxide sedation was effective 88.5% of the time and usually at concentrations of 50% or less. The safety and efficacy of intravenous, oral, combination, and especially inhalation sedation given by individuals not formally trained in general anesthesia appears to be confirmed. No correlation of side effects to a specific technique of administration or to patients suffering significant medical disorders could be established. However, more data need to be obtained in this area before firm conclusions can be made.", "PMID": 1059699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3023", "title": "A new, surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine. I. Studies on immunogenicity in hamsters.", "content": "The ability of a new, surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine to induce serum antibody in hamsters, and to protect these hamsters against subsequent homologous virus challenge, is reported. In addition, similar studies in hamsters have also been carried out using the surface antigen material prior to adsorption to the aluminium hydroxide carrier. The new, adsorbed vaccine is at least as effective as inactivated saline influenza virus vaccine in inducing serum antibody and protection in hamsters; the unadsorbed surface antigen material, however, did not confer protection to hamsters challenged subsequently with homologous virus.", "contents": "A new, surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine. I. Studies on immunogenicity in hamsters. The ability of a new, surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine to induce serum antibody in hamsters, and to protect these hamsters against subsequent homologous virus challenge, is reported. In addition, similar studies in hamsters have also been carried out using the surface antigen material prior to adsorption to the aluminium hydroxide carrier. The new, adsorbed vaccine is at least as effective as inactivated saline influenza virus vaccine in inducing serum antibody and protection in hamsters; the unadsorbed surface antigen material, however, did not confer protection to hamsters challenged subsequently with homologous virus.", "PMID": 1059704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3024", "title": "A new surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine. II. Studies in a volunteer group.", "content": "A group of 23 volunteers were each inoculated with 600 CCA of a new form of influenza virus A/England/42/72 vaccine; this vaccine consisted of purified haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens adsorbed to alhydrogel. No significant reactions to the vaccine were reported. Twenty-two volunteers produced increased titres of serum HI antibody, and all showed increased titres of NI antibody after immunization. Thus, for volunteers with no pre-immunization serum HI antibody, the geometric mean titre of serum antibody increased from 1/5 to 1/196 after immunization. Ten volunteers developed local neutralizing antibody after immunization; this antibody response was detected most frequently in volunteers who showed the greater serum antibody response to immunization, and in nasal washings with the higher concentrations of protein and IgA. Ten weeks after immunization, the vaccinees and a group of matched controls were inoculated intranasally with attenuated A/England/42/72 virus. Evidence of infection with the challenge virus was found in 14 of the control subjects and in one of the vaccinees. The results indicate that the surface-antigen-adsorbed vaccine induced high titres of serum antibody, and gave significant protection against challenge infection.", "contents": "A new surface-antigen-adsorbed influenza virus vaccine. II. Studies in a volunteer group. A group of 23 volunteers were each inoculated with 600 CCA of a new form of influenza virus A/England/42/72 vaccine; this vaccine consisted of purified haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens adsorbed to alhydrogel. No significant reactions to the vaccine were reported. Twenty-two volunteers produced increased titres of serum HI antibody, and all showed increased titres of NI antibody after immunization. Thus, for volunteers with no pre-immunization serum HI antibody, the geometric mean titre of serum antibody increased from 1/5 to 1/196 after immunization. Ten volunteers developed local neutralizing antibody after immunization; this antibody response was detected most frequently in volunteers who showed the greater serum antibody response to immunization, and in nasal washings with the higher concentrations of protein and IgA. Ten weeks after immunization, the vaccinees and a group of matched controls were inoculated intranasally with attenuated A/England/42/72 virus. Evidence of infection with the challenge virus was found in 14 of the control subjects and in one of the vaccinees. The results indicate that the surface-antigen-adsorbed vaccine induced high titres of serum antibody, and gave significant protection against challenge infection.", "PMID": 1059705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3025", "title": "Characteristics of a Kenyan camelpox virus.", "content": "A virus was isolated from pock-like vesicular eruptions of camels in Northern Kenya. This virus was shown to be a pox virus with many characteristics of members of the Orthopox group. It appears to be identical with camelpox strains from Iran and has similar properties to certain East African variola strains.", "contents": "Characteristics of a Kenyan camelpox virus. A virus was isolated from pock-like vesicular eruptions of camels in Northern Kenya. This virus was shown to be a pox virus with many characteristics of members of the Orthopox group. It appears to be identical with camelpox strains from Iran and has similar properties to certain East African variola strains.", "PMID": 1059706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3026", "title": "Type-specific action of vibriocidal antibody on Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "The vibriocidal activity of Inaba and Ogawa antisera, from which cross-reacting agglutinin had been absorbed, was specific for Vibrio cholerae strains of the homologous serotype. No vibriocidal action against strains of the heterologous type was detected. The sera appeared to be equally effective in killing organisms of different biotypes (classical, intermediate, and EITor), provided that these were of the homologous serotype (Inaba or Ogawa). However, they had been raised against strains of the classical biotype only; and sera resulting from immunization with other biotypes had not been prepared. The implications of these findings in immunity to cholera are discussed.", "contents": "Type-specific action of vibriocidal antibody on Vibrio cholerae. The vibriocidal activity of Inaba and Ogawa antisera, from which cross-reacting agglutinin had been absorbed, was specific for Vibrio cholerae strains of the homologous serotype. No vibriocidal action against strains of the heterologous type was detected. The sera appeared to be equally effective in killing organisms of different biotypes (classical, intermediate, and EITor), provided that these were of the homologous serotype (Inaba or Ogawa). However, they had been raised against strains of the classical biotype only; and sera resulting from immunization with other biotypes had not been prepared. The implications of these findings in immunity to cholera are discussed.", "PMID": 1059707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3027", "title": "Persistence of antibody induced by rubella vaccine (Wistar RA 27/3 strain) after six years.", "content": "A total of 21 rubella seronegative children vaccinated subcutaneously with Wistar RA 27/3 strain live attenuated rubella vaccine in a family study of vaccine virus transmissibility were reviewed after 6 years. Haemagglutinating inhibiting (HAI) antibody titres of sera collected 46 days, 2 years and 6 years after vaccination were compared. Antibody titres in the vaccinated subjects were not significantly influenced by time, infection in susceptible siblings or revaccination.", "contents": "Persistence of antibody induced by rubella vaccine (Wistar RA 27/3 strain) after six years. A total of 21 rubella seronegative children vaccinated subcutaneously with Wistar RA 27/3 strain live attenuated rubella vaccine in a family study of vaccine virus transmissibility were reviewed after 6 years. Haemagglutinating inhibiting (HAI) antibody titres of sera collected 46 days, 2 years and 6 years after vaccination were compared. Antibody titres in the vaccinated subjects were not significantly influenced by time, infection in susceptible siblings or revaccination.", "PMID": 1059708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3028", "title": "Comparative trials of live attenuated and detergent split influenza virus vaccines.", "content": "Comparative clinical trials of live attenuated and detergent-split subunit influenza virus vaccines were undertaken with 1048 volunteers in Western Australia. Volunteers were divided into three main groups, each of which received either live virus vaccine or a saline control administered intranasally, or subunit vaccine injected subcutaneously. No differences were recorded between the three groups in their post-vaccination symptoms. Serum samples were collected at various times up to 50 weeks after vaccination, and antibody titres were measured by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests and, for 231 volunteers, by virus neutralization tests. The two vaccines were almost equivalent in inducing seroconversion in vaccinees with pre-trial HI titres of 96 or less, but the subunit vaccine stimulated a higher geometric mean HI antibody titre. The longevity of the HI antibody response was greater for the live virus vaccine. The height of the response and the longevity of neutralizing antibody were the same for both vaccines. Both vaccines provided a high degree of protection against epidemic A/England/42/72 influenza, and some protection against A/Port Chalmers/1/73 influenza.", "contents": "Comparative trials of live attenuated and detergent split influenza virus vaccines. Comparative clinical trials of live attenuated and detergent-split subunit influenza virus vaccines were undertaken with 1048 volunteers in Western Australia. Volunteers were divided into three main groups, each of which received either live virus vaccine or a saline control administered intranasally, or subunit vaccine injected subcutaneously. No differences were recorded between the three groups in their post-vaccination symptoms. Serum samples were collected at various times up to 50 weeks after vaccination, and antibody titres were measured by haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests and, for 231 volunteers, by virus neutralization tests. The two vaccines were almost equivalent in inducing seroconversion in vaccinees with pre-trial HI titres of 96 or less, but the subunit vaccine stimulated a higher geometric mean HI antibody titre. The longevity of the HI antibody response was greater for the live virus vaccine. The height of the response and the longevity of neutralizing antibody were the same for both vaccines. Both vaccines provided a high degree of protection against epidemic A/England/42/72 influenza, and some protection against A/Port Chalmers/1/73 influenza.", "PMID": 1059709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3029", "title": "Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital. IV. Airborne dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus and its nasal acquisition by patients.", "content": "Studies in a newly built hospital furnished with complete air conditioning where most of the patients are nursed in 6-bed rooms showed that the transfer of air from one patient room to another was very small, especially when there was substantial flow of air in a consistent direction between the patient rooms and the corridor, and that the direct transfer of airborne particles was even less. There was, however, no evidence of any reduction in the rates of nasal acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus compared with those to be found in naturally ventilated hospitals. The numbers of Staph. aureus found in the air of a given room that appeared to have originated from patient carriers in other rooms were many times greater than could be accounted for by direct airborne transfer. Although there was evidence that many carriers were not detected, detailed study showed that this excess transfer to the air of other rooms was genuine. It seems probable on the basis of investigations in this hospital and elsewhere that this excess transfer occurs indirectly, through dispersal from the clothing of the nursing and medical staff into the air of another room of strains with which their outer clothes have become contaminated while dealing with patients. Reduction in direct airborne transfer of micro-organisms from one room to another, whether by ventilation or other means, can only be of clinical advantage if transfer by other routes is, or can be made, less than that by the direct airborne route.", "contents": "Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital. IV. Airborne dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus and its nasal acquisition by patients. Studies in a newly built hospital furnished with complete air conditioning where most of the patients are nursed in 6-bed rooms showed that the transfer of air from one patient room to another was very small, especially when there was substantial flow of air in a consistent direction between the patient rooms and the corridor, and that the direct transfer of airborne particles was even less. There was, however, no evidence of any reduction in the rates of nasal acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus compared with those to be found in naturally ventilated hospitals. The numbers of Staph. aureus found in the air of a given room that appeared to have originated from patient carriers in other rooms were many times greater than could be accounted for by direct airborne transfer. Although there was evidence that many carriers were not detected, detailed study showed that this excess transfer to the air of other rooms was genuine. It seems probable on the basis of investigations in this hospital and elsewhere that this excess transfer occurs indirectly, through dispersal from the clothing of the nursing and medical staff into the air of another room of strains with which their outer clothes have become contaminated while dealing with patients. Reduction in direct airborne transfer of micro-organisms from one room to another, whether by ventilation or other means, can only be of clinical advantage if transfer by other routes is, or can be made, less than that by the direct airborne route.", "PMID": 1059710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3030", "title": "Autoclaves and their dangers and safety in laboratories.", "content": "Using a laboratory downward displacement vertical autoclave with the help of thermocouples recorded on a 12 point multichannel strip recorder, the risk of failing to sterilize laboratory discard buckets has been demonstrated. The use of proper temperature and time controls can prevent this risk. A load in a bucket with perforated sides is more easily sterilized than in a solid bucket. Wire baskets, where appropriate, facilitate the sterilizing practice. The addition of water to a bucket does not reduce the time of heating up. It is desirable that sealed bottles of media should not be sterilized in simple downward displacement autoclaves, but if used, strict monitoring of temperatures and times is essential both in the heating up stage and especially in the cooling stage. The temperatures in bottles are slow to rise and very slow to fall. Bottles at high temperature 80-105 degrees C. or over have a high internal pressure which can allow the bottles to explode when subjected to thermal shock if removed too early. It is suggested that all laboratory autoclaves should have a load temperature simulator or similar device to control the temperature of the load during the cycle automatically. For the sterilization of fluid media, it is suggested that, in addition to a simulator there should be accelerated cooling to reduce damage to the media and, what is more important, to rapidly bring down the temperature and thus the internal pressure in the bottles to a safe level. The opening of the sterilizer door or lid should be automatically controlled by the load temperature simulator.", "contents": "Autoclaves and their dangers and safety in laboratories. Using a laboratory downward displacement vertical autoclave with the help of thermocouples recorded on a 12 point multichannel strip recorder, the risk of failing to sterilize laboratory discard buckets has been demonstrated. The use of proper temperature and time controls can prevent this risk. A load in a bucket with perforated sides is more easily sterilized than in a solid bucket. Wire baskets, where appropriate, facilitate the sterilizing practice. The addition of water to a bucket does not reduce the time of heating up. It is desirable that sealed bottles of media should not be sterilized in simple downward displacement autoclaves, but if used, strict monitoring of temperatures and times is essential both in the heating up stage and especially in the cooling stage. The temperatures in bottles are slow to rise and very slow to fall. Bottles at high temperature 80-105 degrees C. or over have a high internal pressure which can allow the bottles to explode when subjected to thermal shock if removed too early. It is suggested that all laboratory autoclaves should have a load temperature simulator or similar device to control the temperature of the load during the cycle automatically. For the sterilization of fluid media, it is suggested that, in addition to a simulator there should be accelerated cooling to reduce damage to the media and, what is more important, to rapidly bring down the temperature and thus the internal pressure in the bottles to a safe level. The opening of the sterilizer door or lid should be automatically controlled by the load temperature simulator.", "PMID": 1059711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3031", "title": "Amnion autografts, permanent structure.", "content": "Autografts of amniotic membrane were used to form tubes or conduits in lambs. These conduits survived for periods up to 9 months. The possibility of a clinical application has been explored.", "contents": "Amnion autografts, permanent structure. Autografts of amniotic membrane were used to form tubes or conduits in lambs. These conduits survived for periods up to 9 months. The possibility of a clinical application has been explored.", "PMID": 1059718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3032", "title": "Tumor-specific transplantation immunity to intracerebral challenge with cells from a methylnitrosourea- induced brain tumor.", "content": "Tumor-specific transplantation immunity was demonstrated in syngenic rats immunized and challenged with tumor cells (T9) from an N-methyl N-nitrosourea-induced brain tumor. All unimmunized rats and rats pretreated with normal glial cells in complete Freund's adjuvant or with adjuvant alone died of intracerebral (i.c.) neoplasia at approximately 3 weeks post-challenge. Rats which were immunized with T9 cells with or without adjuvant failed to develop i.c. tumors by 6 weeks even though the challenge dose was 2 logs greater than a dose which consistently resulted in neoplasia in unimmunized rats.", "contents": "Tumor-specific transplantation immunity to intracerebral challenge with cells from a methylnitrosourea- induced brain tumor. Tumor-specific transplantation immunity was demonstrated in syngenic rats immunized and challenged with tumor cells (T9) from an N-methyl N-nitrosourea-induced brain tumor. All unimmunized rats and rats pretreated with normal glial cells in complete Freund's adjuvant or with adjuvant alone died of intracerebral (i.c.) neoplasia at approximately 3 weeks post-challenge. Rats which were immunized with T9 cells with or without adjuvant failed to develop i.c. tumors by 6 weeks even though the challenge dose was 2 logs greater than a dose which consistently resulted in neoplasia in unimmunized rats.", "PMID": 1059719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3033", "title": "Erythropoietin activity in acutely uremic mice.", "content": "Erythropoietic activity produced by exogenous erythropoietin (Ep) is markedly reduced in Swiss mice rendered uremic by bilateral nephrectomy or bilateral ureteral ligation. Exogenous Ep causes a greater increase in erythropoiesis in germfree Swiss mice as compared with non-germfree mice, but the germfree mice show a more drastic reduction of erythropoiesis in uremia. Heme production in blood, spleen, and femoral marrow retains its typical pattern in uremia; there is no shift of erythropoiesis among the three sites. Production of endogenous Ep in uremic mice is less by a factor of 2-3 than that in intact mice whereas the reduction is by a factor of almost 100 in anephric mice. The data suggest that the anemia associated with uremia is the result of two phenomena: (1) a decreased production of Ep and (2) a diminished erythropoietic response to Ep.", "contents": "Erythropoietin activity in acutely uremic mice. Erythropoietic activity produced by exogenous erythropoietin (Ep) is markedly reduced in Swiss mice rendered uremic by bilateral nephrectomy or bilateral ureteral ligation. Exogenous Ep causes a greater increase in erythropoiesis in germfree Swiss mice as compared with non-germfree mice, but the germfree mice show a more drastic reduction of erythropoiesis in uremia. Heme production in blood, spleen, and femoral marrow retains its typical pattern in uremia; there is no shift of erythropoiesis among the three sites. Production of endogenous Ep in uremic mice is less by a factor of 2-3 than that in intact mice whereas the reduction is by a factor of almost 100 in anephric mice. The data suggest that the anemia associated with uremia is the result of two phenomena: (1) a decreased production of Ep and (2) a diminished erythropoietic response to Ep.", "PMID": 1059720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3034", "title": "Lupoid hepatitis, Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, clubbing cyanosis and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy.", "content": "Chronic liver disease typical of chronic active 'lupoid' hepatitis together with cyanosis, clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a 42-year-old female is described. In addition she had severe nose bleeds, gastro-intestinal haemorrhages, syncopal attacks with generalised convulsive seizures, pulmonary arterio-venous fistulae as manifestations of Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome. A study of the literature revealed that similar associations are far more frequent than can be attribtued to chance. Possible mechanisms of the cyanosis, clubbing and osteoarthropathy and possible common pathogenesis for these seemingly unrelated disorders are discussed.", "contents": "Lupoid hepatitis, Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome, clubbing cyanosis and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. Chronic liver disease typical of chronic active 'lupoid' hepatitis together with cyanosis, clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in a 42-year-old female is described. In addition she had severe nose bleeds, gastro-intestinal haemorrhages, syncopal attacks with generalised convulsive seizures, pulmonary arterio-venous fistulae as manifestations of Rendu-Osler-Weber syndrome. A study of the literature revealed that similar associations are far more frequent than can be attribtued to chance. Possible mechanisms of the cyanosis, clubbing and osteoarthropathy and possible common pathogenesis for these seemingly unrelated disorders are discussed.", "PMID": 1059721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3035", "title": "Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the brain. Case report.", "content": "The authors report a case of primary osteogenic sarcoma of the brain. Negative autopsy findings, complete bone radiographs, and bone-scanning techniques were consistent with a primary tumor focus in the right temporopietal region of the brain. The authors suggest an origin from a primitive multipotential mesenchymal cell.", "contents": "Primary osteogenic sarcoma of the brain. Case report. The authors report a case of primary osteogenic sarcoma of the brain. Negative autopsy findings, complete bone radiographs, and bone-scanning techniques were consistent with a primary tumor focus in the right temporopietal region of the brain. The authors suggest an origin from a primitive multipotential mesenchymal cell.", "PMID": 1059735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3036", "title": "Augmented radioactivity on bone scans of limbs bearing osteosarcomas.", "content": "Thirteen patients with biopsy-proven osteosarcomas were studied with 99mTc-labeled bone-scanning agents. In addition to the dense areas of abnormal uptake corresponding to the tumors, ten patients exhibited a relative increase of radioactivity at the ends of the long bones of the affected extremities. Several of these areas were included in the surgical specimens but no tumor cells were found.", "contents": "Augmented radioactivity on bone scans of limbs bearing osteosarcomas. Thirteen patients with biopsy-proven osteosarcomas were studied with 99mTc-labeled bone-scanning agents. In addition to the dense areas of abnormal uptake corresponding to the tumors, ten patients exhibited a relative increase of radioactivity at the ends of the long bones of the affected extremities. Several of these areas were included in the surgical specimens but no tumor cells were found.", "PMID": 1059736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3037", "title": "Salivary gland carcinoma of the palate.", "content": "Results of a detailed study of the clinical features, histology, management, and prognosis of palatal carcinoma of salivary origin in 30 patients are presented. These were compared to a larger series of salivary carcinoma at other sites, and to the known behavior of epidermoid carcinoma of the palate. The prognosis was significantly better for lesions of the palate. Results of treatment were also much better for these salivary gland lesions than for epidermoid carcinoma of the palate. The frequent occurrence and seemingly greater malignancy of adenoid cystic carcinoma at this anatomic site are stressed. Several patients with primary bone involvement survived, but local recurrence in the maxilla carried a graver prognosis. There was no definite indication that radiotherapy altered the course of the disease, and nothing to suggest that prophylactic neck dissection is of value. On the basis of the evidence presented, there is little to justify more radical excision than the clinical extent of the lesion would indicate, with the probable exception of adenoid cystic carcinoma, where a more aggressive approach may well prevent death from cancer.", "contents": "Salivary gland carcinoma of the palate. Results of a detailed study of the clinical features, histology, management, and prognosis of palatal carcinoma of salivary origin in 30 patients are presented. These were compared to a larger series of salivary carcinoma at other sites, and to the known behavior of epidermoid carcinoma of the palate. The prognosis was significantly better for lesions of the palate. Results of treatment were also much better for these salivary gland lesions than for epidermoid carcinoma of the palate. The frequent occurrence and seemingly greater malignancy of adenoid cystic carcinoma at this anatomic site are stressed. Several patients with primary bone involvement survived, but local recurrence in the maxilla carried a graver prognosis. There was no definite indication that radiotherapy altered the course of the disease, and nothing to suggest that prophylactic neck dissection is of value. On the basis of the evidence presented, there is little to justify more radical excision than the clinical extent of the lesion would indicate, with the probable exception of adenoid cystic carcinoma, where a more aggressive approach may well prevent death from cancer.", "PMID": 1059739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3038", "title": "Management of orofacial infection in patients with chronic renal disease.", "content": "Chronic renal failure with resulting imbalance of electrolytes complicated the treatment of a patient with acute facial cellulitis that resulted from a carious molar. The patient's condition improved significantly after three days of hospitalization with meticulous medical and surgical care. He was able to return home after five days.", "contents": "Management of orofacial infection in patients with chronic renal disease. Chronic renal failure with resulting imbalance of electrolytes complicated the treatment of a patient with acute facial cellulitis that resulted from a carious molar. The patient's condition improved significantly after three days of hospitalization with meticulous medical and surgical care. He was able to return home after five days.", "PMID": 1059740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3039", "title": "Survival of an oral surgery patient with malignant hyperthermia.", "content": "Malignant hyperthermia is a life-threatening complication of general anesthesia. Its cause is not precisely known but it appears to be related to a genetic defect that allows increased release or decreased reaccumulation of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum whech then results in a hypermetabolic state. As with any unexpected complication when a patient is  under general anesthesia, early diagnosis and treatment are essential. The early clinical signs that the surgeon and anesthesiologist shoulc be alert to are unexplained tachycardia, unexplained tachypnea, muscular rigidity, and increased temperature. Therapy should be accurate and immediate. The essentials of therapy are discontinuance of the anesthetic agent; immediate, active, and aggressive cooling; administration of procaine or procaine amide, 1 mg/kg/min until the pulse slows; correction of electrolyte and acid-base imbalances; maintenance of urinary output with furosemide and large volumes of fluids, intravenously; and supportive care. A thorough knowledge of the management of malignant hyperthermia ahd the pathophysiology of the complications that may occur with general anesthesia will allow the oral surgeon to fully meet his obligations to his patients.", "contents": "Survival of an oral surgery patient with malignant hyperthermia. Malignant hyperthermia is a life-threatening complication of general anesthesia. Its cause is not precisely known but it appears to be related to a genetic defect that allows increased release or decreased reaccumulation of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum whech then results in a hypermetabolic state. As with any unexpected complication when a patient is  under general anesthesia, early diagnosis and treatment are essential. The early clinical signs that the surgeon and anesthesiologist shoulc be alert to are unexplained tachycardia, unexplained tachypnea, muscular rigidity, and increased temperature. Therapy should be accurate and immediate. The essentials of therapy are discontinuance of the anesthetic agent; immediate, active, and aggressive cooling; administration of procaine or procaine amide, 1 mg/kg/min until the pulse slows; correction of electrolyte and acid-base imbalances; maintenance of urinary output with furosemide and large volumes of fluids, intravenously; and supportive care. A thorough knowledge of the management of malignant hyperthermia ahd the pathophysiology of the complications that may occur with general anesthesia will allow the oral surgeon to fully meet his obligations to his patients.", "PMID": 1059744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3040", "title": "Transport and storage of human teeth in vitro for autotransplantation and replantation.", "content": "A method has been devised for transporting and storing human teeth in vitro for autotransplantation and replantation. In the transplantation and replantation of accidentally lost teeth, the viability of the cells covering the root is of vital importance. Injury of the jaw and contamination of the tooth often prevent immediate replantation. To enable transportation and storage of teeth while maintaining viability of the periodontal ligament during the healing period after trauma, the following technique was worked out. With use of a transport medium and a tissue-culture technique, 35 human teeth were transported long distances (20 hours) to a tissue-culture laboratory and preserved for different periods of time. Three teeth were lost because of contamination. Twenty-one of the teeth were cultivated in tissue-culture medium at 37 C for four weeks; 11 of the teeth were stored in liquid nitrogen at -196 C for 27 weeks. After transportation and storage, it was possible to maintain the viability of the cells of the periodontal membrane of the teeth. Two cases are described wherein immediate transplantation and replantation were impossible. After transport to the laboratory, the teeth were stored for five weeks in one case and for three months in another case before replantation.", "contents": "Transport and storage of human teeth in vitro for autotransplantation and replantation. A method has been devised for transporting and storing human teeth in vitro for autotransplantation and replantation. In the transplantation and replantation of accidentally lost teeth, the viability of the cells covering the root is of vital importance. Injury of the jaw and contamination of the tooth often prevent immediate replantation. To enable transportation and storage of teeth while maintaining viability of the periodontal ligament during the healing period after trauma, the following technique was worked out. With use of a transport medium and a tissue-culture technique, 35 human teeth were transported long distances (20 hours) to a tissue-culture laboratory and preserved for different periods of time. Three teeth were lost because of contamination. Twenty-one of the teeth were cultivated in tissue-culture medium at 37 C for four weeks; 11 of the teeth were stored in liquid nitrogen at -196 C for 27 weeks. After transportation and storage, it was possible to maintain the viability of the cells of the periodontal membrane of the teeth. Two cases are described wherein immediate transplantation and replantation were impossible. After transport to the laboratory, the teeth were stored for five weeks in one case and for three months in another case before replantation.", "PMID": 1059746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3041", "title": "Soft tissue changes associated with total maxillary advancement: a preliminary study.", "content": "A retrospective investigation was performed with use of cephalometric radiographs from eight patients with anterior maxillary advancement. Soft tissue changes associated with hard tissue changes were measured. Statistical description of soft tissue behavior in the upper lip was performed using correlation coefficients, regression functions, and ratios of change in the relationship of soft tissue to hard tissue. Ratios of change in relationship of soft tissue to hard tissue for three parameters of upper lip movement are proposed for clinical use in treatment planning. Further investigation of soft tissue behavior with orthognathic surgical procedures is indicated.", "contents": "Soft tissue changes associated with total maxillary advancement: a preliminary study. A retrospective investigation was performed with use of cephalometric radiographs from eight patients with anterior maxillary advancement. Soft tissue changes associated with hard tissue changes were measured. Statistical description of soft tissue behavior in the upper lip was performed using correlation coefficients, regression functions, and ratios of change in the relationship of soft tissue to hard tissue. Ratios of change in relationship of soft tissue to hard tissue for three parameters of upper lip movement are proposed for clinical use in treatment planning. Further investigation of soft tissue behavior with orthognathic surgical procedures is indicated.", "PMID": 1059747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3042", "title": "Variation of the sella-nasion plane and its effect on SNA and SNB.", "content": "The sella-nasion plane is one of the basic planes used in the cephalometric evaluation of candidates for orthognathic surgery. The relationship between SN and the Frankfort horizontal plane was studied. It was shown that as the angle between FH and SN increases, the SNA and SNB angles decrease in the normal individual. Compensation can be made for this variation by using the values presented.", "contents": "Variation of the sella-nasion plane and its effect on SNA and SNB. The sella-nasion plane is one of the basic planes used in the cephalometric evaluation of candidates for orthognathic surgery. The relationship between SN and the Frankfort horizontal plane was studied. It was shown that as the angle between FH and SN increases, the SNA and SNB angles decrease in the normal individual. Compensation can be made for this variation by using the values presented.", "PMID": 1059748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3043", "title": "Epidermolysis bullosa and associated problems in oral surgical treatment.", "content": "The problems encountered in the anesthetic and oral surgical management of patients with epidermolysis bullosa are many and varied and are always challenging. Two patients with the disease, from the same family, underwent complete odontectomies. Exacerbation of the disease was prevented by hospitalization with meticulous preparation and exacting postoperative care. This is the first report in the dental literature of complete odontectomies performed on two afficted patients from one family.", "contents": "Epidermolysis bullosa and associated problems in oral surgical treatment. The problems encountered in the anesthetic and oral surgical management of patients with epidermolysis bullosa are many and varied and are always challenging. Two patients with the disease, from the same family, underwent complete odontectomies. Exacerbation of the disease was prevented by hospitalization with meticulous preparation and exacting postoperative care. This is the first report in the dental literature of complete odontectomies performed on two afficted patients from one family.", "PMID": 1059750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3044", "title": "Alveolar soft-part sarcoma in the oral cavity: report of a case.", "content": "This case presents a rare tumor of the oral cavity--an alveolar soft-part sarcoma. Difficulties developed in the diagnosis, and therefore, consultations were required. Because of the radioresistant qualities of the lesion, wide surgical excision was performed. The patient's condition has been followed for 40 months without evidence of recurrence. The conclusion arrived at from review of the literature is that this is an indolent but malignant tumor and has so far proved to be 100% fatal. However, it may be 20 years before it proves fatal.", "contents": "Alveolar soft-part sarcoma in the oral cavity: report of a case. This case presents a rare tumor of the oral cavity--an alveolar soft-part sarcoma. Difficulties developed in the diagnosis, and therefore, consultations were required. Because of the radioresistant qualities of the lesion, wide surgical excision was performed. The patient's condition has been followed for 40 months without evidence of recurrence. The conclusion arrived at from review of the literature is that this is an indolent but malignant tumor and has so far proved to be 100% fatal. However, it may be 20 years before it proves fatal.", "PMID": 1059755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3045", "title": "Chain saw injury of the mandibulofacial region.", "content": "Use of chain saws is hazardous. Public understanding of the hazards and of modern types of chain saws will eventually help in preventing these injuries. An injury of the mandibulofacial region resulting from a chain saw has been described with special emphasis on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management.", "contents": "Chain saw injury of the mandibulofacial region. Use of chain saws is hazardous. Public understanding of the hazards and of modern types of chain saws will eventually help in preventing these injuries. An injury of the mandibulofacial region resulting from a chain saw has been described with special emphasis on preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management.", "PMID": 1059759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3046", "title": "Candida arthritis treated with amphotericin B.", "content": "This report describes a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed arthritis of the knee caused by Candida tropicalis. Systemic therapy with amphotericin B apparently suppressed but did not eliminate the infection. Resolution of the arthritis occurred only after three intra-articular injections of amphotericin B. Intra-articular administration of amphotericin B may be a useful adjunct to systemic antifungal therapy in the treatment of these infections.", "contents": "Candida arthritis treated with amphotericin B. This report describes a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who developed arthritis of the knee caused by Candida tropicalis. Systemic therapy with amphotericin B apparently suppressed but did not eliminate the infection. Resolution of the arthritis occurred only after three intra-articular injections of amphotericin B. Intra-articular administration of amphotericin B may be a useful adjunct to systemic antifungal therapy in the treatment of these infections.", "PMID": 1059760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3047", "title": "The effect of tissue resiliency on occlusion in complete denture prosthodontics.", "content": "(1) The resiliency of the soft tissues has an effect on the occlusion of artificial teeth in complete denture prosthodontics. (2) Remount procedures with unstrained and strained interocclusal records are usually necessary to demonstrate this effect and alter the occlusion.", "contents": "The effect of tissue resiliency on occlusion in complete denture prosthodontics. (1) The resiliency of the soft tissues has an effect on the occlusion of artificial teeth in complete denture prosthodontics. (2) Remount procedures with unstrained and strained interocclusal records are usually necessary to demonstrate this effect and alter the occlusion.", "PMID": 1059766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3048", "title": "Effects of artifical crown margin extension and tooth brushing frequency on gingival pocket depth.", "content": "The gingival tissues adjacent to the crowned and unrestored teeth were probed to determine individual pocket depths. The findings are listed here. (1) The average pocket depth adjacent to nonrestored teeth was 2.7 mm. The average pocket depth adjacent to teeth having crowns with subgingival margins was 3.4 mm. (2) Fifty-four nonrestored teeth had at least one pocket depth greater than 3 mm., while 84 crowned teeth had at least one or more measurements greater than 3 mm. (3) No positive relationship could be found between tooth brushing frequency and the pocket depth adjacent to teeth restored with complete cast crowns. (4) In nonrestored teeth, pocket depth increased with reduced frequency of tooth brushing. (5) Pocket depth increased with increased age of (a) the patient in both restored and nonrestored teeth and (b) the cast crown.", "contents": "Effects of artifical crown margin extension and tooth brushing frequency on gingival pocket depth. The gingival tissues adjacent to the crowned and unrestored teeth were probed to determine individual pocket depths. The findings are listed here. (1) The average pocket depth adjacent to nonrestored teeth was 2.7 mm. The average pocket depth adjacent to teeth having crowns with subgingival margins was 3.4 mm. (2) Fifty-four nonrestored teeth had at least one pocket depth greater than 3 mm., while 84 crowned teeth had at least one or more measurements greater than 3 mm. (3) No positive relationship could be found between tooth brushing frequency and the pocket depth adjacent to teeth restored with complete cast crowns. (4) In nonrestored teeth, pocket depth increased with reduced frequency of tooth brushing. (5) Pocket depth increased with increased age of (a) the patient in both restored and nonrestored teeth and (b) the cast crown.", "PMID": 1059767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3049", "title": "Cranial implant problems.", "content": "The common problems encountered during cranioplasty procedures have been reviewed and remedial procedures suggested. The problems or situations discussed include: implant selection and impressions, swelling and infection, integument thickness, distortion of plastic implants by autoclaving and seating guides, control of bleeding and swelling during operation, implant immobilization, eyebrow area involvement, dropping the implant, and inadequate skin flaps.", "contents": "Cranial implant problems. The common problems encountered during cranioplasty procedures have been reviewed and remedial procedures suggested. The problems or situations discussed include: implant selection and impressions, swelling and infection, integument thickness, distortion of plastic implants by autoclaving and seating guides, control of bleeding and swelling during operation, implant immobilization, eyebrow area involvement, dropping the implant, and inadequate skin flaps.", "PMID": 1059768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3050", "title": "Differences in the response of rodent oral mucosa and skin to repeated surface trauma.", "content": "The responses of oral mucosa and skin to daily application of controlled frictional stimuli were compared. In some respects, the epithelia of both oral mucosa and skin showed similar responses: Low levels of friction resulted in epithelial thickening, and higher levels resulted in ulceration. The mucosa, however, ulcerated more readily and, unlike the skin, failed to heal if friction was reapplied. The histologic appearance of the ulcers so produced was essentially similar to that of denture-induced traumatic ulcers. Healing of ulcerated skin was associated with the formation of a hard surface scab which protected the underlying healing tissues from further frictional damage. A similar protective scab was not formed over mucosal lesions, and a thickened epithelium resistant to further frictional damage was not re-formed. The low resistance of the oral mucosa to friction and its failure to heal if friction is reapplied suggest that an analogy between the responses to friction of oral mucosa and the skin does not form a sound basis for clinical therapy.", "contents": "Differences in the response of rodent oral mucosa and skin to repeated surface trauma. The responses of oral mucosa and skin to daily application of controlled frictional stimuli were compared. In some respects, the epithelia of both oral mucosa and skin showed similar responses: Low levels of friction resulted in epithelial thickening, and higher levels resulted in ulceration. The mucosa, however, ulcerated more readily and, unlike the skin, failed to heal if friction was reapplied. The histologic appearance of the ulcers so produced was essentially similar to that of denture-induced traumatic ulcers. Healing of ulcerated skin was associated with the formation of a hard surface scab which protected the underlying healing tissues from further frictional damage. A similar protective scab was not formed over mucosal lesions, and a thickened epithelium resistant to further frictional damage was not re-formed. The low resistance of the oral mucosa to friction and its failure to heal if friction is reapplied suggest that an analogy between the responses to friction of oral mucosa and the skin does not form a sound basis for clinical therapy.", "PMID": 1059769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3051", "title": "Cast arch bars used in orthognathic surgery.", "content": "Cast arch bars are designed so that they are stable, comfortable, thin, and strong enough to withstand the forces of mastication during healing. The use of chromecobalt alloys for these arch bars keeps the cost low. The alloys are well tolerated by the patient and not as cumbersome as acrylic resin splints.", "contents": "Cast arch bars used in orthognathic surgery. Cast arch bars are designed so that they are stable, comfortable, thin, and strong enough to withstand the forces of mastication during healing. The use of chromecobalt alloys for these arch bars keeps the cost low. The alloys are well tolerated by the patient and not as cumbersome as acrylic resin splints.", "PMID": 1059771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3052", "title": "Dihydrofolate reductase from Eimeria tenella: rationalization of chemotherapeutic efficacy of pyrimethamine.", "content": "Dihydrofolate reductase activity of 0.2 nmole of dihydrofolate reduced/min/mg protein was detected in crude extracts of unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The enzyme was purified by a combination of affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. Its molecular weight was estimated as 240,000 daltons. An anticoccidial drug pyrimethamine is a potent inhibitor of the activity of E. tenella dihydrofolate reductase (Ki = 3 nM), but it is less effective an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase from chicken liver. This difference may explain the in vivo therapeutic action of pyrimethamine against Coccidia.", "contents": "Dihydrofolate reductase from Eimeria tenella: rationalization of chemotherapeutic efficacy of pyrimethamine. Dihydrofolate reductase activity of 0.2 nmole of dihydrofolate reduced/min/mg protein was detected in crude extracts of unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The enzyme was purified by a combination of affinity and ion-exchange chromatography. Its molecular weight was estimated as 240,000 daltons. An anticoccidial drug pyrimethamine is a potent inhibitor of the activity of E. tenella dihydrofolate reductase (Ki = 3 nM), but it is less effective an inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase from chicken liver. This difference may explain the in vivo therapeutic action of pyrimethamine against Coccidia.", "PMID": 1059772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3053", "title": "7-substituted actinomycin D analogs. Chemical and growth-inhibitory studies.", "content": "The synthesis and biological activity of three 7-substituted actinomycin D derivatives are reported. Three such derivatives, 7-nitro-, 7-amino-, and 7-hydroxyactinomycin D, were synthesized via new methods which were first tested successfully with a chromophore model system. Of these, 7-nitro- and 7-aminoactinomycin D were assayed for growth inhibitory activity against mammalian cells (CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia) in vitro and against the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma and the L1210, P1534, and P388 murine leukemias in vivo. In these systems, the inhibitory activity of the 7-substituted analogs was comparable to actinomycin D. In two bacterial systems ( (L. casei and L. arabinosus) in vitro, on the other hand, these compounds showed inhibitory profiles which are distinctly different from actinomycin D. These studies demonstrate that substitution at the 7 position, which does not interfere with DNA binding, is capable of yielding experimental antitumor agents with significant activity against a variety of tumors.", "contents": "7-substituted actinomycin D analogs. Chemical and growth-inhibitory studies. The synthesis and biological activity of three 7-substituted actinomycin D derivatives are reported. Three such derivatives, 7-nitro-, 7-amino-, and 7-hydroxyactinomycin D, were synthesized via new methods which were first tested successfully with a chromophore model system. Of these, 7-nitro- and 7-aminoactinomycin D were assayed for growth inhibitory activity against mammalian cells (CCRF-CEM human lymphoblastic leukemia) in vitro and against the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma and the L1210, P1534, and P388 murine leukemias in vivo. In these systems, the inhibitory activity of the 7-substituted analogs was comparable to actinomycin D. In two bacterial systems ( (L. casei and L. arabinosus) in vitro, on the other hand, these compounds showed inhibitory profiles which are distinctly different from actinomycin D. These studies demonstrate that substitution at the 7 position, which does not interfere with DNA binding, is capable of yielding experimental antitumor agents with significant activity against a variety of tumors.", "PMID": 1059773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3054", "title": "[A case of loa-loa filariasis (author's transl)].", "content": "A report about a case of loa-loa filariasis whereby after removal of a female worm out of the subconjunctival space no microfilariae but a schisslike edema of the attacked eye's retina was found. In this connection the author gave some observations on the particularies of loa-loa filariasis.", "contents": "[A case of loa-loa filariasis (author's transl)]. A report about a case of loa-loa filariasis whereby after removal of a female worm out of the subconjunctival space no microfilariae but a schisslike edema of the attacked eye's retina was found. In this connection the author gave some observations on the particularies of loa-loa filariasis.", "PMID": 1059820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3055", "title": "[The development of the cytological picture of the oral cavity during radiation therapy].", "content": "On the basis of a personal series, stress is laid on the importance of the cytodiagnosis of the oral cavity during the therapeutic stage of neoplastic lesions. Development and responses to therapy can be followed clearly and simply.", "contents": "[The development of the cytological picture of the oral cavity during radiation therapy]. On the basis of a personal series, stress is laid on the importance of the cytodiagnosis of the oral cavity during the therapeutic stage of neoplastic lesions. Development and responses to therapy can be followed clearly and simply.", "PMID": 1059870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3056", "title": "[A case of maxillary metastasis from breast cancer].", "content": "The literature data relating to the jaws as a metastasis site are examined, along with the basic criteria and main symptomatological pictures observed. A personal and relatively unusual instance of metasis to the upper jaw from breast cancer is presented. The features that led to diagnosis are discussed. Reference is made to the reported theories that justify the rarity of metastasis from breast cancer to the maxillofacial bones.", "contents": "[A case of maxillary metastasis from breast cancer]. The literature data relating to the jaws as a metastasis site are examined, along with the basic criteria and main symptomatological pictures observed. A personal and relatively unusual instance of metasis to the upper jaw from breast cancer is presented. The features that led to diagnosis are discussed. Reference is made to the reported theories that justify the rarity of metastasis from breast cancer to the maxillofacial bones.", "PMID": 1059871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3057", "title": "[Dentistry and auxology. Preliminary note].", "content": "The relationship between dental disease and auxology is again discussed. Work at the \"G. de Toni\" Auxology and Neaniology Centre is discussed, including a case of pachysomic nanism described in 1957 by Prof. Lagonigro. Attention is drawn to the importance of the relationship, often overlooked by physicians. Further notes on other cases of dental disease in subjects with auxiopathies are promised.", "contents": "[Dentistry and auxology. Preliminary note]. The relationship between dental disease and auxology is again discussed. Work at the \"G. de Toni\" Auxology and Neaniology Centre is discussed, including a case of pachysomic nanism described in 1957 by Prof. Lagonigro. Attention is drawn to the importance of the relationship, often overlooked by physicians. Further notes on other cases of dental disease in subjects with auxiopathies are promised.", "PMID": 1059872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3058", "title": "[Considerations on local-regional anesthesia for ambulatory tooth extractions in patients with heart disease].", "content": "Ambulatory dental extraction was performed on 150 patients with various forms of heart disease. No serious complications were noted with an anaesthetic without vasoconstriction (plain 3% carbocaine). The prior history was carefully studied and pressure values were determined. It is felt that heart disease does not form an absolute contraindication to ambulatory dental extraction.", "contents": "[Considerations on local-regional anesthesia for ambulatory tooth extractions in patients with heart disease]. Ambulatory dental extraction was performed on 150 patients with various forms of heart disease. No serious complications were noted with an anaesthetic without vasoconstriction (plain 3% carbocaine). The prior history was carefully studied and pressure values were determined. It is felt that heart disease does not form an absolute contraindication to ambulatory dental extraction.", "PMID": 1059873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3059", "title": "New characteristics of harmaline inhibition of intestinal transport systems.", "content": "Harmaline strongly inhibits the uptake of phenylalanine by slices of guinea-pig intestine in vitro. The lowest concentration having a significant effect is 0.1 mM. The drug also inhibits the unidirectional flux of phenylalanine from the mucosal to serosal face of the tissue provided it is added to the solution bathing the mucosal surface. The unidirectional flux of sodium from the mucosa to the serosa was similarly reduced. Ion and water absorption in the perfused dog intestine in vivo is also diminished in the presence of harmaline. These results support the hypothesis, previously proposed in view of the rapid onset of harmaline inhibition of sodium-dependent uptake mechanisms in a variety of tissues, that harmaline interacts with the sodium-site of non-electrolyte carrier complexes. The effect of harmaline on phenylalanine uptake by the intesting is duplicated by other psychotropic indole analogues. The actions of harmine and harnalol are similar to that of harmaline, despite great differences in the liposolubility of the different compounds. N:N-dimethyl-tryptamine is equally inhibitory, but serotonin is inactive. Mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide also inhibit phenylalanine transport, but to a much lesser extent than harmaline.", "contents": "New characteristics of harmaline inhibition of intestinal transport systems. Harmaline strongly inhibits the uptake of phenylalanine by slices of guinea-pig intestine in vitro. The lowest concentration having a significant effect is 0.1 mM. The drug also inhibits the unidirectional flux of phenylalanine from the mucosal to serosal face of the tissue provided it is added to the solution bathing the mucosal surface. The unidirectional flux of sodium from the mucosa to the serosa was similarly reduced. Ion and water absorption in the perfused dog intestine in vivo is also diminished in the presence of harmaline. These results support the hypothesis, previously proposed in view of the rapid onset of harmaline inhibition of sodium-dependent uptake mechanisms in a variety of tissues, that harmaline interacts with the sodium-site of non-electrolyte carrier complexes. The effect of harmaline on phenylalanine uptake by the intesting is duplicated by other psychotropic indole analogues. The actions of harmine and harnalol are similar to that of harmaline, despite great differences in the liposolubility of the different compounds. N:N-dimethyl-tryptamine is equally inhibitory, but serotonin is inactive. Mescaline and lysergic acid diethylamide also inhibit phenylalanine transport, but to a much lesser extent than harmaline.", "PMID": 1059879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3060", "title": "Blastic leukemias affecting mammary glands.", "content": "Two clinical cases of blastic leukemia with tumorous infiltration of mammary gland are presented. Literature data and diagnostic problems of this type complication are discussed.", "contents": "Blastic leukemias affecting mammary glands. Two clinical cases of blastic leukemia with tumorous infiltration of mammary gland are presented. Literature data and diagnostic problems of this type complication are discussed.", "PMID": 1059883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3061", "title": "Comparative sensitivity of penicillinase producing Staphylococcus aureus to four cephalosporin antibiotics.", "content": "One hundred and seven strains of penicillinase producing Staphylococcus aureus were tested for their sensitivity to four cephalosporin antibiotics--cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephradine and cephalexin. All the strains were sensitive to these antibiotics. Cephaloridine was the most effective antibiotic and cephradine the least effective as measured by their minimum inhibitory concentration. Varying the inoculum size had no significant effect on the MIC of cephradine.", "contents": "Comparative sensitivity of penicillinase producing Staphylococcus aureus to four cephalosporin antibiotics. One hundred and seven strains of penicillinase producing Staphylococcus aureus were tested for their sensitivity to four cephalosporin antibiotics--cephalothin, cephaloridine, cephradine and cephalexin. All the strains were sensitive to these antibiotics. Cephaloridine was the most effective antibiotic and cephradine the least effective as measured by their minimum inhibitory concentration. Varying the inoculum size had no significant effect on the MIC of cephradine.", "PMID": 1059959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3062", "title": "The establishment of decentralised accident teams in Christchurch.", "content": "The organisation, method of operation and evaluation of decentralised medical accident teams established in Christchurch is described. Results from a pilot study undertaken over two years in one area of Christchurch to assess the need for the establishment of these units are documented. The problems associated with communications, equipment and training for this work are discussed.", "contents": "The establishment of decentralised accident teams in Christchurch. The organisation, method of operation and evaluation of decentralised medical accident teams established in Christchurch is described. Results from a pilot study undertaken over two years in one area of Christchurch to assess the need for the establishment of these units are documented. The problems associated with communications, equipment and training for this work are discussed.", "PMID": 1059960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3063", "title": "The partogram: a graphic guide to progress in labour.", "content": "The use of the partogram of Philpott, Studd, has proved to be a very valuable aid in the early detection of abnormal progress in labour. The graphic representation of all the relevant data of the labour on one sheet of paper has been received enthusiastically by the nursing and medical staff alike and has allowed the earlier detection of abnormal patterns of labour. It is considered that the partogram should become an essential part of the documentation of labour in all patients.", "contents": "The partogram: a graphic guide to progress in labour. The use of the partogram of Philpott, Studd, has proved to be a very valuable aid in the early detection of abnormal progress in labour. The graphic representation of all the relevant data of the labour on one sheet of paper has been received enthusiastically by the nursing and medical staff alike and has allowed the earlier detection of abnormal patterns of labour. It is considered that the partogram should become an essential part of the documentation of labour in all patients.", "PMID": 1059961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3064", "title": "Validity of corrections for creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance.", "content": "Corrections of values for creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance on the basis of body weight reduce the population variation, i.e., narrow the reference range. The range is not further narrowed, however, by correcting for calculated surface area or calculated lean body mass. Corrections of creatinine clearance for body weight and calculated lean body mass remove the sex difference seen in the uncorrected clearances, but creatinine clearance corrected for surface area, although not significantly different between the sexes, give appreciably different reference ranges. These conclusions apply to individuals healthy in terms of body composition.", "contents": "Validity of corrections for creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance. Corrections of values for creatinine excretion and creatinine clearance on the basis of body weight reduce the population variation, i.e., narrow the reference range. The range is not further narrowed, however, by correcting for calculated surface area or calculated lean body mass. Corrections of creatinine clearance for body weight and calculated lean body mass remove the sex difference seen in the uncorrected clearances, but creatinine clearance corrected for surface area, although not significantly different between the sexes, give appreciably different reference ranges. These conclusions apply to individuals healthy in terms of body composition.", "PMID": 1059962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3065", "title": "Man was for woman made and woman made for man.", "content": "An acute bed shortage for geriatric patients two years ago resulted in a change of admitting procedure. As a result we ran a mixed sex ward as a rehabilitation unit. The nursing staff felt the atmosphere, rate of recovery and personal relationships improved from male/female company.", "contents": "Man was for woman made and woman made for man. An acute bed shortage for geriatric patients two years ago resulted in a change of admitting procedure. As a result we ran a mixed sex ward as a rehabilitation unit. The nursing staff felt the atmosphere, rate of recovery and personal relationships improved from male/female company.", "PMID": 1059963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3066", "title": "Immunocytoma, cancer and other associations of monoclonal gammopathy: a review of 224 cases.", "content": "The clinical, haematological and biochemical correlations of 224 consecutive unselected examples of monoclonal gammopathy have been studied. The paraprotein frequency detedted was IgG 62 percent, IgA  15.2 percent, IgM 10.3 percent, Bence Jones protein 8.9 percent and in 3.6 percent the paraproteins were not identified. In half the monoclonal gammopathy was associated with an immunocytoma (myeloma in 82 and lymphoma in 30). In three cases the associated clinical disease was amyloidosis. In 36 cases (16.1 percent) the associated clincial disease was a nonlymphoproliferative malignant tumour. Monoclonal gammopathy may be a significant marker of malignancy in such cases. In 73 cases (32.6 percent) the associated clinical conditions were unrelated to the gammopathy although only 55 of these cases were sufficiently investigated to warrant classification as examples of benign monoclonal gammopathy. There was a strong correlation between Bence Jones proteinuria and malignancy. Sixty-five patients demonstrated Bence Jones proteinuria and in 59 of these a malignancy was detected. The association was strong between hypercalcaemia and malignancy as this was present in all 27 of the cases who had hypercalcaemia. The relationship between Bence Jones proteinuria and hypercalcaemia was also strong and Bence Jones proteinuria was detected in 73 percent of the hypercalcaemic patients as opposed to 36.7 percent in the whole series. Hypercalcaemia and Bence Jones proteinuria, when found in a patient with monoclonal gammopathy have a grave clinical connotation.", "contents": "Immunocytoma, cancer and other associations of monoclonal gammopathy: a review of 224 cases. The clinical, haematological and biochemical correlations of 224 consecutive unselected examples of monoclonal gammopathy have been studied. The paraprotein frequency detedted was IgG 62 percent, IgA  15.2 percent, IgM 10.3 percent, Bence Jones protein 8.9 percent and in 3.6 percent the paraproteins were not identified. In half the monoclonal gammopathy was associated with an immunocytoma (myeloma in 82 and lymphoma in 30). In three cases the associated clinical disease was amyloidosis. In 36 cases (16.1 percent) the associated clincial disease was a nonlymphoproliferative malignant tumour. Monoclonal gammopathy may be a significant marker of malignancy in such cases. In 73 cases (32.6 percent) the associated clinical conditions were unrelated to the gammopathy although only 55 of these cases were sufficiently investigated to warrant classification as examples of benign monoclonal gammopathy. There was a strong correlation between Bence Jones proteinuria and malignancy. Sixty-five patients demonstrated Bence Jones proteinuria and in 59 of these a malignancy was detected. The association was strong between hypercalcaemia and malignancy as this was present in all 27 of the cases who had hypercalcaemia. The relationship between Bence Jones proteinuria and hypercalcaemia was also strong and Bence Jones proteinuria was detected in 73 percent of the hypercalcaemic patients as opposed to 36.7 percent in the whole series. Hypercalcaemia and Bence Jones proteinuria, when found in a patient with monoclonal gammopathy have a grave clinical connotation.", "PMID": 1059967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3067", "title": "Progeny, pregnancy and phenylketonuria.", "content": "Two sisters were diagnosed as having phenylketonuria at the age of 13 years and eight years and having Wechsler IQs of 48-58 and 71-81 respectively. Neither girl was treated with diet. At the age of 21 years the older girl became pregnant. Her blood phenylalanine level was 23mg/100 ml. A low phenylalanine diet, instituted from the 10th week of gestation, maintained her blood phenylalanine levels below 6mg/100ml for the rest of the pregnancy. A female baby, of birth weight 3216g and normal skull size, was delivered at term. The baby died at 14 days of congenital heart disease. Pregnancy in a phenylketonuric woman carries high risks to the fetus. A generation of treated phenylketonuric girls is approaching reproductive life, and doctors and the girls themselves need to be alerted to these risks and the need for strict dietary control during pregnancy. There are probably unrecognised women in the community with phenylketonuria or with hyperphenylalaninaemia whose babies face similar risks. Identification of these women could be achieved by antenatal Guthrie testing.", "contents": "Progeny, pregnancy and phenylketonuria. Two sisters were diagnosed as having phenylketonuria at the age of 13 years and eight years and having Wechsler IQs of 48-58 and 71-81 respectively. Neither girl was treated with diet. At the age of 21 years the older girl became pregnant. Her blood phenylalanine level was 23mg/100 ml. A low phenylalanine diet, instituted from the 10th week of gestation, maintained her blood phenylalanine levels below 6mg/100ml for the rest of the pregnancy. A female baby, of birth weight 3216g and normal skull size, was delivered at term. The baby died at 14 days of congenital heart disease. Pregnancy in a phenylketonuric woman carries high risks to the fetus. A generation of treated phenylketonuric girls is approaching reproductive life, and doctors and the girls themselves need to be alerted to these risks and the need for strict dietary control during pregnancy. There are probably unrecognised women in the community with phenylketonuria or with hyperphenylalaninaemia whose babies face similar risks. Identification of these women could be achieved by antenatal Guthrie testing.", "PMID": 1059968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3068", "title": "The impact of sports injuries in winter on medical services.", "content": "2529 injured sportsmen were treated at the Hutt and Wellington accident and emergency departments from 1 April to 31 August 1972. Almost two-thirds (62 percent) of these injuries were sustained during Saturday games, but only one-third (36.7 percent) of those injured presented on Saturdays. In view of the necessity to x-ray 75 percent, refer 18 percent to other hospital departments and admit 7.6 percent to hospital, a sports medicine clinic is suggested within the hospital complex. Such a clinic would ease the A and E work load and, at the same time, provide improved treatment for injured sportsmen.", "contents": "The impact of sports injuries in winter on medical services. 2529 injured sportsmen were treated at the Hutt and Wellington accident and emergency departments from 1 April to 31 August 1972. Almost two-thirds (62 percent) of these injuries were sustained during Saturday games, but only one-third (36.7 percent) of those injured presented on Saturdays. In view of the necessity to x-ray 75 percent, refer 18 percent to other hospital departments and admit 7.6 percent to hospital, a sports medicine clinic is suggested within the hospital complex. Such a clinic would ease the A and E work load and, at the same time, provide improved treatment for injured sportsmen.", "PMID": 1059969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3069", "title": "Retroperitoneal mesonephric cyst: case report.", "content": "A retroperitoneal cyst of mesonephric origin is presented. There may be difficulty in identifying the cause of such a cyst.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal mesonephric cyst: case report. A retroperitoneal cyst of mesonephric origin is presented. There may be difficulty in identifying the cause of such a cyst.", "PMID": 1059970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3070", "title": "Xerocephalography.", "content": "Xeroradiography used with standard cephalometric analysis has proved clinically to be extremely beneficial in the orthodontic and orthognathic evaluation of patients. We have used the negative mode of xeroradiogrpahy routinely and have termed this application xerocephalography. We have described the methods and the equipment and have presented examples of the technique. Xerocephalography provides an improved method which may be universally used in orthodontic and orthognathic treatment.", "contents": "Xerocephalography. Xeroradiography used with standard cephalometric analysis has proved clinically to be extremely beneficial in the orthodontic and orthognathic evaluation of patients. We have used the negative mode of xeroradiogrpahy routinely and have termed this application xerocephalography. We have described the methods and the equipment and have presented examples of the technique. Xerocephalography provides an improved method which may be universally used in orthodontic and orthognathic treatment.", "PMID": 1060024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3071", "title": "Chemical protection against postirradiation dental caries.", "content": "Experience with dental caries in twenty-four patients receiving irradiation for malignant lesions of the head and neck demonstrates the critical importance of cooperation by the patient, a program of strict oral hygiene, and daily self-treatment with 0.4 per cent stannous fluoride gel. The ravaging form of dental caries associated with the postirradiation period can be essentially eliminated in cooperating patients. In nine patients who were uncooperative, fifty-seven crowns were amputated and an additional seventy-five carious surfaces were found 3.75 years after irradiation. In six patients who cooperated and used the gel on a daily basis, no crowns were amputated and only one carious area was found over the same time period.", "contents": "Chemical protection against postirradiation dental caries. Experience with dental caries in twenty-four patients receiving irradiation for malignant lesions of the head and neck demonstrates the critical importance of cooperation by the patient, a program of strict oral hygiene, and daily self-treatment with 0.4 per cent stannous fluoride gel. The ravaging form of dental caries associated with the postirradiation period can be essentially eliminated in cooperating patients. In nine patients who were uncooperative, fifty-seven crowns were amputated and an additional seventy-five carious surfaces were found 3.75 years after irradiation. In six patients who cooperated and used the gel on a daily basis, no crowns were amputated and only one carious area was found over the same time period.", "PMID": 1060025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3072", "title": "Oral considerations of the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome.", "content": "The oral health of twenth-two patients with a diagnosis of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome was evaluated. Radiographs, photographs, study casts, visual and digital clinical examinations, hematologic data, blood pressure, and periodontal examinations were used with each patient. A review of the literature indicated a variety of causes for facial pain, including Costen's syndrome, muscle fatique and spasm, occlusion, and psychogenic factors. This study revealed the following trends: (1) The periodontal health of patients with the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome appears to be better than anticipated. (2) Bruxism accounts for a healthy dental apparatus when other diseases are not present. (3) Groups of muscles, other than the masticatory group, may contribute to the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. (4) Patients presented with various ranges of malocclusions and normal occlusions, deep overbites and overjets, complete dentitions, and missing teeth (either equally missing right and left or unequally missing right and left). This article also discusses clinical considerations in the diagnosis of the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome and offers a practical, physiologic approach to treatment. We conclude that how one uses his mandible is more of a causative factor than the relationships of the teeth.", "contents": "Oral considerations of the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. The oral health of twenth-two patients with a diagnosis of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome was evaluated. Radiographs, photographs, study casts, visual and digital clinical examinations, hematologic data, blood pressure, and periodontal examinations were used with each patient. A review of the literature indicated a variety of causes for facial pain, including Costen's syndrome, muscle fatique and spasm, occlusion, and psychogenic factors. This study revealed the following trends: (1) The periodontal health of patients with the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome appears to be better than anticipated. (2) Bruxism accounts for a healthy dental apparatus when other diseases are not present. (3) Groups of muscles, other than the masticatory group, may contribute to the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome. (4) Patients presented with various ranges of malocclusions and normal occlusions, deep overbites and overjets, complete dentitions, and missing teeth (either equally missing right and left or unequally missing right and left). This article also discusses clinical considerations in the diagnosis of the myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome and offers a practical, physiologic approach to treatment. We conclude that how one uses his mandible is more of a causative factor than the relationships of the teeth.", "PMID": 1060026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3073", "title": "Dental anesthetic management of epidermolysis bullosa: a new approach.", "content": "Epidermolysis bullosa is a rare blister-producing skin disorder that has been of some concern to dentists in the past. Dental treatment has been attempted on an outpatient basis with local anesthesia. In some of these patients, local anesthesia has caused large intraoral bullae. Other methods of treatment have been sought, including the use of general anesthesia and intramuscular sedation. This is a report of a case in which intravenous ketamine hydrochloride was used with good results. We believe this method has much to offer in the treatment of these patients.", "contents": "Dental anesthetic management of epidermolysis bullosa: a new approach. Epidermolysis bullosa is a rare blister-producing skin disorder that has been of some concern to dentists in the past. Dental treatment has been attempted on an outpatient basis with local anesthesia. In some of these patients, local anesthesia has caused large intraoral bullae. Other methods of treatment have been sought, including the use of general anesthesia and intramuscular sedation. This is a report of a case in which intravenous ketamine hydrochloride was used with good results. We believe this method has much to offer in the treatment of these patients.", "PMID": 1060028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3074", "title": "Dental fluorosis associated with hereditary diabetes insipidus.", "content": "Among the characteristics of hereditary pituitary diabetes insipidus are polydipsia and polyuria from early infancy. Drinking of large amounts of water, even with lower than accepted fluoride content, can produce fluorosis of the teeth. A mother and her four children affected by this disorder presented different degrees of fluorosis directly related to the stage at which hormonal therapy was introduced.", "contents": "Dental fluorosis associated with hereditary diabetes insipidus. Among the characteristics of hereditary pituitary diabetes insipidus are polydipsia and polyuria from early infancy. Drinking of large amounts of water, even with lower than accepted fluoride content, can produce fluorosis of the teeth. A mother and her four children affected by this disorder presented different degrees of fluorosis directly related to the stage at which hormonal therapy was introduced.", "PMID": 1060029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3075", "title": "Dental management of the patient with biliary atresia.", "content": "Biliary atresia is a disease of unknown origin characterized by partial or total absence of the biliary tract. While this condition is rare, the medical and surgical management makes the ramifications for dental treatment increasingly complex. This article reviews the disease and its complications and documents dental treatment of two patients.", "contents": "Dental management of the patient with biliary atresia. Biliary atresia is a disease of unknown origin characterized by partial or total absence of the biliary tract. While this condition is rare, the medical and surgical management makes the ramifications for dental treatment increasingly complex. This article reviews the disease and its complications and documents dental treatment of two patients.", "PMID": 1060030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3076", "title": "The calcifying odontogenic cyst. Eight new cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Eight new cases of the calcifying odontogenic cyst have been reported. In addition, a review of the literature produced an additional sixty-five cases. This lesion can occur in any age group, but it shows a peak incidence in the second decade. It is evenly distributed between the maxilla and the manidible and occurs with equal frequency in males and females. There does not appear to be any race predilection. The calcifying odontogenic cyst may occur in association with other pathologic entities. It is postulated that it does not in every case represent a separate pathologic entity but that it may represent a secondary phenomenon which occurs within preexisting lesions.", "contents": "The calcifying odontogenic cyst. Eight new cases and a review of the literature. Eight new cases of the calcifying odontogenic cyst have been reported. In addition, a review of the literature produced an additional sixty-five cases. This lesion can occur in any age group, but it shows a peak incidence in the second decade. It is evenly distributed between the maxilla and the manidible and occurs with equal frequency in males and females. There does not appear to be any race predilection. The calcifying odontogenic cyst may occur in association with other pathologic entities. It is postulated that it does not in every case represent a separate pathologic entity but that it may represent a secondary phenomenon which occurs within preexisting lesions.", "PMID": 1060031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3077", "title": "The ultrastructure of geographic tongue.", "content": "Two typical cases of \"geographic tongue\" were investigated by means of the electron microscope. Biopsy specimens of both including the white elevated and the smooth erythematous areas of the lesions were, after routine processing, studied in semithin and ultrathin sections with a JEM 7A electron microscope. Results revealed, in the white elevated areas of the lesions, subepithelial polymorphonuclear infiltrates and microabsesses, leukocyte invasion into the epithelial layer, interepithelial edema, rupture of cell juctions, rich glycogen deposits in epithelial cells, lack of differentiation into keratinized cells, and cell necrosis with exfoliation of necrotic epithelial cells and leukocytes in the surface layer. The erythematous, smooth areas revealed pathomorphologic features of healing : some mononuclear infiltrate cells in sub- and interepithelial positions, two types of basal cell, occurring in groups, with features of either typical epidermal basal cells of immature basal cells, filament and filament bundle formation in the spinous layer, the lack of a stratum granulosum, and incomplete keratinization or parakeratinization in the surface layer. Differentiation into filiform  papillae  was lacking in this area. The findings have been discussed in relation to the disturbances of the keratinization process.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of geographic tongue. Two typical cases of \"geographic tongue\" were investigated by means of the electron microscope. Biopsy specimens of both including the white elevated and the smooth erythematous areas of the lesions were, after routine processing, studied in semithin and ultrathin sections with a JEM 7A electron microscope. Results revealed, in the white elevated areas of the lesions, subepithelial polymorphonuclear infiltrates and microabsesses, leukocyte invasion into the epithelial layer, interepithelial edema, rupture of cell juctions, rich glycogen deposits in epithelial cells, lack of differentiation into keratinized cells, and cell necrosis with exfoliation of necrotic epithelial cells and leukocytes in the surface layer. The erythematous, smooth areas revealed pathomorphologic features of healing : some mononuclear infiltrate cells in sub- and interepithelial positions, two types of basal cell, occurring in groups, with features of either typical epidermal basal cells of immature basal cells, filament and filament bundle formation in the spinous layer, the lack of a stratum granulosum, and incomplete keratinization or parakeratinization in the surface layer. Differentiation into filiform  papillae  was lacking in this area. The findings have been discussed in relation to the disturbances of the keratinization process.", "PMID": 1060032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3078", "title": "Familial polyostotic fibrous dysplasia.", "content": "A case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the craniofacial type is presented, together with substantial evidence that this condition had a genetic basis in this patient. A review of the literature indicates that there is absolutely no previous evidence of a genetic basis to this condition. The possibility that the propositus suffered from polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the Jaffe or the Albright type was excluded.", "contents": "Familial polyostotic fibrous dysplasia. A case of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the craniofacial type is presented, together with substantial evidence that this condition had a genetic basis in this patient. A review of the literature indicates that there is absolutely no previous evidence of a genetic basis to this condition. The possibility that the propositus suffered from polyostotic fibrous dysplasia of the Jaffe or the Albright type was excluded.", "PMID": 1060033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3079", "title": "Jaw and pulpal metastasis of an adrenal neuroblastoma.", "content": "Hematogenous spread of malignant tumors to the dental pulp is very rare. A case of adrenal neuroblastoma in a 71/2-year-old boy which metastasized to the mandible and dental pulp is described. Tumor cells were found within the pulpal blood vessels of a deciduous molar tooth.", "contents": "Jaw and pulpal metastasis of an adrenal neuroblastoma. Hematogenous spread of malignant tumors to the dental pulp is very rare. A case of adrenal neuroblastoma in a 71/2-year-old boy which metastasized to the mandible and dental pulp is described. Tumor cells were found within the pulpal blood vessels of a deciduous molar tooth.", "PMID": 1060034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3080", "title": "Dimensional stability of temporary restoratives.", "content": "The effects of thermal cycling on the dimensional stability of temporary restoratives  were studied. Stability appeared to be affected significantly by water content. On thermal cycling, Cavit showed less linear dimensional change than two cements containing zinc oxide-eugenol and gutta-percha temporary stopping.", "contents": "Dimensional stability of temporary restoratives. The effects of thermal cycling on the dimensional stability of temporary restoratives  were studied. Stability appeared to be affected significantly by water content. On thermal cycling, Cavit showed less linear dimensional change than two cements containing zinc oxide-eugenol and gutta-percha temporary stopping.", "PMID": 1060036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3081", "title": "The effects of thermal injury on pulpal hydrolases.", "content": "The effects of thermal injury on pulpal protein levels and the activities of selected pulpal hydrolases were determined 48 hours following injury. At this time protein levels were significantly greater while enzyme activities were significantly lower in thermally insulted teeth. The implications of these studies are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of thermal injury on pulpal hydrolases. The effects of thermal injury on pulpal protein levels and the activities of selected pulpal hydrolases were determined 48 hours following injury. At this time protein levels were significantly greater while enzyme activities were significantly lower in thermally insulted teeth. The implications of these studies are discussed.", "PMID": 1060037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3082", "title": "Transferred drug-resistance in Eimeria maxima.", "content": "A series of experiments is described in which two drug-resistant strains of Eimeria maxima were passaged together in untreated chicks. The resultant oocysts were then inoculated into chicks treated with both drugs. When strains resistant to methyl benzoquate and sulphaquinoxaline or clopidol and sulphaquinoxaline were used the resultant infections were not controlled by the double treatment, indicating the acquisition of resistance factors by one strain from the other. When strains resistant to clopidol and methyl benzoquate were used the phenomenon was not observed.", "contents": "Transferred drug-resistance in Eimeria maxima. A series of experiments is described in which two drug-resistant strains of Eimeria maxima were passaged together in untreated chicks. The resultant oocysts were then inoculated into chicks treated with both drugs. When strains resistant to methyl benzoquate and sulphaquinoxaline or clopidol and sulphaquinoxaline were used the resultant infections were not controlled by the double treatment, indicating the acquisition of resistance factors by one strain from the other. When strains resistant to clopidol and methyl benzoquate were used the phenomenon was not observed.", "PMID": 1060042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3083", "title": "Dural sinus occlusion in leukemia.", "content": "The case of a 7-year-old child with acute lymphocytic leukemia who, while in relapse, developed a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis is documented by angiography and post-mortem examination. Review of the literature suggests that cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis which usually accompanies the arachnoid infiltration of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia may be absent in some patients as in this case. In the absence of CSF pleocytosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis may mimic the other signs and symptoms of CNS leukemia and consequently may be a more frequent complication of acute leukemia than is presently appreciated. Therapy directed to the CSF axis generally would not under these circumstances be appropriate.", "contents": "Dural sinus occlusion in leukemia. The case of a 7-year-old child with acute lymphocytic leukemia who, while in relapse, developed a superior sagittal sinus thrombosis is documented by angiography and post-mortem examination. Review of the literature suggests that cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis which usually accompanies the arachnoid infiltration of central nervous system (CNS) leukemia may be absent in some patients as in this case. In the absence of CSF pleocytosis, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis may mimic the other signs and symptoms of CNS leukemia and consequently may be a more frequent complication of acute leukemia than is presently appreciated. Therapy directed to the CSF axis generally would not under these circumstances be appropriate.", "PMID": 1060043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3084", "title": "Effect of spinal deafferentation on temperature regulation and spinal thermosensitivity in pigeons.", "content": "1. To study the effect of spinal deafferentation on temperature regulation and spinal thermosensitivity in acute experiments, the spinal cord of pigeons was transected at Th4 and the dorsal roots cut carefully on both sides from Th4 to C6 or C4 (13 or 15 segments); only afferent signals from the upper neck and the head could reach the CNS. Selective changes of the spinal cord temperature in the deafferented region were performed by a thermode in the vertebral canal. 2. At thermoneutral ambient conditions (Ta 23-30 degrees C) the deafferented pigeons were able to maintain a normal body temperature (about 41 degrees C). During ambient cooling (Ta 1-10 degrees C) the core temperature was regulated at a lower level of about 38 degrees C, strong shivering occurred, and heat production was increased. 3. If the decreased spinal cord temperature at low Ta was adjusted experimentally to normal values (about 41 degrees C) then shivering stopped and oxygen consumption decreased. This decrease in heat production was followed by a continuous fall in rectal temperature to values as low as 33-34 degrees C without any initiation of shivering or extra heat production. This means that shivering in the deafferented pigeons must be elicited by cold sensors in the spinal cord alone and that there are no important cold sensors in the non-deafferented region including the brain. 4. Selective spinal cooling of the deafferented region at thermoneutral Ta was followed by an immediate onset of shivering and an increase in heat production. Spinal heating resulted in an increase in wing temperature which served as an indication of vasodilatation, i.e., an activation of a heat loss mechanism. This is a confirmation of the assumption that the spinal temperature sensors are indeed located in the spinal cord and that the responses to experimental changes of spinal canal temperature are not mediated by extraspinal thermoreceptors. The results show clearly that the regulation of body temperature in pigeons at moderate thermal loads can be mediated by these spinal sensors alone. 5. Continued spinal cooling resulted in an increase in body temperature by about 2 degrees C and a subsequent regulation at this high level. This means that there must exist warm sensors in the non-deafferented cranial region.", "contents": "Effect of spinal deafferentation on temperature regulation and spinal thermosensitivity in pigeons. 1. To study the effect of spinal deafferentation on temperature regulation and spinal thermosensitivity in acute experiments, the spinal cord of pigeons was transected at Th4 and the dorsal roots cut carefully on both sides from Th4 to C6 or C4 (13 or 15 segments); only afferent signals from the upper neck and the head could reach the CNS. Selective changes of the spinal cord temperature in the deafferented region were performed by a thermode in the vertebral canal. 2. At thermoneutral ambient conditions (Ta 23-30 degrees C) the deafferented pigeons were able to maintain a normal body temperature (about 41 degrees C). During ambient cooling (Ta 1-10 degrees C) the core temperature was regulated at a lower level of about 38 degrees C, strong shivering occurred, and heat production was increased. 3. If the decreased spinal cord temperature at low Ta was adjusted experimentally to normal values (about 41 degrees C) then shivering stopped and oxygen consumption decreased. This decrease in heat production was followed by a continuous fall in rectal temperature to values as low as 33-34 degrees C without any initiation of shivering or extra heat production. This means that shivering in the deafferented pigeons must be elicited by cold sensors in the spinal cord alone and that there are no important cold sensors in the non-deafferented region including the brain. 4. Selective spinal cooling of the deafferented region at thermoneutral Ta was followed by an immediate onset of shivering and an increase in heat production. Spinal heating resulted in an increase in wing temperature which served as an indication of vasodilatation, i.e., an activation of a heat loss mechanism. This is a confirmation of the assumption that the spinal temperature sensors are indeed located in the spinal cord and that the responses to experimental changes of spinal canal temperature are not mediated by extraspinal thermoreceptors. The results show clearly that the regulation of body temperature in pigeons at moderate thermal loads can be mediated by these spinal sensors alone. 5. Continued spinal cooling resulted in an increase in body temperature by about 2 degrees C and a subsequent regulation at this high level. This means that there must exist warm sensors in the non-deafferented cranial region.", "PMID": 1060044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3085", "title": "[Microretention of plastic filling materials on acid etched enamel].", "content": "In order to study the strength of the physical bond between composite materials and acid etched enamel, various commonly used composites were applied to the conditioned surface of extracted young permanent bicuspids. The specimens were stored in saline at 37 degrees C for one week and nine weeks and then subjected to tensile strength test. The following composites were tested: Restodent, Nuva Seal/Nuva Fil, Cosmic, Smile, Adaptic and Concise Enamel Bond. The latter was used in 4 different ways. The results of the study indicate that all the tested materials have a fairly good retention on the conditioned enamel. However, when using Concise Enamel Bond, care must be taken not to let the pure, liquid resin polymerize on the enamel before applying the composite, because this will give a poor bonding between the enamel and the filling. In addition to the tensile strength test, the materials were submitted to scanning electron microscop, to examine their penetration ability into conditioned enamel. The results of this study seem to indicate that the resin part of viscous composites (Cosmic and Concise pastes) was able to penetrate into the crevices of the etched enamel as well as the more fluid types (Restodent, Nuva Seal and diluted Concise).", "contents": "[Microretention of plastic filling materials on acid etched enamel]. In order to study the strength of the physical bond between composite materials and acid etched enamel, various commonly used composites were applied to the conditioned surface of extracted young permanent bicuspids. The specimens were stored in saline at 37 degrees C for one week and nine weeks and then subjected to tensile strength test. The following composites were tested: Restodent, Nuva Seal/Nuva Fil, Cosmic, Smile, Adaptic and Concise Enamel Bond. The latter was used in 4 different ways. The results of the study indicate that all the tested materials have a fairly good retention on the conditioned enamel. However, when using Concise Enamel Bond, care must be taken not to let the pure, liquid resin polymerize on the enamel before applying the composite, because this will give a poor bonding between the enamel and the filling. In addition to the tensile strength test, the materials were submitted to scanning electron microscop, to examine their penetration ability into conditioned enamel. The results of this study seem to indicate that the resin part of viscous composites (Cosmic and Concise pastes) was able to penetrate into the crevices of the etched enamel as well as the more fluid types (Restodent, Nuva Seal and diluted Concise).", "PMID": 1060049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3086", "title": "[Electrostatic air filters for dental practice].", "content": "The filtrering effect of an electrostatic filtrattion equipment (Vortronic mod. 75) for air filtration was examined by sampling the air in a general dental practice by means of a Casella Slit Sampler for Airborne Bacteria (C. F. Casella & Co. Ltd., London). A reception, a sterilization, two treatment chairs and a resting cabinet were seperated by 180 cm high walls in a rectangular room of 33 m2 and with an air volume of approximately 80 m3. The staff including one dentist and one or two assistents worked from 8 a.m. till 4 p.m. with a 30 min. lunch break. A mean of 17 patients visited the practice every day. The electrostatic filter was placed in front of one of the treatment chairs and the slit sampler was, for one period, placed at a distance of 5 m from the filter. In the next period both filter and slit sampler were placed within 140 cm from the treatment chair. The air was sampled at noon and at 4 p.m. Micro-organisms from the air samples were cultured on blood agar by incubation at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. After incubation all colonies visible to the eye were counted. A total of 36 air samples were examined. Without filtration of the air the bacterial contamination amounted to 14 cultivable organisms per ft3 air at noon and 54 organisms per ft3 at 4 p.m. The filtration equipment proved to reduce the air contamination to 6 cultivable organisms per ft3.", "contents": "[Electrostatic air filters for dental practice]. The filtrering effect of an electrostatic filtrattion equipment (Vortronic mod. 75) for air filtration was examined by sampling the air in a general dental practice by means of a Casella Slit Sampler for Airborne Bacteria (C. F. Casella & Co. Ltd., London). A reception, a sterilization, two treatment chairs and a resting cabinet were seperated by 180 cm high walls in a rectangular room of 33 m2 and with an air volume of approximately 80 m3. The staff including one dentist and one or two assistents worked from 8 a.m. till 4 p.m. with a 30 min. lunch break. A mean of 17 patients visited the practice every day. The electrostatic filter was placed in front of one of the treatment chairs and the slit sampler was, for one period, placed at a distance of 5 m from the filter. In the next period both filter and slit sampler were placed within 140 cm from the treatment chair. The air was sampled at noon and at 4 p.m. Micro-organisms from the air samples were cultured on blood agar by incubation at 37 degrees C for 48 hours. After incubation all colonies visible to the eye were counted. A total of 36 air samples were examined. Without filtration of the air the bacterial contamination amounted to 14 cultivable organisms per ft3 air at noon and 54 organisms per ft3 at 4 p.m. The filtration equipment proved to reduce the air contamination to 6 cultivable organisms per ft3.", "PMID": 1060050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3087", "title": "[Systems for financing and delivery of dental care].", "content": "This paper gives a survey of the most common systems for financing delivery of dental services in the USA and Europe. Emphasis is placed on the systems prevailing in the Scandinavian countries. The background and development of the Norwegian dental health policy are discussed, and the current programs and plans are reviewed. The need for and attitudes towards the introduction of new programs are appraised. It is concluded that new dental health programs directed towards disadvantaged individuals, adolescents and small children should be developed in Norway. The \"mixed\" system, i.e. public dental services together with dental health insurance, seemingly have certain advantages.", "contents": "[Systems for financing and delivery of dental care]. This paper gives a survey of the most common systems for financing delivery of dental services in the USA and Europe. Emphasis is placed on the systems prevailing in the Scandinavian countries. The background and development of the Norwegian dental health policy are discussed, and the current programs and plans are reviewed. The need for and attitudes towards the introduction of new programs are appraised. It is concluded that new dental health programs directed towards disadvantaged individuals, adolescents and small children should be developed in Norway. The \"mixed\" system, i.e. public dental services together with dental health insurance, seemingly have certain advantages.", "PMID": 1060051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3088", "title": "[Encephalic pseudotumoral toxoplasmosis in the course of blood diseases].", "content": "The authors report two cases, the first pathological and the second clinical of pseudo-tumoural cerebral toxoplasmosis, occurring during the course of blood diseases. They refer to the conditions of appearance of this rare complication, with only twenty cases recorded in the literature, during malignant blood diseases. They stress the primordial role of immunological deficiency related either to the underlying disease (especially Hodgkin's disease) or to immuno-suppressive therapy. The clinical picture, with little in the way of typical features, is thus that of a diffuse m\u00e9ningo-enc\u00e9phalitis. Pseudo-tumoural forms are rare. The authors also stress the minimum conditions required for the validity of the dye test and the value of the diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis. An association of sulphadiazine-purimethamine, active and effective, cured the second patient.", "contents": "[Encephalic pseudotumoral toxoplasmosis in the course of blood diseases]. The authors report two cases, the first pathological and the second clinical of pseudo-tumoural cerebral toxoplasmosis, occurring during the course of blood diseases. They refer to the conditions of appearance of this rare complication, with only twenty cases recorded in the literature, during malignant blood diseases. They stress the primordial role of immunological deficiency related either to the underlying disease (especially Hodgkin's disease) or to immuno-suppressive therapy. The clinical picture, with little in the way of typical features, is thus that of a diffuse m\u00e9ningo-enc\u00e9phalitis. Pseudo-tumoural forms are rare. The authors also stress the minimum conditions required for the validity of the dye test and the value of the diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis. An association of sulphadiazine-purimethamine, active and effective, cured the second patient.", "PMID": 1060053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3089", "title": "Mobility of cholera toxin receptors on rat lymphocyte membranes.", "content": "Fluorescein-labeled cholera toxin binds detectably to 40-60% of rat mesenteric lymph node cells and induces a temperature-dependent redistribution (patch and cap formation) of cell surface toxin receptors. The redistribution is inhibited by several \"metabolic,\" \"microtubule,\" and \"microfilament\" inhibitors, by concanavalin A, and by anticholera toxin IgG. Various studies indicate that cholera toxin is at least bivalent, and that this property may be related to both the induction of receptor redistribution and to the activation of adenylate cyclase. Membrane components which are probably identical to the sialo-glycolipid, GM1 ganglioside, appear to be mobile in the plane of the membrane. The possible role of toxin multivalency and receptor mobility in the mechanism of toxin action is considered.", "contents": "Mobility of cholera toxin receptors on rat lymphocyte membranes. Fluorescein-labeled cholera toxin binds detectably to 40-60% of rat mesenteric lymph node cells and induces a temperature-dependent redistribution (patch and cap formation) of cell surface toxin receptors. The redistribution is inhibited by several \"metabolic,\" \"microtubule,\" and \"microfilament\" inhibitors, by concanavalin A, and by anticholera toxin IgG. Various studies indicate that cholera toxin is at least bivalent, and that this property may be related to both the induction of receptor redistribution and to the activation of adenylate cyclase. Membrane components which are probably identical to the sialo-glycolipid, GM1 ganglioside, appear to be mobile in the plane of the membrane. The possible role of toxin multivalency and receptor mobility in the mechanism of toxin action is considered.", "PMID": 1060063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3090", "title": "Theoretical studies of metal-phosphate interactions: interaction of Li+, Na+, K+, Be++, Mg++, and Ca++ with H2PO4- and (CH3O)2PO2-: implications for nucleic acid solvation.", "content": "Model phosphate-metal solvation complexes have been studied by ab-initio self-consistent-field techniques. The complexes studied include (RO)2PO2-(R = H or CH3) with Li+, Na+, K+, Be++, Mg++, Ca++, H2O, and Cl-. The geometries of the complexes were chosen to approximate reasonable model solvation complexes for phosphate groups in a nucleic acid environment. Calculated energies of formation vary as Be++ greater than Mg++ greater than Ca++ greater than Li+ greater than Na+ greater than K+ for all isostructural complexes, consistent with experimental binding trends. These results suggest that site binding of this type can successfully account for the relative specificities of ion binding in polynucleotides and other phosphate-containing molecules.", "contents": "Theoretical studies of metal-phosphate interactions: interaction of Li+, Na+, K+, Be++, Mg++, and Ca++ with H2PO4- and (CH3O)2PO2-: implications for nucleic acid solvation. Model phosphate-metal solvation complexes have been studied by ab-initio self-consistent-field techniques. The complexes studied include (RO)2PO2-(R = H or CH3) with Li+, Na+, K+, Be++, Mg++, Ca++, H2O, and Cl-. The geometries of the complexes were chosen to approximate reasonable model solvation complexes for phosphate groups in a nucleic acid environment. Calculated energies of formation vary as Be++ greater than Mg++ greater than Ca++ greater than Li+ greater than Na+ greater than K+ for all isostructural complexes, consistent with experimental binding trends. These results suggest that site binding of this type can successfully account for the relative specificities of ion binding in polynucleotides and other phosphate-containing molecules.", "PMID": 1060064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3091", "title": "Model of protein folding: inclusion of short-, medium-, and long-range interactions.", "content": "A hypothesis for protein folding is proposed, in which the native structure is formed by a three-step mechanism: (A) formation of ordered backbone structures by short-range interactions, (B) formation of small contact regions by medium-range interactions, and (C) association of the small contact regions into the native structure by long-range interactions. Empirical interaction parameters (free energy of formation of a contact) between amino-acid residues were evaluated from the frequency of contacts in the x-ray structures of native proteins. On the basis of this mechanism, a Monte Carlo simulation of protein folding (with an accompanying decrease in the total contact free energy) was carried out for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The predicted three-dimensional structure is in fairly good agreement with the experimental one.", "contents": "Model of protein folding: inclusion of short-, medium-, and long-range interactions. A hypothesis for protein folding is proposed, in which the native structure is formed by a three-step mechanism: (A) formation of ordered backbone structures by short-range interactions, (B) formation of small contact regions by medium-range interactions, and (C) association of the small contact regions into the native structure by long-range interactions. Empirical interaction parameters (free energy of formation of a contact) between amino-acid residues were evaluated from the frequency of contacts in the x-ray structures of native proteins. On the basis of this mechanism, a Monte Carlo simulation of protein folding (with an accompanying decrease in the total contact free energy) was carried out for bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor. The predicted three-dimensional structure is in fairly good agreement with the experimental one.", "PMID": 1060065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3092", "title": "Matrix method for fluctuations and noise in kinetic systems.", "content": "In a series of papers we were concerned with the question of how to calculate the concentration noise power spectra of an ensemble of multi-state linear kinetic systems when the rate constants of the systems are assumed to be known. We have used a standard eigenvalue-eigenfunction method to solve the differential equations which govern the regression of the means and derived the noise power spectrum as a function of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the relaxation matrix of the system. In this paper, we have obtained an equation which relates the noise spectrum matrix of the fluctuations directly to the relaxation matrix of the means. As a result, the noise power spectrum can be calculated through matrix operations without the necessity of an eigenvalue-eigenfunction calculation. The present formalism is particularly useful in the evaluation of kinetic rate constants when the noise spectrum data of concentration fluctuations are given. Possible applications to biochemical systems are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Matrix method for fluctuations and noise in kinetic systems. In a series of papers we were concerned with the question of how to calculate the concentration noise power spectra of an ensemble of multi-state linear kinetic systems when the rate constants of the systems are assumed to be known. We have used a standard eigenvalue-eigenfunction method to solve the differential equations which govern the regression of the means and derived the noise power spectrum as a function of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the relaxation matrix of the system. In this paper, we have obtained an equation which relates the noise spectrum matrix of the fluctuations directly to the relaxation matrix of the means. As a result, the noise power spectrum can be calculated through matrix operations without the necessity of an eigenvalue-eigenfunction calculation. The present formalism is particularly useful in the evaluation of kinetic rate constants when the noise spectrum data of concentration fluctuations are given. Possible applications to biochemical systems are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1060066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3093", "title": "Translation of thyroglobulin 33S messenger RNA as a means of determining thyroglobulin quaternary structure.", "content": "Thyroglobulin is a 19S protein of approximately 660,000 daltons and unknown quaternary structure. We have previously shown that a 33S mRNA purified from mammalian thyroids promoted synthesis in the Xenopus oocyte of a peptide immunologically related to thyroglobulin. Chemical identity to the native protein is now presented by means of a tryptic peptide analysis. Moreover, the 33S mRNA is shown to contain all the information required for the synthesis of a complete 19S thyroglobulin molecule. Gel filtration in Sepharose under denaturing conditions indicates that the reduced polypeptide encoded by the 33S mRNA is larger than 210,000 daltons. A model of a dimeric thyroglobulin with about 300,000 dalton subunits is presented.", "contents": "Translation of thyroglobulin 33S messenger RNA as a means of determining thyroglobulin quaternary structure. Thyroglobulin is a 19S protein of approximately 660,000 daltons and unknown quaternary structure. We have previously shown that a 33S mRNA purified from mammalian thyroids promoted synthesis in the Xenopus oocyte of a peptide immunologically related to thyroglobulin. Chemical identity to the native protein is now presented by means of a tryptic peptide analysis. Moreover, the 33S mRNA is shown to contain all the information required for the synthesis of a complete 19S thyroglobulin molecule. Gel filtration in Sepharose under denaturing conditions indicates that the reduced polypeptide encoded by the 33S mRNA is larger than 210,000 daltons. A model of a dimeric thyroglobulin with about 300,000 dalton subunits is presented.", "PMID": 1060067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3094", "title": "Imbalanced globin chain synthesis in heterozygous beta-thalassemic bone marrow.", "content": "Globin synthesis was studied in the bone marrow of seven heterozygous beta-thalassemic subjects. We found evidence of significant imbalance of alpha- and beta-chain production particularly at short times of incubation. There was a progressive decrease in alpha/beta-chain production ratio with increasing incubation time which was due to a decreased rate of net alpha-chain production, indicating that a large proportion of the newly synthesized alpha chains are degraded, particularly in bone marrow, within a few minutes of synthesis, leading to relatively low alpha/beta ratios if these are measured solely at incubation times greater than 10 min. The significant degradation of excess alpha chains explains why inclusion body formation and ineffective erythropoiesis, notable in beta-thalassemia homozygotes where there is gross chain imbalance, are not observed to any marked degree in heterozygotes.", "contents": "Imbalanced globin chain synthesis in heterozygous beta-thalassemic bone marrow. Globin synthesis was studied in the bone marrow of seven heterozygous beta-thalassemic subjects. We found evidence of significant imbalance of alpha- and beta-chain production particularly at short times of incubation. There was a progressive decrease in alpha/beta-chain production ratio with increasing incubation time which was due to a decreased rate of net alpha-chain production, indicating that a large proportion of the newly synthesized alpha chains are degraded, particularly in bone marrow, within a few minutes of synthesis, leading to relatively low alpha/beta ratios if these are measured solely at incubation times greater than 10 min. The significant degradation of excess alpha chains explains why inclusion body formation and ineffective erythropoiesis, notable in beta-thalassemia homozygotes where there is gross chain imbalance, are not observed to any marked degree in heterozygotes.", "PMID": 1060068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3095", "title": "Very short-lived and stable mRNAs from resting human lymphocytes.", "content": "The kinetics of degradation of newly synthesized cytoplasmic poly(A)-bearing RNA have been examined in resting human lymphocytes. Two classes were identified, a very labile component with a half-life of less than 17 min and a stable component which remains apparently undiminished during 24 hr of observation. Both classes have molecular weights between 2.5 and 3.5 x 10(5) but the stable material has a narrower size distribution and a slightly lower average molecular weight than the short-lived component. The fate of stable RNA synthesized in the resting cell was also examined after growth stimulation with phytohemagglutinin after 2 and 6 hr of treatment. No transfer of stable material into the labile pool could be discerned; the amount of stable material remained constant. The existence of two species of mRNAs with different lifetimes in animal cells provides a potential means for regulation of protein synthesis by controlling the supply of specific messages. Furthermore, such a short-lived mRNA species may explain the observed disparity between the amount of poly(A)-bearing heterogeneous RNA produced in the nucleus and the amount of mature message found in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Very short-lived and stable mRNAs from resting human lymphocytes. The kinetics of degradation of newly synthesized cytoplasmic poly(A)-bearing RNA have been examined in resting human lymphocytes. Two classes were identified, a very labile component with a half-life of less than 17 min and a stable component which remains apparently undiminished during 24 hr of observation. Both classes have molecular weights between 2.5 and 3.5 x 10(5) but the stable material has a narrower size distribution and a slightly lower average molecular weight than the short-lived component. The fate of stable RNA synthesized in the resting cell was also examined after growth stimulation with phytohemagglutinin after 2 and 6 hr of treatment. No transfer of stable material into the labile pool could be discerned; the amount of stable material remained constant. The existence of two species of mRNAs with different lifetimes in animal cells provides a potential means for regulation of protein synthesis by controlling the supply of specific messages. Furthermore, such a short-lived mRNA species may explain the observed disparity between the amount of poly(A)-bearing heterogeneous RNA produced in the nucleus and the amount of mature message found in the cytoplasm.", "PMID": 1060069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3096", "title": "Relationship between in vivo degradative rates and isoelectric points of proteins.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that in mammalian cells proteins of large molecular weight are degraded more rapidly than small ones. Evidence is presented here that half-lives of proteins are also related to their isoelectric points. A double-isotope method was used to compare degradative rates of soluble proteins separated by isoelectric focusing. In rat liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and brain, more rapid rates of catabolism were found for acidic protein fractions than for neutral or basic ones. Acidic proteins also tended to be degraded faster in several mouse tissues. A literature survey confirmed this trend. For 22 proteins from rat liver, a highly significant correlation was found between rates of degradation and isoelectric points (r = 0.824; P less than 0.01). This relationship between isoelectric point and half-life appears to be distinct from that between protein size and half-life.", "contents": "Relationship between in vivo degradative rates and isoelectric points of proteins. Previous studies have shown that in mammalian cells proteins of large molecular weight are degraded more rapidly than small ones. Evidence is presented here that half-lives of proteins are also related to their isoelectric points. A double-isotope method was used to compare degradative rates of soluble proteins separated by isoelectric focusing. In rat liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, and brain, more rapid rates of catabolism were found for acidic protein fractions than for neutral or basic ones. Acidic proteins also tended to be degraded faster in several mouse tissues. A literature survey confirmed this trend. For 22 proteins from rat liver, a highly significant correlation was found between rates of degradation and isoelectric points (r = 0.824; P less than 0.01). This relationship between isoelectric point and half-life appears to be distinct from that between protein size and half-life.", "PMID": 1060070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3097", "title": "Cell-free synthesis of human interferon.", "content": "With mRNA prepared from induced human fibroblasts biologically active human interferon was synthesized de novo in a cell-free extract from mouse cells. The identity of the antiviral activity as human interferon was demonstrated by its species and antigenic specificity.", "contents": "Cell-free synthesis of human interferon. With mRNA prepared from induced human fibroblasts biologically active human interferon was synthesized de novo in a cell-free extract from mouse cells. The identity of the antiviral activity as human interferon was demonstrated by its species and antigenic specificity.", "PMID": 1060071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3098", "title": "Major nonhistone proteins of rat liver chromatin: preliminary identification of myosin, actin, tubulin, and tropomyosin.", "content": "Two major nonhistone polypeptides from rat liver chromatin have been identified as myosin and actin. Preliminary observations indicate that three other chromatin polypeptides of molecular weights 50,000, 34,000, and 32,000 are tubulin and heavy and light tropomyosin, respectively. A sixth component of molecular weight 65,000 which has been purified and electrophoreses as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels may be composed in part of protease-digested myosin. These six polypeptides together account for as much as 38% of the nonhistone protein mass of chromatin in this tissue.", "contents": "Major nonhistone proteins of rat liver chromatin: preliminary identification of myosin, actin, tubulin, and tropomyosin. Two major nonhistone polypeptides from rat liver chromatin have been identified as myosin and actin. Preliminary observations indicate that three other chromatin polypeptides of molecular weights 50,000, 34,000, and 32,000 are tubulin and heavy and light tropomyosin, respectively. A sixth component of molecular weight 65,000 which has been purified and electrophoreses as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels may be composed in part of protease-digested myosin. These six polypeptides together account for as much as 38% of the nonhistone protein mass of chromatin in this tissue.", "PMID": 1060072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3099", "title": "Position-specific oxygenation of benzo(a)pyrene by different forms of purified cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver.", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to detect oxygenated products of benzo[a]pyrene formed in a reconstituted microsomal mixed-function oxidase system containing cytochrome P-450 (P-450LM), phospholipid, and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (NADPH: ferricytochrome oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.4). Three cytochrome fractions purified from a single source, hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rabbits, were studied; the various forms of the cytochrome are designated by their relative electrophoretic mobilities. The total benzo[a]pyrene oxygenation rate was greatest for P-450LM1,7, intermediate for P-450LM2, and least for P-450LM4. The phenolic products were eluted in two peaks, A and B, that contained primarily 9-hydroxy- and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, respectively. The ratio of peak A to peak B phenols was 0.11 for P-450LM2 and 0.45 for P-450LM4. Thus, the relative amounts of the various phenols formed by these two cytochrome fractions differ markedly. The positional specificity of the hydroxylation is also indicated by large differences in the fluorescence spectra of the phenolic products formed by the two cytochromes. P-450LM2 and P-450LM4 did not form benzo[a]pyrene dihydrodiols, thereby showing that benzo[a]pyrene oxide hydratase activity was absent from these purified preparations. Ninety percent of the phenols formed by P-450LM1,7 were eluted in peak B; the metabolites produced by this preparation also included dihydrodiols, thus indicating the presence of hydratase activity. The positional specificities of different forms of cytochrome P-450 may channel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism into the various activation and detoxification pathways and thereby help determine the cytotoxic and carcinogenic activity of these compounds.", "contents": "Position-specific oxygenation of benzo(a)pyrene by different forms of purified cytochrome P-450 from rabbit liver. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to detect oxygenated products of benzo[a]pyrene formed in a reconstituted microsomal mixed-function oxidase system containing cytochrome P-450 (P-450LM), phospholipid, and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (NADPH: ferricytochrome oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.2.4). Three cytochrome fractions purified from a single source, hepatic microsomes from phenobarbital-treated rabbits, were studied; the various forms of the cytochrome are designated by their relative electrophoretic mobilities. The total benzo[a]pyrene oxygenation rate was greatest for P-450LM1,7, intermediate for P-450LM2, and least for P-450LM4. The phenolic products were eluted in two peaks, A and B, that contained primarily 9-hydroxy- and 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene, respectively. The ratio of peak A to peak B phenols was 0.11 for P-450LM2 and 0.45 for P-450LM4. Thus, the relative amounts of the various phenols formed by these two cytochrome fractions differ markedly. The positional specificity of the hydroxylation is also indicated by large differences in the fluorescence spectra of the phenolic products formed by the two cytochromes. P-450LM2 and P-450LM4 did not form benzo[a]pyrene dihydrodiols, thereby showing that benzo[a]pyrene oxide hydratase activity was absent from these purified preparations. Ninety percent of the phenols formed by P-450LM1,7 were eluted in peak B; the metabolites produced by this preparation also included dihydrodiols, thus indicating the presence of hydratase activity. The positional specificities of different forms of cytochrome P-450 may channel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism into the various activation and detoxification pathways and thereby help determine the cytotoxic and carcinogenic activity of these compounds.", "PMID": 1060073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3100", "title": "Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate, in mineralized tissue.", "content": "A direct approach has been developed for quantitative identification of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate, in proteins. This should be advantageous for the study of numerous systems where specific roles for the binding of calcium or other divalent cations are suspected. Investigation of mineralized tissue, where calcium-binding proteins are implicated in the mineralization process, revealed that gamma-carboxyglutamate was present in proteins solubilized from chicken bone with neutral aqueous ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. This was established by direct isolation of the amino acid from alkaline hydrolysates and its quantitative conversion to glutamic acid by decarboxylation in 0.05 M HCl at 100 degrees. The kinetics of decarboxylation and chromatographic behavior are identical to those of gamma-carboxyglutamate from human prothrombin. After resolution of the soluble bone proteins by phosphate gradient elution from hydroxyapatite, gamma-carboxyglutamate was found to be concentrated primarily in one BaSO4-adsorbable anionic protein species; bone collagen was devoid of the amino acid. In view of the recently discovered requirement of vitamin K for generation of calcium binding sites (gamma-carboxyglutamate) by gamma-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in prothrombin, our findings may implicate vitamin K metabolism in normal bone development and suggest a role for the gamma-carboxyglutamate-rich protein in regulation of calcium salt deposition in mineralized tissues.", "contents": "Direct identification of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate, in mineralized tissue. A direct approach has been developed for quantitative identification of the calcium-binding amino acid, gamma-carboxyglutamate, in proteins. This should be advantageous for the study of numerous systems where specific roles for the binding of calcium or other divalent cations are suspected. Investigation of mineralized tissue, where calcium-binding proteins are implicated in the mineralization process, revealed that gamma-carboxyglutamate was present in proteins solubilized from chicken bone with neutral aqueous ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid. This was established by direct isolation of the amino acid from alkaline hydrolysates and its quantitative conversion to glutamic acid by decarboxylation in 0.05 M HCl at 100 degrees. The kinetics of decarboxylation and chromatographic behavior are identical to those of gamma-carboxyglutamate from human prothrombin. After resolution of the soluble bone proteins by phosphate gradient elution from hydroxyapatite, gamma-carboxyglutamate was found to be concentrated primarily in one BaSO4-adsorbable anionic protein species; bone collagen was devoid of the amino acid. In view of the recently discovered requirement of vitamin K for generation of calcium binding sites (gamma-carboxyglutamate) by gamma-carboxylation of specific glutamic acid residues in prothrombin, our findings may implicate vitamin K metabolism in normal bone development and suggest a role for the gamma-carboxyglutamate-rich protein in regulation of calcium salt deposition in mineralized tissues.", "PMID": 1060074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3101", "title": "Translation of hormone-induced messenger RNA in amphibian oocytes: I. Induction by estrogen of messenger RNA encoded for vitellogenic protein in the liver of the male African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis).", "content": "Induction of the synthesis of the vitellogenic proteins, lipovitellin and phosvitin, in the liver of the male African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) was investigated as a function of time after treatment with estradiol-17beta [1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol]. The appearance of mRNAs encoded for lipovitellin and phosvitin in the cytoplasmic fraction of the liver was assayed by microinjections of hepatic mRNA preparation [either polyribosomes or poly(A)-rich RNA] into oocytes obtained from mature female toads. Oocytes were then incubated in the presence of radioactive amino acid(s) at 19 degrees for periods of time varying from 4 to 18 hr after microinjection. The results show that at 2 hr after hormone treatment more mRNA was present in the cytoplasm, and that from 2 to 72 hr after treatment the level of induced mRNA increased almost linearly to 110% above the control values. Experiments employing specific lipovitellin antiserum indicated no radioactive lipovitellin among the proteins synthesized in oocytes microinjected with hepatic mRNAs isolated from 3 to 9 hr after hormone treatment. However, a marked synthesis of immunoprecipitable, radioactive lipovitellin and an enhanced incorporation of [3H]serine occurred in the oocytes microinjected with hepatic mRNA preparations obtained from toads treated with hormone for 12 or more hr. The identities of the proteins encoded by the mRNAs induced early in estrogen action (2-9 hr) in the male amphibian liver are unknown. It is surmised that some of these proteins may function in the regulation of the subsequent synthesis of the vitellogenic proteins.", "contents": "Translation of hormone-induced messenger RNA in amphibian oocytes: I. Induction by estrogen of messenger RNA encoded for vitellogenic protein in the liver of the male African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis). Induction of the synthesis of the vitellogenic proteins, lipovitellin and phosvitin, in the liver of the male African clawed toad (Xenopus laevis) was investigated as a function of time after treatment with estradiol-17beta [1,3,5(10)-estratriene-3,17beta-diol]. The appearance of mRNAs encoded for lipovitellin and phosvitin in the cytoplasmic fraction of the liver was assayed by microinjections of hepatic mRNA preparation [either polyribosomes or poly(A)-rich RNA] into oocytes obtained from mature female toads. Oocytes were then incubated in the presence of radioactive amino acid(s) at 19 degrees for periods of time varying from 4 to 18 hr after microinjection. The results show that at 2 hr after hormone treatment more mRNA was present in the cytoplasm, and that from 2 to 72 hr after treatment the level of induced mRNA increased almost linearly to 110% above the control values. Experiments employing specific lipovitellin antiserum indicated no radioactive lipovitellin among the proteins synthesized in oocytes microinjected with hepatic mRNAs isolated from 3 to 9 hr after hormone treatment. However, a marked synthesis of immunoprecipitable, radioactive lipovitellin and an enhanced incorporation of [3H]serine occurred in the oocytes microinjected with hepatic mRNA preparations obtained from toads treated with hormone for 12 or more hr. The identities of the proteins encoded by the mRNAs induced early in estrogen action (2-9 hr) in the male amphibian liver are unknown. It is surmised that some of these proteins may function in the regulation of the subsequent synthesis of the vitellogenic proteins.", "PMID": 1060075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3102", "title": "De novo synthesis of a polymer of deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate by calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha.", "content": "In a reaction mixture containing calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7), calf thymus DNA unwinding protein, DNA, deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate and deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate, a copolymer of deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate is synthesized after a lag period of 1-2 hr. In the presence of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates only deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate are incorporated into the polymer and the rate of synthesis is decreased. The reaction variably occurs in the absence of DNA or DNA unwinding protein but with a greatly entended lag period. The optimal Mg2+ concentration for synthesis of the polymer of deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate is 1 mM, in contrast to an optimal Mg2+ concentration of 8 mM for DNA synthesis with activated DNA as template. Characterization of the product of de novo synthesis indicates that it is the alternating copolymer, poly(dA-dT).", "contents": "De novo synthesis of a polymer of deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate by calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha. In a reaction mixture containing calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7), calf thymus DNA unwinding protein, DNA, deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate and deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate, a copolymer of deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate is synthesized after a lag period of 1-2 hr. In the presence of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates only deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate are incorporated into the polymer and the rate of synthesis is decreased. The reaction variably occurs in the absence of DNA or DNA unwinding protein but with a greatly entended lag period. The optimal Mg2+ concentration for synthesis of the polymer of deoxyadenylate and deoxythymidylate is 1 mM, in contrast to an optimal Mg2+ concentration of 8 mM for DNA synthesis with activated DNA as template. Characterization of the product of de novo synthesis indicates that it is the alternating copolymer, poly(dA-dT).", "PMID": 1060076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3103", "title": "Regulation of synthesis of hepatic fatty acid synthetase: binding of fatty acid synthetase antibodies to polysomes.", "content": "Mammalian fatty acid synthetase was shown to be composed of two peptides, molecular weight 240,000, after dissociation with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Rat liver polysomes that synthesize fatty acid synthetase were identified by sucrose gradient analysis of polysomes that had been reacted with 125I-labeled antibody against fatty acid synthetase. The binding of 125I-labeled antibody to polysomes was found to correlate with the rate of hepatic fatty acid synthesis in various nutritional conditions.", "contents": "Regulation of synthesis of hepatic fatty acid synthetase: binding of fatty acid synthetase antibodies to polysomes. Mammalian fatty acid synthetase was shown to be composed of two peptides, molecular weight 240,000, after dissociation with sodium dodecyl sulfate. Rat liver polysomes that synthesize fatty acid synthetase were identified by sucrose gradient analysis of polysomes that had been reacted with 125I-labeled antibody against fatty acid synthetase. The binding of 125I-labeled antibody to polysomes was found to correlate with the rate of hepatic fatty acid synthesis in various nutritional conditions.", "PMID": 1060077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3104", "title": "Analysis of DNA of isolated chromatin subunits.", "content": "Partial digestion of rat liver nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease results in the liberation of nucleo-protein complexes consisting of one or more upsilon bodies. By velocity centrifugation we have isolated the monomeric subunit in relatively pure form. We find that this subunit contains 185 base pairs of DNA and 240,000 daltons of protein, resulting in a protein to DNA ratio identical to that of unperturbed chromatin. The isolated monomeric particle is further susceptible to internal nuclease attack resulting in the solubilization of 46% of the monomeric DNA. Analysis of the resistant DNA reveals a complex but highly reproducible pattern of DNA fragments ranging from 160 to 60 base pairs in length. Analysis of the reassociation kinetics of the isolated subunit DNA reveals that most, if not all genomic sequences, are involved in this basic subunit structure. No special frequency class of DNA is absent from upsilon bodies. Furthermore, virtually all liver sequences transcribed into mRNA are present in upsilon body DNA. These results indicate that upsilon body formation may be random with respect to DNA sequence and suggest that the mere presence of upsilon bodies over a specific region of DNA is not sufficient to restrict its transcription.", "contents": "Analysis of DNA of isolated chromatin subunits. Partial digestion of rat liver nuclei with staphylococcal nuclease results in the liberation of nucleo-protein complexes consisting of one or more upsilon bodies. By velocity centrifugation we have isolated the monomeric subunit in relatively pure form. We find that this subunit contains 185 base pairs of DNA and 240,000 daltons of protein, resulting in a protein to DNA ratio identical to that of unperturbed chromatin. The isolated monomeric particle is further susceptible to internal nuclease attack resulting in the solubilization of 46% of the monomeric DNA. Analysis of the resistant DNA reveals a complex but highly reproducible pattern of DNA fragments ranging from 160 to 60 base pairs in length. Analysis of the reassociation kinetics of the isolated subunit DNA reveals that most, if not all genomic sequences, are involved in this basic subunit structure. No special frequency class of DNA is absent from upsilon bodies. Furthermore, virtually all liver sequences transcribed into mRNA are present in upsilon body DNA. These results indicate that upsilon body formation may be random with respect to DNA sequence and suggest that the mere presence of upsilon bodies over a specific region of DNA is not sufficient to restrict its transcription.", "PMID": 1060078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3105", "title": "The turning wheel: a study in steady states.", "content": "Subject to the limitation of one-step transitions, a system composed of a polyfunctional macromolecule (say a polyfunctional enzyme), present in fixed amount together with its ligands (substrates) in a fixed volume, can be represented by an r-dimensional cube of which each of the 2r corners corresponds to one of the microscopically different forms. In the steady state we may predict circulation of the macromolecule around the edges of the cube. This would provide a molecular mechanism whereby one enzymatic reaction could drive another, the enzyme itself acting as a transducer. Such a system is asymptotically stable and subject to a set of linkage relations derivable by the cofactor principle from the steady state equations.", "contents": "The turning wheel: a study in steady states. Subject to the limitation of one-step transitions, a system composed of a polyfunctional macromolecule (say a polyfunctional enzyme), present in fixed amount together with its ligands (substrates) in a fixed volume, can be represented by an r-dimensional cube of which each of the 2r corners corresponds to one of the microscopically different forms. In the steady state we may predict circulation of the macromolecule around the edges of the cube. This would provide a molecular mechanism whereby one enzymatic reaction could drive another, the enzyme itself acting as a transducer. Such a system is asymptotically stable and subject to a set of linkage relations derivable by the cofactor principle from the steady state equations.", "PMID": 1060079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3106", "title": "A theory of the chain melting phase transition of aqueous phospholipid dispersions.", "content": "A model for the chain melting phase transition in dilute aqueous phospholipid bilayer dispersions is presented. This model includes interactions between head groups, between hydrocarbon chains, and within the chains. The head groups are modeled as hard disks which are constrained to lie on a two-dimensional surface separating the aqueous and hydrocarbon regions. The chain statistics problem is treated in an approximate manner using an approach motivated by scaled particle theory to describe the inter-chain steric repulsions in a mathematically tractable way. In this approach the whole system interacts with any given chain through an average lateral pressure which is proportional to the hard disk pressure. Following Nagle, we assume that the steric repulsions between chains and between head groups and the trans-gauche rotation energies are the dominant interactions in determining the transition and we describe the effect of the other interactions with a mean field approximation. Using the known transition temperature of a series of 1,2-diacyl phosphatidyl cholines to adjust two parameters in the theory, the model gives enthalpy and area changes that are in quite reasonable agreement with experiment. Moreover, the curvature observed in the plot of the transition temperature against acyl chain length is reproduced.", "contents": "A theory of the chain melting phase transition of aqueous phospholipid dispersions. A model for the chain melting phase transition in dilute aqueous phospholipid bilayer dispersions is presented. This model includes interactions between head groups, between hydrocarbon chains, and within the chains. The head groups are modeled as hard disks which are constrained to lie on a two-dimensional surface separating the aqueous and hydrocarbon regions. The chain statistics problem is treated in an approximate manner using an approach motivated by scaled particle theory to describe the inter-chain steric repulsions in a mathematically tractable way. In this approach the whole system interacts with any given chain through an average lateral pressure which is proportional to the hard disk pressure. Following Nagle, we assume that the steric repulsions between chains and between head groups and the trans-gauche rotation energies are the dominant interactions in determining the transition and we describe the effect of the other interactions with a mean field approximation. Using the known transition temperature of a series of 1,2-diacyl phosphatidyl cholines to adjust two parameters in the theory, the model gives enthalpy and area changes that are in quite reasonable agreement with experiment. Moreover, the curvature observed in the plot of the transition temperature against acyl chain length is reproduced.", "PMID": 1060080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3107", "title": "Magnitude of subunit inequivalence for oxygen release from hemoglobin: reinvestigation of the oxygen-pulse experiment.", "content": "Two hypotheses have been presented to explain the grossly biphasic oxygen release kinetics observed when hemoglobins are studied with the oxygen pulse technique [Gibson (1973) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1-4]. Hypothesis I suggests that the two phases result from cooperativity, with the fast phase being oxygen release from the low affinity (T) state and the slow phase being oxygen release from molecules that have switched to the high affinity (R) state. Hypothesis II suggests that the biphasic curves are due to a large (factor of 20-30) difference in oxygen release from the two types of subunits within deoxyhemoglobin. In order to experimentally discriminate between these two hypotheses, we reinvestigated the oxygen pulse reaction for hemoglobin Kansas (alpha2 beta2 102 Asn leads to Thr) in the absence and presence of inositol hexaphosphate, since recent high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance studies have shown that this allosteric cofactor stabilizes hemoglobin Kansas in T even when fully liganded [Ogawa, Mayer, and Shulman (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 49, 1485-1491]. The results of these studies clearly favor hypothesis I over hypothesis II as being the correct interpretation for the oxygen pulse results. However, we have found evidence that suggests that oxygen release and binding in T are surprisingly faster than previously observed. Furthermore, within T, there is some spectral and kinetic heterogeneity for oxygen release from adult hemoglobin and hemoglobin Kansas. The magnitude of this kinetic heterogeneity in T appears to be about the same as that seen in the high affinity, R, state. The exchange of hypothesis II for hypothesis I more strongly favors views of cooperative oxygen binding involving both types of subunits, as required if the allosteric model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux [(1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118] is considered operative.", "contents": "Magnitude of subunit inequivalence for oxygen release from hemoglobin: reinvestigation of the oxygen-pulse experiment. Two hypotheses have been presented to explain the grossly biphasic oxygen release kinetics observed when hemoglobins are studied with the oxygen pulse technique [Gibson (1973) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 1-4]. Hypothesis I suggests that the two phases result from cooperativity, with the fast phase being oxygen release from the low affinity (T) state and the slow phase being oxygen release from molecules that have switched to the high affinity (R) state. Hypothesis II suggests that the biphasic curves are due to a large (factor of 20-30) difference in oxygen release from the two types of subunits within deoxyhemoglobin. In order to experimentally discriminate between these two hypotheses, we reinvestigated the oxygen pulse reaction for hemoglobin Kansas (alpha2 beta2 102 Asn leads to Thr) in the absence and presence of inositol hexaphosphate, since recent high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance studies have shown that this allosteric cofactor stabilizes hemoglobin Kansas in T even when fully liganded [Ogawa, Mayer, and Shulman (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 49, 1485-1491]. The results of these studies clearly favor hypothesis I over hypothesis II as being the correct interpretation for the oxygen pulse results. However, we have found evidence that suggests that oxygen release and binding in T are surprisingly faster than previously observed. Furthermore, within T, there is some spectral and kinetic heterogeneity for oxygen release from adult hemoglobin and hemoglobin Kansas. The magnitude of this kinetic heterogeneity in T appears to be about the same as that seen in the high affinity, R, state. The exchange of hypothesis II for hypothesis I more strongly favors views of cooperative oxygen binding involving both types of subunits, as required if the allosteric model of Monod, Wyman, and Changeux [(1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118] is considered operative.", "PMID": 1060081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3108", "title": "Determination of the iron-sulfur distances in rubredoxin by x-ray absorption spectroscopy.", "content": "The high intensity x-ray flux from the synchrotron radiation at the Stanford Synchroton Radiation Project has been used to study the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the iron-sulfur protein Peptococcus aerogenes rubredoxin. Absorption measurements were made from 7080 eV, which is below the K-edge of iron, to about 650 eV above the edge and structure was obtained over the entire region. By means of a model iron-sulfur compound for evaluating the phase shifts, the variation of the absorption above the edge of lyophilized, oxidized rubredoxin was converted to iron-sulfur distances. The data were fitted with a least squares program to a model in which three distances R3 were kept equal and the fourth R1 was allowed to differ. The mean square error was constant over a region of this parameter space, becoming twice as large at R3 = 2.217, R1 = 2.389 and R3 = 2.268, R1 = 2.108 A. These values, which are the extreme differences allowed by the present data, are definitely closer to being equal than those found by the determination of the x-ray diffraction crystal structure of the similar protein from Clostridium pasteurianum. However, the average distance from our experiment is in excellent agreement with the average distance from the crystal structure determination. Preliminary EXAFS measurements were also made on the oxidized rubredoxin in solution at pH 7.0. The spectra were unchanged, indicating that the average iron-sulfur distance change is less than 0.02 A. Upon reduction the average iron-sulfur bond length increased by about 0.05 A. Since the EXAFS measurements can give accurate determinations of distances in proteins both in crystals and solution, the technique should be widely applicable.", "contents": "Determination of the iron-sulfur distances in rubredoxin by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. The high intensity x-ray flux from the synchrotron radiation at the Stanford Synchroton Radiation Project has been used to study the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of the iron-sulfur protein Peptococcus aerogenes rubredoxin. Absorption measurements were made from 7080 eV, which is below the K-edge of iron, to about 650 eV above the edge and structure was obtained over the entire region. By means of a model iron-sulfur compound for evaluating the phase shifts, the variation of the absorption above the edge of lyophilized, oxidized rubredoxin was converted to iron-sulfur distances. The data were fitted with a least squares program to a model in which three distances R3 were kept equal and the fourth R1 was allowed to differ. The mean square error was constant over a region of this parameter space, becoming twice as large at R3 = 2.217, R1 = 2.389 and R3 = 2.268, R1 = 2.108 A. These values, which are the extreme differences allowed by the present data, are definitely closer to being equal than those found by the determination of the x-ray diffraction crystal structure of the similar protein from Clostridium pasteurianum. However, the average distance from our experiment is in excellent agreement with the average distance from the crystal structure determination. Preliminary EXAFS measurements were also made on the oxidized rubredoxin in solution at pH 7.0. The spectra were unchanged, indicating that the average iron-sulfur distance change is less than 0.02 A. Upon reduction the average iron-sulfur bond length increased by about 0.05 A. Since the EXAFS measurements can give accurate determinations of distances in proteins both in crystals and solution, the technique should be widely applicable.", "PMID": 1060082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3109", "title": "Infection of preimplantation mouse embryos and of newborn mice with leukemia virus: tissue distribution of viral DNA and RNA and leukemogenesis in the adult animal.", "content": "Explanted mouse embryos derived from low leukemia incidence strains were infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) at the 4-8 cell stage of development. After cultivation in vitro to the blastocyst stage, the embryos were surgically transferred to the uteri of pseudo-pregnant surrogate mothers. Of 15 animals born, one developed a leukemia at 8 weeks of age. When autopsied, this leukemia was found to be of the lymphatic type, as is typical for the M-MuLV-induced disease. In addition, infectious M-MuLV virus was isolated from the serum. Molecular hybridization tests for the presence of M-MuLV-specific sequences were conducted on DNA and RNA extracted from eight different organs. The DNA-DNA reannealing experiments revealed the presence of two classes of M-MuLV-specific sequences in equal concentrations in all tissues tested. The less abundant class of M-MuLV-specific sequences was not detected in tissues from uninfected animals or in non-target tissues of leukemic animals infected at birth. The results are consistent with the working hypothesis that the virus was integrated in all cells of the animal, possibly including the germ line. Fifty to 100 times more M-MuLV-specific RNA was detected in tumor tissues than was found in non-target organs such as liver, brain, and testes. Since all organs contained the same amount of virus-specific DNA, these results indicate that the M-MuLV-specific DNA can be differentially expressed in different tissues.", "contents": "Infection of preimplantation mouse embryos and of newborn mice with leukemia virus: tissue distribution of viral DNA and RNA and leukemogenesis in the adult animal. Explanted mouse embryos derived from low leukemia incidence strains were infected with Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) at the 4-8 cell stage of development. After cultivation in vitro to the blastocyst stage, the embryos were surgically transferred to the uteri of pseudo-pregnant surrogate mothers. Of 15 animals born, one developed a leukemia at 8 weeks of age. When autopsied, this leukemia was found to be of the lymphatic type, as is typical for the M-MuLV-induced disease. In addition, infectious M-MuLV virus was isolated from the serum. Molecular hybridization tests for the presence of M-MuLV-specific sequences were conducted on DNA and RNA extracted from eight different organs. The DNA-DNA reannealing experiments revealed the presence of two classes of M-MuLV-specific sequences in equal concentrations in all tissues tested. The less abundant class of M-MuLV-specific sequences was not detected in tissues from uninfected animals or in non-target tissues of leukemic animals infected at birth. The results are consistent with the working hypothesis that the virus was integrated in all cells of the animal, possibly including the germ line. Fifty to 100 times more M-MuLV-specific RNA was detected in tumor tissues than was found in non-target organs such as liver, brain, and testes. Since all organs contained the same amount of virus-specific DNA, these results indicate that the M-MuLV-specific DNA can be differentially expressed in different tissues.", "PMID": 1060083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3110", "title": "Evidence for the translocation of 5'-nucleotidase across hepatic membranes in vivo.", "content": "Hepatic 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5; 5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase) activity has been studied in cisternal elements of the Golgi complex and in secretion vacuoles, both isolated after ethanol administration to rats in vivo. The enzyme in secretion vacuoles was latent, so that a 5-fold increase in activity was observed when incubations were carried out in the presence of detergent; evidence is presented that the latency is caused by the impermeability of the membrane to substrate. Essentially no latency was observed in Golgi cisternae. Confirming the results of Farquhar et al. [(1974) J. Cell Biol. 60, 8-25], reaction product from 5'-nucleotidase was localized by cytochemical procedures on the inside of secretion vacuoles and on the cytoplasmic side of Golgi cisternae. After solubilization in detergent, the enzyme from both fractions reacted almost identically with both antibody to the purified enzyme and concanavalin A. In contrast, when intact fractions were incubated with an excess of antibody or concanavalin A, only 22-23% of the enzyme was inhibited in secretion vacuoles whereas 51-84% was inhibited in Golgi cisternae. Sonication of secretion vacuoles in the presence of antibody or concanavalin A increased the inhibition 2- to 3-fold. It is suggested that during the formation of secretion vacuoles from the Golgi cisternae, 5'-nucleotidase is translocated from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane to the inside.", "contents": "Evidence for the translocation of 5'-nucleotidase across hepatic membranes in vivo. Hepatic 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5; 5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase) activity has been studied in cisternal elements of the Golgi complex and in secretion vacuoles, both isolated after ethanol administration to rats in vivo. The enzyme in secretion vacuoles was latent, so that a 5-fold increase in activity was observed when incubations were carried out in the presence of detergent; evidence is presented that the latency is caused by the impermeability of the membrane to substrate. Essentially no latency was observed in Golgi cisternae. Confirming the results of Farquhar et al. [(1974) J. Cell Biol. 60, 8-25], reaction product from 5'-nucleotidase was localized by cytochemical procedures on the inside of secretion vacuoles and on the cytoplasmic side of Golgi cisternae. After solubilization in detergent, the enzyme from both fractions reacted almost identically with both antibody to the purified enzyme and concanavalin A. In contrast, when intact fractions were incubated with an excess of antibody or concanavalin A, only 22-23% of the enzyme was inhibited in secretion vacuoles whereas 51-84% was inhibited in Golgi cisternae. Sonication of secretion vacuoles in the presence of antibody or concanavalin A increased the inhibition 2- to 3-fold. It is suggested that during the formation of secretion vacuoles from the Golgi cisternae, 5'-nucleotidase is translocated from the cytoplasmic side of the membrane to the inside.", "PMID": 1060084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3111", "title": "Assembly of microtubules onto kinetochores of isolated mitotic chromosomes of HeLa cells.", "content": "The kinetochores of isolated HeLa cell chromosomes attached to an electron microscope specimen grid, fixed in formaldehyde, and stained with alcoholic phosphotungstic acid are visible as dark, preferentially stained structures distinct from the chromatin with which they are associated. When unfixed chromosomes are immobilized by attachment to grids and incubated with chick brain tubulin, microtubules are observed to assemble onto the kinetochores. This demonstrates the competence of kinetochores in isolated chromosomes to act in vitro as microtubule assembly sites and suggests that they also possess this capacity in vivo. In addition, the results provide a possible means for isolating and characterizing kinetochores.", "contents": "Assembly of microtubules onto kinetochores of isolated mitotic chromosomes of HeLa cells. The kinetochores of isolated HeLa cell chromosomes attached to an electron microscope specimen grid, fixed in formaldehyde, and stained with alcoholic phosphotungstic acid are visible as dark, preferentially stained structures distinct from the chromatin with which they are associated. When unfixed chromosomes are immobilized by attachment to grids and incubated with chick brain tubulin, microtubules are observed to assemble onto the kinetochores. This demonstrates the competence of kinetochores in isolated chromosomes to act in vitro as microtubule assembly sites and suggests that they also possess this capacity in vivo. In addition, the results provide a possible means for isolating and characterizing kinetochores.", "PMID": 1060085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3112", "title": "Synthesis of acetylcholine receptor during differentiation of cultured embryonic muscle cells.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptor, a component of the specialized muscle membrane, appears during the differentiation of embryonic myogenic cells in tissue culture. Demonstration of incorporation of the radioactive precursor L-[35S]methionine into purified receptor polypeptides is presented as evidence for its synthesis de novo. The identity of the purified radioactive species is established by cosedimentation of the [35S]receptor with [3H]alpha-toxin binding activity on sucrose gradients and by crossreaction with antiserum to purified acetylcholine receptor of Electrophorus electricus.", "contents": "Synthesis of acetylcholine receptor during differentiation of cultured embryonic muscle cells. Acetylcholine receptor, a component of the specialized muscle membrane, appears during the differentiation of embryonic myogenic cells in tissue culture. Demonstration of incorporation of the radioactive precursor L-[35S]methionine into purified receptor polypeptides is presented as evidence for its synthesis de novo. The identity of the purified radioactive species is established by cosedimentation of the [35S]receptor with [3H]alpha-toxin binding activity on sucrose gradients and by crossreaction with antiserum to purified acetylcholine receptor of Electrophorus electricus.", "PMID": 1060086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3113", "title": "Increased cellular levels of spermidine or spermine are required for optimal DNA synthesis in lymphocytes activated by concanavalin A.", "content": "There are large increases in cellular levels of the polyamines spermidine and spermine in lymphocytes induced to transform by concanavalin A. The anti-leukemic agent methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) blocks synthesis of these polyamines by inhibiting S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. Previous results showed that when cells are activated in the presence of MGBG the synthesis and processing of RNA, as well as protein synthesis, proceed as in the absence of the drug. In contrast, the incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA and the rate of entry of the cells into mitosis are inhibited by 60% in the presence of MGBG. Several experiments suggest that MGBG inhibits cell proliferation by directly blocking polyamine synthesis and not by an unrelated pharmacological effect: (1) the inhibitory action of MGBG is reversed by exogenously added spermidine or spermine; (2) inhibition of DNA synthesis by MGBG shows the same dose-response curve as does inhibition of spermidine and spermine synthesis; and (3) if MGBG is added to cells which have been allowed to accumulate their maximum complement of polyamines, there is no inhibition of thymidine incorporation. MGBG-treated and control cultures initiate DNA synthesis at the same time and show the same percentage of labeled cells by autoradiography. Therefore, it appears that in the absence of increased cellular levels of polyamines, lymphocytes progress normally from G0 through G1 and into S-phase. Furthermore, these experiments suggest that the increased levels of spermidine and spermine generally seen in rapidly proliferating eukaryotic systems are necessary for enhanced rates of DNA replication.", "contents": "Increased cellular levels of spermidine or spermine are required for optimal DNA synthesis in lymphocytes activated by concanavalin A. There are large increases in cellular levels of the polyamines spermidine and spermine in lymphocytes induced to transform by concanavalin A. The anti-leukemic agent methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) blocks synthesis of these polyamines by inhibiting S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase. Previous results showed that when cells are activated in the presence of MGBG the synthesis and processing of RNA, as well as protein synthesis, proceed as in the absence of the drug. In contrast, the incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into DNA and the rate of entry of the cells into mitosis are inhibited by 60% in the presence of MGBG. Several experiments suggest that MGBG inhibits cell proliferation by directly blocking polyamine synthesis and not by an unrelated pharmacological effect: (1) the inhibitory action of MGBG is reversed by exogenously added spermidine or spermine; (2) inhibition of DNA synthesis by MGBG shows the same dose-response curve as does inhibition of spermidine and spermine synthesis; and (3) if MGBG is added to cells which have been allowed to accumulate their maximum complement of polyamines, there is no inhibition of thymidine incorporation. MGBG-treated and control cultures initiate DNA synthesis at the same time and show the same percentage of labeled cells by autoradiography. Therefore, it appears that in the absence of increased cellular levels of polyamines, lymphocytes progress normally from G0 through G1 and into S-phase. Furthermore, these experiments suggest that the increased levels of spermidine and spermine generally seen in rapidly proliferating eukaryotic systems are necessary for enhanced rates of DNA replication.", "PMID": 1060087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3114", "title": "Normal and mutant thermotaxis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.", "content": "When grown at a temperature from 16 degrees to 25 degrees and placed on a thermal gradient, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans migrates to its growth temperature and then moves isothermally. Behavioral adaptation to a new temperature takes several hours. Starved animals, in contrast, disperse from the growth temperature. Several mutants selected for chemotaxis defects have thermotaxis defects as well; these behaviors depend on some common gene products. New mutants selected directly for thermotaxis defects have unusual phenotypes which suggest mechanisms for thermotaxis.", "contents": "Normal and mutant thermotaxis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. When grown at a temperature from 16 degrees to 25 degrees and placed on a thermal gradient, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans migrates to its growth temperature and then moves isothermally. Behavioral adaptation to a new temperature takes several hours. Starved animals, in contrast, disperse from the growth temperature. Several mutants selected for chemotaxis defects have thermotaxis defects as well; these behaviors depend on some common gene products. New mutants selected directly for thermotaxis defects have unusual phenotypes which suggest mechanisms for thermotaxis.", "PMID": 1060088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3115", "title": "Induction by alkylating agents of sister chromatid exchanges and chromatid breaks in Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "Sister chromatid exchanges, which may reflect chromosome repair in response to certain types of DNA damage, provide a means of investigating the increased chromosome fragility characteristic of Fanconi's anemia. By a recently developed technique using 33258 Hoechst and 5-bromodeoxyuridine, it was observed that the baseline frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from four males with Fanconi's anemia differed little from that of normal lymphocytes. However, addition of the bifunctional alkylating agent mitomycin C (0.01 or 0.03 mug/ml) to the Fanconi's anemia cells during culture induces less than half of the increase in exchanges found in identically treated normal lymphocytes. This reduced increment in exchanges in accompanied by a partial suppression of mitosis and a marked increase in chromatid breaks and rearrangements. Many of these events occur at sites of incomplete chromatid interchange. The increase in sister chromatid exchanges induced in Fanconi's anemia lymphocytes by the monofunctional alkylating agent ethylmethane sulfonate (0.25 mg/ml) was slightly less than that in normal cells. Lymphocytes from two sets of parents of the patients with Fanconi's anemia exhibited a normal response to alkylating agents, while dermal fibroblasts from two different patients with Fanconi's anemia reacted to mitomycin C with an increase in chromatid breaks, but a nearly normal increment of sister chromatid exchanges. The results suggest that chromosomal breaks and rearrangements in Fanconi's anemia lymphocytes may result from a defect in a form of repair of DNA damage.", "contents": "Induction by alkylating agents of sister chromatid exchanges and chromatid breaks in Fanconi's anemia. Sister chromatid exchanges, which may reflect chromosome repair in response to certain types of DNA damage, provide a means of investigating the increased chromosome fragility characteristic of Fanconi's anemia. By a recently developed technique using 33258 Hoechst and 5-bromodeoxyuridine, it was observed that the baseline frequency of sister chromatid exchanges in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes from four males with Fanconi's anemia differed little from that of normal lymphocytes. However, addition of the bifunctional alkylating agent mitomycin C (0.01 or 0.03 mug/ml) to the Fanconi's anemia cells during culture induces less than half of the increase in exchanges found in identically treated normal lymphocytes. This reduced increment in exchanges in accompanied by a partial suppression of mitosis and a marked increase in chromatid breaks and rearrangements. Many of these events occur at sites of incomplete chromatid interchange. The increase in sister chromatid exchanges induced in Fanconi's anemia lymphocytes by the monofunctional alkylating agent ethylmethane sulfonate (0.25 mg/ml) was slightly less than that in normal cells. Lymphocytes from two sets of parents of the patients with Fanconi's anemia exhibited a normal response to alkylating agents, while dermal fibroblasts from two different patients with Fanconi's anemia reacted to mitomycin C with an increase in chromatid breaks, but a nearly normal increment of sister chromatid exchanges. The results suggest that chromosomal breaks and rearrangements in Fanconi's anemia lymphocytes may result from a defect in a form of repair of DNA damage.", "PMID": 1060089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3116", "title": "Meiosis in Phycomyces.", "content": "A four-factor cross between two strains of Phycomyces involving two auxotrophic, one color, and the mating type marker is described. Samples of 40 germspores from 84 individual fertile germsporangia were characterized. The results show: (i) The germspores of a germsporangium are derived from one meiosis in approximately 78% of the cases. (ii) The four markers are on separate chromosomes. They are nonselective. (iii) Analysis of a large sample of germspores from 106 pooled germsporangia confirms that the four markers are unlinked. (iv) From the ditype/tetratype ratios it is inferred that each marker is located about 15 map units from its centromere.", "contents": "Meiosis in Phycomyces. A four-factor cross between two strains of Phycomyces involving two auxotrophic, one color, and the mating type marker is described. Samples of 40 germspores from 84 individual fertile germsporangia were characterized. The results show: (i) The germspores of a germsporangium are derived from one meiosis in approximately 78% of the cases. (ii) The four markers are on separate chromosomes. They are nonselective. (iii) Analysis of a large sample of germspores from 106 pooled germsporangia confirms that the four markers are unlinked. (iv) From the ditype/tetratype ratios it is inferred that each marker is located about 15 map units from its centromere.", "PMID": 1060090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3117", "title": "Inheritability of plasmids and population dynamics of cultured cells.", "content": "The compositions of growing bacterial cultures containing F' plasmids are developed in theoretical terms that will be helpful in designating experiments to determine the genetic and physiological parameters involved. The genetic parameter is the inheritability of the plasmid defined as the probability, h, that a daughter bacterium will inherit the plasmid and thus be F' rather than F-. The value of h determines the chance that the plasmid will survive in a clone initiated by a single F' bacterium. If 0 less than or equal to h less than 0.5, the probability of plasmid survival is zero, whereas if 0.5 less than h less than 1 the survival is (2h - 1)/h2. While clone sizes are demonstrated to be erratic, the proportion of F' bacteria does converge to an equilibrium value if log2 h greater than alpha - 1, where the physiological factor, alpha, is the ratio between the division times of F' and F- bacteria. A general expression of this equilibrium is derived. The two cases of alpha = 0, implying that only the F' bacteria multiply on a selective medium, and alpha = 1, implying a completely nonselective medium, are analyzed in detail. It is shown that the above considerations apply generally to growing cultures of cells in which irreversible mutations occur.", "contents": "Inheritability of plasmids and population dynamics of cultured cells. The compositions of growing bacterial cultures containing F' plasmids are developed in theoretical terms that will be helpful in designating experiments to determine the genetic and physiological parameters involved. The genetic parameter is the inheritability of the plasmid defined as the probability, h, that a daughter bacterium will inherit the plasmid and thus be F' rather than F-. The value of h determines the chance that the plasmid will survive in a clone initiated by a single F' bacterium. If 0 less than or equal to h less than 0.5, the probability of plasmid survival is zero, whereas if 0.5 less than h less than 1 the survival is (2h - 1)/h2. While clone sizes are demonstrated to be erratic, the proportion of F' bacteria does converge to an equilibrium value if log2 h greater than alpha - 1, where the physiological factor, alpha, is the ratio between the division times of F' and F- bacteria. A general expression of this equilibrium is derived. The two cases of alpha = 0, implying that only the F' bacteria multiply on a selective medium, and alpha = 1, implying a completely nonselective medium, are analyzed in detail. It is shown that the above considerations apply generally to growing cultures of cells in which irreversible mutations occur.", "PMID": 1060091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3118", "title": "Linkage disequilibrium over space and time in natural populations of Drosophila montana.", "content": "The previously described allelic frequencies and linkage disequilibrium among the active and null alleles of four tightly linked loci coding for the alpha-esterases were found to be maintained by one population for 5 years, and were found to be present in two other populations which were shown to be genetically distinct from the first. It appears that enzyme variants coded by these highly polymorphic loci are being maintained in the populations by selective forces.", "contents": "Linkage disequilibrium over space and time in natural populations of Drosophila montana. The previously described allelic frequencies and linkage disequilibrium among the active and null alleles of four tightly linked loci coding for the alpha-esterases were found to be maintained by one population for 5 years, and were found to be present in two other populations which were shown to be genetically distinct from the first. It appears that enzyme variants coded by these highly polymorphic loci are being maintained in the populations by selective forces.", "PMID": 1060092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3119", "title": "Purification and synthesis of eosinophilotactic tetrapeptides of human lung tissue: identification as eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis.", "content": "Preferential eosinophil chemotactic activity exhibiting a molecular weight comparable to that released from sensitized human lung fragments challenged with specific antigen and designated eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis has been isolated from extracts of human lung fragments by sequential purification on Sephadex G-25, Dowex-1, Sephadex G-10, and paper chromatography. Two eosinophilotactic tetrapeptides of amino acid sequence Val-Gly-Ser-Glu and Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu were recovered from the extracts in 4-12% overall yield of the low molecular weight peak from Sephadex G-25. Purified eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis and the synthetic tetrapeptides were maximally active in amounts from 0.1 to 1.0 nmol per chemotactic chamber, and the activity was dependent on both the NH2-terminal and the COOH-terminal residues. Both natural and synthetic peptides were preferentially chemotactic for eosinophils and rendered them unresponsive to a subsequent stimulus.", "contents": "Purification and synthesis of eosinophilotactic tetrapeptides of human lung tissue: identification as eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. Preferential eosinophil chemotactic activity exhibiting a molecular weight comparable to that released from sensitized human lung fragments challenged with specific antigen and designated eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis has been isolated from extracts of human lung fragments by sequential purification on Sephadex G-25, Dowex-1, Sephadex G-10, and paper chromatography. Two eosinophilotactic tetrapeptides of amino acid sequence Val-Gly-Ser-Glu and Ala-Gly-Ser-Glu were recovered from the extracts in 4-12% overall yield of the low molecular weight peak from Sephadex G-25. Purified eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis and the synthetic tetrapeptides were maximally active in amounts from 0.1 to 1.0 nmol per chemotactic chamber, and the activity was dependent on both the NH2-terminal and the COOH-terminal residues. Both natural and synthetic peptides were preferentially chemotactic for eosinophils and rendered them unresponsive to a subsequent stimulus.", "PMID": 1060093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3120", "title": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: association of reduced catalytic activity with reduced levels of immunologically detectable enzyme protein.", "content": "In the present study hemolysates from fourteen patients with a genetically determined deficiency of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase) activity were examined immunologically for the presence of material that crossreacts with the normal enzyme. A quantitative assay for crossreacting material in enzyme-deficient hemolysates was based on the inhibition of the immunoprecipitation of the normal enzyme. As little as 3% of normal crossreacting material could be detected. One patient in this series was found to have a normal amount of crossreacting material, whereas the remainder had no detectable crossreacting protein. The lack of detectable crossreacting material in these patients raises the possibility that a defect in synthesis or degradation of enzyme protein may be present in many patients deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "contents": "Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: association of reduced catalytic activity with reduced levels of immunologically detectable enzyme protein. In the present study hemolysates from fourteen patients with a genetically determined deficiency of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase) activity were examined immunologically for the presence of material that crossreacts with the normal enzyme. A quantitative assay for crossreacting material in enzyme-deficient hemolysates was based on the inhibition of the immunoprecipitation of the normal enzyme. As little as 3% of normal crossreacting material could be detected. One patient in this series was found to have a normal amount of crossreacting material, whereas the remainder had no detectable crossreacting protein. The lack of detectable crossreacting material in these patients raises the possibility that a defect in synthesis or degradation of enzyme protein may be present in many patients deficient in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase.", "PMID": 1060094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3121", "title": "Radioimmune determination of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase crossreacting material in erythrocytes of Lesch-Nyhan patients.", "content": "We have developed a sensitive radioimmunoassay capable of detecting and quantitating 20 ng of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase) protein. For this assay, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from human erythrocytes was iodinated with 125I under mild conditions using hydrogen peroxide and lactoperoxidase attached to Sepharose-4B. Antisera prepared against homogeneous human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase precipitates the iodinated enzyme as effectively as the unlabeled enzyme. The radioimmunoassay has been used to look for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase crossreacting material in hemolysates from sixteen different patients with a marked genetic deficiency of this enzyme characteristic of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Fifteen hemolysates contained no detectable (less than 1% of normal) crossreacting material. One hemolysate contained a normal amount of crossreacting material. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from this patient (E.S.) has been shown to be a Km mutant enzyme.", "contents": "Radioimmune determination of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase crossreacting material in erythrocytes of Lesch-Nyhan patients. We have developed a sensitive radioimmunoassay capable of detecting and quantitating 20 ng of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (EC 2.4.2.8; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase) protein. For this assay, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from human erythrocytes was iodinated with 125I under mild conditions using hydrogen peroxide and lactoperoxidase attached to Sepharose-4B. Antisera prepared against homogeneous human hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase precipitates the iodinated enzyme as effectively as the unlabeled enzyme. The radioimmunoassay has been used to look for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase crossreacting material in hemolysates from sixteen different patients with a marked genetic deficiency of this enzyme characteristic of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Fifteen hemolysates contained no detectable (less than 1% of normal) crossreacting material. One hemolysate contained a normal amount of crossreacting material. Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase from this patient (E.S.) has been shown to be a Km mutant enzyme.", "PMID": 1060095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3122", "title": "Bis-(N-maleimidomethyl) ether: an antisickling reagent.", "content": "The interaction of bis-(N-maleimidomethyl) ether with oxyhemoglobin results in covalent linkages of both maleimide groups, converting them to succinyl derivatives of beta93 Cys and beta97 His at their sulfhydryl and imidazolyl side chains, respectively. The resultant hemoglobin is stable, and reveals a left-shifted oxyhemoglobin equilibrium curve in which cooperativity is abolished. This reagent readily traverses the red cell membrane and prevents the sickling reaction upon deoxygenation. It appears to affect none of the activities of the red cell enzymes adversely, nor does it appear to affect the red cell membrane. Since there are several defined effects on the stereochemical status of the molecule conferred by interaction with bis-(N-maleimidomethyl) ether, the precise mechanism of the anitsickling effect remains to be elucidated. A more subtle perturberant will be required to specify a precise antisickling effect. By use of bis-(N-maleimidomethyl) ether a precise locus on the beta chain of human hemoglobin S can be perturbed to produce the desired effect.", "contents": "Bis-(N-maleimidomethyl) ether: an antisickling reagent. The interaction of bis-(N-maleimidomethyl) ether with oxyhemoglobin results in covalent linkages of both maleimide groups, converting them to succinyl derivatives of beta93 Cys and beta97 His at their sulfhydryl and imidazolyl side chains, respectively. The resultant hemoglobin is stable, and reveals a left-shifted oxyhemoglobin equilibrium curve in which cooperativity is abolished. This reagent readily traverses the red cell membrane and prevents the sickling reaction upon deoxygenation. It appears to affect none of the activities of the red cell enzymes adversely, nor does it appear to affect the red cell membrane. Since there are several defined effects on the stereochemical status of the molecule conferred by interaction with bis-(N-maleimidomethyl) ether, the precise mechanism of the anitsickling effect remains to be elucidated. A more subtle perturberant will be required to specify a precise antisickling effect. By use of bis-(N-maleimidomethyl) ether a precise locus on the beta chain of human hemoglobin S can be perturbed to produce the desired effect.", "PMID": 1060096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3123", "title": "Body weight and food intake at early estrus of rats on a high-fat diet.", "content": "Body weight, food intake, and age at vaginal opening and estrus were studied for two groups of weanling rats (age 21 days), fed on high-fat (24.6% by weight) and low-fat (5.0%) diets. Fat was substituted isocalorically for carbohydrate in the high-fat diet. The high-fat rats had estrus at 33.3 +/- 0.8 days, significantly earlier (P less than 0.001) than the age at estrus, 37.4 +/- 0.7 days, of the low-fat rats. Estrus was simultaneous with vaginal opening in 81% of the high-fat rats, in comparison to 48% of the low-fat rats. The caloric intake per 100 g of body weight of the high-fat and low-fat rats did not differ at vaginal opening or at estrus, whereas the two groups differed significantly at both events in age, body weight, absolute food intake (g/day), and relative food intake (g/100 g of body weight per day) and absolute caloric intake (calories/day). Caloric intake/100 g of body weight as a function of chronological age first increased and then decreased steadily before estrus for both high-fat and low-fat rats. The findings support Kennedy's hypothesis that a food intake signal, now further defined as caloric intake/100 g of body weight, is a signal for puberty, and are in accord with the hypothesis that a critical body composition of fatness is essential for estrus in the rat, as in the human female.", "contents": "Body weight and food intake at early estrus of rats on a high-fat diet. Body weight, food intake, and age at vaginal opening and estrus were studied for two groups of weanling rats (age 21 days), fed on high-fat (24.6% by weight) and low-fat (5.0%) diets. Fat was substituted isocalorically for carbohydrate in the high-fat diet. The high-fat rats had estrus at 33.3 +/- 0.8 days, significantly earlier (P less than 0.001) than the age at estrus, 37.4 +/- 0.7 days, of the low-fat rats. Estrus was simultaneous with vaginal opening in 81% of the high-fat rats, in comparison to 48% of the low-fat rats. The caloric intake per 100 g of body weight of the high-fat and low-fat rats did not differ at vaginal opening or at estrus, whereas the two groups differed significantly at both events in age, body weight, absolute food intake (g/day), and relative food intake (g/100 g of body weight per day) and absolute caloric intake (calories/day). Caloric intake/100 g of body weight as a function of chronological age first increased and then decreased steadily before estrus for both high-fat and low-fat rats. The findings support Kennedy's hypothesis that a food intake signal, now further defined as caloric intake/100 g of body weight, is a signal for puberty, and are in accord with the hypothesis that a critical body composition of fatness is essential for estrus in the rat, as in the human female.", "PMID": 1060097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3124", "title": "Neurohypophyseal hormones, analogs, and fragments: their effect on puromycin-induced amnesia.", "content": "Neurohypophyseal hormones and several of their analogs, as well as N-terminal and C-terminal fragments, have been studied for their ability to attenuate puromycin-induced amnesia in mice. [8-Lysine]vasopressin, [8-arginine]vasopressin, and the analogs des-9-glycinamide-[8-lysine]vasopressin, [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid, 8-lysine]vasopressin, [1,6-aminosuberic acid, 8-lysine]vasopressin, [4-leucine, 8-lysine]vasopressin, glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-[8-lysine]vasopressin, [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid, 8-D-arginine]vasopressin, and [1,6-aminosuberic acid, 8-arginine]vasopressin are active. [8-Arginine]oxytocin as well as oxytocin and all of its other analogs tested are inactive with the striking exception of glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-oxytocin. The structural aspects of the neurohypophyseal hormones which appear to be important for significant activity in memory consolidation include the combination of a cyclic moiety containing the Tyr and Phe residues along with a basic residue in position 8. Another series of active compounds comprises C-terminal neurohypophyseal peptides and analogs thereof, including the naturally occurring Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 and, most surprisingly, Leu-Gly-NH2, as well as its derivatives D-Leu-Gly-NH2 and the diketopiperazine, cyclo(-Leu-Gly-).", "contents": "Neurohypophyseal hormones, analogs, and fragments: their effect on puromycin-induced amnesia. Neurohypophyseal hormones and several of their analogs, as well as N-terminal and C-terminal fragments, have been studied for their ability to attenuate puromycin-induced amnesia in mice. [8-Lysine]vasopressin, [8-arginine]vasopressin, and the analogs des-9-glycinamide-[8-lysine]vasopressin, [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid, 8-lysine]vasopressin, [1,6-aminosuberic acid, 8-lysine]vasopressin, [4-leucine, 8-lysine]vasopressin, glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-[8-lysine]vasopressin, [1-beta-mercaptopropionic acid, 8-D-arginine]vasopressin, and [1,6-aminosuberic acid, 8-arginine]vasopressin are active. [8-Arginine]oxytocin as well as oxytocin and all of its other analogs tested are inactive with the striking exception of glycyl-glycyl-glycyl-oxytocin. The structural aspects of the neurohypophyseal hormones which appear to be important for significant activity in memory consolidation include the combination of a cyclic moiety containing the Tyr and Phe residues along with a basic residue in position 8. Another series of active compounds comprises C-terminal neurohypophyseal peptides and analogs thereof, including the naturally occurring Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 and, most surprisingly, Leu-Gly-NH2, as well as its derivatives D-Leu-Gly-NH2 and the diketopiperazine, cyclo(-Leu-Gly-).", "PMID": 1060098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3125", "title": "Chemoreceptors and feeding in calanoid copepods (Arthropoda: Crustacea).", "content": "Ultrastructural studies of the mouthparts of the calanoid copepod Diaptomus pallidus have revealed the presence of numerous chemoreceptors, and the apparent absence of mechanoreceptors. The setae contain no muscles, and the setules are noncellular extensions of their chitin wall. This allows a new insight into the selective feeding of zooplankters.", "contents": "Chemoreceptors and feeding in calanoid copepods (Arthropoda: Crustacea). Ultrastructural studies of the mouthparts of the calanoid copepod Diaptomus pallidus have revealed the presence of numerous chemoreceptors, and the apparent absence of mechanoreceptors. The setae contain no muscles, and the setules are noncellular extensions of their chitin wall. This allows a new insight into the selective feeding of zooplankters.", "PMID": 1060099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3126", "title": "Raman resonance of electron donor/acceptor complex.", "content": "The resonance Raman excitation profiles of a number of charge transfer transitions in electron donor/acceptor complexes with tetracyanoethylene as acceptor in solution at room temperature are reported and compared with absorption and fluorescence spectra of these complexes. All complexes show distinct anomalies which cannot be accounted for by existing theories unless they are extended. In particular, the excitation profiles peak at the low energy side of the absorption profiles by amounts of the order of 1000-2000 cm-1 and also, in the cases where two charge transfer bands are present, resonance occurs independently for the two bands. The latter observation suggests that the two bands are due to distinct species of the complex with differing geometrical configurations. The former observations is interpreted, in connection with the known asymmetry of the absorption profile and the large Stokes gap between absorption and fluorescence peaks, as arising from the relatively stronger contributions of the pure electronic and vibronic levels in the Stokes gap to the Raman scattering cross-section of the complex, and a frequency dependent damping of the vibronic transitions contributing to resonance. This provides important physical insights into the nature of charge transfer transitions of electron donor/acceptor complexes in general. In our discussion we also refer to similar anomalies in the work of others on the resonance Raman effect of the iodine visible absorption band in solution.", "contents": "Raman resonance of electron donor/acceptor complex. The resonance Raman excitation profiles of a number of charge transfer transitions in electron donor/acceptor complexes with tetracyanoethylene as acceptor in solution at room temperature are reported and compared with absorption and fluorescence spectra of these complexes. All complexes show distinct anomalies which cannot be accounted for by existing theories unless they are extended. In particular, the excitation profiles peak at the low energy side of the absorption profiles by amounts of the order of 1000-2000 cm-1 and also, in the cases where two charge transfer bands are present, resonance occurs independently for the two bands. The latter observation suggests that the two bands are due to distinct species of the complex with differing geometrical configurations. The former observations is interpreted, in connection with the known asymmetry of the absorption profile and the large Stokes gap between absorption and fluorescence peaks, as arising from the relatively stronger contributions of the pure electronic and vibronic levels in the Stokes gap to the Raman scattering cross-section of the complex, and a frequency dependent damping of the vibronic transitions contributing to resonance. This provides important physical insights into the nature of charge transfer transitions of electron donor/acceptor complexes in general. In our discussion we also refer to similar anomalies in the work of others on the resonance Raman effect of the iodine visible absorption band in solution.", "PMID": 1060100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3127", "title": "The extraordinary dielectric properties of biological materials and the action of enzymes.", "content": "From very general theoretical considerations it is concluded that many biomolecules (i) should have metastable excited states with very high dipole moment, and (ii) should be capable of strongly excited giant dipole vibrations with frequencies near 10(11) Hz. Experimental evidence available so far seems to support these postulates. It is suggested that the two postulates should be of importance for the action of enzymes, and relevant experiments are proposed.", "contents": "The extraordinary dielectric properties of biological materials and the action of enzymes. From very general theoretical considerations it is concluded that many biomolecules (i) should have metastable excited states with very high dipole moment, and (ii) should be capable of strongly excited giant dipole vibrations with frequencies near 10(11) Hz. Experimental evidence available so far seems to support these postulates. It is suggested that the two postulates should be of importance for the action of enzymes, and relevant experiments are proposed.", "PMID": 1060101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3128", "title": "Resonance Raman spectroscopic studies of the interactions between trypsin and a competitive inhibitor.", "content": "Raman spectroscopy was used to study the interactions between bovine trypsin and a competitive inhibitor. For this purpose, a chromophoric substrate analogue, 4-amidino-4'-dimethylamine azobenzene, was synthesized. This compound competitively inhibits the enzyme with a 1:1 stoichiometry and an inhibition constant Ki of 2.3 muM at pH 6.08 and 15 degrees. Resonance Raman spectra in aqueous solution of free or enzyme-bound inhibitor were analyzed. The main spectral changes observed upon enzyme-inhibitor complex formation were changes in the relative intensities of four bands (1171, 1206, 1315, 1608 cm-1) while no large frequency shifts occurred. The binding of the inhibitor molecule to the enzyme did not induce a twisting of the phenyl groups around the N=N bond. Some modifications of the band widths are interpreted in terms of a restriction of rotational motions in the inhibitor molecule. The possible involvement of specific interactions between trypsin and the benzamidinium ion part of the inhibitor molecule is discussed.", "contents": "Resonance Raman spectroscopic studies of the interactions between trypsin and a competitive inhibitor. Raman spectroscopy was used to study the interactions between bovine trypsin and a competitive inhibitor. For this purpose, a chromophoric substrate analogue, 4-amidino-4'-dimethylamine azobenzene, was synthesized. This compound competitively inhibits the enzyme with a 1:1 stoichiometry and an inhibition constant Ki of 2.3 muM at pH 6.08 and 15 degrees. Resonance Raman spectra in aqueous solution of free or enzyme-bound inhibitor were analyzed. The main spectral changes observed upon enzyme-inhibitor complex formation were changes in the relative intensities of four bands (1171, 1206, 1315, 1608 cm-1) while no large frequency shifts occurred. The binding of the inhibitor molecule to the enzyme did not induce a twisting of the phenyl groups around the N=N bond. Some modifications of the band widths are interpreted in terms of a restriction of rotational motions in the inhibitor molecule. The possible involvement of specific interactions between trypsin and the benzamidinium ion part of the inhibitor molecule is discussed.", "PMID": 1060102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3129", "title": "Allosteric mechanism for codon-dependent tRNA selection on ribosomes.", "content": "We suggest that the interaction between a codon and its cognate tRNA induces conformational changes in the tRNA. We further suggest that sites on the ribosome preferentially bind tRNA in those conformations which require proper matching of codon and anticodon. According to this model, the codon functions as an allosteric effector which influences the conformation at various sites in the tRNA. This is made possible by the ribosome, which we suggest traps tRNA molecules in those conformation states that maximize the energy difference between cognate and noncognate codon-anticodon interactions. Studies of the interactions between tRNA molecules and their cognate codons in the absence of the ribosome have suggested that triplet-triplet interaction between codon and anticodon is far too weak to account for the specificity of the tRNA selection mechanism during protein synthesis. In contrast, we suggest that such affinity measurements do not adequately describe the interaction between a codon and its cognate tRNA. Thus, such experiments can not detect conformational changes in the tRNA, and, in particular, those stabilized by the ribosome.", "contents": "Allosteric mechanism for codon-dependent tRNA selection on ribosomes. We suggest that the interaction between a codon and its cognate tRNA induces conformational changes in the tRNA. We further suggest that sites on the ribosome preferentially bind tRNA in those conformations which require proper matching of codon and anticodon. According to this model, the codon functions as an allosteric effector which influences the conformation at various sites in the tRNA. This is made possible by the ribosome, which we suggest traps tRNA molecules in those conformation states that maximize the energy difference between cognate and noncognate codon-anticodon interactions. Studies of the interactions between tRNA molecules and their cognate codons in the absence of the ribosome have suggested that triplet-triplet interaction between codon and anticodon is far too weak to account for the specificity of the tRNA selection mechanism during protein synthesis. In contrast, we suggest that such affinity measurements do not adequately describe the interaction between a codon and its cognate tRNA. Thus, such experiments can not detect conformational changes in the tRNA, and, in particular, those stabilized by the ribosome.", "PMID": 1060103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3130", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of microvariant RNA: another small replicating molecule.", "content": "Microvariant RNA, a small self-replicating molecule (114 nucleotides long), has been isolated from Qbeta replicase reactions incubated in the absence of exogenous template. Its complete nucleotide sequence has been determined. Comparison with MDV-1 RNA, a somewhat larger endogenous Qbeta replicase product (220 nucleotides long) that had previously been characterized, revealed no significant sequence similarity. Since Qbeta replicase can mediate the synthesis of both of these disparate RNA molecules, primary sequence cannot be the sole determining factor in the processes of enzyme recognition and replication. This implies that the key is to be found in the secondary or tertiary structures. The availability of two different replicating molecules of defined sequence should aid in identifying these critical structural features.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of microvariant RNA: another small replicating molecule. Microvariant RNA, a small self-replicating molecule (114 nucleotides long), has been isolated from Qbeta replicase reactions incubated in the absence of exogenous template. Its complete nucleotide sequence has been determined. Comparison with MDV-1 RNA, a somewhat larger endogenous Qbeta replicase product (220 nucleotides long) that had previously been characterized, revealed no significant sequence similarity. Since Qbeta replicase can mediate the synthesis of both of these disparate RNA molecules, primary sequence cannot be the sole determining factor in the processes of enzyme recognition and replication. This implies that the key is to be found in the secondary or tertiary structures. The availability of two different replicating molecules of defined sequence should aid in identifying these critical structural features.", "PMID": 1060104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3131", "title": "Temporal changes in tectal cell surface specificity induced by nerve growth factor.", "content": "The change in cell surface adhesive specificity previously shown to occur between day 7 and 8 of development in the chick optic tectum ]Gottlieb et al. (1974), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 1800-1802] can be induced in rotating cultures of tectal cells by the addition of 10(-7) M mouse submaxillary gland nerve growth factor. Insulin, proinsulin, dexamethasone, and performic-acid-oxidized nerve growth factor are individually inactive in this system, but nerve growth factor in which the three tryptophan residues/subunit have been oxidized with N-bromosuccinimide is active. Thus, the specificity of this system for nerve growth factor is different than that observed with embryonic dorsal root or sympathetic ganglia, where the oxidized tryptophan derivative is inactive in stimulating neurite production. It is possible that in this system nerve growth factor serves as an analog of another specific trophic factor, presumably structurally related to nerve growth factor, may be active at much lower concentrations.", "contents": "Temporal changes in tectal cell surface specificity induced by nerve growth factor. The change in cell surface adhesive specificity previously shown to occur between day 7 and 8 of development in the chick optic tectum ]Gottlieb et al. (1974), Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 1800-1802] can be induced in rotating cultures of tectal cells by the addition of 10(-7) M mouse submaxillary gland nerve growth factor. Insulin, proinsulin, dexamethasone, and performic-acid-oxidized nerve growth factor are individually inactive in this system, but nerve growth factor in which the three tryptophan residues/subunit have been oxidized with N-bromosuccinimide is active. Thus, the specificity of this system for nerve growth factor is different than that observed with embryonic dorsal root or sympathetic ganglia, where the oxidized tryptophan derivative is inactive in stimulating neurite production. It is possible that in this system nerve growth factor serves as an analog of another specific trophic factor, presumably structurally related to nerve growth factor, may be active at much lower concentrations.", "PMID": 1060105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3132", "title": "Action of nicking-closing enzyme on supercoiled and nonsupercoiled closed circular DNA: formation of a Boltzmann distribution of topological isomers.", "content": "Highly purified nicking-closing enzyme from mouse cells in 20-fold enzyme/substrate excess converts closed circular native PM2, ColE1, and Minicol DNA into limit product sets of DNAs. Each set has a mean degree of supercoiling of approximately zero. The individual species in the sets differ by deltatau = +/-1, +/-2, etc., and the relative masses fit a Boltzmann distribution. It was also demonstrated that \"nonsupercoiled\" closed circular duplex molecules serve as substrates for the nicking-closing enzyme, and that a distribution of topological isomers is generated. Polynucleotide ligase, acting on nicked circular DNA, forms under the same conditions, the same set of closed DNAs. The latter enzyme freezes the population into sets of molecules otherwise in configurational equilibrium in solution.", "contents": "Action of nicking-closing enzyme on supercoiled and nonsupercoiled closed circular DNA: formation of a Boltzmann distribution of topological isomers. Highly purified nicking-closing enzyme from mouse cells in 20-fold enzyme/substrate excess converts closed circular native PM2, ColE1, and Minicol DNA into limit product sets of DNAs. Each set has a mean degree of supercoiling of approximately zero. The individual species in the sets differ by deltatau = +/-1, +/-2, etc., and the relative masses fit a Boltzmann distribution. It was also demonstrated that \"nonsupercoiled\" closed circular duplex molecules serve as substrates for the nicking-closing enzyme, and that a distribution of topological isomers is generated. Polynucleotide ligase, acting on nicked circular DNA, forms under the same conditions, the same set of closed DNAs. The latter enzyme freezes the population into sets of molecules otherwise in configurational equilibrium in solution.", "PMID": 1060106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3133", "title": "Functional level of rat liver tryptophan 2,3-dixoygenase messenger RNA during superinduction of enzyme with actinomycin D.", "content": "Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase [EC 1.13.11.11; L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)] activity is induced by glucocorticoid hormones and superinduced by actinomycin D. Previous experiments had shown that hormonal induction of the enzyme activity is accompanied by parallel increases in tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA level. In this study, we measured the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA levels during superinduction as well as hormonal induction, to determine whether superinduction of the enzyme activity is also mediated through changes in mRNA concentration. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA was measured in a Krebs ascites cell-free protein synthesizing system supplemented with rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors. We found that during superinduction of the enzyme activity by actinomycin D, the mRNA level is identical to that of the actinomycin D-free controls. Our results do not, therefore, support the hypothesis that hormonal induction and/or superinduction of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA are regulated by a rapidly turning over repressor.", "contents": "Functional level of rat liver tryptophan 2,3-dixoygenase messenger RNA during superinduction of enzyme with actinomycin D. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase [EC 1.13.11.11; L-tryptophan:oxygen 2,3-oxidoreductase (decyclizing)] activity is induced by glucocorticoid hormones and superinduced by actinomycin D. Previous experiments had shown that hormonal induction of the enzyme activity is accompanied by parallel increases in tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA level. In this study, we measured the tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA levels during superinduction as well as hormonal induction, to determine whether superinduction of the enzyme activity is also mediated through changes in mRNA concentration. Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA was measured in a Krebs ascites cell-free protein synthesizing system supplemented with rabbit reticulocyte initiation factors. We found that during superinduction of the enzyme activity by actinomycin D, the mRNA level is identical to that of the actinomycin D-free controls. Our results do not, therefore, support the hypothesis that hormonal induction and/or superinduction of tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase mRNA are regulated by a rapidly turning over repressor.", "PMID": 1060107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3134", "title": "Characterization of DNA condensates induced by poly(ethylene oxide) and polylysine.", "content": "High-molecular-weight DNA is known to collapse into very compact particles in a salt solution containing polymers like poly(ethylene oxide) [(EO)n] or polyacrylate. The biological relevance of this phenomenon is suggested by our recent finding that high concentrations of the highly acidic internal peptides found in the mature T4 bacteriophage head, as well as poly(glutamic acid) and poly(aspartic acid), can collapse DNA in a similar manner. The structure of DNAs collapsed by various methods has been studied with electron microscope. We find (EO)n collapses T4 or T7 bacteriophage DNA into compact particles only slightly larger than the size of the T4 and T7 head, respectively. In contrast, polylysine collapses DNA into different types of structures. Double-stranded DNA collapsed with (EO)n is cut by the single-strand specific Neurospora crassa endonuclease (EC 3.1.4.21) into small fragments. Extensive digestion only occurs above the critical concentration of polymer required for DNA collapse, demonstrating the (EO)n-collapsed DNA contains enzyme-vulnerable regions (probably at each fold), which are preferentially attacked. The size of the DNA fragments produced by limit-digestion with the nuclease ranges between 200 and 400 base pairs when DNA is collapsed by (EO)n. Only fragments of DNA which are larger than 600 base pairs are cut by the endonuclease in (EO)n-containing solution.", "contents": "Characterization of DNA condensates induced by poly(ethylene oxide) and polylysine. High-molecular-weight DNA is known to collapse into very compact particles in a salt solution containing polymers like poly(ethylene oxide) [(EO)n] or polyacrylate. The biological relevance of this phenomenon is suggested by our recent finding that high concentrations of the highly acidic internal peptides found in the mature T4 bacteriophage head, as well as poly(glutamic acid) and poly(aspartic acid), can collapse DNA in a similar manner. The structure of DNAs collapsed by various methods has been studied with electron microscope. We find (EO)n collapses T4 or T7 bacteriophage DNA into compact particles only slightly larger than the size of the T4 and T7 head, respectively. In contrast, polylysine collapses DNA into different types of structures. Double-stranded DNA collapsed with (EO)n is cut by the single-strand specific Neurospora crassa endonuclease (EC 3.1.4.21) into small fragments. Extensive digestion only occurs above the critical concentration of polymer required for DNA collapse, demonstrating the (EO)n-collapsed DNA contains enzyme-vulnerable regions (probably at each fold), which are preferentially attacked. The size of the DNA fragments produced by limit-digestion with the nuclease ranges between 200 and 400 base pairs when DNA is collapsed by (EO)n. Only fragments of DNA which are larger than 600 base pairs are cut by the endonuclease in (EO)n-containing solution.", "PMID": 1060108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3135", "title": "Kinetics of binding of carbon monoxide to lumbricus erythrocruorin: a possible model.", "content": "This paper represents a kinetic study of the binding of carbon monoxide by Lumbricus erythrocruorin. Observations on the quantum and the relaxation of the system both to equilibrium and to the steady state realized in the presence of constant illumination under various conditions are reported. The results, besides indicating the existence of at least two types of binding sites, give indications as to the behavior of a complex polyfunctional molecule, such as an enzyme, working under steady-state conditions.", "contents": "Kinetics of binding of carbon monoxide to lumbricus erythrocruorin: a possible model. This paper represents a kinetic study of the binding of carbon monoxide by Lumbricus erythrocruorin. Observations on the quantum and the relaxation of the system both to equilibrium and to the steady state realized in the presence of constant illumination under various conditions are reported. The results, besides indicating the existence of at least two types of binding sites, give indications as to the behavior of a complex polyfunctional molecule, such as an enzyme, working under steady-state conditions.", "PMID": 1060109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3136", "title": "Genome-sized RNA from reovirus particles.", "content": "Spider-like forms of purified reovirus RNA have been characterized by electron microscopy. These structures contained 11.3 +/- 0.8 mum of double-stranded RNA and up to 20 arms, each of distinct length. Length measurements of 64 \"spiders\" suggest that in these structures the viral genome is folded fairly specifically.", "contents": "Genome-sized RNA from reovirus particles. Spider-like forms of purified reovirus RNA have been characterized by electron microscopy. These structures contained 11.3 +/- 0.8 mum of double-stranded RNA and up to 20 arms, each of distinct length. Length measurements of 64 \"spiders\" suggest that in these structures the viral genome is folded fairly specifically.", "PMID": 1060110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3137", "title": "Pituitary growth hormones: further evidence for evolutionary conservatism based on immunochemical studies.", "content": "Immunochemical relatedness of preparations of purified somatotropins (growth hormones) of somatotropins in pituitary extracts from various vertebrate species was investigated by applying an antiserum to a purified somatotropin from a submammalian species, the snapping turtle. With the exception of monkey somatotropin, all mammalian, reptilian, and avian preparations tested showed reactions of identity or near identity by immunodiffusion studies in agar gel. Radioimmunoassay employing labeled rat somatotropin as a tracer and for standards, revealed that these same pituitary preparations gave steep inhibition slopes that were parallel or nearly parallel to each other. Purified somatotropins or somatotropins in pituitary extracts of subreptilian species, including an amphibian and existing primitive fishes, showed partial yet substantial relatedness to mammalian (ray) or reptilian (turtle) somatotropins by both immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay. Our evidence indicates that the immunochemical relatedness of somatotropins from various vertebrate species appears to be even closer than has been suggested previously, and that a high degree of conservation of structure occurs during evolution.", "contents": "Pituitary growth hormones: further evidence for evolutionary conservatism based on immunochemical studies. Immunochemical relatedness of preparations of purified somatotropins (growth hormones) of somatotropins in pituitary extracts from various vertebrate species was investigated by applying an antiserum to a purified somatotropin from a submammalian species, the snapping turtle. With the exception of monkey somatotropin, all mammalian, reptilian, and avian preparations tested showed reactions of identity or near identity by immunodiffusion studies in agar gel. Radioimmunoassay employing labeled rat somatotropin as a tracer and for standards, revealed that these same pituitary preparations gave steep inhibition slopes that were parallel or nearly parallel to each other. Purified somatotropins or somatotropins in pituitary extracts of subreptilian species, including an amphibian and existing primitive fishes, showed partial yet substantial relatedness to mammalian (ray) or reptilian (turtle) somatotropins by both immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay. Our evidence indicates that the immunochemical relatedness of somatotropins from various vertebrate species appears to be even closer than has been suggested previously, and that a high degree of conservation of structure occurs during evolution.", "PMID": 1060111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3138", "title": "General model for nutritional responses of higher organisms.", "content": "A general saturation equation is derived which is shown to describe a wide variety of nutrient-response relationships in higher organisms. Iterative multiple linear regression analysis is used to obtain least squares estimates of the constants defining theoretical nutrient-response curves. Curves thus generated accurately predict experimentally observed responses. From this treatment, response parameters are developed which are analogous to Vmax and Km of enzyme kinetics. It is proposed that this model be applied in evaluating nutritional requirements and in assessing the relative biological efficiency of nutrient sources.", "contents": "General model for nutritional responses of higher organisms. A general saturation equation is derived which is shown to describe a wide variety of nutrient-response relationships in higher organisms. Iterative multiple linear regression analysis is used to obtain least squares estimates of the constants defining theoretical nutrient-response curves. Curves thus generated accurately predict experimentally observed responses. From this treatment, response parameters are developed which are analogous to Vmax and Km of enzyme kinetics. It is proposed that this model be applied in evaluating nutritional requirements and in assessing the relative biological efficiency of nutrient sources.", "PMID": 1060112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3139", "title": "Regulation of synthesis of hepatic fatty acid synthetase: polysomal translation in a cell-free system.", "content": "Polysomes were isolated from livers of rats fed various diets and were translated in a protein-synthesizing system derived from cultured Chang liver cells. One of the labeled products was identified as complete subunit(s) of fatty acid synthetase by indirect immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized immunoprecipitate. The relative amounts of fatty acid synthetase synthesized by polysomes from livers of rats fed a normal diet, starved rats, and rats starved and refed a fat-free diet for 16 hr were 1, 0.1, and 10, respectively. Induction of synthesis of fatty acid synthetase after fat-free refeeding of starved rats began by 2 hr (3-fold increase over starved animals), was increasing rapidly by 5 hr (19-fold over starved animals), and reached a high level by 16 hr (95-fold over starved and 10-fold over normally fed).", "contents": "Regulation of synthesis of hepatic fatty acid synthetase: polysomal translation in a cell-free system. Polysomes were isolated from livers of rats fed various diets and were translated in a protein-synthesizing system derived from cultured Chang liver cells. One of the labeled products was identified as complete subunit(s) of fatty acid synthetase by indirect immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the solubilized immunoprecipitate. The relative amounts of fatty acid synthetase synthesized by polysomes from livers of rats fed a normal diet, starved rats, and rats starved and refed a fat-free diet for 16 hr were 1, 0.1, and 10, respectively. Induction of synthesis of fatty acid synthetase after fat-free refeeding of starved rats began by 2 hr (3-fold increase over starved animals), was increasing rapidly by 5 hr (19-fold over starved animals), and reached a high level by 16 hr (95-fold over starved and 10-fold over normally fed).", "PMID": 1060113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3140", "title": "Acetylcholine-receptor-mediated ion flux in electroplax membrane preparations.", "content": "The kinetics of acetylcholine-receptor-mediated sodium efflux from electroplax microsacs of electrophorus electricus has been analyzed. This led to the discovery that only a small fraction of the observed efflux is affected by chemical effectors such as carbamylcholine. Experimental conditions were chosen so that the receptor-mediated flux could be analyzed without the measurements' being obscured by efflux from the nonexcitable microsacs. Near equilibrium the efflux follows a single exponential decay. The apparent first order rate constant for sodium-22 efflux was determined as a function of effector concentration and is considerably higher than previously estimated. The process does not show cooperativity under the experimental conditions, in agreement with the binding isotherms of effectors and the same membrane preparation. The presence of potassium ions inhibits the receptor-mediated sodium flux. It is suggested that interaction of inorganic ions with the receptor may play an important role in the cooperative effects observed in electrophysiological experiments.", "contents": "Acetylcholine-receptor-mediated ion flux in electroplax membrane preparations. The kinetics of acetylcholine-receptor-mediated sodium efflux from electroplax microsacs of electrophorus electricus has been analyzed. This led to the discovery that only a small fraction of the observed efflux is affected by chemical effectors such as carbamylcholine. Experimental conditions were chosen so that the receptor-mediated flux could be analyzed without the measurements' being obscured by efflux from the nonexcitable microsacs. Near equilibrium the efflux follows a single exponential decay. The apparent first order rate constant for sodium-22 efflux was determined as a function of effector concentration and is considerably higher than previously estimated. The process does not show cooperativity under the experimental conditions, in agreement with the binding isotherms of effectors and the same membrane preparation. The presence of potassium ions inhibits the receptor-mediated sodium flux. It is suggested that interaction of inorganic ions with the receptor may play an important role in the cooperative effects observed in electrophysiological experiments.", "PMID": 1060114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3141", "title": "Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: direct binding assays.", "content": "In order to test the suggestion that antipsychotic drugs act by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, the direct effects of such neuroleptic drugs were tested on the stereospecific binding of [3H]dopamine and of [3H]haloperidol to rat brain striata and their subfractions. The stereospecific component of binding was defined as that amount of [3h]dopamine or [3H]haloperidol bound in the presence of (-)-butaclamol (an inactive drug) minus that bound in the presence of (+)-butaclamol (a potent neuroleptic drug); 100 nM butaclamol was used for the [3H]haloperidol assay, while 1 muM butaclamol was used for the [3H]dopamine assay. Various antipsychotic drugs inhibited this stereospecific component in both the dopamine and haloperidol assays. These inhibitory potencies correlated with the clinical doses used for controlling schizophrenia.", "contents": "Brain receptors for antipsychotic drugs and dopamine: direct binding assays. In order to test the suggestion that antipsychotic drugs act by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain, the direct effects of such neuroleptic drugs were tested on the stereospecific binding of [3H]dopamine and of [3H]haloperidol to rat brain striata and their subfractions. The stereospecific component of binding was defined as that amount of [3h]dopamine or [3H]haloperidol bound in the presence of (-)-butaclamol (an inactive drug) minus that bound in the presence of (+)-butaclamol (a potent neuroleptic drug); 100 nM butaclamol was used for the [3H]haloperidol assay, while 1 muM butaclamol was used for the [3H]dopamine assay. Various antipsychotic drugs inhibited this stereospecific component in both the dopamine and haloperidol assays. These inhibitory potencies correlated with the clinical doses used for controlling schizophrenia.", "PMID": 1060115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3142", "title": "Role of carnitine in hepatic ketogenesis.", "content": "The enhancement of long-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in the perfused rat liver, whether induced acutely by treatment of fed animals with anti-insulin serum or glucagon, or over the longer term by starvation or the induction of alloxan diabetes, was found to ba accompanied by a proportional elevation in the tissue carnitine content. Moreover, when added to the medium perfusing livers from fed rats, carnitine stimulated ketogenesis from oleic acid. The findings suggest that the increased fatty acid flux through the carnitine acyltransferase (carnitine palmitoyl-transferase; palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.21) reaction brought about by glucagon excess, with or without insulin deficiency, is mediated, at least in part, by elevation in the liver carnitine concentration.", "contents": "Role of carnitine in hepatic ketogenesis. The enhancement of long-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis in the perfused rat liver, whether induced acutely by treatment of fed animals with anti-insulin serum or glucagon, or over the longer term by starvation or the induction of alloxan diabetes, was found to ba accompanied by a proportional elevation in the tissue carnitine content. Moreover, when added to the medium perfusing livers from fed rats, carnitine stimulated ketogenesis from oleic acid. The findings suggest that the increased fatty acid flux through the carnitine acyltransferase (carnitine palmitoyl-transferase; palmitoyl-CoA:L-carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase; EC 2.3.1.21) reaction brought about by glucagon excess, with or without insulin deficiency, is mediated, at least in part, by elevation in the liver carnitine concentration.", "PMID": 1060116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3143", "title": "Initiation of in vitro mRNA synthesis from the wild-type lac promoter.", "content": "An in vitro transcription system, dependent on catabolite gene activator protein (CAP), utilizing a 200 base-pair restriction fragment, has been used to show that the initiation site of the wild-type Escherichia coli lac mRNA, and that of two mutants, 8d and ps, are identical to that previously reported for the CAP-independent promoter mutant UV5. Order of addition experiments are used to show that the binding of lac repressor to the operator is competitive with that of the RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) to the promoter, thus demonstrating functional overlap of the operator and promoter sites.", "contents": "Initiation of in vitro mRNA synthesis from the wild-type lac promoter. An in vitro transcription system, dependent on catabolite gene activator protein (CAP), utilizing a 200 base-pair restriction fragment, has been used to show that the initiation site of the wild-type Escherichia coli lac mRNA, and that of two mutants, 8d and ps, are identical to that previously reported for the CAP-independent promoter mutant UV5. Order of addition experiments are used to show that the binding of lac repressor to the operator is competitive with that of the RNA polymerase (nucleosidetriphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) to the promoter, thus demonstrating functional overlap of the operator and promoter sites.", "PMID": 1060117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3144", "title": "Influence of insertions on packaging of host sequences covalently linked to bacteriophage Mu DNA.", "content": "Insertions in bacteriophage Mu DNA have been identified. These insertions are responsible for at least seven X mutations, all of which eliminate essential Mu functions. The insertions are about 800 base pairs long and are located to the left of the cleavage site of restriction endonuclease EcoRI, near the immunity end of Mu DNA. We have found that such insertions cause a reduction in the length of nonhomologous terminal sequences which are seen as split ends in denatured and renatured Mu DNA molecules. These heterogeneous sequences apparently arise from packaging of host DNA from maturation precursors in which Mu and host DNA are covalently linked. We infer that a single Mu genome length is too short to be cut during morphogenesis, and thus some host DNA is packaged into mature virions. Since the insertions increase the length of Mu DNA, they decrease the amount of host DNA needed for packaging.", "contents": "Influence of insertions on packaging of host sequences covalently linked to bacteriophage Mu DNA. Insertions in bacteriophage Mu DNA have been identified. These insertions are responsible for at least seven X mutations, all of which eliminate essential Mu functions. The insertions are about 800 base pairs long and are located to the left of the cleavage site of restriction endonuclease EcoRI, near the immunity end of Mu DNA. We have found that such insertions cause a reduction in the length of nonhomologous terminal sequences which are seen as split ends in denatured and renatured Mu DNA molecules. These heterogeneous sequences apparently arise from packaging of host DNA from maturation precursors in which Mu and host DNA are covalently linked. We infer that a single Mu genome length is too short to be cut during morphogenesis, and thus some host DNA is packaged into mature virions. Since the insertions increase the length of Mu DNA, they decrease the amount of host DNA needed for packaging.", "PMID": 1060118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3145", "title": "Structure of transcriptionally active chromatin.", "content": "Rat-liver chromatin has bee fractionated into transcriptionally active and inactive regions [Gottesfeld et al. (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 2193-2197] and the distribution of nuclease-resistant complexes in these fractions has been investigated. About half of the DNA of both fractions is resistant to attack by tne endonuclease DNase II. The nuclease-resistant structures of inactive chromatin are DNA-histone complexes (v-bodies) which sediment at 11-13 S. Template-active chromatin yields two peaks of nuclease-resistant nucleoprotein. These complexes sediment at 14 and 19 S, and contain DNA, RNA, histone, and nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals a complex pattern of chromatin proteins, suggesting that the complexes are heterogeneous in composition.", "contents": "Structure of transcriptionally active chromatin. Rat-liver chromatin has bee fractionated into transcriptionally active and inactive regions [Gottesfeld et al. (1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 2193-2197] and the distribution of nuclease-resistant complexes in these fractions has been investigated. About half of the DNA of both fractions is resistant to attack by tne endonuclease DNase II. The nuclease-resistant structures of inactive chromatin are DNA-histone complexes (v-bodies) which sediment at 11-13 S. Template-active chromatin yields two peaks of nuclease-resistant nucleoprotein. These complexes sediment at 14 and 19 S, and contain DNA, RNA, histone, and nonhistone chromosomal proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals a complex pattern of chromatin proteins, suggesting that the complexes are heterogeneous in composition.", "PMID": 1060119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3146", "title": "Fusion of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle membranes induced by concanavalin A.", "content": "The temperature dependence of fatty acid spin label resonance spectra and freeze fracture micrographs of sonicated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles in the absence and presence of concanavalin A demonstrate a strong interaction of concanavalin A with these lipid membranes, which results in fusion of the vesicles. The rate of this reaction as followed with use of magnetic resonance exhibits a pronounced maximum at 36 degrees, the midpoint of the phase transition range of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. This maximum is discussed in terms of structural fluctuations, which are maximal in the phase transition range of the membranes.", "contents": "Fusion of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicle membranes induced by concanavalin A. The temperature dependence of fatty acid spin label resonance spectra and freeze fracture micrographs of sonicated dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles in the absence and presence of concanavalin A demonstrate a strong interaction of concanavalin A with these lipid membranes, which results in fusion of the vesicles. The rate of this reaction as followed with use of magnetic resonance exhibits a pronounced maximum at 36 degrees, the midpoint of the phase transition range of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. This maximum is discussed in terms of structural fluctuations, which are maximal in the phase transition range of the membranes.", "PMID": 1060120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3147", "title": "Resonance Raman effect in mu-oxo-bis[iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin].", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra of mu-oxo-bis[iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin] have been observed and compared to Raman spectra of the monomers iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin chloride and bis(piperidine)iron(II) tetraphenylporphyrin. Selection rules for the Raman effect under conditions of resonance of the incident photons with electronic states are presented for the exact symmetry group (C2) and the pseudo-symmetry group (D4d): emphasis is placed on the physical processes involved in scattering via vibronic states of the dimer. These two models are experimentally distinguishable in the behavior of the depolarization ratios of the dimer vibrational doublets. Experimental data favor the assignment of D4d as the symmetry group relevant to a description of the various states of the dimer. The usefulness of resonance Raman spectra of the mu-oco-dimer of Fe(III) tetraphenylporphyrin has been discussed with respect to several biochemical systems where there is strong evidence of two or more closely interacting chromophores.", "contents": "Resonance Raman effect in mu-oxo-bis[iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin]. Resonance Raman spectra of mu-oxo-bis[iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin] have been observed and compared to Raman spectra of the monomers iron(III) tetraphenylporphyrin chloride and bis(piperidine)iron(II) tetraphenylporphyrin. Selection rules for the Raman effect under conditions of resonance of the incident photons with electronic states are presented for the exact symmetry group (C2) and the pseudo-symmetry group (D4d): emphasis is placed on the physical processes involved in scattering via vibronic states of the dimer. These two models are experimentally distinguishable in the behavior of the depolarization ratios of the dimer vibrational doublets. Experimental data favor the assignment of D4d as the symmetry group relevant to a description of the various states of the dimer. The usefulness of resonance Raman spectra of the mu-oco-dimer of Fe(III) tetraphenylporphyrin has been discussed with respect to several biochemical systems where there is strong evidence of two or more closely interacting chromophores.", "PMID": 1060121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3148", "title": "Chemical induction of sperm abnormalities in mice.", "content": "The sperm of (C57BL X C3H)F1 mice were examined 1, 4, and 10 weeks after a subacute treatment with one of 25 chemicals at two or more dose levels. The fraction of sperm that were abnormal in shape was elevated above control values of 1.2-3.4% for methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, griseofulvin, benzo[a]pyrene, METEPA [tris(2-methyl-l-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide], THIO-TEPA [tris(l-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide], mitomycin C, myleran, vinblastine sulphate, hydroxyurea, 3-methylcholanthrene, colchicine, actinomycin D, imuran, cyclophosphamide, 5-iododeoxyuridine, dichlorvos, aminopterin, and trimethylphosphate. Dimethylnitrosamine, urethane, DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, caffeine, and calcium cyclamate did not induce elevated levels of sperm abnormalities. The results suggest that sperm abnormalities might provide a rapid inexpensive mammalian screen for agents that lead to errors in the differentiation of spermatogenic stem cells in vivo and thus indicate agents which might prove to be mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic.", "contents": "Chemical induction of sperm abnormalities in mice. The sperm of (C57BL X C3H)F1 mice were examined 1, 4, and 10 weeks after a subacute treatment with one of 25 chemicals at two or more dose levels. The fraction of sperm that were abnormal in shape was elevated above control values of 1.2-3.4% for methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, griseofulvin, benzo[a]pyrene, METEPA [tris(2-methyl-l-aziridinyl)phosphine oxide], THIO-TEPA [tris(l-aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide], mitomycin C, myleran, vinblastine sulphate, hydroxyurea, 3-methylcholanthrene, colchicine, actinomycin D, imuran, cyclophosphamide, 5-iododeoxyuridine, dichlorvos, aminopterin, and trimethylphosphate. Dimethylnitrosamine, urethane, DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane], 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, caffeine, and calcium cyclamate did not induce elevated levels of sperm abnormalities. The results suggest that sperm abnormalities might provide a rapid inexpensive mammalian screen for agents that lead to errors in the differentiation of spermatogenic stem cells in vivo and thus indicate agents which might prove to be mutagenic, teratogenic, or carcinogenic.", "PMID": 1060122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3149", "title": "Local anesthetics affect transmembrane cytoskeletal control of mobility and distribution of cell surface receptors.", "content": "Tertiary amine local anesthetics facilitated concanavalin A-induced redistribution of lectin receptors on murine BALB/3T3 cells and enhanced the susceptibility of these cells to agglutination by concanavalin A. In contrast, these drugs at similar concentrations inhibited ligand-induced capping of immunoglobulin receptors on mouse lymphocytes. We propose that these differing effects of local anesthetics on membrane receptor mobility in fibroblasts and lymphocytes result from the action of anesthetics on membrane-associated microtubules and microfilaments involved in the transmembrane control of receptor mobility. We present electron microscopic evidence of structural alterations in microtubule and microfilament organization in anesthetic-treated cells, together with data on changes in the responsiveness of anesthetic-treated cells to drugs that act on microtubules and/or microfilaments. This evidence supports the proposal that anesthetics affect the organization of cytoskeletal components or their plasma membrane attachment points. The effects of local anesthetics on ligand-induced redistribution of membrane receptors in both 3T3 cells and lymphocytes can be duplicated by treating cells with colchicine (or Vinca alkaloids) together with cytochalasin B. We propose that the participation of membrane-associated microtubules and microfilaments in the transmembrane control of receptor mobility is such that microtubules and microfilaments play opposing roles in regulating the mobility and topography of cell surface receptors.", "contents": "Local anesthetics affect transmembrane cytoskeletal control of mobility and distribution of cell surface receptors. Tertiary amine local anesthetics facilitated concanavalin A-induced redistribution of lectin receptors on murine BALB/3T3 cells and enhanced the susceptibility of these cells to agglutination by concanavalin A. In contrast, these drugs at similar concentrations inhibited ligand-induced capping of immunoglobulin receptors on mouse lymphocytes. We propose that these differing effects of local anesthetics on membrane receptor mobility in fibroblasts and lymphocytes result from the action of anesthetics on membrane-associated microtubules and microfilaments involved in the transmembrane control of receptor mobility. We present electron microscopic evidence of structural alterations in microtubule and microfilament organization in anesthetic-treated cells, together with data on changes in the responsiveness of anesthetic-treated cells to drugs that act on microtubules and/or microfilaments. This evidence supports the proposal that anesthetics affect the organization of cytoskeletal components or their plasma membrane attachment points. The effects of local anesthetics on ligand-induced redistribution of membrane receptors in both 3T3 cells and lymphocytes can be duplicated by treating cells with colchicine (or Vinca alkaloids) together with cytochalasin B. We propose that the participation of membrane-associated microtubules and microfilaments in the transmembrane control of receptor mobility is such that microtubules and microfilaments play opposing roles in regulating the mobility and topography of cell surface receptors.", "PMID": 1060123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3150", "title": "Adenovirus-2 mRNA is transcribed as part of a high-molecular-weight precursor RNA.", "content": "The order of transcription and the length of nascent RNA transcripts from adenovirus-2 (Ad-2) DNA in the nucleus of infected cells has been deduced by labeling the growing RNA chains in vivo for a very brief period, separating the RNA on the basis of size, and hybridizine to the ordered EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragments derived from Ad-2 DNA. The majority of the virus-specific RNA molecules are synthesized as very high-molecular-weight units beginning at a common point at least 25-30,000 base pairs from one end of the Ad-2 DNA. These molecules can be reduced in size without further RNA synthesis. The experiments indicate the obligatory origin of Ad-2 mRNA from a high-molecular-weight precursor molecule.", "contents": "Adenovirus-2 mRNA is transcribed as part of a high-molecular-weight precursor RNA. The order of transcription and the length of nascent RNA transcripts from adenovirus-2 (Ad-2) DNA in the nucleus of infected cells has been deduced by labeling the growing RNA chains in vivo for a very brief period, separating the RNA on the basis of size, and hybridizine to the ordered EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragments derived from Ad-2 DNA. The majority of the virus-specific RNA molecules are synthesized as very high-molecular-weight units beginning at a common point at least 25-30,000 base pairs from one end of the Ad-2 DNA. These molecules can be reduced in size without further RNA synthesis. The experiments indicate the obligatory origin of Ad-2 mRNA from a high-molecular-weight precursor molecule.", "PMID": 1060124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3151", "title": "Selective effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis on metabolism of nuclear anc cytoplasmic proteins: evidence for coordinate synthesis of non-histone chromosomal proteins.", "content": "We have compared the effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis on the metabolism of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins of HeLa S-3 cells. L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, a potent inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation, was shown to preferentially inhibit the synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins and of histones at concentrations that permit continued amino acid incorporation into nuclear non-histone proteins. Comparisons of the molecular weight distributions of newly synthesized proteins in the presence and absence of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone have revealed striking differences between nuclear anc cytoplasmic protein fractions. Differential effects on the synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins, acid-soluble nuclear proteins, and residual nuclear proteins have also been obtained with the antibiotic, pactamycin, another inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation. The incorporation of radioactive amino acids into nuclear non-histone proteins shows resistance to inhibition by pactamycin, but is strongly inhibited by agents such as puromycin and cycloheximide which block chain elongation. The possibility that proliferating cells have developed specialized mechanisms for the coordinate synthesis of chromosomal proteins, possibly involving polycistronic messenger RNAs, is tested and discussed.", "contents": "Selective effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis on metabolism of nuclear anc cytoplasmic proteins: evidence for coordinate synthesis of non-histone chromosomal proteins. We have compared the effects of inhibitors of protein synthesis on the metabolism of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins of HeLa S-3 cells. L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone, a potent inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation, was shown to preferentially inhibit the synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins and of histones at concentrations that permit continued amino acid incorporation into nuclear non-histone proteins. Comparisons of the molecular weight distributions of newly synthesized proteins in the presence and absence of L-1-tosylamido-2-phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone have revealed striking differences between nuclear anc cytoplasmic protein fractions. Differential effects on the synthesis of cytoplasmic proteins, acid-soluble nuclear proteins, and residual nuclear proteins have also been obtained with the antibiotic, pactamycin, another inhibitor of polypeptide chain initiation. The incorporation of radioactive amino acids into nuclear non-histone proteins shows resistance to inhibition by pactamycin, but is strongly inhibited by agents such as puromycin and cycloheximide which block chain elongation. The possibility that proliferating cells have developed specialized mechanisms for the coordinate synthesis of chromosomal proteins, possibly involving polycistronic messenger RNAs, is tested and discussed.", "PMID": 1060125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3152", "title": "Ectopic neurons and aberrant connections during neural development.", "content": "During the normal development of the nucleus of origin of centrifugal fibers to the chick retina (the so-called isthmo-optic nucleus) a significant number of neurons are misrouted during their migration from the neural epithelium in which they are generated. Like the cells in the isthmo-optic nucleus, these ectopic neurons can be identified by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (donor: hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) injected into the eye. Between 500 and 600 such cells have been identified on one side of the brain of 12 to 15-day-old embryos, but only about 10% of this number is seen beyond hatching. In addition, during development some of the cells in the nucleus send their axons to the ipsilateral retina, whereas in post-hatched animals they all project to the contralateral retina. The number of such neurons with aberrant axons is greatly increased (in some cases by as much as two orders of magnitude) in chicks from which one eye was removed early in development. Although normally about 60% of the neurons in the isthmo-optic nucleus degenerate between the 13th and 17th days of incubation, they can almost all be labeled by intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase on the 12th day, indicating that the axons of virtually all the cells, including those neurone that subsequently die, reach the retina.", "contents": "Ectopic neurons and aberrant connections during neural development. During the normal development of the nucleus of origin of centrifugal fibers to the chick retina (the so-called isthmo-optic nucleus) a significant number of neurons are misrouted during their migration from the neural epithelium in which they are generated. Like the cells in the isthmo-optic nucleus, these ectopic neurons can be identified by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (donor: hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) injected into the eye. Between 500 and 600 such cells have been identified on one side of the brain of 12 to 15-day-old embryos, but only about 10% of this number is seen beyond hatching. In addition, during development some of the cells in the nucleus send their axons to the ipsilateral retina, whereas in post-hatched animals they all project to the contralateral retina. The number of such neurons with aberrant axons is greatly increased (in some cases by as much as two orders of magnitude) in chicks from which one eye was removed early in development. Although normally about 60% of the neurons in the isthmo-optic nucleus degenerate between the 13th and 17th days of incubation, they can almost all be labeled by intraocular injections of horseradish peroxidase on the 12th day, indicating that the axons of virtually all the cells, including those neurone that subsequently die, reach the retina.", "PMID": 1060126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3153", "title": "Turning on of activities in unfertilized sea urchin eggs: correlation with changes of the surface.", "content": "Unfertilized sea urchin eggs exposed to low concentrations of ammonia enter into a number of activities which normally appear after fertilization. It is shown that the effects are attributable to ammonia, rather than to NH4+ ions of elevated pH. The same effects are obtained by exposure to isotonic urea and to glycerol at very low ionic strengths. All treatments which produce these changes (such as the turning on of chromosome replication and condensation in unfertilized eggs) also bring about changes of the outer cell surface which are visible in the scanning electron microscope. The most striking indicator is the elongation of the microvilli which cover the surface of the unfertilized egg. The changes of the surface are interpreted as the dissociation of a component from the outer surface layer. This component is not the \"vitelline\" sheet as defined morphologically or by the ability of the egg to form a fertilization membrane upon insemination. It is proposed further that this component is a peripheral component of the plasma membrane, whose removal modifies the membrane functionally and leads to the derepression of various processes within the egg.", "contents": "Turning on of activities in unfertilized sea urchin eggs: correlation with changes of the surface. Unfertilized sea urchin eggs exposed to low concentrations of ammonia enter into a number of activities which normally appear after fertilization. It is shown that the effects are attributable to ammonia, rather than to NH4+ ions of elevated pH. The same effects are obtained by exposure to isotonic urea and to glycerol at very low ionic strengths. All treatments which produce these changes (such as the turning on of chromosome replication and condensation in unfertilized eggs) also bring about changes of the outer cell surface which are visible in the scanning electron microscope. The most striking indicator is the elongation of the microvilli which cover the surface of the unfertilized egg. The changes of the surface are interpreted as the dissociation of a component from the outer surface layer. This component is not the \"vitelline\" sheet as defined morphologically or by the ability of the egg to form a fertilization membrane upon insemination. It is proposed further that this component is a peripheral component of the plasma membrane, whose removal modifies the membrane functionally and leads to the derepression of various processes within the egg.", "PMID": 1060127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3154", "title": "Relationship between release of surface proteins and metabolic activation of sea urchin eggs at fertilization.", "content": "Macromolecular components are released from sea urchin eggs when their metabolism is activated at fertilization or by incubation in ammonia. When the released material is dialyzed, concentrated, and added back to partially activated eggs the rate of protein synthesis is suppressed to the level of the unactivated egg. The surface proteins of the unfertilized eggs can be labeled with 125I by a lactoperoxidase procedure. When fertilized or activated with various parthenogenetic agents, 15-25% of the total labeled protein is released; most of the label is associated with a 150,000-dalton glycoprotein. The extent of metabolic activation, as assessed by measuring increased protein synthesis, is correlated with the amount of surface label released. Several other proteins are released during activation but are not labeled by the lactoperoxidase procedure in the intact cell. We have not yet identified which of these components is responsible for suppressing protein synthesis, nor do we know if any of the other metabolic changes of fertilization such as K+ conductance and DNA synthesis are also suppressed. We suggest that these released components are surface molecules involved in maintaining the low metabolic state occurring at the end of oogenesis and that removal of these components during fertilization results in the release of the suppression of the egg.", "contents": "Relationship between release of surface proteins and metabolic activation of sea urchin eggs at fertilization. Macromolecular components are released from sea urchin eggs when their metabolism is activated at fertilization or by incubation in ammonia. When the released material is dialyzed, concentrated, and added back to partially activated eggs the rate of protein synthesis is suppressed to the level of the unactivated egg. The surface proteins of the unfertilized eggs can be labeled with 125I by a lactoperoxidase procedure. When fertilized or activated with various parthenogenetic agents, 15-25% of the total labeled protein is released; most of the label is associated with a 150,000-dalton glycoprotein. The extent of metabolic activation, as assessed by measuring increased protein synthesis, is correlated with the amount of surface label released. Several other proteins are released during activation but are not labeled by the lactoperoxidase procedure in the intact cell. We have not yet identified which of these components is responsible for suppressing protein synthesis, nor do we know if any of the other metabolic changes of fertilization such as K+ conductance and DNA synthesis are also suppressed. We suggest that these released components are surface molecules involved in maintaining the low metabolic state occurring at the end of oogenesis and that removal of these components during fertilization results in the release of the suppression of the egg.", "PMID": 1060128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3155", "title": "Serum rapidly stimulates ouabain-sensitive 86-RB+ influx in quiescent 3T3 cells.", "content": "Serum causes a 4-fold increase in 86Rb+ (a K+ tracer) influx in quiescent 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. It is one of the earliest changes caused by serum, being seen in 2 min and reaching a maximum in 10 min. Removal of serum causes rapid reversal of this effect. Serum acts mainly by increasing the maximum velocity, Vmax, of entry. Ouabain inhibits entry of 86Rb+ (82-90%) both in the presence and absence of serum, but does not alter exit. The rapid increase in cation influx is unaffected by cycloheximide and by changes in cyclic AMP and GMP. Low concentrations of insulin, epidermal growth factor, and prostaglandins (E1 and F2alpha) produced a smaller (80%) activation of 86Rb+ entry. Ouabain, at a level that inhibits cation influx, also prevents the onset of DNA synthesis following serum addition; this is reversible effect dependent on the concentration of K+ in the medium. This suggests that cation pumping activity may be required for initiation of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Serum rapidly stimulates ouabain-sensitive 86-RB+ influx in quiescent 3T3 cells. Serum causes a 4-fold increase in 86Rb+ (a K+ tracer) influx in quiescent 3T3 mouse fibroblast cells. It is one of the earliest changes caused by serum, being seen in 2 min and reaching a maximum in 10 min. Removal of serum causes rapid reversal of this effect. Serum acts mainly by increasing the maximum velocity, Vmax, of entry. Ouabain inhibits entry of 86Rb+ (82-90%) both in the presence and absence of serum, but does not alter exit. The rapid increase in cation influx is unaffected by cycloheximide and by changes in cyclic AMP and GMP. Low concentrations of insulin, epidermal growth factor, and prostaglandins (E1 and F2alpha) produced a smaller (80%) activation of 86Rb+ entry. Ouabain, at a level that inhibits cation influx, also prevents the onset of DNA synthesis following serum addition; this is reversible effect dependent on the concentration of K+ in the medium. This suggests that cation pumping activity may be required for initiation of DNA synthesis.", "PMID": 1060129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3156", "title": "Specific cleavage analysis of mammalian mitochondrial DNA.", "content": "Mitochondrial DNA from several mammalian species has been digested with a site-specific restriction endonuclease (HaeIII) from Haemophilus aegyptius. A quantitative analysis of the resulting specific fragments indicates that the mtDNA of any individual mammal is predominantly a single molecular clone. Gel analysis of specific cleavage products has proven quite sensitive in detecting differences in mtDNA: mtDNAs from the more distantly related mammals studied (e.g., donkey and dog) are found to have few bands in common and very closely related mammals (e.g., donkey and horse) share only about 50% of their bands. This procedure has detected several intraspecies mtDNA differences. Six distinct human patterns have been found, with one pattern usually differing from another in two or three bands. mtDNAs from different organs of single individuals have also been analyzed, and no differences have been found.", "contents": "Specific cleavage analysis of mammalian mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA from several mammalian species has been digested with a site-specific restriction endonuclease (HaeIII) from Haemophilus aegyptius. A quantitative analysis of the resulting specific fragments indicates that the mtDNA of any individual mammal is predominantly a single molecular clone. Gel analysis of specific cleavage products has proven quite sensitive in detecting differences in mtDNA: mtDNAs from the more distantly related mammals studied (e.g., donkey and dog) are found to have few bands in common and very closely related mammals (e.g., donkey and horse) share only about 50% of their bands. This procedure has detected several intraspecies mtDNA differences. Six distinct human patterns have been found, with one pattern usually differing from another in two or three bands. mtDNAs from different organs of single individuals have also been analyzed, and no differences have been found.", "PMID": 1060130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3157", "title": "Use of gene 32 protein staining of single-strand polynucleotides for gene mapping by electron microscopy: application to the phi80d3ilvsu+7 system.", "content": "A method for visualizing RNA-DNA duplex regions along a single strand of DNA in the electron microscope is described. A preparation of RNA molecules is hybridized to a long DNA strand containing the coding sequences (genes) for some of the RNAs. T4 gene 32 protein, which binds selectively and cooperatively only to the single-strand regions, is added, followed by glutaraldehyde. The resulting nucleic acid-gene 32 complex is adsorbed to the surface of an electron microscope grid in the presence of ethidium bromide. The single-strand regions are relatively thick (8.5 nm) compared to the duplex (RNA-DNA hybrid) regions (3.5 nm), so that the two kinds of regions are readily recognized by electron microscopy. In favorable cases, tRNA-DNA hybrids of length about 80 nucleotide pairs can be recognized (although with difficulty). The positions of a number of interesting genetic sequences on the DNA of the transducing phage phi80d3ilvsu+7 have been mapped. The r strand contains 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA coding sequences in that order. The spacer between 16S and 23S genes has a length of 500 nucleotides and contains the coding sequence for a tRNA2Glu gene in agreement with previous biochemical observations. The spacer between the 23S and 5S genes has a length of 180 nucleotides. The su+7 tRNATrp coding sequence has been mapped on the l strand at a position just to the left of the ilv genes. Secondary structure loops due to short inverted repeat sequences flanking the 16S, 23S, tRNATrp, and F sequences in the DNA have been observed.", "contents": "Use of gene 32 protein staining of single-strand polynucleotides for gene mapping by electron microscopy: application to the phi80d3ilvsu+7 system. A method for visualizing RNA-DNA duplex regions along a single strand of DNA in the electron microscope is described. A preparation of RNA molecules is hybridized to a long DNA strand containing the coding sequences (genes) for some of the RNAs. T4 gene 32 protein, which binds selectively and cooperatively only to the single-strand regions, is added, followed by glutaraldehyde. The resulting nucleic acid-gene 32 complex is adsorbed to the surface of an electron microscope grid in the presence of ethidium bromide. The single-strand regions are relatively thick (8.5 nm) compared to the duplex (RNA-DNA hybrid) regions (3.5 nm), so that the two kinds of regions are readily recognized by electron microscopy. In favorable cases, tRNA-DNA hybrids of length about 80 nucleotide pairs can be recognized (although with difficulty). The positions of a number of interesting genetic sequences on the DNA of the transducing phage phi80d3ilvsu+7 have been mapped. The r strand contains 16S, 23S, and 5S rRNA coding sequences in that order. The spacer between 16S and 23S genes has a length of 500 nucleotides and contains the coding sequence for a tRNA2Glu gene in agreement with previous biochemical observations. The spacer between the 23S and 5S genes has a length of 180 nucleotides. The su+7 tRNATrp coding sequence has been mapped on the l strand at a position just to the left of the ilv genes. Secondary structure loops due to short inverted repeat sequences flanking the 16S, 23S, tRNATrp, and F sequences in the DNA have been observed.", "PMID": 1060131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3158", "title": "Analysis of changes in collagen biosynthesis that occur when chick chondrocytes are grown in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine.", "content": "Chick embryo chondrocytes, in primary culture, initially synthesize only Type ii collagen (chain composition, [alpha1(II)13), as judged by two criteria: (i) carbosymethyl-cellulose chromatography of the denatured collagen, and (ii) carbosymethyl-cellulose chromatography of the cyanogen bromide peptides derived from the isolated chains. After a period of growth in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, however, synthesis of two different types of collagen could be detected after differential salt precipitation of the newly synthesized native collagens from neutral salt solutions at 2.2 M NaCl and subsequently at 0.01 M Na2hPO4. By criteria indicated above, the collagen precipitating at 2.2 M NaCl was identified as Type I collagen (chain composition, [alpha(I)]2alpha2), whereas the collagen subsequently precipitated at 0.01 M Na2HPO4 was found to be comprised entirely of alpha1(I) chains, indicating a chain composition, [alpha](I)]3. We propose to designate the latter type of molecule as the Type I trimer.", "contents": "Analysis of changes in collagen biosynthesis that occur when chick chondrocytes are grown in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine. Chick embryo chondrocytes, in primary culture, initially synthesize only Type ii collagen (chain composition, [alpha1(II)13), as judged by two criteria: (i) carbosymethyl-cellulose chromatography of the denatured collagen, and (ii) carbosymethyl-cellulose chromatography of the cyanogen bromide peptides derived from the isolated chains. After a period of growth in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, however, synthesis of two different types of collagen could be detected after differential salt precipitation of the newly synthesized native collagens from neutral salt solutions at 2.2 M NaCl and subsequently at 0.01 M Na2hPO4. By criteria indicated above, the collagen precipitating at 2.2 M NaCl was identified as Type I collagen (chain composition, [alpha(I)]2alpha2), whereas the collagen subsequently precipitated at 0.01 M Na2HPO4 was found to be comprised entirely of alpha1(I) chains, indicating a chain composition, [alpha](I)]3. We propose to designate the latter type of molecule as the Type I trimer.", "PMID": 1060132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3159", "title": "Colchicine permeation is required for inhibition of concanavalin A capping in Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Several antimitotic, tubulin-binding agents, such as colchicine, colcemid, and podophyllotoxin, inhibit the capping of fluorescent-labeled concanavalin A in Chinese hamster ovary cells. By comparing the effects of these agents on parental cell lines on several independently selected colchicine-resistant mutants with decreased drug permeability, we have demonstrated that permeation of these drugs in required for inhibition of capping. These data support the hypothesis that these antimitotic agents interact with an intracellular component, probably microtubules, to prevent the directional movement of concanavalin A receptors on the surface membranes of Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "contents": "Colchicine permeation is required for inhibition of concanavalin A capping in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Several antimitotic, tubulin-binding agents, such as colchicine, colcemid, and podophyllotoxin, inhibit the capping of fluorescent-labeled concanavalin A in Chinese hamster ovary cells. By comparing the effects of these agents on parental cell lines on several independently selected colchicine-resistant mutants with decreased drug permeability, we have demonstrated that permeation of these drugs in required for inhibition of capping. These data support the hypothesis that these antimitotic agents interact with an intracellular component, probably microtubules, to prevent the directional movement of concanavalin A receptors on the surface membranes of Chinese hamster ovary cells.", "PMID": 1060133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3160", "title": "Allozymic and chromosomal similarity in two Drosophila species.", "content": "D. setosimentum and ochrobasis are a pair of very close, partly sympatric species endemic to Hawaii island. Males of the two species differ strikingly in wing-pattern and there are altitudinal and breeding-site differences. Similarity indices have been calculated for both chromosomal (C) ald allozymic (A) variants. Within the main populations of each species both kinds of data give coefficients above 0.98. Interspecific comparison of the main populations shows 0.66 (C) and 0.79 (A). An isolated population of ochrobasis from Kohala Volcano (Ohu), when compared with setosimentum, shows 0.68 (C) and 0.98 (A). Chromosomes are thus much more sensitive than allozymes in distinguishing these species; the same is true in the case of D. silvestris and heteroneura from the same forests. These morphologically distinct species, when compared, show 0.96 (A). All four species appear to be very new in the historical sense. In one area, about 2% of wild-caught D. setosimentum/ochrobasis are interspecific hybrids although adequate samples indicate that the separate gene pools have not broken down. The specific names should be retained but the two entities are perhaps best described as quite advanced semispecies in which reproductive isolation in nature is now nearly complete.", "contents": "Allozymic and chromosomal similarity in two Drosophila species. D. setosimentum and ochrobasis are a pair of very close, partly sympatric species endemic to Hawaii island. Males of the two species differ strikingly in wing-pattern and there are altitudinal and breeding-site differences. Similarity indices have been calculated for both chromosomal (C) ald allozymic (A) variants. Within the main populations of each species both kinds of data give coefficients above 0.98. Interspecific comparison of the main populations shows 0.66 (C) and 0.79 (A). An isolated population of ochrobasis from Kohala Volcano (Ohu), when compared with setosimentum, shows 0.68 (C) and 0.98 (A). Chromosomes are thus much more sensitive than allozymes in distinguishing these species; the same is true in the case of D. silvestris and heteroneura from the same forests. These morphologically distinct species, when compared, show 0.96 (A). All four species appear to be very new in the historical sense. In one area, about 2% of wild-caught D. setosimentum/ochrobasis are interspecific hybrids although adequate samples indicate that the separate gene pools have not broken down. The specific names should be retained but the two entities are perhaps best described as quite advanced semispecies in which reproductive isolation in nature is now nearly complete.", "PMID": 1060134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3161", "title": "Gene dosage: evidence for assignment of erythrocyte acid phosphatase locus to chromosome 2.", "content": "A child, trisomic for the distal short arm of chromosome 2 due to a familial 2/18 translocation, has elevated levels of activity of erythrocyte acid phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), 3.1.3.2] Ferguson-Smith et al. [(1973) Nature New Biol. 243, 271-274] previously had found decreased levels of activity and loss of expression of an erythrocyte acid phosphatase allele in a subject who lacked one of the two homologous regions containing the distal three bands of chromosome 2. They suggested that the locus for erythrocyte acid phosphatase is located on that segment. Our findings provide further evidence for this assignment and also suggest an in vivo gene dosage effect of this autosomal locus, which depends on both the type and number of alleles present.", "contents": "Gene dosage: evidence for assignment of erythrocyte acid phosphatase locus to chromosome 2. A child, trisomic for the distal short arm of chromosome 2 due to a familial 2/18 translocation, has elevated levels of activity of erythrocyte acid phosphatase [orthophosphoric-monoester phosphohydrolase (acid optimum), 3.1.3.2] Ferguson-Smith et al. [(1973) Nature New Biol. 243, 271-274] previously had found decreased levels of activity and loss of expression of an erythrocyte acid phosphatase allele in a subject who lacked one of the two homologous regions containing the distal three bands of chromosome 2. They suggested that the locus for erythrocyte acid phosphatase is located on that segment. Our findings provide further evidence for this assignment and also suggest an in vivo gene dosage effect of this autosomal locus, which depends on both the type and number of alleles present.", "PMID": 1060135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3162", "title": "General kin selection models for genetic evolution of sib altruism in diploid and haplodiploid species.", "content": "A population genetic approach is presented for general analysis and comparison of kin selection models of sib and half-sib altruism. Nine models are described, each assuming a particular mode of inheritance, number of female inseminations, and Mendelian dominance of the altruist gene. In each model, the selective effects of altruism are described in terms of two general fitness functions, A(beta) and S(beta), giving respectively the expected fitness of an altruist and a nonaltruist as a function of the fraction of altruists beta in a given sibship. For each model, exact conditions are reported for stability at altruist and nonaltruist fixation. Under the Table 3 axions, the stability conditions may then be partially ordered on the basis of implications holding between pairs of conditions. The partial orderings are compared with predictions of the kin selection theory of Hamilton.", "contents": "General kin selection models for genetic evolution of sib altruism in diploid and haplodiploid species. A population genetic approach is presented for general analysis and comparison of kin selection models of sib and half-sib altruism. Nine models are described, each assuming a particular mode of inheritance, number of female inseminations, and Mendelian dominance of the altruist gene. In each model, the selective effects of altruism are described in terms of two general fitness functions, A(beta) and S(beta), giving respectively the expected fitness of an altruist and a nonaltruist as a function of the fraction of altruists beta in a given sibship. For each model, exact conditions are reported for stability at altruist and nonaltruist fixation. Under the Table 3 axions, the stability conditions may then be partially ordered on the basis of implications holding between pairs of conditions. The partial orderings are compared with predictions of the kin selection theory of Hamilton.", "PMID": 1060136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3163", "title": "Effect of temporal fluctuation of selection coefficient on gene frequency in a population.", "content": "The diffusion equations describing the change of gene frequencies are extended to indlude the effect of temporal fluctuation of selection coefficient that may persist for some generations. The equilibrium distribution of gene frequencies and the fixation probability of a mutant gene are obtained from the extended equations. Comparison is made with the experimental data on protein polymorphism. A possible bearing of the fluctuation of selection coefficient on the problem of molecular evolution is discussed in relation to the neutral theory.", "contents": "Effect of temporal fluctuation of selection coefficient on gene frequency in a population. The diffusion equations describing the change of gene frequencies are extended to indlude the effect of temporal fluctuation of selection coefficient that may persist for some generations. The equilibrium distribution of gene frequencies and the fixation probability of a mutant gene are obtained from the extended equations. Comparison is made with the experimental data on protein polymorphism. A possible bearing of the fluctuation of selection coefficient on the problem of molecular evolution is discussed in relation to the neutral theory.", "PMID": 1060137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3164", "title": "Genetic analysis in the dinoflagellate (Crypthecodinium (Gyrodinium) cohnii: evidence for unusual meiosis.", "content": "The atypical structure and behavior of dinoflagellate chromosomes suggests that the genetics of these organisms might show comparable peculiarities. We have begun genetic analysis of the neritic, marine heterotroph Crypthecodinium (Gyrodinium) cohnii by means of motility mutants that show complementation shortly after zygote formation, permitting identification of heterozygotes. Six mutations, conferring four microscopically distinguishable phenotypes, have been isolated and investigated. These \"genes\" were found to complement in double heterozygotes in all pairwise combinations, indicating that the lesions are recessive and non-allelic. Clones of all possible combinations of these factors have been established and each complements only those combinations expected on the assumption that there are six independent recessive mutant \"genes.\" Tetrad analysis following isolation of over 200 complementing zygotes showed: (1) regular segregation with recovery of parental phenotypes and genotypes; (2) independent assortment, with one possible exception; (3) segregations that were always 1:1, that is, in all tetrads showing recombination, only the two reciprocal recombinant genotypes were found; there were no tetratypes. This behavior could result from centromere linkage or the absence of crossing over in an otherwise conventional meiosis, or it could result from an unusual one-division \"meiosis.\" Some evidence is provided that favors the latter hypothesis.", "contents": "Genetic analysis in the dinoflagellate (Crypthecodinium (Gyrodinium) cohnii: evidence for unusual meiosis. The atypical structure and behavior of dinoflagellate chromosomes suggests that the genetics of these organisms might show comparable peculiarities. We have begun genetic analysis of the neritic, marine heterotroph Crypthecodinium (Gyrodinium) cohnii by means of motility mutants that show complementation shortly after zygote formation, permitting identification of heterozygotes. Six mutations, conferring four microscopically distinguishable phenotypes, have been isolated and investigated. These \"genes\" were found to complement in double heterozygotes in all pairwise combinations, indicating that the lesions are recessive and non-allelic. Clones of all possible combinations of these factors have been established and each complements only those combinations expected on the assumption that there are six independent recessive mutant \"genes.\" Tetrad analysis following isolation of over 200 complementing zygotes showed: (1) regular segregation with recovery of parental phenotypes and genotypes; (2) independent assortment, with one possible exception; (3) segregations that were always 1:1, that is, in all tetrads showing recombination, only the two reciprocal recombinant genotypes were found; there were no tetratypes. This behavior could result from centromere linkage or the absence of crossing over in an otherwise conventional meiosis, or it could result from an unusual one-division \"meiosis.\" Some evidence is provided that favors the latter hypothesis.", "PMID": 1060138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3165", "title": "Guinea pig transfer factor-like activity detected in vitro.", "content": "\"Transfer factor\" was prepared by Sephadex G-25 chromatography of lymph node cell lysates from guinea pigs immunized with ovalbumin or bovine gamma globulin. Treatment of nonimmune peritoneal exudate cells with the transfer factor and specific antigen leads to inhibition of migration of the cells, whereas cells treated with the transfer factor alone or specific antigen alone are not inhibited from migrating. An average of 24-28% inhibition is observed in the presence of transfer factor and specific antigen, but only 5-15% inhibition in the presence of transfer factor and nonspecific antigen. The guinea pig transfer factor we have tested in vitro has some physical characteristics in common with human transfer factor.", "contents": "Guinea pig transfer factor-like activity detected in vitro. \"Transfer factor\" was prepared by Sephadex G-25 chromatography of lymph node cell lysates from guinea pigs immunized with ovalbumin or bovine gamma globulin. Treatment of nonimmune peritoneal exudate cells with the transfer factor and specific antigen leads to inhibition of migration of the cells, whereas cells treated with the transfer factor alone or specific antigen alone are not inhibited from migrating. An average of 24-28% inhibition is observed in the presence of transfer factor and specific antigen, but only 5-15% inhibition in the presence of transfer factor and nonspecific antigen. The guinea pig transfer factor we have tested in vitro has some physical characteristics in common with human transfer factor.", "PMID": 1060139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3166", "title": "Genome of hepatitis B virus: restriction enzyme cleavage and structure of DNA extracted from Dane particles.", "content": "DNA extracted from Dane particles has been characterized by gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme cleavage with endonuclease R-HaeIII (from Hemophilus aegyptius). Dane particle DNA is proposed to be a double-stranded circular DNA approximately 3600 nucleotides in length containing a single-stranded gap of 600-2100 nucleotides. The endogenous DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyl-transferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7) reaction appears to repair this single-stranded gap.", "contents": "Genome of hepatitis B virus: restriction enzyme cleavage and structure of DNA extracted from Dane particles. DNA extracted from Dane particles has been characterized by gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme cleavage with endonuclease R-HaeIII (from Hemophilus aegyptius). Dane particle DNA is proposed to be a double-stranded circular DNA approximately 3600 nucleotides in length containing a single-stranded gap of 600-2100 nucleotides. The endogenous DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyl-transferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7) reaction appears to repair this single-stranded gap.", "PMID": 1060140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3167", "title": "Measurement of cholesterol synthesis in man by isotope kinetics of squalene.", "content": "A method for measuring the rate of total daily cholesterol synthesis in man has been developed through isotope kinetic studies of squalene biosynthesis after intravenous administration of [14C]mevalonic acid. Plasma squalene becomes rapidly labeled, reaching maximal specific activity approximately 100 min after mevalonate administration and then decays exponentially to reach undetectable levels in 12 hr. The rate of daily squalene synthesis equals the percent dose of mevalonate converted to cholesterol divided by the area under the specific activity curve of squalene; the fraction of the dose of mevalonate converted to cholesterol is calculated by the simultaneous injection of [3H]- and [14C] cholesterol in plasma. The premise that squalene and cholesterol synthetic rates are equivalent was tested. In seven patients it was found that the mean daily cholesterol synthesis rates estimated simultaneously by sterol balance and by sqyalene kinetic methods agreed within 8%. In addition, fractional conversions of mevalonic acid to cholesterol were highly correlated with cholesterol synthesis rates. Maximum estimates of the pool sizes and half-lives of metabolically \"active\" squalene also were obtained. This measurement of daily cholesterol synthesis by squalene kinetics minimizes patient inconvenience, is suitable for outpatient studies, and yields results in 4 weeks or less. Because of the rapidity of the rate of squalene synthesis, the results obtained reflect cholesterol synthesis over a period of less than 10 hr and are therefore uniquely applicable to unsteady state situations.", "contents": "Measurement of cholesterol synthesis in man by isotope kinetics of squalene. A method for measuring the rate of total daily cholesterol synthesis in man has been developed through isotope kinetic studies of squalene biosynthesis after intravenous administration of [14C]mevalonic acid. Plasma squalene becomes rapidly labeled, reaching maximal specific activity approximately 100 min after mevalonate administration and then decays exponentially to reach undetectable levels in 12 hr. The rate of daily squalene synthesis equals the percent dose of mevalonate converted to cholesterol divided by the area under the specific activity curve of squalene; the fraction of the dose of mevalonate converted to cholesterol is calculated by the simultaneous injection of [3H]- and [14C] cholesterol in plasma. The premise that squalene and cholesterol synthetic rates are equivalent was tested. In seven patients it was found that the mean daily cholesterol synthesis rates estimated simultaneously by sterol balance and by sqyalene kinetic methods agreed within 8%. In addition, fractional conversions of mevalonic acid to cholesterol were highly correlated with cholesterol synthesis rates. Maximum estimates of the pool sizes and half-lives of metabolically \"active\" squalene also were obtained. This measurement of daily cholesterol synthesis by squalene kinetics minimizes patient inconvenience, is suitable for outpatient studies, and yields results in 4 weeks or less. Because of the rapidity of the rate of squalene synthesis, the results obtained reflect cholesterol synthesis over a period of less than 10 hr and are therefore uniquely applicable to unsteady state situations.", "PMID": 1060141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3168", "title": "An inherited \"neoplasm\" in fungus.", "content": "An abnormal growth form in the fungus Schizophyllum commune is described that interferes with the development of reproductive structures. The abnormality, which takes the form of relatively large, compact, hemispherical bodies, depends on a dominant Mendelian gene, mound, for its expression. When mound is expressed in a mycelium that has the potential to form fruiting bodies, the fruiting response is affected and the effect is variable within a replicate series: fruiting bodies may be normal or abnormal, abort at various stages, or not develop at all. Occasionally, fruit bodies are overgrown and are completely enveloped by the hemispherical bodies. When hyphae from hemispherical bodies are subcultured, a seemingly normal mycelium forms that eventually differentiates hemispherical structures, but the ability to form fruiting bodies in not expressed. Continuous mycelial subculture has shown this loss of fruiting expression to be a permanent transformation, which is demonstrated to be a characteristic of hemispherical bodies.", "contents": "An inherited \"neoplasm\" in fungus. An abnormal growth form in the fungus Schizophyllum commune is described that interferes with the development of reproductive structures. The abnormality, which takes the form of relatively large, compact, hemispherical bodies, depends on a dominant Mendelian gene, mound, for its expression. When mound is expressed in a mycelium that has the potential to form fruiting bodies, the fruiting response is affected and the effect is variable within a replicate series: fruiting bodies may be normal or abnormal, abort at various stages, or not develop at all. Occasionally, fruit bodies are overgrown and are completely enveloped by the hemispherical bodies. When hyphae from hemispherical bodies are subcultured, a seemingly normal mycelium forms that eventually differentiates hemispherical structures, but the ability to form fruiting bodies in not expressed. Continuous mycelial subculture has shown this loss of fruiting expression to be a permanent transformation, which is demonstrated to be a characteristic of hemispherical bodies.", "PMID": 1060142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3169", "title": "Dopamine receptor binding in the corpus striatum of mammalian brain.", "content": "Specific binding of [3H]dopamine to membranes from the corpus striatum of rat and calf brain appears to involve the postsynaptic dopamine receptor. Specific [3H]dopamine binding is saturable, wnd with half-maximal binding in calf membranes at 7 nM. Apomorphine is about twice as potent as dopamine in competing for binding sites, whereas (-)norepinephrine is 5% as potent as dopamine and isoproterenol is virtually inactive. The relative potencies of phenothiazines as inhibitors of specific dopamine binding correlates with their clinical potencies and actions on the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase.", "contents": "Dopamine receptor binding in the corpus striatum of mammalian brain. Specific binding of [3H]dopamine to membranes from the corpus striatum of rat and calf brain appears to involve the postsynaptic dopamine receptor. Specific [3H]dopamine binding is saturable, wnd with half-maximal binding in calf membranes at 7 nM. Apomorphine is about twice as potent as dopamine in competing for binding sites, whereas (-)norepinephrine is 5% as potent as dopamine and isoproterenol is virtually inactive. The relative potencies of phenothiazines as inhibitors of specific dopamine binding correlates with their clinical potencies and actions on the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase.", "PMID": 1060143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3170", "title": "Studies on memory: inhibitors of protein synthesis also inhibit catecholamine synthesis.", "content": "The rates of accumulation of newly synthesized catecholamines and endogenous catecholamine levels in mice were determined after treatment with cycloheximide, acetoxycycloheximde, puromycin, and anisomycin. The rates of accumulation were found to be decreased by all antibiotics tested, weakening the assumption that their amnestic effects are due solely to inhibition of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Studies on memory: inhibitors of protein synthesis also inhibit catecholamine synthesis. The rates of accumulation of newly synthesized catecholamines and endogenous catecholamine levels in mice were determined after treatment with cycloheximide, acetoxycycloheximde, puromycin, and anisomycin. The rates of accumulation were found to be decreased by all antibiotics tested, weakening the assumption that their amnestic effects are due solely to inhibition of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1060144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3171", "title": "Isolation of subunits of citrate lyase and characterization of their function in the enzyme complex.", "content": "Citrate lyase [EC 4.1.3.6; citrate oxaloacetate-lyase (pro-3S-CH2-COO--leads to acetate)] from Klebsiella aerogenes has been dissociated with urea; the three different subunits, alpha-chain (molecular weight congruent to 54,000), beta-chain (molecular weight congruent to 32,000), and gamma-chain (acyl carrier protein; molecular weight congruent to 10,000), have been isolated in pure and catalytically active state. Recombination of the three subunits produced citrate lyase that was indistinguishable from the untreated enzyme. The alpha-chain in the presence of acetyl-S-acyl carrier protein catalyzed the formation of the corresponding citryl thioester with liberation of acetate, and the beta-chain catalyzed the cleavage of citryl-S-acyl carrier protein with liberation of oxaloacetate. A simple enzymic method for the preparation of citryl-S-acyl carrier protein is described.", "contents": "Isolation of subunits of citrate lyase and characterization of their function in the enzyme complex. Citrate lyase [EC 4.1.3.6; citrate oxaloacetate-lyase (pro-3S-CH2-COO--leads to acetate)] from Klebsiella aerogenes has been dissociated with urea; the three different subunits, alpha-chain (molecular weight congruent to 54,000), beta-chain (molecular weight congruent to 32,000), and gamma-chain (acyl carrier protein; molecular weight congruent to 10,000), have been isolated in pure and catalytically active state. Recombination of the three subunits produced citrate lyase that was indistinguishable from the untreated enzyme. The alpha-chain in the presence of acetyl-S-acyl carrier protein catalyzed the formation of the corresponding citryl thioester with liberation of acetate, and the beta-chain catalyzed the cleavage of citryl-S-acyl carrier protein with liberation of oxaloacetate. A simple enzymic method for the preparation of citryl-S-acyl carrier protein is described.", "PMID": 1060145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3172", "title": "New experimental and clinical data on leukaemia immunotherapy.", "content": "The present results of our treatment of acute lymphoid leukaemia patients are summarized: 7 out of 20 randomized patients given active immunotherapy after chemoradiotherapy are still in complete remission after periods varying from seven to ten years (compared to none in the control group). The actuarial results on 100 patients show remission and survival curves presenting a plateau between three and five years for a certain percentage, suggesting a possible cure. Several parameters studied in 200 patients indicate that the factors affecting this percentage are age, cytological type, volume of the tumour, and the localization of leukaemic cells in certain areas. Experiments with L1210 leukaemia show that immunotherapy enhances the effect of chemotherapy when administered after chemotherapy but decreases it when administered before, which is in favour of the use of the sequence chemotherapy-immunotherapy clinically.", "contents": "New experimental and clinical data on leukaemia immunotherapy. The present results of our treatment of acute lymphoid leukaemia patients are summarized: 7 out of 20 randomized patients given active immunotherapy after chemoradiotherapy are still in complete remission after periods varying from seven to ten years (compared to none in the control group). The actuarial results on 100 patients show remission and survival curves presenting a plateau between three and five years for a certain percentage, suggesting a possible cure. Several parameters studied in 200 patients indicate that the factors affecting this percentage are age, cytological type, volume of the tumour, and the localization of leukaemic cells in certain areas. Experiments with L1210 leukaemia show that immunotherapy enhances the effect of chemotherapy when administered after chemotherapy but decreases it when administered before, which is in favour of the use of the sequence chemotherapy-immunotherapy clinically.", "PMID": 1060146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3173", "title": "The effect of varying tidal volume on the associated phrenic motoneurone output:studies of vagal and chemical feedback.", "content": "Two groups of dogs were anaesthetised, paralysed and artificially ventilated using a respirator driven by the phrenic motoneurone output, electrically processed to resemble transpulmonary pressure. In one group, blood gases were maintained constant with closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass; the second group were studied without \"bypass\". Therefore it was possible to determine the relative contributions of vagal and chemial feedback to the effect of altering the depth of an inspiration on the associated phrenic motoneurone output. Mono-exponential regressions between change of respirator gain and changes in both inspiratory time and peak amplitude of the processed phrenic signal were found for all dogs. The rate of rise of the processed phrenic signal usually changed in the direction of the change in respirator gain, suggesting the presence of vagal positive feedback during eupnoeic breathing. After vagotomy, all responses were absent in the \"bypass\" group and small in the \"non-bypass\" group. These experiments quantitate the role of pulmonary vagal afferent discharge, in phase with inspiration, in the regulation of phrenic motoneurone output in a closed-loop situation.", "contents": "The effect of varying tidal volume on the associated phrenic motoneurone output:studies of vagal and chemical feedback. Two groups of dogs were anaesthetised, paralysed and artificially ventilated using a respirator driven by the phrenic motoneurone output, electrically processed to resemble transpulmonary pressure. In one group, blood gases were maintained constant with closed-chest cardiopulmonary bypass; the second group were studied without \"bypass\". Therefore it was possible to determine the relative contributions of vagal and chemial feedback to the effect of altering the depth of an inspiration on the associated phrenic motoneurone output. Mono-exponential regressions between change of respirator gain and changes in both inspiratory time and peak amplitude of the processed phrenic signal were found for all dogs. The rate of rise of the processed phrenic signal usually changed in the direction of the change in respirator gain, suggesting the presence of vagal positive feedback during eupnoeic breathing. After vagotomy, all responses were absent in the \"bypass\" group and small in the \"non-bypass\" group. These experiments quantitate the role of pulmonary vagal afferent discharge, in phase with inspiration, in the regulation of phrenic motoneurone output in a closed-loop situation.", "PMID": 1060148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3174", "title": "[Isomorphism of primary and secondary tumors of bone in radiographs (author's transl)].", "content": "The fact that primary and secondary tumors of bone may present identical appearances (isomorphism) in radiographs is due to the unspecific reaction to different diseases of bony tissue. Radiographic differential diagnosis has narrow limits. Interpretation must take account of localization and age of the patient. Two cases of osteoplastic metastases in long bones are described which look very much like osteogenic sarcoma. Some 20 observations of this kind have been collected from the literature. The factors causing primary and reactive proliferation of bone are analyzed in detail.", "contents": "[Isomorphism of primary and secondary tumors of bone in radiographs (author's transl)]. The fact that primary and secondary tumors of bone may present identical appearances (isomorphism) in radiographs is due to the unspecific reaction to different diseases of bony tissue. Radiographic differential diagnosis has narrow limits. Interpretation must take account of localization and age of the patient. Two cases of osteoplastic metastases in long bones are described which look very much like osteogenic sarcoma. Some 20 observations of this kind have been collected from the literature. The factors causing primary and reactive proliferation of bone are analyzed in detail.", "PMID": 1060158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3175", "title": "Periodontal status of neighboring teeth after orthodontic closure of mandibular extraction sites.", "content": "The gingival health, pocket depth and loss of fiber attachment of the mandibular first molars and first premolars were studied by clinical and radiographic methods after the embedded second premolar had been surgically removed on one side and extracted after eruption on the other, and the spaces had been closed orthodontically. Twenty-nine children participated in the study. Their mean age at the time of tooth removal was 11 years 3 months. The mean duration of the treatment was 20 months, and the children were examined 1 1/2 to 2 years after removal of the bands. The gingival status was generally similar on both sides. Some constriction of the alveolar process was observed in more than half the cases, both after extraction and after surgical removal. The loss of attachment on the buccal and lingual surfaces was approximately the same in both groups, whereas the radiographic distance from the cementoenamel junction to the bone margin on the proximal surfaces adjacent to the removed tooth was somewhat greater after extraction than after surgical removal.", "contents": "Periodontal status of neighboring teeth after orthodontic closure of mandibular extraction sites. The gingival health, pocket depth and loss of fiber attachment of the mandibular first molars and first premolars were studied by clinical and radiographic methods after the embedded second premolar had been surgically removed on one side and extracted after eruption on the other, and the spaces had been closed orthodontically. Twenty-nine children participated in the study. Their mean age at the time of tooth removal was 11 years 3 months. The mean duration of the treatment was 20 months, and the children were examined 1 1/2 to 2 years after removal of the bands. The gingival status was generally similar on both sides. Some constriction of the alveolar process was observed in more than half the cases, both after extraction and after surgical removal. The loss of attachment on the buccal and lingual surfaces was approximately the same in both groups, whereas the radiographic distance from the cementoenamel junction to the bone margin on the proximal surfaces adjacent to the removed tooth was somewhat greater after extraction than after surgical removal.", "PMID": 1060159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3176", "title": "Caries frequency in children with controlled diabetes.", "content": "The frequency of caries was assessed in 33 diabetic children in whom the diabetes required insulin and dietary restriction and had been diagnosed before eruption of the permanent teeth. The frequency of caries and the number of erupted teeth were obtained from the dental records of the school dental service. Age- and sex-matched non-diabetic classmates served as controls. The mean number of DFS at the last dental examination of the diabetic children was 13.4, compared with 20.5 in the controls. The difference was largest in 12- to 14-year-old children, particularly in the premolar region, where the mean number of carious and filled surfaces in the diabetics was 2.6 compared with 5.9 in the controls. In all age groups, proximal carious lesions were less common in the diabetics than in the controls. No notable difference was found between the mean number of erupted teeth in the diabetics and that of the controls, except among the 12- to 14-year-old children. In that age group the diabetics had, on the average, 6.0 erupted premolars compared with 7.3 in the controls and 2.7 erupted permanent second molars compared with 3.5 in the controls. The results indicate that the dietary restriction observed by the diabetics had a favorable effect in promoting a lower caries frequency on all groups of teeth and on most tooth surfaces.", "contents": "Caries frequency in children with controlled diabetes. The frequency of caries was assessed in 33 diabetic children in whom the diabetes required insulin and dietary restriction and had been diagnosed before eruption of the permanent teeth. The frequency of caries and the number of erupted teeth were obtained from the dental records of the school dental service. Age- and sex-matched non-diabetic classmates served as controls. The mean number of DFS at the last dental examination of the diabetic children was 13.4, compared with 20.5 in the controls. The difference was largest in 12- to 14-year-old children, particularly in the premolar region, where the mean number of carious and filled surfaces in the diabetics was 2.6 compared with 5.9 in the controls. In all age groups, proximal carious lesions were less common in the diabetics than in the controls. No notable difference was found between the mean number of erupted teeth in the diabetics and that of the controls, except among the 12- to 14-year-old children. In that age group the diabetics had, on the average, 6.0 erupted premolars compared with 7.3 in the controls and 2.7 erupted permanent second molars compared with 3.5 in the controls. The results indicate that the dietary restriction observed by the diabetics had a favorable effect in promoting a lower caries frequency on all groups of teeth and on most tooth surfaces.", "PMID": 1060160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3177", "title": "The stoichiometric solubility of calcium orthophosphates.", "content": "On the assumption that the calcium orthophosphates dissolve stoichiometrically, the solubility of Hap, Fap, DCPD, OCP and TCP, as well as of CaCO3 and CaF2, have been calculated in terms of grams of solid phase per liter under equilibrium conditions. As exemplified in the text, these calculated solubilities facilitate the understanding of the complex behavior of the orthophosphates when in solution.", "contents": "The stoichiometric solubility of calcium orthophosphates. On the assumption that the calcium orthophosphates dissolve stoichiometrically, the solubility of Hap, Fap, DCPD, OCP and TCP, as well as of CaCO3 and CaF2, have been calculated in terms of grams of solid phase per liter under equilibrium conditions. As exemplified in the text, these calculated solubilities facilitate the understanding of the complex behavior of the orthophosphates when in solution.", "PMID": 1060161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3178", "title": "Repair characteristics of root fractures in permanent anterior teeth.", "content": "A follow-up study was made of repaired root fractures in 51 permanent anterior teeth, with a mean observation period of 6 years. The material was subdivided into three repair types (Figs. 1-3): Type 1 - invisible or hardly discernible fracture line (15 teeth), Type 2 - fragments separated by a narrow radiolucent line and peripheral rounding of the fracture edges (33 teeth), and Type 3 - fragments separated by a distinct bony bridge (3 teeth). The majority of repaired teeth gave a normal or slightly decreased response to electric pulp tests and the mobility was physiologic or slightly increased. Reduced transparency or slight yellowish discoloration was observed in 14 teeth. The most conspicuous radiographic finding was pulp obliteration which occurred in 86%. Two different patterns were observed: (1) partial obliteration located in the apical fragments and the fracture area, and extending 0.5-4 mm into the coronal fragment, and (2) progressive obliteration of the entire pulp cavity ending with almost total obliteration. Pulp necrosis did not develop as a sequel to progressive obliteration in any case. Several different characteristics of the fracture influenced the repair pattern, the most important being the degree of fragment dislocation and mobility, stage of root development and localization of the fracture. Correlation between type of repair and various treatment procedures was observed only with regard to reduction.", "contents": "Repair characteristics of root fractures in permanent anterior teeth. A follow-up study was made of repaired root fractures in 51 permanent anterior teeth, with a mean observation period of 6 years. The material was subdivided into three repair types (Figs. 1-3): Type 1 - invisible or hardly discernible fracture line (15 teeth), Type 2 - fragments separated by a narrow radiolucent line and peripheral rounding of the fracture edges (33 teeth), and Type 3 - fragments separated by a distinct bony bridge (3 teeth). The majority of repaired teeth gave a normal or slightly decreased response to electric pulp tests and the mobility was physiologic or slightly increased. Reduced transparency or slight yellowish discoloration was observed in 14 teeth. The most conspicuous radiographic finding was pulp obliteration which occurred in 86%. Two different patterns were observed: (1) partial obliteration located in the apical fragments and the fracture area, and extending 0.5-4 mm into the coronal fragment, and (2) progressive obliteration of the entire pulp cavity ending with almost total obliteration. Pulp necrosis did not develop as a sequel to progressive obliteration in any case. Several different characteristics of the fracture influenced the repair pattern, the most important being the degree of fragment dislocation and mobility, stage of root development and localization of the fracture. Correlation between type of repair and various treatment procedures was observed only with regard to reduction.", "PMID": 1060162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3179", "title": "Creep of dental amalgam as a function of heat treatment.", "content": "The creep of dental amalgam was measured as a function of heat treatment of the amalgam. The treatment significantly reduced the creep rate. The beta 1 (Ag-Hg) phase was detected in the heat-treated amalgam by X-ray diffraction and metallographic methods, and it appeared that the reduction in creep rate was due to the gamma 1 leads to beta 1 transformation.", "contents": "Creep of dental amalgam as a function of heat treatment. The creep of dental amalgam was measured as a function of heat treatment of the amalgam. The treatment significantly reduced the creep rate. The beta 1 (Ag-Hg) phase was detected in the heat-treated amalgam by X-ray diffraction and metallographic methods, and it appeared that the reduction in creep rate was due to the gamma 1 leads to beta 1 transformation.", "PMID": 1060163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3180", "title": "Monosomy 7 in two adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Two patients with acute myeloblastic leujaemia were found to have a population of bone marrow cells with C-group monosomy. Using the Quinacrine Mustard fluorescence technique the lacking chromosome was in both patients identified as a number 7. Both patients entered a complete remission. Monosomy 7 may indicate a separate entity of acute myeloblastic leukaemia associated with a comparatively favourable prognosis.", "contents": "Monosomy 7 in two adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Two patients with acute myeloblastic leujaemia were found to have a population of bone marrow cells with C-group monosomy. Using the Quinacrine Mustard fluorescence technique the lacking chromosome was in both patients identified as a number 7. Both patients entered a complete remission. Monosomy 7 may indicate a separate entity of acute myeloblastic leukaemia associated with a comparatively favourable prognosis.", "PMID": 1060173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3181", "title": "Chromosome banding studies in acute leukaemia at diagnosis.", "content": "Cytogenetic study by a chromosome banding technique has been attempted in 93 cases of acute leukaemia at diagnosis. Banding patterns were difficult to visualise in the bone-marrow chromosomes of patients with acute leukaemia because of the fuzzy appearance of the fixed metaphases. The proportion of patients with abnormal chromosomes was higher in acute lymphoblastic (ALL) than in acute myeloid (AML) leukaemia. Abnormalities were present in all cases of other cytological types. Hyperdiploidy was the most commonly found numerical error in both ALL and AML but a larger proportion of patients with ALL had hyperdiploidy in more than 30% of the cells. In ALL it was generally found that the higher the frequency of hyperdiploidy the greater was the number of chromosomes per cell. Hypodiploidy not attributable to random losses was found in only 6 patients. Clones identified by rearranged or marker chromosomes were found in all types of leukaemia. Clones marked by a 7q-chromosome, in which the break point was the same, were identified in 1 adult with ALL and 2 children with AML. The high frequency of randomly disturbed chromosomal breakage found in the bone-marrow chromosomes of a high proportion of the patients may be related to the disease process.", "contents": "Chromosome banding studies in acute leukaemia at diagnosis. Cytogenetic study by a chromosome banding technique has been attempted in 93 cases of acute leukaemia at diagnosis. Banding patterns were difficult to visualise in the bone-marrow chromosomes of patients with acute leukaemia because of the fuzzy appearance of the fixed metaphases. The proportion of patients with abnormal chromosomes was higher in acute lymphoblastic (ALL) than in acute myeloid (AML) leukaemia. Abnormalities were present in all cases of other cytological types. Hyperdiploidy was the most commonly found numerical error in both ALL and AML but a larger proportion of patients with ALL had hyperdiploidy in more than 30% of the cells. In ALL it was generally found that the higher the frequency of hyperdiploidy the greater was the number of chromosomes per cell. Hypodiploidy not attributable to random losses was found in only 6 patients. Clones identified by rearranged or marker chromosomes were found in all types of leukaemia. Clones marked by a 7q-chromosome, in which the break point was the same, were identified in 1 adult with ALL and 2 children with AML. The high frequency of randomly disturbed chromosomal breakage found in the bone-marrow chromosomes of a high proportion of the patients may be related to the disease process.", "PMID": 1060174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3182", "title": "Megakaryocyte quantifications in relation to thrombokinetics in primary thrombocythaemia and allied diseases.", "content": "Megakaryocyte morphology was studied quantitatively in primary thrombocythaemia (PT) and in chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). The relation of thrombokinetics to megakaryocyte quantifications was evaluated in PT and compared to previously obtained results in polycythaemia vera (PV) and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Megakaryocyte area, number and volume per mul bone marrow were significantly higher in PT as compared to controls. The nuclear lobe number was significantly increased and the megakaryocytes were shifted towards more mature forms, suggesting a prolonged megakaryocyte generation time. In CML the megakaryocyte number and volume per mul bone marrow were also significantly above normal, but the megakaryocyte area, number of lobes and degree of megakaryocytic maturation were significantly below normal. Platelet production was in PT 6.2 times normal and proportional to the increase in megakaryocyte volume which was 6.8 times normal. In PV with major splenomegaly the mean platelet production rate was higher (9.5 times normal) although their peripheral platelet count was lower than in PT. This discrepancy is explained by the greatly enlarged splenic platelet pool in the PV patients. In ITP the mean platelet production rate was 2.2 to 3 times normal and was significantly lower than in PT and PV.", "contents": "Megakaryocyte quantifications in relation to thrombokinetics in primary thrombocythaemia and allied diseases. Megakaryocyte morphology was studied quantitatively in primary thrombocythaemia (PT) and in chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). The relation of thrombokinetics to megakaryocyte quantifications was evaluated in PT and compared to previously obtained results in polycythaemia vera (PV) and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Megakaryocyte area, number and volume per mul bone marrow were significantly higher in PT as compared to controls. The nuclear lobe number was significantly increased and the megakaryocytes were shifted towards more mature forms, suggesting a prolonged megakaryocyte generation time. In CML the megakaryocyte number and volume per mul bone marrow were also significantly above normal, but the megakaryocyte area, number of lobes and degree of megakaryocytic maturation were significantly below normal. Platelet production was in PT 6.2 times normal and proportional to the increase in megakaryocyte volume which was 6.8 times normal. In PV with major splenomegaly the mean platelet production rate was higher (9.5 times normal) although their peripheral platelet count was lower than in PT. This discrepancy is explained by the greatly enlarged splenic platelet pool in the PV patients. In ITP the mean platelet production rate was 2.2 to 3 times normal and was significantly lower than in PT and PV.", "PMID": 1060175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3183", "title": "Molecular vehicle properties of the broad host range plasmid RK2.", "content": "The pladmid RK2 is stably maintained in a broad range of gram-negative bacteria. The RK2 DNA has a single Eco RI restriction site. The insertion of a DNA fragment into this site does not interfere with either plasmid maintenance or self-transmissibility. Because RK2 has a broad host range, it should be useful for the construction in vitro of hybrid plasmid molecules capable of being established by conjugal transfer or transformation into many genera of gram-negative organisms.", "contents": "Molecular vehicle properties of the broad host range plasmid RK2. The pladmid RK2 is stably maintained in a broad range of gram-negative bacteria. The RK2 DNA has a single Eco RI restriction site. The insertion of a DNA fragment into this site does not interfere with either plasmid maintenance or self-transmissibility. Because RK2 has a broad host range, it should be useful for the construction in vitro of hybrid plasmid molecules capable of being established by conjugal transfer or transformation into many genera of gram-negative organisms.", "PMID": 1060178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3184", "title": "Leukaemoid reaction and disseminated tuberculosis. A case report.", "content": "Four cases of leukaemoid reactions to tuberculosis, notwithstanding the presence of Auer's rods in the myeloblasts, have previously been reported. A fifth case of disseminated tuberculosis in which Auer's rods were similarly observed, is described. However, we believe that this association does not mean that Auer's rods occur as part of a leukaemoid response, but rather that it indicates the simultaneous presence of acute leukaemia and tuberculosis.", "contents": "Leukaemoid reaction and disseminated tuberculosis. A case report. Four cases of leukaemoid reactions to tuberculosis, notwithstanding the presence of Auer's rods in the myeloblasts, have previously been reported. A fifth case of disseminated tuberculosis in which Auer's rods were similarly observed, is described. However, we believe that this association does not mean that Auer's rods occur as part of a leukaemoid response, but rather that it indicates the simultaneous presence of acute leukaemia and tuberculosis.", "PMID": 1060180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3185", "title": "[In vitro studies on the caries reducing effect of glycerophosphate. 2. Studies with dentin of human teeth].", "content": "In vitro experiments on the reduction of the solubility of human dentine in decinormal lactic acid have shown that, under the experimental conditions chosen, disodium beta-glycerophosphate was less efficient than sodium fluoride alone or in combination with ammonium metavanadate and/or ammonium molybdate.", "contents": "[In vitro studies on the caries reducing effect of glycerophosphate. 2. Studies with dentin of human teeth]. In vitro experiments on the reduction of the solubility of human dentine in decinormal lactic acid have shown that, under the experimental conditions chosen, disodium beta-glycerophosphate was less efficient than sodium fluoride alone or in combination with ammonium metavanadate and/or ammonium molybdate.", "PMID": 1060192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3186", "title": "[Morpho-histology of the maxilla in cleft palate].", "content": "The author's morphohistological study on 5 maxilla specimens without clefts from neonates and on 1 specimen with a median cleft of the palate was designed to detect possible differences which might be of importance to the anatomical and functional rehabilitation of the cleft patient. The results obtained permit to draw the following conclusions: 1. The changes confirmed in the structures of the hard and soft tissues exert, in themselves, no unfavourable effects on the surgical closure of the cleft palate if the date of operation and the operating method are chosen with regard to the general primary underdevelopment of the cleft maxilla. 2. An anatomically correct \"reconstruction\" of the musculature of the soft palate cannot be expected from the closure of the cleft. By avoiding extended scars, it is possible to inhibit further negative effects on from and function. 3. The functionally \"inferior\" musculature in the region of the soft palate needs intensive postoperative activation to achieve the closure of the nasopharynx which is necessary for undisturbed speech.", "contents": "[Morpho-histology of the maxilla in cleft palate]. The author's morphohistological study on 5 maxilla specimens without clefts from neonates and on 1 specimen with a median cleft of the palate was designed to detect possible differences which might be of importance to the anatomical and functional rehabilitation of the cleft patient. The results obtained permit to draw the following conclusions: 1. The changes confirmed in the structures of the hard and soft tissues exert, in themselves, no unfavourable effects on the surgical closure of the cleft palate if the date of operation and the operating method are chosen with regard to the general primary underdevelopment of the cleft maxilla. 2. An anatomically correct \"reconstruction\" of the musculature of the soft palate cannot be expected from the closure of the cleft. By avoiding extended scars, it is possible to inhibit further negative effects on from and function. 3. The functionally \"inferior\" musculature in the region of the soft palate needs intensive postoperative activation to achieve the closure of the nasopharynx which is necessary for undisturbed speech.", "PMID": 1060193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3187", "title": "[The surgical treatment of mandibular fractures].", "content": "In certain cases, open reduction of the fragments is absolutely necessary in mandibular fracture treatment. According to an evaluation of the relevant literautre and to the author's studies, plate osteosynthesis ensures functional stability. For the treatment of certain mandibular fractures the author composed a set for plate osteosynthesis. The use of this set in the management of mandibular fractures and in osteoplastic interventions is illustrated by two casuistic contributions.", "contents": "[The surgical treatment of mandibular fractures]. In certain cases, open reduction of the fragments is absolutely necessary in mandibular fracture treatment. According to an evaluation of the relevant literautre and to the author's studies, plate osteosynthesis ensures functional stability. For the treatment of certain mandibular fractures the author composed a set for plate osteosynthesis. The use of this set in the management of mandibular fractures and in osteoplastic interventions is illustrated by two casuistic contributions.", "PMID": 1060194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3188", "title": "[Lipomas in the head and neck region].", "content": "According to the present state of knowledge, lipomas must be classified as rare benign tumours of the fatty tissue with low quality of dignity. Apart from their pathogenesis, the present paper discusses their histology as well as their clinical picture and therapy, evaluating the patients who had passed through the Outpatients' Department of the Rostock University Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology between 1959 and 1974. Of 267 patients with benign tumors only 15 (9 men, 6 women) had lipomas in the cephalocervical region. The mean age at treatment beginning was 44.4 years. Only 8 patients had been referred with the provisional diagnosis of lipoma; the remaining patients, with the diagnosis of \"questionable tumour\", \"fibroma\", \"lymphoma\", \"cervical cyst\" and \"submental dermoid\".", "contents": "[Lipomas in the head and neck region]. According to the present state of knowledge, lipomas must be classified as rare benign tumours of the fatty tissue with low quality of dignity. Apart from their pathogenesis, the present paper discusses their histology as well as their clinical picture and therapy, evaluating the patients who had passed through the Outpatients' Department of the Rostock University Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology between 1959 and 1974. Of 267 patients with benign tumors only 15 (9 men, 6 women) had lipomas in the cephalocervical region. The mean age at treatment beginning was 44.4 years. Only 8 patients had been referred with the provisional diagnosis of lipoma; the remaining patients, with the diagnosis of \"questionable tumour\", \"fibroma\", \"lymphoma\", \"cervical cyst\" and \"submental dermoid\".", "PMID": 1060195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3189", "title": "[The interesting case. 6-year follow-up of a patient with atypical root length of various teeth].", "content": "Six-year observations of a female patient (13 years of age at treatment beginning) in whom the roots of certain teeth were extremely short (the causes of which being unknown) revealed no changes in the degree of resorption and so further root resorptions. The growth of the roots of these teeth (which had not fully developed at treatment beginning) progressed without disturbances. The author is of opinion that these atypical root lengths are sequelae of a temporary disturbance of the process of growth, the causes of which are unknown.", "contents": "[The interesting case. 6-year follow-up of a patient with atypical root length of various teeth]. Six-year observations of a female patient (13 years of age at treatment beginning) in whom the roots of certain teeth were extremely short (the causes of which being unknown) revealed no changes in the degree of resorption and so further root resorptions. The growth of the roots of these teeth (which had not fully developed at treatment beginning) progressed without disturbances. The author is of opinion that these atypical root lengths are sequelae of a temporary disturbance of the process of growth, the causes of which are unknown.", "PMID": 1060196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3190", "title": "[The use of modern documentation methods in dental offices, an analysis of the literature].", "content": "The aim of the present paper was to assess, on the basis of an analysis of the relevant modern, national and international literature as available in the GDR, the present state of the introduction of data processing to stomatology and to deduce recommendations for further lines of work.", "contents": "[The use of modern documentation methods in dental offices, an analysis of the literature]. The aim of the present paper was to assess, on the basis of an analysis of the relevant modern, national and international literature as available in the GDR, the present state of the introduction of data processing to stomatology and to deduce recommendations for further lines of work.", "PMID": 1060197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3191", "title": "[The possibility to test stereognosis in the juvenile mouth].", "content": "The stereognostic capacity of the mouth was studied in 6 groups of 10 children each, the respective age ranges being 3.5-4, 4-4.5, 4.5-5, 5-5.5, 5.5-6 and 6.5 years. This capacity is fully developed only if the 5th year of life is reached. The stereognostic performance of the mouth which is attained at this age seems (according to data from the literature) to remain unchanged until the age of 40 years.", "contents": "[The possibility to test stereognosis in the juvenile mouth]. The stereognostic capacity of the mouth was studied in 6 groups of 10 children each, the respective age ranges being 3.5-4, 4-4.5, 4.5-5, 5-5.5, 5.5-6 and 6.5 years. This capacity is fully developed only if the 5th year of life is reached. The stereognostic performance of the mouth which is attained at this age seems (according to data from the literature) to remain unchanged until the age of 40 years.", "PMID": 1060198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3192", "title": "[The radiation protection shield--a useful radiation protective device for stomatological routine radiodiagnosis].", "content": "Starting from the shortcomings of the radioprotective devices at present used in routine stomatological radiodiagnosis, the authors describe the advantages of a radioprotective shield which has been produced in the Greifswald University Stomatological Clinic. On the basis of dosimetric studies, the State Board for Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection of the GDR (Staatliches Amt fur Atomsicherheit und Strahlenschutz der DDR) could demonstrate the suitability of this shield as a radioprotective device for routine stomatological radiodiagnosis.", "contents": "[The radiation protection shield--a useful radiation protective device for stomatological routine radiodiagnosis]. Starting from the shortcomings of the radioprotective devices at present used in routine stomatological radiodiagnosis, the authors describe the advantages of a radioprotective shield which has been produced in the Greifswald University Stomatological Clinic. On the basis of dosimetric studies, the State Board for Nuclear Safety and Radiological Protection of the GDR (Staatliches Amt fur Atomsicherheit und Strahlenschutz der DDR) could demonstrate the suitability of this shield as a radioprotective device for routine stomatological radiodiagnosis.", "PMID": 1060199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3193", "title": "[In-vitro studies on the caries-reducing effect of glycerophosphate. 1. Studies on whole human teeth].", "content": "In vitro experiments have shown that the solubility of human enamel in decinormal solutions of malic, lactic, tartaric and citric acid was in most cases reduced by treatment with a 2.5% aqueous solution of disodium beta-glycerophosphate.", "contents": "[In-vitro studies on the caries-reducing effect of glycerophosphate. 1. Studies on whole human teeth]. In vitro experiments have shown that the solubility of human enamel in decinormal solutions of malic, lactic, tartaric and citric acid was in most cases reduced by treatment with a 2.5% aqueous solution of disodium beta-glycerophosphate.", "PMID": 1060200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3194", "title": "[The behavior of unspecific acid phosphatase in the human gingiva before and after the effect of aminofluorides].", "content": "The authors determined the activity of the unspecific acid phosphatase in dental papillae excised from healthy subjects and individuals afflicted with periodontitis before and after the action of Elmex fluid. Clinically and histologically, the authors observed a regression of the inflammation. The possible causes are discussed. The total activity of acid phosphatase in the interdental papilla showed no significant changes, but the various tissue layers behaved differently. No permanent lesion will result from the wetting of the papillary and marginal gingiva which occurs during topical application of Elmex fluid to the surfaces of teeth.", "contents": "[The behavior of unspecific acid phosphatase in the human gingiva before and after the effect of aminofluorides]. The authors determined the activity of the unspecific acid phosphatase in dental papillae excised from healthy subjects and individuals afflicted with periodontitis before and after the action of Elmex fluid. Clinically and histologically, the authors observed a regression of the inflammation. The possible causes are discussed. The total activity of acid phosphatase in the interdental papilla showed no significant changes, but the various tissue layers behaved differently. No permanent lesion will result from the wetting of the papillary and marginal gingiva which occurs during topical application of Elmex fluid to the surfaces of teeth.", "PMID": 1060201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3195", "title": "[Experience with surgical deepening of the oral vestibulum in the mandible].", "content": "The present paper deals with the deepening of the oral vestibule in 25 patients by means of a technique indicated by Edlan. The results obtained are compared with those achieved with the method of Clark.", "contents": "[Experience with surgical deepening of the oral vestibulum in the mandible]. The present paper deals with the deepening of the oral vestibule in 25 patients by means of a technique indicated by Edlan. The results obtained are compared with those achieved with the method of Clark.", "PMID": 1060202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3196", "title": "[The flat vestibulum. Problems, indications for surgery, modification of vestibuloplasty and evaluation of success].", "content": "Among the aetiological factors of periodontal disease, the shallow vestibule plays a rather important role. The deviations from normal architecture may be subdivided into several forms. Surgical intervention is indicated in case of functional trouble which already exists if the blood supply is reduced by loading. A discussion of various operating techniques is followed by the description of a modification of the method of Edlan and Mejachar that has been used in more than 1000 cases up to now. The objectice evaluation of the results achieved justifies the recommendation of this technique.", "contents": "[The flat vestibulum. Problems, indications for surgery, modification of vestibuloplasty and evaluation of success]. Among the aetiological factors of periodontal disease, the shallow vestibule plays a rather important role. The deviations from normal architecture may be subdivided into several forms. Surgical intervention is indicated in case of functional trouble which already exists if the blood supply is reduced by loading. A discussion of various operating techniques is followed by the description of a modification of the method of Edlan and Mejachar that has been used in more than 1000 cases up to now. The objectice evaluation of the results achieved justifies the recommendation of this technique.", "PMID": 1060203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3197", "title": "[The condition of the 2d milk molars and the 6 year molars in a Copenhagen suburban community].", "content": "The increase in fillings, i. e. in caries, of the second deciduous and first permanent molars was recorded for a period of 18 months, using the dmfs/DMFS index, in 117 children, aged from 7 to 9 years, of the Copenhagen suburb of Br\u00f8ndby. According to the findings concerning the second deciduous molars, the children were subdivided into three groups of caries incidence. The three groups differed but little in caries progression, which may be explained by the fact that the school dental service ensures the regular treatment of the children and achieves fairly stable results.", "contents": "[The condition of the 2d milk molars and the 6 year molars in a Copenhagen suburban community]. The increase in fillings, i. e. in caries, of the second deciduous and first permanent molars was recorded for a period of 18 months, using the dmfs/DMFS index, in 117 children, aged from 7 to 9 years, of the Copenhagen suburb of Br\u00f8ndby. According to the findings concerning the second deciduous molars, the children were subdivided into three groups of caries incidence. The three groups differed but little in caries progression, which may be explained by the fact that the school dental service ensures the regular treatment of the children and achieves fairly stable results.", "PMID": 1060204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3198", "title": "[The narrowing of the support area by premature tooth loss and caries in various abnormal alignments].", "content": "On the basis of the findings from 1470 patients referred for orthodontic treatment, the authors analyse, for various types of anomalies, the sequelae of untreated proximal caries and premature extractions in the supporting areas of the upper and the lower jaw. The results obtained indicate that the premature loss of deciduous teeth causes, in case of malalignment associated with lack of space, secondary alterations.", "contents": "[The narrowing of the support area by premature tooth loss and caries in various abnormal alignments]. On the basis of the findings from 1470 patients referred for orthodontic treatment, the authors analyse, for various types of anomalies, the sequelae of untreated proximal caries and premature extractions in the supporting areas of the upper and the lower jaw. The results obtained indicate that the premature loss of deciduous teeth causes, in case of malalignment associated with lack of space, secondary alterations.", "PMID": 1060205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3199", "title": "[Self evaluation and objective dental findings].", "content": "In the course of a stomatological study, 354 students were asked for a self-assessment of their dental and oral hygiene and of their dental state. The results obtained were compared with those from an objective evaluation of the dental and oral hygiene and of the dental state of these individuals. Furthermore, the authors made inquiries about oral hygiene habits and knowledge of health, using anonymous questionnaires, 352 of which could be evaluated. Owing to the considerable overestimation of their dental and oral hygiene and of their dental state by the students, there was a great discrepancy from the objective findings, which existed also between the actual knowledge of health and its regular and deliberate application.", "contents": "[Self evaluation and objective dental findings]. In the course of a stomatological study, 354 students were asked for a self-assessment of their dental and oral hygiene and of their dental state. The results obtained were compared with those from an objective evaluation of the dental and oral hygiene and of the dental state of these individuals. Furthermore, the authors made inquiries about oral hygiene habits and knowledge of health, using anonymous questionnaires, 352 of which could be evaluated. Owing to the considerable overestimation of their dental and oral hygiene and of their dental state by the students, there was a great discrepancy from the objective findings, which existed also between the actual knowledge of health and its regular and deliberate application.", "PMID": 1060206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3200", "title": "[The medical-dental specialist regulation and the educational program for \"Specialist for dental surgery\"].", "content": "The Central Professional Committee for Oral Surgery provides the instructors and the dentists specializing in oral surgery with an interpretation of the regulations for the diploma of specialist physician/specialist dentist of May 23, 1974, and of the educational program. Advice and recommendations are given for the fulfilment of the training program and for the course and methods of the training for a dental speciality.", "contents": "[The medical-dental specialist regulation and the educational program for \"Specialist for dental surgery\"]. The Central Professional Committee for Oral Surgery provides the instructors and the dentists specializing in oral surgery with an interpretation of the regulations for the diploma of specialist physician/specialist dentist of May 23, 1974, and of the educational program. Advice and recommendations are given for the fulfilment of the training program and for the course and methods of the training for a dental speciality.", "PMID": 1060207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3201", "title": "Canine osteosarcoma karyotypes from an original tumor, its metastasis, and tumor cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Radiation-induced osteosarcoma, its metastasis, and cells grown in tissue culture were karyotyped. Both hypodiploid and hyperdiploid stem lines were observed. The hypodiploid line contained 45-55 chromosomes with 10-15 abnormal metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes and one subtelocentric marker. The hyperdiploid line contained 90-105 chromosomes with 20-30 abnormal metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes with two subtelocentric markers. Karyotypic analysis can be used to monitor osteosarcomas maintained in tissue culture.", "contents": "Canine osteosarcoma karyotypes from an original tumor, its metastasis, and tumor cells in tissue culture. Radiation-induced osteosarcoma, its metastasis, and cells grown in tissue culture were karyotyped. Both hypodiploid and hyperdiploid stem lines were observed. The hypodiploid line contained 45-55 chromosomes with 10-15 abnormal metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes and one subtelocentric marker. The hyperdiploid line contained 90-105 chromosomes with 20-30 abnormal metacentric and submetacentric chromosomes with two subtelocentric markers. Karyotypic analysis can be used to monitor osteosarcomas maintained in tissue culture.", "PMID": 1060210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3202", "title": "Leukapheresis of a five-year-old girl with chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "A therapeutic leukapheresis of a five-year-old girl with adult-type chronic granulocytic leukemia is described, with techniques for minimizing the effects of hypovolemia. The patient's unduly rapid response to chemotherapy suggested that the procedure had effected a substantial reduction in the leukocyte mass.", "contents": "Leukapheresis of a five-year-old girl with chronic granulocytic leukemia. A therapeutic leukapheresis of a five-year-old girl with adult-type chronic granulocytic leukemia is described, with techniques for minimizing the effects of hypovolemia. The patient's unduly rapid response to chemotherapy suggested that the procedure had effected a substantial reduction in the leukocyte mass.", "PMID": 1060209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3203", "title": "Morphology of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "This work consists in part of volume measurements for the caudate nucleus, putamen and pallidum; and in part of a determination of cell-distribution and cell density in the corpus striatum from 9 paralysis agitans patients and 15 control persons from the Institute of Forensic Medicine. All 24 brains were sectioned on a specially constructed apparatus. For each of the individual sections, the size of the basal ganglia was determined by measurements of the section thickness with a capillary tube and area measurements were made by microscopic projection method combined with planimetric methods. For the first six control brains, the area measurements were also taken using point-counting method. The values thus obtained were used in the basic formula for a truncated cone and the volume of the basal ganglia for the individual hemispheres was calculated. The only exception was a single hemisphere where the volume of the basal ganglia was determined after dissecting out and weighing these structures. The results showed that the volume measurements of the corpus striatum and the pallidum in these two groups of brains were quite similar, when differences due to body height, age, and brain weight were taken into account. The volume of the basal ganglia decreased with age in both groups of brains and increased with brain weight. The shrinkage of the tissue as a consequence of the histological procedures was also determined. The shrinkage from fresh to formalin-fixed condition was determined by comparing the distance between the same two marked points in the fresh and formalin-fixed tissue. The shrinkage from the formalin-fixed condition to the completed histological preparation was determined by comparing the distance between known structural characteristics, as measured on photographs showing the formalin-fixed sections, lying beside a millimeter scale, with the same distance on the histologically treated preparations. The accumulated shrinkage in volume was 47.3%.", "contents": "Morphology of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease. This work consists in part of volume measurements for the caudate nucleus, putamen and pallidum; and in part of a determination of cell-distribution and cell density in the corpus striatum from 9 paralysis agitans patients and 15 control persons from the Institute of Forensic Medicine. All 24 brains were sectioned on a specially constructed apparatus. For each of the individual sections, the size of the basal ganglia was determined by measurements of the section thickness with a capillary tube and area measurements were made by microscopic projection method combined with planimetric methods. For the first six control brains, the area measurements were also taken using point-counting method. The values thus obtained were used in the basic formula for a truncated cone and the volume of the basal ganglia for the individual hemispheres was calculated. The only exception was a single hemisphere where the volume of the basal ganglia was determined after dissecting out and weighing these structures. The results showed that the volume measurements of the corpus striatum and the pallidum in these two groups of brains were quite similar, when differences due to body height, age, and brain weight were taken into account. The volume of the basal ganglia decreased with age in both groups of brains and increased with brain weight. The shrinkage of the tissue as a consequence of the histological procedures was also determined. The shrinkage from fresh to formalin-fixed condition was determined by comparing the distance between the same two marked points in the fresh and formalin-fixed tissue. The shrinkage from the formalin-fixed condition to the completed histological preparation was determined by comparing the distance between known structural characteristics, as measured on photographs showing the formalin-fixed sections, lying beside a millimeter scale, with the same distance on the histologically treated preparations. The accumulated shrinkage in volume was 47.3%.", "PMID": 1060354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3204", "title": "The shape of the amniotic pressure curve before and after paracervical block during labour.", "content": "Paracervical block (PCB) given during labour reduces the uterine activity necessary for cervical dilatation. The aim of the present investigation was to find out whether this effect of PCB changes the form of the amniotic pressure curve. A preliminary investigation showed that the ascending limb of the amniotic pressure curve, A, consists of three phases. The first phase shows an increasing slope and is called the acceleration phase of the ascending limb, Aa; the second phase is rectilinear, Ar. The third phase has a decreasing slope, and is named the deceleration phase, Ad. The descending limb of the amniotic pressure curve, D, was found to have corresponding phases. The initial part has a downward increasing slope and is called the acceleration phase of the descending limb, Da. Then follows a rectilinear phase, Dr and finally a phase with a decreasing slope, the deceleration phase, Dd. The duration of each phase, except Dd, was measured during an observation and a treatment period in 27 patients receiving PCB, and 25 control cases who were given N2O/O2, pethidine, or a combination of both analgesics. The patients were strictly selected and allocated at random to either group. Local analgesia in combination with adrenaline was given at cervical dilatation 3-6 cm; 20 minutes were allowed to elapse from the administration of analgesia until registration of the contraction of the treatment period, to assure an established analgetic effect. PBC shortens Aa and Ad, but prolongs Ar. A + Da + Dr and Ad + Da are shortened while Dr is prolonged after PCB (Table IV). On the presumption that PCB inactivates a part of the lower uterine segment, the changes of Aa, Ar and Ad + Da were predictable. To determine the significance of adrenaline, another series of 21 patients were given PCB, injecting 0.25 per cent bupivacaine without adrenaline added to the solution. The duration of the phases before and after the block was compared. PCB without adrenaline brought about the same changes as it did with adrenaline, but the changes were smaller, only those of Aa, Ar, Dr and Ad + Da being statistically significant. The pressure curves of six patients receiving epidural block were examined using the same method as in the PCB and control groups. The changes typical of PCB did not occur after epidural block. The discovery of the six phases of the amniotic pressure curve, their change after PCB and the results of other investigators make possible a suggestion of the basic physiological processes that influence amniotic pressure during coordinated labour contractions. It is held that the form of the amniotic pressure curve can be explained in terms of contraction, relaxation, and propagation of a contraction and a relaxation wave.", "contents": "The shape of the amniotic pressure curve before and after paracervical block during labour. Paracervical block (PCB) given during labour reduces the uterine activity necessary for cervical dilatation. The aim of the present investigation was to find out whether this effect of PCB changes the form of the amniotic pressure curve. A preliminary investigation showed that the ascending limb of the amniotic pressure curve, A, consists of three phases. The first phase shows an increasing slope and is called the acceleration phase of the ascending limb, Aa; the second phase is rectilinear, Ar. The third phase has a decreasing slope, and is named the deceleration phase, Ad. The descending limb of the amniotic pressure curve, D, was found to have corresponding phases. The initial part has a downward increasing slope and is called the acceleration phase of the descending limb, Da. Then follows a rectilinear phase, Dr and finally a phase with a decreasing slope, the deceleration phase, Dd. The duration of each phase, except Dd, was measured during an observation and a treatment period in 27 patients receiving PCB, and 25 control cases who were given N2O/O2, pethidine, or a combination of both analgesics. The patients were strictly selected and allocated at random to either group. Local analgesia in combination with adrenaline was given at cervical dilatation 3-6 cm; 20 minutes were allowed to elapse from the administration of analgesia until registration of the contraction of the treatment period, to assure an established analgetic effect. PBC shortens Aa and Ad, but prolongs Ar. A + Da + Dr and Ad + Da are shortened while Dr is prolonged after PCB (Table IV). On the presumption that PCB inactivates a part of the lower uterine segment, the changes of Aa, Ar and Ad + Da were predictable. To determine the significance of adrenaline, another series of 21 patients were given PCB, injecting 0.25 per cent bupivacaine without adrenaline added to the solution. The duration of the phases before and after the block was compared. PCB without adrenaline brought about the same changes as it did with adrenaline, but the changes were smaller, only those of Aa, Ar, Dr and Ad + Da being statistically significant. The pressure curves of six patients receiving epidural block were examined using the same method as in the PCB and control groups. The changes typical of PCB did not occur after epidural block. The discovery of the six phases of the amniotic pressure curve, their change after PCB and the results of other investigators make possible a suggestion of the basic physiological processes that influence amniotic pressure during coordinated labour contractions. It is held that the form of the amniotic pressure curve can be explained in terms of contraction, relaxation, and propagation of a contraction and a relaxation wave.", "PMID": 1060356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3205", "title": "Oral treatment of menopausal symptoms with natural oestrogens. Experiences with a new series of oestrogens and oestrogen-gestagen combinations.", "content": "A series of preparations containing 17-beta-oestradiol and oestriol in a proportion of 2 : 1 was studied with respect to their effects and side effects in 352 women in the menopause and postmenopause in a total of 2 101 woman months. In certain of the treated groups it was considered of value to produce regular bleeding, and in these patients the oestrogen therapy was complemented with noretisterone acetate during short periods. Both the subjective and the objective effects of the treatment were excellent. Side effects were rare and the treatment seems to have advantages over other oestrogenic compounds. No signs of disturbance of the liver function were observed. In contrast to the alkyl substituted steroids the natural oestrogens seem to have a normalising effect on the blood lipids.", "contents": "Oral treatment of menopausal symptoms with natural oestrogens. Experiences with a new series of oestrogens and oestrogen-gestagen combinations. A series of preparations containing 17-beta-oestradiol and oestriol in a proportion of 2 : 1 was studied with respect to their effects and side effects in 352 women in the menopause and postmenopause in a total of 2 101 woman months. In certain of the treated groups it was considered of value to produce regular bleeding, and in these patients the oestrogen therapy was complemented with noretisterone acetate during short periods. Both the subjective and the objective effects of the treatment were excellent. Side effects were rare and the treatment seems to have advantages over other oestrogenic compounds. No signs of disturbance of the liver function were observed. In contrast to the alkyl substituted steroids the natural oestrogens seem to have a normalising effect on the blood lipids.", "PMID": 1060357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3206", "title": "Twin pregnancy. The role of active management during pregnancy and delivery.", "content": "In a series of 335 twin patients delivered over 1965-1973, active management was promoted during the pregnancy and delivery. The twin diagnosis was made in the 33.7th gestational week on an average. The diagnosis was made prior to delivery in 83.0 % of the cases, and during 1971-1973 the diagnosis was made before the 32nd week of pregnancy in 40.2 % of the cases. The perinatal mortality (PNM) rates were highly significantly (p less than 0.001) lower, the birthweights of A and B higher (p less than 0.001), and the number of gestational weeks at delivery greater (p less than 0.001) in the group diagnosed during pregnancy than in the group in which the twins were not diagnosed until at delivery. 56.4 % of the patients stayed in hospital for more than 2 days during the pregnancy and 34.9 % for over 10 days. The average period of hospitalization was 11.3 days. The perinatal mortality (PNM) of both the A and the B infants was lowest in the group hospitalized for over 10 days. In the group which had stayed in hospital for over 10 days the mean birthweight of the A infants was higher by 100 g and that of the B infants by 94 g than in the group not hospitalized despite the early diagnosis of twins. The average duration of delivery was 9.3 hours. Active efforts were made to shorten the interval between the births of the two infants, and it was 17.5 minutes on an average. This interval was not, however, related to the PNM rate of the B twins. On the basis of our findings, we wish to emphasize particularly the importance of the early diagnosis of twins.", "contents": "Twin pregnancy. The role of active management during pregnancy and delivery. In a series of 335 twin patients delivered over 1965-1973, active management was promoted during the pregnancy and delivery. The twin diagnosis was made in the 33.7th gestational week on an average. The diagnosis was made prior to delivery in 83.0 % of the cases, and during 1971-1973 the diagnosis was made before the 32nd week of pregnancy in 40.2 % of the cases. The perinatal mortality (PNM) rates were highly significantly (p less than 0.001) lower, the birthweights of A and B higher (p less than 0.001), and the number of gestational weeks at delivery greater (p less than 0.001) in the group diagnosed during pregnancy than in the group in which the twins were not diagnosed until at delivery. 56.4 % of the patients stayed in hospital for more than 2 days during the pregnancy and 34.9 % for over 10 days. The average period of hospitalization was 11.3 days. The perinatal mortality (PNM) of both the A and the B infants was lowest in the group hospitalized for over 10 days. In the group which had stayed in hospital for over 10 days the mean birthweight of the A infants was higher by 100 g and that of the B infants by 94 g than in the group not hospitalized despite the early diagnosis of twins. The average duration of delivery was 9.3 hours. Active efforts were made to shorten the interval between the births of the two infants, and it was 17.5 minutes on an average. This interval was not, however, related to the PNM rate of the B twins. On the basis of our findings, we wish to emphasize particularly the importance of the early diagnosis of twins.", "PMID": 1060358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3207", "title": "Twin pregnancy. Neonatal morbidity and mortality.", "content": "The neonatal morbidity and mortality rate of 335 twin pairs born during the years 1965-1973 was investigated. 649 twins were born alive. 29 % of the twins were preterm. 31 % of the twins were small for date infants, and 41 % weighed less than 2 500 g. Mean birth weight was 2 590 g in A twins and 2 560 g in B twins. The neonatal mortality (0-28 days) was 7.1 %. The most common causes of death were the respiratory distress syndrome, intracranial haemorrhage and anoxia. Low one minute Apgar scores occurred more often in B twins than among A twins. Breech delivery gave low one minute Apgar scores more often than did spontaneous vertex delivery in both twins. Full term twins and infants weighing more than 2 500 g had fewer low one minute Apgar scores than the preterm infants and those with low birth weight. Neonatal disorders were equally common in both twins except the birth asphyxia and/or aspiration syndrome, which were more frequent in the B twins. The respiratory distress syndrome was diagnosed in 8 % of A twins and 12 % of B twins. Hypoglycaemia was recorded for 8 %, and hyperbilirubinaemia exceeding 15 mg % for 7 %. Infections occurred in 6 %. Transfusion syndrome was verified in 7 % and malformations in 6 %. Although mortality in twin pregnancies has declined, neonatal morbidity is very high. Twin pregnancies thus form a high risk group for obstetricians and pediatricians.", "contents": "Twin pregnancy. Neonatal morbidity and mortality. The neonatal morbidity and mortality rate of 335 twin pairs born during the years 1965-1973 was investigated. 649 twins were born alive. 29 % of the twins were preterm. 31 % of the twins were small for date infants, and 41 % weighed less than 2 500 g. Mean birth weight was 2 590 g in A twins and 2 560 g in B twins. The neonatal mortality (0-28 days) was 7.1 %. The most common causes of death were the respiratory distress syndrome, intracranial haemorrhage and anoxia. Low one minute Apgar scores occurred more often in B twins than among A twins. Breech delivery gave low one minute Apgar scores more often than did spontaneous vertex delivery in both twins. Full term twins and infants weighing more than 2 500 g had fewer low one minute Apgar scores than the preterm infants and those with low birth weight. Neonatal disorders were equally common in both twins except the birth asphyxia and/or aspiration syndrome, which were more frequent in the B twins. The respiratory distress syndrome was diagnosed in 8 % of A twins and 12 % of B twins. Hypoglycaemia was recorded for 8 %, and hyperbilirubinaemia exceeding 15 mg % for 7 %. Infections occurred in 6 %. Transfusion syndrome was verified in 7 % and malformations in 6 %. Although mortality in twin pregnancies has declined, neonatal morbidity is very high. Twin pregnancies thus form a high risk group for obstetricians and pediatricians.", "PMID": 1060359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3208", "title": "Twin pregnancy. A clinical study of 335 cases.", "content": "In order to study the complications and therapeutic outcome of twin pregnancies, a retrospective survey was carried out in the University Central Hospital of Oulu. Twin deliveries during 1965-1973 numbered altogether 335, and their relative frequency was 1.7 %. The deliveries took place in the 37.2th gestational week on an average. The mean weights of the infants were 2590 g (A) and 2562 g (B). Perinatal mortality in the total series was 9.3 % (A 9.0 % and B 9.6 %). Pregnancy terminated before the 37th week in 29.2% of the cases. Perinatal mortality in this group was 27.0 %, while the corresponding value in the full-term group was 1.7 %. The perinatal mortality of primigravidas (14.1 %) was about twofold compared with that of the multiparas (7.2 %). Twin pregnancies were complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum, pre-eclampsia, anaemia, pyelonephritis and hepatosis more often than were the single pregnancies. The complications which contributed towards an increase of perinatal mortality included uterine bleeding in early and late pregnancy, hydramnion and superimposed pre-eclampsia. The complications generally associated with twin pregnancies and the increased perinatal mortality involved require that mothers with twin pregnancy, particularly primigravidas, should be subjected to intensified follow-up and treatment.", "contents": "Twin pregnancy. A clinical study of 335 cases. In order to study the complications and therapeutic outcome of twin pregnancies, a retrospective survey was carried out in the University Central Hospital of Oulu. Twin deliveries during 1965-1973 numbered altogether 335, and their relative frequency was 1.7 %. The deliveries took place in the 37.2th gestational week on an average. The mean weights of the infants were 2590 g (A) and 2562 g (B). Perinatal mortality in the total series was 9.3 % (A 9.0 % and B 9.6 %). Pregnancy terminated before the 37th week in 29.2% of the cases. Perinatal mortality in this group was 27.0 %, while the corresponding value in the full-term group was 1.7 %. The perinatal mortality of primigravidas (14.1 %) was about twofold compared with that of the multiparas (7.2 %). Twin pregnancies were complicated by hyperemesis gravidarum, pre-eclampsia, anaemia, pyelonephritis and hepatosis more often than were the single pregnancies. The complications which contributed towards an increase of perinatal mortality included uterine bleeding in early and late pregnancy, hydramnion and superimposed pre-eclampsia. The complications generally associated with twin pregnancies and the increased perinatal mortality involved require that mothers with twin pregnancy, particularly primigravidas, should be subjected to intensified follow-up and treatment.", "PMID": 1060360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3209", "title": "Cochlear action potentials in experimentally induced hypothyroidism in guinea pigs.", "content": "Hypothyroidism was induced in guinea pigs by various methods. Using a new technique, electrodes were permanently implanted and action potentials aroused by different sound stimuli recorded and measured. The results obtained before and during the hypometabolic state were analysed and compared with those obtained after replacement therapy. A tentative attempt was made to extrapolate the changes in pattern and magnitude of the action potentials caused by the experimentally induced hypothyroidism, to the hearing disorders observed in patients with thyroid deficiency.", "contents": "Cochlear action potentials in experimentally induced hypothyroidism in guinea pigs. Hypothyroidism was induced in guinea pigs by various methods. Using a new technique, electrodes were permanently implanted and action potentials aroused by different sound stimuli recorded and measured. The results obtained before and during the hypometabolic state were analysed and compared with those obtained after replacement therapy. A tentative attempt was made to extrapolate the changes in pattern and magnitude of the action potentials caused by the experimentally induced hypothyroidism, to the hearing disorders observed in patients with thyroid deficiency.", "PMID": 1060361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3210", "title": "Type IV glycogenosis - a study of two cases.", "content": "Liver biopsy materials of two siblings with type IV glycogenosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. Biochemical analysis was added using autopsy material in one of the two cases. Two kinds of polysaccharides were noted not only in the cardiac muscle, skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and reticuloendothelial cells, but also in the neutrophils and platelets. One was glycogen and the other was similar to amylopectin. Ultrastructurally, a large amount of fibrils, 60 A in width, glycogen rosettes and glycogen granules were detected in those cells. Branching glycosyltransferase deficiency was biochemically confirmed in one case examined.", "contents": "Type IV glycogenosis - a study of two cases. Liver biopsy materials of two siblings with type IV glycogenosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. Biochemical analysis was added using autopsy material in one of the two cases. Two kinds of polysaccharides were noted not only in the cardiac muscle, skeletal muscles, smooth muscles and reticuloendothelial cells, but also in the neutrophils and platelets. One was glycogen and the other was similar to amylopectin. Ultrastructurally, a large amount of fibrils, 60 A in width, glycogen rosettes and glycogen granules were detected in those cells. Branching glycosyltransferase deficiency was biochemically confirmed in one case examined.", "PMID": 1060362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3211", "title": "Bacitracin production by the neotype; bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580.", "content": "A small but significant bacitracin production has been observed in the neotype Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580. This strain produces bacitracin only during the phase of rapid growth. The bacitracin production ceases before growth is completed, and the relationship between growth and antibiotic production was not influenced by different environmental conditions. The maximum titre produced by the neotype strain was about 1 i.u. bacitracin/ml. This maximum titre was not influenced by the environmental conditions which resulted in a great variability of the maximum titre of the known bacitracin producer Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716. In contrast to B. licheniformis ATCC 10716, the bacitracin production of the neotype B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 was not stimulated by Mn(II)ions. It is suggested that bacitracin may be incidentally overproduced by certain strains grown in certain environments. The controlled bacitracin production by the neotype is not consistent with the definition of secondary metabolites and the hypothesis concerning the function of secondary metabolites after growth of the producer organisms.", "contents": "Bacitracin production by the neotype; bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580. A small but significant bacitracin production has been observed in the neotype Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580. This strain produces bacitracin only during the phase of rapid growth. The bacitracin production ceases before growth is completed, and the relationship between growth and antibiotic production was not influenced by different environmental conditions. The maximum titre produced by the neotype strain was about 1 i.u. bacitracin/ml. This maximum titre was not influenced by the environmental conditions which resulted in a great variability of the maximum titre of the known bacitracin producer Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716. In contrast to B. licheniformis ATCC 10716, the bacitracin production of the neotype B. licheniformis ATCC 14580 was not stimulated by Mn(II)ions. It is suggested that bacitracin may be incidentally overproduced by certain strains grown in certain environments. The controlled bacitracin production by the neotype is not consistent with the definition of secondary metabolites and the hypothesis concerning the function of secondary metabolites after growth of the producer organisms.", "PMID": 1060363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3212", "title": "The serology of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from pigs compared with strains from other animal species.", "content": "The serology of freshly isolated strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica from pigs and some other animal species was studied by the agglutination and agglutinin absorption tests. Differentiation was made between heat stable O-antigens and heat labile K-antigens. All the strains examined contained a common O-antigen (1). In addition, three heat stable antigens were detected. The heat labile antigens of freshly isolated strains were found to be very different. The major antigens 2 and 3 were not found in combination. A common weak K-antigen (1) was found in all strains. The pig strains were found to be serologically identical (0, 1, 2; K 1, 2). The same serotype was isolated from a rabbit. Another rabbit strain was found to be similar to a strain isolated from an SPF-rat (O, 1, 3; K 1, 3, 4). The antigenic pattern found in two cat strains was O 1, 3; K 1, 3. Typing of freshly isolated strains from pigs with monospecific factor sera confirmed that all the strains so far examined were serologically identical. This uniform serology hampers epidemiological studies of porcine bordetellosis by antigenic analysis. The occurrence of serologically different serotypes of B. bronchiseptica is of significance in the diagnostic bacteriology since the final diagnosis must be confirmed by a serological test.", "contents": "The serology of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from pigs compared with strains from other animal species. The serology of freshly isolated strains of Bordetella bronchiseptica from pigs and some other animal species was studied by the agglutination and agglutinin absorption tests. Differentiation was made between heat stable O-antigens and heat labile K-antigens. All the strains examined contained a common O-antigen (1). In addition, three heat stable antigens were detected. The heat labile antigens of freshly isolated strains were found to be very different. The major antigens 2 and 3 were not found in combination. A common weak K-antigen (1) was found in all strains. The pig strains were found to be serologically identical (0, 1, 2; K 1, 2). The same serotype was isolated from a rabbit. Another rabbit strain was found to be similar to a strain isolated from an SPF-rat (O, 1, 3; K 1, 3, 4). The antigenic pattern found in two cat strains was O 1, 3; K 1, 3. Typing of freshly isolated strains from pigs with monospecific factor sera confirmed that all the strains so far examined were serologically identical. This uniform serology hampers epidemiological studies of porcine bordetellosis by antigenic analysis. The occurrence of serologically different serotypes of B. bronchiseptica is of significance in the diagnostic bacteriology since the final diagnosis must be confirmed by a serological test.", "PMID": 1060364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3213", "title": "Recurrent Aeromonas sepsis in a patient with leukemia.", "content": "A case of recurrent sepsis due to Aeromonas hydrophila in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia is reported. The patient's first infection leading to bacteremia followed contamination of a mosquito bite by stagnant water. After recovery from the first bacteremia, the patient again became septic with a second strain of Aeromonas hydrophila, which again responded to antimicrobial therapy. It is hypothesized that contamination of the local water supply may have led to the establishment of a gastrointestinal carrier state that produced the second bout of Aeromonas sepsis when the patient was markedly leukopenic. The importance of the oxidase test to differentiate Aeromonas species from members of the family Enterobacteriaceae is re-emphasized.", "contents": "Recurrent Aeromonas sepsis in a patient with leukemia. A case of recurrent sepsis due to Aeromonas hydrophila in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia is reported. The patient's first infection leading to bacteremia followed contamination of a mosquito bite by stagnant water. After recovery from the first bacteremia, the patient again became septic with a second strain of Aeromonas hydrophila, which again responded to antimicrobial therapy. It is hypothesized that contamination of the local water supply may have led to the establishment of a gastrointestinal carrier state that produced the second bout of Aeromonas sepsis when the patient was markedly leukopenic. The importance of the oxidase test to differentiate Aeromonas species from members of the family Enterobacteriaceae is re-emphasized.", "PMID": 1060378}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3214", "title": "Pulmonary mucormycosis caused by Cunninghamella elegans in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Cunninghamella elegans was cultured from autopsy materials of the infected lung of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The histologic sections revealed extensive growth of nonseptate, broad hyphae in and about the large and small arteries and veins, occluding the vessels. This case is believed to be the second in which human infection by C. elegans has been documented.", "contents": "Pulmonary mucormycosis caused by Cunninghamella elegans in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Cunninghamella elegans was cultured from autopsy materials of the infected lung of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia. The histologic sections revealed extensive growth of nonseptate, broad hyphae in and about the large and small arteries and veins, occluding the vessels. This case is believed to be the second in which human infection by C. elegans has been documented.", "PMID": 1060379}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3215", "title": "Restoration of effective hemopoiesis preceding suppression of leukemic clone in myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "A 63 year old Caucasian woman presented with myeloblastic leukemia and a hyperdiploid C group chromosome change in 10 per cent of marrow metaphases. Treatment iwth cytotoxic agents resulted in an increased percentage (52 per cent) of these hyperdiploid marrow cells. Furthermore, the marrow continued to show leukemic fearures morphologically and in culture. Despite the indications of persistence or progression of the hyperdiploid, putatively leukemic line at cessation of chemotherapy and for a period of time thereafter, remission was achieved and blood and marrow cell numbers one year after cessation of all treatment are normal. The hyperdiploid line is no longer detectable. This case raises questions concerning the mechanism whereby remission is attained in some cases of acute leukemia and is discussed in terms of the restoration of normal hemopoiesis eliminating the leukemic process.", "contents": "Restoration of effective hemopoiesis preceding suppression of leukemic clone in myeloblastic leukemia. A 63 year old Caucasian woman presented with myeloblastic leukemia and a hyperdiploid C group chromosome change in 10 per cent of marrow metaphases. Treatment iwth cytotoxic agents resulted in an increased percentage (52 per cent) of these hyperdiploid marrow cells. Furthermore, the marrow continued to show leukemic fearures morphologically and in culture. Despite the indications of persistence or progression of the hyperdiploid, putatively leukemic line at cessation of chemotherapy and for a period of time thereafter, remission was achieved and blood and marrow cell numbers one year after cessation of all treatment are normal. The hyperdiploid line is no longer detectable. This case raises questions concerning the mechanism whereby remission is attained in some cases of acute leukemia and is discussed in terms of the restoration of normal hemopoiesis eliminating the leukemic process.", "PMID": 1060380}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3216", "title": "Ophthalmologic manifestations of granulocytic sarcoma (myeloid sarcoma or chloroma). The third Pan American Association of Ophthalmology and American Journal of Ophthalmology Lecture.", "content": "The clinicopathologic review of 33 well-documented cases of granulocytic sarcoma on file in the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology confirmed the facts that this tumor is encountered mainly in children, that boys are affected more frequently than girls, and that white Americans appear to be less vulnerable than other ethnic groups. While granulocytic sarcoma is a variant of granulocytic leukemia, the tumor may appear before, after, or concomitantly with hematologic evidence of leukemia. In the present series only four of the 33 patients were already known to have leukemia when they were first seen by an ophthalmologist for their orbital, ocular, or adnexal lessions. The Leder stain has proved extremely helpful in arriving at a definitive histopathologic diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis is important to prevent inappropriate medical or surgical treatment and to indicate the need for vigorous antileukemic chemotherapy. Prognosis at best is poor.", "contents": "Ophthalmologic manifestations of granulocytic sarcoma (myeloid sarcoma or chloroma). The third Pan American Association of Ophthalmology and American Journal of Ophthalmology Lecture. The clinicopathologic review of 33 well-documented cases of granulocytic sarcoma on file in the Registry of Ophthalmic Pathology confirmed the facts that this tumor is encountered mainly in children, that boys are affected more frequently than girls, and that white Americans appear to be less vulnerable than other ethnic groups. While granulocytic sarcoma is a variant of granulocytic leukemia, the tumor may appear before, after, or concomitantly with hematologic evidence of leukemia. In the present series only four of the 33 patients were already known to have leukemia when they were first seen by an ophthalmologist for their orbital, ocular, or adnexal lessions. The Leder stain has proved extremely helpful in arriving at a definitive histopathologic diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis is important to prevent inappropriate medical or surgical treatment and to indicate the need for vigorous antileukemic chemotherapy. Prognosis at best is poor.", "PMID": 1060381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3217", "title": "Craniomaxillary orthopedic correction with en masse dental control.", "content": "Craniomaxillary (high-pull) traction is a well-established part of today's orthodontic armamentarium. It is useful in a wide range of problems involving excessive anterior and/or downward displacement of one or more components of the maxillary complex. Such growth-related problems are most amenable to correction during the active growing period; in fact, optimum improvement is often attainable only during this period. Attachment of these devices by means of cemented orthodontic appliances is limited in some developmental stages by the teeth available for banding. It is limited at all ages by the tolerance of the periodontal ligament of the attachment teeth. In  terms of over-all maxillary change, the locations of the banded teeth further restrict the orientation and application of therapeutic forces. A rigid splint precisely engaging all or part of the upper dentition expands the potential applications of this form of traction in terms of age range, force levels, and force orientation. This is basically an orthopedic applicance with concurrent orthodontic effects. In contrast to the gross destructive effects experienced in early applications of the Milwaukee brace, the application of force with this appliance can be planned to redirect maxillary growth and occlusal relationships from often progressively dysplastic patterns to a more harmonious over-all functional relationship among all facial structures. The resultant interplay of orthopedic and orthodontic effects makes close orthodontic supervision and care essential throughout the treatment and post-treatment periods. This is especially important because some of the orthodontic side effects may be unfavorable. Failure to anticipate and plan for control of these effects could be disastrous. Occasions for its use as the sole therapeutic measure are rare. The nature of treatment with this appliance is such that in most cases it must be used as a discrete stage of a comprehensive treatment plan, either before or after other orthodontic measures or both. It is poorly suited to simultaneous combination with other orthodontic appliances operating on the same teeth. Its value lies in careful coordination with the other phases, using each where and when it will be most effective. The cases reported here illustrate only the changes accomplished during such isolated treatment stages; they do not represent the total orthodontic effort required for these patients.", "contents": "Craniomaxillary orthopedic correction with en masse dental control. Craniomaxillary (high-pull) traction is a well-established part of today's orthodontic armamentarium. It is useful in a wide range of problems involving excessive anterior and/or downward displacement of one or more components of the maxillary complex. Such growth-related problems are most amenable to correction during the active growing period; in fact, optimum improvement is often attainable only during this period. Attachment of these devices by means of cemented orthodontic appliances is limited in some developmental stages by the teeth available for banding. It is limited at all ages by the tolerance of the periodontal ligament of the attachment teeth. In  terms of over-all maxillary change, the locations of the banded teeth further restrict the orientation and application of therapeutic forces. A rigid splint precisely engaging all or part of the upper dentition expands the potential applications of this form of traction in terms of age range, force levels, and force orientation. This is basically an orthopedic applicance with concurrent orthodontic effects. In contrast to the gross destructive effects experienced in early applications of the Milwaukee brace, the application of force with this appliance can be planned to redirect maxillary growth and occlusal relationships from often progressively dysplastic patterns to a more harmonious over-all functional relationship among all facial structures. The resultant interplay of orthopedic and orthodontic effects makes close orthodontic supervision and care essential throughout the treatment and post-treatment periods. This is especially important because some of the orthodontic side effects may be unfavorable. Failure to anticipate and plan for control of these effects could be disastrous. Occasions for its use as the sole therapeutic measure are rare. The nature of treatment with this appliance is such that in most cases it must be used as a discrete stage of a comprehensive treatment plan, either before or after other orthodontic measures or both. It is poorly suited to simultaneous combination with other orthodontic appliances operating on the same teeth. Its value lies in careful coordination with the other phases, using each where and when it will be most effective. The cases reported here illustrate only the changes accomplished during such isolated treatment stages; they do not represent the total orthodontic effort required for these patients.", "PMID": 1060382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3218", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of maxillomandibular dysplasias.", "content": "Skeletal dysplasia of the maxilla and/or mandible is responsible for prognathism or retrognathism. The severity of either condition is in direct proportion to the degree of dysplasia noted within each jaw. Mandibular prognathism is real or apparent. Some of the patients described in this article demonstrate this quite clearly when the jaws are analyzed individually and related to each other. A differential diagnosis is essential to determine whether the abnormality is in the maxilla or the mandible,  or both. When recognized early in the formative years, it permits the orthodontist to employ guidance and full therapy procedures in a treatment plan that is programmed to include surgical procedures specifically for the skeletal aberration to be corrected. The treatment skills of the orthodontist and  his knowledge of growth of the skeletal and dental structures aid in diagnosis and treatment planning in the areas of both orthodontics and surgery. Close cooperation between the orthodontist and the surgeon permits a more definitive resolution of the existing and potential skeletal and dentoalveolar abnormalities.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of maxillomandibular dysplasias. Skeletal dysplasia of the maxilla and/or mandible is responsible for prognathism or retrognathism. The severity of either condition is in direct proportion to the degree of dysplasia noted within each jaw. Mandibular prognathism is real or apparent. Some of the patients described in this article demonstrate this quite clearly when the jaws are analyzed individually and related to each other. A differential diagnosis is essential to determine whether the abnormality is in the maxilla or the mandible,  or both. When recognized early in the formative years, it permits the orthodontist to employ guidance and full therapy procedures in a treatment plan that is programmed to include surgical procedures specifically for the skeletal aberration to be corrected. The treatment skills of the orthodontist and  his knowledge of growth of the skeletal and dental structures aid in diagnosis and treatment planning in the areas of both orthodontics and surgery. Close cooperation between the orthodontist and the surgeon permits a more definitive resolution of the existing and potential skeletal and dentoalveolar abnormalities.", "PMID": 1060383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3219", "title": "Arcial growth with metallic implants in mandibular growth prediction.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether the Ricketts theory of arcial growth of the mandible can be put to practical use by the clinician to predict mandibular morphology. Eight subjects (six girls and two boys) were selected from the earliest implant samples at the Orthodontic Department of Emory University School of Dentistry. The initial cephalograms were coded and sent to Ricketts, and a 6-year manual growth forecast using the arcial method was requested. The final cephalograms were traced and compared. The three tracings (initial, prediction, and final) were superimposed over the metallic implants and presented on a case-by-case basis. The forecasts, in form, were clinically acceptable in five of the eight cases. In two of the cases (girls) (Cases 2 and 4) a hand-wrist radiograph to determine skeletal age would have improved their accuracy. The forecast in Case 2 was not acceptable. In view of our results in this small sample, the arcial method appears valid for prediction of amndibular growth; however, hand-wrist radiographs will improve the accuracy of short-range predictions of the amount of growth expected. For this reason, the orthodontist should constantly monitor his patients, watching for each individual to assert himself.", "contents": "Arcial growth with metallic implants in mandibular growth prediction. The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether the Ricketts theory of arcial growth of the mandible can be put to practical use by the clinician to predict mandibular morphology. Eight subjects (six girls and two boys) were selected from the earliest implant samples at the Orthodontic Department of Emory University School of Dentistry. The initial cephalograms were coded and sent to Ricketts, and a 6-year manual growth forecast using the arcial method was requested. The final cephalograms were traced and compared. The three tracings (initial, prediction, and final) were superimposed over the metallic implants and presented on a case-by-case basis. The forecasts, in form, were clinically acceptable in five of the eight cases. In two of the cases (girls) (Cases 2 and 4) a hand-wrist radiograph to determine skeletal age would have improved their accuracy. The forecast in Case 2 was not acceptable. In view of our results in this small sample, the arcial method appears valid for prediction of amndibular growth; however, hand-wrist radiographs will improve the accuracy of short-range predictions of the amount of growth expected. For this reason, the orthodontist should constantly monitor his patients, watching for each individual to assert himself.", "PMID": 1060384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3220", "title": "Adaptation of the mandible in children with adenoids.", "content": "In a sample of lateral x-ray cephalograms of children with obstructing adenoids, a dorsal rotation of the mandibular ramus was found to characterize the facial skeleton. The mandibular body and the condylar process were not correspondingly rotated. The findings suggest that dorsal rotation of the mandible occurring in association with various pathologic processes could always be primarily a response to an encroachment of the pharyngeal space. A possible involvement of the clivus region, to a minor degree, was also indicated. The need for \"tailormade\" cephalometric methods in studies of specific problems is stressed.", "contents": "Adaptation of the mandible in children with adenoids. In a sample of lateral x-ray cephalograms of children with obstructing adenoids, a dorsal rotation of the mandibular ramus was found to characterize the facial skeleton. The mandibular body and the condylar process were not correspondingly rotated. The findings suggest that dorsal rotation of the mandible occurring in association with various pathologic processes could always be primarily a response to an encroachment of the pharyngeal space. A possible involvement of the clivus region, to a minor degree, was also indicated. The need for \"tailormade\" cephalometric methods in studies of specific problems is stressed.", "PMID": 1060385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3221", "title": "A new self aspirating plunger.", "content": "In another approach to the problem of aspiration before injection of local anesthetics, a new self aspirating plunger was designed. It is composed of similar materials currently in use. Its action is simply the elastic return of a temporarily stretched diaphragm in the center of the plunger. A gentle pressure and release will cause aspiration. No harpoon is used; therefore the cartridge can be more quickly loaded and changed. No special syringe is needed.Stanley C. Harris has said, \"one of the most insidious dangers in therapeutics is the complacency which develops when undesirable reactions are infrequent. With local anesthesia, this complacency is intensified by the knowledge that local anesthetics are given intravenously by intention in certain medical procedures. However, when this procedure is employed, the patient is hospitalized, in an operating room with emergency equipment and drugs instantly available.\"(1)Dentists are aware of the possible consequences of intravascular injection of local anesthetics and know that these can range from lack of anesthesia to an unplesant experience or to a rare lethal one.(2-3) Case histories of complications of intravascular injection appear regularly in the literature. The presence of the anesthetic in the blood can easily be demonstrated.(4)", "contents": "A new self aspirating plunger. In another approach to the problem of aspiration before injection of local anesthetics, a new self aspirating plunger was designed. It is composed of similar materials currently in use. Its action is simply the elastic return of a temporarily stretched diaphragm in the center of the plunger. A gentle pressure and release will cause aspiration. No harpoon is used; therefore the cartridge can be more quickly loaded and changed. No special syringe is needed.Stanley C. Harris has said, \"one of the most insidious dangers in therapeutics is the complacency which develops when undesirable reactions are infrequent. With local anesthesia, this complacency is intensified by the knowledge that local anesthetics are given intravenously by intention in certain medical procedures. However, when this procedure is employed, the patient is hospitalized, in an operating room with emergency equipment and drugs instantly available.\"(1)Dentists are aware of the possible consequences of intravascular injection of local anesthetics and know that these can range from lack of anesthesia to an unplesant experience or to a rare lethal one.(2-3) Case histories of complications of intravascular injection appear regularly in the literature. The presence of the anesthetic in the blood can easily be demonstrated.(4)", "PMID": 1060391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3222", "title": "Polycythemia rubra vera progressing to Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Polycythemia rubra vera and chronic myelogenous leukemia are both myeloproliferative disorders and, as such, share certain clinical features. Although some myeloproliferative disorders may transform into others, conversion of polycythemia rubra vera to chronic myelogenous leukemia has been denied. We report here an elderly man with polycythemia rubra vera and a normal leukocyte alkaline phosphatase who developed chronic myelogenous leukemia with a low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and a marrow karyotype of 45, X, Ph1-positive. In addition, we have collected evidence of two similar cases and thus conclude that, although uncommon, polycythemia rubra vera may on occasion progress to chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Polycythemia rubra vera progressing to Ph1-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. Polycythemia rubra vera and chronic myelogenous leukemia are both myeloproliferative disorders and, as such, share certain clinical features. Although some myeloproliferative disorders may transform into others, conversion of polycythemia rubra vera to chronic myelogenous leukemia has been denied. We report here an elderly man with polycythemia rubra vera and a normal leukocyte alkaline phosphatase who developed chronic myelogenous leukemia with a low leukocyte alkaline phosphatase and a marrow karyotype of 45, X, Ph1-positive. In addition, we have collected evidence of two similar cases and thus conclude that, although uncommon, polycythemia rubra vera may on occasion progress to chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "PMID": 1060394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3223", "title": "Splenectomy in the chronic phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia. Effects in 32 patients.", "content": "Splenectomy in the chronic phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia was done in 32 patients, in 24 as part of a trial of elective splenectomy in early disease and in 8 because of thrombocytopenia preventing adequate therapy of the chronic phase. Patients with splenectomy had a median survival after diagnosis of 60 months. However, survival of patients operated on within 1 year of diagnosis was no different (median, 44 months) from that recorded in 120 consecutive Philadelphia chromosome-positive patients treated during the same time period (median, 42 months). After blastic transformation of disease, splenectomy patients survived slightly longer, responded more frequently to platelet transfusions, and avoided the morbidity of massive splenomegaly seen in 30% of patients treated with spleens retained. Response to blastic phase chemotherapy, however, was not improved. Prophylactic splenectomy in the chronic phase of disease did not influence survival but may ameliorate some complications of the terminal stages of illness.", "contents": "Splenectomy in the chronic phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia. Effects in 32 patients. Splenectomy in the chronic phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia was done in 32 patients, in 24 as part of a trial of elective splenectomy in early disease and in 8 because of thrombocytopenia preventing adequate therapy of the chronic phase. Patients with splenectomy had a median survival after diagnosis of 60 months. However, survival of patients operated on within 1 year of diagnosis was no different (median, 44 months) from that recorded in 120 consecutive Philadelphia chromosome-positive patients treated during the same time period (median, 42 months). After blastic transformation of disease, splenectomy patients survived slightly longer, responded more frequently to platelet transfusions, and avoided the morbidity of massive splenomegaly seen in 30% of patients treated with spleens retained. Response to blastic phase chemotherapy, however, was not improved. Prophylactic splenectomy in the chronic phase of disease did not influence survival but may ameliorate some complications of the terminal stages of illness.", "PMID": 1060395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3224", "title": "Protective effects of ascorbic acid against toxicity of heavy metals.", "content": "Toxicity of cadmium in the young Japanese quail rapidly produced moderate growth depression, hypogonadism in the male, decreased bone ash, severe anemia, alterations of \"indicator\" tissue levels of several essential inorganic elements, and marked histological abnormalities of the duodenum, bone marrow, adrenal medulla, and esophageal mucus glands. Cadmium appeared to have direct effects on zinc and iron, particularly iron (III), by decreasing intestinal absorption of these elements. Small amounts of dietary ascorbic acid were protective against many of the adverse effects of cadmium. The young quail proved to be a useful species for these studies. The experience with cadmium may have some facets that would prove useful in further studies of the effects of ascorbic acid on the toxicity of other metals.", "contents": "Protective effects of ascorbic acid against toxicity of heavy metals. Toxicity of cadmium in the young Japanese quail rapidly produced moderate growth depression, hypogonadism in the male, decreased bone ash, severe anemia, alterations of \"indicator\" tissue levels of several essential inorganic elements, and marked histological abnormalities of the duodenum, bone marrow, adrenal medulla, and esophageal mucus glands. Cadmium appeared to have direct effects on zinc and iron, particularly iron (III), by decreasing intestinal absorption of these elements. Small amounts of dietary ascorbic acid were protective against many of the adverse effects of cadmium. The young quail proved to be a useful species for these studies. The experience with cadmium may have some facets that would prove useful in further studies of the effects of ascorbic acid on the toxicity of other metals.", "PMID": 1060397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3225", "title": "Reduction of gastric carcinogens with ascorbic acid.", "content": "The formation of nitrite from nitrate was studied in potatoes incubated at room temperature. After 24 hours of incubation at 25 degrees, 112 ppm and 373 ppm of nitrite formed in homogenized cooked potatoes containing 284 ppm and 584 ppm of nitrate, respectively. In homogenized fresh potatoes incubated at 21 degrees and containing 284 ppm of nitrate, 103 ppm of nitrate formed within 24 hours. During the period of nitrite formation, nitrate levels decreased sharply, indicating that reduction of nitrate to nitrite occurred. Incubation at 2 degrees completely prevented nitrite formation in all cases. The formation of methylnitrosourea from added methylurea and nitrite was observed in potato incubated under simulated gastric conditions (37 degrees, pH 1.5). An ascorbate-nitrite mole ratio of 4 gave a 93% inhibition of methylnitrosourea formation. Ascorbate reacted directly with nitrite in potato incubated under identical conditions, yielding a 43% decrease in nitrite concentration. Ascorbate did not react with methylurea or the product, methylnitrosourea.", "contents": "Reduction of gastric carcinogens with ascorbic acid. The formation of nitrite from nitrate was studied in potatoes incubated at room temperature. After 24 hours of incubation at 25 degrees, 112 ppm and 373 ppm of nitrite formed in homogenized cooked potatoes containing 284 ppm and 584 ppm of nitrate, respectively. In homogenized fresh potatoes incubated at 21 degrees and containing 284 ppm of nitrate, 103 ppm of nitrate formed within 24 hours. During the period of nitrite formation, nitrate levels decreased sharply, indicating that reduction of nitrate to nitrite occurred. Incubation at 2 degrees completely prevented nitrite formation in all cases. The formation of methylnitrosourea from added methylurea and nitrite was observed in potato incubated under simulated gastric conditions (37 degrees, pH 1.5). An ascorbate-nitrite mole ratio of 4 gave a 93% inhibition of methylnitrosourea formation. Ascorbate reacted directly with nitrite in potato incubated under identical conditions, yielding a 43% decrease in nitrite concentration. Ascorbate did not react with methylurea or the product, methylnitrosourea.", "PMID": 1060401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3226", "title": "Tissue changes induced by marginal vitamin C deficiency.", "content": "Chronic marginal vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs results in alterations in certain tissues that are quite different from those observed following acute deficiency. In autonomic ganglia, although changes observed in the organelles of some cells are similar to those seen in acute deficiency, the specific changes are the presence of large numbers of cilia in the cytoplasm of both ganglion cells and their associated neuroglia and the marked proliferation of collagen fibers in the extracellular spaces. The evidence presented points to a link between vitamin C and arteriosclerosis. One mode of interaction may be the effect of latent vitamin C deficiency on cholesterol metabolism. The data presented indicate important changes in the liver with marked increases of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Together with the liver cholesterol studies, the indications suggest an increased cholesterol deposition in the liver. Light-microscopic sections of the aorta reveal alterations in many of these vessels ranging from endothelial proliferation to large, well-formed musculofibrotic arteriosclerotic plaques.", "contents": "Tissue changes induced by marginal vitamin C deficiency. Chronic marginal vitamin C deficiency in guinea pigs results in alterations in certain tissues that are quite different from those observed following acute deficiency. In autonomic ganglia, although changes observed in the organelles of some cells are similar to those seen in acute deficiency, the specific changes are the presence of large numbers of cilia in the cytoplasm of both ganglion cells and their associated neuroglia and the marked proliferation of collagen fibers in the extracellular spaces. The evidence presented points to a link between vitamin C and arteriosclerosis. One mode of interaction may be the effect of latent vitamin C deficiency on cholesterol metabolism. The data presented indicate important changes in the liver with marked increases of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Together with the liver cholesterol studies, the indications suggest an increased cholesterol deposition in the liver. Light-microscopic sections of the aorta reveal alterations in many of these vessels ranging from endothelial proliferation to large, well-formed musculofibrotic arteriosclerotic plaques.", "PMID": 1060406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3227", "title": "Effects of ascorbic acid on health parameters in guinea pigs.", "content": "The maximal response of a selection of ascorbic-acid-dependent parameters to a range of intakes of ascorbic acid has been shown to occur at virtually one level of intake in the present experiments. Further, this response occurred with intakes that produced only 1/2 saturation or less of tissues with ascorbic acid. Excessive intakes did not enhance effects, and, as in the case of serum copper levels, may have a detrimental effect. In view of the known factors that may influence requirements and the intralaboratory variability in experimental conditions, the more reasonable approach to the interpretation of dose response data is likely to relate the response to the accompanying degree of tissue saturation, rather than to an absolute level of ascorbic acid intake.", "contents": "Effects of ascorbic acid on health parameters in guinea pigs. The maximal response of a selection of ascorbic-acid-dependent parameters to a range of intakes of ascorbic acid has been shown to occur at virtually one level of intake in the present experiments. Further, this response occurred with intakes that produced only 1/2 saturation or less of tissues with ascorbic acid. Excessive intakes did not enhance effects, and, as in the case of serum copper levels, may have a detrimental effect. In view of the known factors that may influence requirements and the intralaboratory variability in experimental conditions, the more reasonable approach to the interpretation of dose response data is likely to relate the response to the accompanying degree of tissue saturation, rather than to an absolute level of ascorbic acid intake.", "PMID": 1060407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3228", "title": "Changes in ascorbic acid metabolism of the offspring following high maternal intake of this vitamin in the pregnant guinea pig.", "content": "Guinea pigs were fed a control (0.05%) or a high (0.5%) ascorbic acid diet during the last half of pregnancy. When the pups were tested at 5 and 10 days of life the ones from the high-ascorbic-acid group demonstrated a marked increase in 14CO2 excretion, compared with the control pups, following an intraperitoneal injection of 14C-labeled ascorbic acid. When the animals were weaned to an ascorbic-acid-deficient diet signs of scurvy appeared earlier in the pups from the high vitamin C group and their survival was shorter. When excretion of labeled CO2 in both groups was correlated with the day of onset of scurvy signs, a linear correlation was found between these two parameters, suggesting that the earlier appearance of signs of scurvy in the experimental pups is secondary to an increased rate of ascorbic acid catabolism.", "contents": "Changes in ascorbic acid metabolism of the offspring following high maternal intake of this vitamin in the pregnant guinea pig. Guinea pigs were fed a control (0.05%) or a high (0.5%) ascorbic acid diet during the last half of pregnancy. When the pups were tested at 5 and 10 days of life the ones from the high-ascorbic-acid group demonstrated a marked increase in 14CO2 excretion, compared with the control pups, following an intraperitoneal injection of 14C-labeled ascorbic acid. When the animals were weaned to an ascorbic-acid-deficient diet signs of scurvy appeared earlier in the pups from the high vitamin C group and their survival was shorter. When excretion of labeled CO2 in both groups was correlated with the day of onset of scurvy signs, a linear correlation was found between these two parameters, suggesting that the earlier appearance of signs of scurvy in the experimental pups is secondary to an increased rate of ascorbic acid catabolism.", "PMID": 1060409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3229", "title": "Ascorbic acid in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism.", "content": "Latent chronic ascorbic acid deficiency provokes in guinea pigs a metabolic disorder in the liver, causing an impaired cholesterol transformation to its principal catabolic product, bile acids. This metabolic disorder induces hypercholesterolemia and accumulation of cholesterol in the liver and slows the release of cholesterol from the circulation. Ascorbic acid probably intervenes into the biosynthesis of bile acids at the stage of 7 alpha-hydroxylation of the cholesterol nucleus. High doses of ascorbic acid significantly stimulate cholesterol transformation to bile acids in guinea pigs and decrease plasma cholesterol concentration in humans.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. Latent chronic ascorbic acid deficiency provokes in guinea pigs a metabolic disorder in the liver, causing an impaired cholesterol transformation to its principal catabolic product, bile acids. This metabolic disorder induces hypercholesterolemia and accumulation of cholesterol in the liver and slows the release of cholesterol from the circulation. Ascorbic acid probably intervenes into the biosynthesis of bile acids at the stage of 7 alpha-hydroxylation of the cholesterol nucleus. High doses of ascorbic acid significantly stimulate cholesterol transformation to bile acids in guinea pigs and decrease plasma cholesterol concentration in humans.", "PMID": 1060410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3230", "title": "Human requirements and needs. Vitamin C status: methods and findings.", "content": "Although vitamin C nutritional status in man may be determined on the basis of dietary intake findings and on clinical signs of a dietary deprivation, biochemical measurements represent the most objective approach. Without the availability of a functional biochemical procedure that relates to vitamin C status, information concerning inadequacies in this nutrient has been derived mainly from measuring ascorbate levels in serum (plasma), leukocytes, blood, and urine. The measurement of serum levels of ascorbic acid is the most commonly used and practical procedure for determining vitamin C nutritional status in individuals or population groups. Although leukocyte ascorbate levels provide information concerning the body stores of the vitamin, the measurement is technically more difficult to perform, and, hence, its use is largely confined to clinical situations as an aid in the diagnosis of scurvy. The clinical diagnosis of scurvy can be aided also by information on the urinary levels of ascorbic acid and the use of vitamin C loading or saturation tests. With recognized limitations, ascorbic acid can be measured in biological samples with the use of automated or manual colorimetric and fluorometric procedures. Nutrition surveys conducted in Canada and the United States have indicated vitamin C deficits among certain population groups.", "contents": "Human requirements and needs. Vitamin C status: methods and findings. Although vitamin C nutritional status in man may be determined on the basis of dietary intake findings and on clinical signs of a dietary deprivation, biochemical measurements represent the most objective approach. Without the availability of a functional biochemical procedure that relates to vitamin C status, information concerning inadequacies in this nutrient has been derived mainly from measuring ascorbate levels in serum (plasma), leukocytes, blood, and urine. The measurement of serum levels of ascorbic acid is the most commonly used and practical procedure for determining vitamin C nutritional status in individuals or population groups. Although leukocyte ascorbate levels provide information concerning the body stores of the vitamin, the measurement is technically more difficult to perform, and, hence, its use is largely confined to clinical situations as an aid in the diagnosis of scurvy. The clinical diagnosis of scurvy can be aided also by information on the urinary levels of ascorbic acid and the use of vitamin C loading or saturation tests. With recognized limitations, ascorbic acid can be measured in biological samples with the use of automated or manual colorimetric and fluorometric procedures. Nutrition surveys conducted in Canada and the United States have indicated vitamin C deficits among certain population groups.", "PMID": 1060412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3231", "title": "Relationships of ascorbic acid to pregnancy, and oral contraceptive steroids.", "content": "The 1974 RDA is 60 mg per day for pregnant women and 80 mg per day for lactating women. In the present study an attempt was made to simulate this intake in the guinea pig and study reproduction performance in relation to guinea pigs fed chronically low and high levels. In animals that conceived and carried the young to term, all 3 dietary levels of ascorbic acid appeared to be adequate for maintaining viability of fetuses and of offspring, and for growth of offspring during the nursing period. The chronically low intake level was not adequate for growth after weaning. The control group was superior to the chronically low-intake group but inferior to the high-intake group in conceiving, producing litters, and carrying litters to term. The level of intake in the control group was inadequate to maintain tissue stores. Even the high intake was inadequate to maintain some tissues at saturation levels. The results suggest that the requirement for ascorbic acid during pregnancy and lactation has been markedly underestimated.", "contents": "Relationships of ascorbic acid to pregnancy, and oral contraceptive steroids. The 1974 RDA is 60 mg per day for pregnant women and 80 mg per day for lactating women. In the present study an attempt was made to simulate this intake in the guinea pig and study reproduction performance in relation to guinea pigs fed chronically low and high levels. In animals that conceived and carried the young to term, all 3 dietary levels of ascorbic acid appeared to be adequate for maintaining viability of fetuses and of offspring, and for growth of offspring during the nursing period. The chronically low intake level was not adequate for growth after weaning. The control group was superior to the chronically low-intake group but inferior to the high-intake group in conceiving, producing litters, and carrying litters to term. The level of intake in the control group was inadequate to maintain tissue stores. Even the high intake was inadequate to maintain some tissues at saturation levels. The results suggest that the requirement for ascorbic acid during pregnancy and lactation has been markedly underestimated.", "PMID": 1060415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3232", "title": "Heterogeneity of carcinoembryonic antigen. II. Monosaccharide composition of concanavalin A-reactive and -nonreactive CEA.", "content": "Monosaccharide compositions of Con A-reactive CEA (CEA-M) and Con A-nonreactive CEA (CEA-P) separated from two different samples of CEA were analysed by gas liquid chromatography. It was revealed that all CEA subfractions possessed N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, and galactose residues. One out of 4 subfractions did not contain sialic acid and another one lacked glucose in its carbohydrate moiety. N-acetylgalactosamine was not detected in measurable amount in any of the 4 subfractions. A large amount of mannose was found in CEA-M, but only a small amount in CEA-P.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of carcinoembryonic antigen. II. Monosaccharide composition of concanavalin A-reactive and -nonreactive CEA. Monosaccharide compositions of Con A-reactive CEA (CEA-M) and Con A-nonreactive CEA (CEA-P) separated from two different samples of CEA were analysed by gas liquid chromatography. It was revealed that all CEA subfractions possessed N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, and galactose residues. One out of 4 subfractions did not contain sialic acid and another one lacked glucose in its carbohydrate moiety. N-acetylgalactosamine was not detected in measurable amount in any of the 4 subfractions. A large amount of mannose was found in CEA-M, but only a small amount in CEA-P.", "PMID": 1060425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3233", "title": "Parosteal osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible, Existence masked by diffuse periodontal inflammation.", "content": "A 38-year-old man was in a state of poor oral hygiene, with multiple broken carious teeth and diffuse inflammatory hyperplasia of the gingival tissues. A mandibular, alveolar soft tissue mass in the premolar-molar region was noted on the right side, in continuity with the gingival hyperplasia. Biopsy of the lesion ruled out a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. The patient underwent extraction of his teeth, and all hyperplastic tissues including the tumefaction were excised. Five months later, the patient had a recurrent mass in the same location that was removed via hemimandibulectomy. The mass was diagnosed as a parosteal osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Parosteal osteogenic sarcoma of the mandible, Existence masked by diffuse periodontal inflammation. A 38-year-old man was in a state of poor oral hygiene, with multiple broken carious teeth and diffuse inflammatory hyperplasia of the gingival tissues. A mandibular, alveolar soft tissue mass in the premolar-molar region was noted on the right side, in continuity with the gingival hyperplasia. Biopsy of the lesion ruled out a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma. The patient underwent extraction of his teeth, and all hyperplastic tissues including the tumefaction were excised. Five months later, the patient had a recurrent mass in the same location that was removed via hemimandibulectomy. The mass was diagnosed as a parosteal osteogenic sarcoma.", "PMID": 1060441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3234", "title": "Surgical management of osteogenic  sarcoma of the mandible.", "content": "Osteogenic sarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of the mandible. It is less aggressive than osteogenic sarcoma of the long bones, and mortality is often due to local persistence or intracranial extension. We report such a case to emphasize that disarticulation of the mandible is necessary, since clinical and pathologic evaluation of tumor extent may be impossible. Except for parasymphysial lesions, disarticulation with midline hemimandibulectomy and frozen section assessment of all margins is recommended.", "contents": "Surgical management of osteogenic  sarcoma of the mandible. Osteogenic sarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of the mandible. It is less aggressive than osteogenic sarcoma of the long bones, and mortality is often due to local persistence or intracranial extension. We report such a case to emphasize that disarticulation of the mandible is necessary, since clinical and pathologic evaluation of tumor extent may be impossible. Except for parasymphysial lesions, disarticulation with midline hemimandibulectomy and frozen section assessment of all margins is recommended.", "PMID": 1060442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3235", "title": "The management of pathological grief.", "content": "Earlier descriptions of pathological grief are reviewed. From the study of recently bereaved widows major forms of pathological grief are outlined. These are suppressed or inhibited grief and distorted grief, including forms with extreme anger or extreme guilt. Other grief variants are noted. The management of pathological grief is outlined; specifically the encouragement of the expression of suppressed affects especially sadness, anger and guilt; as well as the going over of memories and feelings to do with the lost relationship. Consideration is given to: the establishment of the therapeutic contract; the specific exploration of the response to the death and the pre-existing relationship; resistances; interpretation of defences; assessment of progress of mourning; social network factors; termination; and transference and counter-transference.", "contents": "The management of pathological grief. Earlier descriptions of pathological grief are reviewed. From the study of recently bereaved widows major forms of pathological grief are outlined. These are suppressed or inhibited grief and distorted grief, including forms with extreme anger or extreme guilt. Other grief variants are noted. The management of pathological grief is outlined; specifically the encouragement of the expression of suppressed affects especially sadness, anger and guilt; as well as the going over of memories and feelings to do with the lost relationship. Consideration is given to: the establishment of the therapeutic contract; the specific exploration of the response to the death and the pre-existing relationship; resistances; interpretation of defences; assessment of progress of mourning; social network factors; termination; and transference and counter-transference.", "PMID": 1060447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3236", "title": "A new application of closed group psychotherapy in a public psychiatric hospital.", "content": "This paper describes an intensive group psychotherapy treatment program in a public psychiatric hospital to which patients with severe personality disorder are referred. A unique structure within the patient/staff community is described concerning the inter-relationships of the closed psychotherapy groups and the relationships between the groups and staff within the broader therapeutic milieu. The regular arrival and departure of the closed groups serves to activate relevant latent instinctual conflicts which are of significance in personality disorder. The advantages of this approach to treatment of personality disorder are discussed and the results of evaluation of progress of the unit's first eleven closed groups are presented.", "contents": "A new application of closed group psychotherapy in a public psychiatric hospital. This paper describes an intensive group psychotherapy treatment program in a public psychiatric hospital to which patients with severe personality disorder are referred. A unique structure within the patient/staff community is described concerning the inter-relationships of the closed psychotherapy groups and the relationships between the groups and staff within the broader therapeutic milieu. The regular arrival and departure of the closed groups serves to activate relevant latent instinctual conflicts which are of significance in personality disorder. The advantages of this approach to treatment of personality disorder are discussed and the results of evaluation of progress of the unit's first eleven closed groups are presented.", "PMID": 1060450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3237", "title": "Nodular fasciitis causing unilateral proptosis.", "content": "A case report of an unusual case of nodular fasciitis in the orbit presenting with unilateral proptosis is described, and the radiological features are outlined. The histological features are discussed and the benign nature of the lesion stressed. Nodular fasciitis arising in the orbit and presenting as unilateral proptosis has not previously been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Nodular fasciitis causing unilateral proptosis. A case report of an unusual case of nodular fasciitis in the orbit presenting with unilateral proptosis is described, and the radiological features are outlined. The histological features are discussed and the benign nature of the lesion stressed. Nodular fasciitis arising in the orbit and presenting as unilateral proptosis has not previously been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1060468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3238", "title": "Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and a-dults: A retrospective study of 41 patients (1970-1973).", "content": "During the period from January 1970 until December 1973, therapy was started in 41 previously untreated adolescents and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Induction therapy was started with vincristine and prednisone in all patients, resulting in complete remission in 19 and death due to infection during the first month in one case. After 3 wk on these two drugs, the addition of daunorubicin was required in the remaining 21 patients. Fifteen of these obtained remission, one died during induction therapy, and five patients were unresponsive to this therapy, as well as to all subsequent induction schemes. The overall remission rate was 83%. Significantly higher initial leukocyte counts were found in the group treated with vincristine, prednisone, and daunorubicin. Meningeal leukemia prophylaxis, by either periodic methotrexate injections given intrathecally or a combination of cranial irradiation and intrathecally administrated methotrexate, was administered in 29 therapy responders. The median duration of complete remission obtained with various maintenance therapy schemes was 13 mo. No differences were seen in the results obtained in patients between 14 and 20 yr of age and older patients. Twenty-two patients relapsed within 2-37 mo. Relapses were confined to the central nervous system in two cases, to the bone marrow in 18, and to the bone marrow and CNS simultaneously in two. A second remission was obtained in 17 cases (77%). The median survival time of the whole group was 27 mo, as compared with 32 mo for therapy responders and 7 mo for the nonresponders. The percentage and duration of remission and the survival time in our group of adolescents and adults were comparable to those currently being achieved in other centers, but not as good as those reported for children treated with the same protocols.", "contents": "Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and a-dults: A retrospective study of 41 patients (1970-1973). During the period from January 1970 until December 1973, therapy was started in 41 previously untreated adolescents and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Induction therapy was started with vincristine and prednisone in all patients, resulting in complete remission in 19 and death due to infection during the first month in one case. After 3 wk on these two drugs, the addition of daunorubicin was required in the remaining 21 patients. Fifteen of these obtained remission, one died during induction therapy, and five patients were unresponsive to this therapy, as well as to all subsequent induction schemes. The overall remission rate was 83%. Significantly higher initial leukocyte counts were found in the group treated with vincristine, prednisone, and daunorubicin. Meningeal leukemia prophylaxis, by either periodic methotrexate injections given intrathecally or a combination of cranial irradiation and intrathecally administrated methotrexate, was administered in 29 therapy responders. The median duration of complete remission obtained with various maintenance therapy schemes was 13 mo. No differences were seen in the results obtained in patients between 14 and 20 yr of age and older patients. Twenty-two patients relapsed within 2-37 mo. Relapses were confined to the central nervous system in two cases, to the bone marrow in 18, and to the bone marrow and CNS simultaneously in two. A second remission was obtained in 17 cases (77%). The median survival time of the whole group was 27 mo, as compared with 32 mo for therapy responders and 7 mo for the nonresponders. The percentage and duration of remission and the survival time in our group of adolescents and adults were comparable to those currently being achieved in other centers, but not as good as those reported for children treated with the same protocols.", "PMID": 1060469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3239", "title": "Intensive leukapheresis as initial therapy for chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "Intensive leukapheresis has been used as the initial treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) in six patients. The number of leukaphereses ranged from 3 in 7 days to 13 in 39 days (mean, 8 in 22 days). The procedures were well tolerated, and in all patients there was improvement in hematologic values, in most cases with considerable reduction in the peripheral leukocytosis and thrombocytosis and in the proportion of immature granulocytic cells in the circulation. Splenomegaly decreased considerably in the four patients who had more than four leukaphereses. Symptoms of sweating, malaise, and pain due to splenomegaly were rapidly relieved. Problems due to hyperuricemia did not occur, but four patients required blood transfusions for correction of anemia. This method of initial treatment of CGL appears to give more rapid relief of symptoms than does conventional chemotherapy; it incurs no risk of hyperuricemia and lessens that associated with thrombocytosis. In addition, large quantities of granulocyte-rich plasma are made available for the treatment of infections in neutropenic patients. Intensive leukapheresis deserves more widespread evaluation as the initial treatment of CGL.", "contents": "Intensive leukapheresis as initial therapy for chronic granulocytic leukemia. Intensive leukapheresis has been used as the initial treatment of chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) in six patients. The number of leukaphereses ranged from 3 in 7 days to 13 in 39 days (mean, 8 in 22 days). The procedures were well tolerated, and in all patients there was improvement in hematologic values, in most cases with considerable reduction in the peripheral leukocytosis and thrombocytosis and in the proportion of immature granulocytic cells in the circulation. Splenomegaly decreased considerably in the four patients who had more than four leukaphereses. Symptoms of sweating, malaise, and pain due to splenomegaly were rapidly relieved. Problems due to hyperuricemia did not occur, but four patients required blood transfusions for correction of anemia. This method of initial treatment of CGL appears to give more rapid relief of symptoms than does conventional chemotherapy; it incurs no risk of hyperuricemia and lessens that associated with thrombocytosis. In addition, large quantities of granulocyte-rich plasma are made available for the treatment of infections in neutropenic patients. Intensive leukapheresis deserves more widespread evaluation as the initial treatment of CGL.", "PMID": 1060470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3240", "title": "Antibody responses to leukemia-associated antigens during immunotherapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "We have studied immunologic reactivity to leukemia-associated antigens in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) treated with chemotherapy and adjunctive immunotherapy. All patients were immunologically competent as measured by skin test reactivity to dinitrochlorobenzene. Immunotherapy consisted of allogeneic irradiated leukemic myeloblasts injected intradermally, with BCG vaccine (Research Foundation, Chicago, Ill.) given by multiple puncture at the same site. 10(9) cells plus BCG were given weekly for 4 wk, and 10(8) cells plus BCG were given at monthly intervals thereafter. Eight patients judged clinically to be in the stable phase of their disease developed circulating antibody against the immunizing blast cells demonstrable by cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays. The antibody also showed reactivity against a panel of myeloblasts (12 paients) but not against the corresponding remission lymphocytes (five patients) or normal lymphocytes (20 donors). In two cases the antibody showed reactivity against the patient's own leukemic blasts. Seven of these eight patients have maintained a steady clinical course ranging from 20 to 40 mo, while one entered the blastic phase and died. Six patients were judged to be in the aggressive phase of CML because of progressive leukocytosis and splenomegaly or increasing myeloblastosis; five died an average of 16 mo after diagnosis. Humoral antibodies were not detected in these patients after repeated courses of BCG and allogeneic leukemic cells. We conclude that specific active immunotherapy of patients with CML can abet the production of humoral antibody against blast cell antigens and that this response may be impaired during the aggressive phase of the disease.", "contents": "Antibody responses to leukemia-associated antigens during immunotherapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia. We have studied immunologic reactivity to leukemia-associated antigens in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) treated with chemotherapy and adjunctive immunotherapy. All patients were immunologically competent as measured by skin test reactivity to dinitrochlorobenzene. Immunotherapy consisted of allogeneic irradiated leukemic myeloblasts injected intradermally, with BCG vaccine (Research Foundation, Chicago, Ill.) given by multiple puncture at the same site. 10(9) cells plus BCG were given weekly for 4 wk, and 10(8) cells plus BCG were given at monthly intervals thereafter. Eight patients judged clinically to be in the stable phase of their disease developed circulating antibody against the immunizing blast cells demonstrable by cytotoxicity and immunofluorescence assays. The antibody also showed reactivity against a panel of myeloblasts (12 paients) but not against the corresponding remission lymphocytes (five patients) or normal lymphocytes (20 donors). In two cases the antibody showed reactivity against the patient's own leukemic blasts. Seven of these eight patients have maintained a steady clinical course ranging from 20 to 40 mo, while one entered the blastic phase and died. Six patients were judged to be in the aggressive phase of CML because of progressive leukocytosis and splenomegaly or increasing myeloblastosis; five died an average of 16 mo after diagnosis. Humoral antibodies were not detected in these patients after repeated courses of BCG and allogeneic leukemic cells. We conclude that specific active immunotherapy of patients with CML can abet the production of humoral antibody against blast cell antigens and that this response may be impaired during the aggressive phase of the disease.", "PMID": 1060471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3241", "title": "Ultrastructural histochemical alteration of the plasma membrane in chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Ultrastructural histochemical evaluation of the surface of normal human blood and bone marrow cells exposed to the pyroantimonate-osmium (PAO) reaction indicated the selective binding of pyroantimonate to certain cations (calcium, magnesium, and possibly sodium) associated with the plasma membrane of neutrophilic leukocytes and their developmental forms. Other leukocytes and their precursors did not exhibit plasma membrane PAO reactivity. The extent of surface binding was related to cell maturity, with maximal labeling evident in the mid and late promyelocytes; decreased binding occurred with subsequent maturation while myeloblasts were nonreactive. This study was initiated to ascertain if histochemical surface modifications of neutrophilic cells occur in certain myeloproliferative disorders. In this regard, we have been able to demonstrate a distinctive defect in the plasma membrane PAO binding characteristics of the leukemic cells in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Limited binding of pyroantimonate to the plasma membrane of the leukemic cell series in four patients with CML contrasted with that of the normal granulocytic cell series and the neutrophilic cells seen in myelomonocytic leukemia (two patients), myelofibrosis (one patient), and acute myelocytic leukemia (three patients). Comparison of surface PAO reactivity of neutrophilic cells in all stages of maturation in two patients with CML in blast crisis revealed that, in the patient with 30% circulating blast cells, PAO reactivity was identical to that noted in CML, while in the patient with 80% circulating blast forms, the PAO reactivity of the maturing neutrophilic cells more nearly resembled that observed in neutrophilic cells from normal individuals. Many neutrophilic cells from patients with myelofibrosis and myelomonocytic leukemia and from one patient in severe blast crisis had large surface deposits of pyroantimonate considered to reflect increased membrane-associated reactive cation.", "contents": "Ultrastructural histochemical alteration of the plasma membrane in chronic myelocytic leukemia. Ultrastructural histochemical evaluation of the surface of normal human blood and bone marrow cells exposed to the pyroantimonate-osmium (PAO) reaction indicated the selective binding of pyroantimonate to certain cations (calcium, magnesium, and possibly sodium) associated with the plasma membrane of neutrophilic leukocytes and their developmental forms. Other leukocytes and their precursors did not exhibit plasma membrane PAO reactivity. The extent of surface binding was related to cell maturity, with maximal labeling evident in the mid and late promyelocytes; decreased binding occurred with subsequent maturation while myeloblasts were nonreactive. This study was initiated to ascertain if histochemical surface modifications of neutrophilic cells occur in certain myeloproliferative disorders. In this regard, we have been able to demonstrate a distinctive defect in the plasma membrane PAO binding characteristics of the leukemic cells in chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). Limited binding of pyroantimonate to the plasma membrane of the leukemic cell series in four patients with CML contrasted with that of the normal granulocytic cell series and the neutrophilic cells seen in myelomonocytic leukemia (two patients), myelofibrosis (one patient), and acute myelocytic leukemia (three patients). Comparison of surface PAO reactivity of neutrophilic cells in all stages of maturation in two patients with CML in blast crisis revealed that, in the patient with 30% circulating blast cells, PAO reactivity was identical to that noted in CML, while in the patient with 80% circulating blast forms, the PAO reactivity of the maturing neutrophilic cells more nearly resembled that observed in neutrophilic cells from normal individuals. Many neutrophilic cells from patients with myelofibrosis and myelomonocytic leukemia and from one patient in severe blast crisis had large surface deposits of pyroantimonate considered to reflect increased membrane-associated reactive cation.", "PMID": 1060472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3242", "title": "Osmotic behavior of normal and leukemic lymphocytes.", "content": "The response of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes to a hypotonic environment may be divided into two phases: the cells first exhibit rapid osmotic swelling, followed by a slower shrinking phase, during which they regain their initial physiologic volume. This osmotic behavior is characteristic of most mammalian and avian nucleated cells so far examined. The normal human blood lymphocyte, however, shows the most rapid recovery phase (5 min). Lymphocytes from chronic lymphatic leukemia patients, in comparison, show a strikingly slower rate of return to their initial isotonic volumes. The mechanism underlying osmotic cell volume regulation and its significance are discussed.", "contents": "Osmotic behavior of normal and leukemic lymphocytes. The response of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes to a hypotonic environment may be divided into two phases: the cells first exhibit rapid osmotic swelling, followed by a slower shrinking phase, during which they regain their initial physiologic volume. This osmotic behavior is characteristic of most mammalian and avian nucleated cells so far examined. The normal human blood lymphocyte, however, shows the most rapid recovery phase (5 min). Lymphocytes from chronic lymphatic leukemia patients, in comparison, show a strikingly slower rate of return to their initial isotonic volumes. The mechanism underlying osmotic cell volume regulation and its significance are discussed.", "PMID": 1060473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3243", "title": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia presenting in the blastic phase and its association with a 45 XO Ph1 karyotype.", "content": "A 58-yr-old male patient presented in the blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Cytogenetic studies revealed a 45 XO Ph1 chromosome pattern in bone marrow cells during a short remission and again in the blastic phase of the disease. The patient expired 8 mo following diagnosis. The blastic phase of CML can stimulate acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) clinically and hematologically; CML can be differentiated by the presence of the Ph1 chromosome and the stigmata of CML. Absence of the Y chromosome from the bone marrow in CML is a recently described finding. Previous reports indicating the prevention of the blastic phase in patients with this karyotype could not be confirmed by our or other recently reported cases.", "contents": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia presenting in the blastic phase and its association with a 45 XO Ph1 karyotype. A 58-yr-old male patient presented in the blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). Cytogenetic studies revealed a 45 XO Ph1 chromosome pattern in bone marrow cells during a short remission and again in the blastic phase of the disease. The patient expired 8 mo following diagnosis. The blastic phase of CML can stimulate acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) clinically and hematologically; CML can be differentiated by the presence of the Ph1 chromosome and the stigmata of CML. Absence of the Y chromosome from the bone marrow in CML is a recently described finding. Previous reports indicating the prevention of the blastic phase in patients with this karyotype could not be confirmed by our or other recently reported cases.", "PMID": 1060474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3244", "title": "[Cytochemical polymorphism of acid phosphatase in hairy cell leukemia].", "content": "In four cases of hairy cell leukemia a cytochemical polymorphism concerning acid phosphatase (AP) is evident. Any AP is lacking in all hairy cells of one case; only tartrate inhibitable AP is occurring in two cases, in another case tartrate resistant AP is found in high activity. Thus, the lack of tartrate resistant AP seems not to be an argument against hairy cell leukemia.", "contents": "[Cytochemical polymorphism of acid phosphatase in hairy cell leukemia]. In four cases of hairy cell leukemia a cytochemical polymorphism concerning acid phosphatase (AP) is evident. Any AP is lacking in all hairy cells of one case; only tartrate inhibitable AP is occurring in two cases, in another case tartrate resistant AP is found in high activity. Thus, the lack of tartrate resistant AP seems not to be an argument against hairy cell leukemia.", "PMID": 1060475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3245", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: cyclical chemotherapy with three combinations of four drugs (COAP-POMP-CART regimen).", "content": "Forty-two adults and children with previously untreated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were entered into a programme of chemotherapy in which three combinations, each of four drugs were administered in a predetermined cyclical rotation together with cranial irradiation and intrathecal injections of methotrexate. Forty-one patients (98%) entered remission and no patient developed neuroleukaemia. Relapse of ALL occurred in 10 patients, and three patients died during remission, while eight patients stopped treatment after two and a half years and have remained in remission for two to 26 months. Comparison of remission and survival experience in this mixed group of children and adults with the experience of children treated at Memphis and in the Medical Research Council's UKALL-I trial showed no significant differences. On the other hand, analysis by prognostic factors showed that neither age nor blast cell count at presentation had any adverse effect in patients treated in this study. No relapses occurred in nine patients with blast cell counts greater than 20 x 109/1 at presentation. This regimen is effective treatment for ALL and may be of special value in patients with poor prognoses. The regiment has not as yet proved superior for the treatment of children with ALL who do not have adverse prognostic features.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: cyclical chemotherapy with three combinations of four drugs (COAP-POMP-CART regimen). Forty-two adults and children with previously untreated acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were entered into a programme of chemotherapy in which three combinations, each of four drugs were administered in a predetermined cyclical rotation together with cranial irradiation and intrathecal injections of methotrexate. Forty-one patients (98%) entered remission and no patient developed neuroleukaemia. Relapse of ALL occurred in 10 patients, and three patients died during remission, while eight patients stopped treatment after two and a half years and have remained in remission for two to 26 months. Comparison of remission and survival experience in this mixed group of children and adults with the experience of children treated at Memphis and in the Medical Research Council's UKALL-I trial showed no significant differences. On the other hand, analysis by prognostic factors showed that neither age nor blast cell count at presentation had any adverse effect in patients treated in this study. No relapses occurred in nine patients with blast cell counts greater than 20 x 109/1 at presentation. This regimen is effective treatment for ALL and may be of special value in patients with poor prognoses. The regiment has not as yet proved superior for the treatment of children with ALL who do not have adverse prognostic features.", "PMID": 1060502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3246", "title": "Daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine riboside, and prednisolone (DCMP) combination chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia in adults.", "content": "Thirty-seven adults with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were treated with a combination of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine riboside, and prednisolone (DCMP) for remission induction. Twenty-three of 37 patients (62.2%) achieved complete remission, three, partial remission and 11, failure. Patients with prior therapy responded as well as patients without it. The median survival time of the patients who received DCMP for their initial remission induction therapy was 10.3 months and that of the patients who obtained complete remission was 17 months. Complete remission occurred in 21 out of 28 patients (75%) less than 40 years old but in only two out of nine patients (22.2%) more than 40 years old. The most common toxic effects were severe myelosuppression and liver function abnormalities. DCMP therapy is an effective remission induction chemotherapy for adults with AML.", "contents": "Daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine riboside, and prednisolone (DCMP) combination chemotherapy for acute myelogenous leukemia in adults. Thirty-seven adults with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) were treated with a combination of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine riboside, and prednisolone (DCMP) for remission induction. Twenty-three of 37 patients (62.2%) achieved complete remission, three, partial remission and 11, failure. Patients with prior therapy responded as well as patients without it. The median survival time of the patients who received DCMP for their initial remission induction therapy was 10.3 months and that of the patients who obtained complete remission was 17 months. Complete remission occurred in 21 out of 28 patients (75%) less than 40 years old but in only two out of nine patients (22.2%) more than 40 years old. The most common toxic effects were severe myelosuppression and liver function abnormalities. DCMP therapy is an effective remission induction chemotherapy for adults with AML.", "PMID": 1060503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3247", "title": "Unfavorable prognosis of acute leukemia in infancy.", "content": "Pretreatment characteristics of 48 infants (under 2 years of age) with leukemia treated over a period of 18 years at a single institution were studied in relation to response to therapy, extramedullary involvement, and survival. In order to provide a basis of comparison, 45 of the infants were each paired with an older (2-9 years of age) leukemic child, who had the same race, and disease type, who was treated within the same period of time and received similar suportive care and chemotherapy, and when possible, was of the same sex. The overall median survival times of infants and their pairmates were 211 days and 445 days, respectively. Initial status of the spleen was the single significant factor in relation to the length of survival. Median survival time for infants with splenomegaly was 186 days compared to a median survival time of 414 days for infants without splenomegaly. The complete response rate was 75% for infants and 80% for the pairmates. Median duration of remission was 84 days for infants and 280 days for their pairmates. Initial peripheral leucocyte count was significantly related to the duration of remission; patients with very high leucocyte counts had the shortest remissions. The duration of remission increased throughout the period covered by this study, however, prognosis relative to pairmates remained poor. Central nervous system leukemia occurred in 44% of infants and 40% of the pairmates; incidence of CNS leukemia was much higher (70%) in infants under one year of age than in infants one year old (37%). Extramedullary leukemia occurred at other sites in 46% of the infants and 31% of the pairmates. The only pretreatment characteristic of prognostic importance for predicting extramedullary involvement was the patient's age at diagnosis.", "contents": "Unfavorable prognosis of acute leukemia in infancy. Pretreatment characteristics of 48 infants (under 2 years of age) with leukemia treated over a period of 18 years at a single institution were studied in relation to response to therapy, extramedullary involvement, and survival. In order to provide a basis of comparison, 45 of the infants were each paired with an older (2-9 years of age) leukemic child, who had the same race, and disease type, who was treated within the same period of time and received similar suportive care and chemotherapy, and when possible, was of the same sex. The overall median survival times of infants and their pairmates were 211 days and 445 days, respectively. Initial status of the spleen was the single significant factor in relation to the length of survival. Median survival time for infants with splenomegaly was 186 days compared to a median survival time of 414 days for infants without splenomegaly. The complete response rate was 75% for infants and 80% for the pairmates. Median duration of remission was 84 days for infants and 280 days for their pairmates. Initial peripheral leucocyte count was significantly related to the duration of remission; patients with very high leucocyte counts had the shortest remissions. The duration of remission increased throughout the period covered by this study, however, prognosis relative to pairmates remained poor. Central nervous system leukemia occurred in 44% of infants and 40% of the pairmates; incidence of CNS leukemia was much higher (70%) in infants under one year of age than in infants one year old (37%). Extramedullary leukemia occurred at other sites in 46% of the infants and 31% of the pairmates. The only pretreatment characteristic of prognostic importance for predicting extramedullary involvement was the patient's age at diagnosis.", "PMID": 1060504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3248", "title": "Initial features and prognosis in 363 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The relationship of a variety of initial features and the outcome of therapy was analyzed for 363 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). All had entered \"total therapy\" studies between 1962 and 1971. The standard for comparing outcome of therapy was whether patients with a given feature attained or exceeded the median duration of complete remission, hematologic remission or survival for the group. The results showed that, in general, the more massive or extensive the disease at diagnosis, the poorer the outcome. Factors associated with a significantly poorer prognosis included: initial leukocyte count above 100,000/mm; spleen enlargement greater than 5 cm; mediastinal involvement and early CNS involvement. Children over 10 years old at diagnosis and Negro children also had a poor prognosis. From another viewpoint features were examined for patients who attained at least 3 years of continuous complete remission. This confirmed some earlier findings and, in addition, showed that children under 2 years of age at diagnosis or with hepatomegaly over 5 cm were less likely to attain this goal. With the exception of early CNS involvement, however, patients with excellent responses to therapy were found with each factor of poor prognosis. Two major factors were not analyzed because their relationship to prognosis is generally accepted: therapeutic differences and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Initial features and prognosis in 363 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The relationship of a variety of initial features and the outcome of therapy was analyzed for 363 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). All had entered \"total therapy\" studies between 1962 and 1971. The standard for comparing outcome of therapy was whether patients with a given feature attained or exceeded the median duration of complete remission, hematologic remission or survival for the group. The results showed that, in general, the more massive or extensive the disease at diagnosis, the poorer the outcome. Factors associated with a significantly poorer prognosis included: initial leukocyte count above 100,000/mm; spleen enlargement greater than 5 cm; mediastinal involvement and early CNS involvement. Children over 10 years old at diagnosis and Negro children also had a poor prognosis. From another viewpoint features were examined for patients who attained at least 3 years of continuous complete remission. This confirmed some earlier findings and, in addition, showed that children under 2 years of age at diagnosis or with hepatomegaly over 5 cm were less likely to attain this goal. With the exception of early CNS involvement, however, patients with excellent responses to therapy were found with each factor of poor prognosis. Two major factors were not analyzed because their relationship to prognosis is generally accepted: therapeutic differences and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 1060505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3249", "title": "Prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. A review of 20 year's experience at the University of Pittsburgh Health Center Hospitals.", "content": "The histologic and clinical characteristics of 54 patients with osteosarcoma are reviewed. The association of rapid linear bone growth with the occurrence of this tumor is confirmed, and evidence for increased growth in these adolescent patients is presented. A significant increase in female survival is seen in this study, and the literature relevant to gender and survival is reviewed. A histologic characterization of six predominant tumor patterns is presented with correlation to survival. Increased survival is seen with two specific histologic patterns, but there is great variability in the histology and sampling of osteosarcomas, and the series is small.", "contents": "Prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. A review of 20 year's experience at the University of Pittsburgh Health Center Hospitals. The histologic and clinical characteristics of 54 patients with osteosarcoma are reviewed. The association of rapid linear bone growth with the occurrence of this tumor is confirmed, and evidence for increased growth in these adolescent patients is presented. A significant increase in female survival is seen in this study, and the literature relevant to gender and survival is reviewed. A histologic characterization of six predominant tumor patterns is presented with correlation to survival. Increased survival is seen with two specific histologic patterns, but there is great variability in the histology and sampling of osteosarcomas, and the series is small.", "PMID": 1060506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3250", "title": "\"Skip\" metastases in osteosarcoma.", "content": "Careful study of 40 cases of osteosarcoma without evidence of multifocal disease, pulmonary metastasis, or history of exposure to predisposing factors has given histologic evidence of microscopic foci of osteosarcoma separate from the primary focus of osteogenic sarcoma. These \"skip\" lesions are to all pathologic examination completely separate from the primary focus of osteogenic sarcoma. They are more often found proximal to the primary, both intraosseously and transarticularly. Histologically, these \"skips\" represent areas of osteosarcoma which in many cases are a less-differenitated form of the tumor. The natural history  of such tumors with \"skips\" following ablative surgery is an increased incidence of local recurrence and subsequent pulmonary metastases.", "contents": "\"Skip\" metastases in osteosarcoma. Careful study of 40 cases of osteosarcoma without evidence of multifocal disease, pulmonary metastasis, or history of exposure to predisposing factors has given histologic evidence of microscopic foci of osteosarcoma separate from the primary focus of osteogenic sarcoma. These \"skip\" lesions are to all pathologic examination completely separate from the primary focus of osteogenic sarcoma. They are more often found proximal to the primary, both intraosseously and transarticularly. Histologically, these \"skips\" represent areas of osteosarcoma which in many cases are a less-differenitated form of the tumor. The natural history  of such tumors with \"skips\" following ablative surgery is an increased incidence of local recurrence and subsequent pulmonary metastases.", "PMID": 1060507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3251", "title": "Successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infections in two patients with acute leukemia.", "content": "The diagnosis and successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infection in 2 adult patients with acute leukemia is reported. During induction therapy, the first patient developed pulmonary infiltrates, skin lesions and abnormal liver function tests. Aspergillus niger was found on skin and liver biopsy. This patient was successfully treated with Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and he remains in remission. The second patient developed a pneumonitis and adynamic ileus with positive sputum and stool cultures for Aspergillus niger. The infection only responded to Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and the leukemia to cytoreductive chemotherapy. The patient later relapsed and died after a febrile illness. Fungi morpholocially consistent with Aspergillus were found in the liver at autopsy. Infection with A. niger is rare even in this patient population; however fungal infections have become an increasing problem. The need for a high index of suspicion, especially when an infection is unresponsive to antibacterial antibiotics, the various diagnostic tools, and the need for aggressive therapy are stressed. Amphotericin B is the chemotherapy of choice but may be insufficient in a severely neutropenic host where the simultaneous use of granulocyte transfusions might be lifesaving.", "contents": "Successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infections in two patients with acute leukemia. The diagnosis and successful control of systemic Aspergillus niger infection in 2 adult patients with acute leukemia is reported. During induction therapy, the first patient developed pulmonary infiltrates, skin lesions and abnormal liver function tests. Aspergillus niger was found on skin and liver biopsy. This patient was successfully treated with Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and he remains in remission. The second patient developed a pneumonitis and adynamic ileus with positive sputum and stool cultures for Aspergillus niger. The infection only responded to Amphotericin B and granulocyte transfusions and the leukemia to cytoreductive chemotherapy. The patient later relapsed and died after a febrile illness. Fungi morpholocially consistent with Aspergillus were found in the liver at autopsy. Infection with A. niger is rare even in this patient population; however fungal infections have become an increasing problem. The need for a high index of suspicion, especially when an infection is unresponsive to antibacterial antibiotics, the various diagnostic tools, and the need for aggressive therapy are stressed. Amphotericin B is the chemotherapy of choice but may be insufficient in a severely neutropenic host where the simultaneous use of granulocyte transfusions might be lifesaving.", "PMID": 1060508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3252", "title": "Remission maintenance of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia with BCNU (NSC-409962) and cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271).", "content": "Thirteen of 29 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia achieved complete remission with cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, and vincristine, and remissions were maintained with a combination of BCNU and cyclophosphamide. The maintenance drugs (200 and 1000 mg/m respectively) were given at 8-week intervals intravenously. Only six of the 13 patients achieving a complete remission have relapsed. The projected median duration of complete remission is 65 weeks and of survival from diagnosis is 144 weeks. These remission and survival durations compare favorably with the results achieved using other forms of remission-maintenance therapy. The advantage of our form of maintenance therapy is that only overnight hospitalization is required at 8-week intervals.", "contents": "Remission maintenance of acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia with BCNU (NSC-409962) and cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271). Thirteen of 29 patients with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia achieved complete remission with cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, and vincristine, and remissions were maintained with a combination of BCNU and cyclophosphamide. The maintenance drugs (200 and 1000 mg/m respectively) were given at 8-week intervals intravenously. Only six of the 13 patients achieving a complete remission have relapsed. The projected median duration of complete remission is 65 weeks and of survival from diagnosis is 144 weeks. These remission and survival durations compare favorably with the results achieved using other forms of remission-maintenance therapy. The advantage of our form of maintenance therapy is that only overnight hospitalization is required at 8-week intervals.", "PMID": 1060509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3253", "title": "Experimental studies of the antitumor activity of amygdalin MF (NSC-15780) alone and in combination with beta-glucosidase (NSC-128056).", "content": "Amygdalin MF was evaluated alone and in combination with an activating agent, beta-glucosidase, against three transplantable rodent tumors; Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and P388 leukemia. In dose-response studies up to the LD20 in normal mice, amygdalin MF alone did not demonstrate significant antitumor activity against any of these three tumor systems. Similarly, at doses not exceeding the LD10 in normal mice, amygdalin MF plus beta-glucosidase did not demonstrate antitumour activity against any of these three tumor systems. Potentiation of the lethal toxicity of amygdalin MF by beta-glucosidase was observed in all studies where the two agents were given in simultaneous combination.", "contents": "Experimental studies of the antitumor activity of amygdalin MF (NSC-15780) alone and in combination with beta-glucosidase (NSC-128056). Amygdalin MF was evaluated alone and in combination with an activating agent, beta-glucosidase, against three transplantable rodent tumors; Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, Lewis lung carcinoma, and P388 leukemia. In dose-response studies up to the LD20 in normal mice, amygdalin MF alone did not demonstrate significant antitumor activity against any of these three tumor systems. Similarly, at doses not exceeding the LD10 in normal mice, amygdalin MF plus beta-glucosidase did not demonstrate antitumour activity against any of these three tumor systems. Potentiation of the lethal toxicity of amygdalin MF by beta-glucosidase was observed in all studies where the two agents were given in simultaneous combination.", "PMID": 1060511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3254", "title": "A comparative study of results of the von Langenbeck and the V-Y pushback palatoplasties.", "content": "The incidence of velopharyngeal competence noted in 267 cleft palate patients following palatoplsty has been reviewed. Comparisons have been drawn with regard to the cleft type and the surgical technique performed. Since there were relatively small numbers of subjects in some categories, differences in age at last examination between the von Langenbeck and V-Y palatoplasty groups, some patients were very young at time of evaluation, and a number of different surgeons at different levels of training and experience performed the surgery, the differences in velopharyngeal competence found should be viewed as trends and this report as preliminary. In general, there was a trend toward smaller percentages of patients attaining acceptable velopharyngeal competence as the severity of the cleft increased. Of those with clefts of the soft palate only 86 per cent achieved competence. Among those patients with clefts of the palate only, 67 per cent achieved competence, whereas only 57 per cent of those with clefts of the lip and palate were able to do so. When comparing all cleft types, the V-Y palatoplasty resulted in a significantly higher percentage of velopharyngeal competence (74 per cent) than did the von Langenbeck method (56 per cent), although the data for the V-Y group are probably less reliable than those for the von Langenbeck group. In the soft palate only category, the results were slightly better with the von Langenbeck technique, though not significantly so. In all other cleft types, the results with the V-Y method were better than those with the von Langenbeck.", "contents": "A comparative study of results of the von Langenbeck and the V-Y pushback palatoplasties. The incidence of velopharyngeal competence noted in 267 cleft palate patients following palatoplsty has been reviewed. Comparisons have been drawn with regard to the cleft type and the surgical technique performed. Since there were relatively small numbers of subjects in some categories, differences in age at last examination between the von Langenbeck and V-Y palatoplasty groups, some patients were very young at time of evaluation, and a number of different surgeons at different levels of training and experience performed the surgery, the differences in velopharyngeal competence found should be viewed as trends and this report as preliminary. In general, there was a trend toward smaller percentages of patients attaining acceptable velopharyngeal competence as the severity of the cleft increased. Of those with clefts of the soft palate only 86 per cent achieved competence. Among those patients with clefts of the palate only, 67 per cent achieved competence, whereas only 57 per cent of those with clefts of the lip and palate were able to do so. When comparing all cleft types, the V-Y palatoplasty resulted in a significantly higher percentage of velopharyngeal competence (74 per cent) than did the von Langenbeck method (56 per cent), although the data for the V-Y group are probably less reliable than those for the von Langenbeck group. In the soft palate only category, the results were slightly better with the von Langenbeck technique, though not significantly so. In all other cleft types, the results with the V-Y method were better than those with the von Langenbeck.", "PMID": 1060523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3255", "title": "\"Nasalance\" vs. listner judgements of nasality.", "content": "In this article, judgements of nasality from sound field recorded utterances of 23 children with repaired palatal clefts are compared with \"nasalance\" values derived from TONAR II analyses of parallel sound separated recordings. For the nasality judgements, the sound field recordings were presented in forward reproduced mode to 20 \"naive\" listeners and in backward reproduced mode to 10 naive listeners. A four-level task progression was followed in each mode of presentation: sorting the responses by \"normal\" or \"abnormal\" nasality, ranking them by severity of nasality, classifying them within five degrees of nasality, and, finally, assigning a discrete score to the magnitude of nasality perceived in each recording. Scores from the individual judges were highly variable, especially in the first listening task. They were consitently more variable when nasality was judged from backward reproduced recordings. As the listeners gained experience and as the listening tasks demanded more precision in nasality judgements, variability was reduced. Correlations computed between the nasality ratings and nasalance measurements increased and variability decreased. Highest agreement between physical and perceptual measurements was found when variability among the judges was reduced by pooling the scores and comparing the mean scores of nasality with the nasalance scores. Using this procedure, a correlation of .91 was obtained between listener judgemental scores of forward reproduced speech and nasalance scores. Under these conditions, the instrumental score could apparently account for over 80 per cent of the variability in the listener judgements of nasality. From the findings of this study, it was concluded that listeners without prior training are capable of judging nasality reliably and that nasalance scores provide a valid correlate of perceived nasality. The use of backward reprodeced recordings was questioned as a means of assessing nasality.", "contents": "\"Nasalance\" vs. listner judgements of nasality. In this article, judgements of nasality from sound field recorded utterances of 23 children with repaired palatal clefts are compared with \"nasalance\" values derived from TONAR II analyses of parallel sound separated recordings. For the nasality judgements, the sound field recordings were presented in forward reproduced mode to 20 \"naive\" listeners and in backward reproduced mode to 10 naive listeners. A four-level task progression was followed in each mode of presentation: sorting the responses by \"normal\" or \"abnormal\" nasality, ranking them by severity of nasality, classifying them within five degrees of nasality, and, finally, assigning a discrete score to the magnitude of nasality perceived in each recording. Scores from the individual judges were highly variable, especially in the first listening task. They were consitently more variable when nasality was judged from backward reproduced recordings. As the listeners gained experience and as the listening tasks demanded more precision in nasality judgements, variability was reduced. Correlations computed between the nasality ratings and nasalance measurements increased and variability decreased. Highest agreement between physical and perceptual measurements was found when variability among the judges was reduced by pooling the scores and comparing the mean scores of nasality with the nasalance scores. Using this procedure, a correlation of .91 was obtained between listener judgemental scores of forward reproduced speech and nasalance scores. Under these conditions, the instrumental score could apparently account for over 80 per cent of the variability in the listener judgements of nasality. From the findings of this study, it was concluded that listeners without prior training are capable of judging nasality reliably and that nasalance scores provide a valid correlate of perceived nasality. The use of backward reprodeced recordings was questioned as a means of assessing nasality.", "PMID": 1060524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3256", "title": "Behavior and achievement of cleft palate children.", "content": "Forty-four cleft lip and palate/palate only children were individually matched with forty-four normal school children on the basis of sex, age, grade, intelligence and socioeconomic status. All children received behavioral ratings by classroom teachers, and achievement test scores were obtained. The cleft children were rated by teachers as displaying significantly greater inhibition of impulse (internalizing behavior). Cleft children also were significantly lower on overall basic skills achievement test scores. It was suggested that cleft children may be responding to the social-behavioral environment which may include negative social responses from others.", "contents": "Behavior and achievement of cleft palate children. Forty-four cleft lip and palate/palate only children were individually matched with forty-four normal school children on the basis of sex, age, grade, intelligence and socioeconomic status. All children received behavioral ratings by classroom teachers, and achievement test scores were obtained. The cleft children were rated by teachers as displaying significantly greater inhibition of impulse (internalizing behavior). Cleft children also were significantly lower on overall basic skills achievement test scores. It was suggested that cleft children may be responding to the social-behavioral environment which may include negative social responses from others.", "PMID": 1060525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3257", "title": "Repeated superiorly based pharyngeal flap operation for persistent velopharyngeal incompetence.", "content": "A secondary pharyngeal flap procedure, superimposed, on the primary flap, is described after having successfully improved the speech of the three patients on whom it has been used. The raising of a secondary flap is made possible by the fact that minimal scarring occurs from previous pharyngeal flap surgery and also because of the presence of a muscle layer. The combination of factors leading to further reduction in the size of the velopharyngeal lumen is discussed. This operation offers some measure of hope for the not insignificant number of patients who have been left with poor speech after pharyngeal flap surgery and supports the recent work of Cosman and Falk (2).", "contents": "Repeated superiorly based pharyngeal flap operation for persistent velopharyngeal incompetence. A secondary pharyngeal flap procedure, superimposed, on the primary flap, is described after having successfully improved the speech of the three patients on whom it has been used. The raising of a secondary flap is made possible by the fact that minimal scarring occurs from previous pharyngeal flap surgery and also because of the presence of a muscle layer. The combination of factors leading to further reduction in the size of the velopharyngeal lumen is discussed. This operation offers some measure of hope for the not insignificant number of patients who have been left with poor speech after pharyngeal flap surgery and supports the recent work of Cosman and Falk (2).", "PMID": 1060526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3258", "title": "Survey of publications for parents of cleft palate children: a preliminary report.", "content": "In summary, these findings indicate that the general quality of the publications for parents of cleft palate children is probably mediocre and that both parents and speech pathologists tend to agree on assessments to this effect. The publications which appear to be most widely used are not necessarily those which appear to be the best available. Attention needs to be given to the design and content of future parent publications which should probably be written with knowledge of the parents' changing concerns over time. Since parent publications are used by many professionals involved in clef palate habilitation and there is no information about their opinions of the quality of these publications, additional work on this problem is planned for the future.", "contents": "Survey of publications for parents of cleft palate children: a preliminary report. In summary, these findings indicate that the general quality of the publications for parents of cleft palate children is probably mediocre and that both parents and speech pathologists tend to agree on assessments to this effect. The publications which appear to be most widely used are not necessarily those which appear to be the best available. Attention needs to be given to the design and content of future parent publications which should probably be written with knowledge of the parents' changing concerns over time. Since parent publications are used by many professionals involved in clef palate habilitation and there is no information about their opinions of the quality of these publications, additional work on this problem is planned for the future.", "PMID": 1060528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3259", "title": "Spheno-pharyngeal meningocele and cleft palate. Case report with 12-year follow-up.", "content": "A rare congenital anomaly consisting of a spheno-pharyngeal meningocele and cleft palate is presented. The repair of the meningocele was accomplished through an intra-oral transpalatal approach. A primary pharyngeal flap was used to accomplish the repair of the cleft palate. Fortunately, there were no important anomalies of the central nervous system. Twelve years later, the patient functions normally and speaks well. The only remaining symptom of midline craniofacial dysmorphia is a mild hypertelorism.", "contents": "Spheno-pharyngeal meningocele and cleft palate. Case report with 12-year follow-up. A rare congenital anomaly consisting of a spheno-pharyngeal meningocele and cleft palate is presented. The repair of the meningocele was accomplished through an intra-oral transpalatal approach. A primary pharyngeal flap was used to accomplish the repair of the cleft palate. Fortunately, there were no important anomalies of the central nervous system. Twelve years later, the patient functions normally and speaks well. The only remaining symptom of midline craniofacial dysmorphia is a mild hypertelorism.", "PMID": 1060529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3260", "title": "[Comparative studies on the cleansing action of short head toothbrushes with various bristle fields].", "content": "With 20 probands (dental students) comparative clinical-experimental studies on the cleaning effect of short headed toothbrushes with different arrangement of the bristles were performed. The following was found: 1. Position and form of the bristle bundles of short headed toothbrushes--as far as they are at all useful--do not appear to have any influence on the efficiency of the cleaning of teeth in a periodontally healthy dentition without any special positional anomalies of the teeth. 2. Cleaning the oral dental surfaces involves considerable difficulties and usually is successful only after repeated instructing. 3. Mesial and distal dental surfaces are cleaned to about the same extent. 4. Even with skilled persons (instructed dental students) optimum cleaning of the teeth is achieved only after about 4 minutes of intensive cleaning.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the cleansing action of short head toothbrushes with various bristle fields]. With 20 probands (dental students) comparative clinical-experimental studies on the cleaning effect of short headed toothbrushes with different arrangement of the bristles were performed. The following was found: 1. Position and form of the bristle bundles of short headed toothbrushes--as far as they are at all useful--do not appear to have any influence on the efficiency of the cleaning of teeth in a periodontally healthy dentition without any special positional anomalies of the teeth. 2. Cleaning the oral dental surfaces involves considerable difficulties and usually is successful only after repeated instructing. 3. Mesial and distal dental surfaces are cleaned to about the same extent. 4. Even with skilled persons (instructed dental students) optimum cleaning of the teeth is achieved only after about 4 minutes of intensive cleaning.", "PMID": 1060547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3261", "title": "[Clinical results with Edlan and Mejchar's vestibuloplasty].", "content": "In 9 patients, the mode of postoperative healing and the obtained vestibular depth were examined after operations according to the Edlan and Mejchar method. Despite minor subjective complaints, quick healing was observed. Eighteen months later, the vestibulum still had the originally obtained dimensions.", "contents": "[Clinical results with Edlan and Mejchar's vestibuloplasty]. In 9 patients, the mode of postoperative healing and the obtained vestibular depth were examined after operations according to the Edlan and Mejchar method. Despite minor subjective complaints, quick healing was observed. Eighteen months later, the vestibulum still had the originally obtained dimensions.", "PMID": 1060548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3262", "title": "[Diagnostic-therapeutic aids in the reconstruction of frontal occlusion].", "content": "Two methods are recommended as diagnostic-therapeutic means for controlling frontal interlocking: 1. Composite materials for temporary onlays on canines, 2. incorporation of a miniplast splint with individually shaped occlusal surfaces made of cold curing acrylics in cases of isolated interferences in protrusion as well as interferences in both protrusion and lateral movement of the front teeth.", "contents": "[Diagnostic-therapeutic aids in the reconstruction of frontal occlusion]. Two methods are recommended as diagnostic-therapeutic means for controlling frontal interlocking: 1. Composite materials for temporary onlays on canines, 2. incorporation of a miniplast splint with individually shaped occlusal surfaces made of cold curing acrylics in cases of isolated interferences in protrusion as well as interferences in both protrusion and lateral movement of the front teeth.", "PMID": 1060549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3263", "title": "[Thermoanalytical studies on gypsum- and phosphate-bonded casting investments].", "content": "The two test series were carried out with the dilatometer TMA 500 (of Haereus company). The measurements for thermic expansion are easily reproducible, not so for setting expansion. The recorded setting expansion values are identical with the manufacturers' data given for Luster Cast, Aurovest, and Deguvest HFG, among the thermic expansion values only those for Luster Cast are in line with the data given; the values given for Bayer DC are most different from those we found.", "contents": "[Thermoanalytical studies on gypsum- and phosphate-bonded casting investments]. The two test series were carried out with the dilatometer TMA 500 (of Haereus company). The measurements for thermic expansion are easily reproducible, not so for setting expansion. The recorded setting expansion values are identical with the manufacturers' data given for Luster Cast, Aurovest, and Deguvest HFG, among the thermic expansion values only those for Luster Cast are in line with the data given; the values given for Bayer DC are most different from those we found.", "PMID": 1060550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3264", "title": "[The chemical analysis of dental mercury].", "content": "Various samples of two commercial dental mercuries were tested by chemical analyses with regard to metallic impurities (Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cd, As, Tl, AG, Au). The surfaces of some of the tested samples were no longer bright and clear. The detectable metallic impurities reached a maximum of about 2 ppm.", "contents": "[The chemical analysis of dental mercury]. Various samples of two commercial dental mercuries were tested by chemical analyses with regard to metallic impurities (Fe, Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cd, As, Tl, AG, Au). The surfaces of some of the tested samples were no longer bright and clear. The detectable metallic impurities reached a maximum of about 2 ppm.", "PMID": 1060551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3265", "title": "[Correlations between the microstructure and the \"creep\" of amalgams].", "content": "For several preparations the creep behavior of amalgam which is gaining increasing clincal importance is put into relation to tested micro-structure, composition of the initial filings as well as the newly developing phase and its components. Interrelationships between the initial alloy and the gamma1-phase on the one side and the respective creep on the other were observed.", "contents": "[Correlations between the microstructure and the \"creep\" of amalgams]. For several preparations the creep behavior of amalgam which is gaining increasing clincal importance is put into relation to tested micro-structure, composition of the initial filings as well as the newly developing phase and its components. Interrelationships between the initial alloy and the gamma1-phase on the one side and the respective creep on the other were observed.", "PMID": 1060552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3266", "title": "[Experiences with acupuncture in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgias].", "content": "In the present paper it is reported on therapeutical experience gained within one and a half years at 27 patients with various forms of trigeminal neuralgias. In the group of the idiopathic, symptomatic, and atypical forms, therapy was totally successful in 55%, relatively successful in 35%, and failed in 10% of the cases. As to the psychogenic form, therapy was successful in 6 of 7 patients. Within a year after therapy had been terminated, a third of the patients suffered a relapse. When repeating acupuncture, patients do not seem to respond to the therapy as favorably as before.", "contents": "[Experiences with acupuncture in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgias]. In the present paper it is reported on therapeutical experience gained within one and a half years at 27 patients with various forms of trigeminal neuralgias. In the group of the idiopathic, symptomatic, and atypical forms, therapy was totally successful in 55%, relatively successful in 35%, and failed in 10% of the cases. As to the psychogenic form, therapy was successful in 6 of 7 patients. Within a year after therapy had been terminated, a third of the patients suffered a relapse. When repeating acupuncture, patients do not seem to respond to the therapy as favorably as before.", "PMID": 1060553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3267", "title": "[Dosage and cariostatic effect of mutanase in a rat experiment].", "content": "In caries tests on rats, mutanase (mu-1,3-glucanglucano-hydrolase) was admixed in different quantities to a cariogenic diet. The animals were fed eight times a day with a feeding machine for 25 days. A highly significant inhibition of fissural caries was achieved by concentrations of over 50 MU per gram of diet. As a simultaneous plaque reduction was not observed, the effect of the enzyme appears to be due to reduced adhesion or colonization capacity of streptococcus mutans strains in the fissures.", "contents": "[Dosage and cariostatic effect of mutanase in a rat experiment]. In caries tests on rats, mutanase (mu-1,3-glucanglucano-hydrolase) was admixed in different quantities to a cariogenic diet. The animals were fed eight times a day with a feeding machine for 25 days. A highly significant inhibition of fissural caries was achieved by concentrations of over 50 MU per gram of diet. As a simultaneous plaque reduction was not observed, the effect of the enzyme appears to be due to reduced adhesion or colonization capacity of streptococcus mutans strains in the fissures.", "PMID": 1060554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3268", "title": "[Scanning electronmicroscopic studies on fissure caries in human teeth].", "content": "Fracture surfaces and ground sections of human molars with fissure caries were examined under the SEM. The pictures confirmed that with the SEM the topographical location of the fissure as well as the main stages of carious decay in the enamel and dentine (demineralization, infiltration by cariogenic substances and microorganisms) could easily be seen three-dimensionally. Primarily the question of demineralization of prism core and prism periphery was discussed by means of own findings and findings made by other authors.", "contents": "[Scanning electronmicroscopic studies on fissure caries in human teeth]. Fracture surfaces and ground sections of human molars with fissure caries were examined under the SEM. The pictures confirmed that with the SEM the topographical location of the fissure as well as the main stages of carious decay in the enamel and dentine (demineralization, infiltration by cariogenic substances and microorganisms) could easily be seen three-dimensionally. Primarily the question of demineralization of prism core and prism periphery was discussed by means of own findings and findings made by other authors.", "PMID": 1060555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3269", "title": "[Lockjaw in progressive myositis ossificans].", "content": "Frequency, symptomatology, course and therapy of myositis ossificans progressiva are described by means of literature references and personal observation in a patient. The patient was born in 1935 and the disease manifested itself for the first time in 1956 in the right sternocleidomastoid muscle. Despite surgery total trismus could not be prevented and later-on muscles and connective tissue of other areas ossified, too.", "contents": "[Lockjaw in progressive myositis ossificans]. Frequency, symptomatology, course and therapy of myositis ossificans progressiva are described by means of literature references and personal observation in a patient. The patient was born in 1935 and the disease manifested itself for the first time in 1956 in the right sternocleidomastoid muscle. Despite surgery total trismus could not be prevented and later-on muscles and connective tissue of other areas ossified, too.", "PMID": 1060556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3270", "title": "[Toxicity tests in vasoconstrictor agents added to local anesthetics].", "content": "The toxicities of adrenalin, nor-adrenalin and vasopressin derivatives were compared on the basis of animal tests, among others. The adrenalin additive is rejected.", "contents": "[Toxicity tests in vasoconstrictor agents added to local anesthetics]. The toxicities of adrenalin, nor-adrenalin and vasopressin derivatives were compared on the basis of animal tests, among others. The adrenalin additive is rejected.", "PMID": 1060557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3271", "title": "[The occurrence of Streptococcus mutans variants in man and laboratory animals].", "content": "Numerous S. mutans strains isolated from human dental plaque and from that of rats and hamsters were classified by a well-known biochemical differentiation system for the separation of the serotypes \"a to e\", and by seven different biotypes (I-VII). 182 S. mutans strains from human plaque were assigned to the following serotypes: \"c\" = 68%, \"d\" = 19%, and \"b\" and \"e\" = 4% each. Serotype \"a\" was not found at all and 10 strains could not be classified. Out of 60 S. mutans strains from the oral cavity of rats, 85% belonged to serotype \"c\", while in 25 strains from hamsters serotypes \"e\" and \"d\" predominated.", "contents": "[The occurrence of Streptococcus mutans variants in man and laboratory animals]. Numerous S. mutans strains isolated from human dental plaque and from that of rats and hamsters were classified by a well-known biochemical differentiation system for the separation of the serotypes \"a to e\", and by seven different biotypes (I-VII). 182 S. mutans strains from human plaque were assigned to the following serotypes: \"c\" = 68%, \"d\" = 19%, and \"b\" and \"e\" = 4% each. Serotype \"a\" was not found at all and 10 strains could not be classified. Out of 60 S. mutans strains from the oral cavity of rats, 85% belonged to serotype \"c\", while in 25 strains from hamsters serotypes \"e\" and \"d\" predominated.", "PMID": 1060558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3272", "title": "[The cariogenicity of xylitol-decomposing bacteria in a gnotobiotic study].", "content": "In gnotobiotic tests in rats, two xylite-degrading streptococcal strains were tested with regard to their cariogenic properties. One strain was isolated from human dental plaque, the other from the oral cavity of rats. The test animals were associated with the test strains only, and received a saccharose, fructose or xylite chocolate diet for 12 weeks. At the end of the test, between 10(4) and 10(5) inoculated germs were found in the plaque of the test animals. The total caries incidence in the gnotobiotic rats was insignificant in all test groups, i.e. whether they were given saccharose, fructose or xylite chocolate diet, and in both test strains. As compared to the cariogenicity of an S. mutans reference strain, the cariogenic effect of the tested strains was without any practical importance.", "contents": "[The cariogenicity of xylitol-decomposing bacteria in a gnotobiotic study]. In gnotobiotic tests in rats, two xylite-degrading streptococcal strains were tested with regard to their cariogenic properties. One strain was isolated from human dental plaque, the other from the oral cavity of rats. The test animals were associated with the test strains only, and received a saccharose, fructose or xylite chocolate diet for 12 weeks. At the end of the test, between 10(4) and 10(5) inoculated germs were found in the plaque of the test animals. The total caries incidence in the gnotobiotic rats was insignificant in all test groups, i.e. whether they were given saccharose, fructose or xylite chocolate diet, and in both test strains. As compared to the cariogenicity of an S. mutans reference strain, the cariogenic effect of the tested strains was without any practical importance.", "PMID": 1060559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3273", "title": "[Comparative studies of dental plawue in students with and without dental caries. I. Enzymatic determination of the capacity to synthesize lactic acid in an aerobic medium].", "content": "In cultures of dental plaque taken from healthy dental surfaces of children susceptible to caries and children free from caries, the lactic acid content was determined. The cultures had an initial germ count of between 10(3) and 10(4) organisms per ml. After the cultures had been kept in artifical saliva for 7 hours under aerobic conditions, the samples of caries-susceptible children showed a considerably higher acid content than those of caries-free children. In comparative tests carried out in plaque samples simultaneously taken from the same dentitions, the micro-organisms of the samples taken from carious dental surfaces produced more lactic acid under the above mentioned conditions than those of the plaque samples taken from healthy dental surfaces.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of dental plawue in students with and without dental caries. I. Enzymatic determination of the capacity to synthesize lactic acid in an aerobic medium]. In cultures of dental plaque taken from healthy dental surfaces of children susceptible to caries and children free from caries, the lactic acid content was determined. The cultures had an initial germ count of between 10(3) and 10(4) organisms per ml. After the cultures had been kept in artifical saliva for 7 hours under aerobic conditions, the samples of caries-susceptible children showed a considerably higher acid content than those of caries-free children. In comparative tests carried out in plaque samples simultaneously taken from the same dentitions, the micro-organisms of the samples taken from carious dental surfaces produced more lactic acid under the above mentioned conditions than those of the plaque samples taken from healthy dental surfaces.", "PMID": 1060560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3274", "title": "[The variation of the depth of the cervices in the ground surface of the tooth].", "content": "Variations in the depth of scratches in a transverse section of a premolar was studied. The scratches were produced by a Vickers diamond whose vertical deviations during scratching were measured by an inductive distance recorder and continually registered by an xy-recorder. The depth of scratches in all areas of the enamel was almost constant with only minimal variation. In the dentine, too, the variations were small, the constant being greater than in the enamel. The greatest depth was measured in interglobular dentine.", "contents": "[The variation of the depth of the cervices in the ground surface of the tooth]. Variations in the depth of scratches in a transverse section of a premolar was studied. The scratches were produced by a Vickers diamond whose vertical deviations during scratching were measured by an inductive distance recorder and continually registered by an xy-recorder. The depth of scratches in all areas of the enamel was almost constant with only minimal variation. In the dentine, too, the variations were small, the constant being greater than in the enamel. The greatest depth was measured in interglobular dentine.", "PMID": 1060561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3275", "title": "[Ultrastructure of conditioned enamel surfaces and their adhesive matrices in dental enamel sealing].", "content": "The enamel sealant Nuva Seal was tested in model tests on caries-free human molars and premolars. Under the scanning electron microscope the acid-etched enamel areas (natural and ground surfaces) and the corresponding Nuva Seal matrices were studied. In the evaluation, the surface reliefs of the objects were compared. Thus, information on flow capacity, wetting and polymerization behavior of the adhesive was obtained. Evaluation of pairs of stereo pictures of the inverse surface reliefs in the enamel/adhesive contact zone suggests that the sealant has an average measurable depth of penetration of 7 mum. Peg-shaped elevations 10-20 mum in size that can sometimes be observed in the Nuva Seal impressions are interpreted as representing enamel defects.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of conditioned enamel surfaces and their adhesive matrices in dental enamel sealing]. The enamel sealant Nuva Seal was tested in model tests on caries-free human molars and premolars. Under the scanning electron microscope the acid-etched enamel areas (natural and ground surfaces) and the corresponding Nuva Seal matrices were studied. In the evaluation, the surface reliefs of the objects were compared. Thus, information on flow capacity, wetting and polymerization behavior of the adhesive was obtained. Evaluation of pairs of stereo pictures of the inverse surface reliefs in the enamel/adhesive contact zone suggests that the sealant has an average measurable depth of penetration of 7 mum. Peg-shaped elevations 10-20 mum in size that can sometimes be observed in the Nuva Seal impressions are interpreted as representing enamel defects.", "PMID": 1060562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3276", "title": "[Clinical results of functional bite analysis. III. The effect of objectifiable factors upon the therapeutic results].", "content": "The influence exerted by objectifiable factors on the therapeutic result of temporo-mandibular joint disorders was analyzed in follow-ups carried out in 73 patients. As the most frequent cause of still existing complaints occlusal interferences, especially balance contact, were found. The majority of these balance contacts had developed after termination of our therapy, as a result of occlusal surfaces having an unfavorable shape with regard to masticatory function or as a result of spaces in the dentition that had not been treated prosthetically. It was possible to demonstrate that lasting therapeutic success is mainly due to the consistent securing of an interference-free centric and eccentric occlusion. Function controls should also be carried out as a routine measure in people with healthy temporo-mandibular joints, in order to guarantee improved prophylaxis of disorders in the stomatognathic system.", "contents": "[Clinical results of functional bite analysis. III. The effect of objectifiable factors upon the therapeutic results]. The influence exerted by objectifiable factors on the therapeutic result of temporo-mandibular joint disorders was analyzed in follow-ups carried out in 73 patients. As the most frequent cause of still existing complaints occlusal interferences, especially balance contact, were found. The majority of these balance contacts had developed after termination of our therapy, as a result of occlusal surfaces having an unfavorable shape with regard to masticatory function or as a result of spaces in the dentition that had not been treated prosthetically. It was possible to demonstrate that lasting therapeutic success is mainly due to the consistent securing of an interference-free centric and eccentric occlusion. Function controls should also be carried out as a routine measure in people with healthy temporo-mandibular joints, in order to guarantee improved prophylaxis of disorders in the stomatognathic system.", "PMID": 1060564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3277", "title": "Applied behavior analysis in the treatment of childhood feeding problems.", "content": "This paper discusses behavioral mismanagement as a cause of feeding problems in children and reports the case of a six-year-old handicapped boy who was subsisting almost entirely on pureed foods at the time of his referral. Treatment with applied behavior analysis resulted in his acceptance of food normal for his age, and at follow-up 12 months after treatment the variety of foods eaten and the nutrient intake were virtually normal for his age. The authors discuss the frequent occurrence of feeding problems in children and their possible causes. They propose that such problems constitute a clinical entity and suggest a preliminary classification system for them.", "contents": "Applied behavior analysis in the treatment of childhood feeding problems. This paper discusses behavioral mismanagement as a cause of feeding problems in children and reports the case of a six-year-old handicapped boy who was subsisting almost entirely on pureed foods at the time of his referral. Treatment with applied behavior analysis resulted in his acceptance of food normal for his age, and at follow-up 12 months after treatment the variety of foods eaten and the nutrient intake were virtually normal for his age. The authors discuss the frequent occurrence of feeding problems in children and their possible causes. They propose that such problems constitute a clinical entity and suggest a preliminary classification system for them.", "PMID": 1060592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3278", "title": "Serological surveillance of children with CSF shunting devices.", "content": "A naturally-occurring, age-related rise in titre of antibody to Staph. albus in both hydrocephalic and non-hydrocephalic children is demonstrated in this report. In view of this finding, the value of serial determinations of antibody titre in children with shunts is discussed in terms of an organised surveillance programme.", "contents": "Serological surveillance of children with CSF shunting devices. A naturally-occurring, age-related rise in titre of antibody to Staph. albus in both hydrocephalic and non-hydrocephalic children is demonstrated in this report. In view of this finding, the value of serial determinations of antibody titre in children with shunts is discussed in terms of an organised surveillance programme.", "PMID": 1060593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3279", "title": "Reconstitution of the cerebral cortical mantle in shunt-corrected hydrocephalus.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to ascertain the sequence of events and the cellular constituents involved in reconstituting the cortical mantle after ventricular shunting. The subjects were severely hydrocephalic adult cats. After insertion of a shunt, the ventricular system rapidly returned to normal size and there was gross reconstitution of the cortical mantle. However, there still remained in the cortical mantle many of the histological changes seen before insertion of the shunt. The effect of hydrocephalus is mainly upon axons in the periventricular white matter. The axons become stretched and finally disrupted, resulting in disintegration of the surrounding myelin. In the absence of axons, remyelination cannot take place. It would seem, therefore, that prompt reversal of hydrocephalus is necessary in order to preserve the anatomical and functional integrity of the brain.", "contents": "Reconstitution of the cerebral cortical mantle in shunt-corrected hydrocephalus. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the sequence of events and the cellular constituents involved in reconstituting the cortical mantle after ventricular shunting. The subjects were severely hydrocephalic adult cats. After insertion of a shunt, the ventricular system rapidly returned to normal size and there was gross reconstitution of the cortical mantle. However, there still remained in the cortical mantle many of the histological changes seen before insertion of the shunt. The effect of hydrocephalus is mainly upon axons in the periventricular white matter. The axons become stretched and finally disrupted, resulting in disintegration of the surrounding myelin. In the absence of axons, remyelination cannot take place. It would seem, therefore, that prompt reversal of hydrocephalus is necessary in order to preserve the anatomical and functional integrity of the brain.", "PMID": 1060594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3280", "title": "The tectum and the aqueduct of Sylvius in hydrocephalus unassociated with myelomeningocele.", "content": "The brains of 30 children with hydrocephalus (but not myelomeningocele) were examined. It was found that secondary pressures on the tectum and aqueduct resulting from the hydrocephalus were responsible for further obstruction at this level in 15 of the 30 children and that they contributed to axial distortion in another 11 children. Occlusion of the aqueduct occurred as a result either of these external pressures or of internal gliosis. These events form a self-sustaining cycle which, if broken early, may lead to a more satisfactory control of the hydrocephalus.", "contents": "The tectum and the aqueduct of Sylvius in hydrocephalus unassociated with myelomeningocele. The brains of 30 children with hydrocephalus (but not myelomeningocele) were examined. It was found that secondary pressures on the tectum and aqueduct resulting from the hydrocephalus were responsible for further obstruction at this level in 15 of the 30 children and that they contributed to axial distortion in another 11 children. Occlusion of the aqueduct occurred as a result either of these external pressures or of internal gliosis. These events form a self-sustaining cycle which, if broken early, may lead to a more satisfactory control of the hydrocephalus.", "PMID": 1060595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3281", "title": "Dandy-Walker syndrome associated with congenital heart defects: report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases of Dandy-Walker syndrome associated with congenital heart defects are reported, and their management is described. The various theories concerning the aetiology of the Dandy-Walker syndrome are discussed and it is suggested that the theory of primary developmental atresia of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka is still acceptable. If the child with Dandy-Walker syndrome requires treatment by extracranial CSF drainage it is proposed that a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is preferable when there is any suspicion of cardiac anomaly. The proximal catheter should be placed in the posterior fossa cyst (dilated fourth ventricle) rather than in the lateral ventricle.", "contents": "Dandy-Walker syndrome associated with congenital heart defects: report of three cases. Three cases of Dandy-Walker syndrome associated with congenital heart defects are reported, and their management is described. The various theories concerning the aetiology of the Dandy-Walker syndrome are discussed and it is suggested that the theory of primary developmental atresia of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka is still acceptable. If the child with Dandy-Walker syndrome requires treatment by extracranial CSF drainage it is proposed that a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt is preferable when there is any suspicion of cardiac anomaly. The proximal catheter should be placed in the posterior fossa cyst (dilated fourth ventricle) rather than in the lateral ventricle.", "PMID": 1060596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3282", "title": "Changes in regional blood-flow and water content of brain and spinal cord in acute and chronic experimental hydrocephalus.", "content": "The effects of kaolin-induced hydrocephalus on regional blood-flow and water content of cat brain and spinal cord were measured. The role of the central canal of the spinal cord as an alternative pathway for cerebrospinal fluid in experimental hydrocephalus was also studied by positive contrast ventriculography. In comparison with normal cats, blood-flow in the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of cats with acute hydrocephalus was reduced by more than 20 per cent: in those with chronic hydrocephalus it was reduced by only 12 per cent. There was an absolute increase of 1-5 per cent in water content of the brain in cats with acute hydrocephalus. Water content in the spinal cord was increased by 6 per cent in cats with acute hydrocephalus and by 8 per cent in those with chronic hydrocephalus. When the increased water-content was taken into account, hydrocephalus caused no significant change in blood-flow in the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. Contrast material perfused through the ventricles of hydrocephalic cats flowed directly into the enlarged central canal of the spinal cord. Kaolin-induced arachnoiditis completely obstructed communication between the ventricles and the cranial subarachnoid space. The contrast material in the central canal communicated both with the cavities extending into the dorsal columns and with the spinal subarachnoid space. When kaolin was injected directly into the spinal subarachnoid space there was an increase in spinal water-content, without an enlarged central canal. These results suggest that in addition to kaolin-induced arachnoiditis, increased intraluminal pressure is necessary to enlarge the central canal.", "contents": "Changes in regional blood-flow and water content of brain and spinal cord in acute and chronic experimental hydrocephalus. The effects of kaolin-induced hydrocephalus on regional blood-flow and water content of cat brain and spinal cord were measured. The role of the central canal of the spinal cord as an alternative pathway for cerebrospinal fluid in experimental hydrocephalus was also studied by positive contrast ventriculography. In comparison with normal cats, blood-flow in the cerebrum, cerebellum and brain stem of cats with acute hydrocephalus was reduced by more than 20 per cent: in those with chronic hydrocephalus it was reduced by only 12 per cent. There was an absolute increase of 1-5 per cent in water content of the brain in cats with acute hydrocephalus. Water content in the spinal cord was increased by 6 per cent in cats with acute hydrocephalus and by 8 per cent in those with chronic hydrocephalus. When the increased water-content was taken into account, hydrocephalus caused no significant change in blood-flow in the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spinal cord. Contrast material perfused through the ventricles of hydrocephalic cats flowed directly into the enlarged central canal of the spinal cord. Kaolin-induced arachnoiditis completely obstructed communication between the ventricles and the cranial subarachnoid space. The contrast material in the central canal communicated both with the cavities extending into the dorsal columns and with the spinal subarachnoid space. When kaolin was injected directly into the spinal subarachnoid space there was an increase in spinal water-content, without an enlarged central canal. These results suggest that in addition to kaolin-induced arachnoiditis, increased intraluminal pressure is necessary to enlarge the central canal.", "PMID": 1060597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3283", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in megalencephaly.", "content": "Macrocephaly is one of the signs most commonly used in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Two children are reported who presented with macrocephaly. The results of neurological examination were normal apart from delay in mental development. Head circumferences were above the 98th percentile. Air studies showed mildly dilated ventricles with no obstruction, and ventriculolumbar perfusions indicated normal rates of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption. At seven years of age the children were mildly mentally retarded, with head circumferences above the 98th percentile. In the girl the ventricles were still mildly dilated but in the boy they were normal. It is concluded that the macrocephaly in these two children was the result of progressive megalencephaly and not of abnormal ventricular enlargement (hydrocephalus).", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in megalencephaly. Macrocephaly is one of the signs most commonly used in the diagnosis of hydrocephalus. Two children are reported who presented with macrocephaly. The results of neurological examination were normal apart from delay in mental development. Head circumferences were above the 98th percentile. Air studies showed mildly dilated ventricles with no obstruction, and ventriculolumbar perfusions indicated normal rates of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption. At seven years of age the children were mildly mentally retarded, with head circumferences above the 98th percentile. In the girl the ventricles were still mildly dilated but in the boy they were normal. It is concluded that the macrocephaly in these two children was the result of progressive megalencephaly and not of abnormal ventricular enlargement (hydrocephalus).", "PMID": 1060598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3284", "title": "The problems of design and implantation of shunt systems for the treatment of hydrocephalus.", "content": "Engineers and surgeons concerned with the design and use of shunt systems for the treatment of hydrocephalus share the wish to avoid the implantation of defective devices and to improve existing shunt systems. This study considers the causes of shunt failure or malfunction and seeks to define the areas in which improvements are needed. An important factor in bringing about improvements is that surgeons communicate to designers and manufacturers their clinical observations of defective materials or performance in existing shunt systems.", "contents": "The problems of design and implantation of shunt systems for the treatment of hydrocephalus. Engineers and surgeons concerned with the design and use of shunt systems for the treatment of hydrocephalus share the wish to avoid the implantation of defective devices and to improve existing shunt systems. This study considers the causes of shunt failure or malfunction and seeks to define the areas in which improvements are needed. An important factor in bringing about improvements is that surgeons communicate to designers and manufacturers their clinical observations of defective materials or performance in existing shunt systems.", "PMID": 1060599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3285", "title": "A study of the Indian valve for ventriculo-atrial shunts in the treatment of hydrocephalus.", "content": "Because of the high costs of importing commercially-available shunts, a hand-made ventriculo-atrial shunt was devised in India for the treatment of hydrocephalus. Modifications have been made to the original design and these shunts are now being produced commercially at a fraction of the cost of other available shunts. Hydrodynamic testing indicates that they compare favourably with the other shunts at present in use.", "contents": "A study of the Indian valve for ventriculo-atrial shunts in the treatment of hydrocephalus. Because of the high costs of importing commercially-available shunts, a hand-made ventriculo-atrial shunt was devised in India for the treatment of hydrocephalus. Modifications have been made to the original design and these shunts are now being produced commercially at a fraction of the cost of other available shunts. Hydrodynamic testing indicates that they compare favourably with the other shunts at present in use.", "PMID": 1060600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3286", "title": "The use of the valvogram for the detection of shunt blockage in hydrocephalic children.", "content": "Valvography is a simple, safe, rapid, easily interpreted technique for the investigation of possible blockage of the distal end of the shunt system containing a Spitz-Holter valve. Details are presented of 64 investigations in 46 children, 30 of which demonstrated distal obstruction of the shunt system. The unreliability of some physical signs is discussed. No serious complications were encountered and the procedure has proved to be a valuable addition to the practical management of shunt-dependent children.", "contents": "The use of the valvogram for the detection of shunt blockage in hydrocephalic children. Valvography is a simple, safe, rapid, easily interpreted technique for the investigation of possible blockage of the distal end of the shunt system containing a Spitz-Holter valve. Details are presented of 64 investigations in 46 children, 30 of which demonstrated distal obstruction of the shunt system. The unreliability of some physical signs is discussed. No serious complications were encountered and the procedure has proved to be a valuable addition to the practical management of shunt-dependent children.", "PMID": 1060601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3287", "title": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in shunt surgery.", "content": "A system of antibiotic prophylaxis has recently been described which is said to lower the incidence of wound infection in various surgical procedures, and which also evades the problem of increase in resistant bacteria. In the investigation reported here, this system was applied to the prevention of colonisation following shunt surgery and was found to have no beneficial effect. It is suggested that this finding may be peculiar to operations involving the implantation of hollow devices.", "contents": "Antibiotic prophylaxis in shunt surgery. A system of antibiotic prophylaxis has recently been described which is said to lower the incidence of wound infection in various surgical procedures, and which also evades the problem of increase in resistant bacteria. In the investigation reported here, this system was applied to the prevention of colonisation following shunt surgery and was found to have no beneficial effect. It is suggested that this finding may be peculiar to operations involving the implantation of hollow devices.", "PMID": 1060602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3288", "title": "Immunological aspects of L-asparaginase treatment in children with lymphoproliferative disease.", "content": "14 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 6 with lymphosarcoma were treated in 13 cures with 300-500 IU/kg bodyweight/day of L-asparaginase and in 11 cures with 501-760 IU/kg/day. An increase of all fractions of immunoglobulins with maximal values at the end of the cures was observed in the group treated with low doses. In the children receiving the high doses of this drug, an increase was observed only in the first 3 or 4 days of therapy and a decrease occurred at the end of the cure. Decreased IgM levels at the end of therapy were noted in children with acute leukemia. Anti-asparaginase antibodies occurred only in 3 children with anaphylactic shock.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of L-asparaginase treatment in children with lymphoproliferative disease. 14 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 6 with lymphosarcoma were treated in 13 cures with 300-500 IU/kg bodyweight/day of L-asparaginase and in 11 cures with 501-760 IU/kg/day. An increase of all fractions of immunoglobulins with maximal values at the end of the cures was observed in the group treated with low doses. In the children receiving the high doses of this drug, an increase was observed only in the first 3 or 4 days of therapy and a decrease occurred at the end of the cure. Decreased IgM levels at the end of therapy were noted in children with acute leukemia. Anti-asparaginase antibodies occurred only in 3 children with anaphylactic shock.", "PMID": 1060605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3289", "title": "Population cytology of the genus Phaulacridium. IV. Phaulacridium marginale (Walker)--the North Island populations.", "content": "Samples of Phaulacridium marginale were taken from the North Island of New Zealand, together with further samples from three South Island populations. Seven of the North Island populations were found to be polymorphic for a small telocentric B chromosome. In only one case was the B chromosome significantly associated with an increase chiasma frequency. All three South Island populations contained B chromosomes. Seven of the nine N.I. populations were also polymorphic for extra segments on the centric end of the S11 chromosome. In six of them this polymorphism co-existed with that for B'S. A new polymorphism was encountered in two populations. This was for a large block of heterochromatic material located at the centric end of one of the smaller medium-sized chromosomes which thus becomes acro- rather than telocentric. Tt would appear that the New Zealand grasshopper, Ph. marginale, is able to tolerate many different polymorphisms for extra heterochromatin. However, this ability is perhaps restricted to central populations. In this context, the high level of occurence of these polymorphisms in the North Island could be due to the better climatological conditions existing there compared to most of the South Island.", "contents": "Population cytology of the genus Phaulacridium. IV. Phaulacridium marginale (Walker)--the North Island populations. Samples of Phaulacridium marginale were taken from the North Island of New Zealand, together with further samples from three South Island populations. Seven of the North Island populations were found to be polymorphic for a small telocentric B chromosome. In only one case was the B chromosome significantly associated with an increase chiasma frequency. All three South Island populations contained B chromosomes. Seven of the nine N.I. populations were also polymorphic for extra segments on the centric end of the S11 chromosome. In six of them this polymorphism co-existed with that for B'S. A new polymorphism was encountered in two populations. This was for a large block of heterochromatic material located at the centric end of one of the smaller medium-sized chromosomes which thus becomes acro- rather than telocentric. Tt would appear that the New Zealand grasshopper, Ph. marginale, is able to tolerate many different polymorphisms for extra heterochromatin. However, this ability is perhaps restricted to central populations. In this context, the high level of occurence of these polymorphisms in the North Island could be due to the better climatological conditions existing there compared to most of the South Island.", "PMID": 1060606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3290", "title": "Gene frequences in Icelandic cats.", "content": "A survey of genetically determined coat polymorphisms of Icelandic cats, in Reykjavik and adjacent rural areas, has shown that these animals are quite distinct from cats previously studied in north-west Europe. The differences are interpreted to indicate that Icelandic cats represent a relict population reflecting the condition of north-west European cats in former times. Significant differences exist between the Reykjavik and rural samples studies. The Reykjavik population is more similar to north-west Europe, probably due largely to increased contact in recent years.", "contents": "Gene frequences in Icelandic cats. A survey of genetically determined coat polymorphisms of Icelandic cats, in Reykjavik and adjacent rural areas, has shown that these animals are quite distinct from cats previously studied in north-west Europe. The differences are interpreted to indicate that Icelandic cats represent a relict population reflecting the condition of north-west European cats in former times. Significant differences exist between the Reykjavik and rural samples studies. The Reykjavik population is more similar to north-west Europe, probably due largely to increased contact in recent years.", "PMID": 1060607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3291", "title": "Selection equilibria in a multiallele single-locus setting.", "content": "The aim of the paper is to clarify and unify various well-known results in the setting mentioned in the title, since some of these results are either inaccurate, or incomplete; or refer to different concepts bearing the same name. Emphasis is given to the general case, i.e. we include the situation of singular fitness matrix, a topic which is generally avoided. We proceed by using a specific generalized inverse of the fitness matrix. A full bibliography is given.", "contents": "Selection equilibria in a multiallele single-locus setting. The aim of the paper is to clarify and unify various well-known results in the setting mentioned in the title, since some of these results are either inaccurate, or incomplete; or refer to different concepts bearing the same name. Emphasis is given to the general case, i.e. we include the situation of singular fitness matrix, a topic which is generally avoided. We proceed by using a specific generalized inverse of the fitness matrix. A full bibliography is given.", "PMID": 1060608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3292", "title": "The effects of selection and human preference on coat colour gene frequencies in urban cats.", "content": "In an attempt to examine the possibility of selection on domestic cats populations in the urban environment, a number of surveys were conducted in four contrasting areas of Glasgow--two near either extreme of Western, industrial socioeconomic status. The first survey was in the form of a questionnaire to inhabitants enquiring of preference for a particular phenotype. This survey revealed a consistent preference for lighter phenotypes in all areas. The incidence of cat ownership was greatest in the two affluent areas where there was also a high risk of the cat being sterilised. Independent of the questionnaire survey was a study of cat coat colour gene frequencies in each of the four districts. This study revealed that darker phenotypes predominate in the two areas of lower socioeconomic status, Maryhill and Govan. To date, the cat populations in these two areas are the darkest to have been described in the world. In contrast, a lighter phenotype was found in cats inhabiting the two districts of higher socioeconomic status, Kelvinside and Bellahouston. This difference in phenotypic darkness was also paralleled by appropriate clines in coat colour gene frequencies. The results demonstrate that human preference is not effectively translated into selection at any of the loci considered. In situations where human preference is most likely to occur, neutering risk is also high. Although the force responsible for the darkening of phenotype has yet to be identified, the fact that the darker alternative allele at each of the O, a, t, d, S and W loci is favoured suggests that selection is operating on these polymorphic coat colour loci.", "contents": "The effects of selection and human preference on coat colour gene frequencies in urban cats. In an attempt to examine the possibility of selection on domestic cats populations in the urban environment, a number of surveys were conducted in four contrasting areas of Glasgow--two near either extreme of Western, industrial socioeconomic status. The first survey was in the form of a questionnaire to inhabitants enquiring of preference for a particular phenotype. This survey revealed a consistent preference for lighter phenotypes in all areas. The incidence of cat ownership was greatest in the two affluent areas where there was also a high risk of the cat being sterilised. Independent of the questionnaire survey was a study of cat coat colour gene frequencies in each of the four districts. This study revealed that darker phenotypes predominate in the two areas of lower socioeconomic status, Maryhill and Govan. To date, the cat populations in these two areas are the darkest to have been described in the world. In contrast, a lighter phenotype was found in cats inhabiting the two districts of higher socioeconomic status, Kelvinside and Bellahouston. This difference in phenotypic darkness was also paralleled by appropriate clines in coat colour gene frequencies. The results demonstrate that human preference is not effectively translated into selection at any of the loci considered. In situations where human preference is most likely to occur, neutering risk is also high. Although the force responsible for the darkening of phenotype has yet to be identified, the fact that the darker alternative allele at each of the O, a, t, d, S and W loci is favoured suggests that selection is operating on these polymorphic coat colour loci.", "PMID": 1060609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3293", "title": "Chiasma frequency variation with altitude in Cepaea hortensis (m\u016fll.).", "content": "Populations of Cepaea hortensis have been sampled from an area of 121 sq km on the north slopes of the Brendon Hills, Somerset, and analysed for chiasma frequency. Variation in chiasma frequency is due to variation in a single large bivalent--the A group bivalent. In 12 populations studied during 1973 no association between chiasma frequency and ecological factors could be detected. In particular, there is no evidence of a negative correlation of population density with chiasma frequency which is known to exist in populations of C. nemoralis within the area. In 1974, 17 populations, four of which were utilised in the 1973 analysis, were studied. Negative correlations of interstitial (but not total or terminal) chiasma frequency and between-cell variance with altitude were found. It is likely that the correlation of between-cell variance with altitude is due to the strong correlation of variance with chiasma frequency which exists in these populations. There is evidence from several populations that chiasma frequency is stable between years. The implications of the negative correlation of chiasma frequency with altitude and the lack of a correlation with population density are discussed.", "contents": "Chiasma frequency variation with altitude in Cepaea hortensis (m\u016fll.). Populations of Cepaea hortensis have been sampled from an area of 121 sq km on the north slopes of the Brendon Hills, Somerset, and analysed for chiasma frequency. Variation in chiasma frequency is due to variation in a single large bivalent--the A group bivalent. In 12 populations studied during 1973 no association between chiasma frequency and ecological factors could be detected. In particular, there is no evidence of a negative correlation of population density with chiasma frequency which is known to exist in populations of C. nemoralis within the area. In 1974, 17 populations, four of which were utilised in the 1973 analysis, were studied. Negative correlations of interstitial (but not total or terminal) chiasma frequency and between-cell variance with altitude were found. It is likely that the correlation of between-cell variance with altitude is due to the strong correlation of variance with chiasma frequency which exists in these populations. There is evidence from several populations that chiasma frequency is stable between years. The implications of the negative correlation of chiasma frequency with altitude and the lack of a correlation with population density are discussed.", "PMID": 1060610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3294", "title": "Population genetics of a \"colonising\" lizard: natural selection for allozyme morphs in Anolis grahami.", "content": "Allozyme frequencies of Anolis grahami from Bermuda were compared to those from Jamaica. These lizards were introduced into Bermuda from Jamaica in 1905. The magnitude of the genetic changes were consistent with the hypothesis that these changes were produced by random genetic drift. The changes for the seperate alleles were, however, more heterogeneous than expected if caused by random drift alone. It is concluded that not all the alleles examined have been selectively neutral.", "contents": "Population genetics of a \"colonising\" lizard: natural selection for allozyme morphs in Anolis grahami. Allozyme frequencies of Anolis grahami from Bermuda were compared to those from Jamaica. These lizards were introduced into Bermuda from Jamaica in 1905. The magnitude of the genetic changes were consistent with the hypothesis that these changes were produced by random genetic drift. The changes for the seperate alleles were, however, more heterogeneous than expected if caused by random drift alone. It is concluded that not all the alleles examined have been selectively neutral.", "PMID": 1060611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3295", "title": "High coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity does not protect mice against Warfarin.", "content": "Sixteen strains of mice varied widely in their ability to 7-hydroxylate injected coumarin to form umbelliferone, which is excreted in the urine. The same strains also varied in their resistance to the lethal effects of dietary Warfarin. There was no correlation between hydroxylating ability and Warfarin resistance.", "contents": "High coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity does not protect mice against Warfarin. Sixteen strains of mice varied widely in their ability to 7-hydroxylate injected coumarin to form umbelliferone, which is excreted in the urine. The same strains also varied in their resistance to the lethal effects of dietary Warfarin. There was no correlation between hydroxylating ability and Warfarin resistance.", "PMID": 1060612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3296", "title": "Phenotypic selection in autopolyploids.", "content": "A simple demonstration, applicable to any ploidy level, that response to selection measured after one generation of random mating is proportional to the gametic variance, is given. The reduction in the coefficients of variance components during subsequent random mating generations is related to the approach of the population structure to various types of equilibria.", "contents": "Phenotypic selection in autopolyploids. A simple demonstration, applicable to any ploidy level, that response to selection measured after one generation of random mating is proportional to the gametic variance, is given. The reduction in the coefficients of variance components during subsequent random mating generations is related to the approach of the population structure to various types of equilibria.", "PMID": 1060613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3297", "title": "[Role of salivary lipids in the precipitation of a salivary glycoprotein under the effect of calcium].", "content": "During its purification, a calcium precipitable glycoprotein, isolated from human mixed saliva was submitted to dialysis. When purified, this glycoprotein did not precipitate with the addition of calcium. The study of the precipitation conditions showed that during dialysis salivary lipids passed in the dialysate. Dialysated saliva gave no precipitate by calcium addition. Precipitation experiments of dialysated saliva and reprecipitation of the purified glycoprotein by calcium, in presence or absence of salivary lipids, showed that these latter were indispensable for the precipitation of the calcium precipitable salivary protein. These results demonstrated a possible role played by salivary lipids in the elaboration of dental plaque, whose matrix contained relatively important lipid quantities.", "contents": "[Role of salivary lipids in the precipitation of a salivary glycoprotein under the effect of calcium]. During its purification, a calcium precipitable glycoprotein, isolated from human mixed saliva was submitted to dialysis. When purified, this glycoprotein did not precipitate with the addition of calcium. The study of the precipitation conditions showed that during dialysis salivary lipids passed in the dialysate. Dialysated saliva gave no precipitate by calcium addition. Precipitation experiments of dialysated saliva and reprecipitation of the purified glycoprotein by calcium, in presence or absence of salivary lipids, showed that these latter were indispensable for the precipitation of the calcium precipitable salivary protein. These results demonstrated a possible role played by salivary lipids in the elaboration of dental plaque, whose matrix contained relatively important lipid quantities.", "PMID": 1060614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3298", "title": "[Vascularization and connective tissue penetration, factors in the involution of the enamel organ in the rat].", "content": "In the albino rat, at the 21th day of gestation, the capillaries entered the stellate reticulum of the molar and came into contact with the stratum intermedium. This vascular penetration was followed on the 10th day of age by a connective penetration. The stellate reticulum was thus disorganized and was built up by small epithelial islands surrounded by collagen and reticulin fibrils. Finally, the reduced enamel epithelium fused with the oral epithelium and formed the epithelial attachment. After a trophic role, the vascularization, with the help of the connective tissue penetration, had a destructive function. Both vascularization and connective tissue invasion contribute to the enamel organ involution.", "contents": "[Vascularization and connective tissue penetration, factors in the involution of the enamel organ in the rat]. In the albino rat, at the 21th day of gestation, the capillaries entered the stellate reticulum of the molar and came into contact with the stratum intermedium. This vascular penetration was followed on the 10th day of age by a connective penetration. The stellate reticulum was thus disorganized and was built up by small epithelial islands surrounded by collagen and reticulin fibrils. Finally, the reduced enamel epithelium fused with the oral epithelium and formed the epithelial attachment. After a trophic role, the vascularization, with the help of the connective tissue penetration, had a destructive function. Both vascularization and connective tissue invasion contribute to the enamel organ involution.", "PMID": 1060615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3299", "title": "Blood supply in the developing and post natal rat soft palate.", "content": "Foetal and post natal rats were perfused with a carbon suspension and cleared in methyl salicylate to display the blood supply of the developing and formed hard and soft palates. The arterial blood supply of the soft palate was from the pharyngeal artery, a branch of the pterygopalatine artery; and from the tonsillar artery, a branch of the external maxillary artery. The pharyngeal artery could be recognised from 14 days post insemination and reached its adult configuration on the 17th day p.i. The tonsillar artery was seen from the 18th day. In the hard palate the blood supply was as described by other authors.", "contents": "Blood supply in the developing and post natal rat soft palate. Foetal and post natal rats were perfused with a carbon suspension and cleared in methyl salicylate to display the blood supply of the developing and formed hard and soft palates. The arterial blood supply of the soft palate was from the pharyngeal artery, a branch of the pterygopalatine artery; and from the tonsillar artery, a branch of the external maxillary artery. The pharyngeal artery could be recognised from 14 days post insemination and reached its adult configuration on the 17th day p.i. The tonsillar artery was seen from the 18th day. In the hard palate the blood supply was as described by other authors.", "PMID": 1060616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3300", "title": "[Architectural structure of the pterygoidian plane of the masticatory musculature in the cat (Felis catus L.)].", "content": "The architectural analysis of the pt\u00e9rygoidal plane of the cat identified the two pterygoid muscles. The medial pterygoid showed an orbital and an angular part inserted respectively on the internal face of the mandibule and on the maeto-angular ligament. The lateral pterygoid consisted of only one pterygoid bundle, involved in lateral movements and adjustments of the jaw condyle.", "contents": "[Architectural structure of the pterygoidian plane of the masticatory musculature in the cat (Felis catus L.)]. The architectural analysis of the pt\u00e9rygoidal plane of the cat identified the two pterygoid muscles. The medial pterygoid showed an orbital and an angular part inserted respectively on the internal face of the mandibule and on the maeto-angular ligament. The lateral pterygoid consisted of only one pterygoid bundle, involved in lateral movements and adjustments of the jaw condyle.", "PMID": 1060617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3301", "title": "[Influence of various anions and biological macromolecules on bacterial aggregation in vitro].", "content": "The effects of various anions on experimental bacterial aggregation has been studied with Streptococcus mutans OMZ 175 and Actinomyces viscosus X1, using an experimental system, based on the measurement of optical density in an aqueous polyethyleneglycol medium. Monovolent anions (ac\u00e9tate, chloride and fluoride) and sulphate had no effects on bacterial aggregation in salivary concentrations. However carbonate, mono and dihydrogenophosphates gave an important aggregation in relatively small saline concentrations. The study of the aggregation of Strep. mutans OMZ 175, grown in presence of sucrose for 12 to 96 hours, showed an increased aggregation of the micro-organims up to 24 hours. For longer incubation times, aggregation decreased. Finally a calcium precipitable salivary glycoprotein, at small concentrations, gave a bacterial aggregation of about 25% and may be important in dental plaque formation.", "contents": "[Influence of various anions and biological macromolecules on bacterial aggregation in vitro]. The effects of various anions on experimental bacterial aggregation has been studied with Streptococcus mutans OMZ 175 and Actinomyces viscosus X1, using an experimental system, based on the measurement of optical density in an aqueous polyethyleneglycol medium. Monovolent anions (ac\u00e9tate, chloride and fluoride) and sulphate had no effects on bacterial aggregation in salivary concentrations. However carbonate, mono and dihydrogenophosphates gave an important aggregation in relatively small saline concentrations. The study of the aggregation of Strep. mutans OMZ 175, grown in presence of sucrose for 12 to 96 hours, showed an increased aggregation of the micro-organims up to 24 hours. For longer incubation times, aggregation decreased. Finally a calcium precipitable salivary glycoprotein, at small concentrations, gave a bacterial aggregation of about 25% and may be important in dental plaque formation.", "PMID": 1060618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3302", "title": "[Application of a segmentation method to an intraoral epidemiologic survey].", "content": "The segmentation method has been applied to the results of an epidemiological study on the oral conditions of 2000 children of Strasbourg, 6 to 15 years old. The classification in decreasing order of the factors influencing the DMF/T index was the following: the age, the socio-professional group of the father, the sex, the calculus index, the gingival index, the df/t, the morphological index and the plaque index. The df/t index was bound in decreasing order of importance to the DMF/T index, the age, the socio-professional group of the father, the sex, the calculus index, the gingival index, the plaque index and the morphological index. For the gingival index, the segmentation analysis indicated in decreasing order the importance of the plaque index, the socio-professional group of the father, the age, the DMF/T index, the calculus index, the df/t index, the morphological index and the sex.", "contents": "[Application of a segmentation method to an intraoral epidemiologic survey]. The segmentation method has been applied to the results of an epidemiological study on the oral conditions of 2000 children of Strasbourg, 6 to 15 years old. The classification in decreasing order of the factors influencing the DMF/T index was the following: the age, the socio-professional group of the father, the sex, the calculus index, the gingival index, the df/t, the morphological index and the plaque index. The df/t index was bound in decreasing order of importance to the DMF/T index, the age, the socio-professional group of the father, the sex, the calculus index, the gingival index, the plaque index and the morphological index. For the gingival index, the segmentation analysis indicated in decreasing order the importance of the plaque index, the socio-professional group of the father, the age, the DMF/T index, the calculus index, the df/t index, the morphological index and the sex.", "PMID": 1060619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3303", "title": "[Lipids of the human gingiva].", "content": "Human normal gingiva showed a distribution of 2/3 of non phosphorylated lipids and 1/3 of phospholipids, as well as a prevalence of free fatty acids, triglycerides and esters of cholesterol in relatively high rate. An important quantity of phosphatidylcholines, of phosphatidylethanolamines and sphingomyelins was also noted. The other phospholipids were present but in smaller quantity. The participation of the phsopholipids in the keratinization process of the oral mucosa has been discussed.", "contents": "[Lipids of the human gingiva]. Human normal gingiva showed a distribution of 2/3 of non phosphorylated lipids and 1/3 of phospholipids, as well as a prevalence of free fatty acids, triglycerides and esters of cholesterol in relatively high rate. An important quantity of phosphatidylcholines, of phosphatidylethanolamines and sphingomyelins was also noted. The other phospholipids were present but in smaller quantity. The participation of the phsopholipids in the keratinization process of the oral mucosa has been discussed.", "PMID": 1060620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3304", "title": "[Role of hypocalcemia in the keratinization of the epithelium in the rat].", "content": "The role of calcium in the keratinization process has been studied in hypocalcaemic rats after surgical removal of the parathyroids. Intraperitoneal injection of Na2(35) SO4 allowed the study of the incorporation of sulphur in palatal and gingival epithelium. After parathyroidectomy, the calcaemia decreased strongly in the first week, reached its lowest value at the end of the second week and then increased progressively. In the control rats, the concentration of the silver grains increased from the basal layer to the stratum corneum, whereas in the parathyroidectomized rats the grains were concentrated in the basal layers. The variations of the values of the calcaemia and the number of grains were in correlation for the palatal and gingival epithelium. This correlation seemed to be confirmed for the palatal epithelium by the results obtained by radioactivity measurements. A relation between the calcium plasmatic concentration and the sulphur incorporation seemed to be confirmed. The hypocalcaemia was accompanied by diffusion anomalies of sulphur and glycoaminoglycans sulphation.", "contents": "[Role of hypocalcemia in the keratinization of the epithelium in the rat]. The role of calcium in the keratinization process has been studied in hypocalcaemic rats after surgical removal of the parathyroids. Intraperitoneal injection of Na2(35) SO4 allowed the study of the incorporation of sulphur in palatal and gingival epithelium. After parathyroidectomy, the calcaemia decreased strongly in the first week, reached its lowest value at the end of the second week and then increased progressively. In the control rats, the concentration of the silver grains increased from the basal layer to the stratum corneum, whereas in the parathyroidectomized rats the grains were concentrated in the basal layers. The variations of the values of the calcaemia and the number of grains were in correlation for the palatal and gingival epithelium. This correlation seemed to be confirmed for the palatal epithelium by the results obtained by radioactivity measurements. A relation between the calcium plasmatic concentration and the sulphur incorporation seemed to be confirmed. The hypocalcaemia was accompanied by diffusion anomalies of sulphur and glycoaminoglycans sulphation.", "PMID": 1060621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3305", "title": "Normal histology of the human soft palate.", "content": "The histology of the human soft palate seen in four whole soft palates and four mucosal biopsies has been described, with an emphasis on the elastic fibres. Striking features were the presence of much fat, thick interglandular connective tissue septa, considerable elastic tissue, and a complete absence of taste buds.", "contents": "Normal histology of the human soft palate. The histology of the human soft palate seen in four whole soft palates and four mucosal biopsies has been described, with an emphasis on the elastic fibres. Striking features were the presence of much fat, thick interglandular connective tissue septa, considerable elastic tissue, and a complete absence of taste buds.", "PMID": 1060622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3306", "title": "[Quantitative study on the effects of occlusal overload on the remodelling of the alveolar process in the rat].", "content": "A quantitative study of alveolar bone resorption around the first lower rat molar has been conducted on horizontal sections. The number of osteoclasts/mm2 and the percentage of resorbing periodontal membrane surface of the socket rose through an increase in occlusal forces induced by an amalgam filling in slight occlusal overbite. The increase in resorption was significantly related to the duration of force application. The number of osteoclasts was more than tripled after 18 days. But this increase was observed in areas already previously submitted to osteoclastic resorption during bone remodeling associated with physiological tooth drift.", "contents": "[Quantitative study on the effects of occlusal overload on the remodelling of the alveolar process in the rat]. A quantitative study of alveolar bone resorption around the first lower rat molar has been conducted on horizontal sections. The number of osteoclasts/mm2 and the percentage of resorbing periodontal membrane surface of the socket rose through an increase in occlusal forces induced by an amalgam filling in slight occlusal overbite. The increase in resorption was significantly related to the duration of force application. The number of osteoclasts was more than tripled after 18 days. But this increase was observed in areas already previously submitted to osteoclastic resorption during bone remodeling associated with physiological tooth drift.", "PMID": 1060623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3307", "title": "[Action of calcitonin in experimental periodontolysis in the golden hamster].", "content": "48 male goldern hamsters 5 weeks old were divided in 4 groups. The first group was used as control. The second was submitted to the 2 000 cariogenic Keyes diet inducing severe alveolar bone resorption. The third and fourth group received with the same diet a thyrocalcitonin injection every two days (3rd group) and every day (4th group) during three months. The study of the alveolar plates with the scanning electron microscope in the animal having received thyrocalcitonin showed a reduced number of resorption lacunae, a denser bone surface covered by a homogeneous and dense granular material similar to that observed in the controls. The calcified globules, constituting the bone anchoring of the Sharpey's fibres, were different from those of the second group submitted to Keyes diet and similar to the controls.", "contents": "[Action of calcitonin in experimental periodontolysis in the golden hamster]. 48 male goldern hamsters 5 weeks old were divided in 4 groups. The first group was used as control. The second was submitted to the 2 000 cariogenic Keyes diet inducing severe alveolar bone resorption. The third and fourth group received with the same diet a thyrocalcitonin injection every two days (3rd group) and every day (4th group) during three months. The study of the alveolar plates with the scanning electron microscope in the animal having received thyrocalcitonin showed a reduced number of resorption lacunae, a denser bone surface covered by a homogeneous and dense granular material similar to that observed in the controls. The calcified globules, constituting the bone anchoring of the Sharpey's fibres, were different from those of the second group submitted to Keyes diet and similar to the controls.", "PMID": 1060624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3308", "title": "[Morphogenesis and structure of teleost teeth (Salmo fario L.)].", "content": "Tooth formation has been studied in the fry and adult trout (Salmo fario L.) in order to describe their structure and investigate the links between histogenetic and architectural features. Odontoblasts show typical polarized kinetics during their activity; they shrink back from the tooth wall they have elaborated, without leaving any cytoplasmic process (Tomes' fibres); so the dentine in a characteristic way lacks any cellular or canalicular inclusion, at any stage of its development. The tooth as a whole grows from an apical to basal direction; its organic matrix is formed of coarse fibres from the pulp, and fine collagenous fibres formed by the odontoblastic layer. These various fibrillar systems assume definite orientations. Mineralization was studied by fluorescent markers and microradiography. The external apical part of the tooth is hypermineralized, but its structure and pattern of deposition would make it closer to a dentinal differentiation (enameloid) than to an ectodermal enamel. The ameloblasts of the inner epithelium are high, very polarized and active cells, but their participation in tooth tissue formation has not been definitely demonstrated.", "contents": "[Morphogenesis and structure of teleost teeth (Salmo fario L.)]. Tooth formation has been studied in the fry and adult trout (Salmo fario L.) in order to describe their structure and investigate the links between histogenetic and architectural features. Odontoblasts show typical polarized kinetics during their activity; they shrink back from the tooth wall they have elaborated, without leaving any cytoplasmic process (Tomes' fibres); so the dentine in a characteristic way lacks any cellular or canalicular inclusion, at any stage of its development. The tooth as a whole grows from an apical to basal direction; its organic matrix is formed of coarse fibres from the pulp, and fine collagenous fibres formed by the odontoblastic layer. These various fibrillar systems assume definite orientations. Mineralization was studied by fluorescent markers and microradiography. The external apical part of the tooth is hypermineralized, but its structure and pattern of deposition would make it closer to a dentinal differentiation (enameloid) than to an ectodermal enamel. The ameloblasts of the inner epithelium are high, very polarized and active cells, but their participation in tooth tissue formation has not been definitely demonstrated.", "PMID": 1060625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3309", "title": "[The peri-angular masseteropterygoid belt in the cat (Felis catus L.)].", "content": "The fleshy bundles of the first lamina of the cat (Felis catus L.) superficial masseter were highly developed, wraping the mandibular angle and rejoining the bundles of the medial pterygoid on the internal face of the mandible. This periangular masseteric-pterigoid girth was subdivided into jaw bone inserted bundles and bundles with free attachment which were opposed through the meato-angular ligament and the masseteric-pterygoid raphe. However, exchanges between the masseteric and pterygoid bundles were never observed. On a functional basis, the periangluar girth is of great importance.", "contents": "[The peri-angular masseteropterygoid belt in the cat (Felis catus L.)]. The fleshy bundles of the first lamina of the cat (Felis catus L.) superficial masseter were highly developed, wraping the mandibular angle and rejoining the bundles of the medial pterygoid on the internal face of the mandible. This periangular masseteric-pterigoid girth was subdivided into jaw bone inserted bundles and bundles with free attachment which were opposed through the meato-angular ligament and the masseteric-pterygoid raphe. However, exchanges between the masseteric and pterygoid bundles were never observed. On a functional basis, the periangluar girth is of great importance.", "PMID": 1060626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3310", "title": "[Quantitative study on the effects of parathyroidectomy on the osseous remodelling and physiological migration of teeth in the rat].", "content": "Numerous hypotheses have been advanced to explain the factors determining the rhythm and direction of the physiological drift of the teeth, but the exact causes of the phenomena are still poorly understood. Since dental mesial drift and alveolar bone remodeling are closely associated, the influence of the parathyroid hormone, systemic factor of bone remodeling, was studied. A cessation of physiological mesial drift was observed in 8 days on parathyroidectomized rats without the use of any direct local action or compression of the periodontal ligament, on the resorbing alveolar side. Parathyroid hormone injection in rats parathyroidectomized for 4 days allowed the development of physiological drift in the same direction. Alveolar bone is therefore parathyroid hormone dependent : the remodeling seemed to determine the physiological drift whereas a local factor seemed to determine the direction.", "contents": "[Quantitative study on the effects of parathyroidectomy on the osseous remodelling and physiological migration of teeth in the rat]. Numerous hypotheses have been advanced to explain the factors determining the rhythm and direction of the physiological drift of the teeth, but the exact causes of the phenomena are still poorly understood. Since dental mesial drift and alveolar bone remodeling are closely associated, the influence of the parathyroid hormone, systemic factor of bone remodeling, was studied. A cessation of physiological mesial drift was observed in 8 days on parathyroidectomized rats without the use of any direct local action or compression of the periodontal ligament, on the resorbing alveolar side. Parathyroid hormone injection in rats parathyroidectomized for 4 days allowed the development of physiological drift in the same direction. Alveolar bone is therefore parathyroid hormone dependent : the remodeling seemed to determine the physiological drift whereas a local factor seemed to determine the direction.", "PMID": 1060627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3311", "title": "Influence of the collection and transport of specimens on the recovery of bacteria from peritonsillar abscesses.", "content": "In 30 patients with peritonsillar abscesses, pus was obtained by aspiration and by taking a swab after incision; bacterial recovery was compared. Although processed in the laboratory within 2 h, swab speciments gave results comparable to syringe specimens in only 9 of 13 patients with beta-hemolytic streptococci and 7 of 25 patients with anaerobic bacteria. Both kinds of microorganisms were lost in some cases but appeared as additional flora in others. The poor results from the swab technique was ascribed to overgrowth of respiratory flora contaminating the sample after incision. In aspirated pus kept in the syringe, or transferred to anaerobic transporters, the microbial flora was unchanged for 24 to 48 h. Some anaerobes also survived on agar slants for 24 h, but specially designed anaerobic transporters are recommended.", "contents": "Influence of the collection and transport of specimens on the recovery of bacteria from peritonsillar abscesses. In 30 patients with peritonsillar abscesses, pus was obtained by aspiration and by taking a swab after incision; bacterial recovery was compared. Although processed in the laboratory within 2 h, swab speciments gave results comparable to syringe specimens in only 9 of 13 patients with beta-hemolytic streptococci and 7 of 25 patients with anaerobic bacteria. Both kinds of microorganisms were lost in some cases but appeared as additional flora in others. The poor results from the swab technique was ascribed to overgrowth of respiratory flora contaminating the sample after incision. In aspirated pus kept in the syringe, or transferred to anaerobic transporters, the microbial flora was unchanged for 24 to 48 h. Some anaerobes also survived on agar slants for 24 h, but specially designed anaerobic transporters are recommended.", "PMID": 1060635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3312", "title": "Physiological classification of oral viridans streptococci.", "content": "The human mouth harbors large numbers of a variety of greening streptococci. For many years the classification and nomenclature of these organisms have been confused, but recent studies have clarified the situation considerably. Five distinct species can be distinguished among the oral streptococci S mutans, S sanguis, S mitior, S milleri, and S salivarius, and these may be identified using a simple scheme consisting of seven physiological tests. Further subdivisions within these species may be achieved using serological methods. A small number of oral streptococci remain which cannot easily be identified with existing schemes. These may represent additional species that, as yet, have not been adequately described. There seems little justification for continuing the practive of calling all alpha-hemolytic streptococci simple \"Streptococcus viridans\".", "contents": "Physiological classification of oral viridans streptococci. The human mouth harbors large numbers of a variety of greening streptococci. For many years the classification and nomenclature of these organisms have been confused, but recent studies have clarified the situation considerably. Five distinct species can be distinguished among the oral streptococci S mutans, S sanguis, S mitior, S milleri, and S salivarius, and these may be identified using a simple scheme consisting of seven physiological tests. Further subdivisions within these species may be achieved using serological methods. A small number of oral streptococci remain which cannot easily be identified with existing schemes. These may represent additional species that, as yet, have not been adequately described. There seems little justification for continuing the practive of calling all alpha-hemolytic streptococci simple \"Streptococcus viridans\".", "PMID": 1060638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3313", "title": "Antigens and surface components associated with virulence of Actinomyces viscosus.", "content": "We have isolated a specific cell wall antigen of high molecular weight which appears to be unique to virulent strains of A viscosus and A naeslundii. The antigen is composed of two parts: a polysaccharide moiety containing 6-DOT as the major sugar and determinant of serologic specificity, and a small peptide bearing some resemblance to the peptidoglycan. Other data indicate a positive correlation between the presence of this antigen and an extrachromosomal piece of DNA having most of the properties of a bacterial plasmid. The specific function of the 6-DOT antigen in disease production is not known, but its clear association with virulent strains suggests the possibility of monitoring specific populations of oral actinomycetes.", "contents": "Antigens and surface components associated with virulence of Actinomyces viscosus. We have isolated a specific cell wall antigen of high molecular weight which appears to be unique to virulent strains of A viscosus and A naeslundii. The antigen is composed of two parts: a polysaccharide moiety containing 6-DOT as the major sugar and determinant of serologic specificity, and a small peptide bearing some resemblance to the peptidoglycan. Other data indicate a positive correlation between the presence of this antigen and an extrachromosomal piece of DNA having most of the properties of a bacterial plasmid. The specific function of the 6-DOT antigen in disease production is not known, but its clear association with virulent strains suggests the possibility of monitoring specific populations of oral actinomycetes.", "PMID": 1060640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3314", "title": "Antigens from Actinomyces species and their value in identification.", "content": "Actinomyces have a complex antigenic structure that includes neutral cell wall carbohydrate and some polypeptide containing charged antigens. Wall carbohydrate can be prepared in a relatively pure form from cell walls or by DEAE Sephadex chromatography of acid extracts and supernatant culture fluid. Charged antigens are generally eluted in groups by batch-elution from columns. Cell wall carbohydrate can be responsible for species-specific reactions and cross-reactions, and strains may possess more than one cell wall carbohydrate determinant. The charged antigens also can be species specific, but they cause some cross-reactions, particularly those between the A israelii serotypes. Autoclave extracts of strains, tested against antiserums reacting with cell wall carbohydrate, may be valuable in routine identification of isolates.", "contents": "Antigens from Actinomyces species and their value in identification. Actinomyces have a complex antigenic structure that includes neutral cell wall carbohydrate and some polypeptide containing charged antigens. Wall carbohydrate can be prepared in a relatively pure form from cell walls or by DEAE Sephadex chromatography of acid extracts and supernatant culture fluid. Charged antigens are generally eluted in groups by batch-elution from columns. Cell wall carbohydrate can be responsible for species-specific reactions and cross-reactions, and strains may possess more than one cell wall carbohydrate determinant. The charged antigens also can be species specific, but they cause some cross-reactions, particularly those between the A israelii serotypes. Autoclave extracts of strains, tested against antiserums reacting with cell wall carbohydrate, may be valuable in routine identification of isolates.", "PMID": 1060641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3315", "title": "Cellular fatty acid composition of Streptococcus mutans and related streptococci.", "content": "The cellular fatty acid composition of 18 strains of Streptococcus mutans and 17 isolates of related streptococci were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The cultures could be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their fatty acids. The first group, which included S mutans and S salivarius, contained palmitic (16:0), octadecenoic (18:1), stearic (18:0), eicosenoic (20:1), and eicosanoic (20:0) acids. The presence of the two 20-carbon fatty acids distinguished S mutans and S salivarius from all of the other species. Two of the S mutans cultures were further distinguished by the presence of 19-carbon and 21-carbon cyclopropane acids. The second group included S sanguis, S mitis, S uberis, and a culture of Lancefield group C streptococci. The percentages of the major acids (16:0, 18:1, and 18:0) found in these species were essentially identical. A culture of Lancefield group E streptococci contained large amounts of 16:1 and 18:1 and small amounts of two unidentified acids which were not present in any of the other cultures.", "contents": "Cellular fatty acid composition of Streptococcus mutans and related streptococci. The cellular fatty acid composition of 18 strains of Streptococcus mutans and 17 isolates of related streptococci were examined by gas-liquid chromatography. The cultures could be divided into two distinct groups on the basis of their fatty acids. The first group, which included S mutans and S salivarius, contained palmitic (16:0), octadecenoic (18:1), stearic (18:0), eicosenoic (20:1), and eicosanoic (20:0) acids. The presence of the two 20-carbon fatty acids distinguished S mutans and S salivarius from all of the other species. Two of the S mutans cultures were further distinguished by the presence of 19-carbon and 21-carbon cyclopropane acids. The second group included S sanguis, S mitis, S uberis, and a culture of Lancefield group C streptococci. The percentages of the major acids (16:0, 18:1, and 18:0) found in these species were essentially identical. A culture of Lancefield group E streptococci contained large amounts of 16:1 and 18:1 and small amounts of two unidentified acids which were not present in any of the other cultures.", "PMID": 1060642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3316", "title": "Enamel corrosion produced by zinc phosphate dental cement.", "content": "The application of a phosphoric acid solution or of a zinc phosphate cement mix on enamel surface causes alteration of its structure. The lesions of the enamel are cavities of irregular shapes that might retain debris. In view of the high solubility of disintegration of the cement, those cavities can be considered potential sites of plaque installation and initiation of carious processes.", "contents": "Enamel corrosion produced by zinc phosphate dental cement. The application of a phosphoric acid solution or of a zinc phosphate cement mix on enamel surface causes alteration of its structure. The lesions of the enamel are cavities of irregular shapes that might retain debris. In view of the high solubility of disintegration of the cement, those cavities can be considered potential sites of plaque installation and initiation of carious processes.", "PMID": 1060643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3317", "title": "Quantitative stereological investigations of porous alumina implant biomaterials.", "content": "We made several conclusions from this study on a candidate porous alumina bioceramic. First, the volume fraction of porosity varied from 64 to 79%, whereas Archimedes density shows 62% porosity. Second, the mean lineal intercept and tangent diameter varied from 0.048 to 0.058 cm and 0.034 to 0.040 cm, respectively, and did not provide a good concept of the minimum pore size neck dimensions for the specimen. Third, the pore-size dimension varied from 0.0185 to 0.1157 cm which indicated a minimum pore neck size large enough for tissue ingrowth and ossification if located in bone. Fourth, the pore structure was totally interconnected with considerable side branching and multi-interconnections. Fifth, the serial sectioning of the porous alumina ceramic biomaterial provides considerable insight into the critical features of the material as a candidate for a surgical implant material and a better understanding of the relationships between two-dimensional and three-dimensional structural components.", "contents": "Quantitative stereological investigations of porous alumina implant biomaterials. We made several conclusions from this study on a candidate porous alumina bioceramic. First, the volume fraction of porosity varied from 64 to 79%, whereas Archimedes density shows 62% porosity. Second, the mean lineal intercept and tangent diameter varied from 0.048 to 0.058 cm and 0.034 to 0.040 cm, respectively, and did not provide a good concept of the minimum pore size neck dimensions for the specimen. Third, the pore-size dimension varied from 0.0185 to 0.1157 cm which indicated a minimum pore neck size large enough for tissue ingrowth and ossification if located in bone. Fourth, the pore structure was totally interconnected with considerable side branching and multi-interconnections. Fifth, the serial sectioning of the porous alumina ceramic biomaterial provides considerable insight into the critical features of the material as a candidate for a surgical implant material and a better understanding of the relationships between two-dimensional and three-dimensional structural components.", "PMID": 1060644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3318", "title": "Development of scales to measure provider attitudes toward expanded duty dental auxiliaries.", "content": "Much of the research on attitudes toward utilizing EDDAs has been rather haphazard in its measurement aspects. Examining responses to single items or summing across a series of items without any empirical rationale for such summing cannot be justified given current knowledge about measuring attitudes. The scales developed here are appreciably better from a psychometric point of view than scales reported in the dental literature to date. The use of standardized measuring instruments would facilitate cross-study comparisons. Such a process is presently not feasible because each researcher is using his own idiosyncratic scales of unknown psychometric characteristics. The three scales developed here to measure (1) the value of expanding auxiliary functions, (2) patient reaction to the use of EDDAs, and (3) satisfaction with changed dentist role may permit more standardized measurement of at least some aspects of provider and future provider attitudes toward the utilization of expanded duty dental auxiliaries.", "contents": "Development of scales to measure provider attitudes toward expanded duty dental auxiliaries. Much of the research on attitudes toward utilizing EDDAs has been rather haphazard in its measurement aspects. Examining responses to single items or summing across a series of items without any empirical rationale for such summing cannot be justified given current knowledge about measuring attitudes. The scales developed here are appreciably better from a psychometric point of view than scales reported in the dental literature to date. The use of standardized measuring instruments would facilitate cross-study comparisons. Such a process is presently not feasible because each researcher is using his own idiosyncratic scales of unknown psychometric characteristics. The three scales developed here to measure (1) the value of expanding auxiliary functions, (2) patient reaction to the use of EDDAs, and (3) satisfaction with changed dentist role may permit more standardized measurement of at least some aspects of provider and future provider attitudes toward the utilization of expanded duty dental auxiliaries.", "PMID": 1060646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3319", "title": "A physiochemical approach to the study of amines as antiplaque agents.", "content": "Alkyl and aromatic amines were evaluated for inhibitory activity against S mutans 6715. Only the alkylamines were active and this may be due to their greater basicity. The agents that showed good activity were decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, and hexadecylamine. In addition to the free bases, the hydrochloride and hydrofluoride salts were also tested for inhibitory activity and the same four agents were shown to be most active. These agents appear to hold good promise as antiplaque agents against S mutans 6715, therefore, further in vitro studies against other plaque-forming bacteria and toxicological and clinical evaluation seems to be warranted to determine the best clinical agent.", "contents": "A physiochemical approach to the study of amines as antiplaque agents. Alkyl and aromatic amines were evaluated for inhibitory activity against S mutans 6715. Only the alkylamines were active and this may be due to their greater basicity. The agents that showed good activity were decylamine, dodecylamine, tetradecylamine, and hexadecylamine. In addition to the free bases, the hydrochloride and hydrofluoride salts were also tested for inhibitory activity and the same four agents were shown to be most active. These agents appear to hold good promise as antiplaque agents against S mutans 6715, therefore, further in vitro studies against other plaque-forming bacteria and toxicological and clinical evaluation seems to be warranted to determine the best clinical agent.", "PMID": 1060647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3320", "title": "Effects of cement bases on the stresses and deflections in composite restorations.", "content": "A model was used to investigate stresses and deflections in cement bases and in a composite restorative material induced in a posterior Class I restoration. Deflections in the composite were highest when it was supported by a base with a low modulus; however, the maximum tensile stress (12 MN/meter2) occurring in the composite restoration at the interface with the base was well below the maximum tensile strength of most composite materials (30 to 40 MN/ meter2). Tensile and shear stresses occurring in the cement bases were of sufficient magnitude to exceed the strength of the cement when a 1.5-mm layer of zinc phosphate cement (base consistency) was supported by a 0.5-mm layer of ZOE lining material. Lowest values of stress were observed when a 2-mm layer of a zinc polyacrylate base was used to support the composite restoration. An ideal situation would be to have a cement base with a modulus of elasticity equal to that of the composite material. Finally, the maximum stress and deflection values obtained here can be easily exceeded in a clinical situation when wider variations can be easily introduced, making the choice of a cement with the proper modulus even more critical.", "contents": "Effects of cement bases on the stresses and deflections in composite restorations. A model was used to investigate stresses and deflections in cement bases and in a composite restorative material induced in a posterior Class I restoration. Deflections in the composite were highest when it was supported by a base with a low modulus; however, the maximum tensile stress (12 MN/meter2) occurring in the composite restoration at the interface with the base was well below the maximum tensile strength of most composite materials (30 to 40 MN/ meter2). Tensile and shear stresses occurring in the cement bases were of sufficient magnitude to exceed the strength of the cement when a 1.5-mm layer of zinc phosphate cement (base consistency) was supported by a 0.5-mm layer of ZOE lining material. Lowest values of stress were observed when a 2-mm layer of a zinc polyacrylate base was used to support the composite restoration. An ideal situation would be to have a cement base with a modulus of elasticity equal to that of the composite material. Finally, the maximum stress and deflection values obtained here can be easily exceeded in a clinical situation when wider variations can be easily introduced, making the choice of a cement with the proper modulus even more critical.", "PMID": 1060645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3321", "title": "In vitro interactions between the surfaces of enamel white spots and calcifying solutions.", "content": "The treatment of white spot enamel lesions with a saturated DCPD solution followed by a high fluoride topical application appeared to produce a surface coating consisting mainly of spherical particles that filled in the honeycombed-etched surface of the untreated enamel white spot. The conditions used in these pilot studies were not ideal to take advantage of the DCPD and fluoride reaction to form FAP. Additional study is warranted on the solution composition and application time along with identification of the reaction products formed.", "contents": "In vitro interactions between the surfaces of enamel white spots and calcifying solutions. The treatment of white spot enamel lesions with a saturated DCPD solution followed by a high fluoride topical application appeared to produce a surface coating consisting mainly of spherical particles that filled in the honeycombed-etched surface of the untreated enamel white spot. The conditions used in these pilot studies were not ideal to take advantage of the DCPD and fluoride reaction to form FAP. Additional study is warranted on the solution composition and application time along with identification of the reaction products formed.", "PMID": 1060648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3322", "title": "Examination of the test for compressive strength applied to zinc oxide eugenol cements.", "content": "The distribution of compressive strength results for a zinc oxide eugenol cement is negatively skewed. However, removal of a small number of outlying low results converts the distribution to a normal one. Crosshead speed and friction at the anvil have no significant effect on results, but compressive strength is a function of the diameter-length ratio of the cylinder and increases with this ratio.", "contents": "Examination of the test for compressive strength applied to zinc oxide eugenol cements. The distribution of compressive strength results for a zinc oxide eugenol cement is negatively skewed. However, removal of a small number of outlying low results converts the distribution to a normal one. Crosshead speed and friction at the anvil have no significant effect on results, but compressive strength is a function of the diameter-length ratio of the cylinder and increases with this ratio.", "PMID": 1060649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3323", "title": "Quasimonochromatic radiation for dental radiography.", "content": "Because of the greater sensitivity of commonly used dental films near 40 kv and the inherently greater contrast between bone and other oral tissues that is achieved at lower energies than those conventionally used, a considerable reduction of radiation exposure can be obtained by the use of those quasimonochromatic photons whose energy lies between 30 and 40 kv. The simplest and clinically most efficacious and econimical method of obtaining this quasimonochromatic radiation using fixed-anode tubes involves the use of Ce, 0.008 inch in thickness, as a band-pass filter, with reduction of skin exposure by a third to a half. The considerable dose reduction achieved at an increased exposure time of only 1.2 seconds is significant in view of the fact that both a greater percentage as well as a greater number of people are receiving radiation for oral diagnosis every year. Since the quasimonochromatic rays produced are less energetic than much of the radiation in the unfiltered beam, the radiation doses from scattered radiation to skull, bone marrow, and gonads also are reduced. In addition, the softer photons result in less Compton scattering, reducing the fog and improving the diagnostic quality of the film. Quasimonochromatic radiation may also be used to enhance the contrast wherever iodine contrast medium is needed since iodine absorbs very strongly above its absorption edge near 33 kev, suggesting another use of this technique in the area of oral diagnosis.", "contents": "Quasimonochromatic radiation for dental radiography. Because of the greater sensitivity of commonly used dental films near 40 kv and the inherently greater contrast between bone and other oral tissues that is achieved at lower energies than those conventionally used, a considerable reduction of radiation exposure can be obtained by the use of those quasimonochromatic photons whose energy lies between 30 and 40 kv. The simplest and clinically most efficacious and econimical method of obtaining this quasimonochromatic radiation using fixed-anode tubes involves the use of Ce, 0.008 inch in thickness, as a band-pass filter, with reduction of skin exposure by a third to a half. The considerable dose reduction achieved at an increased exposure time of only 1.2 seconds is significant in view of the fact that both a greater percentage as well as a greater number of people are receiving radiation for oral diagnosis every year. Since the quasimonochromatic rays produced are less energetic than much of the radiation in the unfiltered beam, the radiation doses from scattered radiation to skull, bone marrow, and gonads also are reduced. In addition, the softer photons result in less Compton scattering, reducing the fog and improving the diagnostic quality of the film. Quasimonochromatic radiation may also be used to enhance the contrast wherever iodine contrast medium is needed since iodine absorbs very strongly above its absorption edge near 33 kev, suggesting another use of this technique in the area of oral diagnosis.", "PMID": 1060650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3324", "title": "Fracture properties of human enamel and dentin.", "content": "Fracture in enamel is anisotropic with respect ot the orientation of the enamel rods, with Wf for fracture parallel to the rods being 0.3 X 10(2) J/meter2 but on the order of 2.0 X 10(2) J/meter2 for fracture perpendicular to the rods. Fractographs of enamel showed that the enamel rods behaved as integral units during controlled fracture. A model was proposed to explain the fracture properties of enamel involving the assumption that the hydroxyapatite crystals did not fracture but that their orientation determined the fracture properties. Dentin was also anisotropic, with fracture parallel to the dentinal tubules being the strong direction - Wf was 5.5 X 10(2) J/meter2 for fracture parallel to the tubules, but 2.7 X 10(2) J/meter2 for fracture perpendicular to the tubules. Wf for dentin was of the same magnitude as the high strain rate Wf found for bone (2.0 X 10(2) J/meter2 [ref 3]). The data obtained in this investigation indicated that dentin and enamel are brittle substances and that forces occasionally imposed during mastication or bruxism probably are capable of initiating fracture when the normal anatomy of the tooth has been altered by cavity preparation. As consequence, the design of cavity preparations should include considerations to reduce stress concentrations and thus improve the practical fracture strength of tooth structure.", "contents": "Fracture properties of human enamel and dentin. Fracture in enamel is anisotropic with respect ot the orientation of the enamel rods, with Wf for fracture parallel to the rods being 0.3 X 10(2) J/meter2 but on the order of 2.0 X 10(2) J/meter2 for fracture perpendicular to the rods. Fractographs of enamel showed that the enamel rods behaved as integral units during controlled fracture. A model was proposed to explain the fracture properties of enamel involving the assumption that the hydroxyapatite crystals did not fracture but that their orientation determined the fracture properties. Dentin was also anisotropic, with fracture parallel to the dentinal tubules being the strong direction - Wf was 5.5 X 10(2) J/meter2 for fracture parallel to the tubules, but 2.7 X 10(2) J/meter2 for fracture perpendicular to the tubules. Wf for dentin was of the same magnitude as the high strain rate Wf found for bone (2.0 X 10(2) J/meter2 [ref 3]). The data obtained in this investigation indicated that dentin and enamel are brittle substances and that forces occasionally imposed during mastication or bruxism probably are capable of initiating fracture when the normal anatomy of the tooth has been altered by cavity preparation. As consequence, the design of cavity preparations should include considerations to reduce stress concentrations and thus improve the practical fracture strength of tooth structure.", "PMID": 1060651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3325", "title": "Sequential electron microscopic healing study of grafted palatal mucosal.", "content": "Human palatal mucosa may be glycerolized, frozen, thawed, and autogenically transplanted with success after a storage period. Although tissue damage is observed, both on a light and electron microscopic level, this is not clinically significant. This damage is attributed to the glycerolization, freezing, and thawing processes. As evidenced primarily by our ultrastructural study, regeneration of grafted epithelium is effected via the basal cell layer. The formation of intracytoplasmic vesicular structures and alterations in both the basal lamina and intercellular substances may play a significant role in the regenerative process. The electron microscope has served to elucidate changes in regenerating cells that have not been previously observed by light microscopy.", "contents": "Sequential electron microscopic healing study of grafted palatal mucosal. Human palatal mucosa may be glycerolized, frozen, thawed, and autogenically transplanted with success after a storage period. Although tissue damage is observed, both on a light and electron microscopic level, this is not clinically significant. This damage is attributed to the glycerolization, freezing, and thawing processes. As evidenced primarily by our ultrastructural study, regeneration of grafted epithelium is effected via the basal cell layer. The formation of intracytoplasmic vesicular structures and alterations in both the basal lamina and intercellular substances may play a significant role in the regenerative process. The electron microscope has served to elucidate changes in regenerating cells that have not been previously observed by light microscopy.", "PMID": 1060652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3326", "title": "Relationship between fluoride concentration in enamel, DMFT index, and degree of fluorosis in a community residing in an area with a high level of fluoride.", "content": "The object of the present study was an attempt to relate fluoride concentration in enamel, caries experience, and the degree of fluorosis in a community residing in an area with a high level of fluoride. A significant difference was found between the male and female samples for the F and D parameters. A positive correlation was established for the male participants between DEGF and F, and a negative correlation between age and F. These correlations were not found for the female participants. Because of the low and narrow range of DMFT indexes, no correlation involving this parameter could be established.", "contents": "Relationship between fluoride concentration in enamel, DMFT index, and degree of fluorosis in a community residing in an area with a high level of fluoride. The object of the present study was an attempt to relate fluoride concentration in enamel, caries experience, and the degree of fluorosis in a community residing in an area with a high level of fluoride. A significant difference was found between the male and female samples for the F and D parameters. A positive correlation was established for the male participants between DEGF and F, and a negative correlation between age and F. These correlations were not found for the female participants. Because of the low and narrow range of DMFT indexes, no correlation involving this parameter could be established.", "PMID": 1060660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3327", "title": "Excretion of barbiturates into induced parotid saliva of the rat.", "content": "On the basis of the results presented in this study, it has been shown that the five barbiturates studied are excreted into the parotid saliva of the rat. Furthermore, it has been shown that the salivary excretion of these agents, as indicated by their S/P concentration ratios can be correlated with the lipid solubility as indicated by the L/W partition coefficient, and can be correlated to a lesser extent with the degree of drug ionization and plasma protein binding.", "contents": "Excretion of barbiturates into induced parotid saliva of the rat. On the basis of the results presented in this study, it has been shown that the five barbiturates studied are excreted into the parotid saliva of the rat. Furthermore, it has been shown that the salivary excretion of these agents, as indicated by their S/P concentration ratios can be correlated with the lipid solubility as indicated by the L/W partition coefficient, and can be correlated to a lesser extent with the degree of drug ionization and plasma protein binding.", "PMID": 1060661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3328", "title": "Stress concentrations at the apex of pinned, implanted teeth.", "content": "Stress in the alveolus at the apex is reduced when the implant is held by a pin through the alveolar wall. This stress reduction is effected by transfer of part of the coronal force to the alveolar wall by the pin. Pin positions centrally located between the apex and the alveolar crest provide the greatest reduction of stress concentration in the alveolus at the apex. Since the bone is especially fragile near the alveolar crest, care must be taken when the pin is positioned in this region. Positioning the pin near the apex has the least effect on reducing the stress in the alveolus at the apex. Although no data were obtained relating to stress in the alveolar wall at points of pin penetration, results given here do indicate that from 7 to 30% of the intrusion component of the coronal force is transmitted to the alveolar wall by the pin. Additional research is needed to determine the effects of stress at the pin through the alveolar wall because of load transfer by the pin from the implant to the alveolar wall. The situation in the alveolar wall would be one of creation of a completely unnatural stress rather than reduction of an existing stress, as was the case at the apex. Whether the reduction of stress at the apex and the creation of stress at the pin through the alveolar wall are of physiological benefit is a question that must yet be answered.", "contents": "Stress concentrations at the apex of pinned, implanted teeth. Stress in the alveolus at the apex is reduced when the implant is held by a pin through the alveolar wall. This stress reduction is effected by transfer of part of the coronal force to the alveolar wall by the pin. Pin positions centrally located between the apex and the alveolar crest provide the greatest reduction of stress concentration in the alveolus at the apex. Since the bone is especially fragile near the alveolar crest, care must be taken when the pin is positioned in this region. Positioning the pin near the apex has the least effect on reducing the stress in the alveolus at the apex. Although no data were obtained relating to stress in the alveolar wall at points of pin penetration, results given here do indicate that from 7 to 30% of the intrusion component of the coronal force is transmitted to the alveolar wall by the pin. Additional research is needed to determine the effects of stress at the pin through the alveolar wall because of load transfer by the pin from the implant to the alveolar wall. The situation in the alveolar wall would be one of creation of a completely unnatural stress rather than reduction of an existing stress, as was the case at the apex. Whether the reduction of stress at the apex and the creation of stress at the pin through the alveolar wall are of physiological benefit is a question that must yet be answered.", "PMID": 1060663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3329", "title": "Characteristics of an in vitro dental pellicle.", "content": "Procedures developed for in vitro pellicle formation in intact enamel proved useful for relating qualitiative characteristics of dental pellicle to a number of factors. Coronal surfaces of extracted human molars from experimental and control groups were pumiced, sterilized, and incubated for two hours at 37 C in parotid saliva and distilled water, respectively. Pellicle proteins were desorbed sequentially with water and 0.2 M sodium phosphate, with a pH of 7.0. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of the desorbates yielded distinct patterns, indicating selective adsorption of proteins from saliva, varying affinity to enamel, and the presence of proteins not acquired in vitro from saliva. Certain pellicle components, including amylase and IgA, showed a relatively weak affinity for enamel and were eluted in part by water; other proteins were desorbed only by phosphate buffer. Anionic electropherograms of the phosphate desorbates showed an increase in the two most anodic proteins relative to corresponding salivary bands. An intense anodic protein and two minor bands were eluted by water or buffer from the surface of control as well as experimental teeth but not from teeth coated with sealants. Serum albumin and alkaline phosphatase were identified as components of the extra-salivary material. Further investigation of the sources and functions of the constituents of the protein layer generally considered as \"acquired\" dental pellicle appears warranted.", "contents": "Characteristics of an in vitro dental pellicle. Procedures developed for in vitro pellicle formation in intact enamel proved useful for relating qualitiative characteristics of dental pellicle to a number of factors. Coronal surfaces of extracted human molars from experimental and control groups were pumiced, sterilized, and incubated for two hours at 37 C in parotid saliva and distilled water, respectively. Pellicle proteins were desorbed sequentially with water and 0.2 M sodium phosphate, with a pH of 7.0. Polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis of the desorbates yielded distinct patterns, indicating selective adsorption of proteins from saliva, varying affinity to enamel, and the presence of proteins not acquired in vitro from saliva. Certain pellicle components, including amylase and IgA, showed a relatively weak affinity for enamel and were eluted in part by water; other proteins were desorbed only by phosphate buffer. Anionic electropherograms of the phosphate desorbates showed an increase in the two most anodic proteins relative to corresponding salivary bands. An intense anodic protein and two minor bands were eluted by water or buffer from the surface of control as well as experimental teeth but not from teeth coated with sealants. Serum albumin and alkaline phosphatase were identified as components of the extra-salivary material. Further investigation of the sources and functions of the constituents of the protein layer generally considered as \"acquired\" dental pellicle appears warranted.", "PMID": 1060664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3330", "title": "Acrylamide gel electrophoretic studies of extracellular sucrose-metabolizing enzymes of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "This study explored the use of acrylamide gel electrophoretic methods to determine the numbers and types of extracellular sucrose-metabolizing enzymes produced by particular strains of S mutans. Strains HS-6, SL-1, FA-1, and NCTC 10449 were cultured in a chemically defined medium and the extracellular proteins elaborated by the organisms were isolated and subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Patterns of protein components and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes were then delineated. Three types of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes were observed. One type was involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides that were insolubilized in the gels. Another type was involved in the synthesis of water-soluble polysaccharides. A third type was involved in the splitting of sucrose into reducing sugars without polysaccharide synthesis. Each pattern was distinctive with regard to the numbers, proportions, and types of enzyme components present and their migratory characteristics. From two to at least six components were observed amont the enzyme activity patterns per strain. Extracellular protein patterns showed from 12 to 20 components per strain. Comparative data on growth in the chemically defined medium and Todd-Hewitt broth were also presented. Better growth levels were obtained in all instances with the chemically defined medium over comparable periods of time.", "contents": "Acrylamide gel electrophoretic studies of extracellular sucrose-metabolizing enzymes of Streptococcus mutans. This study explored the use of acrylamide gel electrophoretic methods to determine the numbers and types of extracellular sucrose-metabolizing enzymes produced by particular strains of S mutans. Strains HS-6, SL-1, FA-1, and NCTC 10449 were cultured in a chemically defined medium and the extracellular proteins elaborated by the organisms were isolated and subjected to acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Patterns of protein components and sucrose-metabolizing enzymes were then delineated. Three types of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes were observed. One type was involved in the synthesis of polysaccharides that were insolubilized in the gels. Another type was involved in the synthesis of water-soluble polysaccharides. A third type was involved in the splitting of sucrose into reducing sugars without polysaccharide synthesis. Each pattern was distinctive with regard to the numbers, proportions, and types of enzyme components present and their migratory characteristics. From two to at least six components were observed amont the enzyme activity patterns per strain. Extracellular protein patterns showed from 12 to 20 components per strain. Comparative data on growth in the chemically defined medium and Todd-Hewitt broth were also presented. Better growth levels were obtained in all instances with the chemically defined medium over comparable periods of time.", "PMID": 1060665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3331", "title": "Dimethacrylates derived from hydroxybenzoic acids.", "content": "Since the color stabilities and durabilities of current composite and pit and fissure sealant resins need improvement, it is worthwhile to evaluate innovations that might accomplish this goal. Accordingly, three crystalline dimethacrylate monomers with low melting points were prepared from the isomeric hydroxybenzoic acids and 2-bromo-ethyl methacrylate. These monomers can be purified by crystallization and liquified by admixture in various proportions to obtain a polymerizable liquid of suitable viscosity at room temperature. In contrast to the analogous dimethacrylate monomers that were derived from the phthalic acid isomers, these aromatic ether-ester dimethacrylates do not form colored charge-transfer complexes with tertiary aromatic amine accelerators. These monomers and their polymers should be elevated for use in composites and pit and fissure sealant formulations.", "contents": "Dimethacrylates derived from hydroxybenzoic acids. Since the color stabilities and durabilities of current composite and pit and fissure sealant resins need improvement, it is worthwhile to evaluate innovations that might accomplish this goal. Accordingly, three crystalline dimethacrylate monomers with low melting points were prepared from the isomeric hydroxybenzoic acids and 2-bromo-ethyl methacrylate. These monomers can be purified by crystallization and liquified by admixture in various proportions to obtain a polymerizable liquid of suitable viscosity at room temperature. In contrast to the analogous dimethacrylate monomers that were derived from the phthalic acid isomers, these aromatic ether-ester dimethacrylates do not form colored charge-transfer complexes with tertiary aromatic amine accelerators. These monomers and their polymers should be elevated for use in composites and pit and fissure sealant formulations.", "PMID": 1060666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3332", "title": "Impact of a conference institute taught by individualized instruction.", "content": "The results indicate that a CI based on individualized, flexible instruction succeeded in aiding acquisition and retention of new knowledge, fostering interactions between dental educators interested in educational research, augmenting a positive feeling toward educational research, and changing the subsequent professional activities of the participants. Data collected and analyzed during a five-year period following a five-week CI on educational research indicate the following: 1. The participants acquire, retain, and use an appreciable amount of information taught in a brief time period. 2. Instructional materials sent in advance for voluntary study have little influence on acquisition of knowledge. 3. Informal interactions between participants are an important part of the learning process at a CI. 4. Activities at the home institution do not shift to new broad categories to any appreciable extent, but changes in specific activities directly related to the goals of the CI were observed.", "contents": "Impact of a conference institute taught by individualized instruction. The results indicate that a CI based on individualized, flexible instruction succeeded in aiding acquisition and retention of new knowledge, fostering interactions between dental educators interested in educational research, augmenting a positive feeling toward educational research, and changing the subsequent professional activities of the participants. Data collected and analyzed during a five-year period following a five-week CI on educational research indicate the following: 1. The participants acquire, retain, and use an appreciable amount of information taught in a brief time period. 2. Instructional materials sent in advance for voluntary study have little influence on acquisition of knowledge. 3. Informal interactions between participants are an important part of the learning process at a CI. 4. Activities at the home institution do not shift to new broad categories to any appreciable extent, but changes in specific activities directly related to the goals of the CI were observed.", "PMID": 1060670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3333", "title": "Xeroradiography in dentistry.", "content": "Extensive review of the literature reveals that the diagnostic benefits of xeroradiography in medicine are rapidly being recognized. It is viewed with particular interest by clinicians managing neoplasms of the laryngopharyngeal, mammary, and joint regions. Xeroradiography is a definite aid in cephalometric analysis. Examples of use have been presented. The main disadvantage of xeroradiography in dentistry is that of slow-speed developing in comparison with that of our current silver halide films. This becomes significant when dealing with intraoral films. However, the only disadvantage that we have experienced with xerocephalometrics is that of head orientation. Because our radiology department is not equipped with a wall mount for proper alignment along the horizontal and vertical planes, the head position must be estimated with a plumb line. Very often, therefore, the head may be tipped in one direction or another. This, however, is not difficult to correct. I have noted several definite advantages that include: --Sharp, clear-cut contrast (because of the edge effect), which enhances image quality. --Simplified viewing (no need for view boxes). --Less radiation than that required for conventional radiographs. Because of the benefit of multiple-tissue diagnosis on one radiograph, there is no need to take multiple radiographs to record tissues of different densities, with the possible exceptional of special situations in tomography. --Dry, automatic processing, therefore, eliminating the need for mixed chemicals and darkroom. --Less cost to produce a xeroradiograph than a conventional radiograph because of the lower cost of materials and equipment (for example, no darkroom requirement). The Russian investigators reported an eightfold reduction in cost. Xeroradiography (from Greek word xeros meaning dry) is a radiographic process in which the quality is critically dependent on the potential of the surface charge on the plate, the amount of radiation exposure, and the conditions of development, all of which must be carefully controlled. This technique is gaining general acceptance. Special courses are being offered to teach technicians this process. I believe we have come on a new horizon in diagnostic radiography. Only through further investigation and research will we be better able to delineate the exact role of xeroradiography in dentistry.", "contents": "Xeroradiography in dentistry. Extensive review of the literature reveals that the diagnostic benefits of xeroradiography in medicine are rapidly being recognized. It is viewed with particular interest by clinicians managing neoplasms of the laryngopharyngeal, mammary, and joint regions. Xeroradiography is a definite aid in cephalometric analysis. Examples of use have been presented. The main disadvantage of xeroradiography in dentistry is that of slow-speed developing in comparison with that of our current silver halide films. This becomes significant when dealing with intraoral films. However, the only disadvantage that we have experienced with xerocephalometrics is that of head orientation. Because our radiology department is not equipped with a wall mount for proper alignment along the horizontal and vertical planes, the head position must be estimated with a plumb line. Very often, therefore, the head may be tipped in one direction or another. This, however, is not difficult to correct. I have noted several definite advantages that include: --Sharp, clear-cut contrast (because of the edge effect), which enhances image quality. --Simplified viewing (no need for view boxes). --Less radiation than that required for conventional radiographs. Because of the benefit of multiple-tissue diagnosis on one radiograph, there is no need to take multiple radiographs to record tissues of different densities, with the possible exceptional of special situations in tomography. --Dry, automatic processing, therefore, eliminating the need for mixed chemicals and darkroom. --Less cost to produce a xeroradiograph than a conventional radiograph because of the lower cost of materials and equipment (for example, no darkroom requirement). The Russian investigators reported an eightfold reduction in cost. Xeroradiography (from Greek word xeros meaning dry) is a radiographic process in which the quality is critically dependent on the potential of the surface charge on the plate, the amount of radiation exposure, and the conditions of development, all of which must be carefully controlled. This technique is gaining general acceptance. Special courses are being offered to teach technicians this process. I believe we have come on a new horizon in diagnostic radiography. Only through further investigation and research will we be better able to delineate the exact role of xeroradiography in dentistry.", "PMID": 1060671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3334", "title": "Dentistry and the county home resident: a statewide survey.", "content": "A flow chart (illustration) depicts the delivery process whereby county home residents either receive or do not receive dental treatment. Also included are the major findings of the survey, given in triangles A, B, and C. The initial step involved in this delivery process is that of recognizing a need. If the need is not recognized, it remains unmet and the patient receives no treatment (terminate). If the need is recognized, a treatment decision is required. If the decision is negative, the need remains unmet and the patient receives no treatment. If the decision is positive, the patient proceeds toward the goal of receiving dental treatment. However, potential delivery problems exist and the patient may have to overcome one or more of these before proceeding toward the goal. If problems do exist and are not resolved, the patient either does not receive treatment or treatment is delayed until satisfactory solutions are found. The first finding, A, shows that more than 72% of dental needs were identified because of some dental emergency experienced by the patient, 39.3% of needs were identified through routine checkups, 16.4% by a county home requirement, 14.8% through a state requirement, and 4.9%, \"other.\" The second finding, B, shows that the county home steward makes the decision about whether dental treatment should be rendered in more than 85% of the homes. Physicians made 54.1% of the dental treatment decisions; nurses, 31.1%; dentists, 26.2%; patients, 24.6%; patient's family, 13.1%; supervisor or trustee, 4.9%; and \"other,\" 3.3%. The third finding, C, represents delivery problems. More than 44% of the stewards said that the patient's mental or physical disabilities were a delivery problem; 39.3% indicated availability of dentists; 36.1% said reluctance of patient; 19.7% responded inadequate funding; and 14.8% indicated \"other.\" A hypothetical county home resident can be dentally characterized as an emergency patient whose need for treatment is determined by a county home steward, and the main problem in obtaining treatment, according to the steward, is the patient's own inability to receive treatment because of mental or physical disabilities, or both.", "contents": "Dentistry and the county home resident: a statewide survey. A flow chart (illustration) depicts the delivery process whereby county home residents either receive or do not receive dental treatment. Also included are the major findings of the survey, given in triangles A, B, and C. The initial step involved in this delivery process is that of recognizing a need. If the need is not recognized, it remains unmet and the patient receives no treatment (terminate). If the need is recognized, a treatment decision is required. If the decision is negative, the need remains unmet and the patient receives no treatment. If the decision is positive, the patient proceeds toward the goal of receiving dental treatment. However, potential delivery problems exist and the patient may have to overcome one or more of these before proceeding toward the goal. If problems do exist and are not resolved, the patient either does not receive treatment or treatment is delayed until satisfactory solutions are found. The first finding, A, shows that more than 72% of dental needs were identified because of some dental emergency experienced by the patient, 39.3% of needs were identified through routine checkups, 16.4% by a county home requirement, 14.8% through a state requirement, and 4.9%, \"other.\" The second finding, B, shows that the county home steward makes the decision about whether dental treatment should be rendered in more than 85% of the homes. Physicians made 54.1% of the dental treatment decisions; nurses, 31.1%; dentists, 26.2%; patients, 24.6%; patient's family, 13.1%; supervisor or trustee, 4.9%; and \"other,\" 3.3%. The third finding, C, represents delivery problems. More than 44% of the stewards said that the patient's mental or physical disabilities were a delivery problem; 39.3% indicated availability of dentists; 36.1% said reluctance of patient; 19.7% responded inadequate funding; and 14.8% indicated \"other.\" A hypothetical county home resident can be dentally characterized as an emergency patient whose need for treatment is determined by a county home steward, and the main problem in obtaining treatment, according to the steward, is the patient's own inability to receive treatment because of mental or physical disabilities, or both.", "PMID": 1060672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3335", "title": "High blood pressure detection: a new public health measure for the dental profession.", "content": "Detection of high blood pressure can be a major public health service contribution by the dental profession. The pioneer program at Fairleigh Dickinson University, in conjunction with the Bergen County Health Department and the Bergen County Dental Society, is encouraging dentists to participate in the National High Blood Pressure Program. Participants are urged to measure the blood pressures of all their adolescent and adult patients and to refer those with sustained elevated readings to their physicians, preferably by the arrangements of appointments.", "contents": "High blood pressure detection: a new public health measure for the dental profession. Detection of high blood pressure can be a major public health service contribution by the dental profession. The pioneer program at Fairleigh Dickinson University, in conjunction with the Bergen County Health Department and the Bergen County Dental Society, is encouraging dentists to participate in the National High Blood Pressure Program. Participants are urged to measure the blood pressures of all their adolescent and adult patients and to refer those with sustained elevated readings to their physicians, preferably by the arrangements of appointments.", "PMID": 1060673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3336", "title": "Abbreviated periodontal examination.", "content": "The prevention, detection, and treatment of periodontal disease should be among the foremost goals of dentistry. When a systematic examination is used, detection of the disease need not be a lengthy or cumbersome procedure. The mesiofacial aspect of every tooth should be probed and recorded. The integrity of all furcations should be carefully checked, mobility patterns should be recorded, and the patient should be examined for any mucognigival problems. If any of these problems are detected, the clinician must decide whether he will treat the problem himself or refer the patient to someone else. The important thing is that periodontal disease has been recognized and can, therefore, be dealt with.", "contents": "Abbreviated periodontal examination. The prevention, detection, and treatment of periodontal disease should be among the foremost goals of dentistry. When a systematic examination is used, detection of the disease need not be a lengthy or cumbersome procedure. The mesiofacial aspect of every tooth should be probed and recorded. The integrity of all furcations should be carefully checked, mobility patterns should be recorded, and the patient should be examined for any mucognigival problems. If any of these problems are detected, the clinician must decide whether he will treat the problem himself or refer the patient to someone else. The important thing is that periodontal disease has been recognized and can, therefore, be dealt with.", "PMID": 1060676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3337", "title": "Traumatic cyst of the jaws: report of 30 cases.", "content": "A clinicopathologic study was made on 30 cases of the traumatic bone cyst of the jaws, and these observations were recorded. --The lesion is one of skeletal-wide distribution, but in the jaws it occurs most frequently in the posterior portions of the mandible. --The majority of cases are not associated with trauma, and the lesion is most commonly detected in routine radiographs. --The median age of this series of patients was 20 years, and the majority of patients in this series white men. --Histologically extravasated red blood cells, degenerating fibromyxomatous tissue both inside and outside of bone, hemorrhagic membranes, and other changes consistent with degenerative processes were observed. --The origin of the traumatic bone cyst was not determined in this study, but histologic evidence pointed toward a degenerative process that also could not be adequately explained; therefore, the more general term solitary bone cyst is suggested for use. --Treatment of the solitary bone cyst consists essentially of exposing the lesion and mild curetting to produce a clot formation that will subsequently organize and fill in with new bone.", "contents": "Traumatic cyst of the jaws: report of 30 cases. A clinicopathologic study was made on 30 cases of the traumatic bone cyst of the jaws, and these observations were recorded. --The lesion is one of skeletal-wide distribution, but in the jaws it occurs most frequently in the posterior portions of the mandible. --The majority of cases are not associated with trauma, and the lesion is most commonly detected in routine radiographs. --The median age of this series of patients was 20 years, and the majority of patients in this series white men. --Histologically extravasated red blood cells, degenerating fibromyxomatous tissue both inside and outside of bone, hemorrhagic membranes, and other changes consistent with degenerative processes were observed. --The origin of the traumatic bone cyst was not determined in this study, but histologic evidence pointed toward a degenerative process that also could not be adequately explained; therefore, the more general term solitary bone cyst is suggested for use. --Treatment of the solitary bone cyst consists essentially of exposing the lesion and mild curetting to produce a clot formation that will subsequently organize and fill in with new bone.", "PMID": 1060677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3338", "title": "Point and interval estimation in the combination of bioassay results.", "content": "A procedure for combining evidence from different biological assays is shown to be equivalent both to generalized least-squares and to maximum-likelihood estimation. By appropriate nesting of hypotheses, the likelihood function can be used to test the agreement between the assays and to obtain probability limits for the combined estimate of potency. The properties of these limits are examined, with particular reference to the situation, unusual but not impossible in practice, in which the values of relative potency that they define consist of several disjoint segments instead of a single interval. The connection with general theory of estimating linear functional relations is pointed out.", "contents": "Point and interval estimation in the combination of bioassay results. A procedure for combining evidence from different biological assays is shown to be equivalent both to generalized least-squares and to maximum-likelihood estimation. By appropriate nesting of hypotheses, the likelihood function can be used to test the agreement between the assays and to obtain probability limits for the combined estimate of potency. The properties of these limits are examined, with particular reference to the situation, unusual but not impossible in practice, in which the values of relative potency that they define consist of several disjoint segments instead of a single interval. The connection with general theory of estimating linear functional relations is pointed out.", "PMID": 1060692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3339", "title": "Investigation of cross-infection in isolation wards of different design.", "content": "A survey was conducted in seven hospitals to assess the risk of cross-infection with the highly infectious air-borne diseases, varicella-zoster and measles, in isolation wards of different design. Existing wards and isolation techniques were found to afford a high degree of protection, but there was considerable variation in the incidence of cross-infection related to ward structure, ward practice and the availability of trained staff. Recommendations are made for the design of new isolation wards and for safe practice.", "contents": "Investigation of cross-infection in isolation wards of different design. A survey was conducted in seven hospitals to assess the risk of cross-infection with the highly infectious air-borne diseases, varicella-zoster and measles, in isolation wards of different design. Existing wards and isolation techniques were found to afford a high degree of protection, but there was considerable variation in the incidence of cross-infection related to ward structure, ward practice and the availability of trained staff. Recommendations are made for the design of new isolation wards and for safe practice.", "PMID": 1060693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3340", "title": "Role of rubella in congenital malformations in India.", "content": "In the present study rubella HI antibodies were determined in cases of congenital malformation and bad obstetric history to determine the role of rubella in such cases in India, as it has been reported to be rare in Japan in contrast to Western countries. The incidence of antibodies was statistically significant in cases of congenital eye, C.N.S., visceral and miscellaneous malformations and cases of spontaneous abortion and still-birth compared with controls of matching age groups. This is further supported by the demonstration of IgM antibodies in seven cases of congenital malformations and ten cases of spontaneous abortion. Our findings show that congenital rubella is not rare in India.", "contents": "Role of rubella in congenital malformations in India. In the present study rubella HI antibodies were determined in cases of congenital malformation and bad obstetric history to determine the role of rubella in such cases in India, as it has been reported to be rare in Japan in contrast to Western countries. The incidence of antibodies was statistically significant in cases of congenital eye, C.N.S., visceral and miscellaneous malformations and cases of spontaneous abortion and still-birth compared with controls of matching age groups. This is further supported by the demonstration of IgM antibodies in seven cases of congenital malformations and ten cases of spontaneous abortion. Our findings show that congenital rubella is not rare in India.", "PMID": 1060694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3341", "title": "A contribution to the primary reconstruction of the upper lip and labial commissure following tumour excision.", "content": "Two procedures for the primary reconstruction of the upper lip and corner of the mouth following tumour excision have been described in the paper presented. One method represents a modification of Burow's technique (1855) for the reconstruction of the lower lip, which is very suitable in the reconstruction of the lateral border of the upper lip. The second procedure is best suited for the remoulding of the area of the angle of the mouth. The tumour is excised in a crescent-shaped manner, and the missing upper and lower lip reconstructed by means of a horizontal incision in the cheek, and de-epithelisation of two triangular areas which are covered with undermined buccal mucosa. The incision lines described have been illustrated in two cases.", "contents": "A contribution to the primary reconstruction of the upper lip and labial commissure following tumour excision. Two procedures for the primary reconstruction of the upper lip and corner of the mouth following tumour excision have been described in the paper presented. One method represents a modification of Burow's technique (1855) for the reconstruction of the lower lip, which is very suitable in the reconstruction of the lateral border of the upper lip. The second procedure is best suited for the remoulding of the area of the angle of the mouth. The tumour is excised in a crescent-shaped manner, and the missing upper and lower lip reconstructed by means of a horizontal incision in the cheek, and de-epithelisation of two triangular areas which are covered with undermined buccal mucosa. The incision lines described have been illustrated in two cases.", "PMID": 1060708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3342", "title": "Late results after advancing the mandible by sagittal splitting of the rami.", "content": "38 patients have been followed up for at least 2 years, and in the mean 5 years after surgical correction of retrognathia. The technique used was the sagittal splitting of the rami (Obwegeser 1955, 1957) usually with the modification of the lateral cortical bone cut of Dal Pont (1959). 26 patients showed no changes compared with the early postoperative result. In 8 other cases, the horizontal overjet increased up to 3 mm without impairment of the aesthetic or functional result. Therefore the operation may be considered successful in 90% of cases. Four severe relapses were noted. They are at least partially caused by poor repositioning of the condyle-bearing segment during operation. Reduced function of different degrees was seen at the late check-up in 20% of the mental nerves. 45% of the patients have cracking in the temporomandibular joint. Causes and possible late consequences are discussed. To conclude, the sagittal splitting of the rami for the forward movement of the mandible as the standard method of our clinic seems justified.", "contents": "Late results after advancing the mandible by sagittal splitting of the rami. 38 patients have been followed up for at least 2 years, and in the mean 5 years after surgical correction of retrognathia. The technique used was the sagittal splitting of the rami (Obwegeser 1955, 1957) usually with the modification of the lateral cortical bone cut of Dal Pont (1959). 26 patients showed no changes compared with the early postoperative result. In 8 other cases, the horizontal overjet increased up to 3 mm without impairment of the aesthetic or functional result. Therefore the operation may be considered successful in 90% of cases. Four severe relapses were noted. They are at least partially caused by poor repositioning of the condyle-bearing segment during operation. Reduced function of different degrees was seen at the late check-up in 20% of the mental nerves. 45% of the patients have cracking in the temporomandibular joint. Causes and possible late consequences are discussed. To conclude, the sagittal splitting of the rami for the forward movement of the mandible as the standard method of our clinic seems justified.", "PMID": 1060709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3343", "title": "New guiding principles in the treatment of clefts.", "content": "Breathing through the nose with the mouth shut is essential for the normal development of the facial region related to the mouth and nasal cavities and for the normal development of the two cavities named. Surgical treatment of unilateral total cleft practised hitherto calls for the closure of a cleft in the lip and a cleft in the alveolar ridge at the same surgical intervention. In the great majority of cases a combined intervention closes the respiratory pathway, which was established through the cleft nasal floor and alveolar ridge after birth. From the first surgical intervention on, the child is forced to breathe through the mouth. The disruption of the normal functional development mechanism causes the formation of the characteristic physiognomy of a child with a cleft. The correct treatment as presented in this paper, must consistently observe, in addition to other no less important principles, the primary principle: it is essential for a child with cleft to be made to breathe through the nose with the mouth shut, as soon as possible. The operative plan of treatment must help a child with a cleft to create, by utilizing the natural development abilities, and with minimal application of trauma, the same conditions for the functional development mechanism as are possessed by a healthy child of the same age. The enclosed evidence proves the validity of the described guiding rules, and affirms again the well known principle that only normal function produces normal form.", "contents": "New guiding principles in the treatment of clefts. Breathing through the nose with the mouth shut is essential for the normal development of the facial region related to the mouth and nasal cavities and for the normal development of the two cavities named. Surgical treatment of unilateral total cleft practised hitherto calls for the closure of a cleft in the lip and a cleft in the alveolar ridge at the same surgical intervention. In the great majority of cases a combined intervention closes the respiratory pathway, which was established through the cleft nasal floor and alveolar ridge after birth. From the first surgical intervention on, the child is forced to breathe through the mouth. The disruption of the normal functional development mechanism causes the formation of the characteristic physiognomy of a child with a cleft. The correct treatment as presented in this paper, must consistently observe, in addition to other no less important principles, the primary principle: it is essential for a child with cleft to be made to breathe through the nose with the mouth shut, as soon as possible. The operative plan of treatment must help a child with a cleft to create, by utilizing the natural development abilities, and with minimal application of trauma, the same conditions for the functional development mechanism as are possessed by a healthy child of the same age. The enclosed evidence proves the validity of the described guiding rules, and affirms again the well known principle that only normal function produces normal form.", "PMID": 1060710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3344", "title": "Maxillary alveolar hyperplasia, diagnosis and treatment planning.", "content": "Literature pertaining to studies of the vertical relationships of the facial skeleton, the dentition, and the lips is reviewed. A surgical procedure for superior repositioning of the total maxillary alveolus is presented. The usefulness of the procedure to correct maxillary alveolar hyperplasia is illustrated with two case reports.", "contents": "Maxillary alveolar hyperplasia, diagnosis and treatment planning. Literature pertaining to studies of the vertical relationships of the facial skeleton, the dentition, and the lips is reviewed. A surgical procedure for superior repositioning of the total maxillary alveolus is presented. The usefulness of the procedure to correct maxillary alveolar hyperplasia is illustrated with two case reports.", "PMID": 1060711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3345", "title": "Visor osteotomy to increase the absolute height of the atrophied mandible. A preliminary report.", "content": "A method of operation is described whereby the alveolar ridge of the mandible is osteotomised and moved on the principle of a visor. The two parts are fixed together with wires, thus increasing the absolute height of the alveolar ridge of the mandible.", "contents": "Visor osteotomy to increase the absolute height of the atrophied mandible. A preliminary report. A method of operation is described whereby the alveolar ridge of the mandible is osteotomised and moved on the principle of a visor. The two parts are fixed together with wires, thus increasing the absolute height of the alveolar ridge of the mandible.", "PMID": 1060712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3346", "title": "Topographical anatomy of the total osteotomy of the midface.", "content": "In this study, the operating conditions for total osteotomy of the middle part of the face have been simulated in a cadaver and the topography of the organs at risk has been examined. The area of the maxillary tuberosity is the region which is mainly exposed to considerable injury to vessels; here an uncontrolled fracture as compared with a systematic osteotomy is the safer method under the given anatomical conditions.", "contents": "Topographical anatomy of the total osteotomy of the midface. In this study, the operating conditions for total osteotomy of the middle part of the face have been simulated in a cadaver and the topography of the organs at risk has been examined. The area of the maxillary tuberosity is the region which is mainly exposed to considerable injury to vessels; here an uncontrolled fracture as compared with a systematic osteotomy is the safer method under the given anatomical conditions.", "PMID": 1060713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3347", "title": "Surgical removal of orbital osteoma; case report.", "content": "Thr authors report a patient with a large orbital osteoma causing marked physical deformity and diplopia but with preservation of visual acuity. A combined transorbital and transcranial operative approach was used for total tumor removal and cosmetic repair.", "contents": "Surgical removal of orbital osteoma; case report. Thr authors report a patient with a large orbital osteoma causing marked physical deformity and diplopia but with preservation of visual acuity. A combined transorbital and transcranial operative approach was used for total tumor removal and cosmetic repair.", "PMID": 1060721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3348", "title": "Mechanisms of early maxillary growth-implications for surgery.", "content": "Previous studies of the effects of surgical techniques on facial growth (with one exception) have been done in dogs, pigs, rabbits, and rats; the phylogenetically closer nonhuman primate serves as a better model. Current data, obtained from resection of the nasal septum in baboons, indicate that proper coordination of timing and surgical technique can cause arrest of growth in the upper part of the face.", "contents": "Mechanisms of early maxillary growth-implications for surgery. Previous studies of the effects of surgical techniques on facial growth (with one exception) have been done in dogs, pigs, rabbits, and rats; the phylogenetically closer nonhuman primate serves as a better model. Current data, obtained from resection of the nasal septum in baboons, indicate that proper coordination of timing and surgical technique can cause arrest of growth in the upper part of the face.", "PMID": 1060736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3349", "title": "Secondary correction of nasal abnormalities associated with cleft lip.", "content": "Approximately 30% of patients will require a second operation for correction of nasal abnormalities associated with unilateral cleft lip. In a single second operation, the following steps seem to give the most satisfactory correction: repositioning the nasal septum in the midline; altering the contour of the alar cartilage on the cleft side; and rotation of the axis of the external naris on the cleft side. The usual result following this combination of procedures is moderate but not complete correction of the abnormality. About 50% of the patients will need a second operation for correction of nasal abnormalities associated with bilateral cleft lip. Satisfactory correction of the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity is usually obtained by lengthening the columella (which secondarily corrects a flat nasal tip) and narrowing the width of the nose at the level of the alae. Satisfactory restoration to normal is usually obtained by the aforementioned procedure.", "contents": "Secondary correction of nasal abnormalities associated with cleft lip. Approximately 30% of patients will require a second operation for correction of nasal abnormalities associated with unilateral cleft lip. In a single second operation, the following steps seem to give the most satisfactory correction: repositioning the nasal septum in the midline; altering the contour of the alar cartilage on the cleft side; and rotation of the axis of the external naris on the cleft side. The usual result following this combination of procedures is moderate but not complete correction of the abnormality. About 50% of the patients will need a second operation for correction of nasal abnormalities associated with bilateral cleft lip. Satisfactory correction of the bilateral cleft lip nasal deformity is usually obtained by lengthening the columella (which secondarily corrects a flat nasal tip) and narrowing the width of the nose at the level of the alae. Satisfactory restoration to normal is usually obtained by the aforementioned procedure.", "PMID": 1060737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3350", "title": "Interdental osteotomy for immediate repositioning of dental-osseous elements.", "content": "The treatment of crowded, poorly aligned, and spaced teeth is most commonly accomplished by orthodontic means. Interdental osteotomy offers a method for the immediate repositioning of dental-osseous elements that may serve as an aid to orthodontic treatment or be used as an independent procedure. The history of the procedure, its indications, planning considerations, surgical methods, and case results are presented.", "contents": "Interdental osteotomy for immediate repositioning of dental-osseous elements. The treatment of crowded, poorly aligned, and spaced teeth is most commonly accomplished by orthodontic means. Interdental osteotomy offers a method for the immediate repositioning of dental-osseous elements that may serve as an aid to orthodontic treatment or be used as an independent procedure. The history of the procedure, its indications, planning considerations, surgical methods, and case results are presented.", "PMID": 1060738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3351", "title": "Combined anterior and posterior maxillary osteotomy.", "content": "The combined anterior and posterior maxillary osteotomy is primarily indicated for maxillary alveolar hyperplasia. Treatment planning is somewhat more complex than usual for the combined procedure. A method for developing a treatment plan is presented. In contrast to the anterior maxillary osteotomy, the technique for posterior osteotomy is relatively new and has had several recent modifications. Guidelines are presented for rational selection of a specific combined technique. The results obtained with the combined technique have not been well documented. Nonetheless, results appear to be stable and complications are infrequent.", "contents": "Combined anterior and posterior maxillary osteotomy. The combined anterior and posterior maxillary osteotomy is primarily indicated for maxillary alveolar hyperplasia. Treatment planning is somewhat more complex than usual for the combined procedure. A method for developing a treatment plan is presented. In contrast to the anterior maxillary osteotomy, the technique for posterior osteotomy is relatively new and has had several recent modifications. Guidelines are presented for rational selection of a specific combined technique. The results obtained with the combined technique have not been well documented. Nonetheless, results appear to be stable and complications are infrequent.", "PMID": 1060739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3352", "title": "Psychological considerations in corrective maxillary and midfacial surgery.", "content": "For the majority of patients with dentofacial deformities, surgical correction results in improved reactions to one's environment. In a few instances, this emotional improvement is lacking or is minimal and may result in a patient's dissatisfaction. The results of evaluation of several specific factors may be used to classify patients into three groups according to probable risk of dissatisfaction. Some negative reactors will respond to supportive measures specifically designed to aid in achieving a smooth postoperative course. In others, surgery should be undertaken only with the close cooperation of a psychiatrist, although occasionally surgery should be deferred indefinitely. By making a planned attempt to evaluate the patient's psychological status and dealing appropriately with that evaluation, the surgeon may increase the number of patients who respond favorably to his treatment and therefore increase his own satisfaction as well.", "contents": "Psychological considerations in corrective maxillary and midfacial surgery. For the majority of patients with dentofacial deformities, surgical correction results in improved reactions to one's environment. In a few instances, this emotional improvement is lacking or is minimal and may result in a patient's dissatisfaction. The results of evaluation of several specific factors may be used to classify patients into three groups according to probable risk of dissatisfaction. Some negative reactors will respond to supportive measures specifically designed to aid in achieving a smooth postoperative course. In others, surgery should be undertaken only with the close cooperation of a psychiatrist, although occasionally surgery should be deferred indefinitely. By making a planned attempt to evaluate the patient's psychological status and dealing appropriately with that evaluation, the surgeon may increase the number of patients who respond favorably to his treatment and therefore increase his own satisfaction as well.", "PMID": 1060740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3353", "title": "Modification of the sagittal ramus-split osteotomy for retrognathia.", "content": "A modification of the sagittal ramus split osteotomy for mandibular advancement has been described. It prevents rotation of the distal fragment, simplifies fixation, and reduces lateral pharyngeal edema.", "contents": "Modification of the sagittal ramus-split osteotomy for retrognathia. A modification of the sagittal ramus split osteotomy for mandibular advancement has been described. It prevents rotation of the distal fragment, simplifies fixation, and reduces lateral pharyngeal edema.", "PMID": 1060742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3354", "title": "Dislocation of the condyle into the middle cranial fossa.", "content": "Surgical intervention by a preauricular approach appears to be the preferred treatment in this rare injury. It does not appear necessary or wise to disimpact the condyle as it presents more of a surgical risk and its presence in the cranial fossa seems to pose no neurological problems. The use of an interposing medium, placed after the teeth are secured in occlusion, appears to be definitely indicated to prevent ankylosis and, hopefully, to eliminate deviation of the mandible. A carved piece of Silastic, designed to conform to the recontoured roof of the glenoid fossa, has produced excellent results in cases of ankylosis; it served well in this case. Silastic has the advantages of being easy to carve, it may be attached to the rim of the fossa, and it is extremely nonirritating; it eventually becomes encased in a fibrous capsule.", "contents": "Dislocation of the condyle into the middle cranial fossa. Surgical intervention by a preauricular approach appears to be the preferred treatment in this rare injury. It does not appear necessary or wise to disimpact the condyle as it presents more of a surgical risk and its presence in the cranial fossa seems to pose no neurological problems. The use of an interposing medium, placed after the teeth are secured in occlusion, appears to be definitely indicated to prevent ankylosis and, hopefully, to eliminate deviation of the mandible. A carved piece of Silastic, designed to conform to the recontoured roof of the glenoid fossa, has produced excellent results in cases of ankylosis; it served well in this case. Silastic has the advantages of being easy to carve, it may be attached to the rim of the fossa, and it is extremely nonirritating; it eventually becomes encased in a fibrous capsule.", "PMID": 1060743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3355", "title": "Acute myelogenous leukemia in children: a preliminary report of combination chemotherapy.", "content": "Twenty-four children (2 to 21 years) diagnosed as having AML from 1969 to 1972 were randomized to receive either a single combination (COMP or PRAVD) or sequential combination chemotherapy (alternating POMP and PRAVD). Seventeen achieved complete remission. Patients who received POMP alone had the longest median duration of remission (1,400 days) compared to PRAVD (395 days) or POMP-PRAVD (270 days); interpretation of this difference is uncertain, since the numbers in each group are small. Fifteen patients have relapsed, four initially with CNS involvement. Successful reinduction was achieved almost exclusively for patients who had initially received POMP. Survival after first relapse was short. Patients less than 16 years had a median survival of 632 days, compared to 285 days for patiens greater than 16 (p less than 0.05). The high initial induction rate in these patients is encouraging, but the duration remission is inferior to that seen in childhood ALL. Moreover, the slope of the relapse curve is continuous over a five-year period with no definite plateau where it might appear that patients are no longer at risk of relapse. Improved methods for the treatment of childhood ALL and adult AML suggest possible new approaches to AML in children, with prophylactic treatment of central nervous system, late intensification, and immunotherapy.", "contents": "Acute myelogenous leukemia in children: a preliminary report of combination chemotherapy. Twenty-four children (2 to 21 years) diagnosed as having AML from 1969 to 1972 were randomized to receive either a single combination (COMP or PRAVD) or sequential combination chemotherapy (alternating POMP and PRAVD). Seventeen achieved complete remission. Patients who received POMP alone had the longest median duration of remission (1,400 days) compared to PRAVD (395 days) or POMP-PRAVD (270 days); interpretation of this difference is uncertain, since the numbers in each group are small. Fifteen patients have relapsed, four initially with CNS involvement. Successful reinduction was achieved almost exclusively for patients who had initially received POMP. Survival after first relapse was short. Patients less than 16 years had a median survival of 632 days, compared to 285 days for patiens greater than 16 (p less than 0.05). The high initial induction rate in these patients is encouraging, but the duration remission is inferior to that seen in childhood ALL. Moreover, the slope of the relapse curve is continuous over a five-year period with no definite plateau where it might appear that patients are no longer at risk of relapse. Improved methods for the treatment of childhood ALL and adult AML suggest possible new approaches to AML in children, with prophylactic treatment of central nervous system, late intensification, and immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1060744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3356", "title": "Reversible dementia temporally associated with intraventricular therapy with methotrexate in a child with acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "During maintenance therapy with intraventricular methotrexate, progressive dementia developed in a child with meningeal leukemia. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of MTX were in the nontoxic range and neurologic evaluation failed to demonstrate anatomic obstruction, infection, or folate depletion. The patient's symptoms gradually resolved when the methotrexate was discontinued, suggesting that methotrexate neurotoxicity may occur in the absence of an elevated CSF concentration of MTX.", "contents": "Reversible dementia temporally associated with intraventricular therapy with methotrexate in a child with acute myelogenous leukemia. During maintenance therapy with intraventricular methotrexate, progressive dementia developed in a child with meningeal leukemia. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of MTX were in the nontoxic range and neurologic evaluation failed to demonstrate anatomic obstruction, infection, or folate depletion. The patient's symptoms gradually resolved when the methotrexate was discontinued, suggesting that methotrexate neurotoxicity may occur in the absence of an elevated CSF concentration of MTX.", "PMID": 1060745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3357", "title": "Influence of a chlorhexidine and a zinc mouthrinse on gingivitis.", "content": "The end point methodology did not indicate a difference between the agents. The prophylaxis effect was only demonstrable through 8 weeks, although the analysis of variance indicated a prophylaxis effect on gingival index throughout the study. An agent effect was not demonstrable in the study. The \"positive control,\" chlorhexidine, did not give the same results in this brushing study as in previous no-brushing studies reported by Loe and by our group. One might conclude that the effectiveness of brushing in reducing gingivitis is greater than the effect of chlorhexidine. Decreasing plaque and gingivitis scores are seen with increasing time, probably reflecting increased subject interest and involvement in the study. Mere involvement in the study apparently produced a beneficial effect on gingival health. This \"placebo effect\" also has been noted in an earlier study. A similar decrease in plaque scores in a placebo group attributable to a general improvement of oral hygiene was reported by Gjermo and Rolla. The subjects who began the study with no calculus (prophylaxis group) had consistently lower calculus scores than those not given a prophylaxis. This difference became less distinct at later exams, as the treated group developed calculus. The agents, although ineffective under the test regimen produced no adverse effects.", "contents": "Influence of a chlorhexidine and a zinc mouthrinse on gingivitis. The end point methodology did not indicate a difference between the agents. The prophylaxis effect was only demonstrable through 8 weeks, although the analysis of variance indicated a prophylaxis effect on gingival index throughout the study. An agent effect was not demonstrable in the study. The \"positive control,\" chlorhexidine, did not give the same results in this brushing study as in previous no-brushing studies reported by Loe and by our group. One might conclude that the effectiveness of brushing in reducing gingivitis is greater than the effect of chlorhexidine. Decreasing plaque and gingivitis scores are seen with increasing time, probably reflecting increased subject interest and involvement in the study. Mere involvement in the study apparently produced a beneficial effect on gingival health. This \"placebo effect\" also has been noted in an earlier study. A similar decrease in plaque scores in a placebo group attributable to a general improvement of oral hygiene was reported by Gjermo and Rolla. The subjects who began the study with no calculus (prophylaxis group) had consistently lower calculus scores than those not given a prophylaxis. This difference became less distinct at later exams, as the treated group developed calculus. The agents, although ineffective under the test regimen produced no adverse effects.", "PMID": 1060748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3358", "title": "Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in children: a 9 year clinical study.", "content": "Twenty-eight children with ANUG and nine children with noma were studied over the past 9 years. It is concluded that these entities occur only in children from low socioeconomic groups and have a multifactorial etiology consisting of poor oral hygiene and malnutrition. In the case of noma, a prior infection with a viral agent or intestinal parasitism appears to be important predisposing factors.", "contents": "Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis in children: a 9 year clinical study. Twenty-eight children with ANUG and nine children with noma were studied over the past 9 years. It is concluded that these entities occur only in children from low socioeconomic groups and have a multifactorial etiology consisting of poor oral hygiene and malnutrition. In the case of noma, a prior infection with a viral agent or intestinal parasitism appears to be important predisposing factors.", "PMID": 1060749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3359", "title": "The relationship of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.", "content": "Eleven patients presenting with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) collected 24-hour urine samples during and after the course of their ANUG. The Porter-Silber technique was used to determine the 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concent of the urine, a physiological measure of stress. All of the patients had significantly higher levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid during the course of their ANUG than after it had resolved.", "contents": "The relationship of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid to acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis. Eleven patients presenting with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) collected 24-hour urine samples during and after the course of their ANUG. The Porter-Silber technique was used to determine the 17-hydroxycorticosteroid concent of the urine, a physiological measure of stress. All of the patients had significantly higher levels of 17-hydroxycorticosteroid during the course of their ANUG than after it had resolved.", "PMID": 1060750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3360", "title": "Uremic stomatitis: report of a case.", "content": "A case report has been presented demonstrating the influence of chronic renal failure in the development of oral disease. Uremic stomatitis is a disease entity that requires both local and systemic therapy. The primary emphasis is directed toward the correction of the systemic pathology for proper resolution of the oral condition.", "contents": "Uremic stomatitis: report of a case. A case report has been presented demonstrating the influence of chronic renal failure in the development of oral disease. Uremic stomatitis is a disease entity that requires both local and systemic therapy. The primary emphasis is directed toward the correction of the systemic pathology for proper resolution of the oral condition.", "PMID": 1060752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3361", "title": "The prevalence of periodontal disease in a selected dental population.", "content": "Sixty-five dental personnel, who presented for voluntary examination at a periodontal screening center, were assessed for plaque accumulation, gingival soft tissue changes, gingival recession and pocket depth. The relationship of these parameters to one another and to a variety of oral hygiene techniques was analyzed. Positive correlations were found between pocket depth and soft tissue changes and also between some of the parameters and use of an interdental stimulator or an oral irrigating device. The nature of the results is discussed.", "contents": "The prevalence of periodontal disease in a selected dental population. Sixty-five dental personnel, who presented for voluntary examination at a periodontal screening center, were assessed for plaque accumulation, gingival soft tissue changes, gingival recession and pocket depth. The relationship of these parameters to one another and to a variety of oral hygiene techniques was analyzed. Positive correlations were found between pocket depth and soft tissue changes and also between some of the parameters and use of an interdental stimulator or an oral irrigating device. The nature of the results is discussed.", "PMID": 1060753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3362", "title": "Split thickness flap, apically replaced, with protected linear periosteal fenestration.", "content": "The split thickness flap, apically replaced, with internal linear periosteal fenestration, is a combination of two known techniques. This procedure is another choice to solve mucogingival problems. The advantages in addition to securing a firmer bond of periosteum to bone and mucosa to periosteum at the selected position are: there is no bone exposed, healing is apparently faster and postoperative pain is minimal. An experimental work, carried out on dogs to study the histological reactions after this procedure, is in progress. The results of these observations will be reported in a future publication.", "contents": "Split thickness flap, apically replaced, with protected linear periosteal fenestration. The split thickness flap, apically replaced, with internal linear periosteal fenestration, is a combination of two known techniques. This procedure is another choice to solve mucogingival problems. The advantages in addition to securing a firmer bond of periosteum to bone and mucosa to periosteum at the selected position are: there is no bone exposed, healing is apparently faster and postoperative pain is minimal. An experimental work, carried out on dogs to study the histological reactions after this procedure, is in progress. The results of these observations will be reported in a future publication.", "PMID": 1060754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3363", "title": "The accuracy of the Schei ruler: a laboratory investigation.", "content": "A study has been carried out to assess the accuracy of the Schei ruler for measuring the amount of alveolar bone loss from radiographs. A dried human mandible was used for the purpose of this study. A preliminary test was conducted to achieve a standard radiographic technique. Two sets of radiographs were taken of anterior and posterior segments after successive modification of the height of the alveolar bony crest. These heights were measured directly and also by means of the Schei ruler for each stage, using first the root length, and secondly, the total tooth length, as references for obtaining the percentage of remaining alveolar bone. There are two points which may be concluded from this investigation: 1. The ruler proved to be a sensitive tool for measuring the amount of alveolar bone loss as well as being efficient in this application because of its simplicity and ability to give direct readings of the percentage of the bone lost (or remaining). 2. The use of the total tooth length as a reference for the percentage bone loss, overcomes the difficulties of locating other reference points.", "contents": "The accuracy of the Schei ruler: a laboratory investigation. A study has been carried out to assess the accuracy of the Schei ruler for measuring the amount of alveolar bone loss from radiographs. A dried human mandible was used for the purpose of this study. A preliminary test was conducted to achieve a standard radiographic technique. Two sets of radiographs were taken of anterior and posterior segments after successive modification of the height of the alveolar bony crest. These heights were measured directly and also by means of the Schei ruler for each stage, using first the root length, and secondly, the total tooth length, as references for obtaining the percentage of remaining alveolar bone. There are two points which may be concluded from this investigation: 1. The ruler proved to be a sensitive tool for measuring the amount of alveolar bone loss as well as being efficient in this application because of its simplicity and ability to give direct readings of the percentage of the bone lost (or remaining). 2. The use of the total tooth length as a reference for the percentage bone loss, overcomes the difficulties of locating other reference points.", "PMID": 1060755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3364", "title": "The relationship between dialy sperm production as determined by quantitative testicular histology and daily sperm output in the stallion.", "content": "The relationship between daily sperm productions (DSP) and daily sperm output (DSO) was determined in eleven stallions. The DSO was determined by collecting single ejaculates, with an artificial vagina, at 24-hr intervals. The stallions were killed 24 hr after the last collection and the DSP was determined by quantitative testicular histology. The mean DSP was 8-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9), and the mean DSO was 7-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9)). It was estimated that 87% of the spermatozoa produced by the testes were harvested. The correlation between DSP and DSO was 0-80 (P less than 0-01), and between DSP and testis weight was 0-77 (P less than 0-01).", "contents": "The relationship between dialy sperm production as determined by quantitative testicular histology and daily sperm output in the stallion. The relationship between daily sperm productions (DSP) and daily sperm output (DSO) was determined in eleven stallions. The DSO was determined by collecting single ejaculates, with an artificial vagina, at 24-hr intervals. The stallions were killed 24 hr after the last collection and the DSP was determined by quantitative testicular histology. The mean DSP was 8-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9), and the mean DSO was 7-0 X 10(9) (S.E. +/- 0-4 X 10(9)). It was estimated that 87% of the spermatozoa produced by the testes were harvested. The correlation between DSP and DSO was 0-80 (P less than 0-01), and between DSP and testis weight was 0-77 (P less than 0-01).", "PMID": 1060758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3365", "title": "Results of long-term storage of stallion semen frozen by the pellet method.", "content": "Stallion semen frozen by the pellet method showed no significant loss of sperm motility and fertility over long periods of storage in liquid nitrogen. Eighteen of thirty mares conceived after insemination with semen recovered in nine ejaculates from seven stallions and stored for 18 months to 7 years.", "contents": "Results of long-term storage of stallion semen frozen by the pellet method. Stallion semen frozen by the pellet method showed no significant loss of sperm motility and fertility over long periods of storage in liquid nitrogen. Eighteen of thirty mares conceived after insemination with semen recovered in nine ejaculates from seven stallions and stored for 18 months to 7 years.", "PMID": 1060760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3366", "title": "Results of insemination of mares with fresh and frozen stallion semen.", "content": "Artificial insemination using deep-frozen semen was performed on 116 mares in 1973 using twelve ejaculates from eight stallions of the Hanoverian breed. Despite the fact that the quality of the semen used was poor, the majority of the mares inseminated were subfertile and some mares were inseminated during one oestrus only, 44% nevertheless conceived and gave birth to live foals. Of a small group of ten mares inseminated in the same year with fresh semen, seven conceived.", "contents": "Results of insemination of mares with fresh and frozen stallion semen. Artificial insemination using deep-frozen semen was performed on 116 mares in 1973 using twelve ejaculates from eight stallions of the Hanoverian breed. Despite the fact that the quality of the semen used was poor, the majority of the mares inseminated were subfertile and some mares were inseminated during one oestrus only, 44% nevertheless conceived and gave birth to live foals. Of a small group of ten mares inseminated in the same year with fresh semen, seven conceived.", "PMID": 1060761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3367", "title": "Results of artificial insemination of horses in Poland in the post-war period.", "content": "Artificial insemination (A.I.) of mares in Poland has not yet been widely applied. Initial attempts were made by research groups between 1945 and 1955 but A.I. of mares was only introduced into the normal practice of A.I. Centres during 1964-67. Intensive research into methods for preserving stallion semen in liquid nitrogen has been undertaken since 1968. Of the total of 3734 mares artificially inseminated in Poland since 1945, 350 were inseminated with frozen semen. The slow progress of A.I. in horses is imputed to the small numbers of people involved in the work, to the conservation of the authorities responsible for breeding, to the wrong choice of stallions for A.I. Centres and, most importantly, to the lack of a simple and reliable method of preservation of stallion semen.", "contents": "Results of artificial insemination of horses in Poland in the post-war period. Artificial insemination (A.I.) of mares in Poland has not yet been widely applied. Initial attempts were made by research groups between 1945 and 1955 but A.I. of mares was only introduced into the normal practice of A.I. Centres during 1964-67. Intensive research into methods for preserving stallion semen in liquid nitrogen has been undertaken since 1968. Of the total of 3734 mares artificially inseminated in Poland since 1945, 350 were inseminated with frozen semen. The slow progress of A.I. in horses is imputed to the small numbers of people involved in the work, to the conservation of the authorities responsible for breeding, to the wrong choice of stallions for A.I. Centres and, most importantly, to the lack of a simple and reliable method of preservation of stallion semen.", "PMID": 1060762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3368", "title": "Effect of timing of insemination, numbers of spermatozoa and extender components on the pregnancy rate in mares inseminated with frozen stallion semen.", "content": "Fertilization rate was highest in mares inseminated with frozen semen within 12 hr of ovulation. Foaling rate was improved (P less than 0-05) by increasing the number of motile spermatozoa inseminated from 40 X 10(6) to 80 X 10(6) but was not further improved by increasing the number to 160 X 10(6) or by increasing the frequency of insemination from once to twice daily. The fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa frozen in one of the hydrogen ion extenders studied was dependent upon relative osmotic pressure and method of freezing (ampoules or pellets). Adjusting glycerol concentration from 7% to 2%, addition of glycerol 15 min before freezing and freezing 2 hr after extension all enhanced the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. Pregnancy rate per mare service period was higher (P less than 0-01) for mares inseminated with unextended semen (75%) than for extended semen containing no glycerol (50%) or extended semen containing 7% glycerol (35%). Although wide variability in the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa from individual stallions was observed when semen was extended or extended and frozen, pregnancy rate was depressed in all stallions. It was concluded, therefore, that hydrogen ion extenders depress fertilizing capacity of stallion spermatozoa immediately after extension and show little promise as semen extenders for short- or long-term storage of stallion semen.", "contents": "Effect of timing of insemination, numbers of spermatozoa and extender components on the pregnancy rate in mares inseminated with frozen stallion semen. Fertilization rate was highest in mares inseminated with frozen semen within 12 hr of ovulation. Foaling rate was improved (P less than 0-05) by increasing the number of motile spermatozoa inseminated from 40 X 10(6) to 80 X 10(6) but was not further improved by increasing the number to 160 X 10(6) or by increasing the frequency of insemination from once to twice daily. The fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa frozen in one of the hydrogen ion extenders studied was dependent upon relative osmotic pressure and method of freezing (ampoules or pellets). Adjusting glycerol concentration from 7% to 2%, addition of glycerol 15 min before freezing and freezing 2 hr after extension all enhanced the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. Pregnancy rate per mare service period was higher (P less than 0-01) for mares inseminated with unextended semen (75%) than for extended semen containing no glycerol (50%) or extended semen containing 7% glycerol (35%). Although wide variability in the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa from individual stallions was observed when semen was extended or extended and frozen, pregnancy rate was depressed in all stallions. It was concluded, therefore, that hydrogen ion extenders depress fertilizing capacity of stallion spermatozoa immediately after extension and show little promise as semen extenders for short- or long-term storage of stallion semen.", "PMID": 1060763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3369", "title": "Ejaculatory disorders of the stallion.", "content": "Ejaculatory disorders of the stallion seem to occur more frequently than hitherto accepted. The condition is manifested differently in individual stallions from normal copulation without ejaculation to an abnormal pattern of copulation without or with occasional ejaculation. The condition is probably caused by a functional disturbance of the nervous mechanism which controls the ejaculatory process, and may be caused by environmental or other factors. Eleven cases of ejaculatory disorders in normal healthy stallions were investigated and three of these animals recovered after simple correction of environmental factors, including the number of mares served. Of the eight stallions which did not respond to environmental changes, one recovered after treatment with pilocarpine and one after treatment iwth ephedrine. Possible causes of failure of the nervous regulation of the reproductive tract are discussed.", "contents": "Ejaculatory disorders of the stallion. Ejaculatory disorders of the stallion seem to occur more frequently than hitherto accepted. The condition is manifested differently in individual stallions from normal copulation without ejaculation to an abnormal pattern of copulation without or with occasional ejaculation. The condition is probably caused by a functional disturbance of the nervous mechanism which controls the ejaculatory process, and may be caused by environmental or other factors. Eleven cases of ejaculatory disorders in normal healthy stallions were investigated and three of these animals recovered after simple correction of environmental factors, including the number of mares served. Of the eight stallions which did not respond to environmental changes, one recovered after treatment with pilocarpine and one after treatment iwth ephedrine. Possible causes of failure of the nervous regulation of the reproductive tract are discussed.", "PMID": 1060764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3370", "title": "Abnormalities of mating behaviour in domestic stallions.", "content": "Experimental and clinical observations were made to treat abnormal sexual behaviour. The most common cause of abnormality was mismanagement of the animal; over-use and rough treatment at service and too-frequent ejaculation during winter had a detrimental effect on the behaviour of young stallions. Pain due to injury incurred at copulation or when associated with mounting attempts was also a common cause of impotence. Most impotent stallions responded well to re-training and recovery can be achieved without pharmacological treatment in most cases.", "contents": "Abnormalities of mating behaviour in domestic stallions. Experimental and clinical observations were made to treat abnormal sexual behaviour. The most common cause of abnormality was mismanagement of the animal; over-use and rough treatment at service and too-frequent ejaculation during winter had a detrimental effect on the behaviour of young stallions. Pain due to injury incurred at copulation or when associated with mounting attempts was also a common cause of impotence. Most impotent stallions responded well to re-training and recovery can be achieved without pharmacological treatment in most cases.", "PMID": 1060765}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3371", "title": "Reproduction in feral horses.", "content": "A behavioural study of feral horses was conducted on the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range in the western United States. All 270 horses on the Range were identified individually. The sex ratio was nearly balanced. Foal to adult female ratio was 43-2:100. Morality was concentrated among foals and old horses. Horses were organized as forty-four harem groups each with a dominant stallion, one to two immature stallions, one to three immature mares, one to three adult mares and their yearling and foal offspring, and 23 bachelor groups of one to eight stallions. Harem groups were quite stable year-round because of dominance and leadership by the stallions and group fidelity by mares and their offsring. Most changes occurred during the breeding season and involved immature females. Defeat of dominant stallions was infrequent. Immature males were tolerated because of their submissive behaviour. Bachelor stallion groups were inherently unstable. Mares came into heat after foaling in May/June, and were mated by harem stallions only.", "contents": "Reproduction in feral horses. A behavioural study of feral horses was conducted on the Pryor Mountain Wild Horse Range in the western United States. All 270 horses on the Range were identified individually. The sex ratio was nearly balanced. Foal to adult female ratio was 43-2:100. Morality was concentrated among foals and old horses. Horses were organized as forty-four harem groups each with a dominant stallion, one to two immature stallions, one to three immature mares, one to three adult mares and their yearling and foal offspring, and 23 bachelor groups of one to eight stallions. Harem groups were quite stable year-round because of dominance and leadership by the stallions and group fidelity by mares and their offsring. Most changes occurred during the breeding season and involved immature females. Defeat of dominant stallions was infrequent. Immature males were tolerated because of their submissive behaviour. Bachelor stallion groups were inherently unstable. Mares came into heat after foaling in May/June, and were mated by harem stallions only.", "PMID": 1060766}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3372", "title": "Immature germ cells in the semen of thoroughbred stallions.", "content": "Small but significant numbers of primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids have been observed in the semen of some Thoroughbred stallions. Extensive histological examination of the testes of affected animals has not been undertaken but in one young stallion which died as the result of a leg injury, the premature dehiscence of these cells seemed to be related to segmental defects within the seminiferous tubules. The causes of lesions leading to premature shedding of germ cells are discussed.", "contents": "Immature germ cells in the semen of thoroughbred stallions. Small but significant numbers of primary and secondary spermatocytes and spermatids have been observed in the semen of some Thoroughbred stallions. Extensive histological examination of the testes of affected animals has not been undertaken but in one young stallion which died as the result of a leg injury, the premature dehiscence of these cells seemed to be related to segmental defects within the seminiferous tubules. The causes of lesions leading to premature shedding of germ cells are discussed.", "PMID": 1060767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3373", "title": "Recent observations concerning Klebsiella infections in stallions.", "content": "A high incidence of Klebsiella contamination in German 'Warmblut' and Thoroughbred stallions is reported. The organism was recovered from the nostrils, prepuce, pre-ejacultory secretion and, in some cases, on the body surface, in the faeces and on the ground of the covering (mating) yard. Fertility was not affected. However, differences of virulence were observed and Type 5 proved to be the most pathogenic.", "contents": "Recent observations concerning Klebsiella infections in stallions. A high incidence of Klebsiella contamination in German 'Warmblut' and Thoroughbred stallions is reported. The organism was recovered from the nostrils, prepuce, pre-ejacultory secretion and, in some cases, on the body surface, in the faeces and on the ground of the covering (mating) yard. Fertility was not affected. However, differences of virulence were observed and Type 5 proved to be the most pathogenic.", "PMID": 1060768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3374", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of haemospermia in the stallion.", "content": "Haemospermia caused infertility in the stallion and frequently results from a urethritis in the area of the ejaculatory ducts. Urethroscopic examination, urethrography, bacterial and viral cultures, biopsy, surgery of the urethra and histocytological examination should be used for diagnosis and it is essential that the exact cause and location of the haemorrhage be known before treatment is initiated. Optimal treatment includes sexual rest and appropriate antibiotics used systemically in conjunction with local medication of the urethra. Cauterization of the urethra with silver nitrate solution should be avoided.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of haemospermia in the stallion. Haemospermia caused infertility in the stallion and frequently results from a urethritis in the area of the ejaculatory ducts. Urethroscopic examination, urethrography, bacterial and viral cultures, biopsy, surgery of the urethra and histocytological examination should be used for diagnosis and it is essential that the exact cause and location of the haemorrhage be known before treatment is initiated. Optimal treatment includes sexual rest and appropriate antibiotics used systemically in conjunction with local medication of the urethra. Cauterization of the urethra with silver nitrate solution should be avoided.", "PMID": 1060769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3375", "title": "The oestrous cycle of the mare.", "content": "In eleven non-pregnant mares examined for 2 years, oestrous cycle length was 20-6 days (range 13 to 34) excluding any anoestrous periods. The duration of oestrus was 5-7 days (range 1 to 24); from February to May it was 7-6 days (range 2 to 24) and from May to November 4-8 days (range 1 to 10). The majority of ovulations occurred between 16.00 and 08.00 hours and 78% of the mares ovulated within 48 hr of the end of oestrus. Mean follicular diameter was 45 mm on the day of ovulation and there was a 25-5% incidence of multiple ovulations. It was uncommon for oestrus to occur without ovulation, whereas ovulation without oestrus occurred in 6/11 mares, including one mare which ovulated without oestrus on 32/34 occasions. The CL was palpable after ovulation for 8-9 days (range 1 to 18). Dioestrus averaged 15-4 days (range 6 to 25). Ovulations during dioestrus, unaccompanied by signs of oestrus, occurred in 10/11 mares but cycle length was not affected. A syndrome of spontaneous prolongation of the CL, accompanied by follicular activity, without any signs of oestrus for periods of 2 to 3 months was observed in six of the mares.", "contents": "The oestrous cycle of the mare. In eleven non-pregnant mares examined for 2 years, oestrous cycle length was 20-6 days (range 13 to 34) excluding any anoestrous periods. The duration of oestrus was 5-7 days (range 1 to 24); from February to May it was 7-6 days (range 2 to 24) and from May to November 4-8 days (range 1 to 10). The majority of ovulations occurred between 16.00 and 08.00 hours and 78% of the mares ovulated within 48 hr of the end of oestrus. Mean follicular diameter was 45 mm on the day of ovulation and there was a 25-5% incidence of multiple ovulations. It was uncommon for oestrus to occur without ovulation, whereas ovulation without oestrus occurred in 6/11 mares, including one mare which ovulated without oestrus on 32/34 occasions. The CL was palpable after ovulation for 8-9 days (range 1 to 18). Dioestrus averaged 15-4 days (range 6 to 25). Ovulations during dioestrus, unaccompanied by signs of oestrus, occurred in 10/11 mares but cycle length was not affected. A syndrome of spontaneous prolongation of the CL, accompanied by follicular activity, without any signs of oestrus for periods of 2 to 3 months was observed in six of the mares.", "PMID": 1060771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3376", "title": "A review of the influence of nutrition upon the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the beneficial effect of improved nutrition during winter and early spring on the ovarian activity of mares. Furthermore, the necessity of an adequate plane of nutrition during early pregnancy to prevent embryonic resorption is stressed.", "contents": "A review of the influence of nutrition upon the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare. Attention is drawn to the beneficial effect of improved nutrition during winter and early spring on the ovarian activity of mares. Furthermore, the necessity of an adequate plane of nutrition during early pregnancy to prevent embryonic resorption is stressed.", "PMID": 1060772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3377", "title": "Relationship between the morphology of and progesterone production by the corpus luteum of the mare.", "content": "The histology of the growing, secreting and regressing CL of thirty-five cycling and early pregnant mares with known breeding histories was studied by light microscopy. Thecal cells are best developed a few days before ovulation. They regress very quickly and within 24 hr after ovulation all remaining thecal cells are in an advanced stage of degeneration. Hypertrophy and luteinization of the granulosa cells commences 10 hr after ovulation and maximum size (37-5 mum) is reached later. The luteal tissue enlarges mainly through hypertrophy of the lutein cells. Two types of lutein cells are found in the CL, a large light-staining cell and a small dark-staining cell. Degeneration of the lutein cells in the non-pregnant mare commences on Day 12 after ovulation and in the pregnant mare on Day 38 after ovulation. The primary CL of pregnancy regresses after the secondary CL are formed. The progesterone concentration in the peripheral plasma is closely correlated with the morphological changes in the CL.", "contents": "Relationship between the morphology of and progesterone production by the corpus luteum of the mare. The histology of the growing, secreting and regressing CL of thirty-five cycling and early pregnant mares with known breeding histories was studied by light microscopy. Thecal cells are best developed a few days before ovulation. They regress very quickly and within 24 hr after ovulation all remaining thecal cells are in an advanced stage of degeneration. Hypertrophy and luteinization of the granulosa cells commences 10 hr after ovulation and maximum size (37-5 mum) is reached later. The luteal tissue enlarges mainly through hypertrophy of the lutein cells. Two types of lutein cells are found in the CL, a large light-staining cell and a small dark-staining cell. Degeneration of the lutein cells in the non-pregnant mare commences on Day 12 after ovulation and in the pregnant mare on Day 38 after ovulation. The primary CL of pregnancy regresses after the secondary CL are formed. The progesterone concentration in the peripheral plasma is closely correlated with the morphological changes in the CL.", "PMID": 1060773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3378", "title": "Relationship between luteal function and metabolic clearance and production rates of progesterone in the mare.", "content": "The functional activity of the equine CL was measured by its ability to convert [4-14C]3beta-hydroxy-5-en-20-one to [4-14C]pregn-4-en-3,20-dione. The capacity of homogenates of CL of different ages followed the temporal pattern of plasma progestagen concentrations. In ten mares which ovulated twice at intervals of 0 to 9 days in the same cycle, the conversion capacity of the CL from the second ovulation was similar to that from the first ovulation. After adjusting for age, the CL from the first of two ovulations had a similar conversion capacity as that resulting from a single ovulation. Plasma metabolic clearance rates of progesterone were similar on the 8th day after ovulation in mares having one and two ovulations. Progesterone production rates were also similar in mares with one and two ovulations. A two-component disappearance curve was observed following cessation of the [3H]progesterone infusion in mares that ovulated once or twice in the same cycle.", "contents": "Relationship between luteal function and metabolic clearance and production rates of progesterone in the mare. The functional activity of the equine CL was measured by its ability to convert [4-14C]3beta-hydroxy-5-en-20-one to [4-14C]pregn-4-en-3,20-dione. The capacity of homogenates of CL of different ages followed the temporal pattern of plasma progestagen concentrations. In ten mares which ovulated twice at intervals of 0 to 9 days in the same cycle, the conversion capacity of the CL from the second ovulation was similar to that from the first ovulation. After adjusting for age, the CL from the first of two ovulations had a similar conversion capacity as that resulting from a single ovulation. Plasma metabolic clearance rates of progesterone were similar on the 8th day after ovulation in mares having one and two ovulations. Progesterone production rates were also similar in mares with one and two ovulations. A two-component disappearance curve was observed following cessation of the [3H]progesterone infusion in mares that ovulated once or twice in the same cycle.", "PMID": 1060774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3379", "title": "Effect of exogenous progesterone on its endogenous levels: biological half-life of progesterone and lack of progesterone binding in mares.", "content": "The disappearance rate of progesterone from blood plasma of an ovariectomized mare was rapid and occurred in three phases. The half-life of the first component was 2-5 min and that of the second was 20 min; the half-life of the much slower third component was not measured. Progesterone, administered to ovariectomized and deeply anoestrous mares at the rate of 150 or 300 mg/day, maintained maximal peripheral levels of 6 to 8 ng/ml. Physiological levels were reached in 21 days using a dose of 150 mg and in 11 days with 300 mg daily. After withdrawal, circulating levels dropped rapidly. Blood plasma of mares appears to lack progesterone-specific binding proteins. It is concluded that the problem of habitual abortion and its treatment in mares need re-evaluation.", "contents": "Effect of exogenous progesterone on its endogenous levels: biological half-life of progesterone and lack of progesterone binding in mares. The disappearance rate of progesterone from blood plasma of an ovariectomized mare was rapid and occurred in three phases. The half-life of the first component was 2-5 min and that of the second was 20 min; the half-life of the much slower third component was not measured. Progesterone, administered to ovariectomized and deeply anoestrous mares at the rate of 150 or 300 mg/day, maintained maximal peripheral levels of 6 to 8 ng/ml. Physiological levels were reached in 21 days using a dose of 150 mg and in 11 days with 300 mg daily. After withdrawal, circulating levels dropped rapidly. Blood plasma of mares appears to lack progesterone-specific binding proteins. It is concluded that the problem of habitual abortion and its treatment in mares need re-evaluation.", "PMID": 1060775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3380", "title": "The cycle of oestrus, ovulation and plasma levels of hormones in the mare.", "content": "The duration of the oestrous cycle and day of ovulation were recorded in six mares which were used for concurrent assay of plasma levels of sex steroids and pituitary LH concentration. Peak of progesterone were reached during dioestrus and those of oestradiol and androstenedione occurred 2 days before ovulation and were in decline on the day of ovulation. Plasma oestrone remained constant (between 9 and 12 pg/ml) throughout the cycle. Plasma LH rose to a maximum near to the time of ovulation, and thereafter decreased gradually until mid-dioestrus. The pattern of secretion is compared with that reported in other domesticated animals.", "contents": "The cycle of oestrus, ovulation and plasma levels of hormones in the mare. The duration of the oestrous cycle and day of ovulation were recorded in six mares which were used for concurrent assay of plasma levels of sex steroids and pituitary LH concentration. Peak of progesterone were reached during dioestrus and those of oestradiol and androstenedione occurred 2 days before ovulation and were in decline on the day of ovulation. Plasma oestrone remained constant (between 9 and 12 pg/ml) throughout the cycle. Plasma LH rose to a maximum near to the time of ovulation, and thereafter decreased gradually until mid-dioestrus. The pattern of secretion is compared with that reported in other domesticated animals.", "PMID": 1060776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3381", "title": "The evaluation of stallion semen in aspects of fertility control and its use for artificial insemination.", "content": "Choice of the best methods for semen examination is dictated by the purpose of the examination, whether it be to assess the fertility of an individual stallion or to evaluate individual semen samples for routine purposes. In the author's experience of examining stallion semen, emphasis should be placed upon morphological examination, sperm cinematography and survival tests in vitro. Special problems concerning examination of frozen semen are discussed and the ultrastructure of spermatozoa frozen in the presence and absence of glycerol is described.", "contents": "The evaluation of stallion semen in aspects of fertility control and its use for artificial insemination. Choice of the best methods for semen examination is dictated by the purpose of the examination, whether it be to assess the fertility of an individual stallion or to evaluate individual semen samples for routine purposes. In the author's experience of examining stallion semen, emphasis should be placed upon morphological examination, sperm cinematography and survival tests in vitro. Special problems concerning examination of frozen semen are discussed and the ultrastructure of spermatozoa frozen in the presence and absence of glycerol is described.", "PMID": 1060777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3382", "title": "Serum concentrations of FSH, LH and progesterone during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare.", "content": "Heterologous radioimmunoassays were developed for equine FSH and LH. Serum concentrations were measured in twenty-three mares throughout the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. FSH concentrations were raised fivefold by 'surges' rather than 'spiked', occurring at 10- to 11-day intervals during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. The late oestrous/early dioestrous surge of FSH appeared to initiate development of up to twenty follicles. The mid-dioestrous surge may be important for the further development of follicles destined to ovulate 10 to 13 days later. Levels of LH were increasing by the onset of oestrus and reached their maximum 1 to 2 days after ovulation. This rise in LH may stimuate maturation of the follicle throughout oestrus. An inverse relationship between progesterone and LH levels occurred, suggesting a negative feedback, but there was no such relationship between FSH and progesterone concentrations.", "contents": "Serum concentrations of FSH, LH and progesterone during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy in the mare. Heterologous radioimmunoassays were developed for equine FSH and LH. Serum concentrations were measured in twenty-three mares throughout the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. FSH concentrations were raised fivefold by 'surges' rather than 'spiked', occurring at 10- to 11-day intervals during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. The late oestrous/early dioestrous surge of FSH appeared to initiate development of up to twenty follicles. The mid-dioestrous surge may be important for the further development of follicles destined to ovulate 10 to 13 days later. Levels of LH were increasing by the onset of oestrus and reached their maximum 1 to 2 days after ovulation. This rise in LH may stimuate maturation of the follicle throughout oestrus. An inverse relationship between progesterone and LH levels occurred, suggesting a negative feedback, but there was no such relationship between FSH and progesterone concentrations.", "PMID": 1060778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3383", "title": "Levels of LH, prolactin and oestrogens in the serum of post-partum mares.", "content": "The levels of LH, prolactin and oestrogen were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum obtained from six mares during the post-partum period, and LH was also assayed in blood samples collected at 6-hr intervals from four normal cyclic mares during oestrus and at daily intervals during dioestrus. The concentrations of oestrogen and LH suggested that the mares were having ovulatory cycles during the post-partum period irrespective of behavioural oestrus, and the levels of prolactin seemed to rise in association with probable ovulatory LH peaks. In these mares levels of LH had increased significantly (P less than 0-05) by Day 4 of oestrus and reached a peak (140 +/- 48 ng/ml) about 1 day before the end of oestrus. They then declined rapidly and remained at basal levels (10 to 20 ng/ml) during dioestrus.", "contents": "Levels of LH, prolactin and oestrogens in the serum of post-partum mares. The levels of LH, prolactin and oestrogen were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum obtained from six mares during the post-partum period, and LH was also assayed in blood samples collected at 6-hr intervals from four normal cyclic mares during oestrus and at daily intervals during dioestrus. The concentrations of oestrogen and LH suggested that the mares were having ovulatory cycles during the post-partum period irrespective of behavioural oestrus, and the levels of prolactin seemed to rise in association with probable ovulatory LH peaks. In these mares levels of LH had increased significantly (P less than 0-05) by Day 4 of oestrus and reached a peak (140 +/- 48 ng/ml) about 1 day before the end of oestrus. They then declined rapidly and remained at basal levels (10 to 20 ng/ml) during dioestrus.", "PMID": 1060779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3384", "title": "Plasma LH levels in the mare during the oestrous cycle.", "content": "Plasma levels of LH were determined by heterologous radioimmunoassay utilizing highly purified equine LH as standard. Samples were taken regularly from eleven mares for twenty-six oestrous cycles over a period of 10 weeks. The mean cycle length was 20-5 +/- 3-1 (S.D.) days, and ovulation occurred on average 4-3 +/- 1-6 (S.D.) days from the time heat was first detected. Levels of LH were persistently low from Days 5 to 16 of the cycle (ovulation = Day 0). They then increased slowly over a number of days and continued to rise beyond the levels observed at any time during the immediate preovulatory period or the day of ovulation. A significant decrease from peak levels was not observed until the 3rd day after ovaulation, from which time levels continued to decline toward dioestrous values by an apparent first-order decay process with a half-life of 1-8 days. The pattern of plasma LH in the mare differs from that reported for other species and it is suggested that persistance of high concentrations of LH results from a long half-life of the endogenous LH. This in turn may be responsible for the relatively large number of second ovulations detected in many oestrous cycles.", "contents": "Plasma LH levels in the mare during the oestrous cycle. Plasma levels of LH were determined by heterologous radioimmunoassay utilizing highly purified equine LH as standard. Samples were taken regularly from eleven mares for twenty-six oestrous cycles over a period of 10 weeks. The mean cycle length was 20-5 +/- 3-1 (S.D.) days, and ovulation occurred on average 4-3 +/- 1-6 (S.D.) days from the time heat was first detected. Levels of LH were persistently low from Days 5 to 16 of the cycle (ovulation = Day 0). They then increased slowly over a number of days and continued to rise beyond the levels observed at any time during the immediate preovulatory period or the day of ovulation. A significant decrease from peak levels was not observed until the 3rd day after ovaulation, from which time levels continued to decline toward dioestrous values by an apparent first-order decay process with a half-life of 1-8 days. The pattern of plasma LH in the mare differs from that reported for other species and it is suggested that persistance of high concentrations of LH results from a long half-life of the endogenous LH. This in turn may be responsible for the relatively large number of second ovulations detected in many oestrous cycles.", "PMID": 1060780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3385", "title": "Urinary oestrogen and plasma progesterone levels in non-pregnant mares.", "content": "Eight mares were observed clinically for 14 months to detect oestrus and ovarian activity, and assays of urinary oestrogens and plasma progesterone were performed. Cyclical ovarian activity occurred during 60% of the experimental period. Persistent luteal activity was found over 20% of the period and for the rest of the time activity was absent. Cyclical activity was characterized by the alternation of periods of low and high progesterone levels corresponding to the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle. During the follicular phase, urinary oestrogen levels increased to a maximum of 463 +/- 296 ng/ml 2 days before ovulation. The duration of the interval from complete luteolysis to ovulation (6-3 +/- 2-7 days) was correlated with oestrone peak values (r = 0-44) and with oestrone levels at the beginning of the low progesterone phase (r = -0-36). High oestrogen levels were recorded during persistent luteal activity which occurred more frequently in summer. Ovarian inactivity was more frequent in winter and was characterized by very low progesterone and low oestrogen (less than 50 ng/ml urine) levels. Some individual and seasonal effects were studied.", "contents": "Urinary oestrogen and plasma progesterone levels in non-pregnant mares. Eight mares were observed clinically for 14 months to detect oestrus and ovarian activity, and assays of urinary oestrogens and plasma progesterone were performed. Cyclical ovarian activity occurred during 60% of the experimental period. Persistent luteal activity was found over 20% of the period and for the rest of the time activity was absent. Cyclical activity was characterized by the alternation of periods of low and high progesterone levels corresponding to the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle. During the follicular phase, urinary oestrogen levels increased to a maximum of 463 +/- 296 ng/ml 2 days before ovulation. The duration of the interval from complete luteolysis to ovulation (6-3 +/- 2-7 days) was correlated with oestrone peak values (r = 0-44) and with oestrone levels at the beginning of the low progesterone phase (r = -0-36). High oestrogen levels were recorded during persistent luteal activity which occurred more frequently in summer. Ovarian inactivity was more frequent in winter and was characterized by very low progesterone and low oestrogen (less than 50 ng/ml urine) levels. Some individual and seasonal effects were studied.", "PMID": 1060781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3386", "title": "Oestrogen excretion in mares in relation to various reproductive states.", "content": "The rate of urinary oestrogen excretion was studied in four ovariectomized mares. In two animals ovariectomized when urinary oestrogen concentration was high, levels fell to a minimun within 48 hr. Intramuscular injection of oestradiol-17beta produced maximum urinary oestrogen levels within 3 to 6 hr and a return to minimum detectable levels within 24 hr. The major urinary oestrogen in mares was oestrone. In nine maiden mares studied between September and June, the cycle, the durations of dioestrus and oestrus, and the time of ovulation were similar in autumn (September to December) and spring (January to June). All nine mares had periods of anoestrus and 'shallow' and 'deep' forms of this condition were observed. In all cyclic mares, urinary oestrogen excretion showed a gradual rise from dioestrous levels beginning 6 to 7 days before ovulation. A rapid and highly significant (P less than 0-001) fall in oestrogen excretion occurred on the day of ovulation and the day after. Maximum urinary oestrogen levels were twice as high in spring than in autumn cycles.", "contents": "Oestrogen excretion in mares in relation to various reproductive states. The rate of urinary oestrogen excretion was studied in four ovariectomized mares. In two animals ovariectomized when urinary oestrogen concentration was high, levels fell to a minimun within 48 hr. Intramuscular injection of oestradiol-17beta produced maximum urinary oestrogen levels within 3 to 6 hr and a return to minimum detectable levels within 24 hr. The major urinary oestrogen in mares was oestrone. In nine maiden mares studied between September and June, the cycle, the durations of dioestrus and oestrus, and the time of ovulation were similar in autumn (September to December) and spring (January to June). All nine mares had periods of anoestrus and 'shallow' and 'deep' forms of this condition were observed. In all cyclic mares, urinary oestrogen excretion showed a gradual rise from dioestrous levels beginning 6 to 7 days before ovulation. A rapid and highly significant (P less than 0-001) fall in oestrogen excretion occurred on the day of ovulation and the day after. Maximum urinary oestrogen levels were twice as high in spring than in autumn cycles.", "PMID": 1060782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3387", "title": "Influence of intrauterine saline infusion upon the oestrous cycle of the mare.", "content": "The effect of intrauterine saline on reproductive function was studied by infusion of mares in anoestrus, dioestrus, oestrus and prolonged dioestrus. Anoestrous mares were unaffected except near the beginning and end of the breeding season when anovulatory heats were induced. Dioestrous mares infused between Days 5 and 9 returned to heat an average of 3-8 days earlier than expected, and infusions during dioestrus were followed by ovulatory heats of normal fertility. Three mares in prolonged dioestrus showed ovulatory heats within 3 to 9 days of infusion. Infusions during oestrus had no appreciable effect. Repeated infusions were clinically harmless but post-infusion bacteriological swabs from the uterus were positive. In two cases studied, infusion was followed by a fall in peripheral plasma progestagen concentrations. Evidence was obtained that vaginal and cervical dilatation and oxytocin were not involved in the mechanisms and it is postulated that the luteolytic effect of intrauterine saline is mediated by prostaglandin.", "contents": "Influence of intrauterine saline infusion upon the oestrous cycle of the mare. The effect of intrauterine saline on reproductive function was studied by infusion of mares in anoestrus, dioestrus, oestrus and prolonged dioestrus. Anoestrous mares were unaffected except near the beginning and end of the breeding season when anovulatory heats were induced. Dioestrous mares infused between Days 5 and 9 returned to heat an average of 3-8 days earlier than expected, and infusions during dioestrus were followed by ovulatory heats of normal fertility. Three mares in prolonged dioestrus showed ovulatory heats within 3 to 9 days of infusion. Infusions during oestrus had no appreciable effect. Repeated infusions were clinically harmless but post-infusion bacteriological swabs from the uterus were positive. In two cases studied, infusion was followed by a fall in peripheral plasma progestagen concentrations. Evidence was obtained that vaginal and cervical dilatation and oxytocin were not involved in the mechanisms and it is postulated that the luteolytic effect of intrauterine saline is mediated by prostaglandin.", "PMID": 1060783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3388", "title": "The influence of intrauterine saline infusion on luteal function and cyclical activity in the mare.", "content": "Intrauterine saline infusion in the dioestrous mare shortened the ovulatory interval by inducing premature luteolysis. Plasma progestagen levels began to decrease approximately 1 day after the infusion and had declined to less than 1-0 ng/ml in 4 days. The CL, including others formed from ovulations during dioestrus, must be 4 to 5 days old before intrauterine saline will induce luteolysis. Of 10 mares infused on Day 4 or 5 after ovulation, only six had a shortened ovulatory interval. Of 10 mares infused on Day 6 or 7 after ovulation, seven had a shortened ovulatory interval and three failed to respond due to the occurrence of a dioestrous ovulation near the time of infusion. In those mares which responded to treatment, the interval from saline infusion to the beginning of oestrus and to ovulation was 5 to 6 days and 9 to 10 days, respectively.", "contents": "The influence of intrauterine saline infusion on luteal function and cyclical activity in the mare. Intrauterine saline infusion in the dioestrous mare shortened the ovulatory interval by inducing premature luteolysis. Plasma progestagen levels began to decrease approximately 1 day after the infusion and had declined to less than 1-0 ng/ml in 4 days. The CL, including others formed from ovulations during dioestrus, must be 4 to 5 days old before intrauterine saline will induce luteolysis. Of 10 mares infused on Day 4 or 5 after ovulation, only six had a shortened ovulatory interval. Of 10 mares infused on Day 6 or 7 after ovulation, seven had a shortened ovulatory interval and three failed to respond due to the occurrence of a dioestrous ovulation near the time of infusion. In those mares which responded to treatment, the interval from saline infusion to the beginning of oestrus and to ovulation was 5 to 6 days and 9 to 10 days, respectively.", "PMID": 1060784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3389", "title": "Effects of artificial light on the oestrous cycle of the mare.", "content": "Two groups, each of seven pony mares, were maintained from 17 October to 15 February (120 days) in the University Biotron where temperature and daily photoperiod were regulated to simulate normal conditions for that period (control group) or those normally applicable from 1 March to 1 July (treated group). Follicular growth, ovulation rate and oestrous behaviour were determined daily by rectal palpation, and by teasing with a stallion. By Day 69 of treatment, all ovarian end-points (number of follicles greater than 10 mm, number of follicles greater than 20 mm, average follicle diameter and diameter of the largest follicle) were significantly greater in treated than control mares. Oestrous behaviour was evident in all the mares in the treated group, but was not recorded in any of the control group mares; two of the treated mares ovulated. After removal from the environmental control chambers, the experimental and control mares first ovulated on an average of 147 days and 227-6 days, respectively, after the beginning of the project. Mares in both groups cycled regularly after the first ovulation and were in anoestrus again at about the same time in the following winter.", "contents": "Effects of artificial light on the oestrous cycle of the mare. Two groups, each of seven pony mares, were maintained from 17 October to 15 February (120 days) in the University Biotron where temperature and daily photoperiod were regulated to simulate normal conditions for that period (control group) or those normally applicable from 1 March to 1 July (treated group). Follicular growth, ovulation rate and oestrous behaviour were determined daily by rectal palpation, and by teasing with a stallion. By Day 69 of treatment, all ovarian end-points (number of follicles greater than 10 mm, number of follicles greater than 20 mm, average follicle diameter and diameter of the largest follicle) were significantly greater in treated than control mares. Oestrous behaviour was evident in all the mares in the treated group, but was not recorded in any of the control group mares; two of the treated mares ovulated. After removal from the environmental control chambers, the experimental and control mares first ovulated on an average of 147 days and 227-6 days, respectively, after the beginning of the project. Mares in both groups cycled regularly after the first ovulation and were in anoestrus again at about the same time in the following winter.", "PMID": 1060785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3390", "title": "The use of prostaglandin F2alpha-tham salt in mares in clinical anoestrus.", "content": "Seventy-three Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares in clinical anoestrus during the breeding season were treated with PGF2alpha. The mares were divided into four categories; foaling, barren, maiden and unknown. The response was consistent in all groups. Mares at Days 2 to 4 of dioestrus showed no decrease in plasma progesterone levels, and those at Days 6 to 8 showed a return of progesterone to baseline levels (less than 1 ng/ml) in 24 to 48 hr after treatment. Plasma progesterone levels returned to basal levels in 24 to 48 hr in 93% of mares; progesterone levels had not changed by 96 hr in 7% of the treated mares. Behavioural oestrus was detected in 71% of treated mares an average of 4-4 days after treatment, and ovulation occurred in 86% at an average of 8-9 days. Pregnancy occurred in 55-5% of the PGF2alpha-treated mares after an average of 1-7 services during the induced oestrus.", "contents": "The use of prostaglandin F2alpha-tham salt in mares in clinical anoestrus. Seventy-three Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares in clinical anoestrus during the breeding season were treated with PGF2alpha. The mares were divided into four categories; foaling, barren, maiden and unknown. The response was consistent in all groups. Mares at Days 2 to 4 of dioestrus showed no decrease in plasma progesterone levels, and those at Days 6 to 8 showed a return of progesterone to baseline levels (less than 1 ng/ml) in 24 to 48 hr after treatment. Plasma progesterone levels returned to basal levels in 24 to 48 hr in 93% of mares; progesterone levels had not changed by 96 hr in 7% of the treated mares. Behavioural oestrus was detected in 71% of treated mares an average of 4-4 days after treatment, and ovulation occurred in 86% at an average of 8-9 days. Pregnancy occurred in 55-5% of the PGF2alpha-treated mares after an average of 1-7 services during the induced oestrus.", "PMID": 1060786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3391", "title": "Oestrus, ovulation and plasma hormones after prostaglandin F2alpha in mares.", "content": "The luteolytic effect of PGF2alpha, administered by intrauterine infusion or subcutaneous injection during early dioestrus, was observed in mares of mixed breeds. An infusion of 10 mg on Days 7 to 9 after ovulation caused a sharp fall in plasma progesterone levels and induced oestrus and ovulation. Oestrus was significantly longer than in the natural cycle but the time of ovulation in relation to the end of oestrus was normal. The time of return to oestrus following luteolysis was not dependent on the amount of PGF2alpha within the range of doses given. Luteolysis could be induced as early as Day 5 following natural ovulation.", "contents": "Oestrus, ovulation and plasma hormones after prostaglandin F2alpha in mares. The luteolytic effect of PGF2alpha, administered by intrauterine infusion or subcutaneous injection during early dioestrus, was observed in mares of mixed breeds. An infusion of 10 mg on Days 7 to 9 after ovulation caused a sharp fall in plasma progesterone levels and induced oestrus and ovulation. Oestrus was significantly longer than in the natural cycle but the time of ovulation in relation to the end of oestrus was normal. The time of return to oestrus following luteolysis was not dependent on the amount of PGF2alpha within the range of doses given. Luteolysis could be induced as early as Day 5 following natural ovulation.", "PMID": 1060787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3392", "title": "Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in mares.", "content": "Several experiments indicated that prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) has luteolytic and abortifacient properties in mares. A single subcutaneous injection of 1-25 mg PGF2alpha on Day 6 of dioestrus was as effective as 10 mg PGF2alpha in inducing luteolysis. Oestrus and ovulation appeared to be synchronized when a single injection of 1-25 mg PGF2alpha was given on Days 7, 10 or 13 after ovulation but not on Days 1 or 4 after ovulation or on Day 2 of oestrus. Intramuscular administration was as effective as subcutaneous administration and 1-25 mg PGF2alpha was the minimal effective systemic dose to induce luteolysis. Administration of PGF2alpha into the uterus or directly into the CL did not improve the luteolytic efficacy of the intramuscular injection of PGF2alpha. All thirteen mares aborted following injections of 2-5 mg PGF2alpha at 12-hr intervals; an average of 3-7 injections were given before abortion occurred.", "contents": "Effects of prostaglandin F2alpha on the oestrous cycle and pregnancy in mares. Several experiments indicated that prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) has luteolytic and abortifacient properties in mares. A single subcutaneous injection of 1-25 mg PGF2alpha on Day 6 of dioestrus was as effective as 10 mg PGF2alpha in inducing luteolysis. Oestrus and ovulation appeared to be synchronized when a single injection of 1-25 mg PGF2alpha was given on Days 7, 10 or 13 after ovulation but not on Days 1 or 4 after ovulation or on Day 2 of oestrus. Intramuscular administration was as effective as subcutaneous administration and 1-25 mg PGF2alpha was the minimal effective systemic dose to induce luteolysis. Administration of PGF2alpha into the uterus or directly into the CL did not improve the luteolytic efficacy of the intramuscular injection of PGF2alpha. All thirteen mares aborted following injections of 2-5 mg PGF2alpha at 12-hr intervals; an average of 3-7 injections were given before abortion occurred.", "PMID": 1060788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3393", "title": "The use of prostaglandin F2alpha in controlling the oestrous cycle of the mare and steroid changes in the peripheral blood.", "content": "Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), administered by untrauterine infusion and intramuscular injection, was used to induce oestrus and ovulation in non-cyclic mares. A satisfactory response rate (80% or more) was obtained and the dose (2-5--7-5 mg) and the time taken for ovulation to occur (up to 9 days) was the same irrespective of the route of administration. Only about one-half of the mares conceived to mating at the induced oestrus but the low conception rate could be attributed to the infertile condition of the mares. Plasma progesterone remained at basal levels after PGF2alpha and oestrogen levels were inconsistent. The use of PGF2alpha in the treatment of severe endometritis was successful in one mare.", "contents": "The use of prostaglandin F2alpha in controlling the oestrous cycle of the mare and steroid changes in the peripheral blood. Prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha), administered by untrauterine infusion and intramuscular injection, was used to induce oestrus and ovulation in non-cyclic mares. A satisfactory response rate (80% or more) was obtained and the dose (2-5--7-5 mg) and the time taken for ovulation to occur (up to 9 days) was the same irrespective of the route of administration. Only about one-half of the mares conceived to mating at the induced oestrus but the low conception rate could be attributed to the infertile condition of the mares. Plasma progesterone remained at basal levels after PGF2alpha and oestrogen levels were inconsistent. The use of PGF2alpha in the treatment of severe endometritis was successful in one mare.", "PMID": 1060789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3394", "title": "Synchronization of oestrus in mares with a prostaglandin analogue and HCG.", "content": "Following an initial observation period of 13 days when plasma progesterone levels were determined, synchronization of oestrus and ovulation was investigated in thirty-three mares treated with a prostaglandin analogue ('Equimate') and HCG. Two courses of treatment were given 8 days apart and each consisted of a single intramuscular injection of Equimate (250 mug) followed 6 days later by an intramuscular injection of HCG (2500 i.u.). The first course was designed to remove all luteal tissue and to induce ovulation of any follicles that developed in response to the withdrawal of progesterone. The second course had the effect of synchronizing oestrus and ovulation following luteolysis of the induced CL in all the mares. A high proportion of treated mares responded by ovulation within 24 and 72 hr after the second HCG injection and provided fertility was not disturbed, the prognosis for a high success rate by the double treatment was good. The plasma progesterone level is a reliable criterion of ovulation and would replace the need for the clinical procedures normally employed to determine the onset of oestrus and follicle rupture.", "contents": "Synchronization of oestrus in mares with a prostaglandin analogue and HCG. Following an initial observation period of 13 days when plasma progesterone levels were determined, synchronization of oestrus and ovulation was investigated in thirty-three mares treated with a prostaglandin analogue ('Equimate') and HCG. Two courses of treatment were given 8 days apart and each consisted of a single intramuscular injection of Equimate (250 mug) followed 6 days later by an intramuscular injection of HCG (2500 i.u.). The first course was designed to remove all luteal tissue and to induce ovulation of any follicles that developed in response to the withdrawal of progesterone. The second course had the effect of synchronizing oestrus and ovulation following luteolysis of the induced CL in all the mares. A high proportion of treated mares responded by ovulation within 24 and 72 hr after the second HCG injection and provided fertility was not disturbed, the prognosis for a high success rate by the double treatment was good. The plasma progesterone level is a reliable criterion of ovulation and would replace the need for the clinical procedures normally employed to determine the onset of oestrus and follicle rupture.", "PMID": 1060790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3395", "title": "The effect of rectal palpation on the fertility of cyclic mares.", "content": "The effect of rectal palpation of fertility of non-lactating, normal cyclic mares was studied over 3 years. During the first year (1971), the conception rates in mares after daily paplaption during oestrus only, and during oestrus and the first 50 days of pregnancy, were not significantly lower (P greater than 0-05) than the conception rates recorded in mares not palpated. No abortions could be attributed to palpation. Oestrus lasted longer (P less than 0-05) in non-palpated than palpated mares. During the second year (1972), first-cycle pregnancy rates in two groups of mares palpated daily during oestrus were lower (P less than 0-05) than those of mares not palpated. Daily palpation and insemination on the palpator's recommendation resulted in fewer (P less than 0-05) inseminations per cycle than in mares inseminated every other day of oestrus. During the third year (1973), the difference of first-cycle conception rates between mares palpated on alternate days of oestrus and those not palpated was not significant. Throughout the three years of the study, first-cycle conception rates following insemination with undiluted semen were higher (P less than 0-025) in non-palpated mares than in palpated mares (45-7 versus 79-2%).", "contents": "The effect of rectal palpation on the fertility of cyclic mares. The effect of rectal palpation of fertility of non-lactating, normal cyclic mares was studied over 3 years. During the first year (1971), the conception rates in mares after daily paplaption during oestrus only, and during oestrus and the first 50 days of pregnancy, were not significantly lower (P greater than 0-05) than the conception rates recorded in mares not palpated. No abortions could be attributed to palpation. Oestrus lasted longer (P less than 0-05) in non-palpated than palpated mares. During the second year (1972), first-cycle pregnancy rates in two groups of mares palpated daily during oestrus were lower (P less than 0-05) than those of mares not palpated. Daily palpation and insemination on the palpator's recommendation resulted in fewer (P less than 0-05) inseminations per cycle than in mares inseminated every other day of oestrus. During the third year (1973), the difference of first-cycle conception rates between mares palpated on alternate days of oestrus and those not palpated was not significant. Throughout the three years of the study, first-cycle conception rates following insemination with undiluted semen were higher (P less than 0-025) in non-palpated mares than in palpated mares (45-7 versus 79-2%).", "PMID": 1060791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3396", "title": "Effects of progesterone on reproductive function in mares after parturition.", "content": "The injection of 100 mg of progesterone/day from Days 5 to 14 after foaling blocked or delayed oestrus and ovulation in 6/9 mares; the remainder ovulated during treatment without showing oestrus. Urinary oestrogen concentrations in these mares were highest between Days 9 and 15 after foaling but the peak levels were only about half those seen in untreated mares during the post-partum oestrus and ovulation. The injection of 200 mg progesterone/day blocked oestrus and ovulation in two mares but did not depress oestrogen excretion maxima any further. Follicles prevented from developing beyond a cricital stage lost their ability to ovulate after progesterone withdrawal. No significant histological differences were found in endometrial biopsies taken from progesterone-treated and control mares on Days 5, 10 and 15 after foaling. Injection of 100 mg progesterone between Days 1 and 10 after foaling delayed oestrus and ovulation in all six mares. Conception occurred in 8/12 progesterone-treated mares as the result of mating at oestrous periods which were delayed until Days 15 to 28 after foaling.", "contents": "Effects of progesterone on reproductive function in mares after parturition. The injection of 100 mg of progesterone/day from Days 5 to 14 after foaling blocked or delayed oestrus and ovulation in 6/9 mares; the remainder ovulated during treatment without showing oestrus. Urinary oestrogen concentrations in these mares were highest between Days 9 and 15 after foaling but the peak levels were only about half those seen in untreated mares during the post-partum oestrus and ovulation. The injection of 200 mg progesterone/day blocked oestrus and ovulation in two mares but did not depress oestrogen excretion maxima any further. Follicles prevented from developing beyond a cricital stage lost their ability to ovulate after progesterone withdrawal. No significant histological differences were found in endometrial biopsies taken from progesterone-treated and control mares on Days 5, 10 and 15 after foaling. Injection of 100 mg progesterone between Days 1 and 10 after foaling delayed oestrus and ovulation in all six mares. Conception occurred in 8/12 progesterone-treated mares as the result of mating at oestrous periods which were delayed until Days 15 to 28 after foaling.", "PMID": 1060792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3397", "title": "The effect of HCG on duration of oestrus, ovulation time and fertility in mares.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of HCG on duration of oestrus, dioestrus, the length of the oestrous cycle, the time of ovulation and fertility in non-lactating mares. In the first experiment, the injection of HCG was repeated for three successive cycles. Mares injected with 2000 i.u. HCG on Day 2 of oestrus during their first cycle had a shorter oestrus and ovulated sooner than untreated control mares, but in the third cycle, treated mares had a longer oestrus and ovulated longer after the onset of oestrus than controls. In the second experiment, one intramuscular injection of 3300 i.u. HCG was given 24 hr before the first insemination in the first cycle. Oestrus was shortened by 3-1 days, but there was no difference in pregnancy rate between treated and control mares (61-1 versus 63-9%). During the two cycles following injection, the conception rate in the treated mares was higher. The number of inseminations/cycle to effect fertility was significantly less over three cycles in the treated mares.", "contents": "The effect of HCG on duration of oestrus, ovulation time and fertility in mares. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of HCG on duration of oestrus, dioestrus, the length of the oestrous cycle, the time of ovulation and fertility in non-lactating mares. In the first experiment, the injection of HCG was repeated for three successive cycles. Mares injected with 2000 i.u. HCG on Day 2 of oestrus during their first cycle had a shorter oestrus and ovulated sooner than untreated control mares, but in the third cycle, treated mares had a longer oestrus and ovulated longer after the onset of oestrus than controls. In the second experiment, one intramuscular injection of 3300 i.u. HCG was given 24 hr before the first insemination in the first cycle. Oestrus was shortened by 3-1 days, but there was no difference in pregnancy rate between treated and control mares (61-1 versus 63-9%). During the two cycles following injection, the conception rate in the treated mares was higher. The number of inseminations/cycle to effect fertility was significantly less over three cycles in the treated mares.", "PMID": 1060793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3398", "title": "Some clinical observations on the effect of an implant of oestradiol benzoate in brood mares.", "content": "The clinical effects and therapeutic value of a 500 mg implant of oestradiol benzoate was observed in thirty-nine Thoroughbred brood mares showing various abnormalities of the ovary and/or the reproductive tract. Sixteen similarly affected, untreated mares acted as controls. The implant was inserted during the early part of the normal anoestrous period and was removed 6 to 10 weeks later. The conception rate among the treated group (59%) during the onset of the ensuing breeding season was significantly higher (P less than 0-02) than that in the control group. The value of this form of treatment in septic endometritis and as an anabolic aid in cases of immaturity is also discussed.", "contents": "Some clinical observations on the effect of an implant of oestradiol benzoate in brood mares. The clinical effects and therapeutic value of a 500 mg implant of oestradiol benzoate was observed in thirty-nine Thoroughbred brood mares showing various abnormalities of the ovary and/or the reproductive tract. Sixteen similarly affected, untreated mares acted as controls. The implant was inserted during the early part of the normal anoestrous period and was removed 6 to 10 weeks later. The conception rate among the treated group (59%) during the onset of the ensuing breeding season was significantly higher (P less than 0-02) than that in the control group. The value of this form of treatment in septic endometritis and as an anabolic aid in cases of immaturity is also discussed.", "PMID": 1060794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3399", "title": "The frequency of infertility in thoroughbred mares.", "content": "In a group of 852 Thoroughbred mares, 69-7% had foals which survived beyond 6 weeks, 7-1% had dead, premature or full-term foals and 1-1% had foals which died within 6 weeks after birth. Possible factors which may have influenced these data are mentioned.", "contents": "The frequency of infertility in thoroughbred mares. In a group of 852 Thoroughbred mares, 69-7% had foals which survived beyond 6 weeks, 7-1% had dead, premature or full-term foals and 1-1% had foals which died within 6 weeks after birth. Possible factors which may have influenced these data are mentioned.", "PMID": 1060795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3400", "title": "Control of fertility in Thoroughbred horses in West Germany.", "content": "A central control system for German Thoroughbred horses is described. Autumn examination of mares and stallions enables them to be classified according to breeding potential. The results of 25 years of study are reported.", "contents": "Control of fertility in Thoroughbred horses in West Germany. A central control system for German Thoroughbred horses is described. Autumn examination of mares and stallions enables them to be classified according to breeding potential. The results of 25 years of study are reported.", "PMID": 1060796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3401", "title": "Survey of reproductive efficiency in the Quarter-horse and Thoroughbred.", "content": "Reproductive efficiency was evaluated for 838 Quarter-horse mare-years on five farms and 939 Thoroughbred mare-years on seven farms over 4 years. The pregnancy  rate from first service was 51% for Quarter-horse mares and 43% for Thoroughbred mares (P less than 0-05). The cumulative pregnancy rate after five services was 85% for Quarter-horse and 77% for Thoroughbred mares (P less than 0-05). First-service-period pregnancy rates were 44, 40 and 54% for maiden, barren and foaling mares, respectively. Cumulative pregnancy rates after five service-periods were 84, 74 and 84% for maiden, barren and foaling mares, respectively. The pregnancy rate for foaling mares served during foal heat was lower (P less than 0-05) than the first-servicd pregnancy rate of foaling mares served after the foal heat. Less than 40% of the maiden mares, less than 50% of the barren mares and less than 30% of the foaling mares were submitted for their first-service-periods by the end of March.", "contents": "Survey of reproductive efficiency in the Quarter-horse and Thoroughbred. Reproductive efficiency was evaluated for 838 Quarter-horse mare-years on five farms and 939 Thoroughbred mare-years on seven farms over 4 years. The pregnancy  rate from first service was 51% for Quarter-horse mares and 43% for Thoroughbred mares (P less than 0-05). The cumulative pregnancy rate after five services was 85% for Quarter-horse and 77% for Thoroughbred mares (P less than 0-05). First-service-period pregnancy rates were 44, 40 and 54% for maiden, barren and foaling mares, respectively. Cumulative pregnancy rates after five service-periods were 84, 74 and 84% for maiden, barren and foaling mares, respectively. The pregnancy rate for foaling mares served during foal heat was lower (P less than 0-05) than the first-servicd pregnancy rate of foaling mares served after the foal heat. Less than 40% of the maiden mares, less than 50% of the barren mares and less than 30% of the foaling mares were submitted for their first-service-periods by the end of March.", "PMID": 1060797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3402", "title": "Pelviscopy in the mare.", "content": "A method of endoscopic examination of the internal genital (pelvic) organs of the mare is described. Special emphasis is placed on the induction of artificial pneumoperitoneum and the installation of an endoscopic peritoneal fistula device for prolonged observation. The potential of pelviscopy in the mare as a diagnostic aid, a new device for research in equine reproduction and as an auxillary aid to teaching is discussed.", "contents": "Pelviscopy in the mare. A method of endoscopic examination of the internal genital (pelvic) organs of the mare is described. Special emphasis is placed on the induction of artificial pneumoperitoneum and the installation of an endoscopic peritoneal fistula device for prolonged observation. The potential of pelviscopy in the mare as a diagnostic aid, a new device for research in equine reproduction and as an auxillary aid to teaching is discussed.", "PMID": 1060798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3403", "title": "The distribution of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the graafian follicle of the mare.", "content": "Graafian follicles of various sizes obtained from mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle were examined histologically and histochemically for delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) activity and related enzymes. The 3beta-HSD activity was not found in the theca interna of any follicles but was present in the membrana granulosa of well-vascularized large follicles in the late luteal phase of the cycle and at oestrus. These findings indicate that pregnenolone cannot be converted into progesterone in the theca interna. It is suggested that this conversion occurs in the membrana granulosa and that progesterone then passes into the theca interna where it is converted into oestrogen. Participation of both granulosa and thecal cells in oestrogen production is also discussed from a morphological view-point.", "contents": "The distribution of delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the graafian follicle of the mare. Graafian follicles of various sizes obtained from mares at different stages of the oestrous cycle were examined histologically and histochemically for delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) activity and related enzymes. The 3beta-HSD activity was not found in the theca interna of any follicles but was present in the membrana granulosa of well-vascularized large follicles in the late luteal phase of the cycle and at oestrus. These findings indicate that pregnenolone cannot be converted into progesterone in the theca interna. It is suggested that this conversion occurs in the membrana granulosa and that progesterone then passes into the theca interna where it is converted into oestrogen. Participation of both granulosa and thecal cells in oestrogen production is also discussed from a morphological view-point.", "PMID": 1060799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3404", "title": "The site of ovulation in the mare.", "content": "Serial photography of the ovary of a mare by periodic surgical exteriorization of the ovary and peritonescopy in situ revealed that the ovulatory fossa is the site of ovulation in this species.", "contents": "The site of ovulation in the mare. Serial photography of the ovary of a mare by periodic surgical exteriorization of the ovary and peritonescopy in situ revealed that the ovulatory fossa is the site of ovulation in this species.", "PMID": 1060800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3405", "title": "Clinical management of equine ovarian neoplasms.", "content": "The rarity of equine ovarian neoplasms is attested to by the lack of reports in the literature. However, sixteen cases have been diagnosed at the Iowa State University Veterinary Hospital in the last 3 years and, of these, the granulosa-cell tumour was the most common. A study of the clinical and subsequent histories of these and other mares reveals some common findings as to age, breed, reproductive status, clinical signs, and post-surgical reproductive capability.", "contents": "Clinical management of equine ovarian neoplasms. The rarity of equine ovarian neoplasms is attested to by the lack of reports in the literature. However, sixteen cases have been diagnosed at the Iowa State University Veterinary Hospital in the last 3 years and, of these, the granulosa-cell tumour was the most common. A study of the clinical and subsequent histories of these and other mares reveals some common findings as to age, breed, reproductive status, clinical signs, and post-surgical reproductive capability.", "PMID": 1060801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3406", "title": "Selected pathological changes of the mare uterus and ovary.", "content": "Focal enlargements of the uterus are palpable through the rectal wall and have various aetiology. Aspects of their diagnosis, possible pathogenesis, significance and treatment are presented. Lymphatic lacunae appear to be quite common in older mares and may occasionally give rise to large endometrial cyst, but more frequently cause widespread change throughout the uterine horns. Three unusual ovarian abnormalities are presented, a large, oestrogen-producing granulosa cell tumour, an oestrogen-producing large follicle in a 4-month-old filly, and an ectopic progesterone-producing adrenal structure bordering on neoplasia.", "contents": "Selected pathological changes of the mare uterus and ovary. Focal enlargements of the uterus are palpable through the rectal wall and have various aetiology. Aspects of their diagnosis, possible pathogenesis, significance and treatment are presented. Lymphatic lacunae appear to be quite common in older mares and may occasionally give rise to large endometrial cyst, but more frequently cause widespread change throughout the uterine horns. Three unusual ovarian abnormalities are presented, a large, oestrogen-producing granulosa cell tumour, an oestrogen-producing large follicle in a 4-month-old filly, and an ectopic progesterone-producing adrenal structure bordering on neoplasia.", "PMID": 1060802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3407", "title": "Endometrial biopsy as a guide to diagnosis of endometrial pathology in the mare.", "content": "A safe and simple technique of endometrial biopsy is described which the results suggest is a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of suspected pathological conditions of the uterus. In conjunction with other clinical data and a knowledge of the breeding history, histopathological findings form a basis for prognosis and treatment of the subfertile mare. A system of classification is presented as a basis for continuing work on the correlation of endometrial histopathology with fertility and breeding potential.", "contents": "Endometrial biopsy as a guide to diagnosis of endometrial pathology in the mare. A safe and simple technique of endometrial biopsy is described which the results suggest is a useful adjunct to the diagnosis of suspected pathological conditions of the uterus. In conjunction with other clinical data and a knowledge of the breeding history, histopathological findings form a basis for prognosis and treatment of the subfertile mare. A system of classification is presented as a basis for continuing work on the correlation of endometrial histopathology with fertility and breeding potential.", "PMID": 1060803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3408", "title": "Candida infection of the genital tract in thoroughbred mares.", "content": "This paper describes sixteen cases of Candida infection of the genital tract in Thoroughbred mares. Clinical signs and histopathological lesions of the disease are described and the results of treatment with Lugol's solution and Nystatin are given.", "contents": "Candida infection of the genital tract in thoroughbred mares. This paper describes sixteen cases of Candida infection of the genital tract in Thoroughbred mares. Clinical signs and histopathological lesions of the disease are described and the results of treatment with Lugol's solution and Nystatin are given.", "PMID": 1060805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3409", "title": "Endometritis, a common cause of infertility in mares.", "content": "Infertility, resulting from failure to conceive during the preceding breeding season, was caused by various forms of endometritis in forty-four mares of Highland and Arabian breeds in Yugoslavia. Chronic mucopurulent and latent catarrhal endometritis occurred most frequently. Douching of the uterus on alternate days for 9 days with warm and cold sterile salt solutions (ranging from 7% to 1% w/v) in the early autumn resulted in conception in 47-7% of mares at an average of 15-2 days after the onset of treatment, and another 36-7% becoming pregnant in the following spring. Mating at the wrong stage of the oestrous cycle and too frequent mating during oestrus were judged to be the most common causes of endometritis in the mares examined.", "contents": "Endometritis, a common cause of infertility in mares. Infertility, resulting from failure to conceive during the preceding breeding season, was caused by various forms of endometritis in forty-four mares of Highland and Arabian breeds in Yugoslavia. Chronic mucopurulent and latent catarrhal endometritis occurred most frequently. Douching of the uterus on alternate days for 9 days with warm and cold sterile salt solutions (ranging from 7% to 1% w/v) in the early autumn resulted in conception in 47-7% of mares at an average of 15-2 days after the onset of treatment, and another 36-7% becoming pregnant in the following spring. Mating at the wrong stage of the oestrous cycle and too frequent mating during oestrus were judged to be the most common causes of endometritis in the mares examined.", "PMID": 1060806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3410", "title": "Cytogenetic studies of three equine hybrids.", "content": "A detailed investigation of testicular meiosis in a mule, a hinny and a Przewalski horse/domestic horse hybrid were made. Abnormalities of pairing were observed in the mule and hinny in most germ cells at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase, and spermatogenesis was alsmot totally arrested. A few mature spermatozoa were recovered from the ejaculate and epididymal flushings of the hinny. The Przewalski horse/domestic horse hybrid was fertile and showed normal spermatogenesis. Chromosome banding studies showed a close homology between the karyotypes of the Prezwalski horse (Equus przewalskii, 2n = 66) and the domestic horse (E. caballus, 2n = 64), and it is evident that a single Robertsonian translocation has occurred transforming four acrocentric chromosomes of E. przewalskii into two metacentric chromosomes in E. caballus. The investigations showed that a trivalent is formed at meiosis in the hybrid (2n = 65), segregation from which gives two classes of genetically balanced spermatozoa. Both of these are capable of producing normal offspring if they fertilize the eggs of a domestic mare.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies of three equine hybrids. A detailed investigation of testicular meiosis in a mule, a hinny and a Przewalski horse/domestic horse hybrid were made. Abnormalities of pairing were observed in the mule and hinny in most germ cells at the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase, and spermatogenesis was alsmot totally arrested. A few mature spermatozoa were recovered from the ejaculate and epididymal flushings of the hinny. The Przewalski horse/domestic horse hybrid was fertile and showed normal spermatogenesis. Chromosome banding studies showed a close homology between the karyotypes of the Prezwalski horse (Equus przewalskii, 2n = 66) and the domestic horse (E. caballus, 2n = 64), and it is evident that a single Robertsonian translocation has occurred transforming four acrocentric chromosomes of E. przewalskii into two metacentric chromosomes in E. caballus. The investigations showed that a trivalent is formed at meiosis in the hybrid (2n = 65), segregation from which gives two classes of genetically balanced spermatozoa. Both of these are capable of producing normal offspring if they fertilize the eggs of a domestic mare.", "PMID": 1060807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3411", "title": "A review of cytogenetics in equine reproduction.", "content": "The karyotype of the horse consists of 64 chromosomes; 18 pairs have a terminal centromere and 13 pairs a non-terminal centromere. Identification of individual chromosomes is enhanced by the use of band-staining techniques which allow recognition of minor structural rearrangements of chromatin material. Seven previously reported cases of male pseudohermaphroditism with chromosome studies are reviewed. Three were genetic females, one was basically an XX/XY chimaera, one was an XX/XXY chimaera, and one was an XXXY. Also reviewed is an infertile mare with 63 chromosomes and no distinguishable sex chromosomes and a mare with juvenile genitalia and XO/XX sex chromosomes. It is postulated that, in the future, additional chromosome abnormalities will be found associated with maldevelopment of the equine reproductive system and as a cause of early embryonic death and abortion.", "contents": "A review of cytogenetics in equine reproduction. The karyotype of the horse consists of 64 chromosomes; 18 pairs have a terminal centromere and 13 pairs a non-terminal centromere. Identification of individual chromosomes is enhanced by the use of band-staining techniques which allow recognition of minor structural rearrangements of chromatin material. Seven previously reported cases of male pseudohermaphroditism with chromosome studies are reviewed. Three were genetic females, one was basically an XX/XY chimaera, one was an XX/XXY chimaera, and one was an XXXY. Also reviewed is an infertile mare with 63 chromosomes and no distinguishable sex chromosomes and a mare with juvenile genitalia and XO/XX sex chromosomes. It is postulated that, in the future, additional chromosome abnormalities will be found associated with maldevelopment of the equine reproductive system and as a cause of early embryonic death and abortion.", "PMID": 1060809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3412", "title": "An intersex (male pseudohermaphrodite) horse with 64XX/XXY mosaicism.", "content": "The clinical, pathological and chromosomal findings in a male pseudohermaphrodite horse are reported. This animal appeared to be a female but showed strong male sexual behaviour. A small penis emerged from a rudimentary vagina. Two small testes were present in the abdomen and undifferentiated seminiferous tubules contained only supporting cells. No uterus was found. Culture of peripheral blood leucocytes revealed a 64XX/65XXY mosaicism.", "contents": "An intersex (male pseudohermaphrodite) horse with 64XX/XXY mosaicism. The clinical, pathological and chromosomal findings in a male pseudohermaphrodite horse are reported. This animal appeared to be a female but showed strong male sexual behaviour. A small penis emerged from a rudimentary vagina. Two small testes were present in the abdomen and undifferentiated seminiferous tubules contained only supporting cells. No uterus was found. Culture of peripheral blood leucocytes revealed a 64XX/65XXY mosaicism.", "PMID": 1060810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3413", "title": "Chromosome abnormalities as a cause of infertility in mares.", "content": "Chromosomal abnormalities have been detected in seven mares isolated by their poor reproductive performance. All had small or rudimentary gonads and absent or irregular oestrous cycles. Two mares had an XO genotype, one was a 65,XXX female and another a 64,XY sex-reversed female. Two other mares were sex chromosome mosaics of the 63,X/64,XX type. The seventh mare showed a normal female karyotype but a small extra autosomal fragment was found in a few cells.", "contents": "Chromosome abnormalities as a cause of infertility in mares. Chromosomal abnormalities have been detected in seven mares isolated by their poor reproductive performance. All had small or rudimentary gonads and absent or irregular oestrous cycles. Two mares had an XO genotype, one was a 65,XXX female and another a 64,XY sex-reversed female. Two other mares were sex chromosome mosaics of the 63,X/64,XX type. The seventh mare showed a normal female karyotype but a small extra autosomal fragment was found in a few cells.", "PMID": 1060811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3414", "title": "Gonadal dysgenesis in the mare.", "content": "Five phenotypically normal but infertile mares were studied; four had karyotypes of 63XO, and one was a 25,64XX/13,63XO mosaic. The mares exhibited small uteri and has small ovaries that lacked germ cells and consisted primarily of undifferentiated ovarian stroma. These cases demonstrate that chromosome analysis is an important technique for the diagnosis of some forms of equine infertility.", "contents": "Gonadal dysgenesis in the mare. Five phenotypically normal but infertile mares were studied; four had karyotypes of 63XO, and one was a 25,64XX/13,63XO mosaic. The mares exhibited small uteri and has small ovaries that lacked germ cells and consisted primarily of undifferentiated ovarian stroma. These cases demonstrate that chromosome analysis is an important technique for the diagnosis of some forms of equine infertility.", "PMID": 1060812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3415", "title": "Origin and histogenesis of equine endometrial cups.", "content": "Biochemical and morphological studies were carried out to determine the origin and histogenesis of endometrial cups in mares. A wide range of fetal and maternal tissues were cultured in vitro and their ability to secrete gonadotrophin (PMSG) was monitored. High levels of PMSG were produced in culture only by cells from the restricted area of the equine trophoblast known as the chorionic girdle which is an annular band of highly specialized cells at the junction of the allantois and the regressing yolk sac. The morphological appearance of girdle cells after cultivation in vitro and after allogeneic grafting to the uterus or testis was identical to that of endometrial cup cells. Firm attachment between the cells of the chorionic girdle and the adjacent endometrium occurs on Day 36. Girdle cells then rapidly invade and phagocytose the endometrial epithelium, and migrate into the endometrial glands and the uterine stroma where they differentiate into large, sessile endometrial cup cells.", "contents": "Origin and histogenesis of equine endometrial cups. Biochemical and morphological studies were carried out to determine the origin and histogenesis of endometrial cups in mares. A wide range of fetal and maternal tissues were cultured in vitro and their ability to secrete gonadotrophin (PMSG) was monitored. High levels of PMSG were produced in culture only by cells from the restricted area of the equine trophoblast known as the chorionic girdle which is an annular band of highly specialized cells at the junction of the allantois and the regressing yolk sac. The morphological appearance of girdle cells after cultivation in vitro and after allogeneic grafting to the uterus or testis was identical to that of endometrial cup cells. Firm attachment between the cells of the chorionic girdle and the adjacent endometrium occurs on Day 36. Girdle cells then rapidly invade and phagocytose the endometrial epithelium, and migrate into the endometrial glands and the uterine stroma where they differentiate into large, sessile endometrial cup cells.", "PMID": 1060813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3416", "title": "The ultrastructure of endometrial cups in pregnant mares.", "content": "Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques were used to study the various epithelial cells in the endometrial cups of ten pregnant mares, and in the uterine epithelium of one non-pregnant mare. Evidence was obtained which suggested that epithelial gland cells within the endometrial cups, as distinct from the hypertrophied decidual-like cells in the cup, may synthesize PMSG. The suggestion does not agree with the findings of other workers in the fetal origin (chorionic girdle cells) of this gonadotrophin.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of endometrial cups in pregnant mares. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques were used to study the various epithelial cells in the endometrial cups of ten pregnant mares, and in the uterine epithelium of one non-pregnant mare. Evidence was obtained which suggested that epithelial gland cells within the endometrial cups, as distinct from the hypertrophied decidual-like cells in the cup, may synthesize PMSG. The suggestion does not agree with the findings of other workers in the fetal origin (chorionic girdle cells) of this gonadotrophin.", "PMID": 1060814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3417", "title": "The influence of fetal genotype upon endometrial cup development and PMSG and progestagen production in equids.", "content": "The influence of fetal genotype upon gonadotrophin (PMSG) and progestagen production in mares and donkeys during the first half of pregnancy was examined. The production of PMSG was greatly reduced in mares carrying mule conceptuses and greatly increased in donkeys carrying hinny conceptuses. Fetal genotype had no obvious influence upon progestagen production in mares, but donkeys carrying hinny conceptuses showed extremely high peripheral plasma progestagen concentrations when serum PMSG levels were elevated. Fetal genotype profoundly influences the intensity and rate of success of the maternal leucocyte response directed against the endometrial cups. The suggestion is advanced that PMSG may constitute an immuno-protective barrier around endometrial cup cells which partly protects the cells from attack by sensitized maternal lymphocytes.", "contents": "The influence of fetal genotype upon endometrial cup development and PMSG and progestagen production in equids. The influence of fetal genotype upon gonadotrophin (PMSG) and progestagen production in mares and donkeys during the first half of pregnancy was examined. The production of PMSG was greatly reduced in mares carrying mule conceptuses and greatly increased in donkeys carrying hinny conceptuses. Fetal genotype had no obvious influence upon progestagen production in mares, but donkeys carrying hinny conceptuses showed extremely high peripheral plasma progestagen concentrations when serum PMSG levels were elevated. Fetal genotype profoundly influences the intensity and rate of success of the maternal leucocyte response directed against the endometrial cups. The suggestion is advanced that PMSG may constitute an immuno-protective barrier around endometrial cup cells which partly protects the cells from attack by sensitized maternal lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1060815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3418", "title": "Some aspects of endometrial cup formation and PMSG production.", "content": "Two females of heterosexual pairs of chimaeric horse twins were fertilized by their co-twin brother and PMSG production examined during gestation. Four pregnancies developed in one mare and two in the other. The levels of PMSG were high in both mares and remained detectable in the peripheral blood until 220 and 265 days of gestation. The fetal membranes of one mare contained remnants of cup secretion with PMSG activity at term. The findings support the thesis of Allen & Moor (1972) that the endometrial cups are of fetal origin and that they are destroyed by immunological mechanisms.", "contents": "Some aspects of endometrial cup formation and PMSG production. Two females of heterosexual pairs of chimaeric horse twins were fertilized by their co-twin brother and PMSG production examined during gestation. Four pregnancies developed in one mare and two in the other. The levels of PMSG were high in both mares and remained detectable in the peripheral blood until 220 and 265 days of gestation. The fetal membranes of one mare contained remnants of cup secretion with PMSG activity at term. The findings support the thesis of Allen & Moor (1972) that the endometrial cups are of fetal origin and that they are destroyed by immunological mechanisms.", "PMID": 1060817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3419", "title": "Plasma progestagens in pregnant mares.", "content": "Peripheral plasma progestagens were quantified by a competitive protein-binding assay throughout pregnancy. The level of progesterone increased significantly between Days 0 and 8 (P less than 0-05) and again between Days 28 and 44 and reached a maximum on Day 64. Subsequently, it fell slowly until about Day 300 and then rose again during the last 30 days before reaching a minimum on the day after foaling. Very low concentrations of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were found except between Days 40 and 120 and during the last 30 days before birth. Two unidentified compounds, one eluting slightly before and one after progesterone on Sephadex LH-20 columns, first appeared in plasma between Days 30 and 60 of gestation, and increased gradually to Day 300. Both compounds increased significantly (P less than 0-05) at about 5 days before birth and were not detectable on the day after foaling.", "contents": "Plasma progestagens in pregnant mares. Peripheral plasma progestagens were quantified by a competitive protein-binding assay throughout pregnancy. The level of progesterone increased significantly between Days 0 and 8 (P less than 0-05) and again between Days 28 and 44 and reached a maximum on Day 64. Subsequently, it fell slowly until about Day 300 and then rose again during the last 30 days before reaching a minimum on the day after foaling. Very low concentrations of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were found except between Days 40 and 120 and during the last 30 days before birth. Two unidentified compounds, one eluting slightly before and one after progesterone on Sephadex LH-20 columns, first appeared in plasma between Days 30 and 60 of gestation, and increased gradually to Day 300. Both compounds increased significantly (P less than 0-05) at about 5 days before birth and were not detectable on the day after foaling.", "PMID": 1060818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3420", "title": "Ovarian changes during early pregnancy in pony mares in relation to PMSG production.", "content": "The ovaries of twenty pregnant mares were examined daily, per rectum, for the first 4 months of gestation and note was made of their estimated size and follicular content. Serial blood samples from sixteen of the mares were assayed for PMSG. A marked seasonal effect was noted on ovarian size, follicular content and ovulation rate during pregnancy but there was no such effect on PMSG production. It is concluded that PMSG is synergistic with gonadotrophins of pituitary origin and that the latter hormone are the primary stimulus on the ovary of the pregnant horse.", "contents": "Ovarian changes during early pregnancy in pony mares in relation to PMSG production. The ovaries of twenty pregnant mares were examined daily, per rectum, for the first 4 months of gestation and note was made of their estimated size and follicular content. Serial blood samples from sixteen of the mares were assayed for PMSG. A marked seasonal effect was noted on ovarian size, follicular content and ovulation rate during pregnancy but there was no such effect on PMSG production. It is concluded that PMSG is synergistic with gonadotrophins of pituitary origin and that the latter hormone are the primary stimulus on the ovary of the pregnant horse.", "PMID": 1060819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3421", "title": "Follicular and luteal development in pregnant mares.", "content": "Examination of the ovaries of mares at various stages of pregnancy and after hysterectomy, together with measurement of progesterone concentrations in the peripheral plasma of pregnant and hysterectomized mares and in uterine and ovarian venous plasma of pregnant mares, demonstrated that the primary CL of pregnancy remains functional until at least Day 160 of gestation. The results showed that primary and secondary CL, and the placenta or uterus, all contribute to the total progesterone pool in mares during pregnancy. Similarities and differences in ovarian function observed between pregnant and hysterectomized mares suggested that, while PMSG does not appear to stimulate follicular development, it does prolong the life-span and stimulate the secretory activity of the primary CL, and induces ovulation and/or luteinization of secondary follicles in pregnant mares.", "contents": "Follicular and luteal development in pregnant mares. Examination of the ovaries of mares at various stages of pregnancy and after hysterectomy, together with measurement of progesterone concentrations in the peripheral plasma of pregnant and hysterectomized mares and in uterine and ovarian venous plasma of pregnant mares, demonstrated that the primary CL of pregnancy remains functional until at least Day 160 of gestation. The results showed that primary and secondary CL, and the placenta or uterus, all contribute to the total progesterone pool in mares during pregnancy. Similarities and differences in ovarian function observed between pregnant and hysterectomized mares suggested that, while PMSG does not appear to stimulate follicular development, it does prolong the life-span and stimulate the secretory activity of the primary CL, and induces ovulation and/or luteinization of secondary follicles in pregnant mares.", "PMID": 1060820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3422", "title": "Plasma progestagens in the pregnant mare in the first and last 90 days of gestation.", "content": "Plasma progestagens were measured in eighteen pregnant mares to establish normal levels in the first and last 90 days of gestation. Progestagens increased from 25 ng/ml at 90 days before birth to 60 ng/ml at 10 days before birth, decreased to 58 ng/ml at 5 days before, and were 3 ng/ml or less by 5 days after perturition. During the first 90 days of pregnancy, progestagens reflected luteal activity with an increase in plasma levels from Day 30 to Day 60.", "contents": "Plasma progestagens in the pregnant mare in the first and last 90 days of gestation. Plasma progestagens were measured in eighteen pregnant mares to establish normal levels in the first and last 90 days of gestation. Progestagens increased from 25 ng/ml at 90 days before birth to 60 ng/ml at 10 days before birth, decreased to 58 ng/ml at 5 days before, and were 3 ng/ml or less by 5 days after perturition. During the first 90 days of pregnancy, progestagens reflected luteal activity with an increase in plasma levels from Day 30 to Day 60.", "PMID": 1060821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3423", "title": "Plasma progestagens in cyclic, pregnant and post-partum mares.", "content": "The pattern of plasma progestagen levels during the oestrous cycle was similar to that previously reported except for lower peak levels. The lack of significant difference (p less than 0-01) between CPBA and RIA values suggests that progesterone itself is the major component during the oestrous cycle. Progesterone levels during the first and second post-parturient oestrous cycles were similar to those observed during the cycle of the non-pregnant mare. During pregnancy there were two peaks of plasma progestagens. The first, which occurred during the 3rd month, coincided with high levels of PMSG and was probably produced by the endometrial cups or the secondary CL. The second peak occurred in the 11th month and probably represented the secretion of placental progestagens. At least two unknown progesterone (?) metabolites were present which cross-reacted in the CPBA and RIA systems and probably contributed to the high progestagen values obtained in late pregnancy when chromatography was excluded from the assay procedures. Progestagen levels dropped precipitously after parturition and was probably due to placental separation from the endometrium. The higher progesterone levels in the newborn foal and other evidence suggests that this hormone is produced by the fetal gonads.", "contents": "Plasma progestagens in cyclic, pregnant and post-partum mares. The pattern of plasma progestagen levels during the oestrous cycle was similar to that previously reported except for lower peak levels. The lack of significant difference (p less than 0-01) between CPBA and RIA values suggests that progesterone itself is the major component during the oestrous cycle. Progesterone levels during the first and second post-parturient oestrous cycles were similar to those observed during the cycle of the non-pregnant mare. During pregnancy there were two peaks of plasma progestagens. The first, which occurred during the 3rd month, coincided with high levels of PMSG and was probably produced by the endometrial cups or the secondary CL. The second peak occurred in the 11th month and probably represented the secretion of placental progestagens. At least two unknown progesterone (?) metabolites were present which cross-reacted in the CPBA and RIA systems and probably contributed to the high progestagen values obtained in late pregnancy when chromatography was excluded from the assay procedures. Progestagen levels dropped precipitously after parturition and was probably due to placental separation from the endometrium. The higher progesterone levels in the newborn foal and other evidence suggests that this hormone is produced by the fetal gonads.", "PMID": 1060822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3424", "title": "Endocrine patterns of the mare at term.", "content": "The levels of progesterone and total progestins increased during late pregnancy and then fell dramatically during the last few days before parturition, although birth occurred in the presence of significant amounts of plasma progesterone. Oestrogen levels decreased slowly but insignificantly until birth occurred, and then remained at a low level until the post-partum oestrus 10 to 12 days later. Total 11beta-hydroxycorticosteroids were unchanged from Day 45 before to Day 15 after birth. The endocrine pattern of one ovariectomized pregnant mare during the last month of gestation was similar to that of the intact mares. A normal cyclic progesterone and total progestin pattern was observed at the post-partum ovulation. Oestrogen levels did not change significantly but corticosteroid levels increased significantly between Days 15 and 22 post partum. Progestin, oestrogen and corticosteroid levels during the first 24 hr after birth were consistently higher in the foal than in the maternal plasma.", "contents": "Endocrine patterns of the mare at term. The levels of progesterone and total progestins increased during late pregnancy and then fell dramatically during the last few days before parturition, although birth occurred in the presence of significant amounts of plasma progesterone. Oestrogen levels decreased slowly but insignificantly until birth occurred, and then remained at a low level until the post-partum oestrus 10 to 12 days later. Total 11beta-hydroxycorticosteroids were unchanged from Day 45 before to Day 15 after birth. The endocrine pattern of one ovariectomized pregnant mare during the last month of gestation was similar to that of the intact mares. A normal cyclic progesterone and total progestin pattern was observed at the post-partum ovulation. Oestrogen levels did not change significantly but corticosteroid levels increased significantly between Days 15 and 22 post partum. Progestin, oestrogen and corticosteroid levels during the first 24 hr after birth were consistently higher in the foal than in the maternal plasma.", "PMID": 1060823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3425", "title": "Oestrogens, LH, PMSG, and prolactin in serum of pregnant mares.", "content": "Levels of oestrone, equilin and equilenin (E1), oestradiol (E2) LH, PMSG and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum from pregnant mares. Levels of E1 were always greater than those of E2. Both E1 and E2 remained at low levels until Day 80, increased significantly (P less than 0-05) by Day 120 to reach peak levels at Day 210 or 240 and then declined until parturition. Maximum levels of oestrogens observed in this study were 828 +/- 151 pg/ml for E1 and 71 +/- 18 pg/ml for E2 at Days 210 and 240 respectively. Spikes of LH release were observed in early pregnancy in most mares. Levels of PMSG were first detectable at Days 32 or 36 and reached a peak of 67-1 i.u./ml 64 days after the last mating. Levels of LH were very low (often non-detectable) from Day 210 of gestation until parturition. Levels of prolactin were extremely variable and showed no clear fluctuating patterns during pregnancy.", "contents": "Oestrogens, LH, PMSG, and prolactin in serum of pregnant mares. Levels of oestrone, equilin and equilenin (E1), oestradiol (E2) LH, PMSG and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay in serum from pregnant mares. Levels of E1 were always greater than those of E2. Both E1 and E2 remained at low levels until Day 80, increased significantly (P less than 0-05) by Day 120 to reach peak levels at Day 210 or 240 and then declined until parturition. Maximum levels of oestrogens observed in this study were 828 +/- 151 pg/ml for E1 and 71 +/- 18 pg/ml for E2 at Days 210 and 240 respectively. Spikes of LH release were observed in early pregnancy in most mares. Levels of PMSG were first detectable at Days 32 or 36 and reached a peak of 67-1 i.u./ml 64 days after the last mating. Levels of LH were very low (often non-detectable) from Day 210 of gestation until parturition. Levels of prolactin were extremely variable and showed no clear fluctuating patterns during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1060824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3426", "title": "Oestrone and equilin in the plasma of the pregnant mare.", "content": "A method for the extraction of oestrone and equilin from the plasma of the pregnant mare is described, and the levels obtained for eighty-two samples from fourteen Welsh Mountain Ponies at different stages of pregnancy are recorded. Oestrone (fifteen samples) and equilin (three samples) were not found before Day 120. From Day 120 to 240, oestrone levels exceeded 100 ng/ml and then declined to parturition. The high concentrations of oestrone in mid-pregnancy were associated with gradually increasing concentrations of equilin which tended to plateau after Day 180 at just under 100 ng/ml and declined significantly only in the last month of pregnancy. Evidence is presented that both oestrone and equilin occur in peripheral plasma largely as sulphates.", "contents": "Oestrone and equilin in the plasma of the pregnant mare. A method for the extraction of oestrone and equilin from the plasma of the pregnant mare is described, and the levels obtained for eighty-two samples from fourteen Welsh Mountain Ponies at different stages of pregnancy are recorded. Oestrone (fifteen samples) and equilin (three samples) were not found before Day 120. From Day 120 to 240, oestrone levels exceeded 100 ng/ml and then declined to parturition. The high concentrations of oestrone in mid-pregnancy were associated with gradually increasing concentrations of equilin which tended to plateau after Day 180 at just under 100 ng/ml and declined significantly only in the last month of pregnancy. Evidence is presented that both oestrone and equilin occur in peripheral plasma largely as sulphates.", "PMID": 1060825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3427", "title": "Biochemistry of stallion semen.", "content": "Stallion semen has several chemical characteristics not commonly encountered in other animals. It contains very little fructose and the spermatozoa possess only limited fructolytic ability under anaerobic conditions. By determining some of the characteristic constituents such as ergothioneine, citric acid, glycerylphosphorylcholine and certain glycosidases, it is possible to obtain a quantitative measure of the secretory contribution of the ampulla, seminal vesicle and epididymis, respectively, towards the final composition of the whole ejaculate. By analysing separately the various fractions of a split ejaculate, including the so-called tail-end sample, it is possible to detect and pinpoint abnormalities in the functional state of the various male accessory organs and in the entire process of ejaculation.", "contents": "Biochemistry of stallion semen. Stallion semen has several chemical characteristics not commonly encountered in other animals. It contains very little fructose and the spermatozoa possess only limited fructolytic ability under anaerobic conditions. By determining some of the characteristic constituents such as ergothioneine, citric acid, glycerylphosphorylcholine and certain glycosidases, it is possible to obtain a quantitative measure of the secretory contribution of the ampulla, seminal vesicle and epididymis, respectively, towards the final composition of the whole ejaculate. By analysing separately the various fractions of a split ejaculate, including the so-called tail-end sample, it is possible to detect and pinpoint abnormalities in the functional state of the various male accessory organs and in the entire process of ejaculation.", "PMID": 1060826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3428", "title": "Factors influencing foaling percentages in Australian mares.", "content": "Foaling figures for Thoroughbred mares in Australia show a puzzling disparity between conception and foaling rates in the second half of the 22 years of official data collection between 1950 and 1972. In the first 9 years of the survey, the live foal percentages rose in parallel with conception rates, but then a divergence of the figures occurred with the conception rate continuing to improve by 6-25% while the foaling rate improved by only 0-01% over the same period. An hypothesis supported by data from two studs is considered that stress factors additional to those experienced by mares in the earlier years may be responsible for the regression of the foaling figures.", "contents": "Factors influencing foaling percentages in Australian mares. Foaling figures for Thoroughbred mares in Australia show a puzzling disparity between conception and foaling rates in the second half of the 22 years of official data collection between 1950 and 1972. In the first 9 years of the survey, the live foal percentages rose in parallel with conception rates, but then a divergence of the figures occurred with the conception rate continuing to improve by 6-25% while the foaling rate improved by only 0-01% over the same period. An hypothesis supported by data from two studs is considered that stress factors additional to those experienced by mares in the earlier years may be responsible for the regression of the foaling figures.", "PMID": 1060827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3429", "title": "Early pregnancy testing and its relationship to abortion.", "content": "A total of 487 Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares at two studs were manually tested for pregnancy at 20 to 24, 30 to 34, and greater than 42 days after service and the abortion rate compared to that obtained in previous years when only the greater than 42-day test was performed. The results indicated that early manual pregnancy testing does not increase the abortion rate if undertaken carefully and enables non-pregnant mares to be re-mated earlier in the same season.", "contents": "Early pregnancy testing and its relationship to abortion. A total of 487 Standardbred and Thoroughbred mares at two studs were manually tested for pregnancy at 20 to 24, 30 to 34, and greater than 42 days after service and the abortion rate compared to that obtained in previous years when only the greater than 42-day test was performed. The results indicated that early manual pregnancy testing does not increase the abortion rate if undertaken carefully and enables non-pregnant mares to be re-mated earlier in the same season.", "PMID": 1060828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3430", "title": "Comparison of the methods of rectal palpation and haemagglutination-inhibition assay for diagnosis of pregnancy in mares.", "content": "The diagnostic value of rectal palpation and immunological assay of PMSG was tested at different stages of pregnancy in mares inseminated with frozen semen in three separate studies. The results were based on foaling success and particular attention was paid to the numbers of inconsistent results obtained by the two tests. Generally, the number of false positive diagnoses was lower for the immunological assay than for palpation in early pregnancy (Days 40 to 60) and the relationship became reversed later in gestation.", "contents": "Comparison of the methods of rectal palpation and haemagglutination-inhibition assay for diagnosis of pregnancy in mares. The diagnostic value of rectal palpation and immunological assay of PMSG was tested at different stages of pregnancy in mares inseminated with frozen semen in three separate studies. The results were based on foaling success and particular attention was paid to the numbers of inconsistent results obtained by the two tests. Generally, the number of false positive diagnoses was lower for the immunological assay than for palpation in early pregnancy (Days 40 to 60) and the relationship became reversed later in gestation.", "PMID": 1060829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3431", "title": "Embryological studies on the dartmoor pony during the first third of gestation.", "content": "A sequence of ten known-age embryos recovered from Dartmoor Ponies during the first 4 months of gestation is described. Changes in size, shape and vascularity of the conceptus are recorded, as well as the growth and decline of the yolk-sac and the succeeding establishment of the allantochorion. The progress of equine somatogenesis is compared with that of the pig which it lags on average of about 4 days. Some quantitative data are presented.", "contents": "Embryological studies on the dartmoor pony during the first third of gestation. A sequence of ten known-age embryos recovered from Dartmoor Ponies during the first 4 months of gestation is described. Changes in size, shape and vascularity of the conceptus are recorded, as well as the growth and decline of the yolk-sac and the succeeding establishment of the allantochorion. The progress of equine somatogenesis is compared with that of the pig which it lags on average of about 4 days. Some quantitative data are presented.", "PMID": 1060831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3432", "title": "Development of the equine fetus and placenta.", "content": "Prenatal specimens from mares with known breeding dates were used to characterize morphological changes in the fetus and placenta of pony mares. Prenatal characteristics and the day on which each was first found and weights of different components of the equine conceptus are summarized.", "contents": "Development of the equine fetus and placenta. Prenatal specimens from mares with known breeding dates were used to characterize morphological changes in the fetus and placenta of pony mares. Prenatal characteristics and the day on which each was first found and weights of different components of the equine conceptus are summarized.", "PMID": 1060832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3433", "title": "Retention of tubal eggs in mares.", "content": "Genital tracts from 227 mares slaughtered in various reproductive states were investigated to study egg retention in the oviducts. Eggs were found in 88-2% of 212 non-pregnant mares; the number/mare ranged from 0 to 21, and averaged 4-34. Retained eggs were twice as common in heavy as in light breeds and were found more frequently in early than in late pregnancy. Eggs were not found in the oviducts of two anovulatory post-partum mares. A few globular masses, probably consisting of desquamated tubal mucosa, were frequently lodged in the distal region of the ampulla and appeared, to some extent to cause the retention of more eggs.", "contents": "Retention of tubal eggs in mares. Genital tracts from 227 mares slaughtered in various reproductive states were investigated to study egg retention in the oviducts. Eggs were found in 88-2% of 212 non-pregnant mares; the number/mare ranged from 0 to 21, and averaged 4-34. Retained eggs were twice as common in heavy as in light breeds and were found more frequently in early than in late pregnancy. Eggs were not found in the oviducts of two anovulatory post-partum mares. A few globular masses, probably consisting of desquamated tubal mucosa, were frequently lodged in the distal region of the ampulla and appeared, to some extent to cause the retention of more eggs.", "PMID": 1060833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3434", "title": "A survey of eggs in the oviducts of mares.", "content": "A total of 424 eggs was recovered from flushings of 176 pairs of oviducts. Of these eggs, 324 were in a state of advanced degeneration (Type 4) and ten appeared to have been recently ovulated (Type 1). The number of eggs/oviduct varied from 0 to 13, most being up to 3 eggs, but fifty oviducts contained no eggs. It is widely believed that unfertilized ova are selectively retained in the oviducts but an alternative explanation for their presence is put forward.", "contents": "A survey of eggs in the oviducts of mares. A total of 424 eggs was recovered from flushings of 176 pairs of oviducts. Of these eggs, 324 were in a state of advanced degeneration (Type 4) and ten appeared to have been recently ovulated (Type 1). The number of eggs/oviduct varied from 0 to 13, most being up to 3 eggs, but fifty oviducts contained no eggs. It is widely believed that unfertilized ova are selectively retained in the oviducts but an alternative explanation for their presence is put forward.", "PMID": 1060834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3435", "title": "A surgical technique applied to the study of tubal eggs in the mare.", "content": "An efficient surgical technique of collecting eggs from the oviducts of mares is described. Within 6 days after ovulation recovery was successful in 22/29 mares. The technique has been used to investigate the retention and ageing of eggs in the oviducts and to determine the origin and the nature of the accessory CL during pregnancy.", "contents": "A surgical technique applied to the study of tubal eggs in the mare. An efficient surgical technique of collecting eggs from the oviducts of mares is described. Within 6 days after ovulation recovery was successful in 22/29 mares. The technique has been used to investigate the retention and ageing of eggs in the oviducts and to determine the origin and the nature of the accessory CL during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1060835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3436", "title": "Surgical and non-surgical egg transfer in horses.", "content": "Surgical and non-surgical methods used for the recovery and transfer of fertilized horse eggs are described. Sixteen of the twenty-three zygotes recovered surgically between Days 1 to 6 after ovulation from thirty donor mares were transferred surgically to synchronized recipients; seven pregnancies resulted. Seven of the eleven zygotes recovered non-surgically between Days 6 to 8 after ovulation from twenty-eight donor mares were transferred non-surgically to synchronized recipients; five pregnancies resulted.", "contents": "Surgical and non-surgical egg transfer in horses. Surgical and non-surgical methods used for the recovery and transfer of fertilized horse eggs are described. Sixteen of the twenty-three zygotes recovered surgically between Days 1 to 6 after ovulation from thirty donor mares were transferred surgically to synchronized recipients; seven pregnancies resulted. Seven of the eleven zygotes recovered non-surgically between Days 6 to 8 after ovulation from twenty-eight donor mares were transferred non-surgically to synchronized recipients; five pregnancies resulted.", "PMID": 1060836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3437", "title": "Spermatogenesis and duration of transit of spermatozoa through the excurrent ducts of stallions.", "content": "The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was divided into eight stages on the basis of meiotic divisions, shape of the spermatid nuclei and location of the spermatids with elongated nuclei. Duration of this cycle was 12-2 days (S.E. +/- 0-1) as determined by [3H]thymidine injections and autoradiography. The life-span of primary spermatocytes was 19-0 days, secondary spermatocytes 0-7 days, spermatids with round nuclei 8-7 days, and spermatids with elongated nuclei 10-1 days. Labelled spermatozoa entered the caput epididymidis 35 days, and appeared in the ejaculate 39-9 days, after the isotope injection. The mean minimal time required for spermatozoa to pass through the excurrent ducts was 4-9 days. However, the average transit time was estimated to be between 8 and 11 days. Variation in the duration of the cycle between species is discussed.", "contents": "Spermatogenesis and duration of transit of spermatozoa through the excurrent ducts of stallions. The cycle of the seminiferous epithelium was divided into eight stages on the basis of meiotic divisions, shape of the spermatid nuclei and location of the spermatids with elongated nuclei. Duration of this cycle was 12-2 days (S.E. +/- 0-1) as determined by [3H]thymidine injections and autoradiography. The life-span of primary spermatocytes was 19-0 days, secondary spermatocytes 0-7 days, spermatids with round nuclei 8-7 days, and spermatids with elongated nuclei 10-1 days. Labelled spermatozoa entered the caput epididymidis 35 days, and appeared in the ejaculate 39-9 days, after the isotope injection. The mean minimal time required for spermatozoa to pass through the excurrent ducts was 4-9 days. However, the average transit time was estimated to be between 8 and 11 days. Variation in the duration of the cycle between species is discussed.", "PMID": 1060837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3438", "title": "Observations on reproductive performance in the yearling mare.", "content": "Reproductive performance was studied in 137 yearling mares run with stallions in small groups for 3 months between June and August in 1968 to 1971 (four breeding seasons). Pregnancy diagnosis by repeated rectal palpation and qualitative tests for PMSG, showed that ninety-five mares conceived of which forty-four aborted spontaneously between Days 30 and 160 of gestation. Laboratory examination of twenty-one aborted fetuses failed to show any infectious agents. Serial quantitative and qualitative tests for PMSG in aborting animals gave results similar to those observed in mares with normal pregnancies. Plasma progestagen assays showed marked individual variations although the loss of the conceptus was always associated with a drop in progestagen level. The high incidence of early pregnancy loss in these pubertal mares may also be related to immaturity, inadequate nutrition and physical stress.", "contents": "Observations on reproductive performance in the yearling mare. Reproductive performance was studied in 137 yearling mares run with stallions in small groups for 3 months between June and August in 1968 to 1971 (four breeding seasons). Pregnancy diagnosis by repeated rectal palpation and qualitative tests for PMSG, showed that ninety-five mares conceived of which forty-four aborted spontaneously between Days 30 and 160 of gestation. Laboratory examination of twenty-one aborted fetuses failed to show any infectious agents. Serial quantitative and qualitative tests for PMSG in aborting animals gave results similar to those observed in mares with normal pregnancies. Plasma progestagen assays showed marked individual variations although the loss of the conceptus was always associated with a drop in progestagen level. The high incidence of early pregnancy loss in these pubertal mares may also be related to immaturity, inadequate nutrition and physical stress.", "PMID": 1060838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3439", "title": "Germ cell development and the meiotic prophase in the fetal horse ovary.", "content": "A histological study of the developing germinal epithelium in the fetal horse ovary shows an enormous wastage of oocytes during the meiotic phase, between Days 73 and 150 of pregnancy. The first groups of oocytes to enter this phage undergo mass degeneration and eventually disappear; few, if any, oocytes develop to primordial follicles. Peripheral oogonia, dividing by mitosis, give rise to more oocytes which pass through the same changes and are also reduced by degeneration, but by Day 150 primordial follicles are fairly common.", "contents": "Germ cell development and the meiotic prophase in the fetal horse ovary. A histological study of the developing germinal epithelium in the fetal horse ovary shows an enormous wastage of oocytes during the meiotic phase, between Days 73 and 150 of pregnancy. The first groups of oocytes to enter this phage undergo mass degeneration and eventually disappear; few, if any, oocytes develop to primordial follicles. Peripheral oogonia, dividing by mitosis, give rise to more oocytes which pass through the same changes and are also reduced by degeneration, but by Day 150 primordial follicles are fairly common.", "PMID": 1060842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3440", "title": "Development of pituitary and adrenal glands in the fetal horse.", "content": "The various cell types in the adult anterior pituitary may be distinguished at the ultrastructural level of the sizes of the secretory granules within the cytoplasm. In the fetal adenohypophysis, with the exception of prolactin-producing cells, all types may be identified after Day 100 of gestation. Morphological evidence suggests that they are producing and secreting trophic hormones. The three constituent layers of the adrenal cortex are also discernible by Day 100 of pregnancy. The cells of the zona glomerulosa have large numbers of darkly stained inclusions within the cytoplasm. The zona fasciculata shows changes consistent with the production and secretion of steroid hormones.", "contents": "Development of pituitary and adrenal glands in the fetal horse. The various cell types in the adult anterior pituitary may be distinguished at the ultrastructural level of the sizes of the secretory granules within the cytoplasm. In the fetal adenohypophysis, with the exception of prolactin-producing cells, all types may be identified after Day 100 of gestation. Morphological evidence suggests that they are producing and secreting trophic hormones. The three constituent layers of the adrenal cortex are also discernible by Day 100 of pregnancy. The cells of the zona glomerulosa have large numbers of darkly stained inclusions within the cytoplasm. The zona fasciculata shows changes consistent with the production and secretion of steroid hormones.", "PMID": 1060843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3441", "title": "An ultrastructural and histochemical study of the interstitial cells in the gonads of the fetal horse.", "content": "Gonadal tissue obtained at about 50-day intervals from Days 60 to 300 of gestation was examined histologically, histochemically and in the electron microscope. The marked enlargement of the gonads (ovaries or testes) reached a peak around Day 250 and was caused by hypertrophy and hypoplasia of interstitial cells. These cells had all the ultrastructural characteristics of a steroid-secreting cell but delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) was not detected at any stage of their development. There was no significant change in the ultrastructure of the interstitial cells between Days 100 and 250 except for a progressive increase in the number of dense bodies. By Day 300 the fetal gonads had begun to regress and degenerative changes were apparent in the interstitial cells. The possible mechanisms controlling the growth of the fetal gonads and their function in steroidogenesis is discussed.", "contents": "An ultrastructural and histochemical study of the interstitial cells in the gonads of the fetal horse. Gonadal tissue obtained at about 50-day intervals from Days 60 to 300 of gestation was examined histologically, histochemically and in the electron microscope. The marked enlargement of the gonads (ovaries or testes) reached a peak around Day 250 and was caused by hypertrophy and hypoplasia of interstitial cells. These cells had all the ultrastructural characteristics of a steroid-secreting cell but delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD) was not detected at any stage of their development. There was no significant change in the ultrastructure of the interstitial cells between Days 100 and 250 except for a progressive increase in the number of dense bodies. By Day 300 the fetal gonads had begun to regress and degenerative changes were apparent in the interstitial cells. The possible mechanisms controlling the growth of the fetal gonads and their function in steroidogenesis is discussed.", "PMID": 1060844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3442", "title": "Fine structure of the gonads of the horse and its functional implications.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic studies of the gonads of the fetal horse have shown that, in their hypertrophic condition which begins during the 3rd month, the interstitial cells contain large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting a secretory activity. Hydroxylating activity which was cytochrome P-450-dependent was observed in the fetal testis and may be involved in steroid biosynthesis.", "contents": "Fine structure of the gonads of the horse and its functional implications. Light and electron microscopic studies of the gonads of the fetal horse have shown that, in their hypertrophic condition which begins during the 3rd month, the interstitial cells contain large amounts of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting a secretory activity. Hydroxylating activity which was cytochrome P-450-dependent was observed in the fetal testis and may be involved in steroid biosynthesis.", "PMID": 1060845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3443", "title": "A histochemical study of steroid metabolism in the equine fetus and placenta.", "content": "The distribution of several hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD) was examined in a variety of equine placental and fetal tissues. The main points of interest were: (a) the lack of dehydrogenase activity in the gonad, (b) the appearance of a variety of HSDs in the trophoblast as early as 13 days of gestation, (c) the histochemical similarity between the cells of the trophoblast and the endometrial cup, and (d) the restriction of the strong endometrial 17beta-HSD reaction to those parts of the uterine epithelium directly apposed to the trophoblast.", "contents": "A histochemical study of steroid metabolism in the equine fetus and placenta. The distribution of several hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSD) was examined in a variety of equine placental and fetal tissues. The main points of interest were: (a) the lack of dehydrogenase activity in the gonad, (b) the appearance of a variety of HSDs in the trophoblast as early as 13 days of gestation, (c) the histochemical similarity between the cells of the trophoblast and the endometrial cup, and (d) the restriction of the strong endometrial 17beta-HSD reaction to those parts of the uterine epithelium directly apposed to the trophoblast.", "PMID": 1060846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3444", "title": "Ultrastructural development of the equine placenta.", "content": "Microcotyledons, which are a distinctive feature of the mature equine placenta, are fully formed by Day 150 of gestation. The fetal component of each microcotyledon is developed from several primary folds of trophoblast which become elaborately subdivided as gestation proceeds. These changes are reflected in the structure of the maternal crypts, which receive the fetal villi. Between Days 60 and 150 of gestation the maternal epithelium is greatly reduced in height. No such change occurs on the fetal side of the placenta, but between Days 100 and 250 a progressive indentation of the epithelium by fetal capillaries reduces the effective thickness of the placental barrier. The ultrastructural characteristics of fetal and maternal epithelia are described.", "contents": "Ultrastructural development of the equine placenta. Microcotyledons, which are a distinctive feature of the mature equine placenta, are fully formed by Day 150 of gestation. The fetal component of each microcotyledon is developed from several primary folds of trophoblast which become elaborately subdivided as gestation proceeds. These changes are reflected in the structure of the maternal crypts, which receive the fetal villi. Between Days 60 and 150 of gestation the maternal epithelium is greatly reduced in height. No such change occurs on the fetal side of the placenta, but between Days 100 and 250 a progressive indentation of the epithelium by fetal capillaries reduces the effective thickness of the placental barrier. The ultrastructural characteristics of fetal and maternal epithelia are described.", "PMID": 1060847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3445", "title": "Anatomy of the placental barrier in the mare.", "content": "The study of the equine placenta, which began in Venice in 1598, has a long but discontinuous history. Early observations were purely morphological, but new techniques have stimulated a broader and more functional approach. Histological and ultrastructural observations at various stages of pregnancy have shown that the fetal side of the placenta comes to acquire certain features in common with the air-blood barrier of the mammalian lung. These changes may reflect the increasing O2 requirements of the fetus as gestation proceeds.", "contents": "Anatomy of the placental barrier in the mare. The study of the equine placenta, which began in Venice in 1598, has a long but discontinuous history. Early observations were purely morphological, but new techniques have stimulated a broader and more functional approach. Histological and ultrastructural observations at various stages of pregnancy have shown that the fetal side of the placenta comes to acquire certain features in common with the air-blood barrier of the mammalian lung. These changes may reflect the increasing O2 requirements of the fetus as gestation proceeds.", "PMID": 1060848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3446", "title": "The use of intravascular catheters for long-term studies on the mare and fetus.", "content": "Methods developed for the insertion of catheters into the umbilical artery and vein and the uterine vein of the pregnancy mare are described. The technique requires careful anaesthesia and the maintenance of normal blood gas tensions, pH and arterial blood pressure. Fetal survival was variable: three mares delivered live foals and six fetuses survived more than 15 days with a maximal period of 41 days. The erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) of the fetal foal was always very low at operation but subsequently increased slightly; a sudden large rise in ESR usually indicated imminent fetal death. The relatively sudden death in utero of catheterized fetuses maintained for 10 days or more remains unexplained. Nevertheless, the stability and relatively long duration of some of these preparations are sufficient to investigate various aspects of placental exchange and the endocrine climate of the fetus.", "contents": "The use of intravascular catheters for long-term studies on the mare and fetus. Methods developed for the insertion of catheters into the umbilical artery and vein and the uterine vein of the pregnancy mare are described. The technique requires careful anaesthesia and the maintenance of normal blood gas tensions, pH and arterial blood pressure. Fetal survival was variable: three mares delivered live foals and six fetuses survived more than 15 days with a maximal period of 41 days. The erythrocytes sedimentation rate (ESR) of the fetal foal was always very low at operation but subsequently increased slightly; a sudden large rise in ESR usually indicated imminent fetal death. The relatively sudden death in utero of catheterized fetuses maintained for 10 days or more remains unexplained. Nevertheless, the stability and relatively long duration of some of these preparations are sufficient to investigate various aspects of placental exchange and the endocrine climate of the fetus.", "PMID": 1060849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3447", "title": "Characteristics of the successive jets of ejaculated semen of stallions.", "content": "The use of an 'open' artificial vagina made it possible to separate the individual jets in the ejaculate of the stallion. A total of 132 jets were collected in this way from twenty-one ejaculates. After macro- and microscopic examination and sperm counting, glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), ergothioneine and fructose levels were determined for every jet. The values obtained for the first three jets were similar and accounted for about 76% of all spermatozoa, and 70% of GPC. These jets also contained the highest concentration of ergothioneine and fructose.", "contents": "Characteristics of the successive jets of ejaculated semen of stallions. The use of an 'open' artificial vagina made it possible to separate the individual jets in the ejaculate of the stallion. A total of 132 jets were collected in this way from twenty-one ejaculates. After macro- and microscopic examination and sperm counting, glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC), ergothioneine and fructose levels were determined for every jet. The values obtained for the first three jets were similar and accounted for about 76% of all spermatozoa, and 70% of GPC. These jets also contained the highest concentration of ergothioneine and fructose.", "PMID": 1060850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3448", "title": "Ontogeny of equine haemoglobins.", "content": "Studies were made of the O2 affinities of fetal and maternal haemoglobins in the horse, and correlations were found with erythrocytic levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.", "contents": "Ontogeny of equine haemoglobins. Studies were made of the O2 affinities of fetal and maternal haemoglobins in the horse, and correlations were found with erythrocytic levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate.", "PMID": 1060851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3449", "title": "Morphology and pathology of the equine umbilical cord.", "content": "A brief description is given of the morphology of the umbilical cord and some variations encountered. In 95% of normal Thoroughbred foals the cord measures less than 84 cm. Factors which govern cord length are not known. Seven pathological conditions involving the umbilical cord are described. Increased length is the most common abnormality and predisposes to three potentially lethal conditions, strangulation of the cord around the fetus, excessive torsion, and allantochorionic necrosis at the cervical pole.", "contents": "Morphology and pathology of the equine umbilical cord. A brief description is given of the morphology of the umbilical cord and some variations encountered. In 95% of normal Thoroughbred foals the cord measures less than 84 cm. Factors which govern cord length are not known. Seven pathological conditions involving the umbilical cord are described. Increased length is the most common abnormality and predisposes to three potentially lethal conditions, strangulation of the cord around the fetus, excessive torsion, and allantochorionic necrosis at the cervical pole.", "PMID": 1060852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3450", "title": "Plasma progestagens and oestrogens in fetus and mother in late pregnancy.", "content": "Normal Thoroughbred and catheterized Pony mares and their fetuses were used. Fetal oestrogen and progestagen concentrations in late gestation were much higher than maternal values. A major feature of the umbilical steroid concentrations was a large venous-arterial difference in progestagens and total oestrogens throughout late gestation which may indicate a metabolic cycle in the fetus between progesterone and other steroid metabolites. Metabolites of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone were present in high concentrations in maternal and fetal plasma. In Thoroughbreds, and to a lesser extent in Pony mares, plasma progestagens rose towards parturition while total plasma oestrogen fell. The only oestrogen which showed a rise in concentration near term was oestradiol-17beta. In one Pony mare and fetus, fetal plasma progestagen fell 24 to 36 hr before parturition when maternal peripheral progestagen concentrations remained high.", "contents": "Plasma progestagens and oestrogens in fetus and mother in late pregnancy. Normal Thoroughbred and catheterized Pony mares and their fetuses were used. Fetal oestrogen and progestagen concentrations in late gestation were much higher than maternal values. A major feature of the umbilical steroid concentrations was a large venous-arterial difference in progestagens and total oestrogens throughout late gestation which may indicate a metabolic cycle in the fetus between progesterone and other steroid metabolites. Metabolites of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone were present in high concentrations in maternal and fetal plasma. In Thoroughbreds, and to a lesser extent in Pony mares, plasma progestagens rose towards parturition while total plasma oestrogen fell. The only oestrogen which showed a rise in concentration near term was oestradiol-17beta. In one Pony mare and fetus, fetal plasma progestagen fell 24 to 36 hr before parturition when maternal peripheral progestagen concentrations remained high.", "PMID": 1060853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3451", "title": "Studies on fetal, neonatal and maternal cortisol metabolism in the mare.", "content": "Fetal plasma cortisol concentrations (mean +/- S.E.M.) in ten animals with indwelling umbilical catheters ranged from 13-9 +/- 1-5 ng/ml (227 to 244 days) to 18-1 +/- 2-2 ng/ml (290 to 310 days). Maternal values did not change over this period (15-9 +/- 1-7 ng/ml). Fetal cortisol production rates in two fetuses were 3-6 and 3-8 mg/kg/day at 291 days; there was little placental transfer of cortisol. In three fetuses (319 to 321 days) plasma cortisol values 1 to 10 days before birth were higher (30 to 50 ng/ml) than in any other group, and at birth the values were comparable with those found in intact Thoroughbred foals at birth. After birth plasma cortisol concentrations fell rapidly in most foals, but very high values were found in two foals with postnatal convulsions. Plasma cortisol levles remained low in two Thoroughbred foals born prematurely: similar values were found in one catheterized foal both before and after parturition.", "contents": "Studies on fetal, neonatal and maternal cortisol metabolism in the mare. Fetal plasma cortisol concentrations (mean +/- S.E.M.) in ten animals with indwelling umbilical catheters ranged from 13-9 +/- 1-5 ng/ml (227 to 244 days) to 18-1 +/- 2-2 ng/ml (290 to 310 days). Maternal values did not change over this period (15-9 +/- 1-7 ng/ml). Fetal cortisol production rates in two fetuses were 3-6 and 3-8 mg/kg/day at 291 days; there was little placental transfer of cortisol. In three fetuses (319 to 321 days) plasma cortisol values 1 to 10 days before birth were higher (30 to 50 ng/ml) than in any other group, and at birth the values were comparable with those found in intact Thoroughbred foals at birth. After birth plasma cortisol concentrations fell rapidly in most foals, but very high values were found in two foals with postnatal convulsions. Plasma cortisol levles remained low in two Thoroughbred foals born prematurely: similar values were found in one catheterized foal both before and after parturition.", "PMID": 1060854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3452", "title": "Sperm transport and distribution in the mare.", "content": "Fifty mares were inseminated on Days 2, 4, 7, 11 or 17 of the oestrous cycle with spermatozoa from one of three stallions to observe the distribution of the spermatozoa in various parts of the reproductive tract 12 hr later (Days 3, 5, 8, 12 and 18). Only 0-06 to 2-21% of inseminated spermatozoa were recovered from the tract. More (P less than 0-05) spermatozoa were recovered from the cervix and uterus on Day 12 than on Days 3, 5, 8 and 18. The mean number of spermatozoa recovered from either or both oviducts was significantly greater (P less than 0-10) on Days 5 and 8 than on Days 3, 12 and 18. More spermatozoa were recovered from the right than the left oviduct and the number recovered from the oviducts was significantly (P less than 0-05) influenced by the stallion.", "contents": "Sperm transport and distribution in the mare. Fifty mares were inseminated on Days 2, 4, 7, 11 or 17 of the oestrous cycle with spermatozoa from one of three stallions to observe the distribution of the spermatozoa in various parts of the reproductive tract 12 hr later (Days 3, 5, 8, 12 and 18). Only 0-06 to 2-21% of inseminated spermatozoa were recovered from the tract. More (P less than 0-05) spermatozoa were recovered from the cervix and uterus on Day 12 than on Days 3, 5, 8 and 18. The mean number of spermatozoa recovered from either or both oviducts was significantly greater (P less than 0-10) on Days 5 and 8 than on Days 3, 12 and 18. More spermatozoa were recovered from the right than the left oviduct and the number recovered from the oviducts was significantly (P less than 0-05) influenced by the stallion.", "PMID": 1060855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3453", "title": "Studies on mild composition and lactogenic hormones in the mare.", "content": "Small samples of mammary secretion were collected from eight Thoroughbred mares during the last week of pregnancy, at foaling and after 1 week of lactation. Specific assays showed the presence of both lactose and triglyceride in all samples before birth and progressive increases in their concentrations in colostrum and in milk. Levels of 6-0 g lactose/100 ml and 1-8 g triglyceride/100 ml were present in milk at 7 to 9 days post partum. The secretory capacity of the udder is thus normally established well before parturition in the mare. Attempts to demonstrate the occurrence of a placental lactogen and to measure lactogenic hormones in plasma have been unsuccessful.", "contents": "Studies on mild composition and lactogenic hormones in the mare. Small samples of mammary secretion were collected from eight Thoroughbred mares during the last week of pregnancy, at foaling and after 1 week of lactation. Specific assays showed the presence of both lactose and triglyceride in all samples before birth and progressive increases in their concentrations in colostrum and in milk. Levels of 6-0 g lactose/100 ml and 1-8 g triglyceride/100 ml were present in milk at 7 to 9 days post partum. The secretory capacity of the udder is thus normally established well before parturition in the mare. Attempts to demonstrate the occurrence of a placental lactogen and to measure lactogenic hormones in plasma have been unsuccessful.", "PMID": 1060856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3454", "title": "The effect of a corticosteroid (dexamethasone), progesterone, oestrogen and prostaglandin F2alpha on gestation length in normal and ovariectomized mares.", "content": "Dexamethasone (100 mg/day) injected from Days 318 to 324 of pregnancy induced parturition. Progesterone (500 mg/day) administered daily from Day 318 of pregnancy also shortened gestation while oestrogen (50 mg/day) administered on the same schedule as progesterone had no such effect. Dexamethasone treatment superimposed on the oestrogen or progesterone treatments shortened gestation. Prostaglandin F2alpha alone did not induce parturition, unlike PGF2alpha with dexamethasone, or PGF2alpha given to ovariectomized mares.", "contents": "The effect of a corticosteroid (dexamethasone), progesterone, oestrogen and prostaglandin F2alpha on gestation length in normal and ovariectomized mares. Dexamethasone (100 mg/day) injected from Days 318 to 324 of pregnancy induced parturition. Progesterone (500 mg/day) administered daily from Day 318 of pregnancy also shortened gestation while oestrogen (50 mg/day) administered on the same schedule as progesterone had no such effect. Dexamethasone treatment superimposed on the oestrogen or progesterone treatments shortened gestation. Prostaglandin F2alpha alone did not induce parturition, unlike PGF2alpha with dexamethasone, or PGF2alpha given to ovariectomized mares.", "PMID": 1060857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3455", "title": "Induction of parturition in mares.", "content": "Thirty-seven induced parturitions involving thirty-one mares were studied over a 2-year period using various doses of oestrogen and oxytocin. The time of appearance and degree of expression of the major clinical signs of parturition, and the time for completion of delivery and the passage of the placenta were significantly influenced by increasing doses of oxytocin. Oestrogen was useful in softening and relaxing the cervix when it was tight, but was not essential to induction when the cervix was already soft and dilating. Fertility was not adversely affected by induced parturition.", "contents": "Induction of parturition in mares. Thirty-seven induced parturitions involving thirty-one mares were studied over a 2-year period using various doses of oestrogen and oxytocin. The time of appearance and degree of expression of the major clinical signs of parturition, and the time for completion of delivery and the passage of the placenta were significantly influenced by increasing doses of oxytocin. Oestrogen was useful in softening and relaxing the cervix when it was tight, but was not essential to induction when the cervix was already soft and dilating. Fertility was not adversely affected by induced parturition.", "PMID": 1060858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3456", "title": "Patterns of urinary oestrogen excretion in individual pregnant mares.", "content": "Urine collections (24 hr) were made at weekly intervals from four Pony mares from the 3rd or 4th month of pregnancy until parturition. Separation of oestrogens on Celite columns was followed by Kober measurements of oestrone and equilin. Individual differences were noted in peak amounts of total oestrogens excreted (200 to 800 mg/day), when oestrone constituted 80 to 95% at the 6th to 7th months. Although equilin increased in later gestation, oestrone remained the major product. Total oestrogen values decreased rapidly from the peak and then more gradually towards the end of pregnancy. During the last 3 weeks the decline in the ratio of oestrone to equilin was reversed in all mares.", "contents": "Patterns of urinary oestrogen excretion in individual pregnant mares. Urine collections (24 hr) were made at weekly intervals from four Pony mares from the 3rd or 4th month of pregnancy until parturition. Separation of oestrogens on Celite columns was followed by Kober measurements of oestrone and equilin. Individual differences were noted in peak amounts of total oestrogens excreted (200 to 800 mg/day), when oestrone constituted 80 to 95% at the 6th to 7th months. Although equilin increased in later gestation, oestrone remained the major product. Total oestrogen values decreased rapidly from the peak and then more gradually towards the end of pregnancy. During the last 3 weeks the decline in the ratio of oestrone to equilin was reversed in all mares.", "PMID": 1060860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3457", "title": "The development of the lung and its surfactant in the foal and in other species.", "content": "The development of the lung from the glandular through the canalicular to the alveolar stages in the horse fetus is described. Traces of surfactant and occasional lamellated osmiophilic bodies representing intracellular surfactant were found at 150 days of gestation, some 40 to 60 days before the transition to the canalicular stage. During this transition some of the cuboidal cells of the glandular rosettes are transformed into cells of Types I and II, but the surfactant is not fully developed until 300 days or, in some foals, until after delivery.", "contents": "The development of the lung and its surfactant in the foal and in other species. The development of the lung from the glandular through the canalicular to the alveolar stages in the horse fetus is described. Traces of surfactant and occasional lamellated osmiophilic bodies representing intracellular surfactant were found at 150 days of gestation, some 40 to 60 days before the transition to the canalicular stage. During this transition some of the cuboidal cells of the glandular rosettes are transformed into cells of Types I and II, but the surfactant is not fully developed until 300 days or, in some foals, until after delivery.", "PMID": 1060861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3458", "title": "Surfactant studies in the fetal and neonatal foal.", "content": "Phospholipids in embryonic lung tissue, pulmonary washings and amniotic fluid were measured to study the development of lyng surfactant in the horse. A significant increase in the concentration of total phospholipids in lung tissue and a concomitant rise in the amount of dipalmitoyl lecithin in amniotic fluid between 100 and 150 days of gestation indicated the initial formation of surfactant in the fetal lung during this period.", "contents": "Surfactant studies in the fetal and neonatal foal. Phospholipids in embryonic lung tissue, pulmonary washings and amniotic fluid were measured to study the development of lyng surfactant in the horse. A significant increase in the concentration of total phospholipids in lung tissue and a concomitant rise in the amount of dipalmitoyl lecithin in amniotic fluid between 100 and 150 days of gestation indicated the initial formation of surfactant in the fetal lung during this period.", "PMID": 1060862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3459", "title": "Postnatal lung growth and function in the foal.", "content": "Respiratory function in newborn foals is discussed with particular reference to the important part played by functional residual capacity and chest wall compliance in maintaining blood gaseous exchange within normal limits.", "contents": "Postnatal lung growth and function in the foal. Respiratory function in newborn foals is discussed with particular reference to the important part played by functional residual capacity and chest wall compliance in maintaining blood gaseous exchange within normal limits.", "PMID": 1060863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3460", "title": "Studies on pressure-volume relationships in excised equine lungs.", "content": "Forty-eight lungs from fetal and neonatal horses were examined for pressure-volume relationships between pressures of 0 and 40 cmH2O. The inflation-deflation curves obtained were analysed by four different methods and the stability of the lung assessed in terms of hysteresis, stability indices and volume of air retained at maximal pressure (Vmax). Differences in the shape of the deflation curve between ventilated and non-ventilated lungs were similar to findings in other species. It is postulated that breathing alters lung-tissue elasticity during the neonatal period, as demonstrated by a significant increase in Vmax in specimens from foals breathing for more than 24 hr compared with those from stillborn foals or those aged less than 24 hr. Also, stability indices, such as those expressed by the % of air retained in the lungs on deflation from Vmax to 10 or 5 cmH2O pressure, are related to interfacial factors.", "contents": "Studies on pressure-volume relationships in excised equine lungs. Forty-eight lungs from fetal and neonatal horses were examined for pressure-volume relationships between pressures of 0 and 40 cmH2O. The inflation-deflation curves obtained were analysed by four different methods and the stability of the lung assessed in terms of hysteresis, stability indices and volume of air retained at maximal pressure (Vmax). Differences in the shape of the deflation curve between ventilated and non-ventilated lungs were similar to findings in other species. It is postulated that breathing alters lung-tissue elasticity during the neonatal period, as demonstrated by a significant increase in Vmax in specimens from foals breathing for more than 24 hr compared with those from stillborn foals or those aged less than 24 hr. Also, stability indices, such as those expressed by the % of air retained in the lungs on deflation from Vmax to 10 or 5 cmH2O pressure, are related to interfacial factors.", "PMID": 1060864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3461", "title": "Aspects of respiration in anaesthetized newborn foals.", "content": "The arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in clinically normal newborn foals at 1300 m above sea-level is considerably lower (less than 60 mmHg) than in similarly aged foals at lower altitudes. This figure is further reduced to less than 50 mmHg without adverse effect in newborn foals at 1300 m maintained under pentobarbitone anaesthesia for prolonged periods. Measurement of O2 dissociation curves indicates that haemoglobin becomes saturated at a lower blood O2 tension in newborn foals than adult horses.", "contents": "Aspects of respiration in anaesthetized newborn foals. The arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) in clinically normal newborn foals at 1300 m above sea-level is considerably lower (less than 60 mmHg) than in similarly aged foals at lower altitudes. This figure is further reduced to less than 50 mmHg without adverse effect in newborn foals at 1300 m maintained under pentobarbitone anaesthesia for prolonged periods. Measurement of O2 dissociation curves indicates that haemoglobin becomes saturated at a lower blood O2 tension in newborn foals than adult horses.", "PMID": 1060865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3462", "title": "Neuropathology of the convulsive foal syndrome.", "content": "Brains from eighteen Thoroughbred foals suffering from the convulsive foal syndrome were examined neuropathologically and compared with brains from nine foals dying from different causes. In the brains of nine convulsive foals there was necrosis of the cerebral cortex, accompanied in three by severe necrosis of the diencephalon and brain stem; haemorrhage into the cerebral cortex was also present in most of this group. In the other nine brains from convulsive foals there was haemorrhage, often severe, especially in the white and grey matter of the cerebral cortex and in the cerebellum. Minimal haemorrhage occurred in the brains of the control group of animals, except in that from one Caesarian-delivered premature foal that suffered severe haemorrhage into the brain stem and cerebellum. Both types of lesion in the convulsive foal appeared to be related to events occurring just before, during or after birth.", "contents": "Neuropathology of the convulsive foal syndrome. Brains from eighteen Thoroughbred foals suffering from the convulsive foal syndrome were examined neuropathologically and compared with brains from nine foals dying from different causes. In the brains of nine convulsive foals there was necrosis of the cerebral cortex, accompanied in three by severe necrosis of the diencephalon and brain stem; haemorrhage into the cerebral cortex was also present in most of this group. In the other nine brains from convulsive foals there was haemorrhage, often severe, especially in the white and grey matter of the cerebral cortex and in the cerebellum. Minimal haemorrhage occurred in the brains of the control group of animals, except in that from one Caesarian-delivered premature foal that suffered severe haemorrhage into the brain stem and cerebellum. Both types of lesion in the convulsive foal appeared to be related to events occurring just before, during or after birth.", "PMID": 1060866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3463", "title": "Preliminary observations on cranial cardiovascular changes during asphyxia in the newborn foal.", "content": "This paper describes preliminary experiments designed to test the hypothesis that cerebral damage is caused by cardiovascular events involving explosive changes in cerebral blood flow during birth. These events may be responsible for the convulsive episodes of foals suffering from the neonatal maladjustment syndrome.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on cranial cardiovascular changes during asphyxia in the newborn foal. This paper describes preliminary experiments designed to test the hypothesis that cerebral damage is caused by cardiovascular events involving explosive changes in cerebral blood flow during birth. These events may be responsible for the convulsive episodes of foals suffering from the neonatal maladjustment syndrome.", "PMID": 1060867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3464", "title": "Social organization and reproduction in equids.", "content": "There are two distinct types of social organization and, accordingly, two types of mating systems in equids. In the horse, Plains zebra and Mountain zebra, the adults live in non-territorial and cohesive one-male groups and in stallion groups. The family stallions have exclusive mating rights which are respected by all others. In Grevy's zebra and in the African and Asiatic wild asses, the stallions are permanently territorial and have exclusive mating rights within their territories. Ecological and evolutionary aspects are discussed.", "contents": "Social organization and reproduction in equids. There are two distinct types of social organization and, accordingly, two types of mating systems in equids. In the horse, Plains zebra and Mountain zebra, the adults live in non-territorial and cohesive one-male groups and in stallion groups. The family stallions have exclusive mating rights which are respected by all others. In Grevy's zebra and in the African and Asiatic wild asses, the stallions are permanently territorial and have exclusive mating rights within their territories. Ecological and evolutionary aspects are discussed.", "PMID": 1060868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3465", "title": "Postnatal changes in total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in foal serum.", "content": "Total tyhroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) concentrations in foal umbilical cord blood were respectively 14, 5 7 and 3 times the concentrations of these hormones in adult horse blood. The TT4 levels in foals declined rapidly to reach adult concentrations by Day 16 and FT4 levels declined steadily during the first 3 months of life. Foal TT3 levels rose during the first 10 hr after birth and thereafter declined, although they were still X2-5 higher than adult levels at 3 months of age. Levels of FT3 similarly increased after birth becoming X8 higher than adult levels at 3 days of age. They declined after this time but were still twice the normal adult levels at 3 months of age. Associated with these age changes were an increase in the free hormone percentage and a decrease in binding protein concentration. The very high levels of thyroid hormones in newborn foals may be responsible for their extremely high thermogenic capacity and rapid pre- and post-natal rates of growth, especially of the musculo-skeletal and nervous systems.", "contents": "Postnatal changes in total and free thyroxine and triiodothyronine in foal serum. Total tyhroxine (TT4), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) concentrations in foal umbilical cord blood were respectively 14, 5 7 and 3 times the concentrations of these hormones in adult horse blood. The TT4 levels in foals declined rapidly to reach adult concentrations by Day 16 and FT4 levels declined steadily during the first 3 months of life. Foal TT3 levels rose during the first 10 hr after birth and thereafter declined, although they were still X2-5 higher than adult levels at 3 months of age. Levels of FT3 similarly increased after birth becoming X8 higher than adult levels at 3 days of age. They declined after this time but were still twice the normal adult levels at 3 months of age. Associated with these age changes were an increase in the free hormone percentage and a decrease in binding protein concentration. The very high levels of thyroid hormones in newborn foals may be responsible for their extremely high thermogenic capacity and rapid pre- and post-natal rates of growth, especially of the musculo-skeletal and nervous systems.", "PMID": 1060870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3466", "title": "The development and distribution of mucosal enzymes in the small intestine of the fetus and young foal.", "content": "Lactase and cellobiase were detectable in the fetal intestine by the 3rd month of gestation, and although there was little change by the 9th month, maximal levels were reached at birth and steadily declined after 4 months. Conversely maltase, sucrase and trehalase were barely discernible in the fetus, maltase being present at low levels at birth, but all increased during the suckling period to attain adult levels by 7 months of age. Alkaline phosphatase activity matured earlier than did disaccharidase activity. Mucosal enzymes other than alkaline phosphatase were virtually absent from meconium and the large intestine. Continued ingestion of lactose could be detrimental in foals suffering from severe diarrhoea.", "contents": "The development and distribution of mucosal enzymes in the small intestine of the fetus and young foal. Lactase and cellobiase were detectable in the fetal intestine by the 3rd month of gestation, and although there was little change by the 9th month, maximal levels were reached at birth and steadily declined after 4 months. Conversely maltase, sucrase and trehalase were barely discernible in the fetus, maltase being present at low levels at birth, but all increased during the suckling period to attain adult levels by 7 months of age. Alkaline phosphatase activity matured earlier than did disaccharidase activity. Mucosal enzymes other than alkaline phosphatase were virtually absent from meconium and the large intestine. Continued ingestion of lactose could be detrimental in foals suffering from severe diarrhoea.", "PMID": 1060871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3467", "title": "Babesiosis in the newborn foal.", "content": "A short account is given of babesiosis (equine biliary fever) caused by the tick-borne protozoan Babesia equi and B. caballi, endemic in the Cape Province of South Africa. The clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment are described. In the absence of any prophylactic measures, prognosis is poor; control of the parasites in the tick-infested areas is essential.", "contents": "Babesiosis in the newborn foal. A short account is given of babesiosis (equine biliary fever) caused by the tick-borne protozoan Babesia equi and B. caballi, endemic in the Cape Province of South Africa. The clinical picture, diagnosis and treatment are described. In the absence of any prophylactic measures, prognosis is poor; control of the parasites in the tick-infested areas is essential.", "PMID": 1060872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3468", "title": "The transfer of passive immunity to the foal and its relation to immune status after birth.", "content": "The mechanism of transfer of maternal immunity to the foal is reviewed. Maximal efficiency of macromolecular absorption by specialized cells of the small intestine exists soon after birth. The absorptive cells are progressively replaced by more mature-looking cells incapable of taking up large molecules and the rate of absorption is reduced in a linear decline and ceases completely within 24 hr. Passive antibody levels fall rapidly in the first 4 weeks of life to less than half their original values and have usually completely disappeared by 6 months of age. The foal shows immunological competence soon after birth although appreciable levels of autogenous immunoglobulins are not usually attained until 2 to 3 months of age.", "contents": "The transfer of passive immunity to the foal and its relation to immune status after birth. The mechanism of transfer of maternal immunity to the foal is reviewed. Maximal efficiency of macromolecular absorption by specialized cells of the small intestine exists soon after birth. The absorptive cells are progressively replaced by more mature-looking cells incapable of taking up large molecules and the rate of absorption is reduced in a linear decline and ceases completely within 24 hr. Passive antibody levels fall rapidly in the first 4 weeks of life to less than half their original values and have usually completely disappeared by 6 months of age. The foal shows immunological competence soon after birth although appreciable levels of autogenous immunoglobulins are not usually attained until 2 to 3 months of age.", "PMID": 1060873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3469", "title": "Immunoglobulins produced by the antigenized equine fetus.", "content": "The foal is born without detectable antibody and except for small amounts of IgM is devoid of immunoglobulins. Intrafetal administration of either Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE-TC83) or ovine erythrocytes elicited IgGa, IgGb and a trace of IgG(T). The fetal blood VEE-TC83 neutralization titre was higher than the neutralization titre elicited by the same preparation in older horses.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins produced by the antigenized equine fetus. The foal is born without detectable antibody and except for small amounts of IgM is devoid of immunoglobulins. Intrafetal administration of either Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE-TC83) or ovine erythrocytes elicited IgGa, IgGb and a trace of IgG(T). The fetal blood VEE-TC83 neutralization titre was higher than the neutralization titre elicited by the same preparation in older horses.", "PMID": 1060874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3470", "title": "Immunoglobulin metabolism in the neonatal foal.", "content": "The proteins IgG and IgG(T) are the predominant immunoglobulins in equine colostrum. Their distribution and catabolism were studied in the newborn foal using an isotopic tracer technique. More precise quantitation of the absorption of these immunoglobulins from colostrum is now possible.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin metabolism in the neonatal foal. The proteins IgG and IgG(T) are the predominant immunoglobulins in equine colostrum. Their distribution and catabolism were studied in the newborn foal using an isotopic tracer technique. More precise quantitation of the absorption of these immunoglobulins from colostrum is now possible.", "PMID": 1060875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3471", "title": "The gnotobiotic foal in the study of infectious diseases.", "content": "A method of rearing germ-free gnotobiotic foals is described. To date, four foals have been infected with rhinopneumonitis and the only clinical signs of infection have been a transient fever and leukopaenia; no detailed results are, as yet, available.", "contents": "The gnotobiotic foal in the study of infectious diseases. A method of rearing germ-free gnotobiotic foals is described. To date, four foals have been infected with rhinopneumonitis and the only clinical signs of infection have been a transient fever and leukopaenia; no detailed results are, as yet, available.", "PMID": 1060876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3472", "title": "Semen characteristics in thyroidectomized stallions.", "content": "Three Quarter-horse stallions were surgically thyroidectomized at 18 months of age. Weekly semen collections were made from these and three control stallions from 25 to 39 months of age. Although the induced state of hypothyroidism in young stallions has a depressing effect on libido and general animation and can be corrected by thyroprotein supplementation, semen characteristics, testicular histology and fertility are not affected by the operation.", "contents": "Semen characteristics in thyroidectomized stallions. Three Quarter-horse stallions were surgically thyroidectomized at 18 months of age. Weekly semen collections were made from these and three control stallions from 25 to 39 months of age. Although the induced state of hypothyroidism in young stallions has a depressing effect on libido and general animation and can be corrected by thyroprotein supplementation, semen characteristics, testicular histology and fertility are not affected by the operation.", "PMID": 1060877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3473", "title": "A study of the morphology of stallion semen during the breeding and non-breeding seasons.", "content": "Season was shown to markedly influence semen characteristics of stallions in Holland, including ejaculate volume, sperm motility, total number of spermatozoa/ejaculate and the percentage of spermatozoa showing morphological abnormalities. Maintenance of normal stallions in continuous light during the winter months and administration of a vitamin and mineral supplement to sub-fertile stallions before the start of the breeding season appeared to improve spermatogenesis significantly.", "contents": "A study of the morphology of stallion semen during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. Season was shown to markedly influence semen characteristics of stallions in Holland, including ejaculate volume, sperm motility, total number of spermatozoa/ejaculate and the percentage of spermatozoa showing morphological abnormalities. Maintenance of normal stallions in continuous light during the winter months and administration of a vitamin and mineral supplement to sub-fertile stallions before the start of the breeding season appeared to improve spermatogenesis significantly.", "PMID": 1060878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3474", "title": "Studies on the preservation of raw and frozen horse semen.", "content": "Retention of high motility of horse spermatozoa preserved at 4 degrees C was improved by a semen extender. Raw semen preserved for 2 to 8 hr at 4 degrees C gave an average conception rate of 67-3% but preservation for 1 to 2 days gave an extremely low conception rate. The conception rate from deep-frozen semen during 8 years was 56-3%.", "contents": "Studies on the preservation of raw and frozen horse semen. Retention of high motility of horse spermatozoa preserved at 4 degrees C was improved by a semen extender. Raw semen preserved for 2 to 8 hr at 4 degrees C gave an average conception rate of 67-3% but preservation for 1 to 2 days gave an extremely low conception rate. The conception rate from deep-frozen semen during 8 years was 56-3%.", "PMID": 1060880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3475", "title": "[Tumorous form of acute myeloid leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes a rare tumorous form of acute myeloid leukemia in a boy aged 4 and a half years. It appeared as unobtrusive swelling of the left upper lid and led to the diagnosis of leukemia. After the beginning of cytostatic therapy the swelling disappeared. In the preterminal state an excessive protrusio of the left globe occured which made the closure of the lid impossible. The right eye was never involved.", "contents": "[Tumorous form of acute myeloid leukemia (author's transl)]. The author describes a rare tumorous form of acute myeloid leukemia in a boy aged 4 and a half years. It appeared as unobtrusive swelling of the left upper lid and led to the diagnosis of leukemia. After the beginning of cytostatic therapy the swelling disappeared. In the preterminal state an excessive protrusio of the left globe occured which made the closure of the lid impossible. The right eye was never involved.", "PMID": 1060882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3476", "title": "Combination of membrane oxygenator support and pulmonary lavage for acute respiratory failure.", "content": "A 24-year-old woman with chronic granulocytic leukemia and alveolar proteinosis required extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support for respiratory failure refractory to conventional therapy. During perfusion, each lung was lavaged with 10 L. of normal saline. The lavage led to marked clearing of the lungs and improvement in pulmonary function. Extracorporeal support was terminated successfully after 54 hours. The patient died 2 weeks later with bone marrow insufficiency and overwhelming sepsis. Pulmonary lavage is technically feasible during venovenous oxygenator bypass, and may be of value, since such lavage debrides alveoli as well as the bronchial tree. Because pulmonary lavage provides a possible means of improving pulmonary function, it seems worthy of consideration as an adjunct to membrane oxygenator support.", "contents": "Combination of membrane oxygenator support and pulmonary lavage for acute respiratory failure. A 24-year-old woman with chronic granulocytic leukemia and alveolar proteinosis required extracorporeal membrane oxygenator support for respiratory failure refractory to conventional therapy. During perfusion, each lung was lavaged with 10 L. of normal saline. The lavage led to marked clearing of the lungs and improvement in pulmonary function. Extracorporeal support was terminated successfully after 54 hours. The patient died 2 weeks later with bone marrow insufficiency and overwhelming sepsis. Pulmonary lavage is technically feasible during venovenous oxygenator bypass, and may be of value, since such lavage debrides alveoli as well as the bronchial tree. Because pulmonary lavage provides a possible means of improving pulmonary function, it seems worthy of consideration as an adjunct to membrane oxygenator support.", "PMID": 1060893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3477", "title": "[Classification of skeletal neoplasms (author's transl)].", "content": "Complete documentation of the pathological spectrum of a great many similar cancer patients requires interdisciplinary coordination and the absence of ambition of any particular branch. The application of a TNM system devised by the authors for the classification of skeletal neoplasms showed in a retrospective study of 600 cases that the degree of infiltration into the periosteum and soft tissue, which opens more lymphatics to metastasizing tumor cells, is a more relevant parameter of the TNM system than the size of the tumor itself.", "contents": "[Classification of skeletal neoplasms (author's transl)]. Complete documentation of the pathological spectrum of a great many similar cancer patients requires interdisciplinary coordination and the absence of ambition of any particular branch. The application of a TNM system devised by the authors for the classification of skeletal neoplasms showed in a retrospective study of 600 cases that the degree of infiltration into the periosteum and soft tissue, which opens more lymphatics to metastasizing tumor cells, is a more relevant parameter of the TNM system than the size of the tumor itself.", "PMID": 1060905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3478", "title": "[Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of primary bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone scintigraphy has improved greatly since the introduction of bone-seeing short-lived radionuclides. The main field of interest is the search for metastases into bone. The uncharacteristic accumulation of radiopharmaceutical agents in different bone lesions makes specific diagnostic evaluations unlikely. With careful selection of cases, however, scintigraphy can also be used in primary bone tumors as a supplementary means of diagnosis as well as having a positive effect on treatment. Clinical examples are presented to demonstrate the range of application of bone scintigraphy.", "contents": "[Bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of primary bone tumors (author's transl)]. Bone scintigraphy has improved greatly since the introduction of bone-seeing short-lived radionuclides. The main field of interest is the search for metastases into bone. The uncharacteristic accumulation of radiopharmaceutical agents in different bone lesions makes specific diagnostic evaluations unlikely. With careful selection of cases, however, scintigraphy can also be used in primary bone tumors as a supplementary means of diagnosis as well as having a positive effect on treatment. Clinical examples are presented to demonstrate the range of application of bone scintigraphy.", "PMID": 1060906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3479", "title": "[The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The role of radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy in the primary treatment of osteogenic sarcomas and of Ewing's sarcoma is reviewed. In osteosarcoma radiotherapy can take the form of prophylactic total irradiation of the lung, but preoperative irradiation of the primary tumor has not proved successful. On the other hand, in Ewing's sarcoma primary and local irradiation is the therapy of choice, and is followed by adjuvant polychemotherapy over a long period.", "contents": "[The role of radiotherapy in the treatment of malignant bone tumors (author's transl)]. The role of radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy in the primary treatment of osteogenic sarcomas and of Ewing's sarcoma is reviewed. In osteosarcoma radiotherapy can take the form of prophylactic total irradiation of the lung, but preoperative irradiation of the primary tumor has not proved successful. On the other hand, in Ewing's sarcoma primary and local irradiation is the therapy of choice, and is followed by adjuvant polychemotherapy over a long period.", "PMID": 1060907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3480", "title": "[Surgical treatment of malignant bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important therapeutic principles for the surgical treatment of malignant bone tumors are listed, and the technique and value of biopsy are described in detail. General surgical principles of exochleation, resection, amputation, and exarticulation are given. Reconstructuve measures are touched on briefly, and delayed amputation is rejected. Treatment for metastatic disease is described. The most important malignant bone tumors are discussed, together with the most rational treatment for the, including cytostatic and radiation treatment.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of malignant bone tumors (author's transl)]. The most important therapeutic principles for the surgical treatment of malignant bone tumors are listed, and the technique and value of biopsy are described in detail. General surgical principles of exochleation, resection, amputation, and exarticulation are given. Reconstructuve measures are touched on briefly, and delayed amputation is rejected. Treatment for metastatic disease is described. The most important malignant bone tumors are discussed, together with the most rational treatment for the, including cytostatic and radiation treatment.", "PMID": 1060908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3481", "title": "[Malignant bone tumours in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the malignant bone tumors that occur in childhood, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma are of special interest with regard to therapeutic approach. Whereas in chondrosarcoma radical surgery is the treatment of choice, due to its resistance to radiation, the most efficient treatment for osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma has not yet been clearly defined. In the light of recepnt developments, delayed surgery following initial radiation in osteosarcoma, as advocated by Cade in 1947, has now been superseded by immediate amputation. In Ewing's sarcoma, radiation appears to be superior to surgical intervention, according to recent publications.", "contents": "[Malignant bone tumours in childhood (author's transl)]. Of the malignant bone tumors that occur in childhood, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma are of special interest with regard to therapeutic approach. Whereas in chondrosarcoma radical surgery is the treatment of choice, due to its resistance to radiation, the most efficient treatment for osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma has not yet been clearly defined. In the light of recepnt developments, delayed surgery following initial radiation in osteosarcoma, as advocated by Cade in 1947, has now been superseded by immediate amputation. In Ewing's sarcoma, radiation appears to be superior to surgical intervention, according to recent publications.", "PMID": 1060909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3482", "title": "[Thrombocythaemia - is there a primary form? ((author's transl)].", "content": "Within 5 years 11 patients with thrombocythaemia were admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. All cases were secondary forms in the course of other myelo-proliferative disorders. In one patient thrombocythaemia preceded the primary disorder for some time. There are some doubts whether the primary form of thrombocythaemia is an entity sui generis.", "contents": "[Thrombocythaemia - is there a primary form? ((author's transl)]. Within 5 years 11 patients with thrombocythaemia were admitted to the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg. All cases were secondary forms in the course of other myelo-proliferative disorders. In one patient thrombocythaemia preceded the primary disorder for some time. There are some doubts whether the primary form of thrombocythaemia is an entity sui generis.", "PMID": 1060913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3483", "title": "Adult-onset acid maltase deficiency. Morphologic and biochemical abnormalities reproduced in in cultured muscle.", "content": "We established muscle-tissue cultures from biopsy of a patient with adult-onset acid maltase deficiency. Morphologically and biochemically, the newly grown fibers of the cultured muscle showed the same abnormalities as those of the biopsied muscle. Light microscopy showed multiple vacuoles filled with acid-phosphatase-positive material; on ultrastructural examination there was abnormal accumulation of glycogen in membrane-bound sacs (secondary lysosomes), some of which also contained dark membranous of homogeneous material. Acid maltase (pH 4.0), a lysosomal enzyme, was undetectable in either cultured or biopsied muscle by maltose hydrolysis, whereas acid phosphatase, also a lysosomal enzyme, was increased in both sources of muscle cells. Cultured muscle fibers demonstrate the same morphologic and biochemical abnormalities characteristic of biopsied muscle, supporting the concept of a biochemically distinct primary myopathy in man.", "contents": "Adult-onset acid maltase deficiency. Morphologic and biochemical abnormalities reproduced in in cultured muscle. We established muscle-tissue cultures from biopsy of a patient with adult-onset acid maltase deficiency. Morphologically and biochemically, the newly grown fibers of the cultured muscle showed the same abnormalities as those of the biopsied muscle. Light microscopy showed multiple vacuoles filled with acid-phosphatase-positive material; on ultrastructural examination there was abnormal accumulation of glycogen in membrane-bound sacs (secondary lysosomes), some of which also contained dark membranous of homogeneous material. Acid maltase (pH 4.0), a lysosomal enzyme, was undetectable in either cultured or biopsied muscle by maltose hydrolysis, whereas acid phosphatase, also a lysosomal enzyme, was increased in both sources of muscle cells. Cultured muscle fibers demonstrate the same morphologic and biochemical abnormalities characteristic of biopsied muscle, supporting the concept of a biochemically distinct primary myopathy in man.", "PMID": 1060914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3484", "title": "Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency causing megaloblastic anemia in two families.", "content": "To determine the cause of severe megaloblastosis detected at birth and at four weeks in two unrelated infants their bone marrow and liver cells were studied. Both patients had abnormal deoxyuridine suppression tests, corrected to normal by 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid. Liver-cell homogenate from one patient had a previously undetectable level of dihydrofolate reductase restored to normal by high cation concentration in the assay. Activity of the liver-cell homogenate from the other patient, which was one quarter of the normal level, was restored to only half normal activity by high cation concentration. Dihydrofolic acid reductase deficiency prevents this conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid; the enzyme activity appears to differ in each patient. A satisfactory clinical response in both patients followed parenteral therapy with 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid. One sibling in each family died of a similar illness. Autosomal recessive inheritance is probable.", "contents": "Dihydrofolate reductase deficiency causing megaloblastic anemia in two families. To determine the cause of severe megaloblastosis detected at birth and at four weeks in two unrelated infants their bone marrow and liver cells were studied. Both patients had abnormal deoxyuridine suppression tests, corrected to normal by 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid. Liver-cell homogenate from one patient had a previously undetectable level of dihydrofolate reductase restored to normal by high cation concentration in the assay. Activity of the liver-cell homogenate from the other patient, which was one quarter of the normal level, was restored to only half normal activity by high cation concentration. Dihydrofolic acid reductase deficiency prevents this conversion of folic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid; the enzyme activity appears to differ in each patient. A satisfactory clinical response in both patients followed parenteral therapy with 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid. One sibling in each family died of a similar illness. Autosomal recessive inheritance is probable.", "PMID": 1060915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3485", "title": "[Bone scintigraphy in neurosurgical practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Skeletal scintigraphy employing the new 99mTc-labelled compounds-99mTc-diphosphonate and 99mTc-polyphosphate-has proved to be a reliable technique for the detection of primary and metastatic tumors as well as non-neoplastic conditions of the skeletal system including the skull and spine. Recent experiences in 26 consecutive neurosurgical patients are reported. The bone scintigraphy seems to be most valuable in the clinical management of patients suspected of harboring metastatic deposit in the nervous system. In patients with malignancies elsewhere, the incidence of bone metastases is unexpectedly high, but the radiographic survey often fails to reveal the lesions in the initial stage. Bone scintigraphy, on the other hand, is highly reliable in detecting the bone metastases in its earliest stage, and the routine use of bone scintigraphy in such cases would be expected to help avoiding the unnecessary surgical intervention, or changing the plan of management, for example, from surgery to the systemic chemotherapy. Futhermore, bone scintigraphy seems to be useful in selecting the suitable site for biopsy, or in determining the targets for radiation treatment.", "contents": "[Bone scintigraphy in neurosurgical practice (author's transl)]. Skeletal scintigraphy employing the new 99mTc-labelled compounds-99mTc-diphosphonate and 99mTc-polyphosphate-has proved to be a reliable technique for the detection of primary and metastatic tumors as well as non-neoplastic conditions of the skeletal system including the skull and spine. Recent experiences in 26 consecutive neurosurgical patients are reported. The bone scintigraphy seems to be most valuable in the clinical management of patients suspected of harboring metastatic deposit in the nervous system. In patients with malignancies elsewhere, the incidence of bone metastases is unexpectedly high, but the radiographic survey often fails to reveal the lesions in the initial stage. Bone scintigraphy, on the other hand, is highly reliable in detecting the bone metastases in its earliest stage, and the routine use of bone scintigraphy in such cases would be expected to help avoiding the unnecessary surgical intervention, or changing the plan of management, for example, from surgery to the systemic chemotherapy. Futhermore, bone scintigraphy seems to be useful in selecting the suitable site for biopsy, or in determining the targets for radiation treatment.", "PMID": 1060919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3486", "title": "The diagnosis of organic tricuspid valve disease.", "content": "Diagnostic features of organic tricuspid valve disease are discussed with emphasis on clinical features. Cardiac catheter data show considerable differences in assessment as do the chest radiographs. Measurement of the right atrial border from the vertebral edge is a reliable guide to diagnosis.", "contents": "The diagnosis of organic tricuspid valve disease. Diagnostic features of organic tricuspid valve disease are discussed with emphasis on clinical features. Cardiac catheter data show considerable differences in assessment as do the chest radiographs. Measurement of the right atrial border from the vertebral edge is a reliable guide to diagnosis.", "PMID": 1060933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3487", "title": "Sexual activity and contraception use in young adults.", "content": "241 (57 male and 184 female), well-educated, largely urban, young persons, voluntarily attended a lecture on sex; after the lecture they completed an anonymous questionnaire on their background, and attitudes to sex. A majority believed that premarital sexual activity was acceptable if there was some affectional tie between the couple. Most of the men were sexually active, while only a third of the women were so. However, a quarter of the sexually inexperienced men and women were engaging in forms of sexual stimulation which would seem to carry a high possibility of ending in intercourse. Knowledge of contraception, while high, tended to over-estimate the efficacy of the safe period and vaginal methods. Half the sexually active group had used contraception at sexual initiation but only a third had used reliable methods. Subsequent contraceptive practice however, was high (90 percent), with the pill being the most frequently used method. Twenty percent of the sexually active women had already been pregnant: of these only a quarter had carried their pregnancies to term. The limitations of the study are discussed and some suggestions for preventing pregnancy in the unmarried drawn.", "contents": "Sexual activity and contraception use in young adults. 241 (57 male and 184 female), well-educated, largely urban, young persons, voluntarily attended a lecture on sex; after the lecture they completed an anonymous questionnaire on their background, and attitudes to sex. A majority believed that premarital sexual activity was acceptable if there was some affectional tie between the couple. Most of the men were sexually active, while only a third of the women were so. However, a quarter of the sexually inexperienced men and women were engaging in forms of sexual stimulation which would seem to carry a high possibility of ending in intercourse. Knowledge of contraception, while high, tended to over-estimate the efficacy of the safe period and vaginal methods. Half the sexually active group had used contraception at sexual initiation but only a third had used reliable methods. Subsequent contraceptive practice however, was high (90 percent), with the pill being the most frequently used method. Twenty percent of the sexually active women had already been pregnant: of these only a quarter had carried their pregnancies to term. The limitations of the study are discussed and some suggestions for preventing pregnancy in the unmarried drawn.", "PMID": 1060934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3488", "title": "Ethanolamine oleate and acute renal failure.", "content": "Two patients suffered from acute renal failure following the use of a larger than usual volume of ethanolamine oleate during the injection of varicose veins. Prominent symptoms of headache, nausea and epigastric pain were associated with the onset of acute renal failure. Spontaneous recovery occurred.", "contents": "Ethanolamine oleate and acute renal failure. Two patients suffered from acute renal failure following the use of a larger than usual volume of ethanolamine oleate during the injection of varicose veins. Prominent symptoms of headache, nausea and epigastric pain were associated with the onset of acute renal failure. Spontaneous recovery occurred.", "PMID": 1060935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3489", "title": "The evaluation of continuing medical education.", "content": "To use the limited time available for the most benefit, practising doctors need presentations of maximal educational effectiveness. This effectiveness can be assessed by methods which are practical and acceptable. We can evaluate the educational process itself by assessing each presentation using selected criteria, by examining the appropriateness of programme content, and by obtaining the opinions of participants. We can evaluate changes in the knowledge of participants by seeking opinions from them and by building evaluation into educational sessions. We can look at patient-outcome in relation to education by seeking the opinions of informed observers and by building evaluation into clinical work.", "contents": "The evaluation of continuing medical education. To use the limited time available for the most benefit, practising doctors need presentations of maximal educational effectiveness. This effectiveness can be assessed by methods which are practical and acceptable. We can evaluate the educational process itself by assessing each presentation using selected criteria, by examining the appropriateness of programme content, and by obtaining the opinions of participants. We can evaluate changes in the knowledge of participants by seeking opinions from them and by building evaluation into educational sessions. We can look at patient-outcome in relation to education by seeking the opinions of informed observers and by building evaluation into clinical work.", "PMID": 1060936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3490", "title": "New Zealand trends in rheumatic fever: 1885-1971.", "content": "National statistics of rheumatic fever in New Zealand show falling mortality over the past 30 years. However, morbidity remains high, especially among Maori children. Community-based studies are under way to elucidate this important public health problem.", "contents": "New Zealand trends in rheumatic fever: 1885-1971. National statistics of rheumatic fever in New Zealand show falling mortality over the past 30 years. However, morbidity remains high, especially among Maori children. Community-based studies are under way to elucidate this important public health problem.", "PMID": 1060941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3491", "title": "Infrarenal dissection of the aorta.", "content": "Three patients with infrarenal aortic dissection are described and the pathogenesis, investigation and treatment of this condition briefly discussed.", "contents": "Infrarenal dissection of the aorta. Three patients with infrarenal aortic dissection are described and the pathogenesis, investigation and treatment of this condition briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1060942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3492", "title": "Late recurrence following acute haematogenous osteomyelitis.", "content": "The results of the treatment of 168 children with acute osteomyelitis in Auckland between 1951 and 1955 were reviewed with a particular interest in late recurrence. The early failure rate of 20 percent is comparable with other recent series. Follow-up of the 134 apparent cures revealed five late recurrences, an incidence of 3.0 percent but follow-up was incomplete (44 cases) and the late recurrence may be higher.", "contents": "Late recurrence following acute haematogenous osteomyelitis. The results of the treatment of 168 children with acute osteomyelitis in Auckland between 1951 and 1955 were reviewed with a particular interest in late recurrence. The early failure rate of 20 percent is comparable with other recent series. Follow-up of the 134 apparent cures revealed five late recurrences, an incidence of 3.0 percent but follow-up was incomplete (44 cases) and the late recurrence may be higher.", "PMID": 1060943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3493", "title": "Acute leukemia in advanced ovarian carcinoma after treatment with alkylating agents.", "content": "Two cases of advanced ovarian carcinoma treated with chlorambucil and terminating in acute leukemia are presented and the literature reviewed. The first patient was diagnosed by laparotomy as having Stage III ovarian carcinoma, and total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-ophorectomy were performed. After 7 years and 2 months of chemotherapy, acute myeloblastic leukemia was diagnosed, and the patient expired 4 months later. At autopsy no residual ovarian tumor was found. The second patient had a right oophorectomy after the diagnosis of Stage III ovarian carcinoma had been made. After 5 years and 9 months of chemotherapy she developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia and expired 2 months later, with residual ovarian tumor present on autopsy. The benefits of surgical reexploration in occasional cases of good clinical remission after chemotherapy are discussed in view of potential carcinogenicity of cytostatic agents.", "contents": "Acute leukemia in advanced ovarian carcinoma after treatment with alkylating agents. Two cases of advanced ovarian carcinoma treated with chlorambucil and terminating in acute leukemia are presented and the literature reviewed. The first patient was diagnosed by laparotomy as having Stage III ovarian carcinoma, and total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-ophorectomy were performed. After 7 years and 2 months of chemotherapy, acute myeloblastic leukemia was diagnosed, and the patient expired 4 months later. At autopsy no residual ovarian tumor was found. The second patient had a right oophorectomy after the diagnosis of Stage III ovarian carcinoma had been made. After 5 years and 9 months of chemotherapy she developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia and expired 2 months later, with residual ovarian tumor present on autopsy. The benefits of surgical reexploration in occasional cases of good clinical remission after chemotherapy are discussed in view of potential carcinogenicity of cytostatic agents.", "PMID": 1061006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3494", "title": "In vivo fluorine uptake in human enamel following treatment with a varnish containing sodium fluoride.", "content": "Fluorine concentrations were determined in three successive enamel layers (approximately 10, 10 and 25 microns in width) of 21 pairs of contralateral teeth, by etching with perchloric acid. The F-concentrations in five untreated pairs of teeth were measured and compared (Group I). A decrease in the F-content from about 1100 ppm in the outer layer to 400 ppm at 40 microns from the enamel surface was found. The differences in F-concentrations between contralateral teeth extracted from the same mouth were small and not statistically significant. In five teeth (Group II) th F-uptake was determined one day after a single topical application of a varnish which contained 5% NaF (Duraphat), and compared with the corresponding control contralateral teeth. A significantly increased concentration of F was observed in all analysed enamel layers of the treated teeth: 3270 +/- 128 (1048 +/- 145), 1520 +/- 97 (596 +/- 61), 567 +/- 52 (296 +/- 14) ppm. Values within brackets denote concentrations in control teeth. In another five teeth (Group III) the fluorine concentration was determined one week after a single application of Duraphat. A significant increase in the F-concentrations in three enamel layers of the test-teeth was found as compared to the control-teeth: 1732 +/- 156 (884 +/- 101), 904 +/- 82 (464 +/- 79) and 524 +/- 88 (296 +/- 24) ppm F. The test-teeth in this group contained less fluorine in the outermost enamel than did the teeth in group II. The difference was significant for the outer two layers. Approximately the same concentration of fluorine was found in test-teeth analysed five weeks after treatment as observed at one week, using same varnish (Group IV). The respective values were: 1795 +/- 410 (907 +/- 216), 749 +/- 135 (369 +/- 90), 382 +/- 88 (166 +/- 40) ppm. The F-increase was significant for all enamel layers analysed.", "contents": "In vivo fluorine uptake in human enamel following treatment with a varnish containing sodium fluoride. Fluorine concentrations were determined in three successive enamel layers (approximately 10, 10 and 25 microns in width) of 21 pairs of contralateral teeth, by etching with perchloric acid. The F-concentrations in five untreated pairs of teeth were measured and compared (Group I). A decrease in the F-content from about 1100 ppm in the outer layer to 400 ppm at 40 microns from the enamel surface was found. The differences in F-concentrations between contralateral teeth extracted from the same mouth were small and not statistically significant. In five teeth (Group II) th F-uptake was determined one day after a single topical application of a varnish which contained 5% NaF (Duraphat), and compared with the corresponding control contralateral teeth. A significantly increased concentration of F was observed in all analysed enamel layers of the treated teeth: 3270 +/- 128 (1048 +/- 145), 1520 +/- 97 (596 +/- 61), 567 +/- 52 (296 +/- 14) ppm. Values within brackets denote concentrations in control teeth. In another five teeth (Group III) the fluorine concentration was determined one week after a single application of Duraphat. A significant increase in the F-concentrations in three enamel layers of the test-teeth was found as compared to the control-teeth: 1732 +/- 156 (884 +/- 101), 904 +/- 82 (464 +/- 79) and 524 +/- 88 (296 +/- 24) ppm F. The test-teeth in this group contained less fluorine in the outermost enamel than did the teeth in group II. The difference was significant for the outer two layers. Approximately the same concentration of fluorine was found in test-teeth analysed five weeks after treatment as observed at one week, using same varnish (Group IV). The respective values were: 1795 +/- 410 (907 +/- 216), 749 +/- 135 (369 +/- 90), 382 +/- 88 (166 +/- 40) ppm. The F-increase was significant for all enamel layers analysed.", "PMID": 1061023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3495", "title": "Proton activation analysis studies on fluorine and nitrogen content of developing dental enamel.", "content": "Proton activation analysis, using the reactions 19F(p, alpha gamma)16O and 15N(p, alpha gamma)12C, was employed to study the fluorine and nitrogen content of developing rat molar enamel at various stages of maturation. Four groups of rats were utilized: Group I -- injected intraperitoneally at 6 days of age with 20 mg F/kg b.w. as sodium fluoride solution and terminated at 30 minutes and 1, 5 and 9 days postinjection; Group II -- injected in a similar way at 7 days of age and terminated 30 minutes and 1, 4 and 8 days postinjection; Group III -- injected with 10 mg F/kg, at 6, 15 and 19 days of age and terminated 30 minutes later; Group IV -- control animals injected with distilled water at 6 and 15 days of age respectively and terminated 30 minutes later. Analysis reflected decreasing nitrogen content in the enamel as maturation proceeded. However, fluorine concentrations were highest in all groups at the earlier stages of enamel development.", "contents": "Proton activation analysis studies on fluorine and nitrogen content of developing dental enamel. Proton activation analysis, using the reactions 19F(p, alpha gamma)16O and 15N(p, alpha gamma)12C, was employed to study the fluorine and nitrogen content of developing rat molar enamel at various stages of maturation. Four groups of rats were utilized: Group I -- injected intraperitoneally at 6 days of age with 20 mg F/kg b.w. as sodium fluoride solution and terminated at 30 minutes and 1, 5 and 9 days postinjection; Group II -- injected in a similar way at 7 days of age and terminated 30 minutes and 1, 4 and 8 days postinjection; Group III -- injected with 10 mg F/kg, at 6, 15 and 19 days of age and terminated 30 minutes later; Group IV -- control animals injected with distilled water at 6 and 15 days of age respectively and terminated 30 minutes later. Analysis reflected decreasing nitrogen content in the enamel as maturation proceeded. However, fluorine concentrations were highest in all groups at the earlier stages of enamel development.", "PMID": 1061024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3496", "title": "Structural studies on polysaccharides synthetised from sucrose by soluble enzymes in human dental plaque material.", "content": "Soluble enzymes in human dental plaque material were shown to synthetise a polysaccharide material when incubated with sucrose. The polysaccharide mixture was fractionated by gel chromatography and the major fraction (Mw congruent to 95,000) was characterised as a mixture of a alpha-(1 leads to 6)-linked glucan with branches linked alpha-(1 leads to 3) to the main chain and a beta-(2 leads to 6)-linked fructan with branches in the 1-position of the chain residues.", "contents": "Structural studies on polysaccharides synthetised from sucrose by soluble enzymes in human dental plaque material. Soluble enzymes in human dental plaque material were shown to synthetise a polysaccharide material when incubated with sucrose. The polysaccharide mixture was fractionated by gel chromatography and the major fraction (Mw congruent to 95,000) was characterised as a mixture of a alpha-(1 leads to 6)-linked glucan with branches linked alpha-(1 leads to 3) to the main chain and a beta-(2 leads to 6)-linked fructan with branches in the 1-position of the chain residues.", "PMID": 1061025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3497", "title": "Characteristics of Streptococcus milleri and Streptococcus mitior from infected dental root canals.", "content": "Morphological and physiological characteristics of 103 streptococcal isolates obtained from positive routine cultures of material from dental root canals at filling, were studied. The majority of the isolates were those which at a primary identification not fullfilled the criteria of enterococci, Strep. sanguis, Strep. mutans or Strep. salivarius. Only a few representative strains of the latter types were included in the study as a control of the method. The resemblance of the 103 isolates to 38 reference strains were assessed with numerical methods. The isolates formed 9 clusters with reference strains occurring in all but one. Of the isolates which it was intended to identify and characterize with numerical taxonomic analysis, all but one joined one of 3 clusters and were identified as Strep. milleri or Strep. mitior (mitis). The most useful cultural characteristics to dfferentiate the two species were growth on the sulphonamide containing MC-agar and 7.5% bile blood agar by Strep. milleri and production of hydrogen peroxide by Strep. mitior. The characteristics of the strains in the nine 80-phenons are given in Table 2. Other characteristics that appeared to be of interest for differentiating Strep. milleri from Strep. mitior and these two species from other viridans streptococci are underlined in Table 2. Strep. milleri seems not earlier to have been reported to occur in infected root canals. The occurrence of Strep. milleri is in agreement with the data given on serological groups found among streptococcal isolates from routine root canal cultures. Little is known about the occurrence and distribution of Strep. milleri in the human oral cavity, which therefore warrant further investigations.", "contents": "Characteristics of Streptococcus milleri and Streptococcus mitior from infected dental root canals. Morphological and physiological characteristics of 103 streptococcal isolates obtained from positive routine cultures of material from dental root canals at filling, were studied. The majority of the isolates were those which at a primary identification not fullfilled the criteria of enterococci, Strep. sanguis, Strep. mutans or Strep. salivarius. Only a few representative strains of the latter types were included in the study as a control of the method. The resemblance of the 103 isolates to 38 reference strains were assessed with numerical methods. The isolates formed 9 clusters with reference strains occurring in all but one. Of the isolates which it was intended to identify and characterize with numerical taxonomic analysis, all but one joined one of 3 clusters and were identified as Strep. milleri or Strep. mitior (mitis). The most useful cultural characteristics to dfferentiate the two species were growth on the sulphonamide containing MC-agar and 7.5% bile blood agar by Strep. milleri and production of hydrogen peroxide by Strep. mitior. The characteristics of the strains in the nine 80-phenons are given in Table 2. Other characteristics that appeared to be of interest for differentiating Strep. milleri from Strep. mitior and these two species from other viridans streptococci are underlined in Table 2. Strep. milleri seems not earlier to have been reported to occur in infected root canals. The occurrence of Strep. milleri is in agreement with the data given on serological groups found among streptococcal isolates from routine root canal cultures. Little is known about the occurrence and distribution of Strep. milleri in the human oral cavity, which therefore warrant further investigations.", "PMID": 1061026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3498", "title": "Cytogenetic and histochemical analysis of experimental oral carcinogenesis in the rat.", "content": "The present investigation has shown that in chemical carcinogenesis progression of malignant epithelial changes in associated with an increased number of cells with chromosomal deviations. Each out of two oncogenic agents with different chemical characteristics had its own non-random pattern. There was usually a close relationship between such chromosomal changes and the simultaneous presence of morphological atypia (dysplasia) and metabolic atypia (aberrant G-6-P.DH activity) from moderate dysplasia and onwards during carcinogenesis. Changes in X-chromosomes, which i.a. in human code the synthesis of G-6-P.DH molecules, could perhaps explain and be reflected in deviating metabolic reactions in premalignant cells.", "contents": "Cytogenetic and histochemical analysis of experimental oral carcinogenesis in the rat. The present investigation has shown that in chemical carcinogenesis progression of malignant epithelial changes in associated with an increased number of cells with chromosomal deviations. Each out of two oncogenic agents with different chemical characteristics had its own non-random pattern. There was usually a close relationship between such chromosomal changes and the simultaneous presence of morphological atypia (dysplasia) and metabolic atypia (aberrant G-6-P.DH activity) from moderate dysplasia and onwards during carcinogenesis. Changes in X-chromosomes, which i.a. in human code the synthesis of G-6-P.DH molecules, could perhaps explain and be reflected in deviating metabolic reactions in premalignant cells.", "PMID": 1061027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3499", "title": "Metastatic melanoma of the maxilla presenting as a gingival swelling.", "content": "Malignant melanoma metastatic to the gingiva has been reported only once. We present a case in which the occurrence of melanoma in the gingiva followed extraction of a periapically \"abscessed\" tooth. Since the initial periapical mass may well have been a metastatic tumor, particularly in a patient undergoing therapy for disseminated malignant disease, the need for biopsy of such lesions is emphasized.", "contents": "Metastatic melanoma of the maxilla presenting as a gingival swelling. Malignant melanoma metastatic to the gingiva has been reported only once. We present a case in which the occurrence of melanoma in the gingiva followed extraction of a periapically \"abscessed\" tooth. Since the initial periapical mass may well have been a metastatic tumor, particularly in a patient undergoing therapy for disseminated malignant disease, the need for biopsy of such lesions is emphasized.", "PMID": 1061028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3500", "title": "The effects of thermal and electrical injury on pulpal histamine levels.", "content": "The present investigation was undertaken to determine possible quantitative changes in porcine pulpal histamine levels following thermal and electrical insult. Quantitative spectrophotofluorometric assays revealed a fourfold increase in pulpal histamine levels within 30 minutes of thermal injury. These findings suggest that histamine may play a role in the initial stages of pulpal inflammation. Electrical insult was found to have no significant effect on pulpal histamine contents 30 minutes after insult. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of thermal and electrical injury on pulpal histamine levels. The present investigation was undertaken to determine possible quantitative changes in porcine pulpal histamine levels following thermal and electrical insult. Quantitative spectrophotofluorometric assays revealed a fourfold increase in pulpal histamine levels within 30 minutes of thermal injury. These findings suggest that histamine may play a role in the initial stages of pulpal inflammation. Electrical insult was found to have no significant effect on pulpal histamine contents 30 minutes after insult. The possible implications of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1061029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3501", "title": "Change in working length following instrumentation of molar canals.", "content": "A study was undertaken to determine the reduction in working length following instrumentation of molar canals. A sample of forty maxillary and forty mandibular extracted teeth was used. The canals were measured before and after instrumentation. The greatest changes were observed in the mesiobuccal canal of the maxillary molars, which showed a mean reduction of 0.35 mm. with a range of 0.8 mm. The smallest changes were observed in the palatal canal of the maxillary molars and the distal canal of the mandibular molars. These canals showed a mean change of less than 0.1 mm. None of the changes were statistically significant.", "contents": "Change in working length following instrumentation of molar canals. A study was undertaken to determine the reduction in working length following instrumentation of molar canals. A sample of forty maxillary and forty mandibular extracted teeth was used. The canals were measured before and after instrumentation. The greatest changes were observed in the mesiobuccal canal of the maxillary molars, which showed a mean reduction of 0.35 mm. with a range of 0.8 mm. The smallest changes were observed in the palatal canal of the maxillary molars and the distal canal of the mandibular molars. These canals showed a mean change of less than 0.1 mm. None of the changes were statistically significant.", "PMID": 1061030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3502", "title": "Radiographic interpretation of so-called developmental defect of mandible.", "content": "Ten cases of so-called development defect were detected on panoramic radiograms. One of them was bilocular, two were round, three were ovoid, and four were half-ovoid. Eight were in men and two were in women. These cystlike lesions are sometimes misdiagnosed as epithelium-lined cysts or benign tumors, such as ameloblastoma. For the detection of this kind of defect, panoramic radiography is available, and the lesion is differentiated from many cysts and tumors in the jaws by posteroanterior projection and occlusal films. From the published literature, some tendencies of age distribution and sex incidence were reviewed.", "contents": "Radiographic interpretation of so-called developmental defect of mandible. Ten cases of so-called development defect were detected on panoramic radiograms. One of them was bilocular, two were round, three were ovoid, and four were half-ovoid. Eight were in men and two were in women. These cystlike lesions are sometimes misdiagnosed as epithelium-lined cysts or benign tumors, such as ameloblastoma. For the detection of this kind of defect, panoramic radiography is available, and the lesion is differentiated from many cysts and tumors in the jaws by posteroanterior projection and occlusal films. From the published literature, some tendencies of age distribution and sex incidence were reviewed.", "PMID": 1061031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3503", "title": "Warthin's tumor. Report of a case and survey of 205 salivary neoplasms.", "content": "A case of Warthin's tumor with an unusual sialographic appearance is reported. The extensive pooling of the contrast media within the tumor was probably the result of communication of the cystic spaces of the tumor with the ductal system of the parotid gland. This case stimulated a re-examination of the incidence of this tumor, with a study of 205 major salivary gland tumors from pathology reports in the files of Hartford Hospital which is affiliated with the University of Connecticut Health Center in Farmington, Connecticut.", "contents": "Warthin's tumor. Report of a case and survey of 205 salivary neoplasms. A case of Warthin's tumor with an unusual sialographic appearance is reported. The extensive pooling of the contrast media within the tumor was probably the result of communication of the cystic spaces of the tumor with the ductal system of the parotid gland. This case stimulated a re-examination of the incidence of this tumor, with a study of 205 major salivary gland tumors from pathology reports in the files of Hartford Hospital which is affiliated with the University of Connecticut Health Center in Farmington, Connecticut.", "PMID": 1061032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3504", "title": "The retrognathic mandible--surgical correction.", "content": "The preceding case reports demonstrate the excellent results available to the patient with a retrognathic mandible. Etiology, adverse effects, and the modalities used in evaluation of the underdeveloped mandible have been discussed. The age at which surgical intervention is undertaken needs additional input by clinicians. Several surgical procedures have been and are employed to advance the mandible. The C osteotomy is recommended since the final result has been excellent and consistent. The surgeon has constant surgical control and vision. The advanced portion of the mandible can be firmly held by intraosseous wires. There is minimak disturbance of muscle position and the inferior alveolar nerve. We have not encountered unusual loss of blood, immediate postoperative problems with the airway, infection, or unfavorable relapse. A postoperative regimen that has been found rewarding is discussed. We have come to the conclusion that most patients can tolerate lengthy surgical procedures with few adverse side effects. Our colleagues in anesthesia and nursing provide superb operative and postoperative care. When the preoperative work-up indicates that more than one procedure is indicated, we recommend that the total surgical treatment plan be carried through at one operation, although occasionally this approach may be contraindicated. We should strive for perfection and can fall short of this goal when a patient will not return for additional surgical procedures which could have been accomplished during the first operation. Although good results have been experienced with both the C osteotomy and the sagittal split osteotomy, we believe that the C osteotomy is a superior procedure. However, this does not imply that the sagittal split osteotomy should not be a part of the armamentarium of the oral surgeon. In conclusion, the C osteotomy, the sagittal split osteotomy, genioplasty, and additional procedures--such as a mandibular alveolar osteotomy to intrude supraerupted teeth--when indicated, can provide very favorable results in cases of retrognathia or micrognathia of the mandible.", "contents": "The retrognathic mandible--surgical correction. The preceding case reports demonstrate the excellent results available to the patient with a retrognathic mandible. Etiology, adverse effects, and the modalities used in evaluation of the underdeveloped mandible have been discussed. The age at which surgical intervention is undertaken needs additional input by clinicians. Several surgical procedures have been and are employed to advance the mandible. The C osteotomy is recommended since the final result has been excellent and consistent. The surgeon has constant surgical control and vision. The advanced portion of the mandible can be firmly held by intraosseous wires. There is minimak disturbance of muscle position and the inferior alveolar nerve. We have not encountered unusual loss of blood, immediate postoperative problems with the airway, infection, or unfavorable relapse. A postoperative regimen that has been found rewarding is discussed. We have come to the conclusion that most patients can tolerate lengthy surgical procedures with few adverse side effects. Our colleagues in anesthesia and nursing provide superb operative and postoperative care. When the preoperative work-up indicates that more than one procedure is indicated, we recommend that the total surgical treatment plan be carried through at one operation, although occasionally this approach may be contraindicated. We should strive for perfection and can fall short of this goal when a patient will not return for additional surgical procedures which could have been accomplished during the first operation. Although good results have been experienced with both the C osteotomy and the sagittal split osteotomy, we believe that the C osteotomy is a superior procedure. However, this does not imply that the sagittal split osteotomy should not be a part of the armamentarium of the oral surgeon. In conclusion, the C osteotomy, the sagittal split osteotomy, genioplasty, and additional procedures--such as a mandibular alveolar osteotomy to intrude supraerupted teeth--when indicated, can provide very favorable results in cases of retrognathia or micrognathia of the mandible.", "PMID": 1061034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3505", "title": "Potential of elastin and collagen as initiators of in vivo calcification.", "content": "The osseous repair response of the guinea pig to purified bovine elastin from ligamentum nuchae and decalcified rat femur collagen was studied by implantation of these materials into an extraction socket. A nylon mesh tube was used to carry the respective implant materials to place, and in one group of animals only the nylon tube was implanted, thereby serving as a control for the study. Neither the collagen or elastin matrix appeared to elicit an immune rejection response from the host animal. Histologic and quantitative results indicated that collagen implants accelerated the osseous repair of the extraction socket. Elastin implants, which characteristically resulted in ossicle formation, did not appear to accelerate healing, but the results were quantitatively similar to those in the experimental control animals.", "contents": "Potential of elastin and collagen as initiators of in vivo calcification. The osseous repair response of the guinea pig to purified bovine elastin from ligamentum nuchae and decalcified rat femur collagen was studied by implantation of these materials into an extraction socket. A nylon mesh tube was used to carry the respective implant materials to place, and in one group of animals only the nylon tube was implanted, thereby serving as a control for the study. Neither the collagen or elastin matrix appeared to elicit an immune rejection response from the host animal. Histologic and quantitative results indicated that collagen implants accelerated the osseous repair of the extraction socket. Elastin implants, which characteristically resulted in ossicle formation, did not appear to accelerate healing, but the results were quantitatively similar to those in the experimental control animals.", "PMID": 1061035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3506", "title": "Nomalike lesion in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "A case in which a nomalike lesion occurred in a patient being treated for chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been reported. Differential diagnosis of noma from other oral gangrenous processes has been described. The pathophysiology of systemic disease and blood dyscrasias contributing to the development of the lesion has been discussed with reference to management and treatment. A review of the literature is included.", "contents": "Nomalike lesion in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Review of the literature and report of a case. A case in which a nomalike lesion occurred in a patient being treated for chronic lymphocytic leukemia has been reported. Differential diagnosis of noma from other oral gangrenous processes has been described. The pathophysiology of systemic disease and blood dyscrasias contributing to the development of the lesion has been discussed with reference to management and treatment. A review of the literature is included.", "PMID": 1061036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3507", "title": "A clinical study of cysts arising from mucosa of the maxillary sinus.", "content": "Panorex radiographs taken during the past 5 years at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry were reviewed for evidence of mucosal cysts of the maxillary sinus. Thirteen patients with this lesion were recalled for re-evaluation of their status. Ten of the patients had symptoms that could be related to the involved sinus. These included stuffiness, fullness, postnasal drip, gushing of yellow fluid from the nose, and headache. Radiographic examination revealed that three of the cysts had increased is size, three had decreased in size, three had not changed in size, and two had disappeared; no evaluation could be made on two. On the basis of radiographic, transillumination, history, and clinical findings, the nine cysts that could be evaluated were diagnosed as being of the nonsecretory type of mucosal cyst. We recommended periodic radiographic examination for this type of lesion. Surgical intervention is necessary only if destruction of surrounding bone has occurred or recurrence of disturbing symptoms is reported.", "contents": "A clinical study of cysts arising from mucosa of the maxillary sinus. Panorex radiographs taken during the past 5 years at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry were reviewed for evidence of mucosal cysts of the maxillary sinus. Thirteen patients with this lesion were recalled for re-evaluation of their status. Ten of the patients had symptoms that could be related to the involved sinus. These included stuffiness, fullness, postnasal drip, gushing of yellow fluid from the nose, and headache. Radiographic examination revealed that three of the cysts had increased is size, three had decreased in size, three had not changed in size, and two had disappeared; no evaluation could be made on two. On the basis of radiographic, transillumination, history, and clinical findings, the nine cysts that could be evaluated were diagnosed as being of the nonsecretory type of mucosal cyst. We recommended periodic radiographic examination for this type of lesion. Surgical intervention is necessary only if destruction of surrounding bone has occurred or recurrence of disturbing symptoms is reported.", "PMID": 1061037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3508", "title": "Florid osseous dysplasia. A clinical-pathologic study of thirty-four cases.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with florid osseous dysplasia were studied. The majority were asymptomatic Negro women: Seventeen biopsy-proven simple bone cysts were found in affected quadrants of fourteen patients. Radiographs displayed a spectrum of sclerotic and ground-glass opacities limited to alveolar processes but not to root apices. Biopsy material was studied in all cases, and biochemical analyses of serum and cyst fluid were performed on some patients. Test results and skeletal radiographs indicate that the disease is limited to the jaws. Patients have remained asymptomatic with little alteration of radiographic patterns. Three cysts failed to heal following treatment, others filled with radiographically abnormal tissue. Chronic osteomyelitis may infrequently complicate the disease. These cases appear to represent the most exuberant manifestation of this reactive fibro-osseous jaw disease.", "contents": "Florid osseous dysplasia. A clinical-pathologic study of thirty-four cases. Thirty-four patients with florid osseous dysplasia were studied. The majority were asymptomatic Negro women: Seventeen biopsy-proven simple bone cysts were found in affected quadrants of fourteen patients. Radiographs displayed a spectrum of sclerotic and ground-glass opacities limited to alveolar processes but not to root apices. Biopsy material was studied in all cases, and biochemical analyses of serum and cyst fluid were performed on some patients. Test results and skeletal radiographs indicate that the disease is limited to the jaws. Patients have remained asymptomatic with little alteration of radiographic patterns. Three cysts failed to heal following treatment, others filled with radiographically abnormal tissue. Chronic osteomyelitis may infrequently complicate the disease. These cases appear to represent the most exuberant manifestation of this reactive fibro-osseous jaw disease.", "PMID": 1061039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3509", "title": "The effect of radiation-induced xerostomia on saliva and serum lysozyme and immunoglobulin levels.", "content": "Saliva and serum lysozyme, immunoglobulin, albumin, and total protein levels were monitored in thirty patients with cancer of the head or neck before, during, and after radiotherapy and compared with those of a group of non-irradiated noncancer control subjects. The mean volume-based saliva lysozyme and total protein concentrations were significantly higher in the cancer patients before radiotherapy than in the control group. During radiotherapy, the mean volume-based concentrations of all protein components assayed increased as the saliva flow rate decreased. Protein-based ratios of saliva albumin, IgG, and lysozyme and the ratio of IgG/IgA increased as the xerostomia intensified. Ratios of saliva total protein and IgA to flow rate paralleled the flow rate decrease. Such increased concentrations in saliva immunoproteins were offset, however, by a greater than 93 per cent reduction in total saliva output. This reduced saliva output, therefore, resulted in an immunoprotein deficit. There were no significant differences between the mean serum lysozyme levels of the cancer and control groups at any point of comparison. The mean serum immunoglobulin concentrations in the cancer patients before radiotherapy were significantly higher than those in the control group. During radiotherapy, there was a decrease in the mean serum total protein, albumin, and immunoglobulin levels which reverted toward the pretreatment values during the postirradiation period.", "contents": "The effect of radiation-induced xerostomia on saliva and serum lysozyme and immunoglobulin levels. Saliva and serum lysozyme, immunoglobulin, albumin, and total protein levels were monitored in thirty patients with cancer of the head or neck before, during, and after radiotherapy and compared with those of a group of non-irradiated noncancer control subjects. The mean volume-based saliva lysozyme and total protein concentrations were significantly higher in the cancer patients before radiotherapy than in the control group. During radiotherapy, the mean volume-based concentrations of all protein components assayed increased as the saliva flow rate decreased. Protein-based ratios of saliva albumin, IgG, and lysozyme and the ratio of IgG/IgA increased as the xerostomia intensified. Ratios of saliva total protein and IgA to flow rate paralleled the flow rate decrease. Such increased concentrations in saliva immunoproteins were offset, however, by a greater than 93 per cent reduction in total saliva output. This reduced saliva output, therefore, resulted in an immunoprotein deficit. There were no significant differences between the mean serum lysozyme levels of the cancer and control groups at any point of comparison. The mean serum immunoglobulin concentrations in the cancer patients before radiotherapy were significantly higher than those in the control group. During radiotherapy, there was a decrease in the mean serum total protein, albumin, and immunoglobulin levels which reverted toward the pretreatment values during the postirradiation period.", "PMID": 1061040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3510", "title": "Bilateral eosinophilic granuloma of the mandible.", "content": "A case of extensive bilateral eosinophilic granuloma of the mandible has been reported. The pertinent clinical features have been emphasized and difficulties in diagnosis have been discussed. The case highlights the problem that faces the surgeon and pathologist when there is a superimposed chronic osteomyelitis. If the lesion had been limited to the left side of the mandible and if the possibility of eosinophilic granuloma had not been raised on histologic grounds at the time of original exploration, then a correct diagnosis might not have been reached.", "contents": "Bilateral eosinophilic granuloma of the mandible. A case of extensive bilateral eosinophilic granuloma of the mandible has been reported. The pertinent clinical features have been emphasized and difficulties in diagnosis have been discussed. The case highlights the problem that faces the surgeon and pathologist when there is a superimposed chronic osteomyelitis. If the lesion had been limited to the left side of the mandible and if the possibility of eosinophilic granuloma had not been raised on histologic grounds at the time of original exploration, then a correct diagnosis might not have been reached.", "PMID": 1061041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3511", "title": "Estimates of stratospheric pollution by an analytic model.", "content": "With suitable choices of the height profile of eddy diffusion coefficient, the vertical flow of an inert tracer is given by an analytic solution. Odd nitrogen, or NOX, from aircraft exhausts can be regarded as such a tracer, and the amount in the stratosphere resulting from a source of a given strength can be immediately calculated. The resulting destruction of ozone is then estimated with the help of a formula obtained from earlier work.", "contents": "Estimates of stratospheric pollution by an analytic model. With suitable choices of the height profile of eddy diffusion coefficient, the vertical flow of an inert tracer is given by an analytic solution. Odd nitrogen, or NOX, from aircraft exhausts can be regarded as such a tracer, and the amount in the stratosphere resulting from a source of a given strength can be immediately calculated. The resulting destruction of ozone is then estimated with the help of a formula obtained from earlier work.", "PMID": 1061065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3512", "title": "Inhibition of citrate synthase by oleoyl-CoA: a regulatory phenomenon.", "content": "Fatty acyl-CoAs are good detergents (dritical micelle concentrations = 3-4 muM) and can inhibit a number of enzymes, including some involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. The regulatory significance of fatty acyl-CoAs as negative effectors has been questioned largely because of the difficulties in distinguishing possible nonspecific detergent effects from more specific regulatory interactions with these enzymes. A new analogue of oleoyl-CoA, oleoyl-(1, N6-etheno)-CoA, is a better detergent (critical micelle concentration = 3.2 muM) than oleoyl-CoA (critical micelle concentration = 4.7 muM). This new analogue is not as good (by an order of magnitude) an inhibitor of citrate synthase [citrate oxaloacetatelyase (pro-3S-CH2-COO-vectoracetyl-CoA); EC 4.1.3.7] nor is it bound as well oleoyl-CoA. Since the only difference between these two compounds is substitution of 1,N6-ethenoadenine for the adenine of CoA, the difference in inhibition and binding implies a specific interaction between the adenine moiety of oleoyl-CoA and citrate synthase. Moreover, since oleoyl-(1,N6-etheno)CoA is a better detergent than oleoyl-CoA, the detergency of oleoyl-CoA is not the sole cause of the fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of citrate synthase. These results support a physiological role for oleoyl-CoA as a negative effector for citrate synthase. An analogous physiological role for fatty acyl-CoA as negative effectors for other enzymes seems reasonable.", "contents": "Inhibition of citrate synthase by oleoyl-CoA: a regulatory phenomenon. Fatty acyl-CoAs are good detergents (dritical micelle concentrations = 3-4 muM) and can inhibit a number of enzymes, including some involved in fatty acid biosynthesis. The regulatory significance of fatty acyl-CoAs as negative effectors has been questioned largely because of the difficulties in distinguishing possible nonspecific detergent effects from more specific regulatory interactions with these enzymes. A new analogue of oleoyl-CoA, oleoyl-(1, N6-etheno)-CoA, is a better detergent (critical micelle concentration = 3.2 muM) than oleoyl-CoA (critical micelle concentration = 4.7 muM). This new analogue is not as good (by an order of magnitude) an inhibitor of citrate synthase [citrate oxaloacetatelyase (pro-3S-CH2-COO-vectoracetyl-CoA); EC 4.1.3.7] nor is it bound as well oleoyl-CoA. Since the only difference between these two compounds is substitution of 1,N6-ethenoadenine for the adenine of CoA, the difference in inhibition and binding implies a specific interaction between the adenine moiety of oleoyl-CoA and citrate synthase. Moreover, since oleoyl-(1,N6-etheno)CoA is a better detergent than oleoyl-CoA, the detergency of oleoyl-CoA is not the sole cause of the fatty acyl-CoA inhibition of citrate synthase. These results support a physiological role for oleoyl-CoA as a negative effector for citrate synthase. An analogous physiological role for fatty acyl-CoA as negative effectors for other enzymes seems reasonable.", "PMID": 1061066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3513", "title": "Energy transfer between terbium (III) and cobalt (II) in thermolysin: a new class of metal--metal distance probes.", "content": "The visible fluorescence of terbium(III) when bound to a calcium binding site of thermolysin is greatly enhanced with an excitation maximum at 280 nm but substitution of cobalt(II) for zinc at the active site decreases the intensity by 89.5%. Treatment with N-bromosuccinimide quenches enzyme tryptophan and Tb(III) fluorescence to a similar extent and suggests the operation of tryptophan vector Tb(III) vector Co(II) energy relay system in the enzyme. Dipoledipole radiationless energy transfer between the Tb(III) donor and the Co(II) acceptor can account for this quenching. The inherent characteristics of the metal pair limits the value of the orientation factor, K2, of the F\u00f6rster equation, thereby reducing uncertainties in distance measurements by energy transfer compared with other systems. A quantum yield of 0.51 yields a value of R0, the distance for 50% energy transfer, of 19.6 A, and a distance, R, between Tb(III) and Co(II) of 13.7 A, a value identical to that measured for the distance between the active site zinc atom and calcium atom number 1 by x-ray analysis in native thermolysin crystals. The limits of confidence of this measurement are discussed. Energy transfer between two different metal atom sites of a protein provides a new class of probes to measure intramolecular distances of biological macromolecules in solution.", "contents": "Energy transfer between terbium (III) and cobalt (II) in thermolysin: a new class of metal--metal distance probes. The visible fluorescence of terbium(III) when bound to a calcium binding site of thermolysin is greatly enhanced with an excitation maximum at 280 nm but substitution of cobalt(II) for zinc at the active site decreases the intensity by 89.5%. Treatment with N-bromosuccinimide quenches enzyme tryptophan and Tb(III) fluorescence to a similar extent and suggests the operation of tryptophan vector Tb(III) vector Co(II) energy relay system in the enzyme. Dipoledipole radiationless energy transfer between the Tb(III) donor and the Co(II) acceptor can account for this quenching. The inherent characteristics of the metal pair limits the value of the orientation factor, K2, of the F\u00f6rster equation, thereby reducing uncertainties in distance measurements by energy transfer compared with other systems. A quantum yield of 0.51 yields a value of R0, the distance for 50% energy transfer, of 19.6 A, and a distance, R, between Tb(III) and Co(II) of 13.7 A, a value identical to that measured for the distance between the active site zinc atom and calcium atom number 1 by x-ray analysis in native thermolysin crystals. The limits of confidence of this measurement are discussed. Energy transfer between two different metal atom sites of a protein provides a new class of probes to measure intramolecular distances of biological macromolecules in solution.", "PMID": 1061067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3514", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two acidic proteins of 60s ribosomes from Artemia salina cysts.", "content": "60S ribosomes from encysted gastrulae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina contain two acidic proteins, which are homologous to the Escherichia coli proteins L7 and L12. The proteins were purified and characterized with respect to molecular weight, amino-acid composition, peptide maps, and their functional requirement in the elongation factor dependent binding of aminoacyl transfer RNA to the ribosome.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two acidic proteins of 60s ribosomes from Artemia salina cysts. 60S ribosomes from encysted gastrulae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina contain two acidic proteins, which are homologous to the Escherichia coli proteins L7 and L12. The proteins were purified and characterized with respect to molecular weight, amino-acid composition, peptide maps, and their functional requirement in the elongation factor dependent binding of aminoacyl transfer RNA to the ribosome.", "PMID": 1061068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3515", "title": "Lambda repressor turns off transcription of its own gene.", "content": "We report transcription in vitro of the lambda repressor gene, cI, using specific restriction endonuclease fragments as templates. This transcription is repressed by lambda repressor. Moreover, we report the sequence change caused by a cI promoter mutation. This change is located between two repressor binding sites in the rightward operator (OR). Transcription studies using mutant templates indicate that repressor bound to two sites in OR regulates transcription of gene tof, and repressor bound to the remaining site(s) controls transcription of cI.", "contents": "Lambda repressor turns off transcription of its own gene. We report transcription in vitro of the lambda repressor gene, cI, using specific restriction endonuclease fragments as templates. This transcription is repressed by lambda repressor. Moreover, we report the sequence change caused by a cI promoter mutation. This change is located between two repressor binding sites in the rightward operator (OR). Transcription studies using mutant templates indicate that repressor bound to two sites in OR regulates transcription of gene tof, and repressor bound to the remaining site(s) controls transcription of cI.", "PMID": 1061069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3516", "title": "Reconstruction of bacteriophage T4 DNA replication apparatus from purified components: rolling circle replication following de novo chain initiation on a single-stranded circular DNA template.", "content": "The protein products of T4 bacteriophage genes 41, 43, 45, 44, and 62 have been purified to near homogeneity using an assay which measures their stimulation of DNA synthesis in a crude lysate of Escherichia coli cells in fected by an appropriate mutant phage. When all of these proteins and T4 gene 32 protein are incubated in the presence of deoxyribonucleoside and ribonucleoside triphosphates, extensive DNA synthesis occurs on both single and double-stranded DNA templates. Analysis of this in vitro system reveals most of the features attributed to in vivo DNA replication: (1) De novo DNA chain initiation is found on a single-stranded DNA template only if ribonucleoside triphosphates are present (as expected for RNA priming of Okazaki pieces on the \"lagging\" strand of a replication fork). (2) With single-stranded circular DNA as template, synthesis continues for many doublings. The products after extensive synthesis resemble a rolling circle as visualized in the electron microscope, with discontinuous \"lagging\" strand synthesis generating a long, unbranched double-stranded tail. The fact that all six mutationally identified T4 replication gene products are required for these syntheses suggests the existence of a large multienzyme complex, constituting the T4 replication apparatus.", "contents": "Reconstruction of bacteriophage T4 DNA replication apparatus from purified components: rolling circle replication following de novo chain initiation on a single-stranded circular DNA template. The protein products of T4 bacteriophage genes 41, 43, 45, 44, and 62 have been purified to near homogeneity using an assay which measures their stimulation of DNA synthesis in a crude lysate of Escherichia coli cells in fected by an appropriate mutant phage. When all of these proteins and T4 gene 32 protein are incubated in the presence of deoxyribonucleoside and ribonucleoside triphosphates, extensive DNA synthesis occurs on both single and double-stranded DNA templates. Analysis of this in vitro system reveals most of the features attributed to in vivo DNA replication: (1) De novo DNA chain initiation is found on a single-stranded DNA template only if ribonucleoside triphosphates are present (as expected for RNA priming of Okazaki pieces on the \"lagging\" strand of a replication fork). (2) With single-stranded circular DNA as template, synthesis continues for many doublings. The products after extensive synthesis resemble a rolling circle as visualized in the electron microscope, with discontinuous \"lagging\" strand synthesis generating a long, unbranched double-stranded tail. The fact that all six mutationally identified T4 replication gene products are required for these syntheses suggests the existence of a large multienzyme complex, constituting the T4 replication apparatus.", "PMID": 1061070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3517", "title": "X-ray fiber diffraction evidence for neighbor exclusion binding of a platinum metallointercalation reagent to DNA.", "content": "Good quality x-ray diffraction patterns have been obtained of polycrystalline fibers containing 2-hydroxyethanethiolato(2,2'2\"-terpyridine)platinum(II) bound to calf thymus DNA by intercalation. The photographs strongly support the neighbor exclusion binding model in which electron-dense platinum atoms are regularly distributed at 10.2 A intervals, every other interbase pair site.", "contents": "X-ray fiber diffraction evidence for neighbor exclusion binding of a platinum metallointercalation reagent to DNA. Good quality x-ray diffraction patterns have been obtained of polycrystalline fibers containing 2-hydroxyethanethiolato(2,2'2\"-terpyridine)platinum(II) bound to calf thymus DNA by intercalation. The photographs strongly support the neighbor exclusion binding model in which electron-dense platinum atoms are regularly distributed at 10.2 A intervals, every other interbase pair site.", "PMID": 1061071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3518", "title": "Statistical theory of chromatography: new outlooks for affinity chromatography.", "content": "We have developed further the statistical approach to chromatography initiated by Giddings and Eyring, and applied it to affinity chromatography. By means of a convenient expression of moments the convergence towards the Laplace-Gauss distribution has been established. The Gaussian character is not preserved if other causes of dispersion are taken into account, but expressions of moments can be obtained in a generalized form. A simple procedure is deduced for expressing the fundamental constants of the model in terms of purely experimental quantities. Thus, affinity chromatography can be used to determine rate constants of association and dissociation in a range considered as the domain of the stopped-flow methods.", "contents": "Statistical theory of chromatography: new outlooks for affinity chromatography. We have developed further the statistical approach to chromatography initiated by Giddings and Eyring, and applied it to affinity chromatography. By means of a convenient expression of moments the convergence towards the Laplace-Gauss distribution has been established. The Gaussian character is not preserved if other causes of dispersion are taken into account, but expressions of moments can be obtained in a generalized form. A simple procedure is deduced for expressing the fundamental constants of the model in terms of purely experimental quantities. Thus, affinity chromatography can be used to determine rate constants of association and dissociation in a range considered as the domain of the stopped-flow methods.", "PMID": 1061072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3519", "title": "NH---S hydrogen bonds in Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxin, Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin, and Chromatium high potential iron protein.", "content": "Results from refinement of the crystal structures of P. aerogenes ferredoxin and C. pasteurianum rubredoxin determined by x-ray diffraction show that there are 15-18 NH---S bonds in the former and six in the latter with lengths in the range 3.1-3.9 A. Earlier tritium exchange experiments are consistent with the presence of these hydrogen bonds in the ferredoxin structure and show that more peptide hydrogen atoms are available for exchange in apoferredoxin than in intact ferredoxin. Four types of NH---S bonds are observed and two of these are geometrically similar to the two types of 3(10) NH---O bonds. The existence of more NH---S bonds in ferredoxin than in high potential iron protein suggests why the -2 form of the Fe4S4 cluster is preferred in ferredoxin over the -1 form found in high potential iron protein. From comparison of Cys-X-Y-Cys sequences in rubredoxin, ferredoxin, and high potential iron protein we suggest that two Cys-X-Y-Cys-Z sequences, where Z may have conformation angles similar to glycine, are required to make a one-iron cluster, no more than one Cys-X-Y-Cys-Z-Gly sequence is required to form a Fe2S2 ferredoxin, and a Cys-X-Y-Cys-Gly sequence where Y has a conformation such that the cysteines bond to different iron atoms is necessary to form the tetrameric cluster.", "contents": "NH---S hydrogen bonds in Peptococcus aerogenes ferredoxin, Clostridium pasteurianum rubredoxin, and Chromatium high potential iron protein. Results from refinement of the crystal structures of P. aerogenes ferredoxin and C. pasteurianum rubredoxin determined by x-ray diffraction show that there are 15-18 NH---S bonds in the former and six in the latter with lengths in the range 3.1-3.9 A. Earlier tritium exchange experiments are consistent with the presence of these hydrogen bonds in the ferredoxin structure and show that more peptide hydrogen atoms are available for exchange in apoferredoxin than in intact ferredoxin. Four types of NH---S bonds are observed and two of these are geometrically similar to the two types of 3(10) NH---O bonds. The existence of more NH---S bonds in ferredoxin than in high potential iron protein suggests why the -2 form of the Fe4S4 cluster is preferred in ferredoxin over the -1 form found in high potential iron protein. From comparison of Cys-X-Y-Cys sequences in rubredoxin, ferredoxin, and high potential iron protein we suggest that two Cys-X-Y-Cys-Z sequences, where Z may have conformation angles similar to glycine, are required to make a one-iron cluster, no more than one Cys-X-Y-Cys-Z-Gly sequence is required to form a Fe2S2 ferredoxin, and a Cys-X-Y-Cys-Gly sequence where Y has a conformation such that the cysteines bond to different iron atoms is necessary to form the tetrameric cluster.", "PMID": 1061073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3520", "title": "Spike-forming model of the neural membrane: computer simulation of some perfused axon experiments.", "content": "This paper is an attempt to account for the action potential spikes observed when the normal axoplasm of a squid giant neuron is replaced by a postassium-free, sodium-rich fluid, and the axon is immersed in a potassiumand sodium-free, calcium-rich bath. For this purpose a recently described model of the neural membrane [Wooldridge, D. E. (1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3468-3471] is extended. Allowances are made for the flow of Ca++, Cl-, and Na+ ions through some of the membrane pore configurations, as well as for some electron conductance, all of amounts too small to be significant in the normal neuron. It is also postulated that the nature of the perfusing fluid affects the rates of some of the reactions that change the convertible gates from one configuration to another, as well as the ionic permeabilities of the resulting configurations. The result of the modifications is a single membrane model that accounts for the 3-sec, 15 muA/cm2 action potential spikes of the perfused axon as well as for the 0.5-msec, 1 mA/cm2 spikes of the normal neuron.", "contents": "Spike-forming model of the neural membrane: computer simulation of some perfused axon experiments. This paper is an attempt to account for the action potential spikes observed when the normal axoplasm of a squid giant neuron is replaced by a postassium-free, sodium-rich fluid, and the axon is immersed in a potassiumand sodium-free, calcium-rich bath. For this purpose a recently described model of the neural membrane [Wooldridge, D. E. (1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3468-3471] is extended. Allowances are made for the flow of Ca++, Cl-, and Na+ ions through some of the membrane pore configurations, as well as for some electron conductance, all of amounts too small to be significant in the normal neuron. It is also postulated that the nature of the perfusing fluid affects the rates of some of the reactions that change the convertible gates from one configuration to another, as well as the ionic permeabilities of the resulting configurations. The result of the modifications is a single membrane model that accounts for the 3-sec, 15 muA/cm2 action potential spikes of the perfused axon as well as for the 0.5-msec, 1 mA/cm2 spikes of the normal neuron.", "PMID": 1061074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3521", "title": "Structural requirements for time-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by anti-inflammatory drugs.", "content": "Several anti-inflammatory drugs have been examined for their ability to cause a time-dependent destruction of the fatty acid oxygenase that produces prostaglandins. All of the time-dependent inhibitors contained carboxylic acid moieties, and in addition all but one of the drugs contained a halogen atom. Structural analogs (of the time-dependent inhibitors) lacking halogen atoms were unable to cause a time-dependent destruction of the enzyme. The time-dependent property of an inhibitor was totally eliminated after methylation of the carboxylate group. Methylation did not, however, alter the ability of the inhibitors to competitively inhibit the oxygenase. Thus, the reversible binding of the agents at the active site was not appreciably dependent upon the free carboxyl group, whereas the subsequent irreversible process was.", "contents": "Structural requirements for time-dependent inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by anti-inflammatory drugs. Several anti-inflammatory drugs have been examined for their ability to cause a time-dependent destruction of the fatty acid oxygenase that produces prostaglandins. All of the time-dependent inhibitors contained carboxylic acid moieties, and in addition all but one of the drugs contained a halogen atom. Structural analogs (of the time-dependent inhibitors) lacking halogen atoms were unable to cause a time-dependent destruction of the enzyme. The time-dependent property of an inhibitor was totally eliminated after methylation of the carboxylate group. Methylation did not, however, alter the ability of the inhibitors to competitively inhibit the oxygenase. Thus, the reversible binding of the agents at the active site was not appreciably dependent upon the free carboxyl group, whereas the subsequent irreversible process was.", "PMID": 1061075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3522", "title": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear binding components for 1alpha25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in chick parathyroid glands.", "content": "Specific binding of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25-(OH)2D3] to macromolecular components in the cytoplasm and nucleus is demonstrated in parathyroid glands of vitamin-D-deficient chicks. The interaction of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 with the cytoplasmic binding component is of high affinity (Kd = 3.2 X 10(-10) M) and high specificity [1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 greater than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 greater than 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 greater than vitamin D3 in competing with radioactive 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3]. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear hormone-macromolecular complexes sediment at 3.1 S in 0.3 M KC1-sucrose gradients, and agarose gel filtration of the components indicates an apparent molecular weight of 58,000. The 3.1S binding molecules are not observed in adrenal gland, testes, liver, or kidney, but similar receptors for 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 have been found previously in intestine. Macromolecular species with a high affinity and preference for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25-(OH)D3] are also identified in parathyroid cytosol and differ from the parathyroid 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3-binding component in that: (1) they sediment at 6 S in 0.3 M KC1-sucrose gradients, (2) they are observed in all tissues examined, (3) they have a higher affinity for 25-(OH)D3 than 1alpha,25-(OH)2d3, and (4) they are not found in the nucleus of the parathyroid glands, in vitro. The discovery of unique 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3-binding components in the parathyroid glands is consistent with the sterol hormone's action at this endocrin site and possible involvement in the regulation of parathyroid hormone synthesis and secretion.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic and nuclear binding components for 1alpha25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in chick parathyroid glands. Specific binding of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25-(OH)2D3] to macromolecular components in the cytoplasm and nucleus is demonstrated in parathyroid glands of vitamin-D-deficient chicks. The interaction of 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 with the cytoplasmic binding component is of high affinity (Kd = 3.2 X 10(-10) M) and high specificity [1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 greater than 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 greater than 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 greater than vitamin D3 in competing with radioactive 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3]. Both cytoplasmic and nuclear hormone-macromolecular complexes sediment at 3.1 S in 0.3 M KC1-sucrose gradients, and agarose gel filtration of the components indicates an apparent molecular weight of 58,000. The 3.1S binding molecules are not observed in adrenal gland, testes, liver, or kidney, but similar receptors for 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3 have been found previously in intestine. Macromolecular species with a high affinity and preference for 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25-(OH)D3] are also identified in parathyroid cytosol and differ from the parathyroid 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3-binding component in that: (1) they sediment at 6 S in 0.3 M KC1-sucrose gradients, (2) they are observed in all tissues examined, (3) they have a higher affinity for 25-(OH)D3 than 1alpha,25-(OH)2d3, and (4) they are not found in the nucleus of the parathyroid glands, in vitro. The discovery of unique 1alpha,25-(OH)2D3-binding components in the parathyroid glands is consistent with the sterol hormone's action at this endocrin site and possible involvement in the regulation of parathyroid hormone synthesis and secretion.", "PMID": 1061076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3523", "title": "Interferon activity produced by translation of human interferon messenger RNA in cell-free ribosomal systems and in Xenopus o\u00f6cytes.", "content": "Translation of messenger RNA isolated from poly(rI)-poly(rC)-induced human fibroblasts in cell-free ribosomal systems and in Xenopus oocytes resulted in the production of biologically active proteins that had the properties of human fibroblast interferon. The translation in the oocytes was much more efficient, giving approximately 500 times higher titers of interferon activity than the cell-free systems. A control messenger RNA isolated from noninduced human fibroblasts, did not code for interferon synthesis in these systems. Both messenger RNA preparations stimulated [3H]amino-acid incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. The radioactive products and their immunoprecipitates were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions. The products resulting from the translation of the control (uninduced) messenger RNA in oocytes contained a major protein of approximately 45,000 molecular weight. The messenger RNA isolated from poly(rI)-poly(rC)-induced cells stimulated the synthesis of an additional 25,000 molecular weight protein that electrophoresed in the same position as human fibroblast interferon. These results suggest that human fibroblast interferon was synthesized by the translation of its messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes and in cell-free ribosomal systems.", "contents": "Interferon activity produced by translation of human interferon messenger RNA in cell-free ribosomal systems and in Xenopus o\u00f6cytes. Translation of messenger RNA isolated from poly(rI)-poly(rC)-induced human fibroblasts in cell-free ribosomal systems and in Xenopus oocytes resulted in the production of biologically active proteins that had the properties of human fibroblast interferon. The translation in the oocytes was much more efficient, giving approximately 500 times higher titers of interferon activity than the cell-free systems. A control messenger RNA isolated from noninduced human fibroblasts, did not code for interferon synthesis in these systems. Both messenger RNA preparations stimulated [3H]amino-acid incorporation into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. The radioactive products and their immunoprecipitates were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions. The products resulting from the translation of the control (uninduced) messenger RNA in oocytes contained a major protein of approximately 45,000 molecular weight. The messenger RNA isolated from poly(rI)-poly(rC)-induced cells stimulated the synthesis of an additional 25,000 molecular weight protein that electrophoresed in the same position as human fibroblast interferon. These results suggest that human fibroblast interferon was synthesized by the translation of its messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes and in cell-free ribosomal systems.", "PMID": 1061077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3524", "title": "Search for nucleic acid sequences complementary to a murine oncornaviral genome in poly(A)-rich RNA of human leukemic cells.", "content": "The presence of viral-like sequences in the RNA of various types of leukemic cells was investigated by hybridizing cellular poly(A)-containing RNA with cDNA synthesized in an endogenous system of purified Moloney murine sarcoma virus [M-MSV-(MLV)]. Poly(A)-RNA-cDNA hybrids were detected by assaying their resistance to S1 nuclease. Hybrids were found in 22 out of the 46 leukemias that were tested. None of the controls, including material obtained from buffy coats, bone marrow cells, and a continuous human cell line, was positive. Positive cases were found in all the different categories of leukemias with the exception of chronic myelogenous leukemias. There was no definite corelation between the category of leukemia and positivity. A few cases contained a very high proportion of poly(A)-RNA-cDNA hybrid.", "contents": "Search for nucleic acid sequences complementary to a murine oncornaviral genome in poly(A)-rich RNA of human leukemic cells. The presence of viral-like sequences in the RNA of various types of leukemic cells was investigated by hybridizing cellular poly(A)-containing RNA with cDNA synthesized in an endogenous system of purified Moloney murine sarcoma virus [M-MSV-(MLV)]. Poly(A)-RNA-cDNA hybrids were detected by assaying their resistance to S1 nuclease. Hybrids were found in 22 out of the 46 leukemias that were tested. None of the controls, including material obtained from buffy coats, bone marrow cells, and a continuous human cell line, was positive. Positive cases were found in all the different categories of leukemias with the exception of chronic myelogenous leukemias. There was no definite corelation between the category of leukemia and positivity. A few cases contained a very high proportion of poly(A)-RNA-cDNA hybrid.", "PMID": 1061078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3525", "title": "Procollagen: biological scission of amino and carboxyl extension peptides.", "content": "Procollagen, the triple-stranded precursor of chick embryo skull bone collagen, contains two pro alpha1 and one pro alpha2 chains. We find that each of these is a collagen chain with both an NH2-terminal and a COOH-terminal extension peptide. The NH2-peptide of pro alpha1 contains cysteine and differs from the NH2-peptide of pro alpha2. The three NH2-peptides are cut off, giving a disulfide-linked intermediate, named altered procollagen; then the disulfide-linked COOH-peptides, which contain cysteine and tryptophan, are cut off, leaving collagen. Procollagen, altered procollagen, and COOH-peptide were isolated. Collagenase digestion of procollagen gave both NH2- and COOH-peptides, while altered procollagen gave only COOH-peptides. The following results of sequential, in vitro labeling at 37 degrees and of specific cleavage of procollagen proved the structure: [(NH2-peptide)-collagen-(COOH-peptide)]3 with interstrand S-S links between only the COOH-peptides. (i) The COOH-peptides of pro alpha chains were labeled with [3H]proline before the remainders of the chains; (ii) [35S]cysteine appeared in the COOH-peptides of completed covalent molecules 5 min earlier than in the NH2-peptides; (iii) tadpole tail collagenase, which cuts native collagen into triple-stranded 3/4 pieces containing the NH2 termini and 1/4 pieces containing the COOH ends, cuts procollagen into 3/4 pieces with NH2-peptides attached and 1/4 pieces attached to the disulfide-linked COOH-peptides. The COOH-peptides of pro alpha 1 and pro alpha2 were labeled in a 2:1 ratio at 4 min, indicating simultaneous translation of pro alpha1 and pro alpha2.", "contents": "Procollagen: biological scission of amino and carboxyl extension peptides. Procollagen, the triple-stranded precursor of chick embryo skull bone collagen, contains two pro alpha1 and one pro alpha2 chains. We find that each of these is a collagen chain with both an NH2-terminal and a COOH-terminal extension peptide. The NH2-peptide of pro alpha1 contains cysteine and differs from the NH2-peptide of pro alpha2. The three NH2-peptides are cut off, giving a disulfide-linked intermediate, named altered procollagen; then the disulfide-linked COOH-peptides, which contain cysteine and tryptophan, are cut off, leaving collagen. Procollagen, altered procollagen, and COOH-peptide were isolated. Collagenase digestion of procollagen gave both NH2- and COOH-peptides, while altered procollagen gave only COOH-peptides. The following results of sequential, in vitro labeling at 37 degrees and of specific cleavage of procollagen proved the structure: [(NH2-peptide)-collagen-(COOH-peptide)]3 with interstrand S-S links between only the COOH-peptides. (i) The COOH-peptides of pro alpha chains were labeled with [3H]proline before the remainders of the chains; (ii) [35S]cysteine appeared in the COOH-peptides of completed covalent molecules 5 min earlier than in the NH2-peptides; (iii) tadpole tail collagenase, which cuts native collagen into triple-stranded 3/4 pieces containing the NH2 termini and 1/4 pieces containing the COOH ends, cuts procollagen into 3/4 pieces with NH2-peptides attached and 1/4 pieces attached to the disulfide-linked COOH-peptides. The COOH-peptides of pro alpha 1 and pro alpha2 were labeled in a 2:1 ratio at 4 min, indicating simultaneous translation of pro alpha1 and pro alpha2.", "PMID": 1061079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3526", "title": "Infectious viral DNA of murine leukemia virus.", "content": "A fraction of the unintegrated viral DNA that appears early after infection of mouse cells by Moloney leukemia virus is infectious. The infectivity could be deomonstrated by an XC plaque assay of the cells exposed to DNA co-precipitated with calcium phosphate. The number of plaques deriving from closed-circular, supercoiled DNA was proportional to the concentration of added DNA, indicating that a single DNA molecule of about 5.5 X 10(6) daltons carries all the viral information. Nonsupercoiled viral DNA is also infectious; these molecules appear to be largely double-stranded and 5 to 6 X 10(6) dalthons in mass.", "contents": "Infectious viral DNA of murine leukemia virus. A fraction of the unintegrated viral DNA that appears early after infection of mouse cells by Moloney leukemia virus is infectious. The infectivity could be deomonstrated by an XC plaque assay of the cells exposed to DNA co-precipitated with calcium phosphate. The number of plaques deriving from closed-circular, supercoiled DNA was proportional to the concentration of added DNA, indicating that a single DNA molecule of about 5.5 X 10(6) daltons carries all the viral information. Nonsupercoiled viral DNA is also infectious; these molecules appear to be largely double-stranded and 5 to 6 X 10(6) dalthons in mass.", "PMID": 1061080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3527", "title": "Effect of rotation on the diffusion-controlled rate of ligand-protein association.", "content": "The rate of binding a fairly large ligand molecule to a protein is reduced below the usual diffusion-controlled rate by the requirement of a certain rotational orientation. A simple, approximate treatment of this effect is given for special cases of spherical and ellipsoidal ligands. As the center of an ellipsoidal ligand approaches a protein surface, there is an effective repulsive potential between ligand and surface owning to restricted rotation of the ligand. The frequency factor kT/h of the Eyring rate theory is replaced in these reactions involving diffusion in solution by D/Rlambda, where D = diffusion coefficient of ligand, lambda = thermal deBroglie wavelength of ligand, and R = \"capture\" distance around the binding site on the protein.", "contents": "Effect of rotation on the diffusion-controlled rate of ligand-protein association. The rate of binding a fairly large ligand molecule to a protein is reduced below the usual diffusion-controlled rate by the requirement of a certain rotational orientation. A simple, approximate treatment of this effect is given for special cases of spherical and ellipsoidal ligands. As the center of an ellipsoidal ligand approaches a protein surface, there is an effective repulsive potential between ligand and surface owning to restricted rotation of the ligand. The frequency factor kT/h of the Eyring rate theory is replaced in these reactions involving diffusion in solution by D/Rlambda, where D = diffusion coefficient of ligand, lambda = thermal deBroglie wavelength of ligand, and R = \"capture\" distance around the binding site on the protein.", "PMID": 1061081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3528", "title": "Analogue solution for electrical capacity of membrane covered square cylinders in square array at high concentration.", "content": "Analytical solutions of Laplace equations have given the electrical characteristics of membranes and interiors of spherical, ellipsoidal, and cylindrical cells in suspensions and tissues from impedance measurements, but the underlying assumptions may be invalid above 50% volume concentrations. However, resistance measurements on several nonconducting, close-packing forms in two and three dimensions closely predicted volume concentrations up to 100% by equations derived from Maxwell and Rayleigh. Calculations of membrane capacities of cells in suspensions and tissues from extensions of theory, as developed by Fricke and by Cole, have been useful but of unknown validity at high concentrations. A resistor analogue has been used to solve the finite difference approximation to the Laplace equation for the resistance and capacity of a square array of square cylindrical cells with surface capacity. An 11 x 11 array of resistors, simulating a quarter of the unit structure, was separated into intra- and extra-cellular regions by rows of capacitors corresponding to surface membrane areas from 3 x 3 to 11 x 11 or 7.5% to 100%. The extended Rayleigh equation predicted the cell concentrations and membrane capacities to within a few percent from boundary resistance and capacity measurements at low frequencies. This single example suggests that analytical solutions for other, similar two- and three-dimensional problems may be approximated up to near 100% concentrations and that there may be analytical justifications for such analogue solutions of Laplace equations.", "contents": "Analogue solution for electrical capacity of membrane covered square cylinders in square array at high concentration. Analytical solutions of Laplace equations have given the electrical characteristics of membranes and interiors of spherical, ellipsoidal, and cylindrical cells in suspensions and tissues from impedance measurements, but the underlying assumptions may be invalid above 50% volume concentrations. However, resistance measurements on several nonconducting, close-packing forms in two and three dimensions closely predicted volume concentrations up to 100% by equations derived from Maxwell and Rayleigh. Calculations of membrane capacities of cells in suspensions and tissues from extensions of theory, as developed by Fricke and by Cole, have been useful but of unknown validity at high concentrations. A resistor analogue has been used to solve the finite difference approximation to the Laplace equation for the resistance and capacity of a square array of square cylindrical cells with surface capacity. An 11 x 11 array of resistors, simulating a quarter of the unit structure, was separated into intra- and extra-cellular regions by rows of capacitors corresponding to surface membrane areas from 3 x 3 to 11 x 11 or 7.5% to 100%. The extended Rayleigh equation predicted the cell concentrations and membrane capacities to within a few percent from boundary resistance and capacity measurements at low frequencies. This single example suggests that analytical solutions for other, similar two- and three-dimensional problems may be approximated up to near 100% concentrations and that there may be analytical justifications for such analogue solutions of Laplace equations.", "PMID": 1061082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3529", "title": "Three-dimensional structure of herring sperm protamine Y-I with the aid of dark field electron microscopy.", "content": "High resolution electron micrographs of herring sperm protamine (clupeine) Y-I provide sufficient detail to constrain the folding of the known amino-acid sequence of the protein into a unique three-dimensional configuration. The structure consists of a loose helix of turns of various sizes held together at one edge, spread apart along the other. This form appears to represent the shape of several fish protamines.", "contents": "Three-dimensional structure of herring sperm protamine Y-I with the aid of dark field electron microscopy. High resolution electron micrographs of herring sperm protamine (clupeine) Y-I provide sufficient detail to constrain the folding of the known amino-acid sequence of the protein into a unique three-dimensional configuration. The structure consists of a loose helix of turns of various sizes held together at one edge, spread apart along the other. This form appears to represent the shape of several fish protamines.", "PMID": 1061083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3530", "title": "Membrane-microtubule interactions: concanavalin A capping induced redistribution of cytoplasmic microtubules and colchicine binding proteins.", "content": "The relationship between microtubules and concanavalin A surface receptors during concanavalin A capping in primary cultures of rabbit ovarian granulosa cells was examined by electron microscopic and fluorescence labeling techniques. Cells treated with concanavalin A and hemocyanin at 4 degree or 37 degree and then incubated at 37 degree for 1 hr formed large juxtanuclear caps that were observed with shadow cast replicas of the cell surface. Thin section analysis of capped cells revealed an abundance of microtubules immediately beneath the cap which were arranged approximately perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. The capping process was unaffected by the antimicrotubule agents colchicine or vinblastine. Further, vinblastine treatment of capped calls resulted in the formation of numerous paracrystals that were confined to the cytoplasm underlying the capped region of the membrane; uncapped cells displayed paracrystals that were randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm. Exposure of fixed cells to fluorescein thiocarbamyl colchicine, which localizes colchicine binding proteins, revealed an intensely fluorescent region that corresponded to the cap; this staining pattern was absent in uncapped cells. These findings indicate that concanavalin A mediated capping modifies the cytoplasmic disposition of microtubules and colchicine binding proteins. Further, it is suggested that the capped region of the plasma membrane is a preferred site of microtubule polymerization.", "contents": "Membrane-microtubule interactions: concanavalin A capping induced redistribution of cytoplasmic microtubules and colchicine binding proteins. The relationship between microtubules and concanavalin A surface receptors during concanavalin A capping in primary cultures of rabbit ovarian granulosa cells was examined by electron microscopic and fluorescence labeling techniques. Cells treated with concanavalin A and hemocyanin at 4 degree or 37 degree and then incubated at 37 degree for 1 hr formed large juxtanuclear caps that were observed with shadow cast replicas of the cell surface. Thin section analysis of capped cells revealed an abundance of microtubules immediately beneath the cap which were arranged approximately perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. The capping process was unaffected by the antimicrotubule agents colchicine or vinblastine. Further, vinblastine treatment of capped calls resulted in the formation of numerous paracrystals that were confined to the cytoplasm underlying the capped region of the membrane; uncapped cells displayed paracrystals that were randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm. Exposure of fixed cells to fluorescein thiocarbamyl colchicine, which localizes colchicine binding proteins, revealed an intensely fluorescent region that corresponded to the cap; this staining pattern was absent in uncapped cells. These findings indicate that concanavalin A mediated capping modifies the cytoplasmic disposition of microtubules and colchicine binding proteins. Further, it is suggested that the capped region of the plasma membrane is a preferred site of microtubule polymerization.", "PMID": 1061084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3531", "title": "Differences among myosins synthesized in non-myogenic cells, presumptive myoblasts, and myoblasts.", "content": "Myosins synthesized in non-myogenic cells and replicating presumptive myoblasts differ from those synthesized in postmitotic mononucleated myoblasts and myotubes. Myoblasts and myotubes synthesize the definitive light chains, MLC1 and MLC2. These light chains display different molecular weights in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels from the fibroblast light chains FLC1 and FLC2 synthesized in non-myogenic cells and presumptive myoblasts. There are immunological differences between the myosin heavy chains synthesized in myoblasts and myotubes and those synthesized in non-myogenic cells and presumptive myoblasts. Fluorescein-labeled antibodies against skeletal light meromyosin are bound only along the lateral edges of emerging and definitive A-bands. This antibody to light meromyosin is not bound to the outside of, or the microfilaments subtending, the plasma membrane in non-myogenic cells or in myoblasts or in myotubes. These findings suggest that: (1) non-myogenic cells and replicating presumptive myoblasts synthesize similar myosin heavy and light chains; (2) replicating presumptive myoblasts synthesize a different set of myosins from those synthesized by their postmitotic daughters, the myoblasts; (3) the myosins associated with the plasma membranes of non-myogenic and myogenic cells are products of structural genes distinct from those coding for the myosins for skeletal myofibrils.", "contents": "Differences among myosins synthesized in non-myogenic cells, presumptive myoblasts, and myoblasts. Myosins synthesized in non-myogenic cells and replicating presumptive myoblasts differ from those synthesized in postmitotic mononucleated myoblasts and myotubes. Myoblasts and myotubes synthesize the definitive light chains, MLC1 and MLC2. These light chains display different molecular weights in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels from the fibroblast light chains FLC1 and FLC2 synthesized in non-myogenic cells and presumptive myoblasts. There are immunological differences between the myosin heavy chains synthesized in myoblasts and myotubes and those synthesized in non-myogenic cells and presumptive myoblasts. Fluorescein-labeled antibodies against skeletal light meromyosin are bound only along the lateral edges of emerging and definitive A-bands. This antibody to light meromyosin is not bound to the outside of, or the microfilaments subtending, the plasma membrane in non-myogenic cells or in myoblasts or in myotubes. These findings suggest that: (1) non-myogenic cells and replicating presumptive myoblasts synthesize similar myosin heavy and light chains; (2) replicating presumptive myoblasts synthesize a different set of myosins from those synthesized by their postmitotic daughters, the myoblasts; (3) the myosins associated with the plasma membranes of non-myogenic and myogenic cells are products of structural genes distinct from those coding for the myosins for skeletal myofibrils.", "PMID": 1061085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3532", "title": "Localization of cytoplasmic-membrane-associated DNA in human chromosomes.", "content": "In situ hybridization was used to localize the sites of the repeated sequences of cytoplasmic-membrane-associated DNA (cmDNA) in human chromosomes. cmDNA was mainly present in the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes 9. Although cmDNA has buoyant densities in neutral and alkaline CsCl gradients similar to those of human satellite C DNA, which also is localized in the heterochromatic region of chromosomes 9, cmDNA was not homologous to satellite C DNA as determined by DNA-complementary RNA hybridization. These results are in agreement with our previous studies, which indicated that cmDNA is a unique species of human DNA.", "contents": "Localization of cytoplasmic-membrane-associated DNA in human chromosomes. In situ hybridization was used to localize the sites of the repeated sequences of cytoplasmic-membrane-associated DNA (cmDNA) in human chromosomes. cmDNA was mainly present in the heterochromatic regions of chromosomes 9. Although cmDNA has buoyant densities in neutral and alkaline CsCl gradients similar to those of human satellite C DNA, which also is localized in the heterochromatic region of chromosomes 9, cmDNA was not homologous to satellite C DNA as determined by DNA-complementary RNA hybridization. These results are in agreement with our previous studies, which indicated that cmDNA is a unique species of human DNA.", "PMID": 1061086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3533", "title": "Snythesis and differentiation of plasma proteins in cultured embryonic chicken liver cells: a system for study of regulation of protein synthesis.", "content": "A new system is described for studying the control of protein synthesis. In a monolayer culture of chick embryo liver cells, plasma proteins are synthesized for three days at in vivo rates. The plasma proteins are secreted into the culture medium and without concentration are detected there simply and sensitively by a modified Laurell electronimmunoassay. Secretion of the newly synthesized plasma proteins occurs within 30 min of their synthesis. Thus, rates of synthesis of the plasma proteins can be followed readily from rates of their accumulation in the culture medium. This system has the following advantages for the study of protein synthesis: cells do not have to be disrupted for the assay; the cell population can be followed over several days; it is not necessary to label the proteins radioactively; and turnover of plasma proteins is negligible and need not be taken into account. The usefulness of the system is illustrated by a number of findings. The spectrum of plasma proteins synthesized in culture changed qualitatively and quantitatively. Albumin synthesis steadily decreased with culture time and stopped at the third day, whereas the synthesis of some new plasma proteins (\"adult\") was induced. These qualitative changes suggest differential gene expression in culture and a special control of albumin synthesis in vivo, different from the synthesis of the other plasma proteins. Quantitative changes in the rates of synthesis of specific plasma proteins suggest a competition among their messenger RNAs for components of the translational machinery. Insulin has a differential effect on the synthesis of specific plasma proteins at concentrations within the physiological range of the hormone.", "contents": "Snythesis and differentiation of plasma proteins in cultured embryonic chicken liver cells: a system for study of regulation of protein synthesis. A new system is described for studying the control of protein synthesis. In a monolayer culture of chick embryo liver cells, plasma proteins are synthesized for three days at in vivo rates. The plasma proteins are secreted into the culture medium and without concentration are detected there simply and sensitively by a modified Laurell electronimmunoassay. Secretion of the newly synthesized plasma proteins occurs within 30 min of their synthesis. Thus, rates of synthesis of the plasma proteins can be followed readily from rates of their accumulation in the culture medium. This system has the following advantages for the study of protein synthesis: cells do not have to be disrupted for the assay; the cell population can be followed over several days; it is not necessary to label the proteins radioactively; and turnover of plasma proteins is negligible and need not be taken into account. The usefulness of the system is illustrated by a number of findings. The spectrum of plasma proteins synthesized in culture changed qualitatively and quantitatively. Albumin synthesis steadily decreased with culture time and stopped at the third day, whereas the synthesis of some new plasma proteins (\"adult\") was induced. These qualitative changes suggest differential gene expression in culture and a special control of albumin synthesis in vivo, different from the synthesis of the other plasma proteins. Quantitative changes in the rates of synthesis of specific plasma proteins suggest a competition among their messenger RNAs for components of the translational machinery. Insulin has a differential effect on the synthesis of specific plasma proteins at concentrations within the physiological range of the hormone.", "PMID": 1061087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3534", "title": "Homology in amino-terminal sequence of precursors to pancreatic secretory proteins.", "content": "Sequence determination of up to 24 amino-terminal residues of several putative precursors for dog pancreas secretory proteins, synthesized in vitro by translation of their mRNA's in the presence of radioactively labeled amino acids, revealed extensive sequence homology in the 16 amino-terminal residues. It is suggested that this common sequence constitutes a metabolically short-lived peptide extension which precedes the amino-terminal sequences of all pancreatic secretory proteins and that it functions in the transfer of these proteins across the microsomal membrane. This sequence was found to contain an unusually large percentage of hydrophobic residues.", "contents": "Homology in amino-terminal sequence of precursors to pancreatic secretory proteins. Sequence determination of up to 24 amino-terminal residues of several putative precursors for dog pancreas secretory proteins, synthesized in vitro by translation of their mRNA's in the presence of radioactively labeled amino acids, revealed extensive sequence homology in the 16 amino-terminal residues. It is suggested that this common sequence constitutes a metabolically short-lived peptide extension which precedes the amino-terminal sequences of all pancreatic secretory proteins and that it functions in the transfer of these proteins across the microsomal membrane. This sequence was found to contain an unusually large percentage of hydrophobic residues.", "PMID": 1061088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3535", "title": "Plasmid interactions in Staphylococcus aureus: nonadditivity of compatible plasmid DNA pools.", "content": "Six different Staphylococcus aureus plasmids have been examined for compatibility relationships and their intracellular DNA pools have been measured singly and in various combinations. All six were mutually compatible, but contrary to expectation, their intracellular DNA pools were not additive; instead, there appeared to be a maximum level of extrachromosomal DNA that could be supported by the cell, and the plasmids studied approached this level individually as well as in varous combinations. One exception was encountered: a plasmid encoding kanamycin/neomycin resistance was present in a small but constant number of copies regardless of the presence of other plasmids.", "contents": "Plasmid interactions in Staphylococcus aureus: nonadditivity of compatible plasmid DNA pools. Six different Staphylococcus aureus plasmids have been examined for compatibility relationships and their intracellular DNA pools have been measured singly and in various combinations. All six were mutually compatible, but contrary to expectation, their intracellular DNA pools were not additive; instead, there appeared to be a maximum level of extrachromosomal DNA that could be supported by the cell, and the plasmids studied approached this level individually as well as in varous combinations. One exception was encountered: a plasmid encoding kanamycin/neomycin resistance was present in a small but constant number of copies regardless of the presence of other plasmids.", "PMID": 1061089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3536", "title": "Acquisition of a determinant for chloramphenicol resistance by coliphage lambda.", "content": "A determinanat for chloramphenicol resistance, cam, initially detected on a resistance transfer factor (RTF) and since transferred to phage P1, may be acquired from P1 by coliphage lambda. Lambdapcam are obtained when a lambda prophage is induced in bacteria which also harbor P1 cam prophage. Lambdacam formation is not dependent upon host Rec or lambda Red recombination functions. Electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis shows that the cam locus in two lambdapcams is a 5% addition of DNA in the b2 region of lambda, not contiguous with att. The extent and nucloetide sequence of the DNA insertion in the two independent lambdapcam isolates appear to be the same though they are located at different sites within the b2 region. We conclude that the determinant for chloramphenicol resistance is contained on a unique piece of DNA which facilitates its insertion into a number of unrelated genomes.", "contents": "Acquisition of a determinant for chloramphenicol resistance by coliphage lambda. A determinanat for chloramphenicol resistance, cam, initially detected on a resistance transfer factor (RTF) and since transferred to phage P1, may be acquired from P1 by coliphage lambda. Lambdapcam are obtained when a lambda prophage is induced in bacteria which also harbor P1 cam prophage. Lambdacam formation is not dependent upon host Rec or lambda Red recombination functions. Electron microscopic heteroduplex analysis shows that the cam locus in two lambdapcams is a 5% addition of DNA in the b2 region of lambda, not contiguous with att. The extent and nucloetide sequence of the DNA insertion in the two independent lambdapcam isolates appear to be the same though they are located at different sites within the b2 region. We conclude that the determinant for chloramphenicol resistance is contained on a unique piece of DNA which facilitates its insertion into a number of unrelated genomes.", "PMID": 1061090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3537", "title": "Social structuring of mammalian populations and rate of chromosomal evolution.", "content": "To test the hypothesis that the evolution of organisms is dependent to a large degree on gene rearrangement, we devised a way of estimating rates of evolutionary change in karyotype. This non-biochemical method is based on consideration of chromosomal variability within taxonomic groups having a fossil record. The results show that chromosomal evolution has been faster in placental mammals than in other vertebrates or molluscs. This finding is consistent with published evidence that placentals have also been evolving unusually fast in anatomy and way of life. However, the structural genes of placentals seem not to have experienced accelerated evolution. Possibly, therefore, anatomical evolution may be facilitated by gene rearrangement. To explain how placentals achieved this rate of chromosomal evolution, we consider the process by which a new gene arrangement becomes fixed and spreads. The structure and dynamics of placental populations may be especially favorable for this process. The key factor involved seems to be the type of social behavior which produces small effective population sizes and inbreeding. As Bush points out elsewhere, such social structuring of populations may promote rapid fixation of gene rearrangements and rapid speciation.", "contents": "Social structuring of mammalian populations and rate of chromosomal evolution. To test the hypothesis that the evolution of organisms is dependent to a large degree on gene rearrangement, we devised a way of estimating rates of evolutionary change in karyotype. This non-biochemical method is based on consideration of chromosomal variability within taxonomic groups having a fossil record. The results show that chromosomal evolution has been faster in placental mammals than in other vertebrates or molluscs. This finding is consistent with published evidence that placentals have also been evolving unusually fast in anatomy and way of life. However, the structural genes of placentals seem not to have experienced accelerated evolution. Possibly, therefore, anatomical evolution may be facilitated by gene rearrangement. To explain how placentals achieved this rate of chromosomal evolution, we consider the process by which a new gene arrangement becomes fixed and spreads. The structure and dynamics of placental populations may be especially favorable for this process. The key factor involved seems to be the type of social behavior which produces small effective population sizes and inbreeding. As Bush points out elsewhere, such social structuring of populations may promote rapid fixation of gene rearrangements and rapid speciation.", "PMID": 1061091}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3538", "title": "On the mechanism of cytolysis by complement: evidence on insertion of C5b and C7 subunits of the C5b,6,7 complex into phospholipid bilayers of erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The doughnut hypothesis of cytolysis by complement [Mayer, M. M. (1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 2954-2958] describes an annular structure made up of C5b-9 (complement factors C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9) which becomes inserted in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, thus creating a hole. We now present initial explorations of this hypothesis. EAC1-6 and EAC1-7 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit antibody and complement factors C1 through C6 or C1 through C7, respectively), prepared with either 125I-C3 or 125I-C5 were incubated with trypsin and the release of bound 125I was measured. In the case of 125I-C3, all of the radioactivity was released by trypsin from both intermediates. With 125I-C5, trypsin released all of the 125I from EAC1-6, but only 40-55% from EAC1-7. Possible reasons for resistance of the C5b subunit in EAC1-7 to tryptic digestion are discussed; in terms of the doughnut hypothesis it would be due to shielding by lipid molecules as a consequence of insertion into the lipid bilayer. In accord with this interpretation we have also found that C5b in EAC1-7, but not in EAC1-6, resists elution by 0.3 M NaC1. Similarly, we have found that 125I-C7 in EAC1-7 resists stripping by trypsin. Hence, we now propose the hypothesis that hydrophobic polypeptide chains from the C5b and the C7 subunits of C5b,6,7 complex become inserted in the phospholipid bilayer and that subsequent reactions with C8 and C9 open a channel across the membrane.", "contents": "On the mechanism of cytolysis by complement: evidence on insertion of C5b and C7 subunits of the C5b,6,7 complex into phospholipid bilayers of erythrocyte membranes. The doughnut hypothesis of cytolysis by complement [Mayer, M. M. (1972) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 2954-2958] describes an annular structure made up of C5b-9 (complement factors C5b, C6, C7, C8, and C9) which becomes inserted in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane, thus creating a hole. We now present initial explorations of this hypothesis. EAC1-6 and EAC1-7 (sheep erythrocytes carrying rabbit antibody and complement factors C1 through C6 or C1 through C7, respectively), prepared with either 125I-C3 or 125I-C5 were incubated with trypsin and the release of bound 125I was measured. In the case of 125I-C3, all of the radioactivity was released by trypsin from both intermediates. With 125I-C5, trypsin released all of the 125I from EAC1-6, but only 40-55% from EAC1-7. Possible reasons for resistance of the C5b subunit in EAC1-7 to tryptic digestion are discussed; in terms of the doughnut hypothesis it would be due to shielding by lipid molecules as a consequence of insertion into the lipid bilayer. In accord with this interpretation we have also found that C5b in EAC1-7, but not in EAC1-6, resists elution by 0.3 M NaC1. Similarly, we have found that 125I-C7 in EAC1-7 resists stripping by trypsin. Hence, we now propose the hypothesis that hydrophobic polypeptide chains from the C5b and the C7 subunits of C5b,6,7 complex become inserted in the phospholipid bilayer and that subsequent reactions with C8 and C9 open a channel across the membrane.", "PMID": 1061092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3539", "title": "Evidence for tryosine peptide homologies in the HLA antigens system.", "content": "The tetrameric HLA antigens are composed of two heavier chains which carry the alloantigenic determinants and two lighter chains identified as beta2-microglobulin. Although at least 40 different antisera are required to define the varying HLA specificities, it appears that these antigens may be closely related to each other and to the immunoglobulins. Through the use of a new electrophoretic technique, which is able to compare simultaneously the tyrosine peptides produced from radioiodinated cell surface proteins, this report gives evidence that HLA antigens of the three chromosomal loci may have similar amino-acid sequences. Since the retention of homologous tyrosine residues and a tendency for sequence preservation surrounding these residues are features of immunoglobulin structure, this may indicate that similarly conservative evolutionary mechanisms have been operative in the HLA allelelic proteins or that immunoglobulins and HLA antigens may indeed have a common evolutionary origin.", "contents": "Evidence for tryosine peptide homologies in the HLA antigens system. The tetrameric HLA antigens are composed of two heavier chains which carry the alloantigenic determinants and two lighter chains identified as beta2-microglobulin. Although at least 40 different antisera are required to define the varying HLA specificities, it appears that these antigens may be closely related to each other and to the immunoglobulins. Through the use of a new electrophoretic technique, which is able to compare simultaneously the tyrosine peptides produced from radioiodinated cell surface proteins, this report gives evidence that HLA antigens of the three chromosomal loci may have similar amino-acid sequences. Since the retention of homologous tyrosine residues and a tendency for sequence preservation surrounding these residues are features of immunoglobulin structure, this may indicate that similarly conservative evolutionary mechanisms have been operative in the HLA allelelic proteins or that immunoglobulins and HLA antigens may indeed have a common evolutionary origin.", "PMID": 1061093}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3540", "title": "Activation of antibody Fc function by antigen-induced conformational changes.", "content": "IgM antibody directed against the pheny-beta-lactoside hapten was examined for its capacity to fix complement in the presence of the hapten, monohapten-substituted antigen, and multihapten-substituted antigen. Hapten was found to have no effect; monovalent antigen induced an excellent response which could be inhibited by hapten; and multivalent antigen also induced an excellent response which was related to the number of determinants added and not to the formation of antigen-antibody aggregates. The difference between the activities of hapten and monovalent antigen was reflected in their affinities for the IgM antibody. The monovalent antigen had a lower Ka, indicating that energy from binding was used to activate the Fc complement binding sites. These data show that the expression of IgM Fc function depends on a change in Fc conformation produced by the binding of antigen at the distant Fab combining sites.", "contents": "Activation of antibody Fc function by antigen-induced conformational changes. IgM antibody directed against the pheny-beta-lactoside hapten was examined for its capacity to fix complement in the presence of the hapten, monohapten-substituted antigen, and multihapten-substituted antigen. Hapten was found to have no effect; monovalent antigen induced an excellent response which could be inhibited by hapten; and multivalent antigen also induced an excellent response which was related to the number of determinants added and not to the formation of antigen-antibody aggregates. The difference between the activities of hapten and monovalent antigen was reflected in their affinities for the IgM antibody. The monovalent antigen had a lower Ka, indicating that energy from binding was used to activate the Fc complement binding sites. These data show that the expression of IgM Fc function depends on a change in Fc conformation produced by the binding of antigen at the distant Fab combining sites.", "PMID": 1061094}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3541", "title": "Mutation and childhood cancer: a probabilistic model for the incidence of retinoblastoma.", "content": "The incidences of some childhood cancers have been shown to fit a two-mutation hypothesis for cancer initiation. According to this hypothesis, the first mutation can be either germinal or somatic while the second is always somatic. A probabilistic model involving the mean number of tumors per genetically susceptible individual is developed as a function of age and is compared with age incidence data for retinoblastoma. The change in the mean number of tumors with time is interpreted in terms of the growth of retinal cells. In patients who are not genetically susceptible, the times of occurrence of the first and second somatic mutations can be inferred from a comparison of familial and non-familial unilateral case incidences. The total incidences of hereditary and nonhereditary forms of retinoblastoma are related to germinal and somatic mutation rates. The even distribution of certain childhood cancers throughout the world suggests that their incidences are determined by spontaneous mutation rates rather than by local environmental mutagenic carcinogens.", "contents": "Mutation and childhood cancer: a probabilistic model for the incidence of retinoblastoma. The incidences of some childhood cancers have been shown to fit a two-mutation hypothesis for cancer initiation. According to this hypothesis, the first mutation can be either germinal or somatic while the second is always somatic. A probabilistic model involving the mean number of tumors per genetically susceptible individual is developed as a function of age and is compared with age incidence data for retinoblastoma. The change in the mean number of tumors with time is interpreted in terms of the growth of retinal cells. In patients who are not genetically susceptible, the times of occurrence of the first and second somatic mutations can be inferred from a comparison of familial and non-familial unilateral case incidences. The total incidences of hereditary and nonhereditary forms of retinoblastoma are related to germinal and somatic mutation rates. The even distribution of certain childhood cancers throughout the world suggests that their incidences are determined by spontaneous mutation rates rather than by local environmental mutagenic carcinogens.", "PMID": 1061095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3542", "title": "Porphyria variegata and porphyria cutanea tarda in siblings: chemical and genetic aspects.", "content": "A woman aged 54 was studied because of a severe acute porphyric (neurologic) relapse with clinical and chemical findings characteristic of porphyria variegata. During a family survey, her brother, aged 59, was found to have chemical abnormalities typical of porphyria cutanea tarda, without suggestion of neurologic manifestations. He had mild skin changes compatible with either of these forms of porphyria. The sister exhibited the protocoproporphyria of porphyria variegata, together with a large amount of fecal \"x\" porphyrin fraction, without demonstrable isocoproporphyrins. The brother had a uro-isocopro-type of porphyria in accord with the diagnosis of porphyria cutanea tarda, and quite at variance with the sister's findings. This occurrence of porphyria variegata and porphyria cutanea tarda in siblings is thus far unique. Certain hypotheses are considered in respect to genetic aspects of the differing prophyrias in this sibling pair.", "contents": "Porphyria variegata and porphyria cutanea tarda in siblings: chemical and genetic aspects. A woman aged 54 was studied because of a severe acute porphyric (neurologic) relapse with clinical and chemical findings characteristic of porphyria variegata. During a family survey, her brother, aged 59, was found to have chemical abnormalities typical of porphyria cutanea tarda, without suggestion of neurologic manifestations. He had mild skin changes compatible with either of these forms of porphyria. The sister exhibited the protocoproporphyria of porphyria variegata, together with a large amount of fecal \"x\" porphyrin fraction, without demonstrable isocoproporphyrins. The brother had a uro-isocopro-type of porphyria in accord with the diagnosis of porphyria cutanea tarda, and quite at variance with the sister's findings. This occurrence of porphyria variegata and porphyria cutanea tarda in siblings is thus far unique. Certain hypotheses are considered in respect to genetic aspects of the differing prophyrias in this sibling pair.", "PMID": 1061096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3543", "title": "Increased concentrations of nonesterified arachidonic acid, 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2alpha in epidermis of psoriasis.", "content": "Lesional epidermis of psoriasis has a probable reduction in the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio. This altered ratio may in part be responsible for the characteristic glycogen storage, rapid cell proliferation, and reduced differentiation in lesional epidermis. The concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, free arachidonic acid, and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetrawnoic acid in specimens of uninvolved and involved epidermis of psoriasis were measured with deuterium-labeled carriers and multiple ion analysis. Snap frozen specimens contained: 1.4 +/- 0.4 mug/g (wet weight) of arachidonic acid in uninvolved in contrast to 36.3 +/- 16.7 mug/g in involved epidermis (P = 0.015); less than 0.05 +/- 0.01 mug/g of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in uninvolved in contrast to 4.1 +/- 1.9 mug/g in involved epidermis (P = 0.015); 23.6 +/- 5.0 ng/g of prostaglandin E2 in uninvolved in contrast to 33.1 +/- 5.7 ng/g in involved epidermis (P less than 0.01); and 21.0 +/- 4.4 ng/g of prostaglandin F2alpha in uninvolved in contrast to 39.0 +/- 5.9 ng/g in involved epidermis (P less than 0.01). The arachidonic acid and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid levels in involved epidermis were strongly correlated (r = 0.97). The increased levels of arachidonic acid and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid in involved epidermis may have diagnostic and pathophysiological importance.", "contents": "Increased concentrations of nonesterified arachidonic acid, 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin E2, and prostaglandin F2alpha in epidermis of psoriasis. Lesional epidermis of psoriasis has a probable reduction in the cyclic AMP/cyclic GMP ratio. This altered ratio may in part be responsible for the characteristic glycogen storage, rapid cell proliferation, and reduced differentiation in lesional epidermis. The concentrations of prostaglandins E2 and F2alpha, free arachidonic acid, and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetrawnoic acid in specimens of uninvolved and involved epidermis of psoriasis were measured with deuterium-labeled carriers and multiple ion analysis. Snap frozen specimens contained: 1.4 +/- 0.4 mug/g (wet weight) of arachidonic acid in uninvolved in contrast to 36.3 +/- 16.7 mug/g in involved epidermis (P = 0.015); less than 0.05 +/- 0.01 mug/g of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in uninvolved in contrast to 4.1 +/- 1.9 mug/g in involved epidermis (P = 0.015); 23.6 +/- 5.0 ng/g of prostaglandin E2 in uninvolved in contrast to 33.1 +/- 5.7 ng/g in involved epidermis (P less than 0.01); and 21.0 +/- 4.4 ng/g of prostaglandin F2alpha in uninvolved in contrast to 39.0 +/- 5.9 ng/g in involved epidermis (P less than 0.01). The arachidonic acid and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid levels in involved epidermis were strongly correlated (r = 0.97). The increased levels of arachidonic acid and 12L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid in involved epidermis may have diagnostic and pathophysiological importance.", "PMID": 1061097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3544", "title": "Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals.", "content": "About 300 carcinogens and non-carcinogens of a wide variety of chemical types have been tested for mutagenicity in the simple Salmonella/microsome test. The test uses bacteria as sensitive indicators for DNA damage, and mammalian liver extracts for metabolic conversion of carcinogens to their active mutagenic forms. Quantitative mutagenicity data from linear dose-response curves are presented: potency varies over a 10(6)-fold range. There is a high correlation between carcinogenicity and mutagenicity: 90% (156/174) of carcinogens are mutagenic in the test and despite the severe limitations inherent in defining non-carcinogenicity, few \"non-carcinogens\" show any degree of mutagenicity. The results also demonstrate the great utility, and define the limitations, of the test in detecting environmental carcinogens.", "contents": "Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test: assay of 300 chemicals. About 300 carcinogens and non-carcinogens of a wide variety of chemical types have been tested for mutagenicity in the simple Salmonella/microsome test. The test uses bacteria as sensitive indicators for DNA damage, and mammalian liver extracts for metabolic conversion of carcinogens to their active mutagenic forms. Quantitative mutagenicity data from linear dose-response curves are presented: potency varies over a 10(6)-fold range. There is a high correlation between carcinogenicity and mutagenicity: 90% (156/174) of carcinogens are mutagenic in the test and despite the severe limitations inherent in defining non-carcinogenicity, few \"non-carcinogens\" show any degree of mutagenicity. The results also demonstrate the great utility, and define the limitations, of the test in detecting environmental carcinogens.", "PMID": 1061098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3545", "title": "Demonstration of non-functional beta-globin mRNA in homozygous beta (0) thalassemia.", "content": "In two Chinese patients with homozygous beta(0)-thalassemia, messenger RNAs from peripheral blood reticulocytes and the bone marrow failed to direct beta-chain synthesis in vivo and in vitro in a cell-free system. Molecular hybridization showed that the beta cDNA annealed to the RNAs at almost the same rate as the alpha and gamma cDNA. The beta cDNA-RNA hydrid formed efficiently and was thermally stable, whereas hybrids between gamma and beta sequences formed slowly and denatured at a significantly lower temperature. Thus, we conclude that the beta cDNA was annealing to beta-globin sequences in these two patients, and that nonfunctional beta-globin mRNA was present. Similar results were obtained in the reticulocyte RNA from an Italian patient with homozygous beta(0)-thalassemia.", "contents": "Demonstration of non-functional beta-globin mRNA in homozygous beta (0) thalassemia. In two Chinese patients with homozygous beta(0)-thalassemia, messenger RNAs from peripheral blood reticulocytes and the bone marrow failed to direct beta-chain synthesis in vivo and in vitro in a cell-free system. Molecular hybridization showed that the beta cDNA annealed to the RNAs at almost the same rate as the alpha and gamma cDNA. The beta cDNA-RNA hydrid formed efficiently and was thermally stable, whereas hybrids between gamma and beta sequences formed slowly and denatured at a significantly lower temperature. Thus, we conclude that the beta cDNA was annealing to beta-globin sequences in these two patients, and that nonfunctional beta-globin mRNA was present. Similar results were obtained in the reticulocyte RNA from an Italian patient with homozygous beta(0)-thalassemia.", "PMID": 1061099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3546", "title": "A novel murine oncornavirus with dual eco- and xenotropic properties.", "content": "Infection of Swiss mouse 3T3FL cells with a clonal isolate of Moloney leukemia virus (MLV-IC) resulted in virus progeny composed of at least three different murine helper oncornaviruses. Each entity was purified in appropriate cells by several sequential terminal dilution isolations and was grouwn to high titers. Besides ecotropic MLV-IC there was a pure xenotropic virus and a third novel virus with properties of both eco- and xenotropic viruses. The purified xenotropic virus had a wide host range, was restricted in mouse cells, and was inactivated by normal mouse sera like other xenotropic isolates. The purified virus with hybrid properties (HIX) could infect a wide range of mammalian cells, which included both N and B mouse cells. HIX gave single-hit titrations with equal titers on both mouse and cat indicator cells. Envelope properties of HIX were examined by virus preinfection interference, by interference involving viral glycoprotein, and by neutralization with specific antisera. Both xenotropic and MLV-IC type ecotropic determinants were found on the virus coat. The origins of HIX and the xenotropic virus were investigated in detail. The original MLV-IC stock had HIX type virus in low titer but no detectable pure xenotropic virus. Infection of mouse cells with a single infectious unit of the ecotropic virus from the MLV-IC virus stocks could at times give rise to HIX type virus. HIX type virus, passed once through heterologous rat cells, was subjected to long-term passage either in infected mouse or cat cells. After several months HIX type virus disappeared from some mouse and cat cell systems. The possible hybrid nature of HIX and the origins of newly appearing xenotropic viruses are discussed.", "contents": "A novel murine oncornavirus with dual eco- and xenotropic properties. Infection of Swiss mouse 3T3FL cells with a clonal isolate of Moloney leukemia virus (MLV-IC) resulted in virus progeny composed of at least three different murine helper oncornaviruses. Each entity was purified in appropriate cells by several sequential terminal dilution isolations and was grouwn to high titers. Besides ecotropic MLV-IC there was a pure xenotropic virus and a third novel virus with properties of both eco- and xenotropic viruses. The purified xenotropic virus had a wide host range, was restricted in mouse cells, and was inactivated by normal mouse sera like other xenotropic isolates. The purified virus with hybrid properties (HIX) could infect a wide range of mammalian cells, which included both N and B mouse cells. HIX gave single-hit titrations with equal titers on both mouse and cat indicator cells. Envelope properties of HIX were examined by virus preinfection interference, by interference involving viral glycoprotein, and by neutralization with specific antisera. Both xenotropic and MLV-IC type ecotropic determinants were found on the virus coat. The origins of HIX and the xenotropic virus were investigated in detail. The original MLV-IC stock had HIX type virus in low titer but no detectable pure xenotropic virus. Infection of mouse cells with a single infectious unit of the ecotropic virus from the MLV-IC virus stocks could at times give rise to HIX type virus. HIX type virus, passed once through heterologous rat cells, was subjected to long-term passage either in infected mouse or cat cells. After several months HIX type virus disappeared from some mouse and cat cell systems. The possible hybrid nature of HIX and the origins of newly appearing xenotropic viruses are discussed.", "PMID": 1061100}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3547", "title": "Observations on impulse conduction along central axons.", "content": "This note calls attention to the facts that (i) the conduction velocities of central axons may not be predicted on the basis of diameter alone, (ii) that such structure-function relations as do exist may not be invariant. Data are presented which indicate that conduction velocities of rabbit callosal axons vary with the history of impulse conduction along the fiber. Increases and decreases of conduction velocity occur. Constant latency does not, therefore, constitute a necessary condition for identification of antidromically activated neurons, and variable latency does not constitute a sufficient condition for identification of synaptically activated neurons. The results are further discussed in terms of temporal coding of information in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Observations on impulse conduction along central axons. This note calls attention to the facts that (i) the conduction velocities of central axons may not be predicted on the basis of diameter alone, (ii) that such structure-function relations as do exist may not be invariant. Data are presented which indicate that conduction velocities of rabbit callosal axons vary with the history of impulse conduction along the fiber. Increases and decreases of conduction velocity occur. Constant latency does not, therefore, constitute a necessary condition for identification of antidromically activated neurons, and variable latency does not constitute a sufficient condition for identification of synaptically activated neurons. The results are further discussed in terms of temporal coding of information in the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1061101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3548", "title": "Rapid-flow resonance Raman spectroscopy of photolabile molecules: rhodopsin and isorhodopsin.", "content": "We have devised a method for obtaining the resonance Raman spectrum of a photolabile molecule before it is modified by light. The essence of this technique is that the sample is flowed through the light beam at a sufficiently high velocity so that the fraction of photoisomerized (or photodestroyed) molecules in the illuminated volume is very low. This rapid-flow technique has enabled us to measure the resonance Raman spectrum of unphotolyzed bovine rhodopsin in Ammonyx LO detergent solution and in sonicated retinal disc membranes. The major features of these spectra, which are very similar to one another, are the protonated Schiff base line near 1660 cm-1, the ethylenic line at 1545 cm-1, lines due to skeletal modes at 1216, 1240, and 1270 cm-1, and a line due to C-H bending at 971 cm-1. The resonance Raman spectrum of unphotolyzed isorhodopsin formed by the addition of 9-cis-retinal to opsin was also measured. The spectrum of isorhodopsin is more complex and differs markedly from that of rhodopsin. In isorhodopsin, the ethylenic line is shifted to 1550 cm-1, and there are six lines between 1153 and 1318 cm-1. The rapid-flow technique described here makes it feasible to control the extent of interaction between light and any photolabile molecule. We present a theory for predicting the effective sample composition in the illuminated volume as a function of the flow rate, light intensity, and spectral characteristics of the photolabile species.", "contents": "Rapid-flow resonance Raman spectroscopy of photolabile molecules: rhodopsin and isorhodopsin. We have devised a method for obtaining the resonance Raman spectrum of a photolabile molecule before it is modified by light. The essence of this technique is that the sample is flowed through the light beam at a sufficiently high velocity so that the fraction of photoisomerized (or photodestroyed) molecules in the illuminated volume is very low. This rapid-flow technique has enabled us to measure the resonance Raman spectrum of unphotolyzed bovine rhodopsin in Ammonyx LO detergent solution and in sonicated retinal disc membranes. The major features of these spectra, which are very similar to one another, are the protonated Schiff base line near 1660 cm-1, the ethylenic line at 1545 cm-1, lines due to skeletal modes at 1216, 1240, and 1270 cm-1, and a line due to C-H bending at 971 cm-1. The resonance Raman spectrum of unphotolyzed isorhodopsin formed by the addition of 9-cis-retinal to opsin was also measured. The spectrum of isorhodopsin is more complex and differs markedly from that of rhodopsin. In isorhodopsin, the ethylenic line is shifted to 1550 cm-1, and there are six lines between 1153 and 1318 cm-1. The rapid-flow technique described here makes it feasible to control the extent of interaction between light and any photolabile molecule. We present a theory for predicting the effective sample composition in the illuminated volume as a function of the flow rate, light intensity, and spectral characteristics of the photolabile species.", "PMID": 1061102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3549", "title": "Spike-forming model of neural membrane: computer simulation of additional perfused axon experiments.", "content": "In this paper a physical model of the neural membrane that I developed is tested for its ability to account for the details of the action potential spikes observed in squid giant axons, when perfused with sodium- and potassium-free fluids and surrounded by a calcium chloride solution. The near-zero resting potential of these perfused axons is accounted for by the model. The sizes, shapes, and conductances of the spikes observed with a number of different perfusates are also accounted for, when suitable values are assigned to the so-far unmeasured membrane constants that control the model properties. The three papers comprising the series are summarized at the end of this paper.", "contents": "Spike-forming model of neural membrane: computer simulation of additional perfused axon experiments. In this paper a physical model of the neural membrane that I developed is tested for its ability to account for the details of the action potential spikes observed in squid giant axons, when perfused with sodium- and potassium-free fluids and surrounded by a calcium chloride solution. The near-zero resting potential of these perfused axons is accounted for by the model. The sizes, shapes, and conductances of the spikes observed with a number of different perfusates are also accounted for, when suitable values are assigned to the so-far unmeasured membrane constants that control the model properties. The three papers comprising the series are summarized at the end of this paper.", "PMID": 1061103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3550", "title": "A normal level of adenosine deaminase activity in the red cell lysates of carriers and patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "content": "The red cell lysates of two children with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) exhibited a virtually total absence of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) when standard volumes were assayed. Under these conditions the parents exhibited depressed specific activity except for one mother, whose lysate showed a normal value for activity. Upon storage of the lysate at 4 degrees, a significant amount of activity appeared in one of the SCID children, and the activity of the heterozygous carriers was stimulated. With the use of a sensitive spectrophotometric assay based on conversion of inosine to uric acid, it was shown that the specific enzymatic activity in each of the SCID patients increased progressively as the volume of lysate assayed was lowered. With the smallest amount of lysate this specific activity was in the normal range. Similarly, the specific activity of each of the parents' lysates increased to the level of normal (or, in one case, about twice normal) as smaller volumes were assayed. The activity in the SCID patient was inhibitable by 2-fluoroadenosine and N6-methyladenosine, known competitive inhibitors of human red cell adenosine deaminase. The lysate from the SCID patient was also shown to inhibit adenosine deaminase partially purified from a normal individual. The results are interpreted in terms of a genetically programmed production of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor in at least one variant of the severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "contents": "A normal level of adenosine deaminase activity in the red cell lysates of carriers and patients with severe combined immunodeficiency disease. The red cell lysates of two children with severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) exhibited a virtually total absence of adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) when standard volumes were assayed. Under these conditions the parents exhibited depressed specific activity except for one mother, whose lysate showed a normal value for activity. Upon storage of the lysate at 4 degrees, a significant amount of activity appeared in one of the SCID children, and the activity of the heterozygous carriers was stimulated. With the use of a sensitive spectrophotometric assay based on conversion of inosine to uric acid, it was shown that the specific enzymatic activity in each of the SCID patients increased progressively as the volume of lysate assayed was lowered. With the smallest amount of lysate this specific activity was in the normal range. Similarly, the specific activity of each of the parents' lysates increased to the level of normal (or, in one case, about twice normal) as smaller volumes were assayed. The activity in the SCID patient was inhibitable by 2-fluoroadenosine and N6-methyladenosine, known competitive inhibitors of human red cell adenosine deaminase. The lysate from the SCID patient was also shown to inhibit adenosine deaminase partially purified from a normal individual. The results are interpreted in terms of a genetically programmed production of an adenosine deaminase inhibitor in at least one variant of the severe combined immunodeficiency disease.", "PMID": 1061104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3551", "title": "Synapse formation between clonal neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells and striated muscle cells.", "content": "Clonal neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells were shown to form synapses with cultured, striated muscle cells. The properties of the synapses between hybrid and muscle cells were similar to those of the normal, neuromuscular synapse at an early stage of development. The number of synapses formed and the efficiency of transmission across synapses were found to be regulated, apparently independently, by components in the culture medium. Under appropriate conditions synapses were found with 20% of the hybrid-muscle cell pairs examined; thus, the hybrid cells form synapses with relatively high frequency.", "contents": "Synapse formation between clonal neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells and striated muscle cells. Clonal neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells were shown to form synapses with cultured, striated muscle cells. The properties of the synapses between hybrid and muscle cells were similar to those of the normal, neuromuscular synapse at an early stage of development. The number of synapses formed and the efficiency of transmission across synapses were found to be regulated, apparently independently, by components in the culture medium. Under appropriate conditions synapses were found with 20% of the hybrid-muscle cell pairs examined; thus, the hybrid cells form synapses with relatively high frequency.", "PMID": 1061105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3552", "title": "Applications of synchrotron radiation to protein crystallography: preliminary results.", "content": "X-ray diffraction photographs of protein single crystals have been obtained using synchrotron radiation produced by an electron-positron storage ring. The diffracted intensities observed with this unconventional source are a factor of at least 60 greater than those obtained with a sealed x-ray tube using the same crystal and instrumental parameters. Diffraction data have been collected by the precession method to higher resolution and using smaller protein crystals than would have been possible with a conventional source. The crystal decay rate in the synchrotron beam for several proteins appears to be substantially less than that observed with Ni-filtered Cu radiation. The tunable nature of the source (which allows selective optimization of anomalous contributions to the scattering factors) and the low angular divergence of the beam make the source very useful for single crystal protein diffraction studies.", "contents": "Applications of synchrotron radiation to protein crystallography: preliminary results. X-ray diffraction photographs of protein single crystals have been obtained using synchrotron radiation produced by an electron-positron storage ring. The diffracted intensities observed with this unconventional source are a factor of at least 60 greater than those obtained with a sealed x-ray tube using the same crystal and instrumental parameters. Diffraction data have been collected by the precession method to higher resolution and using smaller protein crystals than would have been possible with a conventional source. The crystal decay rate in the synchrotron beam for several proteins appears to be substantially less than that observed with Ni-filtered Cu radiation. The tunable nature of the source (which allows selective optimization of anomalous contributions to the scattering factors) and the low angular divergence of the beam make the source very useful for single crystal protein diffraction studies.", "PMID": 1061106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3553", "title": "Affinity of myosin S-1 for F-actin, measured by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy.", "content": "The association constant for myosin subfragment-1 (S-1) and actin was measured, using a new application of fluorescence depolarization which capitalizes on the fact that S-1 has high rotational mobility while F-actin does not. Uncoupling of the time dependences of the anisotropy decay and the association/dissociation phenomena allowed the experimentally determined anisotropy decay curve to be fitted by a sum of two terms weighted by the mole fractions of the free and bound S-1. At 4 degrees C, ionic strength 0.16 M, and pH 7.0, the association constant Ka is (1.73 +/- 0.35) X 10(6) M-1 at infinite dilution. This makes the -deltaG degrees of binding of F-actin to S-1 similar to the -deltaG degrees of binding of ATP to S-1, and the possible physiological relevance of the similarity to muscle contraction is discussed.", "contents": "Affinity of myosin S-1 for F-actin, measured by time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy. The association constant for myosin subfragment-1 (S-1) and actin was measured, using a new application of fluorescence depolarization which capitalizes on the fact that S-1 has high rotational mobility while F-actin does not. Uncoupling of the time dependences of the anisotropy decay and the association/dissociation phenomena allowed the experimentally determined anisotropy decay curve to be fitted by a sum of two terms weighted by the mole fractions of the free and bound S-1. At 4 degrees C, ionic strength 0.16 M, and pH 7.0, the association constant Ka is (1.73 +/- 0.35) X 10(6) M-1 at infinite dilution. This makes the -deltaG degrees of binding of F-actin to S-1 similar to the -deltaG degrees of binding of ATP to S-1, and the possible physiological relevance of the similarity to muscle contraction is discussed.", "PMID": 1061107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3554", "title": "Cellulose microfibrils: visualization of biosynthetic and orienting complexes in association with the plasma membrane.", "content": "Cellulose microfibril biosynthesis, assembly, and orientation in the unicellular green alga, Oocystis, is visualized in association with a linear enzyme complex embedded in the B face of the plasma membrane. Granule bands of the A face and complementary ridges of the B face are postulated to assist in the orientation of recently synthesized microfibrils. A model for microfibril synthesis and orientation is proposed and correlated with current hypotheses regarding cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants.", "contents": "Cellulose microfibrils: visualization of biosynthetic and orienting complexes in association with the plasma membrane. Cellulose microfibril biosynthesis, assembly, and orientation in the unicellular green alga, Oocystis, is visualized in association with a linear enzyme complex embedded in the B face of the plasma membrane. Granule bands of the A face and complementary ridges of the B face are postulated to assist in the orientation of recently synthesized microfibrils. A model for microfibril synthesis and orientation is proposed and correlated with current hypotheses regarding cellulose biosynthesis in higher plants.", "PMID": 1061108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3555", "title": "Translation of nonpolyadenylylated messenger RNA of sea urchin embryos.", "content": "A large proportion of newly synthesized polyribosomal RNA of sea urchin blastulae is not polyadenylylated. The size distributions of the polyadenylylated and nonpolyadenylylated RNA are indistinguishable (mean size of 26 S). Upon translation of sea urchin polyribosomal RNA containing poly(A) and that without poly(A) in a wheat embryo cell-free protein-synthesizing system, where polypeptide synthesis is dependent on added messenger, both classes of RNA support peptide synthesis to the same extent. A preliminary analysis of the proteins synthesized in response to added mRNA (polyadenylylated and nonpolyadenylylated) indicates that these classes of mRNA molecules may code for different populations of proteins.", "contents": "Translation of nonpolyadenylylated messenger RNA of sea urchin embryos. A large proportion of newly synthesized polyribosomal RNA of sea urchin blastulae is not polyadenylylated. The size distributions of the polyadenylylated and nonpolyadenylylated RNA are indistinguishable (mean size of 26 S). Upon translation of sea urchin polyribosomal RNA containing poly(A) and that without poly(A) in a wheat embryo cell-free protein-synthesizing system, where polypeptide synthesis is dependent on added messenger, both classes of RNA support peptide synthesis to the same extent. A preliminary analysis of the proteins synthesized in response to added mRNA (polyadenylylated and nonpolyadenylylated) indicates that these classes of mRNA molecules may code for different populations of proteins.", "PMID": 1061109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3556", "title": "Prevention of viral-chemical co-carcinogenesis in vitro by type-specific anti-viral antibody.", "content": "Low passage Fischer rat embryo cultures, which are normally very resistant to transformation by 3-methylcholanthrene but are highly susceptible when chronically infected with the Rauscher murine leukemia virus, were completely protected from transformation by methylcholanthrene when treated with neutralizing antibody specific for the leukemia virus prior to and during treatment with methylcholanthrene. Sister cultures were not protected by neutralizing antibody specific for the B-tropic radiation leukemia virus. This demonstrates clearly a definite type specific role for Rauscher murine leukemia virus in the 2-methylcholanthrene transformation system in rat cells.", "contents": "Prevention of viral-chemical co-carcinogenesis in vitro by type-specific anti-viral antibody. Low passage Fischer rat embryo cultures, which are normally very resistant to transformation by 3-methylcholanthrene but are highly susceptible when chronically infected with the Rauscher murine leukemia virus, were completely protected from transformation by methylcholanthrene when treated with neutralizing antibody specific for the leukemia virus prior to and during treatment with methylcholanthrene. Sister cultures were not protected by neutralizing antibody specific for the B-tropic radiation leukemia virus. This demonstrates clearly a definite type specific role for Rauscher murine leukemia virus in the 2-methylcholanthrene transformation system in rat cells.", "PMID": 1061110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3557", "title": "Synthesis of acetylcholine receptors by cultured chick myotubes and denervated mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles.", "content": "Mono-[125I]iodo- alpha - bungarotoxin - receptor complexes extracted from chick myotube cultures as well as from adult denervated extensor digitorum longus muscles of the mouse have been banded at their buoyant density in gradients of metrizamide-deuterium oxide. When cultures or denervated adult muscles are preincubated in media containing 2H- or 13C-substituted amino acids under conditions of active receptor accumulation, the mono-[125I]iodo-alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complexes have an increased buoyant density and band in a position of higher density in the gradient relative to a marker of mono-[131I]iodo-alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complexes extracted from cells preincubated in normal media. It is concluded that the accumulation of receptors on the surfaces of cultured chick myotubes and on the non-synaptic surfaces of extensor digitorum longus muscles following denervation are the result of de novo synthesis.", "contents": "Synthesis of acetylcholine receptors by cultured chick myotubes and denervated mouse extensor digitorum longus muscles. Mono-[125I]iodo- alpha - bungarotoxin - receptor complexes extracted from chick myotube cultures as well as from adult denervated extensor digitorum longus muscles of the mouse have been banded at their buoyant density in gradients of metrizamide-deuterium oxide. When cultures or denervated adult muscles are preincubated in media containing 2H- or 13C-substituted amino acids under conditions of active receptor accumulation, the mono-[125I]iodo-alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complexes have an increased buoyant density and band in a position of higher density in the gradient relative to a marker of mono-[131I]iodo-alpha-bungarotoxin-receptor complexes extracted from cells preincubated in normal media. It is concluded that the accumulation of receptors on the surfaces of cultured chick myotubes and on the non-synaptic surfaces of extensor digitorum longus muscles following denervation are the result of de novo synthesis.", "PMID": 1061111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3558", "title": "Polarity of actin filaments in Characean algae.", "content": "Heavy meromyosin from rabbit muscle combines with oriented Nitella and Chara actin in vitro to form arrowhead structures directed opposite to the cytoplasmic flow in the living plant cell. All filaments and all bundles of filaments in the apically directed stream are similarly oriented; polarity with respect to the axis of the thallus is reversed in the downward stream. The actin filaments are attached to the chloroplasts at the ectoplasm-endoplasm interface, where the motive force for streaming is known to be generated.", "contents": "Polarity of actin filaments in Characean algae. Heavy meromyosin from rabbit muscle combines with oriented Nitella and Chara actin in vitro to form arrowhead structures directed opposite to the cytoplasmic flow in the living plant cell. All filaments and all bundles of filaments in the apically directed stream are similarly oriented; polarity with respect to the axis of the thallus is reversed in the downward stream. The actin filaments are attached to the chloroplasts at the ectoplasm-endoplasm interface, where the motive force for streaming is known to be generated.", "PMID": 1061112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3559", "title": "Analysis of membrane halves: cholesterol.", "content": "Membrane splitting by freeze-fracture has been used as a preparative tool for chemical analysis of outer and inner \"half\"-membranes. In a previous report I showed that monolayers of human erythrocytes, bound to cationized glass, fracture nonrandomly, producing membrane fractions substantially enriched in outer or inner \"halves.\" For the present study cells were used in quantities compatible with microanalysis. For quantitation the total amount of membrane present and the fractional enrichment of outer and inner \"half\"-membranes were determined. Cholesterol was examined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography modified to assay nanogram amounts. Comparison of lipids extracted from intact membranes with lipids from fractured membranes indicated that cholesterol was asymmetrically distributed across the plane of the membrane, more being present on the exterior side than on the interior side.", "contents": "Analysis of membrane halves: cholesterol. Membrane splitting by freeze-fracture has been used as a preparative tool for chemical analysis of outer and inner \"half\"-membranes. In a previous report I showed that monolayers of human erythrocytes, bound to cationized glass, fracture nonrandomly, producing membrane fractions substantially enriched in outer or inner \"halves.\" For the present study cells were used in quantities compatible with microanalysis. For quantitation the total amount of membrane present and the fractional enrichment of outer and inner \"half\"-membranes were determined. Cholesterol was examined by quantitative thin-layer chromatography modified to assay nanogram amounts. Comparison of lipids extracted from intact membranes with lipids from fractured membranes indicated that cholesterol was asymmetrically distributed across the plane of the membrane, more being present on the exterior side than on the interior side.", "PMID": 1061113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3560", "title": "Induction of human fibroblast proliferation by epidermal growth factor (EGF): enhancement by an EGF-binding arginine esterase and by ascorbate.", "content": "The effect of mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) and an mEGF-binding arginine esterase on the growth of cultured human fibroblasts has been studied. Physiological concentrations (10(-9)-10(-10) M) of the growth factor were found to stimulate DNA replication and cell proliferation in quiescent cultures, and the arginine esterase, which is normally associated with mEGF in vivo, was shown to enhance this growth effect synergistically. The cellular response to mEGF was dependent upon a low, growth-limiting concentration of serum in the extracellular medium. Ascorbic acid, which alone exhibited no growth-promoting effect, could partially replace this requirement, and was found to elicit a rapid and marked increase in proline hydroxylation. Quiescent cultures in serum-free medium containing ascorbic acid were stimulated by the combination of mEGF and the esterase in a manner comparable to that achieved with serum shift-up. The possible requirement of a collagen-containing extracellular matrix for the growth response to mEGF is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of human fibroblast proliferation by epidermal growth factor (EGF): enhancement by an EGF-binding arginine esterase and by ascorbate. The effect of mouse epidermal growth factor (mEGF) and an mEGF-binding arginine esterase on the growth of cultured human fibroblasts has been studied. Physiological concentrations (10(-9)-10(-10) M) of the growth factor were found to stimulate DNA replication and cell proliferation in quiescent cultures, and the arginine esterase, which is normally associated with mEGF in vivo, was shown to enhance this growth effect synergistically. The cellular response to mEGF was dependent upon a low, growth-limiting concentration of serum in the extracellular medium. Ascorbic acid, which alone exhibited no growth-promoting effect, could partially replace this requirement, and was found to elicit a rapid and marked increase in proline hydroxylation. Quiescent cultures in serum-free medium containing ascorbic acid were stimulated by the combination of mEGF and the esterase in a manner comparable to that achieved with serum shift-up. The possible requirement of a collagen-containing extracellular matrix for the growth response to mEGF is discussed.", "PMID": 1061114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3561", "title": "Mutability of different genetic loci in mammalian cells by metabolically activated carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons.", "content": "The relationship between carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in mammalian cells has been determined with 10 polycyclic hydrocarbons with different degrees of carcinogenicity. Mutagenesis was determined in Chinese hamster cells with genetic markers that affect the surface membrane, nucleic-acid synthesis, and protein synthesis. The mutations were characterized by resistance to ouabain, 8-azaguanine, and temperature. Mutagenesis by the carcinogens required metabolic activation and this was provided by the presence of lethally irradiated metabolizing cells. The degree of carcinogenicity was related to the degree of mutagenicity for all three genetic markers. The most potent carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, gave the highest mutagenicity and mutagenicity was obtained with 0.01 mug/ml. Treatment of the cells with aminophylline, which increases polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism, increased mutagenesis by the carcinogens. It is suggested that such an experimental system with these and other mammalian cells should be useful as a sensitive assay for hazardous environmental chemicals.", "contents": "Mutability of different genetic loci in mammalian cells by metabolically activated carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. The relationship between carcinogenesis and mutagenesis in mammalian cells has been determined with 10 polycyclic hydrocarbons with different degrees of carcinogenicity. Mutagenesis was determined in Chinese hamster cells with genetic markers that affect the surface membrane, nucleic-acid synthesis, and protein synthesis. The mutations were characterized by resistance to ouabain, 8-azaguanine, and temperature. Mutagenesis by the carcinogens required metabolic activation and this was provided by the presence of lethally irradiated metabolizing cells. The degree of carcinogenicity was related to the degree of mutagenicity for all three genetic markers. The most potent carcinogen, 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, gave the highest mutagenicity and mutagenicity was obtained with 0.01 mug/ml. Treatment of the cells with aminophylline, which increases polycyclic hydrocarbon metabolism, increased mutagenesis by the carcinogens. It is suggested that such an experimental system with these and other mammalian cells should be useful as a sensitive assay for hazardous environmental chemicals.", "PMID": 1061115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3562", "title": "Inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis by 7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate.", "content": "Translation of rabbit globin mRNA in a wheat germ protein-synthesizing system is inhibited by the nucleotide 7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate (m7G5'p) but not by other guanosine nucleotides without the 7-methyl group or with the phosphate in a different position. Translation of RNA of tobacco mosaic virus and poly(A) + HeLa RNA is also inhibited by m7G5'p. We show that m7G5'p prevents the association of mRNA with ribosomal subunits to form an initiation complex. We propose that m7G5'p interacts with a site on initiation factor(s) or ribosomes which is involved in mRNA recognition, presumably by binding to the 5'-terminal sequence m7G5'ppp. m7G5'p does not inhibit translation of poly(U) and RNA of satellite tobacco necrosis virus, which do not have the 5'-terminal sequence m7G5'ppp. In the case of RNA of satellite tobacco necrosis virus, some stimulation of its translation is consistently observed in the presence of m7G5'p; possible interpretations of this finding are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of initiation of protein synthesis by 7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate. Translation of rabbit globin mRNA in a wheat germ protein-synthesizing system is inhibited by the nucleotide 7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate (m7G5'p) but not by other guanosine nucleotides without the 7-methyl group or with the phosphate in a different position. Translation of RNA of tobacco mosaic virus and poly(A) + HeLa RNA is also inhibited by m7G5'p. We show that m7G5'p prevents the association of mRNA with ribosomal subunits to form an initiation complex. We propose that m7G5'p interacts with a site on initiation factor(s) or ribosomes which is involved in mRNA recognition, presumably by binding to the 5'-terminal sequence m7G5'ppp. m7G5'p does not inhibit translation of poly(U) and RNA of satellite tobacco necrosis virus, which do not have the 5'-terminal sequence m7G5'ppp. In the case of RNA of satellite tobacco necrosis virus, some stimulation of its translation is consistently observed in the presence of m7G5'p; possible interpretations of this finding are discussed.", "PMID": 1061116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3563", "title": "Genetics of somatic mammalian cells: genetic, immunologic, and biochemical analysis with Chinese hamster cell hybrids containing selected human chromosomes.", "content": "Through hybridization of specific Chinese hamster cell auxotrophs with human cells and selection in media lacking the nutritional supplements required by the former cells, a series of stable hybrid clones can be prepared. These hybrids have genomes consisting of a common part--the complete or almost complete set of Chinese hamster chromosomes, plus a variable part--one or a few human chromosomes. The identity of the human chromosomes can be varied by utilizing different Chinese hamster auxotrophs and the appropriate selective media. The human chromosomes present can be determined by a combination of cytogenetic analysis with chromosome banding and testing for specific human marker genes. Hybrids containing single human chromosomes 11 and 12 and the combination of both 11 and 12 are described. The system appears to lend itself to various studies such as identification of human cell surface antigens, determination of their chromosomal loci, measurement of their distribution among cells of normal human tissues, study of interrelations among syntenic and asyntenic genes, and mutational analysis of the human genome.", "contents": "Genetics of somatic mammalian cells: genetic, immunologic, and biochemical analysis with Chinese hamster cell hybrids containing selected human chromosomes. Through hybridization of specific Chinese hamster cell auxotrophs with human cells and selection in media lacking the nutritional supplements required by the former cells, a series of stable hybrid clones can be prepared. These hybrids have genomes consisting of a common part--the complete or almost complete set of Chinese hamster chromosomes, plus a variable part--one or a few human chromosomes. The identity of the human chromosomes can be varied by utilizing different Chinese hamster auxotrophs and the appropriate selective media. The human chromosomes present can be determined by a combination of cytogenetic analysis with chromosome banding and testing for specific human marker genes. Hybrids containing single human chromosomes 11 and 12 and the combination of both 11 and 12 are described. The system appears to lend itself to various studies such as identification of human cell surface antigens, determination of their chromosomal loci, measurement of their distribution among cells of normal human tissues, study of interrelations among syntenic and asyntenic genes, and mutational analysis of the human genome.", "PMID": 1061117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3564", "title": "Purkinje cell degeneration, a new neurological mutation in the mouse.", "content": "A new autosomal recessive mouse mutation, Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd), is described. Mutants exhibit a moderate ataxia beginning at 3 to 4 weeks of age. The ataxia results from postnatal degeneration of virtually all cerebellar Purkinje cells beginning around 15 to 18 days of age and progressing rapidly over the next 2 weeks. In addition to the cerebellar disease there is slow progressive degeneration in the retina (photoreceptor cells) and olfactory bulb. Also, adult males have abnormal sperm.", "contents": "Purkinje cell degeneration, a new neurological mutation in the mouse. A new autosomal recessive mouse mutation, Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd), is described. Mutants exhibit a moderate ataxia beginning at 3 to 4 weeks of age. The ataxia results from postnatal degeneration of virtually all cerebellar Purkinje cells beginning around 15 to 18 days of age and progressing rapidly over the next 2 weeks. In addition to the cerebellar disease there is slow progressive degeneration in the retina (photoreceptor cells) and olfactory bulb. Also, adult males have abnormal sperm.", "PMID": 1061118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3565", "title": "Characterization of residual enzyme activity in fibroblasts from patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency and combined immunodeficiency: evidence for a mutant enzyme.", "content": "A proportion of patients suffering from the autosomal recessive form of severe combined immunodeficiency have an inherited deficiency of adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4; adenosine aminohydrolase) (erythrocyte isoenzyme). We have, however, found residual adenosine deaminase activity in fibroblasts derived from four such patients. The enzyme responsible for this activity is biochemically homologous with the high-molecular-weight tissue isoenzyme of adenosine deaminase found in normal fibroblasts and tissues other than erythrocytes. The residual adenosine deaminase has an altered electrophoretic mobility, increased heat stability as compared to normals, and can be detected in fibroblasts of obligate heterozygotes. Our previous studies have indicated that the tissue and erythrocyte adenosine deaminase isoenzymes contain a common catalytic unit controlled by the gene affected in severe combined immunodeficiency with absent adenosine deaminase (erythrocyte isoenzyme). This residual adenosine deaminase therefore represents, most likely, a \"mutant\" enzyme in fibroblasts of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. The data support the hypothesis that, in these patients, severe combined immunodeficiency is due to a mutation at the adenosine deaminase locus.", "contents": "Characterization of residual enzyme activity in fibroblasts from patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency and combined immunodeficiency: evidence for a mutant enzyme. A proportion of patients suffering from the autosomal recessive form of severe combined immunodeficiency have an inherited deficiency of adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4; adenosine aminohydrolase) (erythrocyte isoenzyme). We have, however, found residual adenosine deaminase activity in fibroblasts derived from four such patients. The enzyme responsible for this activity is biochemically homologous with the high-molecular-weight tissue isoenzyme of adenosine deaminase found in normal fibroblasts and tissues other than erythrocytes. The residual adenosine deaminase has an altered electrophoretic mobility, increased heat stability as compared to normals, and can be detected in fibroblasts of obligate heterozygotes. Our previous studies have indicated that the tissue and erythrocyte adenosine deaminase isoenzymes contain a common catalytic unit controlled by the gene affected in severe combined immunodeficiency with absent adenosine deaminase (erythrocyte isoenzyme). This residual adenosine deaminase therefore represents, most likely, a \"mutant\" enzyme in fibroblasts of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency. The data support the hypothesis that, in these patients, severe combined immunodeficiency is due to a mutation at the adenosine deaminase locus.", "PMID": 1061119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3566", "title": "Chromatographic isolation of the hemagglutinin polypeptides from influenza virus vaccine and determination of their amino-terminal sequences.", "content": "The influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptides, HA1 and HA2, have been purified by gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate from a vaccine preparation of the recombinant strain Heq1N2. Use of this technique for purification of the hemagglutinin polypeptides eliminated the need for proteolytic agents for removal of the hemagglutinin from the virus particles and 100-300 mg of virus yielded 10-30 mg of viral protein per chromatographic cycle. Because proteolysis is not required to remove the spikes from the viral envelope, the envelope-embedded HA2 polypeptide was purified in its entirety for structural analysis. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the smaller polypeptide, HA2, revealed a cyclic repetition of glycyl residues through the first 24 residues at every third to fourth position. The sequence through the first 10 residues was identical to that presented by Skehel and Waterfield for other type A influenza viruses [(1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 93-97]. The HA1 (Heq/) polypeptide, on the other hand, had different amino acids at three or four out of the first 10 residues of the amino-terminal sequence when compared to HA1 from H0, H1, or H2 subtypes (Skehel and Waterfield). The present study has demonstrated the feasibility of the use of vaccine virus as a source of large quantities of viral protein for determination of primary structure.", "contents": "Chromatographic isolation of the hemagglutinin polypeptides from influenza virus vaccine and determination of their amino-terminal sequences. The influenza virus hemagglutinin polypeptides, HA1 and HA2, have been purified by gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate from a vaccine preparation of the recombinant strain Heq1N2. Use of this technique for purification of the hemagglutinin polypeptides eliminated the need for proteolytic agents for removal of the hemagglutinin from the virus particles and 100-300 mg of virus yielded 10-30 mg of viral protein per chromatographic cycle. Because proteolysis is not required to remove the spikes from the viral envelope, the envelope-embedded HA2 polypeptide was purified in its entirety for structural analysis. Amino-terminal sequence analysis of the smaller polypeptide, HA2, revealed a cyclic repetition of glycyl residues through the first 24 residues at every third to fourth position. The sequence through the first 10 residues was identical to that presented by Skehel and Waterfield for other type A influenza viruses [(1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 93-97]. The HA1 (Heq/) polypeptide, on the other hand, had different amino acids at three or four out of the first 10 residues of the amino-terminal sequence when compared to HA1 from H0, H1, or H2 subtypes (Skehel and Waterfield). The present study has demonstrated the feasibility of the use of vaccine virus as a source of large quantities of viral protein for determination of primary structure.", "PMID": 1061120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3567", "title": "Carcinogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-oxides on mouse skin.", "content": "Benzo[a]pyrene and three arene oxides of benzo[a]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-oxides) have been tested for carcinogenicity in mice by topical application of each compound (0.1 or 0.4 mumol) once every 2 weeks for 60 weeks. At the high dose, benzo[a]pyrene and the 7,8-oxide were highly carcinogenic, whereas the 4,5-oxide (K-region oxide) was weakly active and the 9,10-oxide was inactive. At the low dose, only benzo[a]pyrene was highly carcinogenic. The carcinogenic activities of the three arene oxides of benzo[a]pyrene were not correlated with their stabilities or mutagenic activities.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-oxides on mouse skin. Benzo[a]pyrene and three arene oxides of benzo[a]pyrene (benzo[a]pyrene 4,5-, 7,8-, and 9,10-oxides) have been tested for carcinogenicity in mice by topical application of each compound (0.1 or 0.4 mumol) once every 2 weeks for 60 weeks. At the high dose, benzo[a]pyrene and the 7,8-oxide were highly carcinogenic, whereas the 4,5-oxide (K-region oxide) was weakly active and the 9,10-oxide was inactive. At the low dose, only benzo[a]pyrene was highly carcinogenic. The carcinogenic activities of the three arene oxides of benzo[a]pyrene were not correlated with their stabilities or mutagenic activities.", "PMID": 1061121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3568", "title": "Model of solute and water movement in the kidney.", "content": "Finite difference equations describing salt and water movement in a model of the mammalian kidney have been solved numerically by an extension of the Newton-Raphson method used for the medullary counterflow system. The method permits both steady-state and transient solutions. It has been possible to simulate behavior of the whole kidney as a function of hydrostatic pressures in renal artery, vein, and pelvis; protein and other solute concentrations in arterial blood; and phenomenological equations describing transport of solute and water across nephron and capillary walls. With the model it has been possible to compute concentrations, flows, and hydrostatic pressures in the various nephron segments and in cortical and medullary capillaries and interstitium. In a general way, calculations on the model have met intuitive expectations. In addition, they have reemphasized the critical dependence of renal function on the hydraulic and solute permeabilities of glomerular, postglomerular, and medullary capillaries. These studies provide additional support for our thesis that the functional unit of the kidney is not the single nephron, but a nephrovascular unit consisting of a group of nephrons and their tightly coupled vasculature.", "contents": "Model of solute and water movement in the kidney. Finite difference equations describing salt and water movement in a model of the mammalian kidney have been solved numerically by an extension of the Newton-Raphson method used for the medullary counterflow system. The method permits both steady-state and transient solutions. It has been possible to simulate behavior of the whole kidney as a function of hydrostatic pressures in renal artery, vein, and pelvis; protein and other solute concentrations in arterial blood; and phenomenological equations describing transport of solute and water across nephron and capillary walls. With the model it has been possible to compute concentrations, flows, and hydrostatic pressures in the various nephron segments and in cortical and medullary capillaries and interstitium. In a general way, calculations on the model have met intuitive expectations. In addition, they have reemphasized the critical dependence of renal function on the hydraulic and solute permeabilities of glomerular, postglomerular, and medullary capillaries. These studies provide additional support for our thesis that the functional unit of the kidney is not the single nephron, but a nephrovascular unit consisting of a group of nephrons and their tightly coupled vasculature.", "PMID": 1061122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3569", "title": "Darwin's finches: population variation and natural selection.", "content": "Van Valen's model, which relates morphological variation to ecological variation in an adaptive scheme, was investigated with individually marked and measured Darwin's finches on two adjacent Gal\u00e1pagos islands, Santa Cruz and Daphne Major. Results show that environmental heterogeneity is correlated with large continuous, morphological variation: variation in bill dimensions of Geospiza fortis is greater on Santa Cruz than on Daphne, as is environmental heterogeneity. Within populations of this species, different phenotypes distribute themselves in different habitat patches, select foods of different sizes and hardness, and exploit them with efficiencies that are phenotype- (bill size) dependent. These data constitute indirect evidence that natural selection has a controlling influence over the level of phenotypic variation exhibited by a population. Further evidence is that phenotypes did not survive equally well during the study period; on Daphne island G. fortis was apparently subjected to directional selection on bill tip length and G. scandens to normalizing selection on body weight and bill depth. Other factors which may have contributed to the establishment of a difference in variation between Santa Cruz and Daphne populations are the founder effect, genetic drift, and assortative mating. Annual climatic unpredictability is considered a source of environmental heterogeneity which, through its effect upon food supply, favors large morphological variation. It is predicted that species of large individual size are more influenced by this than are small species, and consequently exhibit greater size-corrected variation. The prediction is tested with data from six Geospiza species, and found to be correct.", "contents": "Darwin's finches: population variation and natural selection. Van Valen's model, which relates morphological variation to ecological variation in an adaptive scheme, was investigated with individually marked and measured Darwin's finches on two adjacent Gal\u00e1pagos islands, Santa Cruz and Daphne Major. Results show that environmental heterogeneity is correlated with large continuous, morphological variation: variation in bill dimensions of Geospiza fortis is greater on Santa Cruz than on Daphne, as is environmental heterogeneity. Within populations of this species, different phenotypes distribute themselves in different habitat patches, select foods of different sizes and hardness, and exploit them with efficiencies that are phenotype- (bill size) dependent. These data constitute indirect evidence that natural selection has a controlling influence over the level of phenotypic variation exhibited by a population. Further evidence is that phenotypes did not survive equally well during the study period; on Daphne island G. fortis was apparently subjected to directional selection on bill tip length and G. scandens to normalizing selection on body weight and bill depth. Other factors which may have contributed to the establishment of a difference in variation between Santa Cruz and Daphne populations are the founder effect, genetic drift, and assortative mating. Annual climatic unpredictability is considered a source of environmental heterogeneity which, through its effect upon food supply, favors large morphological variation. It is predicted that species of large individual size are more influenced by this than are small species, and consequently exhibit greater size-corrected variation. The prediction is tested with data from six Geospiza species, and found to be correct.", "PMID": 1061123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3570", "title": "Pregrowth hormone: product of the translation in vitro of messenger RNA coding for growth hormone.", "content": "Membrane fraction RNA isolated from rat pituitary tumor (GC) cells has been translated in a wheat germ extract. A product was synthesized which was immunologically related to growth hormone, but which migrated more slowly than growth hormone upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The mobility of the cell-free product on gels of this type was unchanged by treatment with either KOH or RNase. The mobilities during paper electrophoresis of the methionine-containing tryptic peptides obtained from the cell-free product were identical to those obtained from growth hormone synthesized and secreted by the GC cells. Molecular weights for growth hormone and the cell-free product of 19,500 and 24,000, respectively, were determined by gel electrophoresis of these proteins together with marker proteins of known molecular weights. No protein with the properties of the cell-free product was detected after a 2 min incubation of the GC cells with [35S]methionine. However, treatment of the GC cells, with a protease inhibitor, L-1-tosylamide-2-phenyl-ethylchloromethyl ketone (TPCK), led to the appearance of a new polypeptide, immunologically related to growth hormone, and with a mobility on gels identical to that of the cell-free product. These results strongly imply that the cell-free product represents a growth hormone precursor (pregrowth hormone) which is rapidly converted to growth hormone in pituitary cells.", "contents": "Pregrowth hormone: product of the translation in vitro of messenger RNA coding for growth hormone. Membrane fraction RNA isolated from rat pituitary tumor (GC) cells has been translated in a wheat germ extract. A product was synthesized which was immunologically related to growth hormone, but which migrated more slowly than growth hormone upon sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The mobility of the cell-free product on gels of this type was unchanged by treatment with either KOH or RNase. The mobilities during paper electrophoresis of the methionine-containing tryptic peptides obtained from the cell-free product were identical to those obtained from growth hormone synthesized and secreted by the GC cells. Molecular weights for growth hormone and the cell-free product of 19,500 and 24,000, respectively, were determined by gel electrophoresis of these proteins together with marker proteins of known molecular weights. No protein with the properties of the cell-free product was detected after a 2 min incubation of the GC cells with [35S]methionine. However, treatment of the GC cells, with a protease inhibitor, L-1-tosylamide-2-phenyl-ethylchloromethyl ketone (TPCK), led to the appearance of a new polypeptide, immunologically related to growth hormone, and with a mobility on gels identical to that of the cell-free product. These results strongly imply that the cell-free product represents a growth hormone precursor (pregrowth hormone) which is rapidly converted to growth hormone in pituitary cells.", "PMID": 1061124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3571", "title": "Carbohydrate moieties of procollagen: incorporation of isotopically labeled mannose and glucosamine into propeptides of procollagen secreted by matrix-free chick embryo tendon cells.", "content": "Cells obtained from chick embryo tendons incorporate isotopically labeled glucosamine and mannose into the pro-alpha1 and pro-alpha2 chains of procollagen as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The label was further localized to the propeptides of pro-alpha1 and pro-alpha2 by its chromatographic behavior after digestion with bacterial collagenase or alpha-chymotrypsin. Carbohydrate analysis of isolated pro-alpha chains showed the presence of labeled galactosamine in addition to mannose and glucosamine. Resistance to mild alkaline hydrolysis suggested that greater than 90% of the oligosaccharide units are not linked to the propeptide backbone by either serine or threonine.", "contents": "Carbohydrate moieties of procollagen: incorporation of isotopically labeled mannose and glucosamine into propeptides of procollagen secreted by matrix-free chick embryo tendon cells. Cells obtained from chick embryo tendons incorporate isotopically labeled glucosamine and mannose into the pro-alpha1 and pro-alpha2 chains of procollagen as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The label was further localized to the propeptides of pro-alpha1 and pro-alpha2 by its chromatographic behavior after digestion with bacterial collagenase or alpha-chymotrypsin. Carbohydrate analysis of isolated pro-alpha chains showed the presence of labeled galactosamine in addition to mannose and glucosamine. Resistance to mild alkaline hydrolysis suggested that greater than 90% of the oligosaccharide units are not linked to the propeptide backbone by either serine or threonine.", "PMID": 1061125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3572", "title": "Polypeptide chain initiation in eukaryotes: initiation factor requirements for translation of natural messengers.", "content": "A protein-synthesizing system consisting of ribosomes and supernatant of undeveloped Artemia saline embryos is used for assay of mRNA translation and initiation factors. This system contains the components needed for chain elongation but has low levels of mRNA and initiation factors. Exogenous mRNA is readily translated upon addition of high-speed supernatant or ribosomal salt wash of developing embryos as a source of initiation factors (IF). This requirement can be largely satisfied by a mixture of the reticulocyte factors IF-MP, IF-M3, IF-M2A, and IF-M2B. A. salina IF-M1, which is present in undeveloped embryo supernatant, can be inactivated by A. salina IF-M1 antibody without affecting translation.", "contents": "Polypeptide chain initiation in eukaryotes: initiation factor requirements for translation of natural messengers. A protein-synthesizing system consisting of ribosomes and supernatant of undeveloped Artemia saline embryos is used for assay of mRNA translation and initiation factors. This system contains the components needed for chain elongation but has low levels of mRNA and initiation factors. Exogenous mRNA is readily translated upon addition of high-speed supernatant or ribosomal salt wash of developing embryos as a source of initiation factors (IF). This requirement can be largely satisfied by a mixture of the reticulocyte factors IF-MP, IF-M3, IF-M2A, and IF-M2B. A. salina IF-M1, which is present in undeveloped embryo supernatant, can be inactivated by A. salina IF-M1 antibody without affecting translation.", "PMID": 1061126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3573", "title": "Magnetic circular dichroism of ferrous carbonyl adducts of cytochromes P-450 and P-420 and their synthetic models: further evidence for mercaptide as the fifth ligand to iron.", "content": "Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra have been obtained for the ferrous carbonyl adducts of cytochromes P-450 and P-420 as well as synthetic model systems. Ferrous porphyrins with sodium methyl mercaptide and CO in benzene give MCD and absorption spectra which are almost identical to those of the natural enzyme, indicating that in P-450 a mercaptide serves as the fifth ligand in the ferrous carbonyl adduct. MCD spectra of models with either propyl mercaptan or N-methylimidazole as the axial ligand are identical with that of P-420. Thus, no unambiguous assignment of the axial ligand can be made in this case. The infrared stretching frequencies of ferrous porphyrin carbonyl complexes and the absorption spectrum of the CO adduct of Na[Fe1(meso-tetraphenylporphyrin dianion)] are consistent with the concept that in P-450 considerable electron density is transferred to the iron by the mercaptide ligand.", "contents": "Magnetic circular dichroism of ferrous carbonyl adducts of cytochromes P-450 and P-420 and their synthetic models: further evidence for mercaptide as the fifth ligand to iron. Absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectra have been obtained for the ferrous carbonyl adducts of cytochromes P-450 and P-420 as well as synthetic model systems. Ferrous porphyrins with sodium methyl mercaptide and CO in benzene give MCD and absorption spectra which are almost identical to those of the natural enzyme, indicating that in P-450 a mercaptide serves as the fifth ligand in the ferrous carbonyl adduct. MCD spectra of models with either propyl mercaptan or N-methylimidazole as the axial ligand are identical with that of P-420. Thus, no unambiguous assignment of the axial ligand can be made in this case. The infrared stretching frequencies of ferrous porphyrin carbonyl complexes and the absorption spectrum of the CO adduct of Na[Fe1(meso-tetraphenylporphyrin dianion)] are consistent with the concept that in P-450 considerable electron density is transferred to the iron by the mercaptide ligand.", "PMID": 1061127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3574", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of fragment A, an enzymically active fragment from diphtheria toxin.", "content": "The amino-acid sequence of Fragment A from diphtheria toxin is reported. Fragment A (molecular weight, Mr, 21,145) is the major enzymically active fragment produced upon activation of the intact toxin (Mr about 60,000) by limited tryptic digestion and reduction. It, or a similar fragment, is believed responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis in animal cells exposed to the toxin. Fragment A, which corresponds to the amino terminus of the toxin, is shown here to consist of three major forms (190, 192, and 193 residues) resulting from cleavage by trypsin adjacent to any of three closely spaced arginine residues. All three forms are enzymically active.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of fragment A, an enzymically active fragment from diphtheria toxin. The amino-acid sequence of Fragment A from diphtheria toxin is reported. Fragment A (molecular weight, Mr, 21,145) is the major enzymically active fragment produced upon activation of the intact toxin (Mr about 60,000) by limited tryptic digestion and reduction. It, or a similar fragment, is believed responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis in animal cells exposed to the toxin. Fragment A, which corresponds to the amino terminus of the toxin, is shown here to consist of three major forms (190, 192, and 193 residues) resulting from cleavage by trypsin adjacent to any of three closely spaced arginine residues. All three forms are enzymically active.", "PMID": 1061128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3575", "title": "Transduction of chemical into electrical energy.", "content": "The paper recalls some fundamental notions, developed by Otto Meyerhof, which were used in the analysis of the transduction of chemical into mechanical energy during muscular contraction. These notions formed the basis of the approach to the analysis of the transduction of chemical into electrical energy, i.e., the very principle underlying nerve and muscle excitability and bioelectricity. Instrumental for this purpose was the use, since 1937, of electric organs of fish, a tissue highly specialized for bioelectrogenesis.", "contents": "Transduction of chemical into electrical energy. The paper recalls some fundamental notions, developed by Otto Meyerhof, which were used in the analysis of the transduction of chemical into mechanical energy during muscular contraction. These notions formed the basis of the approach to the analysis of the transduction of chemical into electrical energy, i.e., the very principle underlying nerve and muscle excitability and bioelectricity. Instrumental for this purpose was the use, since 1937, of electric organs of fish, a tissue highly specialized for bioelectrogenesis.", "PMID": 1061129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3576", "title": "Intramolecular energy transfer and molecular conformation.", "content": "A discussion of the range of applicability of Forster long-range energy transfer in the determination of macromolecular dimensions and conformational dynamics is given. Emphasis is laid on the effect of restrictions in the orientational freedom of donor and acceptor and on the importance of the orientational averaging regime. The usefulness and limitations of polarized emission measurements in this regard are discussed.", "contents": "Intramolecular energy transfer and molecular conformation. A discussion of the range of applicability of Forster long-range energy transfer in the determination of macromolecular dimensions and conformational dynamics is given. Emphasis is laid on the effect of restrictions in the orientational freedom of donor and acceptor and on the importance of the orientational averaging regime. The usefulness and limitations of polarized emission measurements in this regard are discussed.", "PMID": 1061130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3577", "title": "Novel properties of a restriction endonuclease isolated from Haemophilus parahaemolyticus.", "content": "The sequences in lambda DNA in and around six sites cut by Hph, a restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, are compared. The enzyme produces a staggered cut around an AT or TA base pair, but the sequences immediately surroinding the cleavage sites bear no obvious relation to one another. Eight (in some cases nine) base pairs to one side of each cleavage site is the common sequence TCACC AGTGG. Two lines of evidence indicate that these bases constitute part or all of the Hph recognition site. First, mutations in this sequence prevent Hph cutting. Second, dimethylsulfate-mediated methylation of Gs and As in this site prevent cutting, whereas methylation of purines in the region between this sequence and the cleavage sites has no such effect. There is discernible 2-fold rotational symmetry neither in the common sequence nor around the cleavage sites.", "contents": "Novel properties of a restriction endonuclease isolated from Haemophilus parahaemolyticus. The sequences in lambda DNA in and around six sites cut by Hph, a restriction enzyme isolated from Haemophilus parahaemolyticus, are compared. The enzyme produces a staggered cut around an AT or TA base pair, but the sequences immediately surroinding the cleavage sites bear no obvious relation to one another. Eight (in some cases nine) base pairs to one side of each cleavage site is the common sequence TCACC AGTGG. Two lines of evidence indicate that these bases constitute part or all of the Hph recognition site. First, mutations in this sequence prevent Hph cutting. Second, dimethylsulfate-mediated methylation of Gs and As in this site prevent cutting, whereas methylation of purines in the region between this sequence and the cleavage sites has no such effect. There is discernible 2-fold rotational symmetry neither in the common sequence nor around the cleavage sites.", "PMID": 1061131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3578", "title": "Polypeptide chain initiation in eukaryotes: mechanism of formation of initiation complex.", "content": "Artemia salina ribosomal subunits and highly purified reticulocyte initiation factors (IF) are used to study the mechanism of formation of the puromycin-sensitive initiation complex Met-tRNAi-80S ribosome-AUG. A complex with equimolar amounts of 40S subunit, GTP, and Met-tRNAi is formed at low Mg2+ concentration with a requirement for IF-MP (homogeneous) but not AUG or other factors. An 80S complex is formed only upon the further addition of AUG, IF-M2A, and IF-M2B, but not of either factor alone. This complex contains no GTP or GDP. A 40S complex, which cannot be converted to an 80S one, is formed when the nonhydrolyzable analog GMPPCP is substituted for GTP. IF-M2A has no effect on the formation of this complex, but IF-M2B enhances its formation.", "contents": "Polypeptide chain initiation in eukaryotes: mechanism of formation of initiation complex. Artemia salina ribosomal subunits and highly purified reticulocyte initiation factors (IF) are used to study the mechanism of formation of the puromycin-sensitive initiation complex Met-tRNAi-80S ribosome-AUG. A complex with equimolar amounts of 40S subunit, GTP, and Met-tRNAi is formed at low Mg2+ concentration with a requirement for IF-MP (homogeneous) but not AUG or other factors. An 80S complex is formed only upon the further addition of AUG, IF-M2A, and IF-M2B, but not of either factor alone. This complex contains no GTP or GDP. A 40S complex, which cannot be converted to an 80S one, is formed when the nonhydrolyzable analog GMPPCP is substituted for GTP. IF-M2A has no effect on the formation of this complex, but IF-M2B enhances its formation.", "PMID": 1061132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3579", "title": "Reciprocal reactivities of specific thiols when actin binds to myosin.", "content": "We report measurements of the reactivity (degree of labeling, as mole of ligand per mole of protein, at constant exposure time) of the reactive thiol, \"SH1\", of a subfragment of myosin (S-1), and of Cys-10 of F-actin under various conditions, using N-iodo-[3H]acetyl-N-(1-sulfo-5-naphthyl)ethylenediamine, a fluorescent radioactive iodoacetamide analog. When either ADP or adenyloyl imidodiphosphate (simulating unhydrolyzed ATP) is bound to the enzymatic site of S-1, the reactivity of \"SH1\" is slightly enhanced, but when active ATPase is going on, reactivity is reduced by about a third, presumably due to the species, (S-1) ADP,Pi. The reactivity of Cys-10 alone is very low. When the complex, (S-1)-F-actin, is formed, the reactivity of SH1 is strongly decreased, and the reactivity of Cys-10 is strongly increased. The foregoing results explain our further observation (on glycerol-treated rabbit psoas fibers) that when fibers labeled in relaxation solution  are compared with fibers labeled in rigor solution, myosin is more reactive and actin is less reactive, in the former case; alpha-actinin and C-protein are also less reactive in the former case.", "contents": "Reciprocal reactivities of specific thiols when actin binds to myosin. We report measurements of the reactivity (degree of labeling, as mole of ligand per mole of protein, at constant exposure time) of the reactive thiol, \"SH1\", of a subfragment of myosin (S-1), and of Cys-10 of F-actin under various conditions, using N-iodo-[3H]acetyl-N-(1-sulfo-5-naphthyl)ethylenediamine, a fluorescent radioactive iodoacetamide analog. When either ADP or adenyloyl imidodiphosphate (simulating unhydrolyzed ATP) is bound to the enzymatic site of S-1, the reactivity of \"SH1\" is slightly enhanced, but when active ATPase is going on, reactivity is reduced by about a third, presumably due to the species, (S-1) ADP,Pi. The reactivity of Cys-10 alone is very low. When the complex, (S-1)-F-actin, is formed, the reactivity of SH1 is strongly decreased, and the reactivity of Cys-10 is strongly increased. The foregoing results explain our further observation (on glycerol-treated rabbit psoas fibers) that when fibers labeled in relaxation solution  are compared with fibers labeled in rigor solution, myosin is more reactive and actin is less reactive, in the former case; alpha-actinin and C-protein are also less reactive in the former case.", "PMID": 1061133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3580", "title": "Studies on secondary structure of single-stranded RNA from bacteriophage MS2 by electron microscopy.", "content": "A method allowing the demonstration and study by electron microscopy of secondary structure of viral RNA has been developed. Single-stranded RNA from the bacteriophage MS2 has been analyzed in the electron microscope in the presence of various concentrations of MgCl2. Depending on the salt concentration, the molecules display one to three large open loops which range in size from 10 to 20% of the total RNA length, and smaller closed loops which are approximately 3-5% of the total RNA length. Within one spreading, the conformation of the molecules is variable. However, the average complexity of the molecules increases with increasing salt, and individual loops which are infrequent at low salt increase in frequency with increasing salt. By analyzing the manner in which the individual loop appeared, it was possible to show that all molecules could be described by one basic pattern of secondary structure formation.", "contents": "Studies on secondary structure of single-stranded RNA from bacteriophage MS2 by electron microscopy. A method allowing the demonstration and study by electron microscopy of secondary structure of viral RNA has been developed. Single-stranded RNA from the bacteriophage MS2 has been analyzed in the electron microscope in the presence of various concentrations of MgCl2. Depending on the salt concentration, the molecules display one to three large open loops which range in size from 10 to 20% of the total RNA length, and smaller closed loops which are approximately 3-5% of the total RNA length. Within one spreading, the conformation of the molecules is variable. However, the average complexity of the molecules increases with increasing salt, and individual loops which are infrequent at low salt increase in frequency with increasing salt. By analyzing the manner in which the individual loop appeared, it was possible to show that all molecules could be described by one basic pattern of secondary structure formation.", "PMID": 1061134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3581", "title": "Detection of polycistronic and overlapping bacteriophage T7 late transcripts by in vitro translation.", "content": "Bacteriphage T7 RNAs have been fractionated on preparative polyacrylamide gels. The in vitro coding capacities of the RNAs have been determined by translation of the RNAs in a cell-free system and analysis of the polypeptide products on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab gels. The T7 early RNAs are fractionated according to their molecular weight and without intermolecular aggregation. Fractionation of the late T7 RNAs  gives rise to 10 major RNAs, ranging in size from 0.29 X 10(6) daltons to 2.05 X 10(6) daltons. Five of these RNAs are polycistronic and overlapping species are present for some T7 proteins. In particular, the gene 10 protein, the major capsid protein, is translated from at least three mRNAs. The smallest of these gene 10 mRNAs is monocistronic. A second gene 10 mRNA also codes for the gene 9 protein, and a third gene 10 mRNA codes for both gene 8 and gene 9 proteins. The T7 gene 3.5 protein, a T7 lytic enzyme, is also translated from several differently sized mRNAs. Comparison with published data on in vitro transcription by T7 RNA polymerase suggestes that transcription from multiple initiation sites and cleavage of larger precursors are both involved in generating the late T7 transcripts we observe. The overlapping mode of transcription could serve to amplify certain gene products.", "contents": "Detection of polycistronic and overlapping bacteriophage T7 late transcripts by in vitro translation. Bacteriphage T7 RNAs have been fractionated on preparative polyacrylamide gels. The in vitro coding capacities of the RNAs have been determined by translation of the RNAs in a cell-free system and analysis of the polypeptide products on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide slab gels. The T7 early RNAs are fractionated according to their molecular weight and without intermolecular aggregation. Fractionation of the late T7 RNAs  gives rise to 10 major RNAs, ranging in size from 0.29 X 10(6) daltons to 2.05 X 10(6) daltons. Five of these RNAs are polycistronic and overlapping species are present for some T7 proteins. In particular, the gene 10 protein, the major capsid protein, is translated from at least three mRNAs. The smallest of these gene 10 mRNAs is monocistronic. A second gene 10 mRNA also codes for the gene 9 protein, and a third gene 10 mRNA codes for both gene 8 and gene 9 proteins. The T7 gene 3.5 protein, a T7 lytic enzyme, is also translated from several differently sized mRNAs. Comparison with published data on in vitro transcription by T7 RNA polymerase suggestes that transcription from multiple initiation sites and cleavage of larger precursors are both involved in generating the late T7 transcripts we observe. The overlapping mode of transcription could serve to amplify certain gene products.", "PMID": 1061135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3582", "title": "Magnetic resonance studies of concanavalin A: location of the binding site of alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside.", "content": "The longitudinal nuclear magnetic relaxation times of the methyl protons of alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside have been measured at 90 MHz and 270 MHz in solutions of concanavalin A complexed with: (i) Mn2+ and Ca2+; and (ii) Zn2+ and Ca2+. Zn2+ and Mn2+ are known to bind in site S1 and Ca2+ in site S2 of concanavalin A. Both sites must be occupied before monosaccharides will bind to the protein. In order to extract T1p, the paramagnetic contribution to the bound methyl relaxation time, from these observations the relaxation time of uncomplexed sugar was determined. Free Mn2+ contributed insignificantly to the latter value; however, outer sphere relaxation was found to be large at bound Mn2+ concentrations greater than 1 mM. Comparison of the results obtained at the two frequencies allowed the determination of the correlation time for the interaction between the methyl protons and the bound Mn2+ and the distance between them (21.5 +/- 1.2 A). In contrast to previous results from nuclear magnetic resonance studies, this distance is consistent with binding at the cavity proposed for the saccharide binding site by Becker et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1513 (1975)], although it does not preclude possible binding sites on the surface of the molecule.", "contents": "Magnetic resonance studies of concanavalin A: location of the binding site of alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside. The longitudinal nuclear magnetic relaxation times of the methyl protons of alpha-methyl-D-mannopyranoside have been measured at 90 MHz and 270 MHz in solutions of concanavalin A complexed with: (i) Mn2+ and Ca2+; and (ii) Zn2+ and Ca2+. Zn2+ and Mn2+ are known to bind in site S1 and Ca2+ in site S2 of concanavalin A. Both sites must be occupied before monosaccharides will bind to the protein. In order to extract T1p, the paramagnetic contribution to the bound methyl relaxation time, from these observations the relaxation time of uncomplexed sugar was determined. Free Mn2+ contributed insignificantly to the latter value; however, outer sphere relaxation was found to be large at bound Mn2+ concentrations greater than 1 mM. Comparison of the results obtained at the two frequencies allowed the determination of the correlation time for the interaction between the methyl protons and the bound Mn2+ and the distance between them (21.5 +/- 1.2 A). In contrast to previous results from nuclear magnetic resonance studies, this distance is consistent with binding at the cavity proposed for the saccharide binding site by Becker et al. [J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1513 (1975)], although it does not preclude possible binding sites on the surface of the molecule.", "PMID": 1061136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3583", "title": "A hepatic receptor of avian origin capable of binding specifically modified glycoproteins.", "content": "Evidence is reported to support the following conclusions: (i) The presence of a specific hepatic receptor capable of recognizing and binding galactose-terminated glycoproteins is responsible for maintaining near zero levels of circulating asialoglycoproteins in mammalian serum. (ii) The absence of this galactose-specific binding protein in avian, and presumably reptilian, liver is correlated with high levels of circulating asialoglycoproteins in the serum of these species. (iii) The evolutionary significance of these observations is reinforced by the recognition of an avian hepatic binding protein specific for terminal, N-acetyl-glucosamine residues on glycoproteins.", "contents": "A hepatic receptor of avian origin capable of binding specifically modified glycoproteins. Evidence is reported to support the following conclusions: (i) The presence of a specific hepatic receptor capable of recognizing and binding galactose-terminated glycoproteins is responsible for maintaining near zero levels of circulating asialoglycoproteins in mammalian serum. (ii) The absence of this galactose-specific binding protein in avian, and presumably reptilian, liver is correlated with high levels of circulating asialoglycoproteins in the serum of these species. (iii) The evolutionary significance of these observations is reinforced by the recognition of an avian hepatic binding protein specific for terminal, N-acetyl-glucosamine residues on glycoproteins.", "PMID": 1061137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3584", "title": "Chemical reactivities of catalytic and noncatalytic zinc or cobalt atoms of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase: differentiation by their thermodynamic and kinetic properties.", "content": "Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) contains one catalytic and one noncatalytic pair of zinc atoms that can be replaced selectively with cobalt and/or 65zince. We have now prepared \"hybird\" metalloenzymes by specifically replacing one or both pairs of zinc atoms with 65zinc and/or cobalt. Their differential chemical reactivities serve to characterize the metal atoms at either site. The spectral and kinetic properties of the resultant 65zinc, cobalt, and hybrid enzymes, as well as those of their complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline, identify the metal atoms that are at the catalytic sites and differentiate them from those at the noncatalytic sites. All data are in complete agreement with the results of the x-ray crystal structure analysis. Remarkably, under the conditions used, chemical reactivity, as gauged by thermodynamic methods under equilibrium conditions, identifies the catalytic metal atoms as those which are reactive to 1,10-phenanthroline, while this reagnet does not affect the noncatalytic pair. Under dynamic conditions the kinetics of the metal-metal exchange reveals the converse to be true: the chemical reactivity of the noncatalytic atoms is much higher and, hence, they exchange more rapidly. The results are examined in terms of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of metal complex ions which serve as the basis of possible mechanisms underlying these observations.", "contents": "Chemical reactivities of catalytic and noncatalytic zinc or cobalt atoms of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase: differentiation by their thermodynamic and kinetic properties. Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.1) contains one catalytic and one noncatalytic pair of zinc atoms that can be replaced selectively with cobalt and/or 65zince. We have now prepared \"hybird\" metalloenzymes by specifically replacing one or both pairs of zinc atoms with 65zinc and/or cobalt. Their differential chemical reactivities serve to characterize the metal atoms at either site. The spectral and kinetic properties of the resultant 65zinc, cobalt, and hybrid enzymes, as well as those of their complexes with 1,10-phenanthroline, identify the metal atoms that are at the catalytic sites and differentiate them from those at the noncatalytic sites. All data are in complete agreement with the results of the x-ray crystal structure analysis. Remarkably, under the conditions used, chemical reactivity, as gauged by thermodynamic methods under equilibrium conditions, identifies the catalytic metal atoms as those which are reactive to 1,10-phenanthroline, while this reagnet does not affect the noncatalytic pair. Under dynamic conditions the kinetics of the metal-metal exchange reveals the converse to be true: the chemical reactivity of the noncatalytic atoms is much higher and, hence, they exchange more rapidly. The results are examined in terms of thermodynamic and kinetic properties of metal complex ions which serve as the basis of possible mechanisms underlying these observations.", "PMID": 1061138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3585", "title": "Structure of the iron complex in methemerythrin.", "content": "The coordination of the ligands about the iron atoms in methemerythrin from Themiste dyscritum has been deduced from a 2.8 A resolution electron density map. The complex can be described in terms of two trigonal antiprisms about the pair of iron atoms in each subunit, the antiprisms having one face in common. Ligands at eight of the nine coordination positions are protein side chains, the ninth presumably being water. Comparison of the electron density map for T. dyscritum methemerythrin with the sequence of Phascolopsis gouldii hemerythrin suggests six aromatic side chain ligands (five histidine and one tyrosine) and two nonaromatic side chain ligands. The latter provide atoms at two of the three vertices of the face shared by the two antiprisms, and these along with the presumed water at the third vertex form bridges between the iron atoms of each pair.", "contents": "Structure of the iron complex in methemerythrin. The coordination of the ligands about the iron atoms in methemerythrin from Themiste dyscritum has been deduced from a 2.8 A resolution electron density map. The complex can be described in terms of two trigonal antiprisms about the pair of iron atoms in each subunit, the antiprisms having one face in common. Ligands at eight of the nine coordination positions are protein side chains, the ninth presumably being water. Comparison of the electron density map for T. dyscritum methemerythrin with the sequence of Phascolopsis gouldii hemerythrin suggests six aromatic side chain ligands (five histidine and one tyrosine) and two nonaromatic side chain ligands. The latter provide atoms at two of the three vertices of the face shared by the two antiprisms, and these along with the presumed water at the third vertex form bridges between the iron atoms of each pair.", "PMID": 1061139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3586", "title": "Synthesis of Rauscher murine leukemia virus-specific polypeptides in vitro.", "content": "The biosynthesis of specific polypeptides directed by purified viral messenger RNA from JLS-V9 cells infected with Rauscher leukemia virus has been studied in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The 35S viral mRNA gives rise to two major products of 65,000 and 72,000 molecular weight. The synthesis of specific polypeptides was also investigated in lysates derived from infected cells. The main products were polypeptides with molecular weights of 65,000, 76,000, and 82,000, and were preferentially made in association with membranes. The relative content of the virus-specific polypeptide of 65,000 molecular weight, synthesized in a cell-free system supplemented with purified polyribosomes, is considerably higher for membrane-bound polyribosomes.", "contents": "Synthesis of Rauscher murine leukemia virus-specific polypeptides in vitro. The biosynthesis of specific polypeptides directed by purified viral messenger RNA from JLS-V9 cells infected with Rauscher leukemia virus has been studied in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The 35S viral mRNA gives rise to two major products of 65,000 and 72,000 molecular weight. The synthesis of specific polypeptides was also investigated in lysates derived from infected cells. The main products were polypeptides with molecular weights of 65,000, 76,000, and 82,000, and were preferentially made in association with membranes. The relative content of the virus-specific polypeptide of 65,000 molecular weight, synthesized in a cell-free system supplemented with purified polyribosomes, is considerably higher for membrane-bound polyribosomes.", "PMID": 1061140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3587", "title": "Transbilayer distribution and movement of cholesterol and phospholipid in the membrane of influenza virus.", "content": "The transfer of radioactive cholesterol from influenza virus to excess phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol vesicles has been studied. Viral cholesterol was found to exist in two pools, one rapidly exchangeable. Evidence is presented that the rapidly exchangeable pool corresponds to cholesterol present on the outer surface of the viral bilayer, while the slowly exchangeable pool corresponds to inner surface cholesterol. Approximately equal amounts are present in each pool, suggesting that cholesterol distribution is not markedly asymmetric in the viral bilayer. A half-time for the rate of equilibration between the two sides of the bilayer (flip-flop) was about 13 days at 37 degrees with a 90% confidence interval of 3.4- infinity days. Similar experiments were carried out which followed the time course of transfer of labeled phospholipids from the viral bilayer to phospholipid vesicles, catalyzed by phospholipid exchange protein from beef heart. From these experiments the half-times for the flip-flop of phosphatidyl-choline and spingomyelin were found to be indeterminately in excess of 10 and 30 days at 37 degrees, respectively. These results suggest that exchange of the major components of the viral bilayer between the two surfaces occurs very slowly relative to the turnover times of most membrane constituents, and provide a plausible mechanism for the maintenance of membrane asymmetry over biologically relevant time periods.", "contents": "Transbilayer distribution and movement of cholesterol and phospholipid in the membrane of influenza virus. The transfer of radioactive cholesterol from influenza virus to excess phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol vesicles has been studied. Viral cholesterol was found to exist in two pools, one rapidly exchangeable. Evidence is presented that the rapidly exchangeable pool corresponds to cholesterol present on the outer surface of the viral bilayer, while the slowly exchangeable pool corresponds to inner surface cholesterol. Approximately equal amounts are present in each pool, suggesting that cholesterol distribution is not markedly asymmetric in the viral bilayer. A half-time for the rate of equilibration between the two sides of the bilayer (flip-flop) was about 13 days at 37 degrees with a 90% confidence interval of 3.4- infinity days. Similar experiments were carried out which followed the time course of transfer of labeled phospholipids from the viral bilayer to phospholipid vesicles, catalyzed by phospholipid exchange protein from beef heart. From these experiments the half-times for the flip-flop of phosphatidyl-choline and spingomyelin were found to be indeterminately in excess of 10 and 30 days at 37 degrees, respectively. These results suggest that exchange of the major components of the viral bilayer between the two surfaces occurs very slowly relative to the turnover times of most membrane constituents, and provide a plausible mechanism for the maintenance of membrane asymmetry over biologically relevant time periods.", "PMID": 1061141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3588", "title": "Reconstitution of D-glucose transport catalyzed by a protein fraction from human erythrocytes in sonicated liposomes.", "content": "A protein fraction was obtained from human erythrocyte ghosts by solubilization with Triton X-100 or octylglucoside. Triton X-100 was removed from the protein by Bio-Beads SM-2 and octylglucoside, by diafiltration. The solubilized protein fraction catalyzed D-glucose uptake when reconstituted in sonicated liposomes. The uptake was time dependent and inhibited by mercuric ions or cytochalasin B. The results indicate that the uptake represents transport of the sugar into the liposomes rather than binding to the reconstituted liposomes.", "contents": "Reconstitution of D-glucose transport catalyzed by a protein fraction from human erythrocytes in sonicated liposomes. A protein fraction was obtained from human erythrocyte ghosts by solubilization with Triton X-100 or octylglucoside. Triton X-100 was removed from the protein by Bio-Beads SM-2 and octylglucoside, by diafiltration. The solubilized protein fraction catalyzed D-glucose uptake when reconstituted in sonicated liposomes. The uptake was time dependent and inhibited by mercuric ions or cytochalasin B. The results indicate that the uptake represents transport of the sugar into the liposomes rather than binding to the reconstituted liposomes.", "PMID": 1061142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3589", "title": "Chromatin-like organization of the adenovirus chromosome.", "content": "Staphylococcal nuclease (nucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.7) cleaved DNA within disrupted adenovirus particles into a regular series of fragments with a repeat unit of 200 base pairs. Since this pattern did not eppear when DNA alone was digested, we postulate that the orderly arrangement of core polypeptides protects discrete regions of DNA from nuclease attack. The 23 X 10(6) dalton adenovirus DNA molecule can accommodate 180 units of roughly 200 base pairs. Based on the stoichiometry of core polypeptides, we calculate that each repeat unit contains six copies of polypeptide VII and a single copy of polypeptide V. This model is bases on proposals for the structure of eukaryotic chromatin. Very brief nuclease digestion generated 1800 base pair fragments (1/20 of the adenovirus chromosome). This result is discussed in terms of a higher order folding of viral DNA within the virus particle.", "contents": "Chromatin-like organization of the adenovirus chromosome. Staphylococcal nuclease (nucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.7) cleaved DNA within disrupted adenovirus particles into a regular series of fragments with a repeat unit of 200 base pairs. Since this pattern did not eppear when DNA alone was digested, we postulate that the orderly arrangement of core polypeptides protects discrete regions of DNA from nuclease attack. The 23 X 10(6) dalton adenovirus DNA molecule can accommodate 180 units of roughly 200 base pairs. Based on the stoichiometry of core polypeptides, we calculate that each repeat unit contains six copies of polypeptide VII and a single copy of polypeptide V. This model is bases on proposals for the structure of eukaryotic chromatin. Very brief nuclease digestion generated 1800 base pair fragments (1/20 of the adenovirus chromosome). This result is discussed in terms of a higher order folding of viral DNA within the virus particle.", "PMID": 1061143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3590", "title": "A gradient of adhesive specificity in developing avian retina.", "content": "Cell-cell adhesion was examined in the developing chick neural retina. A dorsoventral gradient of adhesive specificity in dissociated cells was detected which exhibits a complementarity such that the highest cell-cell affinities are exhibited between cells derived from the extremes of the gradient. If a nasotemporal gradient exists it must exhibit significantly lower cell-cell affinity. The relevance of these findings to pattern formation in the nervous system is discussed.", "contents": "A gradient of adhesive specificity in developing avian retina. Cell-cell adhesion was examined in the developing chick neural retina. A dorsoventral gradient of adhesive specificity in dissociated cells was detected which exhibits a complementarity such that the highest cell-cell affinities are exhibited between cells derived from the extremes of the gradient. If a nasotemporal gradient exists it must exhibit significantly lower cell-cell affinity. The relevance of these findings to pattern formation in the nervous system is discussed.", "PMID": 1061144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3591", "title": "Molecular orbital studies of enzyme activity: catalytic mechanism of serine proteinases.", "content": "The catalytic activity of the serine proteinases is studied using molecular orbital methods on a model of the enzyme-substrate complex. A mechanism is employed in which Ser-195, upon donating a proton to the His-57-Asp-102 dyad, attacks the substrate to form the tetrahedral intermediate. As His-57 then donates a proton to the leaving group, the intermediate decomposes to the acyl enzyme. An analogous process takes place during deacylation, as a water molecule takes the place of Ser-195 as the nucleophile. The motility of the histidine is found to be an important factor in both steps. An attempt is made to include the effects of those atoms not explicitly included in the calculations and to compare the reaction rate of the proposed mechanism with that of the uncatalyzed hydrolysis. This mechanism is found to be in good agreement with structural and kinetic data.", "contents": "Molecular orbital studies of enzyme activity: catalytic mechanism of serine proteinases. The catalytic activity of the serine proteinases is studied using molecular orbital methods on a model of the enzyme-substrate complex. A mechanism is employed in which Ser-195, upon donating a proton to the His-57-Asp-102 dyad, attacks the substrate to form the tetrahedral intermediate. As His-57 then donates a proton to the leaving group, the intermediate decomposes to the acyl enzyme. An analogous process takes place during deacylation, as a water molecule takes the place of Ser-195 as the nucleophile. The motility of the histidine is found to be an important factor in both steps. An attempt is made to include the effects of those atoms not explicitly included in the calculations and to compare the reaction rate of the proposed mechanism with that of the uncatalyzed hydrolysis. This mechanism is found to be in good agreement with structural and kinetic data.", "PMID": 1061145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3592", "title": "Stoichiometric relationship between energy-dependent proton ejection and electron transport in mitochondria.", "content": "The number of protons ejected during electron transport per pair of electrons per energy-conserving site (the H+/site ratio) was measured in rat liver mitochondria by three different methods under conditions in which transmembrane movements of endogenous phosphate were minized or eliminated. (1) In the Ca2+ pulse method, between 3.5 and 4.0 molecules of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 1.75 to 2.0 Ca2+ ions were accumulated per 2 e- per site during Ca2+ induced electron transport in the presence of rotenone, when measured under conditions in which movements of endogenous phosphate were negligible. Since entry of 3-hydroxybutyrate requires its protonation to the free acid these data correspond to an H+/site ratio of 3.5-4.0 (2) In the oxygen pulse method addition of known amounts of oxygen to anaerobic mitochondria in the presence of substrate yielded H+/site ratios of 3.0 when phosphate transport was eliminated by addition of N-ethylmaleimide or by anaerobic washing to remove endogenous phosphate. In the absence of such measures the observed H+/site ratio was 2.0. (3) In the reductant pulse method measurement of the initial steady rates of H+ ejection and oxygen consumption by mitochondria in an aerobic medium after addition of substrate gave H+/site near 4.0 in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide; in the absence of the inhibitor the observed ratio was only 2.0. These and other experiments reported indicate that the values of 2.0 earlier obtained for the H+/site ratio by Mitchell and Moyle [Biochem J. (1967) 105, 1147-1162] and others were underestimates due to the unrecognized masking of H+ ejection by movements of endogenous phosphate. The results presented here show that the H+/site ratio of mitochondrial electron transport is at least 3.0 and may be as high as 4.0.", "contents": "Stoichiometric relationship between energy-dependent proton ejection and electron transport in mitochondria. The number of protons ejected during electron transport per pair of electrons per energy-conserving site (the H+/site ratio) was measured in rat liver mitochondria by three different methods under conditions in which transmembrane movements of endogenous phosphate were minized or eliminated. (1) In the Ca2+ pulse method, between 3.5 and 4.0 molecules of 3-hydroxybutyrate and 1.75 to 2.0 Ca2+ ions were accumulated per 2 e- per site during Ca2+ induced electron transport in the presence of rotenone, when measured under conditions in which movements of endogenous phosphate were negligible. Since entry of 3-hydroxybutyrate requires its protonation to the free acid these data correspond to an H+/site ratio of 3.5-4.0 (2) In the oxygen pulse method addition of known amounts of oxygen to anaerobic mitochondria in the presence of substrate yielded H+/site ratios of 3.0 when phosphate transport was eliminated by addition of N-ethylmaleimide or by anaerobic washing to remove endogenous phosphate. In the absence of such measures the observed H+/site ratio was 2.0. (3) In the reductant pulse method measurement of the initial steady rates of H+ ejection and oxygen consumption by mitochondria in an aerobic medium after addition of substrate gave H+/site near 4.0 in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide; in the absence of the inhibitor the observed ratio was only 2.0. These and other experiments reported indicate that the values of 2.0 earlier obtained for the H+/site ratio by Mitchell and Moyle [Biochem J. (1967) 105, 1147-1162] and others were underestimates due to the unrecognized masking of H+ ejection by movements of endogenous phosphate. The results presented here show that the H+/site ratio of mitochondrial electron transport is at least 3.0 and may be as high as 4.0.", "PMID": 1061146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3593", "title": "Amphipathic amines affect membrane excitability in paramecium: role for bilayer couple.", "content": "Amphipathic amines and local anesthetics stimulated reversal of the ciliary beating direction in wild-type Paramecium. Ca++ influx across the surface membrane and the consequent increase in internal Ca++ causes ciliary reversal and backward swimming. Mutant cells of the \"Pawn\" class, which lack a \"gating\" mechanism for regulating Ca++ influx, did not swim backwards in the presence of local anesthetics. Local anesthetics stimulated the passive efflux of K+ but had no effect on the active transport of K+ or Ca++. Apparently passive influx of Ca++ also was stimulated by local anesthetics as evidenced by their effects on swimming direction. These data can be interpreted in terms of the \"bilayer couple\" hypothesis of Sheetz and Singer [(1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4457-4461]: amphipathic drugs affect cells by asymmetric insertion into one face of the lipid bilayer.  As predicted by this hypothesis, the drugs' effects were seen only after a short time lag, and quaternary amines were less effective than tertiary amines. The effect on behavior was caused by any of several amphipathic cations, and the relative potency was a function of their hydrophobicity. Amphipathic anions, which according to the hypothesis would insert into the opposite face of the lipid bilayer, had little effect on ciliary reversal. Asymmetric perturbation of the lipid bilayer with amphipathic cations may trigger the opening of the Ca++ gate.", "contents": "Amphipathic amines affect membrane excitability in paramecium: role for bilayer couple. Amphipathic amines and local anesthetics stimulated reversal of the ciliary beating direction in wild-type Paramecium. Ca++ influx across the surface membrane and the consequent increase in internal Ca++ causes ciliary reversal and backward swimming. Mutant cells of the \"Pawn\" class, which lack a \"gating\" mechanism for regulating Ca++ influx, did not swim backwards in the presence of local anesthetics. Local anesthetics stimulated the passive efflux of K+ but had no effect on the active transport of K+ or Ca++. Apparently passive influx of Ca++ also was stimulated by local anesthetics as evidenced by their effects on swimming direction. These data can be interpreted in terms of the \"bilayer couple\" hypothesis of Sheetz and Singer [(1974) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 4457-4461]: amphipathic drugs affect cells by asymmetric insertion into one face of the lipid bilayer.  As predicted by this hypothesis, the drugs' effects were seen only after a short time lag, and quaternary amines were less effective than tertiary amines. The effect on behavior was caused by any of several amphipathic cations, and the relative potency was a function of their hydrophobicity. Amphipathic anions, which according to the hypothesis would insert into the opposite face of the lipid bilayer, had little effect on ciliary reversal. Asymmetric perturbation of the lipid bilayer with amphipathic cations may trigger the opening of the Ca++ gate.", "PMID": 1061147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3594", "title": "Structure-function relations in hemoglobin as determined by x-ray absorption spectroscopy.", "content": "Conclusions concerning the structure around the iron atom in oxy- and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin have been obtained by fluorescent x-ray absorption studies. The bis-imidazole heme complex was used as a model system of known structure. The ligated forms of hemoglobin, and cytochrome c at high pH, gave spectra which were very similar to the bis-imidazole complex, where the average Fe-N bond distance is known to be 1.98 A. By comparison it was possible to determine that the average Fe-N bond distances were 1.99 A in oxyhemoglobin, 1.98 A in carbonmonoxyhemoglobin, and 1.98 A in cytochrome c at pH less than 10.5, with an experimental accuracy of +/-0.02 A. An experimental comparison between oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin A showed much larger spectral changes than amongst the ligated forms. A comparison was made between the low oxygen affinity form of deoxy HbA and the high affinity form of doexy Hb Kempsey (alpha2beta992 Asp leads to Asn). All the spectral features coincided, allowing us to conclude that the average iron-ligand bond differences must be less than or equal to 0.02 A. Since the strain energy is proportional to the square of this displacement, we show that the strain energy at the iron is less than or equal to 4 X 10(-3) eV. This is negligible compared to the difference of binding energy of the high and low affinity forms, which is 0.15 eV, showing that the energies responsible for the increase of oxygen affinity are not localized at the heme.", "contents": "Structure-function relations in hemoglobin as determined by x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Conclusions concerning the structure around the iron atom in oxy- and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin have been obtained by fluorescent x-ray absorption studies. The bis-imidazole heme complex was used as a model system of known structure. The ligated forms of hemoglobin, and cytochrome c at high pH, gave spectra which were very similar to the bis-imidazole complex, where the average Fe-N bond distance is known to be 1.98 A. By comparison it was possible to determine that the average Fe-N bond distances were 1.99 A in oxyhemoglobin, 1.98 A in carbonmonoxyhemoglobin, and 1.98 A in cytochrome c at pH less than 10.5, with an experimental accuracy of +/-0.02 A. An experimental comparison between oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin A showed much larger spectral changes than amongst the ligated forms. A comparison was made between the low oxygen affinity form of deoxy HbA and the high affinity form of doexy Hb Kempsey (alpha2beta992 Asp leads to Asn). All the spectral features coincided, allowing us to conclude that the average iron-ligand bond differences must be less than or equal to 0.02 A. Since the strain energy is proportional to the square of this displacement, we show that the strain energy at the iron is less than or equal to 4 X 10(-3) eV. This is negligible compared to the difference of binding energy of the high and low affinity forms, which is 0.15 eV, showing that the energies responsible for the increase of oxygen affinity are not localized at the heme.", "PMID": 1061148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3595", "title": "Suppression of the neoplastic state with the acquisition of specialized functions in cells, tissues, and organs of crown gall teratomas of tobacco.", "content": "The neoplastic state in cells of tissues and organs that develop from cloned lines of crown gall teratomas of tobacco may be completely but reversibly suppressed. Stems and leaves found on teratoma shoots may appear morphologically normal and such organs contain all of the specialized cell types and are histologically and functionally indistinguishable from those found in normal tobacco shoots of comparable age. When however, specialized cells of several different kinds that are present in stems and leaves of the teratomas are excised from the plant and grown on a basic culture medium they again assume their neoplastic properties. The results of this study indicate that the morphogenetic factors and mechanisms that govern so precisely growth, cellular differentiation, and organogenesis during the normal course of development can completely suppress the tumorous state, leading to the formation of cells, tissues, and organs that appear normal in every respect but are, in fact, inherently neoplastic. Whether the normal or tumor phenotype is expressed appears to depend on the activation or repression of select biosynthetic systems, one of which, the auxin sytems, has been identified here.", "contents": "Suppression of the neoplastic state with the acquisition of specialized functions in cells, tissues, and organs of crown gall teratomas of tobacco. The neoplastic state in cells of tissues and organs that develop from cloned lines of crown gall teratomas of tobacco may be completely but reversibly suppressed. Stems and leaves found on teratoma shoots may appear morphologically normal and such organs contain all of the specialized cell types and are histologically and functionally indistinguishable from those found in normal tobacco shoots of comparable age. When however, specialized cells of several different kinds that are present in stems and leaves of the teratomas are excised from the plant and grown on a basic culture medium they again assume their neoplastic properties. The results of this study indicate that the morphogenetic factors and mechanisms that govern so precisely growth, cellular differentiation, and organogenesis during the normal course of development can completely suppress the tumorous state, leading to the formation of cells, tissues, and organs that appear normal in every respect but are, in fact, inherently neoplastic. Whether the normal or tumor phenotype is expressed appears to depend on the activation or repression of select biosynthetic systems, one of which, the auxin sytems, has been identified here.", "PMID": 1061149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3596", "title": "A metabolic indicator of photoperiodic timing.", "content": "Characteristics of CO2 output patterns of axenic cultures of Lemna perpusilla are being sought that would serve as biochemically definable indicators of the crucial photoperiodic events during inductive light/dark schedules, using cycles with skeleton main light periods and overall periodicities of 24 hr. As the length of the main light period is increased over the range 4-10 hr, the daily times of maximal output on nitrate or ammonium media shift about 2.5 hr; there is a precisely parallel shift in the time of maximal photoperiodic sensitivity of flowering to a night interruption. These times do not depend on either a \"drawn\" or a \"dusk\" signal alone, but are functions of both. The time of maximal daily CO2 output on aspartate medium reflects only the dawn signal, suggesting that the display of some component of CO2 flux coupled to the photoperiodic timing mechanism can be controlled by modifying nitrogen metabolism.", "contents": "A metabolic indicator of photoperiodic timing. Characteristics of CO2 output patterns of axenic cultures of Lemna perpusilla are being sought that would serve as biochemically definable indicators of the crucial photoperiodic events during inductive light/dark schedules, using cycles with skeleton main light periods and overall periodicities of 24 hr. As the length of the main light period is increased over the range 4-10 hr, the daily times of maximal output on nitrate or ammonium media shift about 2.5 hr; there is a precisely parallel shift in the time of maximal photoperiodic sensitivity of flowering to a night interruption. These times do not depend on either a \"drawn\" or a \"dusk\" signal alone, but are functions of both. The time of maximal daily CO2 output on aspartate medium reflects only the dawn signal, suggesting that the display of some component of CO2 flux coupled to the photoperiodic timing mechanism can be controlled by modifying nitrogen metabolism.", "PMID": 1061150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3597", "title": "Analysis of subunit organization in chicken erythrocyte chromatin.", "content": "Micrococcal nuclease digestion of intact chicken erythrocyte nuclei is shown to result in the formation of core nucleoprotein particles containing about 140 base  pairs of DNA. These core particles, which are almost entirely devoid of histones f1 and f2c, are derived from transient nucleoprotein particles containing an average of approximately 180 base pairs of DNA. Oligomers of these latter particles may be isolated after brief nuclease digestion. The time course of digestion of these oligomers demonstrates the existence of \"spacer\" regions of more accessible DNA between core particles. Redigestion of purified monomer core nucleoprotein particles gives rise to both single-strand and double-strand DNA fragment patterns similar to those resulting from digestions of chromatin in situ. This observation indicates that the core particles we isolate are representative of nucleoprotein structures existing within the nucleus.", "contents": "Analysis of subunit organization in chicken erythrocyte chromatin. Micrococcal nuclease digestion of intact chicken erythrocyte nuclei is shown to result in the formation of core nucleoprotein particles containing about 140 base  pairs of DNA. These core particles, which are almost entirely devoid of histones f1 and f2c, are derived from transient nucleoprotein particles containing an average of approximately 180 base pairs of DNA. Oligomers of these latter particles may be isolated after brief nuclease digestion. The time course of digestion of these oligomers demonstrates the existence of \"spacer\" regions of more accessible DNA between core particles. Redigestion of purified monomer core nucleoprotein particles gives rise to both single-strand and double-strand DNA fragment patterns similar to those resulting from digestions of chromatin in situ. This observation indicates that the core particles we isolate are representative of nucleoprotein structures existing within the nucleus.", "PMID": 1061151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3598", "title": "Membrane perturbation: studies employing a calcium-sensitive dye, arsenazo III, in liposomes.", "content": "A metallochromic dye, arsenazo III [2,7-bis-(2-arsonophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid], has been incorporated into the aquenous interspaces of multilamellar liposomes. multilamellar liposomes. Addition of Ca produced no shift in the absorbance spectrum of dye captured by liposomes, whereas disruption of liposomes by Triton X-100, followed by Ca, produced the spectrum chracteristic of the dye-Ca complex: evidence of latency. Addition of excess ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) reversed the spectal shift. Differences between spectra obtained in this sequence yielded dye efflus. To measure Ca efflux, difference spectra (+/-EGTA) were obtained from cationic liposomes containing Ca after detergent lysis (sensitivity less than 10 mmol/ml). Since liposomes were impermeable either to dye or Ca until perturbed, it was possible to test a variety of membrane-active steroids (diethylstilbesterol, deoxycorticosterone, etiocholanolone) for their capacity to provoke dye efflux from liposomes; preincorporation of cortisol stablized liposomes against dye leak. Immunoglobulin-coated liposomes containing dye were taken up by phagocytes of Mustelus canis, and phagocytic vacuoles stained red-purple after ingestions. Liposomes containing the calcium-sensitive dye constitute a simple, accurate means for determining membrane perturbation and Ca fluxes; their uptake by cells or organelles remains to be exploited further.", "contents": "Membrane perturbation: studies employing a calcium-sensitive dye, arsenazo III, in liposomes. A metallochromic dye, arsenazo III [2,7-bis-(2-arsonophenylazo)-1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonic acid], has been incorporated into the aquenous interspaces of multilamellar liposomes. multilamellar liposomes. Addition of Ca produced no shift in the absorbance spectrum of dye captured by liposomes, whereas disruption of liposomes by Triton X-100, followed by Ca, produced the spectrum chracteristic of the dye-Ca complex: evidence of latency. Addition of excess ethyleneglycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) reversed the spectal shift. Differences between spectra obtained in this sequence yielded dye efflus. To measure Ca efflux, difference spectra (+/-EGTA) were obtained from cationic liposomes containing Ca after detergent lysis (sensitivity less than 10 mmol/ml). Since liposomes were impermeable either to dye or Ca until perturbed, it was possible to test a variety of membrane-active steroids (diethylstilbesterol, deoxycorticosterone, etiocholanolone) for their capacity to provoke dye efflux from liposomes; preincorporation of cortisol stablized liposomes against dye leak. Immunoglobulin-coated liposomes containing dye were taken up by phagocytes of Mustelus canis, and phagocytic vacuoles stained red-purple after ingestions. Liposomes containing the calcium-sensitive dye constitute a simple, accurate means for determining membrane perturbation and Ca fluxes; their uptake by cells or organelles remains to be exploited further.", "PMID": 1061152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3599", "title": "Zein synthesis in maize endosperm by polyribosomes attached to protein bodies.", "content": "The protein bodies in maize endosperm are the sites of zein deposition. They are single membrane-bound vesicles with polysomes associated with the exterior surface of the membrane. These protein bodies were isolated by sucrose density gradients and characterized by electron microscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyribosomes dissociated from the surface of the membrane by detergent treatment were placed into an amino-acid incorporating system. Based on alcohol solubility, amino-acid composition, and molecular weight distribution, the product synthesized appeared to be largely, or entirely, zein. This suggests the existence of components which are specific for the synthesis of zein at the protein body membrane surface.", "contents": "Zein synthesis in maize endosperm by polyribosomes attached to protein bodies. The protein bodies in maize endosperm are the sites of zein deposition. They are single membrane-bound vesicles with polysomes associated with the exterior surface of the membrane. These protein bodies were isolated by sucrose density gradients and characterized by electron microscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polyribosomes dissociated from the surface of the membrane by detergent treatment were placed into an amino-acid incorporating system. Based on alcohol solubility, amino-acid composition, and molecular weight distribution, the product synthesized appeared to be largely, or entirely, zein. This suggests the existence of components which are specific for the synthesis of zein at the protein body membrane surface.", "PMID": 1061153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3600", "title": "Interferon: purification and initial characterization from human diploid cells.", "content": "Interferon produced by human diploid fibroblast cells in culture has been purified approximately 5000-fold. The purified interferon, when analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, contains only one polypeptide component of 20,000 molecular weight. The interferon activity comigrates with this polypeptide, indicating identity of the activity and the polypeptide. Oxidation of this polypeptide with periodic acid and subsequent staining with Fuchsin base indicates that it contains carbohydrate ans suggests that the human fibroblast interferon is a glycoprotein.", "contents": "Interferon: purification and initial characterization from human diploid cells. Interferon produced by human diploid fibroblast cells in culture has been purified approximately 5000-fold. The purified interferon, when analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel containing sodium dodecyl sulfate, contains only one polypeptide component of 20,000 molecular weight. The interferon activity comigrates with this polypeptide, indicating identity of the activity and the polypeptide. Oxidation of this polypeptide with periodic acid and subsequent staining with Fuchsin base indicates that it contains carbohydrate ans suggests that the human fibroblast interferon is a glycoprotein.", "PMID": 1061154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3601", "title": "Chitin biosynthesis during Blastocladiella zoospore germination: evidence that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is post-translationally activated during cell differentiation.", "content": "De novo construction of a chitinous cell wall accompanies Blastocladiella emersonii zoospore germination. At least an order of magnitude increase in total hexosamine occurs during germination. This increase is into polymer (chitin) and occurs on schedule in the presence of cycloheximide. Uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDPGlcNAc), both the end product of hexosamine biosynthesis and a substrate for chitin biosynthesis, is a potent inhibitor of the activity of the first pathway-specific enzyme of hexosamine biosynthesis in zoospore extracts. Certain uridine nucleotides, not perceptibly influencing the activity of the first enzyme per se, counteract the inhibitory effects of UDPGlcNAc. The concentration of UDPGlcNAc in the zoospore is sufficient to act as an inhibitor of the enzyme, but the amount of UDPGlcNAc is sufficient, by over an order of magnitude, to account for the chitin synthesized during germination. Both the production of UDPGlcNAc and its utilization for chitin synthesis appear to be post-translationally regulated in zoospores and during zoospore germination.", "contents": "Chitin biosynthesis during Blastocladiella zoospore germination: evidence that the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway is post-translationally activated during cell differentiation. De novo construction of a chitinous cell wall accompanies Blastocladiella emersonii zoospore germination. At least an order of magnitude increase in total hexosamine occurs during germination. This increase is into polymer (chitin) and occurs on schedule in the presence of cycloheximide. Uridine-5'-diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDPGlcNAc), both the end product of hexosamine biosynthesis and a substrate for chitin biosynthesis, is a potent inhibitor of the activity of the first pathway-specific enzyme of hexosamine biosynthesis in zoospore extracts. Certain uridine nucleotides, not perceptibly influencing the activity of the first enzyme per se, counteract the inhibitory effects of UDPGlcNAc. The concentration of UDPGlcNAc in the zoospore is sufficient to act as an inhibitor of the enzyme, but the amount of UDPGlcNAc is sufficient, by over an order of magnitude, to account for the chitin synthesized during germination. Both the production of UDPGlcNAc and its utilization for chitin synthesis appear to be post-translationally regulated in zoospores and during zoospore germination.", "PMID": 1061155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3602", "title": "Increase in type I and type III collagens in human alcoholic liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Collagen in bulk was isolated in about 30% yield from the livers of normal human beings and from livers of persons with alcholic cirrhosis. Analyzed chemically and examined by electron microscopy, the collagen in each case was shown to consist of two types identical with, or resembling closely, type I and type III collagens of skin. The collagen from normal liver was predominantly type I, whereas, that from cirrhotic livers consisted or approximately equal amounts of the two types. By chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose, the type I collagen from the cirrhotic livers showed one alpha2chain and two alpha1 chains. The alpha1 chains were separable from one another, but gel electrophoretic patterns of peptides obtained from them after treatment with CNBr were almost identical, and resembled the pattern obtained with CNBr peptides of the alpha1 chain of rat skin type I collagen. The increased collagen of both types was responsible in part for the observed distortion of the architecture of the cirrhotic livers associated with increased rigidity of the stroma. The predominance of type III collagen in the areas of collapse of architecture where, as shown by others, few fibroblasts are present, suggests that hepatocytes might have an important function in fibrogenesis during the course of liver cirrhosis.", "contents": "Increase in type I and type III collagens in human alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Collagen in bulk was isolated in about 30% yield from the livers of normal human beings and from livers of persons with alcholic cirrhosis. Analyzed chemically and examined by electron microscopy, the collagen in each case was shown to consist of two types identical with, or resembling closely, type I and type III collagens of skin. The collagen from normal liver was predominantly type I, whereas, that from cirrhotic livers consisted or approximately equal amounts of the two types. By chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose, the type I collagen from the cirrhotic livers showed one alpha2chain and two alpha1 chains. The alpha1 chains were separable from one another, but gel electrophoretic patterns of peptides obtained from them after treatment with CNBr were almost identical, and resembled the pattern obtained with CNBr peptides of the alpha1 chain of rat skin type I collagen. The increased collagen of both types was responsible in part for the observed distortion of the architecture of the cirrhotic livers associated with increased rigidity of the stroma. The predominance of type III collagen in the areas of collapse of architecture where, as shown by others, few fibroblasts are present, suggests that hepatocytes might have an important function in fibrogenesis during the course of liver cirrhosis.", "PMID": 1061156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3603", "title": "Totipotency and normal differentiation of single teratocarcinoma cells cloned by injection into blastocysts.", "content": "A definitive test for developmental totipotency of mouse malignant teratocarcinoma cells was conducted by cloning singly injected cells in genetically marked blastocysts. Totipotency was conclusively shown in an adult mosaic female whose tumor-strain cells had made substantial contributions to all of the wide range of its somatic tissues analyzed; the clonally propagated cell lineage had therefore differentiated in numerous normal directions. The test cells were from \"cores\" of embryoid bodies of a euploid, chromosomally male (X/Y), ascites tumor grown only in vivo by transplantation for 8 years. The capacity of cells from the same source to differentiate, in a phenotypic male, into reproductively functional sperms, has been shown in our previous experiments [(1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3585-3589]. Cells from this transplant line therefore provide material suitable for projected somatic and germ-line genetic analyses of mammalian differentiation based on \"cycling\" of mutation-carrying tumor cells through developing embryos. In some animals obtained from single-cell injections tumor-derived cells were sporadically distributed in developmentally unrelated tissues. These cases can be accounted for by delayed and haphazard cellular integration, and by a marked degree of sustained cellular developmental flexibility in early mammalian development, irrespective of certain classical \"germ-layer\" designations. All mosaic mice obtained have thus far been free of teratomas. In one case, the injected stem cell contributed only to the pancreas and gave rise to a malignancy resembling pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The high modal frequency of euploidy in these individually tested cells thus tends to indicate that a near-normal chromosome complement is sufficient for total restoration of orderly gene expression in a normal embryonic environment; it may also be necessary for teratoma stem-cell proliferation to be terminated there.", "contents": "Totipotency and normal differentiation of single teratocarcinoma cells cloned by injection into blastocysts. A definitive test for developmental totipotency of mouse malignant teratocarcinoma cells was conducted by cloning singly injected cells in genetically marked blastocysts. Totipotency was conclusively shown in an adult mosaic female whose tumor-strain cells had made substantial contributions to all of the wide range of its somatic tissues analyzed; the clonally propagated cell lineage had therefore differentiated in numerous normal directions. The test cells were from \"cores\" of embryoid bodies of a euploid, chromosomally male (X/Y), ascites tumor grown only in vivo by transplantation for 8 years. The capacity of cells from the same source to differentiate, in a phenotypic male, into reproductively functional sperms, has been shown in our previous experiments [(1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3585-3589]. Cells from this transplant line therefore provide material suitable for projected somatic and germ-line genetic analyses of mammalian differentiation based on \"cycling\" of mutation-carrying tumor cells through developing embryos. In some animals obtained from single-cell injections tumor-derived cells were sporadically distributed in developmentally unrelated tissues. These cases can be accounted for by delayed and haphazard cellular integration, and by a marked degree of sustained cellular developmental flexibility in early mammalian development, irrespective of certain classical \"germ-layer\" designations. All mosaic mice obtained have thus far been free of teratomas. In one case, the injected stem cell contributed only to the pancreas and gave rise to a malignancy resembling pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The high modal frequency of euploidy in these individually tested cells thus tends to indicate that a near-normal chromosome complement is sufficient for total restoration of orderly gene expression in a normal embryonic environment; it may also be necessary for teratoma stem-cell proliferation to be terminated there.", "PMID": 1061157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3604", "title": "Regulation of expression of Adh genes in maize.", "content": "A regulatory mutant of the Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase) gene was induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. The mutation reduces the ability of the gene to complete for the limited gene activating factor. The mutant shows full activity in the homozygote but only one-half the activity of the progenitor gene in heterozygotes where it is competing with another allele for the limited factor. Evidence is presented for multiple regulatory sites in both the Adh and Adh2 loci.", "contents": "Regulation of expression of Adh genes in maize. A regulatory mutant of the Adh (alcohol dehydrogenase) gene was induced by ethyl methanesulfonate. The mutation reduces the ability of the gene to complete for the limited gene activating factor. The mutant shows full activity in the homozygote but only one-half the activity of the progenitor gene in heterozygotes where it is competing with another allele for the limited factor. Evidence is presented for multiple regulatory sites in both the Adh and Adh2 loci.", "PMID": 1061158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3605", "title": "Inheritance of killer phenotypes and double-stranded RNA in Ustilago maydis.", "content": "Three different killer specificities in U. maydis are inherited cytoplasmically and transmitted by cell fusion. Each killer generates low frequencies of specifically immune forms in crosses with sensitive strains. The properties of immunity to each killer are also inherited cytoplasmically and transmitted by cell fusion. Killer strains carry virus-like particles about 41 nm in diameter. Each killer possesses distinct double-stranded RNA components that range in molecular weight from 0.46 X 10(6) to 2.9 X 10(6). Two components are shared by all three killers. Immune strains possess new forms. Crosses and heterokaryons between different killers revealed unilateral or mutual restrictions that prevent inclusion of two killer specificities in the same cell.", "contents": "Inheritance of killer phenotypes and double-stranded RNA in Ustilago maydis. Three different killer specificities in U. maydis are inherited cytoplasmically and transmitted by cell fusion. Each killer generates low frequencies of specifically immune forms in crosses with sensitive strains. The properties of immunity to each killer are also inherited cytoplasmically and transmitted by cell fusion. Killer strains carry virus-like particles about 41 nm in diameter. Each killer possesses distinct double-stranded RNA components that range in molecular weight from 0.46 X 10(6) to 2.9 X 10(6). Two components are shared by all three killers. Immune strains possess new forms. Crosses and heterokaryons between different killers revealed unilateral or mutual restrictions that prevent inclusion of two killer specificities in the same cell.", "PMID": 1061159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3606", "title": "Menkes disease: a biochemical abnormality in cultured human fibroblasts.", "content": "Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with Menkes disease, an X-linked disorder involving a defect in copper metabolism, were analyzed for copper concentration by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. These cultures consistently exhibited elevated copper concentrations (mean = 335.5 ng of copper per mg of protein) when compared to control fibroblast cultures (mean = 59.2 ng of copper per mg of protein). External factors that could influence the copper content of cultures were found not to affect the differences in copper concentration between control and Menkes cells. Furthermore, Menkes cells could be differentiated from cultured fibroblasts of controls, of presumed heterozygotes, and of Wilson's disease patients by copper concentration. These observations led to the conclusion that the increased copper content of cultured Menkes cells was characteristic of Menkes disease, resulting from the expression of the genetic abnormality. This provides a genetic marker, a defect in metal metabolism demonstrated in human fibroblasts, that should prove valuable in both the diagnosis of Menkes disease and in the study of the fundamental defect of this genetic disorder.", "contents": "Menkes disease: a biochemical abnormality in cultured human fibroblasts. Cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with Menkes disease, an X-linked disorder involving a defect in copper metabolism, were analyzed for copper concentration by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. These cultures consistently exhibited elevated copper concentrations (mean = 335.5 ng of copper per mg of protein) when compared to control fibroblast cultures (mean = 59.2 ng of copper per mg of protein). External factors that could influence the copper content of cultures were found not to affect the differences in copper concentration between control and Menkes cells. Furthermore, Menkes cells could be differentiated from cultured fibroblasts of controls, of presumed heterozygotes, and of Wilson's disease patients by copper concentration. These observations led to the conclusion that the increased copper content of cultured Menkes cells was characteristic of Menkes disease, resulting from the expression of the genetic abnormality. This provides a genetic marker, a defect in metal metabolism demonstrated in human fibroblasts, that should prove valuable in both the diagnosis of Menkes disease and in the study of the fundamental defect of this genetic disorder.", "PMID": 1061160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3607", "title": "Identification of mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene in mammalian cells.", "content": "The mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and 15 of its derivatives, which included phenols, the benzo[a]yrene-4,5-epoxide (the K-region epoxide), dihydrodiols, two isomeric 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides, a 6-methyl derivative, and a 6-hydroxymethyl derivative, were tested with Chinese hamster V79 cells in order to identify the mutagenic metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene. Mutations were characterized by resistance to ouabain or 8-azaguanine. Since V79 cells do not metabolize polycyclic hydrocarbons, mutagenesis was tested both in the presence and absence of benzo[a]pyrene-metabolizing normal golden hamster cells. All the tested phenols, 4,5-diols, trans-9,10-diol, 6-methyl, and 6-hydroxymethyl derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene showed little or no mutagenicity for both genetic markers. The (+/-)7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8;9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene and K-region 4,5-epoxide exhibited similar and moderate mutagenicity in the absence of benzo[a]pyrene-metabolizing cells, but the (+/-)7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]-pyrene showed a 2000- and 270-fold higher mutation frequency for ouabain and 8-azaguanine resistance, respectively, than did the K-region 4,5-epoxide. The trans-7,8-diol which was not mutagenic in the absence of benzo[a]pyrene-metabolizing cells was more mutagenic than benzo[a]pyrene after metabolism and mutagenesis by trans-7,8-diol in these cells was inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone, an inhibitor of mixed-function oxidases. Metabolically formed trans-7,8-diol was isolated and incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of co-factors. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the major metabolite of trans-7,8-diol is 7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. The results indicate that the latter compound is metabolically formed and the major mutagenic intermediate of benzo[a]yrene metabolism.", "contents": "Identification of mutagenic metabolites of benzo(a)pyrene in mammalian cells. The mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and 15 of its derivatives, which included phenols, the benzo[a]yrene-4,5-epoxide (the K-region epoxide), dihydrodiols, two isomeric 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides, a 6-methyl derivative, and a 6-hydroxymethyl derivative, were tested with Chinese hamster V79 cells in order to identify the mutagenic metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene. Mutations were characterized by resistance to ouabain or 8-azaguanine. Since V79 cells do not metabolize polycyclic hydrocarbons, mutagenesis was tested both in the presence and absence of benzo[a]pyrene-metabolizing normal golden hamster cells. All the tested phenols, 4,5-diols, trans-9,10-diol, 6-methyl, and 6-hydroxymethyl derivatives of benzo[a]pyrene showed little or no mutagenicity for both genetic markers. The (+/-)7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8;9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene and K-region 4,5-epoxide exhibited similar and moderate mutagenicity in the absence of benzo[a]pyrene-metabolizing cells, but the (+/-)7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]-pyrene showed a 2000- and 270-fold higher mutation frequency for ouabain and 8-azaguanine resistance, respectively, than did the K-region 4,5-epoxide. The trans-7,8-diol which was not mutagenic in the absence of benzo[a]pyrene-metabolizing cells was more mutagenic than benzo[a]pyrene after metabolism and mutagenesis by trans-7,8-diol in these cells was inhibited by 7,8-benzoflavone, an inhibitor of mixed-function oxidases. Metabolically formed trans-7,8-diol was isolated and incubated with rat liver microsomes in the presence of co-factors. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the major metabolite of trans-7,8-diol is 7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene. The results indicate that the latter compound is metabolically formed and the major mutagenic intermediate of benzo[a]yrene metabolism.", "PMID": 1061161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3608", "title": "Attempts to locate residues in complementarity-determining regions of antibody combining sites that make contact with antigen.", "content": "From collected data on variable region sequences of heavy chains of immunoglobulins, the probability of random associations of any two amino-acid residues in the complementarity-determining segments was computed, and pairs of residues occurring significantly more frequently than expected were selected by computer. Significant associations between Phe 32 and Tyr 33, Phe 32 and Glu 35, and Tyr 33 and Glu 35 were found in six proteins, all of which were mouse myeloma proteins which bound phosphorylcholine (= phosphocholine). From the x-ray structure of McPC603, Tyr 33 and Glu 35 are contacting residues; a seventh phosphorylcholine-binding mouse myeloma protein also contained Phe 32 and Tyr 33 but position 35 had only been determined as Glx and thus this position had not been selected. Met 34 occurred in all seven phosphorylcholine-binding myeoma proteins but was also present at this position in 29 other proteins and thus was not selected; it is seen in the x-ray structure not to be a contacting residue. The role of Phe 32 is not obvious but it could have some conformational influence. A human phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma protien also had Phe, Tyr, and Met at positions 32, 33, and 34, but had Asp instead of Glu at position 35 and showed a lower binding constant. The ability to use sequence data to locate residues in complementarity-determing segments making contact with antigenic determinants and those playing essentially a structural role would contribute substantially to the understanding of antibody specificity.", "contents": "Attempts to locate residues in complementarity-determining regions of antibody combining sites that make contact with antigen. From collected data on variable region sequences of heavy chains of immunoglobulins, the probability of random associations of any two amino-acid residues in the complementarity-determining segments was computed, and pairs of residues occurring significantly more frequently than expected were selected by computer. Significant associations between Phe 32 and Tyr 33, Phe 32 and Glu 35, and Tyr 33 and Glu 35 were found in six proteins, all of which were mouse myeloma proteins which bound phosphorylcholine (= phosphocholine). From the x-ray structure of McPC603, Tyr 33 and Glu 35 are contacting residues; a seventh phosphorylcholine-binding mouse myeloma protein also contained Phe 32 and Tyr 33 but position 35 had only been determined as Glx and thus this position had not been selected. Met 34 occurred in all seven phosphorylcholine-binding myeoma proteins but was also present at this position in 29 other proteins and thus was not selected; it is seen in the x-ray structure not to be a contacting residue. The role of Phe 32 is not obvious but it could have some conformational influence. A human phosphorylcholine-binding myeloma protien also had Phe, Tyr, and Met at positions 32, 33, and 34, but had Asp instead of Glu at position 35 and showed a lower binding constant. The ability to use sequence data to locate residues in complementarity-determing segments making contact with antigenic determinants and those playing essentially a structural role would contribute substantially to the understanding of antibody specificity.", "PMID": 1061162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3609", "title": "Antagonism of 5-hydroxykynurenamine against serotonin action on platelet aggregation.", "content": "Serotonin induced an aggregation of human platelets, whereas 5-hydroxykynurenamine, produced from serotonin by the action of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, did not cause any significant degree of platelet aggregation. 5-Hydroxykynurenamine specifically inhibited both a  serotonin-induced aggregation of platelets and the potentiation of the ADP-induced platelet aggregation by serotonin. It did not, however, alter the profiles of the platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, or adrenaline. The degree of inhibition was proportional to the time of preincubation of platelets with 5-hydroxykynurenamine, and to the concentration of 5-hydroxykynurenamine used. Available evidence indicated that 5-hydroxykynurenamine completed with serotonin for the same receptor sites. Studies with analogues of 5-hydroxykynurenamine indicated that the substitutions of 0-amino-benzyl moiety with hydroxy or methoxy groups were somewhat tolerated, whereas the masking of alkylamine moiety with N-acetylation completely lost the inhibitory activity.", "contents": "Antagonism of 5-hydroxykynurenamine against serotonin action on platelet aggregation. Serotonin induced an aggregation of human platelets, whereas 5-hydroxykynurenamine, produced from serotonin by the action of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, did not cause any significant degree of platelet aggregation. 5-Hydroxykynurenamine specifically inhibited both a  serotonin-induced aggregation of platelets and the potentiation of the ADP-induced platelet aggregation by serotonin. It did not, however, alter the profiles of the platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, or adrenaline. The degree of inhibition was proportional to the time of preincubation of platelets with 5-hydroxykynurenamine, and to the concentration of 5-hydroxykynurenamine used. Available evidence indicated that 5-hydroxykynurenamine completed with serotonin for the same receptor sites. Studies with analogues of 5-hydroxykynurenamine indicated that the substitutions of 0-amino-benzyl moiety with hydroxy or methoxy groups were somewhat tolerated, whereas the masking of alkylamine moiety with N-acetylation completely lost the inhibitory activity.", "PMID": 1061163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3610", "title": "Clustering of replicating cells in aortic endothelium.", "content": "Cell division in the aortic endothelium of the rat is not randomly distributed. Maps of the aortic surface show focal areas where the daily rate of replication may be in excess of 50%. This implies the existence of focal areas of rapid cell growth or rapid cell turnover and other areas where growth or turnover is largely absent.", "contents": "Clustering of replicating cells in aortic endothelium. Cell division in the aortic endothelium of the rat is not randomly distributed. Maps of the aortic surface show focal areas where the daily rate of replication may be in excess of 50%. This implies the existence of focal areas of rapid cell growth or rapid cell turnover and other areas where growth or turnover is largely absent.", "PMID": 1061164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3611", "title": "Parietal eye of the lizard: neuronal photoresponses and feedback from the pineal gland.", "content": "The parietal eye of the lizard responds to illumination by sending afferent impulses to the pineal gland during daylight, the photophase. The pineal gland has efferently conducting neurons which are especially sensitive to norepinephrine and whose feedback to the parietal eye enhances its photo responsiveness. During the scotophase, at night, the eye generates afferent impulses to the cessation of light and the pineal efferents are most sensitive to serotonin. Thus, the photo-and chemoresponses of this system of interacting neurons are nearly reversed during the two phases of the daily photoperiod of the lizard.", "contents": "Parietal eye of the lizard: neuronal photoresponses and feedback from the pineal gland. The parietal eye of the lizard responds to illumination by sending afferent impulses to the pineal gland during daylight, the photophase. The pineal gland has efferently conducting neurons which are especially sensitive to norepinephrine and whose feedback to the parietal eye enhances its photo responsiveness. During the scotophase, at night, the eye generates afferent impulses to the cessation of light and the pineal efferents are most sensitive to serotonin. Thus, the photo-and chemoresponses of this system of interacting neurons are nearly reversed during the two phases of the daily photoperiod of the lizard.", "PMID": 1061165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3612", "title": "Genetic variability in krill.", "content": "We have estimated genetic variability by gel electrophoresis in three species of krill, genus Euphausia (Arthropoda: Crustacea). Genetic variability is low where trophic resources are most seasonal, and high where trophic resources are most stable. Simlar trends have been found in benthic marine invertebrates. The observed trends of genetic variability do not correlate with trends in the stability of physical environment parameters.", "contents": "Genetic variability in krill. We have estimated genetic variability by gel electrophoresis in three species of krill, genus Euphausia (Arthropoda: Crustacea). Genetic variability is low where trophic resources are most seasonal, and high where trophic resources are most stable. Simlar trends have been found in benthic marine invertebrates. The observed trends of genetic variability do not correlate with trends in the stability of physical environment parameters.", "PMID": 1061166}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3613", "title": "[Clinical significance of thermographic measurements for differentiation of malignant and benign bone tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Data for evaluation of 74 thermograms of the extremities in patients with bone tumors are presented and discussed. Correctly performed thermography may in single cases be a contribution for other diagnostical investigations.", "contents": "[Clinical significance of thermographic measurements for differentiation of malignant and benign bone tumors (author's transl)]. Data for evaluation of 74 thermograms of the extremities in patients with bone tumors are presented and discussed. Correctly performed thermography may in single cases be a contribution for other diagnostical investigations.", "PMID": 1061208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3614", "title": "[Jaw block at maximal mouth aperture in subcondylar fractures in the very young child].", "content": "In one case involving post-traumatic temporo-mandibular ankylosis, the authors suggest a means of bi-maxillary blockage at the maximum buccal aperture which they consider prevents this type of complication in very young children presenting with bicondylar fracture. The simplicity of this method, the possibility of carrying it out where the milk teeth are not yet complete, the fact that it is well-tolerated by the children it has been tried out on, make this, in their opinion, the procedure of choice.", "contents": "[Jaw block at maximal mouth aperture in subcondylar fractures in the very young child]. In one case involving post-traumatic temporo-mandibular ankylosis, the authors suggest a means of bi-maxillary blockage at the maximum buccal aperture which they consider prevents this type of complication in very young children presenting with bicondylar fracture. The simplicity of this method, the possibility of carrying it out where the milk teeth are not yet complete, the fact that it is well-tolerated by the children it has been tried out on, make this, in their opinion, the procedure of choice.", "PMID": 1061239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3615", "title": "[Treatment of an old temporomandibular joint luxation].", "content": "The authors present a case of longstanding luxation of the left temporo-mandibular joint, leading to prognathism with lateral deviation. The functional and aesthetic problems due to this deformity were advantageously corrected by saggital cleavage of the ascending left ramus, after previous orthodontic treatment and study on Chateau's articulator.", "contents": "[Treatment of an old temporomandibular joint luxation]. The authors present a case of longstanding luxation of the left temporo-mandibular joint, leading to prognathism with lateral deviation. The functional and aesthetic problems due to this deformity were advantageously corrected by saggital cleavage of the ascending left ramus, after previous orthodontic treatment and study on Chateau's articulator.", "PMID": 1061240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3616", "title": "[A case of post-traumatic ischemic necrosis of the tongue].", "content": "Moving and sensory organ, the tongue have a capacity to heal easily because it is a well vascularized muscular mass. Refering to this wellknown notion the author reports one case of post traumatic ischemic necrosis which has been causing the loss of more than a half of the tongue. The etiological problem is not resolved.", "contents": "[A case of post-traumatic ischemic necrosis of the tongue]. Moving and sensory organ, the tongue have a capacity to heal easily because it is a well vascularized muscular mass. Refering to this wellknown notion the author reports one case of post traumatic ischemic necrosis which has been causing the loss of more than a half of the tongue. The etiological problem is not resolved.", "PMID": 1061242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3617", "title": "[Facial phycomycosis. A propos of 2 cases].", "content": "Among deep mycoses, sub-mocosal phycomycosis due to Entomophthora Cornata is of interest to stomatologists as it is mainly located in the middle and lower areas of the face. symptomatology is characterized in general by upper naso-labial deformation the extent of which is dependent on the stage of development reached. The only means of identifying the nature of the lesions is by biopsy which always enables diagnosis of deep mycosis to be made and sometimes, by means of a culture, identification of the agent responsible. This is a lower saprophytic fungus of decaying vegetable and telluric matter. It usually enters the body through the mucous membrane when there is a traumatic fissure. Ingress through the teeth should not be overlooked. Antifungal preparations and reconstructive surgery constitute the treatment early application of which determines prognosis.", "contents": "[Facial phycomycosis. A propos of 2 cases]. Among deep mycoses, sub-mocosal phycomycosis due to Entomophthora Cornata is of interest to stomatologists as it is mainly located in the middle and lower areas of the face. symptomatology is characterized in general by upper naso-labial deformation the extent of which is dependent on the stage of development reached. The only means of identifying the nature of the lesions is by biopsy which always enables diagnosis of deep mycosis to be made and sometimes, by means of a culture, identification of the agent responsible. This is a lower saprophytic fungus of decaying vegetable and telluric matter. It usually enters the body through the mucous membrane when there is a traumatic fissure. Ingress through the teeth should not be overlooked. Antifungal preparations and reconstructive surgery constitute the treatment early application of which determines prognosis.", "PMID": 1061243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3618", "title": "[Facial manifestations of suppurative trichophytosis].", "content": "Several cases of facial suppurative Trichophytia described by the authors lead to a review of the clinical, mycological and pathological features of this disorder which is on the increase in the region of Nantes.", "contents": "[Facial manifestations of suppurative trichophytosis]. Several cases of facial suppurative Trichophytia described by the authors lead to a review of the clinical, mycological and pathological features of this disorder which is on the increase in the region of Nantes.", "PMID": 1061244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3619", "title": "[Fronto-malar osteosynthesis by means of screwed plates].", "content": "The external orbital apophysis provides a zone of solid anchorage for the treatment of fractures as well as for the immobilization of osseous fragments after facial osteotomy. While proposing new miniaturized material the authors present 45 cases of fronto-malar osteosynthesis carried out in one year. They recall that solid immobilization by plating avoids inter-maxillary blockage, and is the only means of restraint among those presently used which is capable of opposing late post-operative recession. Consequently after facial osteotomy, the plates are left in place for 12 months. They are removed under local anethesia.", "contents": "[Fronto-malar osteosynthesis by means of screwed plates]. The external orbital apophysis provides a zone of solid anchorage for the treatment of fractures as well as for the immobilization of osseous fragments after facial osteotomy. While proposing new miniaturized material the authors present 45 cases of fronto-malar osteosynthesis carried out in one year. They recall that solid immobilization by plating avoids inter-maxillary blockage, and is the only means of restraint among those presently used which is capable of opposing late post-operative recession. Consequently after facial osteotomy, the plates are left in place for 12 months. They are removed under local anethesia.", "PMID": 1061246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3620", "title": "[Osseous desmoid fibroma of the mandible, a propos of 1 case].", "content": "Osseous desmoid fibromas, analagous with soft tissue desmoid fibromas, are rare tumors with exceptional localization in the mandible, revealed by: -tumefaction and trismus in usually very young subjects; -the radiological picture is that of lysis with relatively well defined limits, but with no double outline, with possible cortical rupture and aberrant lacunae far from the main focus which explains possible recurrences of this tumor which is nevertheless benign. The main histological danger is confusion with a differenciated fibrosarcoma. Mandibular resection which is frequently necessary should ensure stable recovery.", "contents": "[Osseous desmoid fibroma of the mandible, a propos of 1 case]. Osseous desmoid fibromas, analagous with soft tissue desmoid fibromas, are rare tumors with exceptional localization in the mandible, revealed by: -tumefaction and trismus in usually very young subjects; -the radiological picture is that of lysis with relatively well defined limits, but with no double outline, with possible cortical rupture and aberrant lacunae far from the main focus which explains possible recurrences of this tumor which is nevertheless benign. The main histological danger is confusion with a differenciated fibrosarcoma. Mandibular resection which is frequently necessary should ensure stable recovery.", "PMID": 1061247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3621", "title": "[Oblique oval deformation of the upper dental arch and arciform deviation of the face in unilateral cleft lip].", "content": "Abnormal muscular equilibrium due to unilateral cleft-lip is responsable for deviation of the center of the face and of the outline of the upper lip towards the healthy side. This deviation is constant but is variable in intensity. By taking precautions in the neonate it can be attenuated, particularly by orientation of the bottle. The degree of perfection of muscular suturing in the region of the nasal threshold is the basis of reestablishment of early normal muscular equilibrium. The quality of the primary treatment decreases the degree of importance of facial sequelae but risks aggravating the contraction of the upper lip if not followed-up pre- and post-operatively with orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "[Oblique oval deformation of the upper dental arch and arciform deviation of the face in unilateral cleft lip]. Abnormal muscular equilibrium due to unilateral cleft-lip is responsable for deviation of the center of the face and of the outline of the upper lip towards the healthy side. This deviation is constant but is variable in intensity. By taking precautions in the neonate it can be attenuated, particularly by orientation of the bottle. The degree of perfection of muscular suturing in the region of the nasal threshold is the basis of reestablishment of early normal muscular equilibrium. The quality of the primary treatment decreases the degree of importance of facial sequelae but risks aggravating the contraction of the upper lip if not followed-up pre- and post-operatively with orthodontic treatment.", "PMID": 1061248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3622", "title": "[Reflexions on labial topography].", "content": "The musculature of the lips contributes to oro-facial muscular equilibrium. Labial topography at rest is extremely variable, as there may be gaping of the lips with a short upper lip and associated protrusion of the upper alveolar process, as well as on the contrary an upwardly displaced stoma leading to incarceration of the upper dental arch by the lower lip and retrocession of the laveolar process (stoma syndrome). Anomalies at rest justify surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Reflexions on labial topography]. The musculature of the lips contributes to oro-facial muscular equilibrium. Labial topography at rest is extremely variable, as there may be gaping of the lips with a short upper lip and associated protrusion of the upper alveolar process, as well as on the contrary an upwardly displaced stoma leading to incarceration of the upper dental arch by the lower lip and retrocession of the laveolar process (stoma syndrome). Anomalies at rest justify surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1061249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3623", "title": "[Study of an anatomical approach to the lower wisdom teeth and their roots: the lingual route].", "content": "The authors describe the theoretical arguments which incited them to practise a lingual approach for avulsion of the lower wisdom teeth and their roots. In their account and the photos which illustrate it, they show the advantages which the use of this route provides: -simplicity, -surgical comfort for the patient, -rapidity, -and quality of surgical after-effects. The latter are analyzed from statistical tables collected on 308 cases corresponding to the avulsion of 364 wisdom teeth or roots.", "contents": "[Study of an anatomical approach to the lower wisdom teeth and their roots: the lingual route]. The authors describe the theoretical arguments which incited them to practise a lingual approach for avulsion of the lower wisdom teeth and their roots. In their account and the photos which illustrate it, they show the advantages which the use of this route provides: -simplicity, -surgical comfort for the patient, -rapidity, -and quality of surgical after-effects. The latter are analyzed from statistical tables collected on 308 cases corresponding to the avulsion of 364 wisdom teeth or roots.", "PMID": 1061250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3624", "title": "[The G.R.F. glue in stomatology, present technics for its utilization].", "content": "The utilization technique has been slightly modified with use. At present, the glue is prepared in advance and kept in closed 5 ml. syringes. Formalin is no longer applied in the liquid form by means of a syringe and needle; but only with Spongel swabs impregnated with formalin and cut to the size of the bleeding point. This prevents the formalin from leaking on to the mucosae and burning them.", "contents": "[The G.R.F. glue in stomatology, present technics for its utilization]. The utilization technique has been slightly modified with use. At present, the glue is prepared in advance and kept in closed 5 ml. syringes. Formalin is no longer applied in the liquid form by means of a syringe and needle; but only with Spongel swabs impregnated with formalin and cut to the size of the bleeding point. This prevents the formalin from leaking on to the mucosae and burning them.", "PMID": 1061251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3625", "title": "[500 cases of general anesthesia without intubation with preservation of the pharyngolaryngeal reflexes].", "content": "The authors performed 500 anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride, 302 in children and 198 in adults. Its advantages are: -short term anesthesia, -no intubation. The disadvantages are minimal, and we had no accidents with this anesthetic.", "contents": "[500 cases of general anesthesia without intubation with preservation of the pharyngolaryngeal reflexes]. The authors performed 500 anesthesia with ketamine hydrochloride, 302 in children and 198 in adults. Its advantages are: -short term anesthesia, -no intubation. The disadvantages are minimal, and we had no accidents with this anesthetic.", "PMID": 1061252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3626", "title": "[The contribution of sulpiride to ketamine anesthesia].", "content": "The authors think that it can be asserted that Sulpiride protects the patient from neuropsychic effects of Ketamine in an almost complete manner, and this without prolonging the sleeping time, or depressing circulation or respiration.", "contents": "[The contribution of sulpiride to ketamine anesthesia]. The authors think that it can be asserted that Sulpiride protects the patient from neuropsychic effects of Ketamine in an almost complete manner, and this without prolonging the sleeping time, or depressing circulation or respiration.", "PMID": 1061253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3627", "title": "[Technical improvement of oro-pharyngeal packing].", "content": "Protection of the air passages during intra-buccal interventions under general anesthesia, is necessary. Oro-pharyngeal packing is one of the means of this protection; it can be easily carried out by means of a plastic sponge, which is more simply and rapidly positioned, more impervious, less traumatic and less disturbing than classical packing with a gauze bandage.", "contents": "[Technical improvement of oro-pharyngeal packing]. Protection of the air passages during intra-buccal interventions under general anesthesia, is necessary. Oro-pharyngeal packing is one of the means of this protection; it can be easily carried out by means of a plastic sponge, which is more simply and rapidly positioned, more impervious, less traumatic and less disturbing than classical packing with a gauze bandage.", "PMID": 1061254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3628", "title": "[Plea for the application of statistical methods by computer to stomatological research].", "content": "In face of the double reflex of fascination and defiance which is right away created by statistical methods by computers, the authors have attempted by means of precise examples to demystify these methods by recalling: 1) That computer statistics can be defined as the association of a service and a machine, the combination should be considered as an instrument and only an instrument. 2) That the application of computer statistics to odonto-stomatological research of course evidently enables the resolution of problems which would be otherwise insoluble, but above all considerably enlarges the field of research by rendering visible phenomena which would otherwise remain hidden. In this way, statistical methods by computer can be compared with the microscope; a low magnification with the optical microscope justifies only an overall view of the section while changing to higher magnifications permits the demonstration of details which would remain unsuspected. Use of the electromicroscope opens up another world for research. 3) In the same way as the biologist who uses the microscope, if he knows the principle of it is not in so far a specialist in optics, neither does the research woker who uses statistics necessarily have to be a trained statistician, on the one condition that evidently he disposes of professional computer logistics. This is the case of the ACB (Nantes) rush technical units, who cosigned this work, where the engineers who pose the problems to be resolved and emit the working hypotheses from the results supplied by the statistical studies are not the same people who carry out these very studies. 4) An essential fact, the research worker's independance is complete, only he can pose the problems and emit the hypothesis from the correlation, i. e. point of fact concomitance between the various isolated parameters. It therefore does not seem that weighty statistical techniques presently occupy the place of choice which should be theirs in stomatological research and more particularly in research concerning growth and development of the face where their use seems to be electively implied in face of the number and complexity of the parameters looked at.", "contents": "[Plea for the application of statistical methods by computer to stomatological research]. In face of the double reflex of fascination and defiance which is right away created by statistical methods by computers, the authors have attempted by means of precise examples to demystify these methods by recalling: 1) That computer statistics can be defined as the association of a service and a machine, the combination should be considered as an instrument and only an instrument. 2) That the application of computer statistics to odonto-stomatological research of course evidently enables the resolution of problems which would be otherwise insoluble, but above all considerably enlarges the field of research by rendering visible phenomena which would otherwise remain hidden. In this way, statistical methods by computer can be compared with the microscope; a low magnification with the optical microscope justifies only an overall view of the section while changing to higher magnifications permits the demonstration of details which would remain unsuspected. Use of the electromicroscope opens up another world for research. 3) In the same way as the biologist who uses the microscope, if he knows the principle of it is not in so far a specialist in optics, neither does the research woker who uses statistics necessarily have to be a trained statistician, on the one condition that evidently he disposes of professional computer logistics. This is the case of the ACB (Nantes) rush technical units, who cosigned this work, where the engineers who pose the problems to be resolved and emit the working hypotheses from the results supplied by the statistical studies are not the same people who carry out these very studies. 4) An essential fact, the research worker's independance is complete, only he can pose the problems and emit the hypothesis from the correlation, i. e. point of fact concomitance between the various isolated parameters. It therefore does not seem that weighty statistical techniques presently occupy the place of choice which should be theirs in stomatological research and more particularly in research concerning growth and development of the face where their use seems to be electively implied in face of the number and complexity of the parameters looked at.", "PMID": 1061255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3629", "title": "[Post-transfusion HL-A alloimmunization in acute leukemia].", "content": "Patients with acute leukemia (AML and ALL) who received multiple transfusions of whole blood, platelets or granulocytes, may develop anti-HL-A immunization in spite of chemotherapy. The frequency of HL-A alloimmunization was studied in 21 patients with AML and in 11 children with ALL. Multispecific HL-A antibodies were detected in 10 patients with AML and in 8 with ALL. The presence of these antibodies was associated with febrile transfusion reactions and with immediate destruction of platelets or granulocytes. Selection of HL-A compatible donors eliminated those reactions and the platelet counts could be maintained at levels sufficient to avoid the risk of hemorrhage. It seems therefore warranted to transfuse exclusively HL-A compatible platelets or leukocytes, as soon as anti-HL-A immunization has been detected.", "contents": "[Post-transfusion HL-A alloimmunization in acute leukemia]. Patients with acute leukemia (AML and ALL) who received multiple transfusions of whole blood, platelets or granulocytes, may develop anti-HL-A immunization in spite of chemotherapy. The frequency of HL-A alloimmunization was studied in 21 patients with AML and in 11 children with ALL. Multispecific HL-A antibodies were detected in 10 patients with AML and in 8 with ALL. The presence of these antibodies was associated with febrile transfusion reactions and with immediate destruction of platelets or granulocytes. Selection of HL-A compatible donors eliminated those reactions and the platelet counts could be maintained at levels sufficient to avoid the risk of hemorrhage. It seems therefore warranted to transfuse exclusively HL-A compatible platelets or leukocytes, as soon as anti-HL-A immunization has been detected.", "PMID": 1061256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3630", "title": "[Attempt at a statistical analysis of the values of the free-way space measured on a sample of 54 patients].", "content": "The measurements of the free-way space (= distance between physiologic rest position and centric occlusion) vary according to the method used. In order to get a more distinct reference point, the authors suggest tattooing the Menton (lowest chin point) rather than the Pogonion (most anterior chin point). The free-way space measured in this study ranged from 0.5 to 8 mm. 75% of all cases examined revealed a free-way space between 1 and 2 mm and only 5% showed extreme values such as 0.5 and 8 mm. In contrast to Thompson, who believes that the vertical dimension of occlusion equals the vertical dimension in rest position minus 2 mm the results of this study are in agreement with the findings of those authors, who observed an individually great variation of the free-way space.", "contents": "[Attempt at a statistical analysis of the values of the free-way space measured on a sample of 54 patients]. The measurements of the free-way space (= distance between physiologic rest position and centric occlusion) vary according to the method used. In order to get a more distinct reference point, the authors suggest tattooing the Menton (lowest chin point) rather than the Pogonion (most anterior chin point). The free-way space measured in this study ranged from 0.5 to 8 mm. 75% of all cases examined revealed a free-way space between 1 and 2 mm and only 5% showed extreme values such as 0.5 and 8 mm. In contrast to Thompson, who believes that the vertical dimension of occlusion equals the vertical dimension in rest position minus 2 mm the results of this study are in agreement with the findings of those authors, who observed an individually great variation of the free-way space.", "PMID": 1061257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3631", "title": "[The dental passport as an aid to identification].", "content": "For the dental identification of unknown human bodies it is necessary to have unmistakeable comparative data. Such information can be made available by a \"dental passport\" which contains the complete present status of the dentition.", "contents": "[The dental passport as an aid to identification]. For the dental identification of unknown human bodies it is necessary to have unmistakeable comparative data. Such information can be made available by a \"dental passport\" which contains the complete present status of the dentition.", "PMID": 1061258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3632", "title": "[The caries prevention campaign in the Canton of Z\u00fcrich during 1962-1974 along with a statistical result report from the first 8 years].", "content": "In November 1962, a caries prophylactic campaign was inaugurated in the canton of Zurich. At the end of 1965, two thirds of the communities, 115 of 171, had introduced already toothbrushing with fluorine compounds at school, under supervision. The following years though did not bring notable increase in participation of the remaining communities. Here are the main results of the campaign: -reduction of dental caries in the permanent dentition by 45 to 50% (fig. 2) -reduction of dental caries on cuspid and incisor teeth and on the buccal and lingual surfaces of lateral teeth by about 80% -reduction of first molar extractions (fig. 5) -massive reduction of the number of untreated carious teeth (table VI) -better condition of the deciduous dentition (fig. 6, 7) -reduction in the incidence of gingival inflammations (table VII, fig. 8) -reduction of the supra- and subgingival calculus deposits. It is deduced from the discussion that supervised toothbrushing with fluorides, the spread of fluoridated toothpastes, and in a lesser degree--the fluoridation of table salt are a certain cause for the massive improvement of juvenile dentitions. It is still uncertain whether the avoidance of sugar containing snacks have also contributed to the favourable result. The reduction of gingival inflammations can only be explained by the improved home care. It cannot be proven if this has also an influence upon caries incidence.", "contents": "[The caries prevention campaign in the Canton of Z\u00fcrich during 1962-1974 along with a statistical result report from the first 8 years]. In November 1962, a caries prophylactic campaign was inaugurated in the canton of Zurich. At the end of 1965, two thirds of the communities, 115 of 171, had introduced already toothbrushing with fluorine compounds at school, under supervision. The following years though did not bring notable increase in participation of the remaining communities. Here are the main results of the campaign: -reduction of dental caries in the permanent dentition by 45 to 50% (fig. 2) -reduction of dental caries on cuspid and incisor teeth and on the buccal and lingual surfaces of lateral teeth by about 80% -reduction of first molar extractions (fig. 5) -massive reduction of the number of untreated carious teeth (table VI) -better condition of the deciduous dentition (fig. 6, 7) -reduction in the incidence of gingival inflammations (table VII, fig. 8) -reduction of the supra- and subgingival calculus deposits. It is deduced from the discussion that supervised toothbrushing with fluorides, the spread of fluoridated toothpastes, and in a lesser degree--the fluoridation of table salt are a certain cause for the massive improvement of juvenile dentitions. It is still uncertain whether the avoidance of sugar containing snacks have also contributed to the favourable result. The reduction of gingival inflammations can only be explained by the improved home care. It cannot be proven if this has also an influence upon caries incidence.", "PMID": 1061259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3633", "title": "[Dental caries in preschool children in Z\u00fcrich].", "content": "Since 1956, Kindergarten children of the city of Zurich are annually examined and instructed, in presence of their parents, for adequate home care. The results of 19 years of activity are shown. While formerly, the differences in districts of different social-economic structure were large, they have slowly disappeared owing to constant education of children and parents in preventive measures. The second part is an evaluation of an epidemiological study of children who, on the day of examination, were 5 years +/- 2 weeks old. The approximate half of the children, who received fluorine tablets from birth, had--as was to be expected--a high percentage of caries free dentitions. The results show that an untiring effort for prophylaxis, inspite of often adverse circumstances, begins to bear fruit.", "contents": "[Dental caries in preschool children in Z\u00fcrich]. Since 1956, Kindergarten children of the city of Zurich are annually examined and instructed, in presence of their parents, for adequate home care. The results of 19 years of activity are shown. While formerly, the differences in districts of different social-economic structure were large, they have slowly disappeared owing to constant education of children and parents in preventive measures. The second part is an evaluation of an epidemiological study of children who, on the day of examination, were 5 years +/- 2 weeks old. The approximate half of the children, who received fluorine tablets from birth, had--as was to be expected--a high percentage of caries free dentitions. The results show that an untiring effort for prophylaxis, inspite of often adverse circumstances, begins to bear fruit.", "PMID": 1061265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3634", "title": "[Selective intensive prophylaxis for the farreaching prevention of dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis in the school child].", "content": "Until about 1970, clinical studies showed a caries inhibition from 20-70%. Newer preventive programs have brought about an almost complete disappearance of caries and gingivitis. Generally speaking the preventive measures at the school level shows that the majority of children responds with reduced or completely eliminated caries incidence, but that a minority still remains heavily caries and gingivitis active. Such children are selectioned and submitted to intensive programs. They are ordered to the dentist or the school clinic every month and are instructed and checked. Thus the restorative needs are considerably reduced and with them, expenditure.", "contents": "[Selective intensive prophylaxis for the farreaching prevention of dental caries, gingivitis and periodontitis in the school child]. Until about 1970, clinical studies showed a caries inhibition from 20-70%. Newer preventive programs have brought about an almost complete disappearance of caries and gingivitis. Generally speaking the preventive measures at the school level shows that the majority of children responds with reduced or completely eliminated caries incidence, but that a minority still remains heavily caries and gingivitis active. Such children are selectioned and submitted to intensive programs. They are ordered to the dentist or the school clinic every month and are instructed and checked. Thus the restorative needs are considerably reduced and with them, expenditure.", "PMID": 1061266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3635", "title": "[A classification of articulators].", "content": "A classification of articulators is presented. 4 categories and 9 subdivisions are based on articulator design, records required, and possible occlusal schemes.", "contents": "[A classification of articulators]. A classification of articulators is presented. 4 categories and 9 subdivisions are based on articulator design, records required, and possible occlusal schemes.", "PMID": 1061267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3636", "title": "[Dentinogenesis imperfecta: a structural and ultrastructural study].", "content": "Histopathology of dentinogenesis imperfecta shows a haphazard distribution of dentinal tubules as well as changes in their diameters, sometimes narrowed, sometimes widened. These tubules appear as bundles or sheaves. This kind of dentine is often similar to secondary (also called tertiary) dentine, only mantle dentine preserving a normal structure. There is a complete obliteration of the pulp chamber and an almost complete obliteration of the root canal. Through SEM, the tubules appear to be few in number, their diameters are small and their fine ramifications are intricate through all planes. An heterogenous intertubular substance can be seen. Through TEM, collagenous fibers appear to be uncalcified or incompletely calcified, with a haphazard distribution. There are wide differences in the sizes of crystals and numerous spaces appear between crystals and collagen. Differences between the ultrastructure of human dentinogenesis imperfecta and the dentine of some lower vertebrates are clearly pointed out.", "contents": "[Dentinogenesis imperfecta: a structural and ultrastructural study]. Histopathology of dentinogenesis imperfecta shows a haphazard distribution of dentinal tubules as well as changes in their diameters, sometimes narrowed, sometimes widened. These tubules appear as bundles or sheaves. This kind of dentine is often similar to secondary (also called tertiary) dentine, only mantle dentine preserving a normal structure. There is a complete obliteration of the pulp chamber and an almost complete obliteration of the root canal. Through SEM, the tubules appear to be few in number, their diameters are small and their fine ramifications are intricate through all planes. An heterogenous intertubular substance can be seen. Through TEM, collagenous fibers appear to be uncalcified or incompletely calcified, with a haphazard distribution. There are wide differences in the sizes of crystals and numerous spaces appear between crystals and collagen. Differences between the ultrastructure of human dentinogenesis imperfecta and the dentine of some lower vertebrates are clearly pointed out.", "PMID": 1061268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3637", "title": "[Partial vestibuloplasty with secondary epithelization].", "content": "After description of indication and method of partial vestibuloplasty with secondary epithelization, the experiences with 61 treated cases are described. It was found that inspite of pronounced danger of recidivation in maxillary cases very useful results can be obtained by proper indication. This was confirmed by the referring dentists. The few cases of mandibular vestibuloplasty showed that in general it is not indicated. Of 5 cases, only one showed a durable good result while all other cases recidivated.", "contents": "[Partial vestibuloplasty with secondary epithelization]. After description of indication and method of partial vestibuloplasty with secondary epithelization, the experiences with 61 treated cases are described. It was found that inspite of pronounced danger of recidivation in maxillary cases very useful results can be obtained by proper indication. This was confirmed by the referring dentists. The few cases of mandibular vestibuloplasty showed that in general it is not indicated. Of 5 cases, only one showed a durable good result while all other cases recidivated.", "PMID": 1061270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3638", "title": "[Studies on the personality structure of patients with myoarthropathy].", "content": "A group of test patients afflicted with myoarthropathy was compared by psychological tests to a control group and was shown to differ significantly in their personality. The differences: the group of patients shows a stronger disturbance of general psychosomatic behaviour. There is no evidence of open aggressivity, on the other hand the patients are irritable, easily disappointed and concerned and generally depressive. This picture is rounded off by the \"typical female selfdescription\" in Scale 12. The investigation shows that \"primarily\" somatic patients should be, in greater measure, considered from the aspect of psychohygiene or psychotherapy.", "contents": "[Studies on the personality structure of patients with myoarthropathy]. A group of test patients afflicted with myoarthropathy was compared by psychological tests to a control group and was shown to differ significantly in their personality. The differences: the group of patients shows a stronger disturbance of general psychosomatic behaviour. There is no evidence of open aggressivity, on the other hand the patients are irritable, easily disappointed and concerned and generally depressive. This picture is rounded off by the \"typical female selfdescription\" in Scale 12. The investigation shows that \"primarily\" somatic patients should be, in greater measure, considered from the aspect of psychohygiene or psychotherapy.", "PMID": 1061271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3639", "title": "[Effect of an electric field on the penetration of fluorides into dental enamel, studied in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "The aim of the present study is to determine the influence of iontophoresis on the deposition of fluorine in dental enamel. A micromethod of fluorine-deposition and of dental enamel-sampling was perfected in vitro; it was then applied in vivo. Fluorine was layed down by topical and iontophoretical way, under the form of sodium fluoride in neutral solution. In in-vitro and in 2 in-vivo asseys 18F was used as an indicator, while in other ones fluorine was titrated by mean of a specific lanthan-fluoride electrode. Results from both methods agree. It is stated that the fluorine deposition on enamel remains lightly but significantly higher, in vivo as well as in vitro, when the tooth is subjected to a continuous electrical field.", "contents": "[Effect of an electric field on the penetration of fluorides into dental enamel, studied in vitro and in vivo]. The aim of the present study is to determine the influence of iontophoresis on the deposition of fluorine in dental enamel. A micromethod of fluorine-deposition and of dental enamel-sampling was perfected in vitro; it was then applied in vivo. Fluorine was layed down by topical and iontophoretical way, under the form of sodium fluoride in neutral solution. In in-vitro and in 2 in-vivo asseys 18F was used as an indicator, while in other ones fluorine was titrated by mean of a specific lanthan-fluoride electrode. Results from both methods agree. It is stated that the fluorine deposition on enamel remains lightly but significantly higher, in vivo as well as in vitro, when the tooth is subjected to a continuous electrical field.", "PMID": 1061272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3640", "title": "[Questionnaires on the professional activities of graduates from schools for dental assistants].", "content": "In a questionnaire sent to alumnae of Swiss schools for dental assistants the choice of the profession, the schools themselves, working conditions for the pupils and the causes for changing the profession or giving it up were examined. Answers and evaluation occurred still during and under the influence of the economic boom, when assistants were able to find employment easily. Questions of salary therefore stood in the foreground, next were working conditions. It is positive to note that the formation of dental assistants in completely privately organized schools shows good results. The changed circumstances in the economy call for a reevaluation of the concept of schooling.", "contents": "[Questionnaires on the professional activities of graduates from schools for dental assistants]. In a questionnaire sent to alumnae of Swiss schools for dental assistants the choice of the profession, the schools themselves, working conditions for the pupils and the causes for changing the profession or giving it up were examined. Answers and evaluation occurred still during and under the influence of the economic boom, when assistants were able to find employment easily. Questions of salary therefore stood in the foreground, next were working conditions. It is positive to note that the formation of dental assistants in completely privately organized schools shows good results. The changed circumstances in the economy call for a reevaluation of the concept of schooling.", "PMID": 1061273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3641", "title": "Studies on spinal ascending pathway for effect of acupuncture analgesia in rabbits.", "content": "The effect of acupuncture needling in hindlimb points on the threshold of pain arising from the radiant heat applied to the snout of the rabbit has been evaluated both before and after various surgical lesions produced in the spinal cord. Section of the dorsal column alone at the level of T12-L1 could not produce any detectable change either of the pain threshold or of the effect of acupuncture on the pain threshold. Nor could the superficial lateral cordotomy seriously affect the analgesic effect of acupuncture. However, a lesion placed in the ventral two thirds of the lateral funiculus on the contralateral side could abolish almost completely this effect.", "contents": "Studies on spinal ascending pathway for effect of acupuncture analgesia in rabbits. The effect of acupuncture needling in hindlimb points on the threshold of pain arising from the radiant heat applied to the snout of the rabbit has been evaluated both before and after various surgical lesions produced in the spinal cord. Section of the dorsal column alone at the level of T12-L1 could not produce any detectable change either of the pain threshold or of the effect of acupuncture on the pain threshold. Nor could the superficial lateral cordotomy seriously affect the analgesic effect of acupuncture. However, a lesion placed in the ventral two thirds of the lateral funiculus on the contralateral side could abolish almost completely this effect.", "PMID": 1061276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3642", "title": "Protective effect of a mixture of radioprotector substances (mexamine and cystamine) on the haematopoietic stem cells of mice.", "content": "A protective effect of the mixture of radioprotectors (mexamine and cystamine) on the haematopoietic stem cells of the spleen and bone marrow was studied in mice irradiated by a dose 700 R in different time intervals after intraperitoneal injections of the substances. The protective effect of the mixture against the lethal radiation effects outlasts till the 90th minute after the injection, as well as the protection of the haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. D0 of the regression lines of the survival of endogenous colonies in the spleen (ESC) increases up to 340 R after irradiating the mice in the 15 min interval after the injection of the protective substances with a subsequent decrease to the level of the control group (100 R). The D0 values of CFU survival in the bone marrow does not change; however, in the interval up to 60 min after the injection complete reparation of the radiation damage takes place after an exposure to 100 R. The recovery from the damage to the erythropoiesis followed by an incorporation of 59Fe into the bone marrow and spleen is the faster the higher a number of CFU survived the used radiation dose. The importance of a decrease of the radiation damage to the small intestine for the total protective effect of the mixture of radioprotectors is discussed.", "contents": "Protective effect of a mixture of radioprotector substances (mexamine and cystamine) on the haematopoietic stem cells of mice. A protective effect of the mixture of radioprotectors (mexamine and cystamine) on the haematopoietic stem cells of the spleen and bone marrow was studied in mice irradiated by a dose 700 R in different time intervals after intraperitoneal injections of the substances. The protective effect of the mixture against the lethal radiation effects outlasts till the 90th minute after the injection, as well as the protection of the haematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. D0 of the regression lines of the survival of endogenous colonies in the spleen (ESC) increases up to 340 R after irradiating the mice in the 15 min interval after the injection of the protective substances with a subsequent decrease to the level of the control group (100 R). The D0 values of CFU survival in the bone marrow does not change; however, in the interval up to 60 min after the injection complete reparation of the radiation damage takes place after an exposure to 100 R. The recovery from the damage to the erythropoiesis followed by an incorporation of 59Fe into the bone marrow and spleen is the faster the higher a number of CFU survived the used radiation dose. The importance of a decrease of the radiation damage to the small intestine for the total protective effect of the mixture of radioprotectors is discussed.", "PMID": 1061401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3643", "title": "[The effect of tetracycline antibiotics on the calcium and magnesium content of rat incisors].", "content": "Using electron probe microanalysis, the authors determined the calcium and magnesium contents in the incisors of rats treated with different doses of tetracycline and oxytetracycline, and in those of untreated rats. The contents of these elements were significantly lower in the dentine of the treated animals than in that of the control animals, whereas the enamel samples showed no statistically significant differences. The concentration tendency in different tooth sections, from the periphery to the pulp canal, i.e., decrease in calcium and increase in magnesium, was not influenced.", "contents": "[The effect of tetracycline antibiotics on the calcium and magnesium content of rat incisors]. Using electron probe microanalysis, the authors determined the calcium and magnesium contents in the incisors of rats treated with different doses of tetracycline and oxytetracycline, and in those of untreated rats. The contents of these elements were significantly lower in the dentine of the treated animals than in that of the control animals, whereas the enamel samples showed no statistically significant differences. The concentration tendency in different tooth sections, from the periphery to the pulp canal, i.e., decrease in calcium and increase in magnesium, was not influenced.", "PMID": 1061402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3644", "title": "[Comparative radiological studies on the incidence of primary caries in treated vital and devitalized teeth].", "content": "The non-filled proximal areas of 709 vital and devital teeth with metal fillings were examined radiologically for primary caries. The findings were almost identical (Table 2). The somewhat higher prevalence of primary caries in vital teeth (Table 1) may be explained by the more drastic removal of predilection sites in devital teeth, which is due to the necessarily more extended cavity preparation.", "contents": "[Comparative radiological studies on the incidence of primary caries in treated vital and devitalized teeth]. The non-filled proximal areas of 709 vital and devital teeth with metal fillings were examined radiologically for primary caries. The findings were almost identical (Table 2). The somewhat higher prevalence of primary caries in vital teeth (Table 1) may be explained by the more drastic removal of predilection sites in devital teeth, which is due to the necessarily more extended cavity preparation.", "PMID": 1061403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3645", "title": "[Stomatological morbidity study--Berlin 1972. 5. Caries frequency].", "content": "Using the DMF index, the authors studied the caries morbidity in a representative sample of the Berlin population (3853 subjects, aged 18 to 100 years). The mean DMF index was 17.74, the value for female individuals being higher than that for male ones.", "contents": "[Stomatological morbidity study--Berlin 1972. 5. Caries frequency]. Using the DMF index, the authors studied the caries morbidity in a representative sample of the Berlin population (3853 subjects, aged 18 to 100 years). The mean DMF index was 17.74, the value for female individuals being higher than that for male ones.", "PMID": 1061404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3646", "title": "[Presentation of a portable mouth irrigator. Possibilities of improving the cleansing effect and the activation of the peripheral blood flow in periodontal prophylaxis and therapy].", "content": "Oral irrigation is an approved procedure in periodontal prophylaxis and therapy. The author describes a portable oral irrigator and explains its design principle and working. By using new constructional elements (such as the swirl nozzle at the front of the mouthpiece) and by impulsing individually the flow of liquid via solenoid valves which are controlled by timing components, it is possible to improve the cleansing effect as well as the massage effect (in the sense of an activation of the peripheral blood-supply to the periodontium).", "contents": "[Presentation of a portable mouth irrigator. Possibilities of improving the cleansing effect and the activation of the peripheral blood flow in periodontal prophylaxis and therapy]. Oral irrigation is an approved procedure in periodontal prophylaxis and therapy. The author describes a portable oral irrigator and explains its design principle and working. By using new constructional elements (such as the swirl nozzle at the front of the mouthpiece) and by impulsing individually the flow of liquid via solenoid valves which are controlled by timing components, it is possible to improve the cleansing effect as well as the massage effect (in the sense of an activation of the peripheral blood-supply to the periodontium).", "PMID": 1061407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3647", "title": "[Thrombophlebitis of the sinus cavernosus].", "content": "A short survey of the relevant literature is followed by the description of the clinical course of a thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus. In this case, the initial focus was an infection of a canine which caused thrombophlebitis via the anterior facial vein. The healing must be attributed to the immediate application of broad spectrum antibiotics and removal of the primary focus.", "contents": "[Thrombophlebitis of the sinus cavernosus]. A short survey of the relevant literature is followed by the description of the clinical course of a thrombophlebitis of the cavernous sinus. In this case, the initial focus was an infection of a canine which caused thrombophlebitis via the anterior facial vein. The healing must be attributed to the immediate application of broad spectrum antibiotics and removal of the primary focus.", "PMID": 1061410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3648", "title": "[Special aspects of the suction technic].", "content": "A right-angled cannula is presented that is suited for unhindered suction in the regions of the left maxilla and mandible and of the upper anteriors.", "contents": "[Special aspects of the suction technic]. A right-angled cannula is presented that is suited for unhindered suction in the regions of the left maxilla and mandible and of the upper anteriors.", "PMID": 1061411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3649", "title": "[Bacteriological studies during conservative treatment of periapical inflammations].", "content": "32 teeth with the diagnosis of periapical osteitis (established by clinical and radiological examinations) were subjected to endodontic treatment (irrigation with hydrogen peroxide), the course of which was followed by bacteriological examinations. The timing of treatment termination depended solely upon clinical evaluation. The examination of smears taken before the last irrigation showed that 26 of the 32 root canals (81%) were germ-free; in 2 cases, an anaerobic infection was still extant; and in 4 cases, an aerobic infection was observed. The high percentage of root canals which were germ-free before the last irrigation testifies to the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide application for disinfecting root canals on the one hand, and demonstrates the good agreement between clinical and bacteriological findings on the other hand. The germs identified belonged mainly to the normal oral flora. Enterococci proved to be particularly resistant. The conservative treatment of periapical osteitis by means of root-canal disinfection with a hydrogen peroxide preparation ans subsequent root-canal filling with a calcium peroxide paste is recommended.", "contents": "[Bacteriological studies during conservative treatment of periapical inflammations]. 32 teeth with the diagnosis of periapical osteitis (established by clinical and radiological examinations) were subjected to endodontic treatment (irrigation with hydrogen peroxide), the course of which was followed by bacteriological examinations. The timing of treatment termination depended solely upon clinical evaluation. The examination of smears taken before the last irrigation showed that 26 of the 32 root canals (81%) were germ-free; in 2 cases, an anaerobic infection was still extant; and in 4 cases, an aerobic infection was observed. The high percentage of root canals which were germ-free before the last irrigation testifies to the efficiency of hydrogen peroxide application for disinfecting root canals on the one hand, and demonstrates the good agreement between clinical and bacteriological findings on the other hand. The germs identified belonged mainly to the normal oral flora. Enterococci proved to be particularly resistant. The conservative treatment of periapical osteitis by means of root-canal disinfection with a hydrogen peroxide preparation ans subsequent root-canal filling with a calcium peroxide paste is recommended.", "PMID": 1061414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3650", "title": "[Evaluation of studies on the optimal impact pressure of the fluid stream in mouth irrigation].", "content": "To make comparable literature data on liquid pressures achieved with different devices and nozzles in oral irrigation, it is necessary to indicate not only the initial pressure in the feed pipe but also the actual pressure of the liquid jet upon the tissue. Using a special technique of his own, the author demonstrated that the pressure in the nozzle is considerably reduced by employing a supplementary swirl nozzle. The hypothesis that, when treating inflammatory periodontal diseases, the impact pressure of the liquid jet should not exceed considerably the inner pressure of the arterioles, capillaries and venules was corroborated.", "contents": "[Evaluation of studies on the optimal impact pressure of the fluid stream in mouth irrigation]. To make comparable literature data on liquid pressures achieved with different devices and nozzles in oral irrigation, it is necessary to indicate not only the initial pressure in the feed pipe but also the actual pressure of the liquid jet upon the tissue. Using a special technique of his own, the author demonstrated that the pressure in the nozzle is considerably reduced by employing a supplementary swirl nozzle. The hypothesis that, when treating inflammatory periodontal diseases, the impact pressure of the liquid jet should not exceed considerably the inner pressure of the arterioles, capillaries and venules was corroborated.", "PMID": 1061415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3651", "title": "[Stable osteosynthesis in mandibular fractures using cold polymerizing polymethylmethacrylate \"Kallocryl-K\"].", "content": "The author describes a method for the stable osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures. Prefabricated cups of cold-curing poly(methylmethacrylate) were fixed to the fragments by means of freshly mixed methacrylate, which produced their stable union for the period of healing. Uneventful healing was confirmed by clinical and radiological examinations. Side-effects on the cardiovascular system which may be caused by the residual monomer were not observed.", "contents": "[Stable osteosynthesis in mandibular fractures using cold polymerizing polymethylmethacrylate \"Kallocryl-K\"]. The author describes a method for the stable osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures. Prefabricated cups of cold-curing poly(methylmethacrylate) were fixed to the fragments by means of freshly mixed methacrylate, which produced their stable union for the period of healing. Uneventful healing was confirmed by clinical and radiological examinations. Side-effects on the cardiovascular system which may be caused by the residual monomer were not observed.", "PMID": 1061416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3652", "title": "[The diagnosis of condylar process fractures].", "content": "The detection of condylar process fractures by clinical examination and the interpretation of radiographs belong to the stomatologist's diagnostic tasks. On the contrary, the exact location of the fracture lines and the recognition of the types of proximal fragment displacement often present problems. Diagnostic errors may also occur, mainly resulting from radiological illusions. The comprehensive evaluation of the data from 3027 patients with injuries of the facial bones, involving 1050 condylar process fractures, and the verification of the relevant radiological findings permitted to determine the location of the fracture lines and the types of fragment displacement, to recognize misinterpretations and to give suggestions for establishing a definite diagnosis.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of condylar process fractures]. The detection of condylar process fractures by clinical examination and the interpretation of radiographs belong to the stomatologist's diagnostic tasks. On the contrary, the exact location of the fracture lines and the recognition of the types of proximal fragment displacement often present problems. Diagnostic errors may also occur, mainly resulting from radiological illusions. The comprehensive evaluation of the data from 3027 patients with injuries of the facial bones, involving 1050 condylar process fractures, and the verification of the relevant radiological findings permitted to determine the location of the fracture lines and the types of fragment displacement, to recognize misinterpretations and to give suggestions for establishing a definite diagnosis.", "PMID": 1061418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3653", "title": "[Symbol-documentation of stomatological data--a basis for discussion].", "content": "The author puts on discussion symbols for the rapid and informative recording of stomatological findings and for the marking of the most important therapeutic measures. The present condition should be marked, respectively, in blue and black; and the plan of treatment, in red. Any therapeutic measure achieved will be retraced on the chart in blue or black. The actual condition of treatment will thus been read in the chart at a glance.", "contents": "[Symbol-documentation of stomatological data--a basis for discussion]. The author puts on discussion symbols for the rapid and informative recording of stomatological findings and for the marking of the most important therapeutic measures. The present condition should be marked, respectively, in blue and black; and the plan of treatment, in red. Any therapeutic measure achieved will be retraced on the chart in blue or black. The actual condition of treatment will thus been read in the chart at a glance.", "PMID": 1061421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3654", "title": "[Working posture during the treatment of a slightly reclining patient].", "content": "Allowing for the work areas, the sequence of operations and the kind of treatment under direct or indirect vision, the author proposes working positions for sit-down dentistry which harmonize with the patient's posture.", "contents": "[Working posture during the treatment of a slightly reclining patient]. Allowing for the work areas, the sequence of operations and the kind of treatment under direct or indirect vision, the author proposes working positions for sit-down dentistry which harmonize with the patient's posture.", "PMID": 1061424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3655", "title": "[Pain relief by percutaneous cervical cordotomy in urological patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Percutaneous cervical cordotomy is excellent for extended elimination of pain, also in urological cases. A report of four cases is presented.", "contents": "[Pain relief by percutaneous cervical cordotomy in urological patients (author's transl)]. Percutaneous cervical cordotomy is excellent for extended elimination of pain, also in urological cases. A report of four cases is presented.", "PMID": 1061425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3656", "title": "[Clinical course of Haemonchus infection in experimental invasion in lambs].", "content": "Eight 2-month-old lambs, divided into two groups, were experimentally infected with 5000 and 2500 larvae of H. contortus. It was found that the infection assumes a course with well manifested clinical symptoms, diarrhea, lowered appetite, stunted bodily growth, anemia, eosinophilia and lymphocytosis. Both the clinical symptoms and the parasitologic aspects are dependent on the extent of the infection. The total content of Ca and of the blood serum drops, and the amount of Mg fluctuates within the normal range.", "contents": "[Clinical course of Haemonchus infection in experimental invasion in lambs]. Eight 2-month-old lambs, divided into two groups, were experimentally infected with 5000 and 2500 larvae of H. contortus. It was found that the infection assumes a course with well manifested clinical symptoms, diarrhea, lowered appetite, stunted bodily growth, anemia, eosinophilia and lymphocytosis. Both the clinical symptoms and the parasitologic aspects are dependent on the extent of the infection. The total content of Ca and of the blood serum drops, and the amount of Mg fluctuates within the normal range.", "PMID": 1061427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3657", "title": "[A pool hemopoietic stem cells and resistance of mice to toxic substances depending upon food rations].", "content": "Tests set up on male-mice of the CBA/I lineage demonstrated that fat carbohydrate rations of 1:7.3 and 1:3.8 in granulated combined fodder tend to increase the number of stem cells in a statistically fashion. Among mongrel mice kept on a ration with 7 per cent of fat a combination of mexamine with AET was found to loose some of its toxicity.", "contents": "[A pool hemopoietic stem cells and resistance of mice to toxic substances depending upon food rations]. Tests set up on male-mice of the CBA/I lineage demonstrated that fat carbohydrate rations of 1:7.3 and 1:3.8 in granulated combined fodder tend to increase the number of stem cells in a statistically fashion. Among mongrel mice kept on a ration with 7 per cent of fat a combination of mexamine with AET was found to loose some of its toxicity.", "PMID": 1061429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3658", "title": "Impaired humoral immunity in PNG Highlanders.", "content": "Immunological function was investigated in 42 adult Papua New Guinea villagers and 38 adult males who had been inmates of the Goroka prison for more than three months. Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels were all significantly elevated in both Papua New Guinea groups when compared to Australians. Antibody responses to tetanus toxoid immunization were greatly impaired in both Papua New Guinea (PNG) groups. The impairment was greater in the villagers. Antibody responses to immunization with typhoid vaccine were also impaired in both P.N.G. groups compared with Australians. Some evidence was obtained to indicate that unresponsiveness was associated with lower serum albumin levels, suggesting a relationship to protein deprivation. Antibody response after first immunization was predominantly in the IgM class for both tetanus and typhoid vaccines, with conversion to the IgG class on re-immunization. This indicates that most P.N.G. highlanders have not been exposed to these antigens previously. The prevalence of autoantibodies (mitochondrial, gastric parietal cell and antinuclear) was similar to that of a normal Australian population. The prevalence of smooth muscle antibodies, although higher, was probably not remarkable. Australia antigen was found in 9%, compared with less than half of 1% in the Australian population. Cellular immune function, as measured by delayed hypersensitivity reactions, was not impaired. The implications of these findings for mass immunization programmes are discussed.", "contents": "Impaired humoral immunity in PNG Highlanders. Immunological function was investigated in 42 adult Papua New Guinea villagers and 38 adult males who had been inmates of the Goroka prison for more than three months. Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE levels were all significantly elevated in both Papua New Guinea groups when compared to Australians. Antibody responses to tetanus toxoid immunization were greatly impaired in both Papua New Guinea (PNG) groups. The impairment was greater in the villagers. Antibody responses to immunization with typhoid vaccine were also impaired in both P.N.G. groups compared with Australians. Some evidence was obtained to indicate that unresponsiveness was associated with lower serum albumin levels, suggesting a relationship to protein deprivation. Antibody response after first immunization was predominantly in the IgM class for both tetanus and typhoid vaccines, with conversion to the IgG class on re-immunization. This indicates that most P.N.G. highlanders have not been exposed to these antigens previously. The prevalence of autoantibodies (mitochondrial, gastric parietal cell and antinuclear) was similar to that of a normal Australian population. The prevalence of smooth muscle antibodies, although higher, was probably not remarkable. Australia antigen was found in 9%, compared with less than half of 1% in the Australian population. Cellular immune function, as measured by delayed hypersensitivity reactions, was not impaired. The implications of these findings for mass immunization programmes are discussed.", "PMID": 1061441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3659", "title": "Levels of reduced glutathione in red cells of New Guinea western Highlanders.", "content": "Reduced glutathione levels in erythrocytes of 14 Enga New Guinea Highlanders had a mean value of 50.1 mg/100 ml (S 5.9) which was significantly lower than the mean value of 67.9 mg/100 ml (S 9.7) found in 16 normal Caucasian Australians (P less than .001).", "contents": "Levels of reduced glutathione in red cells of New Guinea western Highlanders. Reduced glutathione levels in erythrocytes of 14 Enga New Guinea Highlanders had a mean value of 50.1 mg/100 ml (S 5.9) which was significantly lower than the mean value of 67.9 mg/100 ml (S 9.7) found in 16 normal Caucasian Australians (P less than .001).", "PMID": 1061442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3660", "title": "Iron content of native foods.", "content": "Chemical analysis showed that some foods cooked in a cast iron pot gained significantly in iron content. This was particularly so for rice and green vegetables, but not for the major root staples of Papua New Guinea. It therefore seems unlikely that a campaign to encourage the use of iron pots for cooking would significantly increase the iron content of diets in Papua New Guinea to an extent which would mitigate the high prevalence of iron deficiency.", "contents": "Iron content of native foods. Chemical analysis showed that some foods cooked in a cast iron pot gained significantly in iron content. This was particularly so for rice and green vegetables, but not for the major root staples of Papua New Guinea. It therefore seems unlikely that a campaign to encourage the use of iron pots for cooking would significantly increase the iron content of diets in Papua New Guinea to an extent which would mitigate the high prevalence of iron deficiency.", "PMID": 1061443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3661", "title": "Haemophilia A in PNG.", "content": "A three year  old Highland boy presented with unilateral swelling of the knee. Specific coagulation factor assay confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Haemophilia A. Brief mention is made of other recently detected patients in Papua New Guinea and aspects of management.", "contents": "Haemophilia A in PNG. A three year  old Highland boy presented with unilateral swelling of the knee. Specific coagulation factor assay confirmed the clinical diagnosis of Haemophilia A. Brief mention is made of other recently detected patients in Papua New Guinea and aspects of management.", "PMID": 1061444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3662", "title": "Working towards a village technology: recycling waste.", "content": "An account of the Construction of a Hospital waste Digester.", "contents": "Working towards a village technology: recycling waste. An account of the Construction of a Hospital waste Digester.", "PMID": 1061445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3663", "title": "Protein versus energy in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Protein deficiency has in the past generally been considered the main nutritional problem in the world. This has unduly detracted attention from the need for an adequate energy intake. Using surveys from different areas in Papua New Guinea, it is shown that deteiled investigations are needed to determine actual nutritional needs. In the Sepik a severe energy deficiency was found to be the principal problem. In some Highland areas, on the other hand, a distinct protein deficiency was observed, compounded by a low energy intake in the under 5-years age group. These distinct dietary patterns require a vastly different approach to nutrition intervention. It is shown that nutritional needs in the Sepik could in principle be met by increasing the availability of staple foods. An emphasis on protein would be a misdirected effort for most areas there. In the Highlands emphasis should be placed on legumes particularly those with a high energy value. This could close the protein gap and help to meet the caloric needs of young children.", "contents": "Protein versus energy in Papua New Guinea. Protein deficiency has in the past generally been considered the main nutritional problem in the world. This has unduly detracted attention from the need for an adequate energy intake. Using surveys from different areas in Papua New Guinea, it is shown that deteiled investigations are needed to determine actual nutritional needs. In the Sepik a severe energy deficiency was found to be the principal problem. In some Highland areas, on the other hand, a distinct protein deficiency was observed, compounded by a low energy intake in the under 5-years age group. These distinct dietary patterns require a vastly different approach to nutrition intervention. It is shown that nutritional needs in the Sepik could in principle be met by increasing the availability of staple foods. An emphasis on protein would be a misdirected effort for most areas there. In the Highlands emphasis should be placed on legumes particularly those with a high energy value. This could close the protein gap and help to meet the caloric needs of young children.", "PMID": 1061446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3664", "title": "Some clinical laboratory values for New Guinea Highlanders.", "content": "The paper outlines the results of a number of haematological and biochemical tests performed on 60 apparently normal Highland blood donors at Goroka in the Eastern Highlands District.", "contents": "Some clinical laboratory values for New Guinea Highlanders. The paper outlines the results of a number of haematological and biochemical tests performed on 60 apparently normal Highland blood donors at Goroka in the Eastern Highlands District.", "PMID": 1061449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3665", "title": "A modern approach to the management of acute blood loss.", "content": "Blood loss of less than 15% of circulating blood volume, that is, about 10 ml/Kg of body weight, can be treated adequately without blood transfusion. Patients who have lost more than 10 ml/Kg of body weight of blood, require oxygen and infusion of adequate volumes of electrolyte solution rapidly, followed by transfusion of a volume of blood approximately equal to the volume of blood lost. Plasma expanders, such as Stable Plasma Protein Soultion (SPPS) may be indicated where there is an unusual delay in the availability of crossmatched whole blood.", "contents": "A modern approach to the management of acute blood loss. Blood loss of less than 15% of circulating blood volume, that is, about 10 ml/Kg of body weight, can be treated adequately without blood transfusion. Patients who have lost more than 10 ml/Kg of body weight of blood, require oxygen and infusion of adequate volumes of electrolyte solution rapidly, followed by transfusion of a volume of blood approximately equal to the volume of blood lost. Plasma expanders, such as Stable Plasma Protein Soultion (SPPS) may be indicated where there is an unusual delay in the availability of crossmatched whole blood.", "PMID": 1061450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3666", "title": "Mycetoma in PNG with special reference to a case of extradural mycetoma.", "content": "An account is given of 6 instances of mycetoma found in Papua New Guinea. One of these occurred in a 16 year old girl presenting with paraplegia due to a solitary extradural spinal myectoma, diagnosed only after laminectomy.", "contents": "Mycetoma in PNG with special reference to a case of extradural mycetoma. An account is given of 6 instances of mycetoma found in Papua New Guinea. One of these occurred in a 16 year old girl presenting with paraplegia due to a solitary extradural spinal myectoma, diagnosed only after laminectomy.", "PMID": 1061451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3667", "title": "Submucous fibrosis.", "content": "The first recorded case of submucous fibrosis in a Chinese woman in Papua New Guinea is described. The essential clinical and pathological characteristics of the condition are presented and a scheme of management suggested. The pre-cancerous nature of the disease and the need for early diagnosis and regular review of affected patients are stressed.", "contents": "Submucous fibrosis. The first recorded case of submucous fibrosis in a Chinese woman in Papua New Guinea is described. The essential clinical and pathological characteristics of the condition are presented and a scheme of management suggested. The pre-cancerous nature of the disease and the need for early diagnosis and regular review of affected patients are stressed.", "PMID": 1061452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3668", "title": "Anaemia in the lower Ramu area.", "content": "The difficulty of defining anemia by haemoglobin concentration level arises from the continuous nature of the underlying distribution. Elwood's view that 7-8 gms/100 ml is a resonable criterion level accords with the data provided from a limited survey in the lower Ramu area. In the same area, there has been a decline in prevalence of clinical anaemia 1962-72 attributed to increased usage of treatment facilities.", "contents": "Anaemia in the lower Ramu area. The difficulty of defining anemia by haemoglobin concentration level arises from the continuous nature of the underlying distribution. Elwood's view that 7-8 gms/100 ml is a resonable criterion level accords with the data provided from a limited survey in the lower Ramu area. In the same area, there has been a decline in prevalence of clinical anaemia 1962-72 attributed to increased usage of treatment facilities.", "PMID": 1061453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3669", "title": "Spinal lesions, paraplegia and the surgeon.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with spinal cord lesions and varying degrees of paraplegia were seen by the surgical team at the Angau Memorial Hospital, Lae, over a thirty month period. Because the continued presence of a spinal lesion may lead to progressive cord destruction and ischaemic myelopathy, prompt treatment is advocated. The depressing results that have followed treatment of fracture dislocations of the cervical spine and secondary neoplasm with paraplegia is recorded and some suggestions are made that may improve the outlook in future cases. Early and major surgery is advocated in the treatment of spinal abscesses, tumours, Pott's paraplegia and unstable fracture dislocations of the lumbar spine.", "contents": "Spinal lesions, paraplegia and the surgeon. Thirty-six patients with spinal cord lesions and varying degrees of paraplegia were seen by the surgical team at the Angau Memorial Hospital, Lae, over a thirty month period. Because the continued presence of a spinal lesion may lead to progressive cord destruction and ischaemic myelopathy, prompt treatment is advocated. The depressing results that have followed treatment of fracture dislocations of the cervical spine and secondary neoplasm with paraplegia is recorded and some suggestions are made that may improve the outlook in future cases. Early and major surgery is advocated in the treatment of spinal abscesses, tumours, Pott's paraplegia and unstable fracture dislocations of the lumbar spine.", "PMID": 1061454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3670", "title": "Compartment syndromes.", "content": "A patient is presented who developed the Compartment Syndrome, following blunt trauma to the lower limb. A \"fibulectomy-fasciotomy\" was performed. This allowed restoration of normal peripheral circulation of the limb but failed to prevent ischaemic necrosis developing in the anterior tibial, peroneal and posterior tibial compartments. Compartment Syndromes in the lower limb are discussed, with a view to their early recognition and management.", "contents": "Compartment syndromes. A patient is presented who developed the Compartment Syndrome, following blunt trauma to the lower limb. A \"fibulectomy-fasciotomy\" was performed. This allowed restoration of normal peripheral circulation of the limb but failed to prevent ischaemic necrosis developing in the anterior tibial, peroneal and posterior tibial compartments. Compartment Syndromes in the lower limb are discussed, with a view to their early recognition and management.", "PMID": 1061455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3671", "title": "Infections of the hand.", "content": "In this paper the importance is stressed of the dangers associated with neglecting hand infections in Paua New Guinea, where, for understandable reasons, there is a tendency for people to be slow in seeking treatment. The prevention of hand infections is emphasised, and the principles in regard to rest, antibiotic therapy, and surgical decompression are discussed. The more common types of hand infection are described, with particular reference to surgical anatomy and surgical drainage. Some of the more complicated infections such as middle palmar and thenar space infections, suppurative tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are of sufficient importance to warrant the attentions of the specialist surgeon when this is possible.", "contents": "Infections of the hand. In this paper the importance is stressed of the dangers associated with neglecting hand infections in Paua New Guinea, where, for understandable reasons, there is a tendency for people to be slow in seeking treatment. The prevention of hand infections is emphasised, and the principles in regard to rest, antibiotic therapy, and surgical decompression are discussed. The more common types of hand infection are described, with particular reference to surgical anatomy and surgical drainage. Some of the more complicated infections such as middle palmar and thenar space infections, suppurative tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis and septic arthritis are of sufficient importance to warrant the attentions of the specialist surgeon when this is possible.", "PMID": 1061456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3672", "title": "Primary eye malignancy in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Primary eye malignancy presenting in Papua New Guinea over a twelve-year period is surveyed. Subsequent cases presenting at Angau Memorial Hospital, Lae, are mentioned. Primary malignancies of the eye and orbit in general are discussed with particular emphasis on retinoblastoma.", "contents": "Primary eye malignancy in Papua New Guinea. Primary eye malignancy presenting in Papua New Guinea over a twelve-year period is surveyed. Subsequent cases presenting at Angau Memorial Hospital, Lae, are mentioned. Primary malignancies of the eye and orbit in general are discussed with particular emphasis on retinoblastoma.", "PMID": 1061463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3673", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the maxillary antrum presenting as exophthalmos.", "content": "A Papau New Guinean patient with a chondrosarcoma of the maxillary antrum producing exophthalmos is presented. The importance of considering causes other than thyrotoxicosis in the aetiology of exophthalmos is stressed and a summary of the clinical features, pathology and management of the tumour is given.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the maxillary antrum presenting as exophthalmos. A Papau New Guinean patient with a chondrosarcoma of the maxillary antrum producing exophthalmos is presented. The importance of considering causes other than thyrotoxicosis in the aetiology of exophthalmos is stressed and a summary of the clinical features, pathology and management of the tumour is given.", "PMID": 1061464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3674", "title": "Unilateral proptosis.", "content": "A series of 22 cases of unilateral proptosis at Angau Hospital, Lae, presenting over a 22-month period are analysed. The cases are discussed individually with emphasis on aetiology, treatment and prognosis. The differential diagnosis of unilateral proptosis is outlined.", "contents": "Unilateral proptosis. A series of 22 cases of unilateral proptosis at Angau Hospital, Lae, presenting over a 22-month period are analysed. The cases are discussed individually with emphasis on aetiology, treatment and prognosis. The differential diagnosis of unilateral proptosis is outlined.", "PMID": 1061465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3675", "title": "The cytologic diagnosis of breast lesions.", "content": "In view of the increasing number of patients presenting with breast lesions, cytology was used as a first step diagnostic procedure. This is the first study of its kind in Spain. Material was obtained from 660 patients, either from spontaneous nipple secretion or by fine needle aspiration. Cytologic criteria for recognition of the different cell types in the smears are discussed. The accuracy of the method was high (2.6% false negatives; 4.1% false positives). The cytologic technique for diagnosing breast lesions is simple, rapid and economic as well as harmless and painless. It therefore fulfills all requirements for an early diagnostic procedure.", "contents": "The cytologic diagnosis of breast lesions. In view of the increasing number of patients presenting with breast lesions, cytology was used as a first step diagnostic procedure. This is the first study of its kind in Spain. Material was obtained from 660 patients, either from spontaneous nipple secretion or by fine needle aspiration. Cytologic criteria for recognition of the different cell types in the smears are discussed. The accuracy of the method was high (2.6% false negatives; 4.1% false positives). The cytologic technique for diagnosing breast lesions is simple, rapid and economic as well as harmless and painless. It therefore fulfills all requirements for an early diagnostic procedure.", "PMID": 1061469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3676", "title": "Cytomorphologic study on the atypical cells following cryosurgery for the treatment of chronic cervicitis.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-nine patients of chronic cervicitis were treated by cryosurgery and periodically followed up by Pap smears and biopsies. Cytomorphologic studies were carried out on atypical cells following cryosurgery. Atypical cells were detected within four weeks. These were divided into two categories. The first group consisted of cells with abundant cytoplasm and occurred in sheets, aggregates and/or as isolated forms. Irregular nuclear borders were observed in 5.1 per cent and fine granular chromation pattern was found in 99.4 per cent. Irregular nucleolar borders were observed in 7.5 per cent and macronucleoli, over 2.5 microns in diameter, were disclosed in 11.3 per cent. Nuclei within 10 microns in diameter were observed in 56.6 per cent, and the maximum length was 20 microns. It was suggested that these cells were exfoliated from either basal cell hyperactivity or atypical reserve cell hyperplasia. The second group consisted of cells with scanty cytoplasm of bare nuclei and occurred in aggregates. Irregular nuclear borders were observed in 1.7 per cent and fine granular chromatin patterns were found in 99.7 per cent. Irregular nucleolar borders could not be encountered. Macronucleoli were observed in only 0.4 per cent. Nuclel within 10 microns in diameter were observed in 95.3 per cent and the maximum measured length was 15 microns. It was suggested that these cells could be derived from reserve cell hyperplasia or from immature squamous metaplasia. In conclusion, atypical cells following cryosurgery exfoliate from the regenerating tissue in which atypia is frequently observed. The cells of the first group have identical features with those observed in the cases of tissue repair; on the other hand, the cells of the second group were derived from reserve cell hyperplasia or from immature squamous metaplasia.", "contents": "Cytomorphologic study on the atypical cells following cryosurgery for the treatment of chronic cervicitis. One hundred and twenty-nine patients of chronic cervicitis were treated by cryosurgery and periodically followed up by Pap smears and biopsies. Cytomorphologic studies were carried out on atypical cells following cryosurgery. Atypical cells were detected within four weeks. These were divided into two categories. The first group consisted of cells with abundant cytoplasm and occurred in sheets, aggregates and/or as isolated forms. Irregular nuclear borders were observed in 5.1 per cent and fine granular chromation pattern was found in 99.4 per cent. Irregular nucleolar borders were observed in 7.5 per cent and macronucleoli, over 2.5 microns in diameter, were disclosed in 11.3 per cent. Nuclei within 10 microns in diameter were observed in 56.6 per cent, and the maximum length was 20 microns. It was suggested that these cells were exfoliated from either basal cell hyperactivity or atypical reserve cell hyperplasia. The second group consisted of cells with scanty cytoplasm of bare nuclei and occurred in aggregates. Irregular nuclear borders were observed in 1.7 per cent and fine granular chromatin patterns were found in 99.7 per cent. Irregular nucleolar borders could not be encountered. Macronucleoli were observed in only 0.4 per cent. Nuclel within 10 microns in diameter were observed in 95.3 per cent and the maximum measured length was 15 microns. It was suggested that these cells could be derived from reserve cell hyperplasia or from immature squamous metaplasia. In conclusion, atypical cells following cryosurgery exfoliate from the regenerating tissue in which atypia is frequently observed. The cells of the first group have identical features with those observed in the cases of tissue repair; on the other hand, the cells of the second group were derived from reserve cell hyperplasia or from immature squamous metaplasia.", "PMID": 1061470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3677", "title": "The cytodiagnosis of malignant lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease in cerebrospinal, pleural and ascitic fluids.", "content": "One hundred twenty-six fluids from 98 patients with malignant lymphomas have been examined cytologically. The overall accuracy was 88 per cent with only one false positive in 126 fluids. False negatives were highest in the cerebrospinal fluid, which may reflect poor exfoliation of malignant lymphoma cells when the leptomeninges are involved. We have found exfoliative cytology to be an accurate method of diagnosing lymphomatous involvement of the leptomeninges, pleura and peritoneum and when a cytologic diagnosis of involvement by lymphoma is made it is almost as accurate as a histologic diagnosis. Nuclear characteristics and selected histochemical methods will allow classification of many types of lymphoma in bytologic preparations.", "contents": "The cytodiagnosis of malignant lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease in cerebrospinal, pleural and ascitic fluids. One hundred twenty-six fluids from 98 patients with malignant lymphomas have been examined cytologically. The overall accuracy was 88 per cent with only one false positive in 126 fluids. False negatives were highest in the cerebrospinal fluid, which may reflect poor exfoliation of malignant lymphoma cells when the leptomeninges are involved. We have found exfoliative cytology to be an accurate method of diagnosing lymphomatous involvement of the leptomeninges, pleura and peritoneum and when a cytologic diagnosis of involvement by lymphoma is made it is almost as accurate as a histologic diagnosis. Nuclear characteristics and selected histochemical methods will allow classification of many types of lymphoma in bytologic preparations.", "PMID": 1061472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3678", "title": "Cytologic evaluation of the nasal epithelium in patients with hay fever.", "content": "Seventy two cases of hay fever which were confirmed by scratch tests were used to estimate the state of the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the nose. Cells of the respiratory eptihelium were found in smears from the surface of the mucous membrane in 79per cent of the cases of hay fever. Compared with nose smears from the control group, nose smears from patients with hay fever contained many more cells, predominantly goblet cells. In the cases of hay fever, a very rich cellular material was discovered in the smears from the surface of the mucous membrane of the nose. The chief characteristic feature of those cells is that they appear in clusters. Numerous cells from the respiratory epithelium, mostly goblet cells, were found in nose smears from patients with hay fever. The patterns of smears observed in patients with hay fever are helpful to us in the differential diagnosis in the rhinological laboratory.", "contents": "Cytologic evaluation of the nasal epithelium in patients with hay fever. Seventy two cases of hay fever which were confirmed by scratch tests were used to estimate the state of the epithelium of the mucous membrane of the nose. Cells of the respiratory eptihelium were found in smears from the surface of the mucous membrane in 79per cent of the cases of hay fever. Compared with nose smears from the control group, nose smears from patients with hay fever contained many more cells, predominantly goblet cells. In the cases of hay fever, a very rich cellular material was discovered in the smears from the surface of the mucous membrane of the nose. The chief characteristic feature of those cells is that they appear in clusters. Numerous cells from the respiratory epithelium, mostly goblet cells, were found in nose smears from patients with hay fever. The patterns of smears observed in patients with hay fever are helpful to us in the differential diagnosis in the rhinological laboratory.", "PMID": 1061474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3679", "title": "Endometrial and endocervical brushing techniques with a Medhosa cannula.", "content": "A new technique for obtaining endometrial material using the Medhosa Cannula is described. This method is also useful to obtain samples from the endocervix. The Medhosa Cannula is made of flexible plastic. It is 30 cm long and has thin fins on its distal end which, guided by an introduction cone, permit endometrial and endocervical brushing. Six hundred cases are reported. Concomitant histopathological studies were performed in 40 per cent of the patients. There were two false negative cytologic reports (0.88%) and one false positive (6.66%). This is a simple, rapid, innocuous and economical technique, thus fulfilling the prerequisites for routine cytodiagnostic methods. Adequate material was always obtained.", "contents": "Endometrial and endocervical brushing techniques with a Medhosa cannula. A new technique for obtaining endometrial material using the Medhosa Cannula is described. This method is also useful to obtain samples from the endocervix. The Medhosa Cannula is made of flexible plastic. It is 30 cm long and has thin fins on its distal end which, guided by an introduction cone, permit endometrial and endocervical brushing. Six hundred cases are reported. Concomitant histopathological studies were performed in 40 per cent of the patients. There were two false negative cytologic reports (0.88%) and one false positive (6.66%). This is a simple, rapid, innocuous and economical technique, thus fulfilling the prerequisites for routine cytodiagnostic methods. Adequate material was always obtained.", "PMID": 1061473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3680", "title": "The effect of phenobarbitone anaesthesia on blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat brain.", "content": "The influence of phenobarbitone anesthesia on blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (GMRO2) was evaluated in the rat brain, using a method that quantitatively measures CBF in mainly cortical areas. The data were compared to those obtained in animals under fentanyl citrate analgesia. Body temperature and arterial CO2 tension were maintained close to normal values in all groups. With 50 mg/kg of phenobarbitone, CBF and CMRO2 were reduced by about 20%. With 150 or 250 mg/kg, further reductions in CBF and CMRO2 were observed. At 250 mg/kg, CBF was reduced to one third, and CMRO2 to about 50% of normal. The results suggest that little further reduction in CBF or CMRO2 can be expected if the dose of phenobarbitone is increased above 250 mg/kg.", "contents": "The effect of phenobarbitone anaesthesia on blood flow and oxygen consumption in the rat brain. The influence of phenobarbitone anesthesia on blood flow (CBF) and oxygen consumption (GMRO2) was evaluated in the rat brain, using a method that quantitatively measures CBF in mainly cortical areas. The data were compared to those obtained in animals under fentanyl citrate analgesia. Body temperature and arterial CO2 tension were maintained close to normal values in all groups. With 50 mg/kg of phenobarbitone, CBF and CMRO2 were reduced by about 20%. With 150 or 250 mg/kg, further reductions in CBF and CMRO2 were observed. At 250 mg/kg, CBF was reduced to one third, and CMRO2 to about 50% of normal. The results suggest that little further reduction in CBF or CMRO2 can be expected if the dose of phenobarbitone is increased above 250 mg/kg.", "PMID": 1061478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3681", "title": "Cytologic findings in female and male offspring of DES treated mothers.", "content": "Data on vaginal, cervical, and endocervical samples and urine specimens of 84 female offspring exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero and 43 controls have been presented. The colposcopic and histopathologic findings were correlated with the cytologic findings. Our preliminary findings indicate that the cytologic technique is reliable as screening test for vaginal epithelial changes in the DES-exposed females provided the sampling procedure is adequate. In 79 male patients, 42 DES-exposed and 37 controls, the pre-massage urine, the prostatic fluid, the post-massage urine and aspirate of cysts of the epididymis when existing were examined by cytologic techniques. No tumor cells were found in the cytologic specimens of the exposed and unexposed male and female offspring.", "contents": "Cytologic findings in female and male offspring of DES treated mothers. Data on vaginal, cervical, and endocervical samples and urine specimens of 84 female offspring exposed to diethylstilbestrol in utero and 43 controls have been presented. The colposcopic and histopathologic findings were correlated with the cytologic findings. Our preliminary findings indicate that the cytologic technique is reliable as screening test for vaginal epithelial changes in the DES-exposed females provided the sampling procedure is adequate. In 79 male patients, 42 DES-exposed and 37 controls, the pre-massage urine, the prostatic fluid, the post-massage urine and aspirate of cysts of the epididymis when existing were examined by cytologic techniques. No tumor cells were found in the cytologic specimens of the exposed and unexposed male and female offspring.", "PMID": 1061475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3682", "title": "A simple technique for the determination of the ventilatory response to rising arterial CO2 tensions, suitable for patients with neurological disorders.", "content": "Patients with neurological disorders may have a reduced ventilatory response to a rising PaCO2. This is often unpredictable and may become apparent only when other complications, e.g. infections (pneumonia), occur or when the patient is subjected to general anaesthesia. This paper described a simple method suitable for screening patients who may have an impaired capacity of eliminating CO2 when stressed. Ventilatory changes were determined during the continuous recording of the CO2 concentration in end-tidal air in 20 healthy subjects, who were breathing first air and then gas mixtures containing 21% O2 and 2.5 or 5% CO2. A prediction interval with 90 and 95% probability limits was constructed for healthy individuals. The normally expected change in minute ventilation per m2 body surface area per change in PACO2 (delta versicle E/m2, l/min/delta PACO2, for this technique is also given.", "contents": "A simple technique for the determination of the ventilatory response to rising arterial CO2 tensions, suitable for patients with neurological disorders. Patients with neurological disorders may have a reduced ventilatory response to a rising PaCO2. This is often unpredictable and may become apparent only when other complications, e.g. infections (pneumonia), occur or when the patient is subjected to general anaesthesia. This paper described a simple method suitable for screening patients who may have an impaired capacity of eliminating CO2 when stressed. Ventilatory changes were determined during the continuous recording of the CO2 concentration in end-tidal air in 20 healthy subjects, who were breathing first air and then gas mixtures containing 21% O2 and 2.5 or 5% CO2. A prediction interval with 90 and 95% probability limits was constructed for healthy individuals. The normally expected change in minute ventilation per m2 body surface area per change in PACO2 (delta versicle E/m2, l/min/delta PACO2, for this technique is also given.", "PMID": 1061479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3683", "title": "A comparison between measured and calculated changes in the lung function after operation for pulmonary cancer.", "content": "Eighteen patients operated on for pulmonary cancer, the procedure varying from the removal of two segments to pneumonectomy, were subjected to measurement of the spirometric values VC, FEV1, FRC and RV preoperatively and 2-3 months postoperatively. The possibility of predicting the postoperative values from the number of segments removed was studied, partly with standard percentages (5.26%) per segment (method I), and partly with a percentage per segment in the affected area, calculated from the preoperative regional lung function tests using 133xenon. This latter test was carried out with a mobile apparatus using four detectors with tubular colimators and from the anterior surface of the thorax. Both methods of calculation gave, for the material as a whole, good agreement between the postoperative (measured) and the calculated values. However, with regard to certain patients, the regional lung function tests gave important information on preoperative reduced function in the affected area. In these patients, method No. II was by far the best for prediction of the postoperative values.", "contents": "A comparison between measured and calculated changes in the lung function after operation for pulmonary cancer. Eighteen patients operated on for pulmonary cancer, the procedure varying from the removal of two segments to pneumonectomy, were subjected to measurement of the spirometric values VC, FEV1, FRC and RV preoperatively and 2-3 months postoperatively. The possibility of predicting the postoperative values from the number of segments removed was studied, partly with standard percentages (5.26%) per segment (method I), and partly with a percentage per segment in the affected area, calculated from the preoperative regional lung function tests using 133xenon. This latter test was carried out with a mobile apparatus using four detectors with tubular colimators and from the anterior surface of the thorax. Both methods of calculation gave, for the material as a whole, good agreement between the postoperative (measured) and the calculated values. However, with regard to certain patients, the regional lung function tests gave important information on preoperative reduced function in the affected area. In these patients, method No. II was by far the best for prediction of the postoperative values.", "PMID": 1061480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3684", "title": "The use of 125I-labelled fibrinogen for determination of fibrin trapping in the lungs in patients developing the microembolism syndrome.", "content": "The microembolism syndrome occurred in four patients out of a series of 15 patients with multiple injuries who were considered to run a risk of developing this syndrome. These four patients showed signs of fibrin trapping in the lungs, as demonstrated by the use of 125I-labelled fibrinogen and external detection over the lungs. It is, therefore, considered that this method can be used for diagnosing the microembolism syndrome. The fibrin trapping occurred at the onset of the progressive respiratory insufficiency. The time relation between the uptake of fibrin and the onset of the progressive respiratory insufficiency supports the theory of a causal connection between fibrin and pulmonary damage. Measurements of different coagulation and fibrinolysis factors in the blood were not able to discriminate between patients who developed the microembolism syndrome and those who did not.", "contents": "The use of 125I-labelled fibrinogen for determination of fibrin trapping in the lungs in patients developing the microembolism syndrome. The microembolism syndrome occurred in four patients out of a series of 15 patients with multiple injuries who were considered to run a risk of developing this syndrome. These four patients showed signs of fibrin trapping in the lungs, as demonstrated by the use of 125I-labelled fibrinogen and external detection over the lungs. It is, therefore, considered that this method can be used for diagnosing the microembolism syndrome. The fibrin trapping occurred at the onset of the progressive respiratory insufficiency. The time relation between the uptake of fibrin and the onset of the progressive respiratory insufficiency supports the theory of a causal connection between fibrin and pulmonary damage. Measurements of different coagulation and fibrinolysis factors in the blood were not able to discriminate between patients who developed the microembolism syndrome and those who did not.", "PMID": 1061481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3685", "title": "Tricyclic antidepressive poisoning with special reference to cardiac complications.", "content": "Sixty-eight cases of tricyclic antidepressive (TCA) poisoning are discussed. Cardiac arrest occurred in 8 patients, preceded by minor ECG-abnormalities. Five patients died. All cardiac arrests arose within the first 24 h after TCA ingestion. Fifty-seven patients developed ECG-abnormalities, of which 84% began within the first 6 h after TCA ingestion. ECG-abnormalities and other symptoms (respiratory arrest, coma, convulsion and hypotension) often occurred in the same patients. Treatment is described, and cardiac monitoring for at least the first 24 h is recommended. In cases of severe cardiac (ECG) abnormalities, monitoring is recommended until no ECG abnormalities are observed for at least 12 h. In conclusion, the unrestricted use of TCA is cautioned against, since TCA must be regarded as potentially cardiotoxic.", "contents": "Tricyclic antidepressive poisoning with special reference to cardiac complications. Sixty-eight cases of tricyclic antidepressive (TCA) poisoning are discussed. Cardiac arrest occurred in 8 patients, preceded by minor ECG-abnormalities. Five patients died. All cardiac arrests arose within the first 24 h after TCA ingestion. Fifty-seven patients developed ECG-abnormalities, of which 84% began within the first 6 h after TCA ingestion. ECG-abnormalities and other symptoms (respiratory arrest, coma, convulsion and hypotension) often occurred in the same patients. Treatment is described, and cardiac monitoring for at least the first 24 h is recommended. In cases of severe cardiac (ECG) abnormalities, monitoring is recommended until no ECG abnormalities are observed for at least 12 h. In conclusion, the unrestricted use of TCA is cautioned against, since TCA must be regarded as potentially cardiotoxic.", "PMID": 1061482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3686", "title": "Patient material in multidisciplinary intensive care units.", "content": "The patient material in the multidisciplinary intensive care unit of Uppsala University Hospital is compared with the material from a recently performed nation-wide study on different intensive care units. A registration chart to record intensive care work and a time and motion study of nursing personnel are presented. It is concluded that such records are necessary to allow valid comparisons of the need for intensive care beds and personnel in hospitals of different sizes and degrees of specialization.", "contents": "Patient material in multidisciplinary intensive care units. The patient material in the multidisciplinary intensive care unit of Uppsala University Hospital is compared with the material from a recently performed nation-wide study on different intensive care units. A registration chart to record intensive care work and a time and motion study of nursing personnel are presented. It is concluded that such records are necessary to allow valid comparisons of the need for intensive care beds and personnel in hospitals of different sizes and degrees of specialization.", "PMID": 1061483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3687", "title": "Treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia as a hypoperfusion syndrome.", "content": "A therapeutical program in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia is presented. The results in 10 patients suggest that the same basic program as is used in the hypoperfusion syndrome can be used in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia: Chlorpromazin to combat vasoconstriction and dilate the vascular bed. Plasma expanders, plasma, albumin and glucose with electrolytes to fill up the dilated vascular bed and restore the tissue perfusion. Buffers to combat acidosis, oxygen to combat hypoxemia, hypertonic Mannitol to mobilize edema. Furosemide to force diuresis.", "contents": "Treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia as a hypoperfusion syndrome. A therapeutical program in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia is presented. The results in 10 patients suggest that the same basic program as is used in the hypoperfusion syndrome can be used in pre-eclampsia and eclampsia: Chlorpromazin to combat vasoconstriction and dilate the vascular bed. Plasma expanders, plasma, albumin and glucose with electrolytes to fill up the dilated vascular bed and restore the tissue perfusion. Buffers to combat acidosis, oxygen to combat hypoxemia, hypertonic Mannitol to mobilize edema. Furosemide to force diuresis.", "PMID": 1061484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3688", "title": "Prevention of hypertensive crises in patients with high spinal lesions during cystoscopy and lithotripsy.", "content": "Three patients with high spinal lesions, admitted to the hospital for cystoscopy and lithotripsy, showed signs of severe hypertension due to mass reflex during this operation. This symptom was controlled with an intravenous drip of Arfonade\u00bf, and the patients felt quite comfortable without any other anaesthesia. Other possibilities for handling such patients are discussed.", "contents": "Prevention of hypertensive crises in patients with high spinal lesions during cystoscopy and lithotripsy. Three patients with high spinal lesions, admitted to the hospital for cystoscopy and lithotripsy, showed signs of severe hypertension due to mass reflex during this operation. This symptom was controlled with an intravenous drip of Arfonade\u00bf, and the patients felt quite comfortable without any other anaesthesia. Other possibilities for handling such patients are discussed.", "PMID": 1061485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3689", "title": "The effect of anesthesia on intraoperative and postoperative bleeding during abdominal prostatectomies: a comparison of neurolept anesthesia, halothane anesthesia and epidural anesthesia.", "content": "Intraoperative blood loss was measured during abdominal prostatectomies in 213 patients anesthetized with neurolept anesthesia, halothane anesthesia and epidural anesthesia. In 55 of these patients, postoperative bleeding was also measured. The average intraoperative blood loss with neurolept anesthesia was 8.2 +/- 5 ml/min, with halothane anesthesia 6.6 +/- 6.3 ml/min and with epidural anesthesia 3.8 +/- 2.3 ml/min. The difference of blood loss in the epidural group and in the groups receiving general anesthesia is highly significant. Average systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lower during operation in the epidural group than in the other two groups. Statistical analyses failed, however, to show a significant correlation between blood pressures and blood loss in the individual patient. Thus, the ultimate explanation for the diminished bleeding associated with epidural anesthesia is not definitely ascertained. The average postoperative bleeding was not significantly different among the three anesthetic groups.", "contents": "The effect of anesthesia on intraoperative and postoperative bleeding during abdominal prostatectomies: a comparison of neurolept anesthesia, halothane anesthesia and epidural anesthesia. Intraoperative blood loss was measured during abdominal prostatectomies in 213 patients anesthetized with neurolept anesthesia, halothane anesthesia and epidural anesthesia. In 55 of these patients, postoperative bleeding was also measured. The average intraoperative blood loss with neurolept anesthesia was 8.2 +/- 5 ml/min, with halothane anesthesia 6.6 +/- 6.3 ml/min and with epidural anesthesia 3.8 +/- 2.3 ml/min. The difference of blood loss in the epidural group and in the groups receiving general anesthesia is highly significant. Average systolic and diastolic blood pressures were lower during operation in the epidural group than in the other two groups. Statistical analyses failed, however, to show a significant correlation between blood pressures and blood loss in the individual patient. Thus, the ultimate explanation for the diminished bleeding associated with epidural anesthesia is not definitely ascertained. The average postoperative bleeding was not significantly different among the three anesthetic groups.", "PMID": 1061486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3690", "title": "Extrinsic nervous control of the ileo-cecal sphincter in the cat.", "content": "The influence on the ileo-cecal sphincter (ICS) of electrical efferent stimulation of the splanchnic, lumbar colonic and vagal nerves and of intestinal distension was studied in anesthetized cats. A new flow-recording technique was designed. Reponses in the ICS to stimulation were recorded as changes in the transsphincteric flow. The response in the ICS was compared to the responses in the intestine proximal and distal to the sphincter. Sympathomimetic amines and autonomic blocking drugs were used in order to elucidate the autonomic mechanism by which the responses to stimulation were mediated. On the basis of the observations made the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Both the splanchnic and the lumbar colonic nerves exert a contractile influence on the ICS. The effect is mediated via excitatory adrenergic alpha-receptors. 2. The ICS contains inhibitory adrenergic beta-receptors. 3. Activation of the vagal nerves causes a decrease of the transsphincteric flow which is at least partly due to a direct nervous effect on the sphincteric muscle. A cholinergic mechanism is suggested. 4. Intestinal distension elicits contraction of the ICS. This excitatory intestino-ileo-cecal sphincteric reflex is a spinal reflex and mediated via adrenergic fibres within the sympathetic nervous system acting on alpha-receptors.", "contents": "Extrinsic nervous control of the ileo-cecal sphincter in the cat. The influence on the ileo-cecal sphincter (ICS) of electrical efferent stimulation of the splanchnic, lumbar colonic and vagal nerves and of intestinal distension was studied in anesthetized cats. A new flow-recording technique was designed. Reponses in the ICS to stimulation were recorded as changes in the transsphincteric flow. The response in the ICS was compared to the responses in the intestine proximal and distal to the sphincter. Sympathomimetic amines and autonomic blocking drugs were used in order to elucidate the autonomic mechanism by which the responses to stimulation were mediated. On the basis of the observations made the following conclusions were drawn: 1. Both the splanchnic and the lumbar colonic nerves exert a contractile influence on the ICS. The effect is mediated via excitatory adrenergic alpha-receptors. 2. The ICS contains inhibitory adrenergic beta-receptors. 3. Activation of the vagal nerves causes a decrease of the transsphincteric flow which is at least partly due to a direct nervous effect on the sphincteric muscle. A cholinergic mechanism is suggested. 4. Intestinal distension elicits contraction of the ICS. This excitatory intestino-ileo-cecal sphincteric reflex is a spinal reflex and mediated via adrenergic fibres within the sympathetic nervous system acting on alpha-receptors.", "PMID": 1061487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3691", "title": "Psychiatric morbidity in Berlev\u00e5g.", "content": "For the population of Berlev\u00e5g the psychiatric morbidity is 37.3% registered with the Harvard health and family life survey and 20.5% with clinical estimates (life prevalence). The actual psychiatric morbidity (point prevalence) is assumed to be markably less than 20%. By checking psychiatric cases seen by the public health officer in the first half of 1973 and by 2 psychiatrists during field work the summer of 1974, the morbidity not registered yet, predominantly consists of borderline neurotic states, who by many psychiatrists will be considered as being within the limits of normal variation.", "contents": "Psychiatric morbidity in Berlev\u00e5g. For the population of Berlev\u00e5g the psychiatric morbidity is 37.3% registered with the Harvard health and family life survey and 20.5% with clinical estimates (life prevalence). The actual psychiatric morbidity (point prevalence) is assumed to be markably less than 20%. By checking psychiatric cases seen by the public health officer in the first half of 1973 and by 2 psychiatrists during field work the summer of 1974, the morbidity not registered yet, predominantly consists of borderline neurotic states, who by many psychiatrists will be considered as being within the limits of normal variation.", "PMID": 1061497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3692", "title": "Preorthodontic guidance and the corrective mixed-dentition treatment concept.", "content": "A concept of corrective orthodontic treatment starting at an earlier age than usual has been discussed and illustrated. Realignment of terminology has been prosposed to give a clearer picture of the circumstance of malocclusion and its need for correction at an early age. A group of 300 patients treated in three categories were compared as to length of treatment time. Three groups of twenty-five patients treated correctively after preorthodontic guidance in the mixed dentition and only in permanent dentition were analyzed cephalometrically. The following conclusions can be reached: 1. Corective mixed-detition orthodontic treatment is a valid, safe, and reliable peocedure. 2. It encompasses both preorthodontic guidance and full-banded orthodontic treatment. 3. Current terminology is confusing and controversial...", "contents": "Preorthodontic guidance and the corrective mixed-dentition treatment concept. A concept of corrective orthodontic treatment starting at an earlier age than usual has been discussed and illustrated. Realignment of terminology has been prosposed to give a clearer picture of the circumstance of malocclusion and its need for correction at an early age. A group of 300 patients treated in three categories were compared as to length of treatment time. Three groups of twenty-five patients treated correctively after preorthodontic guidance in the mixed dentition and only in permanent dentition were analyzed cephalometrically. The following conclusions can be reached: 1. Corective mixed-detition orthodontic treatment is a valid, safe, and reliable peocedure. 2. It encompasses both preorthodontic guidance and full-banded orthodontic treatment. 3. Current terminology is confusing and controversial...", "PMID": 1061499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3693", "title": "Orthopedic effect of the extraoral chin cup appliance on the mandible.", "content": "An anatomic photoelastic model of a human skull was constructed with the use of individual simulants for teeth, bone, and periodontal ligaments. The following effects of extraoral chin cup traction were observed: 1. Stresses were noted in the area of the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone due to the insertion of the simulated external pterygoid muscle. 2. Because of direct contact of the condyle against the posterior surface of the glenoid fossa, forces were seen to be transmitted to this anatomic area. 3. Stress trajectories followed the trabecular pattern of the anatomic configuration of the mandible. 4. Beginning at the apices of the incisor teeth, the stresses emanated through the body, the angle and retromolar triangle of the mandible, radiating in a posterosuperior fashion and concentrating at the neck of the condyle. 5. Selected sectioning of the mandibular model showed evidence of stress concentration at the lingual aspect of the angle and retromolar area as well as at the condylar neck at the level of the external pterygoid muscle insertion. The effects of orthopedic forces produced by an extraoral chin cup in this study are correlated with the histologic and clinical observations during the utilization of this appliance in the treatment of Class III malocclusion.", "contents": "Orthopedic effect of the extraoral chin cup appliance on the mandible. An anatomic photoelastic model of a human skull was constructed with the use of individual simulants for teeth, bone, and periodontal ligaments. The following effects of extraoral chin cup traction were observed: 1. Stresses were noted in the area of the pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone due to the insertion of the simulated external pterygoid muscle. 2. Because of direct contact of the condyle against the posterior surface of the glenoid fossa, forces were seen to be transmitted to this anatomic area. 3. Stress trajectories followed the trabecular pattern of the anatomic configuration of the mandible. 4. Beginning at the apices of the incisor teeth, the stresses emanated through the body, the angle and retromolar triangle of the mandible, radiating in a posterosuperior fashion and concentrating at the neck of the condyle. 5. Selected sectioning of the mandibular model showed evidence of stress concentration at the lingual aspect of the angle and retromolar area as well as at the condylar neck at the level of the external pterygoid muscle insertion. The effects of orthopedic forces produced by an extraoral chin cup in this study are correlated with the histologic and clinical observations during the utilization of this appliance in the treatment of Class III malocclusion.", "PMID": 1061500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3694", "title": "Oral hygiene in the orthodontic practice: Motivation, responsibilities, and concepts.", "content": "This article describes our current oral health program. This program will continue to change as we learn more effective ways to communicate and offer instruction. The orthodontist and his staff are in a unique position to help patients become concerned about oral health. The cumulative effect of such patient educations is tremendous since hundreds of patients can be affected. Improving the effectiveness of an oral health program is an excellent opportunity to expand our service as health-care practitioners. A survey of dental home-care programs shows that a relationship exists between dentists' attitudes toward their programs and the degrees of success. Usually an oral health program will not become effective unless the orthodontist is motivated and accepts responsibility for motivating his staff and patients. The extent to which an orthodontist is enthusiastic and involves himself in oral health motivation will be reflected in how enthusiastic his auxiliaries are when instructing patients. If an orthodontist delegates both the motivational and instructional aspects of oral hygiene improvement to auxiliaries, his program will fall short of its potential effectiveness. A comment at each appointment telling the patient about his cleaning effectiveness is especially helpful. This feedback should be offered with kindness, objectivity, and respect for the patient. If an orthodontist feels impatient or frustrated, the patient will perceive this; perception of this negativity will frequently result in patient resistance to instruction and cooperation. When an orthodontist offers guidance in oral hygiene with sincere interest and respect, patients usually respond to his concern and become receptive to improving themselves. The extent to which we recognize a patient's \"potential\" to achieve excellent oral health, regardless of his present condition, will affect our ability to motivate that person. Our respect for patients will increase when we accept that nearly every patient has the inner capability for achieving excellent oral health. We have an opportunity to help patients recognize this potential. When patients recognize more of their potential, self-respect grows and they gain interest in caring for themselves.", "contents": "Oral hygiene in the orthodontic practice: Motivation, responsibilities, and concepts. This article describes our current oral health program. This program will continue to change as we learn more effective ways to communicate and offer instruction. The orthodontist and his staff are in a unique position to help patients become concerned about oral health. The cumulative effect of such patient educations is tremendous since hundreds of patients can be affected. Improving the effectiveness of an oral health program is an excellent opportunity to expand our service as health-care practitioners. A survey of dental home-care programs shows that a relationship exists between dentists' attitudes toward their programs and the degrees of success. Usually an oral health program will not become effective unless the orthodontist is motivated and accepts responsibility for motivating his staff and patients. The extent to which an orthodontist is enthusiastic and involves himself in oral health motivation will be reflected in how enthusiastic his auxiliaries are when instructing patients. If an orthodontist delegates both the motivational and instructional aspects of oral hygiene improvement to auxiliaries, his program will fall short of its potential effectiveness. A comment at each appointment telling the patient about his cleaning effectiveness is especially helpful. This feedback should be offered with kindness, objectivity, and respect for the patient. If an orthodontist feels impatient or frustrated, the patient will perceive this; perception of this negativity will frequently result in patient resistance to instruction and cooperation. When an orthodontist offers guidance in oral hygiene with sincere interest and respect, patients usually respond to his concern and become receptive to improving themselves. The extent to which we recognize a patient's \"potential\" to achieve excellent oral health, regardless of his present condition, will affect our ability to motivate that person. Our respect for patients will increase when we accept that nearly every patient has the inner capability for achieving excellent oral health. We have an opportunity to help patients recognize this potential. When patients recognize more of their potential, self-respect grows and they gain interest in caring for themselves.", "PMID": 1061502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3695", "title": "Clinical treatment with the Begg appliance.", "content": "In a series of three articles, clinical treatment with the Begg appliance has been discussed. In the March, 1973 article, the standard procedures in the three stages commonly used in the Begg method were illustrated in a series of eight cases showing the wide range of orthodontic treatment possibilities of this method. The February, 1974 article contained a case report that illustrated some of the problems connected with orthodontic observation, diagnosis, Begg treatment, and retention. In this third article, due attention has been given to common problems of the chairside worker as encountered in daily practice. Certain comments have been offered, particularly with regard to child dental care and orthodontic guidance procedures of the growing child. A treatment approach, based on an individual optimum for each patient is discussed, following the course of treatment of three cases (Figs. 1, 2, and 4) with unfavorable jaw patterns and dental problems. These are compared with others having better anatomic proportions (Figs. 3 and 5). In the last case (Fig. 5) diagnosis and treatment planning are once again reviewed. The essential decision to be made for each orthodontic treatment, namely, whether and which teeth must be removed, is discussed and illustrated. In all cases, attention has been given to the portrayal of methods and technical details through the three stages of Begg treatment.", "contents": "Clinical treatment with the Begg appliance. In a series of three articles, clinical treatment with the Begg appliance has been discussed. In the March, 1973 article, the standard procedures in the three stages commonly used in the Begg method were illustrated in a series of eight cases showing the wide range of orthodontic treatment possibilities of this method. The February, 1974 article contained a case report that illustrated some of the problems connected with orthodontic observation, diagnosis, Begg treatment, and retention. In this third article, due attention has been given to common problems of the chairside worker as encountered in daily practice. Certain comments have been offered, particularly with regard to child dental care and orthodontic guidance procedures of the growing child. A treatment approach, based on an individual optimum for each patient is discussed, following the course of treatment of three cases (Figs. 1, 2, and 4) with unfavorable jaw patterns and dental problems. These are compared with others having better anatomic proportions (Figs. 3 and 5). In the last case (Fig. 5) diagnosis and treatment planning are once again reviewed. The essential decision to be made for each orthodontic treatment, namely, whether and which teeth must be removed, is discussed and illustrated. In all cases, attention has been given to the portrayal of methods and technical details through the three stages of Begg treatment.", "PMID": 1061505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3696", "title": "The role of fibroblasts in the remodeling of periodontal ligament during physiologic tooth movement.", "content": "Our findings indicate a cellular basis for the connective tissue remodeling which takes place during physiologic tooth movement. This cell is the fibroblast which is capable of synthesizing and degrading collagen simultaneously and, utilizing this ability, the orderly control of collagen remodeling within the periodontal ligament is possible. It is suggested that this cellular basis of connective remodeling will have a direct significance for orthodontic tooth movement once control mechanisms have been established.", "contents": "The role of fibroblasts in the remodeling of periodontal ligament during physiologic tooth movement. Our findings indicate a cellular basis for the connective tissue remodeling which takes place during physiologic tooth movement. This cell is the fibroblast which is capable of synthesizing and degrading collagen simultaneously and, utilizing this ability, the orderly control of collagen remodeling within the periodontal ligament is possible. It is suggested that this cellular basis of connective remodeling will have a direct significance for orthodontic tooth movement once control mechanisms have been established.", "PMID": 1061506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3697", "title": "Second premolar serial extraction.", "content": "Serial extraction of mandibular second premolars should be considered if they are impacted or in cases with moderate arch length deficiency combined with an absence of dentofacial protrusion. The favorable dental changes associated with this approach greatly minimize future orthodontic treatment complexity and time.", "contents": "Second premolar serial extraction. Serial extraction of mandibular second premolars should be considered if they are impacted or in cases with moderate arch length deficiency combined with an absence of dentofacial protrusion. The favorable dental changes associated with this approach greatly minimize future orthodontic treatment complexity and time.", "PMID": 1061507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3698", "title": "Phillip Gett memorial lecture awareness in anaesthesia.", "content": "An attempt is made to assess the importance of awareness and dreaming in patients subjected to light anaesthesia with muscle relaxants. Frank awareness is probably an uncommon event if the anaesthetic be given competently, but unpleasant dreams can, in some circumstances, be significant.", "contents": "Phillip Gett memorial lecture awareness in anaesthesia. An attempt is made to assess the importance of awareness and dreaming in patients subjected to light anaesthesia with muscle relaxants. Frank awareness is probably an uncommon event if the anaesthetic be given competently, but unpleasant dreams can, in some circumstances, be significant.", "PMID": 1061512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3699", "title": "Low-output syndrome as a complication of open-heart surgery in 85 patients.", "content": "Low-output syndrome (LOS) was manifested after cardiopulmonary bypass in 33% of the patients undergoing mitral valve replacement in 12% of those submitted to aortic valve surgery, and in 16% of the patients on whom coronary artery bypass surgery was performed. It was also a frequent complication of multiple valve procedures, LOS was the commonest cause of hospital deaths after valve or coronary bypass surgery. The development and prognosis of LOS is dependent on several factors which may be related to the preoperative state, intraoperative events and postoperative treatment. Of these, one of the most important prognostic factors that emerged in this study was perfusion time. It was longest in the group of the 14 patients who died of myocardial failure on the operating table, shortest amongst the 28 patients who survived LOS, and of intermediate length for the 43 patients who died of LOS postoperatively. The differences between the groups were statistically significant. The mechanism of myocardial injury is reviewed. The incidence of various extracardiac complications increased during th postoperative course in proportion to the duration of LOS. Many of these complications resulted in a fatal outcome even when the patient was succesfully weaned from inotropic pharmacological support. There was more survivors in the group treated with dopamine than in the groups treated with isoproterenol or a combination of these drugs.", "contents": "Low-output syndrome as a complication of open-heart surgery in 85 patients. Low-output syndrome (LOS) was manifested after cardiopulmonary bypass in 33% of the patients undergoing mitral valve replacement in 12% of those submitted to aortic valve surgery, and in 16% of the patients on whom coronary artery bypass surgery was performed. It was also a frequent complication of multiple valve procedures, LOS was the commonest cause of hospital deaths after valve or coronary bypass surgery. The development and prognosis of LOS is dependent on several factors which may be related to the preoperative state, intraoperative events and postoperative treatment. Of these, one of the most important prognostic factors that emerged in this study was perfusion time. It was longest in the group of the 14 patients who died of myocardial failure on the operating table, shortest amongst the 28 patients who survived LOS, and of intermediate length for the 43 patients who died of LOS postoperatively. The differences between the groups were statistically significant. The mechanism of myocardial injury is reviewed. The incidence of various extracardiac complications increased during th postoperative course in proportion to the duration of LOS. Many of these complications resulted in a fatal outcome even when the patient was succesfully weaned from inotropic pharmacological support. There was more survivors in the group treated with dopamine than in the groups treated with isoproterenol or a combination of these drugs.", "PMID": 1061517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3700", "title": "Ameloblastic fibroma. Case report.", "content": "A rare odontogenic tumour, ameloblastic fibroma, is presented as a case report and briefly discussed.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibroma. Case report. A rare odontogenic tumour, ameloblastic fibroma, is presented as a case report and briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1061532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3701", "title": "Facial pain.", "content": "The problems of diagnosis of pain are examined and the more important extra-oral causes which may complicate the diagnosis are discussed. The need for a complete and careful history and the use of thorough examination procedures is stressed in order that intra-oral causes may be eliminated.", "contents": "Facial pain. The problems of diagnosis of pain are examined and the more important extra-oral causes which may complicate the diagnosis are discussed. The need for a complete and careful history and the use of thorough examination procedures is stressed in order that intra-oral causes may be eliminated.", "PMID": 1061533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3702", "title": "Time of natural exfoliation of deciduous teeth.", "content": "Over 6000 naturally exfoliated deciduous teeth were sent in to the Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Sydney over a 10-year period 1964-1974. Adequate histories for 2,828 teeth from 1,558 children were used to determine average ages of children at time of exfoliation of the teeth. Teeth lost at an earlier age were most frequently returned with similar numbers of left and right teeth. There were no differences in exfoliation times for corresponding teeth from left and right sides of arches. Girls had earlier exfoliation times than boys and lower teeth were generally exfoliated prior to upper teeth.", "contents": "Time of natural exfoliation of deciduous teeth. Over 6000 naturally exfoliated deciduous teeth were sent in to the Department of Preventive Dentistry, University of Sydney over a 10-year period 1964-1974. Adequate histories for 2,828 teeth from 1,558 children were used to determine average ages of children at time of exfoliation of the teeth. Teeth lost at an earlier age were most frequently returned with similar numbers of left and right teeth. There were no differences in exfoliation times for corresponding teeth from left and right sides of arches. Girls had earlier exfoliation times than boys and lower teeth were generally exfoliated prior to upper teeth.", "PMID": 1061534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3703", "title": "Histological studies of an adhesive paint-on restorative for cervical erosions.", "content": "A histological study of the response in the pulps of human teeth to cervical restorations made with a composite resin following etching of the enamel for 2 minutes with 50 per cent phosphoric acid showed moderate inflammation after 14 days. Three specimens showed normal structure after 98 days. Teeth restored without etching showed only slight inflammation.", "contents": "Histological studies of an adhesive paint-on restorative for cervical erosions. A histological study of the response in the pulps of human teeth to cervical restorations made with a composite resin following etching of the enamel for 2 minutes with 50 per cent phosphoric acid showed moderate inflammation after 14 days. Three specimens showed normal structure after 98 days. Teeth restored without etching showed only slight inflammation.", "PMID": 1061535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3704", "title": "Comparison of impact strength of joints made with four dental cements.", "content": "Tests on 4 cements showed the impact strength of joints between gold and tooth structure varied somewhat with the surface roughness and cementing force. Polycarboxylate provided stronger joints although the results were variable. Little difference was found between zinc phosphate, zinc oxide-eugenol with polymethyl methacrylate, and zinc oxide-eugenol with ortho ethoxybenzoic acid.", "contents": "Comparison of impact strength of joints made with four dental cements. Tests on 4 cements showed the impact strength of joints between gold and tooth structure varied somewhat with the surface roughness and cementing force. Polycarboxylate provided stronger joints although the results were variable. Little difference was found between zinc phosphate, zinc oxide-eugenol with polymethyl methacrylate, and zinc oxide-eugenol with ortho ethoxybenzoic acid.", "PMID": 1061537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3705", "title": "Infective endocarditis in a Sydney teaching hospital--1962-1971.", "content": "This report represents a comprehensive review of infective endocarditis in a major Australian centre between the years 1962 and 1971. During the later years of this study prosthetic valves were inserted in significant numbers and cardiac surgery became available in the treatment of endocarditis. The following major points emerged. There has been no reduction in the incidence of this disease within the period of study. A higher percentage of cases have followed surgery, particularly cardiac. There has been a decreased number of cases following dental extraction or urological surgery. A change in the pattern of the infective organisms was observed, particularly an increase in Staphylococcal infections, although Strep. viridans was the most frequent infecting agent. Infected prosthetic valves accounted for 11% of cases in the latter five year period, Staphylococcal infections being responsible for the majority of these cases. The mortality for prosthetic infections was 80%, and a loss of anticoagulant control contributed to death in 42% of patients. There was a reduction in mortality due to endocarditis from 39% between 1962 and 1966 to 24% between 1967 and 1971 (P less than 0-05).", "contents": "Infective endocarditis in a Sydney teaching hospital--1962-1971. This report represents a comprehensive review of infective endocarditis in a major Australian centre between the years 1962 and 1971. During the later years of this study prosthetic valves were inserted in significant numbers and cardiac surgery became available in the treatment of endocarditis. The following major points emerged. There has been no reduction in the incidence of this disease within the period of study. A higher percentage of cases have followed surgery, particularly cardiac. There has been a decreased number of cases following dental extraction or urological surgery. A change in the pattern of the infective organisms was observed, particularly an increase in Staphylococcal infections, although Strep. viridans was the most frequent infecting agent. Infected prosthetic valves accounted for 11% of cases in the latter five year period, Staphylococcal infections being responsible for the majority of these cases. The mortality for prosthetic infections was 80%, and a loss of anticoagulant control contributed to death in 42% of patients. There was a reduction in mortality due to endocarditis from 39% between 1962 and 1966 to 24% between 1967 and 1971 (P less than 0-05).", "PMID": 1061541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3706", "title": "Haemodynamic effect of intravenous verapamil in controlled atrial fibrillation.", "content": "The haemodynamic effect of intravenous verapamil was assessed in eight digitalised patients with atrial fibrillation, at rest and on exercise. The reported regularisation of the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation with verapamil, was also examined. The only significant haemodynamic effect attributable to the drug was an increased stroke volume which was in accordance with significant heart rate slowing which occurred at rest and both during and after exercise. There was no significant change in cardiac output. Although the heart rate slowed in all studies, regularisation of the R-R interval did not occur.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effect of intravenous verapamil in controlled atrial fibrillation. The haemodynamic effect of intravenous verapamil was assessed in eight digitalised patients with atrial fibrillation, at rest and on exercise. The reported regularisation of the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation with verapamil, was also examined. The only significant haemodynamic effect attributable to the drug was an increased stroke volume which was in accordance with significant heart rate slowing which occurred at rest and both during and after exercise. There was no significant change in cardiac output. Although the heart rate slowed in all studies, regularisation of the R-R interval did not occur.", "PMID": 1061542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3707", "title": "The bone marrow colony forming cell in megaloblastic anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "Bone marrow samples from patients with megaloblastosis and iron deficiency have been assayed for their content of in vitro colony forming cells (CFC), and compared with a group of normal patients. The concentration of these cells was found to be significantly increased in the megaloblastic group, while their content in the iron deficient patients was slightly higher than the controls. An in vitro thymidine suicide procedures was utilised to assay the proportion of CFC in the S phase of the cycle. This was found to be increased in the megaloblastic group and only slightly increased in the iron deficient group. The findings in megaloblastosis seem to be consistent with the concept of impaired DNA synthesis. As the CFC monitors an early granulocytic progenitor these data suggest some impairment in DNA synthesis or an abnormal increase in amplification in this myeloid stem cell compartment. Such alterations in granulopoietic proliferation may contribute to the ineffective granulopoiesis of megaloblastosis and accordingly may be an important factor in the development of neutropenia sometimes associated with this condition. The slightly increased CFC concentration and altered cell cycle status found in iron deficiency suggest that iron is not a major requirement for granulopoiesis.", "contents": "The bone marrow colony forming cell in megaloblastic anaemia and iron deficiency anaemia. Bone marrow samples from patients with megaloblastosis and iron deficiency have been assayed for their content of in vitro colony forming cells (CFC), and compared with a group of normal patients. The concentration of these cells was found to be significantly increased in the megaloblastic group, while their content in the iron deficient patients was slightly higher than the controls. An in vitro thymidine suicide procedures was utilised to assay the proportion of CFC in the S phase of the cycle. This was found to be increased in the megaloblastic group and only slightly increased in the iron deficient group. The findings in megaloblastosis seem to be consistent with the concept of impaired DNA synthesis. As the CFC monitors an early granulocytic progenitor these data suggest some impairment in DNA synthesis or an abnormal increase in amplification in this myeloid stem cell compartment. Such alterations in granulopoietic proliferation may contribute to the ineffective granulopoiesis of megaloblastosis and accordingly may be an important factor in the development of neutropenia sometimes associated with this condition. The slightly increased CFC concentration and altered cell cycle status found in iron deficiency suggest that iron is not a major requirement for granulopoiesis.", "PMID": 1061543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3708", "title": "Inhibition of intestinal amino acid absorption by unconjugated bile salt in vivo.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of five amino acids studied (L-lysine, L-glycine, L-leucine and L-tyrosine) and one dipeptide (glycylglycine) was significantly inhibited by the deconjugated bile salt, sodium deoxycholate, in rats in vivo. It is suggested that inhibition of absorption of amino acids and dipeptides by unconjugated bile salts may contribute to hypoproteinaemia in patients with the contaminated small-bowel syndrome.", "contents": "Inhibition of intestinal amino acid absorption by unconjugated bile salt in vivo. The intestinal absorption of five amino acids studied (L-lysine, L-glycine, L-leucine and L-tyrosine) and one dipeptide (glycylglycine) was significantly inhibited by the deconjugated bile salt, sodium deoxycholate, in rats in vivo. It is suggested that inhibition of absorption of amino acids and dipeptides by unconjugated bile salts may contribute to hypoproteinaemia in patients with the contaminated small-bowel syndrome.", "PMID": 1061544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3709", "title": "T4 thyrotoxicosis with normal or low serum T3 concentration.", "content": "Eight patients are described with elevated plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations, but normal or low plasma triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations by radioimmunoassay. All were suffering also from non-thyroidal illness, which in six cases was severe, and in two fatal. The two patients in reasonable general health were acromegalic. It is possible that in sick thyrotoxic patients there is an impairment of peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, similar to that occurring in sick euthyroid patients. However, further proof of thyrotoxicosis must be obtained in patients with high T4 and normal or low T3 levels by studying the response of the pituitary to TRH. Meanwhile, in the sick or elderly, estimation of serum or plasma T3 concentration may not be a good screening test for thyrotoxicosis.", "contents": "T4 thyrotoxicosis with normal or low serum T3 concentration. Eight patients are described with elevated plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations, but normal or low plasma triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations by radioimmunoassay. All were suffering also from non-thyroidal illness, which in six cases was severe, and in two fatal. The two patients in reasonable general health were acromegalic. It is possible that in sick thyrotoxic patients there is an impairment of peripheral conversion of T4 to T3, similar to that occurring in sick euthyroid patients. However, further proof of thyrotoxicosis must be obtained in patients with high T4 and normal or low T3 levels by studying the response of the pituitary to TRH. Meanwhile, in the sick or elderly, estimation of serum or plasma T3 concentration may not be a good screening test for thyrotoxicosis.", "PMID": 1061545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3710", "title": "Acinetobacter anitratus infections in man.", "content": "During a period of 17 months, 142 strains of Acinetobacter anitratus were isolated from 140 patients. They were examined for biochemical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibilities to 15 chemotherapeutic drugs and clinical and epidemiologic features. Biochemical studies were necessary for positive identification of this gram negative rod. Many isolates were susceptible to kanamycin, gentamicin, polymixin B, cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid. Most isolates were hospital acquired and had been cultured from a number of anatomic sites in the presence of a variety of clinical situations. Acinetobacter anitratus was the primary infecting organism in two cases of septicaemia (one fatal), two pneumonias, two wound infections and six urinary tract infections. Because of its potential pathogenicity this organism should not be dismissed as a harmless commensal by laboratory staff and clinicians.", "contents": "Acinetobacter anitratus infections in man. During a period of 17 months, 142 strains of Acinetobacter anitratus were isolated from 140 patients. They were examined for biochemical characteristics, antibiotic susceptibilities to 15 chemotherapeutic drugs and clinical and epidemiologic features. Biochemical studies were necessary for positive identification of this gram negative rod. Many isolates were susceptible to kanamycin, gentamicin, polymixin B, cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid. Most isolates were hospital acquired and had been cultured from a number of anatomic sites in the presence of a variety of clinical situations. Acinetobacter anitratus was the primary infecting organism in two cases of septicaemia (one fatal), two pneumonias, two wound infections and six urinary tract infections. Because of its potential pathogenicity this organism should not be dismissed as a harmless commensal by laboratory staff and clinicians.", "PMID": 1061546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3711", "title": "Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: its inheritance and occurrence in a female with gout and renal disease.", "content": "A deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) enzyme activity to approximately 40% of normal has been found in erythrocytes from a young woman aged 24 years, who had suffered from recurrent gouty arthritis since 11 years of age. She also demonstrated considerable, although asymptomatic, renal impairment with a creatinine clearance of one-third normal. Her father had suffered from gouty arthritis but had a normal APRT activity; he was obese, had a high purine intake and was a regular beer drinker. The patient's mother was asymptomatic with a normal serum urate concentration, but demonstrated a similar reduction in APRT activity to that of her daughter. Eleven other asymptomatic members of the family also demonstrated a similar reduction in APRT activity in erythrocyte lysates. The pattern of inheritance was consistent with autosomal transmission. Concentrations of phosphoribosylpyrophospate (PRPP) in erythrocytes were within normal limits both in the subjects with deficient, and in those with normal, APRT activity. Partial purification of APRT enzyme from erythrocytes of the index case did not reveal any difference from the normal enzyme as far as Michaelis constants, heat stability, or mobility in polyacrylamide gel was concerned. No primary abnormality of lipoprotein metabolism was demonstrated either in the propositus or in other members of her family. Study of urate metabolism in the propositus indicated that, although urate production was within the normal range in absolute terms, there was increased incorporation of glycine into produced urate, usually taken as one index of de novo urate production. Impaired renal excretion of urate was also shown. Although detailed study of urate metabolism has not been undertaken in other family members with APRT deficiency, no conclusive relationship has yet been demonstrated between APRT deficiency and disordered urate metabolism.", "contents": "Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency: its inheritance and occurrence in a female with gout and renal disease. A deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) enzyme activity to approximately 40% of normal has been found in erythrocytes from a young woman aged 24 years, who had suffered from recurrent gouty arthritis since 11 years of age. She also demonstrated considerable, although asymptomatic, renal impairment with a creatinine clearance of one-third normal. Her father had suffered from gouty arthritis but had a normal APRT activity; he was obese, had a high purine intake and was a regular beer drinker. The patient's mother was asymptomatic with a normal serum urate concentration, but demonstrated a similar reduction in APRT activity to that of her daughter. Eleven other asymptomatic members of the family also demonstrated a similar reduction in APRT activity in erythrocyte lysates. The pattern of inheritance was consistent with autosomal transmission. Concentrations of phosphoribosylpyrophospate (PRPP) in erythrocytes were within normal limits both in the subjects with deficient, and in those with normal, APRT activity. Partial purification of APRT enzyme from erythrocytes of the index case did not reveal any difference from the normal enzyme as far as Michaelis constants, heat stability, or mobility in polyacrylamide gel was concerned. No primary abnormality of lipoprotein metabolism was demonstrated either in the propositus or in other members of her family. Study of urate metabolism in the propositus indicated that, although urate production was within the normal range in absolute terms, there was increased incorporation of glycine into produced urate, usually taken as one index of de novo urate production. Impaired renal excretion of urate was also shown. Although detailed study of urate metabolism has not been undertaken in other family members with APRT deficiency, no conclusive relationship has yet been demonstrated between APRT deficiency and disordered urate metabolism.", "PMID": 1061547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3712", "title": "Pyelo-ureteritis cystica associated with a urinary tract infection due to a coagulase-negative staphylococcus.", "content": "A young female presenting with a history suggestive of renal colic was found by intravenous pyelography to have Pyeloureteritis Cystica. In association with this condition she had a urinary tract infection due to a coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Following a two week course of appropriate antibiotic therapy, her urine became sterile and repeat pyelography revealed no abnormality.", "contents": "Pyelo-ureteritis cystica associated with a urinary tract infection due to a coagulase-negative staphylococcus. A young female presenting with a history suggestive of renal colic was found by intravenous pyelography to have Pyeloureteritis Cystica. In association with this condition she had a urinary tract infection due to a coagulase-negative staphylococcus. Following a two week course of appropriate antibiotic therapy, her urine became sterile and repeat pyelography revealed no abnormality.", "PMID": 1061548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3713", "title": "Epidemic polyarthritis: a cytological, virological and immunochemical study.", "content": "A patient with epidemic polyarthritis was studied within 48 hours of onset when specific serum antibodies were still low. The synovial fluid showed a fall in hyaluronic acid level and rise in protein levels though the immune globulins, and especially IgM, rose to a lesser degree and remained well below the levels in the serum. Attempts to grow virus from synovial fluid or blood lymphocytes failed despite the use of several new techniques. The complement components C'3 and C'4 were not depleted in serum or synovial fluid. The synovial fluid was devoid of neutrophil leucocytes, and contained predominantly monocytes and macrophages which were remarkable for mitotic and for enhanced and indiscriminate phagocytic activity. From this and other evidence, an explanation is proposed for the cytological response and difficulties in recovering infective virions in virus-induced arthritis. No virus antigen was detected in the supernatant synovial fluid and electron microscopy showed virus-like particles only in cytolysosomes.", "contents": "Epidemic polyarthritis: a cytological, virological and immunochemical study. A patient with epidemic polyarthritis was studied within 48 hours of onset when specific serum antibodies were still low. The synovial fluid showed a fall in hyaluronic acid level and rise in protein levels though the immune globulins, and especially IgM, rose to a lesser degree and remained well below the levels in the serum. Attempts to grow virus from synovial fluid or blood lymphocytes failed despite the use of several new techniques. The complement components C'3 and C'4 were not depleted in serum or synovial fluid. The synovial fluid was devoid of neutrophil leucocytes, and contained predominantly monocytes and macrophages which were remarkable for mitotic and for enhanced and indiscriminate phagocytic activity. From this and other evidence, an explanation is proposed for the cytological response and difficulties in recovering infective virions in virus-induced arthritis. No virus antigen was detected in the supernatant synovial fluid and electron microscopy showed virus-like particles only in cytolysosomes.", "PMID": 1061549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3714", "title": "Rational therapy for thyroid storm.", "content": "An approach to the management of patients with thyroid storm is described. The treatment regimen, which is directed against the abnormalities as they are presently understood, incorporates: (a) Propranolol to inhibit the catecholamine-mediated peripheral effects of the circulating thyronines; (b) Propylthiouracil to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis and to inhibit peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine (T3), the predominant source of T3 production; (c) Iodine to block the glandular release of thyroid hormones; (d) Dexamethasone along with general supportive therapy. The regimen has been used for a 13 year old schoolgirl with thyroid storm, and the induced rapid fall in serum T3 levels is illustrated. It has also been used in patients with florid thyrotoxicosis undergoing emergency surgery and has resulted in marked clinical improvement associated with rapid decreases in serum T3 levels. It is a simple and efficient regimen, rendering cumbersome forms of therapy such as plasmapheresis and peritoneal dialysis unnecessary.", "contents": "Rational therapy for thyroid storm. An approach to the management of patients with thyroid storm is described. The treatment regimen, which is directed against the abnormalities as they are presently understood, incorporates: (a) Propranolol to inhibit the catecholamine-mediated peripheral effects of the circulating thyronines; (b) Propylthiouracil to inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis and to inhibit peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine (T3), the predominant source of T3 production; (c) Iodine to block the glandular release of thyroid hormones; (d) Dexamethasone along with general supportive therapy. The regimen has been used for a 13 year old schoolgirl with thyroid storm, and the induced rapid fall in serum T3 levels is illustrated. It has also been used in patients with florid thyrotoxicosis undergoing emergency surgery and has resulted in marked clinical improvement associated with rapid decreases in serum T3 levels. It is a simple and efficient regimen, rendering cumbersome forms of therapy such as plasmapheresis and peritoneal dialysis unnecessary.", "PMID": 1061550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3715", "title": "Decreased capacity to metabolize diphenylhydantoin in a patient with hypersensitivity to warfarin.", "content": "A 48 year old man with normal hepatic function presented with abnormally prolonged bleeding following orally administered warfarin. Warfarin and diphenylhydantoin are known to be hydroxylated in the liver. To investigate the possibility of the patient having a metabolic (hydroxylating) defect, his ability to metabolize diphenylhydantoin was studied, as it would have been unethical to administer warfarin again. Parallel studies were carried out on two healthy subjects as a basis for comparison. On three separate occasions the elimination half-life for diphenylhydantoin in the patient (158, 87, 72 hours) was significantly longer than those obtained in the normal subjects (31 and 32 hours). This difference was most probably due to decreased hydroxylation of diphenylhydantoin to 5-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin since his urinary elimination of this substance was demonstrated to be significantly less than that of the normal subjects. The results suggest that this patient had a reduced capacity to hydroxylate diphenylhydantoin, and this defect in liver hydroxylation may explain his increased sensitivity to warfarin.", "contents": "Decreased capacity to metabolize diphenylhydantoin in a patient with hypersensitivity to warfarin. A 48 year old man with normal hepatic function presented with abnormally prolonged bleeding following orally administered warfarin. Warfarin and diphenylhydantoin are known to be hydroxylated in the liver. To investigate the possibility of the patient having a metabolic (hydroxylating) defect, his ability to metabolize diphenylhydantoin was studied, as it would have been unethical to administer warfarin again. Parallel studies were carried out on two healthy subjects as a basis for comparison. On three separate occasions the elimination half-life for diphenylhydantoin in the patient (158, 87, 72 hours) was significantly longer than those obtained in the normal subjects (31 and 32 hours). This difference was most probably due to decreased hydroxylation of diphenylhydantoin to 5-(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin since his urinary elimination of this substance was demonstrated to be significantly less than that of the normal subjects. The results suggest that this patient had a reduced capacity to hydroxylate diphenylhydantoin, and this defect in liver hydroxylation may explain his increased sensitivity to warfarin.", "PMID": 1061551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3716", "title": "Candida thyroiditis--treated with 5 fluoro-cytosine.", "content": "A case of Candida thyroiditis in a patient with Goodpasture's Syndrome is described. Factors predisposing to the infection were neutropenia and the concomitant use of antibiotics and immunosuppressive agents. The patient was successfully treated with 5 fluoro-cytosine (5 f-c) and surgical drainage.", "contents": "Candida thyroiditis--treated with 5 fluoro-cytosine. A case of Candida thyroiditis in a patient with Goodpasture's Syndrome is described. Factors predisposing to the infection were neutropenia and the concomitant use of antibiotics and immunosuppressive agents. The patient was successfully treated with 5 fluoro-cytosine (5 f-c) and surgical drainage.", "PMID": 1061552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3717", "title": "Synchronous combined abdomino- thoraco-cervical (oesophagectomy).", "content": "A synchronous combined abdomino-thoraco-cervical oesophagectomy with an abdominal and a thoracic team working simultaneously, is advocated. The method is described. The necessity for wide excision of the oesophagus is stressed, and the routine use of the stomach for reconstruction is advised. This approach may be used for both benign and malignant conditions.", "contents": "Synchronous combined abdomino- thoraco-cervical (oesophagectomy). A synchronous combined abdomino-thoraco-cervical oesophagectomy with an abdominal and a thoracic team working simultaneously, is advocated. The method is described. The necessity for wide excision of the oesophagus is stressed, and the routine use of the stomach for reconstruction is advised. This approach may be used for both benign and malignant conditions.", "PMID": 1061553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3718", "title": "Early gastric carcinoma.", "content": "Seven cases of early gastric carcinoma are reported. This condition by definition refers to a carcinoma confined to the mucosa and submucosa only. The definition depends upon the depth of spread and not the surface area covered by tumour or the period over which it is believed to have been present. Each patient had a history indistinguishable from one of benign ulceration. All seven patients had barium meal studies, and in only two was the possibility of malignancy raised. In the other five patients the ulcers demonstrated radiologically were considered benign. Fibreoptic endoscopy was done in six cases; in three the appearances were suspicious of malignancy, and in the remaining three the lesions appeared benign. Biopsy specimens taken at endoscopy contained carcinomatous tissue in all six cases. The patients all had partial gastrectomy, and no recurrence has yet been found. The longest follow-up period is 36 months.", "contents": "Early gastric carcinoma. Seven cases of early gastric carcinoma are reported. This condition by definition refers to a carcinoma confined to the mucosa and submucosa only. The definition depends upon the depth of spread and not the surface area covered by tumour or the period over which it is believed to have been present. Each patient had a history indistinguishable from one of benign ulceration. All seven patients had barium meal studies, and in only two was the possibility of malignancy raised. In the other five patients the ulcers demonstrated radiologically were considered benign. Fibreoptic endoscopy was done in six cases; in three the appearances were suspicious of malignancy, and in the remaining three the lesions appeared benign. Biopsy specimens taken at endoscopy contained carcinomatous tissue in all six cases. The patients all had partial gastrectomy, and no recurrence has yet been found. The longest follow-up period is 36 months.", "PMID": 1061554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3719", "title": "Large-bowel polypectomy via the colonoscope: experience with 80 polyps.", "content": "The experience of two colonoscopy units in managing 88 patients referred with 114 suspected colonic polyps are presented. Almost a quarter of the suspected polyps were artefacts, while some actual polyps were not visualized at the initial colonoscopy. All but 10 of the confirmed polyps were successfully snared. Morbidity was low. Five of the polyps were malignant. The technical aspect of snaring and of setting up colonoscopy units are discussed. It is considered that colonoscopic polypectomy is the optimum management of colonic polyps.", "contents": "Large-bowel polypectomy via the colonoscope: experience with 80 polyps. The experience of two colonoscopy units in managing 88 patients referred with 114 suspected colonic polyps are presented. Almost a quarter of the suspected polyps were artefacts, while some actual polyps were not visualized at the initial colonoscopy. All but 10 of the confirmed polyps were successfully snared. Morbidity was low. Five of the polyps were malignant. The technical aspect of snaring and of setting up colonoscopy units are discussed. It is considered that colonoscopic polypectomy is the optimum management of colonic polyps.", "PMID": 1061555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3720", "title": "A major advance in the management of pneumatosis coli.", "content": "A new treatment for gas cysts of the large bowel is described which involves the continuous inhalation of a high concentration of oxygen over a five-day period. Two patients with incapacitating symptoms due to diffuse pneumatosis coli were treated by this method. Oxygen therapy resulted in remission of symptoms and disappearance of cysts in both cases. The physiological basis of this simple, effective therapy is discussed, together with the precautions necessary in its use.", "contents": "A major advance in the management of pneumatosis coli. A new treatment for gas cysts of the large bowel is described which involves the continuous inhalation of a high concentration of oxygen over a five-day period. Two patients with incapacitating symptoms due to diffuse pneumatosis coli were treated by this method. Oxygen therapy resulted in remission of symptoms and disappearance of cysts in both cases. The physiological basis of this simple, effective therapy is discussed, together with the precautions necessary in its use.", "PMID": 1061556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3721", "title": "Ileocaecal tuberculosis.", "content": "A retrospective study of 92 cases of ileocaecal tuberculosis, carried out at the Institute Hospital, New Delhi, is reported. The maximum incidence of the disease appeared to be between the ages of 20 and 40 years. There were 57 females and 35 males in the series. The majority of patients had symptoms for more than a year before they presented for treatment. Varying grades of intestianl obstruction constituted the usual clinical presentation, 44% of patients having subacute and 16% acute intestinal obstruction. Perianal fistula and abscesses were not seen. Most patients had no evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Barium X-ray studies were very helpful in the diagnosis. Bowel resection or short-circuiting gave very satisfactory results.", "contents": "Ileocaecal tuberculosis. A retrospective study of 92 cases of ileocaecal tuberculosis, carried out at the Institute Hospital, New Delhi, is reported. The maximum incidence of the disease appeared to be between the ages of 20 and 40 years. There were 57 females and 35 males in the series. The majority of patients had symptoms for more than a year before they presented for treatment. Varying grades of intestianl obstruction constituted the usual clinical presentation, 44% of patients having subacute and 16% acute intestinal obstruction. Perianal fistula and abscesses were not seen. Most patients had no evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Barium X-ray studies were very helpful in the diagnosis. Bowel resection or short-circuiting gave very satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1061557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3722", "title": "Hiatal hernia repair by posterior gastropexy.", "content": "Posterior gastropexy was used in the repair of seventy-seven hiatal hermias from 1970 to 1975, after the fashion of Lucius D. Hill, of Seattle. The operations were performed by one author and reviewed by the other. The rationale and technique of the operation are discussed. Ten patients were lost to follow-up. Fifty-six patients were greatly imporved or cured, ten were imporved but still had some symptoms, while only one was unimproved. We conclude that posterior gastropexy is an effective, simple, and safe operation for the treatment of reflux associated with hiatal hernia.", "contents": "Hiatal hernia repair by posterior gastropexy. Posterior gastropexy was used in the repair of seventy-seven hiatal hermias from 1970 to 1975, after the fashion of Lucius D. Hill, of Seattle. The operations were performed by one author and reviewed by the other. The rationale and technique of the operation are discussed. Ten patients were lost to follow-up. Fifty-six patients were greatly imporved or cured, ten were imporved but still had some symptoms, while only one was unimproved. We conclude that posterior gastropexy is an effective, simple, and safe operation for the treatment of reflux associated with hiatal hernia.", "PMID": 1061558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3723", "title": "Suggested new rules for exploration of the common bile duct at cholecystectomy.", "content": "Traditional indications for exploration of the common bile duct have been made anachronistic by developments in operative cholangiography. A new technique of contact cholangiography, described in this paper, improves the precision of operative cholangiography and allows the traditional indications for exploration to be modified. A new set of guidelines for exploration of the common duct, based on high-quality operative cholangiography, is outlined, and the place of the supraduodenal and transduodenal routes for exploration is discussed. The results of the application of these policies in a series of 120 cholecystectomies are presented.", "contents": "Suggested new rules for exploration of the common bile duct at cholecystectomy. Traditional indications for exploration of the common bile duct have been made anachronistic by developments in operative cholangiography. A new technique of contact cholangiography, described in this paper, improves the precision of operative cholangiography and allows the traditional indications for exploration to be modified. A new set of guidelines for exploration of the common duct, based on high-quality operative cholangiography, is outlined, and the place of the supraduodenal and transduodenal routes for exploration is discussed. The results of the application of these policies in a series of 120 cholecystectomies are presented.", "PMID": 1061559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3724", "title": "The use of a tongue flap for the repair of defects following radical surgery of the head and neck.", "content": "Tongue flaps can provide up to 100 square centimeters of mucosal surface for the repair of defects in the oral cavity or upper pharnyx. They provide an acceptable alternative to the use of pedicled skin flaps for the repair of many small to medium sized defects which occur following radical cancer surgery.", "contents": "The use of a tongue flap for the repair of defects following radical surgery of the head and neck. Tongue flaps can provide up to 100 square centimeters of mucosal surface for the repair of defects in the oral cavity or upper pharnyx. They provide an acceptable alternative to the use of pedicled skin flaps for the repair of many small to medium sized defects which occur following radical cancer surgery.", "PMID": 1061560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3725", "title": "Ovarian cysts in childhood.", "content": "This is a review of cases of ovarian cyst encountered in childhood in the Manchester children's hospitals. The patients presented with acute or recurrent abdominal pain or an abdominal or pelvic mass. The commonest cyst found was a teratoma, which was discovered because of its size or because of a complication. All but one of the girls with teratomas had not reached puberty. After puberty the cysts were follicular or luteal in type, although there was one case of cystadenoma. Complications in the form of torsion, rupture which haemoperitoneum or haemorrhage into the cyst were common. Treatment consisted of ovarian cystectomy, oophorectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy, and the results were satisfactory.", "contents": "Ovarian cysts in childhood. This is a review of cases of ovarian cyst encountered in childhood in the Manchester children's hospitals. The patients presented with acute or recurrent abdominal pain or an abdominal or pelvic mass. The commonest cyst found was a teratoma, which was discovered because of its size or because of a complication. All but one of the girls with teratomas had not reached puberty. After puberty the cysts were follicular or luteal in type, although there was one case of cystadenoma. Complications in the form of torsion, rupture which haemoperitoneum or haemorrhage into the cyst were common. Treatment consisted of ovarian cystectomy, oophorectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy, and the results were satisfactory.", "PMID": 1061561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3726", "title": "Cerebral metastasis from melanoma.", "content": "Fifty-seven patients suffering from melanotic cerebral metastases are reviewed. The nature and course of the primary lesion, the clinical history of the cerebral metastases and the results of treatment are discussed. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy formed the basis of treatment.", "contents": "Cerebral metastasis from melanoma. Fifty-seven patients suffering from melanotic cerebral metastases are reviewed. The nature and course of the primary lesion, the clinical history of the cerebral metastases and the results of treatment are discussed. Radiotherapy, chemotherapy, surgery and immunotherapy formed the basis of treatment.", "PMID": 1061562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3727", "title": "Chondromalacia of the patella.", "content": "Where chondromalacia of the patella is resistant to conservative treatment, and where the existence of a Crooks ridge can be inferred from the clinical or X-ray findings, then an operative search for such a ridge, with trimming both of the ridge and of the affected area of the patella, offers a more promising surgical solution than other minor operative procedures, and a less drastic solution than patellectomy.", "contents": "Chondromalacia of the patella. Where chondromalacia of the patella is resistant to conservative treatment, and where the existence of a Crooks ridge can be inferred from the clinical or X-ray findings, then an operative search for such a ridge, with trimming both of the ridge and of the affected area of the patella, offers a more promising surgical solution than other minor operative procedures, and a less drastic solution than patellectomy.", "PMID": 1061563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3728", "title": "The natural history of osteoid osteoma.", "content": "A long-term follow-up of three patients suffering from osteoid osteoma who have not undergone surgery is reported. Only eight similar cases have been reported in the literature. It is shown that over a period of years the pain of osteoid osteoma eventually disappears but the radiological appearance may remain unaltered or gradually resolve. Surgical management of osteoid osteoma is advised because of the prolonged symptoms.", "contents": "The natural history of osteoid osteoma. A long-term follow-up of three patients suffering from osteoid osteoma who have not undergone surgery is reported. Only eight similar cases have been reported in the literature. It is shown that over a period of years the pain of osteoid osteoma eventually disappears but the radiological appearance may remain unaltered or gradually resolve. Surgical management of osteoid osteoma is advised because of the prolonged symptoms.", "PMID": 1061564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3729", "title": "Fibromuscular hyperplasia of the iliac arteries.", "content": "Fibromuscular hyperplasia is an uncommon disease of arteries with an unknown aetiology and an obscure natural history. It occurs rarely in the iliac vessels and may cause intermittent claudication. Two cases of fibromuscular hyperplasia of these arteries are reported. Both patients are middle-aged women. One presented with intermittent caludication and has been treated by aortofemoral bypass. The other is at present symptomless; the diagnosis was made in the course of the investigation of an abdominal bruit. Some features of the condition are discussed.", "contents": "Fibromuscular hyperplasia of the iliac arteries. Fibromuscular hyperplasia is an uncommon disease of arteries with an unknown aetiology and an obscure natural history. It occurs rarely in the iliac vessels and may cause intermittent claudication. Two cases of fibromuscular hyperplasia of these arteries are reported. Both patients are middle-aged women. One presented with intermittent caludication and has been treated by aortofemoral bypass. The other is at present symptomless; the diagnosis was made in the course of the investigation of an abdominal bruit. Some features of the condition are discussed.", "PMID": 1061565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3730", "title": "Ruptured iliac aneurysms.", "content": "Iliac aneurysms are uncommon as compared with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Rupture is the most serious complication of aneurysms of both vessels. Considerable attention has been focused on the management of ruptured abdomonal aortic aneurysms, but ruptured iliac aneurysms have received little notice. The problems in the management of ten ruptured iliac aneurysms, seen over the last five years, together with the rarity of other reports of this condition, have stimulated this review.", "contents": "Ruptured iliac aneurysms. Iliac aneurysms are uncommon as compared with aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Rupture is the most serious complication of aneurysms of both vessels. Considerable attention has been focused on the management of ruptured abdomonal aortic aneurysms, but ruptured iliac aneurysms have received little notice. The problems in the management of ten ruptured iliac aneurysms, seen over the last five years, together with the rarity of other reports of this condition, have stimulated this review.", "PMID": 1061566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3731", "title": "End thoracic duct presurres in man.", "content": "Thoracic duct end pressures have been measured in a conscious patient undergoing cannulation in an attempt to remove serum blocking activity. Pressures were measured during rest, coughing, straining and laughing during the last-mentioned activity pressures of the order of 85 mm Hg were recorded. It is suggested that formal ligation of the cannula at the termination of treatment.", "contents": "End thoracic duct presurres in man. Thoracic duct end pressures have been measured in a conscious patient undergoing cannulation in an attempt to remove serum blocking activity. Pressures were measured during rest, coughing, straining and laughing during the last-mentioned activity pressures of the order of 85 mm Hg were recorded. It is suggested that formal ligation of the cannula at the termination of treatment.", "PMID": 1061567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3732", "title": "Cell proliferation and protein synthesis in human leukaemic myeloblasts after cytosine arabinoside therapy.", "content": "The effect of a single intravenous bolus injection of cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) on the cytokinetics and 3H-leucine uptake of leukaemic myeloblasts in bone marrow and blood was studied at intervals up to 96 h after ARA-C in five patients with previously untreated acute myelogenous leukaemia. An early decrease in mitotic index and in 3H-thymidine labelling was observed in four of five patients and pretreatment values were reached again within the observation period. Changes suggesting synchronization were not observed. ARA-C induced a marked decrease in protein synthesis in the leukaemic myeloblasts as estimated from either a decrease in the 3H-leucine labelling index or the mean grain count of 3H-leucine labelled cells. It is suggested that ARA-C is incorporated also by cell which are not in S-phase and has a prolonged biochemical effect on the leukaemic cells.", "contents": "Cell proliferation and protein synthesis in human leukaemic myeloblasts after cytosine arabinoside therapy. The effect of a single intravenous bolus injection of cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) on the cytokinetics and 3H-leucine uptake of leukaemic myeloblasts in bone marrow and blood was studied at intervals up to 96 h after ARA-C in five patients with previously untreated acute myelogenous leukaemia. An early decrease in mitotic index and in 3H-thymidine labelling was observed in four of five patients and pretreatment values were reached again within the observation period. Changes suggesting synchronization were not observed. ARA-C induced a marked decrease in protein synthesis in the leukaemic myeloblasts as estimated from either a decrease in the 3H-leucine labelling index or the mean grain count of 3H-leucine labelled cells. It is suggested that ARA-C is incorporated also by cell which are not in S-phase and has a prolonged biochemical effect on the leukaemic cells.", "PMID": 1061618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3733", "title": "Hypersensitive reactions and antibody formation during L-asparaginase treatment of children and adults with acute leukemia.", "content": "One hundred and fourteen patients with acute leukemia, 57 children (10 AML and 47 ALL) and 57 adults (37 AML and 20 ALL) were treated with L-asparaginase (Asnase) 200 or 1000 IU/kg daily for 30 days unless withdrawn on account of side effects. Combinations with other cytotoxic drugs were used in all but eight patients. Hypersensitive reactions, decrease in Asnase activity in plasma, and bivalent antibodies to Asnase appeared more frequently in adults (28%, 46%, and 79%, respectively) than in children (16%, 17%, and 25% respectively). There was a clear association between these three parameters. Thus hypersensitive reactions generally developed at the time of or after the decrease in plasma Asnase activity. Antibodies were detected only where Asnase activity had disappeared from the plasma. This time sequence, and in vitro experiments, suggest the formation of antigen-antibody complexes which might be responsible for inactivation of Asnase and for the development of hypersensitive reactions. However in many cases antibodies were found without concomitant enzyme inactivation or hypersensitive reactions. Antibodies to Asnase of IgE type (reagins) were found in only 10 children and 6 adults. There was no correlation between hypersensitive reactions, decrease in Asnase activity, and IgE antibodies. The frequency of remission among patients developing bivalent antibodies to Asnase was 68% (13/19) in contrast to 27% (3/11) among patients whose sera contained no detectable antibodies to Asnase, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "contents": "Hypersensitive reactions and antibody formation during L-asparaginase treatment of children and adults with acute leukemia. One hundred and fourteen patients with acute leukemia, 57 children (10 AML and 47 ALL) and 57 adults (37 AML and 20 ALL) were treated with L-asparaginase (Asnase) 200 or 1000 IU/kg daily for 30 days unless withdrawn on account of side effects. Combinations with other cytotoxic drugs were used in all but eight patients. Hypersensitive reactions, decrease in Asnase activity in plasma, and bivalent antibodies to Asnase appeared more frequently in adults (28%, 46%, and 79%, respectively) than in children (16%, 17%, and 25% respectively). There was a clear association between these three parameters. Thus hypersensitive reactions generally developed at the time of or after the decrease in plasma Asnase activity. Antibodies were detected only where Asnase activity had disappeared from the plasma. This time sequence, and in vitro experiments, suggest the formation of antigen-antibody complexes which might be responsible for inactivation of Asnase and for the development of hypersensitive reactions. However in many cases antibodies were found without concomitant enzyme inactivation or hypersensitive reactions. Antibodies to Asnase of IgE type (reagins) were found in only 10 children and 6 adults. There was no correlation between hypersensitive reactions, decrease in Asnase activity, and IgE antibodies. The frequency of remission among patients developing bivalent antibodies to Asnase was 68% (13/19) in contrast to 27% (3/11) among patients whose sera contained no detectable antibodies to Asnase, but the difference was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1061636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3734", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XI. Correlation of karyotypes with clinical features of acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) patients with chromosomal abnormalities in their bone marrow cells were divided into those with minor karyotypic abnormalities (MIKA) and those with major karyotypic abnormalities (MAKA). One of the largest subgroups in the MIKA group was shown to have cytologic characteristics typical of so-called \"classical\" AML and a \"prototypic\" karyotype, which has been shown to be due to translocation between chromosomes number 8 and number 21. A missing Y chromosome in AML was mostly associated with this karyotype. Patients of the MAKA group were usually erythroleukemic, had no or very few normal metaphases among the abnormal ones in the marrow, and almost invariably showed karyotypic instability. Karyotypic differences did not affect the patients' survival after the initiation of chemotherapy as much as did the presence or absence of normal metaphases. However, the karyotypes do appear to be relevant to the decision as to whether a patient should be administered chemotherapy when no normal metaphases are found on the initial bone marrow examination.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XI. Correlation of karyotypes with clinical features of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) patients with chromosomal abnormalities in their bone marrow cells were divided into those with minor karyotypic abnormalities (MIKA) and those with major karyotypic abnormalities (MAKA). One of the largest subgroups in the MIKA group was shown to have cytologic characteristics typical of so-called \"classical\" AML and a \"prototypic\" karyotype, which has been shown to be due to translocation between chromosomes number 8 and number 21. A missing Y chromosome in AML was mostly associated with this karyotype. Patients of the MAKA group were usually erythroleukemic, had no or very few normal metaphases among the abnormal ones in the marrow, and almost invariably showed karyotypic instability. Karyotypic differences did not affect the patients' survival after the initiation of chemotherapy as much as did the presence or absence of normal metaphases. However, the karyotypes do appear to be relevant to the decision as to whether a patient should be administered chemotherapy when no normal metaphases are found on the initial bone marrow examination.", "PMID": 1061637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3735", "title": "Serial observations on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity and lymphoblast surface markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity and cell surface markers were measured in peripheral lymphoid cells from 27 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in various phases of their disease. Lymphoblasts from untreated patients had smooth surface ultrastructure but heterogeneous surface receptors. Greater than 60% of lymphoblasts from 4 to 7 untreated patients formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Transferase activity was variable, ranging from 8 to 210 units/10(8) blasts, but it was consistently elevated at diagnosis and in relapse. Transferase levels did not correlate with the presence of lymphoblast surface receptors. During induction therapy transferase activity decreased rapidly, but it remained elevated in peripheral lymphoid cells even when blasts were not detectable in peripheral blood smears. Patients in remission had normal surface receptors and undetectable or minimally elevated levels of transferase. Terminal transferase activity may be a sensitive biochemical marker for a primitive cell population and may be important in the evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "contents": "Serial observations on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity and lymphoblast surface markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase activity and cell surface markers were measured in peripheral lymphoid cells from 27 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in various phases of their disease. Lymphoblasts from untreated patients had smooth surface ultrastructure but heterogeneous surface receptors. Greater than 60% of lymphoblasts from 4 to 7 untreated patients formed rosettes with sheep red blood cells. Transferase activity was variable, ranging from 8 to 210 units/10(8) blasts, but it was consistently elevated at diagnosis and in relapse. Transferase levels did not correlate with the presence of lymphoblast surface receptors. During induction therapy transferase activity decreased rapidly, but it remained elevated in peripheral lymphoid cells even when blasts were not detectable in peripheral blood smears. Patients in remission had normal surface receptors and undetectable or minimally elevated levels of transferase. Terminal transferase activity may be a sensitive biochemical marker for a primitive cell population and may be important in the evaluation of therapeutic effectiveness in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "PMID": 1061638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3736", "title": "Some cases of Type III glycogen storage disease.", "content": "Five patients with glycogen storage disease are described. Hypoglycemia was observed in all patients after an overnight fast, and glycemic and lactatemic curves obtained after oral administration of glucose or galactose were typical of those seen in Type III glycogenosis. An increase of liver glycogen up to 12-16% and complete absence of liver amylo-1,6-glucosidase were found in liver tissue samples obtained by needle biopsy. The patients were diagnosed as having Type III glycogenosis. In two patients the absence of amylo-1,6-glycosidase was accompanied by a sharp decline of liver phosphorylase activity. In one patient a decline of glucose-6-phosphatase activity was observed. The structure of liver glycogen was different in different patients, and so were the types of glycemic and lactatemic curves obtained upon protein tolerance tests. The above phenomena might be explained by some secondary disturbances in the activity of enzymes (phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase) involved in the metabolism of liver glycogen of these patients.", "contents": "Some cases of Type III glycogen storage disease. Five patients with glycogen storage disease are described. Hypoglycemia was observed in all patients after an overnight fast, and glycemic and lactatemic curves obtained after oral administration of glucose or galactose were typical of those seen in Type III glycogenosis. An increase of liver glycogen up to 12-16% and complete absence of liver amylo-1,6-glucosidase were found in liver tissue samples obtained by needle biopsy. The patients were diagnosed as having Type III glycogenosis. In two patients the absence of amylo-1,6-glycosidase was accompanied by a sharp decline of liver phosphorylase activity. In one patient a decline of glucose-6-phosphatase activity was observed. The structure of liver glycogen was different in different patients, and so were the types of glycemic and lactatemic curves obtained upon protein tolerance tests. The above phenomena might be explained by some secondary disturbances in the activity of enzymes (phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase) involved in the metabolism of liver glycogen of these patients.", "PMID": 1061645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3737", "title": "Reliability of caries data in three clinical trials.", "content": "The reliability of caries data obtained during three clinical trials is presented. Each of the three trials, conducted by different examiners, lasted 3 years and involved children aged 12 to 15 years. Reliability was quantified in terms of reliability coefficient and error variance, which allowed the effect of error upon the efficiency of each study to be measured. Reliability tended to be reduced when precaviation (initial) lesions were included in the DMFS count, but there was little difference between the reliability coefficients for each of four different surface-types. Error was more important in 3-year incremental rather than prevalence data, but nevertheless had a rather small influence upon sample size estimation or confidence limits of percent caries reductions.", "contents": "Reliability of caries data in three clinical trials. The reliability of caries data obtained during three clinical trials is presented. Each of the three trials, conducted by different examiners, lasted 3 years and involved children aged 12 to 15 years. Reliability was quantified in terms of reliability coefficient and error variance, which allowed the effect of error upon the efficiency of each study to be measured. Reliability tended to be reduced when precaviation (initial) lesions were included in the DMFS count, but there was little difference between the reliability coefficients for each of four different surface-types. Error was more important in 3-year incremental rather than prevalence data, but nevertheless had a rather small influence upon sample size estimation or confidence limits of percent caries reductions.", "PMID": 1061647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3738", "title": "Department of Community Dentistry, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida.", "content": "The oral health status of 454 children and 115 adults from a population of migrant and seasonal farmworkers in Florida was assessed. The prevalence of disease among the children was consistent with that reported for other black children of this age. The migrants had received more dental treatment than the children of seasonal farmworkers; however, the level of care for both groups was strikingly low. The results of this neglect were clearly reflected in the mouths of the adults, most of which were found to be in a very deteriorated state of dental health. A program to cope with these long unmet needs is unrealistic. Efforts should be made to eliminate pain and infection until the cycle of poverty can be broken.", "contents": "Department of Community Dentistry, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida. The oral health status of 454 children and 115 adults from a population of migrant and seasonal farmworkers in Florida was assessed. The prevalence of disease among the children was consistent with that reported for other black children of this age. The migrants had received more dental treatment than the children of seasonal farmworkers; however, the level of care for both groups was strikingly low. The results of this neglect were clearly reflected in the mouths of the adults, most of which were found to be in a very deteriorated state of dental health. A program to cope with these long unmet needs is unrealistic. Efforts should be made to eliminate pain and infection until the cycle of poverty can be broken.", "PMID": 1061648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3739", "title": "Alveolar bone loss in the permanent first molars of Norwegian schoolchildren receiving systematic dental care.", "content": "A distance exceeding 2 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone was observed on the proximal surfaces of the first molars of proportionally more 15-year-olds (101 subjects) than 13-year-olds (99 subjects). The measurements were performed on bitewing radiographs, and the methodologic error amounted to 3%. Recordings in excess of 2 mm were most frequent (0.27 and 0.23) for the distal surfaces of the maxillary molars.", "contents": "Alveolar bone loss in the permanent first molars of Norwegian schoolchildren receiving systematic dental care. A distance exceeding 2 mm from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the alveolar bone was observed on the proximal surfaces of the first molars of proportionally more 15-year-olds (101 subjects) than 13-year-olds (99 subjects). The measurements were performed on bitewing radiographs, and the methodologic error amounted to 3%. Recordings in excess of 2 mm were most frequent (0.27 and 0.23) for the distal surfaces of the maxillary molars.", "PMID": 1061649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3740", "title": "Periodontal condition in Turkish recruits.", "content": "The periodontal condition of 300 Turkish troops was investigated using the modified Ramfjord Periodontal Disease Index. In addition, the gingival condition, presence and quantity of plaque and calculus, location and depth of periodontal pockets, tooth mobility, presence and severity of wear facets, diastema magnitude and the DMFT Index were determined. The average PDI was 3.8. Nearly 98% of the recruits suffered from gingivitis, 68% of whom exhibited moderate to severe inflammation without involvement of deeper structures. Moderate plaque accumulation and heavy calculus deposits were observed. An average DMFT of 5.09 was found. Little correlation was found between the relatively low DMFT rate and the Plaque Index.", "contents": "Periodontal condition in Turkish recruits. The periodontal condition of 300 Turkish troops was investigated using the modified Ramfjord Periodontal Disease Index. In addition, the gingival condition, presence and quantity of plaque and calculus, location and depth of periodontal pockets, tooth mobility, presence and severity of wear facets, diastema magnitude and the DMFT Index were determined. The average PDI was 3.8. Nearly 98% of the recruits suffered from gingivitis, 68% of whom exhibited moderate to severe inflammation without involvement of deeper structures. Moderate plaque accumulation and heavy calculus deposits were observed. An average DMFT of 5.09 was found. Little correlation was found between the relatively low DMFT rate and the Plaque Index.", "PMID": 1061650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3741", "title": "Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in the population of Iceland.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the mean ages at emergence of the permanent teeth of Icelandic children, as well as the mean ages at onset of the dental stages (DS). The material consisted of 1,941 randomly selected children, corresponding to 9.5% of the total primary and secondary school population of Reykjavik. The mean ages at emergence of the permanent teeth, along with the ages at commencement of DS 2, DS3, DS4 and DS M2, are given. Owing to the age distribution of the material, it was not possible to give mean ages at emergence of the first and third molars, or of the mandibular central incisors. A comparison of the emergence-ages in Icelandic children with those of Danish and Norwegian children showed close agreement.", "contents": "Emergence of permanent teeth and onset of dental stages in the population of Iceland. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the mean ages at emergence of the permanent teeth of Icelandic children, as well as the mean ages at onset of the dental stages (DS). The material consisted of 1,941 randomly selected children, corresponding to 9.5% of the total primary and secondary school population of Reykjavik. The mean ages at emergence of the permanent teeth, along with the ages at commencement of DS 2, DS3, DS4 and DS M2, are given. Owing to the age distribution of the material, it was not possible to give mean ages at emergence of the first and third molars, or of the mandibular central incisors. A comparison of the emergence-ages in Icelandic children with those of Danish and Norwegian children showed close agreement.", "PMID": 1061651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3742", "title": "Anti-caries effect of a 2% Na2PO3F-dentifrice in a Danish fluoride area.", "content": "A 3-year experimental toothbrushing study was conducted in a natural fluoride area in Denmark to evaluate the anti-caries effect of a 2% sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice. In a previous report the results for the total population of 1,407 schoolchildren, representing a broad age-span (7-12 years), at the commencement of the study in 1970 were given. In the present report results are presented for two subpopulations of \"8-year-olds\" and \"11-year-olds\" at the commencement of the study. Differential analysis of the effect of the test dentifrice on defined types of surfaces for the two subpopulations is given. The evaluation was performed using both the conventional DMF-indices and the recently published ECSI-Index6. The evaluation showed that the test dentifrice had a valuable anti-caries effect in both age groups, above and beyond the effect of the waterborne fluoride. Proximal surfaces were affected most baneficially by the active agent both in relative and absolute terms. However, an appreciable caries-preventive effect was also found on the \"pit and fissure\" surfaces.", "contents": "Anti-caries effect of a 2% Na2PO3F-dentifrice in a Danish fluoride area. A 3-year experimental toothbrushing study was conducted in a natural fluoride area in Denmark to evaluate the anti-caries effect of a 2% sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice. In a previous report the results for the total population of 1,407 schoolchildren, representing a broad age-span (7-12 years), at the commencement of the study in 1970 were given. In the present report results are presented for two subpopulations of \"8-year-olds\" and \"11-year-olds\" at the commencement of the study. Differential analysis of the effect of the test dentifrice on defined types of surfaces for the two subpopulations is given. The evaluation was performed using both the conventional DMF-indices and the recently published ECSI-Index6. The evaluation showed that the test dentifrice had a valuable anti-caries effect in both age groups, above and beyond the effect of the waterborne fluoride. Proximal surfaces were affected most baneficially by the active agent both in relative and absolute terms. However, an appreciable caries-preventive effect was also found on the \"pit and fissure\" surfaces.", "PMID": 1061652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3743", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for human calcitonin employing synthetic calcitonin M: its clinical application.", "content": "A sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay for human calcitonin was described and applied to preliminary clinical studies. 125I-labelled synthetic human calcitonin M was purified by gel filtration with Sephadex G-25 and G-100. A nonequilibrium incubation system was applied at the final volume of incubation mixture of 500 mul, in which pooled plasma from normal subjects or hormone free serum was used as carrier protein at 20% incubation mixture. Dextran T 40 coated charcoal, resuspended in 1% bovine serum albumin buffer, was used for the separation of free from bound tracer. This showed the least nonspecific adsorption of tracer to charcoal. The assay was sensitive to 0.1 ng per milliliter of plasma. Recovery of synthetic human calcitonin added to plasma was found to be 101% (S. D., +/- 8). Diluted plasma from a patient with medullary thyroid carcinoma showed a dilution curve parallel to standards. Basal calcitonin levels were less than 0.3 ng/ml in normal subjects. Relatively high values were found in patients with chronic renal failure and in patients with malignant tumors. Extremely elevated values were found in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Provocative calcium infusion tests were also performed.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for human calcitonin employing synthetic calcitonin M: its clinical application. A sensitive and reliable radioimmunoassay for human calcitonin was described and applied to preliminary clinical studies. 125I-labelled synthetic human calcitonin M was purified by gel filtration with Sephadex G-25 and G-100. A nonequilibrium incubation system was applied at the final volume of incubation mixture of 500 mul, in which pooled plasma from normal subjects or hormone free serum was used as carrier protein at 20% incubation mixture. Dextran T 40 coated charcoal, resuspended in 1% bovine serum albumin buffer, was used for the separation of free from bound tracer. This showed the least nonspecific adsorption of tracer to charcoal. The assay was sensitive to 0.1 ng per milliliter of plasma. Recovery of synthetic human calcitonin added to plasma was found to be 101% (S. D., +/- 8). Diluted plasma from a patient with medullary thyroid carcinoma showed a dilution curve parallel to standards. Basal calcitonin levels were less than 0.3 ng/ml in normal subjects. Relatively high values were found in patients with chronic renal failure and in patients with malignant tumors. Extremely elevated values were found in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma. Provocative calcium infusion tests were also performed.", "PMID": 1061670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3744", "title": "[A change in hippocampal excitability in rabbits of different ages under the influence of serotoninergic system stimulation].", "content": "In adult, 6-10 days, and 16-20 days old rabbits with electrochemotrodes implanted into the left and right dorsal hippocampus, 5-methoxytriptamine (mexamine, 8 mg/kg, i.p.) stimulation of the central serotoninergic systems decreased the amount of seizures in the hippocampal penicilline epileptogenic focus in 6-10 and 16-20 days old rabbits and had no effect on interictal epileptiform discharges in the EEG. After i.v. mexamine administration (2 mg/kg) in 16-20 days old rabbits, both the inhibition of seizures and the interictal epileptiform activity in the EEG occurred. In adult rabbits, mexamine (2 mg/kg i.v.) had no effect on the hippocampus epileptogenic foci. The level of the serotoninergic systems activity is supposed to be more significant for supporting the hippocampus excitability in young rabbits than in adult ones.", "contents": "[A change in hippocampal excitability in rabbits of different ages under the influence of serotoninergic system stimulation]. In adult, 6-10 days, and 16-20 days old rabbits with electrochemotrodes implanted into the left and right dorsal hippocampus, 5-methoxytriptamine (mexamine, 8 mg/kg, i.p.) stimulation of the central serotoninergic systems decreased the amount of seizures in the hippocampal penicilline epileptogenic focus in 6-10 and 16-20 days old rabbits and had no effect on interictal epileptiform discharges in the EEG. After i.v. mexamine administration (2 mg/kg) in 16-20 days old rabbits, both the inhibition of seizures and the interictal epileptiform activity in the EEG occurred. In adult rabbits, mexamine (2 mg/kg i.v.) had no effect on the hippocampus epileptogenic foci. The level of the serotoninergic systems activity is supposed to be more significant for supporting the hippocampus excitability in young rabbits than in adult ones.", "PMID": 1061677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3745", "title": "Mucogingival repairs in periodontal surgery.", "content": "The utilization of partial thickness apically repositioned flaps, laterally repositioned flaps, and free mucosal autografts enable the clinician to repair most mucogingival problems. These techniques may be used separately or in combination to increase the zone of attached gingiva, deepen the vestibular fold, and eliminate muscle and frenum pulls. If basic surgical principles are adhered to, the possibilities of repair of mucogingival problems utilizing these procedures are unlimited. The most important step in mucogingival surgery is planning the surgical procedure prior to beginning surgery. In this way different techniques may be combined to achieve the desired result and minimize the number of surgical episodes that may be required. It is important to conserve tissue. For example, tissues from gingivectomy or flap surgery in one area may be utilized for a free gingival graft in another area (Fig. 21). There is one last but most important requirement for mucogingival surgery: there should be some evidence of periodontal pathology. The lack of a wide zone of attached gingiva, the lack of a deep vestibule or a frenum pull is not in itself an indication for surgical intervention ulness some periodontal pathology is evident. In some cases it may be determined by the clinician's judgment that it would be best to perform a mucogingival surgical procedure to prevent one of these areas from developing into a periodontal problem. This decision is often dictated by the patient's age. In older patients, areas of minimal attached gingiva and shallow vestibular depth that show no periodontal breakdown should be regarded as areas of health and no surgical intervention is indicated. On the other hand, if these areas are evident in a child, particularly when orthodontic therapy is anticipated, then surgical intervention may be advisable to prevent serious damage to the gingival tissues.", "contents": "Mucogingival repairs in periodontal surgery. The utilization of partial thickness apically repositioned flaps, laterally repositioned flaps, and free mucosal autografts enable the clinician to repair most mucogingival problems. These techniques may be used separately or in combination to increase the zone of attached gingiva, deepen the vestibular fold, and eliminate muscle and frenum pulls. If basic surgical principles are adhered to, the possibilities of repair of mucogingival problems utilizing these procedures are unlimited. The most important step in mucogingival surgery is planning the surgical procedure prior to beginning surgery. In this way different techniques may be combined to achieve the desired result and minimize the number of surgical episodes that may be required. It is important to conserve tissue. For example, tissues from gingivectomy or flap surgery in one area may be utilized for a free gingival graft in another area (Fig. 21). There is one last but most important requirement for mucogingival surgery: there should be some evidence of periodontal pathology. The lack of a wide zone of attached gingiva, the lack of a deep vestibule or a frenum pull is not in itself an indication for surgical intervention ulness some periodontal pathology is evident. In some cases it may be determined by the clinician's judgment that it would be best to perform a mucogingival surgical procedure to prevent one of these areas from developing into a periodontal problem. This decision is often dictated by the patient's age. In older patients, areas of minimal attached gingiva and shallow vestibular depth that show no periodontal breakdown should be regarded as areas of health and no surgical intervention is indicated. On the other hand, if these areas are evident in a child, particularly when orthodontic therapy is anticipated, then surgical intervention may be advisable to prevent serious damage to the gingival tissues.", "PMID": 1061688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3746", "title": "Gingival recession. The condition, process, and treatment.", "content": "The condition of gingival recession with its attendant patient complaints and additional professional concerns has been distinguished from the process of recession of the gingiva which has an obscure etiology. It has been suggested that the complaints and concerns regarding gingival recession be treated directly when they occur. Deviation from the expected anatomical form is not considered to be an excuse for therapy. The importance of the anatomical factors of alveolar bone dehiscence (long gingival fiber attachment) and lack of attached gingiva (absence of the fiber barrier) is not known. However, the current modailties of treatment have been examined in light of these hypotheses. Clearly, the effects of these anatomical factors on the process of recession of the gingiva need to be investigated.", "contents": "Gingival recession. The condition, process, and treatment. The condition of gingival recession with its attendant patient complaints and additional professional concerns has been distinguished from the process of recession of the gingiva which has an obscure etiology. It has been suggested that the complaints and concerns regarding gingival recession be treated directly when they occur. Deviation from the expected anatomical form is not considered to be an excuse for therapy. The importance of the anatomical factors of alveolar bone dehiscence (long gingival fiber attachment) and lack of attached gingiva (absence of the fiber barrier) is not known. However, the current modailties of treatment have been examined in light of these hypotheses. Clearly, the effects of these anatomical factors on the process of recession of the gingiva need to be investigated.", "PMID": 1061689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3747", "title": "Principles in periodontal osseous resection.", "content": "In the clinical treatment of periodontal disease, the therapist should set definite goals so that he will know what to expect in a completed case. The goal of surgical intervention is certainly the elimination of the periodontal pocket. This is an obtainable objective. The therapist must understand normal periodontal morphology, thin margins, cone-shaped interdental papillae, and the interdental grooves blending into a harmonious periodontium. With this knowledge, he can surgically alter the tissue to achieve the desired architectural result. Restoration of the structures to healthy, maintainable contours is the ultimate success of his efforts. In many cases, osseous resection provides a mode of treatment that is predictable. It has become a basic procedure in periodontal therapy after more than 25 years of widespread clinical use by a large number of therapists.", "contents": "Principles in periodontal osseous resection. In the clinical treatment of periodontal disease, the therapist should set definite goals so that he will know what to expect in a completed case. The goal of surgical intervention is certainly the elimination of the periodontal pocket. This is an obtainable objective. The therapist must understand normal periodontal morphology, thin margins, cone-shaped interdental papillae, and the interdental grooves blending into a harmonious periodontium. With this knowledge, he can surgically alter the tissue to achieve the desired architectural result. Restoration of the structures to healthy, maintainable contours is the ultimate success of his efforts. In many cases, osseous resection provides a mode of treatment that is predictable. It has become a basic procedure in periodontal therapy after more than 25 years of widespread clinical use by a large number of therapists.", "PMID": 1061691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3748", "title": "Rationale for the lingual approach to mandibular osseous surgery.", "content": "The definitive treatment of periodontitis for pocket elimination and the establishment of periodontal architecture that can be effectively maintained with daily personal oral hygiene techniques is sometimes an elusive goal. Performing osseous reduction, primarily from the lingual aspect of the posterior mandible, definitely helps in accomplishing such a goal. This paper should not be interpreted to mean that osseous correction of bony defects should be approached strictly from the lingual, since almost all cases require some buccal recontouring if a satisfactory soft and hard tissue architectural form is to be achieved. Clinical observation and experience have shown that the anatomical patterns, seen in relation to the mandible, have a powerful effect on normal periodontal architecture as well as the types and locations of bony defects encountered. Tooth to bone relationships deserve attention. The buccal housing of the alveolar bone is frequently thin in the premolar region and occasionally on the first molar, while the external oblique ridge causes thicknened bone over the second molar. The vestibular depth on the buccal of the molars is often quite shallow, meaning that only a very limited amount of osteoplasty-osteoectomy can be performed from the buccal. The lingual housing of the alveolar bone is normally thickened and shelf-like from the distal of the third molars to the mesial aspect of the premolar region. Because the posterior teeth are inclined lingually from the second premolar distally, the buccal marginal bone height is higher occlusally than the lingual bone margins, with the interproximal bone therefore sloping somewhat apically and lingually. Interdental craters are the most common defect seen with the onset of periodontitis. Such defects in the lower arch tend to occur beneath the contact areas of the teeth, which are much further to the lingual than in the maxilla. The highest percentage of interproximal craters are shallow and not amenable to grafting techniques in the hands of most clinicians. These shallow craters are prime candidates for osseous reduction techniques. With the progression of periodontitis, the interproximal defects frequently extend to include infrabony lingual defects. Although obtaining lingual access for osseous reduction techniques is often difficult, osteoectomy-osteoplasty techniques performed primarily from the buccal of the posterior mandible frequently result in compromise of the lingual and over treating the buccal in terms of osteoectomy procedures. The lingual embrasure spaces are usually wider than on the buccal, and with adequate reduction of the mylohyoid ridge, greater access for oral hygiene procedures is provided.", "contents": "Rationale for the lingual approach to mandibular osseous surgery. The definitive treatment of periodontitis for pocket elimination and the establishment of periodontal architecture that can be effectively maintained with daily personal oral hygiene techniques is sometimes an elusive goal. Performing osseous reduction, primarily from the lingual aspect of the posterior mandible, definitely helps in accomplishing such a goal. This paper should not be interpreted to mean that osseous correction of bony defects should be approached strictly from the lingual, since almost all cases require some buccal recontouring if a satisfactory soft and hard tissue architectural form is to be achieved. Clinical observation and experience have shown that the anatomical patterns, seen in relation to the mandible, have a powerful effect on normal periodontal architecture as well as the types and locations of bony defects encountered. Tooth to bone relationships deserve attention. The buccal housing of the alveolar bone is frequently thin in the premolar region and occasionally on the first molar, while the external oblique ridge causes thicknened bone over the second molar. The vestibular depth on the buccal of the molars is often quite shallow, meaning that only a very limited amount of osteoplasty-osteoectomy can be performed from the buccal. The lingual housing of the alveolar bone is normally thickened and shelf-like from the distal of the third molars to the mesial aspect of the premolar region. Because the posterior teeth are inclined lingually from the second premolar distally, the buccal marginal bone height is higher occlusally than the lingual bone margins, with the interproximal bone therefore sloping somewhat apically and lingually. Interdental craters are the most common defect seen with the onset of periodontitis. Such defects in the lower arch tend to occur beneath the contact areas of the teeth, which are much further to the lingual than in the maxilla. The highest percentage of interproximal craters are shallow and not amenable to grafting techniques in the hands of most clinicians. These shallow craters are prime candidates for osseous reduction techniques. With the progression of periodontitis, the interproximal defects frequently extend to include infrabony lingual defects. Although obtaining lingual access for osseous reduction techniques is often difficult, osteoectomy-osteoplasty techniques performed primarily from the buccal of the posterior mandible frequently result in compromise of the lingual and over treating the buccal in terms of osteoectomy procedures. The lingual embrasure spaces are usually wider than on the buccal, and with adequate reduction of the mylohyoid ridge, greater access for oral hygiene procedures is provided.", "PMID": 1061692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3749", "title": "Osseous surgery--how much need we compromise?", "content": "It is essential that the execution and results of osseous surgery be carefully analyzed. Perhaps the two most compelling reasons are (1) that we should understand the effects on tooth mobility and their implications for complex restorative dentistry, and (2) to facilitate the accurate assessment of postoperative \"success,\" bearing in mind not only improvement of the environment, but also increased chances of survival for the operated teeth. We have discussed the effects of osseous surgery on tooth mobility. In the light of recent information, a more accurate assessment of the need for splinting can be made. There has always been some controversy about osseous recontouring. Of late, there has been a particular resurgence of scepticism as to the efficacy of osseous resective procedures compared with more conservative forms of therapy. Scientific investigation demands the doubting mind and the analytical approach in order to establish the truth or fallacy of current ideas. This approach is essential to the continued existence of periodontics as a clinical science. These investigations should be based on a full understanding of the therapeutic measures being investigated, as it is misleading to assess the results of a procedure when that procedure is either not used to its full advantage or inappropriately used. It is hoped that these comments will be helpful in deciding whether definitive osseous correction in a given case is desirable or possible, in terms of both bone removal and permanent splinting. The author also hopes that this article has served to enhance the possibilities of more complete osseous correction when indicated, in order to achieve minimal pocket depths, and to permit proper comparison with other modes of periodontal therapy. It is, however, crucial to realize that whatever modality of therapy utilized, it is merely one phase in the treatment spectrum. Maintaining a stable state for the patient over many years is the ultimate goal, beside which any given technical procedure pales in significance. Periodontal therapy is an ongoing process in which patient recall plays a central role.", "contents": "Osseous surgery--how much need we compromise? It is essential that the execution and results of osseous surgery be carefully analyzed. Perhaps the two most compelling reasons are (1) that we should understand the effects on tooth mobility and their implications for complex restorative dentistry, and (2) to facilitate the accurate assessment of postoperative \"success,\" bearing in mind not only improvement of the environment, but also increased chances of survival for the operated teeth. We have discussed the effects of osseous surgery on tooth mobility. In the light of recent information, a more accurate assessment of the need for splinting can be made. There has always been some controversy about osseous recontouring. Of late, there has been a particular resurgence of scepticism as to the efficacy of osseous resective procedures compared with more conservative forms of therapy. Scientific investigation demands the doubting mind and the analytical approach in order to establish the truth or fallacy of current ideas. This approach is essential to the continued existence of periodontics as a clinical science. These investigations should be based on a full understanding of the therapeutic measures being investigated, as it is misleading to assess the results of a procedure when that procedure is either not used to its full advantage or inappropriately used. It is hoped that these comments will be helpful in deciding whether definitive osseous correction in a given case is desirable or possible, in terms of both bone removal and permanent splinting. The author also hopes that this article has served to enhance the possibilities of more complete osseous correction when indicated, in order to achieve minimal pocket depths, and to permit proper comparison with other modes of periodontal therapy. It is, however, crucial to realize that whatever modality of therapy utilized, it is merely one phase in the treatment spectrum. Maintaining a stable state for the patient over many years is the ultimate goal, beside which any given technical procedure pales in significance. Periodontal therapy is an ongoing process in which patient recall plays a central role.", "PMID": 1061693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3750", "title": "The biology of human cells in tissue culture. I. Characterization of cells derived from osteogenic sarcomas.", "content": "We have extensively characterized cell lines derived from six human osteosarcomas. The growth properties of these cultures were compared to those of fibroblastic cultures derived from skin of osteosarcoma patients and skin of bone-marrow of normal individuals. Each tumor-derived line showed some but not all of the abnormal growth properties usually associated with malignant transformation, indicating that tumor cells rather than normal stromal cells had in fact been cultured. The parameters measured included saturation density, cell morphology, growth pattern, growth on contact inhibited monolayers of normal fibroblastic or epithelial cells and tumorigenicity in immunosuppressed mice. Although the skin fibroblasts from the osteosarcoma patients appeared normal in vitro, they showed a greater ability to grow in immunosuppressed mice than did normalfibroblasts. This observation suggests that all fibroblasts of osteosarcoma patients may have an increased propensity for malignant transformation.", "contents": "The biology of human cells in tissue culture. I. Characterization of cells derived from osteogenic sarcomas. We have extensively characterized cell lines derived from six human osteosarcomas. The growth properties of these cultures were compared to those of fibroblastic cultures derived from skin of osteosarcoma patients and skin of bone-marrow of normal individuals. Each tumor-derived line showed some but not all of the abnormal growth properties usually associated with malignant transformation, indicating that tumor cells rather than normal stromal cells had in fact been cultured. The parameters measured included saturation density, cell morphology, growth pattern, growth on contact inhibited monolayers of normal fibroblastic or epithelial cells and tumorigenicity in immunosuppressed mice. Although the skin fibroblasts from the osteosarcoma patients appeared normal in vitro, they showed a greater ability to grow in immunosuppressed mice than did normalfibroblasts. This observation suggests that all fibroblasts of osteosarcoma patients may have an increased propensity for malignant transformation.", "PMID": 1061701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3751", "title": "Clines in the colour polymorphism of Philaenus spumarius in Eastern Central Europe.", "content": "Populations of Philaemus spumarius (Homoptera) have been investigated in the Baltic States of the USSR, in Czechoslovakia and in Hungary. Colour morph frequencies in these highly polymorphic populations are compared with those reported earlier from northern Italy. Gradual changes in allele frequencies (clines) transect the study area, which lies in the most central part of the range of Philaenus in Europe. From north to south the allele pM increases, but pO decreases, in frequency. In their distribution, some of the other alleles also showed regional gradients. The possibility that visual selection varies regionally is dismissed on indirect grounds. Gradients in climatic severity, or in other environmental variables changing concomitantly with climate, are regarded as the primary cause of the observed clines and other differences between regions.", "contents": "Clines in the colour polymorphism of Philaenus spumarius in Eastern Central Europe. Populations of Philaemus spumarius (Homoptera) have been investigated in the Baltic States of the USSR, in Czechoslovakia and in Hungary. Colour morph frequencies in these highly polymorphic populations are compared with those reported earlier from northern Italy. Gradual changes in allele frequencies (clines) transect the study area, which lies in the most central part of the range of Philaenus in Europe. From north to south the allele pM increases, but pO decreases, in frequency. In their distribution, some of the other alleles also showed regional gradients. The possibility that visual selection varies regionally is dismissed on indirect grounds. Gradients in climatic severity, or in other environmental variables changing concomitantly with climate, are regarded as the primary cause of the observed clines and other differences between regions.", "PMID": 1061708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3752", "title": "Food induced esterase phenocopies in the snail Cepaea nemoralis.", "content": "Hepatopancreatic extracts from the snail Cepaea nemoralis, assayed straight from the field, often contain three or four heavily staining esterase zones which migrate to the cathodal end of polyacrylamide disc gels during electrophoresis. Previous breeding results showed that the heavily straining zones appeared allelic but to incorporate these multibanded phenotypes, a super gene of five closely linked loci was tentatively proposed. Further breeding work again failed to demonstrate multiple zones in parents or offspring and so experiments were conducted to see whether the multi-zoned phenotypes in the wild were produced by secondary modification of single primary products. Wild snails yielding extracts containing more than two heavily staining zones were shown to possess only two such zones after three months under laboratory conditions. Also, the ingestion of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) has been demonstrated to induce extra esterase zones in laboratory-reared animals. Some of the secondarily induced zones appear identical in physical, biochemical and electrophoretic properties to the primary products of other alleles, and thus appear to be electrophoretic phenocopies. A model is suggested which could account for this phenomenon.", "contents": "Food induced esterase phenocopies in the snail Cepaea nemoralis. Hepatopancreatic extracts from the snail Cepaea nemoralis, assayed straight from the field, often contain three or four heavily staining esterase zones which migrate to the cathodal end of polyacrylamide disc gels during electrophoresis. Previous breeding results showed that the heavily straining zones appeared allelic but to incorporate these multibanded phenotypes, a super gene of five closely linked loci was tentatively proposed. Further breeding work again failed to demonstrate multiple zones in parents or offspring and so experiments were conducted to see whether the multi-zoned phenotypes in the wild were produced by secondary modification of single primary products. Wild snails yielding extracts containing more than two heavily staining zones were shown to possess only two such zones after three months under laboratory conditions. Also, the ingestion of nettle (Urtica dioica L.) has been demonstrated to induce extra esterase zones in laboratory-reared animals. Some of the secondarily induced zones appear identical in physical, biochemical and electrophoretic properties to the primary products of other alleles, and thus appear to be electrophoretic phenocopies. A model is suggested which could account for this phenomenon.", "PMID": 1061709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3753", "title": "A sex-chromosome hybrid zone in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae).", "content": "Podisma pedestris exists as both an XO and neoXY form in the Southern French Alps. These chromosome types are shown to be contiguously allopatric and hybrid populations have been located in several places. Hybridisation appears to be occurring freely, but the hybrid zones are quite narrow. In several places the two distributions are separated by geographic barriers such as high mountain ridges and lowlands. The history of this XY chromosomal race is discussed in the light of the genetic dynamics of hybrid zones and the biogeography of this situation. Its origin is probably post-glacial, and it may be extending its range as a salient in one region. A comparison of the porperties of similar cases indicates that the formation of such chromosomal races may be a frequent event in relatively immobile species that are subjected to isolation and expansion by major climatic and ecological changes.", "contents": "A sex-chromosome hybrid zone in the grasshopper Podisma pedestris (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Podisma pedestris exists as both an XO and neoXY form in the Southern French Alps. These chromosome types are shown to be contiguously allopatric and hybrid populations have been located in several places. Hybridisation appears to be occurring freely, but the hybrid zones are quite narrow. In several places the two distributions are separated by geographic barriers such as high mountain ridges and lowlands. The history of this XY chromosomal race is discussed in the light of the genetic dynamics of hybrid zones and the biogeography of this situation. Its origin is probably post-glacial, and it may be extending its range as a salient in one region. A comparison of the porperties of similar cases indicates that the formation of such chromosomal races may be a frequent event in relatively immobile species that are subjected to isolation and expansion by major climatic and ecological changes.", "PMID": 1061710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3754", "title": "Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. X. Glucose utilization, cellular ATP and associated membrane changes in D+ and D- cells.", "content": "Glucose utilization, energy metabolism and associated membrane changes, have been studied in D+ myeloid leukemic cells that can be induced to undergo cell differentiation to mature granulocytes by incubation with the appropriate conditioned medium (CM) and in D- myeloid leukemic cells that cannot be induced to differentiate to mature cells. Before incubation with CM, glycolysis and the glycolytic production of ATP were lower and the activity of the pentose cycle was higher in D+ than in D- cells. ATP depletion induced a higher degree of agglutination by concanavalin A in D- than in D+ cells, indicating a difference in their surface membrane. There were no detectable differences in the transport of glucose and the synthesis of sterols and fatty acids. After incubation with CM, the D+ cells, like normal granulocytes, showed a higher glycolysis, produced their ATP more through glycolysis than oxidative phosphorylation, became less dependent on the exogenous supply of glucose and oxygen and had a lower rate of sterol and fatty acid synthesis. The differentiating D+ cells also showed a change in their surface membrane resulting in an increased agglutinability without a change in ATP content and a stimulation of the pentose cycle by concanavalin A. These properties, which were not acquired by D- cells, were found before most of the D+ cells had differentiated to mature granulocytes. The data indicate, that the block in the ability of the D- cells to differentiate and the acquistion of the metabolic properties of normal granulocytes by differentiating D+ cells, were associated with differences in the organization of the cell surface membrane.", "contents": "Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. X. Glucose utilization, cellular ATP and associated membrane changes in D+ and D- cells. Glucose utilization, energy metabolism and associated membrane changes, have been studied in D+ myeloid leukemic cells that can be induced to undergo cell differentiation to mature granulocytes by incubation with the appropriate conditioned medium (CM) and in D- myeloid leukemic cells that cannot be induced to differentiate to mature cells. Before incubation with CM, glycolysis and the glycolytic production of ATP were lower and the activity of the pentose cycle was higher in D+ than in D- cells. ATP depletion induced a higher degree of agglutination by concanavalin A in D- than in D+ cells, indicating a difference in their surface membrane. There were no detectable differences in the transport of glucose and the synthesis of sterols and fatty acids. After incubation with CM, the D+ cells, like normal granulocytes, showed a higher glycolysis, produced their ATP more through glycolysis than oxidative phosphorylation, became less dependent on the exogenous supply of glucose and oxygen and had a lower rate of sterol and fatty acid synthesis. The differentiating D+ cells also showed a change in their surface membrane resulting in an increased agglutinability without a change in ATP content and a stimulation of the pentose cycle by concanavalin A. These properties, which were not acquired by D- cells, were found before most of the D+ cells had differentiated to mature granulocytes. The data indicate, that the block in the ability of the D- cells to differentiate and the acquistion of the metabolic properties of normal granulocytes by differentiating D+ cells, were associated with differences in the organization of the cell surface membrane.", "PMID": 1061711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3755", "title": "Folic acid binding protein in acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Folic acid binding protein was estimated in the serum of 94 control subjects and a normal range was established. Raised levels were found in folate deficiency and chronic myeloid leukaemia. Considerably raised levels were found in untreated acute myeloid leukaemia, most often in cases with a marked monocytic element.", "contents": "Folic acid binding protein in acute myeloid leukaemia. Folic acid binding protein was estimated in the serum of 94 control subjects and a normal range was established. Raised levels were found in folate deficiency and chronic myeloid leukaemia. Considerably raised levels were found in untreated acute myeloid leukaemia, most often in cases with a marked monocytic element.", "PMID": 1061712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3756", "title": "Fluorescein angiography of free gingival autografts.", "content": "The capillary blood circulation of free gingival autografts during healing was studied by means of 45 fluorescein angiographs taken over a postoperative period of 14 days in 10 female patients, 21 to 36 years old. The surgical technique commonly used for transplanting gingiva was slightly modified in that no surgical dressings and, in 3 cases, not even sutures were employed to immobilize the grafts. During the first 3 postoperative days, fluorescent plasmatic diffusion of increasing intensity was observed. In one case, fluorescing capillary circulation was detected as early as 24 hours after surgery, fluorescent capillaries became evident in all graft sites and increased steadily in number. Between 9 and 14 days after surgery, an even capillary loop pattern was established.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography of free gingival autografts. The capillary blood circulation of free gingival autografts during healing was studied by means of 45 fluorescein angiographs taken over a postoperative period of 14 days in 10 female patients, 21 to 36 years old. The surgical technique commonly used for transplanting gingiva was slightly modified in that no surgical dressings and, in 3 cases, not even sutures were employed to immobilize the grafts. During the first 3 postoperative days, fluorescent plasmatic diffusion of increasing intensity was observed. In one case, fluorescing capillary circulation was detected as early as 24 hours after surgery, fluorescent capillaries became evident in all graft sites and increased steadily in number. Between 9 and 14 days after surgery, an even capillary loop pattern was established.", "PMID": 1061715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3757", "title": "Plaque-free zones on human teeth in periodontitis.", "content": "The surface morphology of the pocket area of extracted, periodontally involved, human teeth was studied with steromicroscope. A plaque-free zone was found to be present in all specimens. The width of the plaque-free zone was found to decrease as the pocket depth and loss of attachment increase.", "contents": "Plaque-free zones on human teeth in periodontitis. The surface morphology of the pocket area of extracted, periodontally involved, human teeth was studied with steromicroscope. A plaque-free zone was found to be present in all specimens. The width of the plaque-free zone was found to decrease as the pocket depth and loss of attachment increase.", "PMID": 1061716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3758", "title": "The zone of completely and partially destructed periodontal fibres in pathological pockets.", "content": "The morphology, the width and the appearance frequency of the zone completely and partially destructed periodontal fibres on human teeth were studied in the stereomicroscope. This zone was present between the most apical border of identifiable, epithelial attachment remnants and the most coronal intact periodontal fibres, and consisted of only a few fibres without any specific orientation. The mean width of the zone was 0.43 mm, and the appearance frequency almost 100%. The results of the comparison between clinical and laboratory pocket depths indicated that the pocket depths measured in the laboratory were always less deep than those recorded clinically. There seemed to be a relationship between these findings and the presence of a zone of completely and partially destructed periodontal fibres.", "contents": "The zone of completely and partially destructed periodontal fibres in pathological pockets. The morphology, the width and the appearance frequency of the zone completely and partially destructed periodontal fibres on human teeth were studied in the stereomicroscope. This zone was present between the most apical border of identifiable, epithelial attachment remnants and the most coronal intact periodontal fibres, and consisted of only a few fibres without any specific orientation. The mean width of the zone was 0.43 mm, and the appearance frequency almost 100%. The results of the comparison between clinical and laboratory pocket depths indicated that the pocket depths measured in the laboratory were always less deep than those recorded clinically. There seemed to be a relationship between these findings and the presence of a zone of completely and partially destructed periodontal fibres.", "PMID": 1061717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3759", "title": "A radiographic study of the prevalence of chronic periodontitis in 14-year-old English schoolchildren.", "content": "The prevalence of chronic periodontitis was investigated in six hundred and two 14-year-old English schoolchildren using a standardised radiographic technique. The interproximal spaces on the mesial and distal aspects of the first molar teeth were examined. Oral cleanliness and gingivitis for the anterior teeth and caries prevalence were also recorded. Radiographic evidence of chronic periodontitis was detected in 51.5% of the children examined. No significant relationship was demonstrated between bone loss associated with the first molars and any of the other parameters measured.", "contents": "A radiographic study of the prevalence of chronic periodontitis in 14-year-old English schoolchildren. The prevalence of chronic periodontitis was investigated in six hundred and two 14-year-old English schoolchildren using a standardised radiographic technique. The interproximal spaces on the mesial and distal aspects of the first molar teeth were examined. Oral cleanliness and gingivitis for the anterior teeth and caries prevalence were also recorded. Radiographic evidence of chronic periodontitis was detected in 51.5% of the children examined. No significant relationship was demonstrated between bone loss associated with the first molars and any of the other parameters measured.", "PMID": 1061718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3760", "title": "A radiographic method for assessing changes in alveolar bone height following periodontal therapy.", "content": "A method is described for obtaining reproducible radiographs of several groups of teeth in the same jaw. The method was applied to assess changes in the alveolar bone height following periodontal treatment. An oral device was designed to permit direction of the central rays of the beam perpendicularly to the alveolar process in different parts of the jaws. The exposures were made at 60 kVp and 10mA, and standardized procedures were used for developing, fixing and rinsing the films. Alterations in the marginal alveolar bone level were determined in a stereocomparator system. The reproducibility of the method was determined. A pilot experiment was performed on 5 patients with periodontal disease. Following conservative treatment, including scaling and root planning, all patients were subjected to periodontal surgery, including alveolar bone denudation. Radiographs of the alveolar bone were obtained before and 2 months after the operation. By measuring in the stereocomparator parallaxes of both control points and points of the alveolar bone crest on paired radiographs, a mean decrease in interproximal alveolar bone height of 0.69 mm was found. Taking into account the small errors which are inherent in the method, this change in bone height could be regarded as a reliable measure of actual loss of bone.", "contents": "A radiographic method for assessing changes in alveolar bone height following periodontal therapy. A method is described for obtaining reproducible radiographs of several groups of teeth in the same jaw. The method was applied to assess changes in the alveolar bone height following periodontal treatment. An oral device was designed to permit direction of the central rays of the beam perpendicularly to the alveolar process in different parts of the jaws. The exposures were made at 60 kVp and 10mA, and standardized procedures were used for developing, fixing and rinsing the films. Alterations in the marginal alveolar bone level were determined in a stereocomparator system. The reproducibility of the method was determined. A pilot experiment was performed on 5 patients with periodontal disease. Following conservative treatment, including scaling and root planning, all patients were subjected to periodontal surgery, including alveolar bone denudation. Radiographs of the alveolar bone were obtained before and 2 months after the operation. By measuring in the stereocomparator parallaxes of both control points and points of the alveolar bone crest on paired radiographs, a mean decrease in interproximal alveolar bone height of 0.69 mm was found. Taking into account the small errors which are inherent in the method, this change in bone height could be regarded as a reliable measure of actual loss of bone.", "PMID": 1061719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3761", "title": "The need for periodontal treatment in an urban population.", "content": "The need for periodontal treatment was estimated in a group of the citizens of Oslo. A considerable treatment need was found in spite of the high dentist/population ratio in the area. The need for surgical treatment increased with age. Estimated treatment time was higher in males than in females.", "contents": "The need for periodontal treatment in an urban population. The need for periodontal treatment was estimated in a group of the citizens of Oslo. A considerable treatment need was found in spite of the high dentist/population ratio in the area. The need for surgical treatment increased with age. Estimated treatment time was higher in males than in females.", "PMID": 1061720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3762", "title": "Testing therapeutic measures for controlling chronic gingivitis in man: a suggested protocol.", "content": "A protocol is presented for the clinical evaluation of agents used to control chronic gingivtis in man. Assessment is divided into three phases of increasing duration which are the initial screening of products over 1 month, the main gingivitis trial lasting at least 6 months and judging the effect of the product in preventing periodontitis which is extended for at least 3 years. The advances in data processing have made it possible to collect information separately on the three parameters of gingival inflammation.", "contents": "Testing therapeutic measures for controlling chronic gingivitis in man: a suggested protocol. A protocol is presented for the clinical evaluation of agents used to control chronic gingivtis in man. Assessment is divided into three phases of increasing duration which are the initial screening of products over 1 month, the main gingivitis trial lasting at least 6 months and judging the effect of the product in preventing periodontitis which is extended for at least 3 years. The advances in data processing have made it possible to collect information separately on the three parameters of gingival inflammation.", "PMID": 1061721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3763", "title": "The present status of the gingivectomy procedure.", "content": "The use of the conventional gingivectomy procedure is indicated to achieve optimum gingival contour and to eliminate supra-alveolar pockets where these do not extend beyond the muco-gingival junction. The instrument of choice for the procedure is a gingivectomy knife. Where a blood-free field is required, electrosurgery may be used provided the instrument is not brought into contact with bone. The maintenance of good oral hygiene is essential.", "contents": "The present status of the gingivectomy procedure. The use of the conventional gingivectomy procedure is indicated to achieve optimum gingival contour and to eliminate supra-alveolar pockets where these do not extend beyond the muco-gingival junction. The instrument of choice for the procedure is a gingivectomy knife. Where a blood-free field is required, electrosurgery may be used provided the instrument is not brought into contact with bone. The maintenance of good oral hygiene is essential.", "PMID": 1061722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3764", "title": "Bone regeneration following damage by polysulphide impression material. A case report.", "content": "Two days after polysulphide rubber impressions had been taken of gold inlay cavities in 6 and 7, a 22-year-old female dental student developed a painful swelling between 5 and 6. A radiograph revealed the presence of an irregular radiopaque body within the cancellous bone of the interdental septum between 5 and 6. At operation, 1 month later, the interdental septum was seen to have been destroyed and its position occupied by impression material and inflammatory tissue. When the lesion was reopened 2 years later to correct slight recurrent pocketing, significant regeneration of bone was found to have occurred.", "contents": "Bone regeneration following damage by polysulphide impression material. A case report. Two days after polysulphide rubber impressions had been taken of gold inlay cavities in 6 and 7, a 22-year-old female dental student developed a painful swelling between 5 and 6. A radiograph revealed the presence of an irregular radiopaque body within the cancellous bone of the interdental septum between 5 and 6. At operation, 1 month later, the interdental septum was seen to have been destroyed and its position occupied by impression material and inflammatory tissue. When the lesion was reopened 2 years later to correct slight recurrent pocketing, significant regeneration of bone was found to have occurred.", "PMID": 1061723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3765", "title": "Perceptual learning: its importance in dentistry.", "content": "Perceptual skills are essential to the acquisition of motor skills in dentistry. The absence of these perceptual skills should be determined as early as possible and should be rectified by instruction. Programed instruction is one suitable method for teaching these skills. Perceptual discrimination will allow the learner to picture his goal or objective clearly, and it will increase his motivation by enabling him to reach this goal. Perceptual skills are necessary too for the learner to improve his performance by repetitive practice, see his mistakes, and institute corrective behavior.", "contents": "Perceptual learning: its importance in dentistry. Perceptual skills are essential to the acquisition of motor skills in dentistry. The absence of these perceptual skills should be determined as early as possible and should be rectified by instruction. Programed instruction is one suitable method for teaching these skills. Perceptual discrimination will allow the learner to picture his goal or objective clearly, and it will increase his motivation by enabling him to reach this goal. Perceptual skills are necessary too for the learner to improve his performance by repetitive practice, see his mistakes, and institute corrective behavior.", "PMID": 1061724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3766", "title": "Variables affecting attitudes of dentists toward the use of expanded function auxiliaries.", "content": "A questionnaire survey of over 500 dentists in upstate New York was conducted to determine the following: (1) the extent to which the dentists understood the recent changes in the State Dental Practice Act as it applies to expanded functions of dental hygienists and (2) the attitudes and beliefs of these dentists regarding the use of hygienists and dental assistants in the performance of expanded duties in the private office. In general, the respondents were not familiar with the recent changes in the Dental Practice Act. When the respondents who employed dental hygienists were compared to those who did not employ hygienists, the differences regarding understanding of the changes in the act were not striking.", "contents": "Variables affecting attitudes of dentists toward the use of expanded function auxiliaries. A questionnaire survey of over 500 dentists in upstate New York was conducted to determine the following: (1) the extent to which the dentists understood the recent changes in the State Dental Practice Act as it applies to expanded functions of dental hygienists and (2) the attitudes and beliefs of these dentists regarding the use of hygienists and dental assistants in the performance of expanded duties in the private office. In general, the respondents were not familiar with the recent changes in the Dental Practice Act. When the respondents who employed dental hygienists were compared to those who did not employ hygienists, the differences regarding understanding of the changes in the act were not striking.", "PMID": 1061729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3767", "title": "Systematic procedure for determining criterion scores.", "content": "The present study describes a systematic method for determining a criterion score in criterion-referenced measurement. Reliable estimates were obtained by using only three judges who were subject matter experts. This demonstrates that the method can be applied to the test performance levels of individuals who are required to meet the objectives for a subject matter area. The present study showed that reliable judgments could be made even on subject matter of an advanced nature.", "contents": "Systematic procedure for determining criterion scores. The present study describes a systematic method for determining a criterion score in criterion-referenced measurement. Reliable estimates were obtained by using only three judges who were subject matter experts. This demonstrates that the method can be applied to the test performance levels of individuals who are required to meet the objectives for a subject matter area. The present study showed that reliable judgments could be made even on subject matter of an advanced nature.", "PMID": 1061730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3768", "title": "Educational value of a university-sponsored community dental clinic: a three year student evaluation.", "content": "The overall assessment of the clinic experience by the students was positive. Response to the open-ended questions showed that a number of students took pride in the Venice clinic and that they gained a great deal of personal and professional satisfaction from being able to provide service to people in a low-income and minority community. Almost 90% stated that their understanding of health problems of the poor was improved; 75% felt that their ability to relate to patients from different backgrounds was broadened; and 45% expressed more willingness to practice in a low-income area. This community setting also enlarged the scope of the students' clinical experience. Over 50% saw pathological conditions that they had not viewed previously. In addition, over 90% of the students did at least 50% more work, and over half of these performed twice as much treatment.", "contents": "Educational value of a university-sponsored community dental clinic: a three year student evaluation. The overall assessment of the clinic experience by the students was positive. Response to the open-ended questions showed that a number of students took pride in the Venice clinic and that they gained a great deal of personal and professional satisfaction from being able to provide service to people in a low-income and minority community. Almost 90% stated that their understanding of health problems of the poor was improved; 75% felt that their ability to relate to patients from different backgrounds was broadened; and 45% expressed more willingness to practice in a low-income area. This community setting also enlarged the scope of the students' clinical experience. Over 50% saw pathological conditions that they had not viewed previously. In addition, over 90% of the students did at least 50% more work, and over half of these performed twice as much treatment.", "PMID": 1061731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3769", "title": "To die young, to die old management of terminal illness at age 20 and at age 85: case reports. Death and dying in a 20-year-old woman.", "content": "An effort was made to provide emotional support during the terminal phase of leukemia in a 20-year-old woman. Notable were the patient's own ways of coping and the responses of her family and the hospital staff. She first denied and then recognized her own dying. Her anger was prominent, and she withdrew from objects toward the end. The intense stresses in the doctor-patient relationship, transference, countertransference, and reality factors are described.", "contents": "To die young, to die old management of terminal illness at age 20 and at age 85: case reports. Death and dying in a 20-year-old woman. An effort was made to provide emotional support during the terminal phase of leukemia in a 20-year-old woman. Notable were the patient's own ways of coping and the responses of her family and the hospital staff. She first denied and then recognized her own dying. Her anger was prominent, and she withdrew from objects toward the end. The intense stresses in the doctor-patient relationship, transference, countertransference, and reality factors are described.", "PMID": 1061733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3770", "title": "A practical questionnaire for predicting denture success or failure.", "content": "The need and value to predict success and failure in treatment of denture patients are great. The psychological and emotional factors involved are just as important as if not more important than the oral and systemic findings. The value of a simple questionnaire for the edentulous and immediate denture patients has been presented. The authors believe that all schools should present advanced information on the psychological aspects of dental care.", "contents": "A practical questionnaire for predicting denture success or failure. The need and value to predict success and failure in treatment of denture patients are great. The psychological and emotional factors involved are just as important as if not more important than the oral and systemic findings. The value of a simple questionnaire for the edentulous and immediate denture patients has been presented. The authors believe that all schools should present advanced information on the psychological aspects of dental care.", "PMID": 1061806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3771", "title": "Self-image and its relation to denture acceptance.", "content": "A study was initiated to determine whether a relationship exists in geriatric patients between self-image and the extent of their denture acceptance. Three assessing instruments were employed, namely, a \"Focused Interview,\" the embedded-figures test, and projective figure drawings. Scores obtained were compared with scores on the Denture-Acceptance Rating Scale. The research results derived from the data follow: 1. Comparison of the degree of denture acceptance with the scores on all three assessing instruments showed significant relationships. Therefore, the hypothesis under study was accepted. 2. The \"Focused Interview\" appeared particularly well suited to a geriatric population, because it was nonthreatening, provided a communication outlet, and can be readily employed by a practitioner. 3. The embedded-figures test and the projective figure drawings appeared less appropriate for this population because of factors such as psychomotor retardation, perceptual difficulties, and diminution of ego strength which accompany the aging process. 4. The men in this study appeared to accept dentures more readily than the women, manifested higher morale, and were more field-independent. 5. Employed subjects, as compared to unemployed, showed significantly greater denture acceptance, higher morale and self-image, and a greater degree of field-independence. These factors appeared related to greater flexibility of adaptation. 6. Socioeconomic factors appeared to be significantly and positively related to morale factors. 7. Complaints regarding dentures were largely of a physical nature. They appeared to relate primarily to difficulties with adjustment to the new artifact which represented an alteration of body image for the subjects. 8. The study provided corroborative evidence of the need for the dentist to make an initial assessment of those personality factors in his patients which might limit his ability to provide adequate dental services.", "contents": "Self-image and its relation to denture acceptance. A study was initiated to determine whether a relationship exists in geriatric patients between self-image and the extent of their denture acceptance. Three assessing instruments were employed, namely, a \"Focused Interview,\" the embedded-figures test, and projective figure drawings. Scores obtained were compared with scores on the Denture-Acceptance Rating Scale. The research results derived from the data follow: 1. Comparison of the degree of denture acceptance with the scores on all three assessing instruments showed significant relationships. Therefore, the hypothesis under study was accepted. 2. The \"Focused Interview\" appeared particularly well suited to a geriatric population, because it was nonthreatening, provided a communication outlet, and can be readily employed by a practitioner. 3. The embedded-figures test and the projective figure drawings appeared less appropriate for this population because of factors such as psychomotor retardation, perceptual difficulties, and diminution of ego strength which accompany the aging process. 4. The men in this study appeared to accept dentures more readily than the women, manifested higher morale, and were more field-independent. 5. Employed subjects, as compared to unemployed, showed significantly greater denture acceptance, higher morale and self-image, and a greater degree of field-independence. These factors appeared related to greater flexibility of adaptation. 6. Socioeconomic factors appeared to be significantly and positively related to morale factors. 7. Complaints regarding dentures were largely of a physical nature. They appeared to relate primarily to difficulties with adjustment to the new artifact which represented an alteration of body image for the subjects. 8. The study provided corroborative evidence of the need for the dentist to make an initial assessment of those personality factors in his patients which might limit his ability to provide adequate dental services.", "PMID": 1061807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3772", "title": "Comparing ridge resorption with various surgical techniques in immediate dentures.", "content": "The three surgical techniques of simple tooth extraction and labial plate and intraseptal alveoloplasty were compared. The results were confirmed by statistical analysis. The conclusion of this study clearly indicated that simple tooth extraction is the best surgical approach to be followed to preserve as much of the residual alveolar ridge as possible.", "contents": "Comparing ridge resorption with various surgical techniques in immediate dentures. The three surgical techniques of simple tooth extraction and labial plate and intraseptal alveoloplasty were compared. The results were confirmed by statistical analysis. The conclusion of this study clearly indicated that simple tooth extraction is the best surgical approach to be followed to preserve as much of the residual alveolar ridge as possible.", "PMID": 1061808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3773", "title": "Tissue pressure under complete maxillary dentures.", "content": "This preliminary report has shown the following interesting points: (1) Measurements of tissue pressures beneath dentures are possible using the Sanborn 350 recorder. (2) Stable dentures produce high pressures on the supporting tissues and transmit these pressures from region to region, varying with how the patient uses the dentures. (3) Most often, an opposite large or negative pressure immediately followed the production of positive pressure at the same site beneath the denture. Thus, each movement actually traumatizes the tissue twice. (4) Nonmasticatory pressures produced under dentures are as great as or greater than masticatory pressures. (5) Wave forms for each biting maneuver or sound produced can be charted and are typical for each patient, probably representing denture movement. (6) Swallowing unassociated with eating or drinking produced very high positive and very low negative pressures, giving the greatest ranges of pressures recorded in this experiment. (7) Smoking (recorded in only one patient) also produced a great range of pressures. (8) Sticky foods such as cheddar cheese produced greater negative pressures than the other foods tested. (9) The one patient with natural teeth opposing his denture gave much more uniform and lower pressures than did the patients with complete dentures. (10) This method allows visualization of pressure movement under dentures. The effect of these continually occurring, nonmasticatory, induced pressure changes and pressure waves beneath the dentures may well be of greater significance than that of mastication.", "contents": "Tissue pressure under complete maxillary dentures. This preliminary report has shown the following interesting points: (1) Measurements of tissue pressures beneath dentures are possible using the Sanborn 350 recorder. (2) Stable dentures produce high pressures on the supporting tissues and transmit these pressures from region to region, varying with how the patient uses the dentures. (3) Most often, an opposite large or negative pressure immediately followed the production of positive pressure at the same site beneath the denture. Thus, each movement actually traumatizes the tissue twice. (4) Nonmasticatory pressures produced under dentures are as great as or greater than masticatory pressures. (5) Wave forms for each biting maneuver or sound produced can be charted and are typical for each patient, probably representing denture movement. (6) Swallowing unassociated with eating or drinking produced very high positive and very low negative pressures, giving the greatest ranges of pressures recorded in this experiment. (7) Smoking (recorded in only one patient) also produced a great range of pressures. (8) Sticky foods such as cheddar cheese produced greater negative pressures than the other foods tested. (9) The one patient with natural teeth opposing his denture gave much more uniform and lower pressures than did the patients with complete dentures. (10) This method allows visualization of pressure movement under dentures. The effect of these continually occurring, nonmasticatory, induced pressure changes and pressure waves beneath the dentures may well be of greater significance than that of mastication.", "PMID": 1061810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3774", "title": "Extracoronal amalgam restorations utilizing available tooth structure for retention.", "content": "The rationale and technique for an alternative to placement of pins for retention of amalgam restorations have been presented. The non-pin-retained extracoronal amalgam provides a permanent restoration, capable of fine marginal adaptation, natural contour, excellent occlusion, and remarkable durability.", "contents": "Extracoronal amalgam restorations utilizing available tooth structure for retention. The rationale and technique for an alternative to placement of pins for retention of amalgam restorations have been presented. The non-pin-retained extracoronal amalgam provides a permanent restoration, capable of fine marginal adaptation, natural contour, excellent occlusion, and remarkable durability.", "PMID": 1061811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3775", "title": "Morphology of gingival capillaries adjacent to complete crowns.", "content": "Clinically normal gingivae adjacent to natural teeth did not exhibit dilated capillaries. The morphologies of the capillary loops were of the normal and mixed types. More than one fourth of the capillary loops in the gingivae adjacent to the complete crowns showed dilatation. The capillary loops were of the mixed and complex forms. Dilatation and complex capillary loops were found in the clinically normal gingivae adjacent to the complete crowns. The capillary microscope is an aid in the diagnosis of gingivae adjacent to complete crowns.", "contents": "Morphology of gingival capillaries adjacent to complete crowns. Clinically normal gingivae adjacent to natural teeth did not exhibit dilated capillaries. The morphologies of the capillary loops were of the normal and mixed types. More than one fourth of the capillary loops in the gingivae adjacent to the complete crowns showed dilatation. The capillary loops were of the mixed and complex forms. Dilatation and complex capillary loops were found in the clinically normal gingivae adjacent to the complete crowns. The capillary microscope is an aid in the diagnosis of gingivae adjacent to complete crowns.", "PMID": 1061812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3776", "title": "Pulp reaction to a temporary zinc oxide/eugenol cement.", "content": "The pulpal irritation, such as inflammatory reaction and aspiration of pulpal cells, demonstrated after insertion of the zinc oxide/eugenol cement (Nobetec) seems to warrant the following recommendations: (1) A temporary restoration with a zinc oxide/eugenol base should not be inserted in deep cavities without a protective liner or a calcium hydroxide base covering the exposed dentinal tubules. (2) Before the temporary cementing of inlays and crowns with a zinc oxide/eugenol cement, not only should the dentin be properly cleaned and debris removed, but the prepared surfaces should be covered with a calcium hydroxide liner.", "contents": "Pulp reaction to a temporary zinc oxide/eugenol cement. The pulpal irritation, such as inflammatory reaction and aspiration of pulpal cells, demonstrated after insertion of the zinc oxide/eugenol cement (Nobetec) seems to warrant the following recommendations: (1) A temporary restoration with a zinc oxide/eugenol base should not be inserted in deep cavities without a protective liner or a calcium hydroxide base covering the exposed dentinal tubules. (2) Before the temporary cementing of inlays and crowns with a zinc oxide/eugenol cement, not only should the dentin be properly cleaned and debris removed, but the prepared surfaces should be covered with a calcium hydroxide liner.", "PMID": 1061813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3777", "title": "Rehabilitating dentulous hemimandibulectomy patients.", "content": "A hemimandibulectomy can have many debilitating consequences, such as an eccentric occlusion, a disoriented masticatory cycle, facial disfigurement, distorted speech, and salivation problems. If prosthetic treatment begins some time following surgery and the cicatricial tissue has already consolidated, additional treatment time is necessary. A technique is described which combines crowns with a maxillary prosthesis to guide the mandible into a functional occlusion.", "contents": "Rehabilitating dentulous hemimandibulectomy patients. A hemimandibulectomy can have many debilitating consequences, such as an eccentric occlusion, a disoriented masticatory cycle, facial disfigurement, distorted speech, and salivation problems. If prosthetic treatment begins some time following surgery and the cicatricial tissue has already consolidated, additional treatment time is necessary. A technique is described which combines crowns with a maxillary prosthesis to guide the mandible into a functional occlusion.", "PMID": 1061814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3778", "title": "Examination forms for edentulous patients--a survey.", "content": "Examination and diagnosis forms for edentulous patients from 46 dental colleges in the United States were used in this study. Selected data were taken from each form and compiled under four general and 15 specific entries. Some college forms use entries requiring few and succinct responses,while other forms use entries requiring many and detailed responses. It appears that a correlation does exist between the thoroughness of the examination form and the proficiency of the dental student rendering complete denture therapy. Stated in a positive manner, this survey of college complete denture examination forms suggests that most dental students: use a separate complete denture form for the examination and diagnosis; ask for the chief complaint of the patient; ask one to four questions on past dental history; record 10 to 19 entries relating to oral anatomy; record one to four entries relating to oral physiology; record the mental attitude using two to four descriptive terms; and record one prognosis. Stated in a negative manner, this survey of college complete denture examination forms suggest that most dental students: do not examine the present complete dentures worn by the patient; do not use oral diagrams to show unfavorable or abnormal areas; do not ask for a prognosis in two or more areas; do not ask if the patient wears complete dentures at night; do not ascertain the attitude of the patient after receiving complete dentures; do not ask questions on complete denture expectations; do not use an interview form; and do not work with a staff dentist who has a psychology degree. The intent of this study is to create a spectrum of awareness concerning the presence or absence of specific information on the examination forms. Complete denture examination forms would be more beneficial to the dental student if they provided a high quality of pertinent clinical information. This information would aid the dental student in making an intelligent diagnosis, treatment plan, and prognosis.", "contents": "Examination forms for edentulous patients--a survey. Examination and diagnosis forms for edentulous patients from 46 dental colleges in the United States were used in this study. Selected data were taken from each form and compiled under four general and 15 specific entries. Some college forms use entries requiring few and succinct responses,while other forms use entries requiring many and detailed responses. It appears that a correlation does exist between the thoroughness of the examination form and the proficiency of the dental student rendering complete denture therapy. Stated in a positive manner, this survey of college complete denture examination forms suggests that most dental students: use a separate complete denture form for the examination and diagnosis; ask for the chief complaint of the patient; ask one to four questions on past dental history; record 10 to 19 entries relating to oral anatomy; record one to four entries relating to oral physiology; record the mental attitude using two to four descriptive terms; and record one prognosis. Stated in a negative manner, this survey of college complete denture examination forms suggest that most dental students: do not examine the present complete dentures worn by the patient; do not use oral diagrams to show unfavorable or abnormal areas; do not ask for a prognosis in two or more areas; do not ask if the patient wears complete dentures at night; do not ascertain the attitude of the patient after receiving complete dentures; do not ask questions on complete denture expectations; do not use an interview form; and do not work with a staff dentist who has a psychology degree. The intent of this study is to create a spectrum of awareness concerning the presence or absence of specific information on the examination forms. Complete denture examination forms would be more beneficial to the dental student if they provided a high quality of pertinent clinical information. This information would aid the dental student in making an intelligent diagnosis, treatment plan, and prognosis.", "PMID": 1061816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3779", "title": "Some substituted naphthazarins as potential anticancer agents.", "content": "Some 2,3-bis(substituted methyl)naphthazarins and related compounds were synthesized by the Diels-Alder reaction of benzoquinone and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene followed by oxidation and substitution reactions. These compounds were prepared as potential biological alkylating agents. Screening results indicated that 1,4-diacetyl-6,7-dimethyl-4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydronaphthalene and 5,8-bis(benzoyloxy)-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone possessed borderline activity against leukemia P388 and that naphthazarin diacetate possessed confirmed cytotoxicity against the cell culture of human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx.", "contents": "Some substituted naphthazarins as potential anticancer agents. Some 2,3-bis(substituted methyl)naphthazarins and related compounds were synthesized by the Diels-Alder reaction of benzoquinone and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene followed by oxidation and substitution reactions. These compounds were prepared as potential biological alkylating agents. Screening results indicated that 1,4-diacetyl-6,7-dimethyl-4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydronaphthalene and 5,8-bis(benzoyloxy)-2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone possessed borderline activity against leukemia P388 and that naphthazarin diacetate possessed confirmed cytotoxicity against the cell culture of human epidermoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx.", "PMID": 1061817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3780", "title": "Tics following methylphenidate administration. A report of 20 cases.", "content": "Among children receiving methylphenidate hydrochloride, tics developed in 14, and in six children with pre-existing tics, the tics became worse. The clinical diagnosis in 19 cases was minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), and in one case, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Duration and dose of medication showed no particular pattern. In only one case did tics persist unchanged after methylphenidate treatment was discontinued. Tics related to methylphenidate administration appear to be rare (20 of 1,520 cases, or 1.3%) and may point to a specific susceptibility possibly related to personality profile (obsessive, perseverative, withdrawn).", "contents": "Tics following methylphenidate administration. A report of 20 cases. Among children receiving methylphenidate hydrochloride, tics developed in 14, and in six children with pre-existing tics, the tics became worse. The clinical diagnosis in 19 cases was minimal brain dysfunction (MBD), and in one case, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Duration and dose of medication showed no particular pattern. In only one case did tics persist unchanged after methylphenidate treatment was discontinued. Tics related to methylphenidate administration appear to be rare (20 of 1,520 cases, or 1.3%) and may point to a specific susceptibility possibly related to personality profile (obsessive, perseverative, withdrawn).", "PMID": 1061848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3781", "title": "Physical aspects of automatic respirators.", "content": "Objective of artificial ventilation is to maintain sufficient gas exchange with the lowest degree of mechanical burden to the lung that is possible. The basic principle of IPPV is a pressure gradient between the upper airways and the alveoli during inspiration, thus creating a positive gas flow to the lungs. Different technical arrangements can be chosen to overcome the resistances of the lung, depending upon whether the flow or the pressure is the underlying parameter for artificial ventilation. The driving system can be either compressed gas from a pipeline or an electrically driven pump or compressor. With the direct acting generator, the force of the driving mechanism directly inflates the lung, whereas the indirect acting generator has flexible coupling element between pump and patient. The switchover from inspiration to expiration is determined by the cycling parameter, uhich can either be the pressure, the flow, the volume or the time. The mode of cycling influences the reaction of the respirator to changing lung conditions. Only the volume and time cycled types maintain a constant ventilation volume with changing lung resistances. Lastly, the different behavior of respirators during expiration is discussed. An active support of expiration by means of a negative pressure has less meaning nowadays. On the other hand, a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) has turned out to be a very helpful tool in long-term ventilation.", "contents": "Physical aspects of automatic respirators. Objective of artificial ventilation is to maintain sufficient gas exchange with the lowest degree of mechanical burden to the lung that is possible. The basic principle of IPPV is a pressure gradient between the upper airways and the alveoli during inspiration, thus creating a positive gas flow to the lungs. Different technical arrangements can be chosen to overcome the resistances of the lung, depending upon whether the flow or the pressure is the underlying parameter for artificial ventilation. The driving system can be either compressed gas from a pipeline or an electrically driven pump or compressor. With the direct acting generator, the force of the driving mechanism directly inflates the lung, whereas the indirect acting generator has flexible coupling element between pump and patient. The switchover from inspiration to expiration is determined by the cycling parameter, uhich can either be the pressure, the flow, the volume or the time. The mode of cycling influences the reaction of the respirator to changing lung conditions. Only the volume and time cycled types maintain a constant ventilation volume with changing lung resistances. Lastly, the different behavior of respirators during expiration is discussed. An active support of expiration by means of a negative pressure has less meaning nowadays. On the other hand, a positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) has turned out to be a very helpful tool in long-term ventilation.", "PMID": 1061860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3782", "title": "Genital herpes simplex in the female 1968 to 1973.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-nine female patients with genital herpes simplex infection are considered. Diagnosis and management are discussed, and the importance of excluding other sexually transmitted diseases is emphasised.", "contents": "Genital herpes simplex in the female 1968 to 1973. One hundred and twenty-nine female patients with genital herpes simplex infection are considered. Diagnosis and management are discussed, and the importance of excluding other sexually transmitted diseases is emphasised.", "PMID": 1061886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3783", "title": "Coronary risk factors in New Zealand Maori and European adolescents: The Rotoua Lakes Study 2.", "content": "A survey if 298 adolescents was carried out by questionnaire, medical examination, anthropometric and biochemical methods, to determine the prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease particularly those that might explain the known difference in atherosclerotic mortality between European and Maori women. Data on blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids are presented here, and are discussed together with smoking and serum uric acid. Obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, smoking and hyperuricaemia all contributed to a higher coronary risk status for Maori subjects.", "contents": "Coronary risk factors in New Zealand Maori and European adolescents: The Rotoua Lakes Study 2. A survey if 298 adolescents was carried out by questionnaire, medical examination, anthropometric and biochemical methods, to determine the prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease particularly those that might explain the known difference in atherosclerotic mortality between European and Maori women. Data on blood pressure, obesity and serum lipids are presented here, and are discussed together with smoking and serum uric acid. Obesity, hypertriglyceridaemia, smoking and hyperuricaemia all contributed to a higher coronary risk status for Maori subjects.", "PMID": 1061887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3784", "title": "Verapamil and the heart: Pharmacological and Therapeutic Considerations.", "content": "Verapamil is a new anti-anginal and anti-arrhythmic drug whose pharmacological actions can be related to its specific blocking effect on the transmembrane transport of calcium ions. Intravenous verapamil slows the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and flutter with an occasional patient reverting to sinus rhythm. The drug promptly terminates most cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. It is likely to become the initial agent of choice in the acute treatment of this arrhythmia. Verapamil is not effective in ventricular tachycardia or in atrial fibrillation complicating the WPW syndrome. Few side effects are encountered following intravenous verapamil expecially when the drug is given slowly. Verapamil is also effective in angina in a dose of 120mg tds orally. Little is known of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic of verapamil but the available experience in arrhythmias clearly justifies further study.", "contents": "Verapamil and the heart: Pharmacological and Therapeutic Considerations. Verapamil is a new anti-anginal and anti-arrhythmic drug whose pharmacological actions can be related to its specific blocking effect on the transmembrane transport of calcium ions. Intravenous verapamil slows the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and flutter with an occasional patient reverting to sinus rhythm. The drug promptly terminates most cases of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardias. It is likely to become the initial agent of choice in the acute treatment of this arrhythmia. Verapamil is not effective in ventricular tachycardia or in atrial fibrillation complicating the WPW syndrome. Few side effects are encountered following intravenous verapamil expecially when the drug is given slowly. Verapamil is also effective in angina in a dose of 120mg tds orally. Little is known of the metabolism and pharmacokinetic of verapamil but the available experience in arrhythmias clearly justifies further study.", "PMID": 1061888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3785", "title": "Acute renal artery occlusion.", "content": "Eeven cases of acute renal artery occlusion are reviewed. The clinical presentation and features of the condition are discussed and reasons for delays in diagnosis are examined. Two cases in whom active treatment was carried out are described in detail. Acute renal artery occlusion is most common in patients with severe cardiac disease and this may influence decisions on treatment.", "contents": "Acute renal artery occlusion. Eeven cases of acute renal artery occlusion are reviewed. The clinical presentation and features of the condition are discussed and reasons for delays in diagnosis are examined. Two cases in whom active treatment was carried out are described in detail. Acute renal artery occlusion is most common in patients with severe cardiac disease and this may influence decisions on treatment.", "PMID": 1061889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3786", "title": "Pregnancy and von Gierke's disease.", "content": "A detailed description of the course of pregnancy in a patient with von Gierke's disease is presented. Careful dietary control together with proper management of the hematologic complications of the disease led to a successful outcome.", "contents": "Pregnancy and von Gierke's disease. A detailed description of the course of pregnancy in a patient with von Gierke's disease is presented. Careful dietary control together with proper management of the hematologic complications of the disease led to a successful outcome.", "PMID": 1061911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3787", "title": "[Amylo-1,6-glucosidase--an enzyme determining the rate of glycogenolysis in teleost embryos after fertilization].", "content": "The activity of amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33 dextrin: 6-glucohydrolase, \"debranching enzyme\") in the loach embryos is localized mainly in the blastoderm. On the basis of correlation between the increase in its activity and in the content of hexose monophosphates during embryogenesis, a suggestion is put forward to the effect that the rate of glycogenolysis is controlled by the activity of this enzyme.", "contents": "[Amylo-1,6-glucosidase--an enzyme determining the rate of glycogenolysis in teleost embryos after fertilization]. The activity of amylo-1,6-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.33 dextrin: 6-glucohydrolase, \"debranching enzyme\") in the loach embryos is localized mainly in the blastoderm. On the basis of correlation between the increase in its activity and in the content of hexose monophosphates during embryogenesis, a suggestion is put forward to the effect that the rate of glycogenolysis is controlled by the activity of this enzyme.", "PMID": 1061912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3788", "title": "A technique for open reduction of subcondylar fractures.", "content": "Described is a safe and efficient technique for open reduction of the subcondylar fracture. The technique utilizes a Risdon incision to expose the fracture site and a stab incision in the preauricular region. A University of Tennessee drill guide or bone screw is introduced through the stab incision to facilitate placement of drill holes in the fragments, threading of the transosseous wires, and repositioning of the condyle within the fossa.", "contents": "A technique for open reduction of subcondylar fractures. Described is a safe and efficient technique for open reduction of the subcondylar fracture. The technique utilizes a Risdon incision to expose the fracture site and a stab incision in the preauricular region. A University of Tennessee drill guide or bone screw is introduced through the stab incision to facilitate placement of drill holes in the fragments, threading of the transosseous wires, and repositioning of the condyle within the fossa.", "PMID": 1061913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3789", "title": "Correction of mandibular dentoalveolar retrusion by anterior segmental advancement.", "content": "Mandibular anterior segmental advancement offers an alternative mode of management for certain patients with Class II dentoalveolar malocclusion. The procedure is ideally indicted in paradoxical occlusal situations wherein Class II malocclusion is associated with a prognathic profile or when total body advancement would produce an unacceptable occlusion or profile. Arch expansion and augmentation genioplasty may be achieved by tailoring the surgical approach. Complications were minimal in the cases presented. Since arch lengthening results, the potential food table is increased, necessitating either fixed or removeable prosthetic care.", "contents": "Correction of mandibular dentoalveolar retrusion by anterior segmental advancement. Mandibular anterior segmental advancement offers an alternative mode of management for certain patients with Class II dentoalveolar malocclusion. The procedure is ideally indicted in paradoxical occlusal situations wherein Class II malocclusion is associated with a prognathic profile or when total body advancement would produce an unacceptable occlusion or profile. Arch expansion and augmentation genioplasty may be achieved by tailoring the surgical approach. Complications were minimal in the cases presented. Since arch lengthening results, the potential food table is increased, necessitating either fixed or removeable prosthetic care.", "PMID": 1061914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3790", "title": "Chrome cobalt and gold implant for the reconstruction of a traumatized orbital floor.", "content": "Diplopia and enophthalmos were two sequelae of injuries to the orbital floor. These have been corrected by chrome cobalt and gold implants in the reconstruction of the orbital-floor defect after the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles and the orbital structures were freed from the area of blowout. An infraorbital approach was used for access.", "contents": "Chrome cobalt and gold implant for the reconstruction of a traumatized orbital floor. Diplopia and enophthalmos were two sequelae of injuries to the orbital floor. These have been corrected by chrome cobalt and gold implants in the reconstruction of the orbital-floor defect after the inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles and the orbital structures were freed from the area of blowout. An infraorbital approach was used for access.", "PMID": 1061915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3791", "title": "A rare local anesthetic misadventure. Case report and anatomic considerations.", "content": "When the mouth is fully opened, the depth to which the needle is inserted need not be great in order to pass through the submandibular gland capsule, and insertion of the needle behind the second molar tooth would result in passage behind the posterior border of the my-ohyoid muscle. The discussion indicates the relative ease with which fluid may penetrate the parapharyngeal space, particularly if pressure is used in injecting. Fluid diffusing into the region of the carotid triangle may have been responsible for the various symptoms, and anesthesia of the hypoglossal nerve, nerve, thyrohyoid nerve, internal and external laryngeal nerves, and carotid body possibly occurred. Anesthesia of the vagus is a remote possibility.", "contents": "A rare local anesthetic misadventure. Case report and anatomic considerations. When the mouth is fully opened, the depth to which the needle is inserted need not be great in order to pass through the submandibular gland capsule, and insertion of the needle behind the second molar tooth would result in passage behind the posterior border of the my-ohyoid muscle. The discussion indicates the relative ease with which fluid may penetrate the parapharyngeal space, particularly if pressure is used in injecting. Fluid diffusing into the region of the carotid triangle may have been responsible for the various symptoms, and anesthesia of the hypoglossal nerve, nerve, thyrohyoid nerve, internal and external laryngeal nerves, and carotid body possibly occurred. Anesthesia of the vagus is a remote possibility.", "PMID": 1061916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3792", "title": "Patient motivation and response to surgical correction of prognathism.", "content": "Twenty-five patients operated upon between 1969 and 1973 for correction of mandibular prognathism were recalled in 1975 and asked to evaluate their attitudes toward the procedure and the postoperative results. All but one were satisfied with the results. Postoperative numbness of the lip and chin lasting more than 6 months was commonly noted following the intraoral sagittal split method. This did not influence the patient's satisfaction with the operation. The minimal postoperative scar following the extraoral oblique osteotomy was not a negative factor. Most patients underwent the surgical procedure for esthetic reasons. A large number (68 per cent) noted a change in personality postoperatively. A rationale for selective preoperative psychologic counseling is suggested.", "contents": "Patient motivation and response to surgical correction of prognathism. Twenty-five patients operated upon between 1969 and 1973 for correction of mandibular prognathism were recalled in 1975 and asked to evaluate their attitudes toward the procedure and the postoperative results. All but one were satisfied with the results. Postoperative numbness of the lip and chin lasting more than 6 months was commonly noted following the intraoral sagittal split method. This did not influence the patient's satisfaction with the operation. The minimal postoperative scar following the extraoral oblique osteotomy was not a negative factor. Most patients underwent the surgical procedure for esthetic reasons. A large number (68 per cent) noted a change in personality postoperatively. A rationale for selective preoperative psychologic counseling is suggested.", "PMID": 1061917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3793", "title": "Metastatic neuroblastoma in the mandible. Report of a case.", "content": "The case reported here is that of a metastatic neuroblastoma of the mandible in a 5-year-old boy. This kind of metastasis in the mandible is very rare. Osteolytic jaw defects and unexplainable looseness of the deciduous molars in children should induce a thorough examination with the possibility of a metastatic malignoma in mind. A summary of the literature and prognosis of these tumors has been given.", "contents": "Metastatic neuroblastoma in the mandible. Report of a case. The case reported here is that of a metastatic neuroblastoma of the mandible in a 5-year-old boy. This kind of metastasis in the mandible is very rare. Osteolytic jaw defects and unexplainable looseness of the deciduous molars in children should induce a thorough examination with the possibility of a metastatic malignoma in mind. A summary of the literature and prognosis of these tumors has been given.", "PMID": 1061918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3794", "title": "Oral lesions in psoriatic patients.", "content": "Psoriasis  is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory disease of the skin. The occurence of psoriatic lesions in oral mucous membranes is a subject of controversy, and some investigators have stated that such lesions do not occur at all. In the present investigation 100 psoriatic patients were examined for the presence of oral lesions. No patient exhibited oral lesions of psoriasis; however, there was a relatively high incidence of angular cheilosis (11 per cent), fissured tongue (6 per cent), and benign migratory glossitis (5 per cent). The possibility that benign migratory glossitis is an oral manifestation of psoriasis is discussed.", "contents": "Oral lesions in psoriatic patients. Psoriasis  is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory disease of the skin. The occurence of psoriatic lesions in oral mucous membranes is a subject of controversy, and some investigators have stated that such lesions do not occur at all. In the present investigation 100 psoriatic patients were examined for the presence of oral lesions. No patient exhibited oral lesions of psoriasis; however, there was a relatively high incidence of angular cheilosis (11 per cent), fissured tongue (6 per cent), and benign migratory glossitis (5 per cent). The possibility that benign migratory glossitis is an oral manifestation of psoriasis is discussed.", "PMID": 1061920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3795", "title": "Hand, foot, and mouth disease.", "content": "Hand, foot, and mouth disease, also known as vesicular stomatitis with exanthem, is a vesicular disorder affecting both skin and oral mucosa. The disease is usually caused by Coxsackie virus A-16 and affects mainly children. The oral lesions may require differential diagnosis from other conditions, such as herpetic gingivostomatitis, aphthous stomatitis, and herpangina. Hand, foot, and mouth disease should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease of cattle, which is rare in human beings and is not caused by Coxsackie virus.", "contents": "Hand, foot, and mouth disease. Hand, foot, and mouth disease, also known as vesicular stomatitis with exanthem, is a vesicular disorder affecting both skin and oral mucosa. The disease is usually caused by Coxsackie virus A-16 and affects mainly children. The oral lesions may require differential diagnosis from other conditions, such as herpetic gingivostomatitis, aphthous stomatitis, and herpangina. Hand, foot, and mouth disease should not be confused with foot-and-mouth disease of cattle, which is rare in human beings and is not caused by Coxsackie virus.", "PMID": 1061921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3796", "title": "The nonkeratinocyte intraepithelial cell population in lichen planus. An ultrastructural characterization of cells in gingival lesions.", "content": "Lesions of gingival lichen planus were studied ultrastructurally to determine the types of cells, other than keratinocytes, present within the epithelial layer and the relationship of these cells to each other and to the keratinocytes. Cell types identified included small and medium-sized lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and Langerhans cells. Some cells lacked sufficient specific features to permit definitive identification. The cells were found either singly or in groups. Generally, some alteration in the intercellular spaces between keratinocytes was apparent, even in regions where the mononuclear cells were absent or in the process of crossing the basal lamina. Most of the mononuclear cells had cytologic features which indicated that they were active cells. Occasionally lymphocytes appeared, on a morphologic basis, to be interacting with adjacent keratinocytes.", "contents": "The nonkeratinocyte intraepithelial cell population in lichen planus. An ultrastructural characterization of cells in gingival lesions. Lesions of gingival lichen planus were studied ultrastructurally to determine the types of cells, other than keratinocytes, present within the epithelial layer and the relationship of these cells to each other and to the keratinocytes. Cell types identified included small and medium-sized lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and Langerhans cells. Some cells lacked sufficient specific features to permit definitive identification. The cells were found either singly or in groups. Generally, some alteration in the intercellular spaces between keratinocytes was apparent, even in regions where the mononuclear cells were absent or in the process of crossing the basal lamina. Most of the mononuclear cells had cytologic features which indicated that they were active cells. Occasionally lymphocytes appeared, on a morphologic basis, to be interacting with adjacent keratinocytes.", "PMID": 1061922}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3797", "title": "Electron microscopic study on the pathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulceration as compared to Beh\u00e7et's syndrome.", "content": "In the prickle-cell layer of the oral epithelium of recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) the reticuloid cells with homogeneous, electron-lucent nuclei were attached to the degenerated prickle cells and ingested the cytoplasm of the prickle cells. The reticuloid cells came in contact with small lymphocytes, to which the immunologic information was transferred, inducing them to undergo blast transformation. Lymphoid cells, corresponding to T-cells, may produce a cytotoxic factor, since the prickle cells ultimately undergo degeneration. These changes are consistent with those of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. The cytoplasm of prickle cells apparently acts as an autoantigen. In Beh\u00e7et's syndrome the macrophages were encountered in the epithelium. Other consequences were quite similar to those of RAU. The nucleus of the macrophage is more electron dense and has condensed chromatin along with the nuclear membrane. This can be a difference between Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and RAU only at the initial stage of the diseases.", "contents": "Electron microscopic study on the pathogenesis of recurrent aphthous ulceration as compared to Beh\u00e7et's syndrome. In the prickle-cell layer of the oral epithelium of recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) the reticuloid cells with homogeneous, electron-lucent nuclei were attached to the degenerated prickle cells and ingested the cytoplasm of the prickle cells. The reticuloid cells came in contact with small lymphocytes, to which the immunologic information was transferred, inducing them to undergo blast transformation. Lymphoid cells, corresponding to T-cells, may produce a cytotoxic factor, since the prickle cells ultimately undergo degeneration. These changes are consistent with those of delayed hypersensitivity reactions. The cytoplasm of prickle cells apparently acts as an autoantigen. In Beh\u00e7et's syndrome the macrophages were encountered in the epithelium. Other consequences were quite similar to those of RAU. The nucleus of the macrophage is more electron dense and has condensed chromatin along with the nuclear membrane. This can be a difference between Beh\u00e7et's syndrome and RAU only at the initial stage of the diseases.", "PMID": 1061924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3798", "title": "Eosinophilic bodies in the epithelium of oral inflammatory hyperplastic lesions. Histopathologic and histochemical study.", "content": "Four hundred twenty-three specimens of inflammatory hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity were examined for changes in the epithelium. Amorphic eosinophilic material was found in the superficial layers of the epithelium in 12 per cent of the cases. The incidence and severity of the changes were related to the intensity of the inflammatory reaction in the underlying tissue. Histochemically, the material contained protein, disulfide and sulfhydryl groups, tryptophan, and carbohydrate.", "contents": "Eosinophilic bodies in the epithelium of oral inflammatory hyperplastic lesions. Histopathologic and histochemical study. Four hundred twenty-three specimens of inflammatory hyperplastic lesions of the oral cavity were examined for changes in the epithelium. Amorphic eosinophilic material was found in the superficial layers of the epithelium in 12 per cent of the cases. The incidence and severity of the changes were related to the intensity of the inflammatory reaction in the underlying tissue. Histochemically, the material contained protein, disulfide and sulfhydryl groups, tryptophan, and carbohydrate.", "PMID": 1061925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3799", "title": "Facial and oral manifestations in leprosy. An evaluation of seventy cases.", "content": "A clinical and radiologic study of early and late manifestations in tuberculoid, dimorphous, and lepromatous leprosy was undertaken in order to determine characteristics, occurrence, and incidence of facial and oral lesions. Dermal, mucosal, neural, skeletal, and dental changes were correlated with the duration of leprosy, duration of treatment, and age of the patient.", "contents": "Facial and oral manifestations in leprosy. An evaluation of seventy cases. A clinical and radiologic study of early and late manifestations in tuberculoid, dimorphous, and lepromatous leprosy was undertaken in order to determine characteristics, occurrence, and incidence of facial and oral lesions. Dermal, mucosal, neural, skeletal, and dental changes were correlated with the duration of leprosy, duration of treatment, and age of the patient.", "PMID": 1061926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3800", "title": "Taurodontism. Report of sixteen cases in Israel.", "content": "Taurodontism is generally considered a very rare dental anomaly in modern man. Sixteen new cases of taurodontism in Israel are described in patients presenting for routine treatment in a dental center. The majority of affected teeth occurred singly, and the mandibular second molar was the tooth most frequently involved. It would appear that taurodontism is a great deal more common than was previously thought. The clinical aspects of the condition are discussed with regard to endodontic and periodontal therapy.", "contents": "Taurodontism. Report of sixteen cases in Israel. Taurodontism is generally considered a very rare dental anomaly in modern man. Sixteen new cases of taurodontism in Israel are described in patients presenting for routine treatment in a dental center. The majority of affected teeth occurred singly, and the mandibular second molar was the tooth most frequently involved. It would appear that taurodontism is a great deal more common than was previously thought. The clinical aspects of the condition are discussed with regard to endodontic and periodontal therapy.", "PMID": 1061927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3801", "title": "[Eosinophilia in the preleukaemic phase of acute granulocytic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathogenesis of a marked eosinophilia in the preleukaemic phase of an acute granulocytic leukaemia is described and discussed. An otherwise symptom-free girl 4 years of age, presented with a transient increased WBC count with eosinophilia during one year before onset of acute granulocytic leukaemia. All relevant tests for explanation of this eosinophilia proved negative. The phenomenon of transient eosinophilia with successive onset of acute granulocytic leukaemia may fit into the concept of immunological control of tumorgenesis. In the present case it is suggested that the initial eosinophilia was the manifestation of the body's fight against the first malignant leukaemic cells. Finally the immunological defence was overwhelmed and the eosinophilia disappeared with concomitant appearance of leukaemic cells.", "contents": "[Eosinophilia in the preleukaemic phase of acute granulocytic leukaemia (author's transl)]. The pathogenesis of a marked eosinophilia in the preleukaemic phase of an acute granulocytic leukaemia is described and discussed. An otherwise symptom-free girl 4 years of age, presented with a transient increased WBC count with eosinophilia during one year before onset of acute granulocytic leukaemia. All relevant tests for explanation of this eosinophilia proved negative. The phenomenon of transient eosinophilia with successive onset of acute granulocytic leukaemia may fit into the concept of immunological control of tumorgenesis. In the present case it is suggested that the initial eosinophilia was the manifestation of the body's fight against the first malignant leukaemic cells. Finally the immunological defence was overwhelmed and the eosinophilia disappeared with concomitant appearance of leukaemic cells.", "PMID": 1061931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3802", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of chronic myeloic leucemia in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 3 months old girl presented with significant enlargement of liver, spleen and lymphnodes, with moderate anemia, thrombopenia and leucocytosis. In the differential count there was a shift to the left and an increase of monocyte-like cells (35%). Differential diagnosis included leucemoid reaction, infectious mononucleosis, myelo-proliferative disorder with a missing C chromosome and chronic myeloid leucemia. Clinical symptoms, cytochemistry and caryotype of bone marrow cells suggested infantile chronic myeloic leucemia and normal ALP index and possibly normal HbF. Treatment with 6-mercaptopurine was followed by partial remission. The therapeutic consequences of exact differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of chronic myeloic leucemia in infancy (author's transl)]. A 3 months old girl presented with significant enlargement of liver, spleen and lymphnodes, with moderate anemia, thrombopenia and leucocytosis. In the differential count there was a shift to the left and an increase of monocyte-like cells (35%). Differential diagnosis included leucemoid reaction, infectious mononucleosis, myelo-proliferative disorder with a missing C chromosome and chronic myeloid leucemia. Clinical symptoms, cytochemistry and caryotype of bone marrow cells suggested infantile chronic myeloic leucemia and normal ALP index and possibly normal HbF. Treatment with 6-mercaptopurine was followed by partial remission. The therapeutic consequences of exact differential diagnosis are discussed.", "PMID": 1061932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3803", "title": "[Dental instrument as foreign body in the air-passage].", "content": "A case report on a Kerr-broach aspirated to the left bronchial tree is presented. The broach was removed with difficulties using bronchoscope and forceps. The use of rubber dam is advocated in endodontic therapy. A scheme to handle foreign bodies in the bronchial tree is outlined involving immediate X-ray and removal by an experienced endoscopist.", "contents": "[Dental instrument as foreign body in the air-passage]. A case report on a Kerr-broach aspirated to the left bronchial tree is presented. The broach was removed with difficulties using bronchoscope and forceps. The use of rubber dam is advocated in endodontic therapy. A scheme to handle foreign bodies in the bronchial tree is outlined involving immediate X-ray and removal by an experienced endoscopist.", "PMID": 1061946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3804", "title": "Leukemia allotransplants in canine fetuses: influence of host age and immune responsiveness.", "content": "Myelomonocytic leukemia cells allografted prenatally in some developing purebred Beagle fetuses elicited tumors postnatally in some of the pups. The later in gestation that the inoculum was delivered, the less was the disposition to eventual leukemia, indicating that fetal host age at the time of grafting and tumorigenesis are correlated. The leukemogenic transplants may have grown because of fetal immunoinsufficiency or because they were tolerogenic in the developing immune system. Limited immunologic data for exclusion of the latter possibility are reported.", "contents": "Leukemia allotransplants in canine fetuses: influence of host age and immune responsiveness. Myelomonocytic leukemia cells allografted prenatally in some developing purebred Beagle fetuses elicited tumors postnatally in some of the pups. The later in gestation that the inoculum was delivered, the less was the disposition to eventual leukemia, indicating that fetal host age at the time of grafting and tumorigenesis are correlated. The leukemogenic transplants may have grown because of fetal immunoinsufficiency or because they were tolerogenic in the developing immune system. Limited immunologic data for exclusion of the latter possibility are reported.", "PMID": 1061959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3805", "title": "Amantadine decreases d-amphetamine stimulation and increases d-amphetamine anorexia in mice.", "content": "Amantadine hydrochloride (Symmetrel), an antiviral, antiparkinson agent that is most frequently used clinically at oral doses of 2 to 3 mg/kg, significantly decreased d-amphetamine-induced CNS stimulation (motor activity) and simultaneously increased d-amphetamine-induced anorexia (milk intake) in mice. Amantadine did this at oral doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, which alone had no effect on either motor activity or milk intake.", "contents": "Amantadine decreases d-amphetamine stimulation and increases d-amphetamine anorexia in mice. Amantadine hydrochloride (Symmetrel), an antiviral, antiparkinson agent that is most frequently used clinically at oral doses of 2 to 3 mg/kg, significantly decreased d-amphetamine-induced CNS stimulation (motor activity) and simultaneously increased d-amphetamine-induced anorexia (milk intake) in mice. Amantadine did this at oral doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg, which alone had no effect on either motor activity or milk intake.", "PMID": 1061960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3806", "title": "The resistance of sheep to Fasciola hepatica: studies on the pathophysiology of challenge infections.", "content": "Determinations of circulating eosinophils, plasma proteins and glutamate dehydrogenase, voluntary drymatter intake, and plasma loss in the faeces were carried out on three groups of sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica. One group was previously uninfected, one had been treated to eliminate a 15-weeklong preliminary infection, and one had previously been exposed to five infections each terminated after one week. Compared with the controls, both challenged groups showed earlier and greater peaks of eosinophils and the group previously exposed to multiple short-term infection showed a more gradual and persistent rise in glutamate dehydrogenase. The trends of plasma globulin suggested that an anamnestic response occurred only in the group which previously harboured adult flukes. The latter group also showed, at 12-14 weeks after challenge, the lowest intake of dry matter and the greatest loss of plasma in the faeces. At post mortem examination, similar numbers of flukes were recovered from challenged and control sheep. It was concluded that there was no evidence from the present experiment to show that preliminary infection of sheep with F hepatica conferred any significant resistance to the physiological effects of a challenge infection.", "contents": "The resistance of sheep to Fasciola hepatica: studies on the pathophysiology of challenge infections. Determinations of circulating eosinophils, plasma proteins and glutamate dehydrogenase, voluntary drymatter intake, and plasma loss in the faeces were carried out on three groups of sheep infected with Fasciola hepatica. One group was previously uninfected, one had been treated to eliminate a 15-weeklong preliminary infection, and one had previously been exposed to five infections each terminated after one week. Compared with the controls, both challenged groups showed earlier and greater peaks of eosinophils and the group previously exposed to multiple short-term infection showed a more gradual and persistent rise in glutamate dehydrogenase. The trends of plasma globulin suggested that an anamnestic response occurred only in the group which previously harboured adult flukes. The latter group also showed, at 12-14 weeks after challenge, the lowest intake of dry matter and the greatest loss of plasma in the faeces. At post mortem examination, similar numbers of flukes were recovered from challenged and control sheep. It was concluded that there was no evidence from the present experiment to show that preliminary infection of sheep with F hepatica conferred any significant resistance to the physiological effects of a challenge infection.", "PMID": 1061964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3807", "title": "Familial leukaemia. A report of three cases of acute leukaemia in a Brazilian family.", "content": "The authors reported of three individuals observations -- three siblings in a family -- of acute lymphoid leukaemia. Cytogenetic studies carried out in peripheral blood, lymphocyte cultures with PHA, in two patients and in several relatives, showed numerical and structural alterations. The third patient died before the cytogenetic studies were done.", "contents": "Familial leukaemia. A report of three cases of acute leukaemia in a Brazilian family. The authors reported of three individuals observations -- three siblings in a family -- of acute lymphoid leukaemia. Cytogenetic studies carried out in peripheral blood, lymphocyte cultures with PHA, in two patients and in several relatives, showed numerical and structural alterations. The third patient died before the cytogenetic studies were done.", "PMID": 1061963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3808", "title": "Leukocytosis and fibrinolytic activity of the blood in leukemic patients.", "content": "The relation between the levels of leukemic leukocytosis and blood fibrinolytic activity was studied in 58 patients with acute leukemia, 58 with chronic granulocytic leukemia, and 60 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In all these groups, high levels of leukemic leukocytosis were associated with increased blood fibrinolytic activity. Differences between patients with high and low values of leukocytosis were statistically significant.", "contents": "Leukocytosis and fibrinolytic activity of the blood in leukemic patients. The relation between the levels of leukemic leukocytosis and blood fibrinolytic activity was studied in 58 patients with acute leukemia, 58 with chronic granulocytic leukemia, and 60 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In all these groups, high levels of leukemic leukocytosis were associated with increased blood fibrinolytic activity. Differences between patients with high and low values of leukocytosis were statistically significant.", "PMID": 1061985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3809", "title": "The predominant cultivable organisms in juvenile periodontitis.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative examinations of the predominant cultivable microflora of the advanced tissue destruction (pocket) associated with juvenile periodontitis and of control pockets without loss of attachment were carried out by using anaerobic tube culture technique. The microflora from the control sites consisted primarily of streptococci, Gram-negative rods, and Gram-positive rods. In contrast, the test pockets had a relatively stable and characteristic microflora, dominated by various Gram-negative, anaerobic rods. The Gram-negative rods were divided into main groups, but a satisfactory classification of many of these microorganisms could not be performed with the methods used and the data available. The predominating Gram-negative rods differed from individual to individual. The role of the Gram-negative rods in the etiology of juvenile periodontitis is unknown. Some potential pathogenic mechanisms of these microorganisms are discussed.", "contents": "The predominant cultivable organisms in juvenile periodontitis. Quantitative and qualitative examinations of the predominant cultivable microflora of the advanced tissue destruction (pocket) associated with juvenile periodontitis and of control pockets without loss of attachment were carried out by using anaerobic tube culture technique. The microflora from the control sites consisted primarily of streptococci, Gram-negative rods, and Gram-positive rods. In contrast, the test pockets had a relatively stable and characteristic microflora, dominated by various Gram-negative, anaerobic rods. The Gram-negative rods were divided into main groups, but a satisfactory classification of many of these microorganisms could not be performed with the methods used and the data available. The predominating Gram-negative rods differed from individual to individual. The role of the Gram-negative rods in the etiology of juvenile periodontitis is unknown. Some potential pathogenic mechanisms of these microorganisms are discussed.", "PMID": 1061986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3810", "title": "Periodontal health following fibrotomy of the supra-alveolar fibers.", "content": "A clinical follow-up study has been carried out in order to study the periodontal health of orthodontically derotated teeth where the supra-alveolar fibers have been severed by an incision through the bottom of the marginal pocket to the border of the alveolar bone in order to reduce the tendency towards a posttreatment relapse. The material consisted of 30 rotated teeth treated orthodontically in 27 patients between the ages of 9 and 22 years. Following an average retention period of 8.3 months, the supra-alveolar fibers were severed down to the alveolar bone border. The control material consisted of untreated, banded contralateral teeth in the same jaw. The patients were examined for plaque, gingival health and depth of the marginal pockets. No significant difference in periodontal health could be found on comparison between, on the one hand, teeth treated with fibrotomy and, on the other hand, untreated teeth.", "contents": "Periodontal health following fibrotomy of the supra-alveolar fibers. A clinical follow-up study has been carried out in order to study the periodontal health of orthodontically derotated teeth where the supra-alveolar fibers have been severed by an incision through the bottom of the marginal pocket to the border of the alveolar bone in order to reduce the tendency towards a posttreatment relapse. The material consisted of 30 rotated teeth treated orthodontically in 27 patients between the ages of 9 and 22 years. Following an average retention period of 8.3 months, the supra-alveolar fibers were severed down to the alveolar bone border. The control material consisted of untreated, banded contralateral teeth in the same jaw. The patients were examined for plaque, gingival health and depth of the marginal pockets. No significant difference in periodontal health could be found on comparison between, on the one hand, teeth treated with fibrotomy and, on the other hand, untreated teeth.", "PMID": 1061987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3811", "title": "Haemophili in developing dental plaque.", "content": "Evidence for a possible role played by oral haemophili in the development of dental plaque was sought by studying the occurrence of these bacteria in early dental plaque of smooth surfaces and occlusal fissures in six dental students. The mean number of haemophili per 10(3) anaerobes in early smooth surface plaque (18 h) and fissure plaque (7 d) was 95 and 22 respectively. Examination of 988 Haemophilus isolates revealed that H. parainfluenzae was the only species in samples of fissure plaque, whereas some samples from smooth surfaces, in addition to the predominating and ubiquitous H. parainfluenzae, yielded growth of the two species H. segnis and H. aphrophilus. It is concluded that haemophili are among the primary colonizers of smooth surfaces of teeth.", "contents": "Haemophili in developing dental plaque. Evidence for a possible role played by oral haemophili in the development of dental plaque was sought by studying the occurrence of these bacteria in early dental plaque of smooth surfaces and occlusal fissures in six dental students. The mean number of haemophili per 10(3) anaerobes in early smooth surface plaque (18 h) and fissure plaque (7 d) was 95 and 22 respectively. Examination of 988 Haemophilus isolates revealed that H. parainfluenzae was the only species in samples of fissure plaque, whereas some samples from smooth surfaces, in addition to the predominating and ubiquitous H. parainfluenzae, yielded growth of the two species H. segnis and H. aphrophilus. It is concluded that haemophili are among the primary colonizers of smooth surfaces of teeth.", "PMID": 1061988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3812", "title": "Effect of formaldehyde-containing drugs on human dental pulp evaluated by enzyme histochemical technique.", "content": "The in vivo effect of formaldehyde on pulp tissue in short-term studies cannot be established by using routine histologic techniques because the tissue is exposed to a fixative in vivo as well as during the histologic preparation. The pulps of permanent premolars were amputated and zinc oxide with 4% formaldehyde or formocresol was used as wound dressing. The observation periods varied from 1 to 16 d. After extraction the teeth were freeze-sectioned, freeze-dried and then incubated for histochemical demonstration of some oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. A demarcated border between apically stained and cervically nonstained pulp tissue was found in sections incubated for oxidative enzymes. When formocresol, which has a high concentration of formaldehyde, was used, the border was situated closer to the apex. This was also the case when the observation period was increased. The incubation for lactate dehydrogenase gave a high staining intensity. Thus the use of frozen sections in combination with the histochemical method for the demonstration of lactate dehydrogenase appears to be suitable for the study of the penetration of formaldehyde in pulp tissue in short-term studies.", "contents": "Effect of formaldehyde-containing drugs on human dental pulp evaluated by enzyme histochemical technique. The in vivo effect of formaldehyde on pulp tissue in short-term studies cannot be established by using routine histologic techniques because the tissue is exposed to a fixative in vivo as well as during the histologic preparation. The pulps of permanent premolars were amputated and zinc oxide with 4% formaldehyde or formocresol was used as wound dressing. The observation periods varied from 1 to 16 d. After extraction the teeth were freeze-sectioned, freeze-dried and then incubated for histochemical demonstration of some oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. A demarcated border between apically stained and cervically nonstained pulp tissue was found in sections incubated for oxidative enzymes. When formocresol, which has a high concentration of formaldehyde, was used, the border was situated closer to the apex. This was also the case when the observation period was increased. The incubation for lactate dehydrogenase gave a high staining intensity. Thus the use of frozen sections in combination with the histochemical method for the demonstration of lactate dehydrogenase appears to be suitable for the study of the penetration of formaldehyde in pulp tissue in short-term studies.", "PMID": 1061989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3813", "title": "Deformation of cavities and resin fillings in loaded teeth.", "content": "The purpose of the present work was to study (1) the deformation of selected types of cavities in axially loaded human teeth and (2) the possible effect of this deformation on the restorative quality of fillings in the cavities. Recently extracted wet teeth without any visible structural defects were used throughout the study. Standard Class III and large Class III cavities were prepared in maxillary incisors, while Class I, m-o, m-o-d, and Class V cavities were made in maxillary first premolars. For the second part of the study several of the cavities, etched of non-etched, were filled with restroative resins. Mounted in a measuring microscope the teeth were loaded in a way simulating biting or chewing; cavities with fillings were accepted only when no marginal gaps could be found. The results showed a deformation of empty cavities proportional to the load up to 16 kg, the decrease or increase in diameter being 0.1-1.0 mum/kg, depending on the type of cavity. Loading and unloading of teeth with filled cavities resulted in permanent or transitory gaps. The dimensional instability of cavities in loaded teeth indicates a severe risk of percolation by several restoratives and of marginal fracture of brittle fillings.", "contents": "Deformation of cavities and resin fillings in loaded teeth. The purpose of the present work was to study (1) the deformation of selected types of cavities in axially loaded human teeth and (2) the possible effect of this deformation on the restorative quality of fillings in the cavities. Recently extracted wet teeth without any visible structural defects were used throughout the study. Standard Class III and large Class III cavities were prepared in maxillary incisors, while Class I, m-o, m-o-d, and Class V cavities were made in maxillary first premolars. For the second part of the study several of the cavities, etched of non-etched, were filled with restroative resins. Mounted in a measuring microscope the teeth were loaded in a way simulating biting or chewing; cavities with fillings were accepted only when no marginal gaps could be found. The results showed a deformation of empty cavities proportional to the load up to 16 kg, the decrease or increase in diameter being 0.1-1.0 mum/kg, depending on the type of cavity. Loading and unloading of teeth with filled cavities resulted in permanent or transitory gaps. The dimensional instability of cavities in loaded teeth indicates a severe risk of percolation by several restoratives and of marginal fracture of brittle fillings.", "PMID": 1061990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3814", "title": "Non-random and random chromosomal abnormalities in transformed chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Chromosome abnormalities, identified using a banding technique and additional to the Ph, are reported in 10 consecutive cases of transformed chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In most of the cases the abnormalities were non random. In 2 cases serial studies were performed and additional abnormalities found, antedating transformation by one week and two months respectively. In 2 others the Ph status had been established during the chronic phase of the disease. In the remaining cases the first chromosome analysis was performed at the time of transformation.", "contents": "Non-random and random chromosomal abnormalities in transformed chronic granulocytic leukaemia. Chromosome abnormalities, identified using a banding technique and additional to the Ph, are reported in 10 consecutive cases of transformed chronic granulocytic leukaemia. In most of the cases the abnormalities were non random. In 2 cases serial studies were performed and additional abnormalities found, antedating transformation by one week and two months respectively. In 2 others the Ph status had been established during the chronic phase of the disease. In the remaining cases the first chromosome analysis was performed at the time of transformation.", "PMID": 1061991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3815", "title": "[Proceedings: Home care in chronic respiratory insufficiency. Indications for the prescription of a home respirator, its various types and possibilities for use].", "content": "Justified doubts exist in regard to the effectiveness of a long term home care plan for patients with stable chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), especially when intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) home care is advocated. Conclusive long term studies are lacking, however. In conjunction with all other possibilities offered by a well organized home care plan, IPPB still appears to be an appropriate therapeutic adjunct in the form of regular airway cleaning 3-6 times per day. This entails repeated inhalations of an aerosol with bronchodilator and surface active humidifier, frequently repeated mobilization of mucus and expectoration, deepening of tidal volume with increase of alveolar ventilation, and consequent amelioration of the arterial blood gases and pulmonary arteriolar resistance. Two simple home care respirators may be useful in carefully selected and cooperative patients with stable COLD and chronic respiratory failure: 1. the Fluidic-Assistor, which is automated, simple to use and sterilize, and inexpensive, but noisy and difficult to adjust for pressure and flow by the patient; 2. the Monaghan 515, which is automated, fully adjustable for pressure and flow by the patient, quiet and of pleasing design but difficult to handle and expensive. A preliminary study of the Minibird 2 with apneustic flow time regulation has been performed with five stable COLD patients. A positive end-inspiratory pressure of 20 cm H2O, an inspiratory time of 3+/-0.5 sec and an apneustic flow time of 1.5+/-0.5 sec were used. An 20 mm Hg fall in blood pressure and additional arterial hypoxemia seemed to be due to a decrease in cardiac output. Also, apneustic flow time did not significantly increase the FEV1 and is therefore not recommended for home care.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Home care in chronic respiratory insufficiency. Indications for the prescription of a home respirator, its various types and possibilities for use]. Justified doubts exist in regard to the effectiveness of a long term home care plan for patients with stable chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD), especially when intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB) home care is advocated. Conclusive long term studies are lacking, however. In conjunction with all other possibilities offered by a well organized home care plan, IPPB still appears to be an appropriate therapeutic adjunct in the form of regular airway cleaning 3-6 times per day. This entails repeated inhalations of an aerosol with bronchodilator and surface active humidifier, frequently repeated mobilization of mucus and expectoration, deepening of tidal volume with increase of alveolar ventilation, and consequent amelioration of the arterial blood gases and pulmonary arteriolar resistance. Two simple home care respirators may be useful in carefully selected and cooperative patients with stable COLD and chronic respiratory failure: 1. the Fluidic-Assistor, which is automated, simple to use and sterilize, and inexpensive, but noisy and difficult to adjust for pressure and flow by the patient; 2. the Monaghan 515, which is automated, fully adjustable for pressure and flow by the patient, quiet and of pleasing design but difficult to handle and expensive. A preliminary study of the Minibird 2 with apneustic flow time regulation has been performed with five stable COLD patients. A positive end-inspiratory pressure of 20 cm H2O, an inspiratory time of 3+/-0.5 sec and an apneustic flow time of 1.5+/-0.5 sec were used. An 20 mm Hg fall in blood pressure and additional arterial hypoxemia seemed to be due to a decrease in cardiac output. Also, apneustic flow time did not significantly increase the FEV1 and is therefore not recommended for home care.", "PMID": 1061992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3816", "title": "[Proceedings: The cooperation of welfare institutions].", "content": "In the light of developments in the Canton of Berne, an account is presented of the expansion of the cantonal antituberculosis leagues, their welfare offices and parent institution, the Swiss Antituberculosis Association. Special attention is drawn to the activities of these organizations in the case of other longterm diseases such as chronic obstructive bronchitis, chronic bronchial asthma and their sequelae, e.g. in the procurement of inhalers and respirators. In conclusion it is stressed that the care of these patients calls for longterm planning which requires close cooperation among everyone concerned. The value of prophylactic measures is particularly emphasized.", "contents": "[Proceedings: The cooperation of welfare institutions]. In the light of developments in the Canton of Berne, an account is presented of the expansion of the cantonal antituberculosis leagues, their welfare offices and parent institution, the Swiss Antituberculosis Association. Special attention is drawn to the activities of these organizations in the case of other longterm diseases such as chronic obstructive bronchitis, chronic bronchial asthma and their sequelae, e.g. in the procurement of inhalers and respirators. In conclusion it is stressed that the care of these patients calls for longterm planning which requires close cooperation among everyone concerned. The value of prophylactic measures is particularly emphasized.", "PMID": 1061993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3817", "title": "[Biogenic amines and schizophrenia].", "content": "Three main biogenic amine hypotheses for the origin of schizophrenia are discussed. The dopamine theory of schizophrenia postulates a pathogenetic connection between the disease and changes in the activity of dopaminergic cells in the brain. The theory is mainly based on findings on the mechanism of action of neuroleptics, on the clinical features and pharmacology of the amphetamine psychosis, and on some amphetamine effects in animals. Several results are in good agreement with the assumption of a state of hyperactivity of central dopamine neurons, whereas others, e.g. the lack of an increased dopamine turnover, are not. According to another theory, schizophrenia is caused by reversible damage to central norepinephrine cells. So far the only empirical basis for this theory is the finding that the activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, a marker enzyme for noradrenaline cells, is lowered in the brains of schizophrenic patients. Thus further confirmation is required. The transmethylation hypotheses assume that hallucinogenic amine metabolites are produced in the body and lead to the appearance of schizophrenic symptoms. Whether or not the occurrence of DMPEA, presumably an oxymethylation product of the dopamine metabolism, is specific for schizophrenics is still open to question; if it is, the meaning of this finding is obscure. Current results leave open the possibility that N-dimethyltryptamine or other N-methylated hallucinogenic biogenic amine metabolites cause the disease; however, this hypothesis is hardly confirmed by positive empirical results.", "contents": "[Biogenic amines and schizophrenia]. Three main biogenic amine hypotheses for the origin of schizophrenia are discussed. The dopamine theory of schizophrenia postulates a pathogenetic connection between the disease and changes in the activity of dopaminergic cells in the brain. The theory is mainly based on findings on the mechanism of action of neuroleptics, on the clinical features and pharmacology of the amphetamine psychosis, and on some amphetamine effects in animals. Several results are in good agreement with the assumption of a state of hyperactivity of central dopamine neurons, whereas others, e.g. the lack of an increased dopamine turnover, are not. According to another theory, schizophrenia is caused by reversible damage to central norepinephrine cells. So far the only empirical basis for this theory is the finding that the activity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, a marker enzyme for noradrenaline cells, is lowered in the brains of schizophrenic patients. Thus further confirmation is required. The transmethylation hypotheses assume that hallucinogenic amine metabolites are produced in the body and lead to the appearance of schizophrenic symptoms. Whether or not the occurrence of DMPEA, presumably an oxymethylation product of the dopamine metabolism, is specific for schizophrenics is still open to question; if it is, the meaning of this finding is obscure. Current results leave open the possibility that N-dimethyltryptamine or other N-methylated hallucinogenic biogenic amine metabolites cause the disease; however, this hypothesis is hardly confirmed by positive empirical results.", "PMID": 1061994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3818", "title": "[The treatment of myeloproliferative syndromes].", "content": "A review is presented of the clinical, physiopathological and therapeutic aspects of four varieties of chronic myeloproliferative syndrome: polycythemia vera, idiopathic thrombocythemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia and idiopathic myeloid metaplasia. Routine and experimental therapeutic approaches are discussed.", "contents": "[The treatment of myeloproliferative syndromes]. A review is presented of the clinical, physiopathological and therapeutic aspects of four varieties of chronic myeloproliferative syndrome: polycythemia vera, idiopathic thrombocythemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia and idiopathic myeloid metaplasia. Routine and experimental therapeutic approaches are discussed.", "PMID": 1061995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3819", "title": "[The therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia].", "content": "In the last few years tremendous progress has been made in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia: remissions have been observed more frequently and they last longer. Present-day therapy is described. It has become so complex that induction therapy must be carried out by oncologic departments. Maintenance treatment can however be conducted by the family physician, acting in close cooperation with the oncology unit.", "contents": "[The therapy of acute myelogenous leukemia]. In the last few years tremendous progress has been made in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia: remissions have been observed more frequently and they last longer. Present-day therapy is described. It has become so complex that induction therapy must be carried out by oncologic departments. Maintenance treatment can however be conducted by the family physician, acting in close cooperation with the oncology unit.", "PMID": 1061996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3820", "title": "[Daunomycin monotherapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia].", "content": "A complete remission of 5-16 months' duration was achieved in 5 of 6 consecutive patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with Daunomycin and platelet transfusions. Although 4 patients had coagulation findings suggesting disseminated intravascular coagulation, heparin was given in only one case. Heparin infusion was twice accompanied by normalization of the fibrinogen level, but had to be stopped because of severe bleeding. In the other 5 patients chemotherapy was not accompanied by increased bleeding, although 1 patient showed an initial worsening of the coagulation findings. Platelet substitution and intensive chemotherapy appear to play a more crucial role than theoretically questionalbe treatment of the plasmatic coagulation disturbance. 2 patients had central nervous system involvement, a complication previously thought to be extremely rare in acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "contents": "[Daunomycin monotherapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia]. A complete remission of 5-16 months' duration was achieved in 5 of 6 consecutive patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with Daunomycin and platelet transfusions. Although 4 patients had coagulation findings suggesting disseminated intravascular coagulation, heparin was given in only one case. Heparin infusion was twice accompanied by normalization of the fibrinogen level, but had to be stopped because of severe bleeding. In the other 5 patients chemotherapy was not accompanied by increased bleeding, although 1 patient showed an initial worsening of the coagulation findings. Platelet substitution and intensive chemotherapy appear to play a more crucial role than theoretically questionalbe treatment of the plasmatic coagulation disturbance. 2 patients had central nervous system involvement, a complication previously thought to be extremely rare in acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 1061997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3821", "title": "[Dynamic tomoscopy. Experimental use of a new roentgen technic for the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "A new radiographic technique and its experimental application for the temporomandibular joint is introduced. The technique was discovered some 30 years ago, then rediscovered and developed for practical use in the late 1960's by two researchers, working entirely independently. In dynamic tomoscopy, a series of underexposed radiographs (usually 8) is produced with the X-ray source at different angles with respect to the object. Each of the resultant films bears an image of the object containing all details sharp in design and without blurring. This set of films is placed as a sandwich on a special viewer. Turning a dial on the viewer brings successively into focus the laminagraphic images of any desired plane. Shifting continually from one to another throughout the entire depth of the object creates in the mind's eye a three-dimensional radiograph, a dynamic laminagram.", "contents": "[Dynamic tomoscopy. Experimental use of a new roentgen technic for the temporomandibular joint]. A new radiographic technique and its experimental application for the temporomandibular joint is introduced. The technique was discovered some 30 years ago, then rediscovered and developed for practical use in the late 1960's by two researchers, working entirely independently. In dynamic tomoscopy, a series of underexposed radiographs (usually 8) is produced with the X-ray source at different angles with respect to the object. Each of the resultant films bears an image of the object containing all details sharp in design and without blurring. This set of films is placed as a sandwich on a special viewer. Turning a dial on the viewer brings successively into focus the laminagraphic images of any desired plane. Shifting continually from one to another throughout the entire depth of the object creates in the mind's eye a three-dimensional radiograph, a dynamic laminagram.", "PMID": 1061998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3822", "title": "[Functionally stable osteosynthesis of the mandible by means of an excentric-dynamic compression plate. Results of a follow-up of 25 cases].", "content": "The stability of internal fixation is enhanced by axial compression on the fracture ends. If internal fixation of the mandible is achieved by a compression plate at the lower border of the mandible (compression side), distraction of the fracture ends on the occlusal side occurs which has to be counteracted without damaging the roots of the teeth on the occlusal side (traction side) or without damaging the inferior alveolar nerve. From experiments on models it was seen that an acceptable solution to this problem is given by the use of the combined compression plate and tension band plate or the \"Excentric Dynamic Compression Plate\" (EDCP). In this paper 25 clinical cases of internal fixation of the mandible by means of the EDCP are examined and discussed. The following relevant facts were reviewed on all patients: -- kind of trauma -- age -- dentition -- localization of the fracture -- local and general additional injuries -- time of operation -- material used for internal fixation -- type of occlusal immobilisation during operation -- use of antibiotics -- skin closure -- mobilisation -- hospital stay -- duration of work disability -- complications -- scarring -- neurological disablement -- malocclusion In this paper emphasis is layed upon internal fixation by means of the EDCP. The clinical evaluation of the 25 cases clearly demonstrates that the main indication for internal fixation with the EDCP is given in fractures of the horizontal ramus of the mandible, because in this localisation the plate has to be applied beneath the inferior alveolar nerve. A further indication for internal fixation with the EDCP are fractures of the angle of the mandible. In these cases the tension band principle by means of a tension banc archbar or a tension band plate cannot be applied, because of missing teeth on the proximal fragment, or a non erupted wisdom tooth. These indications can be summarized as follows: -- In fractures of the angle of the mandible--when ever possible compression plate and tension band plate, otherwise EDCP -- In fractures of the horizontal ramus--EDCP -- In fractures of the mandibular front--DCP.", "contents": "[Functionally stable osteosynthesis of the mandible by means of an excentric-dynamic compression plate. Results of a follow-up of 25 cases]. The stability of internal fixation is enhanced by axial compression on the fracture ends. If internal fixation of the mandible is achieved by a compression plate at the lower border of the mandible (compression side), distraction of the fracture ends on the occlusal side occurs which has to be counteracted without damaging the roots of the teeth on the occlusal side (traction side) or without damaging the inferior alveolar nerve. From experiments on models it was seen that an acceptable solution to this problem is given by the use of the combined compression plate and tension band plate or the \"Excentric Dynamic Compression Plate\" (EDCP). In this paper 25 clinical cases of internal fixation of the mandible by means of the EDCP are examined and discussed. The following relevant facts were reviewed on all patients: -- kind of trauma -- age -- dentition -- localization of the fracture -- local and general additional injuries -- time of operation -- material used for internal fixation -- type of occlusal immobilisation during operation -- use of antibiotics -- skin closure -- mobilisation -- hospital stay -- duration of work disability -- complications -- scarring -- neurological disablement -- malocclusion In this paper emphasis is layed upon internal fixation by means of the EDCP. The clinical evaluation of the 25 cases clearly demonstrates that the main indication for internal fixation with the EDCP is given in fractures of the horizontal ramus of the mandible, because in this localisation the plate has to be applied beneath the inferior alveolar nerve. A further indication for internal fixation with the EDCP are fractures of the angle of the mandible. In these cases the tension band principle by means of a tension banc archbar or a tension band plate cannot be applied, because of missing teeth on the proximal fragment, or a non erupted wisdom tooth. These indications can be summarized as follows: -- In fractures of the angle of the mandible--when ever possible compression plate and tension band plate, otherwise EDCP -- In fractures of the horizontal ramus--EDCP -- In fractures of the mandibular front--DCP.", "PMID": 1061999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3823", "title": "[Measurement of the oxyten partial pressure in the gingiva].", "content": "The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the inflamed gingiva was measured in 24 patients before and after the application of Gingivox. The Gingivox treatment led to a significant increase in pO2 from 72.2 mm Hg to 94.6 mmHg. The arterial pO2 values of all patients, measured on the hyperaemic ear-lobe, lay within the range of normal values. The measurements were performed by means of the micro-Astrup equipment of the firm of Radiometer, Copenhagen.", "contents": "[Measurement of the oxyten partial pressure in the gingiva]. The partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) in the inflamed gingiva was measured in 24 patients before and after the application of Gingivox. The Gingivox treatment led to a significant increase in pO2 from 72.2 mm Hg to 94.6 mmHg. The arterial pO2 values of all patients, measured on the hyperaemic ear-lobe, lay within the range of normal values. The measurements were performed by means of the micro-Astrup equipment of the firm of Radiometer, Copenhagen.", "PMID": 1062039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3824", "title": "[Determination of the most favorable impulses in oral irrigation using a new device].", "content": "The present paper discusses the question of the most favorable kind of impulsing the flow liquid in oral irrigation. A pulsation synchronous with the user's heart rate is considered optimal. The utilization of electron timing components which operate solenoid valves offers the possibility of securing (without complicated measuring and controlling systems) a synchronization of the pulsations of the water flow with the patient's heart rate which is sufficient for practical purposes since an acceleration of the blood flow is primarily achieved by removing the venous stasis.", "contents": "[Determination of the most favorable impulses in oral irrigation using a new device]. The present paper discusses the question of the most favorable kind of impulsing the flow liquid in oral irrigation. A pulsation synchronous with the user's heart rate is considered optimal. The utilization of electron timing components which operate solenoid valves offers the possibility of securing (without complicated measuring and controlling systems) a synchronization of the pulsations of the water flow with the patient's heart rate which is sufficient for practical purposes since an acceleration of the blood flow is primarily achieved by removing the venous stasis.", "PMID": 1062040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3825", "title": "[Methods and results of studies on scientific work organization at a stomatologic university clinic].", "content": "Starting from the importance of work studies aiming of scientific work organization in stomatology, the author points to a method for ergonomic complex analyses designed for the evaluation of factors which exert effects upon the functional unit of stomatologist/stomatological nurse, work place and patient. Certain selected results are reported in detail which have been obtained by means of this method in the framework of a pilot study performed at a university clinic of stomatology. The author indicates and discusses, for example, the results of a time study, the working position and posture, the kind of treatment, the noise exposure, the lighting, the room climate and the equipment of the work place. The possibility of listing some factors in the form of parameters of scientific work organization is illustrated by examples.", "contents": "[Methods and results of studies on scientific work organization at a stomatologic university clinic]. Starting from the importance of work studies aiming of scientific work organization in stomatology, the author points to a method for ergonomic complex analyses designed for the evaluation of factors which exert effects upon the functional unit of stomatologist/stomatological nurse, work place and patient. Certain selected results are reported in detail which have been obtained by means of this method in the framework of a pilot study performed at a university clinic of stomatology. The author indicates and discusses, for example, the results of a time study, the working position and posture, the kind of treatment, the noise exposure, the lighting, the room climate and the equipment of the work place. The possibility of listing some factors in the form of parameters of scientific work organization is illustrated by examples.", "PMID": 1062042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3826", "title": "[The dental care for students].", "content": "The progression of stomatological morbidity and the extent of the stomatological care of students were re-examined after two years, in a random sample of students previously studied. One third of the students who had been asked by post to come was re-examined; one third of them was not contacted because they had changed their residences and could not be reached by post; and one third did not respond. The high morbidity as well as the present situation of treatment requires an improvement in the stomatological care of the students by the territorial public health services of the town where they go to the university.", "contents": "[The dental care for students]. The progression of stomatological morbidity and the extent of the stomatological care of students were re-examined after two years, in a random sample of students previously studied. One third of the students who had been asked by post to come was re-examined; one third of them was not contacted because they had changed their residences and could not be reached by post; and one third did not respond. The high morbidity as well as the present situation of treatment requires an improvement in the stomatological care of the students by the territorial public health services of the town where they go to the university.", "PMID": 1062043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3827", "title": "[Training methods suggested for the preservation of health and physical fitness of the dentist and his auxiliaries. 1. Heart and circulation training].", "content": "The performance of the cardiovascular system may be improved by endurance training. To avoid injuries due to overexertion, it is necessary to test regularly the individual physical capacity by appropriate methods. A practice-tried program of running exercises ensures, when taken consistently, a steady improvement of the cardiovascular fitness.", "contents": "[Training methods suggested for the preservation of health and physical fitness of the dentist and his auxiliaries. 1. Heart and circulation training]. The performance of the cardiovascular system may be improved by endurance training. To avoid injuries due to overexertion, it is necessary to test regularly the individual physical capacity by appropriate methods. A practice-tried program of running exercises ensures, when taken consistently, a steady improvement of the cardiovascular fitness.", "PMID": 1062044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3828", "title": "[Zinc oxide phosphate cement studies on the usefulness of Firmat].", "content": "The aim of the present investigations was to evaluate the Firmat zinc oxyphosphate cement in comparison with other brands, especially Adhesor normalhartend. The results obtained show that Firmat is a fast-setting phosphate cement which is not suited for polyhedral cavity linings. Time and material-consuming reworking is necessary. For temporary fillings, a temporary filling material should be used which is sufficiently solid, but easier to remove.", "contents": "[Zinc oxide phosphate cement studies on the usefulness of Firmat]. The aim of the present investigations was to evaluate the Firmat zinc oxyphosphate cement in comparison with other brands, especially Adhesor normalhartend. The results obtained show that Firmat is a fast-setting phosphate cement which is not suited for polyhedral cavity linings. Time and material-consuming reworking is necessary. For temporary fillings, a temporary filling material should be used which is sufficiently solid, but easier to remove.", "PMID": 1062045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3829", "title": "[Experimental x-ray diagnosis of osteosarcoma].", "content": "While using different methods of skeletal investigation, definite alterations were revealed in frequency of osteosarcomas under plutonium exposure (2.5 muC/Kg). The ratio of the corresponding values is 1:1,2:1,27:1,47. The highest incidence of osteosarcomas was noted in the complex roentgeno-morphological study (according to an extensive scheme of procurement of the osteomaterial) -- 39.8% In separate application of different methods of skeletal investigation the roentgenological method seems to be prefered: it determines more precisely the number of tumor nodes and the number of tumor-bearing rats, accordingly.", "contents": "[Experimental x-ray diagnosis of osteosarcoma]. While using different methods of skeletal investigation, definite alterations were revealed in frequency of osteosarcomas under plutonium exposure (2.5 muC/Kg). The ratio of the corresponding values is 1:1,2:1,27:1,47. The highest incidence of osteosarcomas was noted in the complex roentgeno-morphological study (according to an extensive scheme of procurement of the osteomaterial) -- 39.8% In separate application of different methods of skeletal investigation the roentgenological method seems to be prefered: it determines more precisely the number of tumor nodes and the number of tumor-bearing rats, accordingly.", "PMID": 1062046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3830", "title": "[Neoplastic variant of acute erythroblastotis--proerythroblastoma].", "content": "In two case of aorthochromatic anaemia refractory to treatment with granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia without significant enlargement of abdominal viscera a hypothesis of uncontrolled proliferation involving proerythroblasts is put forward on the basis of bone marrow findings. This proliferation seems to be confined to a single focus-bone marrow, without evidence of peripheral dissemination. Profound dysplastic changes of proerythroblasts are suggestive of neoplastic growth.", "contents": "[Neoplastic variant of acute erythroblastotis--proerythroblastoma]. In two case of aorthochromatic anaemia refractory to treatment with granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia without significant enlargement of abdominal viscera a hypothesis of uncontrolled proliferation involving proerythroblasts is put forward on the basis of bone marrow findings. This proliferation seems to be confined to a single focus-bone marrow, without evidence of peripheral dissemination. Profound dysplastic changes of proerythroblasts are suggestive of neoplastic growth.", "PMID": 1062108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3831", "title": "Induction of ovulation.", "content": "Ovulation has been induced by clomiphene citrate and human gonadotropins in infertile women. Clomiphene should be the first choice in anovulatory women with active ovaries as indicated by basic levels of estrogens in blood or urine, in women with post-pill amenorrhea even if their ovaries are quiescent and in women with functional abnormalities of the hypothalamus or pituitary. Human gonadotrophins should be used as a second alternative when clomiphene fails. It should also be used as a first choice in women with primary amenorrhea and quiescent ovaries and in women with gross anatomical changes in the pituitary or hypothalamus. If no result is obtained after two courses of gonadotropic therapy, further treatment should be reconsidered and the infertile couple reinvestigated.", "contents": "Induction of ovulation. Ovulation has been induced by clomiphene citrate and human gonadotropins in infertile women. Clomiphene should be the first choice in anovulatory women with active ovaries as indicated by basic levels of estrogens in blood or urine, in women with post-pill amenorrhea even if their ovaries are quiescent and in women with functional abnormalities of the hypothalamus or pituitary. Human gonadotrophins should be used as a second alternative when clomiphene fails. It should also be used as a first choice in women with primary amenorrhea and quiescent ovaries and in women with gross anatomical changes in the pituitary or hypothalamus. If no result is obtained after two courses of gonadotropic therapy, further treatment should be reconsidered and the infertile couple reinvestigated.", "PMID": 1062110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3832", "title": "Experimental aural barotrauma. Electrophysiological and morphological findings.", "content": "The electrophysiological findings show a time and pressure related decrease in function of the CM and the N1 potentials. Sudden changes were correlated with tympanic membrane perforations. Some of the decreased function is accounted for by middle ear effusion and hemorrhages, reducing mechanically the transmission of sound energy through the middle ear. This was evidenced by an improvement of function when the fluids were removed. Remaining decreases in function were interpreted as a result of influences on the inner ear function or of undisclosed middle ear changes. No differences were noted in cochlear function between animals subjected to sustained or intermittent middle ear pressures. Neither were any morphological differences noted between these two groups in the middle or inner ear. The morphological middle ear findings correlated well with previous clinically and experimentally induced changes with increased/decreased middle ear pressure. The cochlear findings include the interesting observation of an intact round window membrane, a clear endolymph, and a normal Organ of Corti in all cases. Positive findings were a high frequency of hemorrhage, most commonly demonstrated in the scala tympani of the basal turn close to the round window. The origin of the hemorrhages could not be demonstrated with the present investigation. The hemorrhages often appeared to be related to the cochlear aqueduct. The occurrence of hemorrhage was clearly related to increased negative pressure, and the non-existence of hemorrhage was always related to either tympanic membrane perforations or low applied pressure. Further frequent findings were distention, collapse, and rupture of the inner ear membranes which must be interpreted with great circumspection due to the method used. Likewise, some of the pathological cochlear findings may be due to pathological conditions which are not necessarily related to induced middle ear pressure.", "contents": "Experimental aural barotrauma. Electrophysiological and morphological findings. The electrophysiological findings show a time and pressure related decrease in function of the CM and the N1 potentials. Sudden changes were correlated with tympanic membrane perforations. Some of the decreased function is accounted for by middle ear effusion and hemorrhages, reducing mechanically the transmission of sound energy through the middle ear. This was evidenced by an improvement of function when the fluids were removed. Remaining decreases in function were interpreted as a result of influences on the inner ear function or of undisclosed middle ear changes. No differences were noted in cochlear function between animals subjected to sustained or intermittent middle ear pressures. Neither were any morphological differences noted between these two groups in the middle or inner ear. The morphological middle ear findings correlated well with previous clinically and experimentally induced changes with increased/decreased middle ear pressure. The cochlear findings include the interesting observation of an intact round window membrane, a clear endolymph, and a normal Organ of Corti in all cases. Positive findings were a high frequency of hemorrhage, most commonly demonstrated in the scala tympani of the basal turn close to the round window. The origin of the hemorrhages could not be demonstrated with the present investigation. The hemorrhages often appeared to be related to the cochlear aqueduct. The occurrence of hemorrhage was clearly related to increased negative pressure, and the non-existence of hemorrhage was always related to either tympanic membrane perforations or low applied pressure. Further frequent findings were distention, collapse, and rupture of the inner ear membranes which must be interpreted with great circumspection due to the method used. Likewise, some of the pathological cochlear findings may be due to pathological conditions which are not necessarily related to induced middle ear pressure.", "PMID": 1062114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3833", "title": "Morphological effects of rapeseed oil in rats. I. Short-term studies.", "content": "Light microscopy of paraffin embedded and frozen sections, supplemented with electron microscopy, was performed on the heart muscle of young rats fed rapeseed oil in short-term experiments. It was confirmed that high levels of rapeseed oil, which contains erucic acid, produce severe lipoidosis of the heart muscle fibres within 10 days. An attempt was made to find out the lowest level of erucic acid in the rat diet to give rise to pathological fatty accumulation. Several frozen sections from each heart or serial sections in combination with electron microscopy were used for this evaluation. The level found to give rise to pathological fatty accumulation was about 2% by weight (w/w), while rats fed 1% erucic acid showed normal myocardium. No direct proof that erucic acid is of importance in human pathophysiology has hitherto been presented. It is concluded, however, that the similarity in reaction among the many species of experimental animals tested by different workers, as well as the basic metabolic disturbances demonstrated, are in strong favour of a similar effect in man.", "contents": "Morphological effects of rapeseed oil in rats. I. Short-term studies. Light microscopy of paraffin embedded and frozen sections, supplemented with electron microscopy, was performed on the heart muscle of young rats fed rapeseed oil in short-term experiments. It was confirmed that high levels of rapeseed oil, which contains erucic acid, produce severe lipoidosis of the heart muscle fibres within 10 days. An attempt was made to find out the lowest level of erucic acid in the rat diet to give rise to pathological fatty accumulation. Several frozen sections from each heart or serial sections in combination with electron microscopy were used for this evaluation. The level found to give rise to pathological fatty accumulation was about 2% by weight (w/w), while rats fed 1% erucic acid showed normal myocardium. No direct proof that erucic acid is of importance in human pathophysiology has hitherto been presented. It is concluded, however, that the similarity in reaction among the many species of experimental animals tested by different workers, as well as the basic metabolic disturbances demonstrated, are in strong favour of a similar effect in man.", "PMID": 1062116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3834", "title": "Morphological effects of rapeseed oil in rats. II. Long-term studies.", "content": "In long-term studies covering up to 160 days young Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 40 cal% of fat. The fat component consisted of either conventional rapeseed oil, or Canadian rapeseed oil low in erucic acid, or arachis oil. Myocardial fatty accumulation was demonstrated in light microscopic studies throughout the experiments in rats fed conventional rapeseed oil, but the number of fat droplets decreased with time. The controls fed arachis oil showed no fatty accumulation. In the rats fed conventional rapeseed oil focal myocardial lesions appeared after 40 days on the diet. These consisted of histiocytic infiltration, occurrence of macrophages, myolysis, proliferation of fibroblasts and finally scarring. Such foci were found widely spread in the myocardium of these rats. In the experimental groups given Canadian rapeseed oil from the cultivar Oro no histiocytic foci or scarring were observed. Small myocardial lesions were occasionally found in the control rats. These latter findings were observed on serial sections. It was concluded that this type of lesion is a \"normal\" finding. The number and size of the foci observed in animals fed conventional rapeseed oil (10% and 2% (w/w) erucic acid in the diet) indicate, however, that they have to be considered pathological under such circumstances. The pathogenesis of the myocardial alteration is discussed and it is concluded that the long-chain fatty acids are responsible. No direct proof has been presented that the described events are of importance in human pathophysiology, However, several circumstances pointing in this direction are discussed. It is concluded that on the basis of our present knowledge a pathological effect of erucic acid and its homologues in man cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Morphological effects of rapeseed oil in rats. II. Long-term studies. In long-term studies covering up to 160 days young Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diets containing 40 cal% of fat. The fat component consisted of either conventional rapeseed oil, or Canadian rapeseed oil low in erucic acid, or arachis oil. Myocardial fatty accumulation was demonstrated in light microscopic studies throughout the experiments in rats fed conventional rapeseed oil, but the number of fat droplets decreased with time. The controls fed arachis oil showed no fatty accumulation. In the rats fed conventional rapeseed oil focal myocardial lesions appeared after 40 days on the diet. These consisted of histiocytic infiltration, occurrence of macrophages, myolysis, proliferation of fibroblasts and finally scarring. Such foci were found widely spread in the myocardium of these rats. In the experimental groups given Canadian rapeseed oil from the cultivar Oro no histiocytic foci or scarring were observed. Small myocardial lesions were occasionally found in the control rats. These latter findings were observed on serial sections. It was concluded that this type of lesion is a \"normal\" finding. The number and size of the foci observed in animals fed conventional rapeseed oil (10% and 2% (w/w) erucic acid in the diet) indicate, however, that they have to be considered pathological under such circumstances. The pathogenesis of the myocardial alteration is discussed and it is concluded that the long-chain fatty acids are responsible. No direct proof has been presented that the described events are of importance in human pathophysiology, However, several circumstances pointing in this direction are discussed. It is concluded that on the basis of our present knowledge a pathological effect of erucic acid and its homologues in man cannot be excluded.", "PMID": 1062117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3835", "title": "Morphological effects of rapeseed oil in rats. III. Studies in germ-free rats.", "content": "The morphological effects on the myocardium of feeding rapeseed oil were compared in conventional and germ-free rats in short-term experiments (10 days). It was concluded that the fatty accumulation in the heart muscle cells occurring in rats fed rapeseed oil was not influenced by the presence or absence of a normal intestinal flora. In long-term experiments (80 days) under similar conditions, the myocardial effects of feeding germ-free rats with conventional rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil from the Canadian cultivar Oro very low in erucic acid, or arachis oil were studied in serial sections. Severe myocardial lesions developed in the group of rats fed conventional rapeseed oil, while in the other two groups the myocardium was completely normal. These results give no support to the theory that other factors than C22:1 acids in rapeseed oil are responsible for the myocardial lesions.", "contents": "Morphological effects of rapeseed oil in rats. III. Studies in germ-free rats. The morphological effects on the myocardium of feeding rapeseed oil were compared in conventional and germ-free rats in short-term experiments (10 days). It was concluded that the fatty accumulation in the heart muscle cells occurring in rats fed rapeseed oil was not influenced by the presence or absence of a normal intestinal flora. In long-term experiments (80 days) under similar conditions, the myocardial effects of feeding germ-free rats with conventional rapeseed oil, rapeseed oil from the Canadian cultivar Oro very low in erucic acid, or arachis oil were studied in serial sections. Severe myocardial lesions developed in the group of rats fed conventional rapeseed oil, while in the other two groups the myocardium was completely normal. These results give no support to the theory that other factors than C22:1 acids in rapeseed oil are responsible for the myocardial lesions.", "PMID": 1062118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3836", "title": "Electrocardiogram and renal concentrating capacity in rats fed a diet containing rapeseed oil.", "content": "The functional effects of a diet containing rapeseed oil (40% of total energy intake) were studied in rats, starting at age 28 days. There were no effects on the electrocardiogram in spite of morphological changes in the myocardium. In 10 female rats the urine osmolality following 16 hours of dehydration was approximately 20% lower than in 10 control rats during the 9th, 10th and 20th week of the experiment. It is suggested that erucic acid in the rapeseed oil inhibits beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the kidney, thereby depriving the kidney of energy involved in sodium transport.", "contents": "Electrocardiogram and renal concentrating capacity in rats fed a diet containing rapeseed oil. The functional effects of a diet containing rapeseed oil (40% of total energy intake) were studied in rats, starting at age 28 days. There were no effects on the electrocardiogram in spite of morphological changes in the myocardium. In 10 female rats the urine osmolality following 16 hours of dehydration was approximately 20% lower than in 10 control rats during the 9th, 10th and 20th week of the experiment. It is suggested that erucic acid in the rapeseed oil inhibits beta-oxidation of fatty acids in the kidney, thereby depriving the kidney of energy involved in sodium transport.", "PMID": 1062119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3837", "title": "Observations on lipid composition with particular reference to cardiolipin of rat heart after feeding rapeseed oil.", "content": "The influence of dietary rapeseed oil on the lipid classes and fatty acid pattern of rat heart homogenate and mitochondria has been investigated after feeding a diet with 9.8 weight- % erucic acid for 10 days and 1.4 and 2.6% erucic acid for 28 days. The rats treated with 9.8% erucic acid showed a significant increase in the triglycerides of the heart mitochondria. This tendency was much less pronounced in rats treated with 1.4 resp. 2.6% erucic acid. These results confirm those of other investigators. A slight increase in the cholesterol esters of the mitochondria could be seen in all the treated rats. The total phospholipids were decreased in the experiment with 9.8% erucic acid and slightly increased in experiments with 1.4 and 2.6% erucic acid. The concentration of phosphatidylcholine showed a tendency to increase and the concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine to decrease in the experiment with 9.8% erucic acid in the diet. The concentration of cardiolipin was mainly unchanged. In all experiments the triglycerides of the heart mitochondria showed a high content of erucic acid. The fatty acids of the cholesterol esters of the heart mitochondria were also influenced of dietary rapeseed oil but to a less extent than the triglycerides. The fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin were all influenced by the dietary rapeseed oil, but the erucic acid seemed to have a specific affinity to cardiolipin. Cardiolipin of rat heart mitochondria was isolated and identified with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The isolated cardiolipin was found to contain 12 per cent erucic acid after feeding 9.8% erucic acid as rapeseed oil for 10 days. Similar results were obtained after feeding glyceryl trierucate for 5 days to rats. The incorporation of erucic acid into cardiolipin was followed by a corresponding decrease of linoleic acid. This observation is of great interest because the molecular structure of fatty acids in lipid molecules has a profound influence of the packing of these molecules in a bilayer. Since cardiolipin is a component of the inner membrane of mitochondria its high affinity for erucic acid might influence the normal function of the inner membrane of heart mitochondria.", "contents": "Observations on lipid composition with particular reference to cardiolipin of rat heart after feeding rapeseed oil. The influence of dietary rapeseed oil on the lipid classes and fatty acid pattern of rat heart homogenate and mitochondria has been investigated after feeding a diet with 9.8 weight- % erucic acid for 10 days and 1.4 and 2.6% erucic acid for 28 days. The rats treated with 9.8% erucic acid showed a significant increase in the triglycerides of the heart mitochondria. This tendency was much less pronounced in rats treated with 1.4 resp. 2.6% erucic acid. These results confirm those of other investigators. A slight increase in the cholesterol esters of the mitochondria could be seen in all the treated rats. The total phospholipids were decreased in the experiment with 9.8% erucic acid and slightly increased in experiments with 1.4 and 2.6% erucic acid. The concentration of phosphatidylcholine showed a tendency to increase and the concentration of phosphatidylethanolamine to decrease in the experiment with 9.8% erucic acid in the diet. The concentration of cardiolipin was mainly unchanged. In all experiments the triglycerides of the heart mitochondria showed a high content of erucic acid. The fatty acids of the cholesterol esters of the heart mitochondria were also influenced of dietary rapeseed oil but to a less extent than the triglycerides. The fatty acids of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and cardiolipin were all influenced by the dietary rapeseed oil, but the erucic acid seemed to have a specific affinity to cardiolipin. Cardiolipin of rat heart mitochondria was isolated and identified with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The isolated cardiolipin was found to contain 12 per cent erucic acid after feeding 9.8% erucic acid as rapeseed oil for 10 days. Similar results were obtained after feeding glyceryl trierucate for 5 days to rats. The incorporation of erucic acid into cardiolipin was followed by a corresponding decrease of linoleic acid. This observation is of great interest because the molecular structure of fatty acids in lipid molecules has a profound influence of the packing of these molecules in a bilayer. Since cardiolipin is a component of the inner membrane of mitochondria its high affinity for erucic acid might influence the normal function of the inner membrane of heart mitochondria.", "PMID": 1062120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3838", "title": "Studies of the mode of action of erucic acid on heart metabolism.", "content": "The effects of erucic acid on the oxidative metabolism of rat-heart mitochondria have been investigated using intact animals, perfused beating heart, isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial extracts. Feeding rats with a diet containing erucic acid was found to lead to a diminished ability of the isolated heart mitochondria to oxidize various substrates, in accordance with previous reports (Houtsmuller et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 218 (1970) 564). This effect was almost pronounced with palmitylcarnitine as substrate, in which case the rate of oxidation was decreased by more than 50% at such a low erucic acid content in the diet as 1.4% given over 2-4 weeks. Oxidation of palmitylcarnitine was also found to be inhibited when erucylcarnitine was added to isolated heart mitochondria from control animals, in agreement with earlier observations (Christophersen and Bremer, FEBS Lett. 23 (1972) 230; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 280 (1972) 506). The inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in the rate and extent of reduction of mitochondrial flavoprotein. Experiments with perfused beating rat-heart likewise revealed an inhibition of flavoprotein reduction, as well as nicotinamide nucleotide reduction, when erucate was added to the perfusing medium of the beating heart respiring with oleate--but not with octanoate--as substrate. These data together with those earlier published in the literature indicate that erucic acid may interfere with the enzyme system involved in the mitochondrial oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, probably at the level of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Kinetic data supporting this conclusion, obtained with extracts of rat-heart mitochondria containing the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and electron-transferring flavoprotein system, are presented. The possible implications of these results for the known effect of dietary erucic acid in causing an accumulation of fat in the heart are discussed.", "contents": "Studies of the mode of action of erucic acid on heart metabolism. The effects of erucic acid on the oxidative metabolism of rat-heart mitochondria have been investigated using intact animals, perfused beating heart, isolated mitochondria and mitochondrial extracts. Feeding rats with a diet containing erucic acid was found to lead to a diminished ability of the isolated heart mitochondria to oxidize various substrates, in accordance with previous reports (Houtsmuller et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 218 (1970) 564). This effect was almost pronounced with palmitylcarnitine as substrate, in which case the rate of oxidation was decreased by more than 50% at such a low erucic acid content in the diet as 1.4% given over 2-4 weeks. Oxidation of palmitylcarnitine was also found to be inhibited when erucylcarnitine was added to isolated heart mitochondria from control animals, in agreement with earlier observations (Christophersen and Bremer, FEBS Lett. 23 (1972) 230; Biochim. Biophys. Acta 280 (1972) 506). The inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in the rate and extent of reduction of mitochondrial flavoprotein. Experiments with perfused beating rat-heart likewise revealed an inhibition of flavoprotein reduction, as well as nicotinamide nucleotide reduction, when erucate was added to the perfusing medium of the beating heart respiring with oleate--but not with octanoate--as substrate. These data together with those earlier published in the literature indicate that erucic acid may interfere with the enzyme system involved in the mitochondrial oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, probably at the level of acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. Kinetic data supporting this conclusion, obtained with extracts of rat-heart mitochondria containing the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and electron-transferring flavoprotein system, are presented. The possible implications of these results for the known effect of dietary erucic acid in causing an accumulation of fat in the heart are discussed.", "PMID": 1062121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3839", "title": "The role of myocardial membrane lipids in the development of cardiac necrosis.", "content": "1. The fatty acid composition of cardiac membrane lipids is influenced by age, sex, diet and other factors. 2. The relative amounts of various polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiac lipids influence markedly the development of myocardial necrosis and mortality following overstimulation with isoproterenol. 3. The availability and metabolism of arachidonic acid may play an important role in regulation of cardiac metabolism.", "contents": "The role of myocardial membrane lipids in the development of cardiac necrosis. 1. The fatty acid composition of cardiac membrane lipids is influenced by age, sex, diet and other factors. 2. The relative amounts of various polyunsaturated fatty acids in cardiac lipids influence markedly the development of myocardial necrosis and mortality following overstimulation with isoproterenol. 3. The availability and metabolism of arachidonic acid may play an important role in regulation of cardiac metabolism.", "PMID": 1062126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3840", "title": "Effect of cardioselective beta-blockade on heart function and chest pain in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Systolic time intervals and the a/H ratio were recorded in 20 patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction over a period of five days. The initial high heart rate and systolic blood pressure and the short PEP and ICT indicating a sympathetic overactivity were spontaneously normalized during the first week of infarction. LVET was reduced indicating a fall in stroke volume and the a/H ratio was unchanged at the high levels suggestive of elevated preload or LVEDP. In 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction and recurrent chest pain recordings on noninvasive parameters were made before and 30 min after intravenous injection of practolol. In addition, 7 patients with chest pain, classified as acute myocardial infarction, were given practolol. The average dose of practolol was 17.9 mg ranging from 5 to 30 mg. An almost immediate and pronounced relief of pain was observed in all patients and no signs of impaired left ventricular function appeared. The product of systolic blood pressure and heart rate was decreased by practolol and the PEP and the ICT were prolonged to normal values while no changes were seen in LVET and a/H ratio. On 126 occasions practolol was given in dosages ranging from 5 to 30 mg (mean 8 mg) to 75 patients with acute myocardial infarction and recurrent chest pain. A satisfactory pain relief was seen on 108 occasions. It is suggested that an inappropriate sympathetic overactivity is an important factor in provoking recurrent chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. Administration of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent practolol resulted in pain relief due to reduction of heart work and in severity of myocardial ischemia. The beta-blocking agent was well tolerated in the present study. Continuous beta-blockade during the whole hospital stay to patients with acute myocardial infarction seems to be a very attractive therapy in order to preserve the ischemic myocardium and limit the size of infarction.", "contents": "Effect of cardioselective beta-blockade on heart function and chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. Systolic time intervals and the a/H ratio were recorded in 20 patients with uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction over a period of five days. The initial high heart rate and systolic blood pressure and the short PEP and ICT indicating a sympathetic overactivity were spontaneously normalized during the first week of infarction. LVET was reduced indicating a fall in stroke volume and the a/H ratio was unchanged at the high levels suggestive of elevated preload or LVEDP. In 10 patients with acute myocardial infarction and recurrent chest pain recordings on noninvasive parameters were made before and 30 min after intravenous injection of practolol. In addition, 7 patients with chest pain, classified as acute myocardial infarction, were given practolol. The average dose of practolol was 17.9 mg ranging from 5 to 30 mg. An almost immediate and pronounced relief of pain was observed in all patients and no signs of impaired left ventricular function appeared. The product of systolic blood pressure and heart rate was decreased by practolol and the PEP and the ICT were prolonged to normal values while no changes were seen in LVET and a/H ratio. On 126 occasions practolol was given in dosages ranging from 5 to 30 mg (mean 8 mg) to 75 patients with acute myocardial infarction and recurrent chest pain. A satisfactory pain relief was seen on 108 occasions. It is suggested that an inappropriate sympathetic overactivity is an important factor in provoking recurrent chest pain in acute myocardial infarction. Administration of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent practolol resulted in pain relief due to reduction of heart work and in severity of myocardial ischemia. The beta-blocking agent was well tolerated in the present study. Continuous beta-blockade during the whole hospital stay to patients with acute myocardial infarction seems to be a very attractive therapy in order to preserve the ischemic myocardium and limit the size of infarction.", "PMID": 1062128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3841", "title": "The importance of mechanical performance for development of myocardial infarction in man.", "content": "In studies using an experimental infarction as a model it has been shown that factors increasing myocardial oxygen consumption will increase the size of infarction, while factors reducing the oxygen consumption have the opposite effect. The presence of catecholamines might be most important. It is suggested that local release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve endings in ischemic myocardium can induce vigorous contractions and deleterious ischemia and result in cellular necrosis. A retrospective study was performed in 81 patients hospitalized in G\u00f6teborg in 1964-1965 due to attacks of severe chest pain with no previous documented myocardial infarction. In 31 of these patients definite congestive heart failure was seen at hospitalization or developed later. During 10 years of follow up the mortality was 48 per cent and an acute myocardial infarction was found in 64 per cent of the patients without congestive heart failure. In patients with congestive heart failure the mortality was 42 per cent, and 6.4 per cent had an acute myocardial infarction. The poor mechanical performance and a lower myocardial content of noradrenaline of the failing heart might protect from the acute myocardial infarction and instead be predisposed to a slow degeneration, pump failure, and serious arrhythmias. Severe angina pectoris and congestive heart failure might represent opposite ends of the spectrum of ischemic heart disease with similar degrees of luminal narrowing of the coronary arteries.", "contents": "The importance of mechanical performance for development of myocardial infarction in man. In studies using an experimental infarction as a model it has been shown that factors increasing myocardial oxygen consumption will increase the size of infarction, while factors reducing the oxygen consumption have the opposite effect. The presence of catecholamines might be most important. It is suggested that local release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve endings in ischemic myocardium can induce vigorous contractions and deleterious ischemia and result in cellular necrosis. A retrospective study was performed in 81 patients hospitalized in G\u00f6teborg in 1964-1965 due to attacks of severe chest pain with no previous documented myocardial infarction. In 31 of these patients definite congestive heart failure was seen at hospitalization or developed later. During 10 years of follow up the mortality was 48 per cent and an acute myocardial infarction was found in 64 per cent of the patients without congestive heart failure. In patients with congestive heart failure the mortality was 42 per cent, and 6.4 per cent had an acute myocardial infarction. The poor mechanical performance and a lower myocardial content of noradrenaline of the failing heart might protect from the acute myocardial infarction and instead be predisposed to a slow degeneration, pump failure, and serious arrhythmias. Severe angina pectoris and congestive heart failure might represent opposite ends of the spectrum of ischemic heart disease with similar degrees of luminal narrowing of the coronary arteries.", "PMID": 1062129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3842", "title": "Cell volume regulation in acute myocardial ischemic injury.", "content": "Thin freehand slices of left ventricular papillary muscle of the dog, exhibit good cell volume regulation when incubated at 37 degrees for 60 minutes in oxygenated Krebs Ringer phosphate solution. The fine structure of the cells is maintained throughout the incubation. This in vitro system was developed in order to test the capacity of myocardial cells irreversibly injured by 60 minutes of ischemia to maintain cell volume. The results showed that irreversibly damaged cells were unable to maintain volume. They swelled markedly, lost Mg2+ and K+ and exhibited structural defects in the plasma membrane of the sarcolemma. These observations establish that loss of cell volume regulation is one of the early events associated with the development of irreversibility in severe myocardial ischemic injury.", "contents": "Cell volume regulation in acute myocardial ischemic injury. Thin freehand slices of left ventricular papillary muscle of the dog, exhibit good cell volume regulation when incubated at 37 degrees for 60 minutes in oxygenated Krebs Ringer phosphate solution. The fine structure of the cells is maintained throughout the incubation. This in vitro system was developed in order to test the capacity of myocardial cells irreversibly injured by 60 minutes of ischemia to maintain cell volume. The results showed that irreversibly damaged cells were unable to maintain volume. They swelled markedly, lost Mg2+ and K+ and exhibited structural defects in the plasma membrane of the sarcolemma. These observations establish that loss of cell volume regulation is one of the early events associated with the development of irreversibility in severe myocardial ischemic injury.", "PMID": 1062134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3843", "title": "Rate-limiting steps of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in ischemic hearts.", "content": "Control of glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation in ischemic myocardium was studied in isolated working rat hearts. Coronary flow was reduced to the whole heart. In ischemic tissue, oxygen consumption, glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation all decreased in proportion to the restriction in coronary flow. Inhibition of glycolysis developed at the level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Restricted flux through this step appeared to result from accumulation of lactate, H+ and NADH. The rate of glycolysis was inversely related to accumulation of lactate. Additions of high levels of lactate to the perfusate inhibited glycolysis in aerobic, anoxic and ischemic hearts. The mechanism of this effect of lactate in anaerobic hearts is unknown, but does not appear to be related to pH changes. Oxidation of fatty acids was restricted at the level of beta-oxidation and high levels of both long-chain acyl CoA and carnitine derivatives accumulated.", "contents": "Rate-limiting steps of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism in ischemic hearts. Control of glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation in ischemic myocardium was studied in isolated working rat hearts. Coronary flow was reduced to the whole heart. In ischemic tissue, oxygen consumption, glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation all decreased in proportion to the restriction in coronary flow. Inhibition of glycolysis developed at the level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Restricted flux through this step appeared to result from accumulation of lactate, H+ and NADH. The rate of glycolysis was inversely related to accumulation of lactate. Additions of high levels of lactate to the perfusate inhibited glycolysis in aerobic, anoxic and ischemic hearts. The mechanism of this effect of lactate in anaerobic hearts is unknown, but does not appear to be related to pH changes. Oxidation of fatty acids was restricted at the level of beta-oxidation and high levels of both long-chain acyl CoA and carnitine derivatives accumulated.", "PMID": 1062135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3844", "title": "Blast crisis as an initial or terminal manifestation of chronic myeloid leukemia. A study of 28 patients.", "content": "The clinical and morphologic features of nine patients who initially presented with blastic leukemia and the Philadelphia chromosome were studied. Corresponding features were evaluated at the time of diagnosis of blast crisis in 19 patients who had a previous history of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although many of the presenting symptoms and signs were similar, infections, lymphadenopathy, tissue infiltration and central nervous system involvement were more common in patients who presented with blastic leukemia. Marked leukocytosis, basophilia and marrow hypercellularity were present in both groups. Although patients in both groups had morphologic patterns that resembled acute leukemia, cytology suggestive of acute lymphocytic leukemia was more frequent in patients who initially presented with blastic leukemia. Megakaryocyte, platelet and erythroid abnormalities were more frequent in patients with a prior history of CML. Although there were clinical and morphologic features in the patients who presented with blastic leukemia which suggested the diagnosis of CML in blast crisis, chromosome studies were necessary to identify some of these patients. In both groups of patients multiple therapeutic regimens were used. Complete remissions were obtained in two patients; both presented with blastic leukemia, had \"lymphoblastic\" morphology and were treated with chemotherapeutic agents generally used for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. It appears that morphology of the blast crisis may be important in choosing the treatment regimen.", "contents": "Blast crisis as an initial or terminal manifestation of chronic myeloid leukemia. A study of 28 patients. The clinical and morphologic features of nine patients who initially presented with blastic leukemia and the Philadelphia chromosome were studied. Corresponding features were evaluated at the time of diagnosis of blast crisis in 19 patients who had a previous history of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Although many of the presenting symptoms and signs were similar, infections, lymphadenopathy, tissue infiltration and central nervous system involvement were more common in patients who presented with blastic leukemia. Marked leukocytosis, basophilia and marrow hypercellularity were present in both groups. Although patients in both groups had morphologic patterns that resembled acute leukemia, cytology suggestive of acute lymphocytic leukemia was more frequent in patients who initially presented with blastic leukemia. Megakaryocyte, platelet and erythroid abnormalities were more frequent in patients with a prior history of CML. Although there were clinical and morphologic features in the patients who presented with blastic leukemia which suggested the diagnosis of CML in blast crisis, chromosome studies were necessary to identify some of these patients. In both groups of patients multiple therapeutic regimens were used. Complete remissions were obtained in two patients; both presented with blastic leukemia, had \"lymphoblastic\" morphology and were treated with chemotherapeutic agents generally used for the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia. It appears that morphology of the blast crisis may be important in choosing the treatment regimen.", "PMID": 1062162}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3845", "title": "Carcinocythemia (carcinoma cell leukemia). An acute leukemia-like picture due to metastatic carcinoma cells.", "content": "Observation of a unique population of cells on a Wright-stained blood smear of a patient with metastatic breast carcinoma prompted a study to determine their origin. The primary carcinoma contained a marker, the presence of \"signet cells.\" These were demonstrated in direct peripheral smears and buffy coat preparation of peripheral blood and confirmed histochemically by showing positive periodic acid-Schiff, alpha-napthol and beta-glucuronidase reactions. \"Carcinocythemia\" is suggested as a name for this unusual process observed over a six month period. Studies of the patient's immunocompetence, of circulating cell surface immunoglobulins and karyotype analysis were made. Postmortem examination revealed retroperitoneal fibrosis, splenic atrophy and extensive metastatic carcinoma but no evidence of leukemia. The cells will be contrasted to those seen in a second patient who appeared to have acute myelocytic leukemia complicating extensive cancer involving the bone marrow. The observations suggest that a leukemia-like blood picture due to circulating cancer cells may occur during the course of metastatic breast carcinoma.", "contents": "Carcinocythemia (carcinoma cell leukemia). An acute leukemia-like picture due to metastatic carcinoma cells. Observation of a unique population of cells on a Wright-stained blood smear of a patient with metastatic breast carcinoma prompted a study to determine their origin. The primary carcinoma contained a marker, the presence of \"signet cells.\" These were demonstrated in direct peripheral smears and buffy coat preparation of peripheral blood and confirmed histochemically by showing positive periodic acid-Schiff, alpha-napthol and beta-glucuronidase reactions. \"Carcinocythemia\" is suggested as a name for this unusual process observed over a six month period. Studies of the patient's immunocompetence, of circulating cell surface immunoglobulins and karyotype analysis were made. Postmortem examination revealed retroperitoneal fibrosis, splenic atrophy and extensive metastatic carcinoma but no evidence of leukemia. The cells will be contrasted to those seen in a second patient who appeared to have acute myelocytic leukemia complicating extensive cancer involving the bone marrow. The observations suggest that a leukemia-like blood picture due to circulating cancer cells may occur during the course of metastatic breast carcinoma.", "PMID": 1062163}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3846", "title": "A study of the anterior portion of the palate as it relates to orthodontic therapy.", "content": "1. The anterior portion of the palate does not appear to move lingually as orthodontic forces move incisor teeth lingually. Although the alveolar bone directly supporting the teeth can be moved distally (and elongated), it does not appear possible to move the apex of the root more distally than the pretreatment position of the palatal plate. Thus, there appears to be an anatomic limitation to the distal movement of maxillary incisor teeth. 2. When incisor teeth are moved distally within the boundaries of the present alveolar process, the supporting bone does not remodel to the roots' new position; when a root which was initially positioned nearer the labial alveolar plate is moved distally against the palatal plate, there was observed no adaptation in the bone to have the root once again located near the labial alveolar plate, the root remained stable against the palatal plate. 3. When great distal movement of incisor teeth results in an alteration in position of the supporting alveolar bone, remodeling of the bone maintains a relatively constant labiolingual width of this alveolar bone. The new position of the tooth and supporting bone appears to be stable. 4. The scanty metallic implant evidence would seem to support histologic observations that alveolar processes are remodeled by apposition of bone on the cortical plate toward which the tooth is moving and resorption of the cortical plate away from which the tooth is moving. 5. There does not appear to be a statistically significant correlation between posterior facial measurements (SNMP) and the labiolingual width of the anterior palate.", "contents": "A study of the anterior portion of the palate as it relates to orthodontic therapy. 1. The anterior portion of the palate does not appear to move lingually as orthodontic forces move incisor teeth lingually. Although the alveolar bone directly supporting the teeth can be moved distally (and elongated), it does not appear possible to move the apex of the root more distally than the pretreatment position of the palatal plate. Thus, there appears to be an anatomic limitation to the distal movement of maxillary incisor teeth. 2. When incisor teeth are moved distally within the boundaries of the present alveolar process, the supporting bone does not remodel to the roots' new position; when a root which was initially positioned nearer the labial alveolar plate is moved distally against the palatal plate, there was observed no adaptation in the bone to have the root once again located near the labial alveolar plate, the root remained stable against the palatal plate. 3. When great distal movement of incisor teeth results in an alteration in position of the supporting alveolar bone, remodeling of the bone maintains a relatively constant labiolingual width of this alveolar bone. The new position of the tooth and supporting bone appears to be stable. 4. The scanty metallic implant evidence would seem to support histologic observations that alveolar processes are remodeled by apposition of bone on the cortical plate toward which the tooth is moving and resorption of the cortical plate away from which the tooth is moving. 5. There does not appear to be a statistically significant correlation between posterior facial measurements (SNMP) and the labiolingual width of the anterior palate.", "PMID": 1062165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3847", "title": "The psychedelic model of schizophrenia: the case of N,N-dimethyltryptamine.", "content": "The authors review the research on N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) as a possible \"schizotoxin.\" DMT produces psychedelic effects when administered to normal subjects, the means are present to synthesize it in man, it has occasionally been found in man, and tolerance to its behavioral effects is incomplete. However, DMT concentrations have not been proven to differ significantly in schizophrenics and normal controls. Also, in vivo synthesis of DMT has not been convincingly demonstrated, and the psychological changes it produces do not closely mimic the symptoms of schizophrenia. The authors conclude that more data are necessary before the validity of this theory can be determined.", "contents": "The psychedelic model of schizophrenia: the case of N,N-dimethyltryptamine. The authors review the research on N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) as a possible \"schizotoxin.\" DMT produces psychedelic effects when administered to normal subjects, the means are present to synthesize it in man, it has occasionally been found in man, and tolerance to its behavioral effects is incomplete. However, DMT concentrations have not been proven to differ significantly in schizophrenics and normal controls. Also, in vivo synthesis of DMT has not been convincingly demonstrated, and the psychological changes it produces do not closely mimic the symptoms of schizophrenia. The authors conclude that more data are necessary before the validity of this theory can be determined.", "PMID": 1062171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3848", "title": "New perspectives on orientation and their benefits to clinical orthodontics--part II.", "content": "As composites were compared from the frontal and lateral, the organization tended to point to orientation of growth of cavities in the face from the divisions of the fifth nerve. Three-dimensional constructed capsules of the orbital, nasal and oral cavities may be reduced to the inputs from the entrance of these nerves into their appointed functional matrices. These orientations were found to be so useful and beneficial that they have been adopted for computer functions. They have also been found fruitful for prediction.", "contents": "New perspectives on orientation and their benefits to clinical orthodontics--part II. As composites were compared from the frontal and lateral, the organization tended to point to orientation of growth of cavities in the face from the divisions of the fifth nerve. Three-dimensional constructed capsules of the orbital, nasal and oral cavities may be reduced to the inputs from the entrance of these nerves into their appointed functional matrices. These orientations were found to be so useful and beneficial that they have been adopted for computer functions. They have also been found fruitful for prediction.", "PMID": 1062176}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3849", "title": "A radiographic study of roots in extraction sites.", "content": "1) Roots that are overparalleled to the extent that the apices touch do not relapse to the desired upright positions. 2) Roots that are overparalleled, but the apices do not touch, tend to upright but, in so doing, leave space between the crowns. 3) Roots that are underparalleled at the completion of active treatment tend to maintain their positions or diverge even farther. 4) The best postretention results were cases in which roots and crowns were positioned in normal, upright parallel positions. Slight spaced remaining in these situations appeared to close evenly.", "contents": "A radiographic study of roots in extraction sites. 1) Roots that are overparalleled to the extent that the apices touch do not relapse to the desired upright positions. 2) Roots that are overparalleled, but the apices do not touch, tend to upright but, in so doing, leave space between the crowns. 3) Roots that are underparalleled at the completion of active treatment tend to maintain their positions or diverge even farther. 4) The best postretention results were cases in which roots and crowns were positioned in normal, upright parallel positions. Slight spaced remaining in these situations appeared to close evenly.", "PMID": 1062178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3850", "title": "Periodontal status of orthodontically treated impacted maxillary canines.", "content": "Thirty-four unilateral palatal impacted maxillary canines were brought down by orthodontic means after a radical surgical exposure. The contralateral canines which had erupted unaided served as controls during the study. Measurements of the gingival pocket depths showed that the distal pocket on the treated teeth was significantly deeper than on the control teeth. The treated canines displayed significantly more loss of periodontal support on the buccal and palatal surfaces than did the untreated teeth. Radiographically, there was more alveolar bone loss on the mesial surfaces of the corrected than on the uncorrected canines, the mean distance being 2.06 and 1.51 millimeters, respectively. The age of the patients at the start of treatment did not seem to have any profound influence on the loss of attachment, but the individual variation was considerably greater in adults.", "contents": "Periodontal status of orthodontically treated impacted maxillary canines. Thirty-four unilateral palatal impacted maxillary canines were brought down by orthodontic means after a radical surgical exposure. The contralateral canines which had erupted unaided served as controls during the study. Measurements of the gingival pocket depths showed that the distal pocket on the treated teeth was significantly deeper than on the control teeth. The treated canines displayed significantly more loss of periodontal support on the buccal and palatal surfaces than did the untreated teeth. Radiographically, there was more alveolar bone loss on the mesial surfaces of the corrected than on the uncorrected canines, the mean distance being 2.06 and 1.51 millimeters, respectively. The age of the patients at the start of treatment did not seem to have any profound influence on the loss of attachment, but the individual variation was considerably greater in adults.", "PMID": 1062179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3851", "title": "Selection of dentofacial measurements for an orthodontic treatment priority index.", "content": "A battery of thirty dentofacial measurements was studied in an attempt to identify those measurements most closely related to a clinical assessment of the need for orthodontic treatment in the Dutch population. This was done by inspecting the mean values of these measurements computed within several treatment priority groups, a stepwise regression analysis relating treatment priority scores to these dentofacial measurements, and a quadratic discriminant function analysis between the group of children requiring orthodontic treatment and the group for which treatment was deemed unnecessary. The variables identified by inspection were 1) overjet, 2) overbite, 3) upper molar arch width, 4) the angle defined by articulare-gonion-menton, 5) lower arch length and 6) the ANB angle; the first four of these proved to be the most important when the contributions of all thirty of the variables to the TPI were assessed by means of the stepwise regression analysis. Overjet was also found to be an important predictor variable by Freer in relating Grainger's orthodontic TPI to dentofacial measurements in a group of patients with distoclusion; the ANB angle was found to be the most effective discriminator between normal and Class II American children. The results of the present study then, to this extent at least, agree with those found in other populations. It would appear that any \"universal\" TPI would have to involve those aspects of dentofacial morphology measured by overjet and the ANB angle. Within the context of the Dutch population the variables identified proved to be effective discriminators in the decision of \"to treat or not to treat,\" correctly classifying 100% of the children in the sample who were judged by two experienced orthodontists as requiring treatment. While this decision rule did suggest treatment for 17% of the children judged to not require treatment, these cases were in the \"doubtful\" category (Table I) and might therefore warrant continued monitoring before any final decision is reached.", "contents": "Selection of dentofacial measurements for an orthodontic treatment priority index. A battery of thirty dentofacial measurements was studied in an attempt to identify those measurements most closely related to a clinical assessment of the need for orthodontic treatment in the Dutch population. This was done by inspecting the mean values of these measurements computed within several treatment priority groups, a stepwise regression analysis relating treatment priority scores to these dentofacial measurements, and a quadratic discriminant function analysis between the group of children requiring orthodontic treatment and the group for which treatment was deemed unnecessary. The variables identified by inspection were 1) overjet, 2) overbite, 3) upper molar arch width, 4) the angle defined by articulare-gonion-menton, 5) lower arch length and 6) the ANB angle; the first four of these proved to be the most important when the contributions of all thirty of the variables to the TPI were assessed by means of the stepwise regression analysis. Overjet was also found to be an important predictor variable by Freer in relating Grainger's orthodontic TPI to dentofacial measurements in a group of patients with distoclusion; the ANB angle was found to be the most effective discriminator between normal and Class II American children. The results of the present study then, to this extent at least, agree with those found in other populations. It would appear that any \"universal\" TPI would have to involve those aspects of dentofacial morphology measured by overjet and the ANB angle. Within the context of the Dutch population the variables identified proved to be effective discriminators in the decision of \"to treat or not to treat,\" correctly classifying 100% of the children in the sample who were judged by two experienced orthodontists as requiring treatment. While this decision rule did suggest treatment for 17% of the children judged to not require treatment, these cases were in the \"doubtful\" category (Table I) and might therefore warrant continued monitoring before any final decision is reached.", "PMID": 1062182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3852", "title": "Respirator brain. Report of a survey and review of current concepts.", "content": "Because of renewed public and scientific interest in the concept of brain death and its diagnostic criteria, an opinion survey was undertaken, polling the membership of the American Association of Neuropathologists, regarding the definition, gross and microscopical features, and pathogenesis of the syndrome popularly designated the \"respirator brain.\" Of the 191 respondents who completed the questionnaire, 174 (91%) indicated that the term respirator brain is properly used to describe a specific pathological entity, and 160 (84%) considered the characteristics of respirator brain to be distinct from those of late fixation. Of the 174 respondents who accepted the designation, 148 (85%) regarded a history of respiratory dependency as essential, and a vast majority (95%) agreed that extensive tissue necrosis occurs with little inflammatory cell reaction; other criteria were more controversial. Microscopical changes that suggest a pathogenetic mechanism attracted a number of informative, limiting, or qualifying remarks. Nonetheless, 54% thought that impaired cerebral blood flow contributed to pathogenesis.", "contents": "Respirator brain. Report of a survey and review of current concepts. Because of renewed public and scientific interest in the concept of brain death and its diagnostic criteria, an opinion survey was undertaken, polling the membership of the American Association of Neuropathologists, regarding the definition, gross and microscopical features, and pathogenesis of the syndrome popularly designated the \"respirator brain.\" Of the 191 respondents who completed the questionnaire, 174 (91%) indicated that the term respirator brain is properly used to describe a specific pathological entity, and 160 (84%) considered the characteristics of respirator brain to be distinct from those of late fixation. Of the 174 respondents who accepted the designation, 148 (85%) regarded a history of respiratory dependency as essential, and a vast majority (95%) agreed that extensive tissue necrosis occurs with little inflammatory cell reaction; other criteria were more controversial. Microscopical changes that suggest a pathogenetic mechanism attracted a number of informative, limiting, or qualifying remarks. Nonetheless, 54% thought that impaired cerebral blood flow contributed to pathogenesis.", "PMID": 1062188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3853", "title": "The psychiatrist in the surgical intensive care unit. II. A consideration of staff roles.", "content": "The stresses present within the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) affect both patients and staff. The liaison psychiatrist attached to the unit helps in identifying and neutralizing tension displaced from its source. Death, although commonplace on the unit, often engenders strong feelings in the staff. Pulmonary patients, especially those who must be weaned from the respirator, also increase the psychological strain on the staff beyond the necessary effort involved in physical caretaking. Aside from emotional difficulty presented by working with very sick patients, there exists group pressures resulting from hierachy within the staff. Here, particularly, the psychiatrist can promote understanding and reduce polarization.", "contents": "The psychiatrist in the surgical intensive care unit. II. A consideration of staff roles. The stresses present within the Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) affect both patients and staff. The liaison psychiatrist attached to the unit helps in identifying and neutralizing tension displaced from its source. Death, although commonplace on the unit, often engenders strong feelings in the staff. Pulmonary patients, especially those who must be weaned from the respirator, also increase the psychological strain on the staff beyond the necessary effort involved in physical caretaking. Aside from emotional difficulty presented by working with very sick patients, there exists group pressures resulting from hierachy within the staff. Here, particularly, the psychiatrist can promote understanding and reduce polarization.", "PMID": 1062189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3854", "title": "Survival of dogs subjected to profound hypothermia with circulatory support.", "content": "Thirty-one anesthetized dogs were surface cooled at 5 C and rewarmed after a variable period. Respiration was controlled with a volume respirator. When cardiac arrest occurred, circulation was provided with the mechanical ventricular assistance (MVA) device in 23 dogs. Of the animals maintained for four hours below 10 C on the MVA, 83% were successfully resuscitated. None of the dogs maintained for two hours below 10 C without circulation could be resuscitated. Eleven dogs were studied for a long-term survival after chest closure. Only four of them survived longer than three days. Death after rewarming was due to severe pulmonary insufficiency. Results of this study suggest that provision of oxygenation and a pulsatile circulation during hypothermia improve tissue viability of nonhibernators. The model shows potential for in situ preservation of multiple organs in the cadaver.", "contents": "Survival of dogs subjected to profound hypothermia with circulatory support. Thirty-one anesthetized dogs were surface cooled at 5 C and rewarmed after a variable period. Respiration was controlled with a volume respirator. When cardiac arrest occurred, circulation was provided with the mechanical ventricular assistance (MVA) device in 23 dogs. Of the animals maintained for four hours below 10 C on the MVA, 83% were successfully resuscitated. None of the dogs maintained for two hours below 10 C without circulation could be resuscitated. Eleven dogs were studied for a long-term survival after chest closure. Only four of them survived longer than three days. Death after rewarming was due to severe pulmonary insufficiency. Results of this study suggest that provision of oxygenation and a pulsatile circulation during hypothermia improve tissue viability of nonhibernators. The model shows potential for in situ preservation of multiple organs in the cadaver.", "PMID": 1062190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3855", "title": "Experience in the use of central venous cannulation.", "content": "Experience in the placement of central venous cannulae is reported. Sixty patients underwent 67 cannulations, 62 by the supraclavicular approach. The advantages of this approach were speed and reliability of placement and a low incidence of complications. A pneumothorax in an emphysematous man was the only major complication.", "contents": "Experience in the use of central venous cannulation. Experience in the placement of central venous cannulae is reported. Sixty patients underwent 67 cannulations, 62 by the supraclavicular approach. The advantages of this approach were speed and reliability of placement and a low incidence of complications. A pneumothorax in an emphysematous man was the only major complication.", "PMID": 1062191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3856", "title": "Non-familial vitamin D-resistant hypophosphataemic osteomalacia of adult onset: case report.", "content": "An unusual form of osteomalacic bone disease in a middle-aged woman with a three-year history of widespread bone pain, pathological fractures and loss of height is discribed. Investigations revealed a persistent hypophosphataemia and an increased phosphate excretion index. Urinary glycine excretion was increased. An oral phosphate supplement led to rapid improvement. The features support the diagnosis of non-familial adult onset vitamin D-resistant hypophosphataemic osteomalacia.", "contents": "Non-familial vitamin D-resistant hypophosphataemic osteomalacia of adult onset: case report. An unusual form of osteomalacic bone disease in a middle-aged woman with a three-year history of widespread bone pain, pathological fractures and loss of height is discribed. Investigations revealed a persistent hypophosphataemia and an increased phosphate excretion index. Urinary glycine excretion was increased. An oral phosphate supplement led to rapid improvement. The features support the diagnosis of non-familial adult onset vitamin D-resistant hypophosphataemic osteomalacia.", "PMID": 1062192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3857", "title": "Mortality patterns in acute coronary heart disease in New Zealand.", "content": "An analysis has been made of death certificate information from 4885 persons classified as having died from acute myocardial infarction or other acute or subacute forms of ischaemic heart disease. One-third of non-Maori deaths occur in a public hospital and half the deaths occur at home. One-third of the deaths occur within five minutes, half within one hour, and by 24 hours, two-thirds of all those who die within two months of an acute coronary heart attack, have already died. Sudden death is more common in the elderly and far more common in those who die outside hospital. Post-mortems were performed in approximately a quarter of the patients. In public hospitals, 36 percent of non-Maoris had a post-mortem examination and 10 percent of Maoris.", "contents": "Mortality patterns in acute coronary heart disease in New Zealand. An analysis has been made of death certificate information from 4885 persons classified as having died from acute myocardial infarction or other acute or subacute forms of ischaemic heart disease. One-third of non-Maori deaths occur in a public hospital and half the deaths occur at home. One-third of the deaths occur within five minutes, half within one hour, and by 24 hours, two-thirds of all those who die within two months of an acute coronary heart attack, have already died. Sudden death is more common in the elderly and far more common in those who die outside hospital. Post-mortems were performed in approximately a quarter of the patients. In public hospitals, 36 percent of non-Maoris had a post-mortem examination and 10 percent of Maoris.", "PMID": 1062198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3858", "title": "Public opinion and legal abortion in New Zealand.", "content": "In 1972 and 1974 opinions on legal abortion were surveyed over national random probability samples each of 2400 respondents aged 15 years and above. Both surveys found majorities favouring certain specific grounds for legal abortion. Some of these reasons approved by the majority are not legal under present law. There is a general consensus in the rank ordering of acceptability of grounds for legal abortion. Polarised minorities of respondents favour absolute legality or illegality of abortion. There has been a swing away from extreme pro- or anti-abortion sentiment to selective support for legal abortion on specific grounds.", "contents": "Public opinion and legal abortion in New Zealand. In 1972 and 1974 opinions on legal abortion were surveyed over national random probability samples each of 2400 respondents aged 15 years and above. Both surveys found majorities favouring certain specific grounds for legal abortion. Some of these reasons approved by the majority are not legal under present law. There is a general consensus in the rank ordering of acceptability of grounds for legal abortion. Polarised minorities of respondents favour absolute legality or illegality of abortion. There has been a swing away from extreme pro- or anti-abortion sentiment to selective support for legal abortion on specific grounds.", "PMID": 1062199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3859", "title": "The driniking driver: a blueprint for some further action.", "content": "Statistical information relating to the offence of drunken driving in New Zealand is reviewed. The relationship between alcoholism and this offence is discussed. Two groups of offenders who should be dealt with separately can be identified. A plan is put forward with an outline of methods which could be used for dealing with this problem.", "contents": "The driniking driver: a blueprint for some further action. Statistical information relating to the offence of drunken driving in New Zealand is reviewed. The relationship between alcoholism and this offence is discussed. Two groups of offenders who should be dealt with separately can be identified. A plan is put forward with an outline of methods which could be used for dealing with this problem.", "PMID": 1062200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3860", "title": "Cytotoxic effects on splenic ultrafiltrates upon leukaemic lymphocytes.", "content": "Ultrafiltrates from spleen inhibited both DNA synthesis and the proliferation of normal lymphocytes stimulated inculture from both mouse and man without apparent cytotoxicity. However, the same doses of this spleen ultrafiltrate will kill up to two-thirds of the leukaemic lymphoblasts from both mouse and man after 24 h incubation. This unique lymphocytotoxic effect could also be demonstrated on fresh primary cultures of leukaemic lymphocytes and was highly effective on slowly growing established cell lines under crowd culture conditions. Furthermore. ultrafiltrated thymus extract did not affect the DNA synthesis rates of the viability of NC-37 lymphoblasts, which have B cell characteristic. Thymus extract was cytotoxic to Molt cells, which have T cell characteristics.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects on splenic ultrafiltrates upon leukaemic lymphocytes. Ultrafiltrates from spleen inhibited both DNA synthesis and the proliferation of normal lymphocytes stimulated inculture from both mouse and man without apparent cytotoxicity. However, the same doses of this spleen ultrafiltrate will kill up to two-thirds of the leukaemic lymphoblasts from both mouse and man after 24 h incubation. This unique lymphocytotoxic effect could also be demonstrated on fresh primary cultures of leukaemic lymphocytes and was highly effective on slowly growing established cell lines under crowd culture conditions. Furthermore. ultrafiltrated thymus extract did not affect the DNA synthesis rates of the viability of NC-37 lymphoblasts, which have B cell characteristic. Thymus extract was cytotoxic to Molt cells, which have T cell characteristics.", "PMID": 1062220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3861", "title": "Characterization of two gangliosides from human leukemic polymorphonuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Eight bands of gangliosides, from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography. Bands 4 and 5 were isolated and purified in sufficient amounts to allow their biochemical identification by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and sequential action of glycosidases and neuraminidase. The major ganglioside was characterised as N-acetylneuraminylgalactosyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-beta-galactosyl-beta-glucosylceramide. A second ganglioside was tentatively identified as N-acetylneuraminyl-galactosyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-beta-(N-acetylneuraminyl)galactosyl-beta-glucosylceramide. Both gangliosides isolated were hydrolysed by neuraminidase. However, treatment of the intact cells with neuraminidase did not alter the ganglioside pattern.", "contents": "Characterization of two gangliosides from human leukemic polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Eight bands of gangliosides, from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes were demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography. Bands 4 and 5 were isolated and purified in sufficient amounts to allow their biochemical identification by thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography and sequential action of glycosidases and neuraminidase. The major ganglioside was characterised as N-acetylneuraminylgalactosyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-beta-galactosyl-beta-glucosylceramide. A second ganglioside was tentatively identified as N-acetylneuraminyl-galactosyl-beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl-beta-(N-acetylneuraminyl)galactosyl-beta-glucosylceramide. Both gangliosides isolated were hydrolysed by neuraminidase. However, treatment of the intact cells with neuraminidase did not alter the ganglioside pattern.", "PMID": 1062221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3862", "title": "Discordant patterns of chromosome changes and myeloblast proliferation during the terminal phase of chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "A patient with Ph1 positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) developed blastic transformation which by morphologic criteria appeared to be localized to the lymphatic system. Chromosome analysis at this time, however, revealed new chromosomal abnormalities in addition to the existing Ph1 in all tissues studied (lymph node, blood, and bone marrow) consisting primarily of extra chromosome numbers 19 and 9 and a second Ph1. Therapy resulted in clinical remission with significant decrease in the aneuploid cell lines. However, these reappeared with recurrence of the blast crisis. Colony formation in semisolid culture of blood and marrow cells at the time of initial blast crisis yielded growth patterns characteristic of CML. On recurrence of the blast crisis after therapy, growth patterns were characteristic of CML in blast crisis or acute myeloblastic leukemia even though blood and marrow still showed relatively low levels of myeloblasts and promyelocytes. Possible explanations are discussed for the disparity in distribution between morphologic and chromosomal abnormalities in this patient.", "contents": "Discordant patterns of chromosome changes and myeloblast proliferation during the terminal phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. A patient with Ph1 positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) developed blastic transformation which by morphologic criteria appeared to be localized to the lymphatic system. Chromosome analysis at this time, however, revealed new chromosomal abnormalities in addition to the existing Ph1 in all tissues studied (lymph node, blood, and bone marrow) consisting primarily of extra chromosome numbers 19 and 9 and a second Ph1. Therapy resulted in clinical remission with significant decrease in the aneuploid cell lines. However, these reappeared with recurrence of the blast crisis. Colony formation in semisolid culture of blood and marrow cells at the time of initial blast crisis yielded growth patterns characteristic of CML. On recurrence of the blast crisis after therapy, growth patterns were characteristic of CML in blast crisis or acute myeloblastic leukemia even though blood and marrow still showed relatively low levels of myeloblasts and promyelocytes. Possible explanations are discussed for the disparity in distribution between morphologic and chromosomal abnormalities in this patient.", "PMID": 1062222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3863", "title": "Cryoprotective agents as inducers of erythroleukemic cell differentiation in vitro.", "content": "The ability of families of compounds with known and potential cryoprotective properties to induce the differentiation of Friend leukemia cells in vitro was studied. For each agent, both the proportion of differentiated cells in the culture and the total amount of heme/10(7) cells were determined. Within each family of compounds there was a direct correlation between a compound's cryoprotective ability, its ability to donate electron pairs for hydrogen bonding (basicity), and its ability to induce differentiation. While individual agents differed with respect to the proportion of cells which were induced to differentiate, the biology of the process of differentiation appeared to be similar, regardless of the agent used. A cell line which was unresponsive to DMSO was responsive to other inducers, suggesting that this DMSO-resistant cell line differed from its parent DMSO-responsive cell line either in its metabolism of the inducers or in the ability of the inducers to enter the cell. Alternatively, there may be more than one mechanism involved in the chemical induction of differentiation.", "contents": "Cryoprotective agents as inducers of erythroleukemic cell differentiation in vitro. The ability of families of compounds with known and potential cryoprotective properties to induce the differentiation of Friend leukemia cells in vitro was studied. For each agent, both the proportion of differentiated cells in the culture and the total amount of heme/10(7) cells were determined. Within each family of compounds there was a direct correlation between a compound's cryoprotective ability, its ability to donate electron pairs for hydrogen bonding (basicity), and its ability to induce differentiation. While individual agents differed with respect to the proportion of cells which were induced to differentiate, the biology of the process of differentiation appeared to be similar, regardless of the agent used. A cell line which was unresponsive to DMSO was responsive to other inducers, suggesting that this DMSO-resistant cell line differed from its parent DMSO-responsive cell line either in its metabolism of the inducers or in the ability of the inducers to enter the cell. Alternatively, there may be more than one mechanism involved in the chemical induction of differentiation.", "PMID": 1062223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3864", "title": "Clinical study of rubidazone (22 050 R.P.), a new daunorubicin-derived compound, in 170 patients with acute leukemias and other malignancies.", "content": "Rubidazone was used as sole chemotherapy in 170 adults and children with acute leukemia and sarcoma. When rubidazone was employed to treat the first attack, complete remission was achieved in : 1) 40 out of 70 patients (57%) with AML; 2) two out of six patients with AML where previous chemotherapy had failed; 3) four out of five patients with ALL; 4) 12 out of 14 patients with acute monoblastic leukemia. When used to treat relapse, rubidazone produced complete remission in : 1) 14 out of 31 cases of AML; 2) 18 out of 39 cases of ALL; 3) 2 out of 3 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment of a case of rhabdomyosarcoma was unsuccessful. In the treatment of acute myeloblastic and monoblastic leukemias, it may be concluded that rubidazone induces a higher rate of complete remission than any other previously reported drug which was used alone. It also achieves remission rates similar to those resulting from a combination of daunorubicin and Ara-C. Furthermore, when compared with daunorubicin, rubidazone allows better control of the induction of aplasia.", "contents": "Clinical study of rubidazone (22 050 R.P.), a new daunorubicin-derived compound, in 170 patients with acute leukemias and other malignancies. Rubidazone was used as sole chemotherapy in 170 adults and children with acute leukemia and sarcoma. When rubidazone was employed to treat the first attack, complete remission was achieved in : 1) 40 out of 70 patients (57%) with AML; 2) two out of six patients with AML where previous chemotherapy had failed; 3) four out of five patients with ALL; 4) 12 out of 14 patients with acute monoblastic leukemia. When used to treat relapse, rubidazone produced complete remission in : 1) 14 out of 31 cases of AML; 2) 18 out of 39 cases of ALL; 3) 2 out of 3 cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment of a case of rhabdomyosarcoma was unsuccessful. In the treatment of acute myeloblastic and monoblastic leukemias, it may be concluded that rubidazone induces a higher rate of complete remission than any other previously reported drug which was used alone. It also achieves remission rates similar to those resulting from a combination of daunorubicin and Ara-C. Furthermore, when compared with daunorubicin, rubidazone allows better control of the induction of aplasia.", "PMID": 1062226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3865", "title": "Specific antigen stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in osteosarcoma.", "content": "A lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) for cellular immune responses to osteosarcoma antigens is described and applied to an examination of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) taken from osteosarcoma patients. The antigen preparations were derived from 3 M KC1 solubilized osteosarcoma, taken from a limited number of patients. Lymphocytes from most tumor-bearing patients were stimulated to significant proliferation when cultured in normal human serum. Such stimulation was observed whether or not the lymphoid cells were preincubated 24 hours at 37 degrees C prior to addition of antigen. Patients whose lesion had been resected and who were without evidence of disease for 5-70 months had diminished proliferative responses. Lymphocytes from normal subjects, from patients having other types of sarcoma, and patients having carcinomas rarely responded to the soluble osteosarcoma antigens. When responsive PBL taken from tumor-bearing patients were cultured in autologous serum, the proliferative responses were abrogated or blocked. Serial assays made in the course of bearing this tumor under a variety of therapeutic regimens, including an immunotherapy protocol, suggest that the LPA may be useful in monitoring clinical progress of the disease and possibly in other immunotherapy protocols for osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Specific antigen stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in osteosarcoma. A lymphocyte proliferation assay (LPA) for cellular immune responses to osteosarcoma antigens is described and applied to an examination of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) taken from osteosarcoma patients. The antigen preparations were derived from 3 M KC1 solubilized osteosarcoma, taken from a limited number of patients. Lymphocytes from most tumor-bearing patients were stimulated to significant proliferation when cultured in normal human serum. Such stimulation was observed whether or not the lymphoid cells were preincubated 24 hours at 37 degrees C prior to addition of antigen. Patients whose lesion had been resected and who were without evidence of disease for 5-70 months had diminished proliferative responses. Lymphocytes from normal subjects, from patients having other types of sarcoma, and patients having carcinomas rarely responded to the soluble osteosarcoma antigens. When responsive PBL taken from tumor-bearing patients were cultured in autologous serum, the proliferative responses were abrogated or blocked. Serial assays made in the course of bearing this tumor under a variety of therapeutic regimens, including an immunotherapy protocol, suggest that the LPA may be useful in monitoring clinical progress of the disease and possibly in other immunotherapy protocols for osteosarcoma.", "PMID": 1062227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3866", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XIII. An evaluation of karyotypic findings in erythroleukemia.", "content": "This study was an attempt at defining the cytogenetic features of erythroleukemia (EL), particularly as related to the group of AML patients with MAKA (major karyotypic abnormalities), which generally were caused by three or more cellular events of translocation or nondisjunction. Eight of the 17 patients with MAKA had a diagnosis of EL or possible EL. In most cases, MAKA was featured by hypodiploidy, karyotypic instability, and polyploidy in the leukemic cells. The most common abnormalities were loss of B or G group chromosomes and gain of a  no. 16 or one or more marker chromosomes. Each of the markers of 2q+, Dq+, mar(A2, st), mar(C12, M), r(?F) and minute metacentric and acentric markers was observed in two or more patients. The extent of polyploidy seemed to be correlated with the proportion of erythroid precursor cells in the marrow and with the karyotypic instability. Since the patients exhibited the same chromosomal features, whether or not they had a diagnosis of EL or possible EL, and since patients without such a diagnosis also had cytologic suggestions of EL, a close relation of MAKA to EL is assumed. It is believed that patients with MAKA constitute one of the three chromosomally classifiable groups of EL.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XIII. An evaluation of karyotypic findings in erythroleukemia. This study was an attempt at defining the cytogenetic features of erythroleukemia (EL), particularly as related to the group of AML patients with MAKA (major karyotypic abnormalities), which generally were caused by three or more cellular events of translocation or nondisjunction. Eight of the 17 patients with MAKA had a diagnosis of EL or possible EL. In most cases, MAKA was featured by hypodiploidy, karyotypic instability, and polyploidy in the leukemic cells. The most common abnormalities were loss of B or G group chromosomes and gain of a  no. 16 or one or more marker chromosomes. Each of the markers of 2q+, Dq+, mar(A2, st), mar(C12, M), r(?F) and minute metacentric and acentric markers was observed in two or more patients. The extent of polyploidy seemed to be correlated with the proportion of erythroid precursor cells in the marrow and with the karyotypic instability. Since the patients exhibited the same chromosomal features, whether or not they had a diagnosis of EL or possible EL, and since patients without such a diagnosis also had cytologic suggestions of EL, a close relation of MAKA to EL is assumed. It is believed that patients with MAKA constitute one of the three chromosomally classifiable groups of EL.", "PMID": 1062228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3867", "title": "Leukemic mitochondria. II. Acute monoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural studies were performed on mitochondria of leukemic monoblasts from 15 patients with acute monoblastic leukemia. Similar comparative observations were made on mitochondria of myeloblasts from 14 hematologically normal controls. No significant quantitative differences were noted between normal and leukemic mitochondria. Area measurements were approximately equal. Qualitative differences between the two groups consisted of increased numbers of irregularly shaped mitochondria, damaged mitochondrial membranes, mitochondria with damaged matrix, and small granules in mitochondria in the leukemic group. Leukemic cells exhibited nuclear-mitochondrial contact and virus-like particles within damaged mitochondria. To confirm the presence of virus-like particles and to aid in our understanding of nuclear-mitochondrial interaction, a C-type virus producer MSV-MLV infected rat embryo cell culture was used for additional analysis. Mitochondrial abnormalities and increased frequency of virus in damaged mitochondria, often attached to mitochondrial membranes, were noted. Several lysosomes exhibited accumulations of virus and budding into lysosomes from lysosomal membranes. Mitochondria are important organelles in glycolytic-oxidative phosphorylation pathways, and carry extranuclear genetic information. Further studies of morphologic and biochemical abnormalities of leukemic mitochondria and the interaction between the mitochondria and the nuclei in leukemic cells are needed to provide researchers with data on extranuclear factors operating in oncogenesis.", "contents": "Leukemic mitochondria. II. Acute monoblastic leukemia. Qualitative and quantitative ultrastructural studies were performed on mitochondria of leukemic monoblasts from 15 patients with acute monoblastic leukemia. Similar comparative observations were made on mitochondria of myeloblasts from 14 hematologically normal controls. No significant quantitative differences were noted between normal and leukemic mitochondria. Area measurements were approximately equal. Qualitative differences between the two groups consisted of increased numbers of irregularly shaped mitochondria, damaged mitochondrial membranes, mitochondria with damaged matrix, and small granules in mitochondria in the leukemic group. Leukemic cells exhibited nuclear-mitochondrial contact and virus-like particles within damaged mitochondria. To confirm the presence of virus-like particles and to aid in our understanding of nuclear-mitochondrial interaction, a C-type virus producer MSV-MLV infected rat embryo cell culture was used for additional analysis. Mitochondrial abnormalities and increased frequency of virus in damaged mitochondria, often attached to mitochondrial membranes, were noted. Several lysosomes exhibited accumulations of virus and budding into lysosomes from lysosomal membranes. Mitochondria are important organelles in glycolytic-oxidative phosphorylation pathways, and carry extranuclear genetic information. Further studies of morphologic and biochemical abnormalities of leukemic mitochondria and the interaction between the mitochondria and the nuclei in leukemic cells are needed to provide researchers with data on extranuclear factors operating in oncogenesis.", "PMID": 1062229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3868", "title": "Chronic neurologic disturbance in childhood leukemia.", "content": "Twenty-three leukemic children were studied prospectively to detect chronic effects of therapy. All patients received CNS prophylaxis, including 2400 R cranial irradiation, and intermittent maintenance therapy with intravenous methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and cytosine arabinoside. Neurologic symptoms were observed in 12 patients, all of whom had intermittent limping and mild incoordination, between the 10th and 18th month of maintenance therapy. Five of the 12 sustained seizures and four of these had subsequent abnormalities in motor, perceptual, behavioral or language development. Three school-aged children have learning disability and perceptual-motor defects. Studies of CSF folate and MTX content are presented but not helpful in delineating the etiology of these neurologic symptoms.", "contents": "Chronic neurologic disturbance in childhood leukemia. Twenty-three leukemic children were studied prospectively to detect chronic effects of therapy. All patients received CNS prophylaxis, including 2400 R cranial irradiation, and intermittent maintenance therapy with intravenous methotrexate, cyclophosphamide and cytosine arabinoside. Neurologic symptoms were observed in 12 patients, all of whom had intermittent limping and mild incoordination, between the 10th and 18th month of maintenance therapy. Five of the 12 sustained seizures and four of these had subsequent abnormalities in motor, perceptual, behavioral or language development. Three school-aged children have learning disability and perceptual-motor defects. Studies of CSF folate and MTX content are presented but not helpful in delineating the etiology of these neurologic symptoms.", "PMID": 1062230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3869", "title": "Acute and chronic effects of methotrexate on hepatic, pulmonary, and skeletal systems.", "content": "With the progressive improvement in the survival of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, the question of late effects of therapy on normal tissue becomes a more significant problem. In a review of a large number of children who have received long-term treatment with chemotherapy, especially methotrexate, a significant increase in the serious effects on hepatic, pulmonary, and skeletal tissue was noted. A review of the methotrexate-induced acute and chronic changes seen in these tissues is the basis for this report.", "contents": "Acute and chronic effects of methotrexate on hepatic, pulmonary, and skeletal systems. With the progressive improvement in the survival of children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, the question of late effects of therapy on normal tissue becomes a more significant problem. In a review of a large number of children who have received long-term treatment with chemotherapy, especially methotrexate, a significant increase in the serious effects on hepatic, pulmonary, and skeletal tissue was noted. A review of the methotrexate-induced acute and chronic changes seen in these tissues is the basis for this report.", "PMID": 1062231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3870", "title": "In vitro colony formation of transplantable rat leukemias in comparison with human acute myeloid leukemia.", "content": "In vitro colony formation in two different soft agar systems was studied with bone marrow from untreated patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and from rats in various stages of two different transplantable myeloid leukemias. In both the thin-agar-layer system, which uses a feeder layer of fetal fibroblasts, and the Robinson culture system, human AML marrow failed to produce colonies. A similar failure was observed with the BN rat leukemia. In contrast, the Shay rat leukemic marrow produced an abnormally large number of colonies in the later stages of the disease. Evidence was obtained that the colonies produced by the Shay leukemic marrow consisted of leukemic cells, and that the disappearance of colonies from human AML and from BN rat leukemic marrow is caused by the numerical disappearance of normal pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells from the marrow and by the inability of the clonogenic leukemic cells to produce colonies in vitro. The results indicate that the BN rat leukemia is a realistic animal model for human AML.", "contents": "In vitro colony formation of transplantable rat leukemias in comparison with human acute myeloid leukemia. In vitro colony formation in two different soft agar systems was studied with bone marrow from untreated patients suffering from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and from rats in various stages of two different transplantable myeloid leukemias. In both the thin-agar-layer system, which uses a feeder layer of fetal fibroblasts, and the Robinson culture system, human AML marrow failed to produce colonies. A similar failure was observed with the BN rat leukemia. In contrast, the Shay rat leukemic marrow produced an abnormally large number of colonies in the later stages of the disease. Evidence was obtained that the colonies produced by the Shay leukemic marrow consisted of leukemic cells, and that the disappearance of colonies from human AML and from BN rat leukemic marrow is caused by the numerical disappearance of normal pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells from the marrow and by the inability of the clonogenic leukemic cells to produce colonies in vitro. The results indicate that the BN rat leukemia is a realistic animal model for human AML.", "PMID": 1062232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3871", "title": "Drug-induced stimulation of transport of hydrolyzed nitrogen mustard and choline by normal and leukemic human cells in vitro.", "content": "The effect of morphine and cocaine on the transport of hydrolyzed nitrogen mustard (NH2-OH) and choline by peripheral blood cells of normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and acute myeloblastic leukemia was determined. Transport of HN2-OH by lymphocytes from normal individuals and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was stimulated by morphine and cocaine and, in each case, the effect was statistically significant (P less than 0.05 or greater). However, choline transport by normal lymphocytes was not altered by cocaine and was only slightly stimulated by morphine; choline transport by lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was not stimulated by either morphine or cocaine. HN2-OH and choline transport by cells from patients with either acute lymphoblastic or myeloblastic leukemia was stimulated to a comparable degree by both drugs. Stimulation of HN2-OH transport by morphine and cocaine was greater in normal lymphocytes than in acute leukemic cells and the differences were highly significant (p less than 0.001). Conversely, stimulation of choline transport was more marked in acute leukemic cells than in normal lymphocytes, and these differences were also highly significant (p less than 0.001). It was previously shown that transport of nitrogen mustard by normal and leukemic human cells was biphasic in nature, consisting of a choline-independent component at \"high\" drug concentrations and a choline-dependent system at \"low\" substrate concentrations. The preferential stimulation of the low-dose, choline-dependent system by morphine and cocaine in acute leukemic cells relative to that observed in normal lymphocytes suggests a possible mechanism of increasing the therapeutic index of nitrogen mustard.", "contents": "Drug-induced stimulation of transport of hydrolyzed nitrogen mustard and choline by normal and leukemic human cells in vitro. The effect of morphine and cocaine on the transport of hydrolyzed nitrogen mustard (NH2-OH) and choline by peripheral blood cells of normal subjects and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and acute myeloblastic leukemia was determined. Transport of HN2-OH by lymphocytes from normal individuals and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was stimulated by morphine and cocaine and, in each case, the effect was statistically significant (P less than 0.05 or greater). However, choline transport by normal lymphocytes was not altered by cocaine and was only slightly stimulated by morphine; choline transport by lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia was not stimulated by either morphine or cocaine. HN2-OH and choline transport by cells from patients with either acute lymphoblastic or myeloblastic leukemia was stimulated to a comparable degree by both drugs. Stimulation of HN2-OH transport by morphine and cocaine was greater in normal lymphocytes than in acute leukemic cells and the differences were highly significant (p less than 0.001). Conversely, stimulation of choline transport was more marked in acute leukemic cells than in normal lymphocytes, and these differences were also highly significant (p less than 0.001). It was previously shown that transport of nitrogen mustard by normal and leukemic human cells was biphasic in nature, consisting of a choline-independent component at \"high\" drug concentrations and a choline-dependent system at \"low\" substrate concentrations. The preferential stimulation of the low-dose, choline-dependent system by morphine and cocaine in acute leukemic cells relative to that observed in normal lymphocytes suggests a possible mechanism of increasing the therapeutic index of nitrogen mustard.", "PMID": 1062233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3872", "title": "A longitudinal study of morphological craniofacial patterns via P-A x-ray headfilms in cleft patients from birth to six years of age.", "content": "652 P-A X-ray headfilms of 51 unilateral cleft lip and palat, UCLP; 27 bilateral cleft lip and palate, BCLP; and 62 isolated cleft palate, CP were studied longitudinally at 0-3 months, 4-6 months, and annually from 1:0-6:0 years. Breadth change, height change, and growth direction of nine paired landmarks were investigated by means of the rectangular coordinate system with right to left zygomatico-frontal suture (Zf) point line as the X-axis and the perpendicular line to this X-axis at the mid-point between the right and left Zf points as the X-axis. Major findings were: (1) Study of Sphenoid body, interorbital, bizygomatico-frontal suture, and bizygomatic arch breadths showed that BCLP had a significantly broader face  than either UCLP or CP. An apparent tendency to hypertelorism still remained at 6:0 in this group while UCLP and CP groups were both close to the Bolton Standards. (2) Nasal and maxillary bredths of BCLP and UCLP were significantly wider  during the first year than in CP, but they showed only a slight growth change after the age of one year, compared to constant growth in CP. (3) All marked structural differences disappeared by 6:0 suggesting the effects of lip and/or palate surgery. (4) A slight cross-bite was found in UCLP and BCLP, but there was no such cross-bite in CP. (5) The effect of clefting was seen in mandibular dimensions where the bigonial notch was slightly broader than in non-cleft averages. (6) Upper facial height occlusal height, and posterior total facial height in each cleft group seemed to be larger than the Standard, though both maxillary height and gonial notch height approximated the Standard by 6:0 (7) From 0:3-6:0, there was no noteworthy difference among the cleft groups in either growth direction or facial symmetry of upper face and mandible. It was only in the mid-facial and dental areas that notable characteristics peculiar to the type of cleft were found. The landmarks of nasal aperture, maxilla, and dental arch showed a slight medial displacement on the affected side, although the degree and amount depended on the cleft-type.", "contents": "A longitudinal study of morphological craniofacial patterns via P-A x-ray headfilms in cleft patients from birth to six years of age. 652 P-A X-ray headfilms of 51 unilateral cleft lip and palat, UCLP; 27 bilateral cleft lip and palate, BCLP; and 62 isolated cleft palate, CP were studied longitudinally at 0-3 months, 4-6 months, and annually from 1:0-6:0 years. Breadth change, height change, and growth direction of nine paired landmarks were investigated by means of the rectangular coordinate system with right to left zygomatico-frontal suture (Zf) point line as the X-axis and the perpendicular line to this X-axis at the mid-point between the right and left Zf points as the X-axis. Major findings were: (1) Study of Sphenoid body, interorbital, bizygomatico-frontal suture, and bizygomatic arch breadths showed that BCLP had a significantly broader face  than either UCLP or CP. An apparent tendency to hypertelorism still remained at 6:0 in this group while UCLP and CP groups were both close to the Bolton Standards. (2) Nasal and maxillary bredths of BCLP and UCLP were significantly wider  during the first year than in CP, but they showed only a slight growth change after the age of one year, compared to constant growth in CP. (3) All marked structural differences disappeared by 6:0 suggesting the effects of lip and/or palate surgery. (4) A slight cross-bite was found in UCLP and BCLP, but there was no such cross-bite in CP. (5) The effect of clefting was seen in mandibular dimensions where the bigonial notch was slightly broader than in non-cleft averages. (6) Upper facial height occlusal height, and posterior total facial height in each cleft group seemed to be larger than the Standard, though both maxillary height and gonial notch height approximated the Standard by 6:0 (7) From 0:3-6:0, there was no noteworthy difference among the cleft groups in either growth direction or facial symmetry of upper face and mandible. It was only in the mid-facial and dental areas that notable characteristics peculiar to the type of cleft were found. The landmarks of nasal aperture, maxilla, and dental arch showed a slight medial displacement on the affected side, although the degree and amount depended on the cleft-type.", "PMID": 1062243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3873", "title": "Issues involved in the evaluation of velopharyngeal closure.", "content": "The development and use of frontal and base-view fluorography have increased the value of cinefluorography in the evaluation of velopharyngeal closure. This paper discusses problems in the fluorographic examination of the closure mechanism, the need for other measures of velopharyngeal closure, and the validation of closure measures. Reliability data are needed for measurements made from frontal and base-view films and tapes. Measures in addition to those of a fluorographic nature are needed for the identification of persons with questionable velopharyngeal closure and for use in the evaluation of training procedures that may contribute to improved use of the velopharyngeal closure mechanism. A pattern of relationships among fluorographic and nonfluorograph measures of velopharyngeal closure can be studied in the validation of both classes of measures.", "contents": "Issues involved in the evaluation of velopharyngeal closure. The development and use of frontal and base-view fluorography have increased the value of cinefluorography in the evaluation of velopharyngeal closure. This paper discusses problems in the fluorographic examination of the closure mechanism, the need for other measures of velopharyngeal closure, and the validation of closure measures. Reliability data are needed for measurements made from frontal and base-view films and tapes. Measures in addition to those of a fluorographic nature are needed for the identification of persons with questionable velopharyngeal closure and for use in the evaluation of training procedures that may contribute to improved use of the velopharyngeal closure mechanism. A pattern of relationships among fluorographic and nonfluorograph measures of velopharyngeal closure can be studied in the validation of both classes of measures.", "PMID": 1062244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3874", "title": "Ultrasonic measurement of lateral pharyngeal wall movement at the velopharyngeal port.", "content": "Pulsed ultrasound was used to assess lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) movement at the level of the velopharyngeal port in three adult males and two adult females. All subjects were normal talkers, and data were collected while each produced all combinations of the vowels /a/ and /i/ and consonants /p, t, k, s, m, n/ in a VCVCV context. On a qualitative basis, it appears that ultrasound technology has potential application for the measurement of LPW movement. However, a number of problems must be resolved before ultrasonic techniques surpass current methods of studying velopharyngeal function and/or incompetence.", "contents": "Ultrasonic measurement of lateral pharyngeal wall movement at the velopharyngeal port. Pulsed ultrasound was used to assess lateral pharyngeal wall (LPW) movement at the level of the velopharyngeal port in three adult males and two adult females. All subjects were normal talkers, and data were collected while each produced all combinations of the vowels /a/ and /i/ and consonants /p, t, k, s, m, n/ in a VCVCV context. On a qualitative basis, it appears that ultrasound technology has potential application for the measurement of LPW movement. However, a number of problems must be resolved before ultrasonic techniques surpass current methods of studying velopharyngeal function and/or incompetence.", "PMID": 1062245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3875", "title": "The mathematics of cleft lip and palate treatment evaluation: measuring the desirability of treatment outcomes.", "content": "A study was undertaken to investigate the applicability of utility theory to cleft lip and palate treatment decision making. Questionnaires were used to assess value judgements and attitudes toward risk from 119 individuals associated with seventeen cleft lip and palate treatment centers. Significant differences were found to exist between the values expressed by clinicians grouped according to their specialty or the facility to which they were affiliated. Fathers of cleft lip and palate children differed from cleft palate teams in their judgements regarding the relative values of speech and cosmetic treatment outcomes. No such differences were found between team members and mothers, however. It is suggested that these differences affect the desirability of treatment decisions and the outcomes that follow from them. Therefore, cleft lip and palate treatment planning and the evaluation of alternative therapeutic interventions might be based on a mathematical theory of decision making that explicitly incorporates the subjective assessment of a child's habilitative needs and the goals of the habilitative process.", "contents": "The mathematics of cleft lip and palate treatment evaluation: measuring the desirability of treatment outcomes. A study was undertaken to investigate the applicability of utility theory to cleft lip and palate treatment decision making. Questionnaires were used to assess value judgements and attitudes toward risk from 119 individuals associated with seventeen cleft lip and palate treatment centers. Significant differences were found to exist between the values expressed by clinicians grouped according to their specialty or the facility to which they were affiliated. Fathers of cleft lip and palate children differed from cleft palate teams in their judgements regarding the relative values of speech and cosmetic treatment outcomes. No such differences were found between team members and mothers, however. It is suggested that these differences affect the desirability of treatment decisions and the outcomes that follow from them. Therefore, cleft lip and palate treatment planning and the evaluation of alternative therapeutic interventions might be based on a mathematical theory of decision making that explicitly incorporates the subjective assessment of a child's habilitative needs and the goals of the habilitative process.", "PMID": 1062246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3876", "title": "Social response to acoustic and visual characteristics of oral cleft.", "content": "This study was concerned with societal preference among speech, visual, and speech-visual characteristics of persons with repaired cleft lip and palate. A 16 mm motion film with sound was professionally made of 17 male, adult, cleft lip and palate speakers reading the first paragraph from \"The Rainbow Passage.\" A heterogeneous group of 30 adults rated their preference for each of the conditions-auditory, visual and auditory-visual-on a seven-point equal-appearing intervals scale. A four-factor design analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed to determine whether the thirty judges preferred at least one variable of the three variables tested. Results indicated that this heterogenous population had no preference among auditory, visual, or auditory-visual characteristics of adult males with repaired cleft lip and palate. These variables appear to be considered of equal importance by persons who are representative of the lay public.", "contents": "Social response to acoustic and visual characteristics of oral cleft. This study was concerned with societal preference among speech, visual, and speech-visual characteristics of persons with repaired cleft lip and palate. A 16 mm motion film with sound was professionally made of 17 male, adult, cleft lip and palate speakers reading the first paragraph from \"The Rainbow Passage.\" A heterogeneous group of 30 adults rated their preference for each of the conditions-auditory, visual and auditory-visual-on a seven-point equal-appearing intervals scale. A four-factor design analysis of variance with repeated measures was performed to determine whether the thirty judges preferred at least one variable of the three variables tested. Results indicated that this heterogenous population had no preference among auditory, visual, or auditory-visual characteristics of adult males with repaired cleft lip and palate. These variables appear to be considered of equal importance by persons who are representative of the lay public.", "PMID": 1062247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3877", "title": "A cineradiographic investigation of velar movement variables in two normals.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to study certain aspects of velar dynamics among normals. Two adult subjects, one male and one female, were filmed using high-speed (100 fps) lateral-view cineradiography. Small radiopaque cups were attached to the surface of the soft palate and other articulators for tracking purposes. Trajectories of the velar fleshpoint in the midsagittal plane were demonstrated. Measures of velar velocity, velar displacement, and duration of transitional movements were studied in relation to the effects of phonetic context and speaking rate variation and were compared to the activity of other articulators. Velar positioning also was studied during nasal consonant production in relation to the effects of vowel context.", "contents": "A cineradiographic investigation of velar movement variables in two normals. The purpose of this investigation was to study certain aspects of velar dynamics among normals. Two adult subjects, one male and one female, were filmed using high-speed (100 fps) lateral-view cineradiography. Small radiopaque cups were attached to the surface of the soft palate and other articulators for tracking purposes. Trajectories of the velar fleshpoint in the midsagittal plane were demonstrated. Measures of velar velocity, velar displacement, and duration of transitional movements were studied in relation to the effects of phonetic context and speaking rate variation and were compared to the activity of other articulators. Velar positioning also was studied during nasal consonant production in relation to the effects of vowel context.", "PMID": 1062249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3878", "title": "An evaluation of proposed revisions to the W.H.O. manual \"Oral Health Surveys-Basic Methods\".", "content": "The authors describe the organization and results of an epidemiologic training program which formed part of a W.H.O. sponsored course in public health dentistry held in Malaysia in May-June 1975. Twenty-two participants from 16 countries took part. They had a wide variety of qualifications and training; only four had had previous experience in the conduct of an oral health survey. The method and criteria that were proposed for inclusion in the second edition of Oral Health Surveys - Basic Methods were tested in two calibration exercises and one field trial. The usefulness of most of the recommendations was confirmed. The main problem areas concern dentofacial anomalies, intense gingivitis and advanced periodontal involvement. A successful feature of the study was the practicability for public health planning of assessing requirements for treatment.", "contents": "An evaluation of proposed revisions to the W.H.O. manual \"Oral Health Surveys-Basic Methods\". The authors describe the organization and results of an epidemiologic training program which formed part of a W.H.O. sponsored course in public health dentistry held in Malaysia in May-June 1975. Twenty-two participants from 16 countries took part. They had a wide variety of qualifications and training; only four had had previous experience in the conduct of an oral health survey. The method and criteria that were proposed for inclusion in the second edition of Oral Health Surveys - Basic Methods were tested in two calibration exercises and one field trial. The usefulness of most of the recommendations was confirmed. The main problem areas concern dentofacial anomalies, intense gingivitis and advanced periodontal involvement. A successful feature of the study was the practicability for public health planning of assessing requirements for treatment.", "PMID": 1062252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3879", "title": "Caries experience as predictor for caries incidence.", "content": "The caries increment (filled surfaces) from the ages 7 to 15 years were compared in children with three or fewer (low prevalence group) or eight or more filled surfaces (high prevalence group) at the age of 8. The children participated in a fortnightly fluoride mouthrinsing program (10 ml of 0.2% NaF). Following 8 years of dental treatment and caries prophylaxis, the caries increments were 11.4 (s.d. = 7.7, n = 23 subjects) and 17.1 (s.d. = 9.6, n = 39 subjects) surfaces, i.e. significantly different (t = 2.376). Significantly (t = 4.034) more fillings had been required in the high than in the low prevalence group (31.1 +/- 17.1 vs. 15.5 +/- 9.6). The \"risk group\" could be identified at the ages of 7 to 8 by high caries prevalence and high ratio fillings/caries increment. Social class and number of teeth accounted more for the initial caries prevalence than for the caries increment. Correlation analyses revealed a significant, but not strong (r = 0.50), association between caries prevalence at the age of 7 and increment of fillings.", "contents": "Caries experience as predictor for caries incidence. The caries increment (filled surfaces) from the ages 7 to 15 years were compared in children with three or fewer (low prevalence group) or eight or more filled surfaces (high prevalence group) at the age of 8. The children participated in a fortnightly fluoride mouthrinsing program (10 ml of 0.2% NaF). Following 8 years of dental treatment and caries prophylaxis, the caries increments were 11.4 (s.d. = 7.7, n = 23 subjects) and 17.1 (s.d. = 9.6, n = 39 subjects) surfaces, i.e. significantly different (t = 2.376). Significantly (t = 4.034) more fillings had been required in the high than in the low prevalence group (31.1 +/- 17.1 vs. 15.5 +/- 9.6). The \"risk group\" could be identified at the ages of 7 to 8 by high caries prevalence and high ratio fillings/caries increment. Social class and number of teeth accounted more for the initial caries prevalence than for the caries increment. Correlation analyses revealed a significant, but not strong (r = 0.50), association between caries prevalence at the age of 7 and increment of fillings.", "PMID": 1062253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3880", "title": "A regression model analysis of longitudinal dental caries data.", "content": "Longitudinal data on caries experience were derived from the reexamination and interview of a cohort of 306 subjects with an average follow-up period of 33 years after the baseline examination. Analysis of the data was accomplished by the use of contingency tables utilizing enumeration statistics compared with a multiple regression analysis. The analyses indicated a strong association of caries experience at one point in time with the caries experience of that same person earlier in life. The regression model approach offers adjustment of any given independent variable for the effect of all other independent variables, providing a powerful means of bias reduction. The model is also useful in separating out the specific effect of an independent variable over and above the contribution of other variables. The model used explained 35% of the variability in the DMFS scores recorded. Similar models could be useful adjuncts in the analyses of dental epidemiologic data.", "contents": "A regression model analysis of longitudinal dental caries data. Longitudinal data on caries experience were derived from the reexamination and interview of a cohort of 306 subjects with an average follow-up period of 33 years after the baseline examination. Analysis of the data was accomplished by the use of contingency tables utilizing enumeration statistics compared with a multiple regression analysis. The analyses indicated a strong association of caries experience at one point in time with the caries experience of that same person earlier in life. The regression model approach offers adjustment of any given independent variable for the effect of all other independent variables, providing a powerful means of bias reduction. The model is also useful in separating out the specific effect of an independent variable over and above the contribution of other variables. The model used explained 35% of the variability in the DMFS scores recorded. Similar models could be useful adjuncts in the analyses of dental epidemiologic data.", "PMID": 1062254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3881", "title": "Rapid diaphyseal destruction. An unusual osseous manifestation of chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia developed an unusual rapidly progressive mid-diaphyseal femoral lesion. Differentiating this myeloblastic lesion from other round cell tumors is most reliably done by a Wright-Giemsa stained touch preparation. Prompt palliative therapy with long bone stabilization permitted the patient to remain ambulatory until shortly before his death.", "contents": "Rapid diaphyseal destruction. An unusual osseous manifestation of chronic granulocytic leukemia. A patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia developed an unusual rapidly progressive mid-diaphyseal femoral lesion. Differentiating this myeloblastic lesion from other round cell tumors is most reliably done by a Wright-Giemsa stained touch preparation. Prompt palliative therapy with long bone stabilization permitted the patient to remain ambulatory until shortly before his death.", "PMID": 1062250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3882", "title": "Prevalence of oral soft and hard tissue lesions related to mechanical toothcleansing procedures.", "content": "The prevalence of oral soft and hard tissue lesions related to mechanical oral hygiene procedures was recorded and correlated to toothbrushing habits and oral hygiene status in two selected samples. Fifty-one percent of 533 persons examined exhibited gingival retractions and 45% had wedge-shaped defects in the cervical area of one or several teeth. Both types of lesions were often seen in the same area, indicating a common etiologic factor. The subjects with a good oral hygiene status, as well as those who brushed more than twice daily, showed a high frequency of lesions. The various toothbrushing techniques did not, however, seem to influence the development of such lesions in the present material. Subjective symptoms were reported in a few cases only.", "contents": "Prevalence of oral soft and hard tissue lesions related to mechanical toothcleansing procedures. The prevalence of oral soft and hard tissue lesions related to mechanical oral hygiene procedures was recorded and correlated to toothbrushing habits and oral hygiene status in two selected samples. Fifty-one percent of 533 persons examined exhibited gingival retractions and 45% had wedge-shaped defects in the cervical area of one or several teeth. Both types of lesions were often seen in the same area, indicating a common etiologic factor. The subjects with a good oral hygiene status, as well as those who brushed more than twice daily, showed a high frequency of lesions. The various toothbrushing techniques did not, however, seem to influence the development of such lesions in the present material. Subjective symptoms were reported in a few cases only.", "PMID": 1062255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3883", "title": "[Results of conservative and surgical treatment of jaw fractures].", "content": "In the majority of the patients with fractures of the jaws treated in the period covered by this study, conservative therapy has shown satisfying results. In intraoral splinting, periodontal lesions could largely be avoided by adequate oral hygiene. Surgery must still be applied in those cases where conservative methods failed to be successful.", "contents": "[Results of conservative and surgical treatment of jaw fractures]. In the majority of the patients with fractures of the jaws treated in the period covered by this study, conservative therapy has shown satisfying results. In intraoral splinting, periodontal lesions could largely be avoided by adequate oral hygiene. Surgery must still be applied in those cases where conservative methods failed to be successful.", "PMID": 1062271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3884", "title": "[Transoral osteosynthesis in mandibular fractures].", "content": "The extraoral approach is frequently used for repositioning and stabilizing fractures of the mandible in which osteosynthesis is indicated, but also the transoral approach may be applied. Depending on the location of the fracture, the technical difficulties vary in operations using the oral access. By means of suitable instruments and appropriate operating techniques, which are described for the various fracture types of the lower jaw, almost all fractures of the mandible can be operated upon using the oral approach. The essential advantages of such a procedure are that the facial nerve cannot be damaged and an esthetically unfavourable external scar is avoided.", "contents": "[Transoral osteosynthesis in mandibular fractures]. The extraoral approach is frequently used for repositioning and stabilizing fractures of the mandible in which osteosynthesis is indicated, but also the transoral approach may be applied. Depending on the location of the fracture, the technical difficulties vary in operations using the oral access. By means of suitable instruments and appropriate operating techniques, which are described for the various fracture types of the lower jaw, almost all fractures of the mandible can be operated upon using the oral approach. The essential advantages of such a procedure are that the facial nerve cannot be damaged and an esthetically unfavourable external scar is avoided.", "PMID": 1062272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3885", "title": "[Viewpoints on primary and secondary treatment in orbital fractures].", "content": "The orbit is frequently involved in fractures of the middle part of the face. In order to maintain optimum functioning of the eyeball after healing of the fracture, anatomically correct reconstructioning is indicated as early as in primary treatment. In those cases where this is not possible, a secondary treatment is required which should be carried out in cooperation with the ophthalmologist.", "contents": "[Viewpoints on primary and secondary treatment in orbital fractures]. The orbit is frequently involved in fractures of the middle part of the face. In order to maintain optimum functioning of the eyeball after healing of the fracture, anatomically correct reconstructioning is indicated as early as in primary treatment. In those cases where this is not possible, a secondary treatment is required which should be carried out in cooperation with the ophthalmologist.", "PMID": 1062273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3886", "title": "[Comparative experimental measurement of the stimulus threshold of the effect of the local anesthetic Ultracaine (Carticaine)].", "content": "For objectifying clinical experience, we measured and compared experimental stimulus thresholds with Ultracain 4% and Xylocain 2% in the upper and lower jaws in double blind tests. By means of electronically controlled rectangular impulses the latent period, depth and duration of anesthesia were registered. Relevant differences were found for plexus anesthesia in the lower jaw. The Ultracain preparation is characterized by a high capacity of bone penetration.", "contents": "[Comparative experimental measurement of the stimulus threshold of the effect of the local anesthetic Ultracaine (Carticaine)]. For objectifying clinical experience, we measured and compared experimental stimulus thresholds with Ultracain 4% and Xylocain 2% in the upper and lower jaws in double blind tests. By means of electronically controlled rectangular impulses the latent period, depth and duration of anesthesia were registered. Relevant differences were found for plexus anesthesia in the lower jaw. The Ultracain preparation is characterized by a high capacity of bone penetration.", "PMID": 1062275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3887", "title": "[Electrical measuring of the effect of local anesthesia].", "content": "Of all methods for testing local anesthetic effects, only threshold determination with electric impulse stimulation of the dental pulp has proven reliable. Alternating current impulses are the most suitable.", "contents": "[Electrical measuring of the effect of local anesthesia]. Of all methods for testing local anesthetic effects, only threshold determination with electric impulse stimulation of the dental pulp has proven reliable. Alternating current impulses are the most suitable.", "PMID": 1062276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3888", "title": "[Studies of the effectiveness of impersonal teaching by means of a sound film: \"Conduction anesthesia on the mandible\"].", "content": "The thesis that students could be instructed by audio-visual aids alone equally as well as by a personal instructor was tested by experiment. A teaching program, i.e. a sound film, was made and was shown to first-year clinical dental students. At the same time the usual lecture was offered to these students. Subsequently the knowledge acquired was examined. The results support the initial thesis, but at the same time it must be concluded that the highly differentiated psychomotor teaching objectives of dentistry cannot be achieved without individual instruction.", "contents": "[Studies of the effectiveness of impersonal teaching by means of a sound film: \"Conduction anesthesia on the mandible\"]. The thesis that students could be instructed by audio-visual aids alone equally as well as by a personal instructor was tested by experiment. A teaching program, i.e. a sound film, was made and was shown to first-year clinical dental students. At the same time the usual lecture was offered to these students. Subsequently the knowledge acquired was examined. The results support the initial thesis, but at the same time it must be concluded that the highly differentiated psychomotor teaching objectives of dentistry cannot be achieved without individual instruction.", "PMID": 1062277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3889", "title": "[Is hygiene endangered in the modern dental office?].", "content": "Hygienic studies of the manual buttons of a modern dental unit show that these buttons are being contaminated during treatment. The number of germs depends on the duration of treatment and on the number of patients treated. As these buttons were pushed with the foot in dental chairs of older design, the ergonomic advantages of modern dental units do not mean hygienic advantages to the same extent.", "contents": "[Is hygiene endangered in the modern dental office?]. Hygienic studies of the manual buttons of a modern dental unit show that these buttons are being contaminated during treatment. The number of germs depends on the duration of treatment and on the number of patients treated. As these buttons were pushed with the foot in dental chairs of older design, the ergonomic advantages of modern dental units do not mean hygienic advantages to the same extent.", "PMID": 1062278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3890", "title": "[Total bacterial count and the occurrence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis in the air of various work areas].", "content": "In the various rooms of the W\u00fcrzburg Dental School, the total germ contamination of the air and the incidence of S. mutans and S. sanguis strains was studied. The total number of organisms found as well as the number of the two polysaccharide-producing organisms varied considerably. The presence of the two streptococcal strains is not restricted to the air in dental surgeries. It is considered to be an additional risk that by far the highest incidence of the cariogenic S. mutans strain is found in the air of the rooms of the outpatient clinic for restorative dentistry and periodontology.", "contents": "[Total bacterial count and the occurrence of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis in the air of various work areas]. In the various rooms of the W\u00fcrzburg Dental School, the total germ contamination of the air and the incidence of S. mutans and S. sanguis strains was studied. The total number of organisms found as well as the number of the two polysaccharide-producing organisms varied considerably. The presence of the two streptococcal strains is not restricted to the air in dental surgeries. It is considered to be an additional risk that by far the highest incidence of the cariogenic S. mutans strain is found in the air of the rooms of the outpatient clinic for restorative dentistry and periodontology.", "PMID": 1062279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3891", "title": "[Cytological studies of the gingiva in endonseous extension implantations].", "content": "In addition to radiographs and clinical diagnostic-methods, exfoliative cytology can be used as a testing method for the evaluation of implants. The simple and gentle method of sample taking permits regular follow-ups. While in the area of stable grafts a normal cytogram is obtained, the cytogram of the area of loose grafts shows all the signs of inflammation on the cellular level: \"a shift to the left\", low indices of keratinization and eosinophilia, cellular alterations, presence of bacteria, leukocytes, and lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Cytological studies of the gingiva in endonseous extension implantations]. In addition to radiographs and clinical diagnostic-methods, exfoliative cytology can be used as a testing method for the evaluation of implants. The simple and gentle method of sample taking permits regular follow-ups. While in the area of stable grafts a normal cytogram is obtained, the cytogram of the area of loose grafts shows all the signs of inflammation on the cellular level: \"a shift to the left\", low indices of keratinization and eosinophilia, cellular alterations, presence of bacteria, leukocytes, and lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1062280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3892", "title": "[Clinical aspects and pathology of tumors of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "Two primary tumors of the temporo-mandibular joint are presented. Because of their unspecific clinical symptoms, the diagnosis could be confirmed by surgical intervention and histopathology only after a long period of observation. Benign temporo-mandibular joint tumors can still be managed, while in malignant tumors the further course of the disease is characterized by a poor prognosis.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and pathology of tumors of the temporomandibular joint]. Two primary tumors of the temporo-mandibular joint are presented. Because of their unspecific clinical symptoms, the diagnosis could be confirmed by surgical intervention and histopathology only after a long period of observation. Benign temporo-mandibular joint tumors can still be managed, while in malignant tumors the further course of the disease is characterized by a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 1062281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3893", "title": "[Catamnestic surveys in 371 cases of abscess of the maxillofacial region in childhood].", "content": "Catamnestic surveys of 371 children who suffered from abscesses during the past ten years (1965 to 1974) showed that type and location of the abscesses and their incidence in the various age groups are typical and differ from those of abscesses in adults. These results are discussed and compared with the data found in the literature.", "contents": "[Catamnestic surveys in 371 cases of abscess of the maxillofacial region in childhood]. Catamnestic surveys of 371 children who suffered from abscesses during the past ten years (1965 to 1974) showed that type and location of the abscesses and their incidence in the various age groups are typical and differ from those of abscesses in adults. These results are discussed and compared with the data found in the literature.", "PMID": 1062282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3894", "title": "[Fluoride levels in plasma and femur after single and multiple administration of fluoride in the rat].", "content": "In 12- and 22-week old rats the fluoride levels in plasma and in the femur were studied over a period of 24 hours. Without fluoride administration, the normal fluoride concentration was 0.01 to 0.03 ppm in plasma and an average 50 ppm in the femur. Peak values were observed in the plasma 20 to 40 minutes after fluoride intake, with the peak levels being the same irrespective of the age of the animals and the duration of fluoride administration. A quick and obvious fluoride retention in the femur was registered in young animals. Fluoride elimination from the plasma is influenced by the age of the animals and the previous fluoride load.", "contents": "[Fluoride levels in plasma and femur after single and multiple administration of fluoride in the rat]. In 12- and 22-week old rats the fluoride levels in plasma and in the femur were studied over a period of 24 hours. Without fluoride administration, the normal fluoride concentration was 0.01 to 0.03 ppm in plasma and an average 50 ppm in the femur. Peak values were observed in the plasma 20 to 40 minutes after fluoride intake, with the peak levels being the same irrespective of the age of the animals and the duration of fluoride administration. A quick and obvious fluoride retention in the femur was registered in young animals. Fluoride elimination from the plasma is influenced by the age of the animals and the previous fluoride load.", "PMID": 1062283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3895", "title": "[The lead and cadmium content of dental calculus in various occupational groups].", "content": "Atom absorption spectrum analysis was used for determining the lead and cadmium contents in calculus. Because of the small amounts present it was not possible to distinguish between sub- and supragingival calculus. Differences in environment and working place result in significant differences in the absorption of lead and cadmium. The lead values were especially high in workers of the chemical and automobile industries, while the cadmium values were high with traffic policemen and workers of the chemical industries.", "contents": "[The lead and cadmium content of dental calculus in various occupational groups]. Atom absorption spectrum analysis was used for determining the lead and cadmium contents in calculus. Because of the small amounts present it was not possible to distinguish between sub- and supragingival calculus. Differences in environment and working place result in significant differences in the absorption of lead and cadmium. The lead values were especially high in workers of the chemical and automobile industries, while the cadmium values were high with traffic policemen and workers of the chemical industries.", "PMID": 1062284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3896", "title": "[Inhibition effects of extracellular glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans].", "content": "The extracellular, gel-electrophoretically pure glucosyl transferase (GT) of Streptococcus mutans st.227 was incubated with various inhibitors and the synthetic product quantitatively determined. The GT activity was increased with low urea concentration (0.3 - 1.2 M) and inhibited with higher urea molarity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and quarternary ammonium compounds (detergents) have a clear inhibiting effect starting with 0.005%, while NaF, KSCN, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid and sugar alcohols do not have any influence.", "contents": "[Inhibition effects of extracellular glucosyltransferase from Streptococcus mutans]. The extracellular, gel-electrophoretically pure glucosyl transferase (GT) of Streptococcus mutans st.227 was incubated with various inhibitors and the synthetic product quantitatively determined. The GT activity was increased with low urea concentration (0.3 - 1.2 M) and inhibited with higher urea molarity. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and quarternary ammonium compounds (detergents) have a clear inhibiting effect starting with 0.005%, while NaF, KSCN, ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid and sugar alcohols do not have any influence.", "PMID": 1062285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3897", "title": "[Physical factors in tissue injuries of the masticatory organ].", "content": "For the analysis of tissue trauma physical quantities and mechanisms were registered by means of electronic measuring devices in the model example of jaw fractures. Samples of pig jaws were subjected to load until breaking by a pendulum hammer: by impulse loading of the teeth and the jaw bone itself. Using oscillograms of the deformations of the teeth and jaws and force, the most important biophysical quantities of this trauma are explained: impact speed, impulse, force, tissue deformation, increase of force.", "contents": "[Physical factors in tissue injuries of the masticatory organ]. For the analysis of tissue trauma physical quantities and mechanisms were registered by means of electronic measuring devices in the model example of jaw fractures. Samples of pig jaws were subjected to load until breaking by a pendulum hammer: by impulse loading of the teeth and the jaw bone itself. Using oscillograms of the deformations of the teeth and jaws and force, the most important biophysical quantities of this trauma are explained: impact speed, impulse, force, tissue deformation, increase of force.", "PMID": 1062287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3898", "title": "[Transsinusal repositioning and retention of zygomatic fractures].", "content": "In the treatment of impression fractures of the zygoma transsinusal repositioning of the fragments and their retention by means of a simple inflatable balloon catheter has proved successful. This method not only permits retention and drainage of the maxillary sinus but also postoperative correction of visual disturbances, if necessary.", "contents": "[Transsinusal repositioning and retention of zygomatic fractures]. In the treatment of impression fractures of the zygoma transsinusal repositioning of the fragments and their retention by means of a simple inflatable balloon catheter has proved successful. This method not only permits retention and drainage of the maxillary sinus but also postoperative correction of visual disturbances, if necessary.", "PMID": 1062288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3899", "title": "[Mini-plate osteosynthesis on the zygoma].", "content": "A method is described in which the principles of plate oseosynthesis at the zygoma are applied in the region of the zygomatico-frontal suture. A mini-plate in line with the spheric gliding principle of Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Osteosynthese is applied at the zygomatico-frontal suture after repositioning by means of a hook. The miniature plate enables screwing of the fragments and stabilization of the zygoma with regard to the possible direction of dislocation.", "contents": "[Mini-plate osteosynthesis on the zygoma]. A method is described in which the principles of plate oseosynthesis at the zygoma are applied in the region of the zygomatico-frontal suture. A mini-plate in line with the spheric gliding principle of Arbeitsgemeinschaft f\u00fcr Osteosynthese is applied at the zygomatico-frontal suture after repositioning by means of a hook. The miniature plate enables screwing of the fragments and stabilization of the zygoma with regard to the possible direction of dislocation.", "PMID": 1062289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3900", "title": "[Conditions for the performance of periodontal surgery].", "content": "Periodontal surgery is an integral part of systematic periodontal therapy, is performed only after establishment of good hygienic conditions in the mouth, does not aim at maintaining single teeth that would have to be extracted and is indicated only if the patient is performing adequate personal oral hygiene.", "contents": "[Conditions for the performance of periodontal surgery]. Periodontal surgery is an integral part of systematic periodontal therapy, is performed only after establishment of good hygienic conditions in the mouth, does not aim at maintaining single teeth that would have to be extracted and is indicated only if the patient is performing adequate personal oral hygiene.", "PMID": 1062290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3901", "title": "[Methods for mucogingival surgery and its results in gingival recession].", "content": "Muco-periosteal pedicle flaps, free mucosal transplants as well as a combination of these two methods may be used for treating gingival recessions. The method selected and the therapeutical success depend on whether or not the interdental gingiva is also affected. From this viewpoint, three different types of recessions can be distinguished. Type I recessions with intact interdental gingiva on both sides can successfully be treated by all methods. In type II recessions with partial loss of the interdental gingiva on one side, free transplants as well as their combination with sliding flaps show the best results. Recessions at two adjacent teeth with loss of the interdental gingiva (type III) can only be treated with free mucosal transplants. Prognosis of successful treatment diminished from type I to type III.", "contents": "[Methods for mucogingival surgery and its results in gingival recession]. Muco-periosteal pedicle flaps, free mucosal transplants as well as a combination of these two methods may be used for treating gingival recessions. The method selected and the therapeutical success depend on whether or not the interdental gingiva is also affected. From this viewpoint, three different types of recessions can be distinguished. Type I recessions with intact interdental gingiva on both sides can successfully be treated by all methods. In type II recessions with partial loss of the interdental gingiva on one side, free transplants as well as their combination with sliding flaps show the best results. Recessions at two adjacent teeth with loss of the interdental gingiva (type III) can only be treated with free mucosal transplants. Prognosis of successful treatment diminished from type I to type III.", "PMID": 1062291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3902", "title": "[Report of a case of idiopathic gingival hyperplasia].", "content": "The clinical and histological picture of a rare gingival disease, i.e. idiopathic gingival hyperplasia, is discussed in detail on the basis of a case of our own Comprehensive diagnostic measures were taken to exclude other possible causes of a hyperplasia of the gingiva. Despite a rapid recurrence after gingivectomy, a \"wait and see\" attitude is assumed and the next therapeutical procedure is planned only after completion of puberty.", "contents": "[Report of a case of idiopathic gingival hyperplasia]. The clinical and histological picture of a rare gingival disease, i.e. idiopathic gingival hyperplasia, is discussed in detail on the basis of a case of our own Comprehensive diagnostic measures were taken to exclude other possible causes of a hyperplasia of the gingiva. Despite a rapid recurrence after gingivectomy, a \"wait and see\" attitude is assumed and the next therapeutical procedure is planned only after completion of puberty.", "PMID": 1062293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3903", "title": "[Free mucosal transplantation in accidental periodontal lesions].", "content": "In order to eliminate mucogingival adhesions after lesions of the vestibulum caused by an accident, they must be freed and the scars must be excized. To create and restore a sufficiently broad gingiva propria and to deepen the vestibulum, the new wound area should be covered by a graft which at the same time counteracts resorption of the alveolar bone. A free graft from the palatal mucosa is suitable. It ideally replaces the alveolar mucosa, since it is the same type of mucosa as the attached gingiva, i.e. compact fibrous keratinized mucosa, and leads to bone apposition by activating the osteoblasts. Clinical experience and histological examinations show that this transplant permanently keeps its characteristics and undergoes secondary shrinking to a small extent only.", "contents": "[Free mucosal transplantation in accidental periodontal lesions]. In order to eliminate mucogingival adhesions after lesions of the vestibulum caused by an accident, they must be freed and the scars must be excized. To create and restore a sufficiently broad gingiva propria and to deepen the vestibulum, the new wound area should be covered by a graft which at the same time counteracts resorption of the alveolar bone. A free graft from the palatal mucosa is suitable. It ideally replaces the alveolar mucosa, since it is the same type of mucosa as the attached gingiva, i.e. compact fibrous keratinized mucosa, and leads to bone apposition by activating the osteoblasts. Clinical experience and histological examinations show that this transplant permanently keeps its characteristics and undergoes secondary shrinking to a small extent only.", "PMID": 1062295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3904", "title": "[Local periodontal findings following interalveolar and perialveolar maxillary osteotomies].", "content": "Follow-ups in 30 patients with osteotomies of the upper jaws showed that the risk of periodontal damage is small in primarily healthy periodontia. In most of the cases, the periodontal pockets in the region of osteotomy were less deep than those in other regions of the maxilla.", "contents": "[Local periodontal findings following interalveolar and perialveolar maxillary osteotomies]. Follow-ups in 30 patients with osteotomies of the upper jaws showed that the risk of periodontal damage is small in primarily healthy periodontia. In most of the cases, the periodontal pockets in the region of osteotomy were less deep than those in other regions of the maxilla.", "PMID": 1062296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3905", "title": "[Periodontal reaction to interdental osteotomy].", "content": "Interdental osteotomy presents a small risk for the tooth adjacent to the line of the osteotomy. Five out of 41 teeth adjacent to the site of an osteotomy showed loosening degree 1. The PM index rose from 1.0 to 1.4. The depth of the periodontal pockets did not change. The roots of two out of 41 teeth were damaged during osteotomy, but not devitalized.", "contents": "[Periodontal reaction to interdental osteotomy]. Interdental osteotomy presents a small risk for the tooth adjacent to the line of the osteotomy. Five out of 41 teeth adjacent to the site of an osteotomy showed loosening degree 1. The PM index rose from 1.0 to 1.4. The depth of the periodontal pockets did not change. The roots of two out of 41 teeth were damaged during osteotomy, but not devitalized.", "PMID": 1062297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3906", "title": "[Studies on oral hygiene and periodontal prophylaxis in patients with jaw fractures].", "content": "Oral hygiene experiments with H2O2 and chlorhexidine rinsing were performed in 15 patients with dental splints for jaw fractures and intermaxillary wiring. To measure the various cleaning measures, L\u00f6e's plaque index (1967) was determined at the 7th, 21st, and 35th postoperative days. The 2% chlorhexidine gluconate was always by far superior to H2O2 as far as plaque inhibition was concerned. With chlorhexidine plaque reduction up to 69% and H202 reductions up to 22% were observed. After a test period of about 5 weeks, only slight side-effects were recorded, such as discolorations at the lingual side of the teeth and in few cases bad taste or dark coating of the tongue.", "contents": "[Studies on oral hygiene and periodontal prophylaxis in patients with jaw fractures]. Oral hygiene experiments with H2O2 and chlorhexidine rinsing were performed in 15 patients with dental splints for jaw fractures and intermaxillary wiring. To measure the various cleaning measures, L\u00f6e's plaque index (1967) was determined at the 7th, 21st, and 35th postoperative days. The 2% chlorhexidine gluconate was always by far superior to H2O2 as far as plaque inhibition was concerned. With chlorhexidine plaque reduction up to 69% and H202 reductions up to 22% were observed. After a test period of about 5 weeks, only slight side-effects were recorded, such as discolorations at the lingual side of the teeth and in few cases bad taste or dark coating of the tongue.", "PMID": 1062298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3907", "title": "[Periodontal conditions after surgery of maxillary sinus fistulas].", "content": "In 38 patients the periodontal conditions after closure of antrum perforations are examined. The following indices are used: plaque index, gingival index, degree of loosening, depth of pocket and index of osteolysis. As compared to the opposite side, significant atrophy of the bone is found in the region of the perforation. Otherwise no significant differences between the operated side and the non-operated side are observed.", "contents": "[Periodontal conditions after surgery of maxillary sinus fistulas]. In 38 patients the periodontal conditions after closure of antrum perforations are examined. The following indices are used: plaque index, gingival index, degree of loosening, depth of pocket and index of osteolysis. As compared to the opposite side, significant atrophy of the bone is found in the region of the perforation. Otherwise no significant differences between the operated side and the non-operated side are observed.", "PMID": 1062299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3908", "title": "[Periodontal conditions of the teeth next to the fracture line after stable plate osteosynthesis in the mandible].", "content": "Follow-ups in 21 patients with 30 fractures of the lower jaw which were treated with stable plate osteosynthesis showed that 94% of the teeth adjacent to the fracture line were not extracted. The rate of secondary healing was 7%. Evaluation of the periodontal conditions showed that only 14% of the teeth were not worth keeping and 45% of the teeth required treatment. It is pointed out that when treating mandibular fractures with stable plate osteosynthesis, retention of the teeth in the fracture line does not mean an increased risk as far as secondary healing and the tooth itself are concerned.", "contents": "[Periodontal conditions of the teeth next to the fracture line after stable plate osteosynthesis in the mandible]. Follow-ups in 21 patients with 30 fractures of the lower jaw which were treated with stable plate osteosynthesis showed that 94% of the teeth adjacent to the fracture line were not extracted. The rate of secondary healing was 7%. Evaluation of the periodontal conditions showed that only 14% of the teeth were not worth keeping and 45% of the teeth required treatment. It is pointed out that when treating mandibular fractures with stable plate osteosynthesis, retention of the teeth in the fracture line does not mean an increased risk as far as secondary healing and the tooth itself are concerned.", "PMID": 1062302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3909", "title": "[Clinical, radiologic and histomorphological aspects of the hemangiopericytoma head and neck region].", "content": "Three hemangiopericytomas of the head and neck region with different clinical development are presented. In one patient the tumor was benign, in the two others malignant. In contrast to the opinion prevailing in the literature, histological criteria were found by means of which the degree of malignancy of these three tumors could be established. Irrespective of the degree of malignancy, radical surgery is recommended as therapy. Postoperative radiotherapy follows in those cases where a safety margin of clinically non-involved tissue surrounding the tumor could not be removed.", "contents": "[Clinical, radiologic and histomorphological aspects of the hemangiopericytoma head and neck region]. Three hemangiopericytomas of the head and neck region with different clinical development are presented. In one patient the tumor was benign, in the two others malignant. In contrast to the opinion prevailing in the literature, histological criteria were found by means of which the degree of malignancy of these three tumors could be established. Irrespective of the degree of malignancy, radical surgery is recommended as therapy. Postoperative radiotherapy follows in those cases where a safety margin of clinically non-involved tissue surrounding the tumor could not be removed.", "PMID": 1062304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3910", "title": "[Closing an anterior sinusal opening using lyophilized dura].", "content": "The systematic application of lyophilized dura for closing the anterior opening of the maxillary sinus after primary and revisional surgery at the maxillary antrum is reported. This method was applied in 32 primary maxillary sinus operations and in 6 revisional operations. The follow-ups showed a satisfactorily small number of postoperative complaints. This allows the conclusion that lyophilized dura is a suitable material for closing the anterior window in operations on the maxillary sinus.", "contents": "[Closing an anterior sinusal opening using lyophilized dura]. The systematic application of lyophilized dura for closing the anterior opening of the maxillary sinus after primary and revisional surgery at the maxillary antrum is reported. This method was applied in 32 primary maxillary sinus operations and in 6 revisional operations. The follow-ups showed a satisfactorily small number of postoperative complaints. This allows the conclusion that lyophilized dura is a suitable material for closing the anterior window in operations on the maxillary sinus.", "PMID": 1062306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3911", "title": "[Computerized statistical documentation of mandibular fractures].", "content": "The advantages of a form for case history, clinical findings and therapeutical measures which meets the requirements of computerized documentation, are pointed out by means of individual groups of questions. In this connection, an example from maxillofacial traumatology, i.e. fractures of the mandible, is discussed. After discussion of the questionnaire, some results of the evaluation of the compiled data are presented.", "contents": "[Computerized statistical documentation of mandibular fractures]. The advantages of a form for case history, clinical findings and therapeutical measures which meets the requirements of computerized documentation, are pointed out by means of individual groups of questions. In this connection, an example from maxillofacial traumatology, i.e. fractures of the mandible, is discussed. After discussion of the questionnaire, some results of the evaluation of the compiled data are presented.", "PMID": 1062307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3912", "title": "[Possibilities and limitations in the conservation of traumatized deciduous teeth].", "content": "A survey is given on the various traumatic lesions of deciduous teeth and the therapeutical measures. The latter aim at retaining every traumatized tooth, if possible, in order not to disturb the growth of the jaws. A study by the authors on 116 recently traumatized deciduous teeth showed that almost half of the teeth could be retained.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limitations in the conservation of traumatized deciduous teeth]. A survey is given on the various traumatic lesions of deciduous teeth and the therapeutical measures. The latter aim at retaining every traumatized tooth, if possible, in order not to disturb the growth of the jaws. A study by the authors on 116 recently traumatized deciduous teeth showed that almost half of the teeth could be retained.", "PMID": 1062308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3913", "title": "Pins and posts--why, when and how.", "content": "Pins and posts retain restorations and protect remaining tooth structure; they are indispensable to conservative operative dentistry. Effective utilization of these pin-post systems requires application of proper biomechanical principles for each clinical situation. No one design will suffice in every case. A parallel, serrated, cemented device in a precise matched channel is the ideal combination of characteristics. When tooth morphology or heavy function require increased retention, it may be achieved by increasing pin-post length, diameter, and number or by utilizing the resilience of dentin. However, the dentist must be aware that the price for more retention is the increasing risk of damaged tooth structure. Optimal long range results will be obtained by utilizing pins and posts in conjunction with veneer types of restorations. When used in this manner, they will save many teeth each year and simultaneously reduce the rate of failures.", "contents": "Pins and posts--why, when and how. Pins and posts retain restorations and protect remaining tooth structure; they are indispensable to conservative operative dentistry. Effective utilization of these pin-post systems requires application of proper biomechanical principles for each clinical situation. No one design will suffice in every case. A parallel, serrated, cemented device in a precise matched channel is the ideal combination of characteristics. When tooth morphology or heavy function require increased retention, it may be achieved by increasing pin-post length, diameter, and number or by utilizing the resilience of dentin. However, the dentist must be aware that the price for more retention is the increasing risk of damaged tooth structure. Optimal long range results will be obtained by utilizing pins and posts in conjunction with veneer types of restorations. When used in this manner, they will save many teeth each year and simultaneously reduce the rate of failures.", "PMID": 1062314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3914", "title": "Rationale for designing cavity preparations in light of current knowledge and technology.", "content": "No restorative material presently available is as good as supported tooth structure and it is unlikely that a usable dental restorative material with the physical properties of enamel will ever be developed. The purpose of cavity preparation is to remove carious material and preserve sound tooth structure. Any additional removal of tooth structure is necessary for the convenience of the operator or because of limitations of the restorative materials. Presently available esthetic restorative systems for nonfunctional areas and selected anterior functional areas allow for designing cavity preparations where the only two considerations are removal of caries (and unsupported enamel) and placement of retentive features. The problem of cavity design for restoration of functional surfaces is not answered easily, but there is reasonable hope that in the near future an esthetic restorative material will be available that has the strength and other necessary properties to serve in functional areas. There should be no specific \"ideal\" design for cavity preparation. Each defect should be custom designed to remove the caries or defect and perform the additional steps necessitated by the limitations of the operator or restorative material. As advocated by Black in one of his later publications, it is necessary to make mouth-by-mouth and tooth-by-tooth judgements concerning the most desirable outline form to be obtained.", "contents": "Rationale for designing cavity preparations in light of current knowledge and technology. No restorative material presently available is as good as supported tooth structure and it is unlikely that a usable dental restorative material with the physical properties of enamel will ever be developed. The purpose of cavity preparation is to remove carious material and preserve sound tooth structure. Any additional removal of tooth structure is necessary for the convenience of the operator or because of limitations of the restorative materials. Presently available esthetic restorative systems for nonfunctional areas and selected anterior functional areas allow for designing cavity preparations where the only two considerations are removal of caries (and unsupported enamel) and placement of retentive features. The problem of cavity design for restoration of functional surfaces is not answered easily, but there is reasonable hope that in the near future an esthetic restorative material will be available that has the strength and other necessary properties to serve in functional areas. There should be no specific \"ideal\" design for cavity preparation. Each defect should be custom designed to remove the caries or defect and perform the additional steps necessitated by the limitations of the operator or restorative material. As advocated by Black in one of his later publications, it is necessary to make mouth-by-mouth and tooth-by-tooth judgements concerning the most desirable outline form to be obtained.", "PMID": 1062315}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3915", "title": "Conservative preparations for cast restorations.", "content": "Partial veneer crowns still play a role in modern restorative dentistry. They must be used in the right situation with thoughtful treatment planning, and they must be done well in accordance with certain principles. Three-quarter crowns are less retentive than full crowns, but they can be used successfully as single unit restorations and retainers for short span bridges. Retention can be enhanced by the use of proximal boxes. The M.O.D. onlay, a modified inlay with occlusal coverage, minimizes the damaging effects of stress generated by occlusal forces. There is little indication for the use of M.O.D. inlays or large two surface inlays.", "contents": "Conservative preparations for cast restorations. Partial veneer crowns still play a role in modern restorative dentistry. They must be used in the right situation with thoughtful treatment planning, and they must be done well in accordance with certain principles. Three-quarter crowns are less retentive than full crowns, but they can be used successfully as single unit restorations and retainers for short span bridges. Retention can be enhanced by the use of proximal boxes. The M.O.D. onlay, a modified inlay with occlusal coverage, minimizes the damaging effects of stress generated by occlusal forces. There is little indication for the use of M.O.D. inlays or large two surface inlays.", "PMID": 1062317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3916", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of pulpal distress.", "content": "Both diagnosis and treatment of vital pulp tissues encompass some fairly comprehensive varieties of methods and materials. Diagnosis is arrived at in terms of probability. No one can be absolutely sure that the diagnosed degree of pulpal distress is in fact the actual state of affairs. Treatment, therefore, must be best be a probability also. There can be no guarantee that the treatment rendered will succeed in every instance. Any diagnosis and treatment of reversible pulpal distress is a gamble on the part of both practitioner and patient. However, utilization of every diagnostic means at his disposal, knowledge of the many treatment modalities available for use, and the ability to correlate both the diagnosis and treatment phases of a given case will result in a high probability of success. This is indeed rewarding to both the patient and the dentist.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of pulpal distress. Both diagnosis and treatment of vital pulp tissues encompass some fairly comprehensive varieties of methods and materials. Diagnosis is arrived at in terms of probability. No one can be absolutely sure that the diagnosed degree of pulpal distress is in fact the actual state of affairs. Treatment, therefore, must be best be a probability also. There can be no guarantee that the treatment rendered will succeed in every instance. Any diagnosis and treatment of reversible pulpal distress is a gamble on the part of both practitioner and patient. However, utilization of every diagnostic means at his disposal, knowledge of the many treatment modalities available for use, and the ability to correlate both the diagnosis and treatment phases of a given case will result in a high probability of success. This is indeed rewarding to both the patient and the dentist.", "PMID": 1062319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3917", "title": "The most conservative and longest lasting restorative service.", "content": "At this time in the evolution of dentistry no single technique allows the conservative and long lasting service which compacted gold restorations will provide. This article has shown the various types of these restorations undertaken in busy, financially successful practices and has supported the routine use of this therapy by more practitioners. Various supplies, equipment, and devices have been suggested.", "contents": "The most conservative and longest lasting restorative service. At this time in the evolution of dentistry no single technique allows the conservative and long lasting service which compacted gold restorations will provide. This article has shown the various types of these restorations undertaken in busy, financially successful practices and has supported the routine use of this therapy by more practitioners. Various supplies, equipment, and devices have been suggested.", "PMID": 1062321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3918", "title": "Conservative approach to the placement of retentive pins.", "content": "A thorough understanding of the basic principles of cavity preparation and knowledge of tooth morphology are necessary for the successful positioning of pin channels in the tooth. Sufficient dentin surrounding the channel is necessary for adequate strength, to avoid external fractures of tooth structure and to protect the pulp. Once the channel location is decided upon, it should be made parallel with the external surface of the tooth rather than its long axis. It is suggested that the operator use only one pin per missing cusp of the tooth and that where possible this pin be placed in the area of the line angles. Optimal length of the pin into the restorative material is 2 mm and in the dentin is 2 to 3 mm for those retained by dentinal elasticity and 3 to 4 mm for those retained by cement. The use of a rubber dam for isolation procedures is encouraged, as well as radiographs and diagnostic casts to aid in the successful placement of retentive pins.", "contents": "Conservative approach to the placement of retentive pins. A thorough understanding of the basic principles of cavity preparation and knowledge of tooth morphology are necessary for the successful positioning of pin channels in the tooth. Sufficient dentin surrounding the channel is necessary for adequate strength, to avoid external fractures of tooth structure and to protect the pulp. Once the channel location is decided upon, it should be made parallel with the external surface of the tooth rather than its long axis. It is suggested that the operator use only one pin per missing cusp of the tooth and that where possible this pin be placed in the area of the line angles. Optimal length of the pin into the restorative material is 2 mm and in the dentin is 2 to 3 mm for those retained by dentinal elasticity and 3 to 4 mm for those retained by cement. The use of a rubber dam for isolation procedures is encouraged, as well as radiographs and diagnostic casts to aid in the successful placement of retentive pins.", "PMID": 1062323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3919", "title": "Continuing education.", "content": "The greatest fault in current dental education is that for many dentists education ceases with graduation. It should instead be a lifetime process beginning with the undergraduate course and progressing through clinical experience alternating with continuing education. The ultimate objective should be good oral health for the population but in many cases the service provided falls short of the ideal taught at dental school. Education alone will not solve this problem. Other factors such as job satisfaction, pay and superannuation, general policy and the organization of the individual surgery play a part. Planning of continuing education should start with a comparative analysis of dental care as it is and as one would like it to be. At the undergraduate level the concentration must be on theoretical knowledge and the practice of clinical skills. Growing clinical experience will develop these skills and will also give rise to new feelings about work, patients and the world around. Continuing education must update the dentist's theoretical knowledge which is then advanced at collective sessions. Although voluntary, more than 20 per cent of all private dentists in Sweden are currently taking part in this programme.", "contents": "Continuing education. The greatest fault in current dental education is that for many dentists education ceases with graduation. It should instead be a lifetime process beginning with the undergraduate course and progressing through clinical experience alternating with continuing education. The ultimate objective should be good oral health for the population but in many cases the service provided falls short of the ideal taught at dental school. Education alone will not solve this problem. Other factors such as job satisfaction, pay and superannuation, general policy and the organization of the individual surgery play a part. Planning of continuing education should start with a comparative analysis of dental care as it is and as one would like it to be. At the undergraduate level the concentration must be on theoretical knowledge and the practice of clinical skills. Growing clinical experience will develop these skills and will also give rise to new feelings about work, patients and the world around. Continuing education must update the dentist's theoretical knowledge which is then advanced at collective sessions. Although voluntary, more than 20 per cent of all private dentists in Sweden are currently taking part in this programme.", "PMID": 1062353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3920", "title": "Open meeting of the Commission on Dental Education. 'What went wrong with my dental education?' A look back at the undergraduate course.", "content": "In this paper, my own undergraduate course from 1961 to 1966 at Guy's Hospital, London, is described and the merits and shortcomings of this course discussed. Subsequent alterations and future improvements to the course are considered. The various teaching methods are appraised and a closer relationship between the preclinical and clinical parts of the course is advocated. The introduction to clinical procedures and the block system of clinical teaching is considered. The overemphasis of the repetitive performance of simple clinical procedures and the time taken up doing laboratory work is criticized. The teaching of general anaesthetic administration with its lack of instruction in resuscitation and other emergency measures is deplored and the removal of this from the undergraduate course is suggested. The increasing importance attached to preventive dentistry is welcomed and the unique experience in preliminary diagnosis afforded by a dental casualty department is commended. Examination techniques are discussed and a compromise between external examination and continuous internal assessment is suggested. In conclusion, the importance of the evaluation of the course in totality is stressed, so that the overall development of the student into a self-reliant, responsible and ethical professional can be assessed. The necessity of frequent review and amendment of the curriculum is advocated if it is to remain relevant to the changing requirements of dental practice.", "contents": "Open meeting of the Commission on Dental Education. 'What went wrong with my dental education?' A look back at the undergraduate course. In this paper, my own undergraduate course from 1961 to 1966 at Guy's Hospital, London, is described and the merits and shortcomings of this course discussed. Subsequent alterations and future improvements to the course are considered. The various teaching methods are appraised and a closer relationship between the preclinical and clinical parts of the course is advocated. The introduction to clinical procedures and the block system of clinical teaching is considered. The overemphasis of the repetitive performance of simple clinical procedures and the time taken up doing laboratory work is criticized. The teaching of general anaesthetic administration with its lack of instruction in resuscitation and other emergency measures is deplored and the removal of this from the undergraduate course is suggested. The increasing importance attached to preventive dentistry is welcomed and the unique experience in preliminary diagnosis afforded by a dental casualty department is commended. Examination techniques are discussed and a compromise between external examination and continuous internal assessment is suggested. In conclusion, the importance of the evaluation of the course in totality is stressed, so that the overall development of the student into a self-reliant, responsible and ethical professional can be assessed. The necessity of frequent review and amendment of the curriculum is advocated if it is to remain relevant to the changing requirements of dental practice.", "PMID": 1062354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3921", "title": "What can be done to correct deficiencies in the undergraduate course?", "content": "Teachers should cease to be mere dispensers of facts, being rather guides to sources of information. They should be ruthless in discarding from the undergraduate course all irrelevant material and material which duplicates information or technical instruction already provided in other courses. Emphasis must be transferred from the individual tooth or tissue to the total care of the patient and this may necessitate much greater cooperation and integration between courses and departments. Time can be saved by generous provision of technical and chairside assistance. Motivation of the student is best achieved by the earliest possible introduction to clinical practice and the progressive delegation to him of clinical responsibility as his skills and knowledge develop. Self instructional material must be freely available but care must be taken to preserve and develop the capacity for communication, both oral and written, by the student to his patients and his community. Transition from undergraduate to practitioner can be made easier by conducting some part of the clinical course in institutions outside the dental school or by establishing modified practices conducted by students so far as the legal provisions of each country allow.", "contents": "What can be done to correct deficiencies in the undergraduate course? Teachers should cease to be mere dispensers of facts, being rather guides to sources of information. They should be ruthless in discarding from the undergraduate course all irrelevant material and material which duplicates information or technical instruction already provided in other courses. Emphasis must be transferred from the individual tooth or tissue to the total care of the patient and this may necessitate much greater cooperation and integration between courses and departments. Time can be saved by generous provision of technical and chairside assistance. Motivation of the student is best achieved by the earliest possible introduction to clinical practice and the progressive delegation to him of clinical responsibility as his skills and knowledge develop. Self instructional material must be freely available but care must be taken to preserve and develop the capacity for communication, both oral and written, by the student to his patients and his community. Transition from undergraduate to practitioner can be made easier by conducting some part of the clinical course in institutions outside the dental school or by establishing modified practices conducted by students so far as the legal provisions of each country allow.", "PMID": 1062355}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3922", "title": "Dental aspects of the consumption of xylitol and fructose diets.", "content": "126 voluntary test persons, divided into three groups, were put for two years on a strict diet with regard to the sweetener used (sucrose, fructose, and xylitol). The test persons were investigated in the frame of a versatile clinical, radiographical, biochemical, microbiological, and medical research plan. The consumption of the fructose and xylitol diets did not result in any pathological changes in the test persons' whole saliva,  plaque, blood, and urine samples. The consumption of the xylitol diet reduced the incidence of dental caries by approximately 90 per cent when compared to sucrose consumption. In the fructose group the reduction was 30 per cent. Xylitol consumption reduced the growth of dental plaque by 50 per cent during the whole two-year period. It also reduced the concentration of lactate in plaque and whole saliva and the ability of plaque and whole saliva to yield reducing sugars from sucrose. Simultaneously, the activity of the salivary lactoperoxidase was strongly increased. These and certain other dentally advantageous chemical changes indicated that the mechanism of the xylitol effect is dual, being partly systemic and related to a selective effect on the production of salivary enzymes and on the electrolyte concentration of whole saliva, and partly local, depressing the growth of cariogenic and certain other microorganisms.", "contents": "Dental aspects of the consumption of xylitol and fructose diets. 126 voluntary test persons, divided into three groups, were put for two years on a strict diet with regard to the sweetener used (sucrose, fructose, and xylitol). The test persons were investigated in the frame of a versatile clinical, radiographical, biochemical, microbiological, and medical research plan. The consumption of the fructose and xylitol diets did not result in any pathological changes in the test persons' whole saliva,  plaque, blood, and urine samples. The consumption of the xylitol diet reduced the incidence of dental caries by approximately 90 per cent when compared to sucrose consumption. In the fructose group the reduction was 30 per cent. Xylitol consumption reduced the growth of dental plaque by 50 per cent during the whole two-year period. It also reduced the concentration of lactate in plaque and whole saliva and the ability of plaque and whole saliva to yield reducing sugars from sucrose. Simultaneously, the activity of the salivary lactoperoxidase was strongly increased. These and certain other dentally advantageous chemical changes indicated that the mechanism of the xylitol effect is dual, being partly systemic and related to a selective effect on the production of salivary enzymes and on the electrolyte concentration of whole saliva, and partly local, depressing the growth of cariogenic and certain other microorganisms.", "PMID": 1062356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3923", "title": "Caries control through the use of sugar substitutes.", "content": "The purpose of the paper is to describe the essential findings in two clinical trials, carried out in order to evaluate differences in the caries increment rate as influenced by various sugars. The first study involved almost complete substitution of sucrose (S) by fructose (F) or xylitol (X) during a period of 2 years. The second study comprised partial substitution, the effects of a S- or X-containing chewing gum being compared during 1 year. In the first study there were no significant differences initially between the sugar groups; 35 subjects in the S-group, 38 in the F-group, and 52 in the X-group. During the entire study 10 subjects discontinued or were excluded. After 2 years the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces was 7-2 in the S-group, 3-8 in the F-group, and 0-0 in the X-group. The second study comprised initially 102 subjects, predominantly dental and medical sutdents, divided randomly into S- and X-groups. During the study 2 subjects were excluded. The subjects consumed 4-0 chewing gums per day in the S-group and correspondingly 4-8 in the X-group. The frequency of sucrose intake was 4-24 times per day in the S-group, and 4-94 in the X-group. The caries incidence assess independently by clinical and radiographical means, equalled the 1-year observations in the first study. The results show a massive reduction of the caries increment not only in relation to total, but also in connection with partial substitution of dietary sucrose and low xylitol consumption. The first study indicates fructose to be somewhat less cariogenic than sucrose. In view of the findings in the chewing gum study it is suggested that the non- and anticariogenic properties of xylitol principally depend on its lack of suitability for microbial  metabolism and the physico-chemical effects in plaque and saliva brought about through low and repeated dosage.", "contents": "Caries control through the use of sugar substitutes. The purpose of the paper is to describe the essential findings in two clinical trials, carried out in order to evaluate differences in the caries increment rate as influenced by various sugars. The first study involved almost complete substitution of sucrose (S) by fructose (F) or xylitol (X) during a period of 2 years. The second study comprised partial substitution, the effects of a S- or X-containing chewing gum being compared during 1 year. In the first study there were no significant differences initially between the sugar groups; 35 subjects in the S-group, 38 in the F-group, and 52 in the X-group. During the entire study 10 subjects discontinued or were excluded. After 2 years the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces was 7-2 in the S-group, 3-8 in the F-group, and 0-0 in the X-group. The second study comprised initially 102 subjects, predominantly dental and medical sutdents, divided randomly into S- and X-groups. During the study 2 subjects were excluded. The subjects consumed 4-0 chewing gums per day in the S-group and correspondingly 4-8 in the X-group. The frequency of sucrose intake was 4-24 times per day in the S-group, and 4-94 in the X-group. The caries incidence assess independently by clinical and radiographical means, equalled the 1-year observations in the first study. The results show a massive reduction of the caries increment not only in relation to total, but also in connection with partial substitution of dietary sucrose and low xylitol consumption. The first study indicates fructose to be somewhat less cariogenic than sucrose. In view of the findings in the chewing gum study it is suggested that the non- and anticariogenic properties of xylitol principally depend on its lack of suitability for microbial  metabolism and the physico-chemical effects in plaque and saliva brought about through low and repeated dosage.", "PMID": 1062357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3924", "title": "The assessment of needs for periodontal treatment.", "content": "The purpose of epidemiology is 'to guide the administration in the provision of health services' (MacMahon and Pugh, 1970). The provision of systematic treatment of periodontal disease has been hampered by the lack of a suitable system for calculating manpower and costs involved in the treatment of population groups. Recently, the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) has been suggested to meet with these requirements (Johansen, Gjermo & Bellini, 1973: Bellini and Gjermo, 1973). The principles of the system are explained and discussed. Moreover, it is emphasized that the prevention of periodontal disease as well as caries should be the paramount goal of the public dental health services. A possible method for early diagnosis and preventive treatment of high risk subjects is suggested.", "contents": "The assessment of needs for periodontal treatment. The purpose of epidemiology is 'to guide the administration in the provision of health services' (MacMahon and Pugh, 1970). The provision of systematic treatment of periodontal disease has been hampered by the lack of a suitable system for calculating manpower and costs involved in the treatment of population groups. Recently, the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS) has been suggested to meet with these requirements (Johansen, Gjermo & Bellini, 1973: Bellini and Gjermo, 1973). The principles of the system are explained and discussed. Moreover, it is emphasized that the prevention of periodontal disease as well as caries should be the paramount goal of the public dental health services. A possible method for early diagnosis and preventive treatment of high risk subjects is suggested.", "PMID": 1062358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3925", "title": "Innovations in dental education in the United States.", "content": "The amount of information which dental teachers wish students to absorb creates undesirable congestion of the curriculum. Individuals learn at different rates and if the course is designed for the average student, the better students are insufficiently challenged while the poor learner is left floundering. This problem is being met by the development of flexible, individualized instruction. As a result teachers are obliged to examine critically their goals and functions. If objectives are set for each course, teaching is planned to meet the objectives and methods of evaluation developed which are meaningful to the student, many of the criticisms laid by dentists against their education will be met. During the last decade the teaching of community dentistry has been developed in almost all dental schools as has the emphasis laid on preventive dentistry. In clinical teaching students are being introduced to patient care at an earlier stage resulting in better motivation and greater enthusiasm for the earlier parts of the course. Comprehensive patient care, the importance of occlusal dysfunction, the care of the handicapped and the utilization of auxiliary personnel are other areas of increasing importance. A significant development is the growing provision for an elective period during which the student may pursue his own particular interest.", "contents": "Innovations in dental education in the United States. The amount of information which dental teachers wish students to absorb creates undesirable congestion of the curriculum. Individuals learn at different rates and if the course is designed for the average student, the better students are insufficiently challenged while the poor learner is left floundering. This problem is being met by the development of flexible, individualized instruction. As a result teachers are obliged to examine critically their goals and functions. If objectives are set for each course, teaching is planned to meet the objectives and methods of evaluation developed which are meaningful to the student, many of the criticisms laid by dentists against their education will be met. During the last decade the teaching of community dentistry has been developed in almost all dental schools as has the emphasis laid on preventive dentistry. In clinical teaching students are being introduced to patient care at an earlier stage resulting in better motivation and greater enthusiasm for the earlier parts of the course. Comprehensive patient care, the importance of occlusal dysfunction, the care of the handicapped and the utilization of auxiliary personnel are other areas of increasing importance. A significant development is the growing provision for an elective period during which the student may pursue his own particular interest.", "PMID": 1062360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3926", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responsiveness of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission.", "content": "Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in remission and undergoing either chemotherapy or immunotherapy were tested for general cell-mediated immunocompetence and cell-mediated reactivity to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) using the following parameters: skin tests with recall antigens and extracts of lymphoblastoid cell lines; primary sensitization to dinitrofluorobenzene and picryl chloride; in vitro tranformation by mitogens and PPD; and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against a lymphoblastoid cell line and a panel of cryopreserved leukemic blasts. Reactivity in all assays of children on continuous chemotherapy was significantly depressed compared to similar patients later in the study. Patients on intermittent chemotherapy demonstrated much less immunodepression. The groups tested early during immunotherapy with BCG and allogeneic leukemic blasts were hyper-responsive (compared to published data) to primary sensitization with picryl chloride. Skin test reactivity to recall antigens and to tumor-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines was suppressed (as analyzed serial comparison) in this hyperimmunized group, possibly due to antigenic competition, and reactivity in all other assays was normal. The patients tested after 2-8 years of immunotherapy showed significantly higher positive skin-test responses to extracts of tumor-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines as compared to the other groups. The results of this multiphasic screen support the known effects of chemotherapy on immunocompetence. Moreover, they document the prompt return of immunocompetence with intermittent chemotherapy and during immuno-therapy. These results do not, however, indicate a striking augmentation of the immune response during immunotherapy as measured by these parameters.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responsiveness of patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia in remission. Children with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) in remission and undergoing either chemotherapy or immunotherapy were tested for general cell-mediated immunocompetence and cell-mediated reactivity to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) using the following parameters: skin tests with recall antigens and extracts of lymphoblastoid cell lines; primary sensitization to dinitrofluorobenzene and picryl chloride; in vitro tranformation by mitogens and PPD; and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against a lymphoblastoid cell line and a panel of cryopreserved leukemic blasts. Reactivity in all assays of children on continuous chemotherapy was significantly depressed compared to similar patients later in the study. Patients on intermittent chemotherapy demonstrated much less immunodepression. The groups tested early during immunotherapy with BCG and allogeneic leukemic blasts were hyper-responsive (compared to published data) to primary sensitization with picryl chloride. Skin test reactivity to recall antigens and to tumor-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines was suppressed (as analyzed serial comparison) in this hyperimmunized group, possibly due to antigenic competition, and reactivity in all other assays was normal. The patients tested after 2-8 years of immunotherapy showed significantly higher positive skin-test responses to extracts of tumor-derived lymphoblastoid cell lines as compared to the other groups. The results of this multiphasic screen support the known effects of chemotherapy on immunocompetence. Moreover, they document the prompt return of immunocompetence with intermittent chemotherapy and during immuno-therapy. These results do not, however, indicate a striking augmentation of the immune response during immunotherapy as measured by these parameters.", "PMID": 1062362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3927", "title": "The effect of larval selection on adult resistance to DDT in two strains of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L).", "content": "Evidence is presented which confirms the influence of linkage group II on adult DDT-resistance in one strain of Aedes aegypti (Bangkok-MR) but not in another strain (Bangkok-HR).", "contents": "The effect of larval selection on adult resistance to DDT in two strains of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L). Evidence is presented which confirms the influence of linkage group II on adult DDT-resistance in one strain of Aedes aegypti (Bangkok-MR) but not in another strain (Bangkok-HR).", "PMID": 1062367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3928", "title": "A new sex-linked mutant short wing in Aedes aegypti.", "content": "A spontaneous recessive sex-linked mutant short wing has been discovered in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. It is situated less than one cross-over unit from the sex determining locus. In homozygous females, flight is impaired and the survival and fecundity is markedly subnormal. Two possible uses of this gene for genetic control operations are envisaged: (a) to provide automatic sexing of males for release and (b) enhancement of the population control potential of other available genetics systems.", "contents": "A new sex-linked mutant short wing in Aedes aegypti. A spontaneous recessive sex-linked mutant short wing has been discovered in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. It is situated less than one cross-over unit from the sex determining locus. In homozygous females, flight is impaired and the survival and fecundity is markedly subnormal. Two possible uses of this gene for genetic control operations are envisaged: (a) to provide automatic sexing of males for release and (b) enhancement of the population control potential of other available genetics systems.", "PMID": 1062368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3929", "title": "Effect of gene dispersion on estimates of components of generation means and variances.", "content": "The components of generation means that measure gene action and interaction at homozygous loci have expectations that depend on the degree of association or dispersion of alleles of like effect at different loci. With anything less than complete association, estimates of these components do not necessarily reflect the relative directions, magnitudes or kinds of gene action or interaction present. To illustrate these expected consequences, the F1, F2 and backcross generation of two contrasting crosses between pairs of inbred lines of Nicotiana rustica have been raised in which the same alleles are segregating at the same loci but for loci contributing to variation in final height the alleles of like effect are predominantly associated in one cross and predominantly dispersed in the other. The simultaneous analysis of the data from the two crosses show all the expected effects of the differences in the degree of association or dispersion. In the dispersion cross the effects of gene action at homozygous loci are underestimated and the interaction between homozygous loci is not detected at all. The large directional dominance component that is common to both crosses is in fact no greater than the additive component once the deflating effect of dispersion is removed, thus ruling out the presence of overdominance. No effects of association or dispersion on the components of variation could be detected nor would any be expected unless there were differences in the predominant linkage phase between the two crosses. Large and predictable effects on estimates of the number of effective factors are, however, demonstrable.", "contents": "Effect of gene dispersion on estimates of components of generation means and variances. The components of generation means that measure gene action and interaction at homozygous loci have expectations that depend on the degree of association or dispersion of alleles of like effect at different loci. With anything less than complete association, estimates of these components do not necessarily reflect the relative directions, magnitudes or kinds of gene action or interaction present. To illustrate these expected consequences, the F1, F2 and backcross generation of two contrasting crosses between pairs of inbred lines of Nicotiana rustica have been raised in which the same alleles are segregating at the same loci but for loci contributing to variation in final height the alleles of like effect are predominantly associated in one cross and predominantly dispersed in the other. The simultaneous analysis of the data from the two crosses show all the expected effects of the differences in the degree of association or dispersion. In the dispersion cross the effects of gene action at homozygous loci are underestimated and the interaction between homozygous loci is not detected at all. The large directional dominance component that is common to both crosses is in fact no greater than the additive component once the deflating effect of dispersion is removed, thus ruling out the presence of overdominance. No effects of association or dispersion on the components of variation could be detected nor would any be expected unless there were differences in the predominant linkage phase between the two crosses. Large and predictable effects on estimates of the number of effective factors are, however, demonstrable.", "PMID": 1062369}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3930", "title": "7-Hydroxymethotrexate as a urinary metabolite in human subjects and rhesus monkeys receiving high dose methotrexate.", "content": "Human subjects and rhesus monkeys receiving the antitumor agent methotrexate at the high dose levels recently introduced into clinical use (greater than 50 mg/kg) excrete significant amounts of the metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate. The metabolite is not detected in these species after methotrexate therapy at conventional dose levels. The evidence indicates that in primates, the in vivo conversion of methotrexate to 7-hydroxymethotrexate is a dose-dependent phenomenon, with the enzyme system(s) catalyzing the reaction having a low affinity for the drug.", "contents": "7-Hydroxymethotrexate as a urinary metabolite in human subjects and rhesus monkeys receiving high dose methotrexate. Human subjects and rhesus monkeys receiving the antitumor agent methotrexate at the high dose levels recently introduced into clinical use (greater than 50 mg/kg) excrete significant amounts of the metabolite 7-hydroxymethotrexate. The metabolite is not detected in these species after methotrexate therapy at conventional dose levels. The evidence indicates that in primates, the in vivo conversion of methotrexate to 7-hydroxymethotrexate is a dose-dependent phenomenon, with the enzyme system(s) catalyzing the reaction having a low affinity for the drug.", "PMID": 1062383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3931", "title": "The effect of periodontal dressings on the healthy periodontium.", "content": "Twenty-seven proprietory periodontal dressings were applied to the lower labial segments of 18 subjects showing low levels of gingival inflammation when assessed by the Gingival Index system at the time of application. Specimens of each dressing type were subsequently removed at intervals ranging from 3 h to 5 days. The material adhering to the deep surface of the dressing was examined by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and was shown to be a complex heterogeneous structure consisting of large intact epithelial cell sheets and oral bacteria in a proteinaceous matrix. Possible mechanisms which could contribute the epithelial cell and protein components to this structure were discussed. It was concluded that the dressings themselves caused little damage to the normal periodontium but could be associated with increased levels of inflammation at longer time intervals because of bacterial growth. The significance of these findings to current clinical practice is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of periodontal dressings on the healthy periodontium. Twenty-seven proprietory periodontal dressings were applied to the lower labial segments of 18 subjects showing low levels of gingival inflammation when assessed by the Gingival Index system at the time of application. Specimens of each dressing type were subsequently removed at intervals ranging from 3 h to 5 days. The material adhering to the deep surface of the dressing was examined by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and was shown to be a complex heterogeneous structure consisting of large intact epithelial cell sheets and oral bacteria in a proteinaceous matrix. Possible mechanisms which could contribute the epithelial cell and protein components to this structure were discussed. It was concluded that the dressings themselves caused little damage to the normal periodontium but could be associated with increased levels of inflammation at longer time intervals because of bacterial growth. The significance of these findings to current clinical practice is discussed.", "PMID": 1062385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3932", "title": "Osteogenic sarcoma arising in an old burn scar.", "content": "An osteogenic sarcoma arising in an old burn scar on the right thigh of a 70-year-old woman is described. Salient features of this rare cutaneous tumor were: a large pinkish exophytic mass, spindle and oval cells, multiple foci or osteoid formation, atypical osteoblasts and multinucleated giant cells.", "contents": "Osteogenic sarcoma arising in an old burn scar. An osteogenic sarcoma arising in an old burn scar on the right thigh of a 70-year-old woman is described. Salient features of this rare cutaneous tumor were: a large pinkish exophytic mass, spindle and oval cells, multiple foci or osteoid formation, atypical osteoblasts and multinucleated giant cells.", "PMID": 1062407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3933", "title": "Collagenolytic activity of crevicular fluid from pericoronal gingival flaps.", "content": "Fluids from normal and inflamed gingival flap tissues, overlying partially erupted lower third molars, were incubated on reconstituted collagen gels and examined for collagenase activity. Collagenase activity was observed only in fluids originating from tissues with pericoronitis. However, when fluids from clinically normal tissues were treated with NaSCN, some also showed collagenase activity. Only the fluids from normal-looking tissues with a history of pericoronitis showed collagenase activity after NSCN treatment. No enzyme activity was observed in treated or untreated fluids from normal tissue from patients with no history of pericoronitis. It was concluded that the fluid collagenase activity originated from the adjacent gingival tissue because (1) the activity of the untreated fluid observed in this study seemed to parallel the acitivity of the adjacent gingival tissue, based on our observations in a previous study; (2) NaSCN affected the fluid collagenase in the same way that others found it to affect gingival tissue collagenase; and (3) the disc gel electrophoretic pattern of the breakdown products of collagen produced by the GCF enzyme was similar to that produced by gingival tissue collagenase and differed from that produced by a bacterial collagenase reported to exist in human gingival fluid.", "contents": "Collagenolytic activity of crevicular fluid from pericoronal gingival flaps. Fluids from normal and inflamed gingival flap tissues, overlying partially erupted lower third molars, were incubated on reconstituted collagen gels and examined for collagenase activity. Collagenase activity was observed only in fluids originating from tissues with pericoronitis. However, when fluids from clinically normal tissues were treated with NaSCN, some also showed collagenase activity. Only the fluids from normal-looking tissues with a history of pericoronitis showed collagenase activity after NSCN treatment. No enzyme activity was observed in treated or untreated fluids from normal tissue from patients with no history of pericoronitis. It was concluded that the fluid collagenase activity originated from the adjacent gingival tissue because (1) the activity of the untreated fluid observed in this study seemed to parallel the acitivity of the adjacent gingival tissue, based on our observations in a previous study; (2) NaSCN affected the fluid collagenase in the same way that others found it to affect gingival tissue collagenase; and (3) the disc gel electrophoretic pattern of the breakdown products of collagen produced by the GCF enzyme was similar to that produced by gingival tissue collagenase and differed from that produced by a bacterial collagenase reported to exist in human gingival fluid.", "PMID": 1062413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3934", "title": "Study on the composition of bovine gingival lipids.", "content": "The lipids in bovine gingival tissue were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively. The total lipid content was 2.35% on wet weight. The total nonpolar lipids and total polar lipids were 70.69 and 29.31% of the total lipids, respectively. Cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were the major nonpolar lipids. Polar lipids were predominantly phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and sphingomyelin. Traces of glycolipids, lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl serine, and prostaglandins were present. Oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were found to be the major fatty acids in all lipid classes. Cholesterol esters, total polar lipids, and free fatty acids were more unsaturated than glycerides. Linolenic and arachidonic acid contents were highest in cholesterol esters and total polar lipids.", "contents": "Study on the composition of bovine gingival lipids. The lipids in bovine gingival tissue were characterized qualitatively and quantitatively. The total lipid content was 2.35% on wet weight. The total nonpolar lipids and total polar lipids were 70.69 and 29.31% of the total lipids, respectively. Cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, and triglycerides were the major nonpolar lipids. Polar lipids were predominantly phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and sphingomyelin. Traces of glycolipids, lysophosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl serine, and prostaglandins were present. Oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids were found to be the major fatty acids in all lipid classes. Cholesterol esters, total polar lipids, and free fatty acids were more unsaturated than glycerides. Linolenic and arachidonic acid contents were highest in cholesterol esters and total polar lipids.", "PMID": 1062414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3935", "title": "Detection of prostaglandins in bovine gingival tissue.", "content": "It has been characterized earlier that bovine gingival lipids contain a fairly high level of arachidonic acid, a potential precursor of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether prostaglandins are natural components of bovine gingival tissues. Qualitative analysis of the lipid extract by a combination of thin-layer chromatography on plain and silver nitrate-impregnated silical gel plates and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy strongly indicate the presence of PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2. There was also an indication for the occurrence of other prostaglandins, such as PGB, PGE3, PGF1, and PGF3.", "contents": "Detection of prostaglandins in bovine gingival tissue. It has been characterized earlier that bovine gingival lipids contain a fairly high level of arachidonic acid, a potential precursor of prostaglandin biosynthesis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether prostaglandins are natural components of bovine gingival tissues. Qualitative analysis of the lipid extract by a combination of thin-layer chromatography on plain and silver nitrate-impregnated silical gel plates and ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy strongly indicate the presence of PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2. There was also an indication for the occurrence of other prostaglandins, such as PGB, PGE3, PGF1, and PGF3.", "PMID": 1062415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3936", "title": "Cusp size sexual dimorphism, and the heritability of maxillary molar cusp size in twins.", "content": "The data given on the cusp size of maxillary first permanent and second primary molars support the following conclusions. The qualitative literature on cusp size hierarchy requires revision because the quantitative data suggest that the mesiolingual cusp is largest, the distobuccal cusp second largest, the mesiobuccal cusp third largest, and the distolingual cusp smallest. Sexual dimorphism is apparent only when reflected as a collective measure of total occlusal area, a summation of cusp and ridge sizes. Antimere variations are random for individual cusps and collective measures of total occlusal areas mask observable right-side, left-side cuspal variations. Similarly, cross-twin and co-twin analyses of cusp size heritability indicate a low level of hereditary variability.", "contents": "Cusp size sexual dimorphism, and the heritability of maxillary molar cusp size in twins. The data given on the cusp size of maxillary first permanent and second primary molars support the following conclusions. The qualitative literature on cusp size hierarchy requires revision because the quantitative data suggest that the mesiolingual cusp is largest, the distobuccal cusp second largest, the mesiobuccal cusp third largest, and the distolingual cusp smallest. Sexual dimorphism is apparent only when reflected as a collective measure of total occlusal area, a summation of cusp and ridge sizes. Antimere variations are random for individual cusps and collective measures of total occlusal areas mask observable right-side, left-side cuspal variations. Similarly, cross-twin and co-twin analyses of cusp size heritability indicate a low level of hereditary variability.", "PMID": 1062416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3937", "title": "Studies of the mechanism of sucrose-associated colonization of Streptococcus mutans on teeth of conventional rats.", "content": "The mechanism of the colonization of S mutans strain 6715 on teeth in the presence of sucrose has been investigated using conventional Sprague-Dawley rats. Experiments were performed using rats fed diets with 56% sucrose or 56% glucose; oral inoculations with sucrose-grown, extracellular glucan-coated cells and glucose-grown, uncoated cells; and teeth treated with dextran 2000 via its incorportation in the diet, or teeth left untreated. In all instances, sucrose was required for satisfactory colonization of the test strain. Preformed extracellular glucan, whether associated with the bacterial cell or with the tooth surface, did not facilitate bacterial colonization when compared with cells or teeth devoid of extracellular glucan under the conditions used. The evidence suggests that glucan-mediated attachment of S mutans strain 6715 in the presence of sucrose involves an initial phase in which the cells are relatively weakly associated with the tooth surface and a subsequent phase during which firmer attachment occurs via new glucan synthesis.", "contents": "Studies of the mechanism of sucrose-associated colonization of Streptococcus mutans on teeth of conventional rats. The mechanism of the colonization of S mutans strain 6715 on teeth in the presence of sucrose has been investigated using conventional Sprague-Dawley rats. Experiments were performed using rats fed diets with 56% sucrose or 56% glucose; oral inoculations with sucrose-grown, extracellular glucan-coated cells and glucose-grown, uncoated cells; and teeth treated with dextran 2000 via its incorportation in the diet, or teeth left untreated. In all instances, sucrose was required for satisfactory colonization of the test strain. Preformed extracellular glucan, whether associated with the bacterial cell or with the tooth surface, did not facilitate bacterial colonization when compared with cells or teeth devoid of extracellular glucan under the conditions used. The evidence suggests that glucan-mediated attachment of S mutans strain 6715 in the presence of sucrose involves an initial phase in which the cells are relatively weakly associated with the tooth surface and a subsequent phase during which firmer attachment occurs via new glucan synthesis.", "PMID": 1062419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3938", "title": "An apparatus for measuring the rheological properties of dental materials.", "content": "An indirect extrusion capillary viscometer has been developed. This has been tested for nonsetting Newtonian fluids and was found to give results close to, but slightly lower than the actual viscosity. The same apparatus has been successfully applied to a non-Newtonian fluid to determine the dependence of viscosity on shear rate. The technique described should meet the requirements for assessing the rheological characteristics important in the mixing and setting of dental materials. The developed viscometer must be coupled with a sensitive mechanical testing machine capable of an adequate range of crosshead speeds that can be changed rapidly. By obtaining force vs time curves at different shear rates for setting materials, viscosity can be calculated as a function of time. Also, the viscosity at any given time during the setting process can be calculated as a function of shear rate. This chould be of aid in the interpretation of changes in rheological properties during setting of dental materials.", "contents": "An apparatus for measuring the rheological properties of dental materials. An indirect extrusion capillary viscometer has been developed. This has been tested for nonsetting Newtonian fluids and was found to give results close to, but slightly lower than the actual viscosity. The same apparatus has been successfully applied to a non-Newtonian fluid to determine the dependence of viscosity on shear rate. The technique described should meet the requirements for assessing the rheological characteristics important in the mixing and setting of dental materials. The developed viscometer must be coupled with a sensitive mechanical testing machine capable of an adequate range of crosshead speeds that can be changed rapidly. By obtaining force vs time curves at different shear rates for setting materials, viscosity can be calculated as a function of time. Also, the viscosity at any given time during the setting process can be calculated as a function of shear rate. This chould be of aid in the interpretation of changes in rheological properties during setting of dental materials.", "PMID": 1062420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3939", "title": "Evaluation of instructional materials for teaching psychomotor skills.", "content": "An investigation was conducted to determine the effectiveness of self-instructional materials for a cavity preparation procedure using two types of dental auxiliaries under assisted and unassisted instructional conditions. Results showed significant pretest to posttest performance gains, with the instruction proving equally effective across both types of auxiliaries and instructional conditions.", "contents": "Evaluation of instructional materials for teaching psychomotor skills. An investigation was conducted to determine the effectiveness of self-instructional materials for a cavity preparation procedure using two types of dental auxiliaries under assisted and unassisted instructional conditions. Results showed significant pretest to posttest performance gains, with the instruction proving equally effective across both types of auxiliaries and instructional conditions.", "PMID": 1062417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3940", "title": "Experimental carcinogenesis in duct-artery ligated rat submandibular gland.", "content": "In an attempt to shorten tumor induction time and alter tumor anaplasticity, ductal metaplasia was induced in the submandibular gland of 30 rats by ligation of the duct and artery followed by the implanation of 4-mg pellets of pure DMBA. Control groups consisted of 19-ligated and 15-DMBA implanted rats. The ligate controls showed degeneration and atrophy of the affected gland and replacement of glandular tissue by scar tissue. The DMBA controls followed the expected pattern, with all rats eventually developing well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The CMBA-ligated rats showed a combination of the two processes, each acting separately from the other. There was no difference either in induction time or tumor anaplasticity between the DMBA control rats and the DMBA-ligated rats. It seems that only factors relating to a change in the immunologic response of the host affect the latent period of tumor induction time in submandibular gland carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Experimental carcinogenesis in duct-artery ligated rat submandibular gland. In an attempt to shorten tumor induction time and alter tumor anaplasticity, ductal metaplasia was induced in the submandibular gland of 30 rats by ligation of the duct and artery followed by the implanation of 4-mg pellets of pure DMBA. Control groups consisted of 19-ligated and 15-DMBA implanted rats. The ligate controls showed degeneration and atrophy of the affected gland and replacement of glandular tissue by scar tissue. The DMBA controls followed the expected pattern, with all rats eventually developing well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. The CMBA-ligated rats showed a combination of the two processes, each acting separately from the other. There was no difference either in induction time or tumor anaplasticity between the DMBA control rats and the DMBA-ligated rats. It seems that only factors relating to a change in the immunologic response of the host affect the latent period of tumor induction time in submandibular gland carcinogenesis.", "PMID": 1062421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3941", "title": "Role of sucrose in colonization of Streptococcus mutans in conventional Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The role of sucrose in the colonization of S mutans strain 6715 in conventional Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. A diet with 56% sucrose favored the oral colonization of the test strain compared to diets with 56% glucose or fructose or to laboratory chow as determined by recoveries from extracted teeth ground in tissue grinders. S mutans strain 6715 cells became well established in all rats fed a high sucrose diet with cell inoculums ranging from 10(8) to the lowest effective dose of 10(5) CFU once orally administered; in rats on nonsucrose diets, inoculation with even the highest dose only infrequently resulted in the establishment of S mutans strain 6715. Sucrose- and glucose- grown cells appeared to behave similarly. Colonization of S mutans strain 6715 occurred in all rats fed diets with a sucrose content ranging from 56 to as low as 1%. The establishment of S mutans strain 6715 on the teeth of rats fed diets with a sucrose concentration of 0.1 or 0.01% was impaired and comparable to the diet containing 56% glucose. In rats fed a high glucose diet, uniform establishment and persistence of the test strain occurred after frequent inoculations with about 5 X 10(8) CFU. The colonization under these conditions appeared to be independent of the intestinal canal as a bacterial cell source. These data suggest the possibility that S mutans can establish itself in the human mouth in the absence of dietary sucrose. In rats fed a high glucose diet and inoculated with 10(7) CFU or less, the cells gradually disappeared from the teeth; in contrast, the test strain implanted well in rats fed the sucrose favors firmer attachment of initially weakly attached cells via in situ new glucan synthesis. S mutans strain 6715 also appeared to have some affinity for teeth in the absence of dietary sucrose that may be of ecological significance. Once firmly established in rats fed a high sucrose diet, S mutans strain 6715 maintained itself in high numbers on the teeth after a switch to a high glucose diet during a 14-week period.", "contents": "Role of sucrose in colonization of Streptococcus mutans in conventional Sprague-Dawley rats. The role of sucrose in the colonization of S mutans strain 6715 in conventional Sprague-Dawley rats was studied. A diet with 56% sucrose favored the oral colonization of the test strain compared to diets with 56% glucose or fructose or to laboratory chow as determined by recoveries from extracted teeth ground in tissue grinders. S mutans strain 6715 cells became well established in all rats fed a high sucrose diet with cell inoculums ranging from 10(8) to the lowest effective dose of 10(5) CFU once orally administered; in rats on nonsucrose diets, inoculation with even the highest dose only infrequently resulted in the establishment of S mutans strain 6715. Sucrose- and glucose- grown cells appeared to behave similarly. Colonization of S mutans strain 6715 occurred in all rats fed diets with a sucrose content ranging from 56 to as low as 1%. The establishment of S mutans strain 6715 on the teeth of rats fed diets with a sucrose concentration of 0.1 or 0.01% was impaired and comparable to the diet containing 56% glucose. In rats fed a high glucose diet, uniform establishment and persistence of the test strain occurred after frequent inoculations with about 5 X 10(8) CFU. The colonization under these conditions appeared to be independent of the intestinal canal as a bacterial cell source. These data suggest the possibility that S mutans can establish itself in the human mouth in the absence of dietary sucrose. In rats fed a high glucose diet and inoculated with 10(7) CFU or less, the cells gradually disappeared from the teeth; in contrast, the test strain implanted well in rats fed the sucrose favors firmer attachment of initially weakly attached cells via in situ new glucan synthesis. S mutans strain 6715 also appeared to have some affinity for teeth in the absence of dietary sucrose that may be of ecological significance. Once firmly established in rats fed a high sucrose diet, S mutans strain 6715 maintained itself in high numbers on the teeth after a switch to a high glucose diet during a 14-week period.", "PMID": 1062418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3942", "title": "Cementum regeneration in replanted teeth with differing pulp treatment.", "content": "Cementum regeneration on exposed dentinal root surfaces of replanted teeth not subjected to replantation. The implication was that secondary reattachment of replanted teeth was largely dependent on the status of supporting alveolar tissues. The role of the replant appeared essentially passive, reacting as a substrate for cementum deposition that may be more or less acceptable to the regenerating periodontal tissues as dictated by the extraoral history. Although the pattern of cementum deposition was unaltered by replantation, the quantity of new cementum deposited on exposed dentin did appear to be affected by pulpal treatment; thus, an indication was given that survival of replanted teeth may be influenced by pulpal procedures.", "contents": "Cementum regeneration in replanted teeth with differing pulp treatment. Cementum regeneration on exposed dentinal root surfaces of replanted teeth not subjected to replantation. The implication was that secondary reattachment of replanted teeth was largely dependent on the status of supporting alveolar tissues. The role of the replant appeared essentially passive, reacting as a substrate for cementum deposition that may be more or less acceptable to the regenerating periodontal tissues as dictated by the extraoral history. Although the pattern of cementum deposition was unaltered by replantation, the quantity of new cementum deposited on exposed dentin did appear to be affected by pulpal treatment; thus, an indication was given that survival of replanted teeth may be influenced by pulpal procedures.", "PMID": 1062422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3943", "title": "Continuous culture studies on the growth and physiology of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "We examined the effects of nutritional limitations on the production of lactic acid by Streptococcus mutans grown at low growth rates in continuous culture. Lactic acid production was greater in nitrogen- and phosphate-limited continuous cultures than in glucose-limited conditions. These results are correlated with the release of calcium from enamel in cellfree broths from various fermentations.", "contents": "Continuous culture studies on the growth and physiology of Streptococcus mutans. We examined the effects of nutritional limitations on the production of lactic acid by Streptococcus mutans grown at low growth rates in continuous culture. Lactic acid production was greater in nitrogen- and phosphate-limited continuous cultures than in glucose-limited conditions. These results are correlated with the release of calcium from enamel in cellfree broths from various fermentations.", "PMID": 1062423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3944", "title": "Working time of polymeric restorative materials.", "content": "The validity of determining the working times of polymeric restorative materials with the use of rheologic methods in the laboratory has been investigated by measuring the adaptation of polymeric restorative materials to artificial cavities when inserted at 30-second time intervals during their setting reactions. There was significant deterioration in adaptation during the working times which suggests that small changes in viscosity early in the setting reactions radically affect the materials' mobility.", "contents": "Working time of polymeric restorative materials. The validity of determining the working times of polymeric restorative materials with the use of rheologic methods in the laboratory has been investigated by measuring the adaptation of polymeric restorative materials to artificial cavities when inserted at 30-second time intervals during their setting reactions. There was significant deterioration in adaptation during the working times which suggests that small changes in viscosity early in the setting reactions radically affect the materials' mobility.", "PMID": 1062424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3945", "title": "Influence of amalgam, alloy, and mercury on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans: I. Biological test system.", "content": "A procedure is presented for the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans in a dextrose-beef extract medium. Growth was estimated spectrophotometrically. The amount of amalgam, alloy, or mercury that was added to the sealed test tube influenced the rate and extent of growth.", "contents": "Influence of amalgam, alloy, and mercury on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans: I. Biological test system. A procedure is presented for the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans in a dextrose-beef extract medium. Growth was estimated spectrophotometrically. The amount of amalgam, alloy, or mercury that was added to the sealed test tube influenced the rate and extent of growth.", "PMID": 1062425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3946", "title": "Aging changes in the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint in the guinea pig.", "content": "The development of cartilage cells was investigated in the articular disks of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ disk) from two groups of guinea pigs age 1 month and 2 years old. There is strong evidence that the presence of chondrocytes in the TMJ disks of the older group of guinea pigs is the result of a biological aging phenomenon and is not related to pathologically induced changes.", "contents": "Aging changes in the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint in the guinea pig. The development of cartilage cells was investigated in the articular disks of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ disk) from two groups of guinea pigs age 1 month and 2 years old. There is strong evidence that the presence of chondrocytes in the TMJ disks of the older group of guinea pigs is the result of a biological aging phenomenon and is not related to pathologically induced changes.", "PMID": 1062426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3947", "title": "Potential use of one-phase (methyl methacrylate) in dental implants.", "content": "Three techniques were studied to control the porosity and the pore size of the one-phase PMMA matrix, namely light sintering and the use of hydroxyapatite- or NaCl-filler. These techniques alleviate the problems of residual monomer inherent in the two-phase PMMA system. A two-step light sintering technique with a solid polymer core and porous outer layer showed improvement in the overall mechanical properties and good potential for anatomical implants. The NaCl-filled PMMA was found to give the best overall mechanical properties and control of porosity. The mechanical properties of the filled, water-equilibrated composites were close to literature values of dry PMMA systems except for a noticeable drop in their modulus. In the instance of hydroxyapatite, the 20 wt %-filled PMMA composites with 35-mesh particle size suffered a substantial loss in their mechanical properties and physical integrity after soaking for one week in water. Polymer-filler particle size ratio should be taken into consideration in compounding in order to obtain the desired filler distribution (either random or network).", "contents": "Potential use of one-phase (methyl methacrylate) in dental implants. Three techniques were studied to control the porosity and the pore size of the one-phase PMMA matrix, namely light sintering and the use of hydroxyapatite- or NaCl-filler. These techniques alleviate the problems of residual monomer inherent in the two-phase PMMA system. A two-step light sintering technique with a solid polymer core and porous outer layer showed improvement in the overall mechanical properties and good potential for anatomical implants. The NaCl-filled PMMA was found to give the best overall mechanical properties and control of porosity. The mechanical properties of the filled, water-equilibrated composites were close to literature values of dry PMMA systems except for a noticeable drop in their modulus. In the instance of hydroxyapatite, the 20 wt %-filled PMMA composites with 35-mesh particle size suffered a substantial loss in their mechanical properties and physical integrity after soaking for one week in water. Polymer-filler particle size ratio should be taken into consideration in compounding in order to obtain the desired filler distribution (either random or network).", "PMID": 1062428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3948", "title": "Plasmid DNA satellite bands seen in lysates of Streptococcus mutans that form insoluble extracellular polysaccharides.", "content": "A satellite band of plasmid DNA was seen in cell lysates prepared from two strains of S mutans using buoyant-density equilibrium centrifugation. Mutants, defective in their ability to synthesize insoluble extracellular polysaccharides, showed no detectable satellite DNA band when prepared by the same procedure. These mutants were induced by treatment with EB, acridine orange, or SDS, which are known to be effective agents for the elimination of extrachromosomal genetic inheritance. The derived mutants produced more soluble polysaccharides from sucrose than their parent strains. The decreased ability to synthesize insoluble polysaccharides was related to both glucan and fructan formation. These findings suggest that the plasmid DNA of the S mutans strains genetically controls formation or activity of the enzymes responsible for synthesis of extracellular insoluble glucan or fructan.", "contents": "Plasmid DNA satellite bands seen in lysates of Streptococcus mutans that form insoluble extracellular polysaccharides. A satellite band of plasmid DNA was seen in cell lysates prepared from two strains of S mutans using buoyant-density equilibrium centrifugation. Mutants, defective in their ability to synthesize insoluble extracellular polysaccharides, showed no detectable satellite DNA band when prepared by the same procedure. These mutants were induced by treatment with EB, acridine orange, or SDS, which are known to be effective agents for the elimination of extrachromosomal genetic inheritance. The derived mutants produced more soluble polysaccharides from sucrose than their parent strains. The decreased ability to synthesize insoluble polysaccharides was related to both glucan and fructan formation. These findings suggest that the plasmid DNA of the S mutans strains genetically controls formation or activity of the enzymes responsible for synthesis of extracellular insoluble glucan or fructan.", "PMID": 1062427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3949", "title": "Gold-nickel alloys in dental prostheses.", "content": "A gold-nickel master alloy was prepared by arc melting in an inert atmosphere and from it, mechanical test specimens and dental prostheses were made by centrifugal casting. The cast alloy had a yield strength of about 7,400 kg/cm2, with an elongation of 12%. The alloy was clinically tested in the form of partial dentures and crown and bridge materials. For the 32-month period these prostheses have been in use, no tissue reaction, tarnish, or corrosion had been observed.", "contents": "Gold-nickel alloys in dental prostheses. A gold-nickel master alloy was prepared by arc melting in an inert atmosphere and from it, mechanical test specimens and dental prostheses were made by centrifugal casting. The cast alloy had a yield strength of about 7,400 kg/cm2, with an elongation of 12%. The alloy was clinically tested in the form of partial dentures and crown and bridge materials. For the 32-month period these prostheses have been in use, no tissue reaction, tarnish, or corrosion had been observed.", "PMID": 1062429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3950", "title": "Clinical studies of dental cements: V. Recall evaluation and a zinc phosphate cement.", "content": "Patients with restorations cemented with a reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cement and a zinc phosphate cement were recalled after a four- to seven-year interval. No significant differences in clinical success were observed between restoration luted with the two cements. No significant difference in the incidence of caries at the restoration margins was noted between the cements.", "contents": "Clinical studies of dental cements: V. Recall evaluation and a zinc phosphate cement. Patients with restorations cemented with a reinforced zinc oxide-eugenol cement and a zinc phosphate cement were recalled after a four- to seven-year interval. No significant differences in clinical success were observed between restoration luted with the two cements. No significant difference in the incidence of caries at the restoration margins was noted between the cements.", "PMID": 1062430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3951", "title": "Zinc polycarboxylate cements: a chemical study of erosion and its relationship to molecular structure.", "content": "Experimental results show that the rate of elution of Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions from polycarboxylate cements decrease with the cement's age. This phenomenon is explained by the setting reaction in which these cations are liberated from the oxide powder by an exchange with protons from the polyacid and in this state are vulnerable to water leaching. Subsequently, these cations become bound to the polyanion chain and become more resistant to water leaching. Magnesium ions are more easily hydrolyzed than zinc ions because they are less strongly bound to the polyanion chain. Zinc ions are apparently more strongly bound to a polyacid which is a copolymer of acrylic and itaconic acids, than to the homopolymer of acrylic acid. The pattern of elution of ions differs between the different cements, so that measurements after 24 hours cannot be used to predict long-term durability on a comparative basis. This coupled with the slow but continuous loss of ions makes a 24-hour test of doubtful validity. Polycarboxylate cements absorb water that is present in the matrix in loosely bound and tightly bound forms. The ionization of the polyacid to a polyanion during the course of the reaction apparently creates a demand for water, and the cement where the COOH:C ratio in the polyacid is highest absorbs the most water.", "contents": "Zinc polycarboxylate cements: a chemical study of erosion and its relationship to molecular structure. Experimental results show that the rate of elution of Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions from polycarboxylate cements decrease with the cement's age. This phenomenon is explained by the setting reaction in which these cations are liberated from the oxide powder by an exchange with protons from the polyacid and in this state are vulnerable to water leaching. Subsequently, these cations become bound to the polyanion chain and become more resistant to water leaching. Magnesium ions are more easily hydrolyzed than zinc ions because they are less strongly bound to the polyanion chain. Zinc ions are apparently more strongly bound to a polyacid which is a copolymer of acrylic and itaconic acids, than to the homopolymer of acrylic acid. The pattern of elution of ions differs between the different cements, so that measurements after 24 hours cannot be used to predict long-term durability on a comparative basis. This coupled with the slow but continuous loss of ions makes a 24-hour test of doubtful validity. Polycarboxylate cements absorb water that is present in the matrix in loosely bound and tightly bound forms. The ionization of the polyacid to a polyanion during the course of the reaction apparently creates a demand for water, and the cement where the COOH:C ratio in the polyacid is highest absorbs the most water.", "PMID": 1062431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3952", "title": "Barriers to identification and motivation of minority group members for dentistry.", "content": "The barriers preventing dental students from pursuing dental careers are formidable, and the lack of commitment is really the major one. Before future students can become informed and motivated and can commit themselves to a career in dentistry, they must see the full sustained and honest commitment of those who teach and advise them, as well as of those who practice the profession. Once assured of this, they can proceed together with the profession to dismantle the other barriers.", "contents": "Barriers to identification and motivation of minority group members for dentistry. The barriers preventing dental students from pursuing dental careers are formidable, and the lack of commitment is really the major one. Before future students can become informed and motivated and can commit themselves to a career in dentistry, they must see the full sustained and honest commitment of those who teach and advise them, as well as of those who practice the profession. Once assured of this, they can proceed together with the profession to dismantle the other barriers.", "PMID": 1062441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3953", "title": "Utilizing learning theory to promote effectiveness of instruction in preclinical operative dentistry.", "content": "In comparing two methods of instruction, one must be cautious about forming conclusions because of certain variables which can influence results. Such variables are differences in populations, in instructor effectiveness, and in availability of instructional aids. The comparison does, however, demonstrate differences between the two groups. The fact that the entire class taught by the modified course passed the proficiency examination after nine trials, compared to 12 for those from the traditional course, is not in itself significant. The impressive fact is that in the early trials the rate of students who qualified for clinical practice was nearly doubled in the learning theory group. This might imply that the learning theory group demonstrated a greater degree of problem-solving ability because of opportunities for discovery learning within the course. Since both classes were given the proficiency examination approximately two-and-a-half months after they had completed the preclinical course, it would seem that the learning theory design resulted in retention of the objectives of the course by a significant number of students. Consequently, it is the authors' opinion that the learning theory design provided a more effective method of instruction. Clinical operative dentistry consists of highly intricate procedures which for their successful completion require complex psychomotor responses in the operator. Therefore a program of instruction in operative dentistry must be highly effective. When such a program is organized, utilization of learning theory principles, especially those of skill learning, may aid in achieving this goal.", "contents": "Utilizing learning theory to promote effectiveness of instruction in preclinical operative dentistry. In comparing two methods of instruction, one must be cautious about forming conclusions because of certain variables which can influence results. Such variables are differences in populations, in instructor effectiveness, and in availability of instructional aids. The comparison does, however, demonstrate differences between the two groups. The fact that the entire class taught by the modified course passed the proficiency examination after nine trials, compared to 12 for those from the traditional course, is not in itself significant. The impressive fact is that in the early trials the rate of students who qualified for clinical practice was nearly doubled in the learning theory group. This might imply that the learning theory group demonstrated a greater degree of problem-solving ability because of opportunities for discovery learning within the course. Since both classes were given the proficiency examination approximately two-and-a-half months after they had completed the preclinical course, it would seem that the learning theory design resulted in retention of the objectives of the course by a significant number of students. Consequently, it is the authors' opinion that the learning theory design provided a more effective method of instruction. Clinical operative dentistry consists of highly intricate procedures which for their successful completion require complex psychomotor responses in the operator. Therefore a program of instruction in operative dentistry must be highly effective. When such a program is organized, utilization of learning theory principles, especially those of skill learning, may aid in achieving this goal.", "PMID": 1062444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3954", "title": "Trial State Boards as a teaching technique.", "content": "Trial State Boards call upon the dental hygiene student to pull together all the skills and knowledge accumulated during the course of studies before facing the actual Board of Dental Examiners. It has been the experience of many in the field of dental hygiene education that the anxiety created in a testing situation is largely a result of unknowns. At the Ohio State University, the Trial State Board is viewed as an effective means of eliminating some of the anxiety (by eliminating some of the unknowns) and thereby of helping the student to be more relaxed and to emerge with a more accurate evaluation of his or her abilities in terms of taking the licensing examination. Although this process is time consuming, the results seem well worth the time. For the clinical faculty the review by dentists, who do not normally see the students in the clinic, is of great value. Once the testing is over and the dentists have completed their evaluations and comments, these are reviewed by the members of the clinical faculty. A specialized program can be worked out for each student needing additional help to correct any deficiency before graduation. For some the idea of holding a Trial State Board will be a new concept in the traiing of dental hygiene students. For others it may already be part of the training program. For all involved in the education of members of the health professions it is worth considering as both a teaching tool and a learning experience.", "contents": "Trial State Boards as a teaching technique. Trial State Boards call upon the dental hygiene student to pull together all the skills and knowledge accumulated during the course of studies before facing the actual Board of Dental Examiners. It has been the experience of many in the field of dental hygiene education that the anxiety created in a testing situation is largely a result of unknowns. At the Ohio State University, the Trial State Board is viewed as an effective means of eliminating some of the anxiety (by eliminating some of the unknowns) and thereby of helping the student to be more relaxed and to emerge with a more accurate evaluation of his or her abilities in terms of taking the licensing examination. Although this process is time consuming, the results seem well worth the time. For the clinical faculty the review by dentists, who do not normally see the students in the clinic, is of great value. Once the testing is over and the dentists have completed their evaluations and comments, these are reviewed by the members of the clinical faculty. A specialized program can be worked out for each student needing additional help to correct any deficiency before graduation. For some the idea of holding a Trial State Board will be a new concept in the traiing of dental hygiene students. For others it may already be part of the training program. For all involved in the education of members of the health professions it is worth considering as both a teaching tool and a learning experience.", "PMID": 1062446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3955", "title": "Modulus of elasticity and strength properties of dental cements.", "content": "The modulus of elasticity of commercial dental cements was determined by an optical strain gauge method. Values of compressive and tensile strengths also were measured. Of the cements of primary consistency tested, a noneugenol zinc oxide cement had the lowest mechanical properties. A zinc phosphate cement had the highest value of compressive strength and modulus, but a zinc polyacrylate cement had the highest tensile strength. A zinc polyacrylate cement base had the highest tensile strength, but a zinc phosphate cement base had the highest compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. A calcium hydroxide liner had higher mechanical properties than an unmodified ZOE liner.", "contents": "Modulus of elasticity and strength properties of dental cements. The modulus of elasticity of commercial dental cements was determined by an optical strain gauge method. Values of compressive and tensile strengths also were measured. Of the cements of primary consistency tested, a noneugenol zinc oxide cement had the lowest mechanical properties. A zinc phosphate cement had the highest value of compressive strength and modulus, but a zinc polyacrylate cement had the highest tensile strength. A zinc polyacrylate cement base had the highest tensile strength, but a zinc phosphate cement base had the highest compressive strength and modulus of elasticity. A calcium hydroxide liner had higher mechanical properties than an unmodified ZOE liner.", "PMID": 1062449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3956", "title": "Comparison of posterior teeth.", "content": "Patients compared the mechanical efficiency of certain types of posterior teeth. Patients, allowed to choose the denture that was most comfortable and the most stable, and that performed the best, all selected the nonanatomic tooth form. Women selected the dentures with the flat occlusal posterior teeth and men preferred the posterior teeth with metal inserts. On the basis of this small sampling of patients treated with anatomic and nonanatomic posterior teeth, I suggest that favorable results would be obtained if nonanatomical teeth were used to construct dentures for all age groups. If, in addition to good function, we can provide an esthetically pleasing,nonanatomic type posterior tooth, we will have achieved our goal in the construction of fine dentures.", "contents": "Comparison of posterior teeth. Patients compared the mechanical efficiency of certain types of posterior teeth. Patients, allowed to choose the denture that was most comfortable and the most stable, and that performed the best, all selected the nonanatomic tooth form. Women selected the dentures with the flat occlusal posterior teeth and men preferred the posterior teeth with metal inserts. On the basis of this small sampling of patients treated with anatomic and nonanatomic posterior teeth, I suggest that favorable results would be obtained if nonanatomical teeth were used to construct dentures for all age groups. If, in addition to good function, we can provide an esthetically pleasing,nonanatomic type posterior tooth, we will have achieved our goal in the construction of fine dentures.", "PMID": 1062458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3957", "title": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral soft tissues: a statistical analysis of 14,253 cases by age, sex, and race of patients.", "content": "Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequently occurring malignant tumor of the oral structures, accounting for about 90% of the total number of malignant oral lesions. Among 14,253 cases of soft tissue squamous cell carcinomas of the oral area in the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the most common locations are the lower lip (38% of the cases) and the tongue (21%). In the past few years, however, the number of carcinomas of the floor of mouth has been increasing. Our material also shows a definite trend of the carcinomas to develop in patients of an age group 10 years younger than has been previously reported.", "contents": "Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral soft tissues: a statistical analysis of 14,253 cases by age, sex, and race of patients. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequently occurring malignant tumor of the oral structures, accounting for about 90% of the total number of malignant oral lesions. Among 14,253 cases of soft tissue squamous cell carcinomas of the oral area in the files of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, the most common locations are the lower lip (38% of the cases) and the tongue (21%). In the past few years, however, the number of carcinomas of the floor of mouth has been increasing. Our material also shows a definite trend of the carcinomas to develop in patients of an age group 10 years younger than has been previously reported.", "PMID": 1062459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3958", "title": "Two-year clinical evaluation of a pit and fissure sealant. Part II. Caries initiation and progression.", "content": "For the study, 479 paired permanent teeth and 20 paired deciduous teeth were coated under controlled clinical conditions with Nuva-Seal. A red dye was added to assist in placement and subsequent evaluation over a two-year period. Eighty-four children (ages 10 to 14) participated in the study. Caries was evaluated 3, 6, 12, and 24 months later with the same rating scale used at the baseline examination (0, caries free, to 4, severe caries), except when the sealant was found completely present and intact; then caries evaluation was limited to visual inspection through the sealant. The caries rate for control teeth was 6.9% at 3 months, 16.1% at 6 months, 26.4% at 12 months, and 37.6% at 24 months. Corresponding percent effectiveness figures for the sealant were 63.6%, 66.6%, 61.7%, and 54.6%, respectively. At 24 months, effectiveness rates for all types of teeth were at least 52% with the exception of the maxillary second molars (only 27% sealant effectiveness). Overall, caries protection as reflected by percent effectiveness was higher for mandibular teeth and premolars than for maxillary teeth and molars. There was significant effect on the incidence of dental caries when the sealant remained completely intact. Percentage effectiveness rates in this case were 90.7% at 12 months and 90.9% at 24 months. There was little gain or loss in caries protection when the sealant was partially or completely missing. Twenty-four percent of the children had a positive net gain or treatment effect at three months. This increased to 52% at 6 months, 62% at 12 months, and 70% at 24 months. With the use of half-mouth caries rates, the corresponding figures for positive treatment effects were slightly higher (30%, 64%, 70%, and 80% respectively).", "contents": "Two-year clinical evaluation of a pit and fissure sealant. Part II. Caries initiation and progression. For the study, 479 paired permanent teeth and 20 paired deciduous teeth were coated under controlled clinical conditions with Nuva-Seal. A red dye was added to assist in placement and subsequent evaluation over a two-year period. Eighty-four children (ages 10 to 14) participated in the study. Caries was evaluated 3, 6, 12, and 24 months later with the same rating scale used at the baseline examination (0, caries free, to 4, severe caries), except when the sealant was found completely present and intact; then caries evaluation was limited to visual inspection through the sealant. The caries rate for control teeth was 6.9% at 3 months, 16.1% at 6 months, 26.4% at 12 months, and 37.6% at 24 months. Corresponding percent effectiveness figures for the sealant were 63.6%, 66.6%, 61.7%, and 54.6%, respectively. At 24 months, effectiveness rates for all types of teeth were at least 52% with the exception of the maxillary second molars (only 27% sealant effectiveness). Overall, caries protection as reflected by percent effectiveness was higher for mandibular teeth and premolars than for maxillary teeth and molars. There was significant effect on the incidence of dental caries when the sealant remained completely intact. Percentage effectiveness rates in this case were 90.7% at 12 months and 90.9% at 24 months. There was little gain or loss in caries protection when the sealant was partially or completely missing. Twenty-four percent of the children had a positive net gain or treatment effect at three months. This increased to 52% at 6 months, 62% at 12 months, and 70% at 24 months. With the use of half-mouth caries rates, the corresponding figures for positive treatment effects were slightly higher (30%, 64%, 70%, and 80% respectively).", "PMID": 1062461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3959", "title": "Computerized placement in dentistry: the Minnesota experience.", "content": "In response to identified manpower information and service requirements, the Minnesota Dental Association, the board of dentistry, and the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry established the Dental Information Service Center in 1972. One major effort of the center was to develop a computerized placement service for dentistry in the state. This service was recently subjected to a user evaluation. Of 1,030 delivered questionnaires, 431 were returned in response to a single mailing. The respondents included 216 employers and 215 employees, including dentists seeking positions. Dental employers generally found the system to be their most successful strategy in the search for employees; from the perspective of employees, other sources such as personal contact competed with the computerized system as the most successful source of information. Evidence from this evaluation indicates that the computerized placement experience in Minnesota has been quite positive. Dentists have relied on the service somewhat more heavily than other dental occupational groups, possibly because alternate sources of information traditionally have not served the health professions. Overall satisfaction ran quite high, and an overwhelming majority of the respondents thought that the service should be continued and expanded to either a regional or a national level.", "contents": "Computerized placement in dentistry: the Minnesota experience. In response to identified manpower information and service requirements, the Minnesota Dental Association, the board of dentistry, and the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry established the Dental Information Service Center in 1972. One major effort of the center was to develop a computerized placement service for dentistry in the state. This service was recently subjected to a user evaluation. Of 1,030 delivered questionnaires, 431 were returned in response to a single mailing. The respondents included 216 employers and 215 employees, including dentists seeking positions. Dental employers generally found the system to be their most successful strategy in the search for employees; from the perspective of employees, other sources such as personal contact competed with the computerized system as the most successful source of information. Evidence from this evaluation indicates that the computerized placement experience in Minnesota has been quite positive. Dentists have relied on the service somewhat more heavily than other dental occupational groups, possibly because alternate sources of information traditionally have not served the health professions. Overall satisfaction ran quite high, and an overwhelming majority of the respondents thought that the service should be continued and expanded to either a regional or a national level.", "PMID": 1062463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3960", "title": "Recurrent ameloblastoma of the mandible.", "content": "Ameloblastoma is by nature an invasive tumour and the full extent of the infiltration is not always appreciated when the lesion is being excised. Included in a series of 40 cases are 7 recurrent lesions. Pertinent clinical features of the 7 recurrent cases are discussed. A close study has been made of the recurrent tumours in the hope that some explanation could be found for the unsuccessful primary treatment. The investigation considered a number of aspects of the behavior of this growth and from this certain facts have emerged. Definitive treatment should not be embarked on before the diagnosis has been established. Only then can an overall plan of management be devised. It is noteworthy that the rate of growth of the lesion is more rapid in the younger age group. Ameloblastoma varies in it's clinical and radiological presentation. Primary treatment is influenced by the size and site of the particular lesion. The management of the recurrent lesion depends on the mode of presentation of the particular growth.", "contents": "Recurrent ameloblastoma of the mandible. Ameloblastoma is by nature an invasive tumour and the full extent of the infiltration is not always appreciated when the lesion is being excised. Included in a series of 40 cases are 7 recurrent lesions. Pertinent clinical features of the 7 recurrent cases are discussed. A close study has been made of the recurrent tumours in the hope that some explanation could be found for the unsuccessful primary treatment. The investigation considered a number of aspects of the behavior of this growth and from this certain facts have emerged. Definitive treatment should not be embarked on before the diagnosis has been established. Only then can an overall plan of management be devised. It is noteworthy that the rate of growth of the lesion is more rapid in the younger age group. Ameloblastoma varies in it's clinical and radiological presentation. Primary treatment is influenced by the size and site of the particular lesion. The management of the recurrent lesion depends on the mode of presentation of the particular growth.", "PMID": 1062473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3961", "title": "Results of radical treatment of cancer of the parotid gland.", "content": "Twenty-five patients with different histological variants of malignant tumours of the parotid gland have been treated by parotidectomy combined with interstitial radiotherapy with delayed afterloading and dose fractionation during the operation. The indications for this therapeutic approach and the techniques used are described. The follow-up of the patients ranging from one to over five years showed only two local recurrences, although most of the patients were in an advanced stage locally. Complications due to the irradiation have not been observed.", "contents": "Results of radical treatment of cancer of the parotid gland. Twenty-five patients with different histological variants of malignant tumours of the parotid gland have been treated by parotidectomy combined with interstitial radiotherapy with delayed afterloading and dose fractionation during the operation. The indications for this therapeutic approach and the techniques used are described. The follow-up of the patients ranging from one to over five years showed only two local recurrences, although most of the patients were in an advanced stage locally. Complications due to the irradiation have not been observed.", "PMID": 1062474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3962", "title": "Problems in the reconstruction of the inner canthus and the lacrimal duct.", "content": "The problems of reconstruction of the destructed mesial lid angle are discussed. Correct evaluation of the lesion is very important. Depending on whether primary or secondary reconstruction has to be done, different technical approaches are recommended. A personal technique of reconstruction of the lacrimal duct is described. This technique has given very satisfactory results.", "contents": "Problems in the reconstruction of the inner canthus and the lacrimal duct. The problems of reconstruction of the destructed mesial lid angle are discussed. Correct evaluation of the lesion is very important. Depending on whether primary or secondary reconstruction has to be done, different technical approaches are recommended. A personal technique of reconstruction of the lacrimal duct is described. This technique has given very satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1062475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3963", "title": "Logopaedic findings following advancement of the maxilla.", "content": "From 1972 to 1974, the authors carried out logopaedic examinations of over 100 patients with retrodisplaced maxillae at the Clinic for Maxillo-Facial Surgery at the University of Zurich (Director: Prof. H. Obwegeser, M.D., D.M.D.). From this clinical material, 40 cases which were fully documented in respect of medical history, surgical treatment and speech behavior were selected, and the effect of the advancement of the maxilla on the individual ability to articulate was studied.", "contents": "Logopaedic findings following advancement of the maxilla. From 1972 to 1974, the authors carried out logopaedic examinations of over 100 patients with retrodisplaced maxillae at the Clinic for Maxillo-Facial Surgery at the University of Zurich (Director: Prof. H. Obwegeser, M.D., D.M.D.). From this clinical material, 40 cases which were fully documented in respect of medical history, surgical treatment and speech behavior were selected, and the effect of the advancement of the maxilla on the individual ability to articulate was studied.", "PMID": 1062476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3964", "title": "Drug treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with sympatho- and parasympatholytics.", "content": "Exciting factors in trigeminal neuralgia known to date are reviewed, and the involvement of the vegetative system in the development of neuralgic pain is documented by clinical observations. Studies of free fatty acids (ffs) and free glycerin (FGly) conducted to assess sympathetic and vegal involvement revealed a sympathetic component to be active in attacks along the distribution of the first and second trigeminal branches, while pain originating from the third branch appears to be mediated by vagal stimuli. Sy,patho- and parasympatholytic therapy is discussed and its effect reviewed in a large group of cases. More than 50% of cases were found to be improved.", "contents": "Drug treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with sympatho- and parasympatholytics. Exciting factors in trigeminal neuralgia known to date are reviewed, and the involvement of the vegetative system in the development of neuralgic pain is documented by clinical observations. Studies of free fatty acids (ffs) and free glycerin (FGly) conducted to assess sympathetic and vegal involvement revealed a sympathetic component to be active in attacks along the distribution of the first and second trigeminal branches, while pain originating from the third branch appears to be mediated by vagal stimuli. Sy,patho- and parasympatholytic therapy is discussed and its effect reviewed in a large group of cases. More than 50% of cases were found to be improved.", "PMID": 1062477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3965", "title": "Orthodontically induced eruption of the permanent canine combined with alveolar cleft osteoplasty: a new procedure illustrated by a case with stereophotogrammetric reconstructions.", "content": "A new technique is suggested which will allow secondary bone grafting to be carried out at approximately 10 years of age when some potential of active tooth eruption and maxillary alveolar growth remains. Surgery is followed during the healing phase by orthodontic traction of the unerupted canine through the bone graft. This allows the reconstruction of the dental arch, while the bone graft is maintained by the osteogenic influence of the canine root. The technique is detailed and illustrated and a case report presented. A stereophotogrammetric reconstruction demonstrates the improvement in integumental contour following the technique described.", "contents": "Orthodontically induced eruption of the permanent canine combined with alveolar cleft osteoplasty: a new procedure illustrated by a case with stereophotogrammetric reconstructions. A new technique is suggested which will allow secondary bone grafting to be carried out at approximately 10 years of age when some potential of active tooth eruption and maxillary alveolar growth remains. Surgery is followed during the healing phase by orthodontic traction of the unerupted canine through the bone graft. This allows the reconstruction of the dental arch, while the bone graft is maintained by the osteogenic influence of the canine root. The technique is detailed and illustrated and a case report presented. A stereophotogrammetric reconstruction demonstrates the improvement in integumental contour following the technique described.", "PMID": 1062478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3966", "title": "Sarcoma arising in irradiated jawbones. Possible relationship with previous non-malignant bone lesions. Report of 6 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Thirty-seven cases of radiation-induced sarcoma of the jaw are reviewed from the literature and six new cases are reported. It appears that irradiation seems to play a significant role in the development of jaw sarcoma: 10% of jaw sarcomas arise in irradiated bone. The initial lesion, however, that required irradiation appears to be equally important: 46% of the cases were found to have fibrous dysplasia as the initial lesion, whereas 18% of the remaining cases included diverse bone lesions. The bone was assumed to be normal in only 36% of the cases where irradiation was administered to adjacent tissue lesions. It seems that the association between irradiation and a pre-existing bone lesion has a definite oncologic effect.", "contents": "Sarcoma arising in irradiated jawbones. Possible relationship with previous non-malignant bone lesions. Report of 6 cases and review of the literature. Thirty-seven cases of radiation-induced sarcoma of the jaw are reviewed from the literature and six new cases are reported. It appears that irradiation seems to play a significant role in the development of jaw sarcoma: 10% of jaw sarcomas arise in irradiated bone. The initial lesion, however, that required irradiation appears to be equally important: 46% of the cases were found to have fibrous dysplasia as the initial lesion, whereas 18% of the remaining cases included diverse bone lesions. The bone was assumed to be normal in only 36% of the cases where irradiation was administered to adjacent tissue lesions. It seems that the association between irradiation and a pre-existing bone lesion has a definite oncologic effect.", "PMID": 1062479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3967", "title": "Effect of adrenalectomy on the synthesis of cholinesterases.", "content": "Adrenalectomy decreased the rate of regeneration of brain and striated muscle acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) in mice after sublethal poisoning with diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DFP). This may explain similar findings in previous experiments in hypophysectomized animals.", "contents": "Effect of adrenalectomy on the synthesis of cholinesterases. Adrenalectomy decreased the rate of regeneration of brain and striated muscle acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) in mice after sublethal poisoning with diisopropylphosphofluoridate (DFP). This may explain similar findings in previous experiments in hypophysectomized animals.", "PMID": 1062480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3968", "title": "Immune reactivity in vitro to spontaneous canine oral tumors.", "content": "In vitro reactivity of autochthonous lymphocytes to tumor cells from progressively growing oral tumors in dogs was studied. Tumors were collected during surgery or before necropsy and prepared for tissue culture. Only viable, glass-adherent tumor cells were used. The cells were first incubated either with culture medium or with canine serum, and then they were mixed with lymphocytes. The cultured tumor cells were destroyed by high numbers of lymphocytes, but the reactivity was blocked for tumor cells that had been incubated with autologous serum. Tumor cell growth was stimulated by low numbers of lymphocytes. These results point out the complexity of tumor enhancement in vivo.", "contents": "Immune reactivity in vitro to spontaneous canine oral tumors. In vitro reactivity of autochthonous lymphocytes to tumor cells from progressively growing oral tumors in dogs was studied. Tumors were collected during surgery or before necropsy and prepared for tissue culture. Only viable, glass-adherent tumor cells were used. The cells were first incubated either with culture medium or with canine serum, and then they were mixed with lymphocytes. The cultured tumor cells were destroyed by high numbers of lymphocytes, but the reactivity was blocked for tumor cells that had been incubated with autologous serum. Tumor cell growth was stimulated by low numbers of lymphocytes. These results point out the complexity of tumor enhancement in vivo.", "PMID": 1062481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3969", "title": "Evaluation of an automated direct fluorometric method for determination of total estrogens in pregnancy urine.", "content": "The value of urinary estriol as a measure of placental function has been previously established. The authors have modified to total automation a previously published method. The method operates at an analytical rate of 30 samples per hour. Results are expressed as mg. estrogen/gm. creatinine (E/C). In normal pregnancy values rise from a mean of 18 at 31 weeks gestation of 43 at term.", "contents": "Evaluation of an automated direct fluorometric method for determination of total estrogens in pregnancy urine. The value of urinary estriol as a measure of placental function has been previously established. The authors have modified to total automation a previously published method. The method operates at an analytical rate of 30 samples per hour. Results are expressed as mg. estrogen/gm. creatinine (E/C). In normal pregnancy values rise from a mean of 18 at 31 weeks gestation of 43 at term.", "PMID": 1062482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3970", "title": "Wound healing and the amniotic membrane.", "content": "The successful clinical application of the amniotic membrane as a surgical dressing is discussed as to the mode of healing. The amniotic membrane does not appear to be a permanent structure when used as an allograft.", "contents": "Wound healing and the amniotic membrane. The successful clinical application of the amniotic membrane as a surgical dressing is discussed as to the mode of healing. The amniotic membrane does not appear to be a permanent structure when used as an allograft.", "PMID": 1062483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3971", "title": "The metabolism of estradiol by perfused livers and liver slices of normal and cirrhotic rats.", "content": "The metabolism of estradiol- 17 beta and cirrhotic (CC14 -induced) rat livers was studied in isolated perfused livers and in incubations of liver slices. In these experiments the cirrhotic livers show a reduced clearance of estradiol, an accumulation of extractable metabolites and a delayed transformation to non-extractable metabolites. It is concluded that these changes in the metabolism of estradiol are caused not only by an altered circulation of the blood through intrahepatic shunts, but also by disturbances in the uptake and/or metabolism of the estrogens by the liver cells.", "contents": "The metabolism of estradiol by perfused livers and liver slices of normal and cirrhotic rats. The metabolism of estradiol- 17 beta and cirrhotic (CC14 -induced) rat livers was studied in isolated perfused livers and in incubations of liver slices. In these experiments the cirrhotic livers show a reduced clearance of estradiol, an accumulation of extractable metabolites and a delayed transformation to non-extractable metabolites. It is concluded that these changes in the metabolism of estradiol are caused not only by an altered circulation of the blood through intrahepatic shunts, but also by disturbances in the uptake and/or metabolism of the estrogens by the liver cells.", "PMID": 1062484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3972", "title": "Scavenging of dental anesthetic gases.", "content": "Results of recent surveys suggest that there are significant health hazards involved with chronic exposure to waste anesthetic gases. While results of these surveys were significant, they did not prove a cause-effect relationship. Considerable evidence in experimental animals suggests such a relationship; it is reasonable to assume that this applies to the clinical situation. An anesthetic technique that uses a circle-system absorber with a scavenging trap and non-recirculating exhaust duct has been described. This system was combined with use of a closed-cell rubber sponge for an oropharyngeal pack that was impermeable to air or anesthetic gases. In addition, a tight-fitting nasal mask or sealed nasopharyngeal tube was used. Ventilation of room air also was improved. These changes produced a 93.3% reduction in halothane and 91.2% reduction in nitrous oxide in the dental operating room.", "contents": "Scavenging of dental anesthetic gases. Results of recent surveys suggest that there are significant health hazards involved with chronic exposure to waste anesthetic gases. While results of these surveys were significant, they did not prove a cause-effect relationship. Considerable evidence in experimental animals suggests such a relationship; it is reasonable to assume that this applies to the clinical situation. An anesthetic technique that uses a circle-system absorber with a scavenging trap and non-recirculating exhaust duct has been described. This system was combined with use of a closed-cell rubber sponge for an oropharyngeal pack that was impermeable to air or anesthetic gases. In addition, a tight-fitting nasal mask or sealed nasopharyngeal tube was used. Ventilation of room air also was improved. These changes produced a 93.3% reduction in halothane and 91.2% reduction in nitrous oxide in the dental operating room.", "PMID": 1062518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3973", "title": "Experimental osteogenesis at fracture sites and gaps.", "content": "One hundred and twenty male albino rats were used to study the regenerative potential of periosteum, and the effects of the size of discontinuity defects on bone repair. The clinical, radiologic, and histological studies disclosed new bone formation and remodeling of fibular fractures and gaps in the presence of periosteum or bone contact, or both. Small and large fibular fracture gaps without periosteum resulted in nonunion, interposition of fibrous tissue, and no new bone formation. It was concluded from the current experimental studies that bone contact is more important than periosteum for normal bone healing. Where contact is not possible, the presence of periosteum assumes a more essential role.", "contents": "Experimental osteogenesis at fracture sites and gaps. One hundred and twenty male albino rats were used to study the regenerative potential of periosteum, and the effects of the size of discontinuity defects on bone repair. The clinical, radiologic, and histological studies disclosed new bone formation and remodeling of fibular fractures and gaps in the presence of periosteum or bone contact, or both. Small and large fibular fracture gaps without periosteum resulted in nonunion, interposition of fibrous tissue, and no new bone formation. It was concluded from the current experimental studies that bone contact is more important than periosteum for normal bone healing. Where contact is not possible, the presence of periosteum assumes a more essential role.", "PMID": 1062519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3974", "title": "Distribution of glands in the mucosa of the hard palate and its relation to carcinoma.", "content": "Carcinoma of the hard palate in women who practice reverse smoking is very common in Visakhapatnam. This carcinoma usually occurs in the middle of the posterior half of the hard palate and not in the soft palate or in the anterior half of hard palate. The volume of the glandular tissue in the mucosa of the hard palate is maximum to the right or left half of the midline in the posterior half in both fetuses and adults. The localization of the carcinoma of the hard palate in reverse smokers corresponds to the glandular area of the mucosa of the hard palate.", "contents": "Distribution of glands in the mucosa of the hard palate and its relation to carcinoma. Carcinoma of the hard palate in women who practice reverse smoking is very common in Visakhapatnam. This carcinoma usually occurs in the middle of the posterior half of the hard palate and not in the soft palate or in the anterior half of hard palate. The volume of the glandular tissue in the mucosa of the hard palate is maximum to the right or left half of the midline in the posterior half in both fetuses and adults. The localization of the carcinoma of the hard palate in reverse smokers corresponds to the glandular area of the mucosa of the hard palate.", "PMID": 1062520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3975", "title": "Cryosurgery for oral cancer--a six-year retrospective study.", "content": "In a review of 50 patients with oral cancer treated by cryosurgery, local control of the tumor for more than two years was achieved in 90%. In only 4 of 25 instances where the tumor had superficially invaded bone, or was adjacent to it, was resection necessary. Cryosurgery was effective in controlling benign and premalignant lesions also. The treatment is often palliative and sometimes curative when patients refuse other recommended care.", "contents": "Cryosurgery for oral cancer--a six-year retrospective study. In a review of 50 patients with oral cancer treated by cryosurgery, local control of the tumor for more than two years was achieved in 90%. In only 4 of 25 instances where the tumor had superficially invaded bone, or was adjacent to it, was resection necessary. Cryosurgery was effective in controlling benign and premalignant lesions also. The treatment is often palliative and sometimes curative when patients refuse other recommended care.", "PMID": 1062521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3976", "title": "Radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of lesions of the maxillofacial region.", "content": "Radionuclide scanning is a safe, simple, sensitive technique for demonstrating lesions of the skeletal system. It has proved to be valuable in the early detection and differential diagnoses of lesions involving the maxillofacial region. Abnormal uptake of a bone scanning agent relies on a disturbance of the mineral metabolism of bone. These changes in the pathophysiology of bone are detected earlier on radioisotope bone scans than on radiographs. Bone scanning is a superior technique for diagnosis when compared to radiographic examination. A positive scan is not pathognomonic of any specific disease, but with the clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings, it can differentiate many lesions and contribute invaluable information concerning a particular lesion or condition so that treatment can be more effectively planned.", "contents": "Radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of lesions of the maxillofacial region. Radionuclide scanning is a safe, simple, sensitive technique for demonstrating lesions of the skeletal system. It has proved to be valuable in the early detection and differential diagnoses of lesions involving the maxillofacial region. Abnormal uptake of a bone scanning agent relies on a disturbance of the mineral metabolism of bone. These changes in the pathophysiology of bone are detected earlier on radioisotope bone scans than on radiographs. Bone scanning is a superior technique for diagnosis when compared to radiographic examination. A positive scan is not pathognomonic of any specific disease, but with the clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings, it can differentiate many lesions and contribute invaluable information concerning a particular lesion or condition so that treatment can be more effectively planned.", "PMID": 1062522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3977", "title": "Palisaded, encapsulated neuroma of the lip.", "content": "A case of palisaded, encapsulated neuroma of the lower lip has been presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported instance in the dental literature. The lesion characteristically occurs on the skin of the face near the oral, nasal, and orbital mucocutaneous junctions and, therefore, is readily visible to the oral diagnostician. It occurs most often in middle-aged individuals and, although it may clinically mimic other lesions, the operative finding of an easily enucleated mass near a mucocutaneous junction should suggest this lesion in the differential diagnosis. Histologically, the lesion is characterized by three distinct zones--an outer compressed fibrous connective tissue capsule, an inner myxomatous zone, and a central zone of proliferating Schwann's cells arranged in interlacing fascicles with areas of palisaded cells and organoid structures. The lesion is treated by enucleation or excision and has no tendency to recur.", "contents": "Palisaded, encapsulated neuroma of the lip. A case of palisaded, encapsulated neuroma of the lower lip has been presented. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported instance in the dental literature. The lesion characteristically occurs on the skin of the face near the oral, nasal, and orbital mucocutaneous junctions and, therefore, is readily visible to the oral diagnostician. It occurs most often in middle-aged individuals and, although it may clinically mimic other lesions, the operative finding of an easily enucleated mass near a mucocutaneous junction should suggest this lesion in the differential diagnosis. Histologically, the lesion is characterized by three distinct zones--an outer compressed fibrous connective tissue capsule, an inner myxomatous zone, and a central zone of proliferating Schwann's cells arranged in interlacing fascicles with areas of palisaded cells and organoid structures. The lesion is treated by enucleation or excision and has no tendency to recur.", "PMID": 1062525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3978", "title": "Sequelae of dental extraction during quinine-induced thrombocytopenia.", "content": "The pathogenesis and treatment of quinine-induced thrombocytopenia is discussed. The case presented involved the sequelae of a dental extraction performed during an episode of acute thrombocytopenia. A complete medical history and knowledge of current medications and their possible side effects are of paramount importance before any patient is treated.", "contents": "Sequelae of dental extraction during quinine-induced thrombocytopenia. The pathogenesis and treatment of quinine-induced thrombocytopenia is discussed. The case presented involved the sequelae of a dental extraction performed during an episode of acute thrombocytopenia. A complete medical history and knowledge of current medications and their possible side effects are of paramount importance before any patient is treated.", "PMID": 1062528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3979", "title": "Emotional response to intravenous delta9tetrahydrocannabinol during oral surgery.", "content": "The administration of delta9THC intravenously as a premedicant to oral surgery resulted in acute pronounced elevations in anxiety states, a predominance of dysphoria over euphoria, and varying degrees of psychotic-like paranoiac thought. Neural effects that appeared to promote these effects included distortions of perception with sensory delusions, and heightened sensory receptiveness including antalgesic impressions of surgery; autonomic and visceral arousal greater than control or placebo levels; lack of overt behavioral signals of distress due to depersonalization; and time disintegration leading to fear-inducing misinformation about real surgical events. Introverted subjects who generally were inclined to rely on drug solutions to their problems tended to respond poorly to surgical pain and anxiety with delta9THC. These results, obtained from subjects considered to  have levels of presurgical apprehension that were average or below average, suggest that the environment in which high doses of cannabinols are experienced is a potent factor in determining the quality of the emotional response. A surgical environment containing even the mild stress of outpatient oral surgery appears to have the potential to precipitate undesirable emotional responses among cannabinol-intoxicated patients. There is continued high-level social use of cannabinols inour society, with an estimate of 40% to 55% among the college-age group seen frequently by oral surgeons. Results of this study suggest that clinicians should be prepared to detect the subtle signs of marijuana intoxication to protect their patients from further psychophysiologic complications during surgery.", "contents": "Emotional response to intravenous delta9tetrahydrocannabinol during oral surgery. The administration of delta9THC intravenously as a premedicant to oral surgery resulted in acute pronounced elevations in anxiety states, a predominance of dysphoria over euphoria, and varying degrees of psychotic-like paranoiac thought. Neural effects that appeared to promote these effects included distortions of perception with sensory delusions, and heightened sensory receptiveness including antalgesic impressions of surgery; autonomic and visceral arousal greater than control or placebo levels; lack of overt behavioral signals of distress due to depersonalization; and time disintegration leading to fear-inducing misinformation about real surgical events. Introverted subjects who generally were inclined to rely on drug solutions to their problems tended to respond poorly to surgical pain and anxiety with delta9THC. These results, obtained from subjects considered to  have levels of presurgical apprehension that were average or below average, suggest that the environment in which high doses of cannabinols are experienced is a potent factor in determining the quality of the emotional response. A surgical environment containing even the mild stress of outpatient oral surgery appears to have the potential to precipitate undesirable emotional responses among cannabinol-intoxicated patients. There is continued high-level social use of cannabinols inour society, with an estimate of 40% to 55% among the college-age group seen frequently by oral surgeons. Results of this study suggest that clinicians should be prepared to detect the subtle signs of marijuana intoxication to protect their patients from further psychophysiologic complications during surgery.", "PMID": 1062533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3980", "title": "Reimplantation of freeze-treated and saline-treated mandibular bone.", "content": "Mandibular bone devitalized by freezing after removal from the body and subsequently reimplanted was observed for its potential to reunite and grow in comparison to a similar saline-treated section of bone from the same animal. After a year, there were no significant discernible clinical or histological differences between the slaine-treated and the frozen bone. Approximately the same amount of histologically indistinguishable bone formed in either instance. The results suggest that a partially resected mandible subjected to freezing maintains the same capacity to act as an autogenous graft as does bone partially devitalized by immersion in saline solution.", "contents": "Reimplantation of freeze-treated and saline-treated mandibular bone. Mandibular bone devitalized by freezing after removal from the body and subsequently reimplanted was observed for its potential to reunite and grow in comparison to a similar saline-treated section of bone from the same animal. After a year, there were no significant discernible clinical or histological differences between the slaine-treated and the frozen bone. Approximately the same amount of histologically indistinguishable bone formed in either instance. The results suggest that a partially resected mandible subjected to freezing maintains the same capacity to act as an autogenous graft as does bone partially devitalized by immersion in saline solution.", "PMID": 1062534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3981", "title": "Middle-third facial osteotomies: their use in the correction of congenital dentofacial and craniofacial deformities.", "content": "Several congenital abnormalities result in dentofacial and craniofacial deformities in the middle third of the face. Each of these deformities presents unique problems with multiple coexisting anomalies of the entire dentofacial and craniofacial region. Those engaged in the habilitation of patients with congenital facial deformities must be cognizant of the fact that, unlike in individuals with developmental dentofacial deformities there are unique ophthalmological, otolaryngological, neurological, dental, speech, and psychological problems coexisting with these conditions. Multiple procedures, either performed simultaneously or staged, are frequently necessary to achieve optimum esthetic and functional results. With a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, acceptable habilitation of many of these individuals can be achieved.", "contents": "Middle-third facial osteotomies: their use in the correction of congenital dentofacial and craniofacial deformities. Several congenital abnormalities result in dentofacial and craniofacial deformities in the middle third of the face. Each of these deformities presents unique problems with multiple coexisting anomalies of the entire dentofacial and craniofacial region. Those engaged in the habilitation of patients with congenital facial deformities must be cognizant of the fact that, unlike in individuals with developmental dentofacial deformities there are unique ophthalmological, otolaryngological, neurological, dental, speech, and psychological problems coexisting with these conditions. Multiple procedures, either performed simultaneously or staged, are frequently necessary to achieve optimum esthetic and functional results. With a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, acceptable habilitation of many of these individuals can be achieved.", "PMID": 1062535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3982", "title": "Surgical treatment of mandibular hypomobility.", "content": "Mandibular hypomobility may be the result of a number of intra- and extra-articular conditions. Its treatment, predicated on an accurate diagnosis, varies from minor manipulative maneuvers to several surgical procedures. The applicability of coronoidectomy, in certain conditions, has become increasingly important.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of mandibular hypomobility. Mandibular hypomobility may be the result of a number of intra- and extra-articular conditions. Its treatment, predicated on an accurate diagnosis, varies from minor manipulative maneuvers to several surgical procedures. The applicability of coronoidectomy, in certain conditions, has become increasingly important.", "PMID": 1062536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3983", "title": "Antibiotic therapy in oral and maxillofacial surgery.", "content": "Too frequently, antibiotics are used unnecessarily for routine dental procedures. Good surgical techniques, immaculate postoperative oral hygiene, and close follow-up are sufficient in many situations. In infectious processes, culture and snesitivity testing should be used to determine the cause of infection before surgical or antibiotic therapy is given. A conservative approach should provide adequate care and minimize the gross overuse of antibiotics.", "contents": "Antibiotic therapy in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Too frequently, antibiotics are used unnecessarily for routine dental procedures. Good surgical techniques, immaculate postoperative oral hygiene, and close follow-up are sufficient in many situations. In infectious processes, culture and snesitivity testing should be used to determine the cause of infection before surgical or antibiotic therapy is given. A conservative approach should provide adequate care and minimize the gross overuse of antibiotics.", "PMID": 1062537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3984", "title": "Mandibular fracture resulting from dog bite: report of a case.", "content": "The diagnosis and management of a fractured mandible of a 4-year old child has been presented. A brief review of the literature is given. The remarkable aspect of the case is its reported cause of dog bite. The patient was managed conservatively by closed reduction, and use of Oliver loops. The maxillomandibular fixation was lost on the 11th postoperative day. At that time, no mandibular deviation or limitation of movement was noted. Further immobilization was not deemed necessary. During a three-month follow-up period, no complications occurred.", "contents": "Mandibular fracture resulting from dog bite: report of a case. The diagnosis and management of a fractured mandible of a 4-year old child has been presented. A brief review of the literature is given. The remarkable aspect of the case is its reported cause of dog bite. The patient was managed conservatively by closed reduction, and use of Oliver loops. The maxillomandibular fixation was lost on the 11th postoperative day. At that time, no mandibular deviation or limitation of movement was noted. Further immobilization was not deemed necessary. During a three-month follow-up period, no complications occurred.", "PMID": 1062540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3985", "title": "The three-dimensional mandibular bone plate.", "content": "A new type of mandibular bone plate implant has been described that immobilizes the mandible more ridigly than do previous bone appliances. Because of this characteristic, maxillomandibular fixation may be eliminated in a large percentage of fractured mandibles, or the time for immobilization is, at least, reduced.", "contents": "The three-dimensional mandibular bone plate. A new type of mandibular bone plate implant has been described that immobilizes the mandible more ridigly than do previous bone appliances. Because of this characteristic, maxillomandibular fixation may be eliminated in a large percentage of fractured mandibles, or the time for immobilization is, at least, reduced.", "PMID": 1062542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3986", "title": "Treatment of mandibular prognathism in an acromegalic patient.", "content": "A 41-year-old man with acromegaly underwent cryosurgery for a pituitary adenoma. Although soft tissue regression is possible after pituitary ablation, bony changes are permanent. Thus, bilateral vertical osteotomies and bilateral coronoidotomies were performed for correction of the mandibular prognathism. The postoperative occlusion and facial profile were very acceptable. Unfortunately, the patient died of a myocardial infarction eight days postoperatively.", "contents": "Treatment of mandibular prognathism in an acromegalic patient. A 41-year-old man with acromegaly underwent cryosurgery for a pituitary adenoma. Although soft tissue regression is possible after pituitary ablation, bony changes are permanent. Thus, bilateral vertical osteotomies and bilateral coronoidotomies were performed for correction of the mandibular prognathism. The postoperative occlusion and facial profile were very acceptable. Unfortunately, the patient died of a myocardial infarction eight days postoperatively.", "PMID": 1062543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3987", "title": "Experimental foreign body reactions to toothpaste abrasives.", "content": "Some clinical oral foreign body reactions have been reviewed. The testing of the foreign body potential of substances used as abrasives in toothpastes has shown a number to be capable of this. The clinical implications are briefly discussed. The initial studies were conducted when the author was on the faculty of the School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, England.", "contents": "Experimental foreign body reactions to toothpaste abrasives. Some clinical oral foreign body reactions have been reviewed. The testing of the foreign body potential of substances used as abrasives in toothpastes has shown a number to be capable of this. The clinical implications are briefly discussed. The initial studies were conducted when the author was on the faculty of the School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, England.", "PMID": 1062547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3988", "title": "Periodontal emotional stress syndrome.", "content": "Eleven cases are presented which demonstrated severe periodontal bone loss especially in the posterior segments of the mouth in a group of young men, ages 22 to 32, unexplained by other local etiologic factors. The only common denominator in all cases was severe emotional stress associated with active duty in Viet Nam. The name \"periodontal emotional stress syndrome (PESS)\"is suggested as a possible term to be included in the nomenclature of the classification of periodontal disease.", "contents": "Periodontal emotional stress syndrome. Eleven cases are presented which demonstrated severe periodontal bone loss especially in the posterior segments of the mouth in a group of young men, ages 22 to 32, unexplained by other local etiologic factors. The only common denominator in all cases was severe emotional stress associated with active duty in Viet Nam. The name \"periodontal emotional stress syndrome (PESS)\"is suggested as a possible term to be included in the nomenclature of the classification of periodontal disease.", "PMID": 1062550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3989", "title": "Plaque, gingivitis and dental aptitude test scores of dental students.", "content": "In general, plaque and gingivitis scores were correlated negatively with the manual parameters and positively with the academic and mental parameters studied. Plaque showed significant negative correlations with the manual average and the carving test. Gingivitis also demonstrated a negative correlation, just short of significance, with the manual average, but virtually no correlation existed between gingivitis and the carving test. Gingivitis displayed a significant positive correlation with the academic average, and plaque exhibited a nonsignificant positive correlation with the academic average. Relationships between these parameters may help determine what segments of the population are more susceptible to plaque accumulation and gingivitis and may suggest possible new approaches to the adoption of preventive measures. Finally, in view of the statistically significant but relatively low correlation found between manual dexterity and oral health, further investigations are indicated to establish the validity of the relationship.", "contents": "Plaque, gingivitis and dental aptitude test scores of dental students. In general, plaque and gingivitis scores were correlated negatively with the manual parameters and positively with the academic and mental parameters studied. Plaque showed significant negative correlations with the manual average and the carving test. Gingivitis also demonstrated a negative correlation, just short of significance, with the manual average, but virtually no correlation existed between gingivitis and the carving test. Gingivitis displayed a significant positive correlation with the academic average, and plaque exhibited a nonsignificant positive correlation with the academic average. Relationships between these parameters may help determine what segments of the population are more susceptible to plaque accumulation and gingivitis and may suggest possible new approaches to the adoption of preventive measures. Finally, in view of the statistically significant but relatively low correlation found between manual dexterity and oral health, further investigations are indicated to establish the validity of the relationship.", "PMID": 1062552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3990", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a newly designed contoured tooth-brush.", "content": "A newly designed contoured toothbrush was tested against the Oral B toothbrush in a single blind crossover study over a 6-month period using 78 patients. The findings were: (1) The contoured toothbrush was significantly better (P less  than 0.01) than the Oral B brush for gingival index scores; (2) Plaque scores were lower for the contoured brush (P = 0.10); (3) No significant differences were observed with respect to calculus scores.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a newly designed contoured tooth-brush. A newly designed contoured toothbrush was tested against the Oral B toothbrush in a single blind crossover study over a 6-month period using 78 patients. The findings were: (1) The contoured toothbrush was significantly better (P less  than 0.01) than the Oral B brush for gingival index scores; (2) Plaque scores were lower for the contoured brush (P = 0.10); (3) No significant differences were observed with respect to calculus scores.", "PMID": 1062553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3991", "title": "The role of alveolar bone in the noneruption of molar teeth in grey lethal mice.", "content": "The in utero and neonatal development of the molar teeth in osteopetrotic grey lethal mice and normal litter mates was observed in timed embryos which were obtained by caeserian section, and in neonatal litters which were sacrificed on the day of birth and each day thereafter until day 7. Serial coronal and sagittal sections through the heads were prepared. The earliest disturbances in the alveolar bone-tooth germ complex were seen at day 19 in utero. At birth, the grey lethal first molar germs are severely distorted by encroaching alveolar bone. The abnormalities become progressively more marked until day 7. The failure in alveolar bone remodeling is the factor which prevents tooth eruption in grey lethal mice.", "contents": "The role of alveolar bone in the noneruption of molar teeth in grey lethal mice. The in utero and neonatal development of the molar teeth in osteopetrotic grey lethal mice and normal litter mates was observed in timed embryos which were obtained by caeserian section, and in neonatal litters which were sacrificed on the day of birth and each day thereafter until day 7. Serial coronal and sagittal sections through the heads were prepared. The earliest disturbances in the alveolar bone-tooth germ complex were seen at day 19 in utero. At birth, the grey lethal first molar germs are severely distorted by encroaching alveolar bone. The abnormalities become progressively more marked until day 7. The failure in alveolar bone remodeling is the factor which prevents tooth eruption in grey lethal mice.", "PMID": 1062554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3992", "title": "Histoplasmosis of the gingiva. Report of a case.", "content": "A 71-year-old white man presented with a large ulcerated lesion which extended to the facial and palatal aspects of the maxillary left first and second bicuspids. A biopsy was made because the lesion appeared to be carcinomatous. It proved to be benign but it was positive for histoplasmosis. Although the patient had a 9 month history of weight loss, fatigue, frequent nausea, night sweats, respiratory symptoms, and other symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of histoplasmosis, skin tests and complement fixation tests had been consistently negative. After the diagnosis was made and the organism was cultured from the oral lesion, therapy (amphotericin B) was initiated and the patient responded favorably. Within 12 months, the symptoms regressed, the oral lesions healed, and the patient regained 25 lb.", "contents": "Histoplasmosis of the gingiva. Report of a case. A 71-year-old white man presented with a large ulcerated lesion which extended to the facial and palatal aspects of the maxillary left first and second bicuspids. A biopsy was made because the lesion appeared to be carcinomatous. It proved to be benign but it was positive for histoplasmosis. Although the patient had a 9 month history of weight loss, fatigue, frequent nausea, night sweats, respiratory symptoms, and other symptoms compatible with a diagnosis of histoplasmosis, skin tests and complement fixation tests had been consistently negative. After the diagnosis was made and the organism was cultured from the oral lesion, therapy (amphotericin B) was initiated and the patient responded favorably. Within 12 months, the symptoms regressed, the oral lesions healed, and the patient regained 25 lb.", "PMID": 1062555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3993", "title": "Gingival status during prolonged fasting for weight loss.", "content": "Nineteen obese patients were observed during a prolonged period of fasting for weight loss. The period of fasting ranged from 15 to 71 days. The patients consumed a dose of certain vitamins and minerals with 2 liters of water per day. No effort was made to alter the patient at the beginning and termination of the fasting period. At the time of original recording the Plaque and Gingival Index correlated directly. As the fasting period lengthened, there was a decrease in the Plaque Index scores but the Ginival Index scores increased considerably. This is an opposite correlation to what one would expect in individuals maintained on an adequate diet.", "contents": "Gingival status during prolonged fasting for weight loss. Nineteen obese patients were observed during a prolonged period of fasting for weight loss. The period of fasting ranged from 15 to 71 days. The patients consumed a dose of certain vitamins and minerals with 2 liters of water per day. No effort was made to alter the patient at the beginning and termination of the fasting period. At the time of original recording the Plaque and Gingival Index correlated directly. As the fasting period lengthened, there was a decrease in the Plaque Index scores but the Ginival Index scores increased considerably. This is an opposite correlation to what one would expect in individuals maintained on an adequate diet.", "PMID": 1062556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3994", "title": "Plaque-neutrophil interaction in monoinfected rats as visualized by transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Rats monoinfected with Actinomyces naeslundii contain massive interdental bacterial plaques which are partically covered by a concentration of PMNLS. The neutrophils are massed in the form of a pseudoepithelial barrier several cell layers thick with narrow intercellular spaces. The PMNL barrier appears to prevent bacterial invasion of the underlying gingiva. Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria occurs at the interface between the plaque and the PMNL barrier. The protective as well as possible detrimental effects of PMNL concentrations are discussed in terms of tissue destruction in periodontal disease.", "contents": "Plaque-neutrophil interaction in monoinfected rats as visualized by transmission electron microscopy. Rats monoinfected with Actinomyces naeslundii contain massive interdental bacterial plaques which are partically covered by a concentration of PMNLS. The neutrophils are massed in the form of a pseudoepithelial barrier several cell layers thick with narrow intercellular spaces. The PMNL barrier appears to prevent bacterial invasion of the underlying gingiva. Phagocytosis and killing of bacteria occurs at the interface between the plaque and the PMNL barrier. The protective as well as possible detrimental effects of PMNL concentrations are discussed in terms of tissue destruction in periodontal disease.", "PMID": 1062557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3995", "title": "A survey of factors possibly associated with cervical abrasion of tooth surfaces.", "content": "The study indicates that cervical abrasion is related in some way to a factor or factors associated with the initial stages of the tooth-brushing procedure. The evidence, furthermore, demonstrates that an excessive use of dentifrice habitually placed, undiluted, on the same area of the mouth, may produce the abrasion. In view of this evidence, it would seem prudent to advise patients to use decreased quantities of dentifrice and to initiate the brushing procedure on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth to effect a dilution of the dentrifrice. The same effect might be accomplished by alternating the initial placement of the brush between the quadrants to more evenly distribute the abrasive effect. The high percentage of these lesions found in this young age group demonstrates a higher prevalence of the lesion in a younger age group than was previously suspected. We can further conclude that cervical abrasion is related to age and gingival recession. Furthermore, the study indicates that patients who exhibit cervical abrasion have less plaque and the lower bleeding scores than those who do not.", "contents": "A survey of factors possibly associated with cervical abrasion of tooth surfaces. The study indicates that cervical abrasion is related in some way to a factor or factors associated with the initial stages of the tooth-brushing procedure. The evidence, furthermore, demonstrates that an excessive use of dentifrice habitually placed, undiluted, on the same area of the mouth, may produce the abrasion. In view of this evidence, it would seem prudent to advise patients to use decreased quantities of dentifrice and to initiate the brushing procedure on the occlusal surfaces of the teeth to effect a dilution of the dentrifrice. The same effect might be accomplished by alternating the initial placement of the brush between the quadrants to more evenly distribute the abrasive effect. The high percentage of these lesions found in this young age group demonstrates a higher prevalence of the lesion in a younger age group than was previously suspected. We can further conclude that cervical abrasion is related to age and gingival recession. Furthermore, the study indicates that patients who exhibit cervical abrasion have less plaque and the lower bleeding scores than those who do not.", "PMID": 1062558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3996", "title": "The effect of topical application of dextran on the gingiva of the beagle dog.", "content": "Dextrans derived from Leuconostoc mesenteroides were placed on clinically healthy gingiva of Beagle dogs once a day for 21 days. Control gingival tissues received saline. Both healthy controls and dextran-treated tissues were brushed daily. Inflamed control tissues were obtained by allowing plaque to accumulate for 21 days. Tissues receiving daily application of dextran solutions developed chronic gingival inflammation but displayed no clinical signs of gingivitis. Healthy control gingival tissues showed no clinical signs of gingivitis and minor histologic inflammatory changes. Tissues exposed to dental plaque showed the typical clinical and histological inflammatory changes of gingivitis. Thus dextran, a substance similar to the extracellular polysaccharide found in dental plaque, was able to penetrate the sulcular epithelium, enter healthy gingival connective tissue and cause chronic inflammation. This connective tissue inflammation occurred without inducing any of the clinical signs of gingivitis. Therefore, it is concluded that dextran produced one component of the gingivitis response, chronic histologic inflammation, independent of another major component of the disease, clinical inflammation.", "contents": "The effect of topical application of dextran on the gingiva of the beagle dog. Dextrans derived from Leuconostoc mesenteroides were placed on clinically healthy gingiva of Beagle dogs once a day for 21 days. Control gingival tissues received saline. Both healthy controls and dextran-treated tissues were brushed daily. Inflamed control tissues were obtained by allowing plaque to accumulate for 21 days. Tissues receiving daily application of dextran solutions developed chronic gingival inflammation but displayed no clinical signs of gingivitis. Healthy control gingival tissues showed no clinical signs of gingivitis and minor histologic inflammatory changes. Tissues exposed to dental plaque showed the typical clinical and histological inflammatory changes of gingivitis. Thus dextran, a substance similar to the extracellular polysaccharide found in dental plaque, was able to penetrate the sulcular epithelium, enter healthy gingival connective tissue and cause chronic inflammation. This connective tissue inflammation occurred without inducing any of the clinical signs of gingivitis. Therefore, it is concluded that dextran produced one component of the gingivitis response, chronic histologic inflammation, independent of another major component of the disease, clinical inflammation.", "PMID": 1062559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3997", "title": "The use of auxiliaries in prosthodontic graduate programs.", "content": "There is a need for more dental services, and the use of auxiliaries can help the dentist meet this need. Dental educators and the government are encouraging programs and research in the expanded use and management of dental auxiliaries. Advanced prosthetic programs have special needs. The dentist-patient relationship for this highly personal service, usually accompanied by difficult clinical and technical problems, requires a dentist with special skills. No advanced program should use auxiliaries to the extent that the student does not develop these special skills in diagnostic, clinical, and technical areas. Expanded duties to demonstrate how much an auxiliary can do could be harmful. The program director and the faculty should judge the level of assistance each student should have in an advanced program.", "contents": "The use of auxiliaries in prosthodontic graduate programs. There is a need for more dental services, and the use of auxiliaries can help the dentist meet this need. Dental educators and the government are encouraging programs and research in the expanded use and management of dental auxiliaries. Advanced prosthetic programs have special needs. The dentist-patient relationship for this highly personal service, usually accompanied by difficult clinical and technical problems, requires a dentist with special skills. No advanced program should use auxiliaries to the extent that the student does not develop these special skills in diagnostic, clinical, and technical areas. Expanded duties to demonstrate how much an auxiliary can do could be harmful. The program director and the faculty should judge the level of assistance each student should have in an advanced program.", "PMID": 1062560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3998", "title": "Prosthetic teachers: number and qualifications for undergraduate education.", "content": "A proposal has been made regarding the number and qualifications of undergraduate educators. To place this proposal in the proper perspective, certain philosophies, objectives, and methodologies of the teaching-learning experience were identified. These, of course, are partially unproven, conceptual innovations. The need exists to better qualify students in prosthodontics before they are graduated from a dental school. Unfortunately, schools seem to be taking a negative position on this problem. What better way to control a group than to govern the education of the individuals concerned.", "contents": "Prosthetic teachers: number and qualifications for undergraduate education. A proposal has been made regarding the number and qualifications of undergraduate educators. To place this proposal in the proper perspective, certain philosophies, objectives, and methodologies of the teaching-learning experience were identified. These, of course, are partially unproven, conceptual innovations. The need exists to better qualify students in prosthodontics before they are graduated from a dental school. Unfortunately, schools seem to be taking a negative position on this problem. What better way to control a group than to govern the education of the individuals concerned.", "PMID": 1062561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_3999", "title": "Teaching prosthodontics in general dentistry.", "content": "Because of the projected increase in the demand for high-quality prosthodontic services in the future, it will be necessary to upgrade undergraduate prosthodontics and to provide, in addition, improved prosthodontic training in the general dentistry residencies. The Federation of Prosthodontic Organizations is the unified voice of our specialty and must stand at the forefront to provide and direct this training. Every accredited program should be required to offer training in prosthodontics. We cannot expect graduate students to specialize in prosthodontics if we allow it to be downgraded, reduced in scope in our dental schools, and excluded from general dentistry residencies.", "contents": "Teaching prosthodontics in general dentistry. Because of the projected increase in the demand for high-quality prosthodontic services in the future, it will be necessary to upgrade undergraduate prosthodontics and to provide, in addition, improved prosthodontic training in the general dentistry residencies. The Federation of Prosthodontic Organizations is the unified voice of our specialty and must stand at the forefront to provide and direct this training. Every accredited program should be required to offer training in prosthodontics. We cannot expect graduate students to specialize in prosthodontics if we allow it to be downgraded, reduced in scope in our dental schools, and excluded from general dentistry residencies.", "PMID": 1062568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4000", "title": "Prosthodontics in a general practice program of advanced dental education.", "content": "The problems involved in teaching prosthodontics in a general practice program outwardly appear to be due to the lack of sufficient basic prosthodontic training dispensed by the dental schools. This lack of sufficient training is not the fault of dental school faculties. The students are not learning what they are taught. What they need is more repetition, which means more time. The problems are not insurmountable. We just must find the route.", "contents": "Prosthodontics in a general practice program of advanced dental education. The problems involved in teaching prosthodontics in a general practice program outwardly appear to be due to the lack of sufficient basic prosthodontic training dispensed by the dental schools. This lack of sufficient training is not the fault of dental school faculties. The students are not learning what they are taught. What they need is more repetition, which means more time. The problems are not insurmountable. We just must find the route.", "PMID": 1062569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4001", "title": "Limitation of clinical practice to prosthodontics.", "content": "Limitation of practice implies specialization and the delivery of services by a specialist who has been recognized for his expertise through formal advanced education, experience, and/or examination. Prosthodontists in limited practice are currently influenced by problems related to patient referrals, third-party payment for services, and competence certification. Perhaps the most significant problem in prosthodontics today is the need to succinctly define the parameters of prosthodontic practice in order to provide guidelines for assuring that such practices are limited to the defined specialty.", "contents": "Limitation of clinical practice to prosthodontics. Limitation of practice implies specialization and the delivery of services by a specialist who has been recognized for his expertise through formal advanced education, experience, and/or examination. Prosthodontists in limited practice are currently influenced by problems related to patient referrals, third-party payment for services, and competence certification. Perhaps the most significant problem in prosthodontics today is the need to succinctly define the parameters of prosthodontic practice in order to provide guidelines for assuring that such practices are limited to the defined specialty.", "PMID": 1062581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4002", "title": "Combating the illegal practice of dentistry.", "content": "(1) Problems concerning the illegal practice of dentistry are increasing. (2) The Canadian experience has had an effect (3) In recent years, nearly one third of our states have experienced some threat by illegal dentistry. (4) Economics is a major factor. (5) Responsibility for a successful program must be continuous from all levels - national, state, and local. (6) For a program to be successful, it must reach the dentist at the grass-roots level. (7) This in an area where the FPO can show real leadership.", "contents": "Combating the illegal practice of dentistry. (1) Problems concerning the illegal practice of dentistry are increasing. (2) The Canadian experience has had an effect (3) In recent years, nearly one third of our states have experienced some threat by illegal dentistry. (4) Economics is a major factor. (5) Responsibility for a successful program must be continuous from all levels - national, state, and local. (6) For a program to be successful, it must reach the dentist at the grass-roots level. (7) This in an area where the FPO can show real leadership.", "PMID": 1062592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4003", "title": "Classification of occlusal carvings.", "content": "Laboratory fees associated with the use of fully adjustable articulators are for the time and skill the technicians employ in harmonizing the occlusion to condylar paths of movement and are not based on the instrument used. The classification of occlusal carvings presented in this article for alloy and porcelain restorations aids in establishing accurate communications between the dentist and the laboratory. This classification enables the dentist to accurately specify to the technician the amount of time and skill the dentist wants the laboratory to expend (which affects the laboratory fee) to fabricate the prescribed occlusion.", "contents": "Classification of occlusal carvings. Laboratory fees associated with the use of fully adjustable articulators are for the time and skill the technicians employ in harmonizing the occlusion to condylar paths of movement and are not based on the instrument used. The classification of occlusal carvings presented in this article for alloy and porcelain restorations aids in establishing accurate communications between the dentist and the laboratory. This classification enables the dentist to accurately specify to the technician the amount of time and skill the dentist wants the laboratory to expend (which affects the laboratory fee) to fabricate the prescribed occlusion.", "PMID": 1062593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4004", "title": "Psychophysical investigations of the preferred vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous patients.", "content": "Two psychophysical methods were tested to obtain information on the long-term accuracy and stability of the vertical relation of occlusion as determined by the technique described by Lytle and Timmer (PVDO). One method (B\u00e9k\u00e9sy) was unsatisfactory. The other method (forced-choice) produced stable results. The data collected showed that, over a brief period of time, all test subjects could define their PVDO within a margin of less than 1 mm. Some subjects were unable to determine a precisely defined PVDO. These subjects also showed considerable variations in the PVDO over longer periods. Other subjects were able to establish a constant and remarkably stable value for the PVDO over many weeks. For these types of patients, precise determination of the vertical relation of occlusion is of the utmost importance.", "contents": "Psychophysical investigations of the preferred vertical dimension of occlusion in edentulous patients. Two psychophysical methods were tested to obtain information on the long-term accuracy and stability of the vertical relation of occlusion as determined by the technique described by Lytle and Timmer (PVDO). One method (B\u00e9k\u00e9sy) was unsatisfactory. The other method (forced-choice) produced stable results. The data collected showed that, over a brief period of time, all test subjects could define their PVDO within a margin of less than 1 mm. Some subjects were unable to determine a precisely defined PVDO. These subjects also showed considerable variations in the PVDO over longer periods. Other subjects were able to establish a constant and remarkably stable value for the PVDO over many weeks. For these types of patients, precise determination of the vertical relation of occlusion is of the utmost importance.", "PMID": 1062595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4005", "title": "A method for the control of galvanism.", "content": "A simple method has been described for controlling the galvanic pain that occasionally follows the placement of amalgam restorations. The use of silver nitrate appears to be immediately effective in eliminating this annoying occasional problem.", "contents": "A method for the control of galvanism. A simple method has been described for controlling the galvanic pain that occasionally follows the placement of amalgam restorations. The use of silver nitrate appears to be immediately effective in eliminating this annoying occasional problem.", "PMID": 1062597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4006", "title": "Tooth loading and cuspal guidance in canine and group-function occlusions.", "content": "(1) Tooth loading with cuspal guidance in canine and group-function occlusions has been discussed. (2) Canine guidance and group-function guidance occlusions are considered normal; the latter occurs naturally due to occlusal wear. (3) When an entire occlusion is to be restored, either occlusal scheme will serve adequately. (4) Where only a portion of the occlusion is to be restored, the restoration must be consistent with the existing occlusal scheme. (5) Regardless of which occlusal scheme is used, the dentist must maintain it during regular postoperative appointments.", "contents": "Tooth loading and cuspal guidance in canine and group-function occlusions. (1) Tooth loading with cuspal guidance in canine and group-function occlusions has been discussed. (2) Canine guidance and group-function guidance occlusions are considered normal; the latter occurs naturally due to occlusal wear. (3) When an entire occlusion is to be restored, either occlusal scheme will serve adequately. (4) Where only a portion of the occlusion is to be restored, the restoration must be consistent with the existing occlusal scheme. (5) Regardless of which occlusal scheme is used, the dentist must maintain it during regular postoperative appointments.", "PMID": 1062598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4007", "title": "Intraoral infrared color photography of radiotherapy patients.", "content": "A clinical screening study was performed in which head-and-neck radiotherapy patients were photographed intraorally using infrared \"false color\" film and Ektachrome color film. These photographs were compared to determine if differences existed in appearance between the intraoral tissues within the field of radiation and those intraoral tissues not in the field of radiation. No differences could be detected with either the \"false color\" film or with Ektachrome color film. Further investigations in the use of infrared color photography as applied to the radiotherapy patient could be undertaken by using a light source that transmits infrared rays only and a lens filter that passes only infrared rays. This method would produce a film that shows only the reflected infrared rays. Both color and black-and-white film should be used in this study.", "contents": "Intraoral infrared color photography of radiotherapy patients. A clinical screening study was performed in which head-and-neck radiotherapy patients were photographed intraorally using infrared \"false color\" film and Ektachrome color film. These photographs were compared to determine if differences existed in appearance between the intraoral tissues within the field of radiation and those intraoral tissues not in the field of radiation. No differences could be detected with either the \"false color\" film or with Ektachrome color film. Further investigations in the use of infrared color photography as applied to the radiotherapy patient could be undertaken by using a light source that transmits infrared rays only and a lens filter that passes only infrared rays. This method would produce a film that shows only the reflected infrared rays. Both color and black-and-white film should be used in this study.", "PMID": 1062600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4008", "title": "Application of \"cusp writer\" findings to practical and theoretical occlusal problems. Part II.", "content": "The cusp writer is a teaching aid to facilitate understanding of the correlation between cusp angulations and the various occlusal determinants. The cusp writer provides graphic evidence that the occlusal determinants which influence configurations (i.e., incisal guidance, condylar guidance, plane [curve] of occlusion, curve of Spee [compensating curve], and plane of motion) are reciprocal, one tempering the value of the other. Cusp writings demonstrate the following: (1) The angle of the plane (curve) of occlusion to the plane of motion in concert with the other occlusal infuluence determines the optimal height and angulation of the cusps. (2) Cusps appear to be steep or shallow relative to each other, to the plane of occlusion, and to the plane of motion. (3) The steepness of the curve of Spee determines the relative cusp height and angulation of one tooth to another, from an anterior to a posterior direction in the dental arch. (4) The angle of the tangent to any segment of the curve of Spee to the plane of motion determines the optimal height and angulation of the cusps of the segment. (5) The graphs show that the flatter the curve of Spee, the more uniform the cusp height and angulations are from anterior to posterior teeth. The steeper the curve of Spee, the more irregular the cusp height and angulations are with steeper anterior cusps and flatter posterior cusps. (6) The steeper the curve of Spee, the flatter the molar cusp angulations must be to avoid deflective and/or interceptive occlusal contacts on the balancing side. (7) With the syndrome of a steepening curve of Spee due to the loss of one or more lower posterior teeth, the cusps of the remaining opposing teeth must be constantly flattened by wear or selective grinding and reshaping to avoid traumatic occlusion, unless the drifting is interrupted by restorative dentistry. (8) Cusp angulation of artificial teeth should be chosen to harmonize with the angle of incidence of the compensating curve tangents to the plane of motion. (9) Condylar guidance has less influence on cusp angulation in comparison to incisal guidance and the other occlusal determinants. (10) Changing the hinge axis location 1/2 inch (12.5 mm.) distally and/or superiorly has very little effect on the influence of the above occlusal determinants on cusp configuration, if the vertical dimension of occlusion remains constant.", "contents": "Application of \"cusp writer\" findings to practical and theoretical occlusal problems. Part II. The cusp writer is a teaching aid to facilitate understanding of the correlation between cusp angulations and the various occlusal determinants. The cusp writer provides graphic evidence that the occlusal determinants which influence configurations (i.e., incisal guidance, condylar guidance, plane [curve] of occlusion, curve of Spee [compensating curve], and plane of motion) are reciprocal, one tempering the value of the other. Cusp writings demonstrate the following: (1) The angle of the plane (curve) of occlusion to the plane of motion in concert with the other occlusal infuluence determines the optimal height and angulation of the cusps. (2) Cusps appear to be steep or shallow relative to each other, to the plane of occlusion, and to the plane of motion. (3) The steepness of the curve of Spee determines the relative cusp height and angulation of one tooth to another, from an anterior to a posterior direction in the dental arch. (4) The angle of the tangent to any segment of the curve of Spee to the plane of motion determines the optimal height and angulation of the cusps of the segment. (5) The graphs show that the flatter the curve of Spee, the more uniform the cusp height and angulations are from anterior to posterior teeth. The steeper the curve of Spee, the more irregular the cusp height and angulations are with steeper anterior cusps and flatter posterior cusps. (6) The steeper the curve of Spee, the flatter the molar cusp angulations must be to avoid deflective and/or interceptive occlusal contacts on the balancing side. (7) With the syndrome of a steepening curve of Spee due to the loss of one or more lower posterior teeth, the cusps of the remaining opposing teeth must be constantly flattened by wear or selective grinding and reshaping to avoid traumatic occlusion, unless the drifting is interrupted by restorative dentistry. (8) Cusp angulation of artificial teeth should be chosen to harmonize with the angle of incidence of the compensating curve tangents to the plane of motion. (9) Condylar guidance has less influence on cusp angulation in comparison to incisal guidance and the other occlusal determinants. (10) Changing the hinge axis location 1/2 inch (12.5 mm.) distally and/or superiorly has very little effect on the influence of the above occlusal determinants on cusp configuration, if the vertical dimension of occlusion remains constant.", "PMID": 1062601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4009", "title": "Hinge-axis location and face-bow transfer for edentulous patients.", "content": "There are distinct advantages to locating the hinge axis for the edentulous patient by use of the modified Loma Linda hinge-axis locator. These include: (1) alteration of the vertical dimension of occlusion on the articulator may be accomplished since the opening or closing takes place around the patient's terminal hinge axis; (2) valid and verified centric and eccentric relation records may be obtained at an increased vertical dimension of occlusion that is in harmony with the patient's terminal hinge axis; (3) cusp-form posterior teeth can be articulated and verified in the mouth with minimal occlusal correction by use of a terminal hinge axis. Some disadvantages to the procedure may include: (1) the additional procedure of making a modeling compound clutch for hinge-axis location; (2) the initial modification of the edentulous trays to accommodate the recording device; and (3) the technique is used with the Whip-Mix articulator; however, it can be modified for use with other articulators.", "contents": "Hinge-axis location and face-bow transfer for edentulous patients. There are distinct advantages to locating the hinge axis for the edentulous patient by use of the modified Loma Linda hinge-axis locator. These include: (1) alteration of the vertical dimension of occlusion on the articulator may be accomplished since the opening or closing takes place around the patient's terminal hinge axis; (2) valid and verified centric and eccentric relation records may be obtained at an increased vertical dimension of occlusion that is in harmony with the patient's terminal hinge axis; (3) cusp-form posterior teeth can be articulated and verified in the mouth with minimal occlusal correction by use of a terminal hinge axis. Some disadvantages to the procedure may include: (1) the additional procedure of making a modeling compound clutch for hinge-axis location; (2) the initial modification of the edentulous trays to accommodate the recording device; and (3) the technique is used with the Whip-Mix articulator; however, it can be modified for use with other articulators.", "PMID": 1062604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4010", "title": "Cast chromium alloy surgical splints.", "content": "A cast chromium alloy surgical splint can be fabricated in less than 6 hours. This splint has the advantages of being well fitted, smooth, rigid, and less bulky than prefabricated splints. Other metals can be utilized in a similar manner to fabricate cast surgical splints.", "contents": "Cast chromium alloy surgical splints. A cast chromium alloy surgical splint can be fabricated in less than 6 hours. This splint has the advantages of being well fitted, smooth, rigid, and less bulky than prefabricated splints. Other metals can be utilized in a similar manner to fabricate cast surgical splints.", "PMID": 1062605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4011", "title": "Posterior accessory foramina of the human mandible.", "content": "A study was performed on 150 dry, adult, human mandibles from cadavers of unspecified sex and unknown ethnic background, which had been imported from India. These mandibles were placed in the \"standard basal position\" and topographically divided into 11 bilateral areas posterior to the second bicuspid teeth. The accessory foramina in these areas were studied to determine their mean diameter, incidence of occurrence, and the areas in which they occurred. The medical surfaces of the mandibles exhibited foramina more frequently and in greater numbers than did the lateral surfaces. The right and left halves of the mandibles showed remarkable similarity. Much of the data obtained correlated with previous investigations, indicating that neurovascular components enter and leave the body on the mandible in the posterior region. Foramina 0.4 mm. or larger in diameter were evaluated separately. These larger foramina occur most often in the superior and middle thirds on the medial surface of the ramus (areas 6 and 7). They also occur fairly frequently in the retromolar area (area 11). This information can be usefully applied to future dissection studies concerning the soft-tissue components of these foramina. The data obtained reveal that these foramina occur frequently and in approximately the same locations. This suggests that these foramina are functionally important in supplying neural and/or vascular components to the mandible.", "contents": "Posterior accessory foramina of the human mandible. A study was performed on 150 dry, adult, human mandibles from cadavers of unspecified sex and unknown ethnic background, which had been imported from India. These mandibles were placed in the \"standard basal position\" and topographically divided into 11 bilateral areas posterior to the second bicuspid teeth. The accessory foramina in these areas were studied to determine their mean diameter, incidence of occurrence, and the areas in which they occurred. The medical surfaces of the mandibles exhibited foramina more frequently and in greater numbers than did the lateral surfaces. The right and left halves of the mandibles showed remarkable similarity. Much of the data obtained correlated with previous investigations, indicating that neurovascular components enter and leave the body on the mandible in the posterior region. Foramina 0.4 mm. or larger in diameter were evaluated separately. These larger foramina occur most often in the superior and middle thirds on the medial surface of the ramus (areas 6 and 7). They also occur fairly frequently in the retromolar area (area 11). This information can be usefully applied to future dissection studies concerning the soft-tissue components of these foramina. The data obtained reveal that these foramina occur frequently and in approximately the same locations. This suggests that these foramina are functionally important in supplying neural and/or vascular components to the mandible.", "PMID": 1062606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4012", "title": "Registrations for relating the mandibular cast to the maxillary cast based on Kennedy's classification system.", "content": "Accurate registrations of centric relation are mandatory for many aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Registrations can be obtained with a variety of techniques. However, each technique must give consideration to such factors as: the character and location of tooth support, the quantity and quality of soft-tissue support, the location of dentulous and edentulous regions, the neuromuscular control of the patient, and the physical characteristics of the registering material. Kennedy's classification system provides a guide to the selection of the method of registration.", "contents": "Registrations for relating the mandibular cast to the maxillary cast based on Kennedy's classification system. Accurate registrations of centric relation are mandatory for many aspects of diagnosis and treatment. Registrations can be obtained with a variety of techniques. However, each technique must give consideration to such factors as: the character and location of tooth support, the quantity and quality of soft-tissue support, the location of dentulous and edentulous regions, the neuromuscular control of the patient, and the physical characteristics of the registering material. Kennedy's classification system provides a guide to the selection of the method of registration.", "PMID": 1062607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4013", "title": "A method of measuring pressures against tissues supporting functioning complete dentures.", "content": "A metod for measuring pressures exerted by denture bases against the supporting tissues during mastication which yields valid quantitative results was developed. Use of a specially designed diaphragm pressure transducer overcomes the disadvantages of a cantilever-beam arrangement which gave inaccurate results in earlier studies. On going research using this method was described. Several suggestions for additional applications of this method for prosthodontic research were presented.", "contents": "A method of measuring pressures against tissues supporting functioning complete dentures. A metod for measuring pressures exerted by denture bases against the supporting tissues during mastication which yields valid quantitative results was developed. Use of a specially designed diaphragm pressure transducer overcomes the disadvantages of a cantilever-beam arrangement which gave inaccurate results in earlier studies. On going research using this method was described. Several suggestions for additional applications of this method for prosthodontic research were presented.", "PMID": 1062608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4014", "title": "Using electromyographic biofeedback in treating orofacial dyskinesia.", "content": "Electromyographic biofeedback can be used to help patients learn to control muscle contractions resulting from orofacial dyskinesia. The size of the electronic equipment and the simplicity of its use make this form of therapy practical for use by patients. The technique for treatment was described.", "contents": "Using electromyographic biofeedback in treating orofacial dyskinesia. Electromyographic biofeedback can be used to help patients learn to control muscle contractions resulting from orofacial dyskinesia. The size of the electronic equipment and the simplicity of its use make this form of therapy practical for use by patients. The technique for treatment was described.", "PMID": 1062609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4015", "title": "Physical properties of dental amalgam containing metal pins.", "content": "No type of pin inclusion investigated in this study produced consistent increases or decreases in the strength of amalgam specimens under a variety of loading conditions and specimen ages. However, comparison of relative values for specimens tested under the same conditions showed that the highest fracture loads were found more often for specimens containing threaded gold pins than for any other type of specimen.", "contents": "Physical properties of dental amalgam containing metal pins. No type of pin inclusion investigated in this study produced consistent increases or decreases in the strength of amalgam specimens under a variety of loading conditions and specimen ages. However, comparison of relative values for specimens tested under the same conditions showed that the highest fracture loads were found more often for specimens containing threaded gold pins than for any other type of specimen.", "PMID": 1062610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4016", "title": "Excessive crown contours facilitate endemic plaque niches.", "content": "Facial and lingual surfaces of teeth restored with complete metal and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns exhibited greater mean plaque accumulation than did the contralateral teeth. This cross-sectional study showed greater facial-lingual width and plaque indices for restored teeth than for natural or unrestored teeth. This relationship between plaque and excessive contours must not be considered wholly dependent and conclusive. The multifactorial phenomenon influencing plaque accumulation no doubt could contribute to the findings of this study. However, until demonstrated otherwise, the creation of artificial crown contours that are greater than natural tooth convexities must be considered another parameter promoting endemic plaque niches. Sound application of principles with respect to the form of teeth and supporting tissue can preclude contouring of restorations beneficial to the accumulation of dental plaque.", "contents": "Excessive crown contours facilitate endemic plaque niches. Facial and lingual surfaces of teeth restored with complete metal and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns exhibited greater mean plaque accumulation than did the contralateral teeth. This cross-sectional study showed greater facial-lingual width and plaque indices for restored teeth than for natural or unrestored teeth. This relationship between plaque and excessive contours must not be considered wholly dependent and conclusive. The multifactorial phenomenon influencing plaque accumulation no doubt could contribute to the findings of this study. However, until demonstrated otherwise, the creation of artificial crown contours that are greater than natural tooth convexities must be considered another parameter promoting endemic plaque niches. Sound application of principles with respect to the form of teeth and supporting tissue can preclude contouring of restorations beneficial to the accumulation of dental plaque.", "PMID": 1062611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4017", "title": "The use of an intraoral training aid in the speech rehabilitation of laryngectomy patients.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether the speech of poorly rated esophageal speakers could be improved with the aid of a structured palatal prosthesis. Palatograms testing certain speech sounds critical to the plosive-injection technique for air intake showed that improvement resulted after one week of wearing the training prosthesis. All subjects showed some improvement in speech after wearing the prosthesis for one week. Eight out of 10 subjects showed marked improvement in speech. It is suggested that a physiologically structured palatal prosthesis can assist some esophageal speakers to improve their speech.", "contents": "The use of an intraoral training aid in the speech rehabilitation of laryngectomy patients. This study was undertaken to determine whether the speech of poorly rated esophageal speakers could be improved with the aid of a structured palatal prosthesis. Palatograms testing certain speech sounds critical to the plosive-injection technique for air intake showed that improvement resulted after one week of wearing the training prosthesis. All subjects showed some improvement in speech after wearing the prosthesis for one week. Eight out of 10 subjects showed marked improvement in speech. It is suggested that a physiologically structured palatal prosthesis can assist some esophageal speakers to improve their speech.", "PMID": 1062612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4018", "title": "Pseudogingival prosthesis following periodontal surgery.", "content": "A technique for replacing interdental papillae with a prosthesis is described. Emphasis on the accuracy of the master impression is essential to a satisfactory result. Good oral hygiene and removal of the prosthesis at night are of paramount importance.", "contents": "Pseudogingival prosthesis following periodontal surgery. A technique for replacing interdental papillae with a prosthesis is described. Emphasis on the accuracy of the master impression is essential to a satisfactory result. Good oral hygiene and removal of the prosthesis at night are of paramount importance.", "PMID": 1062616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4019", "title": "Induction of malignant bone tumors in rats by 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "Forty male MRC-W rats were treated chronically with 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea in drinking water (total dose, 330 mg/rat). Fifteen rats (38%) developed osteogenic osteosarcomas or chondrosarcomas of the lower vertebrae. This was the first time that an orally administered organic compound induced a high incidence of these tumors.", "contents": "Induction of malignant bone tumors in rats by 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea. Forty male MRC-W rats were treated chronically with 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-nitrosourea in drinking water (total dose, 330 mg/rat). Fifteen rats (38%) developed osteogenic osteosarcomas or chondrosarcomas of the lower vertebrae. This was the first time that an orally administered organic compound induced a high incidence of these tumors.", "PMID": 1062623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4020", "title": "Karyotope and survival in human acute leukemia.", "content": "Of 111 patients presenting with acute forms of leukemia, 44% had a chromosomally abnormal cell line in the bone marrow at diagnosis. In each of the acute leukemia forms (myeloid, lymphatic, stem-cell), patients with karyotypic abnormalities showed mean and median survival times like those with normal chromosomes. Both groups showed a wide range of survival times. The mean and median survival times of patients with mixed populations of chromosomally normal and abnormal cells did not differ from those of patients with exclusively abnormal cells in the bone marrow. The karyotypic abnormalities associated with acute leukemia, as well as having no etiologic significance, probably do not determine the subsequent course of the leukemia.", "contents": "Karyotope and survival in human acute leukemia. Of 111 patients presenting with acute forms of leukemia, 44% had a chromosomally abnormal cell line in the bone marrow at diagnosis. In each of the acute leukemia forms (myeloid, lymphatic, stem-cell), patients with karyotypic abnormalities showed mean and median survival times like those with normal chromosomes. Both groups showed a wide range of survival times. The mean and median survival times of patients with mixed populations of chromosomally normal and abnormal cells did not differ from those of patients with exclusively abnormal cells in the bone marrow. The karyotypic abnormalities associated with acute leukemia, as well as having no etiologic significance, probably do not determine the subsequent course of the leukemia.", "PMID": 1062624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4021", "title": "Human myelogenous (Ph+) leukemia cell line: transplantation into athymic mice.", "content": "Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells from line K-562, containing the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome, were transplanted into nude mice and grew as solid vascularized tumors containing cells like those seen in the patient and in the cultures. Cells taken from the tumors were near triphoid and retained all human chromosome markers in culture.", "contents": "Human myelogenous (Ph+) leukemia cell line: transplantation into athymic mice. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) cells from line K-562, containing the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome, were transplanted into nude mice and grew as solid vascularized tumors containing cells like those seen in the patient and in the cultures. Cells taken from the tumors were near triphoid and retained all human chromosome markers in culture.", "PMID": 1062625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4022", "title": "Alteration of biologic behavior of a rat leukemia by different routes of passage.", "content": "Two clonal leukemia cell lines exhibiting diploidy or tetraploidy were isolated separately from a mother cell population of rat myelogenous leukemia DBLA-6 (induced by 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea), and their biologic characteristics altered during serial iv or ip passages in Donryu rats were examined. In early generations after the establishment of the clones, leukemia-inducing capacities were clearly demonstrated only in the diploid clone and were characterized as follows: a) release of leukemia cells into the peripheral blood after inoculation, and b) infiltration, and growth of leukemia cells in the bone marrow and spleen. After repeated iv passages, however, leukemia-inducing capacity was greater not only in the diploid but also in the tetraploid clone. By serial ip passages, this capacity was never acquired but was gradually lost even in the diploid clone. Cell electrophoretic mobility, cell size, or susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents were also modified. There was a strong correlation between the routes of passage and the direction of the changes: The iv route enhanced or the ip route suppressed the leukemia-inducing capacity. Chromosome constitutions were also changed.", "contents": "Alteration of biologic behavior of a rat leukemia by different routes of passage. Two clonal leukemia cell lines exhibiting diploidy or tetraploidy were isolated separately from a mother cell population of rat myelogenous leukemia DBLA-6 (induced by 1-butyl-1-nitrosourea), and their biologic characteristics altered during serial iv or ip passages in Donryu rats were examined. In early generations after the establishment of the clones, leukemia-inducing capacities were clearly demonstrated only in the diploid clone and were characterized as follows: a) release of leukemia cells into the peripheral blood after inoculation, and b) infiltration, and growth of leukemia cells in the bone marrow and spleen. After repeated iv passages, however, leukemia-inducing capacity was greater not only in the diploid but also in the tetraploid clone. By serial ip passages, this capacity was never acquired but was gradually lost even in the diploid clone. Cell electrophoretic mobility, cell size, or susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents were also modified. There was a strong correlation between the routes of passage and the direction of the changes: The iv route enhanced or the ip route suppressed the leukemia-inducing capacity. Chromosome constitutions were also changed.", "PMID": 1062626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4023", "title": "In vitro erythroid colony formation in acute myelogenous leukemia in the rat.", "content": "Erythroid colonies were grown in vitro in plasma clot cultures. Normal adult rat bone marrow responded to exogenous erythropoietin with the formation of an average of 2 colonies/10(3) cells plated. No erythroid colonies were observed in cultured normal spleen preparations. Shay chloro-leukemia cells administered iv induced an acute myelogenous leukemia. During the progressive stages of the disease, the numbers of erythrocyte colony forming units (CFU-E) in the marrow decreased; concomitantly, these progenitors appeared in leukemic spleen cultures. Paralleling changes in CFU-E, the numbers of nucleated red blood cells in the marrow declined but increased in the leukemic spleen. However, compensatory spleen erythropoiesis was transient, due to continued leukemia cell colonization. The loss of erythroid progenitor cells from the bone marrow played a significant role in the anemia associated with this leukemia.", "contents": "In vitro erythroid colony formation in acute myelogenous leukemia in the rat. Erythroid colonies were grown in vitro in plasma clot cultures. Normal adult rat bone marrow responded to exogenous erythropoietin with the formation of an average of 2 colonies/10(3) cells plated. No erythroid colonies were observed in cultured normal spleen preparations. Shay chloro-leukemia cells administered iv induced an acute myelogenous leukemia. During the progressive stages of the disease, the numbers of erythrocyte colony forming units (CFU-E) in the marrow decreased; concomitantly, these progenitors appeared in leukemic spleen cultures. Paralleling changes in CFU-E, the numbers of nucleated red blood cells in the marrow declined but increased in the leukemic spleen. However, compensatory spleen erythropoiesis was transient, due to continued leukemia cell colonization. The loss of erythroid progenitor cells from the bone marrow played a significant role in the anemia associated with this leukemia.", "PMID": 1062627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4024", "title": "[Pharmakokinetics of hydroxy-urea. Therapy of acute myeoblastic leukemias using synchronization and recruitment effects (author' transl)].", "content": "By a plasma-concentration of hydroxy-urea (HU) higher than 0.5-2.2x10(-4)M the DNA-synthesis in leukemia cells was blocked reversibly in 9 patients. The plasma half-time of HU varied between 120 and 198 min. To synchronize leukemic cell populations the DNS-synthesis was blocked over a period of 36 hours by maintaining the HU-concentration above the critical lower level. In a second phase-specific therapeutic step cytosine-arabinoside (AraC) was given 4 times in a dose of 1 mg/kg each. A recruitment after the application of AarC made more cells available for the next following synchronization step. 4 acute myeloblastic leukemias with high peripheral cell counts were treated according to this schedule. One patient is still in complete remission for now 14 month. This synchronization/recruitment schedule seems to be successful in acute myeloblastic leukemias with high proliferation rates measured by biochemical and cytokinetic methods.", "contents": "[Pharmakokinetics of hydroxy-urea. Therapy of acute myeoblastic leukemias using synchronization and recruitment effects (author' transl)]. By a plasma-concentration of hydroxy-urea (HU) higher than 0.5-2.2x10(-4)M the DNA-synthesis in leukemia cells was blocked reversibly in 9 patients. The plasma half-time of HU varied between 120 and 198 min. To synchronize leukemic cell populations the DNS-synthesis was blocked over a period of 36 hours by maintaining the HU-concentration above the critical lower level. In a second phase-specific therapeutic step cytosine-arabinoside (AraC) was given 4 times in a dose of 1 mg/kg each. A recruitment after the application of AarC made more cells available for the next following synchronization step. 4 acute myeloblastic leukemias with high peripheral cell counts were treated according to this schedule. One patient is still in complete remission for now 14 month. This synchronization/recruitment schedule seems to be successful in acute myeloblastic leukemias with high proliferation rates measured by biochemical and cytokinetic methods.", "PMID": 1062636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4025", "title": "[Effects of administration of gastric mucoprotein and vitamin B 12 on rats fed Hauk's and Osers standard diet and Wynn's cariogenic diet].", "content": "An increase in dental decay of 48.89% over controls fed with a cariogenic diet was noted when gastric mucoprotein and vitamin B12 were administered to rats receiving a standard diet.", "contents": "[Effects of administration of gastric mucoprotein and vitamin B 12 on rats fed Hauk's and Osers standard diet and Wynn's cariogenic diet]. An increase in dental decay of 48.89% over controls fed with a cariogenic diet was noted when gastric mucoprotein and vitamin B12 were administered to rats receiving a standard diet.", "PMID": 1062669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4026", "title": "[Nerve block in the treatment of cranio-facial pain].", "content": "The purpose of antalgic nervous block is described and the reasons why a patient suffering from pain syndrome should be examined at the same time by a multidisclipinary team (whos composition will vary depending on the site of the pain) are explained. Such a team will also include the anaesthetist, maxillofacial surgeon, neurologist, neurosurgeon, orthopaedist, radiophysiothherapist, non-medical psychalagist and neurologist. 2436 antalgic nervous blocks undertaken between 17-3-1963 and 31-5-1974 on the head and neck are reviewed. They are analysed in relation to the site of the block, the pathology, the anaesthetic used, and complications. Long-term results are mentioned in brief.", "contents": "[Nerve block in the treatment of cranio-facial pain]. The purpose of antalgic nervous block is described and the reasons why a patient suffering from pain syndrome should be examined at the same time by a multidisclipinary team (whos composition will vary depending on the site of the pain) are explained. Such a team will also include the anaesthetist, maxillofacial surgeon, neurologist, neurosurgeon, orthopaedist, radiophysiothherapist, non-medical psychalagist and neurologist. 2436 antalgic nervous blocks undertaken between 17-3-1963 and 31-5-1974 on the head and neck are reviewed. They are analysed in relation to the site of the block, the pathology, the anaesthetic used, and complications. Long-term results are mentioned in brief.", "PMID": 1062670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4027", "title": "[Primary osteosarcoma of the skull--a case report (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of primary osteosarcoma of the skull is reported in this paper. The patient was a 41-year-old male, who complained of painless swelling of the left upper eyelid and became unable to open his left eye. He was admitted to our hospital on March 27, 1972. A bony hard tumor, fingertip in size, was palpable subcutaneously at the left superior orbital margin. The tumor was inmovable and not tender. Ophthalmological examinations of the left eye revealed disturbance of upward ocular movement without exophthalmos. The ocular fundus showed slight dilatation of the retinal veins and the normal disc. The visual acuity and the visual field appeared intact. X-ray films of the skull showed irregular osteolytic changes in the left orbital roof and the superior orbital margin. Left carotid angiogram showed abnormal vessels forming pools and arterio-venuous fistulae in the osteolytic lesion. An April 5, 1972, surgical removal of the tumor was performed successfully and the dura attached to the tumor was also excised. After operation, chemotherapy and radiation therapy were applied. Histological examination showed osteosarcoma invading the dura. At present, two years and seven months after surgical treatment, the patient is doing well without evidences of recurrence of this disease.", "contents": "[Primary osteosarcoma of the skull--a case report (author's transl)]. A case of primary osteosarcoma of the skull is reported in this paper. The patient was a 41-year-old male, who complained of painless swelling of the left upper eyelid and became unable to open his left eye. He was admitted to our hospital on March 27, 1972. A bony hard tumor, fingertip in size, was palpable subcutaneously at the left superior orbital margin. The tumor was inmovable and not tender. Ophthalmological examinations of the left eye revealed disturbance of upward ocular movement without exophthalmos. The ocular fundus showed slight dilatation of the retinal veins and the normal disc. The visual acuity and the visual field appeared intact. X-ray films of the skull showed irregular osteolytic changes in the left orbital roof and the superior orbital margin. Left carotid angiogram showed abnormal vessels forming pools and arterio-venuous fistulae in the osteolytic lesion. An April 5, 1972, surgical removal of the tumor was performed successfully and the dura attached to the tumor was also excised. After operation, chemotherapy and radiation therapy were applied. Histological examination showed osteosarcoma invading the dura. At present, two years and seven months after surgical treatment, the patient is doing well without evidences of recurrence of this disease.", "PMID": 1062684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4028", "title": "Congenital dislocation of the hip an evaluation of neonatal diagnosis.", "content": "A survey of 23443 live births in the North Canterbury area has shown that the incidence of uncomplicated congenital dislocation of the hip was 2.65 per 1000 live births. That a positive family history and breech delivery are important factors in identifying the infant at risk was confirmed. In spite of the fact that routine neonatal examination of 5158 of the infants detected dislocation or instability of the hip in the neonatal period four times as frequently as in the remainder of the group, no evidence can be found to suggest that this achieved a reduction in the frequency of late diagnosed or missed cases.", "contents": "Congenital dislocation of the hip an evaluation of neonatal diagnosis. A survey of 23443 live births in the North Canterbury area has shown that the incidence of uncomplicated congenital dislocation of the hip was 2.65 per 1000 live births. That a positive family history and breech delivery are important factors in identifying the infant at risk was confirmed. In spite of the fact that routine neonatal examination of 5158 of the infants detected dislocation or instability of the hip in the neonatal period four times as frequently as in the remainder of the group, no evidence can be found to suggest that this achieved a reduction in the frequency of late diagnosed or missed cases.", "PMID": 1062713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4029", "title": "Cot deaths in Southland.", "content": "Cot deaths in Southland, New Zealand, were studied over a five-year period, from 1968 to 1972. The epidemiological and pathological features of the 40 deaths are reviewed and are found to be similar to most other studies. The possible relationship between selenium deficiency and cot deaths is discussed. Comparisons are made with the results of an Auckland study.", "contents": "Cot deaths in Southland. Cot deaths in Southland, New Zealand, were studied over a five-year period, from 1968 to 1972. The epidemiological and pathological features of the 40 deaths are reviewed and are found to be similar to most other studies. The possible relationship between selenium deficiency and cot deaths is discussed. Comparisons are made with the results of an Auckland study.", "PMID": 1062714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4030", "title": "Further studies on the effects of infant feeding on speech quality.", "content": "A previous speech survey (Broad, 1972) has been extended to include similar children in schools on the West Coast of the South Island, making a total of 319 for the two surveys. Both surveys were retrospective. The West Coast study has extended the findings of the earlier project. The combined studies showed that: 1. Breast feeding is associated strongly with improved speech clarity in the male child and the tendency for breast feeding to be associated with improved tonal quality is sustained. 2. Reading ability is associated with breast feeding for the entire group, boys showing the effect more clearly than girls. 3. A high degree of association was found between reading ability and speech clarity. 4. There is an association between breast feeding and confidence. There is evidence that the feeding effect is different for both sexes and that differences exist between the two regions.", "contents": "Further studies on the effects of infant feeding on speech quality. A previous speech survey (Broad, 1972) has been extended to include similar children in schools on the West Coast of the South Island, making a total of 319 for the two surveys. Both surveys were retrospective. The West Coast study has extended the findings of the earlier project. The combined studies showed that: 1. Breast feeding is associated strongly with improved speech clarity in the male child and the tendency for breast feeding to be associated with improved tonal quality is sustained. 2. Reading ability is associated with breast feeding for the entire group, boys showing the effect more clearly than girls. 3. A high degree of association was found between reading ability and speech clarity. 4. There is an association between breast feeding and confidence. There is evidence that the feeding effect is different for both sexes and that differences exist between the two regions.", "PMID": 1062715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4031", "title": "Streptococci and viruses in association with rheumatic fever in Wairoa.", "content": "An analysis of 398 viral cultures from 151 children belonging to 101 families carried out in the Wairoa area in 1963: with an analysis of 169 throat swabs taken from the same group of 50 patients for the months of May, June, July and August 1974, and the incidence of the haemolytic streptococcus as found from the Wairoa Hospital laboratory cultures for 1974 is reported.", "contents": "Streptococci and viruses in association with rheumatic fever in Wairoa. An analysis of 398 viral cultures from 151 children belonging to 101 families carried out in the Wairoa area in 1963: with an analysis of 169 throat swabs taken from the same group of 50 patients for the months of May, June, July and August 1974, and the incidence of the haemolytic streptococcus as found from the Wairoa Hospital laboratory cultures for 1974 is reported.", "PMID": 1062716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4032", "title": "Conservative treatment of digit amputations.", "content": "A conservative regime for distal digit amputations allowing healing under vaseline gauze has much to recommend it, being simple and allowing rapid healing with few complications. Secondary distal amputations for gangrene and sepsis also heal rapidly if left open. A consecutive series of 55 amputations treated in this way is described.", "contents": "Conservative treatment of digit amputations. A conservative regime for distal digit amputations allowing healing under vaseline gauze has much to recommend it, being simple and allowing rapid healing with few complications. Secondary distal amputations for gangrene and sepsis also heal rapidly if left open. A consecutive series of 55 amputations treated in this way is described.", "PMID": 1062717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4033", "title": "Changes in radioiodine uptake in New Zealand.", "content": "The radioiodine uptakes of 965 patients presenting at Dunedin, over the period January 1959 to January 1970 have been examined. A small change toward lower values of uptake was noted, however, the change was much less than the changes reported in the USA.", "contents": "Changes in radioiodine uptake in New Zealand. The radioiodine uptakes of 965 patients presenting at Dunedin, over the period January 1959 to January 1970 have been examined. A small change toward lower values of uptake was noted, however, the change was much less than the changes reported in the USA.", "PMID": 1062718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4034", "title": "The content of histamine and fish food poisoning.", "content": "The histamine content of various fish samples that were involved in food poisoning incidents was determined. There was an elevated level of histamine and this is discussed in terms of fish spoilage. The histamine level could be helpful in gauging the degree of spoilage of commercially canned fish.", "contents": "The content of histamine and fish food poisoning. The histamine content of various fish samples that were involved in food poisoning incidents was determined. There was an elevated level of histamine and this is discussed in terms of fish spoilage. The histamine level could be helpful in gauging the degree of spoilage of commercially canned fish.", "PMID": 1062719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4035", "title": "The role of the counsellor in a medical centre.", "content": "The counsellor is one member of the para-medical team being used more and more frequently by doctors. His role is allied to, but distinct from the doctor. He is not an authority figure who diagnoses and prescribes, but acts so as to help the patient diagnose the nature of his own dysfunction and assist him to draw on his own resources for growth and change. The methods the counsellor uses vary, but his goal harmonises with the doctor--the removal of disease from the psychosomatic unity of the patient.", "contents": "The role of the counsellor in a medical centre. The counsellor is one member of the para-medical team being used more and more frequently by doctors. His role is allied to, but distinct from the doctor. He is not an authority figure who diagnoses and prescribes, but acts so as to help the patient diagnose the nature of his own dysfunction and assist him to draw on his own resources for growth and change. The methods the counsellor uses vary, but his goal harmonises with the doctor--the removal of disease from the psychosomatic unity of the patient.", "PMID": 1062720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4036", "title": "Natural family planning.", "content": "A personal series of 600 private patients using natural family planning techniques is presented. The total failure rate was 4.7 pregnancies per 100 woman-years. The advantages of this method over conventional contraceptive techniques are stressed.", "contents": "Natural family planning. A personal series of 600 private patients using natural family planning techniques is presented. The total failure rate was 4.7 pregnancies per 100 woman-years. The advantages of this method over conventional contraceptive techniques are stressed.", "PMID": 1062723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4037", "title": "A clinical study of hyperuricaemic men.", "content": "A group of 43 hyperuricaemic men discovered during the 1967 Rangiora diabetic and metabolic survey was examined clinically in 1968 and their blood chemistry repeated. They were then compared with a control group matched for age. No significant differences were found in the two groups either in physical findings or in biochemical measurements apart from the known differences in serum uric acid and the presence of gout in hyperuricaemics. When the study was repeated on the same group in 1973 still no significant difference was found which could be attributed to the hyperuricaemia.", "contents": "A clinical study of hyperuricaemic men. A group of 43 hyperuricaemic men discovered during the 1967 Rangiora diabetic and metabolic survey was examined clinically in 1968 and their blood chemistry repeated. They were then compared with a control group matched for age. No significant differences were found in the two groups either in physical findings or in biochemical measurements apart from the known differences in serum uric acid and the presence of gout in hyperuricaemics. When the study was repeated on the same group in 1973 still no significant difference was found which could be attributed to the hyperuricaemia.", "PMID": 1062724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4038", "title": "Present and future of isolation systems in Auckland.", "content": "The present and possible future facilities for the management of infectious diseases at Auckland Hospital have been reviewed. Geographical integration of infectious cases with adult medical cases on the one hand and general paediatric cases on the other is recommended, with close co-operation between paediatricians, clinical microbiologists and physicians in other branches of medicine. Details are given of currently available facilities and techniques for the infectious diseases department.", "contents": "Present and future of isolation systems in Auckland. The present and possible future facilities for the management of infectious diseases at Auckland Hospital have been reviewed. Geographical integration of infectious cases with adult medical cases on the one hand and general paediatric cases on the other is recommended, with close co-operation between paediatricians, clinical microbiologists and physicians in other branches of medicine. Details are given of currently available facilities and techniques for the infectious diseases department.", "PMID": 1062725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4039", "title": "A case of carcinoid.", "content": "A patient is described with a malignant carcinoid tumour of the ileum with nodal secondaries causing mesenteric vessel occlusion and ileal infarction.", "contents": "A case of carcinoid. A patient is described with a malignant carcinoid tumour of the ileum with nodal secondaries causing mesenteric vessel occlusion and ileal infarction.", "PMID": 1062726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4040", "title": "Antibiotic sensitivity in hand infections.", "content": "A survey of patients presenting for primary treatment of infected lesions on their hands was carried out. Eight-nine lesions were cultured from which 116 organisms were isolated. The main organisms were coagulase-positive staphylococci. In 24 cases these were acting in concert with group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. Of the coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated, 19 percent were resistant to sulphonamides, and only 45 percent were resistant to penicillin.", "contents": "Antibiotic sensitivity in hand infections. A survey of patients presenting for primary treatment of infected lesions on their hands was carried out. Eight-nine lesions were cultured from which 116 organisms were isolated. The main organisms were coagulase-positive staphylococci. In 24 cases these were acting in concert with group A beta-haemolytic streptococci. Of the coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated, 19 percent were resistant to sulphonamides, and only 45 percent were resistant to penicillin.", "PMID": 1062727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4041", "title": "Chromium, manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium content, of New Zealand foods.", "content": "The concentrations of chromium, manganese, cooper, zinc and cadmium are reported for 130 different New Zealand foods, along with water content and the ratio of the edible portion to the as purchased portion. The range of trace element concentrations for the major food groups were almost always within those reported by other investigators.", "contents": "Chromium, manganese, copper, zinc and cadmium content, of New Zealand foods. The concentrations of chromium, manganese, cooper, zinc and cadmium are reported for 130 different New Zealand foods, along with water content and the ratio of the edible portion to the as purchased portion. The range of trace element concentrations for the major food groups were almost always within those reported by other investigators.", "PMID": 1062728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4042", "title": "Psychiatric aspects of murder and attempted murder.", "content": "The clinical data and forensic aspects of 28 individuals charged with murder and 10 charged with attempted murder examined over the last 35 years are recorded. The majority of those aged 40 years or over were criminally insane. A positive family history of psychiatric illness was present in the majority of the criminally insane group. Murder and attempted murder in the setting of a stable marriage was almost invariably the result of serious psychiatric illness. After the clearcut cases of schizophrenia and depressive illness were separated there were left a mixed paranoid group and a large group of individuals with severe personality disorders. Of the forensic aspects a case is made for the wider use of \"unfitness to plead\" in the severely psychotic. The follow-up of cases strongly suggested that those found not guilty on psychiatric grounds were likely to be held for longer periods than those treated as criminals. The author suggests that the public would be better protected if the Crown sought an insanity verdict in some cases rather than oppose it.", "contents": "Psychiatric aspects of murder and attempted murder. The clinical data and forensic aspects of 28 individuals charged with murder and 10 charged with attempted murder examined over the last 35 years are recorded. The majority of those aged 40 years or over were criminally insane. A positive family history of psychiatric illness was present in the majority of the criminally insane group. Murder and attempted murder in the setting of a stable marriage was almost invariably the result of serious psychiatric illness. After the clearcut cases of schizophrenia and depressive illness were separated there were left a mixed paranoid group and a large group of individuals with severe personality disorders. Of the forensic aspects a case is made for the wider use of \"unfitness to plead\" in the severely psychotic. The follow-up of cases strongly suggested that those found not guilty on psychiatric grounds were likely to be held for longer periods than those treated as criminals. The author suggests that the public would be better protected if the Crown sought an insanity verdict in some cases rather than oppose it.", "PMID": 1062731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4043", "title": "Peritoneal osteosarcoma following irradiation therapy of ovarian cancer.", "content": "A peritoneal osteosarcoma occurring after irradiation therapy for cystadenocarcinoma of ovary is described. Only 6 cases of postradiation extraosseous osteosarcomas have been reported and none of them have arisen within the peritoneum. The clinical presentation and histopathology of this unusual tumor is presented with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Peritoneal osteosarcoma following irradiation therapy of ovarian cancer. A peritoneal osteosarcoma occurring after irradiation therapy for cystadenocarcinoma of ovary is described. Only 6 cases of postradiation extraosseous osteosarcomas have been reported and none of them have arisen within the peritoneum. The clinical presentation and histopathology of this unusual tumor is presented with a review of the literature.", "PMID": 1062741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4044", "title": "Postoperative sequelae after anterior segmental osteotomies.", "content": "Reported are the results of a clinical study evaluating the postoperative sequelae of maxillary and mandibular segmental osteotomies. Sixteen patients were evaluated for postoperative pulp vitality, tissue viability, neuropathies, segment stability, and patient response. The findings support the use of this modality when accurate diagnosis and treatment planning are followed by competent surgical procedures.", "contents": "Postoperative sequelae after anterior segmental osteotomies. Reported are the results of a clinical study evaluating the postoperative sequelae of maxillary and mandibular segmental osteotomies. Sixteen patients were evaluated for postoperative pulp vitality, tissue viability, neuropathies, segment stability, and patient response. The findings support the use of this modality when accurate diagnosis and treatment planning are followed by competent surgical procedures.", "PMID": 1062742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4045", "title": "Effects of lavage techniques with third molar surgery.", "content": "A comparison study of 206 mandibular third-molar surgical sites, half of which were irrigated with high volumes of isotonic normal saline solution with a conventional hand syringe and half of which were irrigated with high volumes of isotonic normal saline solution by means of a mechanical pulsating lavage instrument, revealed the following: 1. No cases of localized osteitis occurred with the use of mechanical irrigation in 103 surgical sites (0%). 2. One case of localized osteitis occurred with regular irrigation in 103 surgical sites (0.97%). 3. The over-all incidence of localized osteitis was one case in 206 surgical sites (0.49%). 4. One case of infection occurred with mechanical lavage (0.97%). 5. Two cases of infection occurred with conventional lavage (1.96%). 6. The over-all incidence of infection was three cases in 206 surgical sites (1.45%). 7. No significant differences occurred at the 0.95 level of confidence when the two groups' 3- and 5-day healing were compared. 8. A fairly even distribution of postoperative infections and/or localized osteitis was noted among the cases handled by the three surgeons directly involved in the performance of the operations. 9. Three hundred fifty milliliters of isotonic normal saline solution under pressure (whether electrical or conventional) appreciably reduced the reported incidence of localized osteitis without the use of antibiotics. 10. The mechanical irrigator was less cumbersome and faster (30 seconds for 350 ml.) than the conventional hand syringe (4 to 5 minutes for 350 ml.). 11. The sterilization procedure was more complicated for the mechanical irrigator (gas autoclave) than for the conventional hand syringe (presterilized disposable type). 12. Loose (unattached) soft tissue and bony spicules were thoroughly removed by 350 ml. of irrigation.", "contents": "Effects of lavage techniques with third molar surgery. A comparison study of 206 mandibular third-molar surgical sites, half of which were irrigated with high volumes of isotonic normal saline solution with a conventional hand syringe and half of which were irrigated with high volumes of isotonic normal saline solution by means of a mechanical pulsating lavage instrument, revealed the following: 1. No cases of localized osteitis occurred with the use of mechanical irrigation in 103 surgical sites (0%). 2. One case of localized osteitis occurred with regular irrigation in 103 surgical sites (0.97%). 3. The over-all incidence of localized osteitis was one case in 206 surgical sites (0.49%). 4. One case of infection occurred with mechanical lavage (0.97%). 5. Two cases of infection occurred with conventional lavage (1.96%). 6. The over-all incidence of infection was three cases in 206 surgical sites (1.45%). 7. No significant differences occurred at the 0.95 level of confidence when the two groups' 3- and 5-day healing were compared. 8. A fairly even distribution of postoperative infections and/or localized osteitis was noted among the cases handled by the three surgeons directly involved in the performance of the operations. 9. Three hundred fifty milliliters of isotonic normal saline solution under pressure (whether electrical or conventional) appreciably reduced the reported incidence of localized osteitis without the use of antibiotics. 10. The mechanical irrigator was less cumbersome and faster (30 seconds for 350 ml.) than the conventional hand syringe (4 to 5 minutes for 350 ml.). 11. The sterilization procedure was more complicated for the mechanical irrigator (gas autoclave) than for the conventional hand syringe (presterilized disposable type). 12. Loose (unattached) soft tissue and bony spicules were thoroughly removed by 350 ml. of irrigation.", "PMID": 1062743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4046", "title": "Treatment of chronic mandibular dislocation. Report of a case.", "content": "The procedure described in this article achieves the desired objective, but without the use of foreign bodies or any additional operation to obtain grafting material. Unlike many surgical approaches in use for treating chronic dislocation, there is no capsular violation. Six operations have been performed with this technique, and all have been successful.", "contents": "Treatment of chronic mandibular dislocation. Report of a case. The procedure described in this article achieves the desired objective, but without the use of foreign bodies or any additional operation to obtain grafting material. Unlike many surgical approaches in use for treating chronic dislocation, there is no capsular violation. Six operations have been performed with this technique, and all have been successful.", "PMID": 1062744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4047", "title": "Intraoral psoriasis associated with widespread dermal psoriasis.", "content": "A case believed to represent true intraoral psoriasis has been presented and documented with clinicopathologic material. Intraoral lesions in patients with cutaneous psoriasis should be investigated to determine whether these lesions represent psoriasis or another coexisting entity.", "contents": "Intraoral psoriasis associated with widespread dermal psoriasis. A case believed to represent true intraoral psoriasis has been presented and documented with clinicopathologic material. Intraoral lesions in patients with cutaneous psoriasis should be investigated to determine whether these lesions represent psoriasis or another coexisting entity.", "PMID": 1062745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4048", "title": "Sialochemistry in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "The value of sialochemistry in the study of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome was explored by comparative examination of a spectrum of parotid components in twelve subjects with a positive diagnosis of the disease and twelve control subjects with normal gland function. The subjects with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome all exhibited a marked reduction in flow rate and phosphate concentration and a marked elevation in sodium and chloride concentration. The concentration of IgA was somewhat elevated (commensurate with reduced flow rate); the levels of IgG, IgM, and albumin were normal. The major functional abnormality in the parotid gland in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome appears to be luminal transport in the ductal region; leakage of serum components is minimal. Sialochemistry can be helpful in differentiating Sj\u00f6gren's disease from other diseases of the salivary gland and in assessing degree of pathologic change.", "contents": "Sialochemistry in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The value of sialochemistry in the study of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome was explored by comparative examination of a spectrum of parotid components in twelve subjects with a positive diagnosis of the disease and twelve control subjects with normal gland function. The subjects with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome all exhibited a marked reduction in flow rate and phosphate concentration and a marked elevation in sodium and chloride concentration. The concentration of IgA was somewhat elevated (commensurate with reduced flow rate); the levels of IgG, IgM, and albumin were normal. The major functional abnormality in the parotid gland in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome appears to be luminal transport in the ductal region; leakage of serum components is minimal. Sialochemistry can be helpful in differentiating Sj\u00f6gren's disease from other diseases of the salivary gland and in assessing degree of pathologic change.", "PMID": 1062746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4049", "title": "Salivary studies in alcoholic cirrhosis.", "content": "Eighteen patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were examined, and parotid saliva was collected. Enlargements of the parotid glands were seen in eleven of the eighteen patients (61%). This percentage is in accord with the data previously reported. The salivary findings of increased flow rate, protein, and amylase levels indicate that hypertrophy and increased acinar function may be a component of the parotid enlargement and that, furthermore, a fatty replacement of functional gland tissue is probably not involved. In addition, the salivary electrolyte changes found, increased potassium with effectively decreased sodium excretion, suggest that the elevated aldosterone level commonly found in cirrhotic patients affects salivary secretions in these patients in much the same way as it does in patients with hypertension.", "contents": "Salivary studies in alcoholic cirrhosis. Eighteen patients with alcoholic cirrhosis were examined, and parotid saliva was collected. Enlargements of the parotid glands were seen in eleven of the eighteen patients (61%). This percentage is in accord with the data previously reported. The salivary findings of increased flow rate, protein, and amylase levels indicate that hypertrophy and increased acinar function may be a component of the parotid enlargement and that, furthermore, a fatty replacement of functional gland tissue is probably not involved. In addition, the salivary electrolyte changes found, increased potassium with effectively decreased sodium excretion, suggest that the elevated aldosterone level commonly found in cirrhotic patients affects salivary secretions in these patients in much the same way as it does in patients with hypertension.", "PMID": 1062747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4050", "title": "Structural changes in odontodysplasia.", "content": "Report is made of a histologic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of teeth affected by odontodysplasia. The enamel was found to be thinner than normal, and the entire surface showed numerous depressions. The prismatic orientation, diameter, and density were found to be normal. Although the mantle dentin remained normal, the rest of this tissue showed a tendency to globular formation. The orientation, density, size, and shape of the dentinal tubules appeared to be normal. The cementum, in general, was normal, but in some instances appeared to be scalloped or globular. The pulp consisted of normal tissue but was found to be larger than normal. The presence of denticles was an outstanding feature.", "contents": "Structural changes in odontodysplasia. Report is made of a histologic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of teeth affected by odontodysplasia. The enamel was found to be thinner than normal, and the entire surface showed numerous depressions. The prismatic orientation, diameter, and density were found to be normal. Although the mantle dentin remained normal, the rest of this tissue showed a tendency to globular formation. The orientation, density, size, and shape of the dentinal tubules appeared to be normal. The cementum, in general, was normal, but in some instances appeared to be scalloped or globular. The pulp consisted of normal tissue but was found to be larger than normal. The presence of denticles was an outstanding feature.", "PMID": 1062748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4051", "title": "Studies on oral submucous fibrosis. III. Epithelial changes.", "content": "The literature on the epithelial changes in oral submucous fibrosis is reviewed. The epithelial changes seen in thirty-eight biopsy specimens from thirty-eight patients with oral submucous fibrosis are presented in detail. It was seen that in submucous fibrosis there is a tendency toward epithelial atrophy associated with hyperothokeratosis and pyknotic changes in the nuclei of the basal-cell layer. Hyperplasia of the epithelium usually associated with hyperparakeratosis was also noticed. A striking feature in this study was the absence of glycogen from most of the Grade III (severe) cases. Vacuolization of prickle-cell layer, increased mitotic activity, and epithelial atypia were also noticed in a few cases. The significance of submucous fibrosis as a possible precancerous lesion is emphasized, with reference to the recent reports in the literature.", "contents": "Studies on oral submucous fibrosis. III. Epithelial changes. The literature on the epithelial changes in oral submucous fibrosis is reviewed. The epithelial changes seen in thirty-eight biopsy specimens from thirty-eight patients with oral submucous fibrosis are presented in detail. It was seen that in submucous fibrosis there is a tendency toward epithelial atrophy associated with hyperothokeratosis and pyknotic changes in the nuclei of the basal-cell layer. Hyperplasia of the epithelium usually associated with hyperparakeratosis was also noticed. A striking feature in this study was the absence of glycogen from most of the Grade III (severe) cases. Vacuolization of prickle-cell layer, increased mitotic activity, and epithelial atypia were also noticed in a few cases. The significance of submucous fibrosis as a possible precancerous lesion is emphasized, with reference to the recent reports in the literature.", "PMID": 1062749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4052", "title": "Histopathologic findings in third molar opercula.", "content": "This review of 130 opercula revealed the following findings: 1. In nine cases, salivary gland tissue was present in variable amounts. 2. The oral epithelium was unremarkable, except for eleven cases of atypia, most likely benign atypia resulting from trauma and inflammation. 3. Odontogenic-type epithelium was found in sixty cases. None showed unusual proliferation, but two cases were of a clear-cell type. 4. The lining epithelium was variably present and was either simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or stratified squamous in type. 5. Fifty-four cases were found which showed either bone, dentin, osteoid, or focal odontodysplasia in the tissue, including one case that showed a structure identical to a periodontal membrane encircling it. 6. The lining epithelium on the ISO was often completely absent. This was true with almost no inflammation as well as with marked inflammation present. The soft-tissue overlying erupting third molar teeth contains a host of different tissues. Many of these have the propensity to undergo proliferation, neoplastic change, or cause postoperative complications and delay healing. Therefore, it is my opinion that all such tissue removed be subjected to histopathologic review. Furthermore, surgeons should be aware of the possible neoplastic potential and the detrimental healing effects of these various tissues if an operculum is used for primary closure.", "contents": "Histopathologic findings in third molar opercula. This review of 130 opercula revealed the following findings: 1. In nine cases, salivary gland tissue was present in variable amounts. 2. The oral epithelium was unremarkable, except for eleven cases of atypia, most likely benign atypia resulting from trauma and inflammation. 3. Odontogenic-type epithelium was found in sixty cases. None showed unusual proliferation, but two cases were of a clear-cell type. 4. The lining epithelium was variably present and was either simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or stratified squamous in type. 5. Fifty-four cases were found which showed either bone, dentin, osteoid, or focal odontodysplasia in the tissue, including one case that showed a structure identical to a periodontal membrane encircling it. 6. The lining epithelium on the ISO was often completely absent. This was true with almost no inflammation as well as with marked inflammation present. The soft-tissue overlying erupting third molar teeth contains a host of different tissues. Many of these have the propensity to undergo proliferation, neoplastic change, or cause postoperative complications and delay healing. Therefore, it is my opinion that all such tissue removed be subjected to histopathologic review. Furthermore, surgeons should be aware of the possible neoplastic potential and the detrimental healing effects of these various tissues if an operculum is used for primary closure.", "PMID": 1062750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4053", "title": "Experimental in vitro lesions adjacent to composite restorations in etched cavities.", "content": "Class V cavities and wedge-shaped cavities simulating erosions were prepared in thirty extracted, permanent human teeth. After being etched for 2 minutes with the pertinent cleanser, the wedge-shaped cavities were restored with Enamelite or Restodent. The Class V cavities were etched with 50% phosphoric acid and restored with HL-72. Artificial lesions around the fillings were produced by immersing the teeth in an acid-gelatin system. Ground sections of the teeth with the fillings in situ were studied by polarized light microscopy and microradiography. All the teeth showed \"outer lesions,\" whereas the occurrence of a \"wall lesion\" was a rare exception.", "contents": "Experimental in vitro lesions adjacent to composite restorations in etched cavities. Class V cavities and wedge-shaped cavities simulating erosions were prepared in thirty extracted, permanent human teeth. After being etched for 2 minutes with the pertinent cleanser, the wedge-shaped cavities were restored with Enamelite or Restodent. The Class V cavities were etched with 50% phosphoric acid and restored with HL-72. Artificial lesions around the fillings were produced by immersing the teeth in an acid-gelatin system. Ground sections of the teeth with the fillings in situ were studied by polarized light microscopy and microradiography. All the teeth showed \"outer lesions,\" whereas the occurrence of a \"wall lesion\" was a rare exception.", "PMID": 1062751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4054", "title": "Familial generalized delayed eruption of the dentition with short stature.", "content": "1. Prolonged retention of the deciduous dentition, subsequent delay in eruption of the permanent dentition, and retardation in dental maturation are displayed outside the limits of normal variation. 2. The pedigree study of this family reveals the trait of noneruption to be distributed in a characteristic pattern of autosomal dominance. 3. Short stature was noted in this family and placed in the lowest limits of short stature as recorded in standard reference charts. 4. Additional findings included concave midfacial appearance, frontal bossing, delayed skeletal maturation, presence of Wormian bones in the lamboidal suture region of the skull, and strikingly large fontanelles in infancy. 5. The pedigree described represents a syndrome of short stature and delayed eruption of the dentition.", "contents": "Familial generalized delayed eruption of the dentition with short stature. 1. Prolonged retention of the deciduous dentition, subsequent delay in eruption of the permanent dentition, and retardation in dental maturation are displayed outside the limits of normal variation. 2. The pedigree study of this family reveals the trait of noneruption to be distributed in a characteristic pattern of autosomal dominance. 3. Short stature was noted in this family and placed in the lowest limits of short stature as recorded in standard reference charts. 4. Additional findings included concave midfacial appearance, frontal bossing, delayed skeletal maturation, presence of Wormian bones in the lamboidal suture region of the skull, and strikingly large fontanelles in infancy. 5. The pedigree described represents a syndrome of short stature and delayed eruption of the dentition.", "PMID": 1062752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4055", "title": "\"Long distance\" action of parachlorophenol and formalin in polyethylene tubes implanted in guinea pigs.", "content": "Two endodontic intracanal medicaments (parachlorophenol and formalin) in polyethylene tubes were tested for their irritant effect by implantation in the backs of guinea pigs. Histologic evaluation at 3 days showed an exudate with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the open part of the tube. At 10 days most of the tubes showed fibroblast migration into the open lumen, with necrotic tissue trapped between the fibroblast migration and the exudate. At 90 days only a little fibroblast migration was found in all of the tubes. No necrotic tissue was trapped and no irritation was seen. No difference could be observed between the reaction in the experimental and the control situations.", "contents": "\"Long distance\" action of parachlorophenol and formalin in polyethylene tubes implanted in guinea pigs. Two endodontic intracanal medicaments (parachlorophenol and formalin) in polyethylene tubes were tested for their irritant effect by implantation in the backs of guinea pigs. Histologic evaluation at 3 days showed an exudate with polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the open part of the tube. At 10 days most of the tubes showed fibroblast migration into the open lumen, with necrotic tissue trapped between the fibroblast migration and the exudate. At 90 days only a little fibroblast migration was found in all of the tubes. No necrotic tissue was trapped and no irritation was seen. No difference could be observed between the reaction in the experimental and the control situations.", "PMID": 1062753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4056", "title": "Doses to critical organs from dental radiography.", "content": "Participants in the jointly sponsored Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and Japanese National Institute of Health (ABCC-JNIH) Adult Health Study, a fixed-population sample under continual observation for late effects of the atomic bombs, are also being evaluated for their exposure to other sources of ionizing radiation. In the present study, the subjects' thyroid, lens, pituitary, bone marrow, and gonadal doses acquired during dental radiography were estimated from dosimetry of simulated human material exposed according to technical factors as ascertained in previously reported surveys of patients, dental clinics and hospitals, and dosimetry with phantom human material containing lithium fluoride thermoluminescence dosimeters and ionization chambers. Dental radiography comprised a relatively small segment of the contaminating sources of ionizing radiation exposure among this population sample. Efforts should be made to improve exposure conditions, especially in view of the increasing frequency of dental x-ray examinations.", "contents": "Doses to critical organs from dental radiography. Participants in the jointly sponsored Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission and Japanese National Institute of Health (ABCC-JNIH) Adult Health Study, a fixed-population sample under continual observation for late effects of the atomic bombs, are also being evaluated for their exposure to other sources of ionizing radiation. In the present study, the subjects' thyroid, lens, pituitary, bone marrow, and gonadal doses acquired during dental radiography were estimated from dosimetry of simulated human material exposed according to technical factors as ascertained in previously reported surveys of patients, dental clinics and hospitals, and dosimetry with phantom human material containing lithium fluoride thermoluminescence dosimeters and ionization chambers. Dental radiography comprised a relatively small segment of the contaminating sources of ionizing radiation exposure among this population sample. Efforts should be made to improve exposure conditions, especially in view of the increasing frequency of dental x-ray examinations.", "PMID": 1062754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4057", "title": "Oral roentgenologic findings in a Norwegian urban population.", "content": "Orthopantomograms were taken of 111 subjects constituting a random sample of 35-year-old citizens of Oslo. The most frequent pathologic finding was marginal bone loss, which was found in seventy-one persons (64%). Fifty-one impacted and unerupted teeth in twenty-eight persons were seen, the third molars predominating. Ten retained roots were found in nine persons, and apical radiolucent areas were found on forty-four teeth in thirty-three persons. In addition to the pathologic findings, 101 endodontically treated teeth in fifty-five persons were observed.", "contents": "Oral roentgenologic findings in a Norwegian urban population. Orthopantomograms were taken of 111 subjects constituting a random sample of 35-year-old citizens of Oslo. The most frequent pathologic finding was marginal bone loss, which was found in seventy-one persons (64%). Fifty-one impacted and unerupted teeth in twenty-eight persons were seen, the third molars predominating. Ten retained roots were found in nine persons, and apical radiolucent areas were found on forty-four teeth in thirty-three persons. In addition to the pathologic findings, 101 endodontically treated teeth in fifty-five persons were observed.", "PMID": 1062755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4058", "title": "[Social medicine and dental health].", "content": "Some socio-medical aspects of preventive and curative dental care. Preventive and early curative dental care is considered as an integral part of general health behavior in the individual. Different variables possibly determining such behavior are discussed. Demographic factors as age, sex, place of residence, as well as family and educational background, income and vocation seem to be of importance. A dental health delivery system free of charge to everyone in the age group 6-18, eventually up to 21 years has been available for several years in Norway. We assume that this has had a great impact upon the motivations for a positive atitude towards preventive care, particularly since economic barriers have been reduced simultaneously with shift in the popular value aspects of having good dental health status. Plans for a future incorporation of dental care into a total national health service, comprising the entire population, in order to make the delivery system feasible for everyone, will probably stimulate a still wider interest and motivation for preventive and early dental care.", "contents": "[Social medicine and dental health]. Some socio-medical aspects of preventive and curative dental care. Preventive and early curative dental care is considered as an integral part of general health behavior in the individual. Different variables possibly determining such behavior are discussed. Demographic factors as age, sex, place of residence, as well as family and educational background, income and vocation seem to be of importance. A dental health delivery system free of charge to everyone in the age group 6-18, eventually up to 21 years has been available for several years in Norway. We assume that this has had a great impact upon the motivations for a positive atitude towards preventive care, particularly since economic barriers have been reduced simultaneously with shift in the popular value aspects of having good dental health status. Plans for a future incorporation of dental care into a total national health service, comprising the entire population, in order to make the delivery system feasible for everyone, will probably stimulate a still wider interest and motivation for preventive and early dental care.", "PMID": 1062768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4059", "title": "Current therapy for acute leukemia in childhood.", "content": "As therapy for acute leukemia in childhood becomes increasingly effective, the management of the child with leukemia become increasingly complex. The nurse caring for the child and his family must have an understanding of the principles of antileukemia therapy and the potential side effects. She must be prepared to apply nursing interventions to prevent unnecessary complications and to manage unavoidable ones. In addition, she must provide consistent psychosocial support to the child and his family.", "contents": "Current therapy for acute leukemia in childhood. As therapy for acute leukemia in childhood becomes increasingly effective, the management of the child with leukemia become increasingly complex. The nurse caring for the child and his family must have an understanding of the principles of antileukemia therapy and the potential side effects. She must be prepared to apply nursing interventions to prevent unnecessary complications and to manage unavoidable ones. In addition, she must provide consistent psychosocial support to the child and his family.", "PMID": 1062771}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4060", "title": "Management of the child with cancer on an outpatient basis.", "content": "More and more of the children are being cared for on an outpatient basis at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Center. When there is a choice between admitting the child or caring for him on an ambulatory basis, the parent usually chooses the latter.  The census of pediatric ambulatory patient visits has increased from 6,000 in 1969, to 14,724 in 1974, as shown in Table 1. Each year the number of procedures increases, and each year more parents find this method of delivering patient care less disruptive to the family unit and more desirable, in every way, for the child under treatment. With the continuing increase in the number of patients and changes in the complexity of treatment, we find ourselves constantly changing our methods of delivering care. Today we have some children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have never needed hospitalization; all of their treatment has been given on an outpatient basis. We hope, in the future, that cancer care will become so refined tha the majority of our patients need not be separated from their homes and families-that their care can be given completely on an outpatient basis. In the last five years many changes have been made in treating the child with cancer, and I suspect the next five years will see even greater improvement. It is important, then, when managing the care of this very special child on an ambulatory basis, to keep both the physical structure of the clinic and the clinic policies flexible, in order to accommodate the new methods of treatment that are constantly being introduced.", "contents": "Management of the child with cancer on an outpatient basis. More and more of the children are being cared for on an outpatient basis at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Center. When there is a choice between admitting the child or caring for him on an ambulatory basis, the parent usually chooses the latter.  The census of pediatric ambulatory patient visits has increased from 6,000 in 1969, to 14,724 in 1974, as shown in Table 1. Each year the number of procedures increases, and each year more parents find this method of delivering patient care less disruptive to the family unit and more desirable, in every way, for the child under treatment. With the continuing increase in the number of patients and changes in the complexity of treatment, we find ourselves constantly changing our methods of delivering care. Today we have some children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who have never needed hospitalization; all of their treatment has been given on an outpatient basis. We hope, in the future, that cancer care will become so refined tha the majority of our patients need not be separated from their homes and families-that their care can be given completely on an outpatient basis. In the last five years many changes have been made in treating the child with cancer, and I suspect the next five years will see even greater improvement. It is important, then, when managing the care of this very special child on an ambulatory basis, to keep both the physical structure of the clinic and the clinic policies flexible, in order to accommodate the new methods of treatment that are constantly being introduced.", "PMID": 1062772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4061", "title": "Psychosocial reactions of children with cancer. A program for rehabilitation.", "content": "The diagnosis of cancer in children challenges all the skills of the pediatric nurse. She utilizes her basic knowledge of development, family dynamics, and disease process. She explores all the implications of long-term illness. She assesses, plans, implements, and evaluates care for the child and his family. She acts as liaison, teacher, and counselor. She is the advocate for the child and his family. As an active member of the team she is instrumental in the process of rehabilitation for the child, physically and emotionally. She can help the child to live with cancer and assure quality of life in the days granted him.", "contents": "Psychosocial reactions of children with cancer. A program for rehabilitation. The diagnosis of cancer in children challenges all the skills of the pediatric nurse. She utilizes her basic knowledge of development, family dynamics, and disease process. She explores all the implications of long-term illness. She assesses, plans, implements, and evaluates care for the child and his family. She acts as liaison, teacher, and counselor. She is the advocate for the child and his family. As an active member of the team she is instrumental in the process of rehabilitation for the child, physically and emotionally. She can help the child to live with cancer and assure quality of life in the days granted him.", "PMID": 1062773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4062", "title": "Clinical signs associated with the amount of tracheobronchial secretions.", "content": "Thirty-five subjects on volume-cycled mechanical ventilators were surveyed to identify predominating clinical signs associated with amount of tracheobronchial secretions. Variables measured included changes in vital signs, activity, ventilator pressure, tidal volume, presence of abnormal chest movement, adventitious breath sounds, and cyanosis. Secretions were aseptically obtained through a cuffed tracheal tube. Base-line data were gathered ten minutes after the subject was initially suctioned. Fifty minutes after collecting a base line, clinical signs were remeasured, the subject suctioned, and the amount of secretions measured. Seven signs had no observable association, that is, increased or decreased activity, asymmetrical chest excursion, intercoastal retractions, pharyngeal gurgle, local absence of breath sounds, or cyanosis. A biserial correlation coefficient was calculated between each sign and the amount of secretions. Fisher's exact probability chi square was calculated to determine specificity and sensitivity of each sign with secretions over .5 cc. In both statistical tests a change greater than 5mm. Hg in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure was significant (p less than .10). The presence of 6 or more of 15 clinical signs occurred in 90 percent of the subjects with .5 cc. or more secretions and in only 25 percent of those subjects with no secretions. All subjects with .5 cc. or more secretions had six or more signs and/or changes over 5mm. Hg in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.", "contents": "Clinical signs associated with the amount of tracheobronchial secretions. Thirty-five subjects on volume-cycled mechanical ventilators were surveyed to identify predominating clinical signs associated with amount of tracheobronchial secretions. Variables measured included changes in vital signs, activity, ventilator pressure, tidal volume, presence of abnormal chest movement, adventitious breath sounds, and cyanosis. Secretions were aseptically obtained through a cuffed tracheal tube. Base-line data were gathered ten minutes after the subject was initially suctioned. Fifty minutes after collecting a base line, clinical signs were remeasured, the subject suctioned, and the amount of secretions measured. Seven signs had no observable association, that is, increased or decreased activity, asymmetrical chest excursion, intercoastal retractions, pharyngeal gurgle, local absence of breath sounds, or cyanosis. A biserial correlation coefficient was calculated between each sign and the amount of secretions. Fisher's exact probability chi square was calculated to determine specificity and sensitivity of each sign with secretions over .5 cc. In both statistical tests a change greater than 5mm. Hg in either systolic or diastolic blood pressure was significant (p less than .10). The presence of 6 or more of 15 clinical signs occurred in 90 percent of the subjects with .5 cc. or more secretions and in only 25 percent of those subjects with no secretions. All subjects with .5 cc. or more secretions had six or more signs and/or changes over 5mm. Hg in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.", "PMID": 1062770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4063", "title": "Diffusion frequency factors in some simple examples of transition-state rate theory.", "content": "In the Eyring rate theory, the rate constant is expressed as a product of a frequency factor (kT/h) and a quotient of partition functions. Continuing an earlier paper, it is shown here by means of simple examples that the Eyring formalism may be extended to include diffusion-controlled processes if a new frequency factor, D/Rlambda, is substituted for kT/h, where D = diffusion coefficient, lambda = thermal de Broglie wavelength, and R = a characteristic distance that depends on the particular case. The Eyring formalism is also applicable in hybrid cases, intermediate between diffusion (D/Rlambda) and dynamics (kT/h). Because these modified frequency factors are not \"universal\" (as kT/h is), their main use (other than conceptual) would appear to be in cases in which one considers a simple model (with calculable frequency factor) together with a related more complicated model. In the latter case, as an approximation, one would combine the \"simple\" frequency factor with the \"complicated\" quotient of partition functions in order to obtain the desired rate constant. Examples are given.", "contents": "Diffusion frequency factors in some simple examples of transition-state rate theory. In the Eyring rate theory, the rate constant is expressed as a product of a frequency factor (kT/h) and a quotient of partition functions. Continuing an earlier paper, it is shown here by means of simple examples that the Eyring formalism may be extended to include diffusion-controlled processes if a new frequency factor, D/Rlambda, is substituted for kT/h, where D = diffusion coefficient, lambda = thermal de Broglie wavelength, and R = a characteristic distance that depends on the particular case. The Eyring formalism is also applicable in hybrid cases, intermediate between diffusion (D/Rlambda) and dynamics (kT/h). Because these modified frequency factors are not \"universal\" (as kT/h is), their main use (other than conceptual) would appear to be in cases in which one considers a simple model (with calculable frequency factor) together with a related more complicated model. In the latter case, as an approximation, one would combine the \"simple\" frequency factor with the \"complicated\" quotient of partition functions in order to obtain the desired rate constant. Examples are given.", "PMID": 1062777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4064", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the helix-coil transition of poly (dA-dT) in aqueous solution.", "content": "The well-resolved base and sugar proton resonances in the high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of poly(dA-dT) can be monitored during the helix-coil transition. The observable resonances shift upfield on helix formation and the temperature-dependent chemical shifts exhibit a melting temperature t 1/2 = 69.9 +/- 0.3 degrees for 18.8 mM (with respect to phosphorus) poly(dA-dT) in 0.5 M Tris, 0.1 M cacodylate, D2O, pH 7.05. The observable protons are in fast exchange throughout the poly (dA-dT) helix-coil transition. The adenine H2 resonance that shifts upfield by about 1 ppm on helix formation exhibits uncertainty broadening in the fast exchange region...", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the helix-coil transition of poly (dA-dT) in aqueous solution. The well-resolved base and sugar proton resonances in the high resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of poly(dA-dT) can be monitored during the helix-coil transition. The observable resonances shift upfield on helix formation and the temperature-dependent chemical shifts exhibit a melting temperature t 1/2 = 69.9 +/- 0.3 degrees for 18.8 mM (with respect to phosphorus) poly(dA-dT) in 0.5 M Tris, 0.1 M cacodylate, D2O, pH 7.05. The observable protons are in fast exchange throughout the poly (dA-dT) helix-coil transition. The adenine H2 resonance that shifts upfield by about 1 ppm on helix formation exhibits uncertainty broadening in the fast exchange region...", "PMID": 1062778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4065", "title": "Genetic recombination of bacteriophage T7 DNA in vitro.", "content": "We have demonstrated recombination of bacteriophage T7 DNA in vitro. An extract of Escherichia coli B cells infected with wild-type T7(T7+) is incubated with mature DNA extracted from T7 phage. Packaging of the exogenous DNA within the phage head appears to be preceded by recombination of exogenously added DNA with DNA present in the extracts. In order to detect the recombination, we used an exogenous DNA bearing a marker (ss-) such that progeny phage which have packaged this marker are able to plate on Shigella sonnei D2 571-48, whereas T7+ phage present in the extracts do not. The recombinational process bears many of the characteristics of in vivo recombination. The exogenous DNA is not packaged intact but undergoes fragmentation to a length of about 3000 base pairs before being incorporated into a mature DNA molecule. If ss- DNA bearing an amber mutation is used in the assay, the frequency of amber+ progeny produced varies with the distance of the amber marker from the ss- marker. When DNA bearing three mutations is used in the reaction, phage heterozygous for the unselected marker are readily detected. Finally the products of phage genes 4 (DNA replication protein), 5(DNA polymerase), and 6(exonuclease), genes previously implicated in recombination in vivo, are required for the in vitro reaction.", "contents": "Genetic recombination of bacteriophage T7 DNA in vitro. We have demonstrated recombination of bacteriophage T7 DNA in vitro. An extract of Escherichia coli B cells infected with wild-type T7(T7+) is incubated with mature DNA extracted from T7 phage. Packaging of the exogenous DNA within the phage head appears to be preceded by recombination of exogenously added DNA with DNA present in the extracts. In order to detect the recombination, we used an exogenous DNA bearing a marker (ss-) such that progeny phage which have packaged this marker are able to plate on Shigella sonnei D2 571-48, whereas T7+ phage present in the extracts do not. The recombinational process bears many of the characteristics of in vivo recombination. The exogenous DNA is not packaged intact but undergoes fragmentation to a length of about 3000 base pairs before being incorporated into a mature DNA molecule. If ss- DNA bearing an amber mutation is used in the assay, the frequency of amber+ progeny produced varies with the distance of the amber marker from the ss- marker. When DNA bearing three mutations is used in the reaction, phage heterozygous for the unselected marker are readily detected. Finally the products of phage genes 4 (DNA replication protein), 5(DNA polymerase), and 6(exonuclease), genes previously implicated in recombination in vivo, are required for the in vitro reaction.", "PMID": 1062779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4066", "title": "Deletions of lambda phage locating a prm mutation within the rightward operator.", "content": "Two deletion-substitution mutations of phage lambda, spi-113 and spi-274, are shown to remove about half of the rightward operator OR. Physiological studies show that spi-113 is still repressible. Thus, the 50 or so nucleotides of OR deleted in this mutant are not absolutely essential for repression. prm-116, which inactivates the promoter essential for the maintenance of lambda repressor synthesis, is located within OR between the endpoints of spi-113 and spi-274.", "contents": "Deletions of lambda phage locating a prm mutation within the rightward operator. Two deletion-substitution mutations of phage lambda, spi-113 and spi-274, are shown to remove about half of the rightward operator OR. Physiological studies show that spi-113 is still repressible. Thus, the 50 or so nucleotides of OR deleted in this mutant are not absolutely essential for repression. prm-116, which inactivates the promoter essential for the maintenance of lambda repressor synthesis, is located within OR between the endpoints of spi-113 and spi-274.", "PMID": 1062780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4067", "title": "Determination of nucleotide sequences beyond the sites of transcriptional termination.", "content": "A procedure is described by which a discrete high-molecular-weight RNA transcription product can be used as a primer by DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7; deoxynucleoside triphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase) for determining nucleic acid sequence in the template DNA beyond the 3'-terminus of the transcript. This procedure is applied to two lambda phage transcripts, the 4S \"oop\" RNA [Short l-strand RNA transcript from the region of origin of replication (ori) and the 6S RNA. Sequences of 35 and 19 nucleotides, respectively, following the sites at which these two transcripts terminate, are determined. Little structural homology is apparent in the template DNA beyond the 3'-ends of these two transcripts. The lack of homology suggests that this region might not be important to the termination process.", "contents": "Determination of nucleotide sequences beyond the sites of transcriptional termination. A procedure is described by which a discrete high-molecular-weight RNA transcription product can be used as a primer by DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7; deoxynucleoside triphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase) for determining nucleic acid sequence in the template DNA beyond the 3'-terminus of the transcript. This procedure is applied to two lambda phage transcripts, the 4S \"oop\" RNA [Short l-strand RNA transcript from the region of origin of replication (ori) and the 6S RNA. Sequences of 35 and 19 nucleotides, respectively, following the sites at which these two transcripts terminate, are determined. Little structural homology is apparent in the template DNA beyond the 3'-ends of these two transcripts. The lack of homology suggests that this region might not be important to the termination process.", "PMID": 1062781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4068", "title": "Gram-preparative protein fractionation by isotachophoresis: isolation of human growth hormone isohormones.", "content": "Steady-state stacking (isotachophoresis) provides a preparative method in zone electrophoresis for the isolation of proteins in gram amounts. Up to four components were separated in 1000-fold larger quantities than those used in conventional electrophoresis. Separation occurs in order of free electrophoretic mobility. Recovery is nearly quantitative. The method was shown to be capable of resolving isohormones of human growth hormone. This fractionation is representative of difficult terminal isolations in biology. The best results are obtained when few components are fractionated at a high load. The method uses simple, small-scale apparatus. It does not utilize spacer ampholytes.", "contents": "Gram-preparative protein fractionation by isotachophoresis: isolation of human growth hormone isohormones. Steady-state stacking (isotachophoresis) provides a preparative method in zone electrophoresis for the isolation of proteins in gram amounts. Up to four components were separated in 1000-fold larger quantities than those used in conventional electrophoresis. Separation occurs in order of free electrophoretic mobility. Recovery is nearly quantitative. The method was shown to be capable of resolving isohormones of human growth hormone. This fractionation is representative of difficult terminal isolations in biology. The best results are obtained when few components are fractionated at a high load. The method uses simple, small-scale apparatus. It does not utilize spacer ampholytes.", "PMID": 1062782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4069", "title": "Stucture of the amino-acid accepting 3'-end of high-molecular-weight eggplant mosaic virus RNA.", "content": "The sequence of the first 59 nucleotides from the 3'-OH terminus of high-molecular-weight eggplant mosaic virus RNA has been determined by standard radio-chemical techniques. The fragment was identified among the products of partial T1 RNase digestion by making use of the reverse migration, at pH 2.5, of the 3'-OH terminal oligonucleotide. No abnormal bases were found. A model of secondary structure may be constructed for this fragment, which is known to fix valine in the presence of valyl-tRNA synthetase. Its relation to the structures of genuine tRNAs and to the 3'-OH termini of other viral RNAs that also accept amino acids is discussed.", "contents": "Stucture of the amino-acid accepting 3'-end of high-molecular-weight eggplant mosaic virus RNA. The sequence of the first 59 nucleotides from the 3'-OH terminus of high-molecular-weight eggplant mosaic virus RNA has been determined by standard radio-chemical techniques. The fragment was identified among the products of partial T1 RNase digestion by making use of the reverse migration, at pH 2.5, of the 3'-OH terminal oligonucleotide. No abnormal bases were found. A model of secondary structure may be constructed for this fragment, which is known to fix valine in the presence of valyl-tRNA synthetase. Its relation to the structures of genuine tRNAs and to the 3'-OH termini of other viral RNAs that also accept amino acids is discussed.", "PMID": 1062783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4070", "title": "Concatemers of alternating plus and minus strands are intermediates in adenovirus-associated virus DNA synthesis.", "content": "Replicating DNA molecules of adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) were selectively extracted from KB cells coinfected at 39.5 detrees with a DNA minus, temperature-sensitive mutant of adenovirus 5 (ts125) as helper. Under these conditions AAV DNA replication proceeds normally, but there is little, if any, adenovirus DNA synthesis. An analysis of the replicating molecules in sucrose density gradients reveals that there are AAV DNA intermediates which consist of covalently linked plus and minus DNA strands. Under denaturing conditions, these concatemers are linear single strands whose lengths can reach at least four times the size of the AAV genome. The most abundant concatemeric species is a dimer which presumably exists in vivo as a unit length hairpin. Unit length linear duplexes appear to be immediate precursors of plus and minus progeny strands. These findings are compatible with a self-priming mechanism for the synthesis of AAV DNA.", "contents": "Concatemers of alternating plus and minus strands are intermediates in adenovirus-associated virus DNA synthesis. Replicating DNA molecules of adenovirus-associated virus (AAV) were selectively extracted from KB cells coinfected at 39.5 detrees with a DNA minus, temperature-sensitive mutant of adenovirus 5 (ts125) as helper. Under these conditions AAV DNA replication proceeds normally, but there is little, if any, adenovirus DNA synthesis. An analysis of the replicating molecules in sucrose density gradients reveals that there are AAV DNA intermediates which consist of covalently linked plus and minus DNA strands. Under denaturing conditions, these concatemers are linear single strands whose lengths can reach at least four times the size of the AAV genome. The most abundant concatemeric species is a dimer which presumably exists in vivo as a unit length hairpin. Unit length linear duplexes appear to be immediate precursors of plus and minus progeny strands. These findings are compatible with a self-priming mechanism for the synthesis of AAV DNA.", "PMID": 1062784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4071", "title": "Sherpas living permanently at high altitutde: a new pattern of adaptation.", "content": "Adaptation of Sherpas to high altitude has been studied and compared with that of Caucasians acclimatized to high altitude. Sherpas living permanently at 4000 m above sea level do not have increased hematological parameters (i.e., red cell number, hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin ratio) and have a higher affinity of blood for oxygen as compared with acclimatized Caucasians. Sherpas permanently living at low altitude, on the contrary, have lower affinity of blood for oxygen than do Caucasians living at comparable altitude and are mildly \"anemic,\". Various other red cell biochemical parameters (possibly related to adaptation to altitude) have also been studied in the same population. We suggest that Sherpas are genetically better adapted to high altitude than are Amerindians living on the Peruvian highlands, possibly as a consequence of a much more prolonged exposure to such an ecological factor of selection as high altitude.", "contents": "Sherpas living permanently at high altitutde: a new pattern of adaptation. Adaptation of Sherpas to high altitude has been studied and compared with that of Caucasians acclimatized to high altitude. Sherpas living permanently at 4000 m above sea level do not have increased hematological parameters (i.e., red cell number, hematocrit, hemoglobin content, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate/hemoglobin ratio) and have a higher affinity of blood for oxygen as compared with acclimatized Caucasians. Sherpas permanently living at low altitude, on the contrary, have lower affinity of blood for oxygen than do Caucasians living at comparable altitude and are mildly \"anemic,\". Various other red cell biochemical parameters (possibly related to adaptation to altitude) have also been studied in the same population. We suggest that Sherpas are genetically better adapted to high altitude than are Amerindians living on the Peruvian highlands, possibly as a consequence of a much more prolonged exposure to such an ecological factor of selection as high altitude.", "PMID": 1062785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4072", "title": "Simultaneous initiation of synthesis of bacteriophage T4 DNA and of deoxyribonucleotides.", "content": "In earlier reports we have suggested that bacteriophate T4 DNA replication occurs in a complex composed of the proteins required for polymerization and the system of enzymes synthesizing the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors of DNA. T4-induced dCMP hydroxymethylase and dTMP synthetase, though demonstrable in extracts soon after infection, are not active in vivo until about 5 min. The in vivo activities increase exponentially for approximately 15 min and then become constant. We have suggested that the exponential period represents the formation of the complexes. This paper shows that the initiation of DNA synthesis and of the two deoxyribonucleotide-synthesizing activities occurs simultaneously and with coinciding exponential kinetics. The in vivo activities of the two enzymes were tested after infection by a number of T4 amber Dna- mutants. Their activities were essentially unchanged compared to the wild-type phage, except on infection by mutants of gene 43 (T4 DNA nucleotidyltransferase or DNA polymerase). With these mutants the rate of increase of dTMP synthetase and dCMP hydroxymethylase activities was always substantially lower than after infection by wild-type phage. It is proposed that an intimate interaction occurs between T4-induced DNA polymerase and the complex of enzymes forming 5-hydroxymethyl-dCMP and dTMP.", "contents": "Simultaneous initiation of synthesis of bacteriophage T4 DNA and of deoxyribonucleotides. In earlier reports we have suggested that bacteriophate T4 DNA replication occurs in a complex composed of the proteins required for polymerization and the system of enzymes synthesizing the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors of DNA. T4-induced dCMP hydroxymethylase and dTMP synthetase, though demonstrable in extracts soon after infection, are not active in vivo until about 5 min. The in vivo activities increase exponentially for approximately 15 min and then become constant. We have suggested that the exponential period represents the formation of the complexes. This paper shows that the initiation of DNA synthesis and of the two deoxyribonucleotide-synthesizing activities occurs simultaneously and with coinciding exponential kinetics. The in vivo activities of the two enzymes were tested after infection by a number of T4 amber Dna- mutants. Their activities were essentially unchanged compared to the wild-type phage, except on infection by mutants of gene 43 (T4 DNA nucleotidyltransferase or DNA polymerase). With these mutants the rate of increase of dTMP synthetase and dCMP hydroxymethylase activities was always substantially lower than after infection by wild-type phage. It is proposed that an intimate interaction occurs between T4-induced DNA polymerase and the complex of enzymes forming 5-hydroxymethyl-dCMP and dTMP.", "PMID": 1062786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4073", "title": "Lack of ribosomal protein S1 in Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "The 30S ribosomal subunit of Bacillus stearothermophilus migrated as a single band when electrophoresed on agarose-acrylamide composite gels. The addition of the ribosomal protein S1 purified from Escherichia coli resulted in the appearance of an additional band migrating more slowly; 14C-labeled S1 of E. coli was shown to be associated only with this form. Antibody against E. coli protein S1 did not crossreact with either the total 30S ribosomal proteins or the postribosomal supernatant from B. stearothermophilus. These results indicate that B. stearothermophilus lacks a protein equivalent to E. coli S1 and may explain our previous finding [Eur. J. Biochem. 56, 15-22 (1975) that E. coli S1 greatly stimulated the translation by B. stearothermophilus ribosomes of f2 phage RNA.", "contents": "Lack of ribosomal protein S1 in Bacillus stearothermophilus. The 30S ribosomal subunit of Bacillus stearothermophilus migrated as a single band when electrophoresed on agarose-acrylamide composite gels. The addition of the ribosomal protein S1 purified from Escherichia coli resulted in the appearance of an additional band migrating more slowly; 14C-labeled S1 of E. coli was shown to be associated only with this form. Antibody against E. coli protein S1 did not crossreact with either the total 30S ribosomal proteins or the postribosomal supernatant from B. stearothermophilus. These results indicate that B. stearothermophilus lacks a protein equivalent to E. coli S1 and may explain our previous finding [Eur. J. Biochem. 56, 15-22 (1975) that E. coli S1 greatly stimulated the translation by B. stearothermophilus ribosomes of f2 phage RNA.", "PMID": 1062787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4074", "title": "Variations of DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta during prolonged stimulation of human lymphocytes.", "content": "Stimulation of human lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin is known to induce an increase in overall DNA polymerase activity (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7). Previous work [Pedrali Noy, G., Dalpr\u00e0, L. Pedrini, A. M., Ciarrocchi, G., Giulotto, E., Nuzzo, F. & Falaschi, A. (1974) Nucleic Acids Res. 1, 1183] has shown that two subsequent waves of induction of DNA polymerase can be observed in this system; a first wave occurs in parallel with the increase in DNA replication rate; a second one occurs when the DNA synthesis rate is returned to minimal levels; the second peak is parallel to a maximum in DNA ligase and DNase levels. In the present work we have measured the levels of the DNA polymerases-alpha and -beta in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes during a 12-day period; both enzymes are present at detectable levels at time zero; in correspondence to the peak of DNA synthesis rate (between the fourth and fifth day) a peak of DNA polymerase-alpha is observed, increasing by a factor of approximately 20-fold over the zero time value; subsequently, the level of DNA polymerase-alpha decreases in parallel with DNA synthesis rate. The DNA polymerase-beta is also increased in correspondence to the peak in DNA synthesis rate, but reaches its maximum at later times, between the eighth and tenth day of incubation. The capacity of stimulated lymphocytes to perform repair synthesis following UV damage was measured in the same cells used for the enzyme activity determinations; this capacity also shows two maxima: a first one correlated with the peak in DNA replication rate, and a second one correlated with the peak of DNA polymerase-beta. These data suggest a certain tendency to the specialization of functions in human cell DNA polymerases; the alpha-enzyme seems mainly correlated with DNA replication, whereas the beta-enzyme seems more correlated with the ability of the cell to perform repair type synthesis.", "contents": "Variations of DNA polymerase-alpha and -beta during prolonged stimulation of human lymphocytes. Stimulation of human lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin is known to induce an increase in overall DNA polymerase activity (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7). Previous work [Pedrali Noy, G., Dalpr\u00e0, L. Pedrini, A. M., Ciarrocchi, G., Giulotto, E., Nuzzo, F. & Falaschi, A. (1974) Nucleic Acids Res. 1, 1183] has shown that two subsequent waves of induction of DNA polymerase can be observed in this system; a first wave occurs in parallel with the increase in DNA replication rate; a second one occurs when the DNA synthesis rate is returned to minimal levels; the second peak is parallel to a maximum in DNA ligase and DNase levels. In the present work we have measured the levels of the DNA polymerases-alpha and -beta in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes during a 12-day period; both enzymes are present at detectable levels at time zero; in correspondence to the peak of DNA synthesis rate (between the fourth and fifth day) a peak of DNA polymerase-alpha is observed, increasing by a factor of approximately 20-fold over the zero time value; subsequently, the level of DNA polymerase-alpha decreases in parallel with DNA synthesis rate. The DNA polymerase-beta is also increased in correspondence to the peak in DNA synthesis rate, but reaches its maximum at later times, between the eighth and tenth day of incubation. The capacity of stimulated lymphocytes to perform repair synthesis following UV damage was measured in the same cells used for the enzyme activity determinations; this capacity also shows two maxima: a first one correlated with the peak in DNA replication rate, and a second one correlated with the peak of DNA polymerase-beta. These data suggest a certain tendency to the specialization of functions in human cell DNA polymerases; the alpha-enzyme seems mainly correlated with DNA replication, whereas the beta-enzyme seems more correlated with the ability of the cell to perform repair type synthesis.", "PMID": 1062788}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4075", "title": "Monovalent derivatives of concanavalin A.", "content": "Monovalent dimers of concanavalin A (Con A) have been prepared by a combination of succinylation and photoaffinity labeling. Partial derivatization of native Con A using the photoaffinity label, p-azidophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, followed by affinity chromatography yielded a fraction that consisted of dimers with a single saccharide-binding site at pH 5. These monovalent dimers formed divalent tetramers at pH 7. In order to achieve a monovalent dimer at this pH, the divalent tetramers were succinylated by previously developed methods. Ultracentrifugation, equilibrium dialysis, and chromatographic experiments indicated that the resultant preparations consisted mainly of monovalent dimers which showed subunit exchange to yield about 15% divalent dimers after 12 hr at physiological pH. Freshly prepared material failed to agglutinate sheep erythrocytes at concentrations 500-fold higher than native tetravalent Con A. In addition, they showed saturating dose-response curves of mitogenic stimulation of mouse splenic lymphocytes. These curves resembled those of divalent succinyl-Con A but not those of the native molecule. Further development of methods for preparing stable monovalent derivatives of Con A should allow a refined analysis of the effects of lectin valence at the cell surface.", "contents": "Monovalent derivatives of concanavalin A. Monovalent dimers of concanavalin A (Con A) have been prepared by a combination of succinylation and photoaffinity labeling. Partial derivatization of native Con A using the photoaffinity label, p-azidophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside, followed by affinity chromatography yielded a fraction that consisted of dimers with a single saccharide-binding site at pH 5. These monovalent dimers formed divalent tetramers at pH 7. In order to achieve a monovalent dimer at this pH, the divalent tetramers were succinylated by previously developed methods. Ultracentrifugation, equilibrium dialysis, and chromatographic experiments indicated that the resultant preparations consisted mainly of monovalent dimers which showed subunit exchange to yield about 15% divalent dimers after 12 hr at physiological pH. Freshly prepared material failed to agglutinate sheep erythrocytes at concentrations 500-fold higher than native tetravalent Con A. In addition, they showed saturating dose-response curves of mitogenic stimulation of mouse splenic lymphocytes. These curves resembled those of divalent succinyl-Con A but not those of the native molecule. Further development of methods for preparing stable monovalent derivatives of Con A should allow a refined analysis of the effects of lectin valence at the cell surface.", "PMID": 1062789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4076", "title": "Linearity of the hemoglobin oxidation bohr effect.", "content": "The hemoglobin oxidation Bohr effect below pH 7 is essentially proportional to the fraction of hemes oxidized, just as the ligation Bohr effect is proportional to fractional heme ligation. The reported nonlinear proton release during oxidation [(1965) J. Biol. Chem. 240, 3317-3324] is shown to be an artifact resulting from the use of ferricyanide as oxidant. Published forms of the two-state allosteric transition model for hemoglobin function have used several proton linkage schemes, and none are compatible with a linear proton release upon oxidation.", "contents": "Linearity of the hemoglobin oxidation bohr effect. The hemoglobin oxidation Bohr effect below pH 7 is essentially proportional to the fraction of hemes oxidized, just as the ligation Bohr effect is proportional to fractional heme ligation. The reported nonlinear proton release during oxidation [(1965) J. Biol. Chem. 240, 3317-3324] is shown to be an artifact resulting from the use of ferricyanide as oxidant. Published forms of the two-state allosteric transition model for hemoglobin function have used several proton linkage schemes, and none are compatible with a linear proton release upon oxidation.", "PMID": 1062790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4077", "title": "Sequence-specific recognition of double helical nucleic acids by proteins.", "content": "The base pairs in double helical nucleic acids have been compared to see how they can be recognized by proteins. We conclude that a single hydrogen bond is inadequate for uniquely identifying any particular base pair, as this leads to numerous degeneracies. However, using two hydrogen bonds, fidelity of base pair recognition may be achieved. We propose specific amino-acid side chain interactions involving two hydrogen bonds as a component of the recognition system for base pairs. In the major groove we suggest that asparagine or glutamine binds to adenine of the base pair or arginine binds to guanine. In the minor groove, we suggest an interaction between asparagine or glutamine with guanine of the base pair. We also discuss the role that ions and other amino-acid side chains may play in recognition interactions.", "contents": "Sequence-specific recognition of double helical nucleic acids by proteins. The base pairs in double helical nucleic acids have been compared to see how they can be recognized by proteins. We conclude that a single hydrogen bond is inadequate for uniquely identifying any particular base pair, as this leads to numerous degeneracies. However, using two hydrogen bonds, fidelity of base pair recognition may be achieved. We propose specific amino-acid side chain interactions involving two hydrogen bonds as a component of the recognition system for base pairs. In the major groove we suggest that asparagine or glutamine binds to adenine of the base pair or arginine binds to guanine. In the minor groove, we suggest an interaction between asparagine or glutamine with guanine of the base pair. We also discuss the role that ions and other amino-acid side chains may play in recognition interactions.", "PMID": 1062791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4078", "title": "DNA strand breaks, repair, and survival in x-irradiated mammalian cells.", "content": "The yields of unrepairable single-and double-strand breaks in the DNA of x-irradiated Chinese hamster cells were measured by low-speed neutral and alkaline sucrose density gradient sedimentation in order to investigate the relation between these lesions and reproductive death. After maximal single-strand remoining, at all doses, the number of residual single-strand breaks was twice the number of residual double-strand breaks. Both double-strand and unrepairable single-strand breaks were proportional to the square of absorbed dose, in the range 10-50 krad. No rejoining of double-strand breaks was observed. These observations suggest that, in mammalian cells, most double-strand breaks are not repairable, while all single-strand breaks are repaired except those that are sufficiently close on complementary strands to constitute double-strand breaks. Comparison with cell survival measurements at much lower doses suggests that loss of reproductive capacity corresponds to induction of approximately one double-strand break.", "contents": "DNA strand breaks, repair, and survival in x-irradiated mammalian cells. The yields of unrepairable single-and double-strand breaks in the DNA of x-irradiated Chinese hamster cells were measured by low-speed neutral and alkaline sucrose density gradient sedimentation in order to investigate the relation between these lesions and reproductive death. After maximal single-strand remoining, at all doses, the number of residual single-strand breaks was twice the number of residual double-strand breaks. Both double-strand and unrepairable single-strand breaks were proportional to the square of absorbed dose, in the range 10-50 krad. No rejoining of double-strand breaks was observed. These observations suggest that, in mammalian cells, most double-strand breaks are not repairable, while all single-strand breaks are repaired except those that are sufficiently close on complementary strands to constitute double-strand breaks. Comparison with cell survival measurements at much lower doses suggests that loss of reproductive capacity corresponds to induction of approximately one double-strand break.", "PMID": 1062792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4079", "title": "X-ray diffraction of actively shortening muscle.", "content": "Low angle x-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from resting and activated frog sartorius muscles by means of a position-sensitive detector. Although the intensity ratio I10/I11 decreased many-fold upon activation, it was nearly the same during isometric and isotonic contraction. Thus, motion has a much smaller effect on the low order equatorial pattern than the transition from rest to activity. Analysis of the 10 and 11 reflections separately showed that I10 and I11 change reciprocally upon activation, and that they both increase by a small amount in the transition from isometric to isotonic contraction. If the intensity ratio can be taken as a measure of cross-bridge number, the results provide evidence that the drop in force in an actively shortening muscle is due primarily to the influence of motion on the configuration, rather than the number, of cross-bridges.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction of actively shortening muscle. Low angle x-ray diffraction patterns were obtained from resting and activated frog sartorius muscles by means of a position-sensitive detector. Although the intensity ratio I10/I11 decreased many-fold upon activation, it was nearly the same during isometric and isotonic contraction. Thus, motion has a much smaller effect on the low order equatorial pattern than the transition from rest to activity. Analysis of the 10 and 11 reflections separately showed that I10 and I11 change reciprocally upon activation, and that they both increase by a small amount in the transition from isometric to isotonic contraction. If the intensity ratio can be taken as a measure of cross-bridge number, the results provide evidence that the drop in force in an actively shortening muscle is due primarily to the influence of motion on the configuration, rather than the number, of cross-bridges.", "PMID": 1062793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4080", "title": "Inactivation of catalase monolayers by irradiation with 100 keV electrons.", "content": "A catalase monolayer adsorbed on a layer of arachidic acid deposited on a solid support was irradiated with 100 keV electrons simulating the conditions of electron microscopic imaging. Effective doses were calculated taking into account the angular and energy distribution of backscattered electrons. Enzymatic inactivation was chosen as the criterion for damage and was monitored by a rapid and quantifiable but nevertheless sensitive assay. Dose-response curves revealed that inactivation is a one-hit-multiple-target phenomenon, which is consistent with biochemical evidence for a cooperative function of subunits. The experimentally determined target size coincides fairly well with both calculated cross sections for inelastic interactions based on the atomic composition of catalase and with calculated cross sections for ionizing events based on the chemical bonds involved. This legitimates both types of calculations even for complex biomolecules.", "contents": "Inactivation of catalase monolayers by irradiation with 100 keV electrons. A catalase monolayer adsorbed on a layer of arachidic acid deposited on a solid support was irradiated with 100 keV electrons simulating the conditions of electron microscopic imaging. Effective doses were calculated taking into account the angular and energy distribution of backscattered electrons. Enzymatic inactivation was chosen as the criterion for damage and was monitored by a rapid and quantifiable but nevertheless sensitive assay. Dose-response curves revealed that inactivation is a one-hit-multiple-target phenomenon, which is consistent with biochemical evidence for a cooperative function of subunits. The experimentally determined target size coincides fairly well with both calculated cross sections for inelastic interactions based on the atomic composition of catalase and with calculated cross sections for ionizing events based on the chemical bonds involved. This legitimates both types of calculations even for complex biomolecules.", "PMID": 1062794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4081", "title": "Enhanced labeling of a retinal protein during regeneration of optic nerve in goldfish.", "content": "Goldfish retinas were examined for changes in the labeling pattern of protein during regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons following unilateral optic nerve crush. At various times after optic nerve crush the normal retinas were incubated in vitro with [3H] methionine and retinas from the opposite side of the treated fish were inculbated with [35S] methionine. The incubated retinas were combined and a soluble protein fraction was isolated and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A band on the gel showing an elevated 35S to 3H ratio appeared at 5 days following optic nerve crush, increased to a maximum at 15 days, and was barely detectable at 45 days, during which time vision is known to return. On the basis of several criteria, the protein fraction showing the increased incorporation of methionine in retina after optic nerve crush appears to be of the tubulin class.", "contents": "Enhanced labeling of a retinal protein during regeneration of optic nerve in goldfish. Goldfish retinas were examined for changes in the labeling pattern of protein during regeneration of retinal ganglion cell axons following unilateral optic nerve crush. At various times after optic nerve crush the normal retinas were incubated in vitro with [3H] methionine and retinas from the opposite side of the treated fish were inculbated with [35S] methionine. The incubated retinas were combined and a soluble protein fraction was isolated and separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A band on the gel showing an elevated 35S to 3H ratio appeared at 5 days following optic nerve crush, increased to a maximum at 15 days, and was barely detectable at 45 days, during which time vision is known to return. On the basis of several criteria, the protein fraction showing the increased incorporation of methionine in retina after optic nerve crush appears to be of the tubulin class.", "PMID": 1062795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4082", "title": "Localization by situ hybridization of amplified ribosomal DNA during Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation (a light and electron microscopy study).", "content": "The presence of ribosomal DNA has been demonstrated, by light and electron microscopy study of in situ hybridization with 125I-labeled ribosomal RNA, in the Feulgen-positive bodies which appear during maturation in the cytoplasm of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The ultrastructure of these bodies is described.", "contents": "Localization by situ hybridization of amplified ribosomal DNA during Xenopus laevis oocyte maturation (a light and electron microscopy study). The presence of ribosomal DNA has been demonstrated, by light and electron microscopy study of in situ hybridization with 125I-labeled ribosomal RNA, in the Feulgen-positive bodies which appear during maturation in the cytoplasm of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The ultrastructure of these bodies is described.", "PMID": 1062796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4083", "title": "Surface membrane carbohydrate alterations of a flagellated protozoan mediated by bacterial endosymbiotes.", "content": "Crithidia oncopelti, a parasitic trypanosomatid protozoan of insects, normally contains intracellular symbiotic bacteria. As shown earlier, the protozoa can be rid of their endosymbiotes by chloramphenicol, producing a symbiote-free cell line. Here surface-membrane carbohydrate ligands of the symbiote-containing and symbiote-free strains were compared by lectin-mediated agglutination, lectin-ultrastructure localization. [3H] lectin-binding, and fluorescent lectin staining. Symbiote-free organisms consistently had 3-fold higher agglutination titers than symbiote-containing cells with concanavalin A. Conversely, symbiote-containing flagellates had 2- to 3-fold greater agglutination titers with a fucose-binding lectin than symbiote-free organisms. Ultrastructure results showed that more of concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine reaction product was present at the surface of symbiote-free than on symbiote-containing cells. Treatment with [3H]concanavalin A revealed that surface membrane sites available per cell for [3H]lectin-binding ranged from 6.2 to 7.4 x 10(4) and from 24 to 27 x 10(4) for symbiote-containing and symbiote-free organisms, respectively, i.e., the mean binding level of the latter for the lectin was 3.5 times greater than that of the former. Moreover, symbiote-free cells fluoresced more than symbiote-containing organisms after staining with fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A. Apparently, the prokaryotic endosymbiotes somehow alter the quantity of saccharide ligands in the C. oncopelti surface membrane.", "contents": "Surface membrane carbohydrate alterations of a flagellated protozoan mediated by bacterial endosymbiotes. Crithidia oncopelti, a parasitic trypanosomatid protozoan of insects, normally contains intracellular symbiotic bacteria. As shown earlier, the protozoa can be rid of their endosymbiotes by chloramphenicol, producing a symbiote-free cell line. Here surface-membrane carbohydrate ligands of the symbiote-containing and symbiote-free strains were compared by lectin-mediated agglutination, lectin-ultrastructure localization. [3H] lectin-binding, and fluorescent lectin staining. Symbiote-free organisms consistently had 3-fold higher agglutination titers than symbiote-containing cells with concanavalin A. Conversely, symbiote-containing flagellates had 2- to 3-fold greater agglutination titers with a fucose-binding lectin than symbiote-free organisms. Ultrastructure results showed that more of concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase-diaminobenzidine reaction product was present at the surface of symbiote-free than on symbiote-containing cells. Treatment with [3H]concanavalin A revealed that surface membrane sites available per cell for [3H]lectin-binding ranged from 6.2 to 7.4 x 10(4) and from 24 to 27 x 10(4) for symbiote-containing and symbiote-free organisms, respectively, i.e., the mean binding level of the latter for the lectin was 3.5 times greater than that of the former. Moreover, symbiote-free cells fluoresced more than symbiote-containing organisms after staining with fluorescein-labeled concanavalin A. Apparently, the prokaryotic endosymbiotes somehow alter the quantity of saccharide ligands in the C. oncopelti surface membrane.", "PMID": 1062797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4084", "title": "A new group of potent inducers of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "This report identifies a group of compounds, polymethylene bisacetamides (acetylated diamines), which are potent inducers of erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. A known inducing agent, N-methylacetamide, was dimerized through varying numbers of methylenes in an attempt to increase the local effective concentration at adjacent target sites. The simple dimer was no more effective than N-methylacetamide alone; introduction of five to eight methylenes between acetamide groups substantially increased the effectiveness of these compounds. The hexamethylene bisacetamide was active between 0.5 mM and 5 mM; the percentage of cells induced and the rate at which they were recruited to differentiation was dependent upon the concentration of inducer within this range. At 5 mM hexamethylene bisacetamide essentially the entire population (greater than 99%) was induced to a pathway of erythroid differentiation which was greater differentiation of the cultured cells than with any inducer yet tested.", "contents": "A new group of potent inducers of differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. This report identifies a group of compounds, polymethylene bisacetamides (acetylated diamines), which are potent inducers of erythroid differentiation in murine erythroleukemia cells. A known inducing agent, N-methylacetamide, was dimerized through varying numbers of methylenes in an attempt to increase the local effective concentration at adjacent target sites. The simple dimer was no more effective than N-methylacetamide alone; introduction of five to eight methylenes between acetamide groups substantially increased the effectiveness of these compounds. The hexamethylene bisacetamide was active between 0.5 mM and 5 mM; the percentage of cells induced and the rate at which they were recruited to differentiation was dependent upon the concentration of inducer within this range. At 5 mM hexamethylene bisacetamide essentially the entire population (greater than 99%) was induced to a pathway of erythroid differentiation which was greater differentiation of the cultured cells than with any inducer yet tested.", "PMID": 1062798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4085", "title": "Cytoplasmic microtubules in tissue culture cells appear to grow from an organizing structure towards the plasma membrane.", "content": "A structure which appears to organize cytoplasmic microtubules in interphase mouse 3T3 cells can be visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. Purified monospecific antibody against homogeneous tubulin from brain visualizes, in addition to cytoplasmic microtubules, a cytoplasmic polar structure as the focal point from which the microtubules seem to radiate. The structure is preserved after treatments that depolymerize cytoplasmic microtubules, i.e., exposure of cells to mitotic drugs or to low temperature. When cells recover from these treatments one end of each microtubule organizing structure acts as a nucleating center from which cytoplasmic microtubules grow toward the plasma membrane. Thus cytoplasmic microtubules assemble in vivo in an ordered unidirectional manner, and therefore the cell must be able to avoid the assembly of unwanted, unoriented, and disconnected microtubules. These results suggest that the assembly of tubulin into microtubules is regulated in vivo.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic microtubules in tissue culture cells appear to grow from an organizing structure towards the plasma membrane. A structure which appears to organize cytoplasmic microtubules in interphase mouse 3T3 cells can be visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. Purified monospecific antibody against homogeneous tubulin from brain visualizes, in addition to cytoplasmic microtubules, a cytoplasmic polar structure as the focal point from which the microtubules seem to radiate. The structure is preserved after treatments that depolymerize cytoplasmic microtubules, i.e., exposure of cells to mitotic drugs or to low temperature. When cells recover from these treatments one end of each microtubule organizing structure acts as a nucleating center from which cytoplasmic microtubules grow toward the plasma membrane. Thus cytoplasmic microtubules assemble in vivo in an ordered unidirectional manner, and therefore the cell must be able to avoid the assembly of unwanted, unoriented, and disconnected microtubules. These results suggest that the assembly of tubulin into microtubules is regulated in vivo.", "PMID": 1062799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4086", "title": "Cytological evidence for switches in polarity of chromosomal DNA.", "content": "From the types of ring chromosomes induced in x-irradiated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we deduce the existence of switches in the polarity of chromosomal DNA; if there is a continuous DNA double helix along the full length of the chromosome then the polarity switches imply 3'-3' and 5'-5' phosphodiester linkages. The resolution of the method is such that we estimate that there is one polarity switch for every 10(9) normal 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds.", "contents": "Cytological evidence for switches in polarity of chromosomal DNA. From the types of ring chromosomes induced in x-irradiated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, we deduce the existence of switches in the polarity of chromosomal DNA; if there is a continuous DNA double helix along the full length of the chromosome then the polarity switches imply 3'-3' and 5'-5' phosphodiester linkages. The resolution of the method is such that we estimate that there is one polarity switch for every 10(9) normal 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds.", "PMID": 1062800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4087", "title": "Hemoglobin Wayne: a frameshift mutation detected in human hemoglobin alpha chains.", "content": "Hemoglobin Wayne is an alpha chain variant which manifests itself as two minor hemoglobin (Hb) components that migrate more rapidly than Hb A on electrophoresis at pH 8.6. It has been found in a child with Fanconi's anemia and in three generations of the child's family. Each of the minor components yields an alpha chain in which the carboxyl-terminal tripeptide sequence, Lys-Tyr-Arg, has been replaced by the octapeptide sequence Asx-Thr-Val-Lys-Leu-Glu-Pro-Arg. In alpha Wayne I, the slower of the pair, Asx is asparagine, whereas in alpha Wayne II it is aspartic acid. Comparison of the alpha Wayne sequences with the amino-acid sequences of alpha A and alpha Constant Spring leads to the conclusion that Hb Wayne I is the result of a -1 frameshift mutation in the alpha chain and that Hb Wayne II is formed secondarily by spontaneous deamidation of the new asparagine residue. A frameshift is consistent with a single mRNA base sequence for the last eight codons involved and supports the view of Clegg, Weatherall, and Milner [Nature (1971) 234, 337-341] that Hb Constant Spring is the result of a terminator mutation leading to translation of 31 codons not normally translated.", "contents": "Hemoglobin Wayne: a frameshift mutation detected in human hemoglobin alpha chains. Hemoglobin Wayne is an alpha chain variant which manifests itself as two minor hemoglobin (Hb) components that migrate more rapidly than Hb A on electrophoresis at pH 8.6. It has been found in a child with Fanconi's anemia and in three generations of the child's family. Each of the minor components yields an alpha chain in which the carboxyl-terminal tripeptide sequence, Lys-Tyr-Arg, has been replaced by the octapeptide sequence Asx-Thr-Val-Lys-Leu-Glu-Pro-Arg. In alpha Wayne I, the slower of the pair, Asx is asparagine, whereas in alpha Wayne II it is aspartic acid. Comparison of the alpha Wayne sequences with the amino-acid sequences of alpha A and alpha Constant Spring leads to the conclusion that Hb Wayne I is the result of a -1 frameshift mutation in the alpha chain and that Hb Wayne II is formed secondarily by spontaneous deamidation of the new asparagine residue. A frameshift is consistent with a single mRNA base sequence for the last eight codons involved and supports the view of Clegg, Weatherall, and Milner [Nature (1971) 234, 337-341] that Hb Constant Spring is the result of a terminator mutation leading to translation of 31 codons not normally translated.", "PMID": 1062801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4088", "title": "Significance of constitutive integrase synthesis.", "content": "One conceivable function for constitutive integrase formation by lambda prophage is to stabilize the inserted state by catalyzing reinsertion of prophages that are accidentally excised. As this hypothesis implies a dynamic equilibrium betwen inserted and noninserted DNA, the existence of such an equilibrium is explored. By examining the frequency with which prophages appear in an initially unoccupied chromosomal site of a lysogenic bacterium in which the prophage attachment site is duplicated, the off-rate is estimated as less than 10(-2) per generation for wild-type lambda, and less than 4 x 10(-4) for N- mutants of lambda. From the rate of integrase-catalyzed haploidization of certain partial diploid strains, the rate of spontaneous integrase activity is estimated as 3 x 10(-3) per generation. From these values I conclude that constitutive integrase will not appreciably stabilize the inserted state by virtue of its known activity.", "contents": "Significance of constitutive integrase synthesis. One conceivable function for constitutive integrase formation by lambda prophage is to stabilize the inserted state by catalyzing reinsertion of prophages that are accidentally excised. As this hypothesis implies a dynamic equilibrium betwen inserted and noninserted DNA, the existence of such an equilibrium is explored. By examining the frequency with which prophages appear in an initially unoccupied chromosomal site of a lysogenic bacterium in which the prophage attachment site is duplicated, the off-rate is estimated as less than 10(-2) per generation for wild-type lambda, and less than 4 x 10(-4) for N- mutants of lambda. From the rate of integrase-catalyzed haploidization of certain partial diploid strains, the rate of spontaneous integrase activity is estimated as 3 x 10(-3) per generation. From these values I conclude that constitutive integrase will not appreciably stabilize the inserted state by virtue of its known activity.", "PMID": 1062802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4089", "title": "The partial amino-acid sequence of an H-2K molecule.", "content": "Eighteen of the NH2-terminal 27 amino acids of a murine H-2K molecule have been assigned. The approach used was to label murine splenocytes with a single radioactive amino acid, isolate the H-2K molecule by specific immunoprecipitation, electrophorese the dissolved precipitate on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, and subject the isolated H-2K peak to amino-acid analysis and automated sequencing.", "contents": "The partial amino-acid sequence of an H-2K molecule. Eighteen of the NH2-terminal 27 amino acids of a murine H-2K molecule have been assigned. The approach used was to label murine splenocytes with a single radioactive amino acid, isolate the H-2K molecule by specific immunoprecipitation, electrophorese the dissolved precipitate on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, and subject the isolated H-2K peak to amino-acid analysis and automated sequencing.", "PMID": 1062803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4090", "title": "Structure of HLA antigens: amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions and NH2-terminal sequences of four antigen preparations.", "content": "Amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions in addition to limited NH2-terminal sequence data of four preparations of HLA antigens, including products of both of the major histocompatibility loci (HLA-A and HLA-B), show that the antigens have great homology in the primary structure. A striking observation is that HLA antigens also have a considerable structure homology with mouse H-2 antigens. HLA antigens appear to have one carbohydrate side chain which has the same composition in all four cases. The possible relation of the structure of the heavy chain of HLA antigens to immunoglobulins is discussed, based on the limited data which are available so far.", "contents": "Structure of HLA antigens: amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions and NH2-terminal sequences of four antigen preparations. Amino-acid and carbohydrate compositions in addition to limited NH2-terminal sequence data of four preparations of HLA antigens, including products of both of the major histocompatibility loci (HLA-A and HLA-B), show that the antigens have great homology in the primary structure. A striking observation is that HLA antigens also have a considerable structure homology with mouse H-2 antigens. HLA antigens appear to have one carbohydrate side chain which has the same composition in all four cases. The possible relation of the structure of the heavy chain of HLA antigens to immunoglobulins is discussed, based on the limited data which are available so far.", "PMID": 1062804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4091", "title": "Localization of the papain cleavage site of H-2 glycoproteins.", "content": "The antigenic products of the murine H-2K and H-2D genes are glycoproteins of about 45,000 molecular weight which are tightly integrated within the cell surface membrane. A glycoprotein fragment (FAg, antigenic fragment) of 37,000 daltons carrying the carbohydrate, antigenic sites, and the associated putative beta2-microglobulin of 12,000 daltons can be generated by papain cleavage either of the native molecules in the cell membrane or of immune precipitates made from the antigen solubilized by nonionic detergent. Partial NH2-terminal sequence analyses of the native H-2 glycoprotein and of the papain-cleaved glycoprotein fragment establish that the fragment is, in fact, the NH2-terminal portion of the native molecule. Thus, the cleavage by papain proteolysis is near the COOH-terminus, and removal of the COOH-terminal portion (Fm, membrane fragment) converts the glycoprotein to a water-soluble form. This observation suggests that the NH2-terminus of the native glycoprotein extends out of the hydrophobic bilayer of the cell membrane, and that the COOH-terminus contains the membrane binding region and is buried within the bilayer.", "contents": "Localization of the papain cleavage site of H-2 glycoproteins. The antigenic products of the murine H-2K and H-2D genes are glycoproteins of about 45,000 molecular weight which are tightly integrated within the cell surface membrane. A glycoprotein fragment (FAg, antigenic fragment) of 37,000 daltons carrying the carbohydrate, antigenic sites, and the associated putative beta2-microglobulin of 12,000 daltons can be generated by papain cleavage either of the native molecules in the cell membrane or of immune precipitates made from the antigen solubilized by nonionic detergent. Partial NH2-terminal sequence analyses of the native H-2 glycoprotein and of the papain-cleaved glycoprotein fragment establish that the fragment is, in fact, the NH2-terminal portion of the native molecule. Thus, the cleavage by papain proteolysis is near the COOH-terminus, and removal of the COOH-terminal portion (Fm, membrane fragment) converts the glycoprotein to a water-soluble form. This observation suggests that the NH2-terminus of the native glycoprotein extends out of the hydrophobic bilayer of the cell membrane, and that the COOH-terminus contains the membrane binding region and is buried within the bilayer.", "PMID": 1062805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4092", "title": "Ontogeny of lymphocyte subpopulations in human fetal liver.", "content": "Lymphocytes were isolated from five fetal livers (13-17 weeks) and examined for different surface markers. Immunoglobulin M was found on 0.5-4.0% of lymphocytes. No membrane-bound surface IgD, IgA. or IgG was detected. Mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes ranged from 0.5 to 6.0%. Thymus-processed (T) lymphocytes, which were defined as those forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, as well as lymphocytes with IgG Fc receptors, were present in a small proportion. No complement-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were found in the two cell populations of fetal liver studied. It is evident that during the ontogeny of bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes IgM is the first surface immunoglobulin to appear. Receptors for the binding of mouse erythrocytes are present at the same time as surface IgM. The slight excess of mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells over cells having surface immunoglobulin M could mean that IgM appears later than do the receptors for the binding of mouse erythrocytes.", "contents": "Ontogeny of lymphocyte subpopulations in human fetal liver. Lymphocytes were isolated from five fetal livers (13-17 weeks) and examined for different surface markers. Immunoglobulin M was found on 0.5-4.0% of lymphocytes. No membrane-bound surface IgD, IgA. or IgG was detected. Mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming lymphocytes ranged from 0.5 to 6.0%. Thymus-processed (T) lymphocytes, which were defined as those forming spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, as well as lymphocytes with IgG Fc receptors, were present in a small proportion. No complement-receptor-bearing lymphocytes were found in the two cell populations of fetal liver studied. It is evident that during the ontogeny of bone-marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes IgM is the first surface immunoglobulin to appear. Receptors for the binding of mouse erythrocytes are present at the same time as surface IgM. The slight excess of mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells over cells having surface immunoglobulin M could mean that IgM appears later than do the receptors for the binding of mouse erythrocytes.", "PMID": 1062806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4093", "title": "Antibody differentiation: apparent sequence identity between variable regions shared by IgA and IgG immunoglobulins.", "content": "We have analyzed a pair of human myeloma immunoglobulins (biclonal proteins) of the IgG and IgA classes from a single patient, GR. The light chains are identical in amino-acid sequence over 40 residues at their NH2-terminus, hwereas the heavy chains are identical throughout 45 residues of their NH2-terminus. Additional chemical and serological studies suggest the light chains and variable regions of the heavy chains (VH) are very similar, if not identical. The implications of these and of other published studies are discussed with regard to (i) the association of one VH region with multiple constant regions of the heavy chain (CH regions), (ii) two alternative types of V-C joining mechanisms, (iii) the differentiation of antibody-producing cells, and (iv) three categories of biclonal immunoglobulins.", "contents": "Antibody differentiation: apparent sequence identity between variable regions shared by IgA and IgG immunoglobulins. We have analyzed a pair of human myeloma immunoglobulins (biclonal proteins) of the IgG and IgA classes from a single patient, GR. The light chains are identical in amino-acid sequence over 40 residues at their NH2-terminus, hwereas the heavy chains are identical throughout 45 residues of their NH2-terminus. Additional chemical and serological studies suggest the light chains and variable regions of the heavy chains (VH) are very similar, if not identical. The implications of these and of other published studies are discussed with regard to (i) the association of one VH region with multiple constant regions of the heavy chain (CH regions), (ii) two alternative types of V-C joining mechanisms, (iii) the differentiation of antibody-producing cells, and (iv) three categories of biclonal immunoglobulins.", "PMID": 1062807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4094", "title": "Localization of triiodothyronine in nerve ending fractions of rat brain.", "content": "Radioactive triiodothyronine reaching the rat brain after intravenous administration is rapidly and selectively taken up in the nerve ending fraction. A concentration gradient of radioactivity from brain cytosol to synaptosomes is observed at 5 min, increases linearly over the first hour, and is maintained for at least 10 hr. Radioactivity in the synaptosomes is due to triiodothyronine (90%) plus a single unidentified metabolite (10%). Approximately 85% of the synaptosomal radioactivity is released by osmotic disruption of the particles. The process of selective uptake, concentration, and retention of triiodothyronine in nerve terminals of the rat brain may be related to the sympathomimetic and behavior-altering effects of the thyroid hormones.", "contents": "Localization of triiodothyronine in nerve ending fractions of rat brain. Radioactive triiodothyronine reaching the rat brain after intravenous administration is rapidly and selectively taken up in the nerve ending fraction. A concentration gradient of radioactivity from brain cytosol to synaptosomes is observed at 5 min, increases linearly over the first hour, and is maintained for at least 10 hr. Radioactivity in the synaptosomes is due to triiodothyronine (90%) plus a single unidentified metabolite (10%). Approximately 85% of the synaptosomal radioactivity is released by osmotic disruption of the particles. The process of selective uptake, concentration, and retention of triiodothyronine in nerve terminals of the rat brain may be related to the sympathomimetic and behavior-altering effects of the thyroid hormones.", "PMID": 1062808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4095", "title": "Study design for a hepatitis B vaccine trial.", "content": "A short-time trial of small sample size for an evaluation of the hepatitis B vaccine is proposed and designed. The vaccine is based on the premise that antibody to the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus is protective against viral infection. This premise is verified by using the presence of the surface antigen as the marker of infection and comparing infection rates in renal dialysis patients who had naturally acquired antibody to patients without antibody. Patients with antibody have an extremely low risk of infection. The probability of remaining uninfected decreases at an exponential rate for patients without antibody, implying a constant risk of infection at any point in time. The study design described makes use of this time independence and the observed infection rates to formulate a clinical trial which can be accomplished with a relatively small number of patients. This design might be useful if, in preliminary studies, it is shown that the vaccine produces antibody in the patients and that protection against hepatitis B virus would be beneficial to the patients.", "contents": "Study design for a hepatitis B vaccine trial. A short-time trial of small sample size for an evaluation of the hepatitis B vaccine is proposed and designed. The vaccine is based on the premise that antibody to the surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus is protective against viral infection. This premise is verified by using the presence of the surface antigen as the marker of infection and comparing infection rates in renal dialysis patients who had naturally acquired antibody to patients without antibody. Patients with antibody have an extremely low risk of infection. The probability of remaining uninfected decreases at an exponential rate for patients without antibody, implying a constant risk of infection at any point in time. The study design described makes use of this time independence and the observed infection rates to formulate a clinical trial which can be accomplished with a relatively small number of patients. This design might be useful if, in preliminary studies, it is shown that the vaccine produces antibody in the patients and that protection against hepatitis B virus would be beneficial to the patients.", "PMID": 1062809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4096", "title": "Prevention and suppression by azathioprine of venom-induced protein-losing gastropathy in dogs.", "content": "Irrigation of the dog's oxyntic glandular mucosa contained in a chronically prepared, vagally denervated, separated pouch of the dog's stomach with a solution (0.5 mg ml-1) of lyophilized venom of the hooded cobra (Naja naja) increases the permeability of the mucosa. If irrigation with venom solution is repeated at weekly intervals, the mucosa responds with increasing plasma-shedding which reaches a peak of 1-2 ml min-1 from roughly 60 cm2 of mucosa in 4-6 weeks. Plasma shedding in response to irrigation with venom gradually declines, leaving a permanent residual response of different magnitude in different dogs. Giving naive dogs the immunosuppressant azathioprine by mouth in a dose of 5 mg kg-1 day-1, beginning 1 week before the first irrigation with venom solution and continuing for 4 weeks, postpones the plasma-shedding response until the sixth or seventh week of venom irrigation. The plasma-shedding response is wholly or partially suppressed by further administration of azathioprine by mouth in a dose of 3.3 mg kg-1 day-1. These data support the hypothesis that the plasma-shedding response to repeated venom irrigation involves the immune system of the stomach.", "contents": "Prevention and suppression by azathioprine of venom-induced protein-losing gastropathy in dogs. Irrigation of the dog's oxyntic glandular mucosa contained in a chronically prepared, vagally denervated, separated pouch of the dog's stomach with a solution (0.5 mg ml-1) of lyophilized venom of the hooded cobra (Naja naja) increases the permeability of the mucosa. If irrigation with venom solution is repeated at weekly intervals, the mucosa responds with increasing plasma-shedding which reaches a peak of 1-2 ml min-1 from roughly 60 cm2 of mucosa in 4-6 weeks. Plasma shedding in response to irrigation with venom gradually declines, leaving a permanent residual response of different magnitude in different dogs. Giving naive dogs the immunosuppressant azathioprine by mouth in a dose of 5 mg kg-1 day-1, beginning 1 week before the first irrigation with venom solution and continuing for 4 weeks, postpones the plasma-shedding response until the sixth or seventh week of venom irrigation. The plasma-shedding response is wholly or partially suppressed by further administration of azathioprine by mouth in a dose of 3.3 mg kg-1 day-1. These data support the hypothesis that the plasma-shedding response to repeated venom irrigation involves the immune system of the stomach.", "PMID": 1062810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4097", "title": "Photoprotection by carotenoid pigments in the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis.", "content": "Individuals of the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis that contain high concentrations of carotenoids survive significantly better in natural intensities of visible light than less pigmented copepods. Vertical migration and behavior in light of different wave lengths are related to the degree of pigmentation.", "contents": "Photoprotection by carotenoid pigments in the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis. Individuals of the copepod Diaptomus nevadensis that contain high concentrations of carotenoids survive significantly better in natural intensities of visible light than less pigmented copepods. Vertical migration and behavior in light of different wave lengths are related to the degree of pigmentation.", "PMID": 1062811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4098", "title": "Ethological isolation and mating experience in Drosophila paulistorum.", "content": "With few exceptions, previously published experiments documenting ethological isolation between Drosophila populations have used young virgin females. We have observed directly females of Drosophila paulistorum semispecies in choice experiments with both homogamic and heterogamic males. Aged females' sexual selection did not differ from that of young females. Previous heterogamic copulatory experience did not change the degree of sexual isolation; however, females with homogamic copulatory experience showed a significantly higher preference for homogamic males.", "contents": "Ethological isolation and mating experience in Drosophila paulistorum. With few exceptions, previously published experiments documenting ethological isolation between Drosophila populations have used young virgin females. We have observed directly females of Drosophila paulistorum semispecies in choice experiments with both homogamic and heterogamic males. Aged females' sexual selection did not differ from that of young females. Previous heterogamic copulatory experience did not change the degree of sexual isolation; however, females with homogamic copulatory experience showed a significantly higher preference for homogamic males.", "PMID": 1062812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4099", "title": "Diaphragm function and alveolar hypoventilation.", "content": "A syndrome of alveolar hypoventilation has been identified in a group of patients with bilateral diaphragm paralysis. Eight patients were studied in whom diaphragm weakness had been suggested by paradoxical (inward) movement of the abdominal wall on inspiration, of whom seven had evidence of a generalized neuromuscular disorder. Diaphragm function was assessed quantitatively by measurement of the change in transdiaphragmatic pressure during a maximum inspiration (deltaPDi). In five patients, deltaPDi was zero and in the others ranged from 2-6 cm H2O (normal greater than 25 cm H2O) indicating paralysis and severe weakness in the respective groups. Fluoroscopy of the diaphragm was found to give misleading results, and the resons for this are considered. Vital capacity ranged from 65-30 per cent of the predicted normal in the upright posture, typically falling by about a half in the supine posture. Alveolar hypoventilation was present in five patients when supine and in six when asleep, the deterioration in blood gases associated with sleep generally being much greater in these patients than in normal subjects. Respiratory rate was significantly greater than age-matched controls. The ventilatory response to CO2 was impaired. The PCO2 could be brought to normal levels by voluntary hyperventilation, and the unreliability of voluntary respiratory manoeuvres of this kind as indices of ventilatory reserve is emphasized. Alveolar hypoventilation was associated with disturbed sleep, morning headache and day-time fatigue. Symptomatic benefit was achieved by the use of a cuirass respirator at night.", "contents": "Diaphragm function and alveolar hypoventilation. A syndrome of alveolar hypoventilation has been identified in a group of patients with bilateral diaphragm paralysis. Eight patients were studied in whom diaphragm weakness had been suggested by paradoxical (inward) movement of the abdominal wall on inspiration, of whom seven had evidence of a generalized neuromuscular disorder. Diaphragm function was assessed quantitatively by measurement of the change in transdiaphragmatic pressure during a maximum inspiration (deltaPDi). In five patients, deltaPDi was zero and in the others ranged from 2-6 cm H2O (normal greater than 25 cm H2O) indicating paralysis and severe weakness in the respective groups. Fluoroscopy of the diaphragm was found to give misleading results, and the resons for this are considered. Vital capacity ranged from 65-30 per cent of the predicted normal in the upright posture, typically falling by about a half in the supine posture. Alveolar hypoventilation was present in five patients when supine and in six when asleep, the deterioration in blood gases associated with sleep generally being much greater in these patients than in normal subjects. Respiratory rate was significantly greater than age-matched controls. The ventilatory response to CO2 was impaired. The PCO2 could be brought to normal levels by voluntary hyperventilation, and the unreliability of voluntary respiratory manoeuvres of this kind as indices of ventilatory reserve is emphasized. Alveolar hypoventilation was associated with disturbed sleep, morning headache and day-time fatigue. Symptomatic benefit was achieved by the use of a cuirass respirator at night.", "PMID": 1062815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4100", "title": "A pilot study on the effect of toothbrushing on the gingiva of a beagle dog.", "content": "The maxillary canine and premolar areas of a beagle dog were brushed according to the roll and the scrub toothbrushing techniques. Characteristic, reproducible soft tissue lesions could be associated with the brushing.", "contents": "A pilot study on the effect of toothbrushing on the gingiva of a beagle dog. The maxillary canine and premolar areas of a beagle dog were brushed according to the roll and the scrub toothbrushing techniques. Characteristic, reproducible soft tissue lesions could be associated with the brushing.", "PMID": 1062845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4101", "title": "A 24-month evaluation of fissure sealing with a diluted composite material.", "content": "The idea of pit and fissure sealing has found wide acceptance in caries prevention. The present investigation evaluates the retention of a diluted composite material (Concise Enamel Bond system) used as a pit and fissure sealant. On the basis of a clinical evaluation in 69 children of the retention of the material in pits and fissures for 24 months, it seems justified to assume that the diluted composite material is an acceptable alternative to other fissure-sealing materials.", "contents": "A 24-month evaluation of fissure sealing with a diluted composite material. The idea of pit and fissure sealing has found wide acceptance in caries prevention. The present investigation evaluates the retention of a diluted composite material (Concise Enamel Bond system) used as a pit and fissure sealant. On the basis of a clinical evaluation in 69 children of the retention of the material in pits and fissures for 24 months, it seems justified to assume that the diluted composite material is an acceptable alternative to other fissure-sealing materials.", "PMID": 1062846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4102", "title": "Effect of a fluoride-containing chlorhexidine gel on bacteria in human plaque.", "content": "The effect on the plaque flora of a fluoride-containing chlorhexidine gel in mouthpieces was studied in seven subjects. Use of the gel during a 3-month period resulted in a change in the pattern of sensitivity to cholorhexidine in the plaque flora as displayed by determination of the minimal inhibitory amount (MIA) of the drug in agar diffusion assays. Three months after the use of gel was discontinued, the MIA value for plaque bacteria had returned to its original level. The relative proportions of S. mutans and S. sanguis in plaque changed during the chlorhexidine period. Thus S. mutans could not be detected in plaque samples after 3-month use of the gel, and the frequency of S. sanguis was altered.", "contents": "Effect of a fluoride-containing chlorhexidine gel on bacteria in human plaque. The effect on the plaque flora of a fluoride-containing chlorhexidine gel in mouthpieces was studied in seven subjects. Use of the gel during a 3-month period resulted in a change in the pattern of sensitivity to cholorhexidine in the plaque flora as displayed by determination of the minimal inhibitory amount (MIA) of the drug in agar diffusion assays. Three months after the use of gel was discontinued, the MIA value for plaque bacteria had returned to its original level. The relative proportions of S. mutans and S. sanguis in plaque changed during the chlorhexidine period. Thus S. mutans could not be detected in plaque samples after 3-month use of the gel, and the frequency of S. sanguis was altered.", "PMID": 1062847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4103", "title": "A quantitative microradiographic study of oral leukoplakias.", "content": "Biopsies from 13 oral leukoplakias and from normal tissue specimens in the contralateral region of each patient were examined histologically and microradiographically. Microradiographs of freeze-sectioned and freeze-dried sections were made and quantitative photometric analyses of the distribution of the dry mass concentration in different epithelial cell layers of both normal and pathologic specimens were performed. In each microradiograph, the thickness of the stratum corneum was determined. The results indicated that in oral leukoplakia two main changes occur in the epithelial surface layer, i.e. an increase of the thickness of the surface epithelial cell layer, and a formation of an epithelial surface zone of cell layers with different degrees of keratinization and varying dry mass concentrations.", "contents": "A quantitative microradiographic study of oral leukoplakias. Biopsies from 13 oral leukoplakias and from normal tissue specimens in the contralateral region of each patient were examined histologically and microradiographically. Microradiographs of freeze-sectioned and freeze-dried sections were made and quantitative photometric analyses of the distribution of the dry mass concentration in different epithelial cell layers of both normal and pathologic specimens were performed. In each microradiograph, the thickness of the stratum corneum was determined. The results indicated that in oral leukoplakia two main changes occur in the epithelial surface layer, i.e. an increase of the thickness of the surface epithelial cell layer, and a formation of an epithelial surface zone of cell layers with different degrees of keratinization and varying dry mass concentrations.", "PMID": 1062848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4104", "title": "Initiation and aggravation of denture stomatitis by sucrose rinses.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to assess whether frequent exposure to sucrose would aggravate or initiate a palatal candidosis in denture wearers. Eight subjects with generalized simple or granular inflammation in the palate (inflammation group) and six with clinically healthy palatal mucosa (control group) carried out 1-min mouthrinses with 10 ml of a 25% sucrose solution four times daily for 15 d. In the inflammation group an aggravated palatal erythema was seen in two subjects after 7 d, and in another subject after 15 d. Among the controls a generalized simple inflammation had developed in the palate of one subject after 7 d, and in another one after 15 d. An increased number of yeast colonies on palatal and denture agar models and/or hyphae on palatal and denture smears was found in all subjects with clinical signs of aggravated or initiated denture stomatitis.", "contents": "Initiation and aggravation of denture stomatitis by sucrose rinses. The purpose of this study was to assess whether frequent exposure to sucrose would aggravate or initiate a palatal candidosis in denture wearers. Eight subjects with generalized simple or granular inflammation in the palate (inflammation group) and six with clinically healthy palatal mucosa (control group) carried out 1-min mouthrinses with 10 ml of a 25% sucrose solution four times daily for 15 d. In the inflammation group an aggravated palatal erythema was seen in two subjects after 7 d, and in another subject after 15 d. Among the controls a generalized simple inflammation had developed in the palate of one subject after 7 d, and in another one after 15 d. An increased number of yeast colonies on palatal and denture agar models and/or hyphae on palatal and denture smears was found in all subjects with clinical signs of aggravated or initiated denture stomatitis.", "PMID": 1062849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4105", "title": "Lipoproteins in fluid from non-keratinizing jaw cysts.", "content": "Forty-seven cyst fluids and autologous sera were examined for lipoproteins (LP) by cellulose acetate membrane (CAM) electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and quantitative analyses for beta-lipoprotein and cholesterol. By CAM electrophoresis all cyst fluids showed alpha1-LP and betal-LP bands but no pre-beta-LP band. Four cyst fluids exhibited and additional, well-defined lipid-staining band located within the gamma-globulin zone (post-beta-band). The relative amount of alpha1-LP was higher in cyst fluid than in serum. Single radial immunodiffusion showed that the content of beta-LP was low. On an average, cyst fluid contained more cholesterol than did serum. Some cyst fluids were particularly rich in cholesterol. It is hypothesized that the cholesterol is derived partly from beta-LP originating from plasma.", "contents": "Lipoproteins in fluid from non-keratinizing jaw cysts. Forty-seven cyst fluids and autologous sera were examined for lipoproteins (LP) by cellulose acetate membrane (CAM) electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and quantitative analyses for beta-lipoprotein and cholesterol. By CAM electrophoresis all cyst fluids showed alpha1-LP and betal-LP bands but no pre-beta-LP band. Four cyst fluids exhibited and additional, well-defined lipid-staining band located within the gamma-globulin zone (post-beta-band). The relative amount of alpha1-LP was higher in cyst fluid than in serum. Single radial immunodiffusion showed that the content of beta-LP was low. On an average, cyst fluid contained more cholesterol than did serum. Some cyst fluids were particularly rich in cholesterol. It is hypothesized that the cholesterol is derived partly from beta-LP originating from plasma.", "PMID": 1062850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4106", "title": "Tuberculosis pleurisy due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "A case of tuberculous pleurisy due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in a 47-year-old woman with chronic granulocytic leukemia is described. The mycobacterial aetiology of the pleurisy was confirmed by pleural biopsy and by positive culture of M. fortuitum in pleural fluid. Antituberculosis chemotherapy with INH, RMP and EMB, combined initially with prednisolone, was successful in spite of total resistance of the strain to the drugs used. A short review of mycobacterioses and of recent literature on the topic, especially on M. fortuitum, is also presented.", "contents": "Tuberculosis pleurisy due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in a patient with chronic granulocytic leukemia. A case of tuberculous pleurisy due to Mycobacterium fortuitum in a 47-year-old woman with chronic granulocytic leukemia is described. The mycobacterial aetiology of the pleurisy was confirmed by pleural biopsy and by positive culture of M. fortuitum in pleural fluid. Antituberculosis chemotherapy with INH, RMP and EMB, combined initially with prednisolone, was successful in spite of total resistance of the strain to the drugs used. A short review of mycobacterioses and of recent literature on the topic, especially on M. fortuitum, is also presented.", "PMID": 1062852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4107", "title": "[Sterilization in the daily dental practice].", "content": "The different systems of sterilization used in dental practice are examined. Sterilization with dry heat is especially studied, dry heat being the most appropriate and convenient way of sterilizing in the dental practice. Tests made by Prof. Vannier of Paris and by the author, prove that when the instruments are well cleaned, sterilization with dry heat at 176 degrees F for 60 min destroys all kinds of septic germs. It is not necessary to sterilize at 230 degrees F or higher. It is recommended to use both a dry heat sterilizer and an autoclave. The latter being used to sterilize the tissues, gaze, rubber, paper or to perform a quick sterilization just prior to an operation.", "contents": "[Sterilization in the daily dental practice]. The different systems of sterilization used in dental practice are examined. Sterilization with dry heat is especially studied, dry heat being the most appropriate and convenient way of sterilizing in the dental practice. Tests made by Prof. Vannier of Paris and by the author, prove that when the instruments are well cleaned, sterilization with dry heat at 176 degrees F for 60 min destroys all kinds of septic germs. It is not necessary to sterilize at 230 degrees F or higher. It is recommended to use both a dry heat sterilizer and an autoclave. The latter being used to sterilize the tissues, gaze, rubber, paper or to perform a quick sterilization just prior to an operation.", "PMID": 1062853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4108", "title": "[Gnathometric studies for the supplementation and differentiation of the condition of the model: axial position of the front teeth].", "content": "The axial position of upper and lower incisors and its importance in radiographic analysis was critically investigated. The limits of the theoretical usability of norm measurements is discussed in the light of existing literature. The results show that rigid adaptation of therapy to the mean values found is inadmissible.", "contents": "[Gnathometric studies for the supplementation and differentiation of the condition of the model: axial position of the front teeth]. The axial position of upper and lower incisors and its importance in radiographic analysis was critically investigated. The limits of the theoretical usability of norm measurements is discussed in the light of existing literature. The results show that rigid adaptation of therapy to the mean values found is inadmissible.", "PMID": 1062854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4109", "title": "[Orthodontics and speech therapy].", "content": "The author recalls the suction and deglutition are indeed primary functions; mastication and spoken speech are rooted in them. One must also take time, forth dimension, into consideration. The postural state represents the starting point of the movement; one pronounces phonemes just as one holds one's tongue or swallows. Having so described the preparation of the first phase of the first sequence of the swallowing act, the author points out that the unfolding of the process then depends upon neurophysiological laws. Deglutition and phonetic articulation are making use of the same osteo-neuro-muscular effectors. The author is showing the close link there is between dysmorphosis and neuro-muscular dysfunction. In the second part the fact is emphasized that morphological modifications and changes in neuro-muscular behavior go hand in hand and complement each other. Hence the need for a closer collaboration between orthodontists and orthophonists, which may be very useful. The presentation of five case histories of children being in double treatment, e.g. with both the use of an appliance and neuro-muscular reeducation, upholds the argument.", "contents": "[Orthodontics and speech therapy]. The author recalls the suction and deglutition are indeed primary functions; mastication and spoken speech are rooted in them. One must also take time, forth dimension, into consideration. The postural state represents the starting point of the movement; one pronounces phonemes just as one holds one's tongue or swallows. Having so described the preparation of the first phase of the first sequence of the swallowing act, the author points out that the unfolding of the process then depends upon neurophysiological laws. Deglutition and phonetic articulation are making use of the same osteo-neuro-muscular effectors. The author is showing the close link there is between dysmorphosis and neuro-muscular dysfunction. In the second part the fact is emphasized that morphological modifications and changes in neuro-muscular behavior go hand in hand and complement each other. Hence the need for a closer collaboration between orthodontists and orthophonists, which may be very useful. The presentation of five case histories of children being in double treatment, e.g. with both the use of an appliance and neuro-muscular reeducation, upholds the argument.", "PMID": 1062858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4110", "title": "[Points of articulation of phonems of the French language. Functional study].", "content": "In dento-facial orthopedics, the orthophonist accomplishes a technical work. He establishes the functional examination, corrects troubles of phonetic articulation bound to the different dysmorphozes; moreover he also corrects deglutition and provides training for the speech motricity of the mouth.", "contents": "[Points of articulation of phonems of the French language. Functional study]. In dento-facial orthopedics, the orthophonist accomplishes a technical work. He establishes the functional examination, corrects troubles of phonetic articulation bound to the different dysmorphozes; moreover he also corrects deglutition and provides training for the speech motricity of the mouth.", "PMID": 1062859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4111", "title": "[Joint treatment of patients with clefts by orthodontists and logopedists].", "content": "Close cooperation between speech pathologist and orthodontist in management of CLP cases is described. Preoperative treatment aims at maintenance of initially favorable maxillary relations and compensation for imbalance of the oral musculature. Knowledge of growth and speech development is decisive for timing of primary surgery (lip about 6 months, soft palate about 18 months, hard palate 5 to 7 years). Speech assessment starts at age 2-2 1/2, followed by team controls once or twice a year with proper coaching of parents. Actual speech therapy is not stared before age 5. The approach described, with particular consideration of growth and speech problems, has been followed for 5 years. With a view to speech as well as to cephalometric evaluation, temporary results excell those of former years for the same age group. As regards teamwork, assessment of velopharyngeal closure is mentioned since orthodontists may provide speech-pathologists with an additional diagnostic means, i.e. cephalometric headplates, taken during phonation.", "contents": "[Joint treatment of patients with clefts by orthodontists and logopedists]. Close cooperation between speech pathologist and orthodontist in management of CLP cases is described. Preoperative treatment aims at maintenance of initially favorable maxillary relations and compensation for imbalance of the oral musculature. Knowledge of growth and speech development is decisive for timing of primary surgery (lip about 6 months, soft palate about 18 months, hard palate 5 to 7 years). Speech assessment starts at age 2-2 1/2, followed by team controls once or twice a year with proper coaching of parents. Actual speech therapy is not stared before age 5. The approach described, with particular consideration of growth and speech problems, has been followed for 5 years. With a view to speech as well as to cephalometric evaluation, temporary results excell those of former years for the same age group. As regards teamwork, assessment of velopharyngeal closure is mentioned since orthodontists may provide speech-pathologists with an additional diagnostic means, i.e. cephalometric headplates, taken during phonation.", "PMID": 1062860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4112", "title": "Specificity of naturally occurring antibody in normal gibbon serum.", "content": "Gibbon natural antibody examined by immunoelectron microscopy reacted with the entire envelope of type C virus and with areas on the cell surface equivalent to or smaller than the diameter of a virion in gibbon and human culture cells infected with or releasing type C viruses. The antibody activity was absorbed completely by two cell cultures infected with gibbon ape leukemia virus and by the virus itself, and partially by normal gibbon spleen cells and dog thymus-derived cells infected with baboon endogenous type C virus, and fresh white blood cells obtained from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in acute blastic crisis.", "contents": "Specificity of naturally occurring antibody in normal gibbon serum. Gibbon natural antibody examined by immunoelectron microscopy reacted with the entire envelope of type C virus and with areas on the cell surface equivalent to or smaller than the diameter of a virion in gibbon and human culture cells infected with or releasing type C viruses. The antibody activity was absorbed completely by two cell cultures infected with gibbon ape leukemia virus and by the virus itself, and partially by normal gibbon spleen cells and dog thymus-derived cells infected with baboon endogenous type C virus, and fresh white blood cells obtained from a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in acute blastic crisis.", "PMID": 1062861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4113", "title": "Hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia in acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Two cases of acute leukaemia, one monoblastic and one myelomonocytic, in which hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia were documented, are reported. Urinalysis demonstrated renal loss of potassium and magnesium without other evidence of renal tubular dysfunction. The mechanism and clinical significance of these abnormalities are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia in acute non-lymphoblastic leukaemia. Two cases of acute leukaemia, one monoblastic and one myelomonocytic, in which hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia and hypocalcaemia were documented, are reported. Urinalysis demonstrated renal loss of potassium and magnesium without other evidence of renal tubular dysfunction. The mechanism and clinical significance of these abnormalities are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1062862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4114", "title": "[\"Preventive\" cranial irradiation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood].", "content": "In accordance with the recommendations of Pinkel, 147 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated by a combined cytostatic and radiation therapy during a joint study between May 1971 and Jan. 1, 1974. After a primary cytostatical treatment which brought about a remission of 94% of the patients within four to six weeks, the cranial irradiation was performed, depending on age, with a focal dose of 1500 up to 2400 rd in the course of three or four weeks. Simultaneously, the patients were given methotrexate intrathecally which was followed, later on, by a long-term therapy with cytostatics. By means of this combined treatment, a three-year survival was obtained in 50% (8 of 16) and a complete remission in 44% (7 of 16). The prognosis is the same for boys as for girls. A less favorable prognosis concerns the patients with an initial leukocytosisf more than 50 000 leukocytes/mm3 of blood, an age of more than ten years, and leukemic cells already demonstrable in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "contents": "[\"Preventive\" cranial irradiation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood]. In accordance with the recommendations of Pinkel, 147 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated by a combined cytostatic and radiation therapy during a joint study between May 1971 and Jan. 1, 1974. After a primary cytostatical treatment which brought about a remission of 94% of the patients within four to six weeks, the cranial irradiation was performed, depending on age, with a focal dose of 1500 up to 2400 rd in the course of three or four weeks. Simultaneously, the patients were given methotrexate intrathecally which was followed, later on, by a long-term therapy with cytostatics. By means of this combined treatment, a three-year survival was obtained in 50% (8 of 16) and a complete remission in 44% (7 of 16). The prognosis is the same for boys as for girls. A less favorable prognosis concerns the patients with an initial leukocytosisf more than 50 000 leukocytes/mm3 of blood, an age of more than ten years, and leukemic cells already demonstrable in the cerebrospinal fluid.", "PMID": 1062866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4115", "title": "[Chronic adrenal insufficiency in childhood: clinical features and hormonal diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation was carried out on 6 children with clinical symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. The diagnosis was verified biochemically in 4 cases, 1 child was found to have secondary adrenal insufficiency and 1 had normal adrenal function. These findings demonstrate 2 types of adrenal insufficiency with different clinical pictures: Type 1 is characterized by cortisol deficiency with hypoglycaemia, low corticoid levels and a low cortisol secretion rate; Type 2 shows aldosterone deficiency with prominent salt loss. The clinical picture is correlated in extenso to the biochemical data in respect of ketosteroids, corticosteroids, plasma corticoids, cortisol secretion rate and aldosterone determination in a constant ACTH stimulation test. The methods of determination of the plasma aldosterone level and the cortisol secretion rate were greatly modified and redeveloped in this laboratory.", "contents": "[Chronic adrenal insufficiency in childhood: clinical features and hormonal diagnosis (author's transl)]. An investigation was carried out on 6 children with clinical symptoms of adrenal insufficiency. The diagnosis was verified biochemically in 4 cases, 1 child was found to have secondary adrenal insufficiency and 1 had normal adrenal function. These findings demonstrate 2 types of adrenal insufficiency with different clinical pictures: Type 1 is characterized by cortisol deficiency with hypoglycaemia, low corticoid levels and a low cortisol secretion rate; Type 2 shows aldosterone deficiency with prominent salt loss. The clinical picture is correlated in extenso to the biochemical data in respect of ketosteroids, corticosteroids, plasma corticoids, cortisol secretion rate and aldosterone determination in a constant ACTH stimulation test. The methods of determination of the plasma aldosterone level and the cortisol secretion rate were greatly modified and redeveloped in this laboratory.", "PMID": 1062871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4116", "title": "[Pulmonary fibrosis after busulfan therapy].", "content": "After a short review concerning the side-effect of busulfan (myleran) a case of a myleran lung in a 45-year-old male patient is described who received altogether 408.0 mg myleran, as he suffered from a chronic myeloic leucosis; the special literature is cited and the developmental mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "[Pulmonary fibrosis after busulfan therapy]. After a short review concerning the side-effect of busulfan (myleran) a case of a myleran lung in a 45-year-old male patient is described who received altogether 408.0 mg myleran, as he suffered from a chronic myeloic leucosis; the special literature is cited and the developmental mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 1062873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4117", "title": "Aspects of teratology of vitamin A acid (beta-all-trans retinoic acid).", "content": "Retinoic acid must now be considered a normal metabolite of vitamin A. In fact, evidence now exists which can well support the idea that retinoic acid may itself be- or may be converted to-a metabolically active form which would carry out the growth-promoting functions of vitamin A. In contrast to retinol, retinoic acid is rapidly metabolized,being totally degraded within 48 hours after its adminstration to vitamin A-defiecient rats. Its primary excretory route is through the bile, the resulting metabolite retaining its intact side chain. At least one metabolite going through this excretory route has been identified as retinoyl-beta-glucuronide. However, retinoic acid undergoes oxidative decarboxylation of the terminal carbon to the extent of approximately 20%. Another 20% undergoes further degradation to lose the C-14. New chromatographic procedures as well as new extraction procedures which are gentle and give 100% recoveries have been described, which may be an important new tool in the elucidation of the metabolism of retinoic acid and retinol. So far at least eight metabolites of retinoic acid have been detected with these methods. However, none of these metabolites has yet been identified and their biological significance remains unknown.", "contents": "Aspects of teratology of vitamin A acid (beta-all-trans retinoic acid). Retinoic acid must now be considered a normal metabolite of vitamin A. In fact, evidence now exists which can well support the idea that retinoic acid may itself be- or may be converted to-a metabolically active form which would carry out the growth-promoting functions of vitamin A. In contrast to retinol, retinoic acid is rapidly metabolized,being totally degraded within 48 hours after its adminstration to vitamin A-defiecient rats. Its primary excretory route is through the bile, the resulting metabolite retaining its intact side chain. At least one metabolite going through this excretory route has been identified as retinoyl-beta-glucuronide. However, retinoic acid undergoes oxidative decarboxylation of the terminal carbon to the extent of approximately 20%. Another 20% undergoes further degradation to lose the C-14. New chromatographic procedures as well as new extraction procedures which are gentle and give 100% recoveries have been described, which may be an important new tool in the elucidation of the metabolism of retinoic acid and retinol. So far at least eight metabolites of retinoic acid have been detected with these methods. However, none of these metabolites has yet been identified and their biological significance remains unknown.", "PMID": 1062881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4118", "title": "Vitamin A acid in Darier's disease.", "content": "The etiology in Dariers disease (keratosis follicularis) is unknown, but it seems to be that the skin changes are related to a variation of nutritional vitamin A deficiency caused by processes within the organism. The skin condition, in which the main histological change shows follicular dyskeratosis, has a certain similarity to hypovitaminosis A. Several follicular keratoses are influenced by vitamin A or vitamin A acid therapy. The use of vitamin A is limited by its toxicity, but vitamin A acid being less toxic could be an important therapeutic advance in follicular keratoses. In Darier's disease vitamin A  acid topically or systemically applied leads to distinct improvement of the skin lesions. Clinically and histologically, some of the treatment effects are similar to effects obtained when using vitamin A. Systemic vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) administration results in elevation of serum levels vitamin A (retinol) and provitamin A (carotene) and after high dosage clinical symptoms develop nearly identical with hypervitaminosis A. Several possibilities regarding the mode of action of vitamin A acid are mentioned.", "contents": "Vitamin A acid in Darier's disease. The etiology in Dariers disease (keratosis follicularis) is unknown, but it seems to be that the skin changes are related to a variation of nutritional vitamin A deficiency caused by processes within the organism. The skin condition, in which the main histological change shows follicular dyskeratosis, has a certain similarity to hypovitaminosis A. Several follicular keratoses are influenced by vitamin A or vitamin A acid therapy. The use of vitamin A is limited by its toxicity, but vitamin A acid being less toxic could be an important therapeutic advance in follicular keratoses. In Darier's disease vitamin A  acid topically or systemically applied leads to distinct improvement of the skin lesions. Clinically and histologically, some of the treatment effects are similar to effects obtained when using vitamin A. Systemic vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) administration results in elevation of serum levels vitamin A (retinol) and provitamin A (carotene) and after high dosage clinical symptoms develop nearly identical with hypervitaminosis A. Several possibilities regarding the mode of action of vitamin A acid are mentioned.", "PMID": 1062882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4119", "title": "Vitamin A acid in lichen planus.", "content": "Since 1971, Vitamin A acid (VAA) has been used for topical treatment of lichen planus (L.p.) at the 2nd Department of Dermatology in Vienna. During this period, 43 patients have been treated in the following way: for a period up to 3 weeks, a 0.05% or 0.1% VAA cream or solution was applied twice daily to the affected skin or mucosa. In the first days of this therapy, a characteristic local reaction of the L.p. lesions could be observed; first an edematous swelling appeared, followed by scaling and regression of efflorescences. Finally, an inflammatory skin reaction also developed. At this juncture, VAA was abandoned and the treatment was continued with steroid-containing ointments. Occlusive dressings were used only in cases of hypertrophic L.p. The same therapy was performed in L.p. of mucous membranes. By this method it was possible to achieve good therapeutical results in all treated cases. However, the frequency of recurrences of L.p. could not be diminished.", "contents": "Vitamin A acid in lichen planus. Since 1971, Vitamin A acid (VAA) has been used for topical treatment of lichen planus (L.p.) at the 2nd Department of Dermatology in Vienna. During this period, 43 patients have been treated in the following way: for a period up to 3 weeks, a 0.05% or 0.1% VAA cream or solution was applied twice daily to the affected skin or mucosa. In the first days of this therapy, a characteristic local reaction of the L.p. lesions could be observed; first an edematous swelling appeared, followed by scaling and regression of efflorescences. Finally, an inflammatory skin reaction also developed. At this juncture, VAA was abandoned and the treatment was continued with steroid-containing ointments. Occlusive dressings were used only in cases of hypertrophic L.p. The same therapy was performed in L.p. of mucous membranes. By this method it was possible to achieve good therapeutical results in all treated cases. However, the frequency of recurrences of L.p. could not be diminished.", "PMID": 1062884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4120", "title": "Vitamin A acid and wound healing.", "content": "After preparatory treatment with 1% vitamin A acid for 3 days, healing of standardized wounds was accelerated by 18%, compared with a control group. The histological findings revealed as causes a general activation of epidermis, resp. signs of proliferation with inhibition of normal differentiation and hornification. These well known alterations due to vitamin A acid treatment are clearly visible in all epidermal layers. Obviously the activation of epidermis occurs when a remainder of the wound normally is healing by epithelization, that is at an area of 50 mm2. The profit of time in this sense can be defined unequivocally from the performed animal experiments.", "contents": "Vitamin A acid and wound healing. After preparatory treatment with 1% vitamin A acid for 3 days, healing of standardized wounds was accelerated by 18%, compared with a control group. The histological findings revealed as causes a general activation of epidermis, resp. signs of proliferation with inhibition of normal differentiation and hornification. These well known alterations due to vitamin A acid treatment are clearly visible in all epidermal layers. Obviously the activation of epidermis occurs when a remainder of the wound normally is healing by epithelization, that is at an area of 50 mm2. The profit of time in this sense can be defined unequivocally from the performed animal experiments.", "PMID": 1062887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4121", "title": "Pharmacological studies on retinoic acid in Wistar and in atrichos rats.", "content": "Retinoic acid produces some changes in the skin which could be interpreted as a mechanism of action: release of acid hydrolases and phosphatases, inflammatory reactions, increase in lipid synthesis and transport as an energy dependent phenomenon, increase in the lipid flux perhaps as a lipoprotein complex, since there is a rise in nucleic acid synthesis. Stimulation of bone remodeling is observed only when high dosage of retinoic acid is given orally.", "contents": "Pharmacological studies on retinoic acid in Wistar and in atrichos rats. Retinoic acid produces some changes in the skin which could be interpreted as a mechanism of action: release of acid hydrolases and phosphatases, inflammatory reactions, increase in lipid synthesis and transport as an energy dependent phenomenon, increase in the lipid flux perhaps as a lipoprotein complex, since there is a rise in nucleic acid synthesis. Stimulation of bone remodeling is observed only when high dosage of retinoic acid is given orally.", "PMID": 1062891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4122", "title": "Effects of vitamin A acid in skin: in vivo and in vitro studies.", "content": "Profound metabolic changes take place in keratinizing epithelia in the presence of retinoic acid. In vivo as well as in vitro the proliferative activity of epidermal cells is greatly enhanced. Together with the increased rate of new cell production cellular differentiation (keratinization and cornification) is also altered. The effects are species-unspecific, probably tissue-specific and dose-dependent. The precise action of retinoic acid, however, still remains unknown.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin A acid in skin: in vivo and in vitro studies. Profound metabolic changes take place in keratinizing epithelia in the presence of retinoic acid. In vivo as well as in vitro the proliferative activity of epidermal cells is greatly enhanced. Together with the increased rate of new cell production cellular differentiation (keratinization and cornification) is also altered. The effects are species-unspecific, probably tissue-specific and dose-dependent. The precise action of retinoic acid, however, still remains unknown.", "PMID": 1062893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4123", "title": "Regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in guinea pig skin by retinoic acid.", "content": "Topical application of retinoic acid on guinea pig skin resulted within 70 hours in erythema with a concomitant elevation of endogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the treated areas of the skin. Prolonged daily treatment resulted in the development of severe scaly dermatoses and a corresponding decrease in the level of PGE2 in the skin. Examination of retinoic acid effects on the in vitro biosynthesis of PGE2 from arachidonic acid by extracts from guinea pig skin and sheep vesicular gland demonstrated that retinoic acid inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in concentration and time-dependent manner. These results indicate that retinoic acid may exert a regulatory role on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the skin.", "contents": "Regulation of prostaglandin E2 biosynthesis in guinea pig skin by retinoic acid. Topical application of retinoic acid on guinea pig skin resulted within 70 hours in erythema with a concomitant elevation of endogenous prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the treated areas of the skin. Prolonged daily treatment resulted in the development of severe scaly dermatoses and a corresponding decrease in the level of PGE2 in the skin. Examination of retinoic acid effects on the in vitro biosynthesis of PGE2 from arachidonic acid by extracts from guinea pig skin and sheep vesicular gland demonstrated that retinoic acid inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in concentration and time-dependent manner. These results indicate that retinoic acid may exert a regulatory role on prostaglandin biosynthesis in the skin.", "PMID": 1062895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4124", "title": "Studies of dietary habits in pregnancy - with special reference to the intake of iron.", "content": "The dietary habits of 94 pregnant women (median age 26 years) were studied by means of four-day dietary records. Twenty-seven women were followed longitudinally and were observed in the 10-15th, the 24-27th and the 34-37th week of gestation (L-series). The remaining 67 women comprised the A-series, of which 20, 32, and 15 made their records during the 10-15th, 24-27th, and 34-37th week of gestation, respectively. There were no significant differences between the results from these two series. The mean daily energy intake was 2360 kcal and remained unchanged during pregnancy, exceeding by 250 kcal the average intake in non-pregnant women in Gothenburg, studied earlier. The iron intake comprised 1-2 mg of haeme iron, about 10 mg of native non-haeme iron and 5-6 mg of fortificiation iron. The mean iron intake was 7.2 mg/1000 kcal, which is below the recommendation, but it was distributed over the food groups in a manner more favourable for iron absorption than in the average Swedish population. Further effects to improve the diet so as to increase the content of iron and factors known to favour iron absorption are desirable. The results justify the normal practice of prescribing supplement iron in late pregnancy.", "contents": "Studies of dietary habits in pregnancy - with special reference to the intake of iron. The dietary habits of 94 pregnant women (median age 26 years) were studied by means of four-day dietary records. Twenty-seven women were followed longitudinally and were observed in the 10-15th, the 24-27th and the 34-37th week of gestation (L-series). The remaining 67 women comprised the A-series, of which 20, 32, and 15 made their records during the 10-15th, 24-27th, and 34-37th week of gestation, respectively. There were no significant differences between the results from these two series. The mean daily energy intake was 2360 kcal and remained unchanged during pregnancy, exceeding by 250 kcal the average intake in non-pregnant women in Gothenburg, studied earlier. The iron intake comprised 1-2 mg of haeme iron, about 10 mg of native non-haeme iron and 5-6 mg of fortificiation iron. The mean iron intake was 7.2 mg/1000 kcal, which is below the recommendation, but it was distributed over the food groups in a manner more favourable for iron absorption than in the average Swedish population. Further effects to improve the diet so as to increase the content of iron and factors known to favour iron absorption are desirable. The results justify the normal practice of prescribing supplement iron in late pregnancy.", "PMID": 1062907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4125", "title": "Dietary iron absorption in pregnancy - a longitudinal study with repeated measurements of non-haeme iron absorption from whole diet.", "content": "In 22 healthy women the non-haeme iron absorption (bone-marrow smears and haematological parameters) was studied at the 12th, the 24th and the 36th week of gestation and two months after delivery. In eight non-pregnant women and in seven pregnant women (at the 36th week of gestation) the absorption of food iron was measured from different types of meals. The iron absorption was measured from radioiron-labelled test meals using a whole-body counter with a very high sensitivity. During pregnancy the non-haeme iron absorption increased continuously from less than 1 % in early pregnancy to almost 15 % in late pregnancy. Calculations indicated that the amount of iron absorbed from the diet covered only about half of the demands. The increasing absorption of food iron during pregnancy seems to be related to the still more increasing demands. However, the very low absorption values in early pregnancy was quite unexpected. The amount of iron absorbed was actually below the basal demands, which means that even in early pregnancy, for reasons unknown, there is a negative iron balance. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the significance of this finding. Two months after delivery the absorption of iron from the diet was increased compared to in non-pregnant women and exceeded the demands at that phase thus indicating that a positive iron balance was achieved.", "contents": "Dietary iron absorption in pregnancy - a longitudinal study with repeated measurements of non-haeme iron absorption from whole diet. In 22 healthy women the non-haeme iron absorption (bone-marrow smears and haematological parameters) was studied at the 12th, the 24th and the 36th week of gestation and two months after delivery. In eight non-pregnant women and in seven pregnant women (at the 36th week of gestation) the absorption of food iron was measured from different types of meals. The iron absorption was measured from radioiron-labelled test meals using a whole-body counter with a very high sensitivity. During pregnancy the non-haeme iron absorption increased continuously from less than 1 % in early pregnancy to almost 15 % in late pregnancy. Calculations indicated that the amount of iron absorbed from the diet covered only about half of the demands. The increasing absorption of food iron during pregnancy seems to be related to the still more increasing demands. However, the very low absorption values in early pregnancy was quite unexpected. The amount of iron absorbed was actually below the basal demands, which means that even in early pregnancy, for reasons unknown, there is a negative iron balance. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the significance of this finding. Two months after delivery the absorption of iron from the diet was increased compared to in non-pregnant women and exceeded the demands at that phase thus indicating that a positive iron balance was achieved.", "PMID": 1062908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4126", "title": "Iron absorption in early pregnancy - a study of the absorption of non-haeme iron and ferrous iron in early pregnancy.", "content": "The absorption of non-haeme iron in the food and from a 3 mg reference dose of ferrous iron in solution was measured in 17 healthy women before the 12th week of gestation and in 13 of the women two months after legal abortion. The absorption of ferrous iron in solution was calculated from determinations of the 55Fe activity in blood samples. The food iron absorption was measured from 59Fe-labelled test meals using a highly sensitive whole-body counter. In addition bone-marrow smears and other haematological parameters were studied. The median value of the absorption from the non-haeme food iron was 2.5% and from the ferrous iron salt 10.0 % in early pregnancy in women with storage iron. Two months after abortion the absorption increased to 12.6 and 42.6 % respectively. In early pregnancy the absorption of iron was higher in women without stainable iron in bone-marrow smears. The present results confirm previous observations that the absorption of food iron in early pregnancy is lower than the basal daily requirements. The low absorption is only partly explained by the reduced requirements of iron in early pregnancy. Some other factors related to pregnancy seem also to be involved.", "contents": "Iron absorption in early pregnancy - a study of the absorption of non-haeme iron and ferrous iron in early pregnancy. The absorption of non-haeme iron in the food and from a 3 mg reference dose of ferrous iron in solution was measured in 17 healthy women before the 12th week of gestation and in 13 of the women two months after legal abortion. The absorption of ferrous iron in solution was calculated from determinations of the 55Fe activity in blood samples. The food iron absorption was measured from 59Fe-labelled test meals using a highly sensitive whole-body counter. In addition bone-marrow smears and other haematological parameters were studied. The median value of the absorption from the non-haeme food iron was 2.5% and from the ferrous iron salt 10.0 % in early pregnancy in women with storage iron. Two months after abortion the absorption increased to 12.6 and 42.6 % respectively. In early pregnancy the absorption of iron was higher in women without stainable iron in bone-marrow smears. The present results confirm previous observations that the absorption of food iron in early pregnancy is lower than the basal daily requirements. The low absorption is only partly explained by the reduced requirements of iron in early pregnancy. Some other factors related to pregnancy seem also to be involved.", "PMID": 1062909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4127", "title": "Absorption of supplemental iron during pregnancy - a longitudinal study with repeated bone-marrow studies and absorption measurements.", "content": "Iron absorption, bone-marrow smears and haematological parameters were repeatedly studied during pregnancy in 50 women. The same studies were repeated two months after delivery. The material was randomly divided into two groups. Twenty-four women were treated with 200 mg of ferrous iron daily while 26 were given placebo. The iron absorption was measured from radioiron-labelled test doses of 100 mg ferrous iron in a whole-body counter with high sensitivity. In the placebo group the iron absorption increased throughout pregnancy from an average of 6.5 % at the 12th week to 14.3 % at the 35th week of gestation. Two months after delivery the absorption was higher than initially. In the iron-treated group the absorption increased between the 24th and 35th week of gestation from 6.0 to 8.6 %. After delivery 5.5 % of the test dose was absorbed. The haemosiderin iron in the bone-marrow was mobilized during pregnancy. In the placebo group no woman had more than trace of haemosiderin in the bone-marrow smears at the 35th week of gestation. In the iron-treated group 65 % had the same bone-marrow findings. The amount of bone-marrow haemosiderin at term seems not to have the same significance for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in pregnancy as in non-pregnant subjects. Two months after delivery about 50 % of the women in the placebo group had restored their iron deposits. In the iron-group the haemosiderin content in the bone-marrow smears was enhanced in most women compared to early pregnancy. In the placebo group haematological data indicated a high frequency of iron deficiency in late pregnancy while in the iron-treated group iron deficiency was prevented.", "contents": "Absorption of supplemental iron during pregnancy - a longitudinal study with repeated bone-marrow studies and absorption measurements. Iron absorption, bone-marrow smears and haematological parameters were repeatedly studied during pregnancy in 50 women. The same studies were repeated two months after delivery. The material was randomly divided into two groups. Twenty-four women were treated with 200 mg of ferrous iron daily while 26 were given placebo. The iron absorption was measured from radioiron-labelled test doses of 100 mg ferrous iron in a whole-body counter with high sensitivity. In the placebo group the iron absorption increased throughout pregnancy from an average of 6.5 % at the 12th week to 14.3 % at the 35th week of gestation. Two months after delivery the absorption was higher than initially. In the iron-treated group the absorption increased between the 24th and 35th week of gestation from 6.0 to 8.6 %. After delivery 5.5 % of the test dose was absorbed. The haemosiderin iron in the bone-marrow was mobilized during pregnancy. In the placebo group no woman had more than trace of haemosiderin in the bone-marrow smears at the 35th week of gestation. In the iron-treated group 65 % had the same bone-marrow findings. The amount of bone-marrow haemosiderin at term seems not to have the same significance for the diagnosis of iron deficiency in pregnancy as in non-pregnant subjects. Two months after delivery about 50 % of the women in the placebo group had restored their iron deposits. In the iron-group the haemosiderin content in the bone-marrow smears was enhanced in most women compared to early pregnancy. In the placebo group haematological data indicated a high frequency of iron deficiency in late pregnancy while in the iron-treated group iron deficiency was prevented.", "PMID": 1062910}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4128", "title": "Strontium-90 in deciduous teeth in Finland. A follow-up study.", "content": "Deciduous teeth of Finnish children born in 1958-1967 were analysed for strontium-90 by means of Cerenkov radiation. The strontium-90 content was about 9 pCi/gCa in children born in 1963--1964; the values decreased strongly in the subsequent cohorts of children. The strontium-90 content of the deciduous teeth varied in perfect unison with that of cow's milk (r=+0.99). The results confirm that deciduous teeth provide a practical and accurate indicator of the total body burden of bone-seeking environmental pollutants.", "contents": "Strontium-90 in deciduous teeth in Finland. A follow-up study. Deciduous teeth of Finnish children born in 1958-1967 were analysed for strontium-90 by means of Cerenkov radiation. The strontium-90 content was about 9 pCi/gCa in children born in 1963--1964; the values decreased strongly in the subsequent cohorts of children. The strontium-90 content of the deciduous teeth varied in perfect unison with that of cow's milk (r=+0.99). The results confirm that deciduous teeth provide a practical and accurate indicator of the total body burden of bone-seeking environmental pollutants.", "PMID": 1062911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4129", "title": "Denture stomatitis. Relapse tendency and removal of acquired discolourations in long-term denture disinfection with chlorhexidine.", "content": "Five patients with denture stomatitis were initially treated for 14 days with a combination of amphotericin B lozenges and denture soaking in 0.2% chlorhexidine. To prevent recurrence the dentures were then kept overnight in 0.2% chlorhexidine during five months. No relapse occurred, but the dentures (all-acrylic) became heavily discoloured by chlorhexidine. During this period fungi could not be grown either on palatal or on maxillar denture agar models, and clinical signs and symptoms were reduced further. At the end of treatment hypochlorite was used to remove chlorhexidine-induced denture stain. Brushing and soaking (0.16%) proved more efficient than brushing alone, and when a 0.60% solution was used, the stains were generally eliminated in two hours. Hypochlorites in the prevention and removal of chlorhexidine discolourations deserve further attention.", "contents": "Denture stomatitis. Relapse tendency and removal of acquired discolourations in long-term denture disinfection with chlorhexidine. Five patients with denture stomatitis were initially treated for 14 days with a combination of amphotericin B lozenges and denture soaking in 0.2% chlorhexidine. To prevent recurrence the dentures were then kept overnight in 0.2% chlorhexidine during five months. No relapse occurred, but the dentures (all-acrylic) became heavily discoloured by chlorhexidine. During this period fungi could not be grown either on palatal or on maxillar denture agar models, and clinical signs and symptoms were reduced further. At the end of treatment hypochlorite was used to remove chlorhexidine-induced denture stain. Brushing and soaking (0.16%) proved more efficient than brushing alone, and when a 0.60% solution was used, the stains were generally eliminated in two hours. Hypochlorites in the prevention and removal of chlorhexidine discolourations deserve further attention.", "PMID": 1062912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4130", "title": "Strontium content of deciduous teeth in northern and southern Finland.", "content": "A possible connection has been suggested between strontium and a low prevalence of dental caries. An investigation of this subject was initiated by measuring the strontium content of deciduous teeth by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in different regions in Finland. The material analysed consisted of a total of 2,482 tooth crowns and 392 tooth roots. The results showed that the Sr content of the tooth crowns in northern Finland was about two-fold that in the south, about 400 and 200 mug/gCa, respectively. The difference was apparently caused by corresponding differences in dietary strontium. The tooth roots contained much more Sr than the crowns, about 600 and 200 mug/gCa, respectively, in southern Finland, presumably owing to changes occurring in the dietary habits of the child during the development of the crowns and roots of the deciduous teeth.", "contents": "Strontium content of deciduous teeth in northern and southern Finland. A possible connection has been suggested between strontium and a low prevalence of dental caries. An investigation of this subject was initiated by measuring the strontium content of deciduous teeth by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in different regions in Finland. The material analysed consisted of a total of 2,482 tooth crowns and 392 tooth roots. The results showed that the Sr content of the tooth crowns in northern Finland was about two-fold that in the south, about 400 and 200 mug/gCa, respectively. The difference was apparently caused by corresponding differences in dietary strontium. The tooth roots contained much more Sr than the crowns, about 600 and 200 mug/gCa, respectively, in southern Finland, presumably owing to changes occurring in the dietary habits of the child during the development of the crowns and roots of the deciduous teeth.", "PMID": 1062913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4131", "title": "The calcium orthophosphate solubilities as represented by a model in three dimensions.", "content": "The construction of a model of the calcium orthophosphate solubilities has been described in detail. The model gives a true and easily comprehensible visualization of the complex interrelationships existing in phosphate systems. Examples of its application have been given as regards the stability fields, the biologic metastability, the congruent solubility, and the kinetics of dissolution and precipitation processes. As an instrument of assessing the solubilities in practical work, the usefulness of the model is further increased by including diagrammatic representations of the solubilities of Fap, CaF2, and CaCO3. The model virtually covers the whole field usually encountered in solubility studies. It is based upon an ionic strength of 0.05 and any complexation, ionic interaction, or specific ionic effects have been disregarded It is possible, however, to make the model to any scale and to construct it with a view to any purpose required.", "contents": "The calcium orthophosphate solubilities as represented by a model in three dimensions. The construction of a model of the calcium orthophosphate solubilities has been described in detail. The model gives a true and easily comprehensible visualization of the complex interrelationships existing in phosphate systems. Examples of its application have been given as regards the stability fields, the biologic metastability, the congruent solubility, and the kinetics of dissolution and precipitation processes. As an instrument of assessing the solubilities in practical work, the usefulness of the model is further increased by including diagrammatic representations of the solubilities of Fap, CaF2, and CaCO3. The model virtually covers the whole field usually encountered in solubility studies. It is based upon an ionic strength of 0.05 and any complexation, ionic interaction, or specific ionic effects have been disregarded It is possible, however, to make the model to any scale and to construct it with a view to any purpose required.", "PMID": 1062914}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4132", "title": "Sex differences in craniofacial morphology.", "content": "An x-ray cephalometric study was performed in a male and a female group of Danish dental students with the object of examining the sex-determined component of the cranial morphology, and of obtaining a control material for subsequent studies of pathologic samples. The cranial morphology was examined on the basis of measurements on x-ray cephalometric lateral and postero-anterior radiographs. The cranium was, on an average, smaller in the female than the male group except as regards the nasal bone, the foramen magnum and the inner orbital distance. The female group showed a more prominent frontal bone, and a less prominent nasal bone, than the male group.", "contents": "Sex differences in craniofacial morphology. An x-ray cephalometric study was performed in a male and a female group of Danish dental students with the object of examining the sex-determined component of the cranial morphology, and of obtaining a control material for subsequent studies of pathologic samples. The cranial morphology was examined on the basis of measurements on x-ray cephalometric lateral and postero-anterior radiographs. The cranium was, on an average, smaller in the female than the male group except as regards the nasal bone, the foramen magnum and the inner orbital distance. The female group showed a more prominent frontal bone, and a less prominent nasal bone, than the male group.", "PMID": 1062915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4133", "title": "Neonatal lines in human dental enamel. Occurrence in first permanent molars in males and females.", "content": "The occurrence of neonatal lines (NL) in all cusps of the first permanent molar (M 1) has been investigated in complete series of M 1 from 16 males and 11 females. Previous investigations of newborn children gave reason to expect a lower frequency of occurrence in males. The present investigation showed that about one half of the males did not have NL in any of their four M 1's, while all females had NL in at least one tooth. This wound seem to indicate that on the average boys are less dentally mature at the time of birth than girls. At the same time, it opens up the possibility of a forensic sex assessment. When skeletal remains of children and young persons are in concern.", "contents": "Neonatal lines in human dental enamel. Occurrence in first permanent molars in males and females. The occurrence of neonatal lines (NL) in all cusps of the first permanent molar (M 1) has been investigated in complete series of M 1 from 16 males and 11 females. Previous investigations of newborn children gave reason to expect a lower frequency of occurrence in males. The present investigation showed that about one half of the males did not have NL in any of their four M 1's, while all females had NL in at least one tooth. This wound seem to indicate that on the average boys are less dentally mature at the time of birth than girls. At the same time, it opens up the possibility of a forensic sex assessment. When skeletal remains of children and young persons are in concern.", "PMID": 1062916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4134", "title": "Mitotic activity in acute promyelocytic leukaemia and leukaemoid reactions.", "content": "Bone marrow smears from 6 untreated patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) and from 6 patients with leukaemoid reactions (LR) have been compared with smears from healthy controls. The mitotic indices of the granulopoietic precursor cells were significantly lower in the APL group and significantly higher in the LR group, both compared with the normals. Mitotic countings seem to be of diagnostic value for distinguishing APL from conditions simulating this disease.", "contents": "Mitotic activity in acute promyelocytic leukaemia and leukaemoid reactions. Bone marrow smears from 6 untreated patients with acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) and from 6 patients with leukaemoid reactions (LR) have been compared with smears from healthy controls. The mitotic indices of the granulopoietic precursor cells were significantly lower in the APL group and significantly higher in the LR group, both compared with the normals. Mitotic countings seem to be of diagnostic value for distinguishing APL from conditions simulating this disease.", "PMID": 1062919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4135", "title": "Childhood lymphatic leukemia: prenatal seasonality and possible association with congenital varicella.", "content": "A statistically significant seasonality by month of birth, which differed for children diagnosed as having acute lymphatic leukemia in the under 2, 2-3 and 4-9-year age groups, was observed in urban counties of upstate New York. This suggested that the mothers of patients diagnosed in these three age groups might have been exposed to leukemogenic factors during different trimesters, but with each trimester consisting of the same specific group of months. Since a similar birth-month seasonality was not observed in rural regions, it seemed likely that leukemogenic factors might operate with a greater regularity in urban areas. Using these observations and reported trends for acute leukemia in the United States and New York State (excluding New York City), an effort was made to determine whether varicella, influenza, rubeola or rubella had similar epidemiologic features. Only varicella manifested both the urban-rural differences in seasonality and concomitant variations in time trends that were comparable to reported mortality trends for acute leukemia. Rank correlation coefficients for varicella and lymphatic leukemia incidence rates by month were also statistically significant when leukemia cases diagnosed in the three age groups and born in urban countries, were placed in the month of their appropriate trimesters. A retrospective search of varicella case records identified 63 instances of this viral disease complicating pregnancy. Three children resulting from these pregnancies subsequently developed acute lymphatic leukemia.", "contents": "Childhood lymphatic leukemia: prenatal seasonality and possible association with congenital varicella. A statistically significant seasonality by month of birth, which differed for children diagnosed as having acute lymphatic leukemia in the under 2, 2-3 and 4-9-year age groups, was observed in urban counties of upstate New York. This suggested that the mothers of patients diagnosed in these three age groups might have been exposed to leukemogenic factors during different trimesters, but with each trimester consisting of the same specific group of months. Since a similar birth-month seasonality was not observed in rural regions, it seemed likely that leukemogenic factors might operate with a greater regularity in urban areas. Using these observations and reported trends for acute leukemia in the United States and New York State (excluding New York City), an effort was made to determine whether varicella, influenza, rubeola or rubella had similar epidemiologic features. Only varicella manifested both the urban-rural differences in seasonality and concomitant variations in time trends that were comparable to reported mortality trends for acute leukemia. Rank correlation coefficients for varicella and lymphatic leukemia incidence rates by month were also statistically significant when leukemia cases diagnosed in the three age groups and born in urban countries, were placed in the month of their appropriate trimesters. A retrospective search of varicella case records identified 63 instances of this viral disease complicating pregnancy. Three children resulting from these pregnancies subsequently developed acute lymphatic leukemia.", "PMID": 1062932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4136", "title": "Bone marrow necrosis.", "content": "The clinical findings of bone marrow necrosis in 13 patients undergoing bone marrow examination to investigate a peripheral blood cytopenia or leukoerythroblastic blood smear were reviewed and compared to those in the literature. Excluding sickle cell disease, all cases of bone marrow necrosis diagnosed during life were associated with a neoplastic process involving the marrow. A myeloproliferative disorder was found in five patients, metastatic carcinoma in five patients, a lymphoma in two patients, and both a myeloproliferative disorder and metastatic carcinoma in one patient. Marrow necrosis was found to involve the marrow at multiple sites in a piecemeal fashion with areas of necrotic marrow and structurally intact marrow adjacent to each other. Severe bone pain without roentgenographic abnormality was the major symptom in 85% of the patients. Marrow and fat emboli, hypercalcemia and peripheral blood cytopenias were identified as direct complications of marrow necrosis. The prognosis of patients with marrow necrosis secondary to neoplastic disease was found to be extremely poor with a median survival of less than one month. However, one patient responded to antineoplastic chemotherapy and showed healing of the bone marrow.", "contents": "Bone marrow necrosis. The clinical findings of bone marrow necrosis in 13 patients undergoing bone marrow examination to investigate a peripheral blood cytopenia or leukoerythroblastic blood smear were reviewed and compared to those in the literature. Excluding sickle cell disease, all cases of bone marrow necrosis diagnosed during life were associated with a neoplastic process involving the marrow. A myeloproliferative disorder was found in five patients, metastatic carcinoma in five patients, a lymphoma in two patients, and both a myeloproliferative disorder and metastatic carcinoma in one patient. Marrow necrosis was found to involve the marrow at multiple sites in a piecemeal fashion with areas of necrotic marrow and structurally intact marrow adjacent to each other. Severe bone pain without roentgenographic abnormality was the major symptom in 85% of the patients. Marrow and fat emboli, hypercalcemia and peripheral blood cytopenias were identified as direct complications of marrow necrosis. The prognosis of patients with marrow necrosis secondary to neoplastic disease was found to be extremely poor with a median survival of less than one month. However, one patient responded to antineoplastic chemotherapy and showed healing of the bone marrow.", "PMID": 1062933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4137", "title": "Management of impacted canines.", "content": "In this article an overview of the problem of impacted canines has been presented and some of the clinical considerations related to surgical management and types of attachments have been discussed. In the orthodontic management of impacted canines the clinician has to make certain decisions regarding one-arch vs. two-arch treatment and canine vs. first premolar extraction. The factors which might influence such decisions were also discussed.", "contents": "Management of impacted canines. In this article an overview of the problem of impacted canines has been presented and some of the clinical considerations related to surgical management and types of attachments have been discussed. In the orthodontic management of impacted canines the clinician has to make certain decisions regarding one-arch vs. two-arch treatment and canine vs. first premolar extraction. The factors which might influence such decisions were also discussed.", "PMID": 1062935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4138", "title": "The effect of different extraction sites upon incisor retraction.", "content": "1. From this study, it was found that in cases treated by the Begg technique one can anticipate greater retraction of the anterior dental units in nonextraction (see article) cases, in both types of premolar extraction cases, and in cases, involving extraction of first molars plus first premolars than would be expected on the basis of root surface area resistance values. 2. There is a likely explanation for this. Molars were maintained upright and allowed to move bodily only while incisors were not only moved bodily but often partially tipped as well. 3. The actual mean anterior retraction in first molar extraction cases exhibited a close approximation to the expected mean anterior retraction values in relation to root surface resistance values. 4. Second premolar extraction is one answer to overretraction and has the added edge of creating even less incisor retraction than second premolar extraction. 5. It was also found that the extraction of premolars alone did not result (see article) in a significant change in the increased eruption of the third molars into functional occlusion. A very significant improvement in the rate of sucessful third molar eruption was found in first molar extraction cases and in cases involving extraction of first molars plus first premolars. 6. The mean ages of the patients in the various treatment categories at the start of treatment were similar enough to each other to suggest that age at the start of treatment had no bearing on the success rate of third molar erup tion. Extraction-site selection seemed to be the dominating factor in successful third molar eruption. 7. It was found that the group of cases that exhibited the least amount of anterior retraction also inhibited the least amount of anterior relapse and, conversely, the group of cases exhibiting the greatest amount of anterior retraction also exhibited the greatest amount of anterior relapse. (see article) 8. The nonextraction cases, with no extraction space to close, were treated in the shortest mean time, while the eight-tooth (first molar plus first premolar) extraction cases having the greatest amount of extraction space required the greatest amount of mean treatment time.9. In conclusion, it can be said that changing the location of the extraction site resulted in a change in relative root surface areas of the opposing anchor units in the anterior and posterior segments. There was a definite and predictable change in the amount of anterior retraction achieved by varying the location of the extraction site. This should be considered in the diagnosis, so that a desired treatment goal for the final position of the incisors within the facial profile can be achieved.", "contents": "The effect of different extraction sites upon incisor retraction. 1. From this study, it was found that in cases treated by the Begg technique one can anticipate greater retraction of the anterior dental units in nonextraction (see article) cases, in both types of premolar extraction cases, and in cases, involving extraction of first molars plus first premolars than would be expected on the basis of root surface area resistance values. 2. There is a likely explanation for this. Molars were maintained upright and allowed to move bodily only while incisors were not only moved bodily but often partially tipped as well. 3. The actual mean anterior retraction in first molar extraction cases exhibited a close approximation to the expected mean anterior retraction values in relation to root surface resistance values. 4. Second premolar extraction is one answer to overretraction and has the added edge of creating even less incisor retraction than second premolar extraction. 5. It was also found that the extraction of premolars alone did not result (see article) in a significant change in the increased eruption of the third molars into functional occlusion. A very significant improvement in the rate of sucessful third molar eruption was found in first molar extraction cases and in cases involving extraction of first molars plus first premolars. 6. The mean ages of the patients in the various treatment categories at the start of treatment were similar enough to each other to suggest that age at the start of treatment had no bearing on the success rate of third molar erup tion. Extraction-site selection seemed to be the dominating factor in successful third molar eruption. 7. It was found that the group of cases that exhibited the least amount of anterior retraction also inhibited the least amount of anterior relapse and, conversely, the group of cases exhibiting the greatest amount of anterior retraction also exhibited the greatest amount of anterior relapse. (see article) 8. The nonextraction cases, with no extraction space to close, were treated in the shortest mean time, while the eight-tooth (first molar plus first premolar) extraction cases having the greatest amount of extraction space required the greatest amount of mean treatment time.9. In conclusion, it can be said that changing the location of the extraction site resulted in a change in relative root surface areas of the opposing anchor units in the anterior and posterior segments. There was a definite and predictable change in the amount of anterior retraction achieved by varying the location of the extraction site. This should be considered in the diagnosis, so that a desired treatment goal for the final position of the incisors within the facial profile can be achieved.", "PMID": 1062936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4139", "title": "Age changes in the human frontozygomatic suture from 20 to 95 years.", "content": "The frontozygomatic suture of human cadaver material was examined by a combination of histologic, radiographic, and gross tecniques to determine the aging changes in the suture and the approximate age at which sutural fusion occurs. The sample consisted of sixty-One specimens of human beings ranging in age from 20 to 95 years.  Observations were made on specimens at age intervals of 5 years.  Since the frontozygomatic suture is bilateral, one suture from each specimens was used for radiographic and gross examination for synostosis, and the opposite side was subjected to histologic analysis.  The findings of this study have lead to the following conclusions:  1.  The human frontozygomatic suture undergoes synostosis during the eigth decade of life, but does not completely fuse by the age of 95 years.  2.  Synostosis is a progressive process which commences as small areas of bony union that occur initially within the internal portion of the suture and then progresses to the orbital perisosteal surface.  Bony union is not found at or near the facial periosteal surface.  3.  The bony surfaces of the frontozygomatic suture become increasingly irregular with advancing age as a result of the formation of projections or interifitations=", "contents": "Age changes in the human frontozygomatic suture from 20 to 95 years. The frontozygomatic suture of human cadaver material was examined by a combination of histologic, radiographic, and gross tecniques to determine the aging changes in the suture and the approximate age at which sutural fusion occurs. The sample consisted of sixty-One specimens of human beings ranging in age from 20 to 95 years.  Observations were made on specimens at age intervals of 5 years.  Since the frontozygomatic suture is bilateral, one suture from each specimens was used for radiographic and gross examination for synostosis, and the opposite side was subjected to histologic analysis.  The findings of this study have lead to the following conclusions:  1.  The human frontozygomatic suture undergoes synostosis during the eigth decade of life, but does not completely fuse by the age of 95 years.  2.  Synostosis is a progressive process which commences as small areas of bony union that occur initially within the internal portion of the suture and then progresses to the orbital perisosteal surface.  Bony union is not found at or near the facial periosteal surface.  3.  The bony surfaces of the frontozygomatic suture become increasingly irregular with advancing age as a result of the formation of projections or interifitations=", "PMID": 1062937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4140", "title": "An evaluation of extraoral combined high-pull traction and cervical traction to the maxilla.", "content": "The effects of extraoral combined high-pull traction and cervical traction of known duration (mean, 122 days) and magnitude (2.5 to 3 pounds total per side) were studied by means of serial lateral cephalometric head films of thirty patients. The lateral cephalometric head films used were taken at three different times: before the extraoral force was applied, after the prescribed period of continuous headgear wear, and as long as possible after the extraoral force was discontinued. Changes in the dentition and associated structures were described both for the period of continuous headgear wear and for an average of 3.2 years later. The following conclusions are based on statistical analysis of the observed changes: 1. The position of the maxilla and the palatal plane was not significantly affected by relatively short periods of extraoral combined high-pull traction and cervical traction to the maxillary first molars as used for this investigation. 2. The maxillary first molars can be moved distally and bodily with this appliance without extrusion. 3. On the average, the mandibular first molars uprighted distally in response to the extraoral force to the maxilla. 4. The maxillary and mandibular first molars demonstrated a strong tendency to recover to their original positions and inclinations relative to their respective bases during the posttreatment period. 5. The amount and direction of growth in the posttreatment period may be important in determining how the Class I relationship is maintained.", "contents": "An evaluation of extraoral combined high-pull traction and cervical traction to the maxilla. The effects of extraoral combined high-pull traction and cervical traction of known duration (mean, 122 days) and magnitude (2.5 to 3 pounds total per side) were studied by means of serial lateral cephalometric head films of thirty patients. The lateral cephalometric head films used were taken at three different times: before the extraoral force was applied, after the prescribed period of continuous headgear wear, and as long as possible after the extraoral force was discontinued. Changes in the dentition and associated structures were described both for the period of continuous headgear wear and for an average of 3.2 years later. The following conclusions are based on statistical analysis of the observed changes: 1. The position of the maxilla and the palatal plane was not significantly affected by relatively short periods of extraoral combined high-pull traction and cervical traction to the maxillary first molars as used for this investigation. 2. The maxillary first molars can be moved distally and bodily with this appliance without extrusion. 3. On the average, the mandibular first molars uprighted distally in response to the extraoral force to the maxilla. 4. The maxillary and mandibular first molars demonstrated a strong tendency to recover to their original positions and inclinations relative to their respective bases during the posttreatment period. 5. The amount and direction of growth in the posttreatment period may be important in determining how the Class I relationship is maintained.", "PMID": 1062938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4141", "title": "Case report. The nonspecific rheumatoid subcutaneous nodule: its presence in fibrositis and scleroderma.", "content": "\"Rheumatoid\" subcutaneous nodules that were at one time considered diagnostic of rheumatoid arthritis or rheumatic fever have also been found in individuals withoug known disease, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and in other conditions. In this report, subcutaneous nodules were described in one patient with fibrositis and in another scleroderma. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms are probably responsible for development of these nodules.", "contents": "Case report. The nonspecific rheumatoid subcutaneous nodule: its presence in fibrositis and scleroderma. \"Rheumatoid\" subcutaneous nodules that were at one time considered diagnostic of rheumatoid arthritis or rheumatic fever have also been found in individuals withoug known disease, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, and in other conditions. In this report, subcutaneous nodules were described in one patient with fibrositis and in another scleroderma. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms are probably responsible for development of these nodules.", "PMID": 1062934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4142", "title": "The cephalometric distinction of class II, division 2 malocclusion.", "content": "Forty-two cases of Class II, Division 2 malocclusions were selected on the basis of Strang's first six steps. There were nineteen male and twenty-three female patients in the study. The average age was 12.5 years. These cases were compared with the normal sample of the Alabama Analysis. The Class II, Division 2 sample was compared to a sample of fifty-seven Class II, Division 1 cases. Means, standard deviations, and analyses of covariance, adjusted for age and sex, were derived. Illustrations show, numerically and graphically, the similarities and differences between Class II, Division 2 malocclusions and normal occlusions. Fig. 4 shows the comparison between the Class II, Division 1 and the Class II, Division 2 typical profiles.", "contents": "The cephalometric distinction of class II, division 2 malocclusion. Forty-two cases of Class II, Division 2 malocclusions were selected on the basis of Strang's first six steps. There were nineteen male and twenty-three female patients in the study. The average age was 12.5 years. These cases were compared with the normal sample of the Alabama Analysis. The Class II, Division 2 sample was compared to a sample of fifty-seven Class II, Division 1 cases. Means, standard deviations, and analyses of covariance, adjusted for age and sex, were derived. Illustrations show, numerically and graphically, the similarities and differences between Class II, Division 2 malocclusions and normal occlusions. Fig. 4 shows the comparison between the Class II, Division 1 and the Class II, Division 2 typical profiles.", "PMID": 1062939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4143", "title": "Membrane excitation through voltage-induced aggregation of channel precursors.", "content": "Electrically excitable lipid bilayers show the same voltage-dependent kinetics as nerve and other excitable cells. In the bilayers the gating process involves the voltage-dependent insertion of channel-forming molecules into the hydrocarbon region and their subsequent aggregation by lateral diffusion into an open \"barrel stave channel.\" This process can account quantitatively for the classical Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics including inactivation as well as for certain kinetic features that lie outside the Hodgkin-Huxley domain. The multi- and single-channel kinetics suggest that both the insertion and the aggregation reate constants are voltage-dependent, and it is argued that a voltage-induced lateral phase separation between the lipids and the channel-forming molecules increases the local concentration of channel precursors and their aggregation rates. Because the observed aggregation rates are faster than those calculated from an upper limit of the diffusion constants and the known average concentration in the lipid phase, it is likely that the channel-formers preaggregate at the membrane surface. The structural characteristics of the channel-formers and the evidence supporting a similar excitation mechanism in nerve are discussed.", "contents": "Membrane excitation through voltage-induced aggregation of channel precursors. Electrically excitable lipid bilayers show the same voltage-dependent kinetics as nerve and other excitable cells. In the bilayers the gating process involves the voltage-dependent insertion of channel-forming molecules into the hydrocarbon region and their subsequent aggregation by lateral diffusion into an open \"barrel stave channel.\" This process can account quantitatively for the classical Hodgkin-Huxley kinetics including inactivation as well as for certain kinetic features that lie outside the Hodgkin-Huxley domain. The multi- and single-channel kinetics suggest that both the insertion and the aggregation reate constants are voltage-dependent, and it is argued that a voltage-induced lateral phase separation between the lipids and the channel-forming molecules increases the local concentration of channel precursors and their aggregation rates. Because the observed aggregation rates are faster than those calculated from an upper limit of the diffusion constants and the known average concentration in the lipid phase, it is likely that the channel-formers preaggregate at the membrane surface. The structural characteristics of the channel-formers and the evidence supporting a similar excitation mechanism in nerve are discussed.", "PMID": 1062954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4144", "title": "INtestinal sugar transport: studies with isolated plasma membranes.", "content": "The luminal and the contraluminal plasma membranes of small intestinal epithelial cells were isolated separately and in the form of membrane vesciles. In the luminal membrane distinct transport systems exist for D-fructose and for D-glucose and glucalogs as evidenced by stereospecificity for the substrate, counter- and cotransport phenomena, and inhibitor specificity. D-Glucose is taken up against a concentration gradient when energy is supplied in the form of an electrochemical Na+ gradient between medium and intravesicular membrane space. The contraluminal membrane also possesses a glucose transport system. However, it is sensitive to different inhibitors than the glucose transport in the luminal membrane. D-Glucose uptake by the contraluminal membrane is not enhanced by Na+ gradients and can be characterized as \"facilitated diffusion.\" The studies with the isolated plasma membranes allow a description of transcellular D-glucose transport in terms of the translocation events across single membranes.", "contents": "INtestinal sugar transport: studies with isolated plasma membranes. The luminal and the contraluminal plasma membranes of small intestinal epithelial cells were isolated separately and in the form of membrane vesciles. In the luminal membrane distinct transport systems exist for D-fructose and for D-glucose and glucalogs as evidenced by stereospecificity for the substrate, counter- and cotransport phenomena, and inhibitor specificity. D-Glucose is taken up against a concentration gradient when energy is supplied in the form of an electrochemical Na+ gradient between medium and intravesicular membrane space. The contraluminal membrane also possesses a glucose transport system. However, it is sensitive to different inhibitors than the glucose transport in the luminal membrane. D-Glucose uptake by the contraluminal membrane is not enhanced by Na+ gradients and can be characterized as \"facilitated diffusion.\" The studies with the isolated plasma membranes allow a description of transcellular D-glucose transport in terms of the translocation events across single membranes.", "PMID": 1062962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4145", "title": "Driving forces of amino acid transport in animal cells.", "content": "Our observations on the response of TPP+ uptake into K+-depleted cells on the extracellular K+ concentration and on the addition of ouabain and amino acid appear to provide suggestive evidence of, or are at least consistent with, the operation of a powerful, K+-activated electrogenic pump. They are also consistent with the assumption that in these K+-depleted cells the active uptake of amino acid energized by the electric PD presumably generated by this electrogenic pump. It follows that an energy source other than the electrochemical potential gradient of Na+ ions need not be invoked to explain active amino acid transport with inverted Na+ and K+ distribution. In the presence of an electrogenic cation pump one should expect that owing to the activity of this pump the electrical PD is raised under these conditions to a value outweighing the opposed chemical potential gradient of Na+. The experimental evidence so far available is clearly consistent with such an assumption.", "contents": "Driving forces of amino acid transport in animal cells. Our observations on the response of TPP+ uptake into K+-depleted cells on the extracellular K+ concentration and on the addition of ouabain and amino acid appear to provide suggestive evidence of, or are at least consistent with, the operation of a powerful, K+-activated electrogenic pump. They are also consistent with the assumption that in these K+-depleted cells the active uptake of amino acid energized by the electric PD presumably generated by this electrogenic pump. It follows that an energy source other than the electrochemical potential gradient of Na+ ions need not be invoked to explain active amino acid transport with inverted Na+ and K+ distribution. In the presence of an electrogenic cation pump one should expect that owing to the activity of this pump the electrical PD is raised under these conditions to a value outweighing the opposed chemical potential gradient of Na+. The experimental evidence so far available is clearly consistent with such an assumption.", "PMID": 1062963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4146", "title": "Isolation, properties, and structural features of divalent cation ionophores derived from beef heart mitochondria.", "content": "The notion of small molecular weight ion carriers in biological systems is herein documented by a description of the isolation and ionophoretic properties of a family of oxyoctadecadienoate congeners derived from beef-heart mitochondria. Although certain members of this family of compounds have been shown to possess unique ionophoretic properties, one should not lose sight of the fact that the compounds that we have described represented only a portion of the total picture. Other chemically unrelated, yet structurally unknown species have been isolated from beef-heart mitochondria, and compounds similar in both chromatographic and spectroscopic properties to the oxyoctadecadienoate family, as well as other unique structures, have been isolated in our laboratory from sarcoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts. The important points to be derived from these findings are that there is an apparent abundance of natural ionophores and we should no longer concern should address ourselves to the more relevant task of digging them out and ourselves with the question \"are there ionophores in biological systems?\" but describing their chemical and physical properties. In view of the apparent abundance of natural ionophores, this is an enormous task, especially when one considers that it only represents half of the problem. The isolation and description of the ionophoroprotein or channel-forming complexes share equally in the overall significance and level of understanding attributable to this area of inquiry and it would appear that many fruitful collaborative ventures are, or should be, on the horizon.", "contents": "Isolation, properties, and structural features of divalent cation ionophores derived from beef heart mitochondria. The notion of small molecular weight ion carriers in biological systems is herein documented by a description of the isolation and ionophoretic properties of a family of oxyoctadecadienoate congeners derived from beef-heart mitochondria. Although certain members of this family of compounds have been shown to possess unique ionophoretic properties, one should not lose sight of the fact that the compounds that we have described represented only a portion of the total picture. Other chemically unrelated, yet structurally unknown species have been isolated from beef-heart mitochondria, and compounds similar in both chromatographic and spectroscopic properties to the oxyoctadecadienoate family, as well as other unique structures, have been isolated in our laboratory from sarcoplasmic reticulum and chloroplasts. The important points to be derived from these findings are that there is an apparent abundance of natural ionophores and we should no longer concern should address ourselves to the more relevant task of digging them out and ourselves with the question \"are there ionophores in biological systems?\" but describing their chemical and physical properties. In view of the apparent abundance of natural ionophores, this is an enormous task, especially when one considers that it only represents half of the problem. The isolation and description of the ionophoroprotein or channel-forming complexes share equally in the overall significance and level of understanding attributable to this area of inquiry and it would appear that many fruitful collaborative ventures are, or should be, on the horizon.", "PMID": 1062966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4147", "title": "Aleukemic leukemia cutis.", "content": "Specific leukemic cutaneous infiltrates preceded observable leukemic cells in the blood in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Examination of a cutaneous biopsy specimen led to early diagnosis of the disease.", "contents": "Aleukemic leukemia cutis. Specific leukemic cutaneous infiltrates preceded observable leukemic cells in the blood in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Examination of a cutaneous biopsy specimen led to early diagnosis of the disease.", "PMID": 1062968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4148", "title": "Myelomonocytic leukaemia following cyclophosphamide therapy of rheumatoid disease.", "content": "A 69-year-old woman treated for 31 months with daily oral cyclophosphamide for refractory rheumatoid disease developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia 21/2 years after stopping the drug. The possibility of a casual association between the therapy and subsequent leukaemia is supported by the growing experience with cytotoxic agents.", "contents": "Myelomonocytic leukaemia following cyclophosphamide therapy of rheumatoid disease. A 69-year-old woman treated for 31 months with daily oral cyclophosphamide for refractory rheumatoid disease developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia 21/2 years after stopping the drug. The possibility of a casual association between the therapy and subsequent leukaemia is supported by the growing experience with cytotoxic agents.", "PMID": 1062969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4149", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia. Review of 536 cases.", "content": "The Western Cancer Study Group (WCSG) retrospectively reviewed chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) diagnosed during 1960 to 1974 from 22 institutions. In 100 cases, patients had positive findings for the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph'+). In 426 cases karyotyping was not done (Ph'?). Ten patients had no Ph' chromosome (Ph'-). The ten Ph'- patients ranged in age from 8 to 85 years and in survival from 1 to more than 125 months. Their small number and heterogeneity precluded statistical analysis, but this notable heterogeneity of the Ph'- group may well be typical. Busulfan prolonged survival in the Ph'+ and Ph'? patients. Females and younger patients tolerated their disease better than males and older patients. Survival studies without reference to the Ph' status, treatment, age at diagnosis, and sex are probably not valid.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia. Review of 536 cases. The Western Cancer Study Group (WCSG) retrospectively reviewed chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) diagnosed during 1960 to 1974 from 22 institutions. In 100 cases, patients had positive findings for the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph'+). In 426 cases karyotyping was not done (Ph'?). Ten patients had no Ph' chromosome (Ph'-). The ten Ph'- patients ranged in age from 8 to 85 years and in survival from 1 to more than 125 months. Their small number and heterogeneity precluded statistical analysis, but this notable heterogeneity of the Ph'- group may well be typical. Busulfan prolonged survival in the Ph'+ and Ph'? patients. Females and younger patients tolerated their disease better than males and older patients. Survival studies without reference to the Ph' status, treatment, age at diagnosis, and sex are probably not valid.", "PMID": 1062970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4150", "title": "An adhesive paint-on restorative for tooth surface defects.", "content": "The physical properties of an adhesive paint-on restorative material have been examined and it is shown that the adhesion to enamel is good, its compressive strength about equal to silicate, hardness is less than for composite resins, and stain resistance is good.", "contents": "An adhesive paint-on restorative for tooth surface defects. The physical properties of an adhesive paint-on restorative material have been examined and it is shown that the adhesion to enamel is good, its compressive strength about equal to silicate, hardness is less than for composite resins, and stain resistance is good.", "PMID": 1062971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4151", "title": "Oral surgery in general dental practice. Assessment of lower third molars.", "content": "Methods of pre-operative assessment of impacted lower third molar teeth are discussed and the main diagnostic features are stressed in order to ensure that the pracitioner fully comprehends the nature and difficulty of the procedure.", "contents": "Oral surgery in general dental practice. Assessment of lower third molars. Methods of pre-operative assessment of impacted lower third molar teeth are discussed and the main diagnostic features are stressed in order to ensure that the pracitioner fully comprehends the nature and difficulty of the procedure.", "PMID": 1062972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4152", "title": "Odontogenic cystic lesions of the jaws.", "content": "In a period of ten years 64 patients with odontogenic cystic lesions were found in 80,408 patients attending the Dental Out-Patient Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, New Delhi. Two-thirds of the lesions were found in male patients and no neoplastic lesion was recorded in the maxilla. There were more periodontal cysts in the maxillary than in the mandibular incisor region. The majority of lesions were found in age groups 10-40 years.", "contents": "Odontogenic cystic lesions of the jaws. In a period of ten years 64 patients with odontogenic cystic lesions were found in 80,408 patients attending the Dental Out-Patient Department, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Hospital, New Delhi. Two-thirds of the lesions were found in male patients and no neoplastic lesion was recorded in the maxilla. There were more periodontal cysts in the maxillary than in the mandibular incisor region. The majority of lesions were found in age groups 10-40 years.", "PMID": 1062973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4153", "title": "Teeth and infective endocarditis.", "content": "Despite a lack of certain knowledge regarding the role of the teeth in the aetiology of endocarditis, antibiotic prophylaxis should be given before gingival blood vessels are opened in cases of rheumatic heart disease. Much higher doses are required in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Full clearance of the teeth should be considered when a patient has already had an attack of endocarditis or where a prosthetic heart valve has been placed. Strict oral health is required in patients at risk.", "contents": "Teeth and infective endocarditis. Despite a lack of certain knowledge regarding the role of the teeth in the aetiology of endocarditis, antibiotic prophylaxis should be given before gingival blood vessels are opened in cases of rheumatic heart disease. Much higher doses are required in patients with prosthetic heart valves. Full clearance of the teeth should be considered when a patient has already had an attack of endocarditis or where a prosthetic heart valve has been placed. Strict oral health is required in patients at risk.", "PMID": 1062974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4154", "title": "Metallographic changes and phase identification in a nickel base alloy upon fusion and casting.", "content": "Three groups of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture castin alloy and employing induction fusion in each case. The first group was produced from new metal, the second from metal which had been recast four times, and the third from new overheated metal. Samples of alloy were cut from each group and, together with a piece from an original ingot, were mounted, polished, etched, and examined under a metallurgical microscope in order to determine the nature and extent of the metallographic changes resulting from fusion and casting of the alloy.", "contents": "Metallographic changes and phase identification in a nickel base alloy upon fusion and casting. Three groups of tensile test pieces were produced using a nickel base partial denture castin alloy and employing induction fusion in each case. The first group was produced from new metal, the second from metal which had been recast four times, and the third from new overheated metal. Samples of alloy were cut from each group and, together with a piece from an original ingot, were mounted, polished, etched, and examined under a metallurgical microscope in order to determine the nature and extent of the metallographic changes resulting from fusion and casting of the alloy.", "PMID": 1062975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4155", "title": "The oral health of a group of dental students.", "content": "The oral health of sixty-two dental students was examined over an interval of two or three years. The results were recorded and certain conclusions reached.", "contents": "The oral health of a group of dental students. The oral health of sixty-two dental students was examined over an interval of two or three years. The results were recorded and certain conclusions reached.", "PMID": 1062976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4156", "title": "Darwin dental survey--1972.", "content": "An examination limited to the recording of dental caries, periodontal disease and oral hygiene of 1592 children aged 3-14 years resident in Darwin, Northern Territory of Australia was made in August, 1972. Ther survey provides base-line data for future assessment of the value of fluoridation. Forty-two per cent of the children had received regular fluoride supplements and dental caries prevalence was lower than expected for a non-fluoridated Australian community.", "contents": "Darwin dental survey--1972. An examination limited to the recording of dental caries, periodontal disease and oral hygiene of 1592 children aged 3-14 years resident in Darwin, Northern Territory of Australia was made in August, 1972. Ther survey provides base-line data for future assessment of the value of fluoridation. Forty-two per cent of the children had received regular fluoride supplements and dental caries prevalence was lower than expected for a non-fluoridated Australian community.", "PMID": 1062977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4157", "title": "A clinical trial of the efficacy of a cetylpyridinium chloride-based mouthwash 1. Effect on plaque accumulation and gingival condition.", "content": "A commercially avaiblable mouthwash, containing 0.05 per cent w/v cetylpyridinium chloride, reduced dental plaque accumulation by 30 per cent in a clinical trial when used briefly, three times a day, after meals.", "contents": "A clinical trial of the efficacy of a cetylpyridinium chloride-based mouthwash 1. Effect on plaque accumulation and gingival condition. A commercially avaiblable mouthwash, containing 0.05 per cent w/v cetylpyridinium chloride, reduced dental plaque accumulation by 30 per cent in a clinical trial when used briefly, three times a day, after meals.", "PMID": 1062978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4158", "title": "Abandoning the mentally ill.", "content": "Mentally ill people have been avoided and abandoned by their families and public authorities for hundreds of years. Present day abandonment includes the deployment of professionals from patients to paper; the destruction of availability and effectiveness of institutional facilities; the obfuscation of mental illness by captious, sematic criticism; the aspirations of paramedical and paraprofessional groups; and the subordination of the primary purpose of institutions and physicians to other objectives. The nature of authority is discussed and the need for the treatment of mentally ill people to be based on the art and science of medicine, rather than the pretension and advocacy of the gullible, unqualified or unscrupulous, is noted.", "contents": "Abandoning the mentally ill. Mentally ill people have been avoided and abandoned by their families and public authorities for hundreds of years. Present day abandonment includes the deployment of professionals from patients to paper; the destruction of availability and effectiveness of institutional facilities; the obfuscation of mental illness by captious, sematic criticism; the aspirations of paramedical and paraprofessional groups; and the subordination of the primary purpose of institutions and physicians to other objectives. The nature of authority is discussed and the need for the treatment of mentally ill people to be based on the art and science of medicine, rather than the pretension and advocacy of the gullible, unqualified or unscrupulous, is noted.", "PMID": 1062982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4159", "title": "Coping behaviour: correlates of survival on a raft.", "content": "The seven survivors of a shipwreck, involving ten men, were interviewed within a few days of rescue. They had been floating in a rubber raft for 9 days and had thereafter been on an isolated rocky beach for four days. Three of the men walked through dense bush to obtain help. Rescue came on the thirteenth day. The purpose of the authors' examination was to identify those behaviours which the survivors reported as helping them to cope during their ordeal. The most prominent of these were attachment ideation, drive to survive, modelling, prayer and hope. Attachment behaviour is described in some detail as a most potent, but inadequately recognised coping behaviour.", "contents": "Coping behaviour: correlates of survival on a raft. The seven survivors of a shipwreck, involving ten men, were interviewed within a few days of rescue. They had been floating in a rubber raft for 9 days and had thereafter been on an isolated rocky beach for four days. Three of the men walked through dense bush to obtain help. Rescue came on the thirteenth day. The purpose of the authors' examination was to identify those behaviours which the survivors reported as helping them to cope during their ordeal. The most prominent of these were attachment ideation, drive to survive, modelling, prayer and hope. Attachment behaviour is described in some detail as a most potent, but inadequately recognised coping behaviour.", "PMID": 1062983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4160", "title": "Changing patterns of psychiatric hospitalization in past fifty years: a cohort study.", "content": "Nine cohorts of patients admitted between 1919 and 1962 have been followed up until 1971. Comparison has been made in terms of sex and age specific incidences of selected psychiatric disorders throughout the whole period. The results of treatment have been evaluated in terms of discharge and death rates, length of stay, re-admission rates to psychiatric institutions and total period under hospitalization. These data have been compared with those available since the introduction of the statistical system in Victoria in 1961.", "contents": "Changing patterns of psychiatric hospitalization in past fifty years: a cohort study. Nine cohorts of patients admitted between 1919 and 1962 have been followed up until 1971. Comparison has been made in terms of sex and age specific incidences of selected psychiatric disorders throughout the whole period. The results of treatment have been evaluated in terms of discharge and death rates, length of stay, re-admission rates to psychiatric institutions and total period under hospitalization. These data have been compared with those available since the introduction of the statistical system in Victoria in 1961.", "PMID": 1062985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4161", "title": "Suicidal attempts in an outer region of metropolitan Melbourne and in a provincial region of Victoria.", "content": "A two year study of attempted suicide was undertaken in two Victorian regions. Incidence rates of 16.7 and 22.1 per 10,000 population were found in the metropolitan and provincial regions respectively. A number of factors were considered and found relevant to the difference in incidence. In addition, other parameters including multiple attempts, seasonal distribution, method used, association with alcohol and referral to psychiatric care were considered. Our findings are compared with those of earlier studies reported in Australia.", "contents": "Suicidal attempts in an outer region of metropolitan Melbourne and in a provincial region of Victoria. A two year study of attempted suicide was undertaken in two Victorian regions. Incidence rates of 16.7 and 22.1 per 10,000 population were found in the metropolitan and provincial regions respectively. A number of factors were considered and found relevant to the difference in incidence. In addition, other parameters including multiple attempts, seasonal distribution, method used, association with alcohol and referral to psychiatric care were considered. Our findings are compared with those of earlier studies reported in Australia.", "PMID": 1062987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4162", "title": "Foreign language interpreting in psychiatric practice.", "content": "This article examines the problems of foreign language interpreting in psychiatric practice. It is demonstrated how an interpreter's apparent competence may readily be mistaken for true competence and that it is well worthwhile formally assessing an interpreter's command of his second language. In interpreting from patient to psychiatrist, the omission of important material was found to be a noteworthy feature. Here the meaninglessness of material not only favoured its omission but also often indicated important psychopathology. It was found that the more psychotic the patient the more likely it was that mistakes in interpreting from patient to doctor would occur.", "contents": "Foreign language interpreting in psychiatric practice. This article examines the problems of foreign language interpreting in psychiatric practice. It is demonstrated how an interpreter's apparent competence may readily be mistaken for true competence and that it is well worthwhile formally assessing an interpreter's command of his second language. In interpreting from patient to psychiatrist, the omission of important material was found to be a noteworthy feature. Here the meaninglessness of material not only favoured its omission but also often indicated important psychopathology. It was found that the more psychotic the patient the more likely it was that mistakes in interpreting from patient to doctor would occur.", "PMID": 1062988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4163", "title": "Attempted suicide in the Perth Statistical Division 1971-1972.", "content": "A study of attempted suicides in the Perth Statistical Division for 1971-72 has been presented. The average annual rate was 8.5 per 10,000 for males and 20.3 for females. There had been a doubling in rate since 1961, the increase being greater for females than males. Age standardised rates were greater than the Australian born for immigrant males but not for females. There were marked differences in rates between different individual immigrant groups of each sex. Data presented showed a higher rate in aborigines compared with non-aborigines, but many reservations were made regarding the validity of the aboriginal rates.", "contents": "Attempted suicide in the Perth Statistical Division 1971-1972. A study of attempted suicides in the Perth Statistical Division for 1971-72 has been presented. The average annual rate was 8.5 per 10,000 for males and 20.3 for females. There had been a doubling in rate since 1961, the increase being greater for females than males. Age standardised rates were greater than the Australian born for immigrant males but not for females. There were marked differences in rates between different individual immigrant groups of each sex. Data presented showed a higher rate in aborigines compared with non-aborigines, but many reservations were made regarding the validity of the aboriginal rates.", "PMID": 1062989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4164", "title": "Juvenile delinquent drug abuse in females: a clinical study.", "content": "Thirty drug taking and thirty non-drug taking delinquent adolescent girls were assessed using a psychiatric interview technique. Differences were observed between the groups on an aggressive-passive-withdrawn dimension. Drug takers were found to be passive and withdrawn whilst control group subjects were found to be more aggressive. These factors were identified within the modal personality of the delinquent girl. The results supported M.M.P.I. studies of the drug taking personality and were seen as an indication of aetiology and its implications for assessment and treatment.", "contents": "Juvenile delinquent drug abuse in females: a clinical study. Thirty drug taking and thirty non-drug taking delinquent adolescent girls were assessed using a psychiatric interview technique. Differences were observed between the groups on an aggressive-passive-withdrawn dimension. Drug takers were found to be passive and withdrawn whilst control group subjects were found to be more aggressive. These factors were identified within the modal personality of the delinquent girl. The results supported M.M.P.I. studies of the drug taking personality and were seen as an indication of aetiology and its implications for assessment and treatment.", "PMID": 1062990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4165", "title": "Acute arthritis caused by Aeromonas hydrophola: clinical and therapeutic aspects.", "content": "Two cases of Aeromonas hydrophila arthritis are reported and a third case present in the literature is reviewed. All three cases occurred in patients with myelogenous leukemia; the knee joint was involved in 2 patients and the metacarpal-phalangeal joint in the third. In the 2 patients presented here, synovial fluid antibiotic levels were measured and were adequate; but A hydrophila was repeatedly cultured from the knee joints, a fact suggesting that other factors, such as normal functioning leukocytes and specific opsonizing antibody against the organism, are also necessary to kill A hydrophila.", "contents": "Acute arthritis caused by Aeromonas hydrophola: clinical and therapeutic aspects. Two cases of Aeromonas hydrophila arthritis are reported and a third case present in the literature is reviewed. All three cases occurred in patients with myelogenous leukemia; the knee joint was involved in 2 patients and the metacarpal-phalangeal joint in the third. In the 2 patients presented here, synovial fluid antibiotic levels were measured and were adequate; but A hydrophila was repeatedly cultured from the knee joints, a fact suggesting that other factors, such as normal functioning leukocytes and specific opsonizing antibody against the organism, are also necessary to kill A hydrophila.", "PMID": 1062992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4166", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity as a result of immunotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "Leucocytes from normal individuals and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in remission receiving active immunotherapy with allogeneic AML blasts (AML-I) were cultured for 6 days with AML-I blasts, Burkitt's lymphoma cells (BL) or lymphoblastoid cells (LCL). The leucocytes were then tested for cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against 51Cr-labelled AML-I, BL or LCL target cells. There was no substantial difference in the CMC of leucocytes from patients and normals cultured without stimulation, and tested against AML-I, BL or LCL targets. Patient's leucocytes stimulated in vitro with AML-I had a greater frequency of positive CMC responses against AML-I, BL and LCL than normal individuals. The results suggest that co-cultivation of leucocytes with AML-I blasts reactivates memory cytotoxic leucocytes in AML patients receiving immunotherapy and that this test may be useful in measuring the effectiveness of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity as a result of immunotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia. Leucocytes from normal individuals and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in remission receiving active immunotherapy with allogeneic AML blasts (AML-I) were cultured for 6 days with AML-I blasts, Burkitt's lymphoma cells (BL) or lymphoblastoid cells (LCL). The leucocytes were then tested for cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) against 51Cr-labelled AML-I, BL or LCL target cells. There was no substantial difference in the CMC of leucocytes from patients and normals cultured without stimulation, and tested against AML-I, BL or LCL targets. Patient's leucocytes stimulated in vitro with AML-I had a greater frequency of positive CMC responses against AML-I, BL and LCL than normal individuals. The results suggest that co-cultivation of leucocytes with AML-I blasts reactivates memory cytotoxic leucocytes in AML patients receiving immunotherapy and that this test may be useful in measuring the effectiveness of immunotherapy.", "PMID": 1063029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4167", "title": "Manipulation of the mitotic cycle in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukaemia.", "content": "A priming dose of cytosine arabinoside (Ara C) was given to 16 children and five adults with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) to synchronize leukaemia cells in the DNA synthesis (S) phase of the mitotic cycle. An infusion of this drug, which was continued for 12 h, was started at the time of partial synchronization and was repeated every 6-12 h until the bone marrow was very hypocellular. Complete remission was achieved in 12 of 16 children and in all adults. Two of the four children went into complete remission with the addition of two doses of daunorubicin or adriamycin. These results suggest that partial synchronization of cells in the S phase results in a therapeutic advanatage in the use of Ara C for induction of a remission of AML and that manipulation of the mitotic cycle, as monitored by kinetic studies, may be helpful in planning optimal schedules for drug administration.", "contents": "Manipulation of the mitotic cycle in the treatment of acute myelogenous leukaemia. A priming dose of cytosine arabinoside (Ara C) was given to 16 children and five adults with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) to synchronize leukaemia cells in the DNA synthesis (S) phase of the mitotic cycle. An infusion of this drug, which was continued for 12 h, was started at the time of partial synchronization and was repeated every 6-12 h until the bone marrow was very hypocellular. Complete remission was achieved in 12 of 16 children and in all adults. Two of the four children went into complete remission with the addition of two doses of daunorubicin or adriamycin. These results suggest that partial synchronization of cells in the S phase results in a therapeutic advanatage in the use of Ara C for induction of a remission of AML and that manipulation of the mitotic cycle, as monitored by kinetic studies, may be helpful in planning optimal schedules for drug administration.", "PMID": 1063031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4168", "title": "The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour-- report of four cases; two with long-term follow-up.", "content": "Four cases of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour are reported, all with pain as a presenting symptom. Two of the cases have long-term follow-up, one with a recurrence after 16 years and the other with no recurrence after 24 years. Only 17 per cent of cases reported in the literature have follow-up of 10 years or more, and yet the possibility of recurrence after this length of time must be considered. Recommendations for treatment are made based on the biological behaviour and recurrence rate following various types of treatment reported in the literature. It is recommended that patients in whom the diagnosis of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour has been made should be reviewed continuously.", "contents": "The calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour-- report of four cases; two with long-term follow-up. Four cases of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour are reported, all with pain as a presenting symptom. Two of the cases have long-term follow-up, one with a recurrence after 16 years and the other with no recurrence after 24 years. Only 17 per cent of cases reported in the literature have follow-up of 10 years or more, and yet the possibility of recurrence after this length of time must be considered. Recommendations for treatment are made based on the biological behaviour and recurrence rate following various types of treatment reported in the literature. It is recommended that patients in whom the diagnosis of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumour has been made should be reviewed continuously.", "PMID": 1063034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4169", "title": "Reddening of the upper central incisors associated with periapical granuloma in lepromatous leprosy.", "content": "Four years after starting treatment for lepromatous leprosy in England a male Pakistani aged 26 was found to have red discoloration of the upper central incisor teeth. A radiograph suggested periapical abscess on the right with haziness in a corresponding area on the left. Right apicectomy was performed with removal of a solid mass attached to the apex, sections revealing a lepromatous infiltrate with acid-fast fragments of Mycobacterium leprae in the cytoplasm of foamy macrophages. Clinical and archaeological evidence for the frequent involvement of these teeth in lepromatous leprosy is reviewed. The upper incisor area is relatively cool, a factor which may be of critical importance for the lodgement and multiplication of this bacillus, as it is in other body sites in lepromatous leprosy.", "contents": "Reddening of the upper central incisors associated with periapical granuloma in lepromatous leprosy. Four years after starting treatment for lepromatous leprosy in England a male Pakistani aged 26 was found to have red discoloration of the upper central incisor teeth. A radiograph suggested periapical abscess on the right with haziness in a corresponding area on the left. Right apicectomy was performed with removal of a solid mass attached to the apex, sections revealing a lepromatous infiltrate with acid-fast fragments of Mycobacterium leprae in the cytoplasm of foamy macrophages. Clinical and archaeological evidence for the frequent involvement of these teeth in lepromatous leprosy is reviewed. The upper incisor area is relatively cool, a factor which may be of critical importance for the lodgement and multiplication of this bacillus, as it is in other body sites in lepromatous leprosy.", "PMID": 1063039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4170", "title": "Adverse reactions to carbamazepine (tegretol).", "content": "A review of the literature on adverse reactions to carbamazepine used in treatment of paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia is presented and a survey of 120 cases is reported. The case reports were selected to emphasise some of the adverse reactions to carbamazepine. The blood picture was monitored every month while patients were on carbamazepine therapy. As with any medication, side-effects and complications may occur. When a patient shows a minor intolerance to the drug, the dose should be reduced to the one that controls the symptoms incompletely but produces no adverse effects. As the patient acquires greater tolerance the dosage may be gradually increased. Periodic monitoring of the blood picture and of liver and kidney function is important.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to carbamazepine (tegretol). A review of the literature on adverse reactions to carbamazepine used in treatment of paroxysmal trigeminal neuralgia is presented and a survey of 120 cases is reported. The case reports were selected to emphasise some of the adverse reactions to carbamazepine. The blood picture was monitored every month while patients were on carbamazepine therapy. As with any medication, side-effects and complications may occur. When a patient shows a minor intolerance to the drug, the dose should be reduced to the one that controls the symptoms incompletely but produces no adverse effects. As the patient acquires greater tolerance the dosage may be gradually increased. Periodic monitoring of the blood picture and of liver and kidney function is important.", "PMID": 1063041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4171", "title": "Effects of nitrosoureas on human DNA polymerase activities from acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia cells.", "content": "In vitro DNA synthesis by isolated cytoplasmic DNA polymerases of human leukemic cells was found to be inhibited by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methyl-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea. 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate and cyclohexyl isocyanate, the decomposition products of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, respectively, are as effective as their parent nitrosoureas in inhibiting the enzyme activity. Preincubation studies indicated that these compounds inhibit DNA synthesis primarily by altering the enzyme DNA polymerases without significantly affecting the DNA template activities.", "contents": "Effects of nitrosoureas on human DNA polymerase activities from acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia cells. In vitro DNA synthesis by isolated cytoplasmic DNA polymerases of human leukemic cells was found to be inhibited by 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(trans-4-methyl-cyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea. 2-Chloroethyl isocyanate and cyclohexyl isocyanate, the decomposition products of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, respectively, are as effective as their parent nitrosoureas in inhibiting the enzyme activity. Preincubation studies indicated that these compounds inhibit DNA synthesis primarily by altering the enzyme DNA polymerases without significantly affecting the DNA template activities.", "PMID": 1063042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4172", "title": "Preliminary results of an immunotherapy trial on terminal leukaemic lymphosarcoma.", "content": "42 patients suffering from terminal leukaemic lymphosarcoma were treated as acute lymphoid leukaemia patients. 26 entered apparently complete remission (CR). They were submitted to complementary cell reducing treatment comprising systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy and radiotherapy on the CNS and on the lymphosarcomatous masses that had been detected at the beginning of leukaemic conversion. Eight relapsed during this treatment and 18 were still in CR at the end of it: nine were submitted to active immunotherapy (BCG + C. granulosum + irradiated allogeneic leukaemic lymphosarcoma cells): five out of the nine have remained free of disease for between 13 to 66 months. Nine served as controls: all except two, who are still at the beginning of the trial, have already died from leukaemic manifestations.", "contents": "Preliminary results of an immunotherapy trial on terminal leukaemic lymphosarcoma. 42 patients suffering from terminal leukaemic lymphosarcoma were treated as acute lymphoid leukaemia patients. 26 entered apparently complete remission (CR). They were submitted to complementary cell reducing treatment comprising systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy and radiotherapy on the CNS and on the lymphosarcomatous masses that had been detected at the beginning of leukaemic conversion. Eight relapsed during this treatment and 18 were still in CR at the end of it: nine were submitted to active immunotherapy (BCG + C. granulosum + irradiated allogeneic leukaemic lymphosarcoma cells): five out of the nine have remained free of disease for between 13 to 66 months. Nine served as controls: all except two, who are still at the beginning of the trial, have already died from leukaemic manifestations.", "PMID": 1063043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4173", "title": "Hypodiploidy and cellular survival.", "content": "Cytogenetic study of bone marrow cells in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia showed a 27 chromosomes cell-line. Only four pairs appeared to be normal (X, 10, 18, 21). All the others were haploid. This strong hypodiploidy seems to be compatible with the survival and proliferation of these abnormal cells.", "contents": "Hypodiploidy and cellular survival. Cytogenetic study of bone marrow cells in a child with acute lymphocytic leukemia showed a 27 chromosomes cell-line. Only four pairs appeared to be normal (X, 10, 18, 21). All the others were haploid. This strong hypodiploidy seems to be compatible with the survival and proliferation of these abnormal cells.", "PMID": 1063044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4174", "title": "The influence of diagnostic and remission leukemic sera on normal lymphocyte transformation.", "content": "The influence of acute lymphoblastic leukemic serum on normal lymphocyte transformation was studied using four different blastogenic stimulants, pokeweed mitogen (PWM), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin-A (Con-A), and mytomycin-treated allogeneic lymphocytes. Marked inhibition of lymphocyte transformation was observed in all leukemic sera tested (15/15) when PHA was used to induce transformation. Inhibition of lymphocyte transformation induced by Con-A, PWM and allogeneic cells was observed in 6 of 15, 4 of 15 and 5 of 15 sera respectively. A series of studies with PHA-induced transformation demonstrated that the observed inhibitory activity of sera collected at the time of diagnosis was not present in sera collected during complete remission states. However, serial studies in four patients from the time of diagnosis throughout complete remission to relapse of acute leukemia were inconclusive with regard to the significance of inhibitors as prognostic indicators. Preliminary evidence is presented which indicates that the observed inhibition is not completely accounted for by alpha-globulin concentrations.", "contents": "The influence of diagnostic and remission leukemic sera on normal lymphocyte transformation. The influence of acute lymphoblastic leukemic serum on normal lymphocyte transformation was studied using four different blastogenic stimulants, pokeweed mitogen (PWM), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin-A (Con-A), and mytomycin-treated allogeneic lymphocytes. Marked inhibition of lymphocyte transformation was observed in all leukemic sera tested (15/15) when PHA was used to induce transformation. Inhibition of lymphocyte transformation induced by Con-A, PWM and allogeneic cells was observed in 6 of 15, 4 of 15 and 5 of 15 sera respectively. A series of studies with PHA-induced transformation demonstrated that the observed inhibitory activity of sera collected at the time of diagnosis was not present in sera collected during complete remission states. However, serial studies in four patients from the time of diagnosis throughout complete remission to relapse of acute leukemia were inconclusive with regard to the significance of inhibitors as prognostic indicators. Preliminary evidence is presented which indicates that the observed inhibition is not completely accounted for by alpha-globulin concentrations.", "PMID": 1063045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4175", "title": "Premature chromosome condensation in human leukemia.", "content": "Premature chromosome condensation (PCC) has previously been observed in tissue culture and is believed to arise from asynchronous mitotic activity in multinucleated cells in which the affected nucleus is in interphase and at least one nucleus is in metaphase. Such cells have been noted following fusion induced by virus infection, spontaneously, and after treatment with cytochalasin B. The phenomenon has also been observed in malignant pleural effusions, but has not previously been described as a feature of hematologic disease. In this study, we report the observations of PCC in seven patients. Six of these patients had either acute myeloblastic leukemia or acute myelomonoblastic leukemia in association with the features of erythroleukemia, i.e., leukoerythroblastic reaction in the blood, and erythroid multinuclearity, \"megaloblastoid\" changes, and PAS-positive staining of erythroid precursor cells in the bone marrow. In all patients, erythroid multinuclearity has been noted. However, not all patients with erythroleukemia exhibit PCC. In this series, three additional patients have had similar bone marrow morphologic changes without PCC. The finding of PCC in erythroleukemia may have important implications as to etiology of this disorder.", "contents": "Premature chromosome condensation in human leukemia. Premature chromosome condensation (PCC) has previously been observed in tissue culture and is believed to arise from asynchronous mitotic activity in multinucleated cells in which the affected nucleus is in interphase and at least one nucleus is in metaphase. Such cells have been noted following fusion induced by virus infection, spontaneously, and after treatment with cytochalasin B. The phenomenon has also been observed in malignant pleural effusions, but has not previously been described as a feature of hematologic disease. In this study, we report the observations of PCC in seven patients. Six of these patients had either acute myeloblastic leukemia or acute myelomonoblastic leukemia in association with the features of erythroleukemia, i.e., leukoerythroblastic reaction in the blood, and erythroid multinuclearity, \"megaloblastoid\" changes, and PAS-positive staining of erythroid precursor cells in the bone marrow. In all patients, erythroid multinuclearity has been noted. However, not all patients with erythroleukemia exhibit PCC. In this series, three additional patients have had similar bone marrow morphologic changes without PCC. The finding of PCC in erythroleukemia may have important implications as to etiology of this disorder.", "PMID": 1063046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4176", "title": "Trisomy 8 in the bone marrow associated with high red cell glutathione reductase activity.", "content": "In a series of 841 patients with hematologic disorders, 10 individuals were found to have an extra C group chromosome in their bone marrow cells. In two the extra chromosome was not identified, but in the remaining eight it was No. 8. Four of these ten patients had leukemia, and the others had cytopenias or other probably preleukemic conditions. The mean value for glutathione reductase activity in the red cells of four patients with trisomy 8 was significantly higher (2980 +/- 940 mumoles/min/liter of erythrocytes) than in normal controls (1930 +/- 360) or in any of five different control groups of patients with hematologic disorders. The extent of enzyme activation as a result of preincubation with exogenous flavin adenine dinucleotide was similar in the erythrocytes of all groups. The reasons for the high values of red cell glutathione reductase activity in patients with trisomy 8 are discussed in the light of the proposed assignment of the gene for that enzyme to chromosome 8.", "contents": "Trisomy 8 in the bone marrow associated with high red cell glutathione reductase activity. In a series of 841 patients with hematologic disorders, 10 individuals were found to have an extra C group chromosome in their bone marrow cells. In two the extra chromosome was not identified, but in the remaining eight it was No. 8. Four of these ten patients had leukemia, and the others had cytopenias or other probably preleukemic conditions. The mean value for glutathione reductase activity in the red cells of four patients with trisomy 8 was significantly higher (2980 +/- 940 mumoles/min/liter of erythrocytes) than in normal controls (1930 +/- 360) or in any of five different control groups of patients with hematologic disorders. The extent of enzyme activation as a result of preincubation with exogenous flavin adenine dinucleotide was similar in the erythrocytes of all groups. The reasons for the high values of red cell glutathione reductase activity in patients with trisomy 8 are discussed in the light of the proposed assignment of the gene for that enzyme to chromosome 8.", "PMID": 1063047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4177", "title": "Cyclophosphamide-asparaginase- vincristine-prednisone induction therapy in childhood acute lymphocytic and nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "A remission-induction regimen for childhood leukemia using cyclophosphamide, asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone (CAVP) was compared to standard vincristine-prednisone (VP) induction. The more intensive regimen was associated with a lower complete remission rate (81% vs 93%) and a higher early death rate from infection (15% vs 5%) for acute lymphocytic leukemia. In contrast, complete remission was achieved in 58% of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia treated with CAVP compared to 18% for VP. Early death rates were similar (27% vs 25%). These observations corroborate previous studies in childhood nonlymphocytic leukemia showing activity for asparaginase. Preliminary analysis of remission duration and survival for responders shows no advantage for those who survived the more intensive induction.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide-asparaginase- vincristine-prednisone induction therapy in childhood acute lymphocytic and nonlymphocytic leukemia. A remission-induction regimen for childhood leukemia using cyclophosphamide, asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone (CAVP) was compared to standard vincristine-prednisone (VP) induction. The more intensive regimen was associated with a lower complete remission rate (81% vs 93%) and a higher early death rate from infection (15% vs 5%) for acute lymphocytic leukemia. In contrast, complete remission was achieved in 58% of children with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia treated with CAVP compared to 18% for VP. Early death rates were similar (27% vs 25%). These observations corroborate previous studies in childhood nonlymphocytic leukemia showing activity for asparaginase. Preliminary analysis of remission duration and survival for responders shows no advantage for those who survived the more intensive induction.", "PMID": 1063049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4178", "title": "[Experimental production of bone sarcomas in the rabbit by a single local injection of beryllium].", "content": "The local intra-osseous injection of double zinc beryllium silicate into the tibial or femoral epiphysis of a rabbit causes an osteogenic sarcoma in 70 p. 100 of cases. These experimental conditions make it possible to reveal early non specific radiological alterations, later on secondary alterations corresponding to the development of the sarcoma and finally to follow the spontaneous evolution of the tumor. Moreover, this experimental process of induction of an osteogenic sarcoma by means of a local intra-osseous injection is vastly better than an intra-venous injection which causes straight-away multiple visceral lesions.", "contents": "[Experimental production of bone sarcomas in the rabbit by a single local injection of beryllium]. The local intra-osseous injection of double zinc beryllium silicate into the tibial or femoral epiphysis of a rabbit causes an osteogenic sarcoma in 70 p. 100 of cases. These experimental conditions make it possible to reveal early non specific radiological alterations, later on secondary alterations corresponding to the development of the sarcoma and finally to follow the spontaneous evolution of the tumor. Moreover, this experimental process of induction of an osteogenic sarcoma by means of a local intra-osseous injection is vastly better than an intra-venous injection which causes straight-away multiple visceral lesions.", "PMID": 1063048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4179", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults and children. Differences in response with similar therapeutic regimens.", "content": "Twenty-three adult patients (ages greater than 15 years) and 75 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with similar intensive, sequential cytotoxic protocols (L-2). The adult patients have lower remission rate (78%) than the children (98%). The duration of remission and the length of survival are also shorter in adults. The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) relapse in adults (27.7%) is higher than in children (7.1%) suggesting that prolonged prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate as given to the children is more effective than the schedule used for adults where intrathecal methotrexate was given only in the first 2 months of therapy. The low incidence of CNS involvement in children on the L-2 protocol compares favorably with other series reported using a combination of cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. In both adults and children there seemed to be a higher incidence of CNS involvement in patients with initial white blood cell counts greater than 25,000 cells/mm3.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults and children. Differences in response with similar therapeutic regimens. Twenty-three adult patients (ages greater than 15 years) and 75 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with similar intensive, sequential cytotoxic protocols (L-2). The adult patients have lower remission rate (78%) than the children (98%). The duration of remission and the length of survival are also shorter in adults. The incidence of central nervous system (CNS) relapse in adults (27.7%) is higher than in children (7.1%) suggesting that prolonged prophylactic intrathecal methotrexate as given to the children is more effective than the schedule used for adults where intrathecal methotrexate was given only in the first 2 months of therapy. The low incidence of CNS involvement in children on the L-2 protocol compares favorably with other series reported using a combination of cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. In both adults and children there seemed to be a higher incidence of CNS involvement in patients with initial white blood cell counts greater than 25,000 cells/mm3.", "PMID": 1063050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4180", "title": "The ultrastructure of osteosarcoma. A review of twenty cases.", "content": "The ultrastructural features of 20 cases of osteosarcoma are discussed. Characteristically, the malignant cells (osteoblasts) contained large quantities of dilated, anastomosing rough endoplasmic reticulum, ofter forming large lakes. Mitochondria were sparse. Similar features are seen in osteoblasts in normal developing bone. Marked ultrastructural similarities of cells from chondrosarcomatous, fibrosarcomatous and typical osteosarcomatous areas of these tumors strongly supports the concept that these neoplastic cells all arise from the same progenitor cell. Malignant giant cells were readily differentiated from benign osteoclasts. The most significant ultrastructural findings were the varying degrees of calcification in the intercellular areas (osteoid), ranging from an extensive dense deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals which obscured the underlying collagen fibers, to focal collectors, or puffs, of slender needle-shaped hydroxyapatite crystals deposited on or along collagen fibers. The earliest apparent evidence of calcification was the presence of small electron-dense particles on or in collagen fibers.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of osteosarcoma. A review of twenty cases. The ultrastructural features of 20 cases of osteosarcoma are discussed. Characteristically, the malignant cells (osteoblasts) contained large quantities of dilated, anastomosing rough endoplasmic reticulum, ofter forming large lakes. Mitochondria were sparse. Similar features are seen in osteoblasts in normal developing bone. Marked ultrastructural similarities of cells from chondrosarcomatous, fibrosarcomatous and typical osteosarcomatous areas of these tumors strongly supports the concept that these neoplastic cells all arise from the same progenitor cell. Malignant giant cells were readily differentiated from benign osteoclasts. The most significant ultrastructural findings were the varying degrees of calcification in the intercellular areas (osteoid), ranging from an extensive dense deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals which obscured the underlying collagen fibers, to focal collectors, or puffs, of slender needle-shaped hydroxyapatite crystals deposited on or along collagen fibers. The earliest apparent evidence of calcification was the presence of small electron-dense particles on or in collagen fibers.", "PMID": 1063051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4181", "title": "The heterogeneity of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, \"hairy cell leukemia\". Evidence for its monocytic origin.", "content": "The presence of B, T, and monocyte markers were studied on the spleen and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from two patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. A high proportion of cells from both patients bore a receptor for cytophilic antibody, both in suspension and frozen tissue section. Cells in suspension lacked surface immunoglobulins or a receptor for sheep red blood cells. These results favor the evidence that \"hairy cells\" are monocytic in origin.", "contents": "The heterogeneity of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis, \"hairy cell leukemia\". Evidence for its monocytic origin. The presence of B, T, and monocyte markers were studied on the spleen and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from two patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. A high proportion of cells from both patients bore a receptor for cytophilic antibody, both in suspension and frozen tissue section. Cells in suspension lacked surface immunoglobulins or a receptor for sheep red blood cells. These results favor the evidence that \"hairy cells\" are monocytic in origin.", "PMID": 1063052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4182", "title": "Multiple myeloma, acute leukemia, and Hodgkin's disease. Occurrence in three of four family members.", "content": "Among a family of four persons, three members each had a separate malignant disease during a 3-year period. The mother and father concurrently had multiple myeloma and Hodgkin's disease, respectively, and less than 3 years later, their only son was found to have acute granulocytic leukemia. No increased incidence of deaths attributed to Hodgkin's disease, acute leukemia, or multiple myeloma was found in the community. No other cause for this cluster of hematologic malignancies could be found.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma, acute leukemia, and Hodgkin's disease. Occurrence in three of four family members. Among a family of four persons, three members each had a separate malignant disease during a 3-year period. The mother and father concurrently had multiple myeloma and Hodgkin's disease, respectively, and less than 3 years later, their only son was found to have acute granulocytic leukemia. No increased incidence of deaths attributed to Hodgkin's disease, acute leukemia, or multiple myeloma was found in the community. No other cause for this cluster of hematologic malignancies could be found.", "PMID": 1063053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4183", "title": "Recurrent childhood lymphocytic leukemia following cessation of therapy: treatment and response.", "content": "A unique population of patients--children who developed recurrent acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) following cessation of initial prolonged therapy--was studied. During a 2-year period, 17 such children were admitted to a planned combination chemotherapy program. Complete bone-marrow remissions were achieved in 16 patients, and the median duration of second hematologic remissions was 216 days. These responses were significantly better than those obtained in seven patients who relapsed during the administration of continuation chemotherapy. Although the rate and duration of induced remissions were notably high, 9 of the 17 patients who relapsed off therapy have again developed recurrent leukemia. This result, together with the moderate toxicity encountered during treatment, indicates that more therapy is needed. The equal proportion of bone marrow and meningeal relapses was interpreted to mean that a secon course of preventive central nervous system therapy early in remission may be especially useful.", "contents": "Recurrent childhood lymphocytic leukemia following cessation of therapy: treatment and response. A unique population of patients--children who developed recurrent acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) following cessation of initial prolonged therapy--was studied. During a 2-year period, 17 such children were admitted to a planned combination chemotherapy program. Complete bone-marrow remissions were achieved in 16 patients, and the median duration of second hematologic remissions was 216 days. These responses were significantly better than those obtained in seven patients who relapsed during the administration of continuation chemotherapy. Although the rate and duration of induced remissions were notably high, 9 of the 17 patients who relapsed off therapy have again developed recurrent leukemia. This result, together with the moderate toxicity encountered during treatment, indicates that more therapy is needed. The equal proportion of bone marrow and meningeal relapses was interpreted to mean that a secon course of preventive central nervous system therapy early in remission may be especially useful.", "PMID": 1063054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4184", "title": "Granulocytic sarcoma: local presentation of a systemic disease.", "content": "The case of a pregnant woman with a breast mass that proved to be a granulocytic sarcoma is presented. Her systemic therapy was initiated at a time when her tumor burden was possibly relatively low and a good response to the aggressive combination chemotherapy including Daunomycin was obtained. She was successfully carried through pregnancy and delivered a normal child despite combination chemotherapy. Factors relating to her case have been reviewed in the literature.", "contents": "Granulocytic sarcoma: local presentation of a systemic disease. The case of a pregnant woman with a breast mass that proved to be a granulocytic sarcoma is presented. Her systemic therapy was initiated at a time when her tumor burden was possibly relatively low and a good response to the aggressive combination chemotherapy including Daunomycin was obtained. She was successfully carried through pregnancy and delivered a normal child despite combination chemotherapy. Factors relating to her case have been reviewed in the literature.", "PMID": 1063055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4185", "title": "Chromosomal mosaicism associated with prolonged remission in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "The nature of the relationship between normal stem cells and the leukemic cells of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is of considerable theoretical and practical importance. We studied a patient with CML who has maintained a complete hematologic remission for eight years without therapy. Presently, the only documentable abnormality is mosaicism for the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. Studies of his bone marrow in vitro revealed normal colony formation in agar and normal cellular proliferation and differentiation in liquid culture. Observations in this patient indicate that a Ph1-positive clone may coexist with normal stem cells during prolonged remission in CML and the Ph1-positive cells may not always have a growth advantage over normal cells. The culture studies further suggest that the diminished proliferative capacity of the leukemic cells was not due to in vivo host suppressive factors.", "contents": "Chromosomal mosaicism associated with prolonged remission in chronic myelogenous leukemia. The nature of the relationship between normal stem cells and the leukemic cells of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is of considerable theoretical and practical importance. We studied a patient with CML who has maintained a complete hematologic remission for eight years without therapy. Presently, the only documentable abnormality is mosaicism for the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. Studies of his bone marrow in vitro revealed normal colony formation in agar and normal cellular proliferation and differentiation in liquid culture. Observations in this patient indicate that a Ph1-positive clone may coexist with normal stem cells during prolonged remission in CML and the Ph1-positive cells may not always have a growth advantage over normal cells. The culture studies further suggest that the diminished proliferative capacity of the leukemic cells was not due to in vivo host suppressive factors.", "PMID": 1063056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4186", "title": "Pseudomalignant osteoblastoma versus arrested osteosarcoma: a case report.", "content": "A case is presented which is interpreted as a histologically pseudomalignant osteoblastoma. This diagnosis is supported by the clinical and radiologic findings. Arguments are presented in support of this diagnosis as against an osteogenic sarcoma with an arrest in growth, although this latter diagnosis cannot be completely excluded.", "contents": "Pseudomalignant osteoblastoma versus arrested osteosarcoma: a case report. A case is presented which is interpreted as a histologically pseudomalignant osteoblastoma. This diagnosis is supported by the clinical and radiologic findings. Arguments are presented in support of this diagnosis as against an osteogenic sarcoma with an arrest in growth, although this latter diagnosis cannot be completely excluded.", "PMID": 1063057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4187", "title": "C-G translocation in acute myelocytic leukemia with low neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity.", "content": "A consistent chromosome abnormality of C-G translocation, t(8;21)(q22;q22), was found in 15 acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) patients with low neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (N-AP) activity. Granulocytes of these patients also had specific morphologic abnormalities. The bone marrow showed a tendency to relatively good maturation of leukemic cells for the disease AML. Clinical courses of the patients were mild and median survival was longer than that of patients with normal or high N-AP activity (p = 0.065, suggestive difference). Three out of six male patients with these type of AML had missing Y chromosome in addition to C-G translocation. The results suggest that specific cytogenetic abnormality of C-G translocation would be significantly associated with AML. Contrasting with low N-AP activity and the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukemia, the findings in AML may offer additional evidence towards the possible relations between alkaline phosphatase activity and C or G chromosome.", "contents": "C-G translocation in acute myelocytic leukemia with low neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity. A consistent chromosome abnormality of C-G translocation, t(8;21)(q22;q22), was found in 15 acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) patients with low neutrophil alkaline phosphatase (N-AP) activity. Granulocytes of these patients also had specific morphologic abnormalities. The bone marrow showed a tendency to relatively good maturation of leukemic cells for the disease AML. Clinical courses of the patients were mild and median survival was longer than that of patients with normal or high N-AP activity (p = 0.065, suggestive difference). Three out of six male patients with these type of AML had missing Y chromosome in addition to C-G translocation. The results suggest that specific cytogenetic abnormality of C-G translocation would be significantly associated with AML. Contrasting with low N-AP activity and the Philadelphia chromosome in chronic myelocytic leukemia, the findings in AML may offer additional evidence towards the possible relations between alkaline phosphatase activity and C or G chromosome.", "PMID": 1063058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4188", "title": "Periosteal osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "A study of 102 osteogenic sarcomas of the bone surface revealed that 79 were parosteal osteogenic sarcomas. Roentgenographically, these 79 were dense, lobulated lesions attached by a broad base to underlying bone, usually the lower femoral shaft. Histologically, they were low-grade osteosarcomas. The other 23 lesions (periosteal osteogenic sarcoma) usually involved the upper tibial shaft and presented as small radiolucent lesions on the surface, with formation of spicules of bone perpendicular to the bone shaft. Histologically, these 23 were relatively high-grade, predominantly chondroblastic osteogenic sarcomas. Thirteen of the 23 patients were males, and most were in the second decade of life. Of five patients who had excision of the tumor, two had recurrence. Seven of 13 patients who underwent amputation initially were alive without disease at last follow-up. Only 4 of the 23 patients have dies of metastatic disease.", "contents": "Periosteal osteogenic sarcoma. A study of 102 osteogenic sarcomas of the bone surface revealed that 79 were parosteal osteogenic sarcomas. Roentgenographically, these 79 were dense, lobulated lesions attached by a broad base to underlying bone, usually the lower femoral shaft. Histologically, they were low-grade osteosarcomas. The other 23 lesions (periosteal osteogenic sarcoma) usually involved the upper tibial shaft and presented as small radiolucent lesions on the surface, with formation of spicules of bone perpendicular to the bone shaft. Histologically, these 23 were relatively high-grade, predominantly chondroblastic osteogenic sarcomas. Thirteen of the 23 patients were males, and most were in the second decade of life. Of five patients who had excision of the tumor, two had recurrence. Seven of 13 patients who underwent amputation initially were alive without disease at last follow-up. Only 4 of the 23 patients have dies of metastatic disease.", "PMID": 1063059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4189", "title": "Parosteal osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "A clinicopathologic study of 79 patients with parosteal osteogenic sarcoma revealed that more females than males were affected and that most of the patients were in the second to the fourth decades of life. Sixty-eight percent of the patients had involvement of the posterior aspect of the lower femoral shaft. The roentgenogram characteristically showed a large, dense lobulated mass attached by a broad base to the underlying bone but with no involvement of bone itself. Microscopically, the tumor presented as well-formed bands of osteoid within a hypocellular spindle cell stroma. Seven of the lesions had foci of high-grade osteogenic sarcoma within an otherwise typical parosteal osteogenic sarcoma. Six of the 79 lesions showed involvement of the medullary cavity at surgery. Thirty-one patients had excision as their initial treatment; four of the 31 required nv further therapy. Ten patients had resection initially; three of the ten had recurrence. Only four of 27 patients who underwent amputation initially developed pulmonary metastasis. The presence of histologically \"active\" tumor and medullary involvement seemed to affect the prognosis adversely. Our data indicate that complete radical removal of the tumor is the treatment of choice, with resection when feasible and amputation when necessary.", "contents": "Parosteal osteogenic sarcoma. A clinicopathologic study of 79 patients with parosteal osteogenic sarcoma revealed that more females than males were affected and that most of the patients were in the second to the fourth decades of life. Sixty-eight percent of the patients had involvement of the posterior aspect of the lower femoral shaft. The roentgenogram characteristically showed a large, dense lobulated mass attached by a broad base to the underlying bone but with no involvement of bone itself. Microscopically, the tumor presented as well-formed bands of osteoid within a hypocellular spindle cell stroma. Seven of the lesions had foci of high-grade osteogenic sarcoma within an otherwise typical parosteal osteogenic sarcoma. Six of the 79 lesions showed involvement of the medullary cavity at surgery. Thirty-one patients had excision as their initial treatment; four of the 31 required nv further therapy. Ten patients had resection initially; three of the ten had recurrence. Only four of 27 patients who underwent amputation initially developed pulmonary metastasis. The presence of histologically \"active\" tumor and medullary involvement seemed to affect the prognosis adversely. Our data indicate that complete radical removal of the tumor is the treatment of choice, with resection when feasible and amputation when necessary.", "PMID": 1063060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4190", "title": "Prognostic value of chromosomal findings in Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Chromosome examinations were performed on bone marrows from 88 patients with Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). As a group, Ph1-positive CML patients with some cytogenetically normal cells in the marrow survived much longer than those whithout such cells in their marrow. The survival for patients whose first bone marrow exhibited only metaphases with a Ph1 and other karyotypic abnormalities was significantly shorter than that for patients whose marrow exhibited only metaphases with a Ph1 and an otherwise normal karyotype or patients whose marrow contained both categories of cells. The shorter the interval between the diagnosis of CML and the first chromosome examination, the greater the frequency of karyotypically normal cells in the bone marrow. Karyotypic progression in CML was a common phenomenon, whereas a reversion was very rare. On the basis of the findings obtained, the early diagnosis and treatment of CML are indicated, both possibly being helped by the chromosomal findings in the marrow. Furthermore, a combination of the chromosomal data and the marrow cell differential may serve as an important prognostic index in CML.", "contents": "Prognostic value of chromosomal findings in Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia. Chromosome examinations were performed on bone marrows from 88 patients with Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). As a group, Ph1-positive CML patients with some cytogenetically normal cells in the marrow survived much longer than those whithout such cells in their marrow. The survival for patients whose first bone marrow exhibited only metaphases with a Ph1 and other karyotypic abnormalities was significantly shorter than that for patients whose marrow exhibited only metaphases with a Ph1 and an otherwise normal karyotype or patients whose marrow contained both categories of cells. The shorter the interval between the diagnosis of CML and the first chromosome examination, the greater the frequency of karyotypically normal cells in the bone marrow. Karyotypic progression in CML was a common phenomenon, whereas a reversion was very rare. On the basis of the findings obtained, the early diagnosis and treatment of CML are indicated, both possibly being helped by the chromosomal findings in the marrow. Furthermore, a combination of the chromosomal data and the marrow cell differential may serve as an important prognostic index in CML.", "PMID": 1063061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4191", "title": "Concanavalin A-induced agglutination of human leukemic and lymphoma cells.", "content": "With a newly developed turbidometric method, concanavalin A was shown to agglutinate normal lymphocytes, lymphoma cells, and leukemic cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and from acute myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemia. However, there was a marked difference in the kinetics of this agglutination process. Leukemic blast cells and cells from a patient with convoluted lymphoma agglutinated poorly in this system. Conversely, the degree of agglutination for chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells was greater than that for the blast cells and also slightly greater than that for normal lymphocytes. Cultured cells from a Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) and from a patient with poorly differentiated lymphoma agglutinated very rapidly with concanavalin A. Prior incubation of all cell types with neuraminidase markedly enhanced the agglutination process similar to that of trypsinization. Thus, these studies illustrate the usefulness of this method in quantitating the kinetics of agglutination of various human neoplastic cell types by concanavalin A.", "contents": "Concanavalin A-induced agglutination of human leukemic and lymphoma cells. With a newly developed turbidometric method, concanavalin A was shown to agglutinate normal lymphocytes, lymphoma cells, and leukemic cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia and from acute myelocytic and lymphocytic leukemia. However, there was a marked difference in the kinetics of this agglutination process. Leukemic blast cells and cells from a patient with convoluted lymphoma agglutinated poorly in this system. Conversely, the degree of agglutination for chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells was greater than that for the blast cells and also slightly greater than that for normal lymphocytes. Cultured cells from a Burkitt's lymphoma (Raji) and from a patient with poorly differentiated lymphoma agglutinated very rapidly with concanavalin A. Prior incubation of all cell types with neuraminidase markedly enhanced the agglutination process similar to that of trypsinization. Thus, these studies illustrate the usefulness of this method in quantitating the kinetics of agglutination of various human neoplastic cell types by concanavalin A.", "PMID": 1063062}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4192", "title": "Disposition of [3H]actinomycin D in tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "A single, nonlethal dose of actinomycin D will cause total regression and cure of Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma in mice. A cure is not obtained with a single dose daily for 7 days, a dose regimen which kills 10% of normal C57BL/6 X DBA/2 mice. This suggests that actinomycin D is more effective on a single high-dose schedule than on chronic daily therapy. Analysis of drug exposure in Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma and normal mouse tissues following the single and multiple-dose regimens suggests the difference in therapeutic response is due to drug exposure at a higher concentration in Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma after the single high dose than after the multiple-dose regimen. This may be related to the higher drug concentration attained in blood following the single-dose regimen than is attained with the multidose regimen.", "contents": "Disposition of [3H]actinomycin D in tumor-bearing mice. A single, nonlethal dose of actinomycin D will cause total regression and cure of Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma in mice. A cure is not obtained with a single dose daily for 7 days, a dose regimen which kills 10% of normal C57BL/6 X DBA/2 mice. This suggests that actinomycin D is more effective on a single high-dose schedule than on chronic daily therapy. Analysis of drug exposure in Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma and normal mouse tissues following the single and multiple-dose regimens suggests the difference in therapeutic response is due to drug exposure at a higher concentration in Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma after the single high dose than after the multiple-dose regimen. This may be related to the higher drug concentration attained in blood following the single-dose regimen than is attained with the multidose regimen.", "PMID": 1063063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4193", "title": "Amino acid metabolism of platelets in leukemia.", "content": "Platelets from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, both before and after remission induction, were evaluated for their ability to incorporate D-[U-14C]glucose into the four amino acids, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid. Normal platelets incorporated about 80% of the activity into the amides, glutamine and asparagine, and only 20% into their respective amino acids, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Platelets from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in the acute stage showed a reversal of this pattern, which then returned to normal during remission. However, the concentration of amino acids was higher than normal, suggesting that remission platelets behaved like a young cell population. The abnormal pattern of labeling could be interpreted as a defect in the platelet citric acid cycle thereby compromising its energy source.", "contents": "Amino acid metabolism of platelets in leukemia. Platelets from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, both before and after remission induction, were evaluated for their ability to incorporate D-[U-14C]glucose into the four amino acids, glutamine, asparagine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid. Normal platelets incorporated about 80% of the activity into the amides, glutamine and asparagine, and only 20% into their respective amino acids, glutamic acid and aspartic acid. Platelets from patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in the acute stage showed a reversal of this pattern, which then returned to normal during remission. However, the concentration of amino acids was higher than normal, suggesting that remission platelets behaved like a young cell population. The abnormal pattern of labeling could be interpreted as a defect in the platelet citric acid cycle thereby compromising its energy source.", "PMID": 1063064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4194", "title": "Treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia by high-dose intravenous methotrexate.", "content": "A pharmacokinetic study of methotrexate levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid was performed in 42 patients who received one or more courses of high-dose methotrexate at 500 mg/sq m infused i.v. over a 24-hr period. Methotrexate level in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid reached 1.2 x 10(-7) M at 0.5 hr and remained constant at that level for the 1st 24 hr. Similar methotrexate levels were noted in the ventricular fluid obtained through an Ommaya device on three patients with brain tumors treated with high doses of methotrexate. Preliminary clinical results using high-dose methotrexate combined with simultaneous intrathecal methotrexate in 23 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphocytic leukemia indicate that this treatment program is safe to administer and to date appears effective in the prevention of central nervous system leukemia.", "contents": "Treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia by high-dose intravenous methotrexate. A pharmacokinetic study of methotrexate levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid was performed in 42 patients who received one or more courses of high-dose methotrexate at 500 mg/sq m infused i.v. over a 24-hr period. Methotrexate level in the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid reached 1.2 x 10(-7) M at 0.5 hr and remained constant at that level for the 1st 24 hr. Similar methotrexate levels were noted in the ventricular fluid obtained through an Ommaya device on three patients with brain tumors treated with high doses of methotrexate. Preliminary clinical results using high-dose methotrexate combined with simultaneous intrathecal methotrexate in 23 children with newly diagnosed acute lymphocytic leukemia indicate that this treatment program is safe to administer and to date appears effective in the prevention of central nervous system leukemia.", "PMID": 1063065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4195", "title": "Patterned relationships between IgM and blast cells in peripheral blood in a child with acute leukemia.", "content": "1. Serum IgM determinations and blast cell counts were performed at regular frequent intervals in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child. 2. An inverse relationship tended to exist between the concentration of IgM in serum and blast cells in blood during the course of relapses and remissions. 3. High dosage immunosuppressive chemotherapy caused a marked reduction in serum IgM. 4. A relationship appears to exist between IgM and blast cells which may support the concept that impaired ability to produce antibody to leukemia antigens may be an intrinsic component of this disease.", "contents": "Patterned relationships between IgM and blast cells in peripheral blood in a child with acute leukemia. 1. Serum IgM determinations and blast cell counts were performed at regular frequent intervals in a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a child. 2. An inverse relationship tended to exist between the concentration of IgM in serum and blast cells in blood during the course of relapses and remissions. 3. High dosage immunosuppressive chemotherapy caused a marked reduction in serum IgM. 4. A relationship appears to exist between IgM and blast cells which may support the concept that impaired ability to produce antibody to leukemia antigens may be an intrinsic component of this disease.", "PMID": 1063067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4196", "title": "Reactivity of antibody in acute myeloid leukaemia with proliferation-associated nuclear antigen(s).", "content": "A reaction between antibody in leukaemic sera and nuclear antigen present in leukaemic cells was detected by means of an anticomplement immunofluorescence test. The antibody was found mainly in patients with myeloid leukaemia, particularly those with a high percentage of blast cells in their peripheral blood. The nuclear antigen(s), however, was present in various proportions of the circulating cells of almost all patients with leukaemia, lymphoma or infectious mononucleosis, as well as in phytohaemagglutinin-transformed blasts and proliferating cell lines. Thus, antibody appeared to be detecting a nuclear component associated with cell proliferation.", "contents": "Reactivity of antibody in acute myeloid leukaemia with proliferation-associated nuclear antigen(s). A reaction between antibody in leukaemic sera and nuclear antigen present in leukaemic cells was detected by means of an anticomplement immunofluorescence test. The antibody was found mainly in patients with myeloid leukaemia, particularly those with a high percentage of blast cells in their peripheral blood. The nuclear antigen(s), however, was present in various proportions of the circulating cells of almost all patients with leukaemia, lymphoma or infectious mononucleosis, as well as in phytohaemagglutinin-transformed blasts and proliferating cell lines. Thus, antibody appeared to be detecting a nuclear component associated with cell proliferation.", "PMID": 1063068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4197", "title": "Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Childhood ALL is a potentially curable disease. All children suffering from this ailment should be given an opportunity to live by receiving therapy aimed at permanent cure. The disease requires extensive, complex, and costly diagnostic study and treatment. Specialized care is more efficiently given in centers dedicated to treating patients with malignant diseases. The referring physicians are an essential part of the working team delivering care to the children with acute leukemia. Despite improved results, a significant number of patients fail to develop permanent remission. The risk of relapse after cessation of therapy is greatest in the first year and in patients given no specific CNS therapy. However, modern therapy produces a substantial number of long-term leukemia-free survivals in children with ALL, a majority of which persist after cessation of therapy. After cessation of therapy the quality of survival of the vast majority of patients is excellent.", "contents": "Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia. Childhood ALL is a potentially curable disease. All children suffering from this ailment should be given an opportunity to live by receiving therapy aimed at permanent cure. The disease requires extensive, complex, and costly diagnostic study and treatment. Specialized care is more efficiently given in centers dedicated to treating patients with malignant diseases. The referring physicians are an essential part of the working team delivering care to the children with acute leukemia. Despite improved results, a significant number of patients fail to develop permanent remission. The risk of relapse after cessation of therapy is greatest in the first year and in patients given no specific CNS therapy. However, modern therapy produces a substantial number of long-term leukemia-free survivals in children with ALL, a majority of which persist after cessation of therapy. After cessation of therapy the quality of survival of the vast majority of patients is excellent.", "PMID": 1063069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4198", "title": "Drug antagonism and reversibility of the binding of indoleamines in brain.", "content": "The specificity of the binding of serotonin to brain preparations was investigated with various competitive agents. A probable relationship between their structure and their capability of displacement was suggested. Bufotenine and morphine displaced serotonin (0.5 X 10(-5) M) binding to synaptic membranes 87 and 49% respectively. Dissociation constants of the binding of 5-HT and tryptamine to synaptic membranes, and displacement constants of certain drugs were determined. The binding of 5-HT and tryptamine to calf brain preparations was also investigated by equilibrium dialysis, in order to determine affinity constants and reversibility of the binding. Differences were noted in the specificity of binding sites for serotonin and tryptamine, suggesting a different binding site for tryptamine. Extrapolations of Scatchard plots were used for determination of the constants. A characteristic low dissociation constant was found for 5-HT in synaptic membranes (K approximately X 10(-6) M). Probably, the binding macromolecule (receptor?) is a proteolipid.", "contents": "Drug antagonism and reversibility of the binding of indoleamines in brain. The specificity of the binding of serotonin to brain preparations was investigated with various competitive agents. A probable relationship between their structure and their capability of displacement was suggested. Bufotenine and morphine displaced serotonin (0.5 X 10(-5) M) binding to synaptic membranes 87 and 49% respectively. Dissociation constants of the binding of 5-HT and tryptamine to synaptic membranes, and displacement constants of certain drugs were determined. The binding of 5-HT and tryptamine to calf brain preparations was also investigated by equilibrium dialysis, in order to determine affinity constants and reversibility of the binding. Differences were noted in the specificity of binding sites for serotonin and tryptamine, suggesting a different binding site for tryptamine. Extrapolations of Scatchard plots were used for determination of the constants. A characteristic low dissociation constant was found for 5-HT in synaptic membranes (K approximately X 10(-6) M). Probably, the binding macromolecule (receptor?) is a proteolipid.", "PMID": 1063074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4199", "title": "Effect of arabinosyl cytosine on granulopoietic colony formation by marrow cells from leukemic and non-leukemic patients.", "content": "This study investigated the arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C) sensitivity of colony formation in culture by human granulopoeitic progenitor cells (CFU-C). Wide variations were observed in the effects of ara-C on CFU-C from the marrow of patients with leukemia in remission after treatment using a chemotherapeutic regimen that included ara-C, or for CFU-C from the marrow of non-leukemic patients. These variations in sensitivity to ara-C could not be attributed to a lack of reproducibility of the culture conditions used, nor to variations in the proliferative state of the CFU-C at the time of exposure to ara-C. No significant correlation was observed between the sensitivity of CFU-C to ara-C and the level of cytidine deaminase in the marrow sample. These results provide some support for the view that cell kill may not be the only basis for the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of ara-C.", "contents": "Effect of arabinosyl cytosine on granulopoietic colony formation by marrow cells from leukemic and non-leukemic patients. This study investigated the arabinosyl cytosine (ara-C) sensitivity of colony formation in culture by human granulopoeitic progenitor cells (CFU-C). Wide variations were observed in the effects of ara-C on CFU-C from the marrow of patients with leukemia in remission after treatment using a chemotherapeutic regimen that included ara-C, or for CFU-C from the marrow of non-leukemic patients. These variations in sensitivity to ara-C could not be attributed to a lack of reproducibility of the culture conditions used, nor to variations in the proliferative state of the CFU-C at the time of exposure to ara-C. No significant correlation was observed between the sensitivity of CFU-C to ara-C and the level of cytidine deaminase in the marrow sample. These results provide some support for the view that cell kill may not be the only basis for the chemotherapeutic effectiveness of ara-C.", "PMID": 1063075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4200", "title": "Microbial iron chelates with iron donor properties in hemoglobin-synthesizing cells.", "content": "Iron incorporation into Friend virus infected leukemic murine spleen cells was studied using the two fungal iron trihydroxamates, fusigen and ferricrocin. Incorporation of 55Fe was measured by isolation of hemoglobin after dimethylsulfoxide-induced hemoglobin synthesis and compared with iron incorporation from 55Fe-labeled ferric citrate.", "contents": "Microbial iron chelates with iron donor properties in hemoglobin-synthesizing cells. Iron incorporation into Friend virus infected leukemic murine spleen cells was studied using the two fungal iron trihydroxamates, fusigen and ferricrocin. Incorporation of 55Fe was measured by isolation of hemoglobin after dimethylsulfoxide-induced hemoglobin synthesis and compared with iron incorporation from 55Fe-labeled ferric citrate.", "PMID": 1063076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4201", "title": "Gastroesophageal involvement in herpes simplex.", "content": "Herpes simplex in the gastric mucosa has not been previously described. The case presented here describes gastritis and esophagitis resulting from herpes simplex in a patient being treated with immunosuppressive agents. These changes were confirmed endoscopically and radiographically. Biopsy specimens of the gastric and esophageal mucosa showed eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies typical of herpes simplex. The pathogenesis and pathological appearance of herpetic gastritis and esophagitis are presented.", "contents": "Gastroesophageal involvement in herpes simplex. Herpes simplex in the gastric mucosa has not been previously described. The case presented here describes gastritis and esophagitis resulting from herpes simplex in a patient being treated with immunosuppressive agents. These changes were confirmed endoscopically and radiographically. Biopsy specimens of the gastric and esophageal mucosa showed eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies typical of herpes simplex. The pathogenesis and pathological appearance of herpetic gastritis and esophagitis are presented.", "PMID": 1063088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4202", "title": "[Kleine-Levin syndrome. Female cases and catamneses].", "content": "The Kleine-Levin syndrome (periodic hypersomnia and megaphagia in adolescence) was considered till 1962 to be a disorder limited to the male adolescents. Since 1924, however, a few female cases have been reported about. These, being approximately 20 patients, are registered by their essential symptoms together with 2 additional cases observed by the author. Moreover, prospective catamneses, covering periods of more than 12 years, were described for the first time. Probably, the Kleine-Levin-syndrome is the product of disturbed functions involving structures of hypothalamus and the reticular system. The syndrome seems to belong to the same groups of periodical diseases as migraine: in particular it exhibits similar relations to the genital cycle. Therapeutical success was attained by administration of amphetamines. In course of time, the episodes become spontaneously rarer and mostly cease.", "contents": "[Kleine-Levin syndrome. Female cases and catamneses]. The Kleine-Levin syndrome (periodic hypersomnia and megaphagia in adolescence) was considered till 1962 to be a disorder limited to the male adolescents. Since 1924, however, a few female cases have been reported about. These, being approximately 20 patients, are registered by their essential symptoms together with 2 additional cases observed by the author. Moreover, prospective catamneses, covering periods of more than 12 years, were described for the first time. Probably, the Kleine-Levin-syndrome is the product of disturbed functions involving structures of hypothalamus and the reticular system. The syndrome seems to belong to the same groups of periodical diseases as migraine: in particular it exhibits similar relations to the genital cycle. Therapeutical success was attained by administration of amphetamines. In course of time, the episodes become spontaneously rarer and mostly cease.", "PMID": 1063113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4203", "title": "Electrolyte concentration in the hypertrophic salivary glands of incisor-amputated rats.", "content": "The effect of periodic amputations of the lower incisors of the rat on the electrolyte concentration in the major salivary glands was studied. The incisor amputations caused a hypertrophy of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. The resulting increased weight of the salivary glands was due to a higher dry mass. In general, the electrolyte concentration showed higher values in the salivary gland tissues of the incisor-amputated animals. Considering the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands respectively, the Na+ concentration was increased by 47%, 50% and 14%; and Mg2+ concentration by 377%, 126+ and 376%. Inorganic phosphorus increased 45% in the parotid, 25% in the subnamdibular and was unchanged in the sublingual gland. K+ concentration increased in the submandibular (12%) and sublingual (100%) glands but decreased in the parotid (24%). The Na+/k+ ratio was higher in the parotid (82%) and submandibular (37%) glands and lower in the sublingual gland (84%). The electrolyte concen-ration changes are discussed in relation to the mechanism and type of stimulation promoted by the incisor-amputations on the major salivary glands of the rat.", "contents": "Electrolyte concentration in the hypertrophic salivary glands of incisor-amputated rats. The effect of periodic amputations of the lower incisors of the rat on the electrolyte concentration in the major salivary glands was studied. The incisor amputations caused a hypertrophy of the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands. The resulting increased weight of the salivary glands was due to a higher dry mass. In general, the electrolyte concentration showed higher values in the salivary gland tissues of the incisor-amputated animals. Considering the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands respectively, the Na+ concentration was increased by 47%, 50% and 14%; and Mg2+ concentration by 377%, 126+ and 376%. Inorganic phosphorus increased 45% in the parotid, 25% in the subnamdibular and was unchanged in the sublingual gland. K+ concentration increased in the submandibular (12%) and sublingual (100%) glands but decreased in the parotid (24%). The Na+/k+ ratio was higher in the parotid (82%) and submandibular (37%) glands and lower in the sublingual gland (84%). The electrolyte concen-ration changes are discussed in relation to the mechanism and type of stimulation promoted by the incisor-amputations on the major salivary glands of the rat.", "PMID": 1063118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4204", "title": "[Study of dental fluorosis using an ionic microanalyzer].", "content": "Permanent teeth with endemic dental fluorosis, showing mild and moderate mottled enamel, according to the classfication of Dean, were examined with a SMI 300 Cameca ion micro-analyser. In the external third of enamel, abnormally large \"sheaths\" were disclosed as well as zones characterized by the destruction of prisms. In the dentine, the presence of peritubular dentine rich in Ca, P, FCa, PO, Mg, Na and K has been noted. Hypomineralized spots, poor in these various elements were observed in the intertubular dentine.", "contents": "[Study of dental fluorosis using an ionic microanalyzer]. Permanent teeth with endemic dental fluorosis, showing mild and moderate mottled enamel, according to the classfication of Dean, were examined with a SMI 300 Cameca ion micro-analyser. In the external third of enamel, abnormally large \"sheaths\" were disclosed as well as zones characterized by the destruction of prisms. In the dentine, the presence of peritubular dentine rich in Ca, P, FCa, PO, Mg, Na and K has been noted. Hypomineralized spots, poor in these various elements were observed in the intertubular dentine.", "PMID": 1063119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4205", "title": "Effect of airway diameter, suction catheters, and the bronchofiberscope on airflow in endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes.", "content": "Pressure-flow relationships of an artificial airway-mechanical ventilator system were investigated. Endotracheal tubes varying from 7 to 9.5 mm. internal diameter and tracheostomy tubes from 7 to 10 mm. internal diameter were tested over flow-rates from 0.3 to 1.4 L. per second using a tidal volume of 500 ml. The effect of partial obstruction within these airways by suction catheters and the bronchofiberscope was examined. Depending on the internal diameter and the flow-rate, the driving pressure necessary to overcome the resistance of the tubes ranged from 5 to 20 cm. H2O. Partial obstruction of the artificial airways by suction catheters further increased this pressure. The introduction of the bronchofiberscope through an endotracheal tube of 7.5 mm. internal diameter, leaving an effective diameter of 4.9 mm., produced a driving pressure as high as 70 cm. H2O and reduced the flow rate to 50 per cent and the tidal volume to 80 per cent of its set value. Attention should be paid to duration of tracheobronchial suction while the patient is removed from the respirator since a high-grade resistance is created by passage of a suction catheter through an endotracheal tube. Bronchofiberscopy should be cautiously performed through cuffed artificial airways with at least 8 mm. internal diameter because the airway may be too comprised even if mechanical ventilatory assistance is employed.", "contents": "Effect of airway diameter, suction catheters, and the bronchofiberscope on airflow in endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes. Pressure-flow relationships of an artificial airway-mechanical ventilator system were investigated. Endotracheal tubes varying from 7 to 9.5 mm. internal diameter and tracheostomy tubes from 7 to 10 mm. internal diameter were tested over flow-rates from 0.3 to 1.4 L. per second using a tidal volume of 500 ml. The effect of partial obstruction within these airways by suction catheters and the bronchofiberscope was examined. Depending on the internal diameter and the flow-rate, the driving pressure necessary to overcome the resistance of the tubes ranged from 5 to 20 cm. H2O. Partial obstruction of the artificial airways by suction catheters further increased this pressure. The introduction of the bronchofiberscope through an endotracheal tube of 7.5 mm. internal diameter, leaving an effective diameter of 4.9 mm., produced a driving pressure as high as 70 cm. H2O and reduced the flow rate to 50 per cent and the tidal volume to 80 per cent of its set value. Attention should be paid to duration of tracheobronchial suction while the patient is removed from the respirator since a high-grade resistance is created by passage of a suction catheter through an endotracheal tube. Bronchofiberscopy should be cautiously performed through cuffed artificial airways with at least 8 mm. internal diameter because the airway may be too comprised even if mechanical ventilatory assistance is employed.", "PMID": 1063116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4206", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of human pulp cells cultured in vitro].", "content": "Primary cultures from human dental pulp were produced in Leighton tubes in the compound nutritive medium of Eagle consisting of calf serum, ascorbic acid, penicillin and streptomycin. After 2 months, the coverglasses supporting the cultures were recovered and fixed for electron microscopy. The results obtained showed a polarisation of the cells, the presence of a cilium, a highly developed endoplasmic reticulum, a typical Golgi apparatus with coated vesicles in the vicinity, elongated dense secretion vesicles containing a cross-striated filamentous material, numerous mitochondria, microfilaments with thickenings, microtubules, secretion granules, multivesicular bodies and electron dense structures united by a fibre with a periodic cross-striation of 640 A. These cells secreted a collagenous matrix uith an at random fibrillar distribution, fusiform outlines of fibrils (diameters varying from 650 A to 3,600 A), a cross-striation of 640 A and the presence of electron dense zones on the fibrils. \"Globules\" (with a trilamellar membrane of about 110 A) were identified in the extracellular medium. The possible comparisons between the typical characteristics of these cells and those of the odontoblast and pulpal fibroblasts were discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of human pulp cells cultured in vitro]. Primary cultures from human dental pulp were produced in Leighton tubes in the compound nutritive medium of Eagle consisting of calf serum, ascorbic acid, penicillin and streptomycin. After 2 months, the coverglasses supporting the cultures were recovered and fixed for electron microscopy. The results obtained showed a polarisation of the cells, the presence of a cilium, a highly developed endoplasmic reticulum, a typical Golgi apparatus with coated vesicles in the vicinity, elongated dense secretion vesicles containing a cross-striated filamentous material, numerous mitochondria, microfilaments with thickenings, microtubules, secretion granules, multivesicular bodies and electron dense structures united by a fibre with a periodic cross-striation of 640 A. These cells secreted a collagenous matrix uith an at random fibrillar distribution, fusiform outlines of fibrils (diameters varying from 650 A to 3,600 A), a cross-striation of 640 A and the presence of electron dense zones on the fibrils. \"Globules\" (with a trilamellar membrane of about 110 A) were identified in the extracellular medium. The possible comparisons between the typical characteristics of these cells and those of the odontoblast and pulpal fibroblasts were discussed.", "PMID": 1063120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4207", "title": "[Amelogenesis imperfecta--structural, ultrastructural and radiocrystallographic study].", "content": "Teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta were obtained from three members of the same family, and studied through convergent technics of investigation: classical histology, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, and crystallographic analysis. The results were compared with theoretical computer calculations. Enamel abnormalities related to the shape and irregular distribution of the crystals. Some needle-shaped crystals were found together with large ones, roughly rectangular. 42% of the crystals were distorted. Widened interplanar spacings were evidence of an hypomineralization. However, the interplanar spacings observed in high resolution electron microscopy, as well as the crystalline degree of the crystals, studied through classical crystallographic methods, revealed an apparently sound hydroxyapatite", "contents": "[Amelogenesis imperfecta--structural, ultrastructural and radiocrystallographic study]. Teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta were obtained from three members of the same family, and studied through convergent technics of investigation: classical histology, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution electron microscopy, and crystallographic analysis. The results were compared with theoretical computer calculations. Enamel abnormalities related to the shape and irregular distribution of the crystals. Some needle-shaped crystals were found together with large ones, roughly rectangular. 42% of the crystals were distorted. Widened interplanar spacings were evidence of an hypomineralization. However, the interplanar spacings observed in high resolution electron microscopy, as well as the crystalline degree of the crystals, studied through classical crystallographic methods, revealed an apparently sound hydroxyapatite", "PMID": 1063121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4208", "title": "Chemical analysis of a sulphated macromolecule isolated from rabbit submandibular gland.", "content": "Chemical analysis of a sulphated macromolecule isolated from the rabbit submandibular gland showed that about 70 per cent of the dry weight could be accounted for in terms of amino acids of which the acidic amino acids, proline and alanine were the most abundant. Total carbohydrate was 11%. Galactose was the main neutral sugar but galactosamine, glucosamine, neuraminic acid, glucose and mannose could also be demonstrated. Sulphate accounted for 1,4%. No uronic acid was found. The data indicate that the sulphated macromolecule from the rabbit gland is in fact a sulphated glycoprotein.", "contents": "Chemical analysis of a sulphated macromolecule isolated from rabbit submandibular gland. Chemical analysis of a sulphated macromolecule isolated from the rabbit submandibular gland showed that about 70 per cent of the dry weight could be accounted for in terms of amino acids of which the acidic amino acids, proline and alanine were the most abundant. Total carbohydrate was 11%. Galactose was the main neutral sugar but galactosamine, glucosamine, neuraminic acid, glucose and mannose could also be demonstrated. Sulphate accounted for 1,4%. No uronic acid was found. The data indicate that the sulphated macromolecule from the rabbit gland is in fact a sulphated glycoprotein.", "PMID": 1063122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4209", "title": "[Thermoffgraphy of teeth].", "content": "In order to study the behaviour of materials when inserted into the oral cavity, experimental models must be arranged and a knowledge of the intra-oral thermal distribution and the thermal exchanges is necessary. The temperature distribution at the surface of teeth was studied by two thermographic methods: the infrared method and the liquid crystals method. Some results were presented as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods.", "contents": "[Thermoffgraphy of teeth]. In order to study the behaviour of materials when inserted into the oral cavity, experimental models must be arranged and a knowledge of the intra-oral thermal distribution and the thermal exchanges is necessary. The temperature distribution at the surface of teeth was studied by two thermographic methods: the infrared method and the liquid crystals method. Some results were presented as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods.", "PMID": 1063123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4210", "title": "[Histomorphologic examination of the submaxillary gland of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)].", "content": "The histological study of the sub-mandibular gland of the adult rabbit was followed by a study of the post-natal development until the age of 15 days. The presence at birth of acinar and intercalated granular duct cells allowed a precise study of these structures and showed a high positive differential growth of the intercalated ducts from the tenth to the fifteenth day.", "contents": "[Histomorphologic examination of the submaxillary gland of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)]. The histological study of the sub-mandibular gland of the adult rabbit was followed by a study of the post-natal development until the age of 15 days. The presence at birth of acinar and intercalated granular duct cells allowed a precise study of these structures and showed a high positive differential growth of the intercalated ducts from the tenth to the fifteenth day.", "PMID": 1063124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4211", "title": "Human deoxythymidine kinase. I. Purification and general properties of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozymes derived from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Two forms of deoxythymidine kinase from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia were identified by electrophoresis. One was associated mainly with the cytoplasm and the other with mitochondria. Both isozymes were separated and purified by differential affinity column chromatography which resulted in 2416- and 1634-fold purification of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes, respectively. Affinity gel was prepared by linkage through position 3' of deoxythymidine. Each enzyme had the same electrophoretic mobility in the purified state as it did in the enzyme derived from the corresponding subcellular fraction of the homogenate. Thymidine phosphorylase was not retarded by the affinity column. The purified cytoplasmic and mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase had different molecular weights, sensitivities to inhibition by ammonium sulfate, activation energies for the reaction and divalent cation requirements. Adenosine, guanosine, and cytosine 3':5'-monophosphates, putrescine, spermine, and spermidine were neither activators nor inhibitors of either deoxythymidine kinase.", "contents": "Human deoxythymidine kinase. I. Purification and general properties of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozymes derived from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia. Two forms of deoxythymidine kinase from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia were identified by electrophoresis. One was associated mainly with the cytoplasm and the other with mitochondria. Both isozymes were separated and purified by differential affinity column chromatography which resulted in 2416- and 1634-fold purification of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial enzymes, respectively. Affinity gel was prepared by linkage through position 3' of deoxythymidine. Each enzyme had the same electrophoretic mobility in the purified state as it did in the enzyme derived from the corresponding subcellular fraction of the homogenate. Thymidine phosphorylase was not retarded by the affinity column. The purified cytoplasmic and mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase had different molecular weights, sensitivities to inhibition by ammonium sulfate, activation energies for the reaction and divalent cation requirements. Adenosine, guanosine, and cytosine 3':5'-monophosphates, putrescine, spermine, and spermidine were neither activators nor inhibitors of either deoxythymidine kinase.", "PMID": 1063125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4212", "title": "A virally induced osteosarcoma in rats. A model for immunological studies of human osteosarcoma.", "content": "Inoculation of Moloney sarcoma virus into the medullary canal of the tibia in newborn Wistar-Lewis rats resulted in an initially localized osteosarcoma which usually metastasized to the lung and resulted in the death of the animal within four to five weeks. Tumor cells were grown in tissue culture and used as target cells in the assay of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity using a microcytotoxicity and a radioisotope labeling method. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was demonstrated throughout the course of the clinical disease as well as in a small number of animals which showed spontaneous regression of their tumors. Serum factors which could \"block\" or augment the cellular response were also identified. This model resembles the spontaneous osteosarcoma of humans in many respects and may be useful for studies of the human disease.", "contents": "A virally induced osteosarcoma in rats. A model for immunological studies of human osteosarcoma. Inoculation of Moloney sarcoma virus into the medullary canal of the tibia in newborn Wistar-Lewis rats resulted in an initially localized osteosarcoma which usually metastasized to the lung and resulted in the death of the animal within four to five weeks. Tumor cells were grown in tissue culture and used as target cells in the assay of lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity using a microcytotoxicity and a radioisotope labeling method. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity was demonstrated throughout the course of the clinical disease as well as in a small number of animals which showed spontaneous regression of their tumors. Serum factors which could \"block\" or augment the cellular response were also identified. This model resembles the spontaneous osteosarcoma of humans in many respects and may be useful for studies of the human disease.", "PMID": 1063126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4213", "title": "Virus-induced osteosarcoma in rats.", "content": "An experimental model for osteosarcoma was developed in which, after Moloney murine sarcoma virus was injected into the tibial marrow space of three strains of inbred neonatal rats, a highly malignant neoplasm arose within ten days. This tumor was readily maintained in tissue culture and was transplantable to adult rats. It arose in the metaphyseal marrow of several bones, was locally invasive, metastasized to the lungs, and histologically resembled osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Virus-induced osteosarcoma in rats. An experimental model for osteosarcoma was developed in which, after Moloney murine sarcoma virus was injected into the tibial marrow space of three strains of inbred neonatal rats, a highly malignant neoplasm arose within ten days. This tumor was readily maintained in tissue culture and was transplantable to adult rats. It arose in the metaphyseal marrow of several bones, was locally invasive, metastasized to the lungs, and histologically resembled osteosarcoma.", "PMID": 1063127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4214", "title": "Immunogenicity of virus-induced rat osteosarcoma.", "content": "The immunogenicity of a virus-induced rat osteosarcoma was studied utilizing the lymphocyte microcytotoxicity test. Intratibial injection of murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) resulted in the development of palpable tumors at the injection site which on histopathological examination appeared to be osteosarcomas. In 73 per cent of animals injected these tumors progressed and metastasized to the lungs. Lymphocytes from these \"progressor\" animals demonstrated an ability to kill osteosarcoma cells in vitro (as quantitated in the microcytotoxicity test) while serum from these animals abrogated or blocked the cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In the remaining animals the tumors either failed to develop or regressed spontaneously. Lymphocytes from these \"regressor\" animals also demonstrated cytolytic activity against osteosarcoma cells in vitro, but serum failed to block the lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Both regressor and progressor groups demonstrated humoral cytotoxic antibodies to tumor antigen on the basis of the ability of their serum to kill tumor cells in vitro.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of virus-induced rat osteosarcoma. The immunogenicity of a virus-induced rat osteosarcoma was studied utilizing the lymphocyte microcytotoxicity test. Intratibial injection of murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) resulted in the development of palpable tumors at the injection site which on histopathological examination appeared to be osteosarcomas. In 73 per cent of animals injected these tumors progressed and metastasized to the lungs. Lymphocytes from these \"progressor\" animals demonstrated an ability to kill osteosarcoma cells in vitro (as quantitated in the microcytotoxicity test) while serum from these animals abrogated or blocked the cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In the remaining animals the tumors either failed to develop or regressed spontaneously. Lymphocytes from these \"regressor\" animals also demonstrated cytolytic activity against osteosarcoma cells in vitro, but serum failed to block the lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Both regressor and progressor groups demonstrated humoral cytotoxic antibodies to tumor antigen on the basis of the ability of their serum to kill tumor cells in vitro.", "PMID": 1063128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4215", "title": "Immunological studies in murine osteosarcoma. Immunogenicity, growth kinetics, and immunotherapy.", "content": "A transplantable murine osteosarcoma is described. Following transplantation into a syngeneic mouse the tumor grows rapidly and kills the mouse with pulmonary metastases simulating human osteosarcoma. A cell-mediated antibody response is evoked in the host mouse as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro tests. The number of pulmonary metastases may be decreased with adjunctive immunotherapy following excision of the primary tumor. Immunotherapeutic materials include BCG and isologous cells treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase.", "contents": "Immunological studies in murine osteosarcoma. Immunogenicity, growth kinetics, and immunotherapy. A transplantable murine osteosarcoma is described. Following transplantation into a syngeneic mouse the tumor grows rapidly and kills the mouse with pulmonary metastases simulating human osteosarcoma. A cell-mediated antibody response is evoked in the host mouse as demonstrated by in vivo and in vitro tests. The number of pulmonary metastases may be decreased with adjunctive immunotherapy following excision of the primary tumor. Immunotherapeutic materials include BCG and isologous cells treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase.", "PMID": 1063129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4216", "title": "Inhibition of streptococcal adherence by human oral secretions and its possible relationship to dental caries.", "content": "Oral secretions were collected from 100 human volunteers, concentrated, and assayed for their ability to inhibit glucan-dependent adherence of S mutans strains to glass. Some samples were found to contain adherence inhibition activity. The inhibitor was heat labile and nondialyzable but dependent on the presence of a dialyzable molecule. Comparison of activities with the caries experience (DMFT) showed that individuals with the highest activity had significantly lower mean caries scores, but that cariesfree donors did not differ significantly from caries-positive donors in mean adherence inhibition activity. These results suggest that some persons may have substances in their oral secretions that play a role in resistance to dental caries.", "contents": "Inhibition of streptococcal adherence by human oral secretions and its possible relationship to dental caries. Oral secretions were collected from 100 human volunteers, concentrated, and assayed for their ability to inhibit glucan-dependent adherence of S mutans strains to glass. Some samples were found to contain adherence inhibition activity. The inhibitor was heat labile and nondialyzable but dependent on the presence of a dialyzable molecule. Comparison of activities with the caries experience (DMFT) showed that individuals with the highest activity had significantly lower mean caries scores, but that cariesfree donors did not differ significantly from caries-positive donors in mean adherence inhibition activity. These results suggest that some persons may have substances in their oral secretions that play a role in resistance to dental caries.", "PMID": 1063143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4217", "title": "Effects of antibodies on adherence and cell-associated glucan production by Streptococcus mutans cells.", "content": "Studies reported here show that hyperimmune rabbit serums can have profound inhibitory effects on adherence of S mutans to smooth surfaces and that this reduction in adherence is correlated with the reduction of CAG. The latter was measured by an assay developed in our laboratory that estimates CAG production by measuring the uptake of 14C glucose-labeled sucrose into components which can be extracted by dilute alkali. This is a direct demonstration of the effect of antibody on a metabolic function of S mutans that is important in virulence. The direct correlation bewteen inhibition of CAG production, and inhibition of adherence by an antibody, suggests that the inhibition of adherence is brought about by reduction of CAG synthesis. Further studies reported here show that the inhibition of adherence and of CAG synthesis is much more effective in homologous antiserums as compared to heterologous antiserums. These results point to the need for in vivo experiments to test the effects of vaccines on colonization by heterologous as well as homologous S mutans strains.", "contents": "Effects of antibodies on adherence and cell-associated glucan production by Streptococcus mutans cells. Studies reported here show that hyperimmune rabbit serums can have profound inhibitory effects on adherence of S mutans to smooth surfaces and that this reduction in adherence is correlated with the reduction of CAG. The latter was measured by an assay developed in our laboratory that estimates CAG production by measuring the uptake of 14C glucose-labeled sucrose into components which can be extracted by dilute alkali. This is a direct demonstration of the effect of antibody on a metabolic function of S mutans that is important in virulence. The direct correlation bewteen inhibition of CAG production, and inhibition of adherence by an antibody, suggests that the inhibition of adherence is brought about by reduction of CAG synthesis. Further studies reported here show that the inhibition of adherence and of CAG synthesis is much more effective in homologous antiserums as compared to heterologous antiserums. These results point to the need for in vivo experiments to test the effects of vaccines on colonization by heterologous as well as homologous S mutans strains.", "PMID": 1063144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4218", "title": "Serum and salivary antibodies to cariogenic bacteria in man.", "content": "Antibodies in serum and parotid saliva against cell wall preparations from four serotypes of S mutans were examined in 110 subjects aged 18 to 25 years. In subjects with no detectable carious lesions, significant negative correlations were found between the DMF index and serum IgG and IgM antibodies, especially in S mutans of serotype c, whereas positive correlations were found between the DMF index and salivary IgA antibodies. In subjects with active caries, positive correlations were found between serum IgG antibodies and S mutans (serotypes c and a) and the DMF index. Sequential antibody analysis during a period of up to 32 months showed that development of carious lesions was associated with a rise in serum antibody titer to S mutans, but no change was detectable in salivary antibodies. Treatment of caries led to a decrease in serum IgG and IgM antibodies to S mutans cell wall, but in parotid saliva an increase in antibody titer to a culture extract of S mutans was found. The results support the concept of dental caries as an infective disease and suggest that serum antibodies may contribute to caries immunity in man.", "contents": "Serum and salivary antibodies to cariogenic bacteria in man. Antibodies in serum and parotid saliva against cell wall preparations from four serotypes of S mutans were examined in 110 subjects aged 18 to 25 years. In subjects with no detectable carious lesions, significant negative correlations were found between the DMF index and serum IgG and IgM antibodies, especially in S mutans of serotype c, whereas positive correlations were found between the DMF index and salivary IgA antibodies. In subjects with active caries, positive correlations were found between serum IgG antibodies and S mutans (serotypes c and a) and the DMF index. Sequential antibody analysis during a period of up to 32 months showed that development of carious lesions was associated with a rise in serum antibody titer to S mutans, but no change was detectable in salivary antibodies. Treatment of caries led to a decrease in serum IgG and IgM antibodies to S mutans cell wall, but in parotid saliva an increase in antibody titer to a culture extract of S mutans was found. The results support the concept of dental caries as an infective disease and suggest that serum antibodies may contribute to caries immunity in man.", "PMID": 1063145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4219", "title": "Immunogenicity of cell wall and plasma membrane components of some oral lactic acid bacteria.", "content": "It is evident that characterization of any serum with respect to its specificity, and class of antibody showing that specificity, is essential for consistent serological investigations. It must also be emphasized that a particular regimen of injection of the same immunogen preparation into the same animal species will not always produce the same immunologic response.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of cell wall and plasma membrane components of some oral lactic acid bacteria. It is evident that characterization of any serum with respect to its specificity, and class of antibody showing that specificity, is essential for consistent serological investigations. It must also be emphasized that a particular regimen of injection of the same immunogen preparation into the same animal species will not always produce the same immunologic response.", "PMID": 1063151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4220", "title": "Variations in surface polymers of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The cell wall composition of strains of S mutans with respect to sugars and proteins appears to be correlated to the serological grouping although groups c and E are rather similar. There also appear to be similarities in the structure of the polysaccharide formed by the glycosyltransferases from organisms of serological groups b and d. However, the activity of these enzymes appears to be variable in these groups. The most noteworthy difference found was that between the three Ingbritt strains. All three strains gave identical results with regard to their cell wall composition, and presumably this would mean that they were identical serologically. However, Ingbritt LH differed considerably from both the others in the types of polysaccharide formed by their glycosyltransferases from sucrose. Ingbritt B was a reisolate from monkeys, whereas Ingbritt LH was maintained in laboratory culture, and this may explain the difference. Clearly, more work will be required to explain this difference and as c strains are commonly isolated from plaque, it would seem desirable to clear up this point.", "contents": "Variations in surface polymers of Streptococcus mutans. The cell wall composition of strains of S mutans with respect to sugars and proteins appears to be correlated to the serological grouping although groups c and E are rather similar. There also appear to be similarities in the structure of the polysaccharide formed by the glycosyltransferases from organisms of serological groups b and d. However, the activity of these enzymes appears to be variable in these groups. The most noteworthy difference found was that between the three Ingbritt strains. All three strains gave identical results with regard to their cell wall composition, and presumably this would mean that they were identical serologically. However, Ingbritt LH differed considerably from both the others in the types of polysaccharide formed by their glycosyltransferases from sucrose. Ingbritt B was a reisolate from monkeys, whereas Ingbritt LH was maintained in laboratory culture, and this may explain the difference. Clearly, more work will be required to explain this difference and as c strains are commonly isolated from plaque, it would seem desirable to clear up this point.", "PMID": 1063152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4221", "title": "Some serological cross-reactions between Streptococcus mutans, S sanguis, and other dental plaque streptococci.", "content": "From the preliminary observations described in this report, the following conclusions may be drawn. When attempting to produce diagnostic antiserums specific for S mutans, S mitior, or S sanguis, care must be taken to eliminate cross-reactions as a result of antibodies against extracellular glucans or dextrans. Other antigenic components, associated with the cell wall, may be common to different species. One soluble protein or polypeptide antigen normally present in S sanguis and S mitior may also be demonstrated in certain strains of S mutans. Antiserums prepared against S sanguis, S mitior, or S mutans should be carefully checked for interspecies cross-reactions before being used for identification purposes.", "contents": "Some serological cross-reactions between Streptococcus mutans, S sanguis, and other dental plaque streptococci. From the preliminary observations described in this report, the following conclusions may be drawn. When attempting to produce diagnostic antiserums specific for S mutans, S mitior, or S sanguis, care must be taken to eliminate cross-reactions as a result of antibodies against extracellular glucans or dextrans. Other antigenic components, associated with the cell wall, may be common to different species. One soluble protein or polypeptide antigen normally present in S sanguis and S mitior may also be demonstrated in certain strains of S mutans. Antiserums prepared against S sanguis, S mitior, or S mutans should be carefully checked for interspecies cross-reactions before being used for identification purposes.", "PMID": 1063153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4222", "title": "Streptoccus mutans dextransucrase: purification, properties, and requirement for primer dextran.", "content": "We attempted to purify dextransucrase from S mutans strain 6715 to investigate its properties and determine if multiple species of the enzyme existed. It was concluded that the properties of this enzyme such as the pH (5.5), temperature (37 C) optimum, and Km for sucrose (3 mM) are very similar to those reported for S sanguis, S bovis, S mutans strain OMZ-176 isozymes, S mutans strain GS-5, and the single dextransucrase purified from S mutans strain HS-6. The IEF enzyme preparation consisted of two enzyme species, possibly differing in their ability to synthesize different dextran linkages. The minor enzyme activity demonstrated a strict primer dependency. Similarly, primer dependency has been reported for dextransucrases from S mutans, S sanguis, and L mesenteroides. S mutans strain 6715 dextransucrase also showed both the insertion and stepwise mechanisms for dextran synthesis. Sucrose was the sole glucose donor, whereas dextran was a specific, highly efficient glucose acceptor. The complex primer kinetics are not fully understood at this time and require further investigation. Without linkage analysis of the products of our enzymes, we can only postulate that each enzyme has a different function in the synthesis of interresidue and interchain alpha1-3 and alpha1-6 bonds. Insoluble dextran synthesis may involve a special enzyme mechanism characteristic of S mutans. This synthesis would require both enzymes, possibly in some aggregated form, with one enzyme synthesizing endogenous primer dextran. This endogeneous primer or some cell wall polysaccharide could stimulate both enzymes to rapidly synthesize heterogeneously linked insoluble dextran.", "contents": "Streptoccus mutans dextransucrase: purification, properties, and requirement for primer dextran. We attempted to purify dextransucrase from S mutans strain 6715 to investigate its properties and determine if multiple species of the enzyme existed. It was concluded that the properties of this enzyme such as the pH (5.5), temperature (37 C) optimum, and Km for sucrose (3 mM) are very similar to those reported for S sanguis, S bovis, S mutans strain OMZ-176 isozymes, S mutans strain GS-5, and the single dextransucrase purified from S mutans strain HS-6. The IEF enzyme preparation consisted of two enzyme species, possibly differing in their ability to synthesize different dextran linkages. The minor enzyme activity demonstrated a strict primer dependency. Similarly, primer dependency has been reported for dextransucrases from S mutans, S sanguis, and L mesenteroides. S mutans strain 6715 dextransucrase also showed both the insertion and stepwise mechanisms for dextran synthesis. Sucrose was the sole glucose donor, whereas dextran was a specific, highly efficient glucose acceptor. The complex primer kinetics are not fully understood at this time and require further investigation. Without linkage analysis of the products of our enzymes, we can only postulate that each enzyme has a different function in the synthesis of interresidue and interchain alpha1-3 and alpha1-6 bonds. Insoluble dextran synthesis may involve a special enzyme mechanism characteristic of S mutans. This synthesis would require both enzymes, possibly in some aggregated form, with one enzyme synthesizing endogenous primer dextran. This endogeneous primer or some cell wall polysaccharide could stimulate both enzymes to rapidly synthesize heterogeneously linked insoluble dextran.", "PMID": 1063154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4223", "title": "Multicomponent nature of the glucosyltransferase system of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The glucosyltransferases of S mutans 6715 were resolved into two major fractions. One fraction synthesized water-soluble glucans and the other made water-insoluble glucans. Each fraction was found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be composed of several catalytically active species, apparently glycoprotein in nature. Treatment of the glucosyltransferases with dextranase in the absence of sucrose caused an interconversion of enzyme forms concomitant with a time-dependent loss of enzyme activity, but did not appear to remove significant amounts of the carbohydrate associated with the enzymes. Comparison of enzyme activity patterns on polyacrylamide gels of the five different S mutans serotypes further emphasizes the complexity of the glucosyltransferase system from this group of microorganisms.", "contents": "Multicomponent nature of the glucosyltransferase system of Streptococcus mutans. The glucosyltransferases of S mutans 6715 were resolved into two major fractions. One fraction synthesized water-soluble glucans and the other made water-insoluble glucans. Each fraction was found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be composed of several catalytically active species, apparently glycoprotein in nature. Treatment of the glucosyltransferases with dextranase in the absence of sucrose caused an interconversion of enzyme forms concomitant with a time-dependent loss of enzyme activity, but did not appear to remove significant amounts of the carbohydrate associated with the enzymes. Comparison of enzyme activity patterns on polyacrylamide gels of the five different S mutans serotypes further emphasizes the complexity of the glucosyltransferase system from this group of microorganisms.", "PMID": 1063155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4224", "title": "Academic tenure and collective bargaining in American dental schools.", "content": "In thier survey of organizational structures in American dental schools, Dilts and Fields reported that the organization and administration of dental schools are of importance in the operation and attainment of educational goals. If one institutional goal is to provide faculty with attractive working conditions, then academic tenure and collective bargaining are important. In this respect, dental schools run true to higher education form. Having great variability, tenure systems were reported to be universal in dental schools. On the other hand, collective bargaining was found to be a new phenomenon on trial. The experience of dental schools with academic tenure and the trial of collective bargaining are of some interest to all college educators. Dilts and Fields concluded that \"Although dental education is traditional in nature, resisting changes as do other phases of higher education, the results indicate that dental education is dynamic and is responding to internal as well as external needs.\" Dental educators may wish to follow these tenure and union issues to help determine successful policies for the conditions of dental faculty employment.", "contents": "Academic tenure and collective bargaining in American dental schools. In thier survey of organizational structures in American dental schools, Dilts and Fields reported that the organization and administration of dental schools are of importance in the operation and attainment of educational goals. If one institutional goal is to provide faculty with attractive working conditions, then academic tenure and collective bargaining are important. In this respect, dental schools run true to higher education form. Having great variability, tenure systems were reported to be universal in dental schools. On the other hand, collective bargaining was found to be a new phenomenon on trial. The experience of dental schools with academic tenure and the trial of collective bargaining are of some interest to all college educators. Dilts and Fields concluded that \"Although dental education is traditional in nature, resisting changes as do other phases of higher education, the results indicate that dental education is dynamic and is responding to internal as well as external needs.\" Dental educators may wish to follow these tenure and union issues to help determine successful policies for the conditions of dental faculty employment.", "PMID": 1063158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4225", "title": "Suggestions for teaching and evaluating a course in community dentistry.", "content": "A new approach to the teaching of behavioral sciences has been evaluated with one class of dental students. The findings suggest that educational environment and perceived qualities of instructor supportiveness are essential to the effectiveness of a socially oriented educational program.", "contents": "Suggestions for teaching and evaluating a course in community dentistry. A new approach to the teaching of behavioral sciences has been evaluated with one class of dental students. The findings suggest that educational environment and perceived qualities of instructor supportiveness are essential to the effectiveness of a socially oriented educational program.", "PMID": 1063159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4226", "title": "The basic science curriculun problem in dental education: some causes and solutions.", "content": "At present there is no established purpose generally agreed on by members of the dental profession for the basic sciences in the dental curriculum. Such a purpose, supported by the entire profession, is considered a necessary first step in improving the basic science curriculum. Substantive basic science courses should be taught by instructors, holding a Ph.D. degree. These basic science instructructors, however, need the respect of the clinical faculty in order to be effective in teaching dental students. They also need to be given professional opportunity equal to that given clinical faculty if they are to commit themselves to dental education. The role of the clinical faculty in teaching the scientific basis of clinical methods is described, and the need for cooperation and communication between the basic science and clinical faculties is emphasized. Regularly scheduled faculty workshops are recommended for this purpose. A decrease in student contact time for clinical faculty is also suggested. The dental profession, led by dental educators, with advice from other health professionals, dental students, and the general public, is the logical body to define the purpose of basic science in dental education.", "contents": "The basic science curriculun problem in dental education: some causes and solutions. At present there is no established purpose generally agreed on by members of the dental profession for the basic sciences in the dental curriculum. Such a purpose, supported by the entire profession, is considered a necessary first step in improving the basic science curriculum. Substantive basic science courses should be taught by instructors, holding a Ph.D. degree. These basic science instructructors, however, need the respect of the clinical faculty in order to be effective in teaching dental students. They also need to be given professional opportunity equal to that given clinical faculty if they are to commit themselves to dental education. The role of the clinical faculty in teaching the scientific basis of clinical methods is described, and the need for cooperation and communication between the basic science and clinical faculties is emphasized. Regularly scheduled faculty workshops are recommended for this purpose. A decrease in student contact time for clinical faculty is also suggested. The dental profession, led by dental educators, with advice from other health professionals, dental students, and the general public, is the logical body to define the purpose of basic science in dental education.", "PMID": 1063165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4227", "title": "Motives to enter the dental profession: students, practitioners, faculty.", "content": "1. The dental student, the private practitioner, and the dental educator have similar self-motives related to an educational process which includes learning to develop to full potential and having the freedom to carry out one's ideas. 2. The motives perceived by dental students as important for the private practitioner are not the same as those the private practitioner perceives for himself. The student perceives good salary and a community reputation, while the practitioner perceives a continual educational process with freedom to carry out his ideas as the primary motive for entering the profession. The student and the practitioner are aligned on most of their self-motives. 3. The motives of the dental educator parallel those of the practitioner more than they parallel those of the student.", "contents": "Motives to enter the dental profession: students, practitioners, faculty. 1. The dental student, the private practitioner, and the dental educator have similar self-motives related to an educational process which includes learning to develop to full potential and having the freedom to carry out one's ideas. 2. The motives perceived by dental students as important for the private practitioner are not the same as those the private practitioner perceives for himself. The student perceives good salary and a community reputation, while the practitioner perceives a continual educational process with freedom to carry out his ideas as the primary motive for entering the profession. The student and the practitioner are aligned on most of their self-motives. 3. The motives of the dental educator parallel those of the practitioner more than they parallel those of the student.", "PMID": 1063169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4228", "title": "Experiential education for dental students at the University of Kentucky.", "content": "An experiential educational system at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry has been described. It consists of a summer externship program and an individualized externship program offered during the academic year. These programs provide dental students with extramural educational experiences in private dental offices to prepare them better for the practice of dentistry and to expose them to forces affecting the delivery of dental services.", "contents": "Experiential education for dental students at the University of Kentucky. An experiential educational system at the University of Kentucky College of Dentistry has been described. It consists of a summer externship program and an individualized externship program offered during the academic year. These programs provide dental students with extramural educational experiences in private dental offices to prepare them better for the practice of dentistry and to expose them to forces affecting the delivery of dental services.", "PMID": 1063171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4229", "title": "A fourth-year orthodontic elective in an educational group practice.", "content": "An educational group practice is described in which a fourth-year dental student actively observes and participates in orthodontic decision making and treatment delivery. The student takes part in patient treatment under the direct supervision of a second-year orthodontic resident. The residents reinforce the skills which the students learn in class and laboratory. In this way an effective learning experience results for both the resident and the fourth-year student. Students also attend patient care conferences, where treatment points of view and sequences are discussed. In this way, students have a first-hand glimpse of what a career in orthodontics might be like.", "contents": "A fourth-year orthodontic elective in an educational group practice. An educational group practice is described in which a fourth-year dental student actively observes and participates in orthodontic decision making and treatment delivery. The student takes part in patient treatment under the direct supervision of a second-year orthodontic resident. The residents reinforce the skills which the students learn in class and laboratory. In this way an effective learning experience results for both the resident and the fourth-year student. Students also attend patient care conferences, where treatment points of view and sequences are discussed. In this way, students have a first-hand glimpse of what a career in orthodontics might be like.", "PMID": 1063173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4230", "title": "A dental school hypertension screening program.", "content": "This paper has described a hypertension screening program at the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry. The program, which has been in operation for over two years, incorporates referral to a physician and a system of repeated follow-ups. The results indicate that the program has been successful in that 134 of a total of 141 patients with suspected hypertension have been successfully referred.", "contents": "A dental school hypertension screening program. This paper has described a hypertension screening program at the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry. The program, which has been in operation for over two years, incorporates referral to a physician and a system of repeated follow-ups. The results indicate that the program has been successful in that 134 of a total of 141 patients with suspected hypertension have been successfully referred.", "PMID": 1063175}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4231", "title": "Pass/fail versus A-F grading: a comparative study.", "content": "This study compared achievement when one half of a class was assigned to take a course on a pass/fail basis and the other half received a letter grade. The unique characteristics were as follows: (1) students were assigned to A-F and pass/fail groups rather than allowed to choose the grading system, (2) virtually no other course competed for study time, and (3) the course constituted a major field of study for the student. The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in achievement on three separate examinations.", "contents": "Pass/fail versus A-F grading: a comparative study. This study compared achievement when one half of a class was assigned to take a course on a pass/fail basis and the other half received a letter grade. The unique characteristics were as follows: (1) students were assigned to A-F and pass/fail groups rather than allowed to choose the grading system, (2) virtually no other course competed for study time, and (3) the course constituted a major field of study for the student. The results showed no significant difference between the two groups in achievement on three separate examinations.", "PMID": 1063179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4232", "title": "Reason and remedy for conflicting reports on comparative effects of steel scalpel and electrosurgical cutting on gingival tissues and alveolar bone.", "content": "The fact that electrosurgical cutting is governed by factors that have no influence on steel scalpel cutting is responsible for discrepancies among the results of investigations of the modalities. The investigator's equal expertise in the use of both modalities is a prerequisite for accurate comparative investigations of the effects of electrosurgical and steel scalpel cutting. Eleven specific factors that govern the efficacy and quality of electrosurgical cutting and that can, therefore, ensure consistently reliable histologic results and accurate conclusions have been mentioned.", "contents": "Reason and remedy for conflicting reports on comparative effects of steel scalpel and electrosurgical cutting on gingival tissues and alveolar bone. The fact that electrosurgical cutting is governed by factors that have no influence on steel scalpel cutting is responsible for discrepancies among the results of investigations of the modalities. The investigator's equal expertise in the use of both modalities is a prerequisite for accurate comparative investigations of the effects of electrosurgical and steel scalpel cutting. Eleven specific factors that govern the efficacy and quality of electrosurgical cutting and that can, therefore, ensure consistently reliable histologic results and accurate conclusions have been mentioned.", "PMID": 1063185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4233", "title": "How to deliver a comprehensive preventive dentistry service that dental insurance carriers can underwrite.", "content": "The successful practice management of preventive dentistry requires that it be comprehensive and include both chairside and counseling procedures. The chairside clinical procedures are a prophylaxis, topical application of fluorides, application of pit and fissure sealants, and fabrication of mouth-guards and space maintainers. The counseling procedures include plaque control and nutritional guidance. The caries activity test can be used as a means of monitoring excessive sugar intake. It is the responsibility of the dentist to determine the preventive dentistry needs of his patient based on the latter's caries score, periodontal, gingival, and plaque indexes, and diet evaluation. Since patients are prone to certain dental problems during particular age periods, the preventive management procedures must consider the existing and anticipated dental problems on the basis of the patient's age. Each of the preventive services is objective in nature because it involves either chairside or counseling procedures. During the counseling service,worksheets and clinical case notes are kept as part of the patient's dental record. The progressive effectiveness of the home-care preventive dentistry counsling procedures can be measured by scores and indexes. The frequency of repeating the service depends on proven clinical merit and the individual needs of the patient. The delivery of preventive dentistry services can be monitored  by dental insurance carriers through peer review of clinical services, data sheets, case notes, a preventive dentistry record, and by patient questionnaire. A method for managing, measuring, and monitoring an objective, comprehensive preventive dentistry service has been presented so that the insurance carrier can underwrite this type of coverage as part of its dental insurance plan.", "contents": "How to deliver a comprehensive preventive dentistry service that dental insurance carriers can underwrite. The successful practice management of preventive dentistry requires that it be comprehensive and include both chairside and counseling procedures. The chairside clinical procedures are a prophylaxis, topical application of fluorides, application of pit and fissure sealants, and fabrication of mouth-guards and space maintainers. The counseling procedures include plaque control and nutritional guidance. The caries activity test can be used as a means of monitoring excessive sugar intake. It is the responsibility of the dentist to determine the preventive dentistry needs of his patient based on the latter's caries score, periodontal, gingival, and plaque indexes, and diet evaluation. Since patients are prone to certain dental problems during particular age periods, the preventive management procedures must consider the existing and anticipated dental problems on the basis of the patient's age. Each of the preventive services is objective in nature because it involves either chairside or counseling procedures. During the counseling service,worksheets and clinical case notes are kept as part of the patient's dental record. The progressive effectiveness of the home-care preventive dentistry counsling procedures can be measured by scores and indexes. The frequency of repeating the service depends on proven clinical merit and the individual needs of the patient. The delivery of preventive dentistry services can be monitored  by dental insurance carriers through peer review of clinical services, data sheets, case notes, a preventive dentistry record, and by patient questionnaire. A method for managing, measuring, and monitoring an objective, comprehensive preventive dentistry service has been presented so that the insurance carrier can underwrite this type of coverage as part of its dental insurance plan.", "PMID": 1063204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4234", "title": "The undiagnosed split-root syndrome.", "content": "The split-root syndrome is an often misdiagnosed painful condition. The major causes of the splits have been discussed. In addition, classical symptoms associated with this syndrome have been illustrated by two case reports to facilitate the syndrome's recognition.", "contents": "The undiagnosed split-root syndrome. The split-root syndrome is an often misdiagnosed painful condition. The major causes of the splits have been discussed. In addition, classical symptoms associated with this syndrome have been illustrated by two case reports to facilitate the syndrome's recognition.", "PMID": 1063205}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4235", "title": "Dental health: what is being taught to college students.", "content": "An analysis of the dental health material in all college-level, health education textbooks published between 1966 and 1973 showed a deficiency in the amount, the thoroughness, and the quality of the dental health information given. Realibility of information from one source to another is low, and some information is inaccurate. On the basis of information in these textbooks, serious questions are raised concerning the adequacy of dental health education in college-level health education courses. The dentist is advised to review and to examine the dental health information that is being taught in these courses.", "contents": "Dental health: what is being taught to college students. An analysis of the dental health material in all college-level, health education textbooks published between 1966 and 1973 showed a deficiency in the amount, the thoroughness, and the quality of the dental health information given. Realibility of information from one source to another is low, and some information is inaccurate. On the basis of information in these textbooks, serious questions are raised concerning the adequacy of dental health education in college-level health education courses. The dentist is advised to review and to examine the dental health information that is being taught in these courses.", "PMID": 1063206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4236", "title": "Teenagers' attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors related to oral health.", "content": "This survey documents the meagerness of teenagers' knowledge and behavior about dental health. They knew that brushing before bed and checkups are desirable. Otherwise, they were sorely lacking in fundamental knowledge about what is needed for optimum oral health. Except for 6 of the 2,517 sophomores, there was no evidence that they knew about plaque. Small minorities thought about using floss and then for removal of food, not plaque. Fewer than a fourth knew that periodontal disease was a disease of the gingiva. Brushing was the major oral health practice. But it was rarely checked with disclosing tablets and mouth mirrors. It is questionable whether most knew about these. Flossing was rarely done. Curtailment of sweet foods or drinks as an oral health measure was even rarer. One would expect some improvement in the six years since this study was done, given the greater emphasis on plaque control in dentistry. Yet, the possibility that many more of a similar group of teenagers at this time would be preventively oriented seems unlikely. Plaque control programs are not that common in dentistry. And only 42% of the sample studied could be said to go to the dentist for preventive checkups in the first place. Morever, recent interviews I have done with patients at a public clinic did not uncover much awareness or behaviors related to plaque control. The respondents in the study reported here were students in their tenth year of public school. Their schooling was preparing them for many things, including common problems of everyday life. Very few problems are as common as tooth decay and periodontal disease. Yet the teenagers knew little about and were doing relatively little to prevent these problems. Obviously, their need for instruction is great.", "contents": "Teenagers' attitudes, knowledge, and behaviors related to oral health. This survey documents the meagerness of teenagers' knowledge and behavior about dental health. They knew that brushing before bed and checkups are desirable. Otherwise, they were sorely lacking in fundamental knowledge about what is needed for optimum oral health. Except for 6 of the 2,517 sophomores, there was no evidence that they knew about plaque. Small minorities thought about using floss and then for removal of food, not plaque. Fewer than a fourth knew that periodontal disease was a disease of the gingiva. Brushing was the major oral health practice. But it was rarely checked with disclosing tablets and mouth mirrors. It is questionable whether most knew about these. Flossing was rarely done. Curtailment of sweet foods or drinks as an oral health measure was even rarer. One would expect some improvement in the six years since this study was done, given the greater emphasis on plaque control in dentistry. Yet, the possibility that many more of a similar group of teenagers at this time would be preventively oriented seems unlikely. Plaque control programs are not that common in dentistry. And only 42% of the sample studied could be said to go to the dentist for preventive checkups in the first place. Morever, recent interviews I have done with patients at a public clinic did not uncover much awareness or behaviors related to plaque control. The respondents in the study reported here were students in their tenth year of public school. Their schooling was preparing them for many things, including common problems of everyday life. Very few problems are as common as tooth decay and periodontal disease. Yet the teenagers knew little about and were doing relatively little to prevent these problems. Obviously, their need for instruction is great.", "PMID": 1063207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4237", "title": "A survey of accredited dental technology education programs in the United States.", "content": "A study was made of current educational methods and prosthetic technology used in the accredited dental technology education programs in the United States. Some of the results have been compared with the findings of a similar study in Britain and several differences have been noted. The results of this study and of the British one refer to accredited educational programs and do not necessarily reflect the procedures used in dental practice or in commercial dental laboratories.", "contents": "A survey of accredited dental technology education programs in the United States. A study was made of current educational methods and prosthetic technology used in the accredited dental technology education programs in the United States. Some of the results have been compared with the findings of a similar study in Britain and several differences have been noted. The results of this study and of the British one refer to accredited educational programs and do not necessarily reflect the procedures used in dental practice or in commercial dental laboratories.", "PMID": 1063208}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4238", "title": "Dentists and sub-bachelor's degree allied health manpower.", "content": "The responses of 176 randomly selected dentists to a written questionnaire were used to assess the attitudes and perceptions of dentists toward subbachelor degree allied health workers. Particularly, demographic characteristics of dentists who employ allied health workers, the patterns of how the dentists utilize the allied health workers, and the dentists' attitudes toward aspects of allied health training were the main points covered. Findings indicate that practicing dentists have a mixed view of the role that paramedical workers can have in increasing dentists' productivity. Although most surveyed dentists agress that auxiliary personal are useful in filing nondental roles, many dentists also are delegating dental functions to these workers.", "contents": "Dentists and sub-bachelor's degree allied health manpower. The responses of 176 randomly selected dentists to a written questionnaire were used to assess the attitudes and perceptions of dentists toward subbachelor degree allied health workers. Particularly, demographic characteristics of dentists who employ allied health workers, the patterns of how the dentists utilize the allied health workers, and the dentists' attitudes toward aspects of allied health training were the main points covered. Findings indicate that practicing dentists have a mixed view of the role that paramedical workers can have in increasing dentists' productivity. Although most surveyed dentists agress that auxiliary personal are useful in filing nondental roles, many dentists also are delegating dental functions to these workers.", "PMID": 1063209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4239", "title": "A major gene controlling warfarin-resistance in the house mouse.", "content": "The spread of a \"cream\" mutant in a wild population of house mice is reported. The hypothesis that the gene responsible for the colour, extreme chinchilla, ce, has spread because of linkage with a major gene for warfarin-resistance, is tested by a linkage backcross. The results prove that a major gene does exist, that it is very closely linked with frizzy, fr, in chromosome 7, which in turn is linked with ce, that it is fully dominant in females at 4 months of age, and that its partial dominance in males is under the control of modifiers. The symbol War is proposed for the gene. Its position in chromosome 7 is analagous with the position of the resistant gene, Rw2, in the rat in the analagous chromosome. The adaptive significance of the finding is discussed, as also are reports of certain other mutants in wild populations of mice.", "contents": "A major gene controlling warfarin-resistance in the house mouse. The spread of a \"cream\" mutant in a wild population of house mice is reported. The hypothesis that the gene responsible for the colour, extreme chinchilla, ce, has spread because of linkage with a major gene for warfarin-resistance, is tested by a linkage backcross. The results prove that a major gene does exist, that it is very closely linked with frizzy, fr, in chromosome 7, which in turn is linked with ce, that it is fully dominant in females at 4 months of age, and that its partial dominance in males is under the control of modifiers. The symbol War is proposed for the gene. Its position in chromosome 7 is analagous with the position of the resistant gene, Rw2, in the rat in the analagous chromosome. The adaptive significance of the finding is discussed, as also are reports of certain other mutants in wild populations of mice.", "PMID": 1063212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4240", "title": "A bacteriological survey of washrooms and toilets.", "content": "A survey of the bacterial flora present at various positions in 130 male and female washrooms and toilets is reported. Several bacteria of faecal origin were found in large numbers: the areas likely to be the most important sources of cross-infection from faecal contamination are indicated. The results are used to assess priorities for disinfection.", "contents": "A bacteriological survey of washrooms and toilets. A survey of the bacterial flora present at various positions in 130 male and female washrooms and toilets is reported. Several bacteria of faecal origin were found in large numbers: the areas likely to be the most important sources of cross-infection from faecal contamination are indicated. The results are used to assess priorities for disinfection.", "PMID": 1063213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4241", "title": "Antibiotics and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak in 1964.", "content": "This paper gives an abbreviated account of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak in 1964. Chloramphenicol, the main antibiotic used in treatment, was shown to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of between 5 and 2-5 mug./ml. for the S. typhi phage type 34 of the outbreak. The MIC for methacycline was between 5 and 2-5 and 2 mug./ml. Whereas the deep and shallow broth techniques used gave similar results with these antibiotics, the MIC for ampicillin, and also cephaloridine, was less in the deep than in the shallow broths. Serum assays in patients given ampicillin or cephaloridine yielded abnormally high concentrations of both antiboitics when S. typhi phage type 34 was the test organism whereas, with other test organisms, the concentrations were within expectation. These abnormally high values fell within expected values when the sera under investigation had first been heated to 56 degrees C. for 30 min. before assay against the S. typhi of the outbreak. The findings with ampicillin suggested that dosages given were satisfactory. With cephaloridine the concentrations found in patients' sera seemed to show that twice daily doses of 0-5 g. fell short of adequacy.", "contents": "Antibiotics and the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak in 1964. This paper gives an abbreviated account of part of a research programme which followed the Aberdeen typhoid outbreak in 1964. Chloramphenicol, the main antibiotic used in treatment, was shown to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of between 5 and 2-5 mug./ml. for the S. typhi phage type 34 of the outbreak. The MIC for methacycline was between 5 and 2-5 and 2 mug./ml. Whereas the deep and shallow broth techniques used gave similar results with these antibiotics, the MIC for ampicillin, and also cephaloridine, was less in the deep than in the shallow broths. Serum assays in patients given ampicillin or cephaloridine yielded abnormally high concentrations of both antiboitics when S. typhi phage type 34 was the test organism whereas, with other test organisms, the concentrations were within expectation. These abnormally high values fell within expected values when the sera under investigation had first been heated to 56 degrees C. for 30 min. before assay against the S. typhi of the outbreak. The findings with ampicillin suggested that dosages given were satisfactory. With cephaloridine the concentrations found in patients' sera seemed to show that twice daily doses of 0-5 g. fell short of adequacy.", "PMID": 1063214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4242", "title": "A preliminary study of the effect of contact with environmental mycobacteria on the pattern of sensitivity to a range of new tuberculins amongst Ugandan adults.", "content": "A range of new Tuberculins prepared from extracts of living organisms belonging to 12 mycobacterial species has been used to assess the effect of BCG immunization and contact with environmental mycobacteria on Ugandan adults. A total of 2,456 tests were carried out on 562 people, 86% of whom came from three areas selected for special study. These areas were chosen on the basis of occurrence of leprosy and M. ulcerans infection and on data concerning the distribution of environmental mycobacteria. It was found that the effect of BCG was small compared with that previously observed amongst Kenyan schoolchildren, but that the effect of geographical origin was considerable. There was some correlation between the percentages of reactivity to the reagents and the frequency of mycobacteria in the environment.", "contents": "A preliminary study of the effect of contact with environmental mycobacteria on the pattern of sensitivity to a range of new tuberculins amongst Ugandan adults. A range of new Tuberculins prepared from extracts of living organisms belonging to 12 mycobacterial species has been used to assess the effect of BCG immunization and contact with environmental mycobacteria on Ugandan adults. A total of 2,456 tests were carried out on 562 people, 86% of whom came from three areas selected for special study. These areas were chosen on the basis of occurrence of leprosy and M. ulcerans infection and on data concerning the distribution of environmental mycobacteria. It was found that the effect of BCG was small compared with that previously observed amongst Kenyan schoolchildren, but that the effect of geographical origin was considerable. There was some correlation between the percentages of reactivity to the reagents and the frequency of mycobacteria in the environment.", "PMID": 1063215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4243", "title": "Age-sex distribution of various diseases with particular reference to toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "An account is given of some human diseases which affect one sex more than the other. An age-sex realtionship has been noted among British patients with acquired toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy. This is compared with the findings of other European workers. A possible explanation is offered taking all these diseases into consideration together with some of the experimental work done in animals and some of the variations in immunological responses by man.", "contents": "Age-sex distribution of various diseases with particular reference to toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy. An account is given of some human diseases which affect one sex more than the other. An age-sex realtionship has been noted among British patients with acquired toxoplasmic lymphadenopathy. This is compared with the findings of other European workers. A possible explanation is offered taking all these diseases into consideration together with some of the experimental work done in animals and some of the variations in immunological responses by man.", "PMID": 1063216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4244", "title": "A quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of serological test for bovine brucellosis to different antibody classes.", "content": "Brucella-specific antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes were quantitatively evaluated with respect to their efficiency in serological tests for bovine brucellosis. IgM reacted more efficiently than IgG1 and IgG2 in both the Rose Bengal plate test and serum agglutination test. The complement fixation test was found to be slightly more sensitive to IgM than to IgG1 and did not react to IgG2. IgM was, however, partly inactivated when heated at 60 degrees C. in the presence of serum.", "contents": "A quantitative comparison of the sensitivity of serological test for bovine brucellosis to different antibody classes. Brucella-specific antibodies of different immunoglobulin classes were quantitatively evaluated with respect to their efficiency in serological tests for bovine brucellosis. IgM reacted more efficiently than IgG1 and IgG2 in both the Rose Bengal plate test and serum agglutination test. The complement fixation test was found to be slightly more sensitive to IgM than to IgG1 and did not react to IgG2. IgM was, however, partly inactivated when heated at 60 degrees C. in the presence of serum.", "PMID": 1063217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4245", "title": "The hamster as a secondary reservoir host of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "Exposure of weaned hamsters to an environment contaminated with LCM virus shed by tolerantly infected mice led to short subclinical infections. If infection occurred in early pregnancy, the young appeared normal at birth but their tissues were highly infective. For two to three months their bites and urine were also highly infective. A viraemia did not persist long enough for successive vertical transmissions of the infection to be likely. However, the viruria persisted in most prenatally infected hamsters for at least eight months and under simulated field conditions was a potent virus source for contact infections, leading to further generations of prenatally infected young. In the absence of the natural reservoir host, such long-term carriers could have been a major factor in causing the build-up of infection in colonies of hamsters which, when purchased as household pets, led to a recent spate of human clinical infections in Germany and the U.S.A.", "contents": "The hamster as a secondary reservoir host of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Exposure of weaned hamsters to an environment contaminated with LCM virus shed by tolerantly infected mice led to short subclinical infections. If infection occurred in early pregnancy, the young appeared normal at birth but their tissues were highly infective. For two to three months their bites and urine were also highly infective. A viraemia did not persist long enough for successive vertical transmissions of the infection to be likely. However, the viruria persisted in most prenatally infected hamsters for at least eight months and under simulated field conditions was a potent virus source for contact infections, leading to further generations of prenatally infected young. In the absence of the natural reservoir host, such long-term carriers could have been a major factor in causing the build-up of infection in colonies of hamsters which, when purchased as household pets, led to a recent spate of human clinical infections in Germany and the U.S.A.", "PMID": 1063218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4246", "title": "Epidemic of echovirus 19 in the north-east of England.", "content": "We report the first large-scale outbreak of echovirus 19 infection. It occurred in the north-east of England during the summer and autumn of 1974. The virus was isolated from 268 patients in the region. The infection spread from the urban to more rural areas, reaching a peak in mid-August. Males were affected more often than females in the ratio 1-6:1. Half of the patients were under eight years of age, relatively few were over 35 years. Aseptic meningitis and upper respiratory infections were the commonest presentations, though a wide range of other diseases occurred including gastroenteritis, myalgia, pericarditis, undifferentiated pyrexia, rashes and a syndrome analagous to bacteraemic shock. There was no evidence that the pattern or severity of the disease changed during the outbreak. Infants under the age of six months were more seriously affected than older children and adults. All patients except one made an uneventful recovery. Of the routine tissue culture cells HEp2 and HeLa were by far the most satisfactory for virus isolation.", "contents": "Epidemic of echovirus 19 in the north-east of England. We report the first large-scale outbreak of echovirus 19 infection. It occurred in the north-east of England during the summer and autumn of 1974. The virus was isolated from 268 patients in the region. The infection spread from the urban to more rural areas, reaching a peak in mid-August. Males were affected more often than females in the ratio 1-6:1. Half of the patients were under eight years of age, relatively few were over 35 years. Aseptic meningitis and upper respiratory infections were the commonest presentations, though a wide range of other diseases occurred including gastroenteritis, myalgia, pericarditis, undifferentiated pyrexia, rashes and a syndrome analagous to bacteraemic shock. There was no evidence that the pattern or severity of the disease changed during the outbreak. Infants under the age of six months were more seriously affected than older children and adults. All patients except one made an uneventful recovery. Of the routine tissue culture cells HEp2 and HeLa were by far the most satisfactory for virus isolation.", "PMID": 1063219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4247", "title": "[Temperature dependence of inner structure in dental amalgam (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of temperature dependence of inner structure in dental amalgan has been studied by several investigators. But so far as the present authors are aware, researches of the inner structure in amalgam at successive temperatures have not been published. In the present paper, the temperature dependence of structure are observed under a hot stage microscope with monitor television and recorded by vidio tape. The specimen is placed in furnace of microscope, and rised temperature by W heater. The contrast of structure increase very much at about 50 degrees C, and even uetched specimens reveal the structure clearly. The structure change remarkably above 60 degrees C and 80 degrees C. It seems that the main reason are the decomposition of gamma 2 phase and amalgamation of residual mercuries in the specimen. The structure of specimen polished and etched after cooling from 100 degrees C are similar to that before heating very much without fine structure in the unreacted particles. It has been deduced that the resemblance of structure concern the reversibility of mechanical properties proposed by J\u00f8rgensen, Otani and Kanai.", "contents": "[Temperature dependence of inner structure in dental amalgam (author's transl)]. The problem of temperature dependence of inner structure in dental amalgan has been studied by several investigators. But so far as the present authors are aware, researches of the inner structure in amalgam at successive temperatures have not been published. In the present paper, the temperature dependence of structure are observed under a hot stage microscope with monitor television and recorded by vidio tape. The specimen is placed in furnace of microscope, and rised temperature by W heater. The contrast of structure increase very much at about 50 degrees C, and even uetched specimens reveal the structure clearly. The structure change remarkably above 60 degrees C and 80 degrees C. It seems that the main reason are the decomposition of gamma 2 phase and amalgamation of residual mercuries in the specimen. The structure of specimen polished and etched after cooling from 100 degrees C are similar to that before heating very much without fine structure in the unreacted particles. It has been deduced that the resemblance of structure concern the reversibility of mechanical properties proposed by J\u00f8rgensen, Otani and Kanai.", "PMID": 1063230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4248", "title": "[Mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Ni ternary alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Ni ternary alloys (0approximately90%Co, 10approximately40% Cr, 0approximately60% Ni by weight) were investigated. It was found that some alloys containing chromium from 30% to 40% had high strength, hardness and elongation but alloys containing nickel from 0% to 20% had low elongation and 60% Co-40% Cr binary alloy was higher than 70% Co-30% Cr binary alloy in tensile strength, hardness and elongation.", "contents": "[Mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Ni ternary alloys (author's transl)]. Mechanical properties of Co-Cr-Ni ternary alloys (0approximately90%Co, 10approximately40% Cr, 0approximately60% Ni by weight) were investigated. It was found that some alloys containing chromium from 30% to 40% had high strength, hardness and elongation but alloys containing nickel from 0% to 20% had low elongation and 60% Co-40% Cr binary alloy was higher than 70% Co-30% Cr binary alloy in tensile strength, hardness and elongation.", "PMID": 1063231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4249", "title": "[Changes of ciscoelastic behaviour during curing of polyether rubber impression material].", "content": "To obtain a precise  impression, it is indispensable to understand changes of physical property of the material used, during curing. The authors measured the viscosity and the storage modulus of polyether rubber which was recently introduced as a commercial impression material and tried to make clear the curing mechanism of the material. The less the amount of catalyst added to the base material, the more approximative is the behaviour to the first-order reaction. But according as the amount of catalyst increases the behaviour becomes not to be regarded as the first-order reaction, i.e., it is surmised that the curing reaction becomes so complicated. The more the amount of catalyst and the higher the temperature after mixing, the shorter is the setting time. The curing reaction of polyether rubber impression material is supposed to be completed in about 3 hours after mixing. Polyether rubber impression material showed the highest storage modulus among the three rubber impression materials not used, namely, polyether, polysulfide and silicone rubber. The values of this highest modulus of polyether rubber were about 2.4approximately2.8 times of those of polysulfide and silicone rubber impression material in 3 hours after mixing.", "contents": "[Changes of ciscoelastic behaviour during curing of polyether rubber impression material]. To obtain a precise  impression, it is indispensable to understand changes of physical property of the material used, during curing. The authors measured the viscosity and the storage modulus of polyether rubber which was recently introduced as a commercial impression material and tried to make clear the curing mechanism of the material. The less the amount of catalyst added to the base material, the more approximative is the behaviour to the first-order reaction. But according as the amount of catalyst increases the behaviour becomes not to be regarded as the first-order reaction, i.e., it is surmised that the curing reaction becomes so complicated. The more the amount of catalyst and the higher the temperature after mixing, the shorter is the setting time. The curing reaction of polyether rubber impression material is supposed to be completed in about 3 hours after mixing. Polyether rubber impression material showed the highest storage modulus among the three rubber impression materials not used, namely, polyether, polysulfide and silicone rubber. The values of this highest modulus of polyether rubber were about 2.4approximately2.8 times of those of polysulfide and silicone rubber impression material in 3 hours after mixing.", "PMID": 1063232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4250", "title": "The concept of oral rehabilitation.", "content": "Dentistry must re-examine its professional obligations towards the patient and consider whether its present basis is too rigidly technical. Oral rehabilitation can be defined in terms of the restoration of function and aesthetics. However, it must include also a philosophy of concern for an oral invalid who may require continued and varied in the management of his disability. The understanding of this concept requires an analysis of the meaning and impact of an oral disorder on an individual, and the responsibilities of those who have to provide him with guidance. Consideration must be given to the reflection of these principles of care on the teaching of dental students.", "contents": "The concept of oral rehabilitation. Dentistry must re-examine its professional obligations towards the patient and consider whether its present basis is too rigidly technical. Oral rehabilitation can be defined in terms of the restoration of function and aesthetics. However, it must include also a philosophy of concern for an oral invalid who may require continued and varied in the management of his disability. The understanding of this concept requires an analysis of the meaning and impact of an oral disorder on an individual, and the responsibilities of those who have to provide him with guidance. Consideration must be given to the reflection of these principles of care on the teaching of dental students.", "PMID": 1063255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4251", "title": "A long-term prognosis for the fixed saddle-bridge. A study of 100 constructions.", "content": "This report constitutes a long-term study of 100 saddle-bridges applied by the author during the years 1958-1973. The aim of the investigation has been to assess the prognosis for this form of therapy. The probability that a saddle-bridge will still be functioning completely, without repair, after 5 years is 93%, and after 10 years (as also after 12 years) 83%. Only 12% of the appliances had been removed 12 years after the application. The risk of defects is about the same during the first 5-year period after the application as it is during the second and the third 5-year periods. A comparison between saddle-bridges applied before and after 1965 shows no demonstrable difference as regards the 5-year prognosis in spite of modifications with respect to range of indication and therapy. The causes of the defects have been divided into biological and technical. During the first 5-year period technical defects appear to be in the majority, whereas during the later stages, biological defects predominate. Background factors such as sex, the age of the patient, length of saddle, localization in the jaw do not prove to have any appreciable importance for the prognosis. There is, on the other hand, a significantly better prognosis when the opposing jaw is furnished with the patient's own teeth and/or fixed bridges than with a removable denture. The author points out that from the result of the study, the saddle-bridge has such a good long-term prognosis that its range of application for fixed constructions should be considerably extended.", "contents": "A long-term prognosis for the fixed saddle-bridge. A study of 100 constructions. This report constitutes a long-term study of 100 saddle-bridges applied by the author during the years 1958-1973. The aim of the investigation has been to assess the prognosis for this form of therapy. The probability that a saddle-bridge will still be functioning completely, without repair, after 5 years is 93%, and after 10 years (as also after 12 years) 83%. Only 12% of the appliances had been removed 12 years after the application. The risk of defects is about the same during the first 5-year period after the application as it is during the second and the third 5-year periods. A comparison between saddle-bridges applied before and after 1965 shows no demonstrable difference as regards the 5-year prognosis in spite of modifications with respect to range of indication and therapy. The causes of the defects have been divided into biological and technical. During the first 5-year period technical defects appear to be in the majority, whereas during the later stages, biological defects predominate. Background factors such as sex, the age of the patient, length of saddle, localization in the jaw do not prove to have any appreciable importance for the prognosis. There is, on the other hand, a significantly better prognosis when the opposing jaw is furnished with the patient's own teeth and/or fixed bridges than with a removable denture. The author points out that from the result of the study, the saddle-bridge has such a good long-term prognosis that its range of application for fixed constructions should be considerably extended.", "PMID": 1063256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4252", "title": "Reflex activity in the masseter muscle of young individuals. I. Experimental procedure - results.", "content": "The monosynaptic myotatic (jaw jerk) potential (MSP) evoked in the relaxed masseter by a tap on the chin and recorded electromyographically in this muscle (latency 6-3 ms, duration 5-9 ms) was similar in subjects with, or without TMJ clicking. The latency of the myotatic potential was significantly shorter (5.8 ms) when evoked during isometric contraction. The duration was 5-2 ms. A potential with similar characteristics as the MSP was evoked by TMJ clicking, as we believe by excitation of muscle spindles from tissue transmitted vibrations (latency 5-5 ms, duration 5-6 ms). The TMJ click evoked MSP could in the contracting massester be followed by silent periods (SPs) both of the early (latency about 10 ms) and the late type (latency about 50 ms). A tap on the chin during isometric contraction of the jaw elevators, was followed by an SP of the early type (latency 12-2 ms, duration 17-5 ms) and sometimes by an SP of the late type (latency 58 ms, duration 18 ms). The late SP occurred significantly more often in patients with TMJ-dysfunction. The period of lower activity following an MSP can be divided into two phases: a first phase with a complete electrical silence, denoted SP, and a second phase during which the activity is slowly increasing to reach the control level. This latter phase will be called \"depressed activity\" (DA) and is introduced as a new parameter. The SP with tooth tapping (latency 10-5 ms, duration 9-4 ms) was similar in groups with or without TMJ clicking. The superimposed MSP (SMSP) preceding the SP at tooth tapping is supposed to be a manifestation of the \"load-compensation reflex\".", "contents": "Reflex activity in the masseter muscle of young individuals. I. Experimental procedure - results. The monosynaptic myotatic (jaw jerk) potential (MSP) evoked in the relaxed masseter by a tap on the chin and recorded electromyographically in this muscle (latency 6-3 ms, duration 5-9 ms) was similar in subjects with, or without TMJ clicking. The latency of the myotatic potential was significantly shorter (5.8 ms) when evoked during isometric contraction. The duration was 5-2 ms. A potential with similar characteristics as the MSP was evoked by TMJ clicking, as we believe by excitation of muscle spindles from tissue transmitted vibrations (latency 5-5 ms, duration 5-6 ms). The TMJ click evoked MSP could in the contracting massester be followed by silent periods (SPs) both of the early (latency about 10 ms) and the late type (latency about 50 ms). A tap on the chin during isometric contraction of the jaw elevators, was followed by an SP of the early type (latency 12-2 ms, duration 17-5 ms) and sometimes by an SP of the late type (latency 58 ms, duration 18 ms). The late SP occurred significantly more often in patients with TMJ-dysfunction. The period of lower activity following an MSP can be divided into two phases: a first phase with a complete electrical silence, denoted SP, and a second phase during which the activity is slowly increasing to reach the control level. This latter phase will be called \"depressed activity\" (DA) and is introduced as a new parameter. The SP with tooth tapping (latency 10-5 ms, duration 9-4 ms) was similar in groups with or without TMJ clicking. The superimposed MSP (SMSP) preceding the SP at tooth tapping is supposed to be a manifestation of the \"load-compensation reflex\".", "PMID": 1063257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4253", "title": "Utilization of elecrical conductivity as an alternative method of assessing marginal leakage of pit and fissure sealants.", "content": "The electrical conductivity readings of extracted human teeth uere taken: prior to placement of pit and fissure sealants; immediately after placement of the pit and fissure sealants; 2 weeks after immersion of the specimens in distilled water at 37 degrees C; and after 7200 strokes on a toothbrushing machine. The specimens were then immersed in dye for 24 h, sectioned and evaluated for evidence of dye penetration. The electrical conductivity readings were then compared to dye penetration results to determine if a correlation existed. A positive correlation existed between the electrical conductivity readings and dye penetration. Threshold values of electrical conductivity existed (which varied for each sealant) - readings above these threshold values indicated sealant failure or leakage. The possibility of using electrical conductivity as a diagnostic tool is definitely worthy of further research - particularly its potential as an in vivo method of assessing leakage.", "contents": "Utilization of elecrical conductivity as an alternative method of assessing marginal leakage of pit and fissure sealants. The electrical conductivity readings of extracted human teeth uere taken: prior to placement of pit and fissure sealants; immediately after placement of the pit and fissure sealants; 2 weeks after immersion of the specimens in distilled water at 37 degrees C; and after 7200 strokes on a toothbrushing machine. The specimens were then immersed in dye for 24 h, sectioned and evaluated for evidence of dye penetration. The electrical conductivity readings were then compared to dye penetration results to determine if a correlation existed. A positive correlation existed between the electrical conductivity readings and dye penetration. Threshold values of electrical conductivity existed (which varied for each sealant) - readings above these threshold values indicated sealant failure or leakage. The possibility of using electrical conductivity as a diagnostic tool is definitely worthy of further research - particularly its potential as an in vivo method of assessing leakage.", "PMID": 1063258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4254", "title": "Frequency and location of artificial crowns and fixed partial dentures constructed at a dental school.", "content": "The material consists of patients who received single crowns and fixed partial dentures at the Department of Prosthetics, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo in the period 1967-73. Two-thirds of the patients were women, and about two-thirds of the restorations were made in the maxilla. A total of 3275 crowns were received by 2145 patients. On average, maxillary teeth were crowned 7 years earlier than mandibular teeth. A total of 1393 fixed partial dentures, consisting of 6835 units, were made for 1368 patients.", "contents": "Frequency and location of artificial crowns and fixed partial dentures constructed at a dental school. The material consists of patients who received single crowns and fixed partial dentures at the Department of Prosthetics, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo in the period 1967-73. Two-thirds of the patients were women, and about two-thirds of the restorations were made in the maxilla. A total of 3275 crowns were received by 2145 patients. On average, maxillary teeth were crowned 7 years earlier than mandibular teeth. A total of 1393 fixed partial dentures, consisting of 6835 units, were made for 1368 patients.", "PMID": 1063259}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4255", "title": "Frequency of symptoms of mandibular dysfunction in young Swedish men.", "content": "The occurrence of symptoms of dysfunction of the masticatory system was studied in 253 Swedish men from the region of Stockholm with an average age of 19 years. Besides inquiry by questionnaire regarding subjective symptoms a clinical functional examination of the masticatory apparatus was performed. Fourteen per cent were aware of clicking of the temporomandibular joint and 12% of other symptoms of dysfunction such as difficulties in opening the mouth wide, locking and pain on performance of various movements of the mandible. In the clinical investigation, symptoms of dysfunction were noted in 28% of those examined, mainly in the form of tenderness to palpation over the temporomandibular joints and of the masticatory musculature as well as difficult, painful and irregular movements of the mandible. Individuals with clinical symptoms of dysfunction of the masticatory system had a higher frequency of other joint and muscle symptoms, clicking of the temporomandibular joint and occlusal disturbances in the form of balancing side interferences, than those without clinical symptoms. Balancing sides interferences were the only occlusal disturbance that was significantly correlated with the symptoms of dysfunction (pain on movement and tenderness to palpation).", "contents": "Frequency of symptoms of mandibular dysfunction in young Swedish men. The occurrence of symptoms of dysfunction of the masticatory system was studied in 253 Swedish men from the region of Stockholm with an average age of 19 years. Besides inquiry by questionnaire regarding subjective symptoms a clinical functional examination of the masticatory apparatus was performed. Fourteen per cent were aware of clicking of the temporomandibular joint and 12% of other symptoms of dysfunction such as difficulties in opening the mouth wide, locking and pain on performance of various movements of the mandible. In the clinical investigation, symptoms of dysfunction were noted in 28% of those examined, mainly in the form of tenderness to palpation over the temporomandibular joints and of the masticatory musculature as well as difficult, painful and irregular movements of the mandible. Individuals with clinical symptoms of dysfunction of the masticatory system had a higher frequency of other joint and muscle symptoms, clicking of the temporomandibular joint and occlusal disturbances in the form of balancing side interferences, than those without clinical symptoms. Balancing sides interferences were the only occlusal disturbance that was significantly correlated with the symptoms of dysfunction (pain on movement and tenderness to palpation).", "PMID": 1063260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4256", "title": "Costs of publicly financed dental care for children in three different types of practice settings.", "content": "This analysis of the Chattanooga Program has provided preliminary findings on the relative cost of providing dental care through three different modes of care delivery: private practice, public fixed clinics, and public modile clinics. Significant differences in costs were found. It is reasonable to conclude, tentatively, that public services were being used more efficiently than private services in the delivery of dental care involved in this program. The results contest the findings of previous studies which indicated that mobile clinics were relatively inefficient. This study, however, based on a limited time period and refers to a specific program. It would, therefore, be inappropriate to generalize too hastily from the results. At this time, further research is being conducted to extend the period of analysis, and to deal explicitly with differences in patient characteristics, service mixes, and quality, to explain the economic reasons for the apparent differences in efficiency by delivery mode, and to consider the implications of the findings for dental policy.", "contents": "Costs of publicly financed dental care for children in three different types of practice settings. This analysis of the Chattanooga Program has provided preliminary findings on the relative cost of providing dental care through three different modes of care delivery: private practice, public fixed clinics, and public modile clinics. Significant differences in costs were found. It is reasonable to conclude, tentatively, that public services were being used more efficiently than private services in the delivery of dental care involved in this program. The results contest the findings of previous studies which indicated that mobile clinics were relatively inefficient. This study, however, based on a limited time period and refers to a specific program. It would, therefore, be inappropriate to generalize too hastily from the results. At this time, further research is being conducted to extend the period of analysis, and to deal explicitly with differences in patient characteristics, service mixes, and quality, to explain the economic reasons for the apparent differences in efficiency by delivery mode, and to consider the implications of the findings for dental policy.", "PMID": 1063264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4257", "title": "The effect of toothbrushing frequency on oral hygiene and gingival health in school children: reassessment after two and one-half years.", "content": "An epidemiological survey of brushing frequency, oral hygiene (OHI-S), and gingival condition (GI modified) was conducted on 290, 12- to 15-year-old schoolschildren. The purpose of the survey was to compare the clinical findings with the children's states frequency of toothbrushing. Since the same children had participated in a similar study approximately 2 1/2 years earlier, it was also of interest to determine what effect, if any, a change in reported brushing habits might exert over the oral status of the children. As in a previous study, the stated level of brushing activity was high. Approximately 46 percent of the children claimed to brush twice a day, and 40 percent once a day. The poorest oral hygiene and highest level of gingivitis were associated with the group of children that claimed to brush less than once a day. In general, the children that claimed to brush their teeth more frequently had lower mean OHI-S and GI scores indicating less oral debris and gingivitis. For males-females combined the optimal effect on oral hygiene and gingival condition, on a statistical basis, was detected at the level of twice-daily brushing. Increased brushing frequency beyond this level did not produce significant improvement in OHI-S or GI scores.", "contents": "The effect of toothbrushing frequency on oral hygiene and gingival health in school children: reassessment after two and one-half years. An epidemiological survey of brushing frequency, oral hygiene (OHI-S), and gingival condition (GI modified) was conducted on 290, 12- to 15-year-old schoolschildren. The purpose of the survey was to compare the clinical findings with the children's states frequency of toothbrushing. Since the same children had participated in a similar study approximately 2 1/2 years earlier, it was also of interest to determine what effect, if any, a change in reported brushing habits might exert over the oral status of the children. As in a previous study, the stated level of brushing activity was high. Approximately 46 percent of the children claimed to brush twice a day, and 40 percent once a day. The poorest oral hygiene and highest level of gingivitis were associated with the group of children that claimed to brush less than once a day. In general, the children that claimed to brush their teeth more frequently had lower mean OHI-S and GI scores indicating less oral debris and gingivitis. For males-females combined the optimal effect on oral hygiene and gingival condition, on a statistical basis, was detected at the level of twice-daily brushing. Increased brushing frequency beyond this level did not produce significant improvement in OHI-S or GI scores.", "PMID": 1063271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4258", "title": "Synthesis and biological activities of some N4-substituted 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidines.", "content": "Syntheses and biological activities of 26 N4-substituted 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as analogs of naturally occurring modified nucleic acid bases, N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)-L-threonine and N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenine, are described. 4-Aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine was converted into the desired intermediate, ethyl pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-carbamate (2). 4-Ureidopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (6-26) were prepared by displacement of the ethoxy group of the carbamate 2 by amino acids and a variety of amines and by a reaction of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (1) with isocyanates. N4-Alkylaminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines were generally prepared by displacement of the chlorine from 4-chloropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine with various amines. Several analogs exhibited moderate to very good growth inhibitory activities against cultured L1210 leukemia and 6410 human leukemic myeloblasts.", "contents": "Synthesis and biological activities of some N4-substituted 4-aminopyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidines. Syntheses and biological activities of 26 N4-substituted 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as analogs of naturally occurring modified nucleic acid bases, N-(purin-6-ylcarbamoyl)-L-threonine and N6-(delta2-isopentenyl)adenine, are described. 4-Aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine was converted into the desired intermediate, ethyl pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-carbamate (2). 4-Ureidopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (6-26) were prepared by displacement of the ethoxy group of the carbamate 2 by amino acids and a variety of amines and by a reaction of 4-aminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine (1) with isocyanates. N4-Alkylaminopyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines were generally prepared by displacement of the chlorine from 4-chloropyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine with various amines. Several analogs exhibited moderate to very good growth inhibitory activities against cultured L1210 leukemia and 6410 human leukemic myeloblasts.", "PMID": 1063272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4259", "title": "Intermittent pressure in the management of post-traumatic oedema and lymphoedema. The rationale and description of a new method.", "content": "This paper describes the use of intermittent pressure to reduce oedema of the limbs by assisting resorption. The rationale of the method is outlined with emphasis on the management of traumatic oedema. A safe, simple and inexpensive device to effect the intermittent pressure is described. The results of clinical trials on 63 patients with oedema are documented to substantiate the value of the treatment.", "contents": "Intermittent pressure in the management of post-traumatic oedema and lymphoedema. The rationale and description of a new method. This paper describes the use of intermittent pressure to reduce oedema of the limbs by assisting resorption. The rationale of the method is outlined with emphasis on the management of traumatic oedema. A safe, simple and inexpensive device to effect the intermittent pressure is described. The results of clinical trials on 63 patients with oedema are documented to substantiate the value of the treatment.", "PMID": 1063286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4260", "title": "[Cytologic diagnosis of myeloblastic leukemia via hemopericardial puncture (author's transl)].", "content": "In a case of primary aleukemic acute myeloblastic leukemia early evidence of the disease was provided by cytodiagnosis. Puncutre of the hemopericardium, the presenting symptom, showed malignant cells. Differential cytology, along with the age and sex of the patient led to a tentative diagnosis of leukemia, which was ultimately confirmed by bone-marrow studies.", "contents": "[Cytologic diagnosis of myeloblastic leukemia via hemopericardial puncture (author's transl)]. In a case of primary aleukemic acute myeloblastic leukemia early evidence of the disease was provided by cytodiagnosis. Puncutre of the hemopericardium, the presenting symptom, showed malignant cells. Differential cytology, along with the age and sex of the patient led to a tentative diagnosis of leukemia, which was ultimately confirmed by bone-marrow studies.", "PMID": 1063287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4261", "title": "Acceleration of healing of maxillary and mandibular osteotomies by use of hyperbaric oxygen. A preliminary report.", "content": "Thirty-eight osteotomy patients were treated with hyperbaric oxygen in order to determine clinically its effect on the length of osseous healing. Data accumulated from this clinical investigation indicate that hyperbaric oxygen augments clinical bone healing subsequent to osteotomy procedures.", "contents": "Acceleration of healing of maxillary and mandibular osteotomies by use of hyperbaric oxygen. A preliminary report. Thirty-eight osteotomy patients were treated with hyperbaric oxygen in order to determine clinically its effect on the length of osseous healing. Data accumulated from this clinical investigation indicate that hyperbaric oxygen augments clinical bone healing subsequent to osteotomy procedures.", "PMID": 1063344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4262", "title": "Bacterial study of pyogenic infections of dental origin.", "content": "Fluctuant abscesses of dental origin were sampled by syringe aspiration. These samples were cultured by means of techniques suitable for isolation and growth of obligate anaerobes. Oral abscesses are usually mixed infections that include a number of different species. More than 65 per cent of the species isolated were obligate anaerobes, which indicates the need for anaerobic methods in studying these infections. Anaerobic gram-negative rods and facultative streptococci were the groups isolated most frequently.", "contents": "Bacterial study of pyogenic infections of dental origin. Fluctuant abscesses of dental origin were sampled by syringe aspiration. These samples were cultured by means of techniques suitable for isolation and growth of obligate anaerobes. Oral abscesses are usually mixed infections that include a number of different species. More than 65 per cent of the species isolated were obligate anaerobes, which indicates the need for anaerobic methods in studying these infections. Anaerobic gram-negative rods and facultative streptococci were the groups isolated most frequently.", "PMID": 1063345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4263", "title": "Management of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate is presented, with emphasis on surgical treatment and postoperative care. It is thought that many oronasal communications may be prevented by the use of palatal splints relined with appropriate soft-tissue conditioners at frequent intervals.", "contents": "Management of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate. Report of a case. A case of mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the palate is presented, with emphasis on surgical treatment and postoperative care. It is thought that many oronasal communications may be prevented by the use of palatal splints relined with appropriate soft-tissue conditioners at frequent intervals.", "PMID": 1063346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4264", "title": "Recurrent oral and oculogenital ulcerations (Beh\u00e7et's syndrome).", "content": "The literature on Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is reviewed and four cases are presented. Two of the patients were men and two were women. The age at presentation varied from 21 to 55 years. All patients had the first manifestations of the disease before the age of 25 and two before the age of 10. None presented with the complete triad of symptoms. All four had oral ulceration and either ocular lesions (two cases) or lesions on the genitals (two cases). According to the present theories, the diagnosis of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is established by the presence of any two of the triad of symptoms. We suggest that in order to be classified as having Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, a patient should have oral lesions and either genital and/or ocular ulcerations.", "contents": "Recurrent oral and oculogenital ulcerations (Beh\u00e7et's syndrome). The literature on Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is reviewed and four cases are presented. Two of the patients were men and two were women. The age at presentation varied from 21 to 55 years. All patients had the first manifestations of the disease before the age of 25 and two before the age of 10. None presented with the complete triad of symptoms. All four had oral ulceration and either ocular lesions (two cases) or lesions on the genitals (two cases). According to the present theories, the diagnosis of Beh\u00e7et's syndrome is established by the presence of any two of the triad of symptoms. We suggest that in order to be classified as having Beh\u00e7et's syndrome, a patient should have oral lesions and either genital and/or ocular ulcerations.", "PMID": 1063347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4265", "title": "Globodontia in the otodental syndrome.", "content": "A family of Polish extraction was studied in which massive, globe-shaped posterior teeth were found in a father and two of his sons, similar to those described in a previous family in which persons with this type of teeth also had a high-frequency sensorineural deafness. The audiograms in this family showed high-frequency air-conduction thresholds in the father and one son with globodontia and in other relatives without the tooth defect. The other son with abnormal teeth had a normal-appearing audiogram. Absence of premolar teeth and yellow-white spots of local hypomaturation of enamel on canine teeth were also findings in this kindred, as reported or observed in other kindreds. The disorder illustrates the problem of variable expressivity of a trait which makes it difficult to predict the risk of having an affected child when only one feature of a syndrome is present in a relative of a fully affected patient.", "contents": "Globodontia in the otodental syndrome. A family of Polish extraction was studied in which massive, globe-shaped posterior teeth were found in a father and two of his sons, similar to those described in a previous family in which persons with this type of teeth also had a high-frequency sensorineural deafness. The audiograms in this family showed high-frequency air-conduction thresholds in the father and one son with globodontia and in other relatives without the tooth defect. The other son with abnormal teeth had a normal-appearing audiogram. Absence of premolar teeth and yellow-white spots of local hypomaturation of enamel on canine teeth were also findings in this kindred, as reported or observed in other kindreds. The disorder illustrates the problem of variable expressivity of a trait which makes it difficult to predict the risk of having an affected child when only one feature of a syndrome is present in a relative of a fully affected patient.", "PMID": 1063348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4266", "title": "A clinical study for the control of facial mucocutaneous herpes virus infections. I. Characterization of natural history in a professional school population.", "content": "One thousand thirty-one dental and dental hygiene students, faculty and staff at The University of Michigan School of Dentistry were interviewed in order to identify those with a past history of perioral mucocutaneous herpetic infection. Subsequently, the population was followed for 9 (+/- 3) months in order to determine various parameters of disease expression. Analysis of the results indicate the following: 1. In this professional population, 20.5 per cent described prior experience with perioral herpes. No sex difference was noted. 2. Prevalence increased with age. In the faculty-staff group (mean age 32.9 years +/ 11.8) prevalence was 30.7 per cent, whereas in the student -roup (mean age, io.6 years+/- 3.8) prevalence was 17.7 per cent. Occupational and/or socioeconomic factors did not appear to account for the age-related difference in prevalence. 3. Only 40 per cent of those who related prior disease experience developed lesions within the observation period of 9 (+/-3) months. 4. The recurrence rate, based upon an observation period of 9 (+/-3) months, in those persons who related prior disease experience was found to be 1.3 episodes per year (0.1 per month). 5. Duration of lesions ranged between 3 and 17 days, with a mean of 9 days. 6. The lower lip was the most common site of a lesion. 7. Triggering factors associated with development of a lesion in order of decreasing frequency were found to be; emotional stress, exposure to sun, and illness.", "contents": "A clinical study for the control of facial mucocutaneous herpes virus infections. I. Characterization of natural history in a professional school population. One thousand thirty-one dental and dental hygiene students, faculty and staff at The University of Michigan School of Dentistry were interviewed in order to identify those with a past history of perioral mucocutaneous herpetic infection. Subsequently, the population was followed for 9 (+/- 3) months in order to determine various parameters of disease expression. Analysis of the results indicate the following: 1. In this professional population, 20.5 per cent described prior experience with perioral herpes. No sex difference was noted. 2. Prevalence increased with age. In the faculty-staff group (mean age 32.9 years +/ 11.8) prevalence was 30.7 per cent, whereas in the student -roup (mean age, io.6 years+/- 3.8) prevalence was 17.7 per cent. Occupational and/or socioeconomic factors did not appear to account for the age-related difference in prevalence. 3. Only 40 per cent of those who related prior disease experience developed lesions within the observation period of 9 (+/-3) months. 4. The recurrence rate, based upon an observation period of 9 (+/-3) months, in those persons who related prior disease experience was found to be 1.3 episodes per year (0.1 per month). 5. Duration of lesions ranged between 3 and 17 days, with a mean of 9 days. 6. The lower lip was the most common site of a lesion. 7. Triggering factors associated with development of a lesion in order of decreasing frequency were found to be; emotional stress, exposure to sun, and illness.", "PMID": 1063349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4267", "title": "Ameloblastoma containing mucus glands.", "content": "A 53-year-old woman had a large, deforming mass involving the mandible and was treated by subtotal mandibulectomy. Histologically, the mass proved to be an acanthomatous ameloblastoma that contained mucus glands. Eleven years after the mandibulectomy, the tumor has not recurred or metastasized.", "contents": "Ameloblastoma containing mucus glands. A 53-year-old woman had a large, deforming mass involving the mandible and was treated by subtotal mandibulectomy. Histologically, the mass proved to be an acanthomatous ameloblastoma that contained mucus glands. Eleven years after the mandibulectomy, the tumor has not recurred or metastasized.", "PMID": 1063350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4268", "title": "Dentin dysplasia type I. Clinical, morphologic, and genetic studies of a case.", "content": "This report documents a case of dentin dysplasia Type I in a 17-year-old boy and two members of his family. The clinical, radiographic, histologic, and ultrastructural findings indicate that this condition is distinct from other heritable defects of dentin. The entity is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and is characterized by teeth which have a normal color and exhibit pulpal obliteration, short roots, periapical radiolucencies, and spontaneous exfoliation. Our ultrastructural findings in agreement with those reported by Sauk and associates.", "contents": "Dentin dysplasia type I. Clinical, morphologic, and genetic studies of a case. This report documents a case of dentin dysplasia Type I in a 17-year-old boy and two members of his family. The clinical, radiographic, histologic, and ultrastructural findings indicate that this condition is distinct from other heritable defects of dentin. The entity is transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait and is characterized by teeth which have a normal color and exhibit pulpal obliteration, short roots, periapical radiolucencies, and spontaneous exfoliation. Our ultrastructural findings in agreement with those reported by Sauk and associates.", "PMID": 1063351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4269", "title": "Benign cementoblastoma.", "content": "An unusual case of cementoblastoma is presented. It is the second case to be published demonstrating involvement of the pulp, and it is the first instance of a cementoblastoma that appears to have evolved from an impacted tooth. A review of the literature substantiates the fact that this lesion may not be so uncommon as was previously thought, and that pain and facial asymmetry may be significant clinical features.", "contents": "Benign cementoblastoma. An unusual case of cementoblastoma is presented. It is the second case to be published demonstrating involvement of the pulp, and it is the first instance of a cementoblastoma that appears to have evolved from an impacted tooth. A review of the literature substantiates the fact that this lesion may not be so uncommon as was previously thought, and that pain and facial asymmetry may be significant clinical features.", "PMID": 1063352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4270", "title": "Fluorescence of biogenic monoamines in the human dental pulp.", "content": "Biogenic monoamines in the adrenergic nerve terminals of the human dental pulp are demonstrated by the fluorescence method of Falck and Owman. Unmyelinated nerve fibers from nerves along alveolar blood vessels may enter the pulp, although pulp nerves are composed largely of myelinated fibers. The existence of a few sympathetic fibers is demonstrated by the fluorescence method, and possible drug effects are considered.", "contents": "Fluorescence of biogenic monoamines in the human dental pulp. Biogenic monoamines in the adrenergic nerve terminals of the human dental pulp are demonstrated by the fluorescence method of Falck and Owman. Unmyelinated nerve fibers from nerves along alveolar blood vessels may enter the pulp, although pulp nerves are composed largely of myelinated fibers. The existence of a few sympathetic fibers is demonstrated by the fluorescence method, and possible drug effects are considered.", "PMID": 1063353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4271", "title": "Chelating agents: their effect on the permeability of root canal dentin.", "content": "An in vitro assessment was made of the ability of three chelating agents used in endodontics to alter the dye penetration of dentinal tubules from the root canal surface. The experiment and control for this study were within the same root. It was found that all three agents significantly reduced the dye penetration into dentin, but there was no difference among the agents in the degree of reduction of dye penetration.", "contents": "Chelating agents: their effect on the permeability of root canal dentin. An in vitro assessment was made of the ability of three chelating agents used in endodontics to alter the dye penetration of dentinal tubules from the root canal surface. The experiment and control for this study were within the same root. It was found that all three agents significantly reduced the dye penetration into dentin, but there was no difference among the agents in the degree of reduction of dye penetration.", "PMID": 1063354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4272", "title": "[Association of chronic myelosis and cancer].", "content": "During the period between 1948-1963 a total of 3,200 tumor patients were treated in the First and Second Medical Clinics of Tg.-Mures. In these tumor patients as well as the skin cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy the authors found in 1.5% of the patients a leukocytosis of more than 20,000. In the last ten years (1964-1974), however, in the Second Medical Clinic only, 5% of 516 tumor patients showed a leukocytosis exceeding 20,000. In the first group of patients (3,200 cases) 0.03% showed more than 50,000 leukocytes, in the other group of 516 patients 0.2% showed more than 50,000 leukocytes. These values point towards a leukemoid reaction. A shift to the left to the myelocytes or beyond in the blood picture was found in the Second Medical Clinic in 10% of patients with carcinoma during the year of 1974. In 6% of the cases erythroblasts in the peripheral blood were seen, too. This deviation occurred often independent of the total number of leukocytes and was of a temporary nature. During the same time (1949-1974) 128 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia were treated in both departments as in-patients. 6 cases (i.e., 4.6%) had a chronic myelosis simultaneous with carcinoma, in one case together with an osteosarcoma. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by autopsy.", "contents": "[Association of chronic myelosis and cancer]. During the period between 1948-1963 a total of 3,200 tumor patients were treated in the First and Second Medical Clinics of Tg.-Mures. In these tumor patients as well as the skin cancer patients who were treated with radiotherapy the authors found in 1.5% of the patients a leukocytosis of more than 20,000. In the last ten years (1964-1974), however, in the Second Medical Clinic only, 5% of 516 tumor patients showed a leukocytosis exceeding 20,000. In the first group of patients (3,200 cases) 0.03% showed more than 50,000 leukocytes, in the other group of 516 patients 0.2% showed more than 50,000 leukocytes. These values point towards a leukemoid reaction. A shift to the left to the myelocytes or beyond in the blood picture was found in the Second Medical Clinic in 10% of patients with carcinoma during the year of 1974. In 6% of the cases erythroblasts in the peripheral blood were seen, too. This deviation occurred often independent of the total number of leukocytes and was of a temporary nature. During the same time (1949-1974) 128 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia were treated in both departments as in-patients. 6 cases (i.e., 4.6%) had a chronic myelosis simultaneous with carcinoma, in one case together with an osteosarcoma. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases by autopsy.", "PMID": 1063357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4273", "title": "The frequency, technical standard and results of endodontic therapy.", "content": "The present summary and the following papers (I--VI) have been accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor Odontologiae at the Dental Faculty, University of Bergen. Paper I: Tooth mortality and endodontic status of a selected population group - before and after treatment in a teaching clinic. Paper II: The apical level of root fillings made by general practitioners, undergraduate students and an endodontist. Paper III: Radiographic evaluation of endodontic treatment-a methodological study. Paper IV: The quality of the seal of root fillings made by general practitioners, undergraduate students and an endodontist. Paper VI: A radiographic follow-up of endodontically retreated roots. In this summary these papers will be referred to by the above Roman numerals. Other investigations will be referred to in the conventional manner.", "contents": "The frequency, technical standard and results of endodontic therapy. The present summary and the following papers (I--VI) have been accepted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor Odontologiae at the Dental Faculty, University of Bergen. Paper I: Tooth mortality and endodontic status of a selected population group - before and after treatment in a teaching clinic. Paper II: The apical level of root fillings made by general practitioners, undergraduate students and an endodontist. Paper III: Radiographic evaluation of endodontic treatment-a methodological study. Paper IV: The quality of the seal of root fillings made by general practitioners, undergraduate students and an endodontist. Paper VI: A radiographic follow-up of endodontically retreated roots. In this summary these papers will be referred to by the above Roman numerals. Other investigations will be referred to in the conventional manner.", "PMID": 1063373}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4274", "title": "[Sialolithiasis in minor salivary glands. Case report].", "content": "Lithiasis of the minor salivary glands appearently occurs more frequently than hitherto presumed and should be considered as a possibility in the clinical differential diagnosis of tumors of the oral mucous membrane. The present paper refers two cases of sialolithiasis of the labial minor salivary glands. Further, a general outline of the condition is presented based on later years' increasing number of case reports.", "contents": "[Sialolithiasis in minor salivary glands. Case report]. Lithiasis of the minor salivary glands appearently occurs more frequently than hitherto presumed and should be considered as a possibility in the clinical differential diagnosis of tumors of the oral mucous membrane. The present paper refers two cases of sialolithiasis of the labial minor salivary glands. Further, a general outline of the condition is presented based on later years' increasing number of case reports.", "PMID": 1063374}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4275", "title": "Biological activity of catecholamines covalently linked to synthetic polymers: proof of immobilized drug theory.", "content": "l-Isoproterenol was covalently coupled via an azo linkage to soluble copolypeptides of molecular weight 1500 and 10,000 containing an aromatic amine. The polymeric azo-isoproterenol derivatives were purified by gel chromatography which reduced contamination by the parent isoproterenol to undetectable levels (i.e., less than 0.01%) and by 6-aminoisoproterenol to less than 0.4%. Both polymeric isoproterenol derivatives were found to elicit positive chronotropic responses in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. The mean effective doses (ED50S) for the 1500 and 10,000 molecular weight derivatives were within 1.3 and 2.0 orders of magnitude, respectively, of the ED50 of l-isoproterenol. The responses cannot be attributed to free isoproterenol because this drug could not be detected in our preparations. Neither can the observed biological activity be attributed to 6-aminoisoproterenol, since this compound's dose-response is shifted 3 orders of magnitude to the right of l-isoproterenol and 1-2 orders of magnitude to the right of the polymeric derivatives. Inotropic response decay times in isolated cat papillary muscles following washouts indicate that the polymer-bound drug does not diffuse into the muscle tissues. We feel that our findings demonstrate that under controlled conditions the catecholamines can retain biological activity while covalently bound to a polymeric support.", "contents": "Biological activity of catecholamines covalently linked to synthetic polymers: proof of immobilized drug theory. l-Isoproterenol was covalently coupled via an azo linkage to soluble copolypeptides of molecular weight 1500 and 10,000 containing an aromatic amine. The polymeric azo-isoproterenol derivatives were purified by gel chromatography which reduced contamination by the parent isoproterenol to undetectable levels (i.e., less than 0.01%) and by 6-aminoisoproterenol to less than 0.4%. Both polymeric isoproterenol derivatives were found to elicit positive chronotropic responses in isolated perfused guinea pig hearts. The mean effective doses (ED50S) for the 1500 and 10,000 molecular weight derivatives were within 1.3 and 2.0 orders of magnitude, respectively, of the ED50 of l-isoproterenol. The responses cannot be attributed to free isoproterenol because this drug could not be detected in our preparations. Neither can the observed biological activity be attributed to 6-aminoisoproterenol, since this compound's dose-response is shifted 3 orders of magnitude to the right of l-isoproterenol and 1-2 orders of magnitude to the right of the polymeric derivatives. Inotropic response decay times in isolated cat papillary muscles following washouts indicate that the polymer-bound drug does not diffuse into the muscle tissues. We feel that our findings demonstrate that under controlled conditions the catecholamines can retain biological activity while covalently bound to a polymeric support.", "PMID": 1063386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4276", "title": "Distribution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and thymidine in the DNA of developing chick cartilage.", "content": "In order to study the mechanism of the irreversible effects of BrdUrd on the differentiation of limb bud mesenchyme to cartilage, the reannealing behavior of DNA obtained from such cells was examined. Cells incubated with [3H]thymidine ([3H]dThd) during days 1 and 2 of culture incorporated label into repetitive, moderately repetitive, and unique classes of DNA. In contrast, when 5-bromo-2'-[3H]deoxyuridine ([3H]Brd Urd) was added during the first 48 hr (in the presence of 32 muM BrdUrd), the label was preferentially incorporated into a late moderately repetitive region. Simultaneous incubation of unlabeled BrdUrd and [3H]dThd revealed a selective inhibition of [3H]dThd incorporation into moderately repetitive regions. Cultures incubated during days 3 and 4 with [3H]dThd incorporated label into all three classes of DNA; however, when [3H]dThd was present during days 3 and 4 in cultures previously incubated with BrdUrd during days 1 and 2, the [3H]dThd was incorporated preferentially in the late moderately repetitive region. The melting behavior of this reannealed DNA was identical with that of the reannealed 1-2 day [3H]BrdUrd-labeled, late moderately repetitive DNA. Turnover experiments revealed that whereas there was no loss of [3H]deoxycytidine or [3H]dThd, 37% of [3H]BrdUrd activity was lost from the DNA in 2 days after removal of the isotopes.", "contents": "Distribution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine and thymidine in the DNA of developing chick cartilage. In order to study the mechanism of the irreversible effects of BrdUrd on the differentiation of limb bud mesenchyme to cartilage, the reannealing behavior of DNA obtained from such cells was examined. Cells incubated with [3H]thymidine ([3H]dThd) during days 1 and 2 of culture incorporated label into repetitive, moderately repetitive, and unique classes of DNA. In contrast, when 5-bromo-2'-[3H]deoxyuridine ([3H]Brd Urd) was added during the first 48 hr (in the presence of 32 muM BrdUrd), the label was preferentially incorporated into a late moderately repetitive region. Simultaneous incubation of unlabeled BrdUrd and [3H]dThd revealed a selective inhibition of [3H]dThd incorporation into moderately repetitive regions. Cultures incubated during days 3 and 4 with [3H]dThd incorporated label into all three classes of DNA; however, when [3H]dThd was present during days 3 and 4 in cultures previously incubated with BrdUrd during days 1 and 2, the [3H]dThd was incorporated preferentially in the late moderately repetitive region. The melting behavior of this reannealed DNA was identical with that of the reannealed 1-2 day [3H]BrdUrd-labeled, late moderately repetitive DNA. Turnover experiments revealed that whereas there was no loss of [3H]deoxycytidine or [3H]dThd, 37% of [3H]BrdUrd activity was lost from the DNA in 2 days after removal of the isotopes.", "PMID": 1063387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4277", "title": "Intracellular forms of adenovirus DNA: integrated form of adenovirus DNA appears early in productive infection.", "content": "In KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 2, alkali-stable greater than 100S and 40-100S viral DNAs are synthesized starting 2-4 hr postinfection, i.e., before unit length (34 S) viral DNA is made. The amount of greater than 100S and 40-100S viral DNA increases when 34S viral DNA synthesis  begins, and at 16-18 hr postinfection, the 40-100S viral DNA represents 5-20% of the total intracellular viral DNA. The 40-100S viral DNA is synthesized throughout infection. Part of the 40-100S DNA synthesized 5-8 hr postinfection has a density in alkaline CsCl gradients intermediate between those of viral and cellular DNAs. This finding indicates that newly synthesized viral DNA is covalently linked to cellular DNA. Viral sequences can be excised from the cellular DNA of infected cells with the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. Fragments of viral DNA are detected in polyacrylamide-agarose gels by DNA-DNA hybridization, and these fragments correspond in size to most of the known EcoRI fragments of adenovirus 2 DNA. Viral DNA sequences in size-classes between the EcoRI-A and -C fragments are also found and probably represent viral DNA linked to cellular sequences.", "contents": "Intracellular forms of adenovirus DNA: integrated form of adenovirus DNA appears early in productive infection. In KB cells productively infected with adenovirus type 2, alkali-stable greater than 100S and 40-100S viral DNAs are synthesized starting 2-4 hr postinfection, i.e., before unit length (34 S) viral DNA is made. The amount of greater than 100S and 40-100S viral DNA increases when 34S viral DNA synthesis  begins, and at 16-18 hr postinfection, the 40-100S viral DNA represents 5-20% of the total intracellular viral DNA. The 40-100S viral DNA is synthesized throughout infection. Part of the 40-100S DNA synthesized 5-8 hr postinfection has a density in alkaline CsCl gradients intermediate between those of viral and cellular DNAs. This finding indicates that newly synthesized viral DNA is covalently linked to cellular DNA. Viral sequences can be excised from the cellular DNA of infected cells with the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. Fragments of viral DNA are detected in polyacrylamide-agarose gels by DNA-DNA hybridization, and these fragments correspond in size to most of the known EcoRI fragments of adenovirus 2 DNA. Viral DNA sequences in size-classes between the EcoRI-A and -C fragments are also found and probably represent viral DNA linked to cellular sequences.", "PMID": 1063388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4278", "title": "Observations on polycythemia vera turning into acute or chronic granulocytic leukemia during treatment with radioactive phosphorus 32P.", "content": "In a group of 172 cases of polycythemia vera treated with radioactive phosphorus acute granulocytic leukemia developed in 3 and chronic granulocytic leukemia in 6 cases. The author believes that development of acute granulocytic leukemia during this treatment may be considered with some probability as a result of the leukemia-inducing action of ionizing radiation. Transition of polycythemia vera into chronic granulocytic leukemia seems to be a natural outcome of this complex myeloproliferative syndrome in patients with survival prolonged by treatment with 32P.", "contents": "Observations on polycythemia vera turning into acute or chronic granulocytic leukemia during treatment with radioactive phosphorus 32P. In a group of 172 cases of polycythemia vera treated with radioactive phosphorus acute granulocytic leukemia developed in 3 and chronic granulocytic leukemia in 6 cases. The author believes that development of acute granulocytic leukemia during this treatment may be considered with some probability as a result of the leukemia-inducing action of ionizing radiation. Transition of polycythemia vera into chronic granulocytic leukemia seems to be a natural outcome of this complex myeloproliferative syndrome in patients with survival prolonged by treatment with 32P.", "PMID": 1063385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4279", "title": "New protein in human blood plasma, rich in proline, with lipid-binding properties.", "content": "A protein that binds to a lecithin-stabilized triglyceride emulsion has been separated from plasma after removal of major lipoprotein classes by ultracentrifugation at density 1.21 g/ml. This protein, rich in proline, has been purified to electrophoretic and immunochemical homogeneity by subsequent gel and ion-exchange chromatography. In native plasma and after purification, it exists as a large particle exceeding 10(6) daltons, but a single component with a molecular weight of about 74,000 is found upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although the purified protein contains very little bound lipid and is not present in the major lipoprotein classes from post-absorptive individuals, it is present in chylomicrons. Its concentration in plasma varies from 12 to 41 mg/dl and is significantly correlated with that of cholesterol in lipoproteins of very low and low density but not in those of high denisty.", "contents": "New protein in human blood plasma, rich in proline, with lipid-binding properties. A protein that binds to a lecithin-stabilized triglyceride emulsion has been separated from plasma after removal of major lipoprotein classes by ultracentrifugation at density 1.21 g/ml. This protein, rich in proline, has been purified to electrophoretic and immunochemical homogeneity by subsequent gel and ion-exchange chromatography. In native plasma and after purification, it exists as a large particle exceeding 10(6) daltons, but a single component with a molecular weight of about 74,000 is found upon polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although the purified protein contains very little bound lipid and is not present in the major lipoprotein classes from post-absorptive individuals, it is present in chylomicrons. Its concentration in plasma varies from 12 to 41 mg/dl and is significantly correlated with that of cholesterol in lipoproteins of very low and low density but not in those of high denisty.", "PMID": 1063389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4280", "title": "A thermodynamic model of regulation: modulation of redox equilibria in camphor monoxygenase.", "content": "Regulation of biological phenomena occurs in all types of systems, being manifested in many different reaction types, from allosteric behavior in proteins, through modulation in energy and information transfer, to the control of growth and differentiation in cells, organelles, and organisms. In this communication, a modulation in oxidation/reduction potential via ligation of substrate and protein components in the camphor 5-exo-monoxygenase system is described in terms of a four-state system using as fundamental parameters the transition free energies between equilibrium states. This approach provides a concise description of the data and is useful for describing many aspects of regulatory phenomena.", "contents": "A thermodynamic model of regulation: modulation of redox equilibria in camphor monoxygenase. Regulation of biological phenomena occurs in all types of systems, being manifested in many different reaction types, from allosteric behavior in proteins, through modulation in energy and information transfer, to the control of growth and differentiation in cells, organelles, and organisms. In this communication, a modulation in oxidation/reduction potential via ligation of substrate and protein components in the camphor 5-exo-monoxygenase system is described in terms of a four-state system using as fundamental parameters the transition free energies between equilibrium states. This approach provides a concise description of the data and is useful for describing many aspects of regulatory phenomena.", "PMID": 1063390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4281", "title": "Ribonuclease H of calf thymus: substrate specificity, activation, inhibition.", "content": "When the action of highly purified specimens of ribonuclease H (hybrid nuclease; RNA-DNA hybrid ribonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.34) of calf thymus on a wide selection of homopolymer hybrids was studied, the extent, and even the occurrence, of hydrolysis was found to be governed by the interplay of several factors: the composition of the ribo strand, the length of the deoxyribo strand, and the nature of the activating metal. Mn2+ activates the enzymic cleavage of all hybrid combinations, Mg2+ only of those containing purine ribo strands, Co2+ only of poly(A) hybrids. A 1:1 hybrid of phage f1 DNA and RNA is, however, split in the presence of any of these activators. Hybrids with deoxyribo tetranucleotides can still be cleaved, but not with dinucleotides. The behavior of hybrids containing covalently linked runs of ribo and deoxyribopolynucleotides was studied with the hybrid poly(dT)-poly(A)7-(dA)X]. This hybrid is attacked by ribonuclease H so that the bulk of the resulting poly(dA) still retains one covalently linked riboadenylic acid end group, whereas a small proportion carries a ribo dinucleotide. Inhibition studies showed that ribonuclease H is inactivated irreversibly by pretreatment with S-adenosylmethionine at 35 degrees, but not at 0 degrees. S-Adenosylhomocysteine also is inhibitory, but not irreversibly; also it is essentially limited to the inhibition of the cleavage of purine ribo strands. When the enzyme is exposed simultaneously to both inhibitors, irreversible inactivation is diminished considerably.", "contents": "Ribonuclease H of calf thymus: substrate specificity, activation, inhibition. When the action of highly purified specimens of ribonuclease H (hybrid nuclease; RNA-DNA hybrid ribonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.34) of calf thymus on a wide selection of homopolymer hybrids was studied, the extent, and even the occurrence, of hydrolysis was found to be governed by the interplay of several factors: the composition of the ribo strand, the length of the deoxyribo strand, and the nature of the activating metal. Mn2+ activates the enzymic cleavage of all hybrid combinations, Mg2+ only of those containing purine ribo strands, Co2+ only of poly(A) hybrids. A 1:1 hybrid of phage f1 DNA and RNA is, however, split in the presence of any of these activators. Hybrids with deoxyribo tetranucleotides can still be cleaved, but not with dinucleotides. The behavior of hybrids containing covalently linked runs of ribo and deoxyribopolynucleotides was studied with the hybrid poly(dT)-poly(A)7-(dA)X]. This hybrid is attacked by ribonuclease H so that the bulk of the resulting poly(dA) still retains one covalently linked riboadenylic acid end group, whereas a small proportion carries a ribo dinucleotide. Inhibition studies showed that ribonuclease H is inactivated irreversibly by pretreatment with S-adenosylmethionine at 35 degrees, but not at 0 degrees. S-Adenosylhomocysteine also is inhibitory, but not irreversibly; also it is essentially limited to the inhibition of the cleavage of purine ribo strands. When the enzyme is exposed simultaneously to both inhibitors, irreversible inactivation is diminished considerably.", "PMID": 1063391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4282", "title": "Reconstitution of Qbeta RNA replicase from a covalently bonded elongation factor Tu-Ts complex.", "content": "Escherichia coli phage Qbeta RNA replicase, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase), is a tetramer composed of one phage-coded polypeptide and three host-supplied polypeptides which are known to function in the biosynthesis of proteins in the uninfected host. Two of these polypeptides, protein synthesis elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-Ts, can be covalently crosslinked with dimethyl suberimidate to form a complex which lacks the ability to catalyze the known host functions catalyzed by the individual elongation factors. Using a previously developed reconstitution system we have examined the effects of crosslinking the EF-Tu-Ts complex on reconstituted replicase activity. Renaturation is significantly more efficient when exogenously added native EF-Tu-Ts is crosslinked than when it is not. Crosslinked EF-Tu-Ts can be purified from a crude crosslinked postribosomal supernatant by its ability to replace EF-Tu and EF-Ts in the renaturation of denatured Qbeta replicase. A sample of Qbeta replicase with crosslinked EF-Tu-Ts replacing the individual elongation factors was prepared. Although it lacked EF-Tu and EF-Ts activities, it could initiate transcription of both poly(C) and Qbeta RNA normally and had approximately the same specific activity as control enzyme. Denatured Qbeta replicase formed with crosslinked EF-Tu-Ts was found to renature much more rapidly than untreated enzyme and, in contrast to normal replicase, its renaturation was not inhibited by GDP. The results demonstrate that EF-Tu and EF-Ts function as complex in Qbeta replicase and do not perform their known protein biosynthetic function in the RNA synthetic reaction.", "contents": "Reconstitution of Qbeta RNA replicase from a covalently bonded elongation factor Tu-Ts complex. Escherichia coli phage Qbeta RNA replicase, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA-dependent RNA nucleotidyltransferase), is a tetramer composed of one phage-coded polypeptide and three host-supplied polypeptides which are known to function in the biosynthesis of proteins in the uninfected host. Two of these polypeptides, protein synthesis elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-Ts, can be covalently crosslinked with dimethyl suberimidate to form a complex which lacks the ability to catalyze the known host functions catalyzed by the individual elongation factors. Using a previously developed reconstitution system we have examined the effects of crosslinking the EF-Tu-Ts complex on reconstituted replicase activity. Renaturation is significantly more efficient when exogenously added native EF-Tu-Ts is crosslinked than when it is not. Crosslinked EF-Tu-Ts can be purified from a crude crosslinked postribosomal supernatant by its ability to replace EF-Tu and EF-Ts in the renaturation of denatured Qbeta replicase. A sample of Qbeta replicase with crosslinked EF-Tu-Ts replacing the individual elongation factors was prepared. Although it lacked EF-Tu and EF-Ts activities, it could initiate transcription of both poly(C) and Qbeta RNA normally and had approximately the same specific activity as control enzyme. Denatured Qbeta replicase formed with crosslinked EF-Tu-Ts was found to renature much more rapidly than untreated enzyme and, in contrast to normal replicase, its renaturation was not inhibited by GDP. The results demonstrate that EF-Tu and EF-Ts function as complex in Qbeta replicase and do not perform their known protein biosynthetic function in the RNA synthetic reaction.", "PMID": 1063392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4283", "title": "Intracellular localization of mouse DNA polymerase-alpha.", "content": "Although DNA polymerase-alpha (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleoside triphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7) probably functions in the nucleus, it is usually found predominantly in the nonnuclear fraction of disrupted cells. We have reexamined the intracellular location of this enzyme using cytochalasin-B-induced enucleation, a technique which avoids exposure of nuclei to extra-cellular conditions during cell fractionation. In conditions where viability of separated cell parts is high and recovery is quantitative, we find greater than 85% of total DNA polymerase-alpha (and DNA polymerase-beta) activity in the nucleated cell fragments (karyoplasts), from which we conclude that the location in vivo of DNA polymerase-alpha is either nuclear or perinuclear. On the other hand, thymidine kinase (ATP: thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 5.7.1.75) is found primarily in the enucleated cell fragments (cytoplasts). The enucleation procedure used in this work should be of general use for intracellular location studies.", "contents": "Intracellular localization of mouse DNA polymerase-alpha. Although DNA polymerase-alpha (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleoside triphosphate: DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7) probably functions in the nucleus, it is usually found predominantly in the nonnuclear fraction of disrupted cells. We have reexamined the intracellular location of this enzyme using cytochalasin-B-induced enucleation, a technique which avoids exposure of nuclei to extra-cellular conditions during cell fractionation. In conditions where viability of separated cell parts is high and recovery is quantitative, we find greater than 85% of total DNA polymerase-alpha (and DNA polymerase-beta) activity in the nucleated cell fragments (karyoplasts), from which we conclude that the location in vivo of DNA polymerase-alpha is either nuclear or perinuclear. On the other hand, thymidine kinase (ATP: thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 5.7.1.75) is found primarily in the enucleated cell fragments (cytoplasts). The enucleation procedure used in this work should be of general use for intracellular location studies.", "PMID": 1063393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4284", "title": "Spectral differences between the alpha and beta heme groups within human deoxyhemoglobin.", "content": "The contributions of the alpha and beta heme groups to the absorbance change that accompanies the aggregation of hemoglobin subunits were measured by comparing the extinction changes produced by n-butyl isocyanide binding to deoxyhemoglobin A with those produced by binding of n-butyl isocyanide to the isolated chains. Almost the entire aggregation absorbance change is associated with the unliganded alpha subunits, which exhibit a 30% increase in molar extinction at 428 nm during tetramer formation. This marked spectral change indicates a substantial perturbation of the electronic properties of the alpha heme groups in going from the high-affinity, isolated chain state to the low-affinity, tetrameric state. The lack of a significant absorbance change as sociated with the beta heme groups implies that the change in reactivity of unliganded beta subunits produced by aggregation is not the result of a change in spin or coordination geometry of the iron atom, but rather involves primarily an alteration in the protein structure near the sixth coordination position.", "contents": "Spectral differences between the alpha and beta heme groups within human deoxyhemoglobin. The contributions of the alpha and beta heme groups to the absorbance change that accompanies the aggregation of hemoglobin subunits were measured by comparing the extinction changes produced by n-butyl isocyanide binding to deoxyhemoglobin A with those produced by binding of n-butyl isocyanide to the isolated chains. Almost the entire aggregation absorbance change is associated with the unliganded alpha subunits, which exhibit a 30% increase in molar extinction at 428 nm during tetramer formation. This marked spectral change indicates a substantial perturbation of the electronic properties of the alpha heme groups in going from the high-affinity, isolated chain state to the low-affinity, tetrameric state. The lack of a significant absorbance change as sociated with the beta heme groups implies that the change in reactivity of unliganded beta subunits produced by aggregation is not the result of a change in spin or coordination geometry of the iron atom, but rather involves primarily an alteration in the protein structure near the sixth coordination position.", "PMID": 1063394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4285", "title": "Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands.", "content": "The isolation of an untriakontapeptide from camel pituitary extracts has been described. Its structure has been determined and shown to be identical to the sequence of carboxyl-terminal 31 amino acids of ovine beta-lipotropin. The peptide possesses very low lipotropic activity but significant opiate activity.", "contents": "Isolation and structure of an untriakontapeptide with opiate activity from camel pituitary glands. The isolation of an untriakontapeptide from camel pituitary extracts has been described. Its structure has been determined and shown to be identical to the sequence of carboxyl-terminal 31 amino acids of ovine beta-lipotropin. The peptide possesses very low lipotropic activity but significant opiate activity.", "PMID": 1063395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4286", "title": "Hydrolytic stability of helical RNA: a selective advantage for the natural 3',5'-bond.", "content": "Dodecaadenylic acid containing a single 2', 5'-linkage at a defined position was formed by the coupling of two hexamers on a poly(U) template at 2 degrees. The rate of hydrolysis of this dodecamer was compared with that of a dodecamer that contained only the natural 3', 5'-linkages. At 40 degrees, in 1 M aqueous ethylenediamine at pH 8 in the absence of poly(U), both dodecamers hydrolyzed at comparable rates, but the addition of two equivalents of poly(U) caused a 7-fold increase in the initial rate of hydrolysis of the oligomer containing the 2', 5'-bond, and a 5-fold decrease in the initial rate of hydrolysis of the natural oligomer. When the oligomers are fully constrained in helical form, the ratio of the rates of cleavage of one 2', 5'-bond to one 3', 5'-bond under these conditions is probably about 900:1. The use of the 3', 5'-bond, in combination with a right-handed helix, appears to have had a large selective advantage over the use of the 2', 5'-bond for the storage of genetic information.", "contents": "Hydrolytic stability of helical RNA: a selective advantage for the natural 3',5'-bond. Dodecaadenylic acid containing a single 2', 5'-linkage at a defined position was formed by the coupling of two hexamers on a poly(U) template at 2 degrees. The rate of hydrolysis of this dodecamer was compared with that of a dodecamer that contained only the natural 3', 5'-linkages. At 40 degrees, in 1 M aqueous ethylenediamine at pH 8 in the absence of poly(U), both dodecamers hydrolyzed at comparable rates, but the addition of two equivalents of poly(U) caused a 7-fold increase in the initial rate of hydrolysis of the oligomer containing the 2', 5'-bond, and a 5-fold decrease in the initial rate of hydrolysis of the natural oligomer. When the oligomers are fully constrained in helical form, the ratio of the rates of cleavage of one 2', 5'-bond to one 3', 5'-bond under these conditions is probably about 900:1. The use of the 3', 5'-bond, in combination with a right-handed helix, appears to have had a large selective advantage over the use of the 2', 5'-bond for the storage of genetic information.", "PMID": 1063396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4287", "title": "Direct experimental evidence for kinetic proofreading in amino acylation of tRNAIle.", "content": "Kinetic proofreading is a reaction scheme with a structure more complicated than that of Michaelis kinetics, which leads to a proofreading for errors in the recognition of a correct substrate by an enzyme. We have measured the stoichiometry between ATP hydrolysis and tRNAIle charging, using the enzyme isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase [L-isoleucine:tRNAIle ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.5] and the amino acids isoleucine (correct) and valine (incorrect). The enzymatic deacylation of charged tRNA, which would normally prevent meaningful stoichiometry studies, was eliminated by the use of transfer factor Tu-GTP, (which binds strongly to charged tRNA) in the reaction mixture. For isoleucine, 1.5 ATP molecules are hydrolyzed per tRNA charged,  but for valine, 270. These stoichiometry ratios are fundamental to kinetic proofreading, for the energy coupling is essential and proofreading is obtained only by departing from 1:1 stoichiometry between energy coupling and product formation. Within the known reaction pathway, these ratios demonstrate that kinetic proofreading induces a reduction in errors by a factor of 1/180. An overall error rate of about 10(-4) for tRNA charging is obtained by a kinetic proofreading using a fundamental discrimination level of about 10(-2), and is compatible with the low in vivo error rate of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Direct experimental evidence for kinetic proofreading in amino acylation of tRNAIle. Kinetic proofreading is a reaction scheme with a structure more complicated than that of Michaelis kinetics, which leads to a proofreading for errors in the recognition of a correct substrate by an enzyme. We have measured the stoichiometry between ATP hydrolysis and tRNAIle charging, using the enzyme isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase [L-isoleucine:tRNAIle ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.5] and the amino acids isoleucine (correct) and valine (incorrect). The enzymatic deacylation of charged tRNA, which would normally prevent meaningful stoichiometry studies, was eliminated by the use of transfer factor Tu-GTP, (which binds strongly to charged tRNA) in the reaction mixture. For isoleucine, 1.5 ATP molecules are hydrolyzed per tRNA charged,  but for valine, 270. These stoichiometry ratios are fundamental to kinetic proofreading, for the energy coupling is essential and proofreading is obtained only by departing from 1:1 stoichiometry between energy coupling and product formation. Within the known reaction pathway, these ratios demonstrate that kinetic proofreading induces a reduction in errors by a factor of 1/180. An overall error rate of about 10(-4) for tRNA charging is obtained by a kinetic proofreading using a fundamental discrimination level of about 10(-2), and is compatible with the low in vivo error rate of protein synthesis.", "PMID": 1063397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4288", "title": "An altered apurinic DNA endonuclease activity in group A and group D xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts.", "content": "Endonuclease activity upon depurinated DNA was measured in extracts of cultured fibroblasts from xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Cell lines from complementation groups A, B, C, E, and the XP-variant had slightly reduced levels of activity, but cell lines from complementation group D had one-sixth of the normal activity. An altered pH dependence and a higher apparent Km for substrate in D-cell lines indicate that the remaining activity is also qualitatively different from the activity found in normal cells. A higher Km was also found in cell lines from the A-complementation group but not in cell lines from the C-complementation group. These defects in apurinic DNase might account for the neurological disorders in patients from the D- and the A-complementation groups.", "contents": "An altered apurinic DNA endonuclease activity in group A and group D xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts. Endonuclease activity upon depurinated DNA was measured in extracts of cultured fibroblasts from xeroderma pigmentosum patients. Cell lines from complementation groups A, B, C, E, and the XP-variant had slightly reduced levels of activity, but cell lines from complementation group D had one-sixth of the normal activity. An altered pH dependence and a higher apparent Km for substrate in D-cell lines indicate that the remaining activity is also qualitatively different from the activity found in normal cells. A higher Km was also found in cell lines from the A-complementation group but not in cell lines from the C-complementation group. These defects in apurinic DNase might account for the neurological disorders in patients from the D- and the A-complementation groups.", "PMID": 1063398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4289", "title": "mRNA-dependent synthesis of authentic precursor to human placental lactogen: conversion to its mature hormone form in ascites cell-free extracts.", "content": "Messenger RNA derived from term placenta directs the synthesis of human placental lactogen (hPL, molecular weight 22,200) in an ascites 30,000 X g post-mitochondrial supernate (S-30). When the S-30 is fractionated into ribosome and cell-sap (S-100) fractions, and these are recombined for incubation, term placental mRNA directs the synthesis of a protein with a molecular weight of 25,000. This protein contains authentic hPL tryptic peptides. This suggested that during the separation of ribosomes and S-100 a component responsible for cleavage was lost. A 1.0 M sucrose cushion was used for the preparation of ribosomes and S-100 and membranous material accumulated at the sucrose interphase. When this membrane fraction was added back to the ribosome-S-100 system only hPl was formed. Cleavage was greatest when membranes were added within the first few minutes of incubation. In a run-off system composed of term polysomes, ascites S-100, and the inhibitor of initiation, pactamycin, the 25,000 molecular weight material, referred to as pre-hPL, was also synthesized. These data strongly suggest that (i) pre-hPL is an authentic percursor to hPL, (ii) cleavage of the precursor primarily occurs on nascent, ribosome-bound peptide chains, and (iii) pre-hPL is the primary gene product.", "contents": "mRNA-dependent synthesis of authentic precursor to human placental lactogen: conversion to its mature hormone form in ascites cell-free extracts. Messenger RNA derived from term placenta directs the synthesis of human placental lactogen (hPL, molecular weight 22,200) in an ascites 30,000 X g post-mitochondrial supernate (S-30). When the S-30 is fractionated into ribosome and cell-sap (S-100) fractions, and these are recombined for incubation, term placental mRNA directs the synthesis of a protein with a molecular weight of 25,000. This protein contains authentic hPL tryptic peptides. This suggested that during the separation of ribosomes and S-100 a component responsible for cleavage was lost. A 1.0 M sucrose cushion was used for the preparation of ribosomes and S-100 and membranous material accumulated at the sucrose interphase. When this membrane fraction was added back to the ribosome-S-100 system only hPl was formed. Cleavage was greatest when membranes were added within the first few minutes of incubation. In a run-off system composed of term polysomes, ascites S-100, and the inhibitor of initiation, pactamycin, the 25,000 molecular weight material, referred to as pre-hPL, was also synthesized. These data strongly suggest that (i) pre-hPL is an authentic percursor to hPL, (ii) cleavage of the precursor primarily occurs on nascent, ribosome-bound peptide chains, and (iii) pre-hPL is the primary gene product.", "PMID": 1063399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4290", "title": "Specific release of the thioesterase component of the fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex by limited trypsinization.", "content": "Limited trypsinization of the fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex from rat mammary gland results in the release of a protein, molecular weight 32,000, with thioesterase activity. The other components of the multienzyme complex--the acyl carrier protein, acetyl and malonyl transferases, condensing enzyme, keto reductase, dehydrase and enoyl reductase--are not affected and remain associated with the complex. The thioesterase can be isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. Extensive trypsinization of fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex results in a loss of thioesterase activity, probably due to cleavage of the thioesterase component into inactive peptides. However, the molecular weight and specific activity of the thioesterase isolated after limited trypsinization is relatively unaffected by the severity of the conditions of proteolysis. Both the thioesterase and the residual trypsinized complex react with antibodies produced against the native multienzyme. The results demonstrate that mild trypsinization can be used to release the thioesterase component of the multienzyme with little perturbation of either the thioesterase or the other components of the complex.", "contents": "Specific release of the thioesterase component of the fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex by limited trypsinization. Limited trypsinization of the fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex from rat mammary gland results in the release of a protein, molecular weight 32,000, with thioesterase activity. The other components of the multienzyme complex--the acyl carrier protein, acetyl and malonyl transferases, condensing enzyme, keto reductase, dehydrase and enoyl reductase--are not affected and remain associated with the complex. The thioesterase can be isolated by ammonium sulfate precipitation and gel filtration. Extensive trypsinization of fatty acid synthetase multienzyme complex results in a loss of thioesterase activity, probably due to cleavage of the thioesterase component into inactive peptides. However, the molecular weight and specific activity of the thioesterase isolated after limited trypsinization is relatively unaffected by the severity of the conditions of proteolysis. Both the thioesterase and the residual trypsinized complex react with antibodies produced against the native multienzyme. The results demonstrate that mild trypsinization can be used to release the thioesterase component of the multienzyme with little perturbation of either the thioesterase or the other components of the complex.", "PMID": 1063400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4291", "title": "Electron probe x-ray analysis of single ferritin molecules.", "content": "Single molecules and groups of two or three ferritin molecules were subjected to electron probe x-ray microanalysis in a transmission electron microscope equipped with a liquid nitrogen cooled stage. Significant Fe Kalpha peaks were generated during 100-sec counts when single ferritin molecules were excited with a probe current of 0.35 nA/60 nm spot, less than the maximal current available in a thermionic gun. There was a linear relationship between the number of ferritin molecules analyzed and count rates. The experimental results are compared to the theoretically calculated Fe Kalpha yields and to the results of Isaacson and Johnson [(1975) Ultramicroscopy I, 33-52] with electron energy loss analysis. We conclude that current state of the art electron probe x-ray analysis can realize the theoretically predicted sensitivity of the method, and estimate 0.9 X 10(-19) g of Fe as the minimal mass detectable with maximal (thermionic) probe current during a 100-sec count and with 95% confidence.", "contents": "Electron probe x-ray analysis of single ferritin molecules. Single molecules and groups of two or three ferritin molecules were subjected to electron probe x-ray microanalysis in a transmission electron microscope equipped with a liquid nitrogen cooled stage. Significant Fe Kalpha peaks were generated during 100-sec counts when single ferritin molecules were excited with a probe current of 0.35 nA/60 nm spot, less than the maximal current available in a thermionic gun. There was a linear relationship between the number of ferritin molecules analyzed and count rates. The experimental results are compared to the theoretically calculated Fe Kalpha yields and to the results of Isaacson and Johnson [(1975) Ultramicroscopy I, 33-52] with electron energy loss analysis. We conclude that current state of the art electron probe x-ray analysis can realize the theoretically predicted sensitivity of the method, and estimate 0.9 X 10(-19) g of Fe as the minimal mass detectable with maximal (thermionic) probe current during a 100-sec count and with 95% confidence.", "PMID": 1063401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4292", "title": "Somatostatin conformation: evidence for a stable intramolecular structure from circular dichroism, diffusion, and sedimentation equilibrium.", "content": "Somatostatin is a hypothalamic tetradeca peptide that inhibits the release of growth hormone insulin, and glucagon. The circular dichroism spectrum is characterized by negative extrema at 238 nm and 270 nm, and a positive extremum at 225 nm. The far ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum is consistent with the presence of ordered secondary structure such as beta-structure, but not alpha-helix. Sedimentation equilibrium results demonstrate that somatostatin exists in its monomeric form (i.e., a molecular weight of 1610 +/- 36 was obtained) and, thus, the structure must arise from intramolecular interactions. The diffusion constant of somatostatin was estimated to be 1.66 X 10(-6) cm2/sec. These data are consistent with an ellipsoidal rather than a spherical shape. The magnitude of the ellipticity at both 225 nm and 238 nm is quite dependent on guanidinium hydrochloride concentration; the midpoint occurs at about 3 M and the transition is cooperative-like. These data strongly suggest that somatostatin has a stable conformation in aqueous solution. A model, consistent with the results of the physicochemical studies and with semi-empirical rules for secondary structure formation, is proposed for somatostatin. The proposed structure consists of a hairpin loop with several residues in an antiparallel beta-pleated sheet, is somewhat elongated, and contains a hydrophobic domain at one end and a hydrophilic domain at the other end.", "contents": "Somatostatin conformation: evidence for a stable intramolecular structure from circular dichroism, diffusion, and sedimentation equilibrium. Somatostatin is a hypothalamic tetradeca peptide that inhibits the release of growth hormone insulin, and glucagon. The circular dichroism spectrum is characterized by negative extrema at 238 nm and 270 nm, and a positive extremum at 225 nm. The far ultraviolet circular dichroism spectrum is consistent with the presence of ordered secondary structure such as beta-structure, but not alpha-helix. Sedimentation equilibrium results demonstrate that somatostatin exists in its monomeric form (i.e., a molecular weight of 1610 +/- 36 was obtained) and, thus, the structure must arise from intramolecular interactions. The diffusion constant of somatostatin was estimated to be 1.66 X 10(-6) cm2/sec. These data are consistent with an ellipsoidal rather than a spherical shape. The magnitude of the ellipticity at both 225 nm and 238 nm is quite dependent on guanidinium hydrochloride concentration; the midpoint occurs at about 3 M and the transition is cooperative-like. These data strongly suggest that somatostatin has a stable conformation in aqueous solution. A model, consistent with the results of the physicochemical studies and with semi-empirical rules for secondary structure formation, is proposed for somatostatin. The proposed structure consists of a hairpin loop with several residues in an antiparallel beta-pleated sheet, is somewhat elongated, and contains a hydrophobic domain at one end and a hydrophilic domain at the other end.", "PMID": 1063402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4293", "title": "Theoretical studies on pro-leu-gly-nh2 conformation.", "content": "Classical potential function calculations were carried out on the hypothalamic factor Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2. The results indicate that the proposed 10-membered, hydrogen-bonded beta-turn conformation of this tripeptide is a strongly preferred structure. Its stability appears to be inherent in the rather rigid backbone conformation of the leucine residue rather than the hydrogen bond between the carboxamide proton of glycinamide and the C=O of the proline moiety; the glycinamide has little influence on the phi-psi of the leucine backbone structure. The type II beta-turn structure of the Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 is preferred.", "contents": "Theoretical studies on pro-leu-gly-nh2 conformation. Classical potential function calculations were carried out on the hypothalamic factor Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2. The results indicate that the proposed 10-membered, hydrogen-bonded beta-turn conformation of this tripeptide is a strongly preferred structure. Its stability appears to be inherent in the rather rigid backbone conformation of the leucine residue rather than the hydrogen bond between the carboxamide proton of glycinamide and the C=O of the proline moiety; the glycinamide has little influence on the phi-psi of the leucine backbone structure. The type II beta-turn structure of the Pro-Leu-Gly-NH2 is preferred.", "PMID": 1063403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4294", "title": "Transepithelial transport in cell culture.", "content": "In cell culture a kidney epithelial cell line MDCK, forms a continuous sheet of identically oriented asymmetrical cells joined by circumferential occluding junctions. The reconstructed epithelial membrane has transport and permeability qualities of in vivo transporting epithelia. The cell layer can be readily manipulated when cultured on a freely permeable membrane filter and, when placed in an Ussing chamber, electrophysiological measurements can be taken. In the absence of a chemical gradient, the cell layer generates an electrical potential of 1.42 mV, the apical surface negative. It is an effective permeability barrier and lacks significant shunting at the clamped edge, as indicated by a resistance of 84 ohms-cm2, which increased when bulk flow from basolateral to apical was induced by an osmotic gradient or electroosmosis. The MDCK cell layer is cation selective with a relative permeability ratio, PNa/PCl, of 1.7. Net water flux, apical to basolateral, was 7.3 mul cm-2 hr-1 in the absence of a chemical gradient. The morphological and functional qualities of a transporting epithelium are stable in cell culture, and the potential use of a homogeneous cell population in cell culture would enhance studies of epithelial transport at the cellular and subcellular levels.", "contents": "Transepithelial transport in cell culture. In cell culture a kidney epithelial cell line MDCK, forms a continuous sheet of identically oriented asymmetrical cells joined by circumferential occluding junctions. The reconstructed epithelial membrane has transport and permeability qualities of in vivo transporting epithelia. The cell layer can be readily manipulated when cultured on a freely permeable membrane filter and, when placed in an Ussing chamber, electrophysiological measurements can be taken. In the absence of a chemical gradient, the cell layer generates an electrical potential of 1.42 mV, the apical surface negative. It is an effective permeability barrier and lacks significant shunting at the clamped edge, as indicated by a resistance of 84 ohms-cm2, which increased when bulk flow from basolateral to apical was induced by an osmotic gradient or electroosmosis. The MDCK cell layer is cation selective with a relative permeability ratio, PNa/PCl, of 1.7. Net water flux, apical to basolateral, was 7.3 mul cm-2 hr-1 in the absence of a chemical gradient. The morphological and functional qualities of a transporting epithelium are stable in cell culture, and the potential use of a homogeneous cell population in cell culture would enhance studies of epithelial transport at the cellular and subcellular levels.", "PMID": 1063404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4295", "title": "Reversible in vitro polymerization of tubulin from a cultured cell line (rat glial cell clone C6).", "content": "Tubulin from cultures of the rat glial cell clone C6 could be polymerized in vitro into intact microtubules. The polymerization was reversible and spontaneous, i.e., no addition of heterologous nucleation centers was necessary. Two cycles of polymerization/depolymerization yielded tubulin preparations of 95% purity as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electron microscopy was used to show that the microtubules assembled in vitro by two cycles of polymerization/depolymerization were morphologically intact and temperature sensitive. In contrast, tubulin from neuroblastoma cells, clone Neuro-2A, could not be polymerized in a reversible fashion. The discovery of a cell line from which tubulin can be reversibly polymerized in vitro establishes a model system for studies of cell-cycle- and cell-type-dependent regulatory mechanisms controlling the assembly of microtubules.", "contents": "Reversible in vitro polymerization of tubulin from a cultured cell line (rat glial cell clone C6). Tubulin from cultures of the rat glial cell clone C6 could be polymerized in vitro into intact microtubules. The polymerization was reversible and spontaneous, i.e., no addition of heterologous nucleation centers was necessary. Two cycles of polymerization/depolymerization yielded tubulin preparations of 95% purity as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Electron microscopy was used to show that the microtubules assembled in vitro by two cycles of polymerization/depolymerization were morphologically intact and temperature sensitive. In contrast, tubulin from neuroblastoma cells, clone Neuro-2A, could not be polymerized in a reversible fashion. The discovery of a cell line from which tubulin can be reversibly polymerized in vitro establishes a model system for studies of cell-cycle- and cell-type-dependent regulatory mechanisms controlling the assembly of microtubules.", "PMID": 1063405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4296", "title": "Clathrin: a unique protein associated with intracellular transfer of membrane by coated vesicles.", "content": "Coated vesicles have been purified from brain, adrenal medulla, and a nonsecreting lymphoma cell line. A single major protein species, clathrin, with an apparent molecular weight of 180,000, forms the coat of all these vesicles. Peptide mapping suggests that the amino acid sequence of clathrin is conserved, irrespective of tissue or species studied. Coated vesicles of different sizes are found. The coats are constructed with variable numbers of clathrin subunits, arranged in closed networks of hexagons and pentagons. The amount of clathrin in lymphoma cells suggests that coated vesicles transfer substantial amounts of membrane within cells, not necessarily in association with a secretory process.", "contents": "Clathrin: a unique protein associated with intracellular transfer of membrane by coated vesicles. Coated vesicles have been purified from brain, adrenal medulla, and a nonsecreting lymphoma cell line. A single major protein species, clathrin, with an apparent molecular weight of 180,000, forms the coat of all these vesicles. Peptide mapping suggests that the amino acid sequence of clathrin is conserved, irrespective of tissue or species studied. Coated vesicles of different sizes are found. The coats are constructed with variable numbers of clathrin subunits, arranged in closed networks of hexagons and pentagons. The amount of clathrin in lymphoma cells suggests that coated vesicles transfer substantial amounts of membrane within cells, not necessarily in association with a secretory process.", "PMID": 1063406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4297", "title": "Germ line integration and Mendelian transmission of the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus.", "content": "Mice were infected with the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV) at two different stages of development. Either newborn mice (which can be considered as essentially fully differentiated animals) or preimplantation mouse embryos (at the 4-8 cell stage) were infected with M-MuLV. In both cases, animals that had developed an M-MuLV-induced leukemia were obtained. Two lines of evidence indicate that infection of preimplantation embryos, in contrast to infection of newborns, can lead to integration of the virus into the germ line. 1. Viremic males of the first backcross generation (N-1 generation) transmitted the virus to 50% of their offspring (N-2 generation) when mated with uninfected females. Likewise, a 50% transmission was observed from viremic N-2 and N-3  males to the next generations. 2. Molecular hybridization experiments revealed that viremic N-1 and N-2 animals carried one copy of M-MuLV per diploid mouse genome equivalent in all \"non-target\" organs tested. Together, both experiments indicate that the exogenous M-MuLV can be converted to an endogenous virus after infection of preimplantation embryos. The available evidence suggests that M-MuLV integrated into the germ line at one out of two possible integration sites. Thus, viremic backcross animals are heterozygous for a single Mendelian locus carrying the M-MuLV gene. During leukemogenesis an amplification of the M-MuLV from one copy to a maximum of four copies per diploid mouse genome equivalent takes place in the tumor tissues.", "contents": "Germ line integration and Mendelian transmission of the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus. Mice were infected with the exogenous Moloney leukemia virus (M-MuLV) at two different stages of development. Either newborn mice (which can be considered as essentially fully differentiated animals) or preimplantation mouse embryos (at the 4-8 cell stage) were infected with M-MuLV. In both cases, animals that had developed an M-MuLV-induced leukemia were obtained. Two lines of evidence indicate that infection of preimplantation embryos, in contrast to infection of newborns, can lead to integration of the virus into the germ line. 1. Viremic males of the first backcross generation (N-1 generation) transmitted the virus to 50% of their offspring (N-2 generation) when mated with uninfected females. Likewise, a 50% transmission was observed from viremic N-2 and N-3  males to the next generations. 2. Molecular hybridization experiments revealed that viremic N-1 and N-2 animals carried one copy of M-MuLV per diploid mouse genome equivalent in all \"non-target\" organs tested. Together, both experiments indicate that the exogenous M-MuLV can be converted to an endogenous virus after infection of preimplantation embryos. The available evidence suggests that M-MuLV integrated into the germ line at one out of two possible integration sites. Thus, viremic backcross animals are heterozygous for a single Mendelian locus carrying the M-MuLV gene. During leukemogenesis an amplification of the M-MuLV from one copy to a maximum of four copies per diploid mouse genome equivalent takes place in the tumor tissues.", "PMID": 1063407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4298", "title": "Influence of diet on survival of mice.", "content": "The longevity of mice of the (NZB X NZW)F1 (B/W) strain and the DBA/2f strain of mice is dramatically prolonged by dietary restriction. B/W mice are susceptible to, and die at an early age from, immunocomplex nephritis. Mice of the DBA/2f strain are also relatively short-lived. Restriction of caloric intake prolonged life of B/W mice more than did protein restriction. DBA/2f mice showed prolongation of life when the diet was restricted only with respect to protein. Caloric restriction alone prolonged life less in DBA/2f mice than in B/W mice. These observations show that dietary manipulations have profound effects on immunity functions, including inhibition of the development of life-shortening autoimmune disease.", "contents": "Influence of diet on survival of mice. The longevity of mice of the (NZB X NZW)F1 (B/W) strain and the DBA/2f strain of mice is dramatically prolonged by dietary restriction. B/W mice are susceptible to, and die at an early age from, immunocomplex nephritis. Mice of the DBA/2f strain are also relatively short-lived. Restriction of caloric intake prolonged life of B/W mice more than did protein restriction. DBA/2f mice showed prolongation of life when the diet was restricted only with respect to protein. Caloric restriction alone prolonged life less in DBA/2f mice than in B/W mice. These observations show that dietary manipulations have profound effects on immunity functions, including inhibition of the development of life-shortening autoimmune disease.", "PMID": 1063408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4299", "title": "Interferon treatment of mice: enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigens on lymphoid cells.", "content": "Treatment of young and mature mice with potent mouse interferon preparations results in a marked enhancement of the expression of histocompatibility antigens on the surface of thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes as measured by an enhanced absorption of alloantiserum. We postulate that such modifications of the cell surface may reflect an effect of interferon on lymphocyte maturation and may be relevant to the effect of interferon on lymphocyte function.", "contents": "Interferon treatment of mice: enhanced expression of histocompatibility antigens on lymphoid cells. Treatment of young and mature mice with potent mouse interferon preparations results in a marked enhancement of the expression of histocompatibility antigens on the surface of thymocytes and splenic lymphocytes as measured by an enhanced absorption of alloantiserum. We postulate that such modifications of the cell surface may reflect an effect of interferon on lymphocyte maturation and may be relevant to the effect of interferon on lymphocyte function.", "PMID": 1063409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4300", "title": "Measles virus-specific IgD antibodies in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.", "content": "Indirect immunofluorescent analysis revealed that sera from five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis possessed IgD antibodies directed against measles virus components in persistently infected HeLa cells. IgD levels in these sera were within the normal range. Control studies indicated that the reaction was specific for measles virus. The detection of IgD measles antibodies in these patients suggested that IgD may be involved in the pathogenesis of this viral disease.", "contents": "Measles virus-specific IgD antibodies in patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Indirect immunofluorescent analysis revealed that sera from five patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis possessed IgD antibodies directed against measles virus components in persistently infected HeLa cells. IgD levels in these sera were within the normal range. Control studies indicated that the reaction was specific for measles virus. The detection of IgD measles antibodies in these patients suggested that IgD may be involved in the pathogenesis of this viral disease.", "PMID": 1063410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4301", "title": "Genetic polymorphism of IgD-like cell surface immunoglobulin in the mouse.", "content": "Lymphocyte surface antigens from spleen cells of several mouse strains were studied by cell surface radioiodination, extraction with detergent incubation with various antisera, and separation of complexes using protein A-containing staphylococci as a solid phase adsorbent. Complexes were then dissociated and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium diodecyl sulfate. Using this technique and an alloantiserum prepared in C57BL mice against CBA spleen cells, four distinct specific peaks of radioactivity were found with CBA spleen cells. These corresponded to H-2 and Ia antigens, immunoglobulin light chain, and a heavy chain previously proposed to be the murine homolog of the human delta chain. With the same serum, B10.BR spleen cells revealed only H-2 and Ia antigens, whereas C57BL.Ige (allotype congenic) spleen cells showed only the light chain and \"delta\" chain peaks. Depletion of immunoglobulin from the surface-iodinated preparations resulted in removal of the light chain and \"delta\" chain peaks. The tissue distribution and membrane expression of this \"delta\" chain antigen was then studied by indirect immunofluorescence with various C57BL derived alloantisera and lymphoid cells from C57.Ige allotype congenic mice. Significant numbers of positive cells were found in spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches, whereas few if any positive were found in bone marrow or thymus. No reaction was found between this molecule and alloantisera to any of the previously described immunoglobulin allotypes. It is proposed that these alloantisera to spleen cells recognise one allelic form of the murine \"delta\" chain coded for by a gene locus closely linked to the known structural genes for mouse immunoglobulin heavy chains. The designation Ig-5 is proposed for this new immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.", "contents": "Genetic polymorphism of IgD-like cell surface immunoglobulin in the mouse. Lymphocyte surface antigens from spleen cells of several mouse strains were studied by cell surface radioiodination, extraction with detergent incubation with various antisera, and separation of complexes using protein A-containing staphylococci as a solid phase adsorbent. Complexes were then dissociated and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium diodecyl sulfate. Using this technique and an alloantiserum prepared in C57BL mice against CBA spleen cells, four distinct specific peaks of radioactivity were found with CBA spleen cells. These corresponded to H-2 and Ia antigens, immunoglobulin light chain, and a heavy chain previously proposed to be the murine homolog of the human delta chain. With the same serum, B10.BR spleen cells revealed only H-2 and Ia antigens, whereas C57BL.Ige (allotype congenic) spleen cells showed only the light chain and \"delta\" chain peaks. Depletion of immunoglobulin from the surface-iodinated preparations resulted in removal of the light chain and \"delta\" chain peaks. The tissue distribution and membrane expression of this \"delta\" chain antigen was then studied by indirect immunofluorescence with various C57BL derived alloantisera and lymphoid cells from C57.Ige allotype congenic mice. Significant numbers of positive cells were found in spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches, whereas few if any positive were found in bone marrow or thymus. No reaction was found between this molecule and alloantisera to any of the previously described immunoglobulin allotypes. It is proposed that these alloantisera to spleen cells recognise one allelic form of the murine \"delta\" chain coded for by a gene locus closely linked to the known structural genes for mouse immunoglobulin heavy chains. The designation Ig-5 is proposed for this new immunoglobulin heavy chain locus.", "PMID": 1063411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4302", "title": "Fluorometric assay of vasopressin and oxytocin: a general approach to the assay of peptides in tissues.", "content": "A fluorometric method for the quantitative assay of vasopressin and oxytocin in individual rat pituitaries has been developed. Acid extracts of pituitaries are freed of amino acids and polyamines by passage over a copper-Sephadex column, and the peptides fraction is then labeled by reaction with fluorescamine. The resulting peptide fluorophors are separated by chromatography on a reverse-phase bonded column. Specificity of the procedure was ascertained by several criteria, including bioassay and amino-acid analysis of the eluted peptide fluorophors. The procedure serves as a model system for the assay of tissue peptides in the picomole range.", "contents": "Fluorometric assay of vasopressin and oxytocin: a general approach to the assay of peptides in tissues. A fluorometric method for the quantitative assay of vasopressin and oxytocin in individual rat pituitaries has been developed. Acid extracts of pituitaries are freed of amino acids and polyamines by passage over a copper-Sephadex column, and the peptides fraction is then labeled by reaction with fluorescamine. The resulting peptide fluorophors are separated by chromatography on a reverse-phase bonded column. Specificity of the procedure was ascertained by several criteria, including bioassay and amino-acid analysis of the eluted peptide fluorophors. The procedure serves as a model system for the assay of tissue peptides in the picomole range.", "PMID": 1063412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4303", "title": "Cancer-associated isoenzyme of serum galactosyltransferase.", "content": "Galactosyltransferase activity was assayed in sera from 58 patients with various types of cancer. On discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a slow-moving peak of galactosyltransferase activity (isoenzyme II) was found to be present in the serum of 43 of these patients in addition to the major isoenzyme I. Isoenzyme II was found in only 2 of 39 patients with various nonmalignant disorders and was not detected in the serum of 22 normal control subjects. There was no correlation between the presence of this electrophoretically distinct isoenzyme and total serum galactosyltransferase activity, alkaline phosphatase, levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, or blood type. However, patients with widespread metastases had significantly higher isoenzyme II levels than those with no metastases or with limited local spread. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the clinical usefulness of this serum galactosyltransferase isoenzyme in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with neoplastic disease.", "contents": "Cancer-associated isoenzyme of serum galactosyltransferase. Galactosyltransferase activity was assayed in sera from 58 patients with various types of cancer. On discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a slow-moving peak of galactosyltransferase activity (isoenzyme II) was found to be present in the serum of 43 of these patients in addition to the major isoenzyme I. Isoenzyme II was found in only 2 of 39 patients with various nonmalignant disorders and was not detected in the serum of 22 normal control subjects. There was no correlation between the presence of this electrophoretically distinct isoenzyme and total serum galactosyltransferase activity, alkaline phosphatase, levels of carcinoembryonic antigen, or blood type. However, patients with widespread metastases had significantly higher isoenzyme II levels than those with no metastases or with limited local spread. Further studies will be necessary to evaluate the clinical usefulness of this serum galactosyltransferase isoenzyme in the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with neoplastic disease.", "PMID": 1063413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4304", "title": "Porphyria variegata and porphyria cutanea tarda in siblings: chemical and genetic aspects (addendum).", "content": "A porphyria kindred in which the index case has porphyria variegata had also been shown to include a case of porphyria cutanea tarda, typical both from chemical and clinical features. The possibility that this was purely acquired rather than genetic seemed unlikely, but could not be wholly excluded. Recently, a niece of both of these cases, although asymptomatic, has been found to conform chemically with porphyria cutanea tarda, including the excretion of the isocoproporphyrin series, and thus represents the second case of this form of porphyria in this family. This strengthens the concept of genetic heterogeneity in this kindred and supports the suggestion of a double heterozygosity, as proposed in the primary paper [Watson, C.J. et al. (1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 5126-5129].", "contents": "Porphyria variegata and porphyria cutanea tarda in siblings: chemical and genetic aspects (addendum). A porphyria kindred in which the index case has porphyria variegata had also been shown to include a case of porphyria cutanea tarda, typical both from chemical and clinical features. The possibility that this was purely acquired rather than genetic seemed unlikely, but could not be wholly excluded. Recently, a niece of both of these cases, although asymptomatic, has been found to conform chemically with porphyria cutanea tarda, including the excretion of the isocoproporphyrin series, and thus represents the second case of this form of porphyria in this family. This strengthens the concept of genetic heterogeneity in this kindred and supports the suggestion of a double heterozygosity, as proposed in the primary paper [Watson, C.J. et al. (1975) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 5126-5129].", "PMID": 1063414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4305", "title": "Eel esophagus as an osmoregulatory organ.", "content": "Ion and water permeabilities were measured in the isolated esophagus of the eel (Anguilla anguilla and A. japonica), and compared with those in the stomach and the intestine. The freshwater eel esophagus was impermeable both to Na+ and Cl- ions and to water, whereas permeabilities to the ions increased selectively after seawater adaptation. The ion permeabilities of both the freshwater and the seawater eel stomach were lower than in the seawater eel esophagus, although water permeability was greater than in the esophagus. Sea water enclosed in the lumen was diluted three times more efficiently in the seawater eel esophagus than in the stomach. The intestinal permeabilities were greater than those of the esophagus and the stomach, and increased after seawater adaptation. In the eel, ingested sea water seems to be diluted mainly in the esophagus by passive diffusion of the ions into the blood without addition of water. After further but less important dilution in the stomach with salt removal and with water addition, the water is absorbed by the intestine, following active absorption of the ions. Thus the eel in sea water is able to replace water lost osmotically by drinking hypertonic sea water.", "contents": "Eel esophagus as an osmoregulatory organ. Ion and water permeabilities were measured in the isolated esophagus of the eel (Anguilla anguilla and A. japonica), and compared with those in the stomach and the intestine. The freshwater eel esophagus was impermeable both to Na+ and Cl- ions and to water, whereas permeabilities to the ions increased selectively after seawater adaptation. The ion permeabilities of both the freshwater and the seawater eel stomach were lower than in the seawater eel esophagus, although water permeability was greater than in the esophagus. Sea water enclosed in the lumen was diluted three times more efficiently in the seawater eel esophagus than in the stomach. The intestinal permeabilities were greater than those of the esophagus and the stomach, and increased after seawater adaptation. In the eel, ingested sea water seems to be diluted mainly in the esophagus by passive diffusion of the ions into the blood without addition of water. After further but less important dilution in the stomach with salt removal and with water addition, the water is absorbed by the intestine, following active absorption of the ions. Thus the eel in sea water is able to replace water lost osmotically by drinking hypertonic sea water.", "PMID": 1063415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4306", "title": "Pharmacologic characterization of the Na+ ionophores in L6 myotubes.", "content": "We present a pharmacologic characterization of the Na+ ionophores present in L6 myotubes in vitro. Action potentials are abolished by replacement of the external Na+ by Tris. The amplitude of the action potential is generally resistant to high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (10(-5) M) and saxitoxin (10(-6 M), but the effect of these agents is highly variable. Veratridine (10(-4 M) consistently induces, as a short-term effect, a marked prolongation of the falling phase of the action potential. As a long-term effect, veratridine consistently induces a Na+-dependent reduction in the resting potential of the cell. The effects of veratridine on the action potential are not antagonized by tetrodotoxin or saxitoxin. However, the effects of veratridine on the resting potential are strongly antagonized by tetrodotoxin (10(-5) M) and fully inhibited by saxitoxin (10(-6) M). Significantly, under conditions where saxitoxin has fully inhibited the effects of veratridine on the resting potential, the myotubes are capable of generating overshooting action potentials. In contrast to their sensitivity to veratridine, L6 myotubes are insensitive to 10(-5) M alpha-dihydro-grayanotoxin-II. These results are discussed in the contexts of developmental significance and current views about Na+ ionophores.", "contents": "Pharmacologic characterization of the Na+ ionophores in L6 myotubes. We present a pharmacologic characterization of the Na+ ionophores present in L6 myotubes in vitro. Action potentials are abolished by replacement of the external Na+ by Tris. The amplitude of the action potential is generally resistant to high concentrations of tetrodotoxin (10(-5) M) and saxitoxin (10(-6 M), but the effect of these agents is highly variable. Veratridine (10(-4 M) consistently induces, as a short-term effect, a marked prolongation of the falling phase of the action potential. As a long-term effect, veratridine consistently induces a Na+-dependent reduction in the resting potential of the cell. The effects of veratridine on the action potential are not antagonized by tetrodotoxin or saxitoxin. However, the effects of veratridine on the resting potential are strongly antagonized by tetrodotoxin (10(-5) M) and fully inhibited by saxitoxin (10(-6) M). Significantly, under conditions where saxitoxin has fully inhibited the effects of veratridine on the resting potential, the myotubes are capable of generating overshooting action potentials. In contrast to their sensitivity to veratridine, L6 myotubes are insensitive to 10(-5) M alpha-dihydro-grayanotoxin-II. These results are discussed in the contexts of developmental significance and current views about Na+ ionophores.", "PMID": 1063416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4307", "title": "Rates, patterns, and effectiveness of evolution in multi-level situations.", "content": "Evolution is a multi-level process. Both actual evidence and theoretical considerations suggest as a first generalization that evolution both at single levels and in series of increasingly complex levels decelerates with time. Additional evidence, the expected difference between rapid nonadaptive speciation in small populations and effective adaptation in large ones, and analysis of explosive evolution suggest further that effective adaptive evolution occurs primarily in large populations, and that segments of such evolution tend to begin slowly; accelerate, sometimes explosively; and then decelerate. The segments are irregular, and do not occur at regular intervals. However, the explosive evolution of a general adaptation pre-adapts to and is often followed by an explosive radiation of derivative lineages. This description seems to fit the origin and initial radiation of mammals, and the evolutionary history of man and man's cultures.", "contents": "Rates, patterns, and effectiveness of evolution in multi-level situations. Evolution is a multi-level process. Both actual evidence and theoretical considerations suggest as a first generalization that evolution both at single levels and in series of increasingly complex levels decelerates with time. Additional evidence, the expected difference between rapid nonadaptive speciation in small populations and effective adaptation in large ones, and analysis of explosive evolution suggest further that effective adaptive evolution occurs primarily in large populations, and that segments of such evolution tend to begin slowly; accelerate, sometimes explosively; and then decelerate. The segments are irregular, and do not occur at regular intervals. However, the explosive evolution of a general adaptation pre-adapts to and is often followed by an explosive radiation of derivative lineages. This description seems to fit the origin and initial radiation of mammals, and the evolutionary history of man and man's cultures.", "PMID": 1063417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4308", "title": "An experimental analysis of competitive indeterminacy in Tribolium.", "content": "This report reexamines experimentally the problem of competitive indeterminacy in mixed-species populations of the flour beetles, Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum. Indeterminacy takes the form of alternative competitive outcomes: in some replicate cultures one species exterminates the other with a probability, say p, whereas in others, the opposing species wins with a complementary probability, 1-p. The conventional explanation for this is the genetic founder effect hypothesis--an explanation based on genetic stochasticity. The experiment reported here partitioned indeterminacy into founder effect and nonfounder effect components. The results implicate demographic stochasticity, not classical genetic founder effect, as a factor influencing the identity of the winning species.", "contents": "An experimental analysis of competitive indeterminacy in Tribolium. This report reexamines experimentally the problem of competitive indeterminacy in mixed-species populations of the flour beetles, Tribolium confusum and T. castaneum. Indeterminacy takes the form of alternative competitive outcomes: in some replicate cultures one species exterminates the other with a probability, say p, whereas in others, the opposing species wins with a complementary probability, 1-p. The conventional explanation for this is the genetic founder effect hypothesis--an explanation based on genetic stochasticity. The experiment reported here partitioned indeterminacy into founder effect and nonfounder effect components. The results implicate demographic stochasticity, not classical genetic founder effect, as a factor influencing the identity of the winning species.", "PMID": 1063418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4309", "title": "Simple synthesis of a 4a-hydroperoxy adduct of a 1,5-dihydroflavine: preliminary studies of a model for bacterial luciferase.", "content": "The solution chemistry of N(5)-alkyl flavinium cations and radical species formed by their le- reduction are discussed. Previously unknown, the 4a-flavine hydroperoxides are established to be formed on reaction of N(5)-alkyl flavinium cations with H2O2 or on reaction of N(5)-alkyl-1, 5-dihydroflavines with 3O2. The stability of the 4a-flavine hydroperoxide species is exemplified in the isolation and characterization of 4a-hydroperoxy-N(5)-ethyl-3-methyl-lumiflavine. 4a-Flavine hydroperoxide compounds are shown to be stronger oxidants than H2O2, and to undergo a chemiluminescent reaction in the presence of an aldehyde. Preliminary observations on the chemiluminescent reaction of 4a-flavine hydroperoxides + RCHO are provided, and these are compared to those in the literature dealing with the bioluminescence of bacterial luciferase in the presence of 3O2 and RCHO.", "contents": "Simple synthesis of a 4a-hydroperoxy adduct of a 1,5-dihydroflavine: preliminary studies of a model for bacterial luciferase. The solution chemistry of N(5)-alkyl flavinium cations and radical species formed by their le- reduction are discussed. Previously unknown, the 4a-flavine hydroperoxides are established to be formed on reaction of N(5)-alkyl flavinium cations with H2O2 or on reaction of N(5)-alkyl-1, 5-dihydroflavines with 3O2. The stability of the 4a-flavine hydroperoxide species is exemplified in the isolation and characterization of 4a-hydroperoxy-N(5)-ethyl-3-methyl-lumiflavine. 4a-Flavine hydroperoxide compounds are shown to be stronger oxidants than H2O2, and to undergo a chemiluminescent reaction in the presence of an aldehyde. Preliminary observations on the chemiluminescent reaction of 4a-flavine hydroperoxides + RCHO are provided, and these are compared to those in the literature dealing with the bioluminescence of bacterial luciferase in the presence of 3O2 and RCHO.", "PMID": 1063419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4310", "title": "Hallucinogenic indoleamines: Preferential action upon presynaptic serotonin receptors.", "content": "Previously, d-lysergic acid diethylamide was found to have a more powerful inhibitory action upon serotonergic (raphe) neurons than upon neurons in areas receiving an identified serotonergic input (e. g., amygdala, ventral lateral geniculate). In the present studies, using microiontophoretic techniques, the relative potencies of 3 indoleamine hallucinogens, psilocin, DMT, and bufotenine were tested upon 5HT neurons in the raphe (presynaptic neurons) and postsynaptic neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala of the rat. Psilocin showed the greatest preferential inhibitory effect upon raphe as compared to postsynaptic neurons. DMT was intermdeiate and bufotenine had the least differential activity. This rank ordering correlates with the relative hallucinogenic potencies of these compounds: psilocin greater than DMT greater than bufotenine. The results support the hypothesis that low doses of indoleamine halluciogens act preferentially upon presynaptic serotonin receptors to inhibit raphe neurons, thus releasing postsynaptic neurons from a tonic inhibitory serotonergic influence.", "contents": "Hallucinogenic indoleamines: Preferential action upon presynaptic serotonin receptors. Previously, d-lysergic acid diethylamide was found to have a more powerful inhibitory action upon serotonergic (raphe) neurons than upon neurons in areas receiving an identified serotonergic input (e. g., amygdala, ventral lateral geniculate). In the present studies, using microiontophoretic techniques, the relative potencies of 3 indoleamine hallucinogens, psilocin, DMT, and bufotenine were tested upon 5HT neurons in the raphe (presynaptic neurons) and postsynaptic neurons in the ventral lateral geniculate and amygdala of the rat. Psilocin showed the greatest preferential inhibitory effect upon raphe as compared to postsynaptic neurons. DMT was intermdeiate and bufotenine had the least differential activity. This rank ordering correlates with the relative hallucinogenic potencies of these compounds: psilocin greater than DMT greater than bufotenine. The results support the hypothesis that low doses of indoleamine halluciogens act preferentially upon presynaptic serotonin receptors to inhibit raphe neurons, thus releasing postsynaptic neurons from a tonic inhibitory serotonergic influence.", "PMID": 1063421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4311", "title": "[A new case of sarcomatous degeneration of the spine in Paget's disease of bone].", "content": "In referring to a personal observation the authors recall the rarity of malignant degeneration of lesions of the spine caused by Paget's disease. In the majority of cases these consist of multiple centred osteo-sarcomatosis. The lumbar spine is the most often affected. The clinical picture is essentially a syndrome of radiculomedullary compression. Rapid aggravation of the condition usually leads to a neurosurgical operation, which will confirm the existence of the osteo-sarcomatous process. The evolution is always fatal.", "contents": "[A new case of sarcomatous degeneration of the spine in Paget's disease of bone]. In referring to a personal observation the authors recall the rarity of malignant degeneration of lesions of the spine caused by Paget's disease. In the majority of cases these consist of multiple centred osteo-sarcomatosis. The lumbar spine is the most often affected. The clinical picture is essentially a syndrome of radiculomedullary compression. Rapid aggravation of the condition usually leads to a neurosurgical operation, which will confirm the existence of the osteo-sarcomatous process. The evolution is always fatal.", "PMID": 1063431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4312", "title": "[The dynamic complex of the temporomandibular meniscus].", "content": "The existence of meniscocapsular insertions of the temporal, masseter and external pterygoid muscles complicates the scheme of capsulo-meniscal dynamics. Our findings do indeed agree with those of DUBECQ (Bordeaux); but we think that the insertions of the masseter and the temporal are not only fine tracts. In the embryon, the meniscus is the preglossal mekelian conjunctival blastema, which receives the 3 masticatory muscles on its anterior border. In the adult, menisco-capsulo-muscular relationships are not modified; inspite of considerable functional adaptation of the articulation to varied stimuli, the menisco-capsular apparatus seems to be triply controlled by 3 musculo-masticatory bands, owing to the anterior premeniscal tendinous lamina, in histological continuity with the meniscus and rich in corpuscles of deep sensitivity. The resultant of the tridirectional muscular traction of the masseter, external pterygoid and temporal is a force in the postero-anterior oblique direction, downwards and forwards, which allows the meniscus to stretch, as was shown by Pr Delaire, and thus to have a sub-temporal sliding pathway of 8 to 12 mm. The three muscle bundles external pterygoid, temporal and masseter constitute the dynamic complex of the meniscus.", "contents": "[The dynamic complex of the temporomandibular meniscus]. The existence of meniscocapsular insertions of the temporal, masseter and external pterygoid muscles complicates the scheme of capsulo-meniscal dynamics. Our findings do indeed agree with those of DUBECQ (Bordeaux); but we think that the insertions of the masseter and the temporal are not only fine tracts. In the embryon, the meniscus is the preglossal mekelian conjunctival blastema, which receives the 3 masticatory muscles on its anterior border. In the adult, menisco-capsulo-muscular relationships are not modified; inspite of considerable functional adaptation of the articulation to varied stimuli, the menisco-capsular apparatus seems to be triply controlled by 3 musculo-masticatory bands, owing to the anterior premeniscal tendinous lamina, in histological continuity with the meniscus and rich in corpuscles of deep sensitivity. The resultant of the tridirectional muscular traction of the masseter, external pterygoid and temporal is a force in the postero-anterior oblique direction, downwards and forwards, which allows the meniscus to stretch, as was shown by Pr Delaire, and thus to have a sub-temporal sliding pathway of 8 to 12 mm. The three muscle bundles external pterygoid, temporal and masseter constitute the dynamic complex of the meniscus.", "PMID": 1063432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4313", "title": "[Bone statics of the face: the frontal-sphenoid-pterygoid bone pillars as biomechanic equivalents of the mandible].", "content": "In general biomechanics, trabecular osteo-architectonics is considered as a response to the mechanical strains present in the bone (compression or traction). The facial and cephalic skeleton is no exception to this law. The study of the bony architectionic provides the proof, since we have demonstrated in the fixed facial bone mass (at the limits of the facial skeleton and the skeleton of the base of the skull) the biomechanical equivalent of the mandible: the cranio-facial pterygo-spheno-frontal bony pillars. Paired, symmetrical and with a medio-frontal junction, they represent an embryological, anatomical and functional entity. Their ossification (mixed) may be compared to that of the mandible. They are made up of directional trabecular bone which may be analysed by stereology, electron microscope scanning and by strain gauges. Each pillar is made up of: - A part free of musculature corresponding to the supra-orbital frontal arch, which receives the four vertical pillars (naso-maxillary and maxillo-malo-frontal) of the superficial system of the face which transmit to the supra-orbital frontal arch the ascending mechanical strains of mastication registered in the spongy hard palate. The supra-orbital frontal arch is the biomechanical homologue in the fixed facial mass of the tooth bearing bony base of the mandible. - A spheno-pterygoid part, into which are inserted the alimentary muscles of the cephalic region (masticators, velar and superior pharyngeal). There is further functional homology between the ascending ramus of the mandible and the pterygoid greater wings and apophyses complex of the sphenoid. The 2 pterygo-spheno-frontal pillars also participate in the osseous statics of the orbit and the osseous statics of the temporo-mandibular joint. The basi-sphenoid plays a role of first importance in the general statics of the cephalic region. Thus the two pterygo-spheno-frontal pillars, biomechanical homologues of the mandible in the fixed facial mass, underline the functional interdependence of the osseous, dental and muscular systems of the cephalic region, a region which should be viewed as being in a stade of permanent dynamic equilibrium during growth and in the adult.", "contents": "[Bone statics of the face: the frontal-sphenoid-pterygoid bone pillars as biomechanic equivalents of the mandible]. In general biomechanics, trabecular osteo-architectonics is considered as a response to the mechanical strains present in the bone (compression or traction). The facial and cephalic skeleton is no exception to this law. The study of the bony architectionic provides the proof, since we have demonstrated in the fixed facial bone mass (at the limits of the facial skeleton and the skeleton of the base of the skull) the biomechanical equivalent of the mandible: the cranio-facial pterygo-spheno-frontal bony pillars. Paired, symmetrical and with a medio-frontal junction, they represent an embryological, anatomical and functional entity. Their ossification (mixed) may be compared to that of the mandible. They are made up of directional trabecular bone which may be analysed by stereology, electron microscope scanning and by strain gauges. Each pillar is made up of: - A part free of musculature corresponding to the supra-orbital frontal arch, which receives the four vertical pillars (naso-maxillary and maxillo-malo-frontal) of the superficial system of the face which transmit to the supra-orbital frontal arch the ascending mechanical strains of mastication registered in the spongy hard palate. The supra-orbital frontal arch is the biomechanical homologue in the fixed facial mass of the tooth bearing bony base of the mandible. - A spheno-pterygoid part, into which are inserted the alimentary muscles of the cephalic region (masticators, velar and superior pharyngeal). There is further functional homology between the ascending ramus of the mandible and the pterygoid greater wings and apophyses complex of the sphenoid. The 2 pterygo-spheno-frontal pillars also participate in the osseous statics of the orbit and the osseous statics of the temporo-mandibular joint. The basi-sphenoid plays a role of first importance in the general statics of the cephalic region. Thus the two pterygo-spheno-frontal pillars, biomechanical homologues of the mandible in the fixed facial mass, underline the functional interdependence of the osseous, dental and muscular systems of the cephalic region, a region which should be viewed as being in a stade of permanent dynamic equilibrium during growth and in the adult.", "PMID": 1063433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4314", "title": "[Masticatory sysarcosis. Significance in maxillofacial surgery and pathology].", "content": "The masticatory muscles and the vertical ramus move in a closed aponeurotic lodge; sliding spaces containing cellulo-adipose formations, veritable sysarcoses, are situated between the muscles of mastication as well as between these muscles and their osteo-aponeurotic covering. Sysarcoses are embryological, anatomical and functional units. Bichat's ball must be considered as being the antero-inferior pole of these cellulo-adipose containing spaces. Apart from the mechanical role of these spaces, their value in pathology and in traumatological surgery must again be pointed out, because firstly they are the pathways of approach and fixation of fractures of the zygomamalar region. They are also of great value in reparatory surgery as knowledge of the vascularization of the fat in these spaces enables the making of flaps of fat in the surrounding area.", "contents": "[Masticatory sysarcosis. Significance in maxillofacial surgery and pathology]. The masticatory muscles and the vertical ramus move in a closed aponeurotic lodge; sliding spaces containing cellulo-adipose formations, veritable sysarcoses, are situated between the muscles of mastication as well as between these muscles and their osteo-aponeurotic covering. Sysarcoses are embryological, anatomical and functional units. Bichat's ball must be considered as being the antero-inferior pole of these cellulo-adipose containing spaces. Apart from the mechanical role of these spaces, their value in pathology and in traumatological surgery must again be pointed out, because firstly they are the pathways of approach and fixation of fractures of the zygomamalar region. They are also of great value in reparatory surgery as knowledge of the vascularization of the fat in these spaces enables the making of flaps of fat in the surrounding area.", "PMID": 1063434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4315", "title": "[Parotidectomy in Sjogren-Houwers-Gougerot syndrome].", "content": "The authors report two cases of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome which fulfilled the diagnostic criteria and which were accompanied by voluminous parotid hypertrophy. In a 42 year old woman, bilateral parotid hypertrophy, in addition to the aesthetic problem, also had major psychological repercussions. In a 59 year old woman, parotid hypertrophy was limited on the right but voluminous on the left, with frequent episodes of parotiditis. Total parotidectomy with conservation of the facial nerve, followed by filling of the post-operative cavity by a strip of sterno-mastoid, bilateral in the first case and unilateral in the second, gave excellent results, diminishing the real degree of infirmity which rendered these patients extremely unhappy and the complications related to the parotid hypertrophy of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "contents": "[Parotidectomy in Sjogren-Houwers-Gougerot syndrome]. The authors report two cases of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome which fulfilled the diagnostic criteria and which were accompanied by voluminous parotid hypertrophy. In a 42 year old woman, bilateral parotid hypertrophy, in addition to the aesthetic problem, also had major psychological repercussions. In a 59 year old woman, parotid hypertrophy was limited on the right but voluminous on the left, with frequent episodes of parotiditis. Total parotidectomy with conservation of the facial nerve, followed by filling of the post-operative cavity by a strip of sterno-mastoid, bilateral in the first case and unilateral in the second, gave excellent results, diminishing the real degree of infirmity which rendered these patients extremely unhappy and the complications related to the parotid hypertrophy of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "PMID": 1063435}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4316", "title": "Hypotheses on the role of chromosomal changes in leukemias. Application of the Weibull distribution function.", "content": "Investigations were carried out in 38 patients with acute leukemias or with chronic myeloid leukemias in the blast phase and a correlation was made between the cytogenetic aspect and the survival time. The interpretation of results was made by the Weibull distribution function. It was mathematically demonstrated that in the leukemic patients with chromosomal aberrations there is a preclinical period of over 40 months necessary for the formation of these anomalies. Chromosomal aberrations, the absence of mitoses and age over 70 proved to be aggravating factors in the diseases investigated.", "contents": "Hypotheses on the role of chromosomal changes in leukemias. Application of the Weibull distribution function. Investigations were carried out in 38 patients with acute leukemias or with chronic myeloid leukemias in the blast phase and a correlation was made between the cytogenetic aspect and the survival time. The interpretation of results was made by the Weibull distribution function. It was mathematically demonstrated that in the leukemic patients with chromosomal aberrations there is a preclinical period of over 40 months necessary for the formation of these anomalies. Chromosomal aberrations, the absence of mitoses and age over 70 proved to be aggravating factors in the diseases investigated.", "PMID": 1063430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4317", "title": "[Radioisotopic examination and diagnosis of dryness of the mouth].", "content": "The clinical and sialographic opposition between true xerostomia (with continuous disorders) and paradoxical asialia (with inter-prandial disturbance, but sparing mealtime) led the authors to analyze these patient's scintigraphic scannings. A kinetic study of excretion was carried out with gamma-camera recording of intensity and glandular activity: the information thus obtained was set down in a numerical integration block and dealt with by computer. A graph of activity was plotted for each gland showing: - a phase of ascending concentration followed by a plateau corresponding to excretion at rest; - a phase of excretion provoked by a gustatory stimulus (physiological) with a very rapidly descending graph. It is possible to establish a ratio of glandular activity/blood activity at maximum concentration and maximum excretion. From the graphs thus obtained it is possible to perfectly differentiate true xerostomia (no excretion even with stimulation) from paradoxical asialia (no plateau of excretion at rest, but stimulus effective). A better knowledge of \"dryness of the mouth\" should enable better adapted therapy.", "contents": "[Radioisotopic examination and diagnosis of dryness of the mouth]. The clinical and sialographic opposition between true xerostomia (with continuous disorders) and paradoxical asialia (with inter-prandial disturbance, but sparing mealtime) led the authors to analyze these patient's scintigraphic scannings. A kinetic study of excretion was carried out with gamma-camera recording of intensity and glandular activity: the information thus obtained was set down in a numerical integration block and dealt with by computer. A graph of activity was plotted for each gland showing: - a phase of ascending concentration followed by a plateau corresponding to excretion at rest; - a phase of excretion provoked by a gustatory stimulus (physiological) with a very rapidly descending graph. It is possible to establish a ratio of glandular activity/blood activity at maximum concentration and maximum excretion. From the graphs thus obtained it is possible to perfectly differentiate true xerostomia (no excretion even with stimulation) from paradoxical asialia (no plateau of excretion at rest, but stimulus effective). A better knowledge of \"dryness of the mouth\" should enable better adapted therapy.", "PMID": 1063436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4318", "title": "[Kahler's disease manifesting mandibular localization].", "content": "The authors present a case of multiple myeloma, the diagnosis of which was made at the time of the appearance of a mandibular tumour following the extraction of a tooth.", "contents": "[Kahler's disease manifesting mandibular localization]. The authors present a case of multiple myeloma, the diagnosis of which was made at the time of the appearance of a mandibular tumour following the extraction of a tooth.", "PMID": 1063437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4319", "title": "[Calcifying odontogenic cyst: apropos of 5 cases].", "content": "With reference to 5 personal cases involving the mandible 3 times and the lower gum twice, the authors recall the principal characteristics of calcified odontogenic cysts: very little clinical manifestation frequently limited to simple tumefaction, well bounded radiological image with low density, cyst with an epithelial border comprized of calcification and ghost cells. Calcified odontogenic cysts which have a definite morphological likeness to Malherbe's epithelioma, also have the same benigh course as the latter.", "contents": "[Calcifying odontogenic cyst: apropos of 5 cases]. With reference to 5 personal cases involving the mandible 3 times and the lower gum twice, the authors recall the principal characteristics of calcified odontogenic cysts: very little clinical manifestation frequently limited to simple tumefaction, well bounded radiological image with low density, cyst with an epithelial border comprized of calcification and ghost cells. Calcified odontogenic cysts which have a definite morphological likeness to Malherbe's epithelioma, also have the same benigh course as the latter.", "PMID": 1063438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4320", "title": "[Migrating or ectopic teeth].", "content": "These three cases are examples of ectopia related to tumor formations which they may have precipitated or of which they are the consequence. Here it is not a question of explaining the phenomenon, but only of showing some cases of migration or of relatively exceptional ectopia with the specific pathways of approach.", "contents": "[Migrating or ectopic teeth]. These three cases are examples of ectopia related to tumor formations which they may have precipitated or of which they are the consequence. Here it is not a question of explaining the phenomenon, but only of showing some cases of migration or of relatively exceptional ectopia with the specific pathways of approach.", "PMID": 1063439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4321", "title": "Neutrophil dysfunction and granulomatosis in the preleukemic state.", "content": "A 40-year-old male had periods of fever, sore throat and anemia for 14 months before acute myeloblastic leukemia could be diagnosed from hematological findings. During the preleukemic state, impaired bactericidal capacity of the granulocytes was repeatedly demonstrated and multiple hepatosplenic and skin granulomas occurred. Results of granulocyte function studies may prove to be of significant aid in the diagnosis of the preleukemic state of acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "contents": "Neutrophil dysfunction and granulomatosis in the preleukemic state. A 40-year-old male had periods of fever, sore throat and anemia for 14 months before acute myeloblastic leukemia could be diagnosed from hematological findings. During the preleukemic state, impaired bactericidal capacity of the granulocytes was repeatedly demonstrated and multiple hepatosplenic and skin granulomas occurred. Results of granulocyte function studies may prove to be of significant aid in the diagnosis of the preleukemic state of acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "PMID": 1063440}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4322", "title": "[The value of Sch\u00fcller's temporomandibular joint radiography for the diagnosis of joint related malocclusion].", "content": "A tentative diagnosis of the supposed position of the condyle in its glenoid fossa was made for 150 temporomandibular joints only be means of Schuller radiographs. To determine the value of the radiographs for diagnosis of occlusion the radiologic diagnosis of each joint was then compared with the real diagnosis based upon instrumental functional analysis of the occlusion, clinical findings and individually projected radiographs of the joint. Radiologic diagnosis and real diagnosis coincided to a relatively high degree provided that the radiographs were readable. Very high correspondence was found for anterior and posterior displacement of the condyle whereas supperior, inferior and lateral displacement showed considerably less coincidence. By the Schuller technique 30 of the 150 joints were not represented readably and better projection by a different angulation of the central X-ray beam was possible for half of those only. Posterior displacement of the condyle was found to be the most frequent malposition of the joint in this study.", "contents": "[The value of Sch\u00fcller's temporomandibular joint radiography for the diagnosis of joint related malocclusion]. A tentative diagnosis of the supposed position of the condyle in its glenoid fossa was made for 150 temporomandibular joints only be means of Schuller radiographs. To determine the value of the radiographs for diagnosis of occlusion the radiologic diagnosis of each joint was then compared with the real diagnosis based upon instrumental functional analysis of the occlusion, clinical findings and individually projected radiographs of the joint. Radiologic diagnosis and real diagnosis coincided to a relatively high degree provided that the radiographs were readable. Very high correspondence was found for anterior and posterior displacement of the condyle whereas supperior, inferior and lateral displacement showed considerably less coincidence. By the Schuller technique 30 of the 150 joints were not represented readably and better projection by a different angulation of the central X-ray beam was possible for half of those only. Posterior displacement of the condyle was found to be the most frequent malposition of the joint in this study.", "PMID": 1063441}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4323", "title": "[Statistical study of dental caries in children aged 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 years of geneva in 1973. Study of 614 children following administration of fluoride tablets, in collaboration with the Geneva Youth Dental Clinic].", "content": "By this study it was possible to evaluate dental health in children of Geneva aged 5 1/2 and 6 1/2 years old. Of 614 children, 28.1% of the 5 1/2 year old and 18.2% of the 6 1/2 year old are without caries or fillings. The DMF factor is of 3.34 (t), 4.40 (s) and 5.57 (t), 8.02 (s) respectively. About one fifth of the children shows an irreproachable mouth hygiene. These children with mediocre or bad hygiene. 7.0% and 5.4% respectively show green or black stain. Children receiving fluorine tablets have more resistant deciduoud teeth than others of the same age from unfluoridated regions.", "contents": "[Statistical study of dental caries in children aged 5 1/2 to 6 1/2 years of geneva in 1973. Study of 614 children following administration of fluoride tablets, in collaboration with the Geneva Youth Dental Clinic]. By this study it was possible to evaluate dental health in children of Geneva aged 5 1/2 and 6 1/2 years old. Of 614 children, 28.1% of the 5 1/2 year old and 18.2% of the 6 1/2 year old are without caries or fillings. The DMF factor is of 3.34 (t), 4.40 (s) and 5.57 (t), 8.02 (s) respectively. About one fifth of the children shows an irreproachable mouth hygiene. These children with mediocre or bad hygiene. 7.0% and 5.4% respectively show green or black stain. Children receiving fluorine tablets have more resistant deciduoud teeth than others of the same age from unfluoridated regions.", "PMID": 1063443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4324", "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide- and mescaline-induced attenuation of the effect of punishment in the rat.", "content": "At a dose as low as 1 microgram per kilogram of body weight, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly decreased the suppressive effect of electric shock on licking behavior of the rat. Attenuation of punishment was also obtained with mescaline, but neither dimethyltryptamine nor delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was active in this test. Cyproheptadine and alpha-propyldopacetamide, drugs that interfere with the function of neurons that contain serotonin, have a behavioral effect similar to that of LSD and mescaline, which suggests that the attenuation of punishment produced by these hallucinogens may result from decreased activity of such neurons.", "contents": "Lysergic acid diethylamide- and mescaline-induced attenuation of the effect of punishment in the rat. At a dose as low as 1 microgram per kilogram of body weight, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) significantly decreased the suppressive effect of electric shock on licking behavior of the rat. Attenuation of punishment was also obtained with mescaline, but neither dimethyltryptamine nor delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol was active in this test. Cyproheptadine and alpha-propyldopacetamide, drugs that interfere with the function of neurons that contain serotonin, have a behavioral effect similar to that of LSD and mescaline, which suggests that the attenuation of punishment produced by these hallucinogens may result from decreased activity of such neurons.", "PMID": 1063447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4325", "title": "Acute blastic transformation in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia and myelofibrosis.", "content": "A retrospective study of 21 patients with acute transformation of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and myelofibrosis was undertaken. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to whether transformation had occurred in pre-existing CGL (11 patients), myelofibrosis (6 patients) or in patients who presented with acute leukaemia and significant marrow fibrosis--acute myelofibrosis (4 patients). In an attempt to investigate some recent reports that during the acute blastic crisis there is conversion to the haemopoietic stem cell, the morphology of the blast cell and the response to therapy were assessed. The blast cell morphology was reviewed in 17 of the 21 patients studied. Three patients had blast cells which morphologically resembled lymphoblasts. The mortality in these patients was similar to that in patients in whom the blast cell morphology was myeloblastic. The response to treatment in the acute phase was poor. However, some patients who received therapy with thioguanine, daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, prednisone, cyclophosphamide and vincristine (TRAMPCO) appeared to do better. in most patients, splenectomy was performed for advanced diseases. Acute blastic transformation supervened within 4 months in 3 of 4 patients with CGL who underwent splenectomy. In 3 of 5 patients with myelofibrosis, splenectomy was followed by an increase of primitive cells in the peripheral blood and rapid liver enlargement. Although they had improved symptomatically the patients died within 10 months of the splenectomy. The indications for and timing of splenectomy remain controversial.", "contents": "Acute blastic transformation in patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia and myelofibrosis. A retrospective study of 21 patients with acute transformation of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) and myelofibrosis was undertaken. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to whether transformation had occurred in pre-existing CGL (11 patients), myelofibrosis (6 patients) or in patients who presented with acute leukaemia and significant marrow fibrosis--acute myelofibrosis (4 patients). In an attempt to investigate some recent reports that during the acute blastic crisis there is conversion to the haemopoietic stem cell, the morphology of the blast cell and the response to therapy were assessed. The blast cell morphology was reviewed in 17 of the 21 patients studied. Three patients had blast cells which morphologically resembled lymphoblasts. The mortality in these patients was similar to that in patients in whom the blast cell morphology was myeloblastic. The response to treatment in the acute phase was poor. However, some patients who received therapy with thioguanine, daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, methotrexate, prednisone, cyclophosphamide and vincristine (TRAMPCO) appeared to do better. in most patients, splenectomy was performed for advanced diseases. Acute blastic transformation supervened within 4 months in 3 of 4 patients with CGL who underwent splenectomy. In 3 of 5 patients with myelofibrosis, splenectomy was followed by an increase of primitive cells in the peripheral blood and rapid liver enlargement. Although they had improved symptomatically the patients died within 10 months of the splenectomy. The indications for and timing of splenectomy remain controversial.", "PMID": 1063448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4326", "title": "Surgical aspects of airway management in infants and children.", "content": "The surgical management of the upper airway in infants and children varies in many important details from the principles of airway management usually applied to adults. Recent technical adaptations and innovations have improved our ability to deal with upper airway obstruction effectively. Advances in respiratory support for sick infants have saved thousands of lives and at the same time produced a new spectrum of airway problems which must be dealt with effectively. The surgeon who takes on such problems should be specially trained and dedicated to the unique requirements of infants and children.", "contents": "Surgical aspects of airway management in infants and children. The surgical management of the upper airway in infants and children varies in many important details from the principles of airway management usually applied to adults. Recent technical adaptations and innovations have improved our ability to deal with upper airway obstruction effectively. Advances in respiratory support for sick infants have saved thousands of lives and at the same time produced a new spectrum of airway problems which must be dealt with effectively. The surgeon who takes on such problems should be specially trained and dedicated to the unique requirements of infants and children.", "PMID": 1063450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4327", "title": "Evaluation of splenectomy in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Splenectomy was performed in 45 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia; 23 were in the chronic phase and 22 in the acute phase. Indications for operation included inability to control the disease by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, severe thrombocytopenia, frequent need for blood transfusion and extensive splenomegaly causing discomfort. Median survival time for these patients was better than survival time of other reported groups of patients who did not have a splenectomy. According to our criteria, splenectomy was beneficial to 15 patients in the chronic phase as well as to eight in the acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Median survival time after splenectomy was higher in patients who had splenectomy within two years of the diagnosis as compared with those who had the operation after two years. Splenectomy did not prevent the future onset of fatal blastic crisis. Although significant abnormalities in coagulation studies were seen in 37 of the patients, intraoperative hemorrhage was not a major problem. Considering the poor general condition, inadequate healing and susceptibility to infection, the postoperative mortality and complication rates were comparable with those reported in series in which splenectomy was performed for other diseases. It seems that splenectomy benefits a selected group of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia; however, a randomized series would furnish better data upon which to make decisions.", "contents": "Evaluation of splenectomy in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Splenectomy was performed in 45 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia; 23 were in the chronic phase and 22 in the acute phase. Indications for operation included inability to control the disease by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, severe thrombocytopenia, frequent need for blood transfusion and extensive splenomegaly causing discomfort. Median survival time for these patients was better than survival time of other reported groups of patients who did not have a splenectomy. According to our criteria, splenectomy was beneficial to 15 patients in the chronic phase as well as to eight in the acute phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia. Median survival time after splenectomy was higher in patients who had splenectomy within two years of the diagnosis as compared with those who had the operation after two years. Splenectomy did not prevent the future onset of fatal blastic crisis. Although significant abnormalities in coagulation studies were seen in 37 of the patients, intraoperative hemorrhage was not a major problem. Considering the poor general condition, inadequate healing and susceptibility to infection, the postoperative mortality and complication rates were comparable with those reported in series in which splenectomy was performed for other diseases. It seems that splenectomy benefits a selected group of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia; however, a randomized series would furnish better data upon which to make decisions.", "PMID": 1063451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4328", "title": "[Combined treatment of patients with osteogenic sarcoma].", "content": "The results of the combined treatment in 30 patients with osteogenic sarcoma (preoperative radiotherapy after the method of large fractionation, using the dosage up to 4000 rad with subsequent amputation or exarticulation of the extremities) are reported. An average survival in patients with osteogenic sarcoma was 15.2 months following the operation.", "contents": "[Combined treatment of patients with osteogenic sarcoma]. The results of the combined treatment in 30 patients with osteogenic sarcoma (preoperative radiotherapy after the method of large fractionation, using the dosage up to 4000 rad with subsequent amputation or exarticulation of the extremities) are reported. An average survival in patients with osteogenic sarcoma was 15.2 months following the operation.", "PMID": 1063498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4329", "title": "[Preclinical form of blast leukosis].", "content": "The problem of the early diagnosis \"acute\" leukosis is of a great practical and theoretical interest. Lately many authors speak of \"pre-leukemic syndrome\" or of \"pre-leukemia\". In that sense the notion \"acute\" leukosis appears to be inaccurate and its substitution for the term \"blast\" leukosis is more expedient. A woman-patient with an early form of blast leukosis is described in the paper, diagnosed by a sternal puncture 18 months before the typical clinical and cytomorphological manifestations of the disease. The total pre-leukemic \"stage\" lasted three years, manifested with persisting anemia, acceleated RES, granulocytopenia, monocytosis. Exitus followed after the fifth month of the blast eucosis clinical manifestation.", "contents": "[Preclinical form of blast leukosis]. The problem of the early diagnosis \"acute\" leukosis is of a great practical and theoretical interest. Lately many authors speak of \"pre-leukemic syndrome\" or of \"pre-leukemia\". In that sense the notion \"acute\" leukosis appears to be inaccurate and its substitution for the term \"blast\" leukosis is more expedient. A woman-patient with an early form of blast leukosis is described in the paper, diagnosed by a sternal puncture 18 months before the typical clinical and cytomorphological manifestations of the disease. The total pre-leukemic \"stage\" lasted three years, manifested with persisting anemia, acceleated RES, granulocytopenia, monocytosis. Exitus followed after the fifth month of the blast eucosis clinical manifestation.", "PMID": 1063499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4330", "title": "[Autoimmune thrombocytopenia in the course of hemoblastosis].", "content": "The results of an investigation on platelet antibodies by thromboagglutination and antiglobulin consumption test (AGCT) in 51 patients with different types of hemoblastoses (acute and chronic leukemias, Hodgkin disease, lymphosarcoma) are reported. Complete and/or incomplete antibodies were found in 50,9% of the cases, with lymphoid forms showing the highest frequency. Although a constant relation between thrombocytopenia and platelet antibodies is by no means demonstrable, four fully descirbed cases clearly show and the onset of autoimmune thrombocytopenia in the course of hemoblastoses. Two chronic myeloid leukemia cases treated with Myleran and one chronic lymphoid leukemia case presented thrombocytopenic purpura and normal number of megakaryocytes. One case of lymphosarcoma presented thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia with bone marrow aplasia. Steroid therapy had been partially effective only in two cases. The pathogenetic relationship between platelet immunization and hemoblastoses and cytostatic therapy is discussed.", "contents": "[Autoimmune thrombocytopenia in the course of hemoblastosis]. The results of an investigation on platelet antibodies by thromboagglutination and antiglobulin consumption test (AGCT) in 51 patients with different types of hemoblastoses (acute and chronic leukemias, Hodgkin disease, lymphosarcoma) are reported. Complete and/or incomplete antibodies were found in 50,9% of the cases, with lymphoid forms showing the highest frequency. Although a constant relation between thrombocytopenia and platelet antibodies is by no means demonstrable, four fully descirbed cases clearly show and the onset of autoimmune thrombocytopenia in the course of hemoblastoses. Two chronic myeloid leukemia cases treated with Myleran and one chronic lymphoid leukemia case presented thrombocytopenic purpura and normal number of megakaryocytes. One case of lymphosarcoma presented thrombocytopenia and autoimmune hemolytic anemia with bone marrow aplasia. Steroid therapy had been partially effective only in two cases. The pathogenetic relationship between platelet immunization and hemoblastoses and cytostatic therapy is discussed.", "PMID": 1063496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4331", "title": "[Treatment of monocytic blast leukosis with vinblastine].", "content": "Monocytic blast leukosis progresses very aggressively, with severe complications--hemorrhages, infections, tumors, severe anemia and rapidly comes to a lethal end. The therapeutic remedies are limited for that type of blast leukosis. The present communication covers 20 patients with monocytic blast leukosis, treated with vinblastin. In five of them--a complete remission was observed and in two--not complete. The first remissions lasted at an average of 3-5 months with a total duration of living up to seven months. The results are satisfactory for that hard to cure clinicohematological form of blast leukosis.", "contents": "[Treatment of monocytic blast leukosis with vinblastine]. Monocytic blast leukosis progresses very aggressively, with severe complications--hemorrhages, infections, tumors, severe anemia and rapidly comes to a lethal end. The therapeutic remedies are limited for that type of blast leukosis. The present communication covers 20 patients with monocytic blast leukosis, treated with vinblastin. In five of them--a complete remission was observed and in two--not complete. The first remissions lasted at an average of 3-5 months with a total duration of living up to seven months. The results are satisfactory for that hard to cure clinicohematological form of blast leukosis.", "PMID": 1063500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4332", "title": "[Local reaction to the intradermal injection of PHA in healthy persons and in chronic lympholeukosis patients].", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) that stimulates the lymphocytes to blast transformation in conditions of cellular cultures provokes local skin reaction, when applied intradermally. At the beginning that reaction is manifested with hypermia at the place of the application and later an infiltration is formed. In healthy subjects the infliltration reaches maximal dimensions on the 48th to the 72nd hour post PHA injection. The presence of lymphocytes was established with the cytologic examination of the material from that infilitration at the 24th hour, lymphoblasts and hyperbasophilic blast cells at the 48th and 72nd hour and single reactive lymphocytes were observed at the 96th hour. The infiltration appears later in patients with quiet development of chronic leukosis, only after the 96th hour and is with smaller demensions. Negligible infiltration is observed in malignant leukosis, its progress in time does not differ from that in healthy subjects. However, skin reaction in intraderma injection of PHA gives a certain orientation about the immune organism reactivity and in case of 1 chronic leaukosis--about the form and severity of the disease.", "contents": "[Local reaction to the intradermal injection of PHA in healthy persons and in chronic lympholeukosis patients]. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) that stimulates the lymphocytes to blast transformation in conditions of cellular cultures provokes local skin reaction, when applied intradermally. At the beginning that reaction is manifested with hypermia at the place of the application and later an infiltration is formed. In healthy subjects the infliltration reaches maximal dimensions on the 48th to the 72nd hour post PHA injection. The presence of lymphocytes was established with the cytologic examination of the material from that infilitration at the 24th hour, lymphoblasts and hyperbasophilic blast cells at the 48th and 72nd hour and single reactive lymphocytes were observed at the 96th hour. The infiltration appears later in patients with quiet development of chronic leukosis, only after the 96th hour and is with smaller demensions. Negligible infiltration is observed in malignant leukosis, its progress in time does not differ from that in healthy subjects. However, skin reaction in intraderma injection of PHA gives a certain orientation about the immune organism reactivity and in case of 1 chronic leaukosis--about the form and severity of the disease.", "PMID": 1063501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4333", "title": "[Changes in plasma and whole blood viscosity during starvation (author's transl)].", "content": "More than 6000 parameters were collected during a 21-day period of starvation in 51 obese patients aged 17 to 65 years and stored as data bank on a CDC CYBER 74 at the calculating centre of the University of Technology in Vienna. Samples for multiple linear regression were obtained on the basis of various selective criteria. The essential results of this analysis are the depression of plasma viscosity, which correlates positively with the decrease in blood lipids and the reduction of overweight, as well as the unexpected increase in whole blood viscosity. The latter can probably be explained by an altered erythrocytic fluidity due to the metabolic changes which take place during a longer period of starvation.", "contents": "[Changes in plasma and whole blood viscosity during starvation (author's transl)]. More than 6000 parameters were collected during a 21-day period of starvation in 51 obese patients aged 17 to 65 years and stored as data bank on a CDC CYBER 74 at the calculating centre of the University of Technology in Vienna. Samples for multiple linear regression were obtained on the basis of various selective criteria. The essential results of this analysis are the depression of plasma viscosity, which correlates positively with the decrease in blood lipids and the reduction of overweight, as well as the unexpected increase in whole blood viscosity. The latter can probably be explained by an altered erythrocytic fluidity due to the metabolic changes which take place during a longer period of starvation.", "PMID": 1063514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4334", "title": "[Tracheal dimensions and shape in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Normal data for tracheal shape and dimensions were obtained by the investigation of a group of 90 men and women aged 50 years or over with normal pulmonary function. Significant differences were found between the sexes in regard to tracheal shape and cross sectional area. Another group of 90 men and women with pulmonary function data indicative of severe chronic obstructive lung disease was also investigated and the tracheal findings were compared with those of the control group. It was demonstrated that patients with chronic cough and chronic bronchitis exhibit a tendency to intrathoracic coronal narrowing and sagittal widening i.c. \"saber-sheath\" deformity. Mechanisms responsible for this alteration in tracheal shape are discussed. No definite correlation was demonstrable between age, total lung capacity, residual volume and tracheal shape. The relatively unknown, but fairly characteristic radiological appearance of the \"saber-sheath\" trachea is described and the importance of routine X-ray of the trachea in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease is stressed.", "contents": "[Tracheal dimensions and shape in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease (author's transl)]. Normal data for tracheal shape and dimensions were obtained by the investigation of a group of 90 men and women aged 50 years or over with normal pulmonary function. Significant differences were found between the sexes in regard to tracheal shape and cross sectional area. Another group of 90 men and women with pulmonary function data indicative of severe chronic obstructive lung disease was also investigated and the tracheal findings were compared with those of the control group. It was demonstrated that patients with chronic cough and chronic bronchitis exhibit a tendency to intrathoracic coronal narrowing and sagittal widening i.c. \"saber-sheath\" deformity. Mechanisms responsible for this alteration in tracheal shape are discussed. No definite correlation was demonstrable between age, total lung capacity, residual volume and tracheal shape. The relatively unknown, but fairly characteristic radiological appearance of the \"saber-sheath\" trachea is described and the importance of routine X-ray of the trachea in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease is stressed.", "PMID": 1063515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4335", "title": "[The personality of obese persons in psychological tests with special consideration on latent obesity].", "content": "The results of psychological tests of the obese are inconsistent and no characteristic personality structure of the obese can be deduced from them. Investigations in childhood obesity failed to establish a general psychogenetic model of obesity. Yet overweight and ideal weight-subjects differ in spontaneous eating behaviour. Appetite and satiety of obese subjects are controlled by external stimuli to a far greater extent than in nonobese. From a behavioural scientific viewpoint it is proposed that learning experiences during childhood socialisation generate the disposition for obesity which can manifest itself later, after interaction with a special environment. At this stage, however, individual reactions to starting overweight are insolved; this process is strongly influenced by individual personality structures: an inadequate conflict management favours obesity; by cognitive control normal weight can be preserved in spite of the acquired disposition for obesity. Taking these \"latently obese\" as an example the role of personality structure and wrong eating habits is discussed and related to possible therapeutic strategies. A model of the psychogenetic basis of obesity is proposed. In this model eating-related learning experience is attributed a primary role and individual personality structure a secondary role in the psychogenesis of obesity.", "contents": "[The personality of obese persons in psychological tests with special consideration on latent obesity]. The results of psychological tests of the obese are inconsistent and no characteristic personality structure of the obese can be deduced from them. Investigations in childhood obesity failed to establish a general psychogenetic model of obesity. Yet overweight and ideal weight-subjects differ in spontaneous eating behaviour. Appetite and satiety of obese subjects are controlled by external stimuli to a far greater extent than in nonobese. From a behavioural scientific viewpoint it is proposed that learning experiences during childhood socialisation generate the disposition for obesity which can manifest itself later, after interaction with a special environment. At this stage, however, individual reactions to starting overweight are insolved; this process is strongly influenced by individual personality structures: an inadequate conflict management favours obesity; by cognitive control normal weight can be preserved in spite of the acquired disposition for obesity. Taking these \"latently obese\" as an example the role of personality structure and wrong eating habits is discussed and related to possible therapeutic strategies. A model of the psychogenetic basis of obesity is proposed. In this model eating-related learning experience is attributed a primary role and individual personality structure a secondary role in the psychogenesis of obesity.", "PMID": 1063516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4336", "title": "Pulmonary hamartomas: cytologic appearances of fine needle aspiration biopsy.", "content": "The cytologic findings in specimens obtained from pulmonary hamartomas by fine needle aspiration biopsy are presented. The following are the main characteristics: 1. In spite of the fact that the lesions are usually hard and cartilaginous, find needle aspiration is possible and can obtain diagnostic material. 2. The material obtained usually has few cells. 3. The cells aspirated include columnar ciliated cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes as well as fragments of cartilage which are quite characteristic. 4. The differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Pulmonary hamartomas: cytologic appearances of fine needle aspiration biopsy. The cytologic findings in specimens obtained from pulmonary hamartomas by fine needle aspiration biopsy are presented. The following are the main characteristics: 1. In spite of the fact that the lesions are usually hard and cartilaginous, find needle aspiration is possible and can obtain diagnostic material. 2. The material obtained usually has few cells. 3. The cells aspirated include columnar ciliated cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes as well as fragments of cartilage which are quite characteristic. 4. The differential diagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1063517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4337", "title": "Urothelial neoplasms of the upper urinary tract. A correlation between cytologic and histologic findings in 43 patients with urothelial neoplasms of the renal pelvis or ureter.", "content": "The present study elucidates the possibilities to diagnose and classify urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract by means of exfoliative cytology on voided urine using a membrane filter method. In a series of 30 patients with renal pelvic tumors and 13 patients with ureteral tumors an overall agreement between cytology and histopathology was obtained in 25 cases (58%). None of the Grade 1 tumors or of the non-invasive Grade 2 tumors were regarded as positive by cytology whilst two out of five invasive Grade 2 tumors had positive cytologic reports. The series included 24 patients with poorly differentiated or anaplastic tumors, 17 of whom had positive cytology (71%). By excluding from the series 13 patients with obstructed urinary passages or radiologically non-functioning kidneys on the tumor side an agreement between cytology and pathology was reached in 83 per cent of the cases, regardless of tumor grade, and in 17 out of 18 patients with Grade 3-4 tumors (94%).", "contents": "Urothelial neoplasms of the upper urinary tract. A correlation between cytologic and histologic findings in 43 patients with urothelial neoplasms of the renal pelvis or ureter. The present study elucidates the possibilities to diagnose and classify urothelial tumors of the upper urinary tract by means of exfoliative cytology on voided urine using a membrane filter method. In a series of 30 patients with renal pelvic tumors and 13 patients with ureteral tumors an overall agreement between cytology and histopathology was obtained in 25 cases (58%). None of the Grade 1 tumors or of the non-invasive Grade 2 tumors were regarded as positive by cytology whilst two out of five invasive Grade 2 tumors had positive cytologic reports. The series included 24 patients with poorly differentiated or anaplastic tumors, 17 of whom had positive cytology (71%). By excluding from the series 13 patients with obstructed urinary passages or radiologically non-functioning kidneys on the tumor side an agreement between cytology and pathology was reached in 83 per cent of the cases, regardless of tumor grade, and in 17 out of 18 patients with Grade 3-4 tumors (94%).", "PMID": 1063518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4338", "title": "Cytopathology of intra-hepatic bile as component of integrated procedure (\"minilap\") for hepatobiliary disorders.", "content": "Twenty patients with hepatobiliary disorders were prospectively studied by means of minilaparotomy. The study included cytologic evaluation of intra-hepatic bile obtained at trans-hepatic cholangiography. The yield of malignancy identified was increased one third by the cytologic studies.", "contents": "Cytopathology of intra-hepatic bile as component of integrated procedure (\"minilap\") for hepatobiliary disorders. Twenty patients with hepatobiliary disorders were prospectively studied by means of minilaparotomy. The study included cytologic evaluation of intra-hepatic bile obtained at trans-hepatic cholangiography. The yield of malignancy identified was increased one third by the cytologic studies.", "PMID": 1063521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4339", "title": "Cytophotomeric DNA-analysis of aspirated cells from prostatic carcinoma.", "content": "In the present study material obtained from prostatic lesions by transrectal aspiration biopsy was subjected to a comparative morphologic and cytophotometric DNA analysis. Based on the morphologic pattern, the clinical material was divided into benign lesions (prostatic hyperplasia), suspected prostatic malignancy and highly, moderately and poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma. The cytochemical analysis, based on quantitative cytophotometric measurements of Feulgen stained nuclei, showed that cell nuclei from benign lesions (prostatic hyperplasia) exhibited the normal diploid amount of DNA. Contrary to this, cell populations from prostatic malignancies, were characterized by various degrees of heteroploidy, i.e. the existence of cells with nuclear DNA quantities increased above the normal diploid level. A general correlation between degree of heteroploidy (frequency of heteroploid cells) and degree of clinical malignancy seemed to exist; high grade malignant prostatic carcinoma (poorly differentiated) exhibited a pronounced degree of heteroploidy with more or less distinct aneuploid stemlines, whereas low-grade prostatic carcinomas (highly differentiated) were more similar to benign cell populations, in showing a large proportion of cells with a diploid DNA quantity suggesting the existence of diploid or near diploid stemlines. Cases morphologically classified as moderately differentiated prostatic carcinoma, which previously have been shown to exhibit individual variations in degree of clinical malignancy, also showed large individual variations in degree of hetyroploidy. Approximately half of these cases had cytochemical DNA characteristics similar to that of highly differentiated prostatic carcinoma in showing a modal DNA value in the diploid region, while the other half showed cytochemical characteristics similar to that of poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma, i.e. aneuploid DNA distributions. However, no morphologiifferentiated prostatic carcinoma. In conclusion it can be stated that the present investigation suggests the possibility that quantitative cytochemical DNA analysis may be used in combination with, and offer additional information to, morphologic analysis in the malignancy grading of prostatic carcinoma. A future clinical follow-up, now in progress, will hopefully give a more definite answer to that idea.", "contents": "Cytophotomeric DNA-analysis of aspirated cells from prostatic carcinoma. In the present study material obtained from prostatic lesions by transrectal aspiration biopsy was subjected to a comparative morphologic and cytophotometric DNA analysis. Based on the morphologic pattern, the clinical material was divided into benign lesions (prostatic hyperplasia), suspected prostatic malignancy and highly, moderately and poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma. The cytochemical analysis, based on quantitative cytophotometric measurements of Feulgen stained nuclei, showed that cell nuclei from benign lesions (prostatic hyperplasia) exhibited the normal diploid amount of DNA. Contrary to this, cell populations from prostatic malignancies, were characterized by various degrees of heteroploidy, i.e. the existence of cells with nuclear DNA quantities increased above the normal diploid level. A general correlation between degree of heteroploidy (frequency of heteroploid cells) and degree of clinical malignancy seemed to exist; high grade malignant prostatic carcinoma (poorly differentiated) exhibited a pronounced degree of heteroploidy with more or less distinct aneuploid stemlines, whereas low-grade prostatic carcinomas (highly differentiated) were more similar to benign cell populations, in showing a large proportion of cells with a diploid DNA quantity suggesting the existence of diploid or near diploid stemlines. Cases morphologically classified as moderately differentiated prostatic carcinoma, which previously have been shown to exhibit individual variations in degree of clinical malignancy, also showed large individual variations in degree of hetyroploidy. Approximately half of these cases had cytochemical DNA characteristics similar to that of highly differentiated prostatic carcinoma in showing a modal DNA value in the diploid region, while the other half showed cytochemical characteristics similar to that of poorly differentiated prostatic carcinoma, i.e. aneuploid DNA distributions. However, no morphologiifferentiated prostatic carcinoma. In conclusion it can be stated that the present investigation suggests the possibility that quantitative cytochemical DNA analysis may be used in combination with, and offer additional information to, morphologic analysis in the malignancy grading of prostatic carcinoma. A future clinical follow-up, now in progress, will hopefully give a more definite answer to that idea.", "PMID": 1063522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4340", "title": "Aspiration biopsy of salivary gland tumors. VI. Morphologic studies on smears and histologic sections from mucoepidermoid carcinoma.", "content": "The cytologic findings in fine-needle aspiration biopsy of 24 primary mucoepidermoid carcinomas of salivary glands are reviewed. The morphologic details which permit recognition of this tumor in smears of the aspirate are described.", "contents": "Aspiration biopsy of salivary gland tumors. VI. Morphologic studies on smears and histologic sections from mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The cytologic findings in fine-needle aspiration biopsy of 24 primary mucoepidermoid carcinomas of salivary glands are reviewed. The morphologic details which permit recognition of this tumor in smears of the aspirate are described.", "PMID": 1063519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4341", "title": "Impedance and spontaneous electrical activity as a localizing method in percutaneous spinal surgery.", "content": "Simultaneous recording of impedance and spontaneous electrical activity of the spinal cord was accomplished by use of a roving electrode. The method for this double monitoring in cats and in human surgery is described. The impedance method revealed a significant and well-delineated difference between the gray and white matter of the spinal cord which can be seen clearly on the recording. Well-localized high electrical activity was observed in the anterior horn.", "contents": "Impedance and spontaneous electrical activity as a localizing method in percutaneous spinal surgery. Simultaneous recording of impedance and spontaneous electrical activity of the spinal cord was accomplished by use of a roving electrode. The method for this double monitoring in cats and in human surgery is described. The impedance method revealed a significant and well-delineated difference between the gray and white matter of the spinal cord which can be seen clearly on the recording. Well-localized high electrical activity was observed in the anterior horn.", "PMID": 1063528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4342", "title": "Fluoride and dental age.", "content": "The dental ages of 149 children born and grown up in a district with naturally occurring fluoride in the drinking water (maximum level 2.0 mg/l) were compared with those of 181 control children born and grown up in a neighbouring low-fluoride district (less than or equal to 0.1 mg/l). The children were 9--12 years old. In neither group did the dental ages prove to differ from normality. It is concluded that concentrations below the highest recommended level fluoride occurring naturally in the drinking water do not seem to have any long-term effect on the individual physiologic maturation, as judged from the dental age of the growing child.", "contents": "Fluoride and dental age. The dental ages of 149 children born and grown up in a district with naturally occurring fluoride in the drinking water (maximum level 2.0 mg/l) were compared with those of 181 control children born and grown up in a neighbouring low-fluoride district (less than or equal to 0.1 mg/l). The children were 9--12 years old. In neither group did the dental ages prove to differ from normality. It is concluded that concentrations below the highest recommended level fluoride occurring naturally in the drinking water do not seem to have any long-term effect on the individual physiologic maturation, as judged from the dental age of the growing child.", "PMID": 1063529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4343", "title": "The nuclear dry weight of liver cells from patients with virus hepatitis and from controls.", "content": "Interferometric investigations were performed at liver cell nuclei isolated in 70 per cent glycerol. In 11 patients with virus hepatitis and seven patients without liver disease the nuclear dry weight of liver cells obtained by liver biopsy was determined by interferometry. The average nuclear dry weight of diploid liver cells from controls was 39.9 pg while an average value of 45.4 pg was found for patients with hepatitis. The corresponding nuclear volumes were 241 and 274mu3 respectively. The dry mass and volume of tetraploid nuclei was twice as big as that of diploid nuclei in both materials. The nuclear water content was neither significantly different between diploid and tetraploid nuclei nor significantly different between nuclei from controls and patients with hepatitis.", "contents": "The nuclear dry weight of liver cells from patients with virus hepatitis and from controls. Interferometric investigations were performed at liver cell nuclei isolated in 70 per cent glycerol. In 11 patients with virus hepatitis and seven patients without liver disease the nuclear dry weight of liver cells obtained by liver biopsy was determined by interferometry. The average nuclear dry weight of diploid liver cells from controls was 39.9 pg while an average value of 45.4 pg was found for patients with hepatitis. The corresponding nuclear volumes were 241 and 274mu3 respectively. The dry mass and volume of tetraploid nuclei was twice as big as that of diploid nuclei in both materials. The nuclear water content was neither significantly different between diploid and tetraploid nuclei nor significantly different between nuclei from controls and patients with hepatitis.", "PMID": 1063524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4344", "title": "Influence of stone mixing agents, impression materials and lubricants on surface hardness and dimension of a dental stone die material.", "content": "The influence of different stone mixing agents, impression materials and lubrication methods on the surface hardness of a stone die material has been evaluated. For one impression material the dimensional effect of the mixing agents and lubrication on the dies was also studied. The stone die material was mixed with water or a gypsum hardener and allowed to set on surfaces of glass, agar-agar, polyether, polysulfide and silicone impression materials. The lubrication methods for the stone were mineral oil, water soluble lubricant and mineral oil followed by water soluble lubricant. The surface hardness was measured according to the Brinell test. The Brinell test was chosen after a comparative study of the Brinell, Vickers and Knoop hardness test methods. The results showed that gypsum hardener was preferable to distilled water. The impression materials appear to have influence on the surface hardness of stone. The effect differed on water mixed and hardener mixed stone which emphasizes the importance of the mixing agent. All lubrication decreased the surface hardness of stone. With hardener mixed stone the combination of mineral oil followed by water soluble lubricant seemed preferable. Neither the gypsum hardener nor the lubrication influenced the dimension of the stone die material.", "contents": "Influence of stone mixing agents, impression materials and lubricants on surface hardness and dimension of a dental stone die material. The influence of different stone mixing agents, impression materials and lubrication methods on the surface hardness of a stone die material has been evaluated. For one impression material the dimensional effect of the mixing agents and lubrication on the dies was also studied. The stone die material was mixed with water or a gypsum hardener and allowed to set on surfaces of glass, agar-agar, polyether, polysulfide and silicone impression materials. The lubrication methods for the stone were mineral oil, water soluble lubricant and mineral oil followed by water soluble lubricant. The surface hardness was measured according to the Brinell test. The Brinell test was chosen after a comparative study of the Brinell, Vickers and Knoop hardness test methods. The results showed that gypsum hardener was preferable to distilled water. The impression materials appear to have influence on the surface hardness of stone. The effect differed on water mixed and hardener mixed stone which emphasizes the importance of the mixing agent. All lubrication decreased the surface hardness of stone. With hardener mixed stone the combination of mineral oil followed by water soluble lubricant seemed preferable. Neither the gypsum hardener nor the lubrication influenced the dimension of the stone die material.", "PMID": 1063530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4345", "title": "Cytologic findings in stilbestrol exposed females with emphasis on detection of vaginal adenosis.", "content": "This prospective study of 271 females believed to have had prenatal exposure to stilbestrol documents the cytologic findings in separate vaginal and cervical preparations. In 233 patients, direct circumferential scrapings of the upper vaginal wall were taken after potentially contaminating mucous secretions had been removed. These specimens were considered evaluable for the cytologic detection of vaginal adenosis. Cellular evidence of vaginal adenosis was observed in 105 (45%) of these patients as determined by the identification of columnar cells and/or metaplastic squamous cells in the vaginal samples. Columnar cells were observed in 87 (37%) of the 233 patients. Metaplastic squamous cells accompanied the columnar cells in 54 cases. In an additional 18 patients (8%) metaplastic squamous cells were the only cytologic evidence of adenosis. Similar cellular changes were observed in 88 per cent of the vaginal samples from 25 patients with biopsy-proven vaginal adenosis. Malignant cells were not found in any of the cytologic or histologic specimens. Dysplastic squamous cells, however, were present in cytosmears from four patients. Biopsies from two of these patients confirmed the diagnosis of squamous dysplasia. Dysplasia also was identified by biopsy in four others. We believe cytology is a valuable aid in the evaluation of patients with a history of intrauterine exposure to stilbestrol. Vaginal adenosis as well as neoplastic and dysplastic lesions can be reflected in properly obtained cellular specimens.", "contents": "Cytologic findings in stilbestrol exposed females with emphasis on detection of vaginal adenosis. This prospective study of 271 females believed to have had prenatal exposure to stilbestrol documents the cytologic findings in separate vaginal and cervical preparations. In 233 patients, direct circumferential scrapings of the upper vaginal wall were taken after potentially contaminating mucous secretions had been removed. These specimens were considered evaluable for the cytologic detection of vaginal adenosis. Cellular evidence of vaginal adenosis was observed in 105 (45%) of these patients as determined by the identification of columnar cells and/or metaplastic squamous cells in the vaginal samples. Columnar cells were observed in 87 (37%) of the 233 patients. Metaplastic squamous cells accompanied the columnar cells in 54 cases. In an additional 18 patients (8%) metaplastic squamous cells were the only cytologic evidence of adenosis. Similar cellular changes were observed in 88 per cent of the vaginal samples from 25 patients with biopsy-proven vaginal adenosis. Malignant cells were not found in any of the cytologic or histologic specimens. Dysplastic squamous cells, however, were present in cytosmears from four patients. Biopsies from two of these patients confirmed the diagnosis of squamous dysplasia. Dysplasia also was identified by biopsy in four others. We believe cytology is a valuable aid in the evaluation of patients with a history of intrauterine exposure to stilbestrol. Vaginal adenosis as well as neoplastic and dysplastic lesions can be reflected in properly obtained cellular specimens.", "PMID": 1063525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4346", "title": "Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum. A pilot study.", "content": "The effects on plaque induced by the use of xylitol- and sucrose-containing chewing-gums were studied on ten test-persons with neglected oral hygiene during two three-day periods. The chewing of three, as well as of ten pieces per day of a xylitol chewing-gum resulted in a significantly reduction in the amount of plaque and in the decrease of activity of invertase-like enzymes in plaque extracellular phase, when compared to corresponding conditions where a sucrose-containing chewing-gum was used.", "contents": "Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum. A pilot study. The effects on plaque induced by the use of xylitol- and sucrose-containing chewing-gums were studied on ten test-persons with neglected oral hygiene during two three-day periods. The chewing of three, as well as of ten pieces per day of a xylitol chewing-gum resulted in a significantly reduction in the amount of plaque and in the decrease of activity of invertase-like enzymes in plaque extracellular phase, when compared to corresponding conditions where a sucrose-containing chewing-gum was used.", "PMID": 1063531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4347", "title": "Immediate diagnosis in vaginal cytology using interference contrast microscopy (Nomarski).", "content": "Studying fresh aspiration material from the posterior fornix and cervix, by Interference Contrast Microscopy (Nomarski) is a good method of cytologic examination. It is shown how most cell types can be observed, just as they can be by the classical Papanicolaou staining. Normal and abnormal, even dysplastic and malignant cells can be recognized. This method is also very useful for identifying parasites, fungi and bacteria, by morphology and active movements. While encoraging the use of this method, it is advisable to compare the results with slides examined later by the Papanicolaou technique, for maximum safety of the patient.", "contents": "Immediate diagnosis in vaginal cytology using interference contrast microscopy (Nomarski). Studying fresh aspiration material from the posterior fornix and cervix, by Interference Contrast Microscopy (Nomarski) is a good method of cytologic examination. It is shown how most cell types can be observed, just as they can be by the classical Papanicolaou staining. Normal and abnormal, even dysplastic and malignant cells can be recognized. This method is also very useful for identifying parasites, fungi and bacteria, by morphology and active movements. While encoraging the use of this method, it is advisable to compare the results with slides examined later by the Papanicolaou technique, for maximum safety of the patient.", "PMID": 1063526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4348", "title": "Frequency of sex chromatin in the buccal smear of newborn females and their mothers during first six days after delivery.", "content": "The frequencies of sex chromatin in the buccal smear of the newborn females and their mothers were low on the first post-partum day and it increased gradually during the second and third day. By the fourth and fifth day it stabilized and the incidence of sex chromatin both in the mothers and the children became similar, although the frequency on the first day was significantly lower in the newborn. The incidences of pyknotic cells in the buccal smears of the newborns and their mothers were highest on day one and these declined rapidly in the following days. The significance of these findings have been discussed.", "contents": "Frequency of sex chromatin in the buccal smear of newborn females and their mothers during first six days after delivery. The frequencies of sex chromatin in the buccal smear of the newborn females and their mothers were low on the first post-partum day and it increased gradually during the second and third day. By the fourth and fifth day it stabilized and the incidence of sex chromatin both in the mothers and the children became similar, although the frequency on the first day was significantly lower in the newborn. The incidences of pyknotic cells in the buccal smears of the newborns and their mothers were highest on day one and these declined rapidly in the following days. The significance of these findings have been discussed.", "PMID": 1063527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4349", "title": "Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum. A clinical and biochemical study.", "content": "The effects on plaque induced by single or repeated use of xylitol- and sucrose-containing chewing-gums were studied on twenty subjects refraining from tooth-brushing for three days. Mechanical removal of plaque by chewing during a single period was shown to yield no significant differences between gravimetric values obtained before and after chewing. Daily use of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum reduced by 47% the weight of plaque formed in comparison to a sucrose-containing product, and by 20--41% in comparison to conditions when no chewing-gum was used. The use of a xylitol chewing-gum induced a lower invertase-like activity in plaque extra cellular phase. Results at variance with the gravimetric data were obtained by using a stained plaque scoring system; the eventual inadequacy of such plaque scoring systems was discussed.", "contents": "Effect on plaque of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum. A clinical and biochemical study. The effects on plaque induced by single or repeated use of xylitol- and sucrose-containing chewing-gums were studied on twenty subjects refraining from tooth-brushing for three days. Mechanical removal of plaque by chewing during a single period was shown to yield no significant differences between gravimetric values obtained before and after chewing. Daily use of a xylitol-containing chewing-gum reduced by 47% the weight of plaque formed in comparison to a sucrose-containing product, and by 20--41% in comparison to conditions when no chewing-gum was used. The use of a xylitol chewing-gum induced a lower invertase-like activity in plaque extra cellular phase. Results at variance with the gravimetric data were obtained by using a stained plaque scoring system; the eventual inadequacy of such plaque scoring systems was discussed.", "PMID": 1063532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4350", "title": "Measurement of fine structures in roentgenograms. III. Studies on root canals of teeth.", "content": "A study of the projection of root canals of natural teeth on dental roentgenograms was carried out as a sequel to an earlier phantom study. The material consisted of extracted teeth and teeth in situ in jaw preparations. The same radiation source and focus-film distance were used throughout, but the exposure times and tube voltages were varied. The roentgenographic images of the root canals were analysed densitometrically and compared with measurements of the actual object dimensions. The root were sectioned at the level studied and their cross sections were traced and measured with the aid of a profile projector. There was good agreement between the true breadth of the canal and that projected on the film. The maximum contrast in the image of the canal and the densitometrically measured difference in substance, expressed in metal equivalents, were proportional to the depth of the canal in the direction of radiation. The breadth of the canal in the plane of the film was the same regardless of whether the tube voltage was 50, 60 or 90 kV. On the other hand, the tube voltage affected the photographic density differences between the canal and the dentine walls. Changing the voltage from 50 to 60 kV did not affect the results, but there was a highly significant difference between 90 and 50 or 60 kV. The clinical significance of tube voltage and exposure time is discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of fine structures in roentgenograms. III. Studies on root canals of teeth. A study of the projection of root canals of natural teeth on dental roentgenograms was carried out as a sequel to an earlier phantom study. The material consisted of extracted teeth and teeth in situ in jaw preparations. The same radiation source and focus-film distance were used throughout, but the exposure times and tube voltages were varied. The roentgenographic images of the root canals were analysed densitometrically and compared with measurements of the actual object dimensions. The root were sectioned at the level studied and their cross sections were traced and measured with the aid of a profile projector. There was good agreement between the true breadth of the canal and that projected on the film. The maximum contrast in the image of the canal and the densitometrically measured difference in substance, expressed in metal equivalents, were proportional to the depth of the canal in the direction of radiation. The breadth of the canal in the plane of the film was the same regardless of whether the tube voltage was 50, 60 or 90 kV. On the other hand, the tube voltage affected the photographic density differences between the canal and the dentine walls. Changing the voltage from 50 to 60 kV did not affect the results, but there was a highly significant difference between 90 and 50 or 60 kV. The clinical significance of tube voltage and exposure time is discussed.", "PMID": 1063533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4351", "title": "Nose morphology in individuals with Angle Class I, Class II or Class III occlusions.", "content": "The intention of this work was to describe the nose morphology in individuals with different craniofacial patterns which dentally were characterized by Angle Class I, Class II div. 1, and Class III occlusions. The material comprised male adults (age 20--30 years), and the results are based on measurements on tracings of lateral cephalograms. Generally, the inclination of the nose in relation to the nasion-sella-line was similar in all groups, and so was the nose length as well. The depth of the nose, when related to the hard and soft tissue facial planes was, however, significantly different, apparently due to the different sagittal position of the chin.", "contents": "Nose morphology in individuals with Angle Class I, Class II or Class III occlusions. The intention of this work was to describe the nose morphology in individuals with different craniofacial patterns which dentally were characterized by Angle Class I, Class II div. 1, and Class III occlusions. The material comprised male adults (age 20--30 years), and the results are based on measurements on tracings of lateral cephalograms. Generally, the inclination of the nose in relation to the nasion-sella-line was similar in all groups, and so was the nose length as well. The depth of the nose, when related to the hard and soft tissue facial planes was, however, significantly different, apparently due to the different sagittal position of the chin.", "PMID": 1063534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4352", "title": "Prognostic value of mitotic studies in myeloid leukaemias.", "content": "Seven patients with various forms of myeloid leukaemia have been studied by repeated sternal punctures during the course of illness. None of the patients received cytostatics before or during the study. The mitotic indices declined with time and there was a significant relation between the slopes of the mitotic curves and survival time. Repeated mitotic counts seem to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in myeloid leukaemias.", "contents": "Prognostic value of mitotic studies in myeloid leukaemias. Seven patients with various forms of myeloid leukaemia have been studied by repeated sternal punctures during the course of illness. None of the patients received cytostatics before or during the study. The mitotic indices declined with time and there was a significant relation between the slopes of the mitotic curves and survival time. Repeated mitotic counts seem to serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in myeloid leukaemias.", "PMID": 1063537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4353", "title": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia without the Philadelphia chromosome.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies of bone marrow were performed in 230 consecutive cases of patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) admitted to the National Cancer Institute since 1961. Twenty patients lacked the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. All were previously untreated. When compared with Ph1-positive patients, CGL patients with Ph1-negative disease had a higher median age (60 compared with 42 years) and were diagnosed at lower median leukocyte (75,000) and platelet counts (170,000). Their response to chemotherapy was generally poor, with a median survival of 15 months compared with 44 months for the Ph1-positive group. Four patients survived more than 5 years and two, more than 10 years. Thirty-five per cent of the Ph1-negative patients had aneuploid cell lines of various percentages. Absence of the Ph1 chromosome in patients with the hematologic characteristics of CGL is a bad prognostic sign.", "contents": "Chronic granulocytic leukemia without the Philadelphia chromosome. Cytogenetic studies of bone marrow were performed in 230 consecutive cases of patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) admitted to the National Cancer Institute since 1961. Twenty patients lacked the Philadelphia (Ph1) chromosome. All were previously untreated. When compared with Ph1-positive patients, CGL patients with Ph1-negative disease had a higher median age (60 compared with 42 years) and were diagnosed at lower median leukocyte (75,000) and platelet counts (170,000). Their response to chemotherapy was generally poor, with a median survival of 15 months compared with 44 months for the Ph1-positive group. Four patients survived more than 5 years and two, more than 10 years. Thirty-five per cent of the Ph1-negative patients had aneuploid cell lines of various percentages. Absence of the Ph1 chromosome in patients with the hematologic characteristics of CGL is a bad prognostic sign.", "PMID": 1063540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4354", "title": "Prediction of orthodontic tooth movement.", "content": "Orthodontics is rapidly advancing from the stage of fortuitous success to one of planned success. When appliance design is based on simple concepts of equilibrium, prediction of desirable and undesirable tooth movement becomes possible. The flow chart that has been presented allows the clinician to systematically treat dental discrepancies more effectively in potentially less treatment time, since the number of desirable and undesirable side effects can be known in advance and managed accordingly. Simple laws of equilibrium, based on a knowledge of the force systems required for specific tooth movement, also permit the design of proper preactivation bends for an appliance. The procedure may be enlarged to include treatment of each arch since, once the teeth are ideally positioned and rigidly held within each segment, each arch can be considered to consist of three \"large, multirooted teeth.\"", "contents": "Prediction of orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontics is rapidly advancing from the stage of fortuitous success to one of planned success. When appliance design is based on simple concepts of equilibrium, prediction of desirable and undesirable tooth movement becomes possible. The flow chart that has been presented allows the clinician to systematically treat dental discrepancies more effectively in potentially less treatment time, since the number of desirable and undesirable side effects can be known in advance and managed accordingly. Simple laws of equilibrium, based on a knowledge of the force systems required for specific tooth movement, also permit the design of proper preactivation bends for an appliance. The procedure may be enlarged to include treatment of each arch since, once the teeth are ideally positioned and rigidly held within each segment, each arch can be considered to consist of three \"large, multirooted teeth.\"", "PMID": 1063542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4355", "title": "The effects of orthopedic forces on the craniofacial complex utilizing cervical and headgear appliances.", "content": "1. A three-dimensional anatomic model of a human skull was produced with birefringent materials for photoelastic analysis. By means of photoelastic techniques during application of high-pull and cervical extraoral traction, stresses were visualized within the model. 2. Extraoral anchorage affected the position of the maxillary molar and its resulting alveolar development. Cervical headgear had a much greater tipping effect on the maxillary molar than did the high-pull headgear. Both appliances examined could produce stresses which may be transmitted to distant eraniofacial sutures. As opposed to high-pull traction, cervical pull in general stressed more areas and to a much greater degree. 4. The pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone, the zygomatic arches, the junction of the maxilla with the lacrimal bone and the ethmoid, and the maxillary teeth were affected by both types of headgear. 5. Only cervical traction produced stresses at the frontal process of the maxilla and the Zygomaticofrontal suture. 6. There were two findings which had not been previously reported: First, cervical traction tended to open the palate in the posterior region. Second, high-pull traction produced compressive stresses at the junction of the right and left maxillae inferior to the anterior nasal spine.", "contents": "The effects of orthopedic forces on the craniofacial complex utilizing cervical and headgear appliances. 1. A three-dimensional anatomic model of a human skull was produced with birefringent materials for photoelastic analysis. By means of photoelastic techniques during application of high-pull and cervical extraoral traction, stresses were visualized within the model. 2. Extraoral anchorage affected the position of the maxillary molar and its resulting alveolar development. Cervical headgear had a much greater tipping effect on the maxillary molar than did the high-pull headgear. Both appliances examined could produce stresses which may be transmitted to distant eraniofacial sutures. As opposed to high-pull traction, cervical pull in general stressed more areas and to a much greater degree. 4. The pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone, the zygomatic arches, the junction of the maxilla with the lacrimal bone and the ethmoid, and the maxillary teeth were affected by both types of headgear. 5. Only cervical traction produced stresses at the frontal process of the maxilla and the Zygomaticofrontal suture. 6. There were two findings which had not been previously reported: First, cervical traction tended to open the palate in the posterior region. Second, high-pull traction produced compressive stresses at the junction of the right and left maxillae inferior to the anterior nasal spine.", "PMID": 1063544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4356", "title": "[Artificial ventilation with the servo-ventilator 900 (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of artificial ventilation in the treatment of seriously ill or severely injured patients demands extensive knowledge on the part of the physician of the physiological and pathological effects of ventilation. In addition, it is required that the manufacturers develop ventilators able to meet there special demands. During the last two years the Servo-Ventilator 900 has been in use in our intensive care unit. During this period we were very impressed by its versatile applicability. The use of this apparatus however more than ever before requires the knowledge of breathing mechanisms and their pathophysiological consequences. The various flow- and breathing-rate-patterns combined with the exact electronic control of the respiratory make possible subtle adjustments--to the required ventilation pattern.", "contents": "[Artificial ventilation with the servo-ventilator 900 (author's transl)]. The use of artificial ventilation in the treatment of seriously ill or severely injured patients demands extensive knowledge on the part of the physician of the physiological and pathological effects of ventilation. In addition, it is required that the manufacturers develop ventilators able to meet there special demands. During the last two years the Servo-Ventilator 900 has been in use in our intensive care unit. During this period we were very impressed by its versatile applicability. The use of this apparatus however more than ever before requires the knowledge of breathing mechanisms and their pathophysiological consequences. The various flow- and breathing-rate-patterns combined with the exact electronic control of the respiratory make possible subtle adjustments--to the required ventilation pattern.", "PMID": 1063548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4357", "title": "[Comparative studies on the efficiency of ventilation by engstr\u00f6m-respirator ER 300 (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficiency of ventilation provided by the Engstrom-Respirator ER 300 was examined in 35 patients under general anaesthesia and relaxation during normoventilation and hyperventilation of 15% and 30%. For criteria the acid-base-status of arterial blood was used. There was a tendency to acidosis in all kinds of ventilation, probably as a consequence of surgical effects. During normoventilation the acid-base-status showed changes of low hyperventilation which are desired for security. During hyperventilation of 15% and 30%, arterial pCO2 was reduced to 30 and 27 Torr. Both situations showed no advantage over normoventilation. Using the Engstron-Respirator, normoventilation should be preferred during general anesthesia. Higher degrees of hyperventilation should be avoided because of their effects in lowering cerebral blood flow.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the efficiency of ventilation by engstr\u00f6m-respirator ER 300 (author's transl)]. The efficiency of ventilation provided by the Engstrom-Respirator ER 300 was examined in 35 patients under general anaesthesia and relaxation during normoventilation and hyperventilation of 15% and 30%. For criteria the acid-base-status of arterial blood was used. There was a tendency to acidosis in all kinds of ventilation, probably as a consequence of surgical effects. During normoventilation the acid-base-status showed changes of low hyperventilation which are desired for security. During hyperventilation of 15% and 30%, arterial pCO2 was reduced to 30 and 27 Torr. Both situations showed no advantage over normoventilation. Using the Engstron-Respirator, normoventilation should be preferred during general anesthesia. Higher degrees of hyperventilation should be avoided because of their effects in lowering cerebral blood flow.", "PMID": 1063549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4358", "title": "[Acute erythremic myelosis as a terminal phase of polycythemia rubra vera].", "content": "A male, 66, developed Acute Erythremic Myelosis in the course of Polycythemia Vera. The time of onset of Polycythemia Vera could not be determined, his first symptoms being vascular complications. He received treatment with Phlebotomies and Myleran. Five years later he became ill with malaise, fever, splenomegaly; in the peripheral blood profound pancytopoenia with immature, bizzare erythro-and megaloblasts have been found. Bone marrow was full of atypical megaloblasts, some of them having two or more nuclei. The number of mitoses was increased. Chromosomal abnormalities consisted of ane-uploid cells, chromatid  breakes and translocations (G to A-1). The therapy with B12, Cytosin-Arabinoside, Oncovin and Blood transfusions was unsuccessful. He died 21 days after being admitted to the Hospital.", "contents": "[Acute erythremic myelosis as a terminal phase of polycythemia rubra vera]. A male, 66, developed Acute Erythremic Myelosis in the course of Polycythemia Vera. The time of onset of Polycythemia Vera could not be determined, his first symptoms being vascular complications. He received treatment with Phlebotomies and Myleran. Five years later he became ill with malaise, fever, splenomegaly; in the peripheral blood profound pancytopoenia with immature, bizzare erythro-and megaloblasts have been found. Bone marrow was full of atypical megaloblasts, some of them having two or more nuclei. The number of mitoses was increased. Chromosomal abnormalities consisted of ane-uploid cells, chromatid  breakes and translocations (G to A-1). The therapy with B12, Cytosin-Arabinoside, Oncovin and Blood transfusions was unsuccessful. He died 21 days after being admitted to the Hospital.", "PMID": 1063569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4359", "title": "Demonstration of cellular immunity in chronic myeloid leukaemia using leucocyte migration inhibition assay.", "content": "Peripheral blood leucocytes from chronic myeloid leukaemia patients in remission were tested for inhibition of migration in presence of solubilized membrane antigens from leukaemic cells in 15 cases. Eight out of 9 autochthonous combinations (88-8%) and 35/49 allogenic combinations (71-4%) showed inhibition of migration. Antigens prepared from relapse leukaemic cell samples in 4 cases showed inhibition of migration of autochthonous as well as allogeneic remission leucocytes. The same batch of CML antigens inhibited migration of normal leucocytes at the level of 22-2%. The difference between inhibition of migration shown by remission leucocytes and normal leucocytes in presence of CML antigens was statistically significant. Solubilized antigens, similarly prepared from normal leucocytes, showed inhibition of migration of remission leucocytes to the extent of 15% only. The difference between the reactivity of CML remission leucocytes to normal and CML antigens was also statistically significant. No enhancement of migration of remission leucocytes was seen with CML antigens.", "contents": "Demonstration of cellular immunity in chronic myeloid leukaemia using leucocyte migration inhibition assay. Peripheral blood leucocytes from chronic myeloid leukaemia patients in remission were tested for inhibition of migration in presence of solubilized membrane antigens from leukaemic cells in 15 cases. Eight out of 9 autochthonous combinations (88-8%) and 35/49 allogenic combinations (71-4%) showed inhibition of migration. Antigens prepared from relapse leukaemic cell samples in 4 cases showed inhibition of migration of autochthonous as well as allogeneic remission leucocytes. The same batch of CML antigens inhibited migration of normal leucocytes at the level of 22-2%. The difference between inhibition of migration shown by remission leucocytes and normal leucocytes in presence of CML antigens was statistically significant. Solubilized antigens, similarly prepared from normal leucocytes, showed inhibition of migration of remission leucocytes to the extent of 15% only. The difference between the reactivity of CML remission leucocytes to normal and CML antigens was also statistically significant. No enhancement of migration of remission leucocytes was seen with CML antigens.", "PMID": 1063589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4360", "title": "Adenosine deaminase activity in peripheral blood cells of patients with haematological malignancies.", "content": "Adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4, ADA) has been assayed in lymphocytes, granulocytes and erythrocytes from 45 patients with haematological malignancies. Activities were uniformly low in lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Variable, but abnormal activities were frequently found in multiple myeloma, untreated lymphoma and leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis. High values were observed in lymphocytes from patients with lymphoma during intensive combination chemotherapy. ADA levels in lymphocytes were not correlated with levels in granulocytes or erythrocytes. ADA was elevated in blasts of patients with acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukaemias but the ranges of activities per cell were so similar that ADA assay is unlikely to be of major help in distinguishing the two diseases.", "contents": "Adenosine deaminase activity in peripheral blood cells of patients with haematological malignancies. Adenosine deaminase (EC 3.5.4.4, ADA) has been assayed in lymphocytes, granulocytes and erythrocytes from 45 patients with haematological malignancies. Activities were uniformly low in lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Variable, but abnormal activities were frequently found in multiple myeloma, untreated lymphoma and leukaemic reticuloendotheliosis. High values were observed in lymphocytes from patients with lymphoma during intensive combination chemotherapy. ADA levels in lymphocytes were not correlated with levels in granulocytes or erythrocytes. ADA was elevated in blasts of patients with acute lymphocytic and myelogenous leukaemias but the ranges of activities per cell were so similar that ADA assay is unlikely to be of major help in distinguishing the two diseases.", "PMID": 1063590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4361", "title": "Diagnostic and prognostic significance of peripheral blood cultural characteristics in adult acute leukaemia.", "content": "A simple liquid culture technique has been used to study peripheral blood from patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia. Evidence is presented that cells from morphologically identical types of leukaemia have differing capacity for \"differentiation\" from free floating blast cells into plastic-adherent phagocytic, trypsin-resistant macrophage-like cells with Fc and C3 receptors. Preliminary analysis suggests that patients whose cells have the greatest capacity for \"differentiation\" have a better chance of achieving complete remission.", "contents": "Diagnostic and prognostic significance of peripheral blood cultural characteristics in adult acute leukaemia. A simple liquid culture technique has been used to study peripheral blood from patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia. Evidence is presented that cells from morphologically identical types of leukaemia have differing capacity for \"differentiation\" from free floating blast cells into plastic-adherent phagocytic, trypsin-resistant macrophage-like cells with Fc and C3 receptors. Preliminary analysis suggests that patients whose cells have the greatest capacity for \"differentiation\" have a better chance of achieving complete remission.", "PMID": 1063591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4362", "title": "Lack of prognostic value of lymphoblast size in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "There are conflicting reports about the relationship of cell size and type to prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). For this reason, bone marrows at diagnosis and first relapse were studied in 56 children with ALL treated on the same protocol. Lymphoblasts greater than 12 mmu in diameter were called macrolymphoblasts (MLB). Forty-one of 56 initial bone marrows had less than 20% MLB(group A), and 15 had greater than 20% MLB (group B). Median survival, complete remission rate, first remission duration, and the distribution of CNS leukaemia were similar in both groups. First relapse marrows were examined from 50 patients and a significant increase in MLB compared to initial pre-treatment bone marrows (18% vs 8%) was found.", "contents": "Lack of prognostic value of lymphoblast size in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. There are conflicting reports about the relationship of cell size and type to prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). For this reason, bone marrows at diagnosis and first relapse were studied in 56 children with ALL treated on the same protocol. Lymphoblasts greater than 12 mmu in diameter were called macrolymphoblasts (MLB). Forty-one of 56 initial bone marrows had less than 20% MLB(group A), and 15 had greater than 20% MLB (group B). Median survival, complete remission rate, first remission duration, and the distribution of CNS leukaemia were similar in both groups. First relapse marrows were examined from 50 patients and a significant increase in MLB compared to initial pre-treatment bone marrows (18% vs 8%) was found.", "PMID": 1063592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4363", "title": "Analysis of treatment in childhood leukaemia. II. Timing and the toxicity of combined 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate maintenance therapy.", "content": "The first and second Medical Research Council UKALL trials have shown that alteration in the timing of methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine maintenance therapy for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia can markedly change drug induced toxicity. Maintenance chemotherapy in both trials used a similar total dosage of these drugs but the timing of their administration was different in the two schedules.", "contents": "Analysis of treatment in childhood leukaemia. II. Timing and the toxicity of combined 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate maintenance therapy. The first and second Medical Research Council UKALL trials have shown that alteration in the timing of methotrexate and 6-mercaptopurine maintenance therapy for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia can markedly change drug induced toxicity. Maintenance chemotherapy in both trials used a similar total dosage of these drugs but the timing of their administration was different in the two schedules.", "PMID": 1063593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4364", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane modification in malignant diseases of myeloid and lymphoreticular tissues. I. Tn-polyagglutination in acute myelocytic leukaemia.", "content": "Tn polyagglutination (persistent mixed-field polyagglutination) occurring in a patient with an acute myelocytic leukemia is described. The association of this RBC membrane change, thought to be due to somatic mutation at stem cell level, with a myeloproliferative disorder, has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane modification in malignant diseases of myeloid and lymphoreticular tissues. I. Tn-polyagglutination in acute myelocytic leukaemia. Tn polyagglutination (persistent mixed-field polyagglutination) occurring in a patient with an acute myelocytic leukemia is described. The association of this RBC membrane change, thought to be due to somatic mutation at stem cell level, with a myeloproliferative disorder, has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 1063594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4365", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane modification in malignant disease of myeloid and lymphoreticular tissues. II. Erythrocyte \"mosaicism\" in acute erythroleukaemia.", "content": "A case of acute erythroleukaemia is described. The patient's RBC, which at first appeared to be a mixture of groups B and O, were shown in fact to be a mixture of normal B and very weak B.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane modification in malignant disease of myeloid and lymphoreticular tissues. II. Erythrocyte \"mosaicism\" in acute erythroleukaemia. A case of acute erythroleukaemia is described. The patient's RBC, which at first appeared to be a mixture of groups B and O, were shown in fact to be a mixture of normal B and very weak B.", "PMID": 1063595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4366", "title": "Influence of humoral regulators on proliferation and maturation of normal and leukemic cells.", "content": "Factors that influence the proliferation of marrow elements can be detected in sera. To determine the function and to compare the effect of these factors, cells were obtained from patients with normal and leukemic bone marrows. The effects of drug-induced stimulatory and inhibitory sera and leukemic pretreatment sera over time (0 to 6 days) on proliferation and granulocytic morphology of normal and leukemic bone marrow cells in culture were evaluated. Increased proliferation was associated with stimulatory sera, while inhibitory and leukemic pretreatment sera retarded proliferation of both normal and malignant cells. Exposure of normal proliferative cells to inhibitory or leukemic pretreatment sera yielded the greatest increase in mature granulocyte forms. In contrast, although the proliferative response of leukemic cells to these sera was similar to normal, maturation was minimal. These data suggest that leukemic pretreatment sera are similar to inhibitory sera and are not leukemogenic. Both retard proliferation of normal and leukemic bone marrow cells while enhancing maturation of normal cells. Leukemic myeloblasts, however, cannot be made to mature by these humoral regulators.", "contents": "Influence of humoral regulators on proliferation and maturation of normal and leukemic cells. Factors that influence the proliferation of marrow elements can be detected in sera. To determine the function and to compare the effect of these factors, cells were obtained from patients with normal and leukemic bone marrows. The effects of drug-induced stimulatory and inhibitory sera and leukemic pretreatment sera over time (0 to 6 days) on proliferation and granulocytic morphology of normal and leukemic bone marrow cells in culture were evaluated. Increased proliferation was associated with stimulatory sera, while inhibitory and leukemic pretreatment sera retarded proliferation of both normal and malignant cells. Exposure of normal proliferative cells to inhibitory or leukemic pretreatment sera yielded the greatest increase in mature granulocyte forms. In contrast, although the proliferative response of leukemic cells to these sera was similar to normal, maturation was minimal. These data suggest that leukemic pretreatment sera are similar to inhibitory sera and are not leukemogenic. Both retard proliferation of normal and leukemic bone marrow cells while enhancing maturation of normal cells. Leukemic myeloblasts, however, cannot be made to mature by these humoral regulators.", "PMID": 1063598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4367", "title": "Isoenzyme pattern of phosphorylase in white blood cells and fibroblasts from patients with liver phosphorylase deficiency.", "content": "Isoenzyme patterns of phosphorylase in white blood cells and cultured fibroblasts of a patient affected with liver-type phosphorylase deficiency were studied. Three bands were observed with electrofocusing of white blood cells and liver from controls. In the white blood cells of the patient only two bands were observed. Patient and control fibroblasts showed two bands, probably identical to the two bands observed in the patient's white blood cells. These results indicate that the liver-type phosphorylase is not expressed in the cultured fibroblasts.", "contents": "Isoenzyme pattern of phosphorylase in white blood cells and fibroblasts from patients with liver phosphorylase deficiency. Isoenzyme patterns of phosphorylase in white blood cells and cultured fibroblasts of a patient affected with liver-type phosphorylase deficiency were studied. Three bands were observed with electrofocusing of white blood cells and liver from controls. In the white blood cells of the patient only two bands were observed. Patient and control fibroblasts showed two bands, probably identical to the two bands observed in the patient's white blood cells. These results indicate that the liver-type phosphorylase is not expressed in the cultured fibroblasts.", "PMID": 1063605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4368", "title": "Comparisons of caries prevalence of children with different daily toothbrushing frequencies.", "content": "Clinical caries examinations, supplemented by bite-wing radiographs, were conducted on 290 schoolchildren. The children ranged from 12 to 15 years of age and were residents of a fluoride-deficient community in New York State. The children were divided into two groups based upon their stated daily toothbrushing frequency, namely, those brushing once or less/day and those brushing twice or more/day. Mean DMFS and DMFT scores were recorded for children in both categories. A trend was noted that more frequent brushing was associated with less caries activity. For females and male-females combined the differences in mean DMFS and DMFT scores between those children brushing once a day or less. The caries scores for males in these two brushing groups were marginally significant (P less than .05). Ninety percent of the children used fluoride-containing dentifrices. The inverse relationship between brushing frequency and caries activity may be related to the more frequent fluoride contact when the children brush.", "contents": "Comparisons of caries prevalence of children with different daily toothbrushing frequencies. Clinical caries examinations, supplemented by bite-wing radiographs, were conducted on 290 schoolchildren. The children ranged from 12 to 15 years of age and were residents of a fluoride-deficient community in New York State. The children were divided into two groups based upon their stated daily toothbrushing frequency, namely, those brushing once or less/day and those brushing twice or more/day. Mean DMFS and DMFT scores were recorded for children in both categories. A trend was noted that more frequent brushing was associated with less caries activity. For females and male-females combined the differences in mean DMFS and DMFT scores between those children brushing once a day or less. The caries scores for males in these two brushing groups were marginally significant (P less than .05). Ninety percent of the children used fluoride-containing dentifrices. The inverse relationship between brushing frequency and caries activity may be related to the more frequent fluoride contact when the children brush.", "PMID": 1063606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4369", "title": "A study of 8 years' domestic salt fluoridation for prevention of caries.", "content": "The author reports on an 8-year study with 250 mg F/kg domestic salt fluoridation. During this period the dmft index in the 2-6 years age range decreased by 41%, the DMFT index in the 7-11 year age range decreased by 58%, and in the 12-14 year age range decreased by 36%. The proportion of cariesfree children also improved significantly, from 23% to 60%, from 4.8% to 41%, and from 2.7% to 8.4%, respectively. Urinary fluoride tests performed showed that with the concentration used, enough fluoride could not be ingested to reduce caries to the level anticipated with water fluoridation, but even so the caries reduction was significant. Experiments are now continuing with 200 mg F/kg and 350 mg F/kg domestic salt mixtures.", "contents": "A study of 8 years' domestic salt fluoridation for prevention of caries. The author reports on an 8-year study with 250 mg F/kg domestic salt fluoridation. During this period the dmft index in the 2-6 years age range decreased by 41%, the DMFT index in the 7-11 year age range decreased by 58%, and in the 12-14 year age range decreased by 36%. The proportion of cariesfree children also improved significantly, from 23% to 60%, from 4.8% to 41%, and from 2.7% to 8.4%, respectively. Urinary fluoride tests performed showed that with the concentration used, enough fluoride could not be ingested to reduce caries to the level anticipated with water fluoridation, but even so the caries reduction was significant. Experiments are now continuing with 200 mg F/kg and 350 mg F/kg domestic salt mixtures.", "PMID": 1063607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4370", "title": "Enamel mottling in a non-fluoride community in England.", "content": "In 1974--75 an assessment of mottling in incisor teeth was carried out on a random sample of 13- to 14-year-old children in Liverpool, England. The number of children examined was 463. All of these children were born and had lived in Liverpool when the fluoride content of the water supply had averaged 0.12 parts/10(6). The mouth prevalence of mottling was 42.5%. The tooth prevalence of mottling was 9.6%. There was no sex difference. The data obtained was compared with those of other authors and confirmed that a considerable proportion of mottling observed in fluoride and non-fluoride communities was caused by factors other than ingested fluoride.", "contents": "Enamel mottling in a non-fluoride community in England. In 1974--75 an assessment of mottling in incisor teeth was carried out on a random sample of 13- to 14-year-old children in Liverpool, England. The number of children examined was 463. All of these children were born and had lived in Liverpool when the fluoride content of the water supply had averaged 0.12 parts/10(6). The mouth prevalence of mottling was 42.5%. The tooth prevalence of mottling was 9.6%. There was no sex difference. The data obtained was compared with those of other authors and confirmed that a considerable proportion of mottling observed in fluoride and non-fluoride communities was caused by factors other than ingested fluoride.", "PMID": 1063608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4371", "title": "An epidemiologic study of occlusal anomalies in relation to development of the dentition in Icelandic children.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to determine the prevalence of occlusal anomalies in relation to dental stages (DS) in Icelandic schoolchildren, and to compare it with results from other Scandinavian countries and Ireland found on the basis of the same method. The material consisted of 1,641 randomly selected children, 791 boys and 850 girls, corresponding to 9.5% of the total primary and secondary school population of Reykjav\u00edk. A significant sex difference was only recorded in the frequencies of of two of the single morphologic traits of occlusal anomalies, the boys showing higher frequencies in deep bite and in scissors-bite. Significant differences in the occurrence of occlusal anomalies in Iceland and Denmark were only found in two out of 108 pairs of frequencies.", "contents": "An epidemiologic study of occlusal anomalies in relation to development of the dentition in Icelandic children. The purpose of the investigation was to determine the prevalence of occlusal anomalies in relation to dental stages (DS) in Icelandic schoolchildren, and to compare it with results from other Scandinavian countries and Ireland found on the basis of the same method. The material consisted of 1,641 randomly selected children, 791 boys and 850 girls, corresponding to 9.5% of the total primary and secondary school population of Reykjav\u00edk. A significant sex difference was only recorded in the frequencies of of two of the single morphologic traits of occlusal anomalies, the boys showing higher frequencies in deep bite and in scissors-bite. Significant differences in the occurrence of occlusal anomalies in Iceland and Denmark were only found in two out of 108 pairs of frequencies.", "PMID": 1063610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4372", "title": "A comparison of perceived and actual dental needs of a select group of children in Texas.", "content": "Dental caries (DMFS) evaluations were made for 150 children in Grades 2 to 7. Three months later, a trained interviewer questioned 120 children from 100 families to determine atitudes toward oral hygiene and dental health on the part of (a) the child, (b) the parent, along with (c) the child's perception of the parent's attitude, and (d) the parent's perception of the child's attitude. Evaluation of the perceived attitudes toward oral hygiene revealed a statistically significant correlation between the child's attitude and the degree of dental health as well as between the attitudes of child and parent. Conclusions were: (1) parents were not accurate in their perception of the dental health habits of their children, (2) children were not performing acceptable routine oral hygiene procedures, (3) children accurately perceived the attitudes of their parents toward dental health, and (4) children's actual dental health behavior as manifested by dental health status was related to the attitudes of their parents.", "contents": "A comparison of perceived and actual dental needs of a select group of children in Texas. Dental caries (DMFS) evaluations were made for 150 children in Grades 2 to 7. Three months later, a trained interviewer questioned 120 children from 100 families to determine atitudes toward oral hygiene and dental health on the part of (a) the child, (b) the parent, along with (c) the child's perception of the parent's attitude, and (d) the parent's perception of the child's attitude. Evaluation of the perceived attitudes toward oral hygiene revealed a statistically significant correlation between the child's attitude and the degree of dental health as well as between the attitudes of child and parent. Conclusions were: (1) parents were not accurate in their perception of the dental health habits of their children, (2) children were not performing acceptable routine oral hygiene procedures, (3) children accurately perceived the attitudes of their parents toward dental health, and (4) children's actual dental health behavior as manifested by dental health status was related to the attitudes of their parents.", "PMID": 1063611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4373", "title": "Chairtime needed for an incremental dental care program for schoolchildren in Israel.", "content": "Chairtime needed to provide initial treatment to 80 children, 6 1/2 to 7 1/2 years of age, in an incremental care program was recorded. An average of 8.2 carious teeth with 14.0 carous surfaces required treatment. The clinical and radiographic examinations were concluded earlier and were not included in the chairtime recorded. One year after completion of the initial treatment, 51 of these children were reexamined to determine the maintenance treatment needs. These were found to be approximately one-third of the initial treatment needs. The average chairtime required for initial treatment was 2 hours and 37 min. It was estimated that for complete treatment, including examination and preventive measures, 3 hours per child would be required for initial treatment and 1 hour for maintenance care each following year.", "contents": "Chairtime needed for an incremental dental care program for schoolchildren in Israel. Chairtime needed to provide initial treatment to 80 children, 6 1/2 to 7 1/2 years of age, in an incremental care program was recorded. An average of 8.2 carious teeth with 14.0 carous surfaces required treatment. The clinical and radiographic examinations were concluded earlier and were not included in the chairtime recorded. One year after completion of the initial treatment, 51 of these children were reexamined to determine the maintenance treatment needs. These were found to be approximately one-third of the initial treatment needs. The average chairtime required for initial treatment was 2 hours and 37 min. It was estimated that for complete treatment, including examination and preventive measures, 3 hours per child would be required for initial treatment and 1 hour for maintenance care each following year.", "PMID": 1063612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4374", "title": "Reliability and constancy of information obtained in dental health interviews.", "content": "In a group of 297 persons interviewed about dental health, a random sample of 50 persons was reinterviewed by the same person, posing identical questions. The average interval between interviews was 9 months. Replies to questions concerning actual conditions, i.e. edentulousness, time of extraction and time of filling, showed a high degree of stability and constancy. The subject's attitude to water fluoridation appeared, on the other hand, to have changed somewhat. Similarly, some of the respondents appeared to have acquired knowledge of dental health care as a result of the first interview and had altered their standpoint accordingly. Still, the results of the replies to the interview seemed reliable as defined by stability overtime.", "contents": "Reliability and constancy of information obtained in dental health interviews. In a group of 297 persons interviewed about dental health, a random sample of 50 persons was reinterviewed by the same person, posing identical questions. The average interval between interviews was 9 months. Replies to questions concerning actual conditions, i.e. edentulousness, time of extraction and time of filling, showed a high degree of stability and constancy. The subject's attitude to water fluoridation appeared, on the other hand, to have changed somewhat. Similarly, some of the respondents appeared to have acquired knowledge of dental health care as a result of the first interview and had altered their standpoint accordingly. Still, the results of the replies to the interview seemed reliable as defined by stability overtime.", "PMID": 1063613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4375", "title": "[Action of the sera from acute leukemia patients on lymphocytic transformation].", "content": "The authors examined in vitro the action of sera, obtained from patients with acute leucosis during the first attack and relapse on PHA (phytoheagglutinins)-M-reactivity of lymphocytes, obtained from healthy donors and olymphocytes obtained from leucemic patients. They found that sera inhibited in vitro the effects of PHA-M both on lymphocytes of patients and of healthy donors. There was stimulating effect of sera in vitro in single cases under autologic conditions.", "contents": "[Action of the sera from acute leukemia patients on lymphocytic transformation]. The authors examined in vitro the action of sera, obtained from patients with acute leucosis during the first attack and relapse on PHA (phytoheagglutinins)-M-reactivity of lymphocytes, obtained from healthy donors and olymphocytes obtained from leucemic patients. They found that sera inhibited in vitro the effects of PHA-M both on lymphocytes of patients and of healthy donors. There was stimulating effect of sera in vitro in single cases under autologic conditions.", "PMID": 1063616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4376", "title": "A case of acute promyelocytic leukaemia with bullous, haemorrhagic and necrotic skin lesions.", "content": "Erythematous-oedematous-bullous skin lesions with necrotic vegetating and haemorrhagic evolution evocating atypical pemphigur or bullous reticulosis, revealed acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Histologically, vesicles and bullae were observed in the Malpighian layer and a dense infiltrate with atypical blasts in the dermis. Atypical promyelocytes (22%) were found in the bone marrow. The cytochemical features of promyelocytes, haemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulation supported the diagnosis.", "contents": "A case of acute promyelocytic leukaemia with bullous, haemorrhagic and necrotic skin lesions. Erythematous-oedematous-bullous skin lesions with necrotic vegetating and haemorrhagic evolution evocating atypical pemphigur or bullous reticulosis, revealed acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Histologically, vesicles and bullae were observed in the Malpighian layer and a dense infiltrate with atypical blasts in the dermis. Atypical promyelocytes (22%) were found in the bone marrow. The cytochemical features of promyelocytes, haemorrhage due to disseminated intravascular coagulation supported the diagnosis.", "PMID": 1063727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4377", "title": "[A method of forming analogous groups for selection-genetic research].", "content": "A method of forming groups of animals similar in a complex of characteristics is proposed. All the objects are represented by a linear diversity of an n-dimensional space Yi=xij containing the basis Yr. The criterion of the appurtenance of the object to a definite group is the value Yi--Yr min. The intra-group variation can be reduced provided the requirement Yi--Yr less than or equal to R. The method proposed affords the possibility of an abjective formation of groups of animals similar with respect to a complex of biological characteristics with the extent of heterogeneity required for the investigator. The method proposed is easily formalized and can be realized by means of computer.", "contents": "[A method of forming analogous groups for selection-genetic research]. A method of forming groups of animals similar in a complex of characteristics is proposed. All the objects are represented by a linear diversity of an n-dimensional space Yi=xij containing the basis Yr. The criterion of the appurtenance of the object to a definite group is the value Yi--Yr min. The intra-group variation can be reduced provided the requirement Yi--Yr less than or equal to R. The method proposed affords the possibility of an abjective formation of groups of animals similar with respect to a complex of biological characteristics with the extent of heterogeneity required for the investigator. The method proposed is easily formalized and can be realized by means of computer.", "PMID": 1063728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4378", "title": "[Advances in the diagnosis and therapy of bone tumors with special reference to modern surgical possibilities].", "content": "Progress in the diagnosis of bone tumors is primarily to be seen in the possibilities of exact radiological demonstration, the differentiation of morphological characteristics of tumor growthdynamics (tumor vessels) and in the possibilities of modern nuclear methods, which provide preoperative information on the metabolism of the tumor. Remarkable progress could be achieved regarding therapy especially with surgical measures, as combined osteosynthesis and alloplastic, as well as in the development of improved materials for implantation (metal, plastic, cement) and improvement of implantation itself. The implantation of extensive amounts of foreign material in the modern ultrasterile operating rooms with horizontal or vertical flow is today possible with greater safety. In the combination of orthopaedic surgery and cytostatic and immunotherapy there exist today greater chances in the treatment of malignant bone tumors.", "contents": "[Advances in the diagnosis and therapy of bone tumors with special reference to modern surgical possibilities]. Progress in the diagnosis of bone tumors is primarily to be seen in the possibilities of exact radiological demonstration, the differentiation of morphological characteristics of tumor growthdynamics (tumor vessels) and in the possibilities of modern nuclear methods, which provide preoperative information on the metabolism of the tumor. Remarkable progress could be achieved regarding therapy especially with surgical measures, as combined osteosynthesis and alloplastic, as well as in the development of improved materials for implantation (metal, plastic, cement) and improvement of implantation itself. The implantation of extensive amounts of foreign material in the modern ultrasterile operating rooms with horizontal or vertical flow is today possible with greater safety. In the combination of orthopaedic surgery and cytostatic and immunotherapy there exist today greater chances in the treatment of malignant bone tumors.", "PMID": 1063729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4379", "title": "A new translocation in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes Nos. 3 and 22 has been found in a patient with seemingly Ph-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). G-band analysis revealed, that deletion in No. 22 occurred at the same point, as in the typical cases of the disease. It was concluded, that breakage in No. 22 at a specific site with spatial disjunction of the resulting segments might be the crucial cytogenetic event in the genesis of CML, the Philadelphia chromosome not being an obligatory result of the rearrangement.", "contents": "A new translocation in chronic myelogenous leukemia. A reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes Nos. 3 and 22 has been found in a patient with seemingly Ph-negative chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). G-band analysis revealed, that deletion in No. 22 occurred at the same point, as in the typical cases of the disease. It was concluded, that breakage in No. 22 at a specific site with spatial disjunction of the resulting segments might be the crucial cytogenetic event in the genesis of CML, the Philadelphia chromosome not being an obligatory result of the rearrangement.", "PMID": 1063730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4380", "title": "Further evidence for apostatic selection by wild passerine birds -9 :1 experiments.", "content": "Apostatic selection occurs when predators concentrate disproportionately on the common varieties of non-mimetic polymorphic prey species. This has been tested in 14 experiments by presenting populations of green and brown lard-and-flour \"baits\" to inexperienced wild passerine birds in their normal surroundings. In seven experiments a 9 green : 1 brown population was presented for a number of days, followed by a 1 green : 9 brown population for a similar period. in the remaining seven experiments the populations were presented in the reverse order. The birds often had strong \"natural\" colour preferences (for example, blackbirds and songthrushes preferred browns) which were not caused by the relative conspicuousness of the two colours. The data within most of the experiments were very heterogeneous, but in every experiment there was good evidence that the birds tended to concentrate on the common colour. The consistency of the replicated experiements gives strong reason to believe that apostatic selection is a widespread phenomenon among avian predators, and provides an explanation for many of the non-mimetic colour and pattern polymorphisms found among their prey.", "contents": "Further evidence for apostatic selection by wild passerine birds -9 :1 experiments. Apostatic selection occurs when predators concentrate disproportionately on the common varieties of non-mimetic polymorphic prey species. This has been tested in 14 experiments by presenting populations of green and brown lard-and-flour \"baits\" to inexperienced wild passerine birds in their normal surroundings. In seven experiments a 9 green : 1 brown population was presented for a number of days, followed by a 1 green : 9 brown population for a similar period. in the remaining seven experiments the populations were presented in the reverse order. The birds often had strong \"natural\" colour preferences (for example, blackbirds and songthrushes preferred browns) which were not caused by the relative conspicuousness of the two colours. The data within most of the experiments were very heterogeneous, but in every experiment there was good evidence that the birds tended to concentrate on the common colour. The consistency of the replicated experiements gives strong reason to believe that apostatic selection is a widespread phenomenon among avian predators, and provides an explanation for many of the non-mimetic colour and pattern polymorphisms found among their prey.", "PMID": 1063732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4381", "title": "Genetic studies of the Syrian hamster. X. Rex.", "content": "The rex mutant has its most obvious effect on coat structure but it also reduces 21-day body weight by about 14 per cent. There is no apparent effect on viability nor on the fecundity of the more robust rex females. Extensive tests for linkage with the genes b, Ba, cd, Ds, e l, Lg, ru, Sa and Wh have proved to be negative. A less extensive test with s was also negative.", "contents": "Genetic studies of the Syrian hamster. X. Rex. The rex mutant has its most obvious effect on coat structure but it also reduces 21-day body weight by about 14 per cent. There is no apparent effect on viability nor on the fecundity of the more robust rex females. Extensive tests for linkage with the genes b, Ba, cd, Ds, e l, Lg, ru, Sa and Wh have proved to be negative. A less extensive test with s was also negative.", "PMID": 1063733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4382", "title": "A model for sibling effects in man.", "content": "A model is developed to specify the environmental effect of one sibling on another for a polygenic trait. Such effects are detectable in priniciple and the approach is illustrated with twin data relating to psychoticism. The relationship between the model and those employed in the treatment of kin selection is indicated.", "contents": "A model for sibling effects in man. A model is developed to specify the environmental effect of one sibling on another for a polygenic trait. Such effects are detectable in priniciple and the approach is illustrated with twin data relating to psychoticism. The relationship between the model and those employed in the treatment of kin selection is indicated.", "PMID": 1063734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4383", "title": "The efficiency  and optimal size of triple test cross designs for detecting epistatic variation.", "content": "The triple test cross and two of its associate designs have been compared for their theoretical and practical efficiency in detecting epistatic variation. The comparisons are made on the basis of optimal experimental sizes required for each of these tests to detect a modest level of epistasis significantly (P less than or equal to 0-05) and with a reasonable certainty (95 per cent). The experimental sizes are determined for various combinations of heritability, dominance ratio and gene association and for both duplicate and complementary epistasis. Two versions of the test epistasis designed by Kearsey and Jinks (1968). Test 1a and Test 1b, do not differ much in their theoretical efficiency for detecting epistasis and the optimal experimental sizes required by them to detect non-allelic interactions significantly are largely impraticable except when dominance and heritability are high and the degree of association is 50 per cent or more. Both the tests require much smaller experiments to detect duplicate epistasis than complementary epistasis of the same magnitude and this difference is more pronounced for lower levels of heritability and dominance. The theoretical efficiency of Test 2 (given by Jinks, Perkins and Breese, 1969), however, does not vary with the type of epistasis but the sensitivity of the test is inversely related to the degree of gene association between the tester parents. The practical implications of the present investigation are discussed and the validity of some of the most important theoretical predictions and assumptions are tested on a triple test cross involving 80 inbred lines of Nicotiana rustica.", "contents": "The efficiency  and optimal size of triple test cross designs for detecting epistatic variation. The triple test cross and two of its associate designs have been compared for their theoretical and practical efficiency in detecting epistatic variation. The comparisons are made on the basis of optimal experimental sizes required for each of these tests to detect a modest level of epistasis significantly (P less than or equal to 0-05) and with a reasonable certainty (95 per cent). The experimental sizes are determined for various combinations of heritability, dominance ratio and gene association and for both duplicate and complementary epistasis. Two versions of the test epistasis designed by Kearsey and Jinks (1968). Test 1a and Test 1b, do not differ much in their theoretical efficiency for detecting epistasis and the optimal experimental sizes required by them to detect non-allelic interactions significantly are largely impraticable except when dominance and heritability are high and the degree of association is 50 per cent or more. Both the tests require much smaller experiments to detect duplicate epistasis than complementary epistasis of the same magnitude and this difference is more pronounced for lower levels of heritability and dominance. The theoretical efficiency of Test 2 (given by Jinks, Perkins and Breese, 1969), however, does not vary with the type of epistasis but the sensitivity of the test is inversely related to the degree of gene association between the tester parents. The practical implications of the present investigation are discussed and the validity of some of the most important theoretical predictions and assumptions are tested on a triple test cross involving 80 inbred lines of Nicotiana rustica.", "PMID": 1063735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4384", "title": "Some examples of double exponential fitness functions.", "content": "The advantages of using a double exponential fitness function are pointed out for the analysis of differential survival data. The uses of this type of function are illustrated on Bumpus' (1898) data on the survival of English sparrows after a severe storm and also on Cook and O'Donald's (1971) data on the over-winter survival of a large sample of snails.", "contents": "Some examples of double exponential fitness functions. The advantages of using a double exponential fitness function are pointed out for the analysis of differential survival data. The uses of this type of function are illustrated on Bumpus' (1898) data on the survival of English sparrows after a severe storm and also on Cook and O'Donald's (1971) data on the over-winter survival of a large sample of snails.", "PMID": 1063736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4385", "title": "Estimation of assortative mating preferences in the Arctic skua.", "content": "Methods are described for the maximum likelihood estimation of mating preferences in models of assortative mating for monogamous and polygamous organisms. These methods are applied to data of matings of the three phenotypes, pale, intermediated and dark of the Arctic Skua. The data were obtained by exhaustive surveys of the Arctic Skua populations on the islands of Fair Isle and Foula. The data give evidence of significant assortative mating of pale birds on Foula and intermediate birds on Fair Isle. The combined data show that there is very highly significant assortative mating, but only of intermediates. In previous surveys, data, in which intermediates and darks were not distinguished, were obtained from a number of islands in the Shetlands. These data, combined with the present data, show that the overall assortative mating of pale is very highly significant with no evidience of heterogeneity. The assortative mating of intermediate birds on Fair Isle agrees with other evidence showing that inermediate males have an advantage as a result of sexual selection.", "contents": "Estimation of assortative mating preferences in the Arctic skua. Methods are described for the maximum likelihood estimation of mating preferences in models of assortative mating for monogamous and polygamous organisms. These methods are applied to data of matings of the three phenotypes, pale, intermediated and dark of the Arctic Skua. The data were obtained by exhaustive surveys of the Arctic Skua populations on the islands of Fair Isle and Foula. The data give evidence of significant assortative mating of pale birds on Foula and intermediate birds on Fair Isle. The combined data show that there is very highly significant assortative mating, but only of intermediates. In previous surveys, data, in which intermediates and darks were not distinguished, were obtained from a number of islands in the Shetlands. These data, combined with the present data, show that the overall assortative mating of pale is very highly significant with no evidience of heterogeneity. The assortative mating of intermediate birds on Fair Isle agrees with other evidence showing that inermediate males have an advantage as a result of sexual selection.", "PMID": 1063737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4386", "title": "Pluronic polyols in human lymphocyte cell line cultures.", "content": "Pluronic polyols markedly improved the growth of two human lymphocyte cell lines when added to the growth medium in concentrations of 0.05 to 0.1%. The results of the current studies suggest that, in addition to the protective effect of polyols against mechanical damage of mammalian cells in submerged cultures, the pluronic compounds may also, by lowering surface tension, facilitate transport of metabolites into cells and thus increase the growth rate.", "contents": "Pluronic polyols in human lymphocyte cell line cultures. Pluronic polyols markedly improved the growth of two human lymphocyte cell lines when added to the growth medium in concentrations of 0.05 to 0.1%. The results of the current studies suggest that, in addition to the protective effect of polyols against mechanical damage of mammalian cells in submerged cultures, the pluronic compounds may also, by lowering surface tension, facilitate transport of metabolites into cells and thus increase the growth rate.", "PMID": 1063740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4387", "title": "Kinetics of crystal growth and dissolution of calcium and magnesium fluorides.", "content": "Kinetic results of the crystal growth and dissolution of seed crystals of calcium fluoride and magnesium fluoride, obtained conductimetrically and potentiometrically, indicate that both processes are controlled by a surface reaction mechanism. An initial reaction surge in the case of magnesium fluoride is consistent with a concomitant secondary nucleation process. The activation energies for the growth and dissolution of calcium fluoride, 14.5 and 1.4 kcal mole-1, also point to surface reaction control. The heat of solution of this salt, obtained calorimetrically, was 2.9 +/- 0.1 kcal mole-1.", "contents": "Kinetics of crystal growth and dissolution of calcium and magnesium fluorides. Kinetic results of the crystal growth and dissolution of seed crystals of calcium fluoride and magnesium fluoride, obtained conductimetrically and potentiometrically, indicate that both processes are controlled by a surface reaction mechanism. An initial reaction surge in the case of magnesium fluoride is consistent with a concomitant secondary nucleation process. The activation energies for the growth and dissolution of calcium fluoride, 14.5 and 1.4 kcal mole-1, also point to surface reaction control. The heat of solution of this salt, obtained calorimetrically, was 2.9 +/- 0.1 kcal mole-1.", "PMID": 1063744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4388", "title": "Rheology of fluoride gels.", "content": "A number of fluoride gels containing a hydroxyalkyl cellulose thickening agent show non-Newtonian rheological behavior in the form of stress thinning (apparent viscosity decreasing with shear rate). Viscosities of 450 to 780 poise at low rates of shear down to 1.0 to 2.0 poise at high rates of shear were obtained. The effect of temperature on viscosity was comparatively small. One gel, containing a noncellulosic thickening agent showed a much more pronounced stress thinning (7,500 poise at low rates). Furthermore, at low rates of shear this material showed pronounced elastic behavior. This may well be clinically advantageous.", "contents": "Rheology of fluoride gels. A number of fluoride gels containing a hydroxyalkyl cellulose thickening agent show non-Newtonian rheological behavior in the form of stress thinning (apparent viscosity decreasing with shear rate). Viscosities of 450 to 780 poise at low rates of shear down to 1.0 to 2.0 poise at high rates of shear were obtained. The effect of temperature on viscosity was comparatively small. One gel, containing a noncellulosic thickening agent showed a much more pronounced stress thinning (7,500 poise at low rates). Furthermore, at low rates of shear this material showed pronounced elastic behavior. This may well be clinically advantageous.", "PMID": 1063745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4389", "title": "Preliminary report on effect of topical applications of titanium tetrafluoride on dental caries.", "content": "An annual, one-minute application of a 1% solution of titanium tetrafluoride to the teeth on one side of the mouth of each of 110 children offered greater protection against caries after three years than was given to teeth on the other side of the mouth treated with a four-minute application of acid phosphate fluoride.", "contents": "Preliminary report on effect of topical applications of titanium tetrafluoride on dental caries. An annual, one-minute application of a 1% solution of titanium tetrafluoride to the teeth on one side of the mouth of each of 110 children offered greater protection against caries after three years than was given to teeth on the other side of the mouth treated with a four-minute application of acid phosphate fluoride.", "PMID": 1063746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4390", "title": "A model for the study of development processes in dental research.", "content": "In studying growth and developmental processes in dental research, variables other than simple chronological age must often be taken into account if we are to adequately characterize differences in the developmental patterns of the groups under consideration. As demonstrated in this article, cohort, time-of-measurement, and learning (testing) effects may significantly interfere with our ability to directly study development if the traditional cross-sectional and longitudinal designs are used. Mixed-longitudinal studies, with well-scheduled control groups, may better serve the dental research community in the design of studies dealing with the measurement of change.", "contents": "A model for the study of development processes in dental research. In studying growth and developmental processes in dental research, variables other than simple chronological age must often be taken into account if we are to adequately characterize differences in the developmental patterns of the groups under consideration. As demonstrated in this article, cohort, time-of-measurement, and learning (testing) effects may significantly interfere with our ability to directly study development if the traditional cross-sectional and longitudinal designs are used. Mixed-longitudinal studies, with well-scheduled control groups, may better serve the dental research community in the design of studies dealing with the measurement of change.", "PMID": 1063747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4391", "title": "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats.", "content": "Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed.", "contents": "Inability of low levels of sorbitol and mannitol to support caries activity in rats. Under the environmental conditions of these experiments, neither 5 nor 10% sorbitol or mannitol in diets containing 62 or 57% corn starch, respectively, was capable of increasing the caries activity in rats above the level supported by a 67% starch diet. In contrast, 5% sucrose in the presence of 62% corn starch caused a slight increase and 10% sucrose in the presence of 57% starch caused a significant increase in caries activity beyond that observed when the diet containing 67% starch as the only carbohydrate was fed.", "PMID": 1063748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4392", "title": "In vivo effects of direct current in the mandible.", "content": "The application of low level direct current (3 to 5 mua in situ, that is, 50 mua/cm2), within the mandible of mature Beagle dogs results in an increased osteogenesis at the cathode (negative electrode) when compared to responses about nonactive (control) packs within the same dog. The increased osteogenesis suggests a stimulation of cellular activity rather than the electrophoretic migration of cells. Significant differences observed between platinum-iridium and stainless-steel electrodes seem to suggest that faradaic results play little or no role in the osteogenic response at the platinum-iridium cathode. Conversely, at all other electrodes, faradaic reactions compete to some extent with an osteogenic response. Careful consideration of current density and electrode composition must be taken into account when direct current stimulation is to be used.", "contents": "In vivo effects of direct current in the mandible. The application of low level direct current (3 to 5 mua in situ, that is, 50 mua/cm2), within the mandible of mature Beagle dogs results in an increased osteogenesis at the cathode (negative electrode) when compared to responses about nonactive (control) packs within the same dog. The increased osteogenesis suggests a stimulation of cellular activity rather than the electrophoretic migration of cells. Significant differences observed between platinum-iridium and stainless-steel electrodes seem to suggest that faradaic results play little or no role in the osteogenic response at the platinum-iridium cathode. Conversely, at all other electrodes, faradaic reactions compete to some extent with an osteogenic response. Careful consideration of current density and electrode composition must be taken into account when direct current stimulation is to be used.", "PMID": 1063749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4393", "title": "Caseinolytic and glyoprotein hydrolase activity of Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "Proteolytic hydrolysis of casein and porcine or bovine glycoproteins by S mutans was demonstrated in the present study. Caseinolytic activity was found in both the soluble contents of the cells and the cellular debris after rupture of the cells. However, caseinolytic activity could not be demonstrated after growth in the culture fluid from any of the strains of S mutans tested. The soluble fractions of S mutans did not possess glycoprotein hydrolase activity toward porcine or bovine glycoprotein, but glycoprotein hydrolase activity was present in both the cell-debris preparation from cells and in the culture fluid after growth of the cultures. Based on these observations, S mutans may possess several different types of proteinase enzymes with differing specificities for protein substrates.", "contents": "Caseinolytic and glyoprotein hydrolase activity of Streptococcus mutans. Proteolytic hydrolysis of casein and porcine or bovine glycoproteins by S mutans was demonstrated in the present study. Caseinolytic activity was found in both the soluble contents of the cells and the cellular debris after rupture of the cells. However, caseinolytic activity could not be demonstrated after growth in the culture fluid from any of the strains of S mutans tested. The soluble fractions of S mutans did not possess glycoprotein hydrolase activity toward porcine or bovine glycoprotein, but glycoprotein hydrolase activity was present in both the cell-debris preparation from cells and in the culture fluid after growth of the cultures. Based on these observations, S mutans may possess several different types of proteinase enzymes with differing specificities for protein substrates.", "PMID": 1063750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4394", "title": "Delineation of somatic nerve endings in rat teeth by radioautography of axon-transported protein.", "content": "We have shown that there is extensive innervation of cusp pulp and dentin in rat molars. The dental nerves either end freely below the odontoblast layer or form gap junction endings on the odontobast cell body or along its dential process. The nerves are largely absent from response dentin, are found in contact with virtually all other odontoblasts at the tip of the cusps, are less frequent in intercuspal regions, and are absent from root dentin and odontoblast layers. The incisors were completely different from the molars, perhaps because they are continuously erupting teeth. The distribution of nerve endings in rat molars may be representative of that in teeth of other species, but the nerve endings should be mapped radioautographically for each type of tooth before generalizations can be made.", "contents": "Delineation of somatic nerve endings in rat teeth by radioautography of axon-transported protein. We have shown that there is extensive innervation of cusp pulp and dentin in rat molars. The dental nerves either end freely below the odontoblast layer or form gap junction endings on the odontobast cell body or along its dential process. The nerves are largely absent from response dentin, are found in contact with virtually all other odontoblasts at the tip of the cusps, are less frequent in intercuspal regions, and are absent from root dentin and odontoblast layers. The incisors were completely different from the molars, perhaps because they are continuously erupting teeth. The distribution of nerve endings in rat molars may be representative of that in teeth of other species, but the nerve endings should be mapped radioautographically for each type of tooth before generalizations can be made.", "PMID": 1063751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4395", "title": "Effects of titanium tetrafluoride on human enamel.", "content": "Acid etch biopsy specimens of human enamel surfaces treated with a TiF4 solution have shown fluoride uptake to be significantly greater than in untreated surfaces, but less than that obtained with an APF solution of the same fluoride concentration. The TiF4 treated surfaces, however, do show a statistically significant reduction in the acid solubility of the enamel. The presence of acid-resistant coating was shown by SEM.", "contents": "Effects of titanium tetrafluoride on human enamel. Acid etch biopsy specimens of human enamel surfaces treated with a TiF4 solution have shown fluoride uptake to be significantly greater than in untreated surfaces, but less than that obtained with an APF solution of the same fluoride concentration. The TiF4 treated surfaces, however, do show a statistically significant reduction in the acid solubility of the enamel. The presence of acid-resistant coating was shown by SEM.", "PMID": 1063752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4396", "title": "Surface failure of commercial and experimental restorative resins.", "content": "A single-pass test was used to study the surface failure of commercial and experimental restorative resins and composites. The surface failure observed for unfilled diacrylate resins was more severe than that seen for an unfilled acrylic resin. Addition of nonsilanated filler to the diacrylate resins increased the resistance to penetration but did not dramatically change the mode of surface failure. The surface failure of the commercial composite resins, which contain silanated filler, was ductile in mode and the resistance to penetration of the diamond slider was the highest of the materials studied. The wear of restorative resins and composites is determined, therefore, by resistance to penetration as well as mode of deformation during sliding.", "contents": "Surface failure of commercial and experimental restorative resins. A single-pass test was used to study the surface failure of commercial and experimental restorative resins and composites. The surface failure observed for unfilled diacrylate resins was more severe than that seen for an unfilled acrylic resin. Addition of nonsilanated filler to the diacrylate resins increased the resistance to penetration but did not dramatically change the mode of surface failure. The surface failure of the commercial composite resins, which contain silanated filler, was ductile in mode and the resistance to penetration of the diamond slider was the highest of the materials studied. The wear of restorative resins and composites is determined, therefore, by resistance to penetration as well as mode of deformation during sliding.", "PMID": 1063753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4397", "title": "Radioautographic study of mesenchymal cell activity in the secondary palate of the rat.", "content": "In this radioautographic study of the developing secondary palate of the rat, it has been shown that there was not the increased nuclear labeling indicative of increased mitotic activity in the mesenchyme said to be responsible for medial rotation of the palatal shelves. Variations in labeling index in different regions of the developing palate appeared mainly because of developing bone and mucous glands.", "contents": "Radioautographic study of mesenchymal cell activity in the secondary palate of the rat. In this radioautographic study of the developing secondary palate of the rat, it has been shown that there was not the increased nuclear labeling indicative of increased mitotic activity in the mesenchyme said to be responsible for medial rotation of the palatal shelves. Variations in labeling index in different regions of the developing palate appeared mainly because of developing bone and mucous glands.", "PMID": 1063754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4398", "title": "Thermal diffusion through amalgam and cement base: comparison of in vitro and in vivo measurements.", "content": "Thermal diffusion was measured in vitro and in vivo through amalgam and amalgam underlaid with bases of zinc phosphate, zinc oxide-eugenol, and calcium hydroxide cements. Although the magnitudes differed, there generally was good agreement between in vitro and in vivo data with respect to the relative rates of thermal diffusivity through amalgam restorations underlaid with bases of each of the three materials. In all tests, both in vitro and in vivo, the zinc oxide-eugenol base proved to be the best thermal insulator. Calcium hydroxide was the next best thermal barrier and was followed by zinc phosphate cement. In vitro tests indicated dentin to be a better thermal insulator than zinc phosphate cement but inferior to the zinc oxide-eugenol and calcium hydroxide base materials used here. Although a method has been presented here for the in vivo assessment of the efficacy of thermal insulating bases and a number of in vivo experiments were conducted, much research remains to be done in this area. Additional investigation is needed to better define the parameters of thermal change beneath various types of restoratives and also to establish more exactly the role of base thickness in providing thermal protection beneath clinical metallic restorations.", "contents": "Thermal diffusion through amalgam and cement base: comparison of in vitro and in vivo measurements. Thermal diffusion was measured in vitro and in vivo through amalgam and amalgam underlaid with bases of zinc phosphate, zinc oxide-eugenol, and calcium hydroxide cements. Although the magnitudes differed, there generally was good agreement between in vitro and in vivo data with respect to the relative rates of thermal diffusivity through amalgam restorations underlaid with bases of each of the three materials. In all tests, both in vitro and in vivo, the zinc oxide-eugenol base proved to be the best thermal insulator. Calcium hydroxide was the next best thermal barrier and was followed by zinc phosphate cement. In vitro tests indicated dentin to be a better thermal insulator than zinc phosphate cement but inferior to the zinc oxide-eugenol and calcium hydroxide base materials used here. Although a method has been presented here for the in vivo assessment of the efficacy of thermal insulating bases and a number of in vivo experiments were conducted, much research remains to be done in this area. Additional investigation is needed to better define the parameters of thermal change beneath various types of restoratives and also to establish more exactly the role of base thickness in providing thermal protection beneath clinical metallic restorations.", "PMID": 1063755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4399", "title": "Characterization of cross-linked two-phase acrylic polymers.", "content": "A cross-linked network was formed in the particulate disperse phase carried over from the soluble pearls only in one material tested (L). The preparation of this material involved a slow rate of polymerization that allowed sufficient time for imbibition of the cross-linking monomer by the particles. In two of the materials (CR and S), the particulate phase was extractable and the remaining cross-linked matrix could be characterized for equilibrium swelling by volumetric measurements. Equilibrium swelling values were used to estimate densities of elastically effective chains in the network.", "contents": "Characterization of cross-linked two-phase acrylic polymers. A cross-linked network was formed in the particulate disperse phase carried over from the soluble pearls only in one material tested (L). The preparation of this material involved a slow rate of polymerization that allowed sufficient time for imbibition of the cross-linking monomer by the particles. In two of the materials (CR and S), the particulate phase was extractable and the remaining cross-linked matrix could be characterized for equilibrium swelling by volumetric measurements. Equilibrium swelling values were used to estimate densities of elastically effective chains in the network.", "PMID": 1063756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4400", "title": "Eruption rates of human upper third molars.", "content": "Human maxillary third molars have been observed to have maximum rates of eruption of approximately 1 mm/2 mo. Rates of less than 1 mm/6 mo have also been recorded. Maximum rates of eruption were associated with spacing of the dentition. Passive eruption in the form of gingival recession is an important factor resulting in the exposure of the clinical crown.", "contents": "Eruption rates of human upper third molars. Human maxillary third molars have been observed to have maximum rates of eruption of approximately 1 mm/2 mo. Rates of less than 1 mm/6 mo have also been recorded. Maximum rates of eruption were associated with spacing of the dentition. Passive eruption in the form of gingival recession is an important factor resulting in the exposure of the clinical crown.", "PMID": 1063757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4401", "title": "Lidocaine's influence on brain amines in mice.", "content": "This series of experiments suggests that a relationship exists between convulsive doses of lidocaine and central depletion of 5-HT and DA. Since DA and usually 5-HT are regarded as central inhibitory transmitters, this study further supports the postulate that lidocaine's convulsive activity is by inhibition of central inhibitory pathways-possibly a dopaminergic or tryptaminergic pathway or both.", "contents": "Lidocaine's influence on brain amines in mice. This series of experiments suggests that a relationship exists between convulsive doses of lidocaine and central depletion of 5-HT and DA. Since DA and usually 5-HT are regarded as central inhibitory transmitters, this study further supports the postulate that lidocaine's convulsive activity is by inhibition of central inhibitory pathways-possibly a dopaminergic or tryptaminergic pathway or both.", "PMID": 1063758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4402", "title": "Observations on calcium-induced stability of salivary proteins in a lipid-extraction system.", "content": "The system described for investigating the effects of small ions on macromolecules of saliva may be applied to other solutions and is amenable to manipulation in order to obtain more specific information. Studies using aqueous solutions of saliva fractions previously separated by gel filtration are being conducted with C/M solutions containing various bivalent cation chloride salts. Preliminary results from these current studies have demonstrated that when the proteins are stabilized they vary as a function of the cation used.", "contents": "Observations on calcium-induced stability of salivary proteins in a lipid-extraction system. The system described for investigating the effects of small ions on macromolecules of saliva may be applied to other solutions and is amenable to manipulation in order to obtain more specific information. Studies using aqueous solutions of saliva fractions previously separated by gel filtration are being conducted with C/M solutions containing various bivalent cation chloride salts. Preliminary results from these current studies have demonstrated that when the proteins are stabilized they vary as a function of the cation used.", "PMID": 1063759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4403", "title": "Selection of an experimental unit in rat caries studies.", "content": "In two separate experiments, none of the 14 subunits examined consistently ranked dentifrices similarly to the ranking obtained when the individual rat was used as the experimental unit. Arbitrarily dividing the rat into subunits and then comparing results among these subunits may lead to false conclusions since the rankings using subunits vary within each experiment and from experiment to experiment.", "contents": "Selection of an experimental unit in rat caries studies. In two separate experiments, none of the 14 subunits examined consistently ranked dentifrices similarly to the ranking obtained when the individual rat was used as the experimental unit. Arbitrarily dividing the rat into subunits and then comparing results among these subunits may lead to false conclusions since the rankings using subunits vary within each experiment and from experiment to experiment.", "PMID": 1063760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4404", "title": "Study of in vivo plaque formation.", "content": "The technique of accumulating plaque on removable disks in a complete denture provides a convenient method for investigating plaque on artificial surfaces. Examination of the plaque specimen with a SEM indicated that the plaque consists of microorganisms and a nonstructured matrix. This technique provides results that are consistent for a given individual. However, a group of 12 different individuals had a wide range in the thickness and content of plaque accumulations during equal time intervals. Thin plaque accumulations consisted of a filmlike layer with an apparently small number of microorganisms. Thick layers of plaque consisted of relatively large numbers of microorganisms with some intercellular matrix. The thickness of the plaque layer is apparently determined primarily by the number of microorganisms present.", "contents": "Study of in vivo plaque formation. The technique of accumulating plaque on removable disks in a complete denture provides a convenient method for investigating plaque on artificial surfaces. Examination of the plaque specimen with a SEM indicated that the plaque consists of microorganisms and a nonstructured matrix. This technique provides results that are consistent for a given individual. However, a group of 12 different individuals had a wide range in the thickness and content of plaque accumulations during equal time intervals. Thin plaque accumulations consisted of a filmlike layer with an apparently small number of microorganisms. Thick layers of plaque consisted of relatively large numbers of microorganisms with some intercellular matrix. The thickness of the plaque layer is apparently determined primarily by the number of microorganisms present.", "PMID": 1063761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4405", "title": "Reactions in glass-ionomer cements: IV. Effect of chelating comonomers on setting behavior.", "content": "The oscillating rheometer is a valuable instrument for studying the effects of additives on the setting behavior of a cement system. Using this instrument, it was found that certain chelating comonomers, the hydroxycarboxylic acids, could improve the setting characteristics of the glass-ionomer cement system when added to the PAA solution. The acid chelates probably assign the extraction of metal ions from the glass and also tend to hold them in solution, preventing premature ion binding of the polyanion chains. The effect is to increase the rate of hardening without reducing the working time, which may indeed by slightly increased. Tartaric acid, the most effective of the comonomers, can form a chelate bridge between aluminum atoms, and this metal complex probably acts as a flexible bridge structure linking polyanion chains. This mechanism offers some steric advantages over a simple salt bridge.", "contents": "Reactions in glass-ionomer cements: IV. Effect of chelating comonomers on setting behavior. The oscillating rheometer is a valuable instrument for studying the effects of additives on the setting behavior of a cement system. Using this instrument, it was found that certain chelating comonomers, the hydroxycarboxylic acids, could improve the setting characteristics of the glass-ionomer cement system when added to the PAA solution. The acid chelates probably assign the extraction of metal ions from the glass and also tend to hold them in solution, preventing premature ion binding of the polyanion chains. The effect is to increase the rate of hardening without reducing the working time, which may indeed by slightly increased. Tartaric acid, the most effective of the comonomers, can form a chelate bridge between aluminum atoms, and this metal complex probably acts as a flexible bridge structure linking polyanion chains. This mechanism offers some steric advantages over a simple salt bridge.", "PMID": 1063762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4406", "title": "Kinetics and mechanism of hydroxyapatite crystal dissolution in weak acid buffers using the rotating disk method.", "content": "The model given in this report and the rotating disk method provide a useful combination in the study of dental enamel and hydroxyapatite dissolution kinetics. The present approach is a significant improvement over earlier studies, and both the ionic activity product that governs the dissolution reaction and the apparent surface dissolution reaction rate constant may be simultaneously obtained. Thus, these investigations have established the baseline for the dissolution rate studies under sink conditions. Concurrent studies, under conditions where the acidic buffer mediums are partially saturated with respect to hydroxyapatite have shown another dissolution site for hydroxyapatite that operates at a higher ionic activity product but has a much smaller apparent surface reaction rate constant. This has raised the question of whether the presence of this second site may interfere with the proper theoretical analysis of the experimental results obtained under sink conditions. A preliminary analysis of the two-site model has shown that the dissolution kinetics of hydroxyapatite under sink conditions is almost completely governed by the sink condition site (KHAP = 10(-124.5), k' = 174) established in this report. The difference between the predicted dissolution rate for the one-site model and the two-site model are generally of the order of 4 to 5% where the experiments are conducted under sink conditions and over the range of variables covered in the present study.", "contents": "Kinetics and mechanism of hydroxyapatite crystal dissolution in weak acid buffers using the rotating disk method. The model given in this report and the rotating disk method provide a useful combination in the study of dental enamel and hydroxyapatite dissolution kinetics. The present approach is a significant improvement over earlier studies, and both the ionic activity product that governs the dissolution reaction and the apparent surface dissolution reaction rate constant may be simultaneously obtained. Thus, these investigations have established the baseline for the dissolution rate studies under sink conditions. Concurrent studies, under conditions where the acidic buffer mediums are partially saturated with respect to hydroxyapatite have shown another dissolution site for hydroxyapatite that operates at a higher ionic activity product but has a much smaller apparent surface reaction rate constant. This has raised the question of whether the presence of this second site may interfere with the proper theoretical analysis of the experimental results obtained under sink conditions. A preliminary analysis of the two-site model has shown that the dissolution kinetics of hydroxyapatite under sink conditions is almost completely governed by the sink condition site (KHAP = 10(-124.5), k' = 174) established in this report. The difference between the predicted dissolution rate for the one-site model and the two-site model are generally of the order of 4 to 5% where the experiments are conducted under sink conditions and over the range of variables covered in the present study.", "PMID": 1063763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4407", "title": "Fluoride in human parotid saliva.", "content": "Gustatory stimulation was used to collect parotid saliva in an ascending flow rate pattern. F concentration was found to be independent of rate of flow. The F level in unstimulated parotid saliva, collected before the stimulate samplings, was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than that for the stimulated collections. It is suggested that this is an apparent increase based on the movement of water out of the lumen, which is in turn triggered by sodium reabsorption. The level of F in unstimulated saliva increased almost tenfold within one hour after the oral administration of 10 mg of F, and a significant (P less than 0.01) increase persisted even at 24 hours after administration of the dosage.", "contents": "Fluoride in human parotid saliva. Gustatory stimulation was used to collect parotid saliva in an ascending flow rate pattern. F concentration was found to be independent of rate of flow. The F level in unstimulated parotid saliva, collected before the stimulate samplings, was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than that for the stimulated collections. It is suggested that this is an apparent increase based on the movement of water out of the lumen, which is in turn triggered by sodium reabsorption. The level of F in unstimulated saliva increased almost tenfold within one hour after the oral administration of 10 mg of F, and a significant (P less than 0.01) increase persisted even at 24 hours after administration of the dosage.", "PMID": 1063764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4408", "title": "Comparison of personal values among freshman and senior dental students and dental faculty.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to test the effects of dental education on the values of dental students and dental faculty. This was accomplished by testing five hypotheses. The results of the study indicate no significant differences between freshmen and senior students' values; infer no apparent changes in student values during a dental education; indicate no significant differences between part-time faculty and full-time faculty; support a positive association among all groups, i.e., freshmen, seniors, full- and part-time faculty; rank-order the values for all groups from highest to lowest (theoretical, aesthetic, political, economic, social, and religious); and show some significant differences between students as a group and faculty as a group. If a more objective means of choosing dental students is desired, then further research will be needed to determine the characteristics of the type of practitioner that is needed. The presented data help in defining one aspect of the collective personality of dental students and dental faculties.", "contents": "Comparison of personal values among freshman and senior dental students and dental faculty. The purpose of this study was to test the effects of dental education on the values of dental students and dental faculty. This was accomplished by testing five hypotheses. The results of the study indicate no significant differences between freshmen and senior students' values; infer no apparent changes in student values during a dental education; indicate no significant differences between part-time faculty and full-time faculty; support a positive association among all groups, i.e., freshmen, seniors, full- and part-time faculty; rank-order the values for all groups from highest to lowest (theoretical, aesthetic, political, economic, social, and religious); and show some significant differences between students as a group and faculty as a group. If a more objective means of choosing dental students is desired, then further research will be needed to determine the characteristics of the type of practitioner that is needed. The presented data help in defining one aspect of the collective personality of dental students and dental faculties.", "PMID": 1063774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4409", "title": "Undergraduate grades, class standings, and performance in a graduate orthodontics curriculum.", "content": "This study shows that graduate performance correlates poorly with undergraduate class standing; that relatively large differences in class standing are not generally accompanied by correspondingly large differences in grade point average; and that performance in just ten courses, taken in the freshman and sophomores years, predicts, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.88, the final undergraduate class ranking of a student. It is argued that variables other than class rank should receive more weight in the selection of graduate dental students. Undergraduate orthodontics courses made no significant contribution to this prediction. These factors, when combined with a failure to include other relevant factors in selecting graduate students (in particular, the failure to take into account any postgraduate clinical experience), explain the low correlation between undergraduate class rank and performance in the graduate orthodontics program. It is suggested therefore that factors other than undergraduate class rank receive considerably more weight in the selection process.", "contents": "Undergraduate grades, class standings, and performance in a graduate orthodontics curriculum. This study shows that graduate performance correlates poorly with undergraduate class standing; that relatively large differences in class standing are not generally accompanied by correspondingly large differences in grade point average; and that performance in just ten courses, taken in the freshman and sophomores years, predicts, with a multiple correlation coefficient of 0.88, the final undergraduate class ranking of a student. It is argued that variables other than class rank should receive more weight in the selection of graduate dental students. Undergraduate orthodontics courses made no significant contribution to this prediction. These factors, when combined with a failure to include other relevant factors in selecting graduate students (in particular, the failure to take into account any postgraduate clinical experience), explain the low correlation between undergraduate class rank and performance in the graduate orthodontics program. It is suggested therefore that factors other than undergraduate class rank receive considerably more weight in the selection process.", "PMID": 1063777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4410", "title": "Improving evaluation of amalgam restorations.", "content": "A predictive model of overall quality of performance is presented which might assist both dental students and dental faculty by increasing the reliability of clinical and laboratory evaluations. Training effectiveness can be improved by identification of those restorative skills which contribute most to the quality rating of restoration.", "contents": "Improving evaluation of amalgam restorations. A predictive model of overall quality of performance is presented which might assist both dental students and dental faculty by increasing the reliability of clinical and laboratory evaluations. Training effectiveness can be improved by identification of those restorative skills which contribute most to the quality rating of restoration.", "PMID": 1063780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4411", "title": "Methods for analysis of acid alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity in single hybrid cells.", "content": "Two methods are described which allow the quantitative assay of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase in single fibroblasts. In the first procedure the substrate was maltose, and liberated glucose was measured with an enzymatic cycling procedure for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Single cultured fibroblasts were found to have enzyme activities in the range of 0.5-10 X 10(-13) moles glucose/hr. In the second procedure the artificial substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyransodie was used. It is hydrolyzed in a single step reaction to the fluorescent product 4-methylumbelliferone (MU). By reducing the incubation volume and by measuring the fluorescence in microdroplets with a microscope fluorometer, a sensitivity of 10(-14) moles MU could be obtained. Activities were found ranging from 0.5-10 X 10(-14) moles MU/hr/cell. Both procedures for single cell analysis proved to be reliable when compared with conventional assays on cell homogenates. Cocultivation and cell fusion studies were performed to demonstrate that these methods can be used to study the metabolic and genetic interaction between normal and enzyme-deficient fibroblasts derived from patients with glycogenosis II.", "contents": "Methods for analysis of acid alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity in single hybrid cells. Two methods are described which allow the quantitative assay of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-1,4-glucosidase in single fibroblasts. In the first procedure the substrate was maltose, and liberated glucose was measured with an enzymatic cycling procedure for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Single cultured fibroblasts were found to have enzyme activities in the range of 0.5-10 X 10(-13) moles glucose/hr. In the second procedure the artificial substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-D-glucopyransodie was used. It is hydrolyzed in a single step reaction to the fluorescent product 4-methylumbelliferone (MU). By reducing the incubation volume and by measuring the fluorescence in microdroplets with a microscope fluorometer, a sensitivity of 10(-14) moles MU could be obtained. Activities were found ranging from 0.5-10 X 10(-14) moles MU/hr/cell. Both procedures for single cell analysis proved to be reliable when compared with conventional assays on cell homogenates. Cocultivation and cell fusion studies were performed to demonstrate that these methods can be used to study the metabolic and genetic interaction between normal and enzyme-deficient fibroblasts derived from patients with glycogenosis II.", "PMID": 1063791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4412", "title": "Cardiorespiratory effects of a balanced anesthetic technique in outpatient general anesthesia.", "content": "Detailed measures have been made of the cardiorespiratory effects of a balanced general anesthetic technique on ten young patients undergoing oral surgery. The combination of fentanyl, diazepam, and atropine followed by N2O/O2 and methohexital resulted in a respiratory hyperoxic state throughout surgery and there was no evidence of hypercardia at any anesthesia stage. Cardiovascular stability was judged to be generally superior to that reported for techniques that have relied on methohexital without premedication. This balanced general anesthetic technique offers the oral surgeon-anesthetist a safe, effective, and practical alternative to techniques that rely on more potent anesthetic gases.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory effects of a balanced anesthetic technique in outpatient general anesthesia. Detailed measures have been made of the cardiorespiratory effects of a balanced general anesthetic technique on ten young patients undergoing oral surgery. The combination of fentanyl, diazepam, and atropine followed by N2O/O2 and methohexital resulted in a respiratory hyperoxic state throughout surgery and there was no evidence of hypercardia at any anesthesia stage. Cardiovascular stability was judged to be generally superior to that reported for techniques that have relied on methohexital without premedication. This balanced general anesthetic technique offers the oral surgeon-anesthetist a safe, effective, and practical alternative to techniques that rely on more potent anesthetic gases.", "PMID": 1063821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4413", "title": "Evaluation of a microcrystalline collagen preparation in extraction wounds.", "content": "The microcrystalline collagen preparation evaluated in this study appeared to create a slightly denser and longer lasting inflammation and to delay slightly the early phase of bone repair in this wound model. However, beneficial effects of more rapid achievement of hemostatis were also noted. On the basis of these findings, it would be of interest to compare this material with other more widely used materials, such as gelatin foam, in this wound model.", "contents": "Evaluation of a microcrystalline collagen preparation in extraction wounds. The microcrystalline collagen preparation evaluated in this study appeared to create a slightly denser and longer lasting inflammation and to delay slightly the early phase of bone repair in this wound model. However, beneficial effects of more rapid achievement of hemostatis were also noted. On the basis of these findings, it would be of interest to compare this material with other more widely used materials, such as gelatin foam, in this wound model.", "PMID": 1063822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4414", "title": "Analgesic requirements after orthognathic surgery.", "content": "Postoperative analgesic requirements of a series of 45 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery are presented. Of the first 25 patients treated before a minimal analgesic protocol was begun, 21 received narcotic medication for relief of discomfort. In the second group of 20 patients, five received mild analgesics and one received a narcotic. A combination of factors such as paresthesia, immobilization, premedication, steroids, and residual effects of general anesthetic agents probably contributed to the relative lack of severe pain after orthognathic surgery.", "contents": "Analgesic requirements after orthognathic surgery. Postoperative analgesic requirements of a series of 45 patients who underwent orthognathic surgery are presented. Of the first 25 patients treated before a minimal analgesic protocol was begun, 21 received narcotic medication for relief of discomfort. In the second group of 20 patients, five received mild analgesics and one received a narcotic. A combination of factors such as paresthesia, immobilization, premedication, steroids, and residual effects of general anesthetic agents probably contributed to the relative lack of severe pain after orthognathic surgery.", "PMID": 1063823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4415", "title": "Aberrant conduction as a precursor to cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia for oral surgery.", "content": "In 109 patients, it was determined that halothane, when used to anesthetize patients for oral surgical procedures, causes an increased risk of serious cardiac arrhythmias when compared to methoxyflurane and fentanyl/droperidol. It is postulated that this is due to halothane's ability to decrease cardiac conduction and to facilitate the development of reentry phenomena. This decreased conduction may be accentuated by vagal efferent reflexes that have the same effect. The decrease in cardiac conduction was manifested by an ECG pattern of aberrant conduction. This phenomenon was not noted with either methoxyflurane or fentanyl/droperidol.", "contents": "Aberrant conduction as a precursor to cardiac arrhythmias during anesthesia for oral surgery. In 109 patients, it was determined that halothane, when used to anesthetize patients for oral surgical procedures, causes an increased risk of serious cardiac arrhythmias when compared to methoxyflurane and fentanyl/droperidol. It is postulated that this is due to halothane's ability to decrease cardiac conduction and to facilitate the development of reentry phenomena. This decreased conduction may be accentuated by vagal efferent reflexes that have the same effect. The decrease in cardiac conduction was manifested by an ECG pattern of aberrant conduction. This phenomenon was not noted with either methoxyflurane or fentanyl/droperidol.", "PMID": 1063824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4416", "title": "Outpatient treatment of hemophiliacs for dental extractions.", "content": "The outpatient treatment program for dental extraction in persons with the various forms of hemophilia has been reported. This program was initiated at the Hemophilia Rehabilitation Center at Orthopaedic Hospital in Los Angeles in 1966. During the nine years of this program, 260 patients have had 642 teeth extracted. eighty percent of these patients were outpatients and 64% of the extractions were performed on an outpatient basis. This outpatient treatment has been accompanied by an absence of a significant number of complications as evidenced by the postextraction hospitalization of only five patients during the nine-year period. The surgical technique uses a local anesthetic containing a vasoconstrictor or an ultralight intravenous general anesthetic in addition to the local anesthetic for the apprehensive or acutely infected patient. EACA is used as an antifibrinolytic agent postsurgically. Patient education and cooperation, diet control, and daily contact are important factors for the success of an outpatient oral surgery program for hemophilic patients.", "contents": "Outpatient treatment of hemophiliacs for dental extractions. The outpatient treatment program for dental extraction in persons with the various forms of hemophilia has been reported. This program was initiated at the Hemophilia Rehabilitation Center at Orthopaedic Hospital in Los Angeles in 1966. During the nine years of this program, 260 patients have had 642 teeth extracted. eighty percent of these patients were outpatients and 64% of the extractions were performed on an outpatient basis. This outpatient treatment has been accompanied by an absence of a significant number of complications as evidenced by the postextraction hospitalization of only five patients during the nine-year period. The surgical technique uses a local anesthetic containing a vasoconstrictor or an ultralight intravenous general anesthetic in addition to the local anesthetic for the apprehensive or acutely infected patient. EACA is used as an antifibrinolytic agent postsurgically. Patient education and cooperation, diet control, and daily contact are important factors for the success of an outpatient oral surgery program for hemophilic patients.", "PMID": 1063825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4417", "title": "Treatment of fractures of the zygomatic bone.", "content": "Various methods of treatment used for 70 patients with complex fractures of the zygomatic bone are reviewed. It was established that adequate fixation of most instances of rotated tripodal fractures can be accomplished with use of a zygomaticofrontal wire supplemented by an intrasinus Foley catheter.", "contents": "Treatment of fractures of the zygomatic bone. Various methods of treatment used for 70 patients with complex fractures of the zygomatic bone are reviewed. It was established that adequate fixation of most instances of rotated tripodal fractures can be accomplished with use of a zygomaticofrontal wire supplemented by an intrasinus Foley catheter.", "PMID": 1063828}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4418", "title": "Ludwig's angina due to bacteroides.", "content": "This case presentation concerns a 21-year-old Negro man in whom Ludwig's angina developed after a dental infection. The many serious complications encountered with such an infection are described in some detail. The involvement of anaerobic Bacteroides in infections of the head and neck is also noted and the approach to treatment is described.", "contents": "Ludwig's angina due to bacteroides. This case presentation concerns a 21-year-old Negro man in whom Ludwig's angina developed after a dental infection. The many serious complications encountered with such an infection are described in some detail. The involvement of anaerobic Bacteroides in infections of the head and neck is also noted and the approach to treatment is described.", "PMID": 1063830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4419", "title": "The use of silk for maxillomandibular fixation.", "content": "A method of maxillomandibular fixation for jaw fractures that uses silk ligatures has been described. After the period of muscle spasm has been overcome by maxillomandibular elastics, these are replaced with the silk suture material. Silk prevents the occurrence of hypertrophy of the buccal mucosa that is occasionally seen with the use of elastics. Also, patient comfort is improved by minimizing the pull on the teeth and facilitating better oral hygiene in the postoperative period.", "contents": "The use of silk for maxillomandibular fixation. A method of maxillomandibular fixation for jaw fractures that uses silk ligatures has been described. After the period of muscle spasm has been overcome by maxillomandibular elastics, these are replaced with the silk suture material. Silk prevents the occurrence of hypertrophy of the buccal mucosa that is occasionally seen with the use of elastics. Also, patient comfort is improved by minimizing the pull on the teeth and facilitating better oral hygiene in the postoperative period.", "PMID": 1063831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4420", "title": "Anterior and posterior lingual depressions of the mandible.", "content": "Both posterior and anterior lingual depressions occur in the mandible. The posterior lingual mandibular depressions appear to be more common than had been previously reported. This probably due to one or both of the following causes. Shallow lesions are difficult to diagnose radiographically since an appreciable depth of lingual cortical plate must be resorbed before they can be visualized. As these may be active lesions, a slow resorptive process could place the patient into middle age or beyond before the lesion is clinically diagnosed. It is suggested that posterior lingual mandibular depressions may be benign, self-limiting lesions that are caused by a slow resorptive process resulting from pressure of unknown origin. The anterior lingual mandibular depressions are variable findings in dried mandibles that appear grossly as round or oval smooth depressions with intact buccal and lingual cortical plates and, radiographically, as ill-defined radiolucent areas with no radiopaque borders. They are usually located in the incisor-lateral-canine area and are usually bilateral. It is suggested that these depressions may be developmental anomalies related to the buttons of Gaughran or that they may simply be anatomic variants. They differ from posterior depressions in both gross and radiographic appearance, which suggests the existence of two distinct entities.", "contents": "Anterior and posterior lingual depressions of the mandible. Both posterior and anterior lingual depressions occur in the mandible. The posterior lingual mandibular depressions appear to be more common than had been previously reported. This probably due to one or both of the following causes. Shallow lesions are difficult to diagnose radiographically since an appreciable depth of lingual cortical plate must be resorbed before they can be visualized. As these may be active lesions, a slow resorptive process could place the patient into middle age or beyond before the lesion is clinically diagnosed. It is suggested that posterior lingual mandibular depressions may be benign, self-limiting lesions that are caused by a slow resorptive process resulting from pressure of unknown origin. The anterior lingual mandibular depressions are variable findings in dried mandibles that appear grossly as round or oval smooth depressions with intact buccal and lingual cortical plates and, radiographically, as ill-defined radiolucent areas with no radiopaque borders. They are usually located in the incisor-lateral-canine area and are usually bilateral. It is suggested that these depressions may be developmental anomalies related to the buttons of Gaughran or that they may simply be anatomic variants. They differ from posterior depressions in both gross and radiographic appearance, which suggests the existence of two distinct entities.", "PMID": 1063837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4421", "title": "Indications for antibiotics in orthognathic surgery.", "content": "One hundred forty-eight cases of orthognathic surgery were evaluated for incidence of infection; 68 had antibiotic prophylaxis and 80 did not. Only three instances of infection occurred, all in the group that had received antibiotics. Results of this study disprove the necessity for routine prophylactic use of antibiotics in most types of orthognathic surgery.", "contents": "Indications for antibiotics in orthognathic surgery. One hundred forty-eight cases of orthognathic surgery were evaluated for incidence of infection; 68 had antibiotic prophylaxis and 80 did not. Only three instances of infection occurred, all in the group that had received antibiotics. Results of this study disprove the necessity for routine prophylactic use of antibiotics in most types of orthognathic surgery.", "PMID": 1063838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4422", "title": "The intraoral inverted-L double-oblique osteotomy of the mandibular ramus: a new technique for correction of mandibular prognathism.", "content": "Use of a new technique for correction of mandibular prognathism has resulted in reduction of operating time, less loss of blood, and minimal change in muscle relationships. Wiring of the fragments and use of pressure dressing are unnecessary; edema is minimal.", "contents": "The intraoral inverted-L double-oblique osteotomy of the mandibular ramus: a new technique for correction of mandibular prognathism. Use of a new technique for correction of mandibular prognathism has resulted in reduction of operating time, less loss of blood, and minimal change in muscle relationships. Wiring of the fragments and use of pressure dressing are unnecessary; edema is minimal.", "PMID": 1063839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4423", "title": "Technique for primary closure of infected wounds of the orofacial region.", "content": "A technique for successful immediate primary closure of long-standing, neglected, or infected wounds of the orofacial region has been described. Functional and esthetic results have been gratifying with the need for secondary revision generally obviated.", "contents": "Technique for primary closure of infected wounds of the orofacial region. A technique for successful immediate primary closure of long-standing, neglected, or infected wounds of the orofacial region has been described. Functional and esthetic results have been gratifying with the need for secondary revision generally obviated.", "PMID": 1063840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4424", "title": "Intraoral papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum.", "content": "The literature related to intraoral papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum is critically reviewed and the reported cases analyzed to determine the average age, sex, and race of patients, and the site distribution of this curious lesion. Two new cases are reported. The histogenesis and differential diagnosis from cystadenocarcinoma are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Intraoral papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum. The literature related to intraoral papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum is critically reviewed and the reported cases analyzed to determine the average age, sex, and race of patients, and the site distribution of this curious lesion. Two new cases are reported. The histogenesis and differential diagnosis from cystadenocarcinoma are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1063841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4425", "title": "Fluid therapy in the critically injured patient.", "content": "Sufficient clotting factors to ensure coagulation and replacement of lost volume and oxygen-carrying capacity are necessary to obviate many of the complications that may occur when massive transfusions are used in patients with multiple injuries. A regimen that has been successful includes immediate infusion of plasma protein fraction, packed red cells, fresh-frozen plasma, and nonspecific platelets.", "contents": "Fluid therapy in the critically injured patient. Sufficient clotting factors to ensure coagulation and replacement of lost volume and oxygen-carrying capacity are necessary to obviate many of the complications that may occur when massive transfusions are used in patients with multiple injuries. A regimen that has been successful includes immediate infusion of plasma protein fraction, packed red cells, fresh-frozen plasma, and nonspecific platelets.", "PMID": 1063842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4426", "title": "Cut-down sialography of the submandibular gland.", "content": "Sialography of the submandibular gland which is often deferred because of inability to isolate, dilate, and cannulate Wharton's duct, can be safely accomplished with minimal morbidity with use of a modification of the surgical procedure to remove a salivary ductal calculus. It can be accomplished as an office procedure in ambulatory patients.", "contents": "Cut-down sialography of the submandibular gland. Sialography of the submandibular gland which is often deferred because of inability to isolate, dilate, and cannulate Wharton's duct, can be safely accomplished with minimal morbidity with use of a modification of the surgical procedure to remove a salivary ductal calculus. It can be accomplished as an office procedure in ambulatory patients.", "PMID": 1063846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4427", "title": "Use of Kirschner wires for securing acrylic splints to the maxilla.", "content": "A technique is described for securing a splint to the maxilla in instances where there is adequate alveolar bone without having to use circumzygomatic or nasal wiring.", "contents": "Use of Kirschner wires for securing acrylic splints to the maxilla. A technique is described for securing a splint to the maxilla in instances where there is adequate alveolar bone without having to use circumzygomatic or nasal wiring.", "PMID": 1063847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4428", "title": "Congenital micrognathia and partial adactylia.", "content": "A case of micrognathia and partial adactylia is presented. Several syndromes that can be classified under the term oral-mandibular-limb dysgenesis are discussed, as well as a report of a patient with malformations corresponding closely to the malformations seen in our patient. Genetic and environmental causes of micrognathia are discussed in conjunction with the various theories of the mechanism of congential oral deformities. Finally, a surgical approach to the correction of micrognathia is presented with postoperative results.", "contents": "Congenital micrognathia and partial adactylia. A case of micrognathia and partial adactylia is presented. Several syndromes that can be classified under the term oral-mandibular-limb dysgenesis are discussed, as well as a report of a patient with malformations corresponding closely to the malformations seen in our patient. Genetic and environmental causes of micrognathia are discussed in conjunction with the various theories of the mechanism of congential oral deformities. Finally, a surgical approach to the correction of micrognathia is presented with postoperative results.", "PMID": 1063848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4429", "title": "Structure of the microbial flora associated with periodontal health and disease in man. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Teeth slated for extraction were evaluated with respect to their periodontal status and classified accordingly into five categories; namely normal, gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontosis and postperiodontosis. After processing, one approximal surface of each tooth was sampled at various levels in an apico-occlusal direction for light and electron microscopic study of the associated bacterial flora. In normal samples, the flora consisted of a relatively thin, adherent bacterial layer confined to the enamel surface. The cells were predominantly coccoid in shape with cell wall features compatible with those of Gram-positive organisms. Isolated filamentous or branching forms and some Gram-negative bacteria were noted on the surface of the more apical portion of the bacterial layer. No flagellated cells or spirochetes were present. Gingivitis samples yielded a relatively more voluminous and complex supragingival flora with relatively more filamentous bacteria and more cells with a Gram-negative cell wall ultrastructure. These samples also contained corncob formations on the surface of supragingival deposits, and flagellated cells with spirochetes within the predominantly Gram-negative flora of the sulcus bottom. Supragingival bacterial deposits of periodontitis samples were similar to those observed in gingivitis. The subgingival flora consisted of relatively fewer cells adherent to the root surface with a concomitant increase in the population of Gram-negative and flagellated cells, as well as spirochetes. The tissue side of the subgingival flora generally exhibited a distinctive concentration of \"test-tube brush\" formations, spirochetes of predominantly medium size, and assorted cell types peculiar to this region. A transitional flora generally separated the supra- from the subgingival microbial population. Periodontosis samples had a relatively sparse, predominantly Gram-negative flora. A unique electron-dense, lobulated cuticular deposit covered the majority of the samples studied. Postperiodontosis samples were much more similar in their microbial flora to the periodontitis group. The results suggest that (1) a certain microbial flora may be compatible with a state of periodontal health; (2) a different flora is associated with varying degrees of periodontal disease; (3) the structure and composition of the supragingival flora differs markedly from that of the subgingival flora; (4) with the exception of periodontis, the alterations of the microbial flora as periodontal disease increases inseverity parallel the changes described previously in the microbial population collected on artificial crowns during experimentally induced gingivitis. The use of the expressions \"microbial flora\" or \"microbial population\" is considered preferable to the terms \"plaque\", \"materia alba\", or \"debris\" in reference to the microbiota of the gingival sulcus region.", "contents": "Structure of the microbial flora associated with periodontal health and disease in man. A light and electron microscopic study. Teeth slated for extraction were evaluated with respect to their periodontal status and classified accordingly into five categories; namely normal, gingivitis, periodontitis, periodontosis and postperiodontosis. After processing, one approximal surface of each tooth was sampled at various levels in an apico-occlusal direction for light and electron microscopic study of the associated bacterial flora. In normal samples, the flora consisted of a relatively thin, adherent bacterial layer confined to the enamel surface. The cells were predominantly coccoid in shape with cell wall features compatible with those of Gram-positive organisms. Isolated filamentous or branching forms and some Gram-negative bacteria were noted on the surface of the more apical portion of the bacterial layer. No flagellated cells or spirochetes were present. Gingivitis samples yielded a relatively more voluminous and complex supragingival flora with relatively more filamentous bacteria and more cells with a Gram-negative cell wall ultrastructure. These samples also contained corncob formations on the surface of supragingival deposits, and flagellated cells with spirochetes within the predominantly Gram-negative flora of the sulcus bottom. Supragingival bacterial deposits of periodontitis samples were similar to those observed in gingivitis. The subgingival flora consisted of relatively fewer cells adherent to the root surface with a concomitant increase in the population of Gram-negative and flagellated cells, as well as spirochetes. The tissue side of the subgingival flora generally exhibited a distinctive concentration of \"test-tube brush\" formations, spirochetes of predominantly medium size, and assorted cell types peculiar to this region. A transitional flora generally separated the supra- from the subgingival microbial population. Periodontosis samples had a relatively sparse, predominantly Gram-negative flora. A unique electron-dense, lobulated cuticular deposit covered the majority of the samples studied. Postperiodontosis samples were much more similar in their microbial flora to the periodontitis group. The results suggest that (1) a certain microbial flora may be compatible with a state of periodontal health; (2) a different flora is associated with varying degrees of periodontal disease; (3) the structure and composition of the supragingival flora differs markedly from that of the subgingival flora; (4) with the exception of periodontis, the alterations of the microbial flora as periodontal disease increases inseverity parallel the changes described previously in the microbial population collected on artificial crowns during experimentally induced gingivitis. The use of the expressions \"microbial flora\" or \"microbial population\" is considered preferable to the terms \"plaque\", \"materia alba\", or \"debris\" in reference to the microbiota of the gingival sulcus region.", "PMID": 1063849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4430", "title": "The use of blade implants in a selected population of partially edentulous adults. A five-year report.", "content": "Based on the findings observed after the insertion of 33 blade implants in 23 patients, ages 31 to 74, for periods up to 60 months, the following conclusions can be made: (1) The blade implant is a technically feasible procedure which can be maintained in the mouth for period up to 5 years, although some degree of bony breakdown will be seen in a majority of the patients at this time; (2) The degree of breakdown around blade implants is almost exclusively located to the locus of the neck of the implant and is most likely due to the lack of attachment at the epithelial-implant interface.", "contents": "The use of blade implants in a selected population of partially edentulous adults. A five-year report. Based on the findings observed after the insertion of 33 blade implants in 23 patients, ages 31 to 74, for periods up to 60 months, the following conclusions can be made: (1) The blade implant is a technically feasible procedure which can be maintained in the mouth for period up to 5 years, although some degree of bony breakdown will be seen in a majority of the patients at this time; (2) The degree of breakdown around blade implants is almost exclusively located to the locus of the neck of the implant and is most likely due to the lack of attachment at the epithelial-implant interface.", "PMID": 1063850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4431", "title": "Histologic features of the superior labial frenum.", "content": "Histologic examination was performed on the superior labial frenum obtained from 11 fresh biopsy and three autopsy specimens. The frena contained considerable dense collagen, loose connective tissue and elastic fibers. There were no muscle fibers in any of the frenum sections except the autopsy specimens, where it was seen in the vestibular tissue but not in the frenum proper.", "contents": "Histologic features of the superior labial frenum. Histologic examination was performed on the superior labial frenum obtained from 11 fresh biopsy and three autopsy specimens. The frena contained considerable dense collagen, loose connective tissue and elastic fibers. There were no muscle fibers in any of the frenum sections except the autopsy specimens, where it was seen in the vestibular tissue but not in the frenum proper.", "PMID": 1063851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4432", "title": "Psoriasis of the attached gingiva. Case report.", "content": "Psoriasis of the gingiva is a rarely diagnosed disease entity. A case is presented with both clinical and histologic documentation that fulfills all basic criteria. It is suggested that oral psoriasis does not contraindicate periodontal or prosthetic management.", "contents": "Psoriasis of the attached gingiva. Case report. Psoriasis of the gingiva is a rarely diagnosed disease entity. A case is presented with both clinical and histologic documentation that fulfills all basic criteria. It is suggested that oral psoriasis does not contraindicate periodontal or prosthetic management.", "PMID": 1063852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4433", "title": "Periodontal disease associated with preleukemic syndrome.", "content": "A case of preleukemic syndrome associated with severe periodontal disease has been presented for the first time. The clinical, radiographic and hematologic findings have been discussed, as well as medical and periodontal therapy.", "contents": "Periodontal disease associated with preleukemic syndrome. A case of preleukemic syndrome associated with severe periodontal disease has been presented for the first time. The clinical, radiographic and hematologic findings have been discussed, as well as medical and periodontal therapy.", "PMID": 1063853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4434", "title": "Forced eruption: part II. A method of treating nonrestorable teeth--Periodontal and restorative considerations.", "content": "In selected cases, forced eruption may be a useful approach in treating isolated nonrestorable teeth as a result of trauma, caries, or iatrogenic dentistry. This paper has presented the biologic rationale, objectives, technics and clinical cases to demonstrate the principle. Evaluation has been made of potential difficulties which may develop with the technic and areas for future research have been identified.", "contents": "Forced eruption: part II. A method of treating nonrestorable teeth--Periodontal and restorative considerations. In selected cases, forced eruption may be a useful approach in treating isolated nonrestorable teeth as a result of trauma, caries, or iatrogenic dentistry. This paper has presented the biologic rationale, objectives, technics and clinical cases to demonstrate the principle. Evaluation has been made of potential difficulties which may develop with the technic and areas for future research have been identified.", "PMID": 1063857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4435", "title": "Rebuilding of microvascularization following surgical gingival elimination by split flap. Study by perfusion and diaphanization.", "content": "1. Intra-arterial vital perfusion was used in dogs to study the rebuilding of the large amount of gingiva and its vascularization, which were removed surgically by split flaps. 2. Visualization of the reconstruction of the microvascularization could be observed through thick (400 mu) sections cleared in methyl salicylate. 3. The periosteal vessels and the vascular plexi of the dentogingival junction were the only vessels remaining after the surgery, and served as progenitors for the rebuilding of the vascularization of the new soft tissue complex. 4. After 48 hours the cut vessels were closed and new capillaries were beginning to form. An intense superficial vascularization was connected by multiple vessels to the periosteal vasculature (4 days), showing the largest number of superficial blood vessels after 7 days, when the area was primarily re-epithelialized.", "contents": "Rebuilding of microvascularization following surgical gingival elimination by split flap. Study by perfusion and diaphanization. 1. Intra-arterial vital perfusion was used in dogs to study the rebuilding of the large amount of gingiva and its vascularization, which were removed surgically by split flaps. 2. Visualization of the reconstruction of the microvascularization could be observed through thick (400 mu) sections cleared in methyl salicylate. 3. The periosteal vessels and the vascular plexi of the dentogingival junction were the only vessels remaining after the surgery, and served as progenitors for the rebuilding of the vascularization of the new soft tissue complex. 4. After 48 hours the cut vessels were closed and new capillaries were beginning to form. An intense superficial vascularization was connected by multiple vessels to the periosteal vasculature (4 days), showing the largest number of superficial blood vessels after 7 days, when the area was primarily re-epithelialized.", "PMID": 1063858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4436", "title": "Mast cell distribution in oral tissues of germ-free vs. conventional beagle dogs.", "content": "Light microscopic examination of the mast cell distribution in various oral tissues in germ-free and conventional beagle dogs revealed no differences between the two animals. Mast cells were observed in all tissues examined, with an increasing order of incidence as follows: cervical lymph node, parotid and submandibular glands, marginal gingivae, buccal mucosa and the middle one-third of the tongue. All four types (round, oval, elongated, and pseudopodial) of mast cells cell shapes previously described in the literature were observed. The marginal gingivae associated with the mandibular, second bicuspids was examined by light microscopy and was classified as to degree of inflammatory involvement. In a comparison of germ-free and conventional animals, the distribution of the degree of inflammation proved to be random. Correlation between mast cell densities and the degree of inflammatory infiltration was not statistically significant. However, mast cells tended to decrease as the inflammation became more severe. Electron microscopic examination of mast cells in the buccal mucosa revealed no difference in morphology of cells from germ-free or conventional animals. Cytoplasmic granules were of two basic types, one exhibited an amorphous matrix of uniform density and the other consisted of laminated coils of various sizes and densities.", "contents": "Mast cell distribution in oral tissues of germ-free vs. conventional beagle dogs. Light microscopic examination of the mast cell distribution in various oral tissues in germ-free and conventional beagle dogs revealed no differences between the two animals. Mast cells were observed in all tissues examined, with an increasing order of incidence as follows: cervical lymph node, parotid and submandibular glands, marginal gingivae, buccal mucosa and the middle one-third of the tongue. All four types (round, oval, elongated, and pseudopodial) of mast cells cell shapes previously described in the literature were observed. The marginal gingivae associated with the mandibular, second bicuspids was examined by light microscopy and was classified as to degree of inflammatory involvement. In a comparison of germ-free and conventional animals, the distribution of the degree of inflammation proved to be random. Correlation between mast cell densities and the degree of inflammatory infiltration was not statistically significant. However, mast cells tended to decrease as the inflammation became more severe. Electron microscopic examination of mast cells in the buccal mucosa revealed no difference in morphology of cells from germ-free or conventional animals. Cytoplasmic granules were of two basic types, one exhibited an amorphous matrix of uniform density and the other consisted of laminated coils of various sizes and densities.", "PMID": 1063859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4437", "title": "The direct functional chew-in technique in the construction of bite guards.", "content": "Bite guards are useful in the treatment of a number of occlusal and temporomandibular joint problems. These include clenching, bruxism, temporary stabilization of loose teeth and temporomandibular joint dysfunctions. A method has been presented for the construction of hard acrylic bite guards using a direct functional chew-in technique. This method produces bite guards which require little or no adjustment in just three short office visits.", "contents": "The direct functional chew-in technique in the construction of bite guards. Bite guards are useful in the treatment of a number of occlusal and temporomandibular joint problems. These include clenching, bruxism, temporary stabilization of loose teeth and temporomandibular joint dysfunctions. A method has been presented for the construction of hard acrylic bite guards using a direct functional chew-in technique. This method produces bite guards which require little or no adjustment in just three short office visits.", "PMID": 1063861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4438", "title": "Probing of pockets related to the attachment level.", "content": "Twenty immediate denture patients with periodontitis participated in a controlled study to determine the relationship between clinical probing of pocket depth and the connective tissue attachment. Maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were probed clinically by one investigator to determine attachment levels. The mesial and distal facial line angles were probed from the cementoenamel junction and from a coronal bur groove, to the clinically determined attachment level. One hundred and sixteen teeth were measured. The teeth were extracted, rinsed, and stained with 4% methylene blue in 50% alcohol to demonstrate the remaining connective tissue attachment. A second investigator using the same probe as the first measured the distance from the coronal bur groove and cementoenamel junction to the most coronal extension of the connective tissue attachment. These measurements were repeated by the second investigator using a dividing caliper and a millimeter scale with a Vernier. The data were analyzed by an analysis of variance for grouped teeth, pairwise t statistic for all teeth, and an analysis of variance for all teeth. The results showed: the influence of the interaction between the patients and technique of measurement, bench and clinical, was negligible for the grouped teeth and for all teeth. The difference between the clinical and bench measurements was not significant for all the teeth as well. The null hypothesis that the difference between the clinical measurement and bench measurement is zero was satisified.", "contents": "Probing of pockets related to the attachment level. Twenty immediate denture patients with periodontitis participated in a controlled study to determine the relationship between clinical probing of pocket depth and the connective tissue attachment. Maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were probed clinically by one investigator to determine attachment levels. The mesial and distal facial line angles were probed from the cementoenamel junction and from a coronal bur groove, to the clinically determined attachment level. One hundred and sixteen teeth were measured. The teeth were extracted, rinsed, and stained with 4% methylene blue in 50% alcohol to demonstrate the remaining connective tissue attachment. A second investigator using the same probe as the first measured the distance from the coronal bur groove and cementoenamel junction to the most coronal extension of the connective tissue attachment. These measurements were repeated by the second investigator using a dividing caliper and a millimeter scale with a Vernier. The data were analyzed by an analysis of variance for grouped teeth, pairwise t statistic for all teeth, and an analysis of variance for all teeth. The results showed: the influence of the interaction between the patients and technique of measurement, bench and clinical, was negligible for the grouped teeth and for all teeth. The difference between the clinical and bench measurements was not significant for all the teeth as well. The null hypothesis that the difference between the clinical measurement and bench measurement is zero was satisified.", "PMID": 1063864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4439", "title": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with gingival lesion. Review and case reports.", "content": "A case of hereditary, hemorrhagic telangiectasia is described which has been under observation for more than 8 years. The clinical findings are discussed; light microscopic and electron microscopic findings as well as current research for a causative mechanism and recommended therapy are reviewed. The patient exhibited gingival telangiectatic participation. Another, even more severe case of this disease showed repeated, severe hemorrhage from mucosal lesions in the region of the incisive papilla, severe internal bleeding from the nasal mucosa and the gut and several punctate gingival telangiectases. The occurance of gingival lesions may not be as rare as thought. Such lesions may simply be rather inconspicuous.", "contents": "Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia with gingival lesion. Review and case reports. A case of hereditary, hemorrhagic telangiectasia is described which has been under observation for more than 8 years. The clinical findings are discussed; light microscopic and electron microscopic findings as well as current research for a causative mechanism and recommended therapy are reviewed. The patient exhibited gingival telangiectatic participation. Another, even more severe case of this disease showed repeated, severe hemorrhage from mucosal lesions in the region of the incisive papilla, severe internal bleeding from the nasal mucosa and the gut and several punctate gingival telangiectases. The occurance of gingival lesions may not be as rare as thought. Such lesions may simply be rather inconspicuous.", "PMID": 1063865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4440", "title": "Clinical results of the measurement of occlusal wear of complete dentures.", "content": "This study supports the clinical impression that acrylic resin teeth wear down faster than porcelain teeth but does not support Myerson's view that the total wear of acrylic resin opposing porcelain teeth is less than that of acrylic resin opposing acrylic resin teeth. There was a wide range of rate of wear in acrylic resin teeth opposing acrylic resin teeth. Dentures of the four subjects in the porcelain-only group showed considerably less wear. The dentures with acrylic resin teeth opposing porcelain teeth showed the same general trend, i.e., a high rate of wear for the acrylic resin teeth with very little for the porcelain teeth. Conclusive proof is given for the differing wear rates of acrylic resin and porcelain teeth when opposing like materials.", "contents": "Clinical results of the measurement of occlusal wear of complete dentures. This study supports the clinical impression that acrylic resin teeth wear down faster than porcelain teeth but does not support Myerson's view that the total wear of acrylic resin opposing porcelain teeth is less than that of acrylic resin opposing acrylic resin teeth. There was a wide range of rate of wear in acrylic resin teeth opposing acrylic resin teeth. Dentures of the four subjects in the porcelain-only group showed considerably less wear. The dentures with acrylic resin teeth opposing porcelain teeth showed the same general trend, i.e., a high rate of wear for the acrylic resin teeth with very little for the porcelain teeth. Conclusive proof is given for the differing wear rates of acrylic resin and porcelain teeth when opposing like materials.", "PMID": 1063867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4441", "title": "In vivo evaluation of marginal leakage of four inlay cements.", "content": "Marginal leakage was demonstrated in all the inlays at all time intervals with all cements by the use of the isotope Ca45. Gross marginal leakage was observed in all inlays luted with the cyanoacrylate cement at all time intervals. The setting time of this cement is very short, making it difficult to completely seat the inlay before the cement sets. The results of this study indicate that the cyanoacrylate cement is not a satisfactory luting medium for Class V inlays. Inlays cemented with EBA demonstrated leakage patterns similar to those of inlays seated with polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements in the specimens taken at 72 hours. In the 3 month and 6 month specimens, greater marginal leakage was seen with EBA cement than with polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements. Leakage patterns associated with polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements were very similar at all time intervals. The polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements showed less marginal leakage than the other two cements at 3 months and 6 months. The results of this study indicate that inlays cemented with polycarboxylate cement and zinc phosphate cement exhibit significantly less marginal leakage than the cyanoacrylate cement and EBA cement over a 6 month period of time.", "contents": "In vivo evaluation of marginal leakage of four inlay cements. Marginal leakage was demonstrated in all the inlays at all time intervals with all cements by the use of the isotope Ca45. Gross marginal leakage was observed in all inlays luted with the cyanoacrylate cement at all time intervals. The setting time of this cement is very short, making it difficult to completely seat the inlay before the cement sets. The results of this study indicate that the cyanoacrylate cement is not a satisfactory luting medium for Class V inlays. Inlays cemented with EBA demonstrated leakage patterns similar to those of inlays seated with polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements in the specimens taken at 72 hours. In the 3 month and 6 month specimens, greater marginal leakage was seen with EBA cement than with polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements. Leakage patterns associated with polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements were very similar at all time intervals. The polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate cements showed less marginal leakage than the other two cements at 3 months and 6 months. The results of this study indicate that inlays cemented with polycarboxylate cement and zinc phosphate cement exhibit significantly less marginal leakage than the cyanoacrylate cement and EBA cement over a 6 month period of time.", "PMID": 1063869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4442", "title": "The relationship of bevels to the adaptation of intracoronal inlays.", "content": "The elongation of Types II and III gold alloys ranges from 20 to 35 per cent. It has therefore been proposed that a nonbeveled margin could be \"pulled\" (elongation) to close the margin. However, in clinical practice, it is difficult to pull gold over an unsupported space to close the margin. Furthermore, the thin area of gold that would be pulled toward the margin could easily be sheared or abraded during finishing. Malleting or swaging a beveled margin is a more sucessful technique of adapting cast gold to the cavosurface angles.", "contents": "The relationship of bevels to the adaptation of intracoronal inlays. The elongation of Types II and III gold alloys ranges from 20 to 35 per cent. It has therefore been proposed that a nonbeveled margin could be \"pulled\" (elongation) to close the margin. However, in clinical practice, it is difficult to pull gold over an unsupported space to close the margin. Furthermore, the thin area of gold that would be pulled toward the margin could easily be sheared or abraded during finishing. Malleting or swaging a beveled margin is a more sucessful technique of adapting cast gold to the cavosurface angles.", "PMID": 1063870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4443", "title": "Adhesion of polycarboxylate cements to dental casting alloys.", "content": "The adhesive strengths of four commercial polycarboxylate cements to five dental casting alloys were compared with the strength of a conventional zinc phosphate cement. The following results were obtained. (1) The polycarboxylate cements showed adhesion that was four to 12 times greater than that of the zinc phosphate cement to all alloys tested. (2) The adhesive strength of the polycarboxylate cements was greater to the chemically active substitute alloys, such as the copper, nickel-chromium, and silver-tin-zinc alloys. The adhesion of the polycarboxylate cements to the chemically stable gold and silver-palladium alloys was not as great, but was four to six times that of the zinc phosphate cement. (3) The difference in adhesive strength between the brands of polycarboxylate cement was generally slight or statistically insignificant.", "contents": "Adhesion of polycarboxylate cements to dental casting alloys. The adhesive strengths of four commercial polycarboxylate cements to five dental casting alloys were compared with the strength of a conventional zinc phosphate cement. The following results were obtained. (1) The polycarboxylate cements showed adhesion that was four to 12 times greater than that of the zinc phosphate cement to all alloys tested. (2) The adhesive strength of the polycarboxylate cements was greater to the chemically active substitute alloys, such as the copper, nickel-chromium, and silver-tin-zinc alloys. The adhesion of the polycarboxylate cements to the chemically stable gold and silver-palladium alloys was not as great, but was four to six times that of the zinc phosphate cement. (3) The difference in adhesive strength between the brands of polycarboxylate cement was generally slight or statistically insignificant.", "PMID": 1063871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4444", "title": "Temporomandibular joint function and its effect on concepts of occlusion.", "content": "Many of the premises of dentistry that have evolved empirically have been re-evaluated in the light of newly-developed concepts of TMJ function. Centric relation, although duplicable, may not necessarily be correct. A \"functional\" centric relation exists when the TMJ radiographs can be correlated with the occlusal findings, in which case, the retruded classical centric relation should be used. When a \"dysfunctional\" centric relation is present (no correlation between the TMJ radiographs and occlusal findings), the most retruded position should not be used and a therapeutic centric occlusion should be created by the dentist. Subclinical TMJ dysfunction occurs more frequently than commonly thought, because TMJ radiographs are not routinely used. Retruded condylar displacements can be easily overlooked, because the lateral pterygoid muscle has relatively few stretch receptors compared to the elevator muscles of the mandible. Condylar retrusion, therefore, would not necessarily cause lateral pterygoid spasm as might be expected. The exact mechanism of the TMJ suspension system is unknown, although experimental evidence has shown that the condyle can be displaced superiorly with posterior unsupported muscle force. This indicates that the immutability of the condylar path under varying clinical conditions is questionable. Due to the superior displacement characteristics of the TMJ, the condyle does not act as the fulcrum in mandibular kinetics. The fulcrum, therefore, shifts to the teeth and/or bolus, depending on the specific situation. In either instance, whether considering bruxism or mastication, for most patients, an occlusion based on group function is preferable to a canine-protected occlusion to insure TMJ health. Scientifically, no one scheme of occlusion or articulation has been proven to be superior to any other scheme; therefore, the choice is a matter of the personal preference of the dentist.", "contents": "Temporomandibular joint function and its effect on concepts of occlusion. Many of the premises of dentistry that have evolved empirically have been re-evaluated in the light of newly-developed concepts of TMJ function. Centric relation, although duplicable, may not necessarily be correct. A \"functional\" centric relation exists when the TMJ radiographs can be correlated with the occlusal findings, in which case, the retruded classical centric relation should be used. When a \"dysfunctional\" centric relation is present (no correlation between the TMJ radiographs and occlusal findings), the most retruded position should not be used and a therapeutic centric occlusion should be created by the dentist. Subclinical TMJ dysfunction occurs more frequently than commonly thought, because TMJ radiographs are not routinely used. Retruded condylar displacements can be easily overlooked, because the lateral pterygoid muscle has relatively few stretch receptors compared to the elevator muscles of the mandible. Condylar retrusion, therefore, would not necessarily cause lateral pterygoid spasm as might be expected. The exact mechanism of the TMJ suspension system is unknown, although experimental evidence has shown that the condyle can be displaced superiorly with posterior unsupported muscle force. This indicates that the immutability of the condylar path under varying clinical conditions is questionable. Due to the superior displacement characteristics of the TMJ, the condyle does not act as the fulcrum in mandibular kinetics. The fulcrum, therefore, shifts to the teeth and/or bolus, depending on the specific situation. In either instance, whether considering bruxism or mastication, for most patients, an occlusion based on group function is preferable to a canine-protected occlusion to insure TMJ health. Scientifically, no one scheme of occlusion or articulation has been proven to be superior to any other scheme; therefore, the choice is a matter of the personal preference of the dentist.", "PMID": 1063872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4445", "title": "A histologic comparison of effects of electrosurgical resection using different electrodes.", "content": "Electrosurgery is a helpful adjunct to restorative dentistry, yet there often is damage to underlying connective tissue. In this study, small loop electrodes demonstrated a wider area of coagulation necrosis than was found with needle electrodes. In all instances, coagulation necrosis as a result of heat was noted. To help minimize tissue damage, very fine wire electrodes should be used, and entry into deep tissue layers should be avoided.", "contents": "A histologic comparison of effects of electrosurgical resection using different electrodes. Electrosurgery is a helpful adjunct to restorative dentistry, yet there often is damage to underlying connective tissue. In this study, small loop electrodes demonstrated a wider area of coagulation necrosis than was found with needle electrodes. In all instances, coagulation necrosis as a result of heat was noted. To help minimize tissue damage, very fine wire electrodes should be used, and entry into deep tissue layers should be avoided.", "PMID": 1063874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4446", "title": "Ultrastructure of platelet aggregation in refractory anemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. I. Ultrastructure of aggregation in normal controls and general defects in refractory anemia and myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "In vitro aggregation of the platelets from four patients with refractory anemia and two patients with acute myelomonocyctic leukemia revealed distinctive abnormalities. In five patients, there was deficient or minimal aggregation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, or collagen and only one wave of aggregation could be elicited with ADP at any concentration. Ultrastructural studies revealed numerous isolated platelets, small aggregates with few platelet pseudopods, and the presence of a characteristic type of aggregate with heterogeneous platelet composition combining features of both the primary and the secondary waves of aggregation. These \"mixed aggregates\" were particularly abundant in the four patients who had refractory anemia and may constitute the structural basis of the single wave of aggregation observed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of platelet aggregation in refractory anemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. I. Ultrastructure of aggregation in normal controls and general defects in refractory anemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. In vitro aggregation of the platelets from four patients with refractory anemia and two patients with acute myelomonocyctic leukemia revealed distinctive abnormalities. In five patients, there was deficient or minimal aggregation with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, or collagen and only one wave of aggregation could be elicited with ADP at any concentration. Ultrastructural studies revealed numerous isolated platelets, small aggregates with few platelet pseudopods, and the presence of a characteristic type of aggregate with heterogeneous platelet composition combining features of both the primary and the secondary waves of aggregation. These \"mixed aggregates\" were particularly abundant in the four patients who had refractory anemia and may constitute the structural basis of the single wave of aggregation observed.", "PMID": 1063906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4447", "title": "Causes of death in adults with acute leukemia.", "content": "The causes of death were investigated in 315 adults with acute leukemia during a 7-year period (1966-1972). Infection alone or in combination was the most common cause (75%), followed by hemorrhage (24%) and organ failure (9%). Most of the infections were either systemic or pulmonary. Seventy-five percent of the systemic infections and 72% of the pneumonias were caused by bacteria. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most frequent organisms isolated. After 1968, there was a sharp decrease in the number of fatal infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a marked increase in the incidence of fatal infections caused by Klebsiella spp. and E. coli. Infections caused by Gram-positive cocci occurred in only 3% of the cases. The incidence of systemic fungal infections was 13%; most common fungi causing infection were Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. Eighty-five percent of 159 patients with a terminal neutrophil count of less than 100/mm3 died of infection, compared to 48% of 62 patients with a terminal neutrophil count of greater than 1000/mm3. Hemorrhage was mostly due to thrombocytopenia (61%) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (12%). This study indicates that infection continues to be the most common cause of death in patients with acute leukemia. Although advances in antibiotic therapy have changed the distribution of causative organisms, ultimate control of infection requires further improvements in supportive care measures which rectify impairments in the patients' host defense mechanisms.", "contents": "Causes of death in adults with acute leukemia. The causes of death were investigated in 315 adults with acute leukemia during a 7-year period (1966-1972). Infection alone or in combination was the most common cause (75%), followed by hemorrhage (24%) and organ failure (9%). Most of the infections were either systemic or pulmonary. Seventy-five percent of the systemic infections and 72% of the pneumonias were caused by bacteria. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the most frequent organisms isolated. After 1968, there was a sharp decrease in the number of fatal infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a marked increase in the incidence of fatal infections caused by Klebsiella spp. and E. coli. Infections caused by Gram-positive cocci occurred in only 3% of the cases. The incidence of systemic fungal infections was 13%; most common fungi causing infection were Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. Eighty-five percent of 159 patients with a terminal neutrophil count of less than 100/mm3 died of infection, compared to 48% of 62 patients with a terminal neutrophil count of greater than 1000/mm3. Hemorrhage was mostly due to thrombocytopenia (61%) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (12%). This study indicates that infection continues to be the most common cause of death in patients with acute leukemia. Although advances in antibiotic therapy have changed the distribution of causative organisms, ultimate control of infection requires further improvements in supportive care measures which rectify impairments in the patients' host defense mechanisms.", "PMID": 1063911}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4448", "title": "Risk factors of sports injuries in winter.", "content": "During the winter season (1 April-31 August) of 1972, 2529 sporting injuries were treated in Wellington and Hutt Accident and Emergency Departments. A computerised analysis was made of the answers to a questionnaire filled out by each patient. Over 90 percent occurred playing major team sports, the majority while playing rugby (57 percent). The rate of injuries was found to be independent of the week of the season, socioeconomic status, race or position played, but was related to age, team sport, and grade played. The majority occurred during games in the weekend. Boys under 13 years of age are rarely injured whereas senior and older players are more frequently injured, especially in the second half of play. It is proposed that competition and the velocity of impact are important contributing factors in major sporting injuries.", "contents": "Risk factors of sports injuries in winter. During the winter season (1 April-31 August) of 1972, 2529 sporting injuries were treated in Wellington and Hutt Accident and Emergency Departments. A computerised analysis was made of the answers to a questionnaire filled out by each patient. Over 90 percent occurred playing major team sports, the majority while playing rugby (57 percent). The rate of injuries was found to be independent of the week of the season, socioeconomic status, race or position played, but was related to age, team sport, and grade played. The majority occurred during games in the weekend. Boys under 13 years of age are rarely injured whereas senior and older players are more frequently injured, especially in the second half of play. It is proposed that competition and the velocity of impact are important contributing factors in major sporting injuries.", "PMID": 1063915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4449", "title": "Neonatal at risk factors, visual defects and the preschool child: A report from the Queen Mary Hospital multidisciplinary child development study.", "content": "An experimental group of 142 children aged four years who had experienced neonatal at risk factors and a control group of 112 children whose perinatal histories were optimal had vision screening tests to detect defective vision or strabismus. Five (3.5 percent) in the at risk group and 10 (8.9 percent) in the control group (total 15, 5.9 percent) were found to have a visual defect. Of those, six had already been identified because of a manifest squint. Nine children with defective vision were first identified through the study. The importance of the early identification and treatment of visual disorders, particularly amblyopia, is emphasised, and recommendations are made for more widespread vision screening of preschool children.", "contents": "Neonatal at risk factors, visual defects and the preschool child: A report from the Queen Mary Hospital multidisciplinary child development study. An experimental group of 142 children aged four years who had experienced neonatal at risk factors and a control group of 112 children whose perinatal histories were optimal had vision screening tests to detect defective vision or strabismus. Five (3.5 percent) in the at risk group and 10 (8.9 percent) in the control group (total 15, 5.9 percent) were found to have a visual defect. Of those, six had already been identified because of a manifest squint. Nine children with defective vision were first identified through the study. The importance of the early identification and treatment of visual disorders, particularly amblyopia, is emphasised, and recommendations are made for more widespread vision screening of preschool children.", "PMID": 1063916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4450", "title": "Malakoplakia of the testis.", "content": "Two cases of malakoplakia of the testis are presented. Malakoplakia (soft plaque) is an uncommon chronic inflammatory condition of granulomatous type, the common denominator of which would appear to be an altered reactivity of macrophages. Its hallmark is the presence of Michaelis-Guttman bodies. Until the late 1950s, when a case involving the testis was described, the condition was thought to involve only the mucosae of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. The most recent review of malakoplakia of the testis included only 10 known cases.", "contents": "Malakoplakia of the testis. Two cases of malakoplakia of the testis are presented. Malakoplakia (soft plaque) is an uncommon chronic inflammatory condition of granulomatous type, the common denominator of which would appear to be an altered reactivity of macrophages. Its hallmark is the presence of Michaelis-Guttman bodies. Until the late 1950s, when a case involving the testis was described, the condition was thought to involve only the mucosae of the bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis. The most recent review of malakoplakia of the testis included only 10 known cases.", "PMID": 1063917}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4451", "title": "Ventilatory abnormalities in hospital admissions.", "content": "The incidence of unrecognised ventilatory impairment was investigated in a group of 531 routine hospital admissions who had been considered to be free of significant respiratory disease. Using spirometric tests of FEV 1, FVC and FEV 1/FVC percent before and after sympathomimetic bronchodilator, it was found that 42 percent of these patients had abnormal ventilatory tests, and 47 percent were considered to have obstructive lung disease. Routine use of screening respiratory function tests would be useful in the assessment and management of general medical and surgical hospital admissions.", "contents": "Ventilatory abnormalities in hospital admissions. The incidence of unrecognised ventilatory impairment was investigated in a group of 531 routine hospital admissions who had been considered to be free of significant respiratory disease. Using spirometric tests of FEV 1, FVC and FEV 1/FVC percent before and after sympathomimetic bronchodilator, it was found that 42 percent of these patients had abnormal ventilatory tests, and 47 percent were considered to have obstructive lung disease. Routine use of screening respiratory function tests would be useful in the assessment and management of general medical and surgical hospital admissions.", "PMID": 1063918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4452", "title": "Antibiotic resistance of shigellas in New Zealand.", "content": "A WHO assisted survey of antibiotic resistance of Shigella sp from various countries in the Western Pacific Region was carried out by the National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan. Of 282 unselected isolates from throughout New Zealand, 221 (78 percent) exhibited resistance to one or more antibiotics. The implications of these results in relation to treatment are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistance of shigellas in New Zealand. A WHO assisted survey of antibiotic resistance of Shigella sp from various countries in the Western Pacific Region was carried out by the National Institute of Health, Tokyo, Japan. Of 282 unselected isolates from throughout New Zealand, 221 (78 percent) exhibited resistance to one or more antibiotics. The implications of these results in relation to treatment are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1063919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4453", "title": "Chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum.", "content": "A case of chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum is presented. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum. A case of chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum is presented. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment is discussed.", "PMID": 1063920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4454", "title": "The second oncogenic step.", "content": "Three theories of the development of a malignant change which each involve two successive steps are described. Armitage, Doll (1957) proposed that two homologous chromosomes each contained a region which was critical in the control of cell division. The two steps were mutations in these regions brought about by random exposure to carcinogenic agents. Comings (1973) proposed a similar theory but the two steps were considered to be spontaneous mutatons. This paper points out that if one mutation has occurred this can become dominant in at least six ways which mostly involve chromosome translocations. The synergism between oncogenic agents and ionizing radiation and the ability to breed out high and low cancer incidence stocks of animals from a common stock can be explained on the same lines.", "contents": "The second oncogenic step. Three theories of the development of a malignant change which each involve two successive steps are described. Armitage, Doll (1957) proposed that two homologous chromosomes each contained a region which was critical in the control of cell division. The two steps were mutations in these regions brought about by random exposure to carcinogenic agents. Comings (1973) proposed a similar theory but the two steps were considered to be spontaneous mutatons. This paper points out that if one mutation has occurred this can become dominant in at least six ways which mostly involve chromosome translocations. The synergism between oncogenic agents and ionizing radiation and the ability to breed out high and low cancer incidence stocks of animals from a common stock can be explained on the same lines.", "PMID": 1063921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4455", "title": "Out of hours calls.", "content": "Approximately 1000 out of hours calls performed by Auckland general practitioners are analysed. These were all general practitioners who personally or by the use of rosters care for their own patients. In a subsequent study it is intended to compare the out of hours work done by a deputising service.", "contents": "Out of hours calls. Approximately 1000 out of hours calls performed by Auckland general practitioners are analysed. These were all general practitioners who personally or by the use of rosters care for their own patients. In a subsequent study it is intended to compare the out of hours work done by a deputising service.", "PMID": 1063923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4456", "title": "A new tetracycline minocycline compared with ampicillin in general practice.", "content": "A new tetracycline (minocycline) and ampicillin were compared in the treatment of 217 adults with common infections seen in general practice. Minocycline had an overall clinical effectiveness comparable with ampicillin, though minocycline was more frequently prescribed for suspected staphylococcal infections with satisfactory results in 25 (26). Minocycline was significantly more effective in vitro against common pathogenic organisms than ampicillin. All strains of staphyloccocci isolated were sensitive to minocycline while 15 (27) were resistant to ampicillin. Minocycline and ampicillin were no different in the occurrence of mild side effects. Dizziness was troublesome for 23 (127) patients on minocycline and resulted in four patients discontinuing treatment.", "contents": "A new tetracycline minocycline compared with ampicillin in general practice. A new tetracycline (minocycline) and ampicillin were compared in the treatment of 217 adults with common infections seen in general practice. Minocycline had an overall clinical effectiveness comparable with ampicillin, though minocycline was more frequently prescribed for suspected staphylococcal infections with satisfactory results in 25 (26). Minocycline was significantly more effective in vitro against common pathogenic organisms than ampicillin. All strains of staphyloccocci isolated were sensitive to minocycline while 15 (27) were resistant to ampicillin. Minocycline and ampicillin were no different in the occurrence of mild side effects. Dizziness was troublesome for 23 (127) patients on minocycline and resulted in four patients discontinuing treatment.", "PMID": 1063924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4457", "title": "Familial reactive arthritis of Reiter's and ankylosing spondylitis types in the HLA-27 genotype.", "content": "The close relationship between Reiter's disease and ankylosing spondylitis, which had previously been suspected on the grounds of family and population studies, has been re-emphasised following the recent demonstration of their common close association with the HLA-27 genotype. Nevertheless there are few case reports of both conditions occurring simultaneously in first degree relatives; and documentation of HLA genotype in such families was not generally considered before 1973. Both varieties of reactive arthritis are reported here as occurring in first degree relatives sharing HLA-27 genotype.", "contents": "Familial reactive arthritis of Reiter's and ankylosing spondylitis types in the HLA-27 genotype. The close relationship between Reiter's disease and ankylosing spondylitis, which had previously been suspected on the grounds of family and population studies, has been re-emphasised following the recent demonstration of their common close association with the HLA-27 genotype. Nevertheless there are few case reports of both conditions occurring simultaneously in first degree relatives; and documentation of HLA genotype in such families was not generally considered before 1973. Both varieties of reactive arthritis are reported here as occurring in first degree relatives sharing HLA-27 genotype.", "PMID": 1063925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4458", "title": "Dysphagia: caveat oesophagum.", "content": "The seriousness of dysphagia as a symptom is emphasised. Two illustrative cases are described in which carcinoma of the oesophagus causing dysphagia was diagnosed late. The importance of early barium studies and early oesophagoscopy is stressed. The poor results of management of carcinoma of the oesophagus associated with late diagnosis are illustrated in the patient data presented.", "contents": "Dysphagia: caveat oesophagum. The seriousness of dysphagia as a symptom is emphasised. Two illustrative cases are described in which carcinoma of the oesophagus causing dysphagia was diagnosed late. The importance of early barium studies and early oesophagoscopy is stressed. The poor results of management of carcinoma of the oesophagus associated with late diagnosis are illustrated in the patient data presented.", "PMID": 1063926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4459", "title": "Cast brace application and early ambulation as a treatment of femoral shaft fractures.", "content": "A report on experience with early cast brace application and ambulation as a treatment for fractures of the femoral shaft is presented. A case for continuing this type of treatment is made.", "contents": "Cast brace application and early ambulation as a treatment of femoral shaft fractures. A report on experience with early cast brace application and ambulation as a treatment for fractures of the femoral shaft is presented. A case for continuing this type of treatment is made.", "PMID": 1063927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4460", "title": "Chronic chest wall sinus: an unusual presentation of typhoid.", "content": "A chronic discharging sinus of the chest wall is described in a 59-year-old Maori woman investigated as a typhoid contact. A heavy growth of Salmonella typhi organisms was cultured from the sinus, which had first appeared 13 years previously.", "contents": "Chronic chest wall sinus: an unusual presentation of typhoid. A chronic discharging sinus of the chest wall is described in a 59-year-old Maori woman investigated as a typhoid contact. A heavy growth of Salmonella typhi organisms was cultured from the sinus, which had first appeared 13 years previously.", "PMID": 1063928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4461", "title": "Alcaligenes faecalis septicaemia.", "content": "A case of Alcaligenes faecalis septicaemia occurring after appendicectomy is described, and previous reports of this condition are briefly reviewed. Alcaligenes is frequently found in the faeces of healthy people and systemic infections appear to be very uncommon. Nevertheless, if the organism is cultured from the blood it should not be dismissed as a contaminant without careful investigation.", "contents": "Alcaligenes faecalis septicaemia. A case of Alcaligenes faecalis septicaemia occurring after appendicectomy is described, and previous reports of this condition are briefly reviewed. Alcaligenes is frequently found in the faeces of healthy people and systemic infections appear to be very uncommon. Nevertheless, if the organism is cultured from the blood it should not be dismissed as a contaminant without careful investigation.", "PMID": 1063929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4462", "title": "Macrogenia: a study of treatment results, with surgical recommendations.", "content": "1. A retrospective cephalometric study of patients who underwent reduction genioplasties showed large variations in soft-tissue response to osseous reduction. 2. The vertical and horizontal soft-tissue changes coincident to osseous reduction were less than expected. The maximum soft-tissue change observed was approximately 50 per cent that of the hard tissue removed. On the average, the vertical soft-tissue change was about 30 per cent and the horizontal was 25 per cent, when degloving procedures were combined with some form of ostectomy. 3. A considerable length of time is necessary before the soft-tissue changes are stable after reduction genioplasty. In some cases, significant changes occurred up to 8 to 10 months postoperatively. 4. A classification of macrogenia is proposed, based upon a more exact anatomic description of the deformity. 5. On the basis of this classification, the results of the present study, and more recent clinical results, recommendations for the surgical treatment of macrogenia are made.", "contents": "Macrogenia: a study of treatment results, with surgical recommendations. 1. A retrospective cephalometric study of patients who underwent reduction genioplasties showed large variations in soft-tissue response to osseous reduction. 2. The vertical and horizontal soft-tissue changes coincident to osseous reduction were less than expected. The maximum soft-tissue change observed was approximately 50 per cent that of the hard tissue removed. On the average, the vertical soft-tissue change was about 30 per cent and the horizontal was 25 per cent, when degloving procedures were combined with some form of ostectomy. 3. A considerable length of time is necessary before the soft-tissue changes are stable after reduction genioplasty. In some cases, significant changes occurred up to 8 to 10 months postoperatively. 4. A classification of macrogenia is proposed, based upon a more exact anatomic description of the deformity. 5. On the basis of this classification, the results of the present study, and more recent clinical results, recommendations for the surgical treatment of macrogenia are made.", "PMID": 1063958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4463", "title": "Inverted L-shaped ramus osteotomy for prolonged bilateral dislocation of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "The various methods of management of prolonged bilateral anterior dislocation of the temporomandibular joints are discussed and the literature is reviewed. Reported is a case in which a bilateral inverted L-shaped ramus osteotomy was performed in order to reposition the mandible and establish normal occlusion; the results were satisfactorily maintained one year postoperatively.", "contents": "Inverted L-shaped ramus osteotomy for prolonged bilateral dislocation of the temporomandibular joint. The various methods of management of prolonged bilateral anterior dislocation of the temporomandibular joints are discussed and the literature is reviewed. Reported is a case in which a bilateral inverted L-shaped ramus osteotomy was performed in order to reposition the mandible and establish normal occlusion; the results were satisfactorily maintained one year postoperatively.", "PMID": 1063959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4464", "title": "The use of methylmethacrylate in the fixation of mandibular fractures in dogs. Experimental results.", "content": "The efficacy of self-curing acrylic resin in the fixation of fractured mandibles was studied in eight adult mongrel dogs. Three dogs were killed at 1 month, two at 3 months, and three at 6 months after insertion of the resin. Roentgenograms taken after operation and after the dogs had been put to death demonstrated satisfactory fracture reduction and bony healing. The retentive grooves appeared larger on the postmortem roentgenograms, apparently from fibrous tissue that formed between the acrylic resin and the bone. Sections through the groove and fracture site did not show any fibrocartilage formation between the bone and the resin. Active osteoblastic activity was present at the fibrous capsule-bone interface as well as in the fracture calluses. Most sections showed acute inflammation, with a few giant cells. Whether the inflammatory component resulted from tissue breakdown over the acrylic resin or from the polymethylmethacrylate itself was not determined. There was no evidence of abnormal healing or nonunion along the fracture line and no evidence of necrotic bone. The undecalcified tetracycline-labeled sections confirmed active bone formation at the fibrous capsule-bone interface and in the fracture calluses at 1, 3, and 6 months. No mobility could be detected across the fracture site at any time after the insertion of the acrylic resin. Two of the three dogs that were killed at 1 month had incomplete bony union, as demonstrated by mobility along the fracture line seen in the resected specimens. Mucosal dehiscence over the superior acrylic fixation bar was a consistent finding. Once the resin had been either exfoliated or removed, the mucosa healed uneventfully. The insertion of methylmethacrylate did not result in blood pressure change in the dogs. The dogs maintained their preoperative weight, appetite, and jaw mobility. Although satisfactory bony healing resulted from the intraoral open reduction and fixation with self-curing acrylic resin in dogs, several factors need additional investigation before this technique can be considered for use in human subjects. The following findings in this study may contribute to healing complications in man: (1) loosening of the acrylic resin due to fibrous tissue formation between it and the bone, (2) mucosal dehiscence, (3) inflammation in and around the fibrous tissue adjacent to the acrylic resin, and (4) the necessity of bone removal to facilitate the insertion of the resin.", "contents": "The use of methylmethacrylate in the fixation of mandibular fractures in dogs. Experimental results. The efficacy of self-curing acrylic resin in the fixation of fractured mandibles was studied in eight adult mongrel dogs. Three dogs were killed at 1 month, two at 3 months, and three at 6 months after insertion of the resin. Roentgenograms taken after operation and after the dogs had been put to death demonstrated satisfactory fracture reduction and bony healing. The retentive grooves appeared larger on the postmortem roentgenograms, apparently from fibrous tissue that formed between the acrylic resin and the bone. Sections through the groove and fracture site did not show any fibrocartilage formation between the bone and the resin. Active osteoblastic activity was present at the fibrous capsule-bone interface as well as in the fracture calluses. Most sections showed acute inflammation, with a few giant cells. Whether the inflammatory component resulted from tissue breakdown over the acrylic resin or from the polymethylmethacrylate itself was not determined. There was no evidence of abnormal healing or nonunion along the fracture line and no evidence of necrotic bone. The undecalcified tetracycline-labeled sections confirmed active bone formation at the fibrous capsule-bone interface and in the fracture calluses at 1, 3, and 6 months. No mobility could be detected across the fracture site at any time after the insertion of the acrylic resin. Two of the three dogs that were killed at 1 month had incomplete bony union, as demonstrated by mobility along the fracture line seen in the resected specimens. Mucosal dehiscence over the superior acrylic fixation bar was a consistent finding. Once the resin had been either exfoliated or removed, the mucosa healed uneventfully. The insertion of methylmethacrylate did not result in blood pressure change in the dogs. The dogs maintained their preoperative weight, appetite, and jaw mobility. Although satisfactory bony healing resulted from the intraoral open reduction and fixation with self-curing acrylic resin in dogs, several factors need additional investigation before this technique can be considered for use in human subjects. The following findings in this study may contribute to healing complications in man: (1) loosening of the acrylic resin due to fibrous tissue formation between it and the bone, (2) mucosal dehiscence, (3) inflammation in and around the fibrous tissue adjacent to the acrylic resin, and (4) the necessity of bone removal to facilitate the insertion of the resin.", "PMID": 1063960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4465", "title": "Erythema multiforme. Review of twenty-six cases.", "content": "A survey of twenty-six cases of erythema multiforme was undertaken. All patients had oral lesions and seventeen had skin involvement, mainly on the hands. The average age was 32 years, and female patients predominated in the group. Nearly one third gave a history of a severe emotional disturbance prior to the attack, four patients developed lesions after penicillin therapy, and two presented initially with acute primary herpes simples stomatitis. Skin and mucosal biopsies were undertaken in some patients, and it was concluded that no pathognomonic features were identifiable; a subepithelial bulla, however, could occasionally help in the differential diagnosis. Other laboratory investigations, including a complete blood count, determination of herpesimplex titer, and urinalysis, were not helpful, except that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was raised in sever cases. Possible etiologic factors were discussed in relation to the survey. It was thought that the cause is still obescure except in drug-induced cases and that the diagnosis is essentially a clinical one, since various laboratory investigations cannot be shown to produce consistent pathognomonic findings.", "contents": "Erythema multiforme. Review of twenty-six cases. A survey of twenty-six cases of erythema multiforme was undertaken. All patients had oral lesions and seventeen had skin involvement, mainly on the hands. The average age was 32 years, and female patients predominated in the group. Nearly one third gave a history of a severe emotional disturbance prior to the attack, four patients developed lesions after penicillin therapy, and two presented initially with acute primary herpes simples stomatitis. Skin and mucosal biopsies were undertaken in some patients, and it was concluded that no pathognomonic features were identifiable; a subepithelial bulla, however, could occasionally help in the differential diagnosis. Other laboratory investigations, including a complete blood count, determination of herpesimplex titer, and urinalysis, were not helpful, except that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate was raised in sever cases. Possible etiologic factors were discussed in relation to the survey. It was thought that the cause is still obescure except in drug-induced cases and that the diagnosis is essentially a clinical one, since various laboratory investigations cannot be shown to produce consistent pathognomonic findings.", "PMID": 1063961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4466", "title": "Allergic stomatitis caused by self-polymerizing resin.", "content": "This is a fully documented case, including biopsy and patch testing, of a patient who was hypersensitive to self-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate. On two occasions, a 24-year-old woman with a history of multiple allergies developed allergic reactions to temporary acrylic dental restorations. The lesions disappeared upon removal of the restorations. Microscopic findings were consistent with an allergic reaction. Patch testing confirmed that the allergen was the monomer and indicated methods of processing the self-polymerizing resin to allow it to become essentially nonreactive in a sensitized patient.", "contents": "Allergic stomatitis caused by self-polymerizing resin. This is a fully documented case, including biopsy and patch testing, of a patient who was hypersensitive to self-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate. On two occasions, a 24-year-old woman with a history of multiple allergies developed allergic reactions to temporary acrylic dental restorations. The lesions disappeared upon removal of the restorations. Microscopic findings were consistent with an allergic reaction. Patch testing confirmed that the allergen was the monomer and indicated methods of processing the self-polymerizing resin to allow it to become essentially nonreactive in a sensitized patient.", "PMID": 1063962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4467", "title": "Intraosseous angiolipoma of the mandible.", "content": "A case of intraosseous angiolipoma, one of the rarest benign tumors of bone, is reported. This tumor represents an example of an intraosseous neoplasm consisting of both blood vessels and fat. To our knowledge, such a tumor of the mandible has not been reported previously.", "contents": "Intraosseous angiolipoma of the mandible. A case of intraosseous angiolipoma, one of the rarest benign tumors of bone, is reported. This tumor represents an example of an intraosseous neoplasm consisting of both blood vessels and fat. To our knowledge, such a tumor of the mandible has not been reported previously.", "PMID": 1063963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4468", "title": "Sweat gland carcinoma of the lips.", "content": "Sweat gland carcinomas are extremely rare tumors with a fully malignant potential. Two cases of primary sweat gland carcinoma of the lips are presented. Because of the unique nature of this lesion, the histopathology and biologic behavior are discussed, and the pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Sweat gland carcinoma of the lips. Sweat gland carcinomas are extremely rare tumors with a fully malignant potential. Two cases of primary sweat gland carcinoma of the lips are presented. Because of the unique nature of this lesion, the histopathology and biologic behavior are discussed, and the pertinent literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 1063964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4469", "title": "Carcinoma arising in the area of median rhomboid glossitis.", "content": "Routine soft-tissue examination of a 44-year-old Negro woman who consulted her dentist for a new maxillary partial denture revealed a depressed white lesion in the area of median rhomboid glossitis. Biopsy diagnosis of the area was well-differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma. The relation of this lesion to median rhomboid glossitis is questioned in view of previous reports.", "contents": "Carcinoma arising in the area of median rhomboid glossitis. Routine soft-tissue examination of a 44-year-old Negro woman who consulted her dentist for a new maxillary partial denture revealed a depressed white lesion in the area of median rhomboid glossitis. Biopsy diagnosis of the area was well-differentiated squamous-cell carcinoma. The relation of this lesion to median rhomboid glossitis is questioned in view of previous reports.", "PMID": 1063965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4470", "title": "The predentin index.", "content": "This is the initial report of a new, objective means of determining early pulpal reaction to an insult. The method consists of (1) direct measurement of the thickness of the predentin in the crown and cervical portions of each tooth, (2) determination of the Predentin Index, and (3) subsequent comparison of the PI's of control versus experimental teeth. If the Predentin Index of the experimental is lower than that of the control, a pulpal injury has occurred. Reliance on the subjective, interpretive ability of the observer is effectively eliminated.", "contents": "The predentin index. This is the initial report of a new, objective means of determining early pulpal reaction to an insult. The method consists of (1) direct measurement of the thickness of the predentin in the crown and cervical portions of each tooth, (2) determination of the Predentin Index, and (3) subsequent comparison of the PI's of control versus experimental teeth. If the Predentin Index of the experimental is lower than that of the control, a pulpal injury has occurred. Reliance on the subjective, interpretive ability of the observer is effectively eliminated.", "PMID": 1063968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4471", "title": "Misdiagnosis of an impacted supernumerary tooth from a panographic radiograph.", "content": "A panographic radiograph of a 31-year-old man revealed the presence of an impacted supernumerary paramolar. Periapical radiographs of the same area failed to confirm the existence of this supernumerary tooth. A review of the inherent distortion factors present in panographic radiography leading to the misdiagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "Misdiagnosis of an impacted supernumerary tooth from a panographic radiograph. A panographic radiograph of a 31-year-old man revealed the presence of an impacted supernumerary paramolar. Periapical radiographs of the same area failed to confirm the existence of this supernumerary tooth. A review of the inherent distortion factors present in panographic radiography leading to the misdiagnosis is discussed.", "PMID": 1063969}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4472", "title": "Roentgenologic study of the mental foramen.", "content": "Locating the mental foramen in periapical radiographs is of great clinical importance. One thousand full-mouth intraoral radiographs were examined, and the location of the mental foramen in both the horizontal and the vertical planes was registered. In the horizontal plane 70 per cent of the mental foramina were found to be located between the two premolars, and 22 per cent were in the apical area of the premolars. In the vertical plane the highest percentage of mental foramina was found to be located superior to the level of the apices of the premolars.", "contents": "Roentgenologic study of the mental foramen. Locating the mental foramen in periapical radiographs is of great clinical importance. One thousand full-mouth intraoral radiographs were examined, and the location of the mental foramen in both the horizontal and the vertical planes was registered. In the horizontal plane 70 per cent of the mental foramina were found to be located between the two premolars, and 22 per cent were in the apical area of the premolars. In the vertical plane the highest percentage of mental foramina was found to be located superior to the level of the apices of the premolars.", "PMID": 1063970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4473", "title": "The cracked-tooth syndrome and fractured posterior cusp.", "content": "1. Even from such a small sample as that reported in this study, it is evident that the fractured cusp and cracked-tooth syndrome are common problems. The large number of fractured cusps compared to the cracked-tooth syndrome suggests that some of the cases of fractured cusp could have been diagnosed earlier. 2. It is most important that dentists be aware of the cracked-tooth syndrome in order to relieve the patient's discomfort, prevent the possible eventual loss of the pulp or tooth, and avoid unnecessary and possibly damaging treatment for misdiagnosed facial pain. 3. Conservation of tooth structure in restorative procedures is most necessary in order to prevent the cracked-tooth syndrome or fractured posterior cusp.", "contents": "The cracked-tooth syndrome and fractured posterior cusp. 1. Even from such a small sample as that reported in this study, it is evident that the fractured cusp and cracked-tooth syndrome are common problems. The large number of fractured cusps compared to the cracked-tooth syndrome suggests that some of the cases of fractured cusp could have been diagnosed earlier. 2. It is most important that dentists be aware of the cracked-tooth syndrome in order to relieve the patient's discomfort, prevent the possible eventual loss of the pulp or tooth, and avoid unnecessary and possibly damaging treatment for misdiagnosed facial pain. 3. Conservation of tooth structure in restorative procedures is most necessary in order to prevent the cracked-tooth syndrome or fractured posterior cusp.", "PMID": 1063974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4474", "title": "The antilingula as an anatomic landmark in oral surgery.", "content": "The antilingula is a highly variable anatomic landmark and in most instances is situated considerably anteriorly and superiorly to the inferior dental foramen. However, a cut made between 5 and 10 mm. distal to the antilingula is within a statistically safe area, in over 72 per cent of cases, to avoid encroaching upon the inferior alveolar foramen.", "contents": "The antilingula as an anatomic landmark in oral surgery. The antilingula is a highly variable anatomic landmark and in most instances is situated considerably anteriorly and superiorly to the inferior dental foramen. However, a cut made between 5 and 10 mm. distal to the antilingula is within a statistically safe area, in over 72 per cent of cases, to avoid encroaching upon the inferior alveolar foramen.", "PMID": 1063975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4475", "title": "Soft-palate pigmentation in lung disease, including cancer.", "content": "A study of patients in whom soft-palate pigmentation appeared to be associated with pulmonary disease has been reported. A significant number of these patients had diagnosed or suspected bronchogenic carcinoma. The possibility that this oral finding may be predictive of the presence of lung cancer, or of a high degree of probability of future development of lung cancer, indicates a need for additional investigation. At this point the evidence strongly suggests that when soft-palate pigmentation is seen in a patient with lung disease, cancer should be suspected until it is definitely ruled out. The paucity of patients in whom this sign is seen suggests the need for study by other investigators. ACTH levels should be evaluated, as should plasma zinc values, which have been demonstrated to decrease in lung cancer as well as other diseases. Following the patients prospectively certainly is indicated. In conjunction with the Department of Laboratory Medicine, limited initial additional investigations have been made of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels on three of the outpatients reported. These assays used the hemagglutination-inhibition technique and are limited to investigational use by the Food and Drug Administration. In this laboratory the normal CEA level is 5.2 +/- 1.6 ng./ml. Results in two patients with known chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were 5.5 and 5.6 ng./ml. The third patient with soft-palate pigmentation and an undiagnosed pulmonary problem had a CEA level of 10.2 ng./ml. She also had clubbing of the fingers. The senior author would be particularly interested in establishing a registry of similar cases observed by others.", "contents": "Soft-palate pigmentation in lung disease, including cancer. A study of patients in whom soft-palate pigmentation appeared to be associated with pulmonary disease has been reported. A significant number of these patients had diagnosed or suspected bronchogenic carcinoma. The possibility that this oral finding may be predictive of the presence of lung cancer, or of a high degree of probability of future development of lung cancer, indicates a need for additional investigation. At this point the evidence strongly suggests that when soft-palate pigmentation is seen in a patient with lung disease, cancer should be suspected until it is definitely ruled out. The paucity of patients in whom this sign is seen suggests the need for study by other investigators. ACTH levels should be evaluated, as should plasma zinc values, which have been demonstrated to decrease in lung cancer as well as other diseases. Following the patients prospectively certainly is indicated. In conjunction with the Department of Laboratory Medicine, limited initial additional investigations have been made of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels on three of the outpatients reported. These assays used the hemagglutination-inhibition technique and are limited to investigational use by the Food and Drug Administration. In this laboratory the normal CEA level is 5.2 +/- 1.6 ng./ml. Results in two patients with known chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were 5.5 and 5.6 ng./ml. The third patient with soft-palate pigmentation and an undiagnosed pulmonary problem had a CEA level of 10.2 ng./ml. She also had clubbing of the fingers. The senior author would be particularly interested in establishing a registry of similar cases observed by others.", "PMID": 1063977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4476", "title": "Acute angioneurotic edema of the lips and tongue due to emotional stress.", "content": "Angioneurotic edema, though a fairly common medical condition, is rarely seen in dental practice. As laryngeal involvement can occur spontaneously and suddenly in the dental office or a similar complication can develop abruptly after administration of certain drugs used in dentistry, an understanding of this condition is definitely indicated. Moreover, as the hereditary form of this clinical entity can be precipitated by trauma, such as various dental and oral surgical procedures with a high incidence of laryngeal edema, an awareness of this phenomenon is an absolute necessity for sound medical and dental practice.", "contents": "Acute angioneurotic edema of the lips and tongue due to emotional stress. Angioneurotic edema, though a fairly common medical condition, is rarely seen in dental practice. As laryngeal involvement can occur spontaneously and suddenly in the dental office or a similar complication can develop abruptly after administration of certain drugs used in dentistry, an understanding of this condition is definitely indicated. Moreover, as the hereditary form of this clinical entity can be precipitated by trauma, such as various dental and oral surgical procedures with a high incidence of laryngeal edema, an awareness of this phenomenon is an absolute necessity for sound medical and dental practice.", "PMID": 1063978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4477", "title": "Mucosal ganglioneuromatosis, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma: multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b.", "content": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b, is a designation that has been proposed for the combination of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, and somatic abnormalities. The neural lesions produce a characteristic diffuse or nodular enlargement of lips, tongue, and buccal mucosa. Microscopically, the lesions are composed of unencapsulated masses of hypertrophied and elongated nerves in which are found rare ganglion cells. The histologic similarity between the oral mucosal lesions and the alimentary tract ganglioneuromatosis in the syndrome suggests that the term ganglioneuromatosis is the most appropriate designation for the oral lesions. The oral lesions signal high risk for two potentially lethal neoplasms--medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. Thus, patients having the characteristic findings are in urgent need of repeated evaluation of thyroidal C-cell and adrenal medullary function.", "contents": "Mucosal ganglioneuromatosis, medullary thyroid carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma: multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b. Multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b, is a designation that has been proposed for the combination of medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuromas, and somatic abnormalities. The neural lesions produce a characteristic diffuse or nodular enlargement of lips, tongue, and buccal mucosa. Microscopically, the lesions are composed of unencapsulated masses of hypertrophied and elongated nerves in which are found rare ganglion cells. The histologic similarity between the oral mucosal lesions and the alimentary tract ganglioneuromatosis in the syndrome suggests that the term ganglioneuromatosis is the most appropriate designation for the oral lesions. The oral lesions signal high risk for two potentially lethal neoplasms--medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma. Thus, patients having the characteristic findings are in urgent need of repeated evaluation of thyroidal C-cell and adrenal medullary function.", "PMID": 1063979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4478", "title": "Calcifying odontogenic cysts with intracellular amyloid-like material.", "content": "Intracellular deposits of amyloid as defined by positive Congo red staining with green polarization birefringence and standardized toluidine blue staining with pink-red polarization birefringence were observed in the epithelial lining of three cases of calcifying odontogenic cysts. It is suggested that this material is not true amyloid but, rather, a dengenerative product of the epithelial cells as has been described in calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor).", "contents": "Calcifying odontogenic cysts with intracellular amyloid-like material. Intracellular deposits of amyloid as defined by positive Congo red staining with green polarization birefringence and standardized toluidine blue staining with pink-red polarization birefringence were observed in the epithelial lining of three cases of calcifying odontogenic cysts. It is suggested that this material is not true amyloid but, rather, a dengenerative product of the epithelial cells as has been described in calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor (Pindborg tumor).", "PMID": 1063980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4479", "title": "Meningioma presenting as an intraoral mass.", "content": "The following case report illustrates a rather rare oral lesion, an extracranial meningioma. In the dental office the lesion was seen on a periapical x-ray film as a multilocular radiolucency. The patient, however, could not be convinced of the necessity of biopsy until several years later when clinical expansion of the maxillary buccal plate was noted. Thereafter, clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic examination revealed a diffuse meningioma involving the maxillary sinus, the floor of the nose, and the maxillary gingiva. The patient has since refused complete surgical removal but remains alive and well 8 years after the lesion was first noted.", "contents": "Meningioma presenting as an intraoral mass. The following case report illustrates a rather rare oral lesion, an extracranial meningioma. In the dental office the lesion was seen on a periapical x-ray film as a multilocular radiolucency. The patient, however, could not be convinced of the necessity of biopsy until several years later when clinical expansion of the maxillary buccal plate was noted. Thereafter, clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic examination revealed a diffuse meningioma involving the maxillary sinus, the floor of the nose, and the maxillary gingiva. The patient has since refused complete surgical removal but remains alive and well 8 years after the lesion was first noted.", "PMID": 1063981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4480", "title": "Leakage of different root canal sealants.", "content": "One hundred five single-rooted teeth were prepared and filled with ten commercially available root canal paste sealers. Five teeth were filled with only gutta-percha points, fifty teeth were filled with a particular cement alone, and the rest of the teeth were filled with a particular cement in conjunction with gutta-percha points. It was found that the gutta-percha point alone is not sufficient for sealing the periapical foramen; nor are N2 (Sargenti), Riebler's paste, and the iodoform paste. In general, it was found that the combination of gutta-percha and cement is more effective in sealing the periapical foramen. Polycarboxylate cement used in this investigation, although it does not meet all the requirements of a good root canal sealant, was found to yield promising results.", "contents": "Leakage of different root canal sealants. One hundred five single-rooted teeth were prepared and filled with ten commercially available root canal paste sealers. Five teeth were filled with only gutta-percha points, fifty teeth were filled with a particular cement alone, and the rest of the teeth were filled with a particular cement in conjunction with gutta-percha points. It was found that the gutta-percha point alone is not sufficient for sealing the periapical foramen; nor are N2 (Sargenti), Riebler's paste, and the iodoform paste. In general, it was found that the combination of gutta-percha and cement is more effective in sealing the periapical foramen. Polycarboxylate cement used in this investigation, although it does not meet all the requirements of a good root canal sealant, was found to yield promising results.", "PMID": 1063982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4481", "title": "The use of iodine as a contrast medium in endodontic therapy.", "content": "The present study describes the use of 10 per cent iodine in potassium iodide as an intradental x-ray contrast medium in the search for root canals or parts of root canals which were not detected in radiographs or by instrumentation. In most teeth with periapical radiolocencies a passage through the entire root was found by means of the contrast medium, but in the teeth without periapical involvement usually no communication was detected. According to the results of the present study, an intradental contrast medium may be useful in the search for apparently obliterated root canals.", "contents": "The use of iodine as a contrast medium in endodontic therapy. The present study describes the use of 10 per cent iodine in potassium iodide as an intradental x-ray contrast medium in the search for root canals or parts of root canals which were not detected in radiographs or by instrumentation. In most teeth with periapical radiolocencies a passage through the entire root was found by means of the contrast medium, but in the teeth without periapical involvement usually no communication was detected. According to the results of the present study, an intradental contrast medium may be useful in the search for apparently obliterated root canals.", "PMID": 1063983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4482", "title": "Television radiographic evaluation of periapical osseous radiolucencies.", "content": "Periapical lesions were experimentally induced in forty-five teeth of seven beagle dogs by both septic and aseptic techniques. Preoperative and postoperative serial radiographs were produced with a specifically designed animal head x-ray device, at 30-, 60-, and 90-day periods. Four anatomic study areas, which consisted of the cervical, interradicular, proximal root, and periapical areas of each tooth, were evaluated by viewbox observation of radiographs, television subtraction radiographic imagery, and histologic examination. The findings obtained with the subtracted image and histologic examinations were correlated with viewbox observations. Diagnostic evidence of periapical pathosis was identified in the subtracted image 7 to 42 days before this same evidence was noted on the viewbox radiograph. The periodontal membrane space, lamina dura, bone trabeculae, and medullary spaces were markedly enhanced, with defined outlines of the periapical lesions noted in the subtracted image.", "contents": "Television radiographic evaluation of periapical osseous radiolucencies. Periapical lesions were experimentally induced in forty-five teeth of seven beagle dogs by both septic and aseptic techniques. Preoperative and postoperative serial radiographs were produced with a specifically designed animal head x-ray device, at 30-, 60-, and 90-day periods. Four anatomic study areas, which consisted of the cervical, interradicular, proximal root, and periapical areas of each tooth, were evaluated by viewbox observation of radiographs, television subtraction radiographic imagery, and histologic examination. The findings obtained with the subtracted image and histologic examinations were correlated with viewbox observations. Diagnostic evidence of periapical pathosis was identified in the subtracted image 7 to 42 days before this same evidence was noted on the viewbox radiograph. The periodontal membrane space, lamina dura, bone trabeculae, and medullary spaces were markedly enhanced, with defined outlines of the periapical lesions noted in the subtracted image.", "PMID": 1063984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4483", "title": "Japanese tooth positions and their relation to panoramic radiography.", "content": "1. Tooth positions did not vary between ages and sexes in Japanese. 2. As the arches lengthened posteriorly, anterior tooth positions showed little variation. 3. Japanese tooth positions lie within the range shown for Caucasoid and Negroid persons. 4. Japanese tooth positions have a shorter anteroposterior dimension than their Caucasoid and Negroid counterparts. 5. The relationships of Japanese positions to the Panorex, Panelipse, and Orthopantomograph are similar to those found for Negroid and Caucasoid persons.", "contents": "Japanese tooth positions and their relation to panoramic radiography. 1. Tooth positions did not vary between ages and sexes in Japanese. 2. As the arches lengthened posteriorly, anterior tooth positions showed little variation. 3. Japanese tooth positions lie within the range shown for Caucasoid and Negroid persons. 4. Japanese tooth positions have a shorter anteroposterior dimension than their Caucasoid and Negroid counterparts. 5. The relationships of Japanese positions to the Panorex, Panelipse, and Orthopantomograph are similar to those found for Negroid and Caucasoid persons.", "PMID": 1063985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4484", "title": "A quantitative comparison of paralleling long-cone and bisection-of-angle periapical radiography.", "content": "Quantitative data permit the variability comparison of crown-root ratios computed from periapical films of a single central incisor taken by five technicians using the bisection-of-angle and the paralleling long-cone techniques. The paralleling long-cone technique produces significantly less distortion and is less variable. It is the method of choice for assessing natural root resorption and resorption due to orthodontic therapy.", "contents": "A quantitative comparison of paralleling long-cone and bisection-of-angle periapical radiography. Quantitative data permit the variability comparison of crown-root ratios computed from periapical films of a single central incisor taken by five technicians using the bisection-of-angle and the paralleling long-cone techniques. The paralleling long-cone technique produces significantly less distortion and is less variable. It is the method of choice for assessing natural root resorption and resorption due to orthodontic therapy.", "PMID": 1063989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4485", "title": "Fowl plague virus adapted to human leukemia cells: interaction with normal human leukocytes and plastic surfaces.", "content": "An avian influenza A virus which grows well in human leukemic myeloblasts was unable to replicate in normal human leukocytes. The virus adhered during the first hours of incubation to plastic surfaces and to leukocytes and was then released into the supernatant; care should be taken not to confuse this with viral growth.", "contents": "Fowl plague virus adapted to human leukemia cells: interaction with normal human leukocytes and plastic surfaces. An avian influenza A virus which grows well in human leukemic myeloblasts was unable to replicate in normal human leukocytes. The virus adhered during the first hours of incubation to plastic surfaces and to leukocytes and was then released into the supernatant; care should be taken not to confuse this with viral growth.", "PMID": 1063990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4486", "title": "[Focal epithelial hyperplasia].", "content": "A case of focal epithelial hyperplasia in a 36-year old norwegian caucasian women is described. The patient presented 5 papules, 2-7 mm in diameter. The papules were found on the mucosa of the lower lip and left cheek (Fig. 1). Another elevation was situated on the buccal gingiva in the lower left canine/first premolar region. Histologic examination of the lesion shown in Fig. 1 revealed epithelial hyperplasis with acanthosis (Fig. 2). Cells with swelling of the nucleus and cells with mitosoid nuclear degeneration were seen in the upper stratum spinosum (Fig. 3). A mild degree of lymphocytic infiltration of the connective tissue was present. The histologic appearance is similar to that reported by Clausen (1969).", "contents": "[Focal epithelial hyperplasia]. A case of focal epithelial hyperplasia in a 36-year old norwegian caucasian women is described. The patient presented 5 papules, 2-7 mm in diameter. The papules were found on the mucosa of the lower lip and left cheek (Fig. 1). Another elevation was situated on the buccal gingiva in the lower left canine/first premolar region. Histologic examination of the lesion shown in Fig. 1 revealed epithelial hyperplasis with acanthosis (Fig. 2). Cells with swelling of the nucleus and cells with mitosoid nuclear degeneration were seen in the upper stratum spinosum (Fig. 3). A mild degree of lymphocytic infiltration of the connective tissue was present. The histologic appearance is similar to that reported by Clausen (1969).", "PMID": 1064007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4487", "title": "Uncoupling of local field spectra in nuclear magnetic resonance: determination of atomic positions in solids.", "content": "Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance as a method of determining crystal structure has had limited success. Three distinct reasons for this failure can be identified when the resonance spectrum is of a dilute spin species in the presence of another abundant species. Two of these difficulties, and in part the third, can be mitigated by a family of coherent averaging techniques in double resonance, with considerably improved prospects for locating the rare spins with respect to their nearby neighbors. A particularly advantageous procedure is described and possible applications are discussed.", "contents": "Uncoupling of local field spectra in nuclear magnetic resonance: determination of atomic positions in solids. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance as a method of determining crystal structure has had limited success. Three distinct reasons for this failure can be identified when the resonance spectrum is of a dilute spin species in the presence of another abundant species. Two of these difficulties, and in part the third, can be mitigated by a family of coherent averaging techniques in double resonance, with considerably improved prospects for locating the rare spins with respect to their nearby neighbors. A particularly advantageous procedure is described and possible applications are discussed.", "PMID": 1064013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4488", "title": "2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionyl chloride: reagent for photoaffinity labeling.", "content": "2-Diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionyl chloride has been synthesized from trifluorodiazoethane and phosgene. Its derivatives are acid stable, can be used to label enzymes, and undergo photolysis with substantially less rearrangement than do derivatives of other known diazoacyl reagents designed for photoaffinity labeling. In particular, the diazotrifluoropropionyl thioester of methyl N-acetylcysteine undergoes photolysis in methanol with about 40% insertion into the - OH bond of the solvent; by contrast, photolysis of other diazoacyl thioesters gives substantially quantitative Wolff rearrangement. The trifluoro compounds hold promise for the photoaffinity labeling of thiols.", "contents": "2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionyl chloride: reagent for photoaffinity labeling. 2-Diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionyl chloride has been synthesized from trifluorodiazoethane and phosgene. Its derivatives are acid stable, can be used to label enzymes, and undergo photolysis with substantially less rearrangement than do derivatives of other known diazoacyl reagents designed for photoaffinity labeling. In particular, the diazotrifluoropropionyl thioester of methyl N-acetylcysteine undergoes photolysis in methanol with about 40% insertion into the - OH bond of the solvent; by contrast, photolysis of other diazoacyl thioesters gives substantially quantitative Wolff rearrangement. The trifluoro compounds hold promise for the photoaffinity labeling of thiols.", "PMID": 1064014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4489", "title": "Comparative study of alkaline phosphatase activity in lymphocytes, mitogen-induced blasts, lymphoblastoid cell lines, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphatic leukemia cells.", "content": "Alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoricmonoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline pH optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] purified from a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Daudi) and Moloney-virus-induced murine leukemia (YAC) showed unique catalytic properties in substrate specificity and inhibition by cysteamine-S-phosphate. It migrated on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a single activity band. Alkaline phosphatase with similar properties was found in several human lymphoblastoid cell lines, in chronic lymphatic leukemic cells, in organs of leukemic mice, and in sera of patients with certain lymphoproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Comparative study of alkaline phosphatase activity in lymphocytes, mitogen-induced blasts, lymphoblastoid cell lines, acute myeloid leukemia, and chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. Alkaline phosphatase [orthophosphoricmonoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline pH optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] purified from a Burkitt lymphoma cell line (Daudi) and Moloney-virus-induced murine leukemia (YAC) showed unique catalytic properties in substrate specificity and inhibition by cysteamine-S-phosphate. It migrated on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in a single activity band. Alkaline phosphatase with similar properties was found in several human lymphoblastoid cell lines, in chronic lymphatic leukemic cells, in organs of leukemic mice, and in sera of patients with certain lymphoproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 1064015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4490", "title": "Elucidation of hydrocarbon structure in an enzyme-catalyzed benzo[a]pyrene-poly (G) covalent complex.", "content": "The carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene, was covalently attached to poly (G) by liver microsomes from rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene. The complex was hydrolyzed with enzymes or base and products were isolated by Sephadex chromatography. Absorbance and fluorescence spectra of the products fit that of red-shifted pyrene aromatic system and suggest that metabolism has occurred at the 7-, 8-, 9-, and 10-positions of the hydrocarbon. Benzanthracene or chrysene fluorescence were not observed in these preparations. Benzo[a]pyrene derivatives were synthesized and purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Dehydration of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene resulted in the formation of small amounts of 7-oxo-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzoa[a]pyrene. A 7-keto species was also observed after similar treatment of the hydrocarbon-poly(G) hydrolysis products. Evidence of dehydration at the 9,10-positions was not observed. The hydrocarbon covalently bound to poly(G) is, therefore, a derivative of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol[a]pyrene with nucleic acid substitution at C-10 or 9.", "contents": "Elucidation of hydrocarbon structure in an enzyme-catalyzed benzo[a]pyrene-poly (G) covalent complex. The carcinogen, benzo[a]pyrene, was covalently attached to poly (G) by liver microsomes from rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene. The complex was hydrolyzed with enzymes or base and products were isolated by Sephadex chromatography. Absorbance and fluorescence spectra of the products fit that of red-shifted pyrene aromatic system and suggest that metabolism has occurred at the 7-, 8-, 9-, and 10-positions of the hydrocarbon. Benzanthracene or chrysene fluorescence were not observed in these preparations. Benzo[a]pyrene derivatives were synthesized and purified by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Dehydration of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene resulted in the formation of small amounts of 7-oxo-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzoa[a]pyrene. A 7-keto species was also observed after similar treatment of the hydrocarbon-poly(G) hydrolysis products. Evidence of dehydration at the 9,10-positions was not observed. The hydrocarbon covalently bound to poly(G) is, therefore, a derivative of 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol[a]pyrene with nucleic acid substitution at C-10 or 9.", "PMID": 1064016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4491", "title": "Induction of vitellogenin synthesis by estrogen in avian liver: relationship between level of vitellogenin mRNA and vitellogenin synthesis.", "content": "We have investigated the estrogen-mediated induction of vitellogenin synthesis in rooster liver. We compared the concentrations of vitellogenin messenger RNA (mRNA) in the liver with the concentrations of vitellogenin in the sera of roosters that had recieved various treatments with estrogen. We found no vitellogenin mRNA in the livers of the unstimulated roosters. An initial injection of estrogen was attended by de novo synthesis of vitellogenin mRNA in the liver and accumulation of vitellogenin in the serum. When vitellogenin was no longer present in the serum or liver (the \"post-estrogen-serum-negative\" state), the liver was found to contain appreciable amounts of vitellogenin mRNA. This mRNA was of the same size as that found in the liver of the rooster actively synthesizing vitellogenin in response to estrogen. Whereas vitellogenin mRNA was in large polysomes in the livers of the roosters actively synthesizing vitellogenin, the vitellogenin mRNA in the liver of the post-estrogen-serum-negative rooster was not associated with polysomes. The possible relevance of these findings to the fact that the rooster responds differently to a primary stimulation with estrogen than to subsequent stimulations is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of vitellogenin synthesis by estrogen in avian liver: relationship between level of vitellogenin mRNA and vitellogenin synthesis. We have investigated the estrogen-mediated induction of vitellogenin synthesis in rooster liver. We compared the concentrations of vitellogenin messenger RNA (mRNA) in the liver with the concentrations of vitellogenin in the sera of roosters that had recieved various treatments with estrogen. We found no vitellogenin mRNA in the livers of the unstimulated roosters. An initial injection of estrogen was attended by de novo synthesis of vitellogenin mRNA in the liver and accumulation of vitellogenin in the serum. When vitellogenin was no longer present in the serum or liver (the \"post-estrogen-serum-negative\" state), the liver was found to contain appreciable amounts of vitellogenin mRNA. This mRNA was of the same size as that found in the liver of the rooster actively synthesizing vitellogenin in response to estrogen. Whereas vitellogenin mRNA was in large polysomes in the livers of the roosters actively synthesizing vitellogenin, the vitellogenin mRNA in the liver of the post-estrogen-serum-negative rooster was not associated with polysomes. The possible relevance of these findings to the fact that the rooster responds differently to a primary stimulation with estrogen than to subsequent stimulations is discussed.", "PMID": 1064017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4492", "title": "Characterization of a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein from bone.", "content": "A gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein has been purified from the calcified tissues of several vertebrates. The presence of three-gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the bovine protein was established by alkaline hydrolysis and amino acid analysis, a method based upon studies with synthetic gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. The identity of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the bovine protein was established by mass spectroscopy on the unknown amino acid isolated from alkaline hydrolysates.", "contents": "Characterization of a gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein from bone. A gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein has been purified from the calcified tissues of several vertebrates. The presence of three-gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues in the bovine protein was established by alkaline hydrolysis and amino acid analysis, a method based upon studies with synthetic gamma-carboxyglutamic acid. The identity of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in the bovine protein was established by mass spectroscopy on the unknown amino acid isolated from alkaline hydrolysates.", "PMID": 1064018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4493", "title": "On the obligatory role of the hypophysis in sexual differentiation hepatic metabolism in rats.", "content": "The hepatic metabolism of 4-[4-14C]androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-[4-14C]androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol was studies in castrated and hypophysectomized male rats with a transplanted pituitary under the kidney capsule. The effects of testosterone propionate and estradiol benzoate on liver metabolism were also studied in these experimental animals. It was found that the autonomous pituitary secreted a \"feminizing factor\" that transformed the male type of steroid metabolism characteristic of hypophysectomized rats into a female type of metabolism Hypophysectomized rats were unresponsive towards androgen action on the liver and did not respond with feminized hepatic metabolism after treatment with estradiol benzoate. It is concluded that estrogenic action on liver enzymes is mediated via modulation of the secretion of a central (probably hypothalamic) \"feminizing factor inhibiting factor\" and the sex hormonal effects of hepatic metabolism only occur in the presence of a pituitary in situ.", "contents": "On the obligatory role of the hypophysis in sexual differentiation hepatic metabolism in rats. The hepatic metabolism of 4-[4-14C]androstene-3,17-dione and 5alpha-[4-14C]androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol was studies in castrated and hypophysectomized male rats with a transplanted pituitary under the kidney capsule. The effects of testosterone propionate and estradiol benzoate on liver metabolism were also studied in these experimental animals. It was found that the autonomous pituitary secreted a \"feminizing factor\" that transformed the male type of steroid metabolism characteristic of hypophysectomized rats into a female type of metabolism Hypophysectomized rats were unresponsive towards androgen action on the liver and did not respond with feminized hepatic metabolism after treatment with estradiol benzoate. It is concluded that estrogenic action on liver enzymes is mediated via modulation of the secretion of a central (probably hypothalamic) \"feminizing factor inhibiting factor\" and the sex hormonal effects of hepatic metabolism only occur in the presence of a pituitary in situ.", "PMID": 1064019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4494", "title": "Synthesis of nuclear proteins during DNA repair synthesis in human diploid fibroblasts damaged with ultraviolet radiation of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluroene.", "content": "We have examined the accumulation of newly synthesized nuclear proteins into nuclei during DNA repair synthesis in confluent WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts damaged with ultraviolet radiation or N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluroene. In contrast to a marked stimulation of DNA repair synthesis, stimulation of amino acid incorporation into histone polypeptides or into the various molecular weight classes of nonhistone nuclear proteins was not observed. These results suggest that detectable stimulation of newly synthesized nuclear protein incorporation into nuclei does not accompany DNA repair synthesis induced by ultraviolet radiation or a direct acting chemical carcinogen. At least for the special case of repair, DNA synthesis may be uncoupled from histone synthesis.", "contents": "Synthesis of nuclear proteins during DNA repair synthesis in human diploid fibroblasts damaged with ultraviolet radiation of N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluroene. We have examined the accumulation of newly synthesized nuclear proteins into nuclei during DNA repair synthesis in confluent WI-38 human diploid fibroblasts damaged with ultraviolet radiation or N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluroene. In contrast to a marked stimulation of DNA repair synthesis, stimulation of amino acid incorporation into histone polypeptides or into the various molecular weight classes of nonhistone nuclear proteins was not observed. These results suggest that detectable stimulation of newly synthesized nuclear protein incorporation into nuclei does not accompany DNA repair synthesis induced by ultraviolet radiation or a direct acting chemical carcinogen. At least for the special case of repair, DNA synthesis may be uncoupled from histone synthesis.", "PMID": 1064020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4495", "title": "Biological consequences of incorporation of 5-fluorocytidine in the RNA of 5-fluorouracil-treated eukaryotic cells.", "content": "Treatment of HeLa cells with 5-fluoro-[3H]uracil leads to the incorporation into cellular RNA of 5-fluorocytidine to the extent of about 0.2% of the 5-fluorouridine incorporated. In tobacco mosaic virus RNA produced in tobacco leaves this ratio is one order of magnitude lower. Copolymers of cytidylic with 5-fluorocytidylic acids show unchanged template activity with E. coli RNA polymerase, but slightly altered messenger activity in the wheat germ system, compared to poly(C), and it is suggested that some of the biological consequences of 5-fluorouracil treatment of living cells and organisms may be attributed to this mechanism.", "contents": "Biological consequences of incorporation of 5-fluorocytidine in the RNA of 5-fluorouracil-treated eukaryotic cells. Treatment of HeLa cells with 5-fluoro-[3H]uracil leads to the incorporation into cellular RNA of 5-fluorocytidine to the extent of about 0.2% of the 5-fluorouridine incorporated. In tobacco mosaic virus RNA produced in tobacco leaves this ratio is one order of magnitude lower. Copolymers of cytidylic with 5-fluorocytidylic acids show unchanged template activity with E. coli RNA polymerase, but slightly altered messenger activity in the wheat germ system, compared to poly(C), and it is suggested that some of the biological consequences of 5-fluorouracil treatment of living cells and organisms may be attributed to this mechanism.", "PMID": 1064021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4496", "title": "Ability of insulin to increase calcium binding by adipocyte plasma membranes.", "content": "Calcium specifically binds to adipocyte plasma membranes, demonstrating two classes of binding sites having affinity constants of 4.5 x 10(4) M-1 and 2.0 x 10(3) M-1. Insulin (100 microunits/ml) added directly to the isolated plasma membranes caused no alteration in calcium binding, whereas incubation of the adipocytes with 100 microunits/ml of insulin resulted in a 2.50 +/- 1.6% increase in calcium binding to the subsequently isolated plasma membranes. The increase in calcium binding produced by insulin resulted from an increase in the maximum binding capacities of both classes of binding sites without alteration in their affinity constants. Additionally, a second pool of calcium in adipocyte plasma membranes has been identified by atomic absorption analysis; it was more than two times larger than the maximum binding capacity of the calcium binding system. This pool of calcium was stable, did not participate in the 45Ca2+ exchange, and was unaltered by insulin treatment. A simialr stable pool of magnesium exists in plasma membranes and was also unaffected by insulin treatment. The increased capacity of the isolated plasma membranes to bind calcium after insulin treatment of the cells may represent an important bioregulating mechanism and supports the concept that calcium may play an important role in the effector system for insulin.", "contents": "Ability of insulin to increase calcium binding by adipocyte plasma membranes. Calcium specifically binds to adipocyte plasma membranes, demonstrating two classes of binding sites having affinity constants of 4.5 x 10(4) M-1 and 2.0 x 10(3) M-1. Insulin (100 microunits/ml) added directly to the isolated plasma membranes caused no alteration in calcium binding, whereas incubation of the adipocytes with 100 microunits/ml of insulin resulted in a 2.50 +/- 1.6% increase in calcium binding to the subsequently isolated plasma membranes. The increase in calcium binding produced by insulin resulted from an increase in the maximum binding capacities of both classes of binding sites without alteration in their affinity constants. Additionally, a second pool of calcium in adipocyte plasma membranes has been identified by atomic absorption analysis; it was more than two times larger than the maximum binding capacity of the calcium binding system. This pool of calcium was stable, did not participate in the 45Ca2+ exchange, and was unaltered by insulin treatment. A simialr stable pool of magnesium exists in plasma membranes and was also unaffected by insulin treatment. The increased capacity of the isolated plasma membranes to bind calcium after insulin treatment of the cells may represent an important bioregulating mechanism and supports the concept that calcium may play an important role in the effector system for insulin.", "PMID": 1064022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4497", "title": "A protein binding the methylated 5'-terminal sequence, m7GpppN, of eukaryotic messenger RNA.", "content": "Ribosomal salt washes of Artemia salina embryos contain a protein(s) that binds [3H]m7GpppGpC and [3H]m7GpppGmpC, as measured by retention on nitrocellulose membrane filters. These oligonucleotides correspond in structure to the methylated 5'-terminal sequences (caps) present in many eukaryotic mRNAs. The cap binding protein does not bind the unmethylated counterparts of caps, e.g., [32P]GpppGpCp, or a derivative of m7GpppGmpC containing ring-opened m7G. None of the purified initiation factors IF-MP, IF-M2A, IF-M2B, IF-M3, or IF-MI binds the m7G-containing oligonucleotides.", "contents": "A protein binding the methylated 5'-terminal sequence, m7GpppN, of eukaryotic messenger RNA. Ribosomal salt washes of Artemia salina embryos contain a protein(s) that binds [3H]m7GpppGpC and [3H]m7GpppGmpC, as measured by retention on nitrocellulose membrane filters. These oligonucleotides correspond in structure to the methylated 5'-terminal sequences (caps) present in many eukaryotic mRNAs. The cap binding protein does not bind the unmethylated counterparts of caps, e.g., [32P]GpppGpCp, or a derivative of m7GpppGmpC containing ring-opened m7G. None of the purified initiation factors IF-MP, IF-M2A, IF-M2B, IF-M3, or IF-MI binds the m7G-containing oligonucleotides.", "PMID": 1064023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4498", "title": "In vitro transcription of chromatin in the presence of a mercurated nucleotide.", "content": "Mercurated uridine triphosphate has been used to label transcripts of chicken reticulocyte chromatin made with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The mercury-labeled RNA product can be completely separated from endogenous RNA sequences in the chromatin by passage through a sulfhydryl Sepharose column. Globin cDNA hybridization to the transcript shows that only 2.6 x 10-5 of the transcript is globin RNA. In contrast to this result, erythrocte chromatin transcript contains less than one tenth as many globin RNA sequences.", "contents": "In vitro transcription of chromatin in the presence of a mercurated nucleotide. Mercurated uridine triphosphate has been used to label transcripts of chicken reticulocyte chromatin made with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. The mercury-labeled RNA product can be completely separated from endogenous RNA sequences in the chromatin by passage through a sulfhydryl Sepharose column. Globin cDNA hybridization to the transcript shows that only 2.6 x 10-5 of the transcript is globin RNA. In contrast to this result, erythrocte chromatin transcript contains less than one tenth as many globin RNA sequences.", "PMID": 1064024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4499", "title": "Long-chain neutral glycolipids and gangliosides of murine fibroblast lines and their low- and high-tumourigenic hybrids.", "content": "The patterns of long-chain neutral glycolipids and gangliosides of established, L-cell-derived murine fibroblast lines and their low- and high-tumorigenic hybrids were studied.", "contents": "Long-chain neutral glycolipids and gangliosides of murine fibroblast lines and their low- and high-tumourigenic hybrids. The patterns of long-chain neutral glycolipids and gangliosides of established, L-cell-derived murine fibroblast lines and their low- and high-tumorigenic hybrids were studied.", "PMID": 1064025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4500", "title": "Presence of messenger specifying sequences in the DNA of chromatin subunits.", "content": "Messenger-specifying sequences in subunits of human lymphocyte chromatin were detected by hybridization of DNA complementary to cytoplasmic polyadenylylated RNA with DNA isolated from the subunits. Comparison of the kinetics and extents of hybridization of complementary DNA with chromatin subunit DNA and with nuclear DNA showed that most of the repetitive sequences and single copy sequences in mRNA are present in chromatin subunits. This result indicates that inclusion of a DNA sequence into the subunit does not prevent its transcription in vivo.", "contents": "Presence of messenger specifying sequences in the DNA of chromatin subunits. Messenger-specifying sequences in subunits of human lymphocyte chromatin were detected by hybridization of DNA complementary to cytoplasmic polyadenylylated RNA with DNA isolated from the subunits. Comparison of the kinetics and extents of hybridization of complementary DNA with chromatin subunit DNA and with nuclear DNA showed that most of the repetitive sequences and single copy sequences in mRNA are present in chromatin subunits. This result indicates that inclusion of a DNA sequence into the subunit does not prevent its transcription in vivo.", "PMID": 1064026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4501", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance study of heme-heme interaction in hemoglobin M Milwaukee: implications concerning the mechanism of cooperative ligand binding in normal hemoglobin.", "content": "Hemoglobin M Milwaukee (beta 67E11 val leads to Glu) is a naturally occurring valency hybrid containing two permanently oxidized hemes in the beta-chains. In this mutant, the two abnormal beta-chains cannot combine with oxygen, whereas the two alpha-chains are normal and can combine with oxygen cooperatively with a Hill coefficient of approximately 1.3. High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 250 MHz has been used to investigate the hyperfine shifted resonances of the abnormal ferric beta-chains of Hb M Milwaukee over the spectral region from -30 to -60 parts per million from water at pD 7 and 30 degrees.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance study of heme-heme interaction in hemoglobin M Milwaukee: implications concerning the mechanism of cooperative ligand binding in normal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin M Milwaukee (beta 67E11 val leads to Glu) is a naturally occurring valency hybrid containing two permanently oxidized hemes in the beta-chains. In this mutant, the two abnormal beta-chains cannot combine with oxygen, whereas the two alpha-chains are normal and can combine with oxygen cooperatively with a Hill coefficient of approximately 1.3. High-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 250 MHz has been used to investigate the hyperfine shifted resonances of the abnormal ferric beta-chains of Hb M Milwaukee over the spectral region from -30 to -60 parts per million from water at pD 7 and 30 degrees.", "PMID": 1064027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4502", "title": "Hepatic phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase is a phosphoprotein.", "content": "Phenylalanine hydroxylase [phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase; EC 1.14.16.1; L-phenylalanine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase(4-hydroxylating)] isolated from rat liver is a phosphoprotein containing approximately 0.31 mumol of  protein-bound phosphate per mumol of subunit (50,000 molecular weight). When the enzyme is further phosphorylated in the presence of ATP and a 3'5'-cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37; ATP:protein phsophotransferase), an additional 0.7 mumol of phosphate per mumol of subunit is introduced, bringing the total phosphate content up to about 1 mumol/mumol of subunit. This phosphorylation of the enzyme in vitro is accompanied by a 2.6-fold increase in hydroxylase activity when the activity is assayed in the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin. Partial proteolytic digestion of phenylalanine hydroxylase, which previously had been shown to activate the enzyme 20- to 50-fold [Fisher, D.B. & Kaufman, S. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4345-4353], removes almost all of the phosphate from the enzyme.", "contents": "Hepatic phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase is a phosphoprotein. Phenylalanine hydroxylase [phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase; EC 1.14.16.1; L-phenylalanine, tetrahydropteridine:oxygen oxidoreductase(4-hydroxylating)] isolated from rat liver is a phosphoprotein containing approximately 0.31 mumol of  protein-bound phosphate per mumol of subunit (50,000 molecular weight). When the enzyme is further phosphorylated in the presence of ATP and a 3'5'-cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase (EC 2.7.1.37; ATP:protein phsophotransferase), an additional 0.7 mumol of phosphate per mumol of subunit is introduced, bringing the total phosphate content up to about 1 mumol/mumol of subunit. This phosphorylation of the enzyme in vitro is accompanied by a 2.6-fold increase in hydroxylase activity when the activity is assayed in the presence of tetrahydrobiopterin. Partial proteolytic digestion of phenylalanine hydroxylase, which previously had been shown to activate the enzyme 20- to 50-fold [Fisher, D.B. & Kaufman, S. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4345-4353], removes almost all of the phosphate from the enzyme.", "PMID": 1064028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4503", "title": "An enzyme system for replication of duplex circular DNA: the replicative form of phage phi X174.", "content": "Viral single strands (SS) are converted to the duplex from (RF) by a soluble enzyme fraction uninfected Escherichia coli [Schekman et al. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5859-5865]. When reactions were supplemented with a soluble enzyme fraction from phi X174-infected cells, replication of phi X174 superhelical RF I DNA was observed. The activity supplied by infected cells was absent in cells treated with chloramphenicol or in cells infected with a phi X174 phage mutant in cistron A (cis A). A host function coded by the rep gene, essential in vivo for RF replication (but not for SS leads to RF), was supplied by enzyme fractions from either infected or uninfected cells. Based on complementation assays, the cisA-dependent and the rep-dependent proteins have each been purified about 1000-fold. The synthetic products of the enzymatic reaction were identified as RF I and RF II in which viral (+) and complementary (-) strands were newly synthesized.", "contents": "An enzyme system for replication of duplex circular DNA: the replicative form of phage phi X174. Viral single strands (SS) are converted to the duplex from (RF) by a soluble enzyme fraction uninfected Escherichia coli [Schekman et al. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 5859-5865]. When reactions were supplemented with a soluble enzyme fraction from phi X174-infected cells, replication of phi X174 superhelical RF I DNA was observed. The activity supplied by infected cells was absent in cells treated with chloramphenicol or in cells infected with a phi X174 phage mutant in cistron A (cis A). A host function coded by the rep gene, essential in vivo for RF replication (but not for SS leads to RF), was supplied by enzyme fractions from either infected or uninfected cells. Based on complementation assays, the cisA-dependent and the rep-dependent proteins have each been purified about 1000-fold. The synthetic products of the enzymatic reaction were identified as RF I and RF II in which viral (+) and complementary (-) strands were newly synthesized.", "PMID": 1064029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4504", "title": "Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of nucleic acid derivatives.", "content": "Inelastic electron tunneling spectra of nucleosides and nucleotides are presented which show that detailed information on the vibrational spectra of these molecules can be obtained from a few micrograms of material. A series of studies on adenine derivatives demonstrates that unambiguous identification of a large number of slightly different derivatives can be carried out by means of this technique.", "contents": "Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of nucleic acid derivatives. Inelastic electron tunneling spectra of nucleosides and nucleotides are presented which show that detailed information on the vibrational spectra of these molecules can be obtained from a few micrograms of material. A series of studies on adenine derivatives demonstrates that unambiguous identification of a large number of slightly different derivatives can be carried out by means of this technique.", "PMID": 1064030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4505", "title": "Cell cycle analysis and X-chromosome inactivation in the developing mouse.", "content": "The duration of different phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M), as well as the exact time of initiation of asynchronous DNA replication pattern in one of the X-chromosomes in the female mouse during the early stages of development, have been investigated. It was found that early developmental stages in the mouse are devoid of G1 period, and from the late blastocyst stage the embryonic cells first acquire all the characteristic stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M). Additionally, asynchronous DNA replication pattern in one of the X-chromosomes in the female embryos was found to be initiated with the appearance of the G1 period. I have established a correlation between the onset of the G1 period and the initiation of an asynchronous DNA replication pattern in one of the X-chromosomes of the female mammal during embryogenesis.", "contents": "Cell cycle analysis and X-chromosome inactivation in the developing mouse. The duration of different phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M), as well as the exact time of initiation of asynchronous DNA replication pattern in one of the X-chromosomes in the female mouse during the early stages of development, have been investigated. It was found that early developmental stages in the mouse are devoid of G1 period, and from the late blastocyst stage the embryonic cells first acquire all the characteristic stages of the cell cycle (G1, S, G2, and M). Additionally, asynchronous DNA replication pattern in one of the X-chromosomes in the female embryos was found to be initiated with the appearance of the G1 period. I have established a correlation between the onset of the G1 period and the initiation of an asynchronous DNA replication pattern in one of the X-chromosomes of the female mammal during embryogenesis.", "PMID": 1064031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4506", "title": "Stimulation of prostaglandin E synthesis in cultured human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells.", "content": "Cultured human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells secreted 1.26 +/- 0.20 mug of immunoreactive prostaglandin E (iPGE) per mg of cell protein per 24 hr (mean +/- SEM). In indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, abolished greater than 95% of this basal iPGE production (ID50 = 1.8 nM).", "contents": "Stimulation of prostaglandin E synthesis in cultured human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells. Cultured human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells secreted 1.26 +/- 0.20 mug of immunoreactive prostaglandin E (iPGE) per mg of cell protein per 24 hr (mean +/- SEM). In indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, abolished greater than 95% of this basal iPGE production (ID50 = 1.8 nM).", "PMID": 1064032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4507", "title": "An evaluation of messenger RNA competition in the shutoff of human interferon production.", "content": "The process that shuts off poly(I)-poly(C)-induced interferon production in a strain of diploid human fibroblasts (FS-4)-involves the synthesis of new RNA, presumably nuclear heterogeneous RNA. When cultures in the shutoff phase of interferon production are treated with actinomycin D (5 mug/ml) or 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB 40 muM), the rate of interferon production continues to decline for a further 3-4 hr, but then tends to level off. The treated cultures maintain interferon production at a reduced level for at least 10 hr. The residual rate of interferon production is higher in cultures which received actinomycin D or DRB early in the shutoff phase as compared to the rate in cultures treated late.", "contents": "An evaluation of messenger RNA competition in the shutoff of human interferon production. The process that shuts off poly(I)-poly(C)-induced interferon production in a strain of diploid human fibroblasts (FS-4)-involves the synthesis of new RNA, presumably nuclear heterogeneous RNA. When cultures in the shutoff phase of interferon production are treated with actinomycin D (5 mug/ml) or 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB 40 muM), the rate of interferon production continues to decline for a further 3-4 hr, but then tends to level off. The treated cultures maintain interferon production at a reduced level for at least 10 hr. The residual rate of interferon production is higher in cultures which received actinomycin D or DRB early in the shutoff phase as compared to the rate in cultures treated late.", "PMID": 1064033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4508", "title": "Alpha-methyl ornithine, a potent competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, blocks proliferation of rat hepatoma cells in culture.", "content": "A biphasic increase of putrescine concentration occurs in rat hepatoma tissue culture cells induced to proliferate. DL-alpha-Methyl ornithine, a competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase ( L-ornithine carboxylyase, EC 4.1.1.7) of hepatoma tissue culture cells, blocks the usual increases of putrescine and spermidine concentrations in these cells, and causes a rapid fall in the levels of putrescine which is followed by a striking decrease of spermidine. In parallel with the depletion of these amines, incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA and cell proliferation are inhibited. Addition of putrescine, spermidine, or spermine results in an immediate resumption of cell proliferation. Cell proliferation is also restored by L-ornithine presumably due to in situ competitive inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase. These findings of hepatoma tissue culture cells support the concept that polyamines play an essential function in the cell division processes.", "contents": "Alpha-methyl ornithine, a potent competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, blocks proliferation of rat hepatoma cells in culture. A biphasic increase of putrescine concentration occurs in rat hepatoma tissue culture cells induced to proliferate. DL-alpha-Methyl ornithine, a competitive inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase ( L-ornithine carboxylyase, EC 4.1.1.7) of hepatoma tissue culture cells, blocks the usual increases of putrescine and spermidine concentrations in these cells, and causes a rapid fall in the levels of putrescine which is followed by a striking decrease of spermidine. In parallel with the depletion of these amines, incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA and cell proliferation are inhibited. Addition of putrescine, spermidine, or spermine results in an immediate resumption of cell proliferation. Cell proliferation is also restored by L-ornithine presumably due to in situ competitive inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase. These findings of hepatoma tissue culture cells support the concept that polyamines play an essential function in the cell division processes.", "PMID": 1064034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4509", "title": "Fluidity in mitochondrial membranes: thermotropic lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles.", "content": "The fracture faces of frozen rat liver mitochondria reveal that intramembrane particles can be induced to under go long-range lateral translational motion and aggregation, which parallel the appearance of large, particle-free smooth patches in the hydrophobic interior of the two mitochondrial membranes. These lateral separations were observed under conditions that induce thermotropic lipid-lipid phase separations. Low temperature-induced lateral separation occurred between the intramembrane particles (integral proteins) and smooth patches (bilayer lipid) at temperatures between about 10 and -12 degrees in the outer membrane and between about -4 and -12 degrees in the inner, energy transducing membrane.", "contents": "Fluidity in mitochondrial membranes: thermotropic lateral translational motion of intramembrane particles. The fracture faces of frozen rat liver mitochondria reveal that intramembrane particles can be induced to under go long-range lateral translational motion and aggregation, which parallel the appearance of large, particle-free smooth patches in the hydrophobic interior of the two mitochondrial membranes. These lateral separations were observed under conditions that induce thermotropic lipid-lipid phase separations. Low temperature-induced lateral separation occurred between the intramembrane particles (integral proteins) and smooth patches (bilayer lipid) at temperatures between about 10 and -12 degrees in the outer membrane and between about -4 and -12 degrees in the inner, energy transducing membrane.", "PMID": 1064035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4510", "title": "The development of the action potential mechanism of amphibian neurons isolated in culture.", "content": "Nerve and muscle cells differentiated morphologically, in cultures of dissociated cells prepared from amphibian neural plate and underlying mesoderm (Xenopus laevis, Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 15). Cultures were grown in a defined medium containing sterile Steinberg's salt solution and 0.1% bovine serum albumin, and maintained for periods up to 5 days.", "contents": "The development of the action potential mechanism of amphibian neurons isolated in culture. Nerve and muscle cells differentiated morphologically, in cultures of dissociated cells prepared from amphibian neural plate and underlying mesoderm (Xenopus laevis, Nieuwkoop and Faber stage 15). Cultures were grown in a defined medium containing sterile Steinberg's salt solution and 0.1% bovine serum albumin, and maintained for periods up to 5 days.", "PMID": 1064036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4511", "title": "Distribution of annionic sites in glomerular basement membranes: their possible role in filtration and attachment.", "content": "Lysozyme (pI = II) has been used to identify anionic sites in the glomerular capillary wall. A solution of 1-3% lysozyme was perfused into the left kidney at varying rates. After perfusion, the kidney was fixed in situ and processed for electron microscopy. Lysozyme was seen as an electron-dense deposit which was not present when succinylated lysozyme (pI = 4.5) or myoglobin (pI = 6.9) was perfused instead of native lysozyme. First, the epithelial cell plasma membrane was outlined by a 300-400 A electron-dense layer. Second, there were discrete dense deposits in the subepithelial portions (lamina rara externa) of the basement membrane which, in normal sections, extended from the epithelial cell membrane to the lamina densa and, in grazing section, formed a continuous reticular pattern.", "contents": "Distribution of annionic sites in glomerular basement membranes: their possible role in filtration and attachment. Lysozyme (pI = II) has been used to identify anionic sites in the glomerular capillary wall. A solution of 1-3% lysozyme was perfused into the left kidney at varying rates. After perfusion, the kidney was fixed in situ and processed for electron microscopy. Lysozyme was seen as an electron-dense deposit which was not present when succinylated lysozyme (pI = 4.5) or myoglobin (pI = 6.9) was perfused instead of native lysozyme. First, the epithelial cell plasma membrane was outlined by a 300-400 A electron-dense layer. Second, there were discrete dense deposits in the subepithelial portions (lamina rara externa) of the basement membrane which, in normal sections, extended from the epithelial cell membrane to the lamina densa and, in grazing section, formed a continuous reticular pattern.", "PMID": 1064037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4512", "title": "Different calcium requirements for proliferation of conditionally and unconditionally tumorigenic mouse cells.", "content": "Conditionally tumorigenic BALB/3T3 mouse cells (which produce tumors in BALB/c mice only under special conditions) cannot sustain DNA synthesis and consequently stop proliferating in media containing low concentrations (0-0.02 mM) of physiologically available calcium. By contrast, cells that have been neoplastically transformed (tumorigenic in mice without special assistance) in vitro by different oncogens, can sustain DNA synthesis and proliferate in such calcium-deficient media. The possible importance for tumor growth of an ability to withstand calcium deprivation is examined. It is suggested that this property may prove to be a reliable indicator of neoplastic transformation.", "contents": "Different calcium requirements for proliferation of conditionally and unconditionally tumorigenic mouse cells. Conditionally tumorigenic BALB/3T3 mouse cells (which produce tumors in BALB/c mice only under special conditions) cannot sustain DNA synthesis and consequently stop proliferating in media containing low concentrations (0-0.02 mM) of physiologically available calcium. By contrast, cells that have been neoplastically transformed (tumorigenic in mice without special assistance) in vitro by different oncogens, can sustain DNA synthesis and proliferate in such calcium-deficient media. The possible importance for tumor growth of an ability to withstand calcium deprivation is examined. It is suggested that this property may prove to be a reliable indicator of neoplastic transformation.", "PMID": 1064038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4513", "title": "Multiple active forms of thrombin: binding to platelets and effects on platelet function.", "content": "The effect of various forms of thrombin on certain platelet functions has been investigated. Partially purified bovine thrombin which is a mixture of multiple active forms of thrombin, was chromatographed to yield molecular species termed alpha-, beta-, and gamma-thrombin, each of which has varying degrees of fibrinogen clotting and esterase activities. A direct correlation was observed between the ability of the different forms of thrombin to clot fibrinogen and to influence platelet function. In general, thrombin with high fibrinogen clotting activity was also a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and the release reaction, while those species with low clotting ability were poor inducers of aggregation and release.", "contents": "Multiple active forms of thrombin: binding to platelets and effects on platelet function. The effect of various forms of thrombin on certain platelet functions has been investigated. Partially purified bovine thrombin which is a mixture of multiple active forms of thrombin, was chromatographed to yield molecular species termed alpha-, beta-, and gamma-thrombin, each of which has varying degrees of fibrinogen clotting and esterase activities. A direct correlation was observed between the ability of the different forms of thrombin to clot fibrinogen and to influence platelet function. In general, thrombin with high fibrinogen clotting activity was also a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and the release reaction, while those species with low clotting ability were poor inducers of aggregation and release.", "PMID": 1064039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4514", "title": "Changes in type of collagen synthesized as clones of chick chondrocytes grow and eventually lose division capacity.", "content": "Clones of embryonic chick chondrocytes have been isolated and collagen biosynthesis has been followed as the clones grow and eventually lose division capacity. Analysis of collagen type at each successive subculture until the time of cellular senescence has shown that a change in synthesis occurs from the cartilage-specific Type II collagen (chain composition [alpha1(II)]3) to a mixture of Type I collagen (chain composition [alpha1(I)2alpha2) and the Type I trimer (chain composition[alpha1(I)]3). The results demonstrate unequivocally that the expression of the chick chondrocyte phenotype is unstable in vitro, and that previous experiments with mass cultures of chondrocytes cannot be accounted for by overgrowth of fibroblasts. Since similar morphological changes and a similar \"switching\" in collagen biosynthesis have been observed after growth of chondrocytes for a few days in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, it is proposed that growth in this analog accelerates those changes that eventually lead to cellular senescence.", "contents": "Changes in type of collagen synthesized as clones of chick chondrocytes grow and eventually lose division capacity. Clones of embryonic chick chondrocytes have been isolated and collagen biosynthesis has been followed as the clones grow and eventually lose division capacity. Analysis of collagen type at each successive subculture until the time of cellular senescence has shown that a change in synthesis occurs from the cartilage-specific Type II collagen (chain composition [alpha1(II)]3) to a mixture of Type I collagen (chain composition [alpha1(I)2alpha2) and the Type I trimer (chain composition[alpha1(I)]3). The results demonstrate unequivocally that the expression of the chick chondrocyte phenotype is unstable in vitro, and that previous experiments with mass cultures of chondrocytes cannot be accounted for by overgrowth of fibroblasts. Since similar morphological changes and a similar \"switching\" in collagen biosynthesis have been observed after growth of chondrocytes for a few days in 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, it is proposed that growth in this analog accelerates those changes that eventually lead to cellular senescence.", "PMID": 1064040}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4515", "title": "Evolution of continuous variation: direct approach through joint distribution of genotypes and phenotypes.", "content": "The evolutionary dynamics of the joint distribution of genotypes and phenotypes is studied. The model, originally devised to study the joint effects of Mendelian and other types of transmissions, provides results of interest also to the theory of direct Mendelian transmission with natural selection. Assuming bivariate normal distributions, it is shown that in the latter case genotypic and phenotypic means and variances, and genotype-phenotype correlation can be expressed recursively as functions of the parameters for the selection, environmental, and mutation variance. Equilibria and rates of approach for these moments are calculated. It is also proved that in the presence of selection the heritability,defined as the ratio of expected genotypic to expected phenotypic variance after selection, is greater than that before selection by a predictable amount and that it can be greater than unity.", "contents": "Evolution of continuous variation: direct approach through joint distribution of genotypes and phenotypes. The evolutionary dynamics of the joint distribution of genotypes and phenotypes is studied. The model, originally devised to study the joint effects of Mendelian and other types of transmissions, provides results of interest also to the theory of direct Mendelian transmission with natural selection. Assuming bivariate normal distributions, it is shown that in the latter case genotypic and phenotypic means and variances, and genotype-phenotype correlation can be expressed recursively as functions of the parameters for the selection, environmental, and mutation variance. Equilibria and rates of approach for these moments are calculated. It is also proved that in the presence of selection the heritability,defined as the ratio of expected genotypic to expected phenotypic variance after selection, is greater than that before selection by a predictable amount and that it can be greater than unity.", "PMID": 1064041}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4516", "title": "Hypersensitivity to tobacco antigen.", "content": "A glycoprotein of molecular weight 18,000 was purified from saline extracts of cured tobacco leaves by ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and continuous-flow preparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Twelve of 31 volunteers (6/15 smokers and 6/16 nonsmokers) exhibited immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity (wheal and flare reactions) when injected intracutaneously with 2 mug of this material. Immunochemically similar material was demonstrated in, and purified from, cigarette smoke condensate and cigarette smoke. The concentration in cigarette smoke condensate (\"tar\") was determined to be 1.8-3.6 mg/g. Antigenically crossreactive material was also demonstrated in eggplants, green peppers, potatoes, and tomatoes, which, like tobacco, are members of the family Solanaceae.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to tobacco antigen. A glycoprotein of molecular weight 18,000 was purified from saline extracts of cured tobacco leaves by ammonium sulfate fractionation, chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and continuous-flow preparative electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Twelve of 31 volunteers (6/15 smokers and 6/16 nonsmokers) exhibited immediate cutaneous hypersensitivity (wheal and flare reactions) when injected intracutaneously with 2 mug of this material. Immunochemically similar material was demonstrated in, and purified from, cigarette smoke condensate and cigarette smoke. The concentration in cigarette smoke condensate (\"tar\") was determined to be 1.8-3.6 mg/g. Antigenically crossreactive material was also demonstrated in eggplants, green peppers, potatoes, and tomatoes, which, like tobacco, are members of the family Solanaceae.", "PMID": 1064042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4517", "title": "The effect of main artery occlusion of one kidney on blood pressure of dogs.", "content": "Occluding the main artery of one kidney in each of six dogs resulted in an average increase in the renin concentration of the peripheral blood from the original 0.040 to 0.198 milliunit/ml of serum. During the same time (3-4 days), the occlusion also resulted in a significant rise of directly measured mean systemic blood pressure from an average basal level of 104 to 139 mm Hg.", "contents": "The effect of main artery occlusion of one kidney on blood pressure of dogs. Occluding the main artery of one kidney in each of six dogs resulted in an average increase in the renin concentration of the peripheral blood from the original 0.040 to 0.198 milliunit/ml of serum. During the same time (3-4 days), the occlusion also resulted in a significant rise of directly measured mean systemic blood pressure from an average basal level of 104 to 139 mm Hg.", "PMID": 1064043}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4518", "title": "Inhibition of arachidonic acid release from cells as the biochemical action of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids.", "content": "Serum stimulates the production of prostaglandins by transformed mouse fibroblasts. Hydrocortisone (cortisol) inhibits this stimulation. The half-maximal inhibition occurs at 6x10-9 M. Studies with cells labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid in their lipids show that the stimulation by serum results in the release of arachidonic acid from the cellular lipids, mostly phospholipids. Hydrocrotisone inhibits this release but does not inhibit the production of prostaglandins from exogenously supplied arachidonic acid. This inhibition of arachidonic acid release from phospholipids may be the mechanism for the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Inhibition of arachidonic acid release from cells as the biochemical action of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids. Serum stimulates the production of prostaglandins by transformed mouse fibroblasts. Hydrocortisone (cortisol) inhibits this stimulation. The half-maximal inhibition occurs at 6x10-9 M. Studies with cells labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid in their lipids show that the stimulation by serum results in the release of arachidonic acid from the cellular lipids, mostly phospholipids. Hydrocrotisone inhibits this release but does not inhibit the production of prostaglandins from exogenously supplied arachidonic acid. This inhibition of arachidonic acid release from phospholipids may be the mechanism for the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids.", "PMID": 1064044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4519", "title": "Kinetics of glucagon in man: effects of starvation.", "content": "Serum stimulates the production of prostaglandins by transformed mouse fibroblasts. Hydrocortisone (cortisol) inhibits this stimulation. The half-maximal inhibition occurs at 6x10-9 M. Studies with cells labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid in their lipids show that the stimulation by serum results in the release of arachidonic acid from the cellular lipids, mostly phospholipids. Hydrocortisone inhibits this release but does not inhibit the production of prostaglandins from exogenously supplied arachidonic acid. This inhibition of arachidonic acid release from phospholipids may be the mechanism for the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids.", "contents": "Kinetics of glucagon in man: effects of starvation. Serum stimulates the production of prostaglandins by transformed mouse fibroblasts. Hydrocortisone (cortisol) inhibits this stimulation. The half-maximal inhibition occurs at 6x10-9 M. Studies with cells labeled with [3H]arachidonic acid in their lipids show that the stimulation by serum results in the release of arachidonic acid from the cellular lipids, mostly phospholipids. Hydrocortisone inhibits this release but does not inhibit the production of prostaglandins from exogenously supplied arachidonic acid. This inhibition of arachidonic acid release from phospholipids may be the mechanism for the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids.", "PMID": 1064045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4520", "title": "Analysis of ion distribution in subcellular myocardial particulates separated by density gradient centrifugation with nonpolar liquid under ion immobilization conditions.", "content": "Methods have been developed for the measurement of the Ca and Mg contents of subcellular particulates, separated by nonpolar liquid density gradient ultracentrifugation. After rapid deep freezing and removal of water by freeze-drying the frozen crushed tissue, homogenization and sonification a nonpolar liquid were carried out. Application of this technique has yielded evidence that the relative amounts of Mg and Ca are greatly different in the several subcellular particulates of normal heart muscle separated by density gradient centrifugation. It also appears that the comparative specific activity of Ca, after loading the perfusates with 45Ca, is very different in the several density fractions of the normal heart. The density site of greatest loading with 45Ca is changed in Ca2+-lack arrest and is very greatly altered by the induction of paradoxical Ca contracture. The method of ion-immobilization separation for water-free particulates of different densities in nonpolar liquids appears to be applicable to analysis for various constituents of other biological materials.", "contents": "Analysis of ion distribution in subcellular myocardial particulates separated by density gradient centrifugation with nonpolar liquid under ion immobilization conditions. Methods have been developed for the measurement of the Ca and Mg contents of subcellular particulates, separated by nonpolar liquid density gradient ultracentrifugation. After rapid deep freezing and removal of water by freeze-drying the frozen crushed tissue, homogenization and sonification a nonpolar liquid were carried out. Application of this technique has yielded evidence that the relative amounts of Mg and Ca are greatly different in the several subcellular particulates of normal heart muscle separated by density gradient centrifugation. It also appears that the comparative specific activity of Ca, after loading the perfusates with 45Ca, is very different in the several density fractions of the normal heart. The density site of greatest loading with 45Ca is changed in Ca2+-lack arrest and is very greatly altered by the induction of paradoxical Ca contracture. The method of ion-immobilization separation for water-free particulates of different densities in nonpolar liquids appears to be applicable to analysis for various constituents of other biological materials.", "PMID": 1064046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4521", "title": "Apolipoproteins in rat serum and renal lymph.", "content": "The concentration of apolipoproteins was measured by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis in rat serum, in the lipoprotein-free ultracentrifugal fraction (density greater than 1.21) of serum, and in renal lymph. The A-IV and arginine-rich apolipoproteins were present in high concentrations (greater than 18.5% of serum concentration)  both in the fraction of density greater than 1.21 and in renal lymph, whereas the other apolipoproteins were found in low concentrations ( less than 7% of serum concentration). The major apolipoproteins of renal lymph were similar to those found in the fraction of density greater than 1.21; however, the apolipoproteins composition of the renal lymph was very different from the apolipoprotein composition of serum lipoproteins. The presence of certain apolipoproteins in the fraction of density greater than 1.21 and in renal lymph suggests that these apolipoproteins might be present in the circulation as \"free\" apolipoproteins. The possible physiological importance of these specific apolipoproteins is postulated.", "contents": "Apolipoproteins in rat serum and renal lymph. The concentration of apolipoproteins was measured by quantitative immunoelectrophoresis in rat serum, in the lipoprotein-free ultracentrifugal fraction (density greater than 1.21) of serum, and in renal lymph. The A-IV and arginine-rich apolipoproteins were present in high concentrations (greater than 18.5% of serum concentration)  both in the fraction of density greater than 1.21 and in renal lymph, whereas the other apolipoproteins were found in low concentrations ( less than 7% of serum concentration). The major apolipoproteins of renal lymph were similar to those found in the fraction of density greater than 1.21; however, the apolipoproteins composition of the renal lymph was very different from the apolipoprotein composition of serum lipoproteins. The presence of certain apolipoproteins in the fraction of density greater than 1.21 and in renal lymph suggests that these apolipoproteins might be present in the circulation as \"free\" apolipoproteins. The possible physiological importance of these specific apolipoproteins is postulated.", "PMID": 1064047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4522", "title": "Effects of cholera toxin on cochlear endolymph production: model for endolymphatic hydrops.", "content": "To evaluate a possible role for adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] and adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate in the secretion of endolymph, we studied the effect of an intra-scala media injection of purified cholera toxin (an adenylate cyclase stimulant) on cochlear endolymph volume, endolymphatic potential, and endolymphatic Na and K concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of cholera toxin on cochlear endolymph production: model for endolymphatic hydrops. To evaluate a possible role for adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] and adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate in the secretion of endolymph, we studied the effect of an intra-scala media injection of purified cholera toxin (an adenylate cyclase stimulant) on cochlear endolymph volume, endolymphatic potential, and endolymphatic Na and K concentrations.", "PMID": 1064048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4523", "title": "Replication of mycoplasmavirus MVL51: attachment of MVL51 parental DNA to host cell membrane.", "content": "The replication of the single-stranded circular DNA of MVL51 mycoplasmavirus has been studied with respect to the roles of free and membrane-associated viral DNA intermediates. Replication involves the formation of parental replicative intermediate (RF) molecules on, at most, two to three membrane sites per cell, symmetric RF replication at the membrane and apparent asymmetric RF replication in the cytoplasm leading to single-stranded progeny chromosomes.", "contents": "Replication of mycoplasmavirus MVL51: attachment of MVL51 parental DNA to host cell membrane. The replication of the single-stranded circular DNA of MVL51 mycoplasmavirus has been studied with respect to the roles of free and membrane-associated viral DNA intermediates. Replication involves the formation of parental replicative intermediate (RF) molecules on, at most, two to three membrane sites per cell, symmetric RF replication at the membrane and apparent asymmetric RF replication in the cytoplasm leading to single-stranded progeny chromosomes.", "PMID": 1064049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4524", "title": "[Lymphographic interpretation of benign lymphnodes lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical, lymphographic and morphologic non tumor induced lymphnode lesions of 164 patients are described, and a roentgenographic morphological correlation is performed. Diffuse non specific inflammatory and reactivy lymphnode lesions are divided into three groups. These changes cannot be distinguished from lymphnodes with micrometastases. Typical cirteria for segmental lymphnode fibrosis and hyperplasia are described. Fatty lymphnode degeneration may be segmental or diffuse, their characteristics are presented as well.", "contents": "[Lymphographic interpretation of benign lymphnodes lesions (author's transl)]. Clinical, lymphographic and morphologic non tumor induced lymphnode lesions of 164 patients are described, and a roentgenographic morphological correlation is performed. Diffuse non specific inflammatory and reactivy lymphnode lesions are divided into three groups. These changes cannot be distinguished from lymphnodes with micrometastases. Typical cirteria for segmental lymphnode fibrosis and hyperplasia are described. Fatty lymphnode degeneration may be segmental or diffuse, their characteristics are presented as well.", "PMID": 1064053}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4525", "title": "Immediate response to expiratory threshold load.", "content": "In anesthetized rabbits, cats and dogs the end-inspiratory volume referred to normal FRC (deltaVe.i.) of the first breath during expiratory threshold load (ETL) was greater than control deltaVe.i. The increase of deltaVe.i. was roughly proportional to the increase of end-expiratory volume relative to normal FRC (deltaVe.e.) caused by ETL. During squeezing of the rib cage or of the abdomen or after cordotomy at T1 the phenomenon occurred nearly to the same extent. This suggests that afferent impulses from the chest wall are not essential in determining the phenomenon. The first inspiration during ETL occurred after a delay that was roughly proportional to the increase of deltaVe.e: the arterial Pco2, however, was not significantly increased at the time of the first inspiration during ETL. After bilateral vagotomy the first inspiration during ETL was no longer increased. An explantation of the increased deltaVe.i. of the first inspiration during ETL is provided on the basis of the vagal dependent tidal volume-inspiratory duration characteristic of the respiratory center.", "contents": "Immediate response to expiratory threshold load. In anesthetized rabbits, cats and dogs the end-inspiratory volume referred to normal FRC (deltaVe.i.) of the first breath during expiratory threshold load (ETL) was greater than control deltaVe.i. The increase of deltaVe.i. was roughly proportional to the increase of end-expiratory volume relative to normal FRC (deltaVe.e.) caused by ETL. During squeezing of the rib cage or of the abdomen or after cordotomy at T1 the phenomenon occurred nearly to the same extent. This suggests that afferent impulses from the chest wall are not essential in determining the phenomenon. The first inspiration during ETL occurred after a delay that was roughly proportional to the increase of deltaVe.e: the arterial Pco2, however, was not significantly increased at the time of the first inspiration during ETL. After bilateral vagotomy the first inspiration during ETL was no longer increased. An explantation of the increased deltaVe.i. of the first inspiration during ETL is provided on the basis of the vagal dependent tidal volume-inspiratory duration characteristic of the respiratory center.", "PMID": 1064056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4526", "title": "Prevalence of gingivitis among children with and without school dental service.", "content": "In order to evaluate the effect of school dental care on the prevalence of gingivitis in children, two groups of children in the 7th grade (approx. age 13-14 years) were compared, only one of the groups having had school dental service. A  total of 758 children from eight different provincial towns in Denmark were studied. Gingivitis was recorded by the method of L\u00f6e & Silness. The results are given as the average sum of sound, inflamed, and severely inflamed gingival zones and in frequency tables. There were only small differences between those children who had had school dental service and those who had never received it.", "contents": "Prevalence of gingivitis among children with and without school dental service. In order to evaluate the effect of school dental care on the prevalence of gingivitis in children, two groups of children in the 7th grade (approx. age 13-14 years) were compared, only one of the groups having had school dental service. A  total of 758 children from eight different provincial towns in Denmark were studied. Gingivitis was recorded by the method of L\u00f6e & Silness. The results are given as the average sum of sound, inflamed, and severely inflamed gingival zones and in frequency tables. There were only small differences between those children who had had school dental service and those who had never received it.", "PMID": 1064121}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4527", "title": "A radiographic study of mineralization of permanent teeth in a group of children aged 3-7 years.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was, by using a standardized radiographic technique, to assess the time of selected mineralization stages of all permanent teeth except the second and third molars in a group of 580 children aged 3-7 years. A complete radiographic examination, consisting of nine intraoral films, was made of each child, using Eggen's film holder. According to degree, mineralization of the teeth was subdivided into nine stages. The cap relation between the two variables, mineralization stage and chronologic age, was calculated by linear regression analysis. The hypothesis of the present study, that linearity exists between the two variables, was confirmed within and close to the investigated age group.", "contents": "A radiographic study of mineralization of permanent teeth in a group of children aged 3-7 years. The purpose of the present study was, by using a standardized radiographic technique, to assess the time of selected mineralization stages of all permanent teeth except the second and third molars in a group of 580 children aged 3-7 years. A complete radiographic examination, consisting of nine intraoral films, was made of each child, using Eggen's film holder. According to degree, mineralization of the teeth was subdivided into nine stages. The cap relation between the two variables, mineralization stage and chronologic age, was calculated by linear regression analysis. The hypothesis of the present study, that linearity exists between the two variables, was confirmed within and close to the investigated age group.", "PMID": 1064122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4528", "title": "Developmental disturbances in permanent teeth after intrusion of their primary predecessors.", "content": "The frequency and type of developmental disturbances in the permanent teeth in relation to the child's age at the time of injury were examined in 78 patients with 100 intruded primary incisors. The central incisors were found to be the most frequently affected teeth. Only maxillary teeth were involved. The dominating age group was 1-3 years and intrusion was seldom seen after the age of 4 years. The frequency of disturbed normal development of the permanent teeth was 54%. In eight cases the intruded teeth were removed immediately, 86 teeth reerupted, and six teeth did not reerupt. Internal white enamel hypoplasia was seen frequently; external hypoplasia, seldom.", "contents": "Developmental disturbances in permanent teeth after intrusion of their primary predecessors. The frequency and type of developmental disturbances in the permanent teeth in relation to the child's age at the time of injury were examined in 78 patients with 100 intruded primary incisors. The central incisors were found to be the most frequently affected teeth. Only maxillary teeth were involved. The dominating age group was 1-3 years and intrusion was seldom seen after the age of 4 years. The frequency of disturbed normal development of the permanent teeth was 54%. In eight cases the intruded teeth were removed immediately, 86 teeth reerupted, and six teeth did not reerupt. Internal white enamel hypoplasia was seen frequently; external hypoplasia, seldom.", "PMID": 1064123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4529", "title": "The occlusal fissure of unerupted third molars as an experimental caries model in man.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to establish an experimental model for the study of fissure caries development under conditions as similar as possible to the in vivo situation. Twenty-one blocks (2 X 2 X 3 mm) constituting part of the occlusal fissure were made from unerupted human third molars, and implanted for 60 or 90 d in mandibular molars of students. One milliliter of a 50% sucrose solution was applied to the fissures twice a day. After removal, sections were examined microradiographically in polarized light and in the electron microscope. As a control, the morphology and enamel structure of fissures from 10 unerupted third molars were studied. After 90 d a subsurface, radiolucent caries-like lesion was observed in two specimens only. When examined in air in polarized light, however, all sections exhibited caries-like lesions symmetrically located around the fissures. The 60-d material showed similar lesions, but not as frequently as the 90-d specimens. In the experimental material processed for electron microscopy revealed that the fissure plaque mainly consisted of cocci and small rods. Most often the bacteria were separated from the enamel surface by a pellicle.", "contents": "The occlusal fissure of unerupted third molars as an experimental caries model in man. The aim of the present investigation was to establish an experimental model for the study of fissure caries development under conditions as similar as possible to the in vivo situation. Twenty-one blocks (2 X 2 X 3 mm) constituting part of the occlusal fissure were made from unerupted human third molars, and implanted for 60 or 90 d in mandibular molars of students. One milliliter of a 50% sucrose solution was applied to the fissures twice a day. After removal, sections were examined microradiographically in polarized light and in the electron microscope. As a control, the morphology and enamel structure of fissures from 10 unerupted third molars were studied. After 90 d a subsurface, radiolucent caries-like lesion was observed in two specimens only. When examined in air in polarized light, however, all sections exhibited caries-like lesions symmetrically located around the fissures. The 60-d material showed similar lesions, but not as frequently as the 90-d specimens. In the experimental material processed for electron microscopy revealed that the fissure plaque mainly consisted of cocci and small rods. Most often the bacteria were separated from the enamel surface by a pellicle.", "PMID": 1064124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4530", "title": "Size of nucleus and nucleolus in quantitative electron microscopy on orthokeratinized leukoplakias.", "content": "Eleven leukoplakias of the homogeneous orthokeratotic type and control areas in the same patient were studied by means of standardized electron microscopic preparations of biopsy material and by methods of stereology applied to electron micrographs. In leukoplakias, nuclei and nucleoli were consistently enlarged at three epithelial levels, nucleoli in the basal cells averaging twice the control size. Comparison with specimens of mucosa of the hard palate showed that the enlargement of nuclei and nucleoli in orthokeratinized leukoplakias was in excess of the normal size differential between inherently orthokeratinized and nonkeratinized regions of the human oral mucosa. This suggests an abnormal stimulation of protein-synthetic activity even in this prognositcally \"benign\" type of leukoplakia.", "contents": "Size of nucleus and nucleolus in quantitative electron microscopy on orthokeratinized leukoplakias. Eleven leukoplakias of the homogeneous orthokeratotic type and control areas in the same patient were studied by means of standardized electron microscopic preparations of biopsy material and by methods of stereology applied to electron micrographs. In leukoplakias, nuclei and nucleoli were consistently enlarged at three epithelial levels, nucleoli in the basal cells averaging twice the control size. Comparison with specimens of mucosa of the hard palate showed that the enlargement of nuclei and nucleoli in orthokeratinized leukoplakias was in excess of the normal size differential between inherently orthokeratinized and nonkeratinized regions of the human oral mucosa. This suggests an abnormal stimulation of protein-synthetic activity even in this prognositcally \"benign\" type of leukoplakia.", "PMID": 1064125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4531", "title": "Autoradiography of 99Mo in developing rat teeth and bone.", "content": "Four littermate, 8-day-old rats were given intraperitoneal injections of 99Mo and sacrificed at 1, 4, 24, and 96 h. Autoradiography of whole-body freeze-dried sections was carried out to study distribution of the tracer, particularly in bones and teeth. The tracer was rapidly cleared from the soft tissues except for the kidney and urinary bladder. Uptake in growing bone was moderate and relatively transient. The dentin showed moderate uptake, but enamel in the final mineralization phase showed the most intense concentrations of 99Mo of all mineralized tissue. The tracer did not appear in the pulp, enamel organ, or early enamel matrix.", "contents": "Autoradiography of 99Mo in developing rat teeth and bone. Four littermate, 8-day-old rats were given intraperitoneal injections of 99Mo and sacrificed at 1, 4, 24, and 96 h. Autoradiography of whole-body freeze-dried sections was carried out to study distribution of the tracer, particularly in bones and teeth. The tracer was rapidly cleared from the soft tissues except for the kidney and urinary bladder. Uptake in growing bone was moderate and relatively transient. The dentin showed moderate uptake, but enamel in the final mineralization phase showed the most intense concentrations of 99Mo of all mineralized tissue. The tracer did not appear in the pulp, enamel organ, or early enamel matrix.", "PMID": 1064126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4532", "title": "A new method of recording the elastic recovery of dental impression materials.", "content": "Assessments of the elastic recovery of elastic impression materials have so far been carried out only to a limited degree because of lack of adequate measuring instruments. A method is described which enables measurement and recording electronically of the creep properties, including the elastic recovery time and the permanent deformation, of elastic impression materials in relation to their degree of setting and to the size and time of the induced deformation. The apparatus and the experimental and mathematical methods described can easily be handled by a reasonably skillful laboratory assistant.", "contents": "A new method of recording the elastic recovery of dental impression materials. Assessments of the elastic recovery of elastic impression materials have so far been carried out only to a limited degree because of lack of adequate measuring instruments. A method is described which enables measurement and recording electronically of the creep properties, including the elastic recovery time and the permanent deformation, of elastic impression materials in relation to their degree of setting and to the size and time of the induced deformation. The apparatus and the experimental and mathematical methods described can easily be handled by a reasonably skillful laboratory assistant.", "PMID": 1064127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4533", "title": "Phases in preamalgamated silver amalgam alloy.", "content": "The phase content of six preamalgamated alloys available on the dental market has been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. The beta 1-phase was found in five alloys.", "contents": "Phases in preamalgamated silver amalgam alloy. The phase content of six preamalgamated alloys available on the dental market has been determined by means of X-ray diffraction. The beta 1-phase was found in five alloys.", "PMID": 1064128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4534", "title": "Survival among patients with liver metastases from cancer of the colon and rectum.", "content": "Factors influencing spontaneous survival in 49 patients with liver metastases after cancer in colon/rectum were evaluated. In addition the same evaluation was performed in 12 patients treated with 5-Fluoro-uracil systemically of intraarterially in the hepatic artery. Alkaline phosphatases, elevated more than 4 times normal values, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, or jaundice are all unfavorable prognostic signs in the spontaneous group. In the 5-Fluoro-uracil treated group only elevated serum dilirubin had the same unfavorable prognostic sign. Even though it seems to be an increased survival time in the 5-Fluoro-uracil treated group it is concluded that metastases to the liver from cancer in colon/rectum assume to be more or less resistent to 5-Fluoro-uracil.", "contents": "Survival among patients with liver metastases from cancer of the colon and rectum. Factors influencing spontaneous survival in 49 patients with liver metastases after cancer in colon/rectum were evaluated. In addition the same evaluation was performed in 12 patients treated with 5-Fluoro-uracil systemically of intraarterially in the hepatic artery. Alkaline phosphatases, elevated more than 4 times normal values, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, or jaundice are all unfavorable prognostic signs in the spontaneous group. In the 5-Fluoro-uracil treated group only elevated serum dilirubin had the same unfavorable prognostic sign. Even though it seems to be an increased survival time in the 5-Fluoro-uracil treated group it is concluded that metastases to the liver from cancer in colon/rectum assume to be more or less resistent to 5-Fluoro-uracil.", "PMID": 1064129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4535", "title": "Postoperative mortality and complications after colectomy for ulcerative colitis.", "content": "During a 10-year period colectomy was performed on 101 patients. The postoperative mortality of 12 per cent was influenced decisively by duration and severity of the disease. Seventy-eight per cent of the patients were severly ill during the attack leading to colectomy, and 15 per cent of them died. One-third of the patients with toxic megacolon and general intoxication died. One-quarter of the patients with a history of less than 3 months died. The causes of death were peritonitis and pulmonary complications. Half of the patients developed postoperative complications of varying severity. Preoperative steroid medication did not influence the mortality or the postoperative complications. It is concluded that only close medical and surgical cooperation, careful selection of patients, and skillful timing of operations may reduce the mortality in ulcerative colitis. The paper supports that total colectomy in suitable cases may be performed without higher mortality than subtotal colectomy.", "contents": "Postoperative mortality and complications after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. During a 10-year period colectomy was performed on 101 patients. The postoperative mortality of 12 per cent was influenced decisively by duration and severity of the disease. Seventy-eight per cent of the patients were severly ill during the attack leading to colectomy, and 15 per cent of them died. One-third of the patients with toxic megacolon and general intoxication died. One-quarter of the patients with a history of less than 3 months died. The causes of death were peritonitis and pulmonary complications. Half of the patients developed postoperative complications of varying severity. Preoperative steroid medication did not influence the mortality or the postoperative complications. It is concluded that only close medical and surgical cooperation, careful selection of patients, and skillful timing of operations may reduce the mortality in ulcerative colitis. The paper supports that total colectomy in suitable cases may be performed without higher mortality than subtotal colectomy.", "PMID": 1064130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4536", "title": "Early complications in patients previously treated with corticosteroids.", "content": "A retrospective analysis is presented is presented of 205 major operations performed over a 10-year period on 95 previously steroid-treated patients with Crohn's disease (C.D.) or ulcerative colitis (U.C.). All patients had been treated both in the medical and in the surgical gastroenterological department. The incidence of early postoperative complications was high, but there was nothing to suggest a relationship between the complications and the intensity of the preoperative steroid therapy. However, mortality rate, duration of hospital convalescence as well as incidence of complications were found to be significantly lower in those patients who had undergone elective in preference to emergency surgery. The fear of an increased complication rate following intensive steroid treatment of patients with acute C.D. or U.C. is, in our opinion, unfounded.", "contents": "Early complications in patients previously treated with corticosteroids. A retrospective analysis is presented is presented of 205 major operations performed over a 10-year period on 95 previously steroid-treated patients with Crohn's disease (C.D.) or ulcerative colitis (U.C.). All patients had been treated both in the medical and in the surgical gastroenterological department. The incidence of early postoperative complications was high, but there was nothing to suggest a relationship between the complications and the intensity of the preoperative steroid therapy. However, mortality rate, duration of hospital convalescence as well as incidence of complications were found to be significantly lower in those patients who had undergone elective in preference to emergency surgery. The fear of an increased complication rate following intensive steroid treatment of patients with acute C.D. or U.C. is, in our opinion, unfounded.", "PMID": 1064131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4537", "title": "Penetration of penicillin into laparotomy wounds to reduce bacterial contamination during intestinal operations.", "content": "Serum and tissue specimens from the surgical wound were taken simultaneously during colo-rectal operations (i) at the start, (ii) when entering the peritoneal cavity, (iii) during bowel procedures and (iv) before closure of the wound. A dose of 5 megaunits penicillin intravenously after incision gave a median serum concentration of 140.0 IU/ml and a tissue concentration of 33.8 IU/mg at the time the peritoneum was incised. During operation the concentration in serum fell significantly, being 18.5 IU/ml after more than 3 h of operation, while that in wound tissue decreased to 7.2 IU/mg. After concentration was 16.0 IU/ml in serum and 1.9 IU/mg in wound tissue at the time of incision and when entering the peritoneal cavity; thereafter the concentrations decreased with operation time. The concentrations in serum exceeded markedly those in wound tissue, being linearly correlated throughout operation. Only the intravenous bolus produced concentrations of penicillin antibacterial to a variety of aerobic organisms.", "contents": "Penetration of penicillin into laparotomy wounds to reduce bacterial contamination during intestinal operations. Serum and tissue specimens from the surgical wound were taken simultaneously during colo-rectal operations (i) at the start, (ii) when entering the peritoneal cavity, (iii) during bowel procedures and (iv) before closure of the wound. A dose of 5 megaunits penicillin intravenously after incision gave a median serum concentration of 140.0 IU/ml and a tissue concentration of 33.8 IU/mg at the time the peritoneum was incised. During operation the concentration in serum fell significantly, being 18.5 IU/ml after more than 3 h of operation, while that in wound tissue decreased to 7.2 IU/mg. After concentration was 16.0 IU/ml in serum and 1.9 IU/mg in wound tissue at the time of incision and when entering the peritoneal cavity; thereafter the concentrations decreased with operation time. The concentrations in serum exceeded markedly those in wound tissue, being linearly correlated throughout operation. Only the intravenous bolus produced concentrations of penicillin antibacterial to a variety of aerobic organisms.", "PMID": 1064132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4538", "title": "Route of infection in extrahepatic biliary tract disease. II: Bacterial recovery from gallbladder bile and gallbladder wall in human biliary tract disease.", "content": "Bacterial recovery from gallbladder wall and gallbladder bile was investigated in 73 patients with extrahepatic biliary tract diseases. The technique of anaerobic culture was based on the use of a 'glove-box' and prereduced anaerobically sterilized media. Transport of samples was based on evacuation of atmospheric air with oxygen-free carbon dioxide and a transport time less than 30 minutes. When samples of bile and tissue were obtained simultaneously before operations on the biliary tract were begun and handled by one of the authors to avoid contamination, no significant difference in bacterial recovery between bile and tissue was observed. If samples were handled routinely by the staff or if biopsy from the gallbladder wall was not obtained until after operation on the biliary tract was finished, bacterial recovery from gallbladder tissue was significantly more frequent compared to bile. Under these last mentioned circumstances, the difference in bacterial recovery was due to bacterial species like Staph. aureus, Staph. albus, P. acnes and Difteroids.", "contents": "Route of infection in extrahepatic biliary tract disease. II: Bacterial recovery from gallbladder bile and gallbladder wall in human biliary tract disease. Bacterial recovery from gallbladder wall and gallbladder bile was investigated in 73 patients with extrahepatic biliary tract diseases. The technique of anaerobic culture was based on the use of a 'glove-box' and prereduced anaerobically sterilized media. Transport of samples was based on evacuation of atmospheric air with oxygen-free carbon dioxide and a transport time less than 30 minutes. When samples of bile and tissue were obtained simultaneously before operations on the biliary tract were begun and handled by one of the authors to avoid contamination, no significant difference in bacterial recovery between bile and tissue was observed. If samples were handled routinely by the staff or if biopsy from the gallbladder wall was not obtained until after operation on the biliary tract was finished, bacterial recovery from gallbladder tissue was significantly more frequent compared to bile. Under these last mentioned circumstances, the difference in bacterial recovery was due to bacterial species like Staph. aureus, Staph. albus, P. acnes and Difteroids.", "PMID": 1064133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4539", "title": "Total devascularization of the Liver: an experimental model of acute liver failure.", "content": "An experimental model of clinical liver failure, using total devascularization of the liver is described in the pit. The survival time was 1495 +/- 75 (SEM) minutes. Clinically the pigs showed a uniform course. They became lethargic after eight to ten hours and following a period of increasing drowsiness they became comatose. The immediate cause of death was cardio-vasculary collaps. The ammonium ion concentration in the blood increased to 696 +/- 57 umol/l and in cerebrospinal fluid to 664 +/- 57 umol/l. Cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration was significantly decreased.", "contents": "Total devascularization of the Liver: an experimental model of acute liver failure. An experimental model of clinical liver failure, using total devascularization of the liver is described in the pit. The survival time was 1495 +/- 75 (SEM) minutes. Clinically the pigs showed a uniform course. They became lethargic after eight to ten hours and following a period of increasing drowsiness they became comatose. The immediate cause of death was cardio-vasculary collaps. The ammonium ion concentration in the blood increased to 696 +/- 57 umol/l and in cerebrospinal fluid to 664 +/- 57 umol/l. Cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration was significantly decreased.", "PMID": 1064134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4540", "title": "Total and partial anoxia of the liver. An attempt to create protracted liver failure in the pit.", "content": "In an attempt to produce severe, but non-lethal experimental liver failure, pig livers were exposed to partial or total anoxia for various periods. The experiments were divided into 5 groups. Group I with total anoxia for 30 minutes, group II for 50 minutes, group III for 60 minutes, and group IV for 75 minutes. In group V a subtotal devascularization was performed. In group I (3 animals) and II (3 animals) all survived the period of observation (one week). In group III (4 animals) half of the animals, and in group IV (3 animals) all died within 24 hours. In group V (10 animals) five of 10 animals died with a mean survival time of 22 hours and a half. The animals surviving the period observation did show changes in the routine liver tests, but none of them showed clinical signs of liver insufficiency. This indicates that the differences between lethal and clinically insignificant liver damage is very small. It is concluded that the pig lever can tolerate 50 minutes of total anoxia and recover almost completely after one week, and that a period of anoxia or subtotal devascularization does not create protacted liver failure.", "contents": "Total and partial anoxia of the liver. An attempt to create protracted liver failure in the pit. In an attempt to produce severe, but non-lethal experimental liver failure, pig livers were exposed to partial or total anoxia for various periods. The experiments were divided into 5 groups. Group I with total anoxia for 30 minutes, group II for 50 minutes, group III for 60 minutes, and group IV for 75 minutes. In group V a subtotal devascularization was performed. In group I (3 animals) and II (3 animals) all survived the period of observation (one week). In group III (4 animals) half of the animals, and in group IV (3 animals) all died within 24 hours. In group V (10 animals) five of 10 animals died with a mean survival time of 22 hours and a half. The animals surviving the period observation did show changes in the routine liver tests, but none of them showed clinical signs of liver insufficiency. This indicates that the differences between lethal and clinically insignificant liver damage is very small. It is concluded that the pig lever can tolerate 50 minutes of total anoxia and recover almost completely after one week, and that a period of anoxia or subtotal devascularization does not create protacted liver failure.", "PMID": 1064135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4541", "title": "Serum-gastrin in cirrhosis.", "content": "Fifty patients with cirrhosis of the liver had gastrin concentrations in serum above normal when measured in the fasting state. Hypergastrinaemia predominated in non-alcoholic cirrhosis. In both groups of patients, serum gastrin levels were higher in patients with inactive cirrhosis than when cirrhosis was slightly active.", "contents": "Serum-gastrin in cirrhosis. Fifty patients with cirrhosis of the liver had gastrin concentrations in serum above normal when measured in the fasting state. Hypergastrinaemia predominated in non-alcoholic cirrhosis. In both groups of patients, serum gastrin levels were higher in patients with inactive cirrhosis than when cirrhosis was slightly active.", "PMID": 1064136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4542", "title": "Disappearance of gastrin heptadecapeptide in the isolated perfused pig liver.", "content": "To elucidate the role of the liver in gastrin metabolism three liver perfusions and two control experiments were performed; 2,5, 5 and 250 microgram of porcine nonsulphated gastrin-17 were injected into a perfusate of pig blood circulated through an isolated perfused liver. A significant decrease of gastrin concentration was observed during liver perfusions, concentration being halved in 35 minutes with all doses. It is suggested that this decrease is due to hepatic degradation and that the liver may play an important role in metabolism of gastrin-17.", "contents": "Disappearance of gastrin heptadecapeptide in the isolated perfused pig liver. To elucidate the role of the liver in gastrin metabolism three liver perfusions and two control experiments were performed; 2,5, 5 and 250 microgram of porcine nonsulphated gastrin-17 were injected into a perfusate of pig blood circulated through an isolated perfused liver. A significant decrease of gastrin concentration was observed during liver perfusions, concentration being halved in 35 minutes with all doses. It is suggested that this decrease is due to hepatic degradation and that the liver may play an important role in metabolism of gastrin-17.", "PMID": 1064137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4543", "title": "Inhibition of gastric secretion by exogenous secretin and cholecystokinin in normals and duodenal ulcer patients.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of combined secretin (0.5 and 1.0 clin. unit/kg b.w./hour) and cholecystokinin (0.5 and 1.0 IDU/kg b.w./hour on the pentagastrin-stimulated (0.15--1.0 and 6.0 ug/kg b.w./hour) gastric secretion was investigated in twelve volunteers and in twelve duodenal ulcer patients. Regardless of the dose level no difference was found between normals and duodenal ulcer patients, indicating that a decreased sensitivity to secretin and cholecystokinin is not a pathogenetic factor for the development of duodenal ulcer.", "contents": "Inhibition of gastric secretion by exogenous secretin and cholecystokinin in normals and duodenal ulcer patients. The inhibitory effect of combined secretin (0.5 and 1.0 clin. unit/kg b.w./hour) and cholecystokinin (0.5 and 1.0 IDU/kg b.w./hour on the pentagastrin-stimulated (0.15--1.0 and 6.0 ug/kg b.w./hour) gastric secretion was investigated in twelve volunteers and in twelve duodenal ulcer patients. Regardless of the dose level no difference was found between normals and duodenal ulcer patients, indicating that a decreased sensitivity to secretin and cholecystokinin is not a pathogenetic factor for the development of duodenal ulcer.", "PMID": 1064138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4544", "title": "Combined effect of glucagon and cholecystokinin on gastric secretion in man.", "content": "The inhibition of the pentagastrin-stimulated (1 ug/kg b.w./hour) gastric secretion by glucagon (20 ug/kg b.w./hour), cholecystokinin (0.5 IDU/kg b.w./hour), and a combination of these were investigated in 7 volunteers. Glucagon as well as CCK given isolated inhibited the gastric secretion, but no augmentation of inhibition was demonstrated when the hormones were in combination.", "contents": "Combined effect of glucagon and cholecystokinin on gastric secretion in man. The inhibition of the pentagastrin-stimulated (1 ug/kg b.w./hour) gastric secretion by glucagon (20 ug/kg b.w./hour), cholecystokinin (0.5 IDU/kg b.w./hour), and a combination of these were investigated in 7 volunteers. Glucagon as well as CCK given isolated inhibited the gastric secretion, but no augmentation of inhibition was demonstrated when the hormones were in combination.", "PMID": 1064139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4545", "title": "Influence of basal plasma glucose concentration on the glucagon response to arginine.", "content": "Plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations were measured in the portal vein of six healthy, anaesthetized pigs submitted to an intravenous arginine infusion test. A monophasic glucagon response was observed in all pigs, the peak glucagon value being reached within an average of 5 minutes after the beginning of the infusion. The glucagon response, expressed as the incremental area below the hormone concentration curve, correlated inversely with the plasma glucose concentration before the start of arginine infusion (r=0.78) (p less than 0.05) indicating that glucose is a potent inhibitor of arginine-induced glucagon secretion in pigs.", "contents": "Influence of basal plasma glucose concentration on the glucagon response to arginine. Plasma glucose and glucagon concentrations were measured in the portal vein of six healthy, anaesthetized pigs submitted to an intravenous arginine infusion test. A monophasic glucagon response was observed in all pigs, the peak glucagon value being reached within an average of 5 minutes after the beginning of the infusion. The glucagon response, expressed as the incremental area below the hormone concentration curve, correlated inversely with the plasma glucose concentration before the start of arginine infusion (r=0.78) (p less than 0.05) indicating that glucose is a potent inhibitor of arginine-induced glucagon secretion in pigs.", "PMID": 1064140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4546", "title": "Isolation and perfusion of the porcine pancreas.", "content": "The isolation of a porcine pancreas preparation without the attached duodenum is described. The preparation is suitable for study of the secretion of insulin and pancreatic glucagon. The surgical procedure by which the pancreas is removed from tha animal is decribed as well as the perfusion system. The effect of various concentrations of glucose (63, 90, 135 and 180 mg per 100 ml) in the perfusion medium on the secretion of insulin and pancreatic glucagon was investigated in order to observe the performance characteristics of this preparation. Increasing concentrations of glucose caused a significantly greater insulin release, whereas the glucagon response was significantly reduced.", "contents": "Isolation and perfusion of the porcine pancreas. The isolation of a porcine pancreas preparation without the attached duodenum is described. The preparation is suitable for study of the secretion of insulin and pancreatic glucagon. The surgical procedure by which the pancreas is removed from tha animal is decribed as well as the perfusion system. The effect of various concentrations of glucose (63, 90, 135 and 180 mg per 100 ml) in the perfusion medium on the secretion of insulin and pancreatic glucagon was investigated in order to observe the performance characteristics of this preparation. Increasing concentrations of glucose caused a significantly greater insulin release, whereas the glucagon response was significantly reduced.", "PMID": 1064141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4547", "title": "Insulin secretion in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "content": "The insulin response to oral glucose ingestion was measured in six patients with the Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome, five patients with partial gastrectomy (antrectomy for duodenal ulcer) and six matched normal subjects. The blood glucose curves were similar in ZE-patients and gastrectomized controls and significantly above the glucose concentrations in normal controls. The insulin response was three-doubled in ZE-patients, whereas gastrectomized controls only doubled their response in comparison with the normal subjects. Treatment of a hepatic gastrinoma by streptozotocin infusion into the hepatic artery in a patient with diabetes mellitus and hyperinsulinism almost normalized his glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. The results demonstrate that the ZE-syndrome is associated with increased insulin release. We suggest that the hyperinsulinism partly is a consequence of previous gastric surgery and partly due to the insulinogenic effect of gastrin.", "contents": "Insulin secretion in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. The insulin response to oral glucose ingestion was measured in six patients with the Zollinger-Ellison (ZE) syndrome, five patients with partial gastrectomy (antrectomy for duodenal ulcer) and six matched normal subjects. The blood glucose curves were similar in ZE-patients and gastrectomized controls and significantly above the glucose concentrations in normal controls. The insulin response was three-doubled in ZE-patients, whereas gastrectomized controls only doubled their response in comparison with the normal subjects. Treatment of a hepatic gastrinoma by streptozotocin infusion into the hepatic artery in a patient with diabetes mellitus and hyperinsulinism almost normalized his glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. The results demonstrate that the ZE-syndrome is associated with increased insulin release. We suggest that the hyperinsulinism partly is a consequence of previous gastric surgery and partly due to the insulinogenic effect of gastrin.", "PMID": 1064142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4548", "title": "Principles in operative treatment of residual bile duct stones.", "content": "Of sixty-five patients with residual bile duct stones 17 patients had a supraduodental choledochotomy as the only operative procedure. Of the remainder, 48 patients, a supplementary sphincteroplasty was carried out in 36, and a choledochoduodenostomy was added in 12 patients. Early postoperative results showed two deaths, while 40 patients passed an uneventful postoperative course. Following sphincteroplasty three patients had residual stones at the postoperative cholangiography. These calculi had disappeared at follow-up examination. Follow-up examination with a mean observation period of six years revealed 50 patients free of symptoms. Four patients were re-operated on because of residual stones. None of these had a sphincteroplasty. It is concluded that in the operative treatment of residual bile duct stones sphincteroplasty and choledochoduodenostomy offer valuable supplements to the supraduodenal choledochotomy.", "contents": "Principles in operative treatment of residual bile duct stones. Of sixty-five patients with residual bile duct stones 17 patients had a supraduodental choledochotomy as the only operative procedure. Of the remainder, 48 patients, a supplementary sphincteroplasty was carried out in 36, and a choledochoduodenostomy was added in 12 patients. Early postoperative results showed two deaths, while 40 patients passed an uneventful postoperative course. Following sphincteroplasty three patients had residual stones at the postoperative cholangiography. These calculi had disappeared at follow-up examination. Follow-up examination with a mean observation period of six years revealed 50 patients free of symptoms. Four patients were re-operated on because of residual stones. None of these had a sphincteroplasty. It is concluded that in the operative treatment of residual bile duct stones sphincteroplasty and choledochoduodenostomy offer valuable supplements to the supraduodenal choledochotomy.", "PMID": 1064143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4549", "title": "Gastrin content and gastrin release. Studies on the antral content of gastrin and its release to serum during stimulation by food.", "content": "To examine the release of gastrin by food from antral mucosa eight patients were stimulated for 30 minutes by instillation of bovril during gastroscopy. Bovril caused a steady increase in serum concentrations of gastrin and an acute fall in the antral content of gastrin to 42+/-8.4 per cent after 10 minutes. After 10 minutes the antral content increased again towards the basal values. No change in gastrin components could be detected; component III (gastrin-17) constituted more than 95 per cent of the antral gastrins throughout the 30-minute period. The serum gastrin response to a steak meal was higher in 22 duodenal ulcer patients than in nine young normal subjects and it was higher postoperatively in eight patients studied before and after truncal vagotomy. In the duodenal ulcer patients whith the highest antral content of gastrin, the serum response to food was higher only during the early phase of the feeding response. It is concluded that the gastrin content of the antral mucosa represents an acute releasable pool of gastrin-17, which contributes only to the first 10-15 minutes of the feeding response. It does not reflect the total amount of gastrin released into the circulation during feeding.", "contents": "Gastrin content and gastrin release. Studies on the antral content of gastrin and its release to serum during stimulation by food. To examine the release of gastrin by food from antral mucosa eight patients were stimulated for 30 minutes by instillation of bovril during gastroscopy. Bovril caused a steady increase in serum concentrations of gastrin and an acute fall in the antral content of gastrin to 42+/-8.4 per cent after 10 minutes. After 10 minutes the antral content increased again towards the basal values. No change in gastrin components could be detected; component III (gastrin-17) constituted more than 95 per cent of the antral gastrins throughout the 30-minute period. The serum gastrin response to a steak meal was higher in 22 duodenal ulcer patients than in nine young normal subjects and it was higher postoperatively in eight patients studied before and after truncal vagotomy. In the duodenal ulcer patients whith the highest antral content of gastrin, the serum response to food was higher only during the early phase of the feeding response. It is concluded that the gastrin content of the antral mucosa represents an acute releasable pool of gastrin-17, which contributes only to the first 10-15 minutes of the feeding response. It does not reflect the total amount of gastrin released into the circulation during feeding.", "PMID": 1064144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4550", "title": "The vagus and gastrin components in peripheral blood.", "content": "To study the role played by vagal activity for the gastrins in peripheral blood, the mean pattern during feeding was studied in 16 duodenal ulcer patients before and after selective (n=8), or truncal vagotomy (n=8). Two normal subjects were studied with and without atropine during hypoglycaemic activation of the vagus. Gastrins were fractionated by gel chromatography. Serum gastrin was almost exclusively made up of gastrin component II (gastrin 34-like) and III (gastrin 17-like). Both components rose after feeding but the major increase was incomponent III. Total gastrin concentrations rose after vagotomy but no qualitative changes were seen. During hypoglycaemia a marked increase in gastrin component III and a lesser increase in component II was found. This pattern was not changed by atropine. It is concluded that the vagus plays little or no role for a selective release of the various gastrins. Furthermore there is no indication that the higher serum levels after vagotomy consist of gastrins of a lesser biological activity.", "contents": "The vagus and gastrin components in peripheral blood. To study the role played by vagal activity for the gastrins in peripheral blood, the mean pattern during feeding was studied in 16 duodenal ulcer patients before and after selective (n=8), or truncal vagotomy (n=8). Two normal subjects were studied with and without atropine during hypoglycaemic activation of the vagus. Gastrins were fractionated by gel chromatography. Serum gastrin was almost exclusively made up of gastrin component II (gastrin 34-like) and III (gastrin 17-like). Both components rose after feeding but the major increase was incomponent III. Total gastrin concentrations rose after vagotomy but no qualitative changes were seen. During hypoglycaemia a marked increase in gastrin component III and a lesser increase in component II was found. This pattern was not changed by atropine. It is concluded that the vagus plays little or no role for a selective release of the various gastrins. Furthermore there is no indication that the higher serum levels after vagotomy consist of gastrins of a lesser biological activity.", "PMID": 1064145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4551", "title": "On the beta-adrenergic contribution to the gastric acid and gastrin responses to hypoglycaemia in man.", "content": "To study the beta-adrenergic contribution to the hypoglycaemic stimulation of gastric acid and gastrin release the effect of an equal and extensive beta-adrenergic blockade with three drugs was studied. Propranolol was investigated in 12, pindolol in 22, and practolol in 11 patients. Fasting concentration of gastrin serum and spontaneous acid secretion were not reduced by the drugs. Propranolol eliminated the gastrin response to hypoglycaemia, pindolol reduced it, and practolol caused no alteration. The hypoglycaemic acid response was reduced by all three drugs, propranolol reduced the response to one-half and was the strongest inhibitor, practolol the weakest. It is concluded that beta-adrenergic receptors may be of major importance for the hypoglycaemic stimulation of the stomach, but the receptors respond differently from the receptors in the heart.", "contents": "On the beta-adrenergic contribution to the gastric acid and gastrin responses to hypoglycaemia in man. To study the beta-adrenergic contribution to the hypoglycaemic stimulation of gastric acid and gastrin release the effect of an equal and extensive beta-adrenergic blockade with three drugs was studied. Propranolol was investigated in 12, pindolol in 22, and practolol in 11 patients. Fasting concentration of gastrin serum and spontaneous acid secretion were not reduced by the drugs. Propranolol eliminated the gastrin response to hypoglycaemia, pindolol reduced it, and practolol caused no alteration. The hypoglycaemic acid response was reduced by all three drugs, propranolol reduced the response to one-half and was the strongest inhibitor, practolol the weakest. It is concluded that beta-adrenergic receptors may be of major importance for the hypoglycaemic stimulation of the stomach, but the receptors respond differently from the receptors in the heart.", "PMID": 1064146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4552", "title": "Effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on gastrin release and gastric secretion of acid in man.", "content": "To study the physiological importance of epinephrine and norpinephrine for gastrin release and gastric secretion of acid the effect of intravenous infusions was investigated. Two doses were used (5 and 50 mg per kg per minute in one hour), the low dose of epinephrine and both doses of epinephrine (n=20) stimulated gastrin release and acid secretion, whereas the high dose (n=8) stimulated the gastrin release strongly, but did not change acid secretion. Norepinephrine in the low dose (n=11) caused a very small increase in gastrin release and no change in acid secretion, whereas the high dose (n=11) inhibited acid secretion without any change in gastrin concentration. No postoperative change was observed in the release of gastrin by both doses of epinephrine after truncal vagotomy in sex and seven patients with duodenal ulcer. It is concluded that epinephrine and norepinephrine both may be of importance in the physiological regulation of gastrin release and gastric acid secretion.", "contents": "Effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on gastrin release and gastric secretion of acid in man. To study the physiological importance of epinephrine and norpinephrine for gastrin release and gastric secretion of acid the effect of intravenous infusions was investigated. Two doses were used (5 and 50 mg per kg per minute in one hour), the low dose of epinephrine and both doses of epinephrine (n=20) stimulated gastrin release and acid secretion, whereas the high dose (n=8) stimulated the gastrin release strongly, but did not change acid secretion. Norepinephrine in the low dose (n=11) caused a very small increase in gastrin release and no change in acid secretion, whereas the high dose (n=11) inhibited acid secretion without any change in gastrin concentration. No postoperative change was observed in the release of gastrin by both doses of epinephrine after truncal vagotomy in sex and seven patients with duodenal ulcer. It is concluded that epinephrine and norepinephrine both may be of importance in the physiological regulation of gastrin release and gastric acid secretion.", "PMID": 1064147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4553", "title": "Gastrin response to food after three types of intestinal shunt operations for obesity.", "content": "In a retrospective study the basal and food-stimulated serum concentrations of gastrin and gastric secretion of acid were studied in 28 patients following three types of intestinal shunt operation for obesity. In each type 48 cm of functioning small intestine was preserved, but the ratio between functioning jejunum and ileum was different. The basal and stimulated concentrations of gastrin in serum were significantly higher in patients with the shortest jejunum in function. There was no difference in the gastric acid output. The study suggests that gastrin participates in evoking the gastric hypersecretion of acid which follows massive bowel resection or bypass. Deprivation of a hormonal inhibitory substance from the upper jejunum may be responsible for the increased serum gastrin concentration.", "contents": "Gastrin response to food after three types of intestinal shunt operations for obesity. In a retrospective study the basal and food-stimulated serum concentrations of gastrin and gastric secretion of acid were studied in 28 patients following three types of intestinal shunt operation for obesity. In each type 48 cm of functioning small intestine was preserved, but the ratio between functioning jejunum and ileum was different. The basal and stimulated concentrations of gastrin in serum were significantly higher in patients with the shortest jejunum in function. There was no difference in the gastric acid output. The study suggests that gastrin participates in evoking the gastric hypersecretion of acid which follows massive bowel resection or bypass. Deprivation of a hormonal inhibitory substance from the upper jejunum may be responsible for the increased serum gastrin concentration.", "PMID": 1064148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4554", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). A prospective clinical trail in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.", "content": "Tests for circulating carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA, in plasma were performed in 29 patients with colonic and rectal cancer, 37 patients with stomach cancer, and in 100 blood donors. Using 5.0 ng per ml as cut off, 48 per cent of the patients with colonic and rectal cancer and 32 per cent of the patients with stomach cancer had elevated CEA-values. The CEA-values could be correlated to the classification of tumours according to Dukes, with significantly elevated values in groups Dukes C and D. The test could reveal 39 per cent of the cases with operable colonic and rectal cancer and 26 per cent of the operable cases of stomach cancer. Five patients with colonic and rectal cancer, and 0 patients with stomach cancer fulfilled the requirements for monitoring. After periods of observation of up to 14 months, definite connection between CEA-values and clinical course could be demonstrated in 1/26 patients submitted to macroscopically radical operation. In 2/7 patients with stomach cancer the CEA-values were entirely misleading. It is concluded that the CEA-test in its present form cannot be recommended for routine employment in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). A prospective clinical trail in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. Tests for circulating carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA, in plasma were performed in 29 patients with colonic and rectal cancer, 37 patients with stomach cancer, and in 100 blood donors. Using 5.0 ng per ml as cut off, 48 per cent of the patients with colonic and rectal cancer and 32 per cent of the patients with stomach cancer had elevated CEA-values. The CEA-values could be correlated to the classification of tumours according to Dukes, with significantly elevated values in groups Dukes C and D. The test could reveal 39 per cent of the cases with operable colonic and rectal cancer and 26 per cent of the operable cases of stomach cancer. Five patients with colonic and rectal cancer, and 0 patients with stomach cancer fulfilled the requirements for monitoring. After periods of observation of up to 14 months, definite connection between CEA-values and clinical course could be demonstrated in 1/26 patients submitted to macroscopically radical operation. In 2/7 patients with stomach cancer the CEA-values were entirely misleading. It is concluded that the CEA-test in its present form cannot be recommended for routine employment in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.", "PMID": 1064149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4555", "title": "The failure of granulocytes to produce transcobalamin I TC I.", "content": "The hypothesis that transcobalamin I (TC I) originates from granulocytes was tested by comparing the isoelectric focusing (IEF) patterns of the R-type binder (cobalophilin) of vitamin B12 of: 1) lysed granulocytes, 2) 24 h granulocyte output, and 3) plasma. The preparations came from the blood of 5 normal subjects and 4 with myeloproliferative states. The cobalophilin released into a culture of granulocytes resembled the binder in the granulocytes initially. TC I, defined as the alpha1 cobalophilin with components isoelectric between pH 2.9-3.35 and as a carrier of native plasma B12, was not released by granulocytes. The granulocyte binder of leukaemic granulocytes did not differ from the normal in content per cell or amount released.", "contents": "The failure of granulocytes to produce transcobalamin I TC I. The hypothesis that transcobalamin I (TC I) originates from granulocytes was tested by comparing the isoelectric focusing (IEF) patterns of the R-type binder (cobalophilin) of vitamin B12 of: 1) lysed granulocytes, 2) 24 h granulocyte output, and 3) plasma. The preparations came from the blood of 5 normal subjects and 4 with myeloproliferative states. The cobalophilin released into a culture of granulocytes resembled the binder in the granulocytes initially. TC I, defined as the alpha1 cobalophilin with components isoelectric between pH 2.9-3.35 and as a carrier of native plasma B12, was not released by granulocytes. The granulocyte binder of leukaemic granulocytes did not differ from the normal in content per cell or amount released.", "PMID": 1064150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4556", "title": "Added apparatus dead space in the N2-closing volume test: - a refinement or a bias.", "content": "14 subjects without symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease underwent paired closing volume determinations by the modified single breath nitrogen test. Measurements were performed with an apparatus dead space of approximately 40 ml and approximately 350 ml. A rise in closing volume percent for all subjects was found in measurements with dead space of 350 ml. This Difference was statistically significant at the 0.001 level for the group as a whole. No change in the accuracy of the method, expressed as the standard deviation of each subjects values with and without added dead space cojld be demonstrated. Linear regression analysis of the closing volume percent values measured with added dead space as a function of closing volume percent values measured without added dead space showed the expected highly significant positive correlation. However the regression line was not parallel to line of identity, indicating that the higher the initial value of closing volume percent the higher rise after addition of apparatus dead space. With reference to characterizing a person as normal or abnormal this could be considered a refinement of the method.", "contents": "Added apparatus dead space in the N2-closing volume test: - a refinement or a bias. 14 subjects without symptoms of cardiopulmonary disease underwent paired closing volume determinations by the modified single breath nitrogen test. Measurements were performed with an apparatus dead space of approximately 40 ml and approximately 350 ml. A rise in closing volume percent for all subjects was found in measurements with dead space of 350 ml. This Difference was statistically significant at the 0.001 level for the group as a whole. No change in the accuracy of the method, expressed as the standard deviation of each subjects values with and without added dead space cojld be demonstrated. Linear regression analysis of the closing volume percent values measured with added dead space as a function of closing volume percent values measured without added dead space showed the expected highly significant positive correlation. However the regression line was not parallel to line of identity, indicating that the higher the initial value of closing volume percent the higher rise after addition of apparatus dead space. With reference to characterizing a person as normal or abnormal this could be considered a refinement of the method.", "PMID": 1064151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4557", "title": "Epidemiological limitations of the nitrogen closing volume test.", "content": "Closing volume was measured in 216 men aged 46-68 years. They were divided in 5 age groups and classified as either symptomatic or asymptomatic according to answer to standardized interviews. In 3 of 5 age groups mean value for closing volume percent (CV%) for symptomatic persons was lower than the mean value for asymptomatic persons. CV% is not considered useful as the dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis. In all 5 age groups the mean value of slope of alveolar plateau was higher for symptomatic than for asymptomatic persons. Slope af alveolar plateau is considered useful as dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis. One of the reasons for the false negative CV%-values is believed to be influence of increased uneven and sequential ventilation of the lungs, expressed in the slope of alveolar plateau.", "contents": "Epidemiological limitations of the nitrogen closing volume test. Closing volume was measured in 216 men aged 46-68 years. They were divided in 5 age groups and classified as either symptomatic or asymptomatic according to answer to standardized interviews. In 3 of 5 age groups mean value for closing volume percent (CV%) for symptomatic persons was lower than the mean value for asymptomatic persons. CV% is not considered useful as the dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis. In all 5 age groups the mean value of slope of alveolar plateau was higher for symptomatic than for asymptomatic persons. Slope af alveolar plateau is considered useful as dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis. One of the reasons for the false negative CV%-values is believed to be influence of increased uneven and sequential ventilation of the lungs, expressed in the slope of alveolar plateau.", "PMID": 1064152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4558", "title": "Lung volumes and arterial blood gases in obesity.", "content": "Lung volumes and arterial blood gases have been studied in six severely obese patients (mean weight 143 kg), admitted for jejunoileal shunt-operation. The lung volumes were recorded on a Siemens constant volume body plethysmograph, and the arterial blood gases were measured by means of a Radiometer ABL-1 blood gas analyzer. The patients were in the seated body position. The Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) was found to be 40% (mean value) of Total Lung Capacity (TLC). Predicted normal value of FRC/TLC% in non-obese subjects of the same height, sex and age is 54%. During tidal breathing the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was 84 mm Hg (mean value) compared to 95 mm Hg in non-obese subjects. A positive correlation between FRC/TLC% and the PaO2 was found. A series of 5 deep breaths normalized the PaO2 which rose by 18 mm Hg to 102 mm Hg (mean value). These results confirm the generally held opinion that the main abnormality of lung function in obesity is a reduction of lung volume to such a low value that airway closure occurs during tidal breathing, causing arterial hypoxemia.", "contents": "Lung volumes and arterial blood gases in obesity. Lung volumes and arterial blood gases have been studied in six severely obese patients (mean weight 143 kg), admitted for jejunoileal shunt-operation. The lung volumes were recorded on a Siemens constant volume body plethysmograph, and the arterial blood gases were measured by means of a Radiometer ABL-1 blood gas analyzer. The patients were in the seated body position. The Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) was found to be 40% (mean value) of Total Lung Capacity (TLC). Predicted normal value of FRC/TLC% in non-obese subjects of the same height, sex and age is 54%. During tidal breathing the arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) was 84 mm Hg (mean value) compared to 95 mm Hg in non-obese subjects. A positive correlation between FRC/TLC% and the PaO2 was found. A series of 5 deep breaths normalized the PaO2 which rose by 18 mm Hg to 102 mm Hg (mean value). These results confirm the generally held opinion that the main abnormality of lung function in obesity is a reduction of lung volume to such a low value that airway closure occurs during tidal breathing, causing arterial hypoxemia.", "PMID": 1064160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4559", "title": "Transfer of in vitro cytotoxicity against osteogenic sarcoma cells.", "content": "Evidence of lymphocyte cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma, suggesting a degree of cell-mediated immunity, was found in the mother of a patient with osteogenic sarcoma. The mother was found to be HL-A identical to the patient and therefore was an ideal donor for whole lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were obtained from the mother by leukophoresis and were administered to the patient. Lymphocytotherapy transferred or re-established a delayed hypersensitivity response to mumps antigen and transferred the ability of killing osteogenic sarcoma cells in vitro. There was slight improvement in the patients' clinical condition coincident with the establishment of lymphocytoxicity in the patient. Loss of this capacity coincided with a rapid deterioration of the patient's condition.", "contents": "Transfer of in vitro cytotoxicity against osteogenic sarcoma cells. Evidence of lymphocyte cytotoxicity against osteosarcoma, suggesting a degree of cell-mediated immunity, was found in the mother of a patient with osteogenic sarcoma. The mother was found to be HL-A identical to the patient and therefore was an ideal donor for whole lymphocytes. Lymphocytes were obtained from the mother by leukophoresis and were administered to the patient. Lymphocytotherapy transferred or re-established a delayed hypersensitivity response to mumps antigen and transferred the ability of killing osteogenic sarcoma cells in vitro. There was slight improvement in the patients' clinical condition coincident with the establishment of lymphocytoxicity in the patient. Loss of this capacity coincided with a rapid deterioration of the patient's condition.", "PMID": 1064179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4560", "title": "Chromosome changes in patients treated with \"Myleran\".", "content": "The aim of this study is the determination of chromosomal changes in patients suffering from chronic leucosis, after therapy with the cytostatic \"Myleran\", to find out whether this cytostatic causes them, because of clinical experience which indicates its value in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Patients were treated with therapeutic doses of 4 mg per os daily. Analysis with present methods in patients receiving relatively small total doses did not discover the other visible chromosomal aberrations in leucocytes in peripheral blood, except the usual aberrations caused by chronic leucosis.", "contents": "Chromosome changes in patients treated with \"Myleran\". The aim of this study is the determination of chromosomal changes in patients suffering from chronic leucosis, after therapy with the cytostatic \"Myleran\", to find out whether this cytostatic causes them, because of clinical experience which indicates its value in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. Patients were treated with therapeutic doses of 4 mg per os daily. Analysis with present methods in patients receiving relatively small total doses did not discover the other visible chromosomal aberrations in leucocytes in peripheral blood, except the usual aberrations caused by chronic leucosis.", "PMID": 1064182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4561", "title": "Alacrima.", "content": "Alacrima, a congenital lack of tears, is a comparatively rare condition. Seven cases are presented, and the possible aetiology discussed. All cases should be followed up in view of the possible development of the full sicca syndrome later in life. Alacrima should be considered as an underlying condition in cases of red irritable eyes in young children, even in the absence of a definite history from the parents.", "contents": "Alacrima. Alacrima, a congenital lack of tears, is a comparatively rare condition. Seven cases are presented, and the possible aetiology discussed. All cases should be followed up in view of the possible development of the full sicca syndrome later in life. Alacrima should be considered as an underlying condition in cases of red irritable eyes in young children, even in the absence of a definite history from the parents.", "PMID": 1064191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4562", "title": "Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of subretinal fluid and its diagnostic significance.", "content": "(1) Immunochemical examination shows that subretinal fluid can be divided into two major categories. A 'barrier pattern' is found in the presence of an effective blood-retinal barrier, whereas a 'barrier-damage pattern' emerges when there is a progressive increase in the permeability of the choriocapillarispigment epithelium complex. (2) The immunoelectrophoretic appearance of the subretinal fluid from a recent simple detachment shows a 'barrier pattern' and consists of only low molecular-size plasma proteins, since the choriocapillaris-pigment epithelium complex allows the smaller proteins to escape into the subretinal space more readily than the larger. There is, therefore, a general relationship between the clearance of any plasma protein in the subretinal space and its molecular size.(3) It is only in long-standing detachment that the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier is sufficiently altered to allow the passage of higher-molecular-weight proteins such as IgG and IgA. Increase in permeability of the choriocapillaris-pigment epithelium complex, due possibly to structural modifications, is responsible for the 'barrier-damage' pattern of the subretinal fluid. (4) There may be variations in the degree of barrier breakdown. In those retaining a highly selective barrier, little or no high-molecular-weight proteins escape in the subretinal fluid even in cases of long-standing detachment, whereas, in those with low selectivity, the leakage of high-molecular-weight proteins parallels that of the smaller proteins. (5) The apperance of very large molecules in the subretinal fluid indicates a preceding choroidal inflammation or neoplastic invasion; and the detection of IgM is, therefore, of value in the differential diagnosis of retinal detachment.", "contents": "Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of subretinal fluid and its diagnostic significance. (1) Immunochemical examination shows that subretinal fluid can be divided into two major categories. A 'barrier pattern' is found in the presence of an effective blood-retinal barrier, whereas a 'barrier-damage pattern' emerges when there is a progressive increase in the permeability of the choriocapillarispigment epithelium complex. (2) The immunoelectrophoretic appearance of the subretinal fluid from a recent simple detachment shows a 'barrier pattern' and consists of only low molecular-size plasma proteins, since the choriocapillaris-pigment epithelium complex allows the smaller proteins to escape into the subretinal space more readily than the larger. There is, therefore, a general relationship between the clearance of any plasma protein in the subretinal space and its molecular size.(3) It is only in long-standing detachment that the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier is sufficiently altered to allow the passage of higher-molecular-weight proteins such as IgG and IgA. Increase in permeability of the choriocapillaris-pigment epithelium complex, due possibly to structural modifications, is responsible for the 'barrier-damage' pattern of the subretinal fluid. (4) There may be variations in the degree of barrier breakdown. In those retaining a highly selective barrier, little or no high-molecular-weight proteins escape in the subretinal fluid even in cases of long-standing detachment, whereas, in those with low selectivity, the leakage of high-molecular-weight proteins parallels that of the smaller proteins. (5) The apperance of very large molecules in the subretinal fluid indicates a preceding choroidal inflammation or neoplastic invasion; and the detection of IgM is, therefore, of value in the differential diagnosis of retinal detachment.", "PMID": 1064201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4563", "title": "Ocular aspects of internal carotid stenosis.", "content": "Because extracranial atheromatous disease of the carotid arterial system is a common cause of 'stroke', ophthalmologists may be the first to see patients at risk who present with early signs of this condition. I. The history of previous observations of these signs and the anatomy and physiology of the structures involved are described. The physical and subjective signs and the significance of transient ischaemic attacks are discussed. Methods of diagnosis are reviewed with special reference to ophthalmodynamometry. II. A series of patients personally investigated and treated is analysed: (1)Endarterectomy was performed in seventy cases of internal carotid artery stenosis during a 15-year period (1959-73). (2) 36 cases from the years 1970-73 were studied in detail. (3) 50 per cent. of these presented with ocular symptoms, which were the only complaint in 22 per cent. (4) 95 per cent. of all patients with ocular symptoms experienced recurrent transient visual loss. (5) 61 per cent. of all patients with ocular symptoms showed significant fundus changes. (6) ODM enabled the haemodynamics of the carotid arterial systems to be evaluated in 79 per cent. of the patients studied. (7) The results of surgery suggest that patients who present with ocular symptoms have a better prognosis than those who present with neurological symptoms only.", "contents": "Ocular aspects of internal carotid stenosis. Because extracranial atheromatous disease of the carotid arterial system is a common cause of 'stroke', ophthalmologists may be the first to see patients at risk who present with early signs of this condition. I. The history of previous observations of these signs and the anatomy and physiology of the structures involved are described. The physical and subjective signs and the significance of transient ischaemic attacks are discussed. Methods of diagnosis are reviewed with special reference to ophthalmodynamometry. II. A series of patients personally investigated and treated is analysed: (1)Endarterectomy was performed in seventy cases of internal carotid artery stenosis during a 15-year period (1959-73). (2) 36 cases from the years 1970-73 were studied in detail. (3) 50 per cent. of these presented with ocular symptoms, which were the only complaint in 22 per cent. (4) 95 per cent. of all patients with ocular symptoms experienced recurrent transient visual loss. (5) 61 per cent. of all patients with ocular symptoms showed significant fundus changes. (6) ODM enabled the haemodynamics of the carotid arterial systems to be evaluated in 79 per cent. of the patients studied. (7) The results of surgery suggest that patients who present with ocular symptoms have a better prognosis than those who present with neurological symptoms only.", "PMID": 1064204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4564", "title": "Drusen of the optic disc. A histopathological study.", "content": "A retrospective study of autopsy and surgically enucleated eyes yielded eighteen autopsy and four surgically enucleated eyes harbouring drusen of the optic disc. The average age of the patients in this series was 58-6 years. Various histopathological changes were noted in the optic nerve head and adjacent retina; these comprised compression of nerve fibres, partial optic atrophy, elevation of the optic disc, cytoid bodies, disc haemorrhage, sequelae of haemorrhage, and juxtapapillary retinal scarring. All optic disc drusen were calcified and five of the ten disc drusen stained positively for the presence of iron.", "contents": "Drusen of the optic disc. A histopathological study. A retrospective study of autopsy and surgically enucleated eyes yielded eighteen autopsy and four surgically enucleated eyes harbouring drusen of the optic disc. The average age of the patients in this series was 58-6 years. Various histopathological changes were noted in the optic nerve head and adjacent retina; these comprised compression of nerve fibres, partial optic atrophy, elevation of the optic disc, cytoid bodies, disc haemorrhage, sequelae of haemorrhage, and juxtapapillary retinal scarring. All optic disc drusen were calcified and five of the ten disc drusen stained positively for the presence of iron.", "PMID": 1064209}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4565", "title": "Fundus changes immediately after cataract extraction.", "content": "The effect of acute ocular hypotony as a factor in the formation of serous choridal detachments was investigated in 45 eyes undergoing cataract extraction. A fundus examination was made with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy immediately after lens removal and in the early postoperative period. No choroidal detachments occurred, either early or late. Full-thickness infoldings of the eye wall in the posterior segment were seen in 80 per cent of the eyes immediately after lens extraction. The orientation of these folds is described, and factors leading to their formation are discussed.", "contents": "Fundus changes immediately after cataract extraction. The effect of acute ocular hypotony as a factor in the formation of serous choridal detachments was investigated in 45 eyes undergoing cataract extraction. A fundus examination was made with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy immediately after lens removal and in the early postoperative period. No choroidal detachments occurred, either early or late. Full-thickness infoldings of the eye wall in the posterior segment were seen in 80 per cent of the eyes immediately after lens extraction. The orientation of these folds is described, and factors leading to their formation are discussed.", "PMID": 1064210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4566", "title": "Analysis of senile changes in the palpebral fissure.", "content": "This work was carried out to determine the changes in conformity and physiological movements of the eyelids with advancing age. Some conceptions fostered in the literature are false and should be discarded. Others have been corroborated. We concluded that the whole lateral canthus becomes lax and drifts medially with age. Therefore, surgical correction should aim at restoring the fixation of the lateral canthus to the youthful position.", "contents": "Analysis of senile changes in the palpebral fissure. This work was carried out to determine the changes in conformity and physiological movements of the eyelids with advancing age. Some conceptions fostered in the literature are false and should be discarded. Others have been corroborated. We concluded that the whole lateral canthus becomes lax and drifts medially with age. Therefore, surgical correction should aim at restoring the fixation of the lateral canthus to the youthful position.", "PMID": 1064211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4567", "title": "Pilocarpine delivery by hydrophilic lens in the management of acute glaucoma.", "content": "Patients with acute closed-angle glaucoma were treated with a hydrophilic contact lens saturated in 1, 4, or 8 per cent. pilocarpine or bt intensive 4 per cent. pilocarpine drops. The greatest hypotensive response was produced by the 1 per cent. presoaked lens and increased strength of soaking solution gave reduced response. Intensive drops gave the least response. In vitro studies show that the lens is effectively saturated after 2 hrs' soaking holds c. 700 mug. pilocarpine and yields almost all of the contained pilocarpine after 2 hrs' elution. The method of lens preparation is described and pharmaceutical studies confirm a shelf life of 4 months in a domestic refrigerator.", "contents": "Pilocarpine delivery by hydrophilic lens in the management of acute glaucoma. Patients with acute closed-angle glaucoma were treated with a hydrophilic contact lens saturated in 1, 4, or 8 per cent. pilocarpine or bt intensive 4 per cent. pilocarpine drops. The greatest hypotensive response was produced by the 1 per cent. presoaked lens and increased strength of soaking solution gave reduced response. Intensive drops gave the least response. In vitro studies show that the lens is effectively saturated after 2 hrs' soaking holds c. 700 mug. pilocarpine and yields almost all of the contained pilocarpine after 2 hrs' elution. The method of lens preparation is described and pharmaceutical studies confirm a shelf life of 4 months in a domestic refrigerator.", "PMID": 1064215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4568", "title": "New apparatus for measuring forces in strabismus.", "content": "An apparatus for measuring muscle forces in strabismus has been developed. The globe is fixed with a modified suction cup, force applied is measured by strain gauges, and the excursion of the globe is measured by a light pointer and tangent screen. The values of force generation tests for normal horizontal rectus muscles performing 30 degrees saccades lie mainly within the range of 60 to 80 G.", "contents": "New apparatus for measuring forces in strabismus. An apparatus for measuring muscle forces in strabismus has been developed. The globe is fixed with a modified suction cup, force applied is measured by strain gauges, and the excursion of the globe is measured by a light pointer and tangent screen. The values of force generation tests for normal horizontal rectus muscles performing 30 degrees saccades lie mainly within the range of 60 to 80 G.", "PMID": 1064216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4569", "title": "Retinal opacification after blunt non-perforating concussional injuries to the globe. A clinical and retinal fluorescein angiographic study.", "content": "Fluorescein angiographic studies are reported on fifteen patients presenting with retinal opacification after blunt mechanical non-perforating injuries involving the eye. In patients who subsequently regained full visual function and in whom complete resolution of the retinal changes occurred, retinal fluorography carried out less than 24 hours after injury revealed no abnormal features. In cases with more prolonged visual disability, retinal fluorescein examinations may, however, reveal damage to the retinal pigment epithelium before this becomes apparent  on routine ophthalmoscopy, or the existence of impaired perfusion through the retinal vessels. It is suggested, therefore, that retinal fluorescein angiography has a role in assessing the visual prognosis in patients presenting with traumatic retinal oedema.", "contents": "Retinal opacification after blunt non-perforating concussional injuries to the globe. A clinical and retinal fluorescein angiographic study. Fluorescein angiographic studies are reported on fifteen patients presenting with retinal opacification after blunt mechanical non-perforating injuries involving the eye. In patients who subsequently regained full visual function and in whom complete resolution of the retinal changes occurred, retinal fluorography carried out less than 24 hours after injury revealed no abnormal features. In cases with more prolonged visual disability, retinal fluorescein examinations may, however, reveal damage to the retinal pigment epithelium before this becomes apparent  on routine ophthalmoscopy, or the existence of impaired perfusion through the retinal vessels. It is suggested, therefore, that retinal fluorescein angiography has a role in assessing the visual prognosis in patients presenting with traumatic retinal oedema.", "PMID": 1064218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4570", "title": "Isolation of amoebae from eye infections in England.", "content": "The laboratory investigations are presented on the first two recorded cases in England of infection of the eye by free-living amoebae. The distribution and pathogenicity of these amoebae are briefly discussed and some therapeutic possibilities derived from subsequent in vitro studies.", "contents": "Isolation of amoebae from eye infections in England. The laboratory investigations are presented on the first two recorded cases in England of infection of the eye by free-living amoebae. The distribution and pathogenicity of these amoebae are briefly discussed and some therapeutic possibilities derived from subsequent in vitro studies.", "PMID": 1064219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4571", "title": "Filamentary keratitis.", "content": "Evidence is offered to support a hypothesis that filaments are composed of mucus with epithelial squames, lipid, and foreign matter taken up secondarily. The condition results when mucus excess is present with receptor sites on the cornea. Treatment should be directed at the receptor sites, the mucus excess, or the underlying conditions responsible for the two components.", "contents": "Filamentary keratitis. Evidence is offered to support a hypothesis that filaments are composed of mucus with epithelial squames, lipid, and foreign matter taken up secondarily. The condition results when mucus excess is present with receptor sites on the cornea. Treatment should be directed at the receptor sites, the mucus excess, or the underlying conditions responsible for the two components.", "PMID": 1064224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4572", "title": "Vascular pathophysiology of the ocular postural response. A pneumatonometric study.", "content": "The technique of pneumatic tonometry has been used to study new aspects of the response of the intraocular pressure to change of body position. The pneumatonographic procedure permits the intraocular pressure to be recoorded independent of body position. A modification of the procedure is described for the measurement of the ophthalmic arterial pressure and for the analysis of the change in intraocular pulse with increased intraocular pressure. The magnitude and symmetry of the postural response in normal healthy individuals have been found to contrast with the magnitude, stability, and asymmetry of the postural response in patients with ocular and arterial occlusive diseases. The abnormality of the postural response in a patient with severe occlusive disease is shown to parallel asymmetric and low ophthalmic arterial pressures.", "contents": "Vascular pathophysiology of the ocular postural response. A pneumatonometric study. The technique of pneumatic tonometry has been used to study new aspects of the response of the intraocular pressure to change of body position. The pneumatonographic procedure permits the intraocular pressure to be recoorded independent of body position. A modification of the procedure is described for the measurement of the ophthalmic arterial pressure and for the analysis of the change in intraocular pulse with increased intraocular pressure. The magnitude and symmetry of the postural response in normal healthy individuals have been found to contrast with the magnitude, stability, and asymmetry of the postural response in patients with ocular and arterial occlusive diseases. The abnormality of the postural response in a patient with severe occlusive disease is shown to parallel asymmetric and low ophthalmic arterial pressures.", "PMID": 1064226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4573", "title": "Visual loss due to posterior segment disease in scleritis.", "content": "Exudative retinal detachment and oedema of the posterior retina are well-recognized clinical entities for which a cause is rarely found. Scleritis may cause both these clinical syndromes by a spread of inflammation from the sclera into the uveal tract. Although treatment may result in a rapid resolution of scleritis, retinal detachment and macular oedema persist and prove extremely resistant, even to high doses of systemic steroids. Recovery may be incomplete and may occur only after weeks or months of treatment.", "contents": "Visual loss due to posterior segment disease in scleritis. Exudative retinal detachment and oedema of the posterior retina are well-recognized clinical entities for which a cause is rarely found. Scleritis may cause both these clinical syndromes by a spread of inflammation from the sclera into the uveal tract. Although treatment may result in a rapid resolution of scleritis, retinal detachment and macular oedema persist and prove extremely resistant, even to high doses of systemic steroids. Recovery may be incomplete and may occur only after weeks or months of treatment.", "PMID": 1064228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4574", "title": "Electrodiagnosis and ultrasonography in the assessment of recent major trauma.", "content": "This paper reports a prospective study of 47 eyes with opaque media after recent major ocular trauma which were assessed by measurement of visual acuity, electroretinography, visually evoked response, and ultrasonography. The results of each method of assessment were analysed as indiced of prognosis for visual recovery. Each method of examination proved of value for prognosis, and a combined assessment using all the methods together was of special value.", "contents": "Electrodiagnosis and ultrasonography in the assessment of recent major trauma. This paper reports a prospective study of 47 eyes with opaque media after recent major ocular trauma which were assessed by measurement of visual acuity, electroretinography, visually evoked response, and ultrasonography. The results of each method of assessment were analysed as indiced of prognosis for visual recovery. Each method of examination proved of value for prognosis, and a combined assessment using all the methods together was of special value.", "PMID": 1064232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4575", "title": "Multicentre trial of xenon-arc photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. A Randomized controlled study. Interim report.", "content": "An interim analysis of the cases in the British Multicentre Photocoagulation Trial shows that treated eyes with maculopathy retain better visual acuity than untreated eyes. The difference of the change in the mean visual acuities of the treated and untreated eyes is small but statistically significant. In those with new vessels as the predominant feature, there is a trend for treated eyes to have better visual acuity than untreated eyes, but the difference in the mean visual acuity of the two groups is not statistically significant.", "contents": "Multicentre trial of xenon-arc photocoagulation in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. A Randomized controlled study. Interim report. An interim analysis of the cases in the British Multicentre Photocoagulation Trial shows that treated eyes with maculopathy retain better visual acuity than untreated eyes. The difference of the change in the mean visual acuities of the treated and untreated eyes is small but statistically significant. In those with new vessels as the predominant feature, there is a trend for treated eyes to have better visual acuity than untreated eyes, but the difference in the mean visual acuity of the two groups is not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1064238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4576", "title": "[Blast leukosis in adults].", "content": "The clinic, paraclinic, treatment and course as well as the outcome of blast leukosis in elderly people is followed up. In all of the 17 patients with blast leukosis, the disease initialed under the mask of another disease: hematuria, angina pectoris gravis, myocardial infarction, jaundice, gastroenterocolitis, etc. The course is serious and in spite of the treatment all patients have a lethal end within 2-3 months.", "contents": "[Blast leukosis in adults]. The clinic, paraclinic, treatment and course as well as the outcome of blast leukosis in elderly people is followed up. In all of the 17 patients with blast leukosis, the disease initialed under the mask of another disease: hematuria, angina pectoris gravis, myocardial infarction, jaundice, gastroenterocolitis, etc. The course is serious and in spite of the treatment all patients have a lethal end within 2-3 months.", "PMID": 1064240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4577", "title": "[The effect of hypovolaemic shock on the pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphological changes similar to those found in acute pancreatitis were found at autopsy of ten patients who had died following temporary hypovolaemic shock. In an experimental study it was demonstrated by means of electromagnetic flow measurements that hypovolaemic shock results in a significant decrease in pancreatic flow, which is paralleled by a significant decrease in oxygen consumption of the organ in spite of a compensatory increase in the arterio-venous oxyhaemoglobin difference. These haemodynamic changes are followed by hypoxic cell damage mainly in the periphereal areas of the pancreatic acini, with resultant necrosis, as found in acute pancreatitis.", "contents": "[The effect of hypovolaemic shock on the pancreas (author's transl)]. Morphological changes similar to those found in acute pancreatitis were found at autopsy of ten patients who had died following temporary hypovolaemic shock. In an experimental study it was demonstrated by means of electromagnetic flow measurements that hypovolaemic shock results in a significant decrease in pancreatic flow, which is paralleled by a significant decrease in oxygen consumption of the organ in spite of a compensatory increase in the arterio-venous oxyhaemoglobin difference. These haemodynamic changes are followed by hypoxic cell damage mainly in the periphereal areas of the pancreatic acini, with resultant necrosis, as found in acute pancreatitis.", "PMID": 1064247}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4578", "title": "[Analysis of the progressive phases of diabetic retinopathy. Prevention and treatment by photocoagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt has been made to clarify various unresolved problems concerning the pathogenesis, course and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (d.r.) on the basis of an analysis of 2320 fluorescein angiograms performed on 150 patients at intervals of 1 week to 6 months during the period January 1967 to April 1975. The characteristic changes of diabetic angiopathy are already visible in the angiogram before the ophthalmoscopic and biomicroscopic features of d.r. become manifest (preretinopathic stage). Like in the later stages of d.r., hyperpermeability of the retinal capillaries predominates in certain patients, whilst stenosis and obstruction of the precapillaries and arterioles prevail in the remaining patients. Hyperpermeability frequently causes a decrease in, or a failure of perfusion of the retinal capillaries due to compression by the swollen perivascular tissue. D.r. is characterised by phasic development. In cases of primary exudative angiopathy an increase in the capillary hyperpermeability can precede phases of progression. Cases of primary occlusive angiopathy display a jerky type of involvement of larger and larger retinal vessels. An additional exudative component accelerates progression of the angiopathy. Large zones without visible capillaries or multiple small areas with deficient capillarisation, IRMAs and shunt vessels herald the imminent onset of the proliferative stage (preproliferative stage). The primary exudative types show slow evolution, whilst the primary occlusive types show rapid, phasic progression...", "contents": "[Analysis of the progressive phases of diabetic retinopathy. Prevention and treatment by photocoagulation (author's transl)]. An attempt has been made to clarify various unresolved problems concerning the pathogenesis, course and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (d.r.) on the basis of an analysis of 2320 fluorescein angiograms performed on 150 patients at intervals of 1 week to 6 months during the period January 1967 to April 1975. The characteristic changes of diabetic angiopathy are already visible in the angiogram before the ophthalmoscopic and biomicroscopic features of d.r. become manifest (preretinopathic stage). Like in the later stages of d.r., hyperpermeability of the retinal capillaries predominates in certain patients, whilst stenosis and obstruction of the precapillaries and arterioles prevail in the remaining patients. Hyperpermeability frequently causes a decrease in, or a failure of perfusion of the retinal capillaries due to compression by the swollen perivascular tissue. D.r. is characterised by phasic development. In cases of primary exudative angiopathy an increase in the capillary hyperpermeability can precede phases of progression. Cases of primary occlusive angiopathy display a jerky type of involvement of larger and larger retinal vessels. An additional exudative component accelerates progression of the angiopathy. Large zones without visible capillaries or multiple small areas with deficient capillarisation, IRMAs and shunt vessels herald the imminent onset of the proliferative stage (preproliferative stage). The primary exudative types show slow evolution, whilst the primary occlusive types show rapid, phasic progression...", "PMID": 1064248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4579", "title": "[Functional replacement of the left heart with an intrathoracally implantable ventricular-aortic blood pump (author's transl)].", "content": "An implantable ventricular-aortic blood pump was employed for the functional replacement of the left heart. Pilot studies were performed in 12 dogs to test new materials and manufacturing innovations used in the production of the blood pumps. Further pilot studies were undertaken to evaluate prophylactic measures against infection along percutaneous driving lines. A skin button made from biomaterials and covered with antibiotics was subcutaneously implanted in 2 dogs and 5 calves. No infection was seen along the percutaneous lines for up to 6 months later. After the implantation technique had been worked out in 15 calves acute haemodynamic studies were undertaken. The implanted pump took over, on average, 88% of the cardiac output. The peak systolic ventricular pressure was decreased from 106 to 18 mm Hg. The myocardial oxygen consumption was thereby decreased by 21% in respect to the control value. A ventricular-aortic blood pump was implanted in 12 calves for long-term studies. The longest duration of pump experimentation was 73 days. The laboratory examinations show that all body functions return to normal within 10 days and that the pumping device is completely integrated into the living organism.", "contents": "[Functional replacement of the left heart with an intrathoracally implantable ventricular-aortic blood pump (author's transl)]. An implantable ventricular-aortic blood pump was employed for the functional replacement of the left heart. Pilot studies were performed in 12 dogs to test new materials and manufacturing innovations used in the production of the blood pumps. Further pilot studies were undertaken to evaluate prophylactic measures against infection along percutaneous driving lines. A skin button made from biomaterials and covered with antibiotics was subcutaneously implanted in 2 dogs and 5 calves. No infection was seen along the percutaneous lines for up to 6 months later. After the implantation technique had been worked out in 15 calves acute haemodynamic studies were undertaken. The implanted pump took over, on average, 88% of the cardiac output. The peak systolic ventricular pressure was decreased from 106 to 18 mm Hg. The myocardial oxygen consumption was thereby decreased by 21% in respect to the control value. A ventricular-aortic blood pump was implanted in 12 calves for long-term studies. The longest duration of pump experimentation was 73 days. The laboratory examinations show that all body functions return to normal within 10 days and that the pumping device is completely integrated into the living organism.", "PMID": 1064249}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4580", "title": "[A clinical-immunological concept of sarcoidosis].", "content": "A survey on immunologic phenomens up to now known in sarcoidosis is given and completed by own investigations in sarcoidosis patients concerning passive transfer of tuberculin reactivity, sensitivation with chemical contact allergens, lymphocyte transfer reaction, lymphocyte cultures, macrophage reaction in skin window, immune globulins, Kveim's reaction and reaction of basophilic granulocytes. As result of the investigations an immunologic conception of sarcoidosis is put up for discussion. The diminishment of the delayed type reactivity is the consequence of a strengthened immediate reaction on the begin of the disease. Therefore the impairment of T-lymphocytes would be not the cause but the consequence of the disease. Hypothetically a blockade of the surface of T-lymphocytes by products of the immediate reaction, for example immune complexes, is suggested. In this way it would be easier for the clinician to image, why sarcoidosis occurs in persons showing otherwise signs of hyperreactivity. The clinic of sarcoidosis is impressed by this hyperreactivity, especially by overwhelming formation of granulomatous tissue.", "contents": "[A clinical-immunological concept of sarcoidosis]. A survey on immunologic phenomens up to now known in sarcoidosis is given and completed by own investigations in sarcoidosis patients concerning passive transfer of tuberculin reactivity, sensitivation with chemical contact allergens, lymphocyte transfer reaction, lymphocyte cultures, macrophage reaction in skin window, immune globulins, Kveim's reaction and reaction of basophilic granulocytes. As result of the investigations an immunologic conception of sarcoidosis is put up for discussion. The diminishment of the delayed type reactivity is the consequence of a strengthened immediate reaction on the begin of the disease. Therefore the impairment of T-lymphocytes would be not the cause but the consequence of the disease. Hypothetically a blockade of the surface of T-lymphocytes by products of the immediate reaction, for example immune complexes, is suggested. In this way it would be easier for the clinician to image, why sarcoidosis occurs in persons showing otherwise signs of hyperreactivity. The clinic of sarcoidosis is impressed by this hyperreactivity, especially by overwhelming formation of granulomatous tissue.", "PMID": 1064260}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4581", "title": "[The lymph node perforation in tuberculosis and its consequences for the course of pulmonary tuberculosis].", "content": "After a historic review of the ever changing views concerning the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, a special possibility of extension is closely examined, that is the lymph node perforation into the bronchial system. In the past decades, the importance of this has been commensurately over --  as well as under -- evaluated. Our own examinations are based upon the experience gained by over 20.000 bronchoscopies in the past 25 years. According to the formulations of these examinations, carried out in 3 different groups, the following correlations were determined: The first series, registered during the years 1949-1952, included tuberculosis patients alone. In these series, 5.5% of the bronchoscopically proven changes were of tubercular lymph node perforation. The second series, published in 1961, included the compiling of 350 bronchoscopies performed on 350 cases of tuberculosis in the old age. In these series 11.4% of apparent lymph node perforations were observed. The third series contained 6021 bronchoscopies which were performed during 1970-1975. In this series, the tuberculosis presents only a small percentage of pulmonary diseases. In these cases, 2,9% were revealed as florid or healed lymph node invasions. This percentage would indicate that in cases of tuberculosis, lymph node invasion into the bronchial system means a minimal incidence. However, these figures, which are only based upon bronchoscopically determined findings must be considered, from an anatomical point of view, as the lowest occurrence border. Upon the basis of individual cases, different clinical pictures have been described, whereby these lymph node perforations can be clinically manifested. Consequently, it is this obturation with symptomatic foreign bodies, the atelectasis, which can falsely be diagnosed as a malignant bronchial closure, and also spread and aspiration even as is observed in the pneumonias. Additionally, because of interlobular lymphogenic propagation a similar symptom may be produced. Finally, as a last significant clinical manifestation, bleeding must be mentioned. Such bleeding is caused primarily when a caseous lymph node simultaneously perforates into the bronchial system and into a neighboring blood vessel. Over the past 25 years the clear up of the findings, due to constant improvements in bronchoscopy, have culminated in a method, the importance of which must be necessarily emphasized. This method should be universally utilized as routine examination in pulmonary departments and its neglecting should only be justified in specifically indicated cases.", "contents": "[The lymph node perforation in tuberculosis and its consequences for the course of pulmonary tuberculosis]. After a historic review of the ever changing views concerning the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, a special possibility of extension is closely examined, that is the lymph node perforation into the bronchial system. In the past decades, the importance of this has been commensurately over --  as well as under -- evaluated. Our own examinations are based upon the experience gained by over 20.000 bronchoscopies in the past 25 years. According to the formulations of these examinations, carried out in 3 different groups, the following correlations were determined: The first series, registered during the years 1949-1952, included tuberculosis patients alone. In these series, 5.5% of the bronchoscopically proven changes were of tubercular lymph node perforation. The second series, published in 1961, included the compiling of 350 bronchoscopies performed on 350 cases of tuberculosis in the old age. In these series 11.4% of apparent lymph node perforations were observed. The third series contained 6021 bronchoscopies which were performed during 1970-1975. In this series, the tuberculosis presents only a small percentage of pulmonary diseases. In these cases, 2,9% were revealed as florid or healed lymph node invasions. This percentage would indicate that in cases of tuberculosis, lymph node invasion into the bronchial system means a minimal incidence. However, these figures, which are only based upon bronchoscopically determined findings must be considered, from an anatomical point of view, as the lowest occurrence border. Upon the basis of individual cases, different clinical pictures have been described, whereby these lymph node perforations can be clinically manifested. Consequently, it is this obturation with symptomatic foreign bodies, the atelectasis, which can falsely be diagnosed as a malignant bronchial closure, and also spread and aspiration even as is observed in the pneumonias. Additionally, because of interlobular lymphogenic propagation a similar symptom may be produced. Finally, as a last significant clinical manifestation, bleeding must be mentioned. Such bleeding is caused primarily when a caseous lymph node simultaneously perforates into the bronchial system and into a neighboring blood vessel. Over the past 25 years the clear up of the findings, due to constant improvements in bronchoscopy, have culminated in a method, the importance of which must be necessarily emphasized. This method should be universally utilized as routine examination in pulmonary departments and its neglecting should only be justified in specifically indicated cases.", "PMID": 1064261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4582", "title": "[Immature-cell leukosis as a chance finding].", "content": "It is reported on a 35-year-old man in whom by chance was made the diagnosis of an undifferentiated cell leucosis during a routine investigation of the blood before an haemorrhoidectomy. In a number of leucozytes of 234.000/mul 96% of paraleucoblasts were found. Haemoglobin and thrombozytes were normal. Cytochemically a lymphoblast leucosis was concerned. By means of a cytostatic combination therapy (ViDaP-scheme) the clinically latent leucosis was brought into a very good partial remission. A recidivation appearing five month later led in form of a haemorrhagic diathesis to the first symptoms recognizable for the patient.", "contents": "[Immature-cell leukosis as a chance finding]. It is reported on a 35-year-old man in whom by chance was made the diagnosis of an undifferentiated cell leucosis during a routine investigation of the blood before an haemorrhoidectomy. In a number of leucozytes of 234.000/mul 96% of paraleucoblasts were found. Haemoglobin and thrombozytes were normal. Cytochemically a lymphoblast leucosis was concerned. By means of a cytostatic combination therapy (ViDaP-scheme) the clinically latent leucosis was brought into a very good partial remission. A recidivation appearing five month later led in form of a haemorrhagic diathesis to the first symptoms recognizable for the patient.", "PMID": 1064263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4583", "title": "Cells from the seminal vesicles: contaminants of the V-C-E smear.", "content": "Cells originating in the seminal vesicles are occasionally observed on routing gynecologic smears. Sometimes, these cells may display large hyperchromatic dense nuclei, which conceivably may produce diagnostic problems. The identification of these cells is therefore of practical significance in order to avoid one more pitfall in gynecologic cytodiagnosis.", "contents": "Cells from the seminal vesicles: contaminants of the V-C-E smear. Cells originating in the seminal vesicles are occasionally observed on routing gynecologic smears. Sometimes, these cells may display large hyperchromatic dense nuclei, which conceivably may produce diagnostic problems. The identification of these cells is therefore of practical significance in order to avoid one more pitfall in gynecologic cytodiagnosis.", "PMID": 1064270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4584", "title": "Histopathologic criterion of dysplasia of the uterine cervix and its biological nature.", "content": "A histopathologic diagnostic standard for abnormal epithelium of the uterine cervix, based on its biological behavior, has been proposed, and dysplasia and carcinoma in situ have been classified according to this standard. Benign dysplasia by this classification may be considered as a benign lesion, and only the lesion which satisfies the standard for atypical dysplasia should be considered as dysplasia, having a significance as a precursor to cervical cancer. This would be clinically convenient.", "contents": "Histopathologic criterion of dysplasia of the uterine cervix and its biological nature. A histopathologic diagnostic standard for abnormal epithelium of the uterine cervix, based on its biological behavior, has been proposed, and dysplasia and carcinoma in situ have been classified according to this standard. Benign dysplasia by this classification may be considered as a benign lesion, and only the lesion which satisfies the standard for atypical dysplasia should be considered as dysplasia, having a significance as a precursor to cervical cancer. This would be clinically convenient.", "PMID": 1064272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4585", "title": "Cytohormonal and histomorphologic patterns in endometrium in symptomatic premenopausal women.", "content": "Endometrial histology in the premenopausal symptomatic group revealed hyperplastic endometrium in 29.1 percent of the cases. Cytohormonal evaluation has shown hyperesterin activity reflected by a high Karyopyknotic Index in cystic glandular and adenomatous hyperplasia. A fairly good positive correlation is seen between colpocytology and endometrial histology. In few patients vaginal cytology has revealed regressive activity which was not evident on histology alone. It is felt that cases showing regressive smears are the ones where treatment including estrogens should be most effective.", "contents": "Cytohormonal and histomorphologic patterns in endometrium in symptomatic premenopausal women. Endometrial histology in the premenopausal symptomatic group revealed hyperplastic endometrium in 29.1 percent of the cases. Cytohormonal evaluation has shown hyperesterin activity reflected by a high Karyopyknotic Index in cystic glandular and adenomatous hyperplasia. A fairly good positive correlation is seen between colpocytology and endometrial histology. In few patients vaginal cytology has revealed regressive activity which was not evident on histology alone. It is felt that cases showing regressive smears are the ones where treatment including estrogens should be most effective.", "PMID": 1064271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4586", "title": "Reliability of cytologic typing of lung cancer.", "content": "In a prospective study of 111 cases of lung cancer, cytopathologic diagnoses were compared with histologic diagnoses. In 77.5 per cent of the cases, histopathologic diagnoses were in concurrence with cytopathologic diagnoses. The discrepancies occurred mainly in poorly differentiated adeno and  epidermoid carcinoma. Well differentiated adeno and epidermoid carcinoma were cell typed with 100 per cent accuracy and small cell carcinoma with 90 per cent accuracy.", "contents": "Reliability of cytologic typing of lung cancer. In a prospective study of 111 cases of lung cancer, cytopathologic diagnoses were compared with histologic diagnoses. In 77.5 per cent of the cases, histopathologic diagnoses were in concurrence with cytopathologic diagnoses. The discrepancies occurred mainly in poorly differentiated adeno and  epidermoid carcinoma. Well differentiated adeno and epidermoid carcinoma were cell typed with 100 per cent accuracy and small cell carcinoma with 90 per cent accuracy.", "PMID": 1064273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4587", "title": "[Simultaneous determination of gastric emptying and bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion].", "content": "Intestinal perfusion methods with a nonabsorbable marker allow an exact quantitative determination of intestinal absorption and secretion provided that methodological pitfalls are avoided. A modified technique is applied to the simultaneous measurement of biliary and pancreatic secretion during and depending on emptying of a mixed test meal. A duodenal segment was perfused with an isotonic polyethyleneglycol solution (PEG). Reinjection of duodenal aspirates maintained a normal enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (interruption less than 10%). The perfusion was performed in healthy volonteers over a period of 12 to 24 hours, with three mixed formula meals containing 51CrCl3 as a marker ingested at conventional feeding hours. Influence of meal size was studied by means of a high caloric (40 Kcal/b. wt. per day) test meal. Patients with cholesterol gallstones and cirrhosis of the liver only received one formula test meal of 300 Kcal. Instead of concentrations output of trypsin, lipase, bile acids and cholesterol (the latter corrected for duodenal absorption) was calculated from the dilution of PEG in the duodenal juice and gastric emptying was determined by following quantitatively the flow of 51CrCl3. Gastric emptying can be expressed by a single exponential function over most of the time. Only the last 60-100 Kcals were expelled by the stomach at a faster rate. The daily biliary and pancreatic secretion depend indirectly on the amount of food ingested. But during the day light hours (with continuous meal flow), secretion was similar in high and low caloric subjects, while a significant difference became obvious during night hours corresponding to differences in gastric emptying time. Mean hourly output of bile acid, biliary cholesterol, trypsin and lipase is independent from meal size and secretion of pancreatic enzymes reaches the values close to those after maximal stimulation by i.v. CCK-PZ. Output of pancreatic enzymes does not differ in health and gallstone disease or cirrhosis of the liver respectively. Since during digestion in normals approximately one forth of the bile acid pool is secreted hourly into the gut, the number of daily enterohepatic cycles of bile acids can be calculated by 4-6. Patients with cholesterol gallstones maintain normal bile acid output by enhanced cycling of the small pool: An average of 50% of the pool passed the duodenum per hour. A decreased bile acid pool is also present in cases of advanced cirrhosis of the liver. However, hourly output of bile acids in these patients is significantly less than in mild cirrhosis (with normal bile acid pool) or normal controls. Therefore the hourly fraction of the pool secreted is similar to healthy subjects. These findings provide an important information to explain abnormalities in bile acid metabolism in cirrhosis.", "contents": "[Simultaneous determination of gastric emptying and bile and pancreatic enzyme secretion]. Intestinal perfusion methods with a nonabsorbable marker allow an exact quantitative determination of intestinal absorption and secretion provided that methodological pitfalls are avoided. A modified technique is applied to the simultaneous measurement of biliary and pancreatic secretion during and depending on emptying of a mixed test meal. A duodenal segment was perfused with an isotonic polyethyleneglycol solution (PEG). Reinjection of duodenal aspirates maintained a normal enterohepatic circulation of bile acids (interruption less than 10%). The perfusion was performed in healthy volonteers over a period of 12 to 24 hours, with three mixed formula meals containing 51CrCl3 as a marker ingested at conventional feeding hours. Influence of meal size was studied by means of a high caloric (40 Kcal/b. wt. per day) test meal. Patients with cholesterol gallstones and cirrhosis of the liver only received one formula test meal of 300 Kcal. Instead of concentrations output of trypsin, lipase, bile acids and cholesterol (the latter corrected for duodenal absorption) was calculated from the dilution of PEG in the duodenal juice and gastric emptying was determined by following quantitatively the flow of 51CrCl3. Gastric emptying can be expressed by a single exponential function over most of the time. Only the last 60-100 Kcals were expelled by the stomach at a faster rate. The daily biliary and pancreatic secretion depend indirectly on the amount of food ingested. But during the day light hours (with continuous meal flow), secretion was similar in high and low caloric subjects, while a significant difference became obvious during night hours corresponding to differences in gastric emptying time. Mean hourly output of bile acid, biliary cholesterol, trypsin and lipase is independent from meal size and secretion of pancreatic enzymes reaches the values close to those after maximal stimulation by i.v. CCK-PZ. Output of pancreatic enzymes does not differ in health and gallstone disease or cirrhosis of the liver respectively. Since during digestion in normals approximately one forth of the bile acid pool is secreted hourly into the gut, the number of daily enterohepatic cycles of bile acids can be calculated by 4-6. Patients with cholesterol gallstones maintain normal bile acid output by enhanced cycling of the small pool: An average of 50% of the pool passed the duodenum per hour. A decreased bile acid pool is also present in cases of advanced cirrhosis of the liver. However, hourly output of bile acids in these patients is significantly less than in mild cirrhosis (with normal bile acid pool) or normal controls. Therefore the hourly fraction of the pool secreted is similar to healthy subjects. These findings provide an important information to explain abnormalities in bile acid metabolism in cirrhosis.", "PMID": 1064280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4588", "title": "[Aspects of bile acid metabolism in liver diseases(author's transl)].", "content": "Although chemistry and physiology of bile acids have been elucidated during the last two decades, tests concerning bile acid metabolism are still rarely used in clinical medicine. The aim of this study therefore was, to investigate bile acid metabolism in patients with liver diseases and to find prognostic valuable parameters which can be recommended for clinical use. Following an introducing review of biosynthesis and kinetics of bile acids, normal values are presented for pool size and synthesis of the two primary bile acids, for bile lipid composition, plasma bile acid concentration and for clearance and conjugation of intravenously injected 14C-cholic acid, which have been measured in healthy subjects. Bile acids were determined by thin-layer-chromatography, gas-liquid-chromatography and by an enzymatic and fluorimetric method. In all patients investigated with acute hepatic necrosis, plasma disappearance of radioactivity was greatly prolonged after intravenous injection of 14C-cholic acid. By estimating free 14C-cholic acid and 14C-cholic acid conjugates in plasma individually, two groups of patients could be distinguished: in patients who survived hepatic coma, the clearance of free 14C-cholic acid was significantly more rapid and the percentage of glycine and taurine conjugates of 14C-cholic acid in plasma was significantly higher than in patients who died in coma. This prognostic significant differentiation was possible by measuring the relationship of conjugated: unconjugated radioactivity in one single plasma sample taken three hours after injection. In patients with cirrhosis of the liver the plasma disappearance rate of radioactivity during 60 minutes following injection of 14C-cholic acid was significantly correlated with serum-bilirubin, SGOT, serum-albumin, prothrombine-time, plasma bile acids, and a clinical scoring. 14C-deoxycholic acid was found in plasma of only a few patients 24 hours after injection of the labelled cholic acid, and was related to the relatively good liver function in these patients. It is concluded that the following tests of bile acid metabolism are of clinical interest: 1. Measuring plasma bile acid concentration may serve as a sensitive liver function test. 2. Estimation of the conjugation of intravenously injected 14C-cholic acid is of prognostic value in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. 3. Determination of the initial plasma disappearance rate of 14C-cholic acid injected intravenously and its transformation to 14C-cholic acid injected intravenously and its transformation to 14C-deoxycholic acid may help to classify patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "contents": "[Aspects of bile acid metabolism in liver diseases(author's transl)]. Although chemistry and physiology of bile acids have been elucidated during the last two decades, tests concerning bile acid metabolism are still rarely used in clinical medicine. The aim of this study therefore was, to investigate bile acid metabolism in patients with liver diseases and to find prognostic valuable parameters which can be recommended for clinical use. Following an introducing review of biosynthesis and kinetics of bile acids, normal values are presented for pool size and synthesis of the two primary bile acids, for bile lipid composition, plasma bile acid concentration and for clearance and conjugation of intravenously injected 14C-cholic acid, which have been measured in healthy subjects. Bile acids were determined by thin-layer-chromatography, gas-liquid-chromatography and by an enzymatic and fluorimetric method. In all patients investigated with acute hepatic necrosis, plasma disappearance of radioactivity was greatly prolonged after intravenous injection of 14C-cholic acid. By estimating free 14C-cholic acid and 14C-cholic acid conjugates in plasma individually, two groups of patients could be distinguished: in patients who survived hepatic coma, the clearance of free 14C-cholic acid was significantly more rapid and the percentage of glycine and taurine conjugates of 14C-cholic acid in plasma was significantly higher than in patients who died in coma. This prognostic significant differentiation was possible by measuring the relationship of conjugated: unconjugated radioactivity in one single plasma sample taken three hours after injection. In patients with cirrhosis of the liver the plasma disappearance rate of radioactivity during 60 minutes following injection of 14C-cholic acid was significantly correlated with serum-bilirubin, SGOT, serum-albumin, prothrombine-time, plasma bile acids, and a clinical scoring. 14C-deoxycholic acid was found in plasma of only a few patients 24 hours after injection of the labelled cholic acid, and was related to the relatively good liver function in these patients. It is concluded that the following tests of bile acid metabolism are of clinical interest: 1. Measuring plasma bile acid concentration may serve as a sensitive liver function test. 2. Estimation of the conjugation of intravenously injected 14C-cholic acid is of prognostic value in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. 3. Determination of the initial plasma disappearance rate of 14C-cholic acid injected intravenously and its transformation to 14C-cholic acid injected intravenously and its transformation to 14C-deoxycholic acid may help to classify patients with cirrhosis of the liver.", "PMID": 1064281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4589", "title": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of tumor-like lesions of bone.", "content": "A consecutive series of bone lesions suspected to be tumors and examined by fine needle aspiration biopsy at the University Hospital Cytology Laboratory in Lund, Sweden, is reported. From 1966 to November 1974, 150 cases were examined. In 123, sufficient cellular material was obtained through aspiration by a needle with an outer diameter of 0.8 mm. The method is described. The reliability of cytology is compared with the results of the definite pathology after open biopsy or extirpation of the lesion. In the series of primary benign lesions 28 out of 39 were correctly diagnosed; among primary malignant 27 out of 38 were correct and among metastases 57 out of 73 were correctly diagnosed including those  where insufficient cellular material was aspirated. In cases where sufficient material was achieved the reliability of the cytological diagnosis was around 90 per cent. There was one false positive and two false negative reports of malignancy. Fine needle aspiration biopsy with cytology is recommended as a standard step in orthopedic oncological examinations. It has at least the same degree of diagnostic reliability as other diagnostic methods, such as X-ray, for instance; however, it does not replace open biopsy and histology when mutilating surgery is in question.", "contents": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of tumor-like lesions of bone. A consecutive series of bone lesions suspected to be tumors and examined by fine needle aspiration biopsy at the University Hospital Cytology Laboratory in Lund, Sweden, is reported. From 1966 to November 1974, 150 cases were examined. In 123, sufficient cellular material was obtained through aspiration by a needle with an outer diameter of 0.8 mm. The method is described. The reliability of cytology is compared with the results of the definite pathology after open biopsy or extirpation of the lesion. In the series of primary benign lesions 28 out of 39 were correctly diagnosed; among primary malignant 27 out of 38 were correct and among metastases 57 out of 73 were correctly diagnosed including those  where insufficient cellular material was aspirated. In cases where sufficient material was achieved the reliability of the cytological diagnosis was around 90 per cent. There was one false positive and two false negative reports of malignancy. Fine needle aspiration biopsy with cytology is recommended as a standard step in orthopedic oncological examinations. It has at least the same degree of diagnostic reliability as other diagnostic methods, such as X-ray, for instance; however, it does not replace open biopsy and histology when mutilating surgery is in question.", "PMID": 1064282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4590", "title": "The fine structure of exfoliated cervical and vaginal cells.", "content": "In order to understand the means by which cellular aggregates were maintained in gynecologic samples, the fine structure of samples derived from a number of women of various ages was examined with special attention paid to the intercellular junctions. Most cells in the samples were squamous cells containing numerous intercellular fibrils and glycogen granules. Parabasal or intermediate cells were also seen as well as occasional endocervical cells. All of these cell types were often found as parts of aggregates and, while other cell junctions were present, desmosomes were the most prominent. It was concluded that desmosomes were probably responsible for maintaining the aggregated state of many of the cells found in gynecologic samples.", "contents": "The fine structure of exfoliated cervical and vaginal cells. In order to understand the means by which cellular aggregates were maintained in gynecologic samples, the fine structure of samples derived from a number of women of various ages was examined with special attention paid to the intercellular junctions. Most cells in the samples were squamous cells containing numerous intercellular fibrils and glycogen granules. Parabasal or intermediate cells were also seen as well as occasional endocervical cells. All of these cell types were often found as parts of aggregates and, while other cell junctions were present, desmosomes were the most prominent. It was concluded that desmosomes were probably responsible for maintaining the aggregated state of many of the cells found in gynecologic samples.", "PMID": 1064275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4591", "title": "Influence of blood collection on incidence of 2,7-FAA induced rat leukemia.", "content": "The oral administration of N, N'-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide induced leukemia, especially mature granulocytic leukemia, in rats. The peripheral blood was examined on various schedules, once or twice a week for a long term. The blood volume lost by a blood collection was little, but it was not negligible in small animals such as rats when the loss was repeated. We investigated the relationship between the volume of blood loss and the incidence of leukemia. The incidence of leukemia rose as the volume of blood loss increased. There was a positive correlation between them. The induction of mature granulocytic leukemia was thought to be increased by the promotion of the granulopoiesis which had been suppressed by 2,7-FAA. It was concluded that the blood loss by repeated blood collection for examination raised the incidence of 2,7-FAA induced leukemia.", "contents": "Influence of blood collection on incidence of 2,7-FAA induced rat leukemia. The oral administration of N, N'-2,7-fluorenylenebisacetamide induced leukemia, especially mature granulocytic leukemia, in rats. The peripheral blood was examined on various schedules, once or twice a week for a long term. The blood volume lost by a blood collection was little, but it was not negligible in small animals such as rats when the loss was repeated. We investigated the relationship between the volume of blood loss and the incidence of leukemia. The incidence of leukemia rose as the volume of blood loss increased. There was a positive correlation between them. The induction of mature granulocytic leukemia was thought to be increased by the promotion of the granulopoiesis which had been suppressed by 2,7-FAA. It was concluded that the blood loss by repeated blood collection for examination raised the incidence of 2,7-FAA induced leukemia.", "PMID": 1064284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4592", "title": "Fifty-three month persistence of ring chromosome in noninvasive bladder carcinoma.", "content": "In a recurrent noninvasive papillary carcinoma of the bladder cytogenetic analysis by the direct technique was carried out on cystoscopic biopsies obtained at 53 month intervals. Persistent similar karyotypic abnormalities including aneuploidy, and ring and other marker chromosomes, the hallmarks of invasive cancer, were present in both specimens. In the 1973 specimen, DNA banding was identified in 35 per cent of the metaphases and in 56 per cent of the karyotypes. The continuing abnormal chromosomal silhouette of this tumor supports the stemline cell concept for malignancies, even when applied to such relatively benign neoplasms as this noninvasive carcinoma of the bladder.", "contents": "Fifty-three month persistence of ring chromosome in noninvasive bladder carcinoma. In a recurrent noninvasive papillary carcinoma of the bladder cytogenetic analysis by the direct technique was carried out on cystoscopic biopsies obtained at 53 month intervals. Persistent similar karyotypic abnormalities including aneuploidy, and ring and other marker chromosomes, the hallmarks of invasive cancer, were present in both specimens. In the 1973 specimen, DNA banding was identified in 35 per cent of the metaphases and in 56 per cent of the karyotypes. The continuing abnormal chromosomal silhouette of this tumor supports the stemline cell concept for malignancies, even when applied to such relatively benign neoplasms as this noninvasive carcinoma of the bladder.", "PMID": 1064279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4593", "title": "Acute myeloid leukemia appearing in two patients after prolonged continuous chlorambucil treatment for Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "Two patients with Wegener's granulomatosis have been treated with chlorambucil and prednisolone continuosly for 3 and 5 years, respectively. This treatment was effective in controlling the disease, but bone marrow toxicity with severe pancytopenia developed in both cases. Both patients died from thrombocytopenia with haemorrhagic pericarditis. In one case, the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia was established from the appearance of myeloblasts in the peripheral blood and from characteristic bone marrow morphology. In the other case this diagnosis was strongly suspected on the basis of the bone marrow morphology alone. It is proposed that this development of acute leukaemia in two patients with a primary non-neoplastic disease may result from a direct carcinogenic action of chlorambucil in humans.", "contents": "Acute myeloid leukemia appearing in two patients after prolonged continuous chlorambucil treatment for Wegener's granulomatosis. Two patients with Wegener's granulomatosis have been treated with chlorambucil and prednisolone continuosly for 3 and 5 years, respectively. This treatment was effective in controlling the disease, but bone marrow toxicity with severe pancytopenia developed in both cases. Both patients died from thrombocytopenia with haemorrhagic pericarditis. In one case, the diagnosis of acute myeloid leukaemia was established from the appearance of myeloblasts in the peripheral blood and from characteristic bone marrow morphology. In the other case this diagnosis was strongly suspected on the basis of the bone marrow morphology alone. It is proposed that this development of acute leukaemia in two patients with a primary non-neoplastic disease may result from a direct carcinogenic action of chlorambucil in humans.", "PMID": 1064290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4594", "title": "Nutritional aspects of high-altitude exposure in women.", "content": "The nutrient intake and urinary excretion characteristics of eight young university women were studied over a 4-day period at low altitude (140 m) and subsequently over a 7-day sojourn on Pikes Peak (4,300 m). High-altitude exposure was associated with a transient decrease in the consumption of protein, carbohydrate, fat, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, riboflavin, thiamin, and niacin and a more sustained decrease in the consumption of potassium and ascorbic acid. In most instances minimal values were observed during the first 3 days of exposure. The carbohydrate fraction of energy intake was increased at the expense of fat during this time period. Individual hypophagic responses appeared to be related to severity of acute mountain sickness. Altitude had no effect on water consumption but did lead to an average body weight loss of 1 kg. Urinary measurements revealed a marked oliguria during the entire sojourn. These measurements also showed the first 3 days to be associated with a net loss of body nitrogen and sodium. During this time period body potassium and phosphorus were conserved, and probably increased. The urea fraction of body potassium and phosphorus were conserved, and probably increased. The urea fraction of total urinary nitrogen was not affected by altitude exposure, nor was the daily excretion of uric acid and creatinine. Ammonia excretion, however, was reduced to 50% of the low-altitude value and remained at this level throughout the sojourn. With a few exceptions, the qualitative characteristics of altitude hypophagia in women were similar to those reported for men. Quantitatively, however, the responses were much more transient in women.", "contents": "Nutritional aspects of high-altitude exposure in women. The nutrient intake and urinary excretion characteristics of eight young university women were studied over a 4-day period at low altitude (140 m) and subsequently over a 7-day sojourn on Pikes Peak (4,300 m). High-altitude exposure was associated with a transient decrease in the consumption of protein, carbohydrate, fat, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, riboflavin, thiamin, and niacin and a more sustained decrease in the consumption of potassium and ascorbic acid. In most instances minimal values were observed during the first 3 days of exposure. The carbohydrate fraction of energy intake was increased at the expense of fat during this time period. Individual hypophagic responses appeared to be related to severity of acute mountain sickness. Altitude had no effect on water consumption but did lead to an average body weight loss of 1 kg. Urinary measurements revealed a marked oliguria during the entire sojourn. These measurements also showed the first 3 days to be associated with a net loss of body nitrogen and sodium. During this time period body potassium and phosphorus were conserved, and probably increased. The urea fraction of body potassium and phosphorus were conserved, and probably increased. The urea fraction of total urinary nitrogen was not affected by altitude exposure, nor was the daily excretion of uric acid and creatinine. Ammonia excretion, however, was reduced to 50% of the low-altitude value and remained at this level throughout the sojourn. With a few exceptions, the qualitative characteristics of altitude hypophagia in women were similar to those reported for men. Quantitatively, however, the responses were much more transient in women.", "PMID": 1064332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4595", "title": "Critical evaluation of the ANB angle.", "content": "It has been demonstrated, first, in an empirical manner (qualitatively) and, second, in a geometric-mathematical manner (quantitatively) that the ANB angle depends not only on the anteroposterior relationship of the jawbones (which it should measure) but also on the maxillary inclination and maxillary prognathism, and slightly on the facial dimensions. Faces having the same anteroposterior value for the jawbones can have very different ANB angles (Figs. 3 and 4) and vice versa.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of the ANB angle. It has been demonstrated, first, in an empirical manner (qualitatively) and, second, in a geometric-mathematical manner (quantitatively) that the ANB angle depends not only on the anteroposterior relationship of the jawbones (which it should measure) but also on the maxillary inclination and maxillary prognathism, and slightly on the facial dimensions. Faces having the same anteroposterior value for the jawbones can have very different ANB angles (Figs. 3 and 4) and vice versa.", "PMID": 1064333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4596", "title": "Open-bite relapse. Report of a case.", "content": "Although the tooth positioner was initially helpful in promoting improved esthetics and stability, it in effect became an orthodontic appliance by maintaining the original, treated occlusal plane. Subsequently, the lower third molars erupted above the occlusal plane and caused the mandible to rotate downward and backward, resulting in an unsightly bite opening. Removal of the etiologic factors, the tooth positioner, and third molars corrected the open-bite relapse.", "contents": "Open-bite relapse. Report of a case. Although the tooth positioner was initially helpful in promoting improved esthetics and stability, it in effect became an orthodontic appliance by maintaining the original, treated occlusal plane. Subsequently, the lower third molars erupted above the occlusal plane and caused the mandible to rotate downward and backward, resulting in an unsightly bite opening. Removal of the etiologic factors, the tooth positioner, and third molars corrected the open-bite relapse.", "PMID": 1064334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4597", "title": "A handicapping malocclusion assessment study at West Virginia University.", "content": "1. The AAO Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record (HMAR) was tabulated using 100 before-treatment records and dental casts of patients presenting with permanent dentition. 2. The 100-patient sample exhibited scores ranging from 52 points to 11 points. A cut-off point was established at 30 points. This divided the sample into two groups of fifty patients each. This hypothetic situation accepted for treatment those with the fifty highest scores and did not accept those fifty with the lowest scores. 3. The accepted group had 70 per cent skeletal malrelationships (Class II and Class III), while the nonaccepted group presented with 32 per cent skeletal discrepancies. 4. Maxillary incisor interarch deviations were found in 48 per cent of the accepted group but in only 12 per cent of the group not accepted. 5. Mandibular incisor interarch deviation (overbite) occurred in 6 per cent of the nonaccepted group and in 54 per cent of the accepted group of patients. 6. Four patients who required rapid palatal expansion and one who had undergone a mandibular resection were in the nonaccepted group. It was shown that if these patients were examined clinically using the Supplementary Oral Assessment Record, 19 their dentofacial deviations would merit 16 additional points and all five would be promoted to the accepted group.", "contents": "A handicapping malocclusion assessment study at West Virginia University. 1. The AAO Handicapping Malocclusion Assessment Record (HMAR) was tabulated using 100 before-treatment records and dental casts of patients presenting with permanent dentition. 2. The 100-patient sample exhibited scores ranging from 52 points to 11 points. A cut-off point was established at 30 points. This divided the sample into two groups of fifty patients each. This hypothetic situation accepted for treatment those with the fifty highest scores and did not accept those fifty with the lowest scores. 3. The accepted group had 70 per cent skeletal malrelationships (Class II and Class III), while the nonaccepted group presented with 32 per cent skeletal discrepancies. 4. Maxillary incisor interarch deviations were found in 48 per cent of the accepted group but in only 12 per cent of the group not accepted. 5. Mandibular incisor interarch deviation (overbite) occurred in 6 per cent of the nonaccepted group and in 54 per cent of the accepted group of patients. 6. Four patients who required rapid palatal expansion and one who had undergone a mandibular resection were in the nonaccepted group. It was shown that if these patients were examined clinically using the Supplementary Oral Assessment Record, 19 their dentofacial deviations would merit 16 additional points and all five would be promoted to the accepted group.", "PMID": 1064335}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4598", "title": "Orientation-sella-nasion or Frankfort horizontal.", "content": "The controversy regarding the most appropriate line for cephalometric orientation has been resolved and can be summarized in the following five areas of consideration: 1. Clinical significance. The ability of the clinician to visualize the Frankfort horizontal plane affords him the opportunity for effective clinical communication, which is lacking with sella-nasion. In addition, he is able to demonstrate the orientation of the face, chin, and palate to Frankfort horizontal plane, which is also lacking in the sella-nasion system. 2. Anatomical significance. The direct relationship of the Frankfort horizontal plane with the basic sense organs of sight and hearing displays a relationship to the face. Sella, in contrast, relates to the brain and not the face. 3. Measurement accuracy. Studies performed to test the accuracy of selection of the planes under consideration showed no significant differences when true porion and not the ear rod was used and when experienced technicians performed the tracings. 4. Application in description. If the reference line is to be considered reliable for description, the correlation between the measurements of the maxilla and the mandible to the reference line should be minimal. In a study performed, SNA and SNB displayed a significantly higher correlation than N-Po to FH and N-A to FH. 5. Application in growth forecasting. A study was performed in order to evaluate the application of these lines of orientation to growth forecasting. In every instance the reference frame which utilized the Frankfort horizontal plane was appreciably better than that which utilized sella-nasion.", "contents": "Orientation-sella-nasion or Frankfort horizontal. The controversy regarding the most appropriate line for cephalometric orientation has been resolved and can be summarized in the following five areas of consideration: 1. Clinical significance. The ability of the clinician to visualize the Frankfort horizontal plane affords him the opportunity for effective clinical communication, which is lacking with sella-nasion. In addition, he is able to demonstrate the orientation of the face, chin, and palate to Frankfort horizontal plane, which is also lacking in the sella-nasion system. 2. Anatomical significance. The direct relationship of the Frankfort horizontal plane with the basic sense organs of sight and hearing displays a relationship to the face. Sella, in contrast, relates to the brain and not the face. 3. Measurement accuracy. Studies performed to test the accuracy of selection of the planes under consideration showed no significant differences when true porion and not the ear rod was used and when experienced technicians performed the tracings. 4. Application in description. If the reference line is to be considered reliable for description, the correlation between the measurements of the maxilla and the mandible to the reference line should be minimal. In a study performed, SNA and SNB displayed a significantly higher correlation than N-Po to FH and N-A to FH. 5. Application in growth forecasting. A study was performed in order to evaluate the application of these lines of orientation to growth forecasting. In every instance the reference frame which utilized the Frankfort horizontal plane was appreciably better than that which utilized sella-nasion.", "PMID": 1064336}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4599", "title": "The use of the occlusogram in planning orthodontic treatment.", "content": "A method of planning orthodontic treatment in the transverse plane has been presented. The occlusogram procedure outlined augments other orthodontic records in order to define more specifically the requirements of successful orthodontic treatment. Anchorage requirements, extractions, if any, and arch widths plus the final occlusal relationships can be determined at the outset of orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "The use of the occlusogram in planning orthodontic treatment. A method of planning orthodontic treatment in the transverse plane has been presented. The occlusogram procedure outlined augments other orthodontic records in order to define more specifically the requirements of successful orthodontic treatment. Anchorage requirements, extractions, if any, and arch widths plus the final occlusal relationships can be determined at the outset of orthodontic treatment.", "PMID": 1064337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4600", "title": "The relationship between lower incisor inclination and various reference lines.", "content": "The relationship between the inclination of the lower incisors and different cranial reference lines has been studied in a group of 60 children including 35 males and 25 females between the ages of 7-12 years. Following a 3-4 year observation period, 30 of these children were reexamined to study the relationship between changes in the position of the lower incisors and various craniofacial variables brought about by growth. In analysing the results obtained, an attempt was made to distinguish between those relationships which were to a certain extent due to a topographical relationship between the variables involved and those relationships which were of a biological character. The results obtained from the first registration indicated a strong correlation between Ll-NB mm and Ll-ML degrees and Ll-NB degrees. In addition, the connection between lower incisor inclination and the basal bone relationship (ANB degrees) was found to be strongly significant. The angle ML/NL was found to be correlated only with the inclination of the lower incisors to the mandibular line. Regarding the growth changes occurring during the observation period, no significant correlation could be found between, on the one hand, changes in lower incisor orientation and, on the other hand, changes in the angle ML/NL. The absence of this relationship has been interpreted as being due to the influence of environmental factors in the form of tongue and lip function.", "contents": "The relationship between lower incisor inclination and various reference lines. The relationship between the inclination of the lower incisors and different cranial reference lines has been studied in a group of 60 children including 35 males and 25 females between the ages of 7-12 years. Following a 3-4 year observation period, 30 of these children were reexamined to study the relationship between changes in the position of the lower incisors and various craniofacial variables brought about by growth. In analysing the results obtained, an attempt was made to distinguish between those relationships which were to a certain extent due to a topographical relationship between the variables involved and those relationships which were of a biological character. The results obtained from the first registration indicated a strong correlation between Ll-NB mm and Ll-ML degrees and Ll-NB degrees. In addition, the connection between lower incisor inclination and the basal bone relationship (ANB degrees) was found to be strongly significant. The angle ML/NL was found to be correlated only with the inclination of the lower incisors to the mandibular line. Regarding the growth changes occurring during the observation period, no significant correlation could be found between, on the one hand, changes in lower incisor orientation and, on the other hand, changes in the angle ML/NL. The absence of this relationship has been interpreted as being due to the influence of environmental factors in the form of tongue and lip function.", "PMID": 1064340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4601", "title": "The application of quantitative perioral assessment to orthodontic case analysis and treatment planning.", "content": "Maximum tonicity of the lips can be accurately measured through the use of the pommeter. 2. Patients with significant hypertonicity of the lips whose maxillary central incisors are positioned oingualy as in Class II, Div. 2 and also in certain Class I malocclusions should be treated nonextraction and as early as possible. Torguing maxillary incisors into a more normal labial axial inclination is a form of expansion which does not detrimentally affect the position and function of the perioral muscles. In this early conservative approach not only is arch length increased but also marked improvement in the overbite is accomplished. These types of treated malocclusions should be retained until after the eruption of the second permanent molars. 3. If extraction is necessary in patients with hypertonic lip muscles it should be done as far as possible from the incisor teeth, preferably the second premolars. 4. In Class I malocclusions where maximum tonicity is in the normal range is to attempt to accommodate blocked out or rotated teeth within the framework of the perioral musculature surrounding the teeth...", "contents": "The application of quantitative perioral assessment to orthodontic case analysis and treatment planning. Maximum tonicity of the lips can be accurately measured through the use of the pommeter. 2. Patients with significant hypertonicity of the lips whose maxillary central incisors are positioned oingualy as in Class II, Div. 2 and also in certain Class I malocclusions should be treated nonextraction and as early as possible. Torguing maxillary incisors into a more normal labial axial inclination is a form of expansion which does not detrimentally affect the position and function of the perioral muscles. In this early conservative approach not only is arch length increased but also marked improvement in the overbite is accomplished. These types of treated malocclusions should be retained until after the eruption of the second permanent molars. 3. If extraction is necessary in patients with hypertonic lip muscles it should be done as far as possible from the incisor teeth, preferably the second premolars. 4. In Class I malocclusions where maximum tonicity is in the normal range is to attempt to accommodate blocked out or rotated teeth within the framework of the perioral musculature surrounding the teeth...", "PMID": 1064341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4602", "title": "Posttreatment and postretention changes following orthodontic therapy.", "content": "This investigation was performed to determine the changes which occurred in treated orthodontic cases out of retention. The material consisted of 103 cases, of which 74 cases were treated nonextraction and 29 were treated with the extraction of four first premolars. The treatment was accomplished by the full-banded edgewise bioprogressive technique. Five measurements were taken: intercanine, inter-first premolar, intersecond premolar and inter-first molar widths, and incisor to molar distance. The measurements were made on the mandibular arch of the pretreatment, posttreatment, and prostretention casts. The postretention model was obtained a minimum of one year after all retaining devices were removed with an average of 5.2 years. The following conclusions were drawn from the changes in dimensions: 1. The intercanine width was expanded during treatment, but had a strong tendency to return to or close to its original pretreatment width in both nonextraction and extraction cases. 2. The inter-first premolar width showed the greatest treatment increase in width with only a minimal amount of postretention decrease. 3. The second premolar width for nonextraction cases showed a significant amount of increase with a slight tendency for postretention decrease. 4. The second premolar width for extraction cases showed a decrease with treatment and a slight continued decrease postretention. 5. The intermolar width of nonextraction cases showed a significant increase in width with treatment. The extraction cases showed a significant decrease with treatment. However, there were no changes in either extraction or nonextraction cases postretention. 6. The incisor to molar distance decreased with treatment and had a slight tendency to continue to decrease postretention.", "contents": "Posttreatment and postretention changes following orthodontic therapy. This investigation was performed to determine the changes which occurred in treated orthodontic cases out of retention. The material consisted of 103 cases, of which 74 cases were treated nonextraction and 29 were treated with the extraction of four first premolars. The treatment was accomplished by the full-banded edgewise bioprogressive technique. Five measurements were taken: intercanine, inter-first premolar, intersecond premolar and inter-first molar widths, and incisor to molar distance. The measurements were made on the mandibular arch of the pretreatment, posttreatment, and prostretention casts. The postretention model was obtained a minimum of one year after all retaining devices were removed with an average of 5.2 years. The following conclusions were drawn from the changes in dimensions: 1. The intercanine width was expanded during treatment, but had a strong tendency to return to or close to its original pretreatment width in both nonextraction and extraction cases. 2. The inter-first premolar width showed the greatest treatment increase in width with only a minimal amount of postretention decrease. 3. The second premolar width for nonextraction cases showed a significant amount of increase with a slight tendency for postretention decrease. 4. The second premolar width for extraction cases showed a decrease with treatment and a slight continued decrease postretention. 5. The intermolar width of nonextraction cases showed a significant increase in width with treatment. The extraction cases showed a significant decrease with treatment. However, there were no changes in either extraction or nonextraction cases postretention. 6. The incisor to molar distance decreased with treatment and had a slight tendency to continue to decrease postretention.", "PMID": 1064343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4603", "title": "Orthodontic treatment of malocclusions caused by facial trauma.", "content": "Assessment and orthodontic treatment of malocclusions caused by traffic accidents were reported. Different methods were employed to reestablish the harmony of the occlusion with consequent good facial appearance. Appliances like the activator and direct bonding techniques were illustrated. Principles and techniques of orthodontics play an important role in the treatment of the malocclusions left untreated at the time of surgical operation for the facial trauma.", "contents": "Orthodontic treatment of malocclusions caused by facial trauma. Assessment and orthodontic treatment of malocclusions caused by traffic accidents were reported. Different methods were employed to reestablish the harmony of the occlusion with consequent good facial appearance. Appliances like the activator and direct bonding techniques were illustrated. Principles and techniques of orthodontics play an important role in the treatment of the malocclusions left untreated at the time of surgical operation for the facial trauma.", "PMID": 1064344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4604", "title": "Heat treatment of cobalt-chromium alloy wire.", "content": "This study shows that the ability of cobalt-chromium wire to resist permanent deformation is definitely affected by the temperature of heat treatment. For each temperature of heat treatment up to 1200 degrees F there is progressively greater resistance to permanent deformation; at temperatures of heat treatment above 1200 degrees F, however, there is a rapid decline in resistance to permanent deformation due to partial annealing. The maximum resistance to permanent deformation occurs from heat treatment in the temperature range of 1100 degrees to 1200 degrees F. A clinician desiring maximum resistance to permanent deformation from a .016 inches x .022 inches cobalt-chromium archwire should heat-treat the wire at 1100 degrees to 1200 degrees F for 5 minutes in a dental furnace. If the wire was in a highly work-hardened condition as were the wire specimens of this study, he could expect an increase in resistance to permanent deformation of approximately 174 percent. Heat treatment at lower temperatures could be used in situations requiring less than maximum resistance to permanent deformation. Heat treatment at 900 degrees F would give approximately a 95 percent increase in resistance to permanent deformation. Of course, heat treatment would not be indicated when the desired level of resistance to permanent deformation was not greater than the amount exhibited in the untreated wires of this study. When an electrical resistance heat-treatment unit and 950 degrees F temper-indicating paste were used, the clinician would expect increased resistance to permanent deformation similar to that seen in the wires heat-treated with a dental furnace at 800 degrees and 900 degrees F, i.e., about half of that obtained by the 1200 degrees F treatment. This study has determined the effects that various temperatures of heat treatment have on the resistance to permanent deformation of cobalt-chromium wire specimens which were formed into a specific pattern of loops. The following conclusions can be drawn from the results of this investigation: 1. Heat treatment at 1200 degrees F gives the maximum resistance to permanent deformation to .016 inches x .022 inches cobalt-chromium wire. 2. Increases in resistance to permanent deformation of approximately 95 percent and 174 percent may be expected from heat treatment of .016 inches x .022 inches cobalt-chrome wire at 900 degrees and 1200 degrees, respectively. 3. Wires, heat-treated with an electrical resistance unit using 950 degrees F temper-indicating paste, exhibit increases in resistance to permanent deformation similar to wires heat-treated in a dental furnace at 800 degrees and 900 degrees F.", "contents": "Heat treatment of cobalt-chromium alloy wire. This study shows that the ability of cobalt-chromium wire to resist permanent deformation is definitely affected by the temperature of heat treatment. For each temperature of heat treatment up to 1200 degrees F there is progressively greater resistance to permanent deformation; at temperatures of heat treatment above 1200 degrees F, however, there is a rapid decline in resistance to permanent deformation due to partial annealing. The maximum resistance to permanent deformation occurs from heat treatment in the temperature range of 1100 degrees to 1200 degrees F. A clinician desiring maximum resistance to permanent deformation from a .016 inches x .022 inches cobalt-chromium archwire should heat-treat the wire at 1100 degrees to 1200 degrees F for 5 minutes in a dental furnace. If the wire was in a highly work-hardened condition as were the wire specimens of this study, he could expect an increase in resistance to permanent deformation of approximately 174 percent. Heat treatment at lower temperatures could be used in situations requiring less than maximum resistance to permanent deformation. Heat treatment at 900 degrees F would give approximately a 95 percent increase in resistance to permanent deformation. Of course, heat treatment would not be indicated when the desired level of resistance to permanent deformation was not greater than the amount exhibited in the untreated wires of this study. When an electrical resistance heat-treatment unit and 950 degrees F temper-indicating paste were used, the clinician would expect increased resistance to permanent deformation similar to that seen in the wires heat-treated with a dental furnace at 800 degrees and 900 degrees F, i.e., about half of that obtained by the 1200 degrees F treatment. This study has determined the effects that various temperatures of heat treatment have on the resistance to permanent deformation of cobalt-chromium wire specimens which were formed into a specific pattern of loops. The following conclusions can be drawn from the results of this investigation: 1. Heat treatment at 1200 degrees F gives the maximum resistance to permanent deformation to .016 inches x .022 inches cobalt-chromium wire. 2. Increases in resistance to permanent deformation of approximately 95 percent and 174 percent may be expected from heat treatment of .016 inches x .022 inches cobalt-chrome wire at 900 degrees and 1200 degrees, respectively. 3. Wires, heat-treated with an electrical resistance unit using 950 degrees F temper-indicating paste, exhibit increases in resistance to permanent deformation similar to wires heat-treated in a dental furnace at 800 degrees and 900 degrees F.", "PMID": 1064345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4605", "title": "Orthodontic elastic materials.", "content": "Latex elastics and synthetic elastomers have certain similarities and differences. In the fracture tests the latex elastics showed a greater amount of loss in strength than plastic elastomers when stretched over a 21 day period. There is a great variability, as much as 50%, in the tensile strength of the plastic materials taken from the same batch and stretched under the same conditions. The Ormco Power Chain was more resilient than the Unitek AlastiK chain. The Unitek AlastiKs had more force and stretched less. The force decay of synthetic elastomers, stretched over a specific length and time, exhibited a great loss in force. This loss could be as great as 73% during the first day. The decay of force continued at a slower rate during the rest of the 21 day period. Unitek AlastiK C2 double links, when stretched 17 millimeters, had a higher initial force averaging 641 grams (22.5 ounces) than the Ormco Power Chain which averages 342 grams (12.0 ounces). In one day the force was reduced to 171 grams (6.0 ounces) for both materials. The elastic materials within the same batch showed a great variation in the modulus of elasticity under different test conditions. The approximate force generated when stretched dry, within the elastic limit, was 22 grams per millimeter for 3/16 inches heavy latex elastics. The Unitek AlastiK C2 gave a force of 89 grams per millimeter, while the Ormco Power Chain had a value of 46 grams per millimeter. The modulus of elasticity of all of the materials was much lower after immersion in the water bath. The force decay under constant force application to latex, elastic, polymer chains, and tied loops showed that the greatest amount of force decay occurred during the first three hours in the water bath. The forces remained relatively the same throughout the rest of the test period. The elastic materials undergo permanent deformation in shape. The synthetic elastomers exhibited plastic deformation when the elastomers were stretched 17 millimeters for 21 days. In the dry condition the force decay was 63% for the Unitek chains and 42% for the Ormco Power Chain. The synthetic elastomers should be prestretched before being placed in the mouth. The elastomers should be used within their resilient ranges. Clinical treatment procedures should take into consideration the rapid initial force decay of elastic materials that occurs during the first day and the residual forces remaining.", "contents": "Orthodontic elastic materials. Latex elastics and synthetic elastomers have certain similarities and differences. In the fracture tests the latex elastics showed a greater amount of loss in strength than plastic elastomers when stretched over a 21 day period. There is a great variability, as much as 50%, in the tensile strength of the plastic materials taken from the same batch and stretched under the same conditions. The Ormco Power Chain was more resilient than the Unitek AlastiK chain. The Unitek AlastiKs had more force and stretched less. The force decay of synthetic elastomers, stretched over a specific length and time, exhibited a great loss in force. This loss could be as great as 73% during the first day. The decay of force continued at a slower rate during the rest of the 21 day period. Unitek AlastiK C2 double links, when stretched 17 millimeters, had a higher initial force averaging 641 grams (22.5 ounces) than the Ormco Power Chain which averages 342 grams (12.0 ounces). In one day the force was reduced to 171 grams (6.0 ounces) for both materials. The elastic materials within the same batch showed a great variation in the modulus of elasticity under different test conditions. The approximate force generated when stretched dry, within the elastic limit, was 22 grams per millimeter for 3/16 inches heavy latex elastics. The Unitek AlastiK C2 gave a force of 89 grams per millimeter, while the Ormco Power Chain had a value of 46 grams per millimeter. The modulus of elasticity of all of the materials was much lower after immersion in the water bath. The force decay under constant force application to latex, elastic, polymer chains, and tied loops showed that the greatest amount of force decay occurred during the first three hours in the water bath. The forces remained relatively the same throughout the rest of the test period. The elastic materials undergo permanent deformation in shape. The synthetic elastomers exhibited plastic deformation when the elastomers were stretched 17 millimeters for 21 days. In the dry condition the force decay was 63% for the Unitek chains and 42% for the Ormco Power Chain. The synthetic elastomers should be prestretched before being placed in the mouth. The elastomers should be used within their resilient ranges. Clinical treatment procedures should take into consideration the rapid initial force decay of elastic materials that occurs during the first day and the residual forces remaining.", "PMID": 1064346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4606", "title": "Relationship of occlusion and periodontal disease: part IX-incisor inclination and periodontal status.", "content": "In this study population the following observations have been made: Periodontal destruction, gingival inflammation and mobility were not significantly related to axial inclination of the incisor teeth. Labial gingival recession of the mandibular incisor was related to linguoversion (less than 85 degrees to GoGn). No other associations between incisor inclination and labial or lingual recession were found. Age was not related to either maxillary or mandibular incisor inclination. The periodontal-incisor inclination relationships reported above for periodontal destruction and gingival inflammation were not altered by the factor of age. Study of the secondary influence of incisor inclination on the relationships of selected occlusal factors and periodontal pathosis showed: A. Severe overjet (more than 6mm) had been found to be associated with more periodontal destruction. With severe overjet maxillary incisors in linguoversion (less than 100 degrees to SN) were somewhat healthier than all others. Among the same cases of severe overjet mandibular incisors in labioversion had slightly more disease than all others. B. The absence of a significant correlation between anterior overbite or crowding reported previously was not influenced by incisor inclination. C. Facial alveolar bone thickness, observed clinically, was studied for its relation to periodontal destruction and gingival inflammation. Thick facial alveolar bone was found to be associated with increased pathosis. This finding was not consistent for the maxillary and mandibular incisor and the influence of other factors might be suspected: Incisor inclination had no effect on the bone thickness-periodontal disease findings.", "contents": "Relationship of occlusion and periodontal disease: part IX-incisor inclination and periodontal status. In this study population the following observations have been made: Periodontal destruction, gingival inflammation and mobility were not significantly related to axial inclination of the incisor teeth. Labial gingival recession of the mandibular incisor was related to linguoversion (less than 85 degrees to GoGn). No other associations between incisor inclination and labial or lingual recession were found. Age was not related to either maxillary or mandibular incisor inclination. The periodontal-incisor inclination relationships reported above for periodontal destruction and gingival inflammation were not altered by the factor of age. Study of the secondary influence of incisor inclination on the relationships of selected occlusal factors and periodontal pathosis showed: A. Severe overjet (more than 6mm) had been found to be associated with more periodontal destruction. With severe overjet maxillary incisors in linguoversion (less than 100 degrees to SN) were somewhat healthier than all others. Among the same cases of severe overjet mandibular incisors in labioversion had slightly more disease than all others. B. The absence of a significant correlation between anterior overbite or crowding reported previously was not influenced by incisor inclination. C. Facial alveolar bone thickness, observed clinically, was studied for its relation to periodontal destruction and gingival inflammation. Thick facial alveolar bone was found to be associated with increased pathosis. This finding was not consistent for the maxillary and mandibular incisor and the influence of other factors might be suspected: Incisor inclination had no effect on the bone thickness-periodontal disease findings.", "PMID": 1064347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4607", "title": "Measurement of the cell migration index with a HeNe laser.", "content": "Human diploid fibroblasts (WI38) were inoculated into Rose multipurpose culture chambers, using a high population density to develop confluency. After 24 hours, cells from a 1 mm swath were scraped from the center of the chamber. This cleared path was positioned to permit an unobstructed transmission of a 0.9 X 20 mm beam of light from a 1 mW HeNe laser. As cells migrated, at 37 degrees C, into the path of the laser beam the light scatter was recorded, using a photomultiplier tube. Because the amount of light scatter was proportional to the number of cells migrating into the beam, the system measured the migration index of the cells. Slight variations in the design of this device could facilitate data collection during surveys of toxic agents, fertility tests, and delayed hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Measurement of the cell migration index with a HeNe laser. Human diploid fibroblasts (WI38) were inoculated into Rose multipurpose culture chambers, using a high population density to develop confluency. After 24 hours, cells from a 1 mm swath were scraped from the center of the chamber. This cleared path was positioned to permit an unobstructed transmission of a 0.9 X 20 mm beam of light from a 1 mW HeNe laser. As cells migrated, at 37 degrees C, into the path of the laser beam the light scatter was recorded, using a photomultiplier tube. Because the amount of light scatter was proportional to the number of cells migrating into the beam, the system measured the migration index of the cells. Slight variations in the design of this device could facilitate data collection during surveys of toxic agents, fertility tests, and delayed hypersensitivity.", "PMID": 1064350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4608", "title": "Current laser surgery.", "content": "With the development of a suitable apparatus sufficient experience has been accumulated in clinical surgery to enable one to reach the conclusion that the CO2 laser has an application in all branches of surgery without exception, whereas it has a decided advantage over other modalities in (1) All operations where the anticipated blood loss is significant. (2) Operations performed on or through infected tissue. (3) Extirpation of malignant tumors. (4) Cavitational surgery involving the use of an endoscope or microscope.", "contents": "Current laser surgery. With the development of a suitable apparatus sufficient experience has been accumulated in clinical surgery to enable one to reach the conclusion that the CO2 laser has an application in all branches of surgery without exception, whereas it has a decided advantage over other modalities in (1) All operations where the anticipated blood loss is significant. (2) Operations performed on or through infected tissue. (3) Extirpation of malignant tumors. (4) Cavitational surgery involving the use of an endoscope or microscope.", "PMID": 1064356}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4609", "title": "Laser surgery in otolaryngology: interaction of CO2 laser and soft tissue.", "content": "The sequence of histological change induced by CO2 laser irradiation was discussed in terms of two factors: the physiomechanical factor and the physiochemical factor. At sufficiently high heat energy levels, the immediate findings are characterized by crater formation resulting from rapid vaporization of the water and ejection of the solid component. In the immediate vicinity of the crater edge, the maximum tissue temperature rise is 65 degrees C above the 32 degrees C ambient tissue temperature and it decreases to the primary tissue temperature within a distance of 2 mm. The healing process of CO2 laser induced lesions proceeds with minimal delay. The lymphatic and vascular channels are occluded in the marginal area of coagulation resulting in a marked hemostatic effect. This sealing effect increases the margin of safety in preventing possible dissemination of tumor cells. By selecting the appropriate power, time, and focus cone angle, precise destruction of preselected areas of tissue can be achieved with an extraordinary hemostatic effect without damaging the underlying tissue. These advantages are especially helpful in function-preserving surgery.", "contents": "Laser surgery in otolaryngology: interaction of CO2 laser and soft tissue. The sequence of histological change induced by CO2 laser irradiation was discussed in terms of two factors: the physiomechanical factor and the physiochemical factor. At sufficiently high heat energy levels, the immediate findings are characterized by crater formation resulting from rapid vaporization of the water and ejection of the solid component. In the immediate vicinity of the crater edge, the maximum tissue temperature rise is 65 degrees C above the 32 degrees C ambient tissue temperature and it decreases to the primary tissue temperature within a distance of 2 mm. The healing process of CO2 laser induced lesions proceeds with minimal delay. The lymphatic and vascular channels are occluded in the marginal area of coagulation resulting in a marked hemostatic effect. This sealing effect increases the margin of safety in preventing possible dissemination of tumor cells. By selecting the appropriate power, time, and focus cone angle, precise destruction of preselected areas of tissue can be achieved with an extraordinary hemostatic effect without damaging the underlying tissue. These advantages are especially helpful in function-preserving surgery.", "PMID": 1064357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4610", "title": "Tracheal injury following prolonged intubation.", "content": "Prolonged respiratory assistance by positive pressure ventilation via cuffed tracheostomy or endotracheal tube can be complicated by mucosal erosions, tracheal stenosis, tracheomalacia, excavation of the tracheal wall with loss of tissue and tracheoesophageal fistula. Stenosis can occur at the subglottic region, at the stoma, or at the cuff site, whereas the other complications occur most often at the cuff site. This paper is concerned with complications occurring below the first tracheal ring.", "contents": "Tracheal injury following prolonged intubation. Prolonged respiratory assistance by positive pressure ventilation via cuffed tracheostomy or endotracheal tube can be complicated by mucosal erosions, tracheal stenosis, tracheomalacia, excavation of the tracheal wall with loss of tissue and tracheoesophageal fistula. Stenosis can occur at the subglottic region, at the stoma, or at the cuff site, whereas the other complications occur most often at the cuff site. This paper is concerned with complications occurring below the first tracheal ring.", "PMID": 1064396}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4611", "title": "Peptic stricture of the oesophagus: the role of oesophagogastrostomy.", "content": "Sixteen patients with severe peptic stricture of the oesophagus were treated by oesophagogastrostomy at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, during the period 1948 to 1968. It has been possible to obtain a follow up on all patients, so that the period of follow up has varied from seven to 24 years. Although the early postoperative results were promising, later problems occurred in over half of the patients, the major complication being recurrence of peptic stricture at the anastomotic site.", "contents": "Peptic stricture of the oesophagus: the role of oesophagogastrostomy. Sixteen patients with severe peptic stricture of the oesophagus were treated by oesophagogastrostomy at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, during the period 1948 to 1968. It has been possible to obtain a follow up on all patients, so that the period of follow up has varied from seven to 24 years. Although the early postoperative results were promising, later problems occurred in over half of the patients, the major complication being recurrence of peptic stricture at the anastomotic site.", "PMID": 1064397}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4612", "title": "A device for surface cooling and rewarming in operations on the \"dry\" heart in babies and children during moderate, deep and profound hypothermia.", "content": "Following a clinical experience of 100 cardiac operation in infants durind deep hypothermia, as low as 15C, the authors have designed a new bath for the procedure which incorporates several improvements over those used previously. The device described allows continuous cooling or rewarming of the patient at any stage of the operation by addition of more cold or hot water as required. It is possible to operate with the patient prone or on the side at any level of hypothermia, and while using heart lung bypass. The construction facilitates the even distribution of the circulating water, and a thermostatic control allows the temperature to be fixed at any level required.", "contents": "A device for surface cooling and rewarming in operations on the \"dry\" heart in babies and children during moderate, deep and profound hypothermia. Following a clinical experience of 100 cardiac operation in infants durind deep hypothermia, as low as 15C, the authors have designed a new bath for the procedure which incorporates several improvements over those used previously. The device described allows continuous cooling or rewarming of the patient at any stage of the operation by addition of more cold or hot water as required. It is possible to operate with the patient prone or on the side at any level of hypothermia, and while using heart lung bypass. The construction facilitates the even distribution of the circulating water, and a thermostatic control allows the temperature to be fixed at any level required.", "PMID": 1064398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4613", "title": "Splenectomy: a review of morbidity.", "content": "One hundred and fifty consecutive splenectomies, performed at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital over a five-year period beginning in 1968, have been reviewed in a retrospective study. Splenectomy incidental to some other resectional procedure in the upper abdomen carried a mortality of 17%, accidental injury to the spleen during upper abdominal surgery carried a mortality of 28%, external trauma to the spleen a 7% mortality, while splenectomy for the diagnosis or therapy of a haematological disorder carried the lowest mortality, namely 4%. Morbidity and mortality were related to the age of the patient, and the mortality among patients 60 years or more was 26%. Pulmonary complications (excluding pulmonary embolus) occurred in 48% of patients. Clinically evident thromboembolism was detected in 10.7% of patients. A definite relationship to platelet counts of more than 500,000/mm3 was noted amongst patients who were not heparinized. Splenectomy is associated with a high morbidity and a significant mortality. Surgeons performing the operation and physicians referring patients for splenectomy need to be aware of the risks involved. Careful patient selection, scrupulous perioperative management, and meticulous surgery may reduce both morbidity and mortality. Elective splenectomy should be managed by a team of surgeons and physicians with a specific interest in the problems involved.", "contents": "Splenectomy: a review of morbidity. One hundred and fifty consecutive splenectomies, performed at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital over a five-year period beginning in 1968, have been reviewed in a retrospective study. Splenectomy incidental to some other resectional procedure in the upper abdomen carried a mortality of 17%, accidental injury to the spleen during upper abdominal surgery carried a mortality of 28%, external trauma to the spleen a 7% mortality, while splenectomy for the diagnosis or therapy of a haematological disorder carried the lowest mortality, namely 4%. Morbidity and mortality were related to the age of the patient, and the mortality among patients 60 years or more was 26%. Pulmonary complications (excluding pulmonary embolus) occurred in 48% of patients. Clinically evident thromboembolism was detected in 10.7% of patients. A definite relationship to platelet counts of more than 500,000/mm3 was noted amongst patients who were not heparinized. Splenectomy is associated with a high morbidity and a significant mortality. Surgeons performing the operation and physicians referring patients for splenectomy need to be aware of the risks involved. Careful patient selection, scrupulous perioperative management, and meticulous surgery may reduce both morbidity and mortality. Elective splenectomy should be managed by a team of surgeons and physicians with a specific interest in the problems involved.", "PMID": 1064399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4614", "title": "Benign osteoblastoma.", "content": "Benign osteoblastoma is a benign bone-forming lesion, seen most commonly in the first three decades of life and having a predilection for the vertebral column and the short limb bones. It is distinguishable from osteoid osteoma on the bases of size (being more than one centimetre in diameter) and the absence of surrounding sclerosis. The two lesions, however, are probably of the same origin and behave differently because of their different situations. Treatment is by operation, either excision in whole if practicable, or thorough piecemeal excision and curettage, with bone grafting of the defect if indicated.", "contents": "Benign osteoblastoma. Benign osteoblastoma is a benign bone-forming lesion, seen most commonly in the first three decades of life and having a predilection for the vertebral column and the short limb bones. It is distinguishable from osteoid osteoma on the bases of size (being more than one centimetre in diameter) and the absence of surrounding sclerosis. The two lesions, however, are probably of the same origin and behave differently because of their different situations. Treatment is by operation, either excision in whole if practicable, or thorough piecemeal excision and curettage, with bone grafting of the defect if indicated.", "PMID": 1064400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4615", "title": "Synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder.", "content": "Articular synovial chondromatosis is a rare disease commonly affecting the knee, hip or elbow, and characterized by the formation of metaplastic cartilaginous foci in the synovium. A case of cynovial chondromatosis affecting the shoulder joint is now reported because of the extreme rarity of the disease in this situation.", "contents": "Synovial chondromatosis of the shoulder. Articular synovial chondromatosis is a rare disease commonly affecting the knee, hip or elbow, and characterized by the formation of metaplastic cartilaginous foci in the synovium. A case of cynovial chondromatosis affecting the shoulder joint is now reported because of the extreme rarity of the disease in this situation.", "PMID": 1064401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4616", "title": "Clostridial infection in total hip joint replacement: a report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of clostridial cellulitis are presented in patients who had Charnley total hip joint replacement for severe osteoarthritis. Early deep infection can be a major problem in this operation, and is usually due to Staphylococcus aureus.", "contents": "Clostridial infection in total hip joint replacement: a report of two cases. Two cases of clostridial cellulitis are presented in patients who had Charnley total hip joint replacement for severe osteoarthritis. Early deep infection can be a major problem in this operation, and is usually due to Staphylococcus aureus.", "PMID": 1064402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4617", "title": "The place of ileorectal anastomosis in Crohn's disease.", "content": "A study of 41 patients who underwent ileorectal anastomosis for Crohn's disease has shown this operation to be a relatively safe procedure with an immediate mortality of 2.5%. A defunctioning ileostomy may protect the patient against the consequences of anastomotic leakage. Ileorectal anastomosis is associated with a high early recurrence rate and on overall failure rate of up to 50% because of recurrence, intractable diarrhoea and exacerbation of perianal disease. However, half of the patients are able to retain the anastomosis and be restored to long-standing good health. The surgical philosophy in this Centre has largely evolved from treatment of small-bowel Crohn's disease, that is, resection of only the worst areas of involvement with the aim of symptomatic relief, and the results shown by this survey encourage us to pursue this policy by using ileorectal anastomosis for diffuse colonic disease, particularly if the rectum is uninvolved.", "contents": "The place of ileorectal anastomosis in Crohn's disease. A study of 41 patients who underwent ileorectal anastomosis for Crohn's disease has shown this operation to be a relatively safe procedure with an immediate mortality of 2.5%. A defunctioning ileostomy may protect the patient against the consequences of anastomotic leakage. Ileorectal anastomosis is associated with a high early recurrence rate and on overall failure rate of up to 50% because of recurrence, intractable diarrhoea and exacerbation of perianal disease. However, half of the patients are able to retain the anastomosis and be restored to long-standing good health. The surgical philosophy in this Centre has largely evolved from treatment of small-bowel Crohn's disease, that is, resection of only the worst areas of involvement with the aim of symptomatic relief, and the results shown by this survey encourage us to pursue this policy by using ileorectal anastomosis for diffuse colonic disease, particularly if the rectum is uninvolved.", "PMID": 1064403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4618", "title": "Hernia through the foramen of Winslow.", "content": "This is a report of a hernia through the foramen of Winslow in which the right half of the colon was herniated. It was gangrenous and perforated. Following hemicolectomy the patient recovered.", "contents": "Hernia through the foramen of Winslow. This is a report of a hernia through the foramen of Winslow in which the right half of the colon was herniated. It was gangrenous and perforated. Following hemicolectomy the patient recovered.", "PMID": 1064404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4619", "title": "Tropical intussusception in adults.", "content": "In contrast with the incidence in Britain and the United States, about 50% of intussusceptions in Sri Lanka occur in adults, the maximum age incidence being in the fourth decade. Seventy-six cases of intussusception in adults are analysed in this paper, 62 of which were of the caecocolic type, which though only rarely described in the West, have also been frequently reported from other tropical countries. The clinical picture was characteristic, and a mass was palpable in 90% of the patients, facilitating diagnosis without ancillary investigations. On the basis of the histological examination of resected specimens it is concluded that amoebic granulomatous formation in the dependent \"diverticulum\" of the caecum is the predisposing cause of the caecocolic intussusception, accounting for the chronicity of a large number of cases. Irrespective of the duration of the illness, gangrene did not occur in any of the cases if this type, although resection was occasionally required on account of irreducibility. In view of the proliferation of fibrous tissue in the wall of the caecum, complete evagination of the intussusception can only be achieved by surgical exploration and manipulation, the results of which are excellent.", "contents": "Tropical intussusception in adults. In contrast with the incidence in Britain and the United States, about 50% of intussusceptions in Sri Lanka occur in adults, the maximum age incidence being in the fourth decade. Seventy-six cases of intussusception in adults are analysed in this paper, 62 of which were of the caecocolic type, which though only rarely described in the West, have also been frequently reported from other tropical countries. The clinical picture was characteristic, and a mass was palpable in 90% of the patients, facilitating diagnosis without ancillary investigations. On the basis of the histological examination of resected specimens it is concluded that amoebic granulomatous formation in the dependent \"diverticulum\" of the caecum is the predisposing cause of the caecocolic intussusception, accounting for the chronicity of a large number of cases. Irrespective of the duration of the illness, gangrene did not occur in any of the cases if this type, although resection was occasionally required on account of irreducibility. In view of the proliferation of fibrous tissue in the wall of the caecum, complete evagination of the intussusception can only be achieved by surgical exploration and manipulation, the results of which are excellent.", "PMID": 1064405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4620", "title": "Ischaemic ileal necrosis and carcinoid tumour.", "content": "A case of ischaemic ileal necrosis is reported. It was associated with elastic vascular sclerosis produced by mesenteric metastases of an ileal carcinoid tumour.", "contents": "Ischaemic ileal necrosis and carcinoid tumour. A case of ischaemic ileal necrosis is reported. It was associated with elastic vascular sclerosis produced by mesenteric metastases of an ileal carcinoid tumour.", "PMID": 1064406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4621", "title": "One-stage repair of distal hypospadias.", "content": "This paper reviews a short series of patients with distal hypospadias who were treated by Mustarde's one-stage technique, to which we have added a minor modification by tubing the flap before penis tunnelization. A single-stage repair has obvious advantages over a more conventional multistage procedure. The advantage of tubing the flap is early healing, and it reduces the risk of fistula formation, even in the presence of infection, which is very common in this country. The new urethral opening is situated at the fossa navicularis, and the functional results are excellent.", "contents": "One-stage repair of distal hypospadias. This paper reviews a short series of patients with distal hypospadias who were treated by Mustarde's one-stage technique, to which we have added a minor modification by tubing the flap before penis tunnelization. A single-stage repair has obvious advantages over a more conventional multistage procedure. The advantage of tubing the flap is early healing, and it reduces the risk of fistula formation, even in the presence of infection, which is very common in this country. The new urethral opening is situated at the fossa navicularis, and the functional results are excellent.", "PMID": 1064407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4622", "title": "Haemangiomatous malformation of the orbito-sphenoidal region: cure by radiotherapy.", "content": "This case was previously reported in 1973 at the 46th annual general scientific meeting of this College. Following a suggestion made at the meeting the patient was referred for radiotherapy, with a result so satisfactory as to call for a restatement of the case.", "contents": "Haemangiomatous malformation of the orbito-sphenoidal region: cure by radiotherapy. This case was previously reported in 1973 at the 46th annual general scientific meeting of this College. Following a suggestion made at the meeting the patient was referred for radiotherapy, with a result so satisfactory as to call for a restatement of the case.", "PMID": 1064408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4623", "title": "Pineal tumours: a clinical study of 23 cases.", "content": "A series of 23 cases of pineal tumours is presented, and their salient clinical features are analysed. The rationale of the present trend of treatment is discussed, and the relevant literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Pineal tumours: a clinical study of 23 cases. A series of 23 cases of pineal tumours is presented, and their salient clinical features are analysed. The rationale of the present trend of treatment is discussed, and the relevant literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 1064409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4624", "title": "Retroperitoneal liposarcoma.", "content": "The diagnosis of retroperitoneal fatty tumour is not extremely difficult provided that the possibility of its presence is kept in mind by the surgeon in all cases of distended abdomen in an apparently well-nourished patient. A careful clinical examination and a good excretory pyelogram are very important in the diagnosis. Surgical excision requires a considerable amount of patience and boldness on the part of the surgeon and is always gratifying, even if the tumour cannot be totally removed. Three cases of retroperitoneal tumour treated by us are presented. All three had had previous unsatisfactory treatment, the first two being incorrectly diagnosed and the third being inadequately excised. The pathology, diagnosis and treatment of these tumours are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal liposarcoma. The diagnosis of retroperitoneal fatty tumour is not extremely difficult provided that the possibility of its presence is kept in mind by the surgeon in all cases of distended abdomen in an apparently well-nourished patient. A careful clinical examination and a good excretory pyelogram are very important in the diagnosis. Surgical excision requires a considerable amount of patience and boldness on the part of the surgeon and is always gratifying, even if the tumour cannot be totally removed. Three cases of retroperitoneal tumour treated by us are presented. All three had had previous unsatisfactory treatment, the first two being incorrectly diagnosed and the third being inadequately excised. The pathology, diagnosis and treatment of these tumours are briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1064410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4625", "title": "Perianal vaccinia: a case report.", "content": "Accidental perianal vaccinia is a rare condition, presenting acutely with severe pain and characteristic superficial ulceration. There is no specific treatment, and complete resolution occurs. A case is described of autogenous perianal vaccinia occurring in an adult.", "contents": "Perianal vaccinia: a case report. Accidental perianal vaccinia is a rare condition, presenting acutely with severe pain and characteristic superficial ulceration. There is no specific treatment, and complete resolution occurs. A case is described of autogenous perianal vaccinia occurring in an adult.", "PMID": 1064411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4626", "title": "A neck incision.", "content": "A \"hockey stick\" neck incision is recommended for laryngectomy with neck dissection, especially when the surgery follows radiotherapy.", "contents": "A neck incision. A \"hockey stick\" neck incision is recommended for laryngectomy with neck dissection, especially when the surgery follows radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1064412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4627", "title": "The detection of serological factors in acute ulcerative colitis indicating a favourable short-term prognosis.", "content": "Large-intestinal epithelial cells were obtained from operation specimens and by biopsy at sigmoidoscopy from 16 patients with acute severe mucosal ulcerative colitis and II control subjects with normal large-bowel mucosa. The ability of lymphocytes to release 51Cr label from large-intestinal epithelial cells was quantitatively assessed as percentage lymphocyte activity. The mean +/- standard deviation of percentage lymphocyte activity in 16 patients with acute ulcerative colitis on admission to hospital (88 +/- 8) was significantly greater than that in II normal subjects (16 +/- 8) (P is less than 0.01). In each study, samples of autologous serum were added to two reactions between lymphocytes and autologous large-intestinal epithelial cells. The results in the seven patients who came to urgent colectomy differed significantly from those in the nine who responded to corticosteroids. The mean +/- S.D. of percentage serological inhibition of lymphocyte activity in the group coming to colectomy was 44 +/- 16, and in those responding to steroids 12 +/- 5. When the serum of these patients was studied for immunofluorescent autoantibodies to normal human colonic mucosa, none of the seven patients treated by colectomy had detectable autoantibodies, in contrast with three of the nine patients with a more favourable short-term prognosis, in that they responded to steroid treatment.", "contents": "The detection of serological factors in acute ulcerative colitis indicating a favourable short-term prognosis. Large-intestinal epithelial cells were obtained from operation specimens and by biopsy at sigmoidoscopy from 16 patients with acute severe mucosal ulcerative colitis and II control subjects with normal large-bowel mucosa. The ability of lymphocytes to release 51Cr label from large-intestinal epithelial cells was quantitatively assessed as percentage lymphocyte activity. The mean +/- standard deviation of percentage lymphocyte activity in 16 patients with acute ulcerative colitis on admission to hospital (88 +/- 8) was significantly greater than that in II normal subjects (16 +/- 8) (P is less than 0.01). In each study, samples of autologous serum were added to two reactions between lymphocytes and autologous large-intestinal epithelial cells. The results in the seven patients who came to urgent colectomy differed significantly from those in the nine who responded to corticosteroids. The mean +/- S.D. of percentage serological inhibition of lymphocyte activity in the group coming to colectomy was 44 +/- 16, and in those responding to steroids 12 +/- 5. When the serum of these patients was studied for immunofluorescent autoantibodies to normal human colonic mucosa, none of the seven patients treated by colectomy had detectable autoantibodies, in contrast with three of the nine patients with a more favourable short-term prognosis, in that they responded to steroid treatment.", "PMID": 1064413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4628", "title": "Experimental coronary occlusion in calves: the effect of hyperglycaemia on ventricular fibrillation threshold.", "content": "Measurements of ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were made in two groups of bovine calves, each weighing 25 to 30 kg, before and after ligation of the anterior descending branch of the coronary artery. In the control group, the VFT was determined before occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery, and the observations were repeated at 20-minute intervals after occlusion. A 33% reduction in VFT was observed 20 minutes after the occlusion. Prior loading with glucose by infusion of 100 ml of 10% glucose prevented the significant fall in VFT.", "contents": "Experimental coronary occlusion in calves: the effect of hyperglycaemia on ventricular fibrillation threshold. Measurements of ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) were made in two groups of bovine calves, each weighing 25 to 30 kg, before and after ligation of the anterior descending branch of the coronary artery. In the control group, the VFT was determined before occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery, and the observations were repeated at 20-minute intervals after occlusion. A 33% reduction in VFT was observed 20 minutes after the occlusion. Prior loading with glucose by infusion of 100 ml of 10% glucose prevented the significant fall in VFT.", "PMID": 1064414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4629", "title": "Response of remission lymphocytes to autochthonous leukaemic myeloblasts.", "content": "Thymidine incorporation in vitro by remission lymphocytes from a total of 6 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) was measured following stimulation by autochthonous and allogeneic AML blasts and cell lines. The early peak response to autochthonous blasts in 2 of these patients (48-72 h) is consistent with the concept of a population of lymphocytes pre-immunized to antigens carried by the blasts. Although stimulation in one patient was increased in the presence of more stimulating (S) blasts than responding (R) lymphocytes, positive responses in other tests were obtained at an S : R ratio of 1 : 1-5. When different methods of treatment of the stimulating autochthonous blasts were compared with untreated cells, mitomycin C gave the highest stimulation indices 2 out of 3 tests. Tissue culture medium in which autochthonous blasts had been incubated for 3-5 days failed to stimulate either remission lymphocytes alone, or combined cultures of lymphocytes with autochthonous or allogeneic blasts, suggesting that mitogenic factors released from autochthonous blasts are not responsible for lymphocyte stimulation. Treatment of autochthonous or allogeneic AML blasts with glycine-HC1(pH 3-0) to remove putative \"blocking\" factors failed to increase the stimulatory capacity of the leukaemic blasts.", "contents": "Response of remission lymphocytes to autochthonous leukaemic myeloblasts. Thymidine incorporation in vitro by remission lymphocytes from a total of 6 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) was measured following stimulation by autochthonous and allogeneic AML blasts and cell lines. The early peak response to autochthonous blasts in 2 of these patients (48-72 h) is consistent with the concept of a population of lymphocytes pre-immunized to antigens carried by the blasts. Although stimulation in one patient was increased in the presence of more stimulating (S) blasts than responding (R) lymphocytes, positive responses in other tests were obtained at an S : R ratio of 1 : 1-5. When different methods of treatment of the stimulating autochthonous blasts were compared with untreated cells, mitomycin C gave the highest stimulation indices 2 out of 3 tests. Tissue culture medium in which autochthonous blasts had been incubated for 3-5 days failed to stimulate either remission lymphocytes alone, or combined cultures of lymphocytes with autochthonous or allogeneic blasts, suggesting that mitogenic factors released from autochthonous blasts are not responsible for lymphocyte stimulation. Treatment of autochthonous or allogeneic AML blasts with glycine-HC1(pH 3-0) to remove putative \"blocking\" factors failed to increase the stimulatory capacity of the leukaemic blasts.", "PMID": 1064430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4630", "title": "Trapping and destruction of blood-borne syngeneic leukaemia cells in lung, liver and spleen of normal and leukaemic rats.", "content": "Leukaemic cells from rats with a lymphoid (HRL) or myeloid (SAL) leukaemia were labelled with 125IUDR and injected i.v. into either normal or leukaemic syngeneic recipients. The fate of the injected cells was studied in terms of the radioactivity in various tissues at various times up to 24 h later. In normal animals the leukaemia cells were destroyed rapidly in the reticulo-endothelial (RE) system; immediately after injection most recoverable activity was in the lung, with smaller amounts in the blood, spleen and liver but by 24 h only 20-30% of the injected activity could be recovered. In leukaemic recipients with high numbers of blasts in the blood the amount of activity recoverable from the lungs and bone-marrow was markedly reduced, while that in the blood was doubled. Nonetheless, the overall rate at which radioactivity was eliminated was not significantly different from that found in normal rats, in spite of the fact that the RE system was extensively infiltrated by leukaemia cells.", "contents": "Trapping and destruction of blood-borne syngeneic leukaemia cells in lung, liver and spleen of normal and leukaemic rats. Leukaemic cells from rats with a lymphoid (HRL) or myeloid (SAL) leukaemia were labelled with 125IUDR and injected i.v. into either normal or leukaemic syngeneic recipients. The fate of the injected cells was studied in terms of the radioactivity in various tissues at various times up to 24 h later. In normal animals the leukaemia cells were destroyed rapidly in the reticulo-endothelial (RE) system; immediately after injection most recoverable activity was in the lung, with smaller amounts in the blood, spleen and liver but by 24 h only 20-30% of the injected activity could be recovered. In leukaemic recipients with high numbers of blasts in the blood the amount of activity recoverable from the lungs and bone-marrow was markedly reduced, while that in the blood was doubled. Nonetheless, the overall rate at which radioactivity was eliminated was not significantly different from that found in normal rats, in spite of the fact that the RE system was extensively infiltrated by leukaemia cells.", "PMID": 1064431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4631", "title": "Nuclear DNA-polymerase estimation in human leukaemic myeloblasts.", "content": "A technique which detects the presence of DNA-polymerase in cell nuclei by measuring the incorporation of 3H-thymidine-5-triphosphate (3H-TTP) has been used to estimate the proportion of leukaemic myeloblasts which contains DNA-polymerase and DNA capable of acting as primer-template. In six cases of previously untreated acute myeloid leukaemia the 3H-TTP labelling index (3H-TTP LI) was much larger than the fraction in DNA synthesis. After a single 'flash' injection of cytosine arabinoside a pronounced decline was observed in the 3H-TTP LI, which can be explained by a direct inhibition of NDA-polymerase. No change was observed in the fraction of cells labelled with 3H-thymidine. A decrease in 3H-TTP LI was also observed after a single i.v. dose of methotrexate.", "contents": "Nuclear DNA-polymerase estimation in human leukaemic myeloblasts. A technique which detects the presence of DNA-polymerase in cell nuclei by measuring the incorporation of 3H-thymidine-5-triphosphate (3H-TTP) has been used to estimate the proportion of leukaemic myeloblasts which contains DNA-polymerase and DNA capable of acting as primer-template. In six cases of previously untreated acute myeloid leukaemia the 3H-TTP labelling index (3H-TTP LI) was much larger than the fraction in DNA synthesis. After a single 'flash' injection of cytosine arabinoside a pronounced decline was observed in the 3H-TTP LI, which can be explained by a direct inhibition of NDA-polymerase. No change was observed in the fraction of cells labelled with 3H-thymidine. A decrease in 3H-TTP LI was also observed after a single i.v. dose of methotrexate.", "PMID": 1064433}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4632", "title": "Chemotherapy of the blastic phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia: hypodiploidy and response to therapy.", "content": "Thirty-two patients in the blastic phase of Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) were studied in a prospective randomized trial in which vincristine--prednisone (19 patients) was compared with cytosine arabinoside--6-thioguanine (13 patients). Seven remissions (37%), including two complete remissions, were achieved in the vincristine--prednisone group. Three of the five with predominant hypodiploid blast cell lines treated with vincristine--prednisone had complete or partial remissions. Both complete remitters presented with hypodiploidy consisting of 44 chromosomes. Four patients (30%) who were treated with cytosine arabinoside--6-thioguanine responded with one complete remission. The median survival of the responders was 8 mo, as compared to 1--2 mo for the nonresponders. Crossover to the opposite regimen as secondary therapy following refractoriness or resistance resulted in only 3 partial responses out of 21 treated. All three had previously responded to vincristine--prednisone. Of the 32 cases, 14 had an elective splenectomy during the chronic phase of the disease. Prior splenectomy did not influence the response to chemotherapy, as all three complete remitters occurred in the nonsplenectomized group. Similarly, survival in the blastic phase was not affected by prior splenectomy.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of the blastic phase of chronic granulocytic leukemia: hypodiploidy and response to therapy. Thirty-two patients in the blastic phase of Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) were studied in a prospective randomized trial in which vincristine--prednisone (19 patients) was compared with cytosine arabinoside--6-thioguanine (13 patients). Seven remissions (37%), including two complete remissions, were achieved in the vincristine--prednisone group. Three of the five with predominant hypodiploid blast cell lines treated with vincristine--prednisone had complete or partial remissions. Both complete remitters presented with hypodiploidy consisting of 44 chromosomes. Four patients (30%) who were treated with cytosine arabinoside--6-thioguanine responded with one complete remission. The median survival of the responders was 8 mo, as compared to 1--2 mo for the nonresponders. Crossover to the opposite regimen as secondary therapy following refractoriness or resistance resulted in only 3 partial responses out of 21 treated. All three had previously responded to vincristine--prednisone. Of the 32 cases, 14 had an elective splenectomy during the chronic phase of the disease. Prior splenectomy did not influence the response to chemotherapy, as all three complete remitters occurred in the nonsplenectomized group. Similarly, survival in the blastic phase was not affected by prior splenectomy.", "PMID": 1064434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4633", "title": "Ultrastructure of chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis.", "content": "To study chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis, bone marrow biopsies from 5 patients were obtained. Ultrastructural quantitative and qualitative assessments demonstrate proliferation of both the megakaryocytic and granulocytic cell lines. Factors indicative of malignant growth in megakaryocytes included atypical maturation, nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony, nuclear inclusions and production of micromegakaryocytes. Abnormal thrombocyte delineation provoked giant platelet production. The neutrophil series also presented atypia as generally observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Even in cases without evidence of myelofibrosis under the light microscope, megakaryoblasts were associated with fibrillar structures. These cells may be responsible for the initial step in fibrillogenesis by providing a medium conductive to the collagen formation found in later stages of this disease.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis. To study chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis, bone marrow biopsies from 5 patients were obtained. Ultrastructural quantitative and qualitative assessments demonstrate proliferation of both the megakaryocytic and granulocytic cell lines. Factors indicative of malignant growth in megakaryocytes included atypical maturation, nuclear-cytoplasmic asynchrony, nuclear inclusions and production of micromegakaryocytes. Abnormal thrombocyte delineation provoked giant platelet production. The neutrophil series also presented atypia as generally observed in chronic myelogenous leukemia. Even in cases without evidence of myelofibrosis under the light microscope, megakaryoblasts were associated with fibrillar structures. These cells may be responsible for the initial step in fibrillogenesis by providing a medium conductive to the collagen formation found in later stages of this disease.", "PMID": 1064436}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4634", "title": "Six cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.", "content": "Six cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are discussed in the light of conflicting views on the aetiology of the condition. It is hypothesized that the onset of coprolalia in patients with persistent childhood tics indicates a disturbances of the normal balance between a need for tension relief by swearing and a capacity to control such vocal activity. Some conclusions are drawn on the management of the syndrome by the use of butyrophenones, massed practice of tics, and the promotion of personality development. A flexible approach geared to the individual patient's particular needs is recommended.", "contents": "Six cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Six cases of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome are discussed in the light of conflicting views on the aetiology of the condition. It is hypothesized that the onset of coprolalia in patients with persistent childhood tics indicates a disturbances of the normal balance between a need for tension relief by swearing and a capacity to control such vocal activity. Some conclusions are drawn on the management of the syndrome by the use of butyrophenones, massed practice of tics, and the promotion of personality development. A flexible approach geared to the individual patient's particular needs is recommended.", "PMID": 1064460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4635", "title": "Atypical measles infections in leukaemic children on immunosuppressive treatment.", "content": "One case of giant-cell pneumonia and two of encephalopathy, all due to measles infection in children in leukaemic remission on immunosuppressive treatment, were seen recently. The clinical syndromes were variable and atypical and the antibody responses unpredictable. Conventional doses of pooled immunoglobulin failed to protect the two children to whom it was given. Degeneration rather than inflammation seems to characterise the encephalopathy in immunosuppressed children infected with measles virus.", "contents": "Atypical measles infections in leukaemic children on immunosuppressive treatment. One case of giant-cell pneumonia and two of encephalopathy, all due to measles infection in children in leukaemic remission on immunosuppressive treatment, were seen recently. The clinical syndromes were variable and atypical and the antibody responses unpredictable. Conventional doses of pooled immunoglobulin failed to protect the two children to whom it was given. Degeneration rather than inflammation seems to characterise the encephalopathy in immunosuppressed children infected with measles virus.", "PMID": 1064463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4636", "title": "Antitumor activity of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid, a transition-state inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase.", "content": "N-(Phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) is an analog of the transition state for the aspartate transcarbamylase reaction and has been reported previously to be a potent and specific inhibitor of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is now shown that PALA has considerable antitumor activity against certain transplantable tumors in mice. PALA, unlike other antimetabolites, was less effective against ascitic leukemias than against two solid tumors, B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma. Another solid tumor, Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, which is sensitivie to many established chemotherapeutic agents, did not respond to PALA. Daily or intermittent treatment with PALA did not significantly increase the life-span of mice bearing i.p. leukemia L1210. The survival time of mice bearing i.p. P388 leukemia was prolonged by PALA treatment by up to 64%. In a number of experiments mice bearing i.p. B16 melanoma survived 77 to 86% longer than did controls when treated with PALA (490 mg/kg) on Days 1, 5, and 9. Lewis lung carcinoma, a tumor refractory to most established antineoplastic agents, was highly sensitive to PALA. Treatment on Days 1, 5, and 9 following s.c. implantation of Lewis lung carcinoma was curative to 50% of the mice. If treatment was delayed until s.c. Lewis lung tumors had reached about 500 mg, PALA neither cured the mice nor produced significant tumor regression. However, extensive delay of tumor growth and prolongation of survival were still observed.", "contents": "Antitumor activity of N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartic acid, a transition-state inhibitor of aspartate transcarbamylase. N-(Phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) is an analog of the transition state for the aspartate transcarbamylase reaction and has been reported previously to be a potent and specific inhibitor of de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. It is now shown that PALA has considerable antitumor activity against certain transplantable tumors in mice. PALA, unlike other antimetabolites, was less effective against ascitic leukemias than against two solid tumors, B16 melanoma and Lewis lung carcinoma. Another solid tumor, Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma, which is sensitivie to many established chemotherapeutic agents, did not respond to PALA. Daily or intermittent treatment with PALA did not significantly increase the life-span of mice bearing i.p. leukemia L1210. The survival time of mice bearing i.p. P388 leukemia was prolonged by PALA treatment by up to 64%. In a number of experiments mice bearing i.p. B16 melanoma survived 77 to 86% longer than did controls when treated with PALA (490 mg/kg) on Days 1, 5, and 9. Lewis lung carcinoma, a tumor refractory to most established antineoplastic agents, was highly sensitive to PALA. Treatment on Days 1, 5, and 9 following s.c. implantation of Lewis lung carcinoma was curative to 50% of the mice. If treatment was delayed until s.c. Lewis lung tumors had reached about 500 mg, PALA neither cured the mice nor produced significant tumor regression. However, extensive delay of tumor growth and prolongation of survival were still observed.", "PMID": 1064466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4637", "title": "Elaboration of pyrimidine-specific nucleosidases by human lymphoblastoid cells of established cultures.", "content": "Pyrimidine-specific nucleosidases were released rapidly by human lymphoblastoid cells of established cultures when incubated under certain culture conditions having no adverse affect on their viability or morphology. Nucleosidase production was not restricted to any particular type of lymphoblastoid line; enzymes with a high level of activity were elaborated by cells of cultures initiated from healthy subjects and patients with uncontrolled lymphocytic or myelocytic leukemia, as well as by cells of cultures exhibiting mostly B- or T-cell properties. Tritiated thymine and uracil, which were not incorporated to any appreciable extent by DNA- and RNA-synthesizing cells, were identified by paper chromatography as the primary products arising from nucleosidase degradation of radiolabeled thymidine, uridine, and cytidine. Neither adenosine nor guanosine was catabolized. These heat-labile and ultraviolet-sensitive enzymes with a molecular weight of  5 to 10 X 10(4) did not affect the viability, morphology, or proliferation of lymphocytes in mitogenactivated cultures, lymphoblastoid cells in long-term cultures, or fibroblasts in monolayer cultures.", "contents": "Elaboration of pyrimidine-specific nucleosidases by human lymphoblastoid cells of established cultures. Pyrimidine-specific nucleosidases were released rapidly by human lymphoblastoid cells of established cultures when incubated under certain culture conditions having no adverse affect on their viability or morphology. Nucleosidase production was not restricted to any particular type of lymphoblastoid line; enzymes with a high level of activity were elaborated by cells of cultures initiated from healthy subjects and patients with uncontrolled lymphocytic or myelocytic leukemia, as well as by cells of cultures exhibiting mostly B- or T-cell properties. Tritiated thymine and uracil, which were not incorporated to any appreciable extent by DNA- and RNA-synthesizing cells, were identified by paper chromatography as the primary products arising from nucleosidase degradation of radiolabeled thymidine, uridine, and cytidine. Neither adenosine nor guanosine was catabolized. These heat-labile and ultraviolet-sensitive enzymes with a molecular weight of  5 to 10 X 10(4) did not affect the viability, morphology, or proliferation of lymphocytes in mitogenactivated cultures, lymphoblastoid cells in long-term cultures, or fibroblasts in monolayer cultures.", "PMID": 1064467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4638", "title": "Biologic activity of two derivatives and six possible metabolites of cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271).", "content": "The biologic activity in terms of survival of normal hematopoietic stem, osteosarcoma, and L1210 leukemia cells was determined for the following compounds:cyclophosphamide, its derivatives isophosphamide and trophosphamide, its possible metabolites nor-nitrogen mustard, hydroxylamine mustard, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, and and acrolein, and two substitutes for its primary active metabolite 4-hydroxycyclosphamide anhydro-dimer (4-hydroxy-CP-anhydro-dimer) and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-hydroperoxy-CP). On a molar basis none of the compounds shows a better therapeutic ratio between osteosarcoma and bone marrow stem cells than the parent compound. The therapeutic ratio between L1210 leukemia and normal cells is slightly better for 4-hydroperoxy-CP only. It may be concluded that the conversion of 4-hydroxy-CP-anhydro-dimer and 4-hydroperoxy-CP to the primary active metabolite 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide differs quantitatively. Moreover, it appears that by the use of these precursors a better therapeutic ratio might be obtained for some malignancies but not for others.", "contents": "Biologic activity of two derivatives and six possible metabolites of cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271). The biologic activity in terms of survival of normal hematopoietic stem, osteosarcoma, and L1210 leukemia cells was determined for the following compounds:cyclophosphamide, its derivatives isophosphamide and trophosphamide, its possible metabolites nor-nitrogen mustard, hydroxylamine mustard, 4-ketocyclophosphamide, and and acrolein, and two substitutes for its primary active metabolite 4-hydroxycyclosphamide anhydro-dimer (4-hydroxy-CP-anhydro-dimer) and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-hydroperoxy-CP). On a molar basis none of the compounds shows a better therapeutic ratio between osteosarcoma and bone marrow stem cells than the parent compound. The therapeutic ratio between L1210 leukemia and normal cells is slightly better for 4-hydroperoxy-CP only. It may be concluded that the conversion of 4-hydroxy-CP-anhydro-dimer and 4-hydroperoxy-CP to the primary active metabolite 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide differs quantitatively. Moreover, it appears that by the use of these precursors a better therapeutic ratio might be obtained for some malignancies but not for others.", "PMID": 1064468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4639", "title": "Studies on the enhancement by cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) of artificial lung metastasis after labeled cell inoculation.", "content": "In a mouse model the retention of125I-5-iodo-2' -deoxyuridine-labeled tumor cells in the lung after iv injection was compared with the formation of tumor colonies in the lung 15 days after injection. The modification in lung retention after treatment with cyclophosphamide (CP), isophosphamide, Corynebacterium parvum, and heparin paralleled the changes in lung-colony numbers by these treatments. Since the modifications could be identified as early as 1 hour after iv administration of tumor cells, further evidence was obtained for the conclusion reached earlier that the modification of lung metastases by CP and Corynebacterium parvum is not due to immunologic mechanisms. Comparison with the lung retention of heat-killed tumor cells and living embryonic cells showed that CP induced an increased retention of all three cell types. In contrast, Corynebacterium parvum decreased the retention of living tumor cells, but failed to modify the retention of dead tumor cells, but did not affect the retention of living embryonic cells. Since no similar cell types were affected by the various treatments it seems likely that different mechanisms are involved. Apparently CP decreases the nonspecific resistance against the lodging and growth of any type of cell in the lung.", "contents": "Studies on the enhancement by cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) of artificial lung metastasis after labeled cell inoculation. In a mouse model the retention of125I-5-iodo-2' -deoxyuridine-labeled tumor cells in the lung after iv injection was compared with the formation of tumor colonies in the lung 15 days after injection. The modification in lung retention after treatment with cyclophosphamide (CP), isophosphamide, Corynebacterium parvum, and heparin paralleled the changes in lung-colony numbers by these treatments. Since the modifications could be identified as early as 1 hour after iv administration of tumor cells, further evidence was obtained for the conclusion reached earlier that the modification of lung metastases by CP and Corynebacterium parvum is not due to immunologic mechanisms. Comparison with the lung retention of heat-killed tumor cells and living embryonic cells showed that CP induced an increased retention of all three cell types. In contrast, Corynebacterium parvum decreased the retention of living tumor cells, but failed to modify the retention of dead tumor cells, but did not affect the retention of living embryonic cells. Since no similar cell types were affected by the various treatments it seems likely that different mechanisms are involved. Apparently CP decreases the nonspecific resistance against the lodging and growth of any type of cell in the lung.", "PMID": 1064469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4640", "title": "The physiological responses to walking uphill under hot environment.", "content": "A series of human experiments on walking uphill under radiant heat in addition to hot environment were carried out and the safety conditions for walking uphill from the standpoint of physiological response were determined. Experiments were carried out on three healthy adult males aged 21 years, walking uphill on a motor-driven treadmill with the aim of walking at a speed of 45 m/min, 55 m/min and 65 m/min and with a slope gradient of 0 degrees, 5 degrees and 10 degrees. The load weight used was 30, 40 and 50 percent of the body weight for each combination of speed, gradient and load weight. The subjects were exposed to a radiant heat of 1.3 cal/cm2.min, using 12 exsiccating infrared lamps, with a room temperature of 33 degrees C, a relative humidity of 60% and an airflow of 0.7 m/sec. The following results were obtained by estimating the physiological response (heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature and RMR (relative metabolic rate)) to different degrees of walking conditions during the 10-minute exercise: 1) The work intensity (RMR) of uphill walking with a certain load weight under hot environment can be changed by varying the walking speed and the load weight according to the slope gradient. 2) As there exists a gap between RMR 5 and 6 in parallel with the other physiological responses, it is preferable to keep the walking condition under RMR 6, as viewed from the change of the other walking conditions. 3) The heart rate as an indicator of the work load must be kept below 130 beats/min for a safe uphill walking of under RMR 6.", "contents": "The physiological responses to walking uphill under hot environment. A series of human experiments on walking uphill under radiant heat in addition to hot environment were carried out and the safety conditions for walking uphill from the standpoint of physiological response were determined. Experiments were carried out on three healthy adult males aged 21 years, walking uphill on a motor-driven treadmill with the aim of walking at a speed of 45 m/min, 55 m/min and 65 m/min and with a slope gradient of 0 degrees, 5 degrees and 10 degrees. The load weight used was 30, 40 and 50 percent of the body weight for each combination of speed, gradient and load weight. The subjects were exposed to a radiant heat of 1.3 cal/cm2.min, using 12 exsiccating infrared lamps, with a room temperature of 33 degrees C, a relative humidity of 60% and an airflow of 0.7 m/sec. The following results were obtained by estimating the physiological response (heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature and RMR (relative metabolic rate)) to different degrees of walking conditions during the 10-minute exercise: 1) The work intensity (RMR) of uphill walking with a certain load weight under hot environment can be changed by varying the walking speed and the load weight according to the slope gradient. 2) As there exists a gap between RMR 5 and 6 in parallel with the other physiological responses, it is preferable to keep the walking condition under RMR 6, as viewed from the change of the other walking conditions. 3) The heart rate as an indicator of the work load must be kept below 130 beats/min for a safe uphill walking of under RMR 6.", "PMID": 1064483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4641", "title": "Radioisotope scanning for the spinal cord tumor.", "content": "Radioisotope scanning with 99mTc-pertechnetate or 67Ga-citrate for the spinal cord tumors was reported. Six patients with spinal cord tumors including 2 ependymomas, 1 neurinoma, 1 metastatic medulloblastoma, 1 metastatic astrocytoma, and 1 metastatic pinealoma as well as 6 patients with non-neoplastic lesions were examined with this method. Two out of 6 cases with tumors showed positive scans and two equivocal scans. This new method is different from myeloscintigraphy and radioisotope angiography as already reported. It directly demonstrates tumor itself like brain scanning and is very useful as nontraumatic method for screening spinal cord lesions, especially in poor risk patient. The usefulness and limitation of this method are discussed.", "contents": "Radioisotope scanning for the spinal cord tumor. Radioisotope scanning with 99mTc-pertechnetate or 67Ga-citrate for the spinal cord tumors was reported. Six patients with spinal cord tumors including 2 ependymomas, 1 neurinoma, 1 metastatic medulloblastoma, 1 metastatic astrocytoma, and 1 metastatic pinealoma as well as 6 patients with non-neoplastic lesions were examined with this method. Two out of 6 cases with tumors showed positive scans and two equivocal scans. This new method is different from myeloscintigraphy and radioisotope angiography as already reported. It directly demonstrates tumor itself like brain scanning and is very useful as nontraumatic method for screening spinal cord lesions, especially in poor risk patient. The usefulness and limitation of this method are discussed.", "PMID": 1064484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4642", "title": "The Paneth cell in the adenoma of familial polyposis coli.", "content": "It is said that the Paneth cells are found in the large intestine in a pathological state such as ulcerative colitis or adenoma. We examined the Paneth cells in the adenomas of familial polyposis coli. Nine cases including one case of Gardner's syndrome comprised the material for the examination of the Paneth cells because the caecum was available for the examination. The remaining one case had no Paneth cells. In two cases, the Paneth cells were found among the adenomas in the areas beyond the caecum and the proximal part of the colon ascendens. In one remarkable case, the Paneth cells were found in 43% of the adenomas in the caecum. Seven cases were carcinomas but no Paneth cells were found in or near the carcinoma. In the control cases, which were taken from the resected colon with a disease other than familial polyposis coli, the Paneth cells were found confined to the caecum. We concluded that the distribution of the Paneth cell-bearing adenomas reflects the distribution of the Paneth cells in the normal mucosa of the large intestine and that the Paneth cells in the adenoma may have differentiated in the adenoma.", "contents": "The Paneth cell in the adenoma of familial polyposis coli. It is said that the Paneth cells are found in the large intestine in a pathological state such as ulcerative colitis or adenoma. We examined the Paneth cells in the adenomas of familial polyposis coli. Nine cases including one case of Gardner's syndrome comprised the material for the examination of the Paneth cells because the caecum was available for the examination. The remaining one case had no Paneth cells. In two cases, the Paneth cells were found among the adenomas in the areas beyond the caecum and the proximal part of the colon ascendens. In one remarkable case, the Paneth cells were found in 43% of the adenomas in the caecum. Seven cases were carcinomas but no Paneth cells were found in or near the carcinoma. In the control cases, which were taken from the resected colon with a disease other than familial polyposis coli, the Paneth cells were found confined to the caecum. We concluded that the distribution of the Paneth cell-bearing adenomas reflects the distribution of the Paneth cells in the normal mucosa of the large intestine and that the Paneth cells in the adenoma may have differentiated in the adenoma.", "PMID": 1064485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4643", "title": "Cleavage lines in the oral mucosa and oral scars.", "content": "Previously published data on the mucosal cleavage lines were compared with data on the formation of scar tissue after palatoplasty and it was found that, in the palate and surrounding tissues, scar formation is light when incisions are parallel to the long axis of the cleavage lines but severe when incisions are made at right angles to the cleavage lines. A few cases were also found where jaw movement was severely restricted because of the formation of hypertrophic scar between the upper and lower alveolar ridges. It is therefore desirable that surgical incisions in thepalate and surrounding tissues be made parallel to the long axis of the mucosal cleavage lines.", "contents": "Cleavage lines in the oral mucosa and oral scars. Previously published data on the mucosal cleavage lines were compared with data on the formation of scar tissue after palatoplasty and it was found that, in the palate and surrounding tissues, scar formation is light when incisions are parallel to the long axis of the cleavage lines but severe when incisions are made at right angles to the cleavage lines. A few cases were also found where jaw movement was severely restricted because of the formation of hypertrophic scar between the upper and lower alveolar ridges. It is therefore desirable that surgical incisions in thepalate and surrounding tissues be made parallel to the long axis of the mucosal cleavage lines.", "PMID": 1064486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4644", "title": "Treatment of restricted jaw movement due to scars after palatoplasty.", "content": "In order to correct the condition or restricted jaw movement due to hypertrophic scar tissue after palatoplasty, the scar is first cut laterally. After cutting away the scar tissue from under the mucosa and suturing the incision longitudinally, a drastic improvement in free faw movement is obtained.", "contents": "Treatment of restricted jaw movement due to scars after palatoplasty. In order to correct the condition or restricted jaw movement due to hypertrophic scar tissue after palatoplasty, the scar is first cut laterally. After cutting away the scar tissue from under the mucosa and suturing the incision longitudinally, a drastic improvement in free faw movement is obtained.", "PMID": 1064487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4645", "title": "In vitro studies of bone resorption by the root-resorbing tissue from the bovine deciduous tooth.", "content": "Granulation tissue which is responsible for root resorption of deciduous tooth lies between root of the deciduous tooth and its permanent tooth germ. This tissue is called \"root-resorbing tissue\". Its bone-resorbing activity was investigated in vitro. Bovine root-resorbing tissue was cultured in close contact with 45Ca-labeled dead calvaria of rats. Bone-resorbing activity was determined by measuring 45Ca released from labeled calvaria during culture. It was found that only the root-resorbing tissue which was rich in odontoclasts and had a good blood supply in its surface layer had bone-resorbing ability, and that bone resorption occurred only when it was placed in close contact with calvarium. The root-resorbing tissue which was poor in odontoclasts and blood vessels failed to stimulate by 25-hydroxy-vitaim D3 or heparin, but not by larger amounts of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3, and dihydrotachysterol when added to the culture.", "contents": "In vitro studies of bone resorption by the root-resorbing tissue from the bovine deciduous tooth. Granulation tissue which is responsible for root resorption of deciduous tooth lies between root of the deciduous tooth and its permanent tooth germ. This tissue is called \"root-resorbing tissue\". Its bone-resorbing activity was investigated in vitro. Bovine root-resorbing tissue was cultured in close contact with 45Ca-labeled dead calvaria of rats. Bone-resorbing activity was determined by measuring 45Ca released from labeled calvaria during culture. It was found that only the root-resorbing tissue which was rich in odontoclasts and had a good blood supply in its surface layer had bone-resorbing ability, and that bone resorption occurred only when it was placed in close contact with calvarium. The root-resorbing tissue which was poor in odontoclasts and blood vessels failed to stimulate by 25-hydroxy-vitaim D3 or heparin, but not by larger amounts of parathyroid hormone, vitamin D3, and dihydrotachysterol when added to the culture.", "PMID": 1064488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4646", "title": "A clinico-pathological survey of exophytic tumors of the urinary bladder. I. An analysis of the structure of the fibro-vascular cores with special references to the clinical prognosis.", "content": "In this paper the results of the clinicopathological study on a total of 79 bladder tumor cases are presented. They are principally related to the stromal proliferation or branching of the tumors. The tumor cases consist of those with a good prognosis as well as those with a poor prognosis. In the former category there are 61 cases with a long survival history (with or without recurrence); the remainder (18 cases) had a history of a short survival (dying within 2 years). Histologically there was a marked difference in the regularity of the stromal branching of the tumor between those cases with a long survival history and those cases with a short survival history. In the former group the regular type of stromal branching was predominant; in the latter group the irregular type was predominant.", "contents": "A clinico-pathological survey of exophytic tumors of the urinary bladder. I. An analysis of the structure of the fibro-vascular cores with special references to the clinical prognosis. In this paper the results of the clinicopathological study on a total of 79 bladder tumor cases are presented. They are principally related to the stromal proliferation or branching of the tumors. The tumor cases consist of those with a good prognosis as well as those with a poor prognosis. In the former category there are 61 cases with a long survival history (with or without recurrence); the remainder (18 cases) had a history of a short survival (dying within 2 years). Histologically there was a marked difference in the regularity of the stromal branching of the tumor between those cases with a long survival history and those cases with a short survival history. In the former group the regular type of stromal branching was predominant; in the latter group the irregular type was predominant.", "PMID": 1064489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4647", "title": "Renal microvasculature in chronic renal failure.", "content": "The renal microvasculature was examined stereoscopically after intraarterial injection of silicone rubber. Specimens studied were: 29 cases of normal kidney, 4 cases of sclerotic kidney, 10 cases of acute renal failure, and 10 cases of chronic renal failure from the final stage of chronic glomerulonephritis, malignant nephrosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, and cortical necrosis. The following were common evidences for chronic renal failure: much reduction and wide deficiencies of filling in the cortex, increased filling of vasa recta, narrowing and spiralling of interlobular arteries and cortical afferent arterioles, appearance of giant glomeruli, rarefaction of the peritubular capillary plexus, and relative preservation of glomeruli in the juxtamedullary zone and vasa recta in the medulla may be the major pathway, after the interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles in the subcapsular cortex are destroyed, and these vascular architectural changes may be intimately related to the pathophysiology of chronic renal failure.", "contents": "Renal microvasculature in chronic renal failure. The renal microvasculature was examined stereoscopically after intraarterial injection of silicone rubber. Specimens studied were: 29 cases of normal kidney, 4 cases of sclerotic kidney, 10 cases of acute renal failure, and 10 cases of chronic renal failure from the final stage of chronic glomerulonephritis, malignant nephrosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, and cortical necrosis. The following were common evidences for chronic renal failure: much reduction and wide deficiencies of filling in the cortex, increased filling of vasa recta, narrowing and spiralling of interlobular arteries and cortical afferent arterioles, appearance of giant glomeruli, rarefaction of the peritubular capillary plexus, and relative preservation of glomeruli in the juxtamedullary zone and vasa recta in the medulla may be the major pathway, after the interlobular arteries and afferent arterioles in the subcapsular cortex are destroyed, and these vascular architectural changes may be intimately related to the pathophysiology of chronic renal failure.", "PMID": 1064490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4648", "title": "Clinical studies on diabetes mellitus and diseases of the oral region.", "content": "Of the 25,672 patients who visited this clinic between January 1964 and March 1973, 126 were diabetic. These were examined statistically and the following results were obtained. 1. Together with diabetes the following disorders pertaining to the realm of oral surgery were observed: Alveolar pyorrhea (49 cases), infection of oral tissues other than periodontal tissues (24 cases), simple periodontitis (15 cases), tumors (13 cases), dental caries (9 cases), neuralgia (6 cases) and several disorders. 2. Of these 126 cases, 85 needed tooth extraction, which was actually performed in 67 cases with the following results: (a) Of the 67 cases, 13 developed complications such as dry socket, postoperative infection, sequestrum around the extraction socket, etc. This was a significantly higher incidence than in an equal number of controls. (b) In the cases with complications convalescence was prolonged to an average of 54.2 days. (c) In the cases with complications, the preoperative fasting blood sugar level averaged 194.5 mg/dl, which was much higher than in the cases which did not develop complications (average 142.4 mg/dl).", "contents": "Clinical studies on diabetes mellitus and diseases of the oral region. Of the 25,672 patients who visited this clinic between January 1964 and March 1973, 126 were diabetic. These were examined statistically and the following results were obtained. 1. Together with diabetes the following disorders pertaining to the realm of oral surgery were observed: Alveolar pyorrhea (49 cases), infection of oral tissues other than periodontal tissues (24 cases), simple periodontitis (15 cases), tumors (13 cases), dental caries (9 cases), neuralgia (6 cases) and several disorders. 2. Of these 126 cases, 85 needed tooth extraction, which was actually performed in 67 cases with the following results: (a) Of the 67 cases, 13 developed complications such as dry socket, postoperative infection, sequestrum around the extraction socket, etc. This was a significantly higher incidence than in an equal number of controls. (b) In the cases with complications convalescence was prolonged to an average of 54.2 days. (c) In the cases with complications, the preoperative fasting blood sugar level averaged 194.5 mg/dl, which was much higher than in the cases which did not develop complications (average 142.4 mg/dl).", "PMID": 1064491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4649", "title": "The color of gingiva studied by visual color matching. Part I. Experimental studies on the discrimination threshold for color difference and effect of training.", "content": "As a preliminary experiment on the gingival color indicated by Munsell system, the makings or the qualities for color sensation of the individual were checked with regard to (1) discrimination threshold for color difference with certain color range of gingiva (paired difference test for color comparison) and (2) promotion of memorial power by training (test for memory color). A total of 20 males and females (20-30 years old) participated in this preliminary study as experimental subjects and the following results were obtained: (1) the average color discrimination threshold for color difference among subject trained for color memory is 0.8 Lab. (Hunter), and is assumed to be greater in the actual colorimetry of gingiva, (2) the similarity of discrimination is more frequent among the subjects trained for color memory than among those who were not trained, and (3) training for color memory is found to be effective in promoting the ability for color discrimination.", "contents": "The color of gingiva studied by visual color matching. Part I. Experimental studies on the discrimination threshold for color difference and effect of training. As a preliminary experiment on the gingival color indicated by Munsell system, the makings or the qualities for color sensation of the individual were checked with regard to (1) discrimination threshold for color difference with certain color range of gingiva (paired difference test for color comparison) and (2) promotion of memorial power by training (test for memory color). A total of 20 males and females (20-30 years old) participated in this preliminary study as experimental subjects and the following results were obtained: (1) the average color discrimination threshold for color difference among subject trained for color memory is 0.8 Lab. (Hunter), and is assumed to be greater in the actual colorimetry of gingiva, (2) the similarity of discrimination is more frequent among the subjects trained for color memory than among those who were not trained, and (3) training for color memory is found to be effective in promoting the ability for color discrimination.", "PMID": 1064492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4650", "title": "Interaction between polymeric materials and tissue -- biodeterioration of polymeric materials.", "content": "Styrene-isoprene block copolymer/methyl methacrylate graft copolymer (SIS-MMA), styrene-butadiene block copolymers (SBS), polyethylene, 1,2-polybutadiene, polysulfone, polycaprolactone polyurethane (PU) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were implanted subcutaneously in dogs for 1 year. The same materials were stored in physiological saline solution at 37 degrees C (in vitro) and in air at room temperature (in air) for 1 year for comparative purpose. Biodeterioration or biodegradation of these materials was studied by mechanical property testing, viscometry, x-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and microscopy. A little deterioration of the mechanical properties of all the implanted samples was noticed as compared with the samples stored in vitro and in air. The infrared spectrum and x-ray diffraction pattern of the implanted sample except SIS-MMA were practically identical with the control. The implanted samples of SIS-MMA and SBS showed a cracked surface under a differential interference microscope. Viscosity measurements suggested a possible main chain scission for SIS-MMA and cross-linking for SBS and showed that the molecular weight of the other materials was almost unchanged. The intactness was rather surprising in regard to the infrared spectrum and viscosity of PU and EVA, because they were supposed to be more biodegradable. Deterioration of the mechanical properties was not always due to the results of biodegradation, as is often believed, but it must be considered that it might also be due to the absorption of some constituents such as lipids, steroids and amino acid from the body fluids and/or leaching of low molecular weight substances from the implanted materials.", "contents": "Interaction between polymeric materials and tissue -- biodeterioration of polymeric materials. Styrene-isoprene block copolymer/methyl methacrylate graft copolymer (SIS-MMA), styrene-butadiene block copolymers (SBS), polyethylene, 1,2-polybutadiene, polysulfone, polycaprolactone polyurethane (PU) and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were implanted subcutaneously in dogs for 1 year. The same materials were stored in physiological saline solution at 37 degrees C (in vitro) and in air at room temperature (in air) for 1 year for comparative purpose. Biodeterioration or biodegradation of these materials was studied by mechanical property testing, viscometry, x-ray diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and microscopy. A little deterioration of the mechanical properties of all the implanted samples was noticed as compared with the samples stored in vitro and in air. The infrared spectrum and x-ray diffraction pattern of the implanted sample except SIS-MMA were practically identical with the control. The implanted samples of SIS-MMA and SBS showed a cracked surface under a differential interference microscope. Viscosity measurements suggested a possible main chain scission for SIS-MMA and cross-linking for SBS and showed that the molecular weight of the other materials was almost unchanged. The intactness was rather surprising in regard to the infrared spectrum and viscosity of PU and EVA, because they were supposed to be more biodegradable. Deterioration of the mechanical properties was not always due to the results of biodegradation, as is often believed, but it must be considered that it might also be due to the absorption of some constituents such as lipids, steroids and amino acid from the body fluids and/or leaching of low molecular weight substances from the implanted materials.", "PMID": 1064493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4651", "title": "Osteosarcoma associated with metallic implants. Report of two cases in dogs.", "content": "This is a report of two dogs in which osteosarcomas arose in association with metallic orthopedic implants. One neoplasm occurred in the distal humerus of a 12-year-old Doberman Pinscher. A stainless steel intramedullary pin had been implanted in the bone 11 years previously. Upon removal, corrosion of the pin was noted. The second neoplasm arose in the proximal tibia of a 12-year-old Irish Wolfhound. Six years previously, a fracture of the tibia had been repaired with a plate and screws made of the same type stainless steel, type 316L, by the same manufacturer. No corrosion appeared to have occured. Infection had not occured in either animal.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma associated with metallic implants. Report of two cases in dogs. This is a report of two dogs in which osteosarcomas arose in association with metallic orthopedic implants. One neoplasm occurred in the distal humerus of a 12-year-old Doberman Pinscher. A stainless steel intramedullary pin had been implanted in the bone 11 years previously. Upon removal, corrosion of the pin was noted. The second neoplasm arose in the proximal tibia of a 12-year-old Irish Wolfhound. Six years previously, a fracture of the tibia had been repaired with a plate and screws made of the same type stainless steel, type 316L, by the same manufacturer. No corrosion appeared to have occured. Infection had not occured in either animal.", "PMID": 1064496}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4652", "title": "Growth characteristics of pulmonary metastases from osteosarcoma.", "content": "Pulmonary metastases were measured in 7 patients with osteosarcoma. The growth curve of these metastases appears to conform closely to a Gompertzian function, a mathematical description widely accepted as a model for tumor growth in animal systems. Growth curves for pulmonary metastases were projected backwards assuming exponential growth for that period between amputation and initial roentgenologic detection. Lesion size at the time of amputation is estimated and found to vary widely from miniscule lesions of a few cells to large foci destined to become roentgenographically detectable within a few weeks of amputation.", "contents": "Growth characteristics of pulmonary metastases from osteosarcoma. Pulmonary metastases were measured in 7 patients with osteosarcoma. The growth curve of these metastases appears to conform closely to a Gompertzian function, a mathematical description widely accepted as a model for tumor growth in animal systems. Growth curves for pulmonary metastases were projected backwards assuming exponential growth for that period between amputation and initial roentgenologic detection. Lesion size at the time of amputation is estimated and found to vary widely from miniscule lesions of a few cells to large foci destined to become roentgenographically detectable within a few weeks of amputation.", "PMID": 1064497}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4653", "title": "Transforming factors in human sarcoma cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Experimental data are presented which demomstrate the existence of a transmissible factor(s) in the majority of samples of leukemic bone marrow. This factor(s) is associated with the presence of a cytoplasmic antigen which can be detected by fixed immunofluorescence test with sera of patients with osteosarcoma, leukemia and some apparently normal individuals. Cultures of leukemic bone marrow carrying this factor(s) also form multinucleated cells when exposed to RD114 virus or cels. This factor(s) is transmitted into susceptible whole human embryo cells by cell-free culture fluid. Appearance of the new antigen can be detected by fixed immunofluorescence test about 6 weeks after transmission. Cultures showing the new antigen also form multinucleated cells following co-cultivation with RD114 virus or cells. Co-cultures of human osteosarcoma cells and leukemic bone marrow cells undergo morphologic as well as antigen changes after a long period of time (at least 3 months). Cell line fluids from these cultures contain a factor which induces in recipient whole human embryo cultures both the new antigen and morphological alterations resembling those observed in the co-cultures. Cell-free fluids from leukemic bone marrow and sarcoma cultures as well as from short-term co-cultures have failed to produce morphological alterations in whole human embryo cells. Extensive electron microscope studies carried out at different stages of the experiments have failed to reveal the presence of viral particles. The morphological changes resemble those induced in susceptible cells by sarcoma viruses. The described factor(s) may conceivably represent subviral components capable of biological activity. While suggestive of viral involvement in human sarcoma of bone and soft tissues, there is no definite proof of viruses being the causative agent(s) of human sarcoma. Present evidence provides only a basis for search of additional ways of treatment of human sarcoma to those of surgery and radiotherapy. Present treatment consists of chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment directed against viral markers represented by enzymes, nucleic acids and proteins of possible viral origin, resembling those already known to be present in animal bone and soft tissue sarcomas. However tenuous the contention of the possiblity of viral involvement in human osteosarcoma may appear, adjuvant therapy directed against viral markers warrants the attention of orthopedic surgeons and other clinicians.", "contents": "Transforming factors in human sarcoma cells in tissue culture. Experimental data are presented which demomstrate the existence of a transmissible factor(s) in the majority of samples of leukemic bone marrow. This factor(s) is associated with the presence of a cytoplasmic antigen which can be detected by fixed immunofluorescence test with sera of patients with osteosarcoma, leukemia and some apparently normal individuals. Cultures of leukemic bone marrow carrying this factor(s) also form multinucleated cells when exposed to RD114 virus or cels. This factor(s) is transmitted into susceptible whole human embryo cells by cell-free culture fluid. Appearance of the new antigen can be detected by fixed immunofluorescence test about 6 weeks after transmission. Cultures showing the new antigen also form multinucleated cells following co-cultivation with RD114 virus or cells. Co-cultures of human osteosarcoma cells and leukemic bone marrow cells undergo morphologic as well as antigen changes after a long period of time (at least 3 months). Cell line fluids from these cultures contain a factor which induces in recipient whole human embryo cultures both the new antigen and morphological alterations resembling those observed in the co-cultures. Cell-free fluids from leukemic bone marrow and sarcoma cultures as well as from short-term co-cultures have failed to produce morphological alterations in whole human embryo cells. Extensive electron microscope studies carried out at different stages of the experiments have failed to reveal the presence of viral particles. The morphological changes resemble those induced in susceptible cells by sarcoma viruses. The described factor(s) may conceivably represent subviral components capable of biological activity. While suggestive of viral involvement in human sarcoma of bone and soft tissues, there is no definite proof of viruses being the causative agent(s) of human sarcoma. Present evidence provides only a basis for search of additional ways of treatment of human sarcoma to those of surgery and radiotherapy. Present treatment consists of chemotherapy as adjuvant treatment directed against viral markers represented by enzymes, nucleic acids and proteins of possible viral origin, resembling those already known to be present in animal bone and soft tissue sarcomas. However tenuous the contention of the possiblity of viral involvement in human osteosarcoma may appear, adjuvant therapy directed against viral markers warrants the attention of orthopedic surgeons and other clinicians.", "PMID": 1064498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4654", "title": "Spontaneous pneumothorax and pulmonary malignant disease--a syndrome sometimes associated with cavitating tumours. Report of nine new cases, four with metastases and five with primary bronchial tumours.", "content": "Tumours of the lung, primary or secondary, may occasionally be complicated by a pneumothorax, and on rare occasions this may be the presenting feature. Metastatic tumours associated with pneumothorax arise usually from bone or soft tissue sarcomas and hence are more common in the young.", "contents": "Spontaneous pneumothorax and pulmonary malignant disease--a syndrome sometimes associated with cavitating tumours. Report of nine new cases, four with metastases and five with primary bronchial tumours. Tumours of the lung, primary or secondary, may occasionally be complicated by a pneumothorax, and on rare occasions this may be the presenting feature. Metastatic tumours associated with pneumothorax arise usually from bone or soft tissue sarcomas and hence are more common in the young.", "PMID": 1064499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4655", "title": "[Differential diagnosis of atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia].", "content": "Observations in six adult patients with leukaemic differential white counts, predominantly mature-celled, and with hepatosplenomegaly show that the mature-celled but fulminant (para-)neutrophil leukaemia must be differentiated from Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia. This (para-)neutrophil leukaemia is probably identical with the previously described atypical chronic myelosis of the adult, chronic myeloid leukaemia of childhood and the Pelger-like chronic myeloid leukaemia. Cardinal signs are a mature-celled differential count, short life expectancy (1 year), initial platelet deficiency, increased activity of granulocyte alkaline phosphatase, absence of Ph1-chromosome, and poor therapeutic response to busulfan. This curious and yet apparently not uncommon disease has been observed in the adult age group predominantly in men. The frequently high HbF level observed in juvenile chronic myeloid leukaemia could not be demonstrated in adults. Some of these neutrophil leukaemias are characterized by medullary fibrosis and terminal increase of immature blast cells (blast crises?) of which the diagnostic reliability is still disputed.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis of atypical chronic myeloid leukaemia]. Observations in six adult patients with leukaemic differential white counts, predominantly mature-celled, and with hepatosplenomegaly show that the mature-celled but fulminant (para-)neutrophil leukaemia must be differentiated from Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukaemia. This (para-)neutrophil leukaemia is probably identical with the previously described atypical chronic myelosis of the adult, chronic myeloid leukaemia of childhood and the Pelger-like chronic myeloid leukaemia. Cardinal signs are a mature-celled differential count, short life expectancy (1 year), initial platelet deficiency, increased activity of granulocyte alkaline phosphatase, absence of Ph1-chromosome, and poor therapeutic response to busulfan. This curious and yet apparently not uncommon disease has been observed in the adult age group predominantly in men. The frequently high HbF level observed in juvenile chronic myeloid leukaemia could not be demonstrated in adults. Some of these neutrophil leukaemias are characterized by medullary fibrosis and terminal increase of immature blast cells (blast crises?) of which the diagnostic reliability is still disputed.", "PMID": 1064523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4656", "title": "Psychological aspects of white.", "content": "An attempt is made to answer the questions: Is white a color? How do we see fluorescent and non-fluorescent whites? What is the psychological and symbolic significance of white? A qualitative study was based on a sample of 1818 people from 24 differentiated groups from the age of 6 upwards. Two techniques were used in the enquiry: the well-known word association test, and a non-verbal method, new to psychology, which was devised specifically for the purpose of defining the psychological significance of white by emotional reference to a set of grey shades, a set of chromatic colors and a set of simple shapes. In a quantitative study, a sample of 1994 people were asked their reactions to fluorescent and non-fluorescent whites. This work was supplemented by linguistic investigations of the anthropological and physiological significance of white. The conclusion reached is that white meets a psychic need in man. Almost all the respondents attributed the characteristic of \"whiteness\" only to fluorescent whites.", "contents": "Psychological aspects of white. An attempt is made to answer the questions: Is white a color? How do we see fluorescent and non-fluorescent whites? What is the psychological and symbolic significance of white? A qualitative study was based on a sample of 1818 people from 24 differentiated groups from the age of 6 upwards. Two techniques were used in the enquiry: the well-known word association test, and a non-verbal method, new to psychology, which was devised specifically for the purpose of defining the psychological significance of white by emotional reference to a set of grey shades, a set of chromatic colors and a set of simple shapes. In a quantitative study, a sample of 1994 people were asked their reactions to fluorescent and non-fluorescent whites. This work was supplemented by linguistic investigations of the anthropological and physiological significance of white. The conclusion reached is that white meets a psychic need in man. Almost all the respondents attributed the characteristic of \"whiteness\" only to fluorescent whites.", "PMID": 1064525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4657", "title": "Limits of accuracy obtainable in the direct determination by fluorimetry of fluorescent whitening agents on thin layer chromatograms.", "content": "The quantitative direct determination of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) by thin layer chromatography involves limits of detection of 0.001 to 0.0005 mug. Visual assessment is about ten to a hundred times less sensitive than photometric measurement on thin layer chromatograms. The standard deviations in 10 measurements of two substances with different degrees of light sensitivity for a single measurement with a limit of detection of the order of 0.005 mug were about +/-13% to 44%. In the higher concentrations normally used (0.5 mug), the standard deviations were only +/-5% for both substances.", "contents": "Limits of accuracy obtainable in the direct determination by fluorimetry of fluorescent whitening agents on thin layer chromatograms. The quantitative direct determination of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) by thin layer chromatography involves limits of detection of 0.001 to 0.0005 mug. Visual assessment is about ten to a hundred times less sensitive than photometric measurement on thin layer chromatograms. The standard deviations in 10 measurements of two substances with different degrees of light sensitivity for a single measurement with a limit of detection of the order of 0.005 mug were about +/-13% to 44%. In the higher concentrations normally used (0.5 mug), the standard deviations were only +/-5% for both substances.", "PMID": 1064526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4658", "title": "Direct determination of fluorescent whitening agents by absorption measurement in situ on thin layer chromatograms.", "content": "The measuring technique for the chromatogram spectrophotometer (Zeiss) to determine the reflectance curves, the analysis according to the Kubelka-Munck function, and the basic outlines of the quantitative determination of stilbene fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are explained.", "contents": "Direct determination of fluorescent whitening agents by absorption measurement in situ on thin layer chromatograms. The measuring technique for the chromatogram spectrophotometer (Zeiss) to determine the reflectance curves, the analysis according to the Kubelka-Munck function, and the basic outlines of the quantitative determination of stilbene fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are explained.", "PMID": 1064527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4659", "title": "Comments on the isotope technique of determining fluorescent whitening agents.", "content": "The notes on the specific marking of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) refer to publications in the literature and the example of an autoradiographic measurement of an 35S-labelled FWA of the 1,3-diphenyl-2-pyrazoline type.", "contents": "Comments on the isotope technique of determining fluorescent whitening agents. The notes on the specific marking of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) refer to publications in the literature and the example of an autoradiographic measurement of an 35S-labelled FWA of the 1,3-diphenyl-2-pyrazoline type.", "PMID": 1064528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4660", "title": "Limits of accuracy obtainable in the direct determination by fluorimetry of fluorescent whitening agents in solution.", "content": "In direct determination by fluorimetry the limits of detection are governed by the restricted light stability of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) in solution. The initial value of a fluorimetric reading can be registered by a rapid recorder, and in this way very light sensitive traces of FWAs as low as 10 parts per thousand million can be measured be measured with a statistical standard deviation of +/-15% for a single measurement and a reproducibility of +/-50% with a statistical certainty of 99%.", "contents": "Limits of accuracy obtainable in the direct determination by fluorimetry of fluorescent whitening agents in solution. In direct determination by fluorimetry the limits of detection are governed by the restricted light stability of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) in solution. The initial value of a fluorimetric reading can be registered by a rapid recorder, and in this way very light sensitive traces of FWAs as low as 10 parts per thousand million can be measured be measured with a statistical standard deviation of +/-15% for a single measurement and a reproducibility of +/-50% with a statistical certainty of 99%.", "PMID": 1064529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4661", "title": "Bleed fastness of fluorescent whitening agents in mass whitened paper.", "content": "Paper samples mass whitened with fluorescent whiteing agents (FWAs) of three different types (di-, tetra-, and hexasulfonated derivatives of 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) were examined for bleed fastness in five different eluents. Fluorescece intensity was measured by a sensitive spectrofluorimetric technique instead of the usual visual assessment. The degree of bleed obtained from each of the FWAs tested was less than 0.4mg/600 cm2 of paper surface area. The FWAs were applied at a normal concentration of use i.e. 0.05% active substance. FWAs with a high degree of sulfonation tend to bleed in aqueous solvents, and those with a lower degree of sulfonation in alcohol solutions. In aqueous acid solutions the degree of bleed was very low in all cases (0.04 mg/600 cm2 of paper surface area). In fatty solutions there was no bleed at all. The limit of detection was 3mug/600 cm2 of paper surface area, with an accuracy of +/-15%.", "contents": "Bleed fastness of fluorescent whitening agents in mass whitened paper. Paper samples mass whitened with fluorescent whiteing agents (FWAs) of three different types (di-, tetra-, and hexasulfonated derivatives of 4,4'-diaminostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid) were examined for bleed fastness in five different eluents. Fluorescece intensity was measured by a sensitive spectrofluorimetric technique instead of the usual visual assessment. The degree of bleed obtained from each of the FWAs tested was less than 0.4mg/600 cm2 of paper surface area. The FWAs were applied at a normal concentration of use i.e. 0.05% active substance. FWAs with a high degree of sulfonation tend to bleed in aqueous solvents, and those with a lower degree of sulfonation in alcohol solutions. In aqueous acid solutions the degree of bleed was very low in all cases (0.04 mg/600 cm2 of paper surface area). In fatty solutions there was no bleed at all. The limit of detection was 3mug/600 cm2 of paper surface area, with an accuracy of +/-15%.", "PMID": 1064530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4662", "title": "Analysis of river water and drinking water from seven European countries.", "content": "During the months of June to August and September to December 1972 and again from January to April 1973, the river and drinking water at a number of points in seven European countries was examined for fluorescent content. The purpose of the river water studies was to identify any traces of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) and relate them as far as possible to knolementary role and also helped to interpret the scatter of the control level of the river water studies. Identification and separation were carried out by means of a combination of spectrofluorimetry and thin layer chromatography. Detection limits and reproducibility of the methods of determination are explained in the chapters V/3-7 (methods of analysis for FWAs. The second river water survey showed that at only one sampling point (Bor\u00e5s in Sweden) there was detectable concentrations (up to 8 ppb) of a lipophilic unsulfonated FWA [2, 5-BIS (BENZOXAZOL-2-YL)THIOPHENE], And these were still about 1 ppb in the third survey. JENSEN and co-worker had previously detected this substance at the same location. No traces of FWAs were detected in any of the other tests. The detection limit in river water was 0.01 ppb (1 part per American billion = 10(-3) gram per metric ton). For identification purposes, a test mixture of six FWAs each with a different chemical constitution and different fields of application was used, and this was first exposed to light in an aqueous solution for some minutes.", "contents": "Analysis of river water and drinking water from seven European countries. During the months of June to August and September to December 1972 and again from January to April 1973, the river and drinking water at a number of points in seven European countries was examined for fluorescent content. The purpose of the river water studies was to identify any traces of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) and relate them as far as possible to knolementary role and also helped to interpret the scatter of the control level of the river water studies. Identification and separation were carried out by means of a combination of spectrofluorimetry and thin layer chromatography. Detection limits and reproducibility of the methods of determination are explained in the chapters V/3-7 (methods of analysis for FWAs. The second river water survey showed that at only one sampling point (Bor\u00e5s in Sweden) there was detectable concentrations (up to 8 ppb) of a lipophilic unsulfonated FWA [2, 5-BIS (BENZOXAZOL-2-YL)THIOPHENE], And these were still about 1 ppb in the third survey. JENSEN and co-worker had previously detected this substance at the same location. No traces of FWAs were detected in any of the other tests. The detection limit in river water was 0.01 ppb (1 part per American billion = 10(-3) gram per metric ton). For identification purposes, a test mixture of six FWAs each with a different chemical constitution and different fields of application was used, and this was first exposed to light in an aqueous solution for some minutes.", "PMID": 1064531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4663", "title": "Measurement of the uptake of a 14C-labelled fluorescent whitening agent by fish from water and through a model food chain.", "content": "A laboratory technique is described which simulates the uptake of a fluorescent whitening agent by fish directly from the water and indirectly through a model food chain. The use of radioactive labelled material enables the direct and indirect uptake and possible accumulation of the compounds to be measured quantitatively. The results are expressed as concentration factors. Between ecological and toxicological data a safety relationship is established.", "contents": "Measurement of the uptake of a 14C-labelled fluorescent whitening agent by fish from water and through a model food chain. A laboratory technique is described which simulates the uptake of a fluorescent whitening agent by fish directly from the water and indirectly through a model food chain. The use of radioactive labelled material enables the direct and indirect uptake and possible accumulation of the compounds to be measured quantitatively. The results are expressed as concentration factors. Between ecological and toxicological data a safety relationship is established.", "PMID": 1064532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4664", "title": "Pilot trials with a fluorescent whitening agent of the bis(triazoly) stilbene-disulfonic acid type in golden orfes.", "content": "Golden orfes were examined for uptake, distribution, and elimination of radioactivity administered in the form of a 14C-labelled fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) of the bis(triazolyl)stilbenedisulfonic acid type. Results of these studies are given below. Pilot trials using FWA concentrations of 10 and 100 ppb and a population density of 1 fish per liter show that an equilibrium between uptake and elimination of the FWA develops in the animals within a period of one week; i.e., the incorporated traces of the FWA are not irreversibly bound. The radioactivity is mainly located in the gall bladder and in the intestinal contents, as well as in the liver, throat, and gills. The muscular system (filet) is virtually free from activity. Approximately 1-2% of the FWA amount administered per animal (corresponding to the concentration factors of 7-14) can be temporarily detected in the fish. Radioactivity is eliminated comparatively quickly. Two days following the transfer of the fish into water free from FWA a concentration factor as low as 1 is reached, i.e. from this time the FWA concentration in the animals decreases to less than 10 resp. 100 ppb.", "contents": "Pilot trials with a fluorescent whitening agent of the bis(triazoly) stilbene-disulfonic acid type in golden orfes. Golden orfes were examined for uptake, distribution, and elimination of radioactivity administered in the form of a 14C-labelled fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) of the bis(triazolyl)stilbenedisulfonic acid type. Results of these studies are given below. Pilot trials using FWA concentrations of 10 and 100 ppb and a population density of 1 fish per liter show that an equilibrium between uptake and elimination of the FWA develops in the animals within a period of one week; i.e., the incorporated traces of the FWA are not irreversibly bound. The radioactivity is mainly located in the gall bladder and in the intestinal contents, as well as in the liver, throat, and gills. The muscular system (filet) is virtually free from activity. Approximately 1-2% of the FWA amount administered per animal (corresponding to the concentration factors of 7-14) can be temporarily detected in the fish. Radioactivity is eliminated comparatively quickly. Two days following the transfer of the fish into water free from FWA a concentration factor as low as 1 is reached, i.e. from this time the FWA concentration in the animals decreases to less than 10 resp. 100 ppb.", "PMID": 1064533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4665", "title": "Metabolic behaviour of water-soluble fluorescent whitening agents in the rat and bean plant.", "content": "The behaviour of three representative water-soluble fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) was studied in rats and bean plants using 14C-labelled compounds. Following oral doses of 5 mg/kg of each of the FWAs to rats, rapid and complete excretion of radioactive material was observed, with an excretion half life ranging from 7-13 hours. Faeces were practically the only route of excretion, indicating, in combination with the short half life times, that no significant amounts of whitener were absorbed from the digestive tract. No radioactive residues were found in blood, liver, kidney, brain, muscle, or fat 96 hours after dosing (limit of quantitative determination 0.005-0.01 ppm Fwa equivalents). Whereas, after application of compound (1) and compound (3), radioactive material was completely extractable from faeces in the form of unchanged parent compounds, that in the compound (2) experiments was not extractable. When bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) were grown in the presence of 14C-labelled compound (3) in nutrient solution (11.5 ppm) and in soil (,7.5 ppm), approximately 55% and 2%  of the applied radioactive material, respectively, was absorbed by the plants. More than 90% of thie material was bound to the roots in both experiments 40 days after the application. Eight percent of the radioactive material absorbed in the soil experiment was translocated mainly into the stems whereas only trace amounts of the order of less than 0.1 ppm reached the leaves and bean pods. It is concluded from these experiments with extremely high concentrations of compound (3) that under the conditions which may occur in practice residues of water-soluble FWAs do not appear in substantial amounts in edible parts of crops.", "contents": "Metabolic behaviour of water-soluble fluorescent whitening agents in the rat and bean plant. The behaviour of three representative water-soluble fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) was studied in rats and bean plants using 14C-labelled compounds. Following oral doses of 5 mg/kg of each of the FWAs to rats, rapid and complete excretion of radioactive material was observed, with an excretion half life ranging from 7-13 hours. Faeces were practically the only route of excretion, indicating, in combination with the short half life times, that no significant amounts of whitener were absorbed from the digestive tract. No radioactive residues were found in blood, liver, kidney, brain, muscle, or fat 96 hours after dosing (limit of quantitative determination 0.005-0.01 ppm Fwa equivalents). Whereas, after application of compound (1) and compound (3), radioactive material was completely extractable from faeces in the form of unchanged parent compounds, that in the compound (2) experiments was not extractable. When bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) were grown in the presence of 14C-labelled compound (3) in nutrient solution (11.5 ppm) and in soil (,7.5 ppm), approximately 55% and 2%  of the applied radioactive material, respectively, was absorbed by the plants. More than 90% of thie material was bound to the roots in both experiments 40 days after the application. Eight percent of the radioactive material absorbed in the soil experiment was translocated mainly into the stems whereas only trace amounts of the order of less than 0.1 ppm reached the leaves and bean pods. It is concluded from these experiments with extremely high concentrations of compound (3) that under the conditions which may occur in practice residues of water-soluble FWAs do not appear in substantial amounts in edible parts of crops.", "PMID": 1064534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4666", "title": "Mechanism of whitening and quenching.", "content": "The processes of radiation absorption in a molecule and the energy release by thermal or chemical deactivation, phosphorescence, and fluorescence are outlined briefly, and the difference between fluorescent and non-fluorescent dyestuffs is discussed under physical aspects. After a description of the optical mode of action of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), the colorimetrical methods of characterizing FWAs and evaluating the whiteness are investigated.", "contents": "Mechanism of whitening and quenching. The processes of radiation absorption in a molecule and the energy release by thermal or chemical deactivation, phosphorescence, and fluorescence are outlined briefly, and the difference between fluorescent and non-fluorescent dyestuffs is discussed under physical aspects. After a description of the optical mode of action of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), the colorimetrical methods of characterizing FWAs and evaluating the whiteness are investigated.", "PMID": 1064535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4667", "title": "Toxicological investigations with fluorescent whitening agents.", "content": "The reasons for which toxicological investigations are carried out are: -handling and consumer safety, -the critical attitude of the public towards the use of chemicals in general, -the need to weigh benefit against risk when using chemicals, and -the safety requirements introduced by authorities. The guidelines for toxicological evaluation of chemicals and particularly fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), as well as the extent of which man is possibly exposed to these substances through alimentary intake or through contact with the skin are discussed. It is concluded that there is a very wide safety margin for every conceivable use of FWAs.", "contents": "Toxicological investigations with fluorescent whitening agents. The reasons for which toxicological investigations are carried out are: -handling and consumer safety, -the critical attitude of the public towards the use of chemicals in general, -the need to weigh benefit against risk when using chemicals, and -the safety requirements introduced by authorities. The guidelines for toxicological evaluation of chemicals and particularly fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), as well as the extent of which man is possibly exposed to these substances through alimentary intake or through contact with the skin are discussed. It is concluded that there is a very wide safety margin for every conceivable use of FWAs.", "PMID": 1064536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4668", "title": "Acute oral, dermal, and inhalation studies.", "content": "By appropriate testing procedures, it has been demonstrated that the compounds used as fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) have a very low order of systemic toxicity in acute experiments. No evidence of dermal toxicity has been found. The full chemical names of the fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) investigated in this study are listed below. They have been numbered for easy identification and classified by chemical groups.", "contents": "Acute oral, dermal, and inhalation studies. By appropriate testing procedures, it has been demonstrated that the compounds used as fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) have a very low order of systemic toxicity in acute experiments. No evidence of dermal toxicity has been found. The full chemical names of the fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) investigated in this study are listed below. They have been numbered for easy identification and classified by chemical groups.", "PMID": 1064537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4669", "title": "Study by fluorescence microscopy of the effect of fluorescent whitening agents on the skin of mice.", "content": "Fluorescence microscopic studies of the skin of hairless mice showed that a fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) of the bis(phenyltriazolyl)stilbenedisulfonate type did not penetrate into the subepithelial layers (dermis and subcutaneous tissue) of the skin after cutaneous application.", "contents": "Study by fluorescence microscopy of the effect of fluorescent whitening agents on the skin of mice. Fluorescence microscopic studies of the skin of hairless mice showed that a fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) of the bis(phenyltriazolyl)stilbenedisulfonate type did not penetrate into the subepithelial layers (dermis and subcutaneous tissue) of the skin after cutaneous application.", "PMID": 1064538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4670", "title": "Studies on the reaction of skin when exposed to fluorescent whitening agents.", "content": "In hand washing tests with detergents containing fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), the amounts of whitener left on both hands were determined by TLC spectrophotometry: they varied from 0.06 mg to 0.17 mg. Whiteners of different chemical constitutions behaved in a very similar manner. After 24 hours the skin of the treated hands was virtually free of whitener.", "contents": "Studies on the reaction of skin when exposed to fluorescent whitening agents. In hand washing tests with detergents containing fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), the amounts of whitener left on both hands were determined by TLC spectrophotometry: they varied from 0.06 mg to 0.17 mg. Whiteners of different chemical constitutions behaved in a very similar manner. After 24 hours the skin of the treated hands was virtually free of whitener.", "PMID": 1064539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4671", "title": "Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with FWAs.", "content": "Compounds (1), (2), (3), and (4) caused no adverse toxic effects and yielded no evidence of carcinogenic activity in a 2-year feeding study in albino rats at dietary levels up to 1000 ppm. Compounds (2), (3) and (4) were without effect in a 2-year study in beagle dogs at levels up to 2000 ppm. Compound (1) at levels of 400 and 1000 ppm led to decreased weight gains in some dogs and caused doserelated pathology consisting of inflammatory changes on the serosal surfaces of abdominal viscera and increased hematopoietic acitivty of the spleen and liver cords. These effect could have been due to the feeding of material, without adjustment of pH, for the first 30 weeks of the study.", "contents": "Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies with FWAs. Compounds (1), (2), (3), and (4) caused no adverse toxic effects and yielded no evidence of carcinogenic activity in a 2-year feeding study in albino rats at dietary levels up to 1000 ppm. Compounds (2), (3) and (4) were without effect in a 2-year study in beagle dogs at levels up to 2000 ppm. Compound (1) at levels of 400 and 1000 ppm led to decreased weight gains in some dogs and caused doserelated pathology consisting of inflammatory changes on the serosal surfaces of abdominal viscera and increased hematopoietic acitivty of the spleen and liver cords. These effect could have been due to the feeding of material, without adjustment of pH, for the first 30 weeks of the study.", "PMID": 1064540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4672", "title": "Photocarcinogenesis: lack of enhancement by fluorescent white agents.", "content": "These studies were designed to determine whether fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) could: (I) produce an augmented acute response of skin to a single ultraviolet light exposure (i.e., phototoxicity), or (II) increase the number or hasten the appearance of skin tumors after several ultraviolet light exposures (i.e., chemically enhanced photocarcinogenesis). Five substituted stilbene FWAs were screened for phototoxicity. The results of pretreatment with these agents were compared with pretreatment by a known photoxic agent, 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) or the vehicle (methanol) using the skin of hairless mice, miniature pigs, and man. None of the FWAs was phototoxic. Photocarcinogenesis testing involved pretreating hairless mouse skin with FWAs, 8-MOP, or methanol only before each daily exposure to simulated solar ultraviolet light. In terms of tumor yield and tumor development time, photocarcinogenesis was enhanced by 8-MOP, but not by FWAs.", "contents": "Photocarcinogenesis: lack of enhancement by fluorescent white agents. These studies were designed to determine whether fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) could: (I) produce an augmented acute response of skin to a single ultraviolet light exposure (i.e., phototoxicity), or (II) increase the number or hasten the appearance of skin tumors after several ultraviolet light exposures (i.e., chemically enhanced photocarcinogenesis). Five substituted stilbene FWAs were screened for phototoxicity. The results of pretreatment with these agents were compared with pretreatment by a known photoxic agent, 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) or the vehicle (methanol) using the skin of hairless mice, miniature pigs, and man. None of the FWAs was phototoxic. Photocarcinogenesis testing involved pretreating hairless mouse skin with FWAs, 8-MOP, or methanol only before each daily exposure to simulated solar ultraviolet light. In terms of tumor yield and tumor development time, photocarcinogenesis was enhanced by 8-MOP, but not by FWAs.", "PMID": 1064541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4673", "title": "Studies of embryo toxicity in rats and rabbits.", "content": "Embryo toxicity studies were carried out to investigate the effects of different doses of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) after oral administration to pregnant rats from the 6th to the 15th day of pregnancy and to rabbits from the 6th to the 18the day of pregnancy. In own studies two FWAs of the bis(triazinylamino or triazoly)stilbenedisulfonic acid type showed no embryo-toxic or teratogenic effect on wither species at daily doses up to 1000 mg/kg. Also the toxic dose to the mothers, 3000 mg/kg, given to rabbits in case of one FWA was without these effects. In the studies of KEPLINGER, et al. (Toxicol. Appl. Parmacol. 27: 494-506, 1974) a triazolylstilbenemonosulfonic acid derivative, two bis(triazinylamino)stilbenedisulfonic acid derivatives and a bis(sulfostyryl)diphenyl derivative had no terato-enic effect on rabbits when administered orally in doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day.", "contents": "Studies of embryo toxicity in rats and rabbits. Embryo toxicity studies were carried out to investigate the effects of different doses of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) after oral administration to pregnant rats from the 6th to the 15th day of pregnancy and to rabbits from the 6th to the 18the day of pregnancy. In own studies two FWAs of the bis(triazinylamino or triazoly)stilbenedisulfonic acid type showed no embryo-toxic or teratogenic effect on wither species at daily doses up to 1000 mg/kg. Also the toxic dose to the mothers, 3000 mg/kg, given to rabbits in case of one FWA was without these effects. In the studies of KEPLINGER, et al. (Toxicol. Appl. Parmacol. 27: 494-506, 1974) a triazolylstilbenemonosulfonic acid derivative, two bis(triazinylamino)stilbenedisulfonic acid derivatives and a bis(sulfostyryl)diphenyl derivative had no terato-enic effect on rabbits when administered orally in doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day.", "PMID": 1064542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4674", "title": "Three-generation Reproduction studies with FWAs.", "content": "Four fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), compounds (1), (2), (3) and (4) (see table 1) were investigated for their effects on the reproductive performance of albino rats through 3 successive 2-litter generations at dietary levels of 40, 200, and 1000 ppm. Except for slight and random effects of compound (4) on pup survival, no adverse effects were observed. The random effects with compound (4) were not consistently related to either dose level or cumulative duration of exposure through the 3 generations.", "contents": "Three-generation Reproduction studies with FWAs. Four fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs), compounds (1), (2), (3) and (4) (see table 1) were investigated for their effects on the reproductive performance of albino rats through 3 successive 2-litter generations at dietary levels of 40, 200, and 1000 ppm. Except for slight and random effects of compound (4) on pup survival, no adverse effects were observed. The random effects with compound (4) were not consistently related to either dose level or cumulative duration of exposure through the 3 generations.", "PMID": 1064543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4675", "title": "Testing mutagenic properties with the dominant lethal test on the male mouse.", "content": "Mytagecity studies were carried out with fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) using the dominant lethal test on male mice. Own tests with five FWAs, and those of KEPLINGER, et al. (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.27: 494-506, 1974), with four FWAs, are described. In our tests, acute oral administration of five FWAs at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight gave no evidence of a mutagenic effect during 8 weeks' mating. The FWAs used were three bis(triazinylamino)stilbenedisulfonic acid derivatives and a 1,3-diphenyl-2-pyrazoline derivative. The results of the tests carried out by KEPLINGER, et al. showed that intraperitoneal injection of the four FWAs produced no mutagenic effect during six weeks' mating; the whiteners used were a triazolylstilbenemonosulfonic acid derivative (50 mg/kg), two bis(triazinylamino)stilbenedisulfonic acid derivatives (50 mg/kg) and a bis(sulfostyryl)biphenyl derivative (10 mg/kg).", "contents": "Testing mutagenic properties with the dominant lethal test on the male mouse. Mytagecity studies were carried out with fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) using the dominant lethal test on male mice. Own tests with five FWAs, and those of KEPLINGER, et al. (Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.27: 494-506, 1974), with four FWAs, are described. In our tests, acute oral administration of five FWAs at a dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight gave no evidence of a mutagenic effect during 8 weeks' mating. The FWAs used were three bis(triazinylamino)stilbenedisulfonic acid derivatives and a 1,3-diphenyl-2-pyrazoline derivative. The results of the tests carried out by KEPLINGER, et al. showed that intraperitoneal injection of the four FWAs produced no mutagenic effect during six weeks' mating; the whiteners used were a triazolylstilbenemonosulfonic acid derivative (50 mg/kg), two bis(triazinylamino)stilbenedisulfonic acid derivatives (50 mg/kg) and a bis(sulfostyryl)biphenyl derivative (10 mg/kg).", "PMID": 1064544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4676", "title": "Nucleus anomaly test and chromosomal analysis of bone marrow cells of the Chinese hamster and dominant lethal test in male mice after treatment with fluorescent whitening agents.", "content": "Four fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) were tested for mutagenic activity after oral administration in the following three different mammalian test systems: (1) Dominant lethal test in the male mouse; (2) Cytogenetic studies on metaphase chromosomes from the bone marrow of the Chinese hamster; (3) Nucleus anomaly test in somatic interphase cells (bone marrow) of the Chinese hamster. These investigations yielded no evidence of dominant lethal effects of any of the four compounds on the progeny of male mice. Furthermore, the data obtained from chromosome analyses and the nucleus anomaly test revealed no effects at all. Thus, the results obtained in all these tests gave no indication of mutagenic activity after the administration of these compounds in dosages up to approximately 1/3 or the LD50.", "contents": "Nucleus anomaly test and chromosomal analysis of bone marrow cells of the Chinese hamster and dominant lethal test in male mice after treatment with fluorescent whitening agents. Four fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) were tested for mutagenic activity after oral administration in the following three different mammalian test systems: (1) Dominant lethal test in the male mouse; (2) Cytogenetic studies on metaphase chromosomes from the bone marrow of the Chinese hamster; (3) Nucleus anomaly test in somatic interphase cells (bone marrow) of the Chinese hamster. These investigations yielded no evidence of dominant lethal effects of any of the four compounds on the progeny of male mice. Furthermore, the data obtained from chromosome analyses and the nucleus anomaly test revealed no effects at all. Thus, the results obtained in all these tests gave no indication of mutagenic activity after the administration of these compounds in dosages up to approximately 1/3 or the LD50.", "PMID": 1064545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4677", "title": "Legal aspects.", "content": "The manufacture, application, use and disposal of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) may give rise to legal questions relating mainly to environmental protection and the effects on man and animals. In addition to legal aspects, certain commercial aspects such as the law of competition and the obligations of industry, including compensation for damage caused by FWAs, are discussed.", "contents": "Legal aspects. The manufacture, application, use and disposal of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) may give rise to legal questions relating mainly to environmental protection and the effects on man and animals. In addition to legal aspects, certain commercial aspects such as the law of competition and the obligations of industry, including compensation for damage caused by FWAs, are discussed.", "PMID": 1064546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4678", "title": "Technical aspects of whitening.", "content": "The applicational and ecological advantages of whitening over conventional bleaching processes in the textile and paper industries are outlined.", "contents": "Technical aspects of whitening. The applicational and ecological advantages of whitening over conventional bleaching processes in the textile and paper industries are outlined.", "PMID": 1064547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4679", "title": "Whitening of textiles.", "content": "In the textile field, fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) can be used on practically all types of goods at any stage in the finishing process. As examples, three important types of methods for applying FWAs to textiles have been outlined.", "contents": "Whitening of textiles. In the textile field, fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) can be used on practically all types of goods at any stage in the finishing process. As examples, three important types of methods for applying FWAs to textiles have been outlined.", "PMID": 1064548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4680", "title": "Fluorescent whitening agents in detergents.", "content": "Washing is a form of textile care which is characterized by its repetitive nature. Washing methods vary enormously in different parts of the world. The main types of detergents and fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are described. Washing slows down the deterioration in use of white goods, and yellowing is counteracted by FWAs. FWAs also enhance the freshness and brightness of most pale shades. Cost calculations show clearly the economic advantages of using FWAs in washing: the useful life of textiles can be prolonged considerably for a very small additional cost.", "contents": "Fluorescent whitening agents in detergents. Washing is a form of textile care which is characterized by its repetitive nature. Washing methods vary enormously in different parts of the world. The main types of detergents and fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are described. Washing slows down the deterioration in use of white goods, and yellowing is counteracted by FWAs. FWAs also enhance the freshness and brightness of most pale shades. Cost calculations show clearly the economic advantages of using FWAs in washing: the useful life of textiles can be prolonged considerably for a very small additional cost.", "PMID": 1064549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4681", "title": "Mass whitening of synthetic fibers and plastics.", "content": "The evaluation of new and improved techniques has led to the development of mass whitening methods for use with synthetic fibers and plastics. The processes are complex but well defined, and call for the use of sophisticated fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) to meet the requirements of the fiber or plastics manufacturer, the textile finisher, and the end user. The performances of some leading commercial whiteners are compared and their interactions with dyes, fillers and stabilizers are discussed.", "contents": "Mass whitening of synthetic fibers and plastics. The evaluation of new and improved techniques has led to the development of mass whitening methods for use with synthetic fibers and plastics. The processes are complex but well defined, and call for the use of sophisticated fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) to meet the requirements of the fiber or plastics manufacturer, the textile finisher, and the end user. The performances of some leading commercial whiteners are compared and their interactions with dyes, fillers and stabilizers are discussed.", "PMID": 1064550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4682", "title": "Measurement of fluorescent white effects and whiteness.", "content": "This report surveys the literature and describes various techniques of whiteness measurement and evaluation in current use. Measuring techniques are described for dealing separately with the effects obtained by bleaching, blueing and fluorescent whitening, and an example is given of the direct quantitative estimation of a fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) on a substrate by measuring reflectance in the ultraviolet region. Another chapter deals with the colorimetric estimation of the whiteness and the shade of a fluorescent white using modern apparatus in conjunction with a programmable minicomputer. A new simple and universally applicab,e formula was worked out: W=D-Y+P-x+Q-y+C which has been successfully used in routine tests and which for the first time gives different weight to whiteness values corresponding to all shade preferences existing in theory. Each user can match the formula to his own preference by appropriate adjustment of the D, P, Q andC values. Y,x and y are the customary colorimetric values as standardized by the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage). It was also found that with another formula the shades of fluorescent whitening effects (green to red tints) may be defined in a simple way.", "contents": "Measurement of fluorescent white effects and whiteness. This report surveys the literature and describes various techniques of whiteness measurement and evaluation in current use. Measuring techniques are described for dealing separately with the effects obtained by bleaching, blueing and fluorescent whitening, and an example is given of the direct quantitative estimation of a fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) on a substrate by measuring reflectance in the ultraviolet region. Another chapter deals with the colorimetric estimation of the whiteness and the shade of a fluorescent white using modern apparatus in conjunction with a programmable minicomputer. A new simple and universally applicab,e formula was worked out: W=D-Y+P-x+Q-y+C which has been successfully used in routine tests and which for the first time gives different weight to whiteness values corresponding to all shade preferences existing in theory. Each user can match the formula to his own preference by appropriate adjustment of the D, P, Q andC values. Y,x and y are the customary colorimetric values as standardized by the CIE (Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage). It was also found that with another formula the shades of fluorescent whitening effects (green to red tints) may be defined in a simple way.", "PMID": 1064551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4683", "title": "Qualitative thin layer chromatography of fluorescent whitening agents.", "content": "Experimental details and examples of a \"chromatographic program\" for testing the major fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) types and material samples containing FWAs are described.", "contents": "Qualitative thin layer chromatography of fluorescent whitening agents. Experimental details and examples of a \"chromatographic program\" for testing the major fluorescent whitening agent (FWA) types and material samples containing FWAs are described.", "PMID": 1064552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4684", "title": "\"Chronic myelogenous\" leukemia of juvenile type. Report of two cases and review of therapy.", "content": "The juvenile type of \"chronic myelogenous\" leukemia (CMLJT) is a rare disease with only 40 cases reported to date. Clearly distinguishable from adult CML on both clinical and laboratory grounds, is is often confused with \"congenital\" leukemia, pseudoleukemia, leukemoid reactions or chronic granulomatous disease. According to studies of muramidasuria and colony-forming cells it is neither a chronic nor a granulocytic leukemia. It is a panmyelopathy with monocyte predominance and should thus be classified as a variant of myelo-monocytic leukemia. We review reported responses to chemotherapy and splenectomy and report our results with cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of 2 cases with this disease. Chemotherapy may prolong life and splenectomy may be useful in some cases; but the survival rate is 0%, justifying new approaches.", "contents": "\"Chronic myelogenous\" leukemia of juvenile type. Report of two cases and review of therapy. The juvenile type of \"chronic myelogenous\" leukemia (CMLJT) is a rare disease with only 40 cases reported to date. Clearly distinguishable from adult CML on both clinical and laboratory grounds, is is often confused with \"congenital\" leukemia, pseudoleukemia, leukemoid reactions or chronic granulomatous disease. According to studies of muramidasuria and colony-forming cells it is neither a chronic nor a granulocytic leukemia. It is a panmyelopathy with monocyte predominance and should thus be classified as a variant of myelo-monocytic leukemia. We review reported responses to chemotherapy and splenectomy and report our results with cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of 2 cases with this disease. Chemotherapy may prolong life and splenectomy may be useful in some cases; but the survival rate is 0%, justifying new approaches.", "PMID": 1064553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4685", "title": "Nutrition in growth and development of oral tissues.", "content": "The development of teeth, salivary glands, and other oral tissues can be seriously compromised by a deficiency of a number of essential nutrients. Because nutritional stress during critical development periods may decrease the ultimate resistance of the oral tissues to challenge, the prevention of disease and maintenance of oral health are intimately dependent on the nutrient supply during development. Appropriate dietary counseling, particularly with reference to critical developmental times and intake of essential nutrients, can insure optimal oral tissue development.", "contents": "Nutrition in growth and development of oral tissues. The development of teeth, salivary glands, and other oral tissues can be seriously compromised by a deficiency of a number of essential nutrients. Because nutritional stress during critical development periods may decrease the ultimate resistance of the oral tissues to challenge, the prevention of disease and maintenance of oral health are intimately dependent on the nutrient supply during development. Appropriate dietary counseling, particularly with reference to critical developmental times and intake of essential nutrients, can insure optimal oral tissue development.", "PMID": 1064572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4686", "title": "Nutritional determinants of the ecology of the oral flora.", "content": "Consideration of nutritional factors as determinants of oral microbial ecology leads to the conclusion that endogenous factors play a dominant role. It is the interactions between specific microorganisms and nutritional and other factors provided by the host that selectively determine the kinds of microorganisms which willinitially reside in the oral cavity and the sites which they will colonize. The persistence of these original \"colonists\" in their respective ecologic niches will depend in part on the accessibility of endogenous nutrients variously provided by saliva, tissue exudates, crevicular fluids, or degenerating host cells. It will also depend on their response to and interaction with microorganisms which immigrate to that site subsequently. The microbial ecology of a given site is therefore rarely uncomplicated, the notable exception occurring at the most microscopic level where one may encounter microcolonies of individual species within more heterogenous populations of microorganisms. The extent of this heterogeneity quantitatively and qualitatively is a reflection of the degree to which the interactions between the resident flora and the new arrivals, plus the local environmental changes which they both generate, serve to promote or to discourage the survival and growth of the individual species. This element of heterogeneity in a dynamic system with its inherent potential for variation makes it possible for relatively minor changes in local environmental conditions to result in significant differences in the microflora between one site and another even though they may be in close proximity to each other. Once this concept is appreciated it becomes easy to understand how disease processes such as dental caries may affect specific areas of a tooth while nearby areas are unaffected. The effects of exogenous nutrients on the ecology of the oral microbiota, nevertheless cannot be ignored. The diet may modulate such endogenous factors as the salivary secretions and the local resistance of the gingival tissues to infections. Although at our present state of knowledge the direct influence of dietary proteins and fats on the oral microbiota is thought to be of relatively minor consequence, dietary carbohydrates are of major ecological significance. Dietary sugars provide readily available substrates for the oral microorganisms, most of which depend on carbohydrates for energy sources. The metabolism of dietary sucrose by S. sanguis and S. mutans with the productions of acids and intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides has specific influence on the microbial composition, metabolic activities, and mass of coronal plaque. The ready availability of dietary carbohydrates undoubtedly influences the microflora of other parts of the oral cavity as well, eic species or indirectly through the interactions of other organisms with them...", "contents": "Nutritional determinants of the ecology of the oral flora. Consideration of nutritional factors as determinants of oral microbial ecology leads to the conclusion that endogenous factors play a dominant role. It is the interactions between specific microorganisms and nutritional and other factors provided by the host that selectively determine the kinds of microorganisms which willinitially reside in the oral cavity and the sites which they will colonize. The persistence of these original \"colonists\" in their respective ecologic niches will depend in part on the accessibility of endogenous nutrients variously provided by saliva, tissue exudates, crevicular fluids, or degenerating host cells. It will also depend on their response to and interaction with microorganisms which immigrate to that site subsequently. The microbial ecology of a given site is therefore rarely uncomplicated, the notable exception occurring at the most microscopic level where one may encounter microcolonies of individual species within more heterogenous populations of microorganisms. The extent of this heterogeneity quantitatively and qualitatively is a reflection of the degree to which the interactions between the resident flora and the new arrivals, plus the local environmental changes which they both generate, serve to promote or to discourage the survival and growth of the individual species. This element of heterogeneity in a dynamic system with its inherent potential for variation makes it possible for relatively minor changes in local environmental conditions to result in significant differences in the microflora between one site and another even though they may be in close proximity to each other. Once this concept is appreciated it becomes easy to understand how disease processes such as dental caries may affect specific areas of a tooth while nearby areas are unaffected. The effects of exogenous nutrients on the ecology of the oral microbiota, nevertheless cannot be ignored. The diet may modulate such endogenous factors as the salivary secretions and the local resistance of the gingival tissues to infections. Although at our present state of knowledge the direct influence of dietary proteins and fats on the oral microbiota is thought to be of relatively minor consequence, dietary carbohydrates are of major ecological significance. Dietary sugars provide readily available substrates for the oral microorganisms, most of which depend on carbohydrates for energy sources. The metabolism of dietary sucrose by S. sanguis and S. mutans with the productions of acids and intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides has specific influence on the microbial composition, metabolic activities, and mass of coronal plaque. The ready availability of dietary carbohydrates undoubtedly influences the microflora of other parts of the oral cavity as well, eic species or indirectly through the interactions of other organisms with them...", "PMID": 1064573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4687", "title": "Nutritional implications in wound healing.", "content": "Healing of wounds is one of the life functions which is intended as a defense mechanism to maintain the integrity of the body. Understanding basic factors that guide the healing process will help the clinician to propitiate those nutritional measures known to enhance the repair function. Nutrients are normally required for growth, development, and maintenance of the integrity of the tissue. The sum total of the nutritional requirements of all tissues and organs constitutes the requirements of the individual. Recommended dietary allowances have been defined for population groups in the United States for different ages and sex. These allowances involve some 17 different nutrients, but many others (up to 50) are now considered essential, although their exact requirement may not be known. When trauma of any sort is inflicted on an individual, both local and general metabolic changes take place which may lead to nutritional inadequacy. These reactions are normally intended to set into motion the mechanisms designed to repair injured tissues. Nutritional management of the individual requires that the clinican determines what, how, when, and how much nutritional supplementation should be given to the patient. Guidelines for the amounts of proteins, vitamins, and certain minerals to be administered have been discussed. Where there are impediments that make it impossible to feed the patient orally, the clinician should resort to parenteral feeding to insure that nutrients are provided for the convalescing patient. Because the trophic environment will determine to a large extent the speed with which tissues will recover, nutritional care of the patient is important and should be interrelated to the total care of the patient.", "contents": "Nutritional implications in wound healing. Healing of wounds is one of the life functions which is intended as a defense mechanism to maintain the integrity of the body. Understanding basic factors that guide the healing process will help the clinician to propitiate those nutritional measures known to enhance the repair function. Nutrients are normally required for growth, development, and maintenance of the integrity of the tissue. The sum total of the nutritional requirements of all tissues and organs constitutes the requirements of the individual. Recommended dietary allowances have been defined for population groups in the United States for different ages and sex. These allowances involve some 17 different nutrients, but many others (up to 50) are now considered essential, although their exact requirement may not be known. When trauma of any sort is inflicted on an individual, both local and general metabolic changes take place which may lead to nutritional inadequacy. These reactions are normally intended to set into motion the mechanisms designed to repair injured tissues. Nutritional management of the individual requires that the clinican determines what, how, when, and how much nutritional supplementation should be given to the patient. Guidelines for the amounts of proteins, vitamins, and certain minerals to be administered have been discussed. Where there are impediments that make it impossible to feed the patient orally, the clinician should resort to parenteral feeding to insure that nutrients are provided for the convalescing patient. Because the trophic environment will determine to a large extent the speed with which tissues will recover, nutritional care of the patient is important and should be interrelated to the total care of the patient.", "PMID": 1064574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4688", "title": "Role of nutrition in the oral health of the aging patient.", "content": "The food, diet and nutrition needs of the elderly patient should be considered a part of his total supportive management. It is incumbent upon the dentist to provide the patient with this nutritional information for optimal oral health, because what is good for preventing oral disease will be equally good for preventing general illness. Essentially, if the clinician keeps in mind that the calorie needs for an older patient are less but all other nutrient requirements are as high in old age as they were in youth, the geriatric patient will be well treated. Certainly there are distinctive environmental, physiological and psychological problems that must be considered, but these should not be imponderable. The best possible general advice is that daily diets should include meat, milk, vegetables and fruit, and bread. We suggest an emphasis on good quality protein foods and a generous selection of vegetables and fruits and somewhat less stress on fats, starches, and sugars to avoid an excess of calories. For the individual geriatric new denture wearer we might add that each diet prescription should be based on an analysis and evaluation of his individual food habits (the \"why\" of the diet) and actual food intake (the \"what\" of the diet). Furthermore, the physical nature of the diet should be consistent with the patient's experience and ability to swallow, chew, and bite with his dental prosthesis.", "contents": "Role of nutrition in the oral health of the aging patient. The food, diet and nutrition needs of the elderly patient should be considered a part of his total supportive management. It is incumbent upon the dentist to provide the patient with this nutritional information for optimal oral health, because what is good for preventing oral disease will be equally good for preventing general illness. Essentially, if the clinician keeps in mind that the calorie needs for an older patient are less but all other nutrient requirements are as high in old age as they were in youth, the geriatric patient will be well treated. Certainly there are distinctive environmental, physiological and psychological problems that must be considered, but these should not be imponderable. The best possible general advice is that daily diets should include meat, milk, vegetables and fruit, and bread. We suggest an emphasis on good quality protein foods and a generous selection of vegetables and fruits and somewhat less stress on fats, starches, and sugars to avoid an excess of calories. For the individual geriatric new denture wearer we might add that each diet prescription should be based on an analysis and evaluation of his individual food habits (the \"why\" of the diet) and actual food intake (the \"what\" of the diet). Furthermore, the physical nature of the diet should be consistent with the patient's experience and ability to swallow, chew, and bite with his dental prosthesis.", "PMID": 1064575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4689", "title": "Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of nutritional problems.", "content": "The objective of this article is to familiarize the dentist with clinical signs and laboratory methods used in diagnosing nutritional deficiencies, and to indicate which laboratory methods may be useful to the clinician in cases of suspected nutritional deficiency. It should be noted that the suggested laboratory methods were selected on the basis of their applicability for the clinical situation as well as their reliability as indicators of nutritional status. Therefore these suggested methods of choice may not in every instance be the most accurate of all indicators of nutritional status for a particular nutrient. The dentist who wishes to utilize one of the laboratory methods has a number of options. He can take the appropriate sample in his office, or refer the patient directly to a clinical laboratory for the simpler analyses, or refer his patient to a physician for appropriate metabolic testing. The first option may be more appropriate for the dentist practicing in areas where a clinical laboratory is not within reasonable distance. In this instance the dentist should contact the laboratory for specific information, such as sample volume and special instructions for taking, handling, and shipping the sample. The second option is available to the dentist practicing in an urban area where clinical laboratory facilities are readily available. Finally, the dentist should work in conjunction with a physician when complex metabolic testing is required.", "contents": "Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of nutritional problems. The objective of this article is to familiarize the dentist with clinical signs and laboratory methods used in diagnosing nutritional deficiencies, and to indicate which laboratory methods may be useful to the clinician in cases of suspected nutritional deficiency. It should be noted that the suggested laboratory methods were selected on the basis of their applicability for the clinical situation as well as their reliability as indicators of nutritional status. Therefore these suggested methods of choice may not in every instance be the most accurate of all indicators of nutritional status for a particular nutrient. The dentist who wishes to utilize one of the laboratory methods has a number of options. He can take the appropriate sample in his office, or refer the patient directly to a clinical laboratory for the simpler analyses, or refer his patient to a physician for appropriate metabolic testing. The first option may be more appropriate for the dentist practicing in areas where a clinical laboratory is not within reasonable distance. In this instance the dentist should contact the laboratory for specific information, such as sample volume and special instructions for taking, handling, and shipping the sample. The second option is available to the dentist practicing in an urban area where clinical laboratory facilities are readily available. Finally, the dentist should work in conjunction with a physician when complex metabolic testing is required.", "PMID": 1064576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4690", "title": "Why cancer patients have anorexia.", "content": "The theory has been advanced that the anorexia of cancer is the result of anorexigenic peptides and of other intermediary metabolites produced by the cancer and the tumor-bearing host. These metabolites are the signals to peripheral receptors and to the brain centers and are responsible for the state of satiety and aversion to food. Although the only effective way to stimulate the appetite of the cancer patient is to control the cancer, efforts should be made to increase the calorie intake even in the presence of anorexia and to maintain a calorie equilibrium. However, controlled studies have not shown that forced feeding can reverse for long periods the progressive tissue wasting process or prolong the cancer patient's survival.", "contents": "Why cancer patients have anorexia. The theory has been advanced that the anorexia of cancer is the result of anorexigenic peptides and of other intermediary metabolites produced by the cancer and the tumor-bearing host. These metabolites are the signals to peripheral receptors and to the brain centers and are responsible for the state of satiety and aversion to food. Although the only effective way to stimulate the appetite of the cancer patient is to control the cancer, efforts should be made to increase the calorie intake even in the presence of anorexia and to maintain a calorie equilibrium. However, controlled studies have not shown that forced feeding can reverse for long periods the progressive tissue wasting process or prolong the cancer patient's survival.", "PMID": 1064580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4691", "title": "Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia magna. IV. Ecological differentiation and frequency changes of genotypes at Audley End.", "content": "Genotypic frequencies were analysed for two years in a permanent population of the cladoceran crustacean, Daphnia magna, which was polymorphic for an esterase and for malate dehydrogenase. Large temporal changes in genotypic frequencies occurred at both loci. There was no evidence of a seasonal pattern in the frequency changes. In most samples, genotypes at the two enzyme loci were non-randomly associated; these associations showed temporal changes. On some occasions marked spatial heterogeneity in genotypic frequencies existed within the population. Genotypic differences in parthenogenetic and sexual egg production were observed. In a primarily parthenogenetically reproducing population, non-random associations between genotypes of structural and regulatory loci will be the rule. The allozyme variants themselves may or may not be under selection. The relevance of these observations to ecological studies on Daphnia is considered.", "contents": "Enzyme variability in natural populations of Daphnia magna. IV. Ecological differentiation and frequency changes of genotypes at Audley End. Genotypic frequencies were analysed for two years in a permanent population of the cladoceran crustacean, Daphnia magna, which was polymorphic for an esterase and for malate dehydrogenase. Large temporal changes in genotypic frequencies occurred at both loci. There was no evidence of a seasonal pattern in the frequency changes. In most samples, genotypes at the two enzyme loci were non-randomly associated; these associations showed temporal changes. On some occasions marked spatial heterogeneity in genotypic frequencies existed within the population. Genotypic differences in parthenogenetic and sexual egg production were observed. In a primarily parthenogenetically reproducing population, non-random associations between genotypes of structural and regulatory loci will be the rule. The allozyme variants themselves may or may not be under selection. The relevance of these observations to ecological studies on Daphnia is considered.", "PMID": 1064586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4692", "title": "A demographic analysis of the components of selection in a population of Arctic Skuas.", "content": "From previously published demographic data of the age distributions and reproductive rates of the pale, intermediate and dark phenotypes of the Arctic Skua, revised estimates are obtained of the intrinsic rates of increase and selective coefficients of the phenotypes in each sex. Two significant components of selection are variation in age of maturity and variation in reproductive success. Sexual selection is a component of the variation in reproductive success. Dark and intermediate birds have a greater reproductive success than pales, partly as a result of their advantage in sexual selection. Pale birds have an overall advantage, however, because they are younger when they first breed. Given the estimated selective coefficients, a computer model predicts that pale birds will gradually replace the others. So far there are not enough data collected over a sufficiently long time to test the model rigorously.", "contents": "A demographic analysis of the components of selection in a population of Arctic Skuas. From previously published demographic data of the age distributions and reproductive rates of the pale, intermediate and dark phenotypes of the Arctic Skua, revised estimates are obtained of the intrinsic rates of increase and selective coefficients of the phenotypes in each sex. Two significant components of selection are variation in age of maturity and variation in reproductive success. Sexual selection is a component of the variation in reproductive success. Dark and intermediate birds have a greater reproductive success than pales, partly as a result of their advantage in sexual selection. Pale birds have an overall advantage, however, because they are younger when they first breed. Given the estimated selective coefficients, a computer model predicts that pale birds will gradually replace the others. So far there are not enough data collected over a sufficiently long time to test the model rigorously.", "PMID": 1064587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4693", "title": "Is sex maintained to facilitate or minimise mutational advance?", "content": "There are two alternative hypotheses for the selective advantages of sex: (i) The \"Fisher-Muller\" model:sex facilitates evolutionary adaptation to chaning environments. (ii) The \"Rachet\" model: sex minimises the mutational load. The relative importance of these hypotheses is discussed with reference to (a) comparative data on sexual and asexual reproduction, (b) the timing of sex in species with asexual/sexual alternation, (c) the advantages of haploid/diploid alternation, (d) the disadvantage associated with the recombinational load. It is concluded that the Ratchet model may well be the major mechanism which maintains sex.", "contents": "Is sex maintained to facilitate or minimise mutational advance? There are two alternative hypotheses for the selective advantages of sex: (i) The \"Fisher-Muller\" model:sex facilitates evolutionary adaptation to chaning environments. (ii) The \"Rachet\" model: sex minimises the mutational load. The relative importance of these hypotheses is discussed with reference to (a) comparative data on sexual and asexual reproduction, (b) the timing of sex in species with asexual/sexual alternation, (c) the advantages of haploid/diploid alternation, (d) the disadvantage associated with the recombinational load. It is concluded that the Ratchet model may well be the major mechanism which maintains sex.", "PMID": 1064588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4694", "title": "The colour polymorphism in Enoplognatha ovatum (Clerck) (araneae: theridiidae)--temporal stability and spatial variability.", "content": "Colonies of the visually polymorphic spider Enoplognatha ovatum have been studied in Nidderdale, Yorkshire, for up to six years. Morph frequencies are found to be stable within colonies between years but to vary between colonies only short distances apart. The stability of the polymorphism argues in favour of powerful selection acting on this character. The nature of the selective factors are unknown but they are not those which influence time of maturity of the spiders or the mature female population size, both of which have varied between years. A genetic basis proposed for the polymorphism is considered and rejected as being incompatible with stable morph frequencies.", "contents": "The colour polymorphism in Enoplognatha ovatum (Clerck) (araneae: theridiidae)--temporal stability and spatial variability. Colonies of the visually polymorphic spider Enoplognatha ovatum have been studied in Nidderdale, Yorkshire, for up to six years. Morph frequencies are found to be stable within colonies between years but to vary between colonies only short distances apart. The stability of the polymorphism argues in favour of powerful selection acting on this character. The nature of the selective factors are unknown but they are not those which influence time of maturity of the spiders or the mature female population size, both of which have varied between years. A genetic basis proposed for the polymorphism is considered and rejected as being incompatible with stable morph frequencies.", "PMID": 1064589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4695", "title": "Annual cycles in the incidence of b chromosomes in the grasshopper Myrmeleotettix maculatus (acrididae: orthoptera).", "content": "The frequency of B chromosomes has been determined for several stages in the grasshopper life-cycle, over three generations, in three natural populations spanning a steep cline in East Anglia. This has revealed a rise in B frequency in prediapause eggs, a fall during the winter in the embryos and a rise in the early nymphs in certain situations. The causes of these effects are discussed and also their importance, along with meiotic drive, in maintaining an environmentally correlated cline of stable adult B frequencies.", "contents": "Annual cycles in the incidence of b chromosomes in the grasshopper Myrmeleotettix maculatus (acrididae: orthoptera). The frequency of B chromosomes has been determined for several stages in the grasshopper life-cycle, over three generations, in three natural populations spanning a steep cline in East Anglia. This has revealed a rise in B frequency in prediapause eggs, a fall during the winter in the embryos and a rise in the early nymphs in certain situations. The causes of these effects are discussed and also their importance, along with meiotic drive, in maintaining an environmentally correlated cline of stable adult B frequencies.", "PMID": 1064590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4696", "title": "Protein polymorphism in the egg albumen of red grouse (L. Lagopus scoticus).", "content": "Egg albumen of red grouse was separated by electrophoresis and then stained with naphthalene black. The number of dark-blue bands seen in one zone varied from three to six. The four fastest bands were probably controlled by three codominant alleles at an autosomal locus. The pattern of inheritance of the second fastest band was not clear because the sample was small.", "contents": "Protein polymorphism in the egg albumen of red grouse (L. Lagopus scoticus). Egg albumen of red grouse was separated by electrophoresis and then stained with naphthalene black. The number of dark-blue bands seen in one zone varied from three to six. The four fastest bands were probably controlled by three codominant alleles at an autosomal locus. The pattern of inheritance of the second fastest band was not clear because the sample was small.", "PMID": 1064591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4697", "title": "Results of surgical treatment in 65 dogs with osteosarcoma.", "content": "Clinical and necropsy findings were obtained from case records for 65 dogs treated surgically for osteosarcoma at the University of Pennsylvania Small Animal Hospital between July, 1952, and July, 1973, inclusive.  The median age of the dogs was 6 years. There were 39 males and 26 females. All but 5 of the 65 dogs weighed more than 16 kg. Sixty-two of the osteosarcomas arose from the limbs and 3 from the ribs. The median duration of presurgical clinical signs was 6 weeks, with a range of 1 day to 24 weeks. There were no statistical correlations between the postsurigical survival times and the age, sex, or breed of the dog, the site of the osteosarcoma, or the duration of the presurgical clinical signs. Of the 40 dogs with known lung metastases, 11 also had hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. The median survival time was 18 weeks, with a range of 3 to greater than 578 weeks. Twenty-six percent were alive 6 months potoperatively, 13.8% were still alive at 9 months, and 10.7% survived more than 1 year. The total median duration of the disease was 24 weeks (range, 8 greater than 578 weeks).", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment in 65 dogs with osteosarcoma. Clinical and necropsy findings were obtained from case records for 65 dogs treated surgically for osteosarcoma at the University of Pennsylvania Small Animal Hospital between July, 1952, and July, 1973, inclusive.  The median age of the dogs was 6 years. There were 39 males and 26 females. All but 5 of the 65 dogs weighed more than 16 kg. Sixty-two of the osteosarcomas arose from the limbs and 3 from the ribs. The median duration of presurgical clinical signs was 6 weeks, with a range of 1 day to 24 weeks. There were no statistical correlations between the postsurigical survival times and the age, sex, or breed of the dog, the site of the osteosarcoma, or the duration of the presurgical clinical signs. Of the 40 dogs with known lung metastases, 11 also had hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. The median survival time was 18 weeks, with a range of 3 to greater than 578 weeks. Twenty-six percent were alive 6 months potoperatively, 13.8% were still alive at 9 months, and 10.7% survived more than 1 year. The total median duration of the disease was 24 weeks (range, 8 greater than 578 weeks).", "PMID": 1064592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4698", "title": "Pulmonary resection for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of thirty patients who underwent pulmonary resection for metastatic osteosarcoma over a twenty-eight-year period revealed that most were young males with previous amputations for primary lesions of the lower extremity. In each, one to four thoracotomies had been performed, for a total of fifty-two chest operations with resection of 124 pulmonary metastatic lesions. At last follow-up, eleven of the thirty patients were alive and free of disease. At five years 28 per cent had survived: three of them were alive at more than nine years, and one was alive at nearly twenty years. Adverse survival factors identified were short tumor-free interval and multicentricity of pulmonary metastases. Long-term survival was associated with a tumor-free interval of more than two years and one to four thoracotomies at which few foci were present. As a group, patients selected for lung resection had significantly longer suvival than did patients whose pulmonary metastasis was untreated.", "contents": "Pulmonary resection for metastatic osteogenic sarcoma. A retrospective analysis of thirty patients who underwent pulmonary resection for metastatic osteosarcoma over a twenty-eight-year period revealed that most were young males with previous amputations for primary lesions of the lower extremity. In each, one to four thoracotomies had been performed, for a total of fifty-two chest operations with resection of 124 pulmonary metastatic lesions. At last follow-up, eleven of the thirty patients were alive and free of disease. At five years 28 per cent had survived: three of them were alive at more than nine years, and one was alive at nearly twenty years. Adverse survival factors identified were short tumor-free interval and multicentricity of pulmonary metastases. Long-term survival was associated with a tumor-free interval of more than two years and one to four thoracotomies at which few foci were present. As a group, patients selected for lung resection had significantly longer suvival than did patients whose pulmonary metastasis was untreated.", "PMID": 1064593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4699", "title": "The influence of trauma from occlusion on reduced but healthy periodontal tissues in dogs.", "content": "The experiments were performed in five dogs fed a soft diet which allowed dental plaque accumulation. Experimental periodontal breakdown was introduced on Day 0. After 180 days trauma from occlusion was produced in 4P and P4 i.e. the mandibular fourth premolars, in the manner described by Svanberg & Lindhe (1973). On day 280 the periodontal pockets around 4P and P4 were eliminated. A notch was prepared in the root at the level of the bottom of the surgically eradicated pocket. In addition, the occlusal trauma in the 4P region was deleted. From Day 280 to Day 370 the teeth of the animals were brushed twice a day. The animals were then sacrificed, radiographs of the premolar regions were taken, and tissue sections comprising 3P4P1M (and P3P4M1) were produced and subjected to microscopic analysis. The results indicate that jiggling type occlusal trauma and tooth hypermobility are not factors which detrimentally affect healing following periodontal surgery.", "contents": "The influence of trauma from occlusion on reduced but healthy periodontal tissues in dogs. The experiments were performed in five dogs fed a soft diet which allowed dental plaque accumulation. Experimental periodontal breakdown was introduced on Day 0. After 180 days trauma from occlusion was produced in 4P and P4 i.e. the mandibular fourth premolars, in the manner described by Svanberg & Lindhe (1973). On day 280 the periodontal pockets around 4P and P4 were eliminated. A notch was prepared in the root at the level of the bottom of the surgically eradicated pocket. In addition, the occlusal trauma in the 4P region was deleted. From Day 280 to Day 370 the teeth of the animals were brushed twice a day. The animals were then sacrificed, radiographs of the premolar regions were taken, and tissue sections comprising 3P4P1M (and P3P4M1) were produced and subjected to microscopic analysis. The results indicate that jiggling type occlusal trauma and tooth hypermobility are not factors which detrimentally affect healing following periodontal surgery.", "PMID": 1064595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4700", "title": "Minor self-inflicted injuries to the gingivae: gingivitis artefacta minor.", "content": "Three young patients with gingival injuries that were self-inflicted by a fingernail habit are presented. In each case the habit, which was provoked by a pre-existing locus of irritation, was stoped as soon as the locus (or trigger) was identified and treated. A distinction is drawn between these types of cases, (gingivitis artefacta minor), and those of gingivitis artefacta major where the habit is more deeply entrenched and the implications more serious.", "contents": "Minor self-inflicted injuries to the gingivae: gingivitis artefacta minor. Three young patients with gingival injuries that were self-inflicted by a fingernail habit are presented. In each case the habit, which was provoked by a pre-existing locus of irritation, was stoped as soon as the locus (or trigger) was identified and treated. A distinction is drawn between these types of cases, (gingivitis artefacta minor), and those of gingivitis artefacta major where the habit is more deeply entrenched and the implications more serious.", "PMID": 1064596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4701", "title": "Traumatization of teeth and gingiva related to habitual tooth cleaning procedures.", "content": "Traumatization of oral hard and soft tissues connected with mechanical oral hygiene procedures has been reported in the dental literature. Definitions, classifications and localization of such lesions are listed, and in vivo and in vitro experiments within the field are reviewed. Existing literature suggests that hard tissue lesions are mainly due to abrasives in dentifrices, whereas gingival lesions may be caused by toothbrushing per se. Factual knowledge about the prevalence, severity and clinical significance, as well as relevant and reliable experiments, is scarce and further research on these topics seems to be indicated.", "contents": "Traumatization of teeth and gingiva related to habitual tooth cleaning procedures. Traumatization of oral hard and soft tissues connected with mechanical oral hygiene procedures has been reported in the dental literature. Definitions, classifications and localization of such lesions are listed, and in vivo and in vitro experiments within the field are reviewed. Existing literature suggests that hard tissue lesions are mainly due to abrasives in dentifrices, whereas gingival lesions may be caused by toothbrushing per se. Factual knowledge about the prevalence, severity and clinical significance, as well as relevant and reliable experiments, is scarce and further research on these topics seems to be indicated.", "PMID": 1064598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4702", "title": "A laboratory method for assessment of dentrifrice abrasivity.", "content": "This is the report of the Laboratory Abrasion Committee of the American Dental Association (ADA) Dentifrice Program relative to specific methods to measure the in vitro abrasivity of dentifrices. This method was used in two collaborative studies with six participating laboratories. These studies were designed by the ADA Dentifrice Program Statistical Committee and their interpretations form a basis for recommendations on the use of the method. This laboratory method is recommended for use in dentifrice development and may provide some basis for expectations in normal dentifrice use.", "contents": "A laboratory method for assessment of dentrifrice abrasivity. This is the report of the Laboratory Abrasion Committee of the American Dental Association (ADA) Dentifrice Program relative to specific methods to measure the in vitro abrasivity of dentifrices. This method was used in two collaborative studies with six participating laboratories. These studies were designed by the ADA Dentifrice Program Statistical Committee and their interpretations form a basis for recommendations on the use of the method. This laboratory method is recommended for use in dentifrice development and may provide some basis for expectations in normal dentifrice use.", "PMID": 1064599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4703", "title": "Susceptibility of some plaque microorganisms to chemotherapeutic agents.", "content": "Investigators have used chemotherapeutic agents topically for plaque control without knowing the drug concentration necessary to inhibit the growth of odontopathic microorganisms. S mutans, S sanguis, A viscosus and A naeslundii are important components of the plaque flora. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of niddamycin, vancomycin, bacitracin, and kanamycin were determined for each organism in liquid culture. These antibiotics were selected because of their low absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Niddamycin, vancomycin, and bacitracin had the lowest MIC, from 0.2 to 10 units/ml. Kanamycin was inhibitory only at much higher concentrations (130 to 500 units/ml). The corresponding MBC was generally higher than the MIC. A viscosus was the most resistant organism tested. These data are important in designing controlled release devices for delivering a suitable antibiotic on a continuous basis intraorally.", "contents": "Susceptibility of some plaque microorganisms to chemotherapeutic agents. Investigators have used chemotherapeutic agents topically for plaque control without knowing the drug concentration necessary to inhibit the growth of odontopathic microorganisms. S mutans, S sanguis, A viscosus and A naeslundii are important components of the plaque flora. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of niddamycin, vancomycin, bacitracin, and kanamycin were determined for each organism in liquid culture. These antibiotics were selected because of their low absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Niddamycin, vancomycin, and bacitracin had the lowest MIC, from 0.2 to 10 units/ml. Kanamycin was inhibitory only at much higher concentrations (130 to 500 units/ml). The corresponding MBC was generally higher than the MIC. A viscosus was the most resistant organism tested. These data are important in designing controlled release devices for delivering a suitable antibiotic on a continuous basis intraorally.", "PMID": 1064600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4704", "title": "Surface and lamina propria lipids of bovine gingiva.", "content": "In terms of both quality and quantity, the surface lipids are noticeably different from the lamina propria lipids. The surface lipids are mainly structural in nature (cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids), whereas the lamina propria lipids are mostly of storage types (triglycerides). The surface lipids are also more unsaturated, whereas the lamina propria lipids are more saturated. Even though gingiva is histologically similar to skin, bovine gingival surface lipids are different from the bovine skin surface lipids. Further studies are needed to investigate the importance of surface lipids in regulating the various physiologic functions of gingiva.", "contents": "Surface and lamina propria lipids of bovine gingiva. In terms of both quality and quantity, the surface lipids are noticeably different from the lamina propria lipids. The surface lipids are mainly structural in nature (cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids), whereas the lamina propria lipids are mostly of storage types (triglycerides). The surface lipids are also more unsaturated, whereas the lamina propria lipids are more saturated. Even though gingiva is histologically similar to skin, bovine gingival surface lipids are different from the bovine skin surface lipids. Further studies are needed to investigate the importance of surface lipids in regulating the various physiologic functions of gingiva.", "PMID": 1064605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4705", "title": "Effect of premature loss of deciduous canines and molars on malocclusion of the permanent dentition.", "content": "The effect of the premature loss of deciduous canines and first and second molars on malocclusion of the permanent dentition was studied in 255 schoolchildren 11 years of age or older at the most recent examination of the permanent dentition. Malocclusion was evaluated by scoring malalignment (major and minor) and measurement of crowding in the anterior teeth. Children who had a premature loss of one or more canines or molars had a higher frequency of receiving orthodontic treatment of one type or another for the permanent dentition. The likelihood of need of treatment increased with the number of prematurely lost teeth. Children who had lost one or more deciduous teeth through age 9 had a greater than threefold increase in the frequency of orthodontic treatment relative to the control. Of those who did not receive orthodontic treatment, there was no detectable relationship of the premature loss of canines with the malalignment of permanent teeth. However, there was a significant effect of the premature extraction of molars on malalignment especially major malalignment of permanent teeth. No differences were noted in their effects between the first and second deciduous molars. Crowding of the anterior teeth was directly affected by the premature loss of deciduous canines.", "contents": "Effect of premature loss of deciduous canines and molars on malocclusion of the permanent dentition. The effect of the premature loss of deciduous canines and first and second molars on malocclusion of the permanent dentition was studied in 255 schoolchildren 11 years of age or older at the most recent examination of the permanent dentition. Malocclusion was evaluated by scoring malalignment (major and minor) and measurement of crowding in the anterior teeth. Children who had a premature loss of one or more canines or molars had a higher frequency of receiving orthodontic treatment of one type or another for the permanent dentition. The likelihood of need of treatment increased with the number of prematurely lost teeth. Children who had lost one or more deciduous teeth through age 9 had a greater than threefold increase in the frequency of orthodontic treatment relative to the control. Of those who did not receive orthodontic treatment, there was no detectable relationship of the premature loss of canines with the malalignment of permanent teeth. However, there was a significant effect of the premature extraction of molars on malalignment especially major malalignment of permanent teeth. No differences were noted in their effects between the first and second deciduous molars. Crowding of the anterior teeth was directly affected by the premature loss of deciduous canines.", "PMID": 1064602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4706", "title": "Thermocycling of pit and fissure sealants.", "content": "Both sealants experience early thermocyclic failure, which is manifested as marginal breakdown or separation. From the 20 to 70% failure range (Fig 5) Nuva Seal was three times as resistant to thermocyclic stressing as was Epoxylite 9075. That is, the Nuva Seal-sealed teeth had to be cycled three times more than the Epoxylite 9075-sealed teeth to effect the same failure rates. Both Epoxylite and Nuva Seal reach the same failure rate at 7,000 cycles (75% failure rate). Extremely careful visual examination is required to detect marginal separation failures of pit and fissure sealants.", "contents": "Thermocycling of pit and fissure sealants. Both sealants experience early thermocyclic failure, which is manifested as marginal breakdown or separation. From the 20 to 70% failure range (Fig 5) Nuva Seal was three times as resistant to thermocyclic stressing as was Epoxylite 9075. That is, the Nuva Seal-sealed teeth had to be cycled three times more than the Epoxylite 9075-sealed teeth to effect the same failure rates. Both Epoxylite and Nuva Seal reach the same failure rate at 7,000 cycles (75% failure rate). Extremely careful visual examination is required to detect marginal separation failures of pit and fissure sealants.", "PMID": 1064606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4707", "title": "Epithelial cells associated with the development of dental plaque.", "content": "Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to study desquamated epithelial cells in the developing and mature dental plaque. Epithelial cells were found attached to enamel as early as one hour after clean enamel cylinders were placed in the mouth, and they were seen in great numbers after two days. These cells generally had bacteria attached to their surfaces. Epithelial cells adsorbed to the surface of the enamel appeared to alter their morphology, and mineralization of these structures was also observed. Desquamated epithelial cells could play a role in the initial bacterial colonization of tooth enamel since it is known that bacteria selectively adsorb onto their surfaces. Hydroxyapatite may affect the morphologic alteration of epithelial cells adsorbed to tooth enamel. From the observation of developing and mature plaque samples, it seems that certain suprasurface pelliclelike structures might be epithelial cells.", "contents": "Epithelial cells associated with the development of dental plaque. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy were used to study desquamated epithelial cells in the developing and mature dental plaque. Epithelial cells were found attached to enamel as early as one hour after clean enamel cylinders were placed in the mouth, and they were seen in great numbers after two days. These cells generally had bacteria attached to their surfaces. Epithelial cells adsorbed to the surface of the enamel appeared to alter their morphology, and mineralization of these structures was also observed. Desquamated epithelial cells could play a role in the initial bacterial colonization of tooth enamel since it is known that bacteria selectively adsorb onto their surfaces. Hydroxyapatite may affect the morphologic alteration of epithelial cells adsorbed to tooth enamel. From the observation of developing and mature plaque samples, it seems that certain suprasurface pelliclelike structures might be epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1064601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4708", "title": "Follow-up studies of cortisone teratogenicity in CD1 strain mice.", "content": "The present study was done to evaluate the incidence of cortisone-induced cleft palate in the offspring of CD1 strain mice whose mothers had been injected with cortisone during their own pregnancy. The incidence of induced cleft palate was as high as the incidence of cortisone-induced cleft palate reported previously for the CD1 strain, indicating that the predisposition of CD1 mice to the teratogenic effects of cortisone is not altered significantly when the F2 generation is treated in utero with the same teratogenic agent.", "contents": "Follow-up studies of cortisone teratogenicity in CD1 strain mice. The present study was done to evaluate the incidence of cortisone-induced cleft palate in the offspring of CD1 strain mice whose mothers had been injected with cortisone during their own pregnancy. The incidence of induced cleft palate was as high as the incidence of cortisone-induced cleft palate reported previously for the CD1 strain, indicating that the predisposition of CD1 mice to the teratogenic effects of cortisone is not altered significantly when the F2 generation is treated in utero with the same teratogenic agent.", "PMID": 1064604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4709", "title": "Deciduous tooth chronology in the mandible of the domestic pig.", "content": "Fetuses of known age, collected from 20 days' gestation to term, were used to characterize the chronology of deciduous tooth development within the right mandible of swine. Tooth development was first observed at 32 days' embryonic development, with the differentiation of the deciduous third molar. Bud stages for the remaining deciduous teeth differentiated within the period of 32 to 38 days of embryonic development. Although the initial histological appearance of these teeth covered a short period of time, it was apparent that each tooth continued to develop at its own rate. The deciduous second incisor and first molar reached a stage of enamel formation by the 80th and 86th day of fetal development. This is a much later stage than previously recorded for beginning enamel formation. The stages of tooth development and enamel formation for each tooth are summarized. A previous report on the distribution of the dental lamina and deciduous tooth development in the mandible of the domestic pig combined with the information presented in this report on tooth chronology provide much of the information required for future studies using the domestic pig in dental research. A fetus observed at the 74th day of development demonstrated a tooth bud for the deciduous first premolar. The development of this tooth was followed closely throughout the remainder of fetal development with the cap stage representing its most definitive form at 110 days' development. The suggested deciduous origin for this tooth could result in a reevaluation of the nomenclature for the dental formula of swine.", "contents": "Deciduous tooth chronology in the mandible of the domestic pig. Fetuses of known age, collected from 20 days' gestation to term, were used to characterize the chronology of deciduous tooth development within the right mandible of swine. Tooth development was first observed at 32 days' embryonic development, with the differentiation of the deciduous third molar. Bud stages for the remaining deciduous teeth differentiated within the period of 32 to 38 days of embryonic development. Although the initial histological appearance of these teeth covered a short period of time, it was apparent that each tooth continued to develop at its own rate. The deciduous second incisor and first molar reached a stage of enamel formation by the 80th and 86th day of fetal development. This is a much later stage than previously recorded for beginning enamel formation. The stages of tooth development and enamel formation for each tooth are summarized. A previous report on the distribution of the dental lamina and deciduous tooth development in the mandible of the domestic pig combined with the information presented in this report on tooth chronology provide much of the information required for future studies using the domestic pig in dental research. A fetus observed at the 74th day of development demonstrated a tooth bud for the deciduous first premolar. The development of this tooth was followed closely throughout the remainder of fetal development with the cap stage representing its most definitive form at 110 days' development. The suggested deciduous origin for this tooth could result in a reevaluation of the nomenclature for the dental formula of swine.", "PMID": 1064603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4710", "title": "Heart rate and physical activity of children during dental treatment.", "content": "Children with grossly observable physical activity during intraoral injection have significant heart rate accelerations. Children in whom movement is absent or confined to the muscles of facial expression experience heart rate deceleration. Both groups of children show anxiety, hence heart rate cannot be used to index anxiety. Moreover, anxiety cannot be described along a single dimension of arousal.", "contents": "Heart rate and physical activity of children during dental treatment. Children with grossly observable physical activity during intraoral injection have significant heart rate accelerations. Children in whom movement is absent or confined to the muscles of facial expression experience heart rate deceleration. Both groups of children show anxiety, hence heart rate cannot be used to index anxiety. Moreover, anxiety cannot be described along a single dimension of arousal.", "PMID": 1064611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4711", "title": "Isoproterenol-induced changes in cell cycle kinetics of parotid gland acinar cells in 8-day-old rats.", "content": "Isoproterenol (IPR) was shown to alter some parameters of the parotid gland acinar cell cycle in 8-year-old rats. Although the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthetic period (S) was decreased and the pre-DNA synthetic (G1) period was lengthened, there were no differences in the total cycle time. There was an increase in the 3H-thymidine labeling index from 35.7 to 50.8% combined with a decrease in the value of the mitotic index from 2.64 to 2.16% after IPR was administered. The results suggest that noncycling (G0) cells may be involved in the normal differentiation of the parotid gland and that IPR alters the transition of acinar cells between the cycling and noncycling state.", "contents": "Isoproterenol-induced changes in cell cycle kinetics of parotid gland acinar cells in 8-day-old rats. Isoproterenol (IPR) was shown to alter some parameters of the parotid gland acinar cell cycle in 8-year-old rats. Although the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthetic period (S) was decreased and the pre-DNA synthetic (G1) period was lengthened, there were no differences in the total cycle time. There was an increase in the 3H-thymidine labeling index from 35.7 to 50.8% combined with a decrease in the value of the mitotic index from 2.64 to 2.16% after IPR was administered. The results suggest that noncycling (G0) cells may be involved in the normal differentiation of the parotid gland and that IPR alters the transition of acinar cells between the cycling and noncycling state.", "PMID": 1064607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4712", "title": "Concentration of thiocyanate and ionizable iodine in saliva of smokers and nonsmokers.", "content": "The concentration of thiocyanate and ionizable iodine was determined with saliva samples from two test groups, smokers (N = 27) and nonsmokers (N = 92). The contents of both ions were also compared as to sex and the amount of cigarettes smoked. The concentrations of the ions studied were dependent on each other-the less iodine, the more thiocyanate in the samples. Females had significantly more iodine and less thiocyanate concentrations than males. Smoking had an increasing effect on the concentration of thiocyanate and a decreasing effect on the content of ionizable iodine in the saliva of the volunteers. The lower amount of iodine ions in the saliva of smokers may restrict the nonthyroidal metabolism of the thyroid hormone in humans.", "contents": "Concentration of thiocyanate and ionizable iodine in saliva of smokers and nonsmokers. The concentration of thiocyanate and ionizable iodine was determined with saliva samples from two test groups, smokers (N = 27) and nonsmokers (N = 92). The contents of both ions were also compared as to sex and the amount of cigarettes smoked. The concentrations of the ions studied were dependent on each other-the less iodine, the more thiocyanate in the samples. Females had significantly more iodine and less thiocyanate concentrations than males. Smoking had an increasing effect on the concentration of thiocyanate and a decreasing effect on the content of ionizable iodine in the saliva of the volunteers. The lower amount of iodine ions in the saliva of smokers may restrict the nonthyroidal metabolism of the thyroid hormone in humans.", "PMID": 1064612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4713", "title": "Seeded growth of calcium phosphates: effect of different calcium phosphate seed material.", "content": "Seed crystals of OCP, TCP, and HAP are effective nucleators of DCPD in stable supersaturated solutions under conditions in which DCPD is the predominant phase. The crystals will grow with the second-order kinetics (TCa = 5.0 X 10(-3)M, Tp = 1.0 X 10(-2)M [pH, 5.60]) characteristic of DCPD. TCP is the least efficient, DCPD growth taking place only after an initial induction period. In all instances, the rate of DCPD crystallization is proportional to the square of the supersaturation with respect to DCPD, and the reaction is surface controlled. Scanning electron micrographs show an amorphous or microcrystalline precursor to the development of the characteristic platelets of DCPD. In stable supersaturated calcium phosphate solutions at a physiologic pH (TCa = 1.4 X 10(-3)M, Tp = 8.0 X 10(-4)M [pH, 7.40]), only OCP and HAP seed crystals are effective nucleators. The efficiency of OCP as a nucleator adds further evidence for its participation as a precursor in the precipitation of HAP under these conditions.", "contents": "Seeded growth of calcium phosphates: effect of different calcium phosphate seed material. Seed crystals of OCP, TCP, and HAP are effective nucleators of DCPD in stable supersaturated solutions under conditions in which DCPD is the predominant phase. The crystals will grow with the second-order kinetics (TCa = 5.0 X 10(-3)M, Tp = 1.0 X 10(-2)M [pH, 5.60]) characteristic of DCPD. TCP is the least efficient, DCPD growth taking place only after an initial induction period. In all instances, the rate of DCPD crystallization is proportional to the square of the supersaturation with respect to DCPD, and the reaction is surface controlled. Scanning electron micrographs show an amorphous or microcrystalline precursor to the development of the characteristic platelets of DCPD. In stable supersaturated calcium phosphate solutions at a physiologic pH (TCa = 1.4 X 10(-3)M, Tp = 8.0 X 10(-4)M [pH, 7.40]), only OCP and HAP seed crystals are effective nucleators. The efficiency of OCP as a nucleator adds further evidence for its participation as a precursor in the precipitation of HAP under these conditions.", "PMID": 1064608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4714", "title": "Patterns of crowding of permanent mandibular incisors before eruption.", "content": "Observation of the radiographs taken of 37 mandibles from children ten months to seven years of age showed that the unerupted, permanent mandibular central incisors were rotated in 45 of 74 jaw halves (60.8%). The type of rotation in which the mesial aspect is directed lingually was most commonly seen (44.6%). The next most common observation was of jaw halves without any rotation of the central incisor (39.2%). The type of rotation in which the central incisor's distal aspect is turned lingually was the least common observation (16.2%). The rotation seemed symmetric in 25 jaws (67.6%).", "contents": "Patterns of crowding of permanent mandibular incisors before eruption. Observation of the radiographs taken of 37 mandibles from children ten months to seven years of age showed that the unerupted, permanent mandibular central incisors were rotated in 45 of 74 jaw halves (60.8%). The type of rotation in which the mesial aspect is directed lingually was most commonly seen (44.6%). The next most common observation was of jaw halves without any rotation of the central incisor (39.2%). The type of rotation in which the central incisor's distal aspect is turned lingually was the least common observation (16.2%). The rotation seemed symmetric in 25 jaws (67.6%).", "PMID": 1064609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4715", "title": "Improved fluoride incorporation and new in vitro fluorine elemental determination.", "content": "The CPA technique was shown to be very useful in nondestructively determining the concentration profiles of fluoride in extracted teeth. By means of this technique, it was found that in vitro treatment with K2ZrF6 incorporated substantially more fluoride into the enamel than NaF or APF by factors of 5 and more than 50, respectively. The concentration profile was determined from the tooth surface to a depth of 2.1 mum, with a resolution of 0.07 mum at the surface and 0.15 mum at a 2.1-mum depth. Proton-stimulated X-ray fluorescence was used to detect the elements heavier than Mg, for example, P, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Ca, Zn, Zr, and Pb.", "contents": "Improved fluoride incorporation and new in vitro fluorine elemental determination. The CPA technique was shown to be very useful in nondestructively determining the concentration profiles of fluoride in extracted teeth. By means of this technique, it was found that in vitro treatment with K2ZrF6 incorporated substantially more fluoride into the enamel than NaF or APF by factors of 5 and more than 50, respectively. The concentration profile was determined from the tooth surface to a depth of 2.1 mum, with a resolution of 0.07 mum at the surface and 0.15 mum at a 2.1-mum depth. Proton-stimulated X-ray fluorescence was used to detect the elements heavier than Mg, for example, P, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Ca, Zn, Zr, and Pb.", "PMID": 1064614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4716", "title": "Studies on hypoxia: XII. Detrimental effects of synthetic polyribonucleotides on epiphyseal plates of rats exposed to hypoxia.", "content": "The effect of different doses of polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids (poly A:U) was studied in control rats and in rats exposed to hypoxia. In the control rats, administration of different doses of poly A:U did not change the thickness of the epiphyseal plate or increase the incorporation of 3H-phenylalanine as judged using radioautography. Rats exposed to hypoxia showed a significant dose-related reduction in the thickness of the epiphyseal plate and 3H-phenylalanine incorporation.", "contents": "Studies on hypoxia: XII. Detrimental effects of synthetic polyribonucleotides on epiphyseal plates of rats exposed to hypoxia. The effect of different doses of polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids (poly A:U) was studied in control rats and in rats exposed to hypoxia. In the control rats, administration of different doses of poly A:U did not change the thickness of the epiphyseal plate or increase the incorporation of 3H-phenylalanine as judged using radioautography. Rats exposed to hypoxia showed a significant dose-related reduction in the thickness of the epiphyseal plate and 3H-phenylalanine incorporation.", "PMID": 1064610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4717", "title": "Relations between occlusal interference and jaw muscle activities in response to changes in head position.", "content": "The jaw muscles responded to changes in the head position. Electromyographic responses to head positions were classified as either of two types--balanced and unbalanced. The balanced type of electromyographic responses of participants with normal occlusion changed to the unbalanced type after being set with an overlay to make a premature contact artificially, and returned to the balanced type after removal of the overlay. The unbalanced type of electromyographic response of participants with occlusal interference turned to the balanced type after occlusal adjustment.", "contents": "Relations between occlusal interference and jaw muscle activities in response to changes in head position. The jaw muscles responded to changes in the head position. Electromyographic responses to head positions were classified as either of two types--balanced and unbalanced. The balanced type of electromyographic responses of participants with normal occlusion changed to the unbalanced type after being set with an overlay to make a premature contact artificially, and returned to the balanced type after removal of the overlay. The unbalanced type of electromyographic response of participants with occlusal interference turned to the balanced type after occlusal adjustment.", "PMID": 1064615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4718", "title": "Effect of salivary pellicle on enamel subsurface demineralization in vitro.", "content": "Diffusion fluxes of two anionic species through hydroxyapatite membranes were found to be reduced up to 50% by the presence of adsorbed salivary pellicles developed on the membrane surfaces. By contrast, water fluxes were only marginally affected, indicating that salivary pellicles display ionic permselectivity. This property is used to explain a remarkable protection of the enamel observed when salivary pellicles were developed on extracted teeth before exposure to acid lactate buffers.", "contents": "Effect of salivary pellicle on enamel subsurface demineralization in vitro. Diffusion fluxes of two anionic species through hydroxyapatite membranes were found to be reduced up to 50% by the presence of adsorbed salivary pellicles developed on the membrane surfaces. By contrast, water fluxes were only marginally affected, indicating that salivary pellicles display ionic permselectivity. This property is used to explain a remarkable protection of the enamel observed when salivary pellicles were developed on extracted teeth before exposure to acid lactate buffers.", "PMID": 1064613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4719", "title": "Sintering of dental porcelain enamels.", "content": "This study showed the effects of sintering temperature and atmospheric pressure on the density, tensile strength, and microstructure of porcelain enamels. Although the densities of the opaque porcelains were higher, they were weaker than the gingival porcelains. Gingival porcelains also glazed and sintered at lower temperatures than the opaque porcelains.", "contents": "Sintering of dental porcelain enamels. This study showed the effects of sintering temperature and atmospheric pressure on the density, tensile strength, and microstructure of porcelain enamels. Although the densities of the opaque porcelains were higher, they were weaker than the gingival porcelains. Gingival porcelains also glazed and sintered at lower temperatures than the opaque porcelains.", "PMID": 1064616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4720", "title": "Mercury: its relation to the dentist's health and dental practice characteristics.", "content": "Mercury and 12 clinical chemical determinations were done on the blood samples of 1,555 dentists. The dental practice characteristics of each participant were determined by questionnaires. Seventy-seven percent of all the dentists displayed blood mercury values in the range 0 to 10 ng/ml. The mean for all dentists was 8.2 ng Hg/ml blood. The means for general dentists and specialists were 8.8 and 6.3 ng Hg/ml blood, respectively. Overall, no significant correlations were found in a comparison of blood mercury levels with clinical chemical data and with dental practice characteristics. However, general practitioners with higher blood mercury values tended to show dental practice characteristics that were conducive to producing the higher values found. The data indicate that dentists in the United States, as a group, practice good mercury hygiene.", "contents": "Mercury: its relation to the dentist's health and dental practice characteristics. Mercury and 12 clinical chemical determinations were done on the blood samples of 1,555 dentists. The dental practice characteristics of each participant were determined by questionnaires. Seventy-seven percent of all the dentists displayed blood mercury values in the range 0 to 10 ng/ml. The mean for all dentists was 8.2 ng Hg/ml blood. The means for general dentists and specialists were 8.8 and 6.3 ng Hg/ml blood, respectively. Overall, no significant correlations were found in a comparison of blood mercury levels with clinical chemical data and with dental practice characteristics. However, general practitioners with higher blood mercury values tended to show dental practice characteristics that were conducive to producing the higher values found. The data indicate that dentists in the United States, as a group, practice good mercury hygiene.", "PMID": 1064638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4721", "title": "Mercury toxicity in the dental office: a neglected problem.", "content": "Amalgam has proved to be among the most versatile and durable of all restorative materials used in the treatment of dental disease. If it is handled and controlled properly, problems with its use should not develop. Safe mercury vapor levels can be maintained if good mercury hygiene practices are exercised. Materials and devices are available for aiding the dentist in adequate mercury control procedures. With the cooperation of each member of the dental team, compliance with all the criteria imposed by governmental regulatory agencies can be accomplished. These criteria have been established for the health protection of the dentist and his auxiliary personnel. Each practioner and office staff member should realize the potential hazards associated with mercury, and effect good mercury hygienic measures and control procedures.", "contents": "Mercury toxicity in the dental office: a neglected problem. Amalgam has proved to be among the most versatile and durable of all restorative materials used in the treatment of dental disease. If it is handled and controlled properly, problems with its use should not develop. Safe mercury vapor levels can be maintained if good mercury hygiene practices are exercised. Materials and devices are available for aiding the dentist in adequate mercury control procedures. With the cooperation of each member of the dental team, compliance with all the criteria imposed by governmental regulatory agencies can be accomplished. These criteria have been established for the health protection of the dentist and his auxiliary personnel. Each practioner and office staff member should realize the potential hazards associated with mercury, and effect good mercury hygienic measures and control procedures.", "PMID": 1064639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4722", "title": "The silent hazard: an unusual case of mercury contamination of a dental suite.", "content": "Heavy exposure to mercury in a vandalized dental office suite where 20 lb of mercury was maliciously spilled on floors (some covered with rugs) and splattered on walls during a nighttime break-in is described. Monitoring of ambient mercury vapor levels after a clean-up suggested that mercury contamination was under control, but urinary mercury levels that continued to increase contradicted these findings. A further investigation showed that some sections of rugs were heavily contaminated. Unaware of this contamination, dental assistants, by regularly vacuuming the rugs, created a hazardous environment. The steps taken to resolve this problem are discussed, and the importance of the urine analysis for the monitoring of mercury exposure is emphasized.", "contents": "The silent hazard: an unusual case of mercury contamination of a dental suite. Heavy exposure to mercury in a vandalized dental office suite where 20 lb of mercury was maliciously spilled on floors (some covered with rugs) and splattered on walls during a nighttime break-in is described. Monitoring of ambient mercury vapor levels after a clean-up suggested that mercury contamination was under control, but urinary mercury levels that continued to increase contradicted these findings. A further investigation showed that some sections of rugs were heavily contaminated. Unaware of this contamination, dental assistants, by regularly vacuuming the rugs, created a hazardous environment. The steps taken to resolve this problem are discussed, and the importance of the urine analysis for the monitoring of mercury exposure is emphasized.", "PMID": 1064640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4723", "title": "Development of mercury hypersensitivity among dental students.", "content": "With regard to the principal purpose of this investigation, it is apparent that exposure to mercury during the preparation of silver amalgam definitely presents an additional occupational hazard as an allergen in the dentist. The fact that the dental students who were the volunteers in this study received only a small fraction of the exposure to mercury that the practicing dentist receives does emphasize the potential of this allergen in actual dental practice. Recent publicity concerning the toxioogenicity of mercury has led to  a call for improved mercury hygiene in the dental operatory. The allergenic potential of mercury, as reported in this paper, accentuates the need for such an improvement.", "contents": "Development of mercury hypersensitivity among dental students. With regard to the principal purpose of this investigation, it is apparent that exposure to mercury during the preparation of silver amalgam definitely presents an additional occupational hazard as an allergen in the dentist. The fact that the dental students who were the volunteers in this study received only a small fraction of the exposure to mercury that the practicing dentist receives does emphasize the potential of this allergen in actual dental practice. Recent publicity concerning the toxioogenicity of mercury has led to  a call for improved mercury hygiene in the dental operatory. The allergenic potential of mercury, as reported in this paper, accentuates the need for such an improvement.", "PMID": 1064642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4724", "title": "Findings in 1,724 buccal smears from dentists.", "content": "No changes were found in the epithelial cells from the buccal mucosa of dentists with the use of the light microscope, electron microscope, or electron probe that could be correlated with mercury exposure under the conditions of this test. In a normal population it can be expected that at least 0.01% of the population will show class 2 atypical smears. Patients with class 2 smears have fewer highly matured epithelial cells (tendency toward keratinization) of the buccal mucosa and hence a thinner epithelium.", "contents": "Findings in 1,724 buccal smears from dentists. No changes were found in the epithelial cells from the buccal mucosa of dentists with the use of the light microscope, electron microscope, or electron probe that could be correlated with mercury exposure under the conditions of this test. In a normal population it can be expected that at least 0.01% of the population will show class 2 atypical smears. Patients with class 2 smears have fewer highly matured epithelial cells (tendency toward keratinization) of the buccal mucosa and hence a thinner epithelium.", "PMID": 1064644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4725", "title": "Continuing education in US dental schools.", "content": "This information provides a rudimentary profile of continuing dental education in US dental schools. Some schools have wide-ranging, time-tested programs, whereas others have initiated programs only recently, yet over half of the schools mentioned that there still was an unfilled need for continuing dental education in their locality. To meet the need for quality programs in the future, the great majority of the schools (49) indicated that, although the nature and level of evaluation was open to discussion, a program of accreditation or evaluation is definitely necessary and should be implemented in the future.", "contents": "Continuing education in US dental schools. This information provides a rudimentary profile of continuing dental education in US dental schools. Some schools have wide-ranging, time-tested programs, whereas others have initiated programs only recently, yet over half of the schools mentioned that there still was an unfilled need for continuing dental education in their locality. To meet the need for quality programs in the future, the great majority of the schools (49) indicated that, although the nature and level of evaluation was open to discussion, a program of accreditation or evaluation is definitely necessary and should be implemented in the future.", "PMID": 1064649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4726", "title": "Ectopic movement of an unerupted mandibular canine.", "content": "A case history has been given with the radiographic evidence of the migration, during development of an unerupted mandibular canine from its normal position. In a 30-month period the canine assumed a horizontal position and moved to a site that was apical to the mandibular incisors, still in the confines of the cortical plates. Because erratic movements of unerupted teeth cannot be anticipated, it would seem wise to defer the elective removal of permanent teeth during the mixed dentition stage until the clinician is assured of a normal eruption pattern of the succedaneous teeth.", "contents": "Ectopic movement of an unerupted mandibular canine. A case history has been given with the radiographic evidence of the migration, during development of an unerupted mandibular canine from its normal position. In a 30-month period the canine assumed a horizontal position and moved to a site that was apical to the mandibular incisors, still in the confines of the cortical plates. Because erratic movements of unerupted teeth cannot be anticipated, it would seem wise to defer the elective removal of permanent teeth during the mixed dentition stage until the clinician is assured of a normal eruption pattern of the succedaneous teeth.", "PMID": 1064653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4727", "title": "Dentists' fees and inflation. Joint report of the Bureau of Economic Research and Statistics and the Bureau of Public Information.", "content": "Dentists' fees, as measured by the Consumer Price Index, increased at about the same rate in the past eight years as average prices in the economy. Between 1967 and 1975, dentists' fees increased 61.9% compared with a 61.2% increase in average prices of all goods and services measured in the index. In the years since 1967, the cost of conducting a dental practice has steadily increased. Dentists' expenses for materials and services increased approximately twice as fast as the increase in dental fees. On the basis of ADA survey data, 1-3 dentists' professional expenses increased 133% and dentists' salary expenses for auxiliaries increased 148% between 1967 and 1975, whereas dentists' fees increased only 62%.", "contents": "Dentists' fees and inflation. Joint report of the Bureau of Economic Research and Statistics and the Bureau of Public Information. Dentists' fees, as measured by the Consumer Price Index, increased at about the same rate in the past eight years as average prices in the economy. Between 1967 and 1975, dentists' fees increased 61.9% compared with a 61.2% increase in average prices of all goods and services measured in the index. In the years since 1967, the cost of conducting a dental practice has steadily increased. Dentists' expenses for materials and services increased approximately twice as fast as the increase in dental fees. On the basis of ADA survey data, 1-3 dentists' professional expenses increased 133% and dentists' salary expenses for auxiliaries increased 148% between 1967 and 1975, whereas dentists' fees increased only 62%.", "PMID": 1064654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4728", "title": "Iatrogenic exfoliation of teeth by the incorrect use of orthodontic elastic bands.", "content": "Four cases of improper use of elastic bands for minor orthodontic treatment are described. For all the patients, the treated teeth were damaged and local surgical intervention was necessary. To prevent complications when elastic bands are being used, the dentist must provide stabilization of the elastic bands by brackets, bands, or bonded attachments, inform the patient about the possibility of losing the rubber elastic band, and mark the elastic rubber by radiopaque material. Every effort must be made to preserve the damaged anterior teeth by fixation and surgical treatment.", "contents": "Iatrogenic exfoliation of teeth by the incorrect use of orthodontic elastic bands. Four cases of improper use of elastic bands for minor orthodontic treatment are described. For all the patients, the treated teeth were damaged and local surgical intervention was necessary. To prevent complications when elastic bands are being used, the dentist must provide stabilization of the elastic bands by brackets, bands, or bonded attachments, inform the patient about the possibility of losing the rubber elastic band, and mark the elastic rubber by radiopaque material. Every effort must be made to preserve the damaged anterior teeth by fixation and surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1064666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4729", "title": "Isolation of mycobacteria from dairy creamery effluent sludge.", "content": "Sixty three samples of dairy creamery effluent were examined for the presence of mycobacteria. Thirty two strains were isolated from 27 samples. These were classified as follows: M. fortuitum (13), M. peregrinum (6), M. gordonae(5), M. marianum (scrofulaceum) (4), unidentified (4). Ten strains, representative of the groups isolated, were tested for their effect on experimental animals. None were pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice but a number produced a minimal amount of skin sensitization in guinea pigs to avian and mammalian tuberculin.", "contents": "Isolation of mycobacteria from dairy creamery effluent sludge. Sixty three samples of dairy creamery effluent were examined for the presence of mycobacteria. Thirty two strains were isolated from 27 samples. These were classified as follows: M. fortuitum (13), M. peregrinum (6), M. gordonae(5), M. marianum (scrofulaceum) (4), unidentified (4). Ten strains, representative of the groups isolated, were tested for their effect on experimental animals. None were pathogenic for guinea pigs or mice but a number produced a minimal amount of skin sensitization in guinea pigs to avian and mammalian tuberculin.", "PMID": 1064670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4730", "title": "Prevention of low temperature denaturation injury in T4Bo phage by low concentrations of traditional cryoprotective additives.", "content": "The well known cryoprotective additives glucose, sucrose, glycerol, dimethyl sulphoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran and ammonium acetate have been found to prevent inactivation of T4Bo phage frozen in sodium bromide solutions. Their protective effects in this experimental system could not be accounted for by a colligative mechanism. It is proposed that they may act by modifying the structure of the unfrozen aqueous phase rather than by direct interaction with the phage.", "contents": "Prevention of low temperature denaturation injury in T4Bo phage by low concentrations of traditional cryoprotective additives. The well known cryoprotective additives glucose, sucrose, glycerol, dimethyl sulphoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran and ammonium acetate have been found to prevent inactivation of T4Bo phage frozen in sodium bromide solutions. Their protective effects in this experimental system could not be accounted for by a colligative mechanism. It is proposed that they may act by modifying the structure of the unfrozen aqueous phase rather than by direct interaction with the phage.", "PMID": 1064671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4731", "title": "A clinical trial of WRL 105 strain live attenuated influenza vaccine comparing four methods of intranasal vaccination.", "content": "A single intranasal dose of 10(7-0) EID50 recombinant WRL 105 strain live attenuated influenza vaccine was administered intranasally to 193 volunteers either as nose drops or by one of three spray devices which produced sprays of differing physical characteristics. In volunteers with homologous haemagglutinating inhibiting antibody titres of less than or equal to 20 before vaccination, seroconversion rates varied widely from 80% following the administration of drops to 71%, 57% and 28% with the three spray devices. In the week following vaccination 16 (22%) of 74 volunteers who were found to show a fourfold or greater antibody response to took analgesics to control symptoms in comparison with 4 (7%) of 58 volunteers who exhibited no serological response to vaccination (P less than 0-05). However, neither the occurrence of upper respiratory nor systemic symptoms were significantly different in these two groups and the degree of attenuation of the recombinant WRL 105 strain appears to be acceptable for future use.", "contents": "A clinical trial of WRL 105 strain live attenuated influenza vaccine comparing four methods of intranasal vaccination. A single intranasal dose of 10(7-0) EID50 recombinant WRL 105 strain live attenuated influenza vaccine was administered intranasally to 193 volunteers either as nose drops or by one of three spray devices which produced sprays of differing physical characteristics. In volunteers with homologous haemagglutinating inhibiting antibody titres of less than or equal to 20 before vaccination, seroconversion rates varied widely from 80% following the administration of drops to 71%, 57% and 28% with the three spray devices. In the week following vaccination 16 (22%) of 74 volunteers who were found to show a fourfold or greater antibody response to took analgesics to control symptoms in comparison with 4 (7%) of 58 volunteers who exhibited no serological response to vaccination (P less than 0-05). However, neither the occurrence of upper respiratory nor systemic symptoms were significantly different in these two groups and the degree of attenuation of the recombinant WRL 105 strain appears to be acceptable for future use.", "PMID": 1064672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4732", "title": "Platelet-induced tolerance in the production of heteroantisera to human leukemia-associated antigens.", "content": "A method is described for raising antisera to human leukemia cells of an individual patient in mice rendered tolerant with cyclophosphamide to platelets obtained from the same patient. The resulting antisera are able to distinguish serologically between leukemic blast cells and remission cells of patients with acute leukemia and may be recognizing leukemia-associated antigens. The antisera are similar in activity to antisera raised following  tolerance-induction with remission leukocytes, but larger volumes of anti-leukemia antiserum can be raised using the more easily obtainable platelets. This technique provides further evidence that human platelets share many of the antigens present on human leukocytes.", "contents": "Platelet-induced tolerance in the production of heteroantisera to human leukemia-associated antigens. A method is described for raising antisera to human leukemia cells of an individual patient in mice rendered tolerant with cyclophosphamide to platelets obtained from the same patient. The resulting antisera are able to distinguish serologically between leukemic blast cells and remission cells of patients with acute leukemia and may be recognizing leukemia-associated antigens. The antisera are similar in activity to antisera raised following  tolerance-induction with remission leukocytes, but larger volumes of anti-leukemia antiserum can be raised using the more easily obtainable platelets. This technique provides further evidence that human platelets share many of the antigens present on human leukocytes.", "PMID": 1064673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4733", "title": "Acute infections in interferon-treated patients with osteosarcoma: preliminary report of a comparative study.", "content": "The incidence of acute infections in eight patients with osteosarcoma who are receiving interferon regularly is currently being compared with the incidence among their family members. Observations thus far indicate that the patients treated with interferon are less frequently and less severely ill than their untreated family contacts. The study is continuing, and the patients will also be observed after discontinuation of interferon treatment. Sera are regularly frozen for future viral serologic tests. The preliminary clinical data indicate that therapy with exogenous interferon may afford protection against common acute infections.", "contents": "Acute infections in interferon-treated patients with osteosarcoma: preliminary report of a comparative study. The incidence of acute infections in eight patients with osteosarcoma who are receiving interferon regularly is currently being compared with the incidence among their family members. Observations thus far indicate that the patients treated with interferon are less frequently and less severely ill than their untreated family contacts. The study is continuing, and the patients will also be observed after discontinuation of interferon treatment. Sera are regularly frozen for future viral serologic tests. The preliminary clinical data indicate that therapy with exogenous interferon may afford protection against common acute infections.", "PMID": 1064674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4734", "title": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of lactoferrin in human plasma: variations with age, sex, and disease.", "content": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay is described for measuring lactoferrin levels in normal human plasma. The sensitivity of the assay was 6 ng. per milliliter with an intraassay coefficient of variation of 4 per cent and an interassay value of 9 per cent. Healthy adult males had a mean plasma level of 1.62 mug per milliliter which was significantly higher than adult females, 1.07 mug per milliliter. Postmenopausal females had levels similar to men, 1.74 mug per milliliter, while younger women had a significantly lower mean value, 0.75 mug per milliliter. Two menstruating women and 2 pregnant women had moderately elevated levels. Consistently elevated levels were found in patients with untreated or relapsing chronic myeloid leukemia--all over 12.0 mug per milliliter, while patients on marrow suppressant therapy tended to have subnormal levels. The collection of serum specimens as opposed to plasma, resulted in inconsistently elevated levels: EDTA was the anticoagulant of choice, as heparin interfered in the radioimmunoassay system.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the measurement of lactoferrin in human plasma: variations with age, sex, and disease. A solid-phase radioimmunoassay is described for measuring lactoferrin levels in normal human plasma. The sensitivity of the assay was 6 ng. per milliliter with an intraassay coefficient of variation of 4 per cent and an interassay value of 9 per cent. Healthy adult males had a mean plasma level of 1.62 mug per milliliter which was significantly higher than adult females, 1.07 mug per milliliter. Postmenopausal females had levels similar to men, 1.74 mug per milliliter, while younger women had a significantly lower mean value, 0.75 mug per milliliter. Two menstruating women and 2 pregnant women had moderately elevated levels. Consistently elevated levels were found in patients with untreated or relapsing chronic myeloid leukemia--all over 12.0 mug per milliliter, while patients on marrow suppressant therapy tended to have subnormal levels. The collection of serum specimens as opposed to plasma, resulted in inconsistently elevated levels: EDTA was the anticoagulant of choice, as heparin interfered in the radioimmunoassay system.", "PMID": 1064675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4735", "title": "Sex dependence of the metabolic activation in vitro of the mycohepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1.", "content": "Using liver microsomes, metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1, determined by the formation of DNA- and protein-binding metabolites, was studied in an effort to elucidate the possible basis underlying sex differences in sensitivity of the male and female rat to aflatoxin B1. Male rats, which are more sensitive to AFB1, produced significantly higher amounts of these metabolites than female rats; castration of the male reduced the level to that of the female, whereas ovariectomy was without any effect.", "contents": "Sex dependence of the metabolic activation in vitro of the mycohepatocarcinogen aflatoxin B1. Using liver microsomes, metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1, determined by the formation of DNA- and protein-binding metabolites, was studied in an effort to elucidate the possible basis underlying sex differences in sensitivity of the male and female rat to aflatoxin B1. Male rats, which are more sensitive to AFB1, produced significantly higher amounts of these metabolites than female rats; castration of the male reduced the level to that of the female, whereas ovariectomy was without any effect.", "PMID": 1064676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4736", "title": "Acute pulmonary edema and hyperosmolality: a clinical study.", "content": "Patients in the coronary care unit with acute pulmonary edema, heart failure, and other organic heart disease were studied. Blood and urine samples were taken on admission prior to any treatment and later at prescribed intervals. All the patients with APE were found to have elevated plasma osmolalities and hyperglycemia on admission which decreased with treatment. This was in contrast to the other two groups excluding those factors such as ethyl alcohol and diabetes which can raise plasma osmolality or blood glucose. A discussion of this mild hyperosmolal state in APE follows including possible causes as well as cellular effects of hyperosmolality on humans.", "contents": "Acute pulmonary edema and hyperosmolality: a clinical study. Patients in the coronary care unit with acute pulmonary edema, heart failure, and other organic heart disease were studied. Blood and urine samples were taken on admission prior to any treatment and later at prescribed intervals. All the patients with APE were found to have elevated plasma osmolalities and hyperglycemia on admission which decreased with treatment. This was in contrast to the other two groups excluding those factors such as ethyl alcohol and diabetes which can raise plasma osmolality or blood glucose. A discussion of this mild hyperosmolal state in APE follows including possible causes as well as cellular effects of hyperosmolality on humans.", "PMID": 1064677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4737", "title": "Alkali-labile regions and strand breaks in DNA from cells treated with daunorubicin.", "content": "Lymphocyte cells (P-288) in culture were exposed to daunorubicin (Dm) and analyzed for DNA damage by means of alkaline sucrose and neutral (formamide) sucrose gradients. In neutral gradients, the sedimentation rate of DNA from cells treated with 25 X 10(-8) M Dm for brief periods up to 60 min is the same as that of the DNA from control cells (i.e., drug-treated for \"zero\" time). In contrast, extensive DNA damage is already apparent in alkaline gradients after treatment of the cells for only 30 min. After treatment for 2 hr, single-strand damage is evident in both types of gradient. These results demonstrate the introduction of alkali-labile regions in the DNA of cells treated for 45 or 60 min with Dm. The DNA damage is concurrent with inhibition of thymidine incorporation, and both may occur at threshold levels without affecting subsequent growth of the P-288 cells after short exposures to low concentrations of the drug.", "contents": "Alkali-labile regions and strand breaks in DNA from cells treated with daunorubicin. Lymphocyte cells (P-288) in culture were exposed to daunorubicin (Dm) and analyzed for DNA damage by means of alkaline sucrose and neutral (formamide) sucrose gradients. In neutral gradients, the sedimentation rate of DNA from cells treated with 25 X 10(-8) M Dm for brief periods up to 60 min is the same as that of the DNA from control cells (i.e., drug-treated for \"zero\" time). In contrast, extensive DNA damage is already apparent in alkaline gradients after treatment of the cells for only 30 min. After treatment for 2 hr, single-strand damage is evident in both types of gradient. These results demonstrate the introduction of alkali-labile regions in the DNA of cells treated for 45 or 60 min with Dm. The DNA damage is concurrent with inhibition of thymidine incorporation, and both may occur at threshold levels without affecting subsequent growth of the P-288 cells after short exposures to low concentrations of the drug.", "PMID": 1064678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4738", "title": "Uptake of adriamycin and daunomycin in L1210 and human leukemia cells: a comparative study.", "content": "The uptake of Adriamycin (AM) and Daunomycin (DM) in L1210 leukemia cells was found to be dependent on drug dose, time, and temperature. DM was taken up to a greater extent in human leukemia cells in vitro and in L1210 leukemic cells both in vitro and in vivo. Intracellular retention of DM was less than that of AM. Drug transport appears to be a factor in developing resistance to DM in L1210 cells, but the data for AM were inconclusive in this regard. The importance of cellular uptake and retension operative in determining differences in the overall therapeutic efficacy in vivo remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Uptake of adriamycin and daunomycin in L1210 and human leukemia cells: a comparative study. The uptake of Adriamycin (AM) and Daunomycin (DM) in L1210 leukemia cells was found to be dependent on drug dose, time, and temperature. DM was taken up to a greater extent in human leukemia cells in vitro and in L1210 leukemic cells both in vitro and in vivo. Intracellular retention of DM was less than that of AM. Drug transport appears to be a factor in developing resistance to DM in L1210 cells, but the data for AM were inconclusive in this regard. The importance of cellular uptake and retension operative in determining differences in the overall therapeutic efficacy in vivo remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1064679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4739", "title": "Response of murine DNA polymerases C and N to partial hepatectomy.", "content": "Two DNA polymerases, designated C and N have been characterized in extracts of murine spleen and liver (Evans et al. 1974). The effect of partial hepatectomy on the activity levels of these two enzymes was studied by gel filtration of crude extracts on Sephadex G-200. Both enzymes were observed to respond to the proliferation stimulus. Polymerase N activity reached maximum levels between 30 and 48 hours after hepatectomy. Polymerase C response was delayed until 30 hours and reached maximum values at 48-72 hours.", "contents": "Response of murine DNA polymerases C and N to partial hepatectomy. Two DNA polymerases, designated C and N have been characterized in extracts of murine spleen and liver (Evans et al. 1974). The effect of partial hepatectomy on the activity levels of these two enzymes was studied by gel filtration of crude extracts on Sephadex G-200. Both enzymes were observed to respond to the proliferation stimulus. Polymerase N activity reached maximum levels between 30 and 48 hours after hepatectomy. Polymerase C response was delayed until 30 hours and reached maximum values at 48-72 hours.", "PMID": 1064680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4740", "title": "The effect of pretreatment with allogeneic fetal cells on hamster melanoma.", "content": "Pretreatment with 7-day embryonic tissue mixed with incomplete adjuvant retarded the growth of melanoma transplants in the Syrian hamster. This effect was not apparent in animals treated with fetal tissue suspension, only or with fetal tissue and complete adjuvant. The inhibitory effect on tumor growth noted in animals challenged with tumor cell doses of 5 x 10(5) or 2.5 x 10(6) cells was abolished when the tumor dose was increased to 5 x 10(6). These results suggest that hamster melanoma and fetal tissue may share a common antigen.", "contents": "The effect of pretreatment with allogeneic fetal cells on hamster melanoma. Pretreatment with 7-day embryonic tissue mixed with incomplete adjuvant retarded the growth of melanoma transplants in the Syrian hamster. This effect was not apparent in animals treated with fetal tissue suspension, only or with fetal tissue and complete adjuvant. The inhibitory effect on tumor growth noted in animals challenged with tumor cell doses of 5 x 10(5) or 2.5 x 10(6) cells was abolished when the tumor dose was increased to 5 x 10(6). These results suggest that hamster melanoma and fetal tissue may share a common antigen.", "PMID": 1064681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4741", "title": "Dose distribution of therapeutic electron beams and automation of treatment planning.", "content": "Until the present time, there has been no mathematical evaluation of the therapeutic electron beams in tissue material. Electron treatments are becoming universally applied from betatrons and linear accelerators. There is, therefore, a need for dosimetric programming of hospital computers for electron treatment planning such as those used in photon beam dosimetry. In this study, we have developed a theoretical model for dose calculation in a clinical therapeutic electron beam (Osman, 1972 and 1973). On the basis of this proposed theory, one can predict dose profiles at any source to skin distance \"SSD\"' and at any depth in tissue \"X\". Our theoretical model is based on considering the clinical broad electron beam used in radiation therapy as being made up of an infinite number of identical and initially parallel pencil beam components, each of minute width, to which the existing theories (Lewis, 1950; Attix et al., 1968) on electron multiple scattering, in the concerned medium apply. Dose profiles in tissue, as obtained from this model, could provide useful information as input data for routine programs of treatment planning with high energy electron beams, using mini-computers. Further, it is also possible to account for any body inhomogeneity such as subcutaneous fat, lung, air volumes, body cavities, fluids and bone from the basic parameters of these media.", "contents": "Dose distribution of therapeutic electron beams and automation of treatment planning. Until the present time, there has been no mathematical evaluation of the therapeutic electron beams in tissue material. Electron treatments are becoming universally applied from betatrons and linear accelerators. There is, therefore, a need for dosimetric programming of hospital computers for electron treatment planning such as those used in photon beam dosimetry. In this study, we have developed a theoretical model for dose calculation in a clinical therapeutic electron beam (Osman, 1972 and 1973). On the basis of this proposed theory, one can predict dose profiles at any source to skin distance \"SSD\"' and at any depth in tissue \"X\". Our theoretical model is based on considering the clinical broad electron beam used in radiation therapy as being made up of an infinite number of identical and initially parallel pencil beam components, each of minute width, to which the existing theories (Lewis, 1950; Attix et al., 1968) on electron multiple scattering, in the concerned medium apply. Dose profiles in tissue, as obtained from this model, could provide useful information as input data for routine programs of treatment planning with high energy electron beams, using mini-computers. Further, it is also possible to account for any body inhomogeneity such as subcutaneous fat, lung, air volumes, body cavities, fluids and bone from the basic parameters of these media.", "PMID": 1064682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4742", "title": "Effects of radiation and porphyrin on mitosis and chromosomes in human hematopoietic cell lines.", "content": "The effect on mitosis of a human hematopoietic cell line RPMI-1788 treated with a metal chelate (Zn++) of meso-tetra (p-carboxyphenyl) porphine (Zn-TCPP) alone at various concentrations or in combination with gamma-irradiation at various doses were studied. The results showed that both Zn-TCPP and radiation were effective in interfering with normal mitosis and that the effect of radiation was relatively more effective. Data also suggest interacting effects between Zn-TCPP and gamma-irradiation. At low doses of radiation, Zn-TCPP potentiated the effect of radiation. The reverse seemed to be true at a high dose of radiation. The effects of two porphyrins (Zn-TCPP and hematoporphyrin) and radiation on chromosomes were also studied. Chromosomal aberrations characteristic of radiation were observed. The porphyrins were found not to be effective chromosome-breaking agents under the experimental conditions tested.", "contents": "Effects of radiation and porphyrin on mitosis and chromosomes in human hematopoietic cell lines. The effect on mitosis of a human hematopoietic cell line RPMI-1788 treated with a metal chelate (Zn++) of meso-tetra (p-carboxyphenyl) porphine (Zn-TCPP) alone at various concentrations or in combination with gamma-irradiation at various doses were studied. The results showed that both Zn-TCPP and radiation were effective in interfering with normal mitosis and that the effect of radiation was relatively more effective. Data also suggest interacting effects between Zn-TCPP and gamma-irradiation. At low doses of radiation, Zn-TCPP potentiated the effect of radiation. The reverse seemed to be true at a high dose of radiation. The effects of two porphyrins (Zn-TCPP and hematoporphyrin) and radiation on chromosomes were also studied. Chromosomal aberrations characteristic of radiation were observed. The porphyrins were found not to be effective chromosome-breaking agents under the experimental conditions tested.", "PMID": 1064683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4743", "title": "Tensile strength, relaxation and mechanical recovery in rat skin as influenced by maturation and age.", "content": "Several mechanical parameters were measured in skin strips of rats at various ages (1, 2, 4, 12 or 24 months). Ultimate load and tensile strength increased during the maturation process and reached a maximum at 12 months. In old animals (24 months) a decrease of these parameters was noted. After various preloads relaxation was measured. Relaxation could be described mathematically as a function of logarithm of time. The relaxation coefficient decreased during the maturation as well as during the ageing period. After unloading up to 1/5 initial load mechanical recovery was measured. Mechanical recovery was increased depending on age during the whole life span. It is concluded that various components of viscoelatic behaviour are influenced differently by the maturation and the ageing process.", "contents": "Tensile strength, relaxation and mechanical recovery in rat skin as influenced by maturation and age. Several mechanical parameters were measured in skin strips of rats at various ages (1, 2, 4, 12 or 24 months). Ultimate load and tensile strength increased during the maturation process and reached a maximum at 12 months. In old animals (24 months) a decrease of these parameters was noted. After various preloads relaxation was measured. Relaxation could be described mathematically as a function of logarithm of time. The relaxation coefficient decreased during the maturation as well as during the ageing period. After unloading up to 1/5 initial load mechanical recovery was measured. Mechanical recovery was increased depending on age during the whole life span. It is concluded that various components of viscoelatic behaviour are influenced differently by the maturation and the ageing process.", "PMID": 1064684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4744", "title": "Correlation of response to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine and metabolism of drug by tumor.", "content": "Phosphorylation versus deamination of ara-C by tumor homogenates was measured in 10 patients prior to treatment with ara-C infusion. The ratio ranged from 0.24 to 1.2 in 5 malignant melanomas, 2.6 to 3.2 in 3 histiocytic lymphomas and 0.9 in a hemangiopericytoma. Treatment of the 9 patients with 2 courses of 5-day continuous ara-C infusion failed to produce objective evidence of tumor regression. The tenth patient had lymphosarcoma leukemia. The baseline ratio of ara-C phosphorylation over deamination activity of the tumor cells was 1.23. Treatment with 2 courses of continuous ara-C infusions produced a brief state of complete remission. The ratio of araC phosphorylation over deamination activity in the tumor cells after relapse was only 0.1 and retreatment with ara-C infusions failed to produce antitumor response. This study indicates that factors other than a high ratio of phosphorylation over deamination activity by the tumor seem to play an important role in the susceptibility of tumors to ara-C treatment.", "contents": "Correlation of response to 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl cytosine and metabolism of drug by tumor. Phosphorylation versus deamination of ara-C by tumor homogenates was measured in 10 patients prior to treatment with ara-C infusion. The ratio ranged from 0.24 to 1.2 in 5 malignant melanomas, 2.6 to 3.2 in 3 histiocytic lymphomas and 0.9 in a hemangiopericytoma. Treatment of the 9 patients with 2 courses of 5-day continuous ara-C infusion failed to produce objective evidence of tumor regression. The tenth patient had lymphosarcoma leukemia. The baseline ratio of ara-C phosphorylation over deamination activity of the tumor cells was 1.23. Treatment with 2 courses of continuous ara-C infusions produced a brief state of complete remission. The ratio of araC phosphorylation over deamination activity in the tumor cells after relapse was only 0.1 and retreatment with ara-C infusions failed to produce antitumor response. This study indicates that factors other than a high ratio of phosphorylation over deamination activity by the tumor seem to play an important role in the susceptibility of tumors to ara-C treatment.", "PMID": 1064685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4745", "title": "The Robin anomalad - its nonspecificity and associated syndromes.", "content": "The Robin anomalad, once thought to constitute a specific syndrome, is now known to occur with several genetic syndromes, a few drug-induced syndromes, and some loosely associated anomalies. The mode of inheritance in genetic syndromes with the Robin anomalad is that of the particular syndrome with which the anomalad is associated.", "contents": "The Robin anomalad - its nonspecificity and associated syndromes. The Robin anomalad, once thought to constitute a specific syndrome, is now known to occur with several genetic syndromes, a few drug-induced syndromes, and some loosely associated anomalies. The mode of inheritance in genetic syndromes with the Robin anomalad is that of the particular syndrome with which the anomalad is associated.", "PMID": 1064704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4746", "title": "Oral changes in Crohn's disease.", "content": "Oral lesions in patients with Crohn's disease may be characteristic granulomatous lesions, secondary results of deficiency conditions, or coincidental lesions. Thorough investigations are necessary to rule out involvement of the gut in the disease process. If results fail to substantiate a diagnosis of Crohn's disease, regular follow-up examinations are necessary to detect possible later development of the disorder.", "contents": "Oral changes in Crohn's disease. Oral lesions in patients with Crohn's disease may be characteristic granulomatous lesions, secondary results of deficiency conditions, or coincidental lesions. Thorough investigations are necessary to rule out involvement of the gut in the disease process. If results fail to substantiate a diagnosis of Crohn's disease, regular follow-up examinations are necessary to detect possible later development of the disorder.", "PMID": 1064705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4747", "title": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone after cerebral injury.", "content": "A case has been presented in which a patient sustained a closed head injury with concomitant maxillofacial injuries; early signs of water intoxication and ISADH developed six days after injury. This disorder was corrected by restricting free water intake for six days until equilibration occurred. Successful reduction of the facial fractures was accomplished after stabilization of the patient's neurological condition and correction of her metabolic disorder. The ISADH and resulting hyponatremia have been documented in a variety of disease states including trauma to the central nervous system. Disruption or irritation to the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system has been proposed as the mechanism of dysfunction after cerebral injury. The results of the secretion of inappropriate amounts of ADH relative to renal function and homeostatis have been discussed. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis as well as the elective and emergency management of ISADH have been reviewed. The fact that the sequelae of this abnormal metabolic state may mimic or mask the neurological deterioration which may follow cerebral injury is significant. This may contribute to the difficulty in making a correct diagnosis and designing proper therapy. The problem is basically one of differentiating a correctable metabolic disorder from a lesion that can be fatal unless surgically removed.", "contents": "Inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone after cerebral injury. A case has been presented in which a patient sustained a closed head injury with concomitant maxillofacial injuries; early signs of water intoxication and ISADH developed six days after injury. This disorder was corrected by restricting free water intake for six days until equilibration occurred. Successful reduction of the facial fractures was accomplished after stabilization of the patient's neurological condition and correction of her metabolic disorder. The ISADH and resulting hyponatremia have been documented in a variety of disease states including trauma to the central nervous system. Disruption or irritation to the hypothalamic-neurohypophyseal system has been proposed as the mechanism of dysfunction after cerebral injury. The results of the secretion of inappropriate amounts of ADH relative to renal function and homeostatis have been discussed. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis as well as the elective and emergency management of ISADH have been reviewed. The fact that the sequelae of this abnormal metabolic state may mimic or mask the neurological deterioration which may follow cerebral injury is significant. This may contribute to the difficulty in making a correct diagnosis and designing proper therapy. The problem is basically one of differentiating a correctable metabolic disorder from a lesion that can be fatal unless surgically removed.", "PMID": 1064706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4748", "title": "Treatment of central hemangioma of the maxilla by embolization: report of case.", "content": "Some methods of treatment for cavernous hemangiomas are reviewed and briefly discussed. Artificial embolization with barium-impregnated spheres was used by us because any other method of treatment seemed to be inadvisable. Techniques of the surgical procedure were followed as programmed by Lussenhop and others, 12 Longacre and others, 2 and by Hoey and others.9 A 47-month follow-up with no radiographic evidence of residual hemangioma has indicated a satisfactory result in this case.", "contents": "Treatment of central hemangioma of the maxilla by embolization: report of case. Some methods of treatment for cavernous hemangiomas are reviewed and briefly discussed. Artificial embolization with barium-impregnated spheres was used by us because any other method of treatment seemed to be inadvisable. Techniques of the surgical procedure were followed as programmed by Lussenhop and others, 12 Longacre and others, 2 and by Hoey and others.9 A 47-month follow-up with no radiographic evidence of residual hemangioma has indicated a satisfactory result in this case.", "PMID": 1064709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4749", "title": "Unilateral relapse after oblique osteotomy of the mandibular rami: report of case.", "content": "A case of unilateral relapse of mandibular prognathism after oblique osteotomy of the mandibular rami is described. A brief review of the pertinent literature is presented and a method of intraosseous fixation by Vitallium plating is illustrated. The need for close postoperative observations and reinstitution of active therapy at the first sign of a relapse tendency is emphasized.", "contents": "Unilateral relapse after oblique osteotomy of the mandibular rami: report of case. A case of unilateral relapse of mandibular prognathism after oblique osteotomy of the mandibular rami is described. A brief review of the pertinent literature is presented and a method of intraosseous fixation by Vitallium plating is illustrated. The need for close postoperative observations and reinstitution of active therapy at the first sign of a relapse tendency is emphasized.", "PMID": 1064710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4750", "title": "Correction of class II malocclusion by combined sagittal ramus and subapical body osteotomy.", "content": "The complete mandibular subapical osteotomy has been presented as a method for correction of Class II malocclusions. At this point, it holds some promise as a solution to the skeletal relapse seen in the surgical correction of Class II malocclusions with use of other techniques. The procedure is a straight-forward combination of the sagittal osteotomy as described by Obwegeser and the subapical osteotomy as described by K\u00f6le. Further investigation into the versatility of this procedure is recommended.", "contents": "Correction of class II malocclusion by combined sagittal ramus and subapical body osteotomy. The complete mandibular subapical osteotomy has been presented as a method for correction of Class II malocclusions. At this point, it holds some promise as a solution to the skeletal relapse seen in the surgical correction of Class II malocclusions with use of other techniques. The procedure is a straight-forward combination of the sagittal osteotomy as described by Obwegeser and the subapical osteotomy as described by K\u00f6le. Further investigation into the versatility of this procedure is recommended.", "PMID": 1064711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4751", "title": "Epidural hematoma after minor oral trauma.", "content": "A case report was presented in which a 15-year-old boy was beaten about the head with a baseball bat. Intraoral trauma and facial lacerations were repaired. Since results of the neurological examination were within normal limits, the patient was discharged. The next day, the patient became lethargic; however, the patient's mother did not bring the patient back to the hospital until the routine postoperative visit. At that time, the patient had right hemiparesis, was unable to speak, and was clearly obtunded. A carotid angiogram disclosed a left venous epidural hematoma in the parietal area. A craniotomy was performed with good results. The importance of follow-up neurologic examinations in cases of trauma to the face and head is stressed.", "contents": "Epidural hematoma after minor oral trauma. A case report was presented in which a 15-year-old boy was beaten about the head with a baseball bat. Intraoral trauma and facial lacerations were repaired. Since results of the neurological examination were within normal limits, the patient was discharged. The next day, the patient became lethargic; however, the patient's mother did not bring the patient back to the hospital until the routine postoperative visit. At that time, the patient had right hemiparesis, was unable to speak, and was clearly obtunded. A carotid angiogram disclosed a left venous epidural hematoma in the parietal area. A craniotomy was performed with good results. The importance of follow-up neurologic examinations in cases of trauma to the face and head is stressed.", "PMID": 1064713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4752", "title": "False aneurysm of the facial artery.", "content": "A false aneurysm with typical history, clinical and radiographic findings, and histological picture is reported. The absence of enlargement since onset and the absence of bruit were atypical. The latter was probably due to the thick wall of the aneurysm. False aneurysm should be part of the differential diagnosis of swelling of the jaws. Aneurysms should be treated surgically because of the potential for progressive enlargement with danger of spontaneous rupture.", "contents": "False aneurysm of the facial artery. A false aneurysm with typical history, clinical and radiographic findings, and histological picture is reported. The absence of enlargement since onset and the absence of bruit were atypical. The latter was probably due to the thick wall of the aneurysm. False aneurysm should be part of the differential diagnosis of swelling of the jaws. Aneurysms should be treated surgically because of the potential for progressive enlargement with danger of spontaneous rupture.", "PMID": 1064714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4753", "title": "Osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland.", "content": "A case of osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland in a 61-yr-old woman who died from tracheal compression due to local recurrence 6 wk after operation is presented. The main features of 27 previously reported similar cases, and the problems of histogenesis are discussed.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland. A case of osteosarcoma of the thyroid gland in a 61-yr-old woman who died from tracheal compression due to local recurrence 6 wk after operation is presented. The main features of 27 previously reported similar cases, and the problems of histogenesis are discussed.", "PMID": 1064717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4754", "title": "Electrical stimulation of osteogenesis in pathological osseous defects.", "content": "Although the literature on bioelectric phenomena is extensive, there is a paucity of research on its application in the field of dentistry. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of bioelectrical stimulation on pathological osseous defects in the periodontium of Beagle dogs. Galvanic and thermocouple generators were designed to deliver a current in the nanoampere range. The galvanic unit produced a constant direct current. The thermocouple unit was designed to deliver an oscillating dc current. The generators were implanted in the area of periodontal osseous defects in five dogs. These sites were randomly designated as experimental, active controls, and passive controls. The experimental and control units were implanted submucoperiosteally with the negative electrodes extending into osseous defects. The bone was labeled with Procion Red H-8BS at 1 week. Clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed no significant changes in the depth of the defects. The animals were sacrificed at 45 days and block sections were prepared for histological measurement. From the results of this study it was concluded: 1. Induced constant or oscillating negative dc current levels in the nanoampere range were unsucessful in causing regeneration of periodontal osseous defects either clinically or radiographically in the Beagle dog over a 45-day period of application. 2. Constant or oscillating negative dc current levels in the nanoampere range did not stimulate a significant amount of periosteal osseous apposition. 3. Oscillating negative nanoampere dc currents produced an increase in endosteal osseous apposition as compared to controls. 4. Constant negative dc current in the nanoampere range produced an increase in endosteal osseous apposition as compared to controls. 5. The histological density of the bone in the area of pathological periodontal defects was increased in all experimental sites as compared to controls. 6. Devices of comparable size and construction to both the galvanic and thermocouple electronic units used in this study are acceptable for future investigation of the effect of bioelectrical stimulation on osteogenesis in alveolar bone.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of osteogenesis in pathological osseous defects. Although the literature on bioelectric phenomena is extensive, there is a paucity of research on its application in the field of dentistry. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of bioelectrical stimulation on pathological osseous defects in the periodontium of Beagle dogs. Galvanic and thermocouple generators were designed to deliver a current in the nanoampere range. The galvanic unit produced a constant direct current. The thermocouple unit was designed to deliver an oscillating dc current. The generators were implanted in the area of periodontal osseous defects in five dogs. These sites were randomly designated as experimental, active controls, and passive controls. The experimental and control units were implanted submucoperiosteally with the negative electrodes extending into osseous defects. The bone was labeled with Procion Red H-8BS at 1 week. Clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed no significant changes in the depth of the defects. The animals were sacrificed at 45 days and block sections were prepared for histological measurement. From the results of this study it was concluded: 1. Induced constant or oscillating negative dc current levels in the nanoampere range were unsucessful in causing regeneration of periodontal osseous defects either clinically or radiographically in the Beagle dog over a 45-day period of application. 2. Constant or oscillating negative dc current levels in the nanoampere range did not stimulate a significant amount of periosteal osseous apposition. 3. Oscillating negative nanoampere dc currents produced an increase in endosteal osseous apposition as compared to controls. 4. Constant negative dc current in the nanoampere range produced an increase in endosteal osseous apposition as compared to controls. 5. The histological density of the bone in the area of pathological periodontal defects was increased in all experimental sites as compared to controls. 6. Devices of comparable size and construction to both the galvanic and thermocouple electronic units used in this study are acceptable for future investigation of the effect of bioelectrical stimulation on osteogenesis in alveolar bone.", "PMID": 1064718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4755", "title": "Vital root amputation. A clinical and histological study.", "content": "An investigation was designed to study the clinical and histological effects of delaying endodontic therapy for a period of 2 weeks without dressing of the exposed pulp, after vital intentional root amputation had been carried out on periodontally involved teeth. From the results obtained it was possible to conclude that: 1. Endodontics, prior to surgical root amputation, remains the treatment of choice. 2. When preoperative endodontics is not possible, the approach used in this study will provide good results without severe, adverse clinical or histological effects. 3. The altered periodontal condition and tooth form do not interfere with the performance of definitive endodontics 2 weeks after surgery. 4. Definitive preparation of the cut tooth surface at the time of root amputation facilitates maintenance of oral hygiene after removal of the periodontal dressings. 5. The high percentage of involvement of the distobuccal root of the first maxillary molar in periodontal situations requiring correction by root amputation, may be due to the anatomy of this root.", "contents": "Vital root amputation. A clinical and histological study. An investigation was designed to study the clinical and histological effects of delaying endodontic therapy for a period of 2 weeks without dressing of the exposed pulp, after vital intentional root amputation had been carried out on periodontally involved teeth. From the results obtained it was possible to conclude that: 1. Endodontics, prior to surgical root amputation, remains the treatment of choice. 2. When preoperative endodontics is not possible, the approach used in this study will provide good results without severe, adverse clinical or histological effects. 3. The altered periodontal condition and tooth form do not interfere with the performance of definitive endodontics 2 weeks after surgery. 4. Definitive preparation of the cut tooth surface at the time of root amputation facilitates maintenance of oral hygiene after removal of the periodontal dressings. 5. The high percentage of involvement of the distobuccal root of the first maxillary molar in periodontal situations requiring correction by root amputation, may be due to the anatomy of this root.", "PMID": 1064719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4756", "title": "Study of gliding tooth contacts during mastication.", "content": "Tooth gliding occurs frequently both in the opening (55.9%) and closing (60.5%) chewing strokes. The average glide length was 1 mm. Good occlusions could not be distinguished from poor occlusion on the basis of frequency and length of gliding contacts. The greater the component of lateral movement during the closing stroke, the greater the probability that gliding contacts would occur.", "contents": "Study of gliding tooth contacts during mastication. Tooth gliding occurs frequently both in the opening (55.9%) and closing (60.5%) chewing strokes. The average glide length was 1 mm. Good occlusions could not be distinguished from poor occlusion on the basis of frequency and length of gliding contacts. The greater the component of lateral movement during the closing stroke, the greater the probability that gliding contacts would occur.", "PMID": 1064720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4757", "title": "The destructive potential of electrosurgery on the periodontium.", "content": "Three cases have been presented illustrating the complications which may arise from the use of electrosurgery. These cases provide clinical evidence of the potential for severe periodontal destruction, a potential that must be weighed carefully by any practitioner who uses an electrosurgical instrument. It is suggested that new scientific studies be initiated to establish basic principles that will eliminate the hazards that now exist in the routine use of electrosurgery.", "contents": "The destructive potential of electrosurgery on the periodontium. Three cases have been presented illustrating the complications which may arise from the use of electrosurgery. These cases provide clinical evidence of the potential for severe periodontal destruction, a potential that must be weighed carefully by any practitioner who uses an electrosurgical instrument. It is suggested that new scientific studies be initiated to establish basic principles that will eliminate the hazards that now exist in the routine use of electrosurgery.", "PMID": 1064722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4758", "title": "Vitamin E and periodontal disease.", "content": "Vitamin E levels in patients with and without periodontal disease were measured. There was no significant difference in the levels of serum vitamin E between these two groups. These data do not provide support for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal disease with vitamin E.", "contents": "Vitamin E and periodontal disease. Vitamin E levels in patients with and without periodontal disease were measured. There was no significant difference in the levels of serum vitamin E between these two groups. These data do not provide support for the treatment of inflammatory periodontal disease with vitamin E.", "PMID": 1064723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4759", "title": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma of gingiva. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of metastatic neoplasm developing in the gingiva from a primary lesion, probably sited in the gastric mucosa, has been reported. In this case, the first demonstrable metastatic lesion was located in the gingiva. The dentist has a great responsibility in detecting malignancy in the oral cavity because of his opportunities during routine examinations.", "contents": "Metastatic adenocarcinoma of gingiva. Report of a case. A case of metastatic neoplasm developing in the gingiva from a primary lesion, probably sited in the gastric mucosa, has been reported. In this case, the first demonstrable metastatic lesion was located in the gingiva. The dentist has a great responsibility in detecting malignancy in the oral cavity because of his opportunities during routine examinations.", "PMID": 1064724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4760", "title": "The effect of urea peroxide on dilantin hyperplasia.", "content": "1. A significant inverse relationship was found between the severity of the hyperplasia and the duration of SDH. 2. The severity of hyperplasia and in flammation was found to vary significantly and inversely with oral hygiene scores. 3. Tooth brushing twice a day and the application of Oxygel showed no significant clinical changes on the inflammation and hyperplasia in the test group, whereas the control group using a placebo showed a moderate reduction in gingival inflammation.", "contents": "The effect of urea peroxide on dilantin hyperplasia. 1. A significant inverse relationship was found between the severity of the hyperplasia and the duration of SDH. 2. The severity of hyperplasia and in flammation was found to vary significantly and inversely with oral hygiene scores. 3. Tooth brushing twice a day and the application of Oxygel showed no significant clinical changes on the inflammation and hyperplasia in the test group, whereas the control group using a placebo showed a moderate reduction in gingival inflammation.", "PMID": 1064725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4761", "title": "Tolerance and limited cross-tolerance to the effects of N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) on food-rewarded bar pressing in the rat.", "content": "Lysergic acid diethylamide=25 (LSD) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) abolish food-rewarded, fixed-ratio bar pressing by rats in a dose-related fashion. Adult male Holtzman rats trained to press a bar (respond) for milk reward on a 4-response fixed-ratio schedule were given i.p. injections of 3.2 or 10 mg/kg of DMT every 2 hours for 21 days. Every 24 hours the animals were placed in operant chambers for 30 minutes before a scheduled injection and were left in the chambers for 30 to 80 minutes after. During the first week of chronic treatment, daily bar pressing worsened progressively until the 6th day of the series, at which time rats in the 10 mg/kg group did not bar press at all. As the chronic injections continued, rates of bar pressing gradually increased until responding was not disrupted at all by an injection of DMT. Rats in the 3.2 mg/kg group showed cross-tolerance to an injection of LSD (0.1 mg/kg). Another group of rats was made partially tolerant to the disruptive effects of LSD (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) on bar pressing with a series of injections given once per day for 21 days and then three times per day for the next 4 days. Cross tolerance was not demonstrated to a challenge injection of 10 mg/kg of DMT. The LSD injections were continued for another 3 to 5 days until the animals were completely tolerant to the LSD. They then displayed cross-tolerance to 3.2 mg/kg of DMT.", "contents": "Tolerance and limited cross-tolerance to the effects of N, N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) and lysergic acid diethylamide-25 (LSD) on food-rewarded bar pressing in the rat. Lysergic acid diethylamide=25 (LSD) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) abolish food-rewarded, fixed-ratio bar pressing by rats in a dose-related fashion. Adult male Holtzman rats trained to press a bar (respond) for milk reward on a 4-response fixed-ratio schedule were given i.p. injections of 3.2 or 10 mg/kg of DMT every 2 hours for 21 days. Every 24 hours the animals were placed in operant chambers for 30 minutes before a scheduled injection and were left in the chambers for 30 to 80 minutes after. During the first week of chronic treatment, daily bar pressing worsened progressively until the 6th day of the series, at which time rats in the 10 mg/kg group did not bar press at all. As the chronic injections continued, rates of bar pressing gradually increased until responding was not disrupted at all by an injection of DMT. Rats in the 3.2 mg/kg group showed cross-tolerance to an injection of LSD (0.1 mg/kg). Another group of rats was made partially tolerant to the disruptive effects of LSD (0.1 mg/kg i.p.) on bar pressing with a series of injections given once per day for 21 days and then three times per day for the next 4 days. Cross tolerance was not demonstrated to a challenge injection of 10 mg/kg of DMT. The LSD injections were continued for another 3 to 5 days until the animals were completely tolerant to the LSD. They then displayed cross-tolerance to 3.2 mg/kg of DMT.", "PMID": 1064726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4762", "title": "[A respiratory pump for small animals (author's transl)].", "content": "A respiratory pump is described which is controlled by compressed air and contains no mechanical moving parts, neither a motor nor a piston. It can function on a self-adjusting rhythm or can be regulated externally (for example by the discharge of a phrenic nerve).", "contents": "[A respiratory pump for small animals (author's transl)]. A respiratory pump is described which is controlled by compressed air and contains no mechanical moving parts, neither a motor nor a piston. It can function on a self-adjusting rhythm or can be regulated externally (for example by the discharge of a phrenic nerve).", "PMID": 1064727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4763", "title": "Amniotic cell 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-glucosidase activity for prenatal diagnosis of Pompe's disease.", "content": "Using a simple fluorometric assay for alpha-glucosidase activity of cultured amniotic cells, we have monitored two pregnancies from families at risk for Pompe's disease. The fetus was judged to be affected in one, the pregnancy being terminated and unaffected in the other. The accuracy of these predictions was confirmed. These results suggest that this assay allows accurate prenatal diagnosis of Pompe's disease, three weeks after diagnostic amniocentesis.", "contents": "Amniotic cell 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-glucosidase activity for prenatal diagnosis of Pompe's disease. Using a simple fluorometric assay for alpha-glucosidase activity of cultured amniotic cells, we have monitored two pregnancies from families at risk for Pompe's disease. The fetus was judged to be affected in one, the pregnancy being terminated and unaffected in the other. The accuracy of these predictions was confirmed. These results suggest that this assay allows accurate prenatal diagnosis of Pompe's disease, three weeks after diagnostic amniocentesis.", "PMID": 1064728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4764", "title": "Proliferation and production of hemopoietic cells two stages of disease: preleukemia and overt leukemia.", "content": "The kinetics of erythropietic and granulocytopoietic cell proliferation have been investigated in the same patient at two distinct stages: firstly in preleukemia presenting as pancytopenia with ineffective erythropoiesis, and secondly 2 years later in acute myelogenous leukemia. The method investigation is based on determining the DNA synthesis rate of individual cells by means of quantitative 14C-autoradiography after short-term incubation with 14C-thymidine and fluorodeoxyuridine. Erythropoiesis was equally ineffective in the two stages, the rate of proliferation, however, slowed down towards the leukemic state. The production rate of myeloblasts was markedly reduced in preleukemia accompained by a very low labelling index. In leukemia on the other hand the production rate was increased to such a degree that the leukemic myeoblast compartment is to be considered as prevailingly self-reproductive. The proliferation rate of myeloblasts was reduced already in preleukemia, and there was a further decrease in leukemia. From the point of view of cell kinetics the manifestation of leukemia in this patient is explained best by a change in the mode of proliferation: the myeloblasts change from steady state growth to behaving like an exponentially expanding population.", "contents": "Proliferation and production of hemopoietic cells two stages of disease: preleukemia and overt leukemia. The kinetics of erythropietic and granulocytopoietic cell proliferation have been investigated in the same patient at two distinct stages: firstly in preleukemia presenting as pancytopenia with ineffective erythropoiesis, and secondly 2 years later in acute myelogenous leukemia. The method investigation is based on determining the DNA synthesis rate of individual cells by means of quantitative 14C-autoradiography after short-term incubation with 14C-thymidine and fluorodeoxyuridine. Erythropoiesis was equally ineffective in the two stages, the rate of proliferation, however, slowed down towards the leukemic state. The production rate of myeloblasts was markedly reduced in preleukemia accompained by a very low labelling index. In leukemia on the other hand the production rate was increased to such a degree that the leukemic myeoblast compartment is to be considered as prevailingly self-reproductive. The proliferation rate of myeloblasts was reduced already in preleukemia, and there was a further decrease in leukemia. From the point of view of cell kinetics the manifestation of leukemia in this patient is explained best by a change in the mode of proliferation: the myeloblasts change from steady state growth to behaving like an exponentially expanding population.", "PMID": 1064731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4765", "title": "In vitro granulocytic stem cell clonogenic capacity of marrow and spleen cells from mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus.", "content": "Bone marrow and spleen cells from early, midstage, and terminal Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV-A)-infected erythroleukemic mice were assessed for granulocyte stem cell (CFU-c) clongenic capacity in the semisolid agar culture assay. It was found that marrow CFU-c concentrations exceeded normal in early stages of this erythroid disease but returned to near normal values during mid- and terminal phases. Splenic CFU-c concentrations, on the other hand, were generally higher than control values for all stages of the disease. These results are discussed with reference to the pathogenesis of RLV-A disease.", "contents": "In vitro granulocytic stem cell clonogenic capacity of marrow and spleen cells from mice infected with Rauscher leukemia virus. Bone marrow and spleen cells from early, midstage, and terminal Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV-A)-infected erythroleukemic mice were assessed for granulocyte stem cell (CFU-c) clongenic capacity in the semisolid agar culture assay. It was found that marrow CFU-c concentrations exceeded normal in early stages of this erythroid disease but returned to near normal values during mid- and terminal phases. Splenic CFU-c concentrations, on the other hand, were generally higher than control values for all stages of the disease. These results are discussed with reference to the pathogenesis of RLV-A disease.", "PMID": 1064736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4766", "title": "Platelet granulopathy: a new morphologic feature in preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia: light microscopy and ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry.", "content": "We have previously reported on the ultrastructure of platelets in preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. We referred to an unusual and distinct anomaly of the platelet granules found in 15 of 16 patients. In the present communication we wish to describe and illustrate the light microscopic appearance of giant anomalous granules. Close scrutiny of the platelet morphology and a search for the aforementioned platelet granulopathy are important in the evaluation of patients with myeloproliferative diseases. In this paper we describe and illustrate in more detail the ultrastructure and ultrastructural histochemistry of the abnormal granules. In those patients with the platelet granulopathy, we have conducted in vitro platelet aggregation studies and carried out an electron microscopic evaluation of the aggregates. At least some of the giant granules remained morphologically intact in advanced stages of the aggregation phenomenon, and thus they are probably composed of elements that were not released during aggregation.", "contents": "Platelet granulopathy: a new morphologic feature in preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia: light microscopy and ultrastructural morphology and cytochemistry. We have previously reported on the ultrastructure of platelets in preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. We referred to an unusual and distinct anomaly of the platelet granules found in 15 of 16 patients. In the present communication we wish to describe and illustrate the light microscopic appearance of giant anomalous granules. Close scrutiny of the platelet morphology and a search for the aforementioned platelet granulopathy are important in the evaluation of patients with myeloproliferative diseases. In this paper we describe and illustrate in more detail the ultrastructure and ultrastructural histochemistry of the abnormal granules. In those patients with the platelet granulopathy, we have conducted in vitro platelet aggregation studies and carried out an electron microscopic evaluation of the aggregates. At least some of the giant granules remained morphologically intact in advanced stages of the aggregation phenomenon, and thus they are probably composed of elements that were not released during aggregation.", "PMID": 1064737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4767", "title": "Cell kill kinetics with hydroxyurea.", "content": "The effects of various concentrations of hydroxyurea (HU) on a human lymphoid cell line in exponential growth phase have been studied using a combination of methods, including determination of the total and viable cell counts; the cells relative DNA content, measured in a flow microfluorimeter after staining with a fluorescent Feulgen technique; the mitotic index; and the percentage of cells incorporating thymidine-3H (TdR-3H) during brief and continuous exposure to the isotope both in the presence and absence of colcemid. A significant redistribution of the cells in the various phases of the cell cycle occurred during the first 24 hr of continuous treatment with 10(-3) M and 10(-2) M HU as follows: (1) division of cells in G2; (2) depletion of mid and late S phase cells due to early cell death; (3) movement of most G1 cells at a normal rate into early S phase where they accumulate; and (4) arrest of the remaining cells in G1, which represented the surviving population after treatment for 96 hr or longer. After removal of the drug, the cell fraction blocked in early S phase progressed semisynchronously through S, but many of the cells were unable to complete division. Their capacity to recover depended on the drug concentration and duration of exposure, but in general the cellular injury caused by HU was more reversible than that caused by \"equivalent\" concentrations of arabinosylcytosine.", "contents": "Cell kill kinetics with hydroxyurea. The effects of various concentrations of hydroxyurea (HU) on a human lymphoid cell line in exponential growth phase have been studied using a combination of methods, including determination of the total and viable cell counts; the cells relative DNA content, measured in a flow microfluorimeter after staining with a fluorescent Feulgen technique; the mitotic index; and the percentage of cells incorporating thymidine-3H (TdR-3H) during brief and continuous exposure to the isotope both in the presence and absence of colcemid. A significant redistribution of the cells in the various phases of the cell cycle occurred during the first 24 hr of continuous treatment with 10(-3) M and 10(-2) M HU as follows: (1) division of cells in G2; (2) depletion of mid and late S phase cells due to early cell death; (3) movement of most G1 cells at a normal rate into early S phase where they accumulate; and (4) arrest of the remaining cells in G1, which represented the surviving population after treatment for 96 hr or longer. After removal of the drug, the cell fraction blocked in early S phase progressed semisynchronously through S, but many of the cells were unable to complete division. Their capacity to recover depended on the drug concentration and duration of exposure, but in general the cellular injury caused by HU was more reversible than that caused by \"equivalent\" concentrations of arabinosylcytosine.", "PMID": 1064742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4768", "title": "Usefulness of cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878) and prednisone (NSC-10023) in refractory childhood lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "One hundred forty-three children with refractory lymphoblastic and undifferentiated leukemia (ALL/AUL) were treated with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and prednisone (Pred). The dose and duration of Ara-C was escalated during induction depending on the response seen in the peripheral blood and/or bone marrow. For those achieving a remission, Ara-C was also used to determine its maintenance capabilities. Of the 143 children, 79 attained a clinical remission, 45 having a complete bone marrow remission and 34 having a partial remission. Maintenance of remission with twice weekly Ara-C was short and did not appear to depend on the amount of Ara-C given during induction. The major toxicity of Ara-C was myelosuppression.", "contents": "Usefulness of cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878) and prednisone (NSC-10023) in refractory childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. One hundred forty-three children with refractory lymphoblastic and undifferentiated leukemia (ALL/AUL) were treated with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and prednisone (Pred). The dose and duration of Ara-C was escalated during induction depending on the response seen in the peripheral blood and/or bone marrow. For those achieving a remission, Ara-C was also used to determine its maintenance capabilities. Of the 143 children, 79 attained a clinical remission, 45 having a complete bone marrow remission and 34 having a partial remission. Maintenance of remission with twice weekly Ara-C was short and did not appear to depend on the amount of Ara-C given during induction. The major toxicity of Ara-C was myelosuppression.", "PMID": 1064743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4769", "title": "Clinically significant cardiac infiltration in acute leukemia, lymphocytic lymphoma, and plasma cell myeloma.", "content": "Cardiac infiltration by hematologic neoplasms leading to clinically significant cardiovascular disease is rare. Three such cases are described in this report, and it is suggested that rare manifestations of hematologic neoplasms may become more common in the future since these diseases are more amenable to therapy than heretofore. Cardiac involvement with hematologic neoplasms is of more than academic interest since this complication is likely to respond to radiotherapy.", "contents": "Clinically significant cardiac infiltration in acute leukemia, lymphocytic lymphoma, and plasma cell myeloma. Cardiac infiltration by hematologic neoplasms leading to clinically significant cardiovascular disease is rare. Three such cases are described in this report, and it is suggested that rare manifestations of hematologic neoplasms may become more common in the future since these diseases are more amenable to therapy than heretofore. Cardiac involvement with hematologic neoplasms is of more than academic interest since this complication is likely to respond to radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1064744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4770", "title": "[Association of leukemias and tumors. Studies of 502 cases of leukemia].", "content": "Nineteen association of leukaemia and tumour were noted in a series of 502 cases of leukaemia: 12/180 (6.6%, compared with 4.7% of 5136 cases in the liteature) for Chr. L.L. (hypogammaglobulinaemia, reduction in single Ig. serious herpes zoster and the T-lymphocyte nature of leukaemia were not more frequent in these associations); 2/102 (1.9%, compared with 2.6% of 1267 cases in the literure) for Chr. M.L.; 5/220 (2.2%, compared with 2.19% of 1138 cases in the literature) for A.L. The mean age of the overall leukaemia series was virtually the same for A.L. (47 yr in a group composed of subjects aged over 12 yr) and Chr. M.L. (48 yr), with the same incidence of association (2.2 and 1.9%), whereas it was 64 yr and 6.6% incidence in Chr. L.L. The bilogarithmic increase in the incidence of tumours with age may itself explain the higher incidence of Chr. L.L. associations. The duration of leukaemia and the age of incidence must be taken into account in any discussion of the significance of such associations.", "contents": "[Association of leukemias and tumors. Studies of 502 cases of leukemia]. Nineteen association of leukaemia and tumour were noted in a series of 502 cases of leukaemia: 12/180 (6.6%, compared with 4.7% of 5136 cases in the liteature) for Chr. L.L. (hypogammaglobulinaemia, reduction in single Ig. serious herpes zoster and the T-lymphocyte nature of leukaemia were not more frequent in these associations); 2/102 (1.9%, compared with 2.6% of 1267 cases in the literure) for Chr. M.L.; 5/220 (2.2%, compared with 2.19% of 1138 cases in the literature) for A.L. The mean age of the overall leukaemia series was virtually the same for A.L. (47 yr in a group composed of subjects aged over 12 yr) and Chr. M.L. (48 yr), with the same incidence of association (2.2 and 1.9%), whereas it was 64 yr and 6.6% incidence in Chr. L.L. The bilogarithmic increase in the incidence of tumours with age may itself explain the higher incidence of Chr. L.L. associations. The duration of leukaemia and the age of incidence must be taken into account in any discussion of the significance of such associations.", "PMID": 1064758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4771", "title": "Noise as a health hazard in the boilermaking industry.", "content": "An investigation was made into noise hazard aspects of three boilermaking firms. This consisted of noise measurement of both background and impact noises, of field audiometry of the workforce and a questionnaire. Environmental findings so far show the noise to be hazardous to hearing. Audiometric testing revealed a high rate of hearing impairment. A general lack of knowledge of noise hazard was shown, and the need for a hearing conservation programme demonstrated.", "contents": "Noise as a health hazard in the boilermaking industry. An investigation was made into noise hazard aspects of three boilermaking firms. This consisted of noise measurement of both background and impact noises, of field audiometry of the workforce and a questionnaire. Environmental findings so far show the noise to be hazardous to hearing. Audiometric testing revealed a high rate of hearing impairment. A general lack of knowledge of noise hazard was shown, and the need for a hearing conservation programme demonstrated.", "PMID": 1064789}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4772", "title": "Spironolactone-associated aggravation of renal functional impairment.", "content": "Five patients in whom deterioration in renal function was associated with the use of the aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, are reported. Care in the use of this drug is urged, especially in the elderly. Patients with known renal functional impairment should not receive this agent.", "contents": "Spironolactone-associated aggravation of renal functional impairment. Five patients in whom deterioration in renal function was associated with the use of the aldosterone antagonist, spironolactone, are reported. Care in the use of this drug is urged, especially in the elderly. Patients with known renal functional impairment should not receive this agent.", "PMID": 1064790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4773", "title": "Management of sugar intolerance in children.", "content": "Sugar intolerance is a common problem in paediatric practice. The usual type is lactose intolerance following gastroenteritis, but it may also occur in a wide variety of disorders of the small bowel. Diagnosis depends upon identification of reducing substances in the stools. An approach to dietary management of lactose intolerance is given and use of a carbohydrate-free formula in secondary monosaccharide intolerance is described. In each situation, threshold for digestion or absorbtion of carbohydrate is approached gradually from below, and overflow detected by Clinitest stool testing.", "contents": "Management of sugar intolerance in children. Sugar intolerance is a common problem in paediatric practice. The usual type is lactose intolerance following gastroenteritis, but it may also occur in a wide variety of disorders of the small bowel. Diagnosis depends upon identification of reducing substances in the stools. An approach to dietary management of lactose intolerance is given and use of a carbohydrate-free formula in secondary monosaccharide intolerance is described. In each situation, threshold for digestion or absorbtion of carbohydrate is approached gradually from below, and overflow detected by Clinitest stool testing.", "PMID": 1064791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4774", "title": "A short interview as an assessment of student health and potential.", "content": "A prospective study of the effectiveness of a short interview in assessing health needs and potential performance of students. The results indicate that such an interview is of limited value in the recognition of the vulnerable student, can predict performance of the best students with reasonable accuracy, can recognise potential drop-outs, but failed to distinguish in a borderline group between those likely to succeed and those not.", "contents": "A short interview as an assessment of student health and potential. A prospective study of the effectiveness of a short interview in assessing health needs and potential performance of students. The results indicate that such an interview is of limited value in the recognition of the vulnerable student, can predict performance of the best students with reasonable accuracy, can recognise potential drop-outs, but failed to distinguish in a borderline group between those likely to succeed and those not.", "PMID": 1064792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4775", "title": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus-food poisoning: case report.", "content": "Symptoms of food poisoning occurred following the ingestion of raw shellfish purchased in the Auckland area. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was recoverer from the patient. The potential of this and closely related microorganisms to cause illness is reviewed.", "contents": "Vibrio parahaemolyticus-food poisoning: case report. Symptoms of food poisoning occurred following the ingestion of raw shellfish purchased in the Auckland area. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was recoverer from the patient. The potential of this and closely related microorganisms to cause illness is reviewed.", "PMID": 1064793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4776", "title": "Pull-through uretero-lithotomy.", "content": "A method for removing a stone from the lower end of the ureter by a pull-through uretero-lithotomy is described.", "contents": "Pull-through uretero-lithotomy. A method for removing a stone from the lower end of the ureter by a pull-through uretero-lithotomy is described.", "PMID": 1064794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4777", "title": "Self poisoning in Auckland.", "content": "The records of all deliberate self poisoners seen at Auckland Hospital in a 15 month period in 1971-72 were examined. There were 550 patients of whom 35 presented twice and six three times. Five persons died. A subgroup of 100 was interviewed personally and compared with 100 orthopaedic outpatients matched for age and sex. Self poisoners are more likely to be aged 15-24, of female sex, have seen a psychiatrist, self poisoned previously, come from disturbed family and marital backgrounds and show other signs of moderate maladjustment. Drugs taken are usually prescription drugs obtained legitimately with psychiatric ones particularly hypnotics and anxiolytics, predominating. The act is usually impulsive and not designed to result in death. Most patients require only outpatient treatment. It is suggested that the term attempted suicide is a misnomer in most cases and the less misleading self poisoning replace it.", "contents": "Self poisoning in Auckland. The records of all deliberate self poisoners seen at Auckland Hospital in a 15 month period in 1971-72 were examined. There were 550 patients of whom 35 presented twice and six three times. Five persons died. A subgroup of 100 was interviewed personally and compared with 100 orthopaedic outpatients matched for age and sex. Self poisoners are more likely to be aged 15-24, of female sex, have seen a psychiatrist, self poisoned previously, come from disturbed family and marital backgrounds and show other signs of moderate maladjustment. Drugs taken are usually prescription drugs obtained legitimately with psychiatric ones particularly hypnotics and anxiolytics, predominating. The act is usually impulsive and not designed to result in death. Most patients require only outpatient treatment. It is suggested that the term attempted suicide is a misnomer in most cases and the less misleading self poisoning replace it.", "PMID": 1064798}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4778", "title": "What do New Zealand general practitioners do in their offices?", "content": "A third person physician observer timed 16 New Zealand general practitioners during a work day during summer months. Usual office hours for the 16 physicians occupied over seven hours, during which time the patient list averaged 26 persons. Greatest time span, 27 percent, used in diagnosis, but substantial time was spent in health education, counseling and administration. The distribution of patients' problems was greatest in respiratory disease, followed by musculoskeletal, dermatologic and urogenital. There is considerable similarity to practice patterns of rural physicians in Missouri, USA.", "contents": "What do New Zealand general practitioners do in their offices? A third person physician observer timed 16 New Zealand general practitioners during a work day during summer months. Usual office hours for the 16 physicians occupied over seven hours, during which time the patient list averaged 26 persons. Greatest time span, 27 percent, used in diagnosis, but substantial time was spent in health education, counseling and administration. The distribution of patients' problems was greatest in respiratory disease, followed by musculoskeletal, dermatologic and urogenital. There is considerable similarity to practice patterns of rural physicians in Missouri, USA.", "PMID": 1064799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4779", "title": "Physiotherapy and the frozen shoulder: a comparative trial of ice and ultrasonic therapy.", "content": "In a prospective study ice and ultrasonic applications have been compared in a series of patients with the frozen shoulder syndrome. No significant advantage of one treatment over the other could be demonstrated. It would appear that both of these physiotherapy methods can shorten the painful stage of the condition and, in conjunction with specific exercises, hasten recovery of the range of shoulder movement.", "contents": "Physiotherapy and the frozen shoulder: a comparative trial of ice and ultrasonic therapy. In a prospective study ice and ultrasonic applications have been compared in a series of patients with the frozen shoulder syndrome. No significant advantage of one treatment over the other could be demonstrated. It would appear that both of these physiotherapy methods can shorten the painful stage of the condition and, in conjunction with specific exercises, hasten recovery of the range of shoulder movement.", "PMID": 1064800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4780", "title": "Serum zinc levels in New Zealand children.", "content": "A report is made of serum zinc levels in 518 children with an age range of nine days to 17 years. There were significant differences in normal levels between fasting and non-fasting children, Europeans and Maoris, Europeans and Polynesians, and Indians and Polynesians. Lower levels were also found in those under the age of 13 but may be due to variation in serum proteins in these children who were all anaesthetised.", "contents": "Serum zinc levels in New Zealand children. A report is made of serum zinc levels in 518 children with an age range of nine days to 17 years. There were significant differences in normal levels between fasting and non-fasting children, Europeans and Maoris, Europeans and Polynesians, and Indians and Polynesians. Lower levels were also found in those under the age of 13 but may be due to variation in serum proteins in these children who were all anaesthetised.", "PMID": 1064801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4781", "title": "Benign self-limiting sarcoidosis with skin and joint involvement.", "content": "Three cases of sarcoidosis presenting with both erythema nodosum and erythema diffusion as well as with an arthritis and pulmonary involvement are described. The simultaneous occurrence of nodose and diffuse skin lesions would suggest that a clinical distinction between Lofgren's syndrome (Lofgren, 1953) and the syndrome described by Caplan, Katz, Rubenstein (1970) is not justified.", "contents": "Benign self-limiting sarcoidosis with skin and joint involvement. Three cases of sarcoidosis presenting with both erythema nodosum and erythema diffusion as well as with an arthritis and pulmonary involvement are described. The simultaneous occurrence of nodose and diffuse skin lesions would suggest that a clinical distinction between Lofgren's syndrome (Lofgren, 1953) and the syndrome described by Caplan, Katz, Rubenstein (1970) is not justified.", "PMID": 1064802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4782", "title": "Histometric study of healing of periodontal tissues in rats after surgical injury. I. Design of a standardized surgical procedure.", "content": "A standardized surgical procedure in rats is described which allowed a histometric registration of the repair of cementum, periondontal ligaments and bone, and which eliminated the possibility of interference of pocket epithelium during the healing process. Using an extraoral incision, the lateral surface of the mandible was exposed, and a cavity was cut through the vestibular bone plate, the periodontal ligaments and into the root surface, using a specially designed handpiece and bur. This procedure was performed in 20 male Wistar rats, 9 weeks old. The observation period was 12 weeks. The systematic error, precision and interanimal variation were examined for histometric registrations of the repair of cementum, periodontal ligaments and bone. The precision of the histometric procedures was in this study found to be 5% or less for most of the different structures measured, and the estimated combined systematic errors probably less than 5% for cementum repair. The coefficient of variation in cementum repair among different rats was 24%. This variance has two components, the combined influence of systematic errors and precision of histologic and histometric procedures and the other the biological variance due to inter-animal differences. The precision and systematic errors probably do not account for more than one third of this variance, the remaining two thirds being inter-animal differences. These differences could not be completely controlled in this study in spite of the use of a controlled genetic strain of rats bred in litters of the same size under SPF conditions.", "contents": "Histometric study of healing of periodontal tissues in rats after surgical injury. I. Design of a standardized surgical procedure. A standardized surgical procedure in rats is described which allowed a histometric registration of the repair of cementum, periondontal ligaments and bone, and which eliminated the possibility of interference of pocket epithelium during the healing process. Using an extraoral incision, the lateral surface of the mandible was exposed, and a cavity was cut through the vestibular bone plate, the periodontal ligaments and into the root surface, using a specially designed handpiece and bur. This procedure was performed in 20 male Wistar rats, 9 weeks old. The observation period was 12 weeks. The systematic error, precision and interanimal variation were examined for histometric registrations of the repair of cementum, periodontal ligaments and bone. The precision of the histometric procedures was in this study found to be 5% or less for most of the different structures measured, and the estimated combined systematic errors probably less than 5% for cementum repair. The coefficient of variation in cementum repair among different rats was 24%. This variance has two components, the combined influence of systematic errors and precision of histologic and histometric procedures and the other the biological variance due to inter-animal differences. The precision and systematic errors probably do not account for more than one third of this variance, the remaining two thirds being inter-animal differences. These differences could not be completely controlled in this study in spite of the use of a controlled genetic strain of rats bred in litters of the same size under SPF conditions.", "PMID": 1064823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4783", "title": "Histometric study of healing of periodontal tissues in rats after surgical injury. II. Healing events of alveolar bone, periodontal ligaments and cementum.", "content": "A standardized surgical periodontal injury was performed in 67 male Wistar rats 9 weeks of age. An osteotomy was made with a burr through the vestibular bone plate and the periodontal ligaments and into the superficial part of the root surface of the mandibular first molar. The rats were sacrificed with observation periods ranging from 1 day to 2 years postoperatively. A histometric registration was made of the repair of alveolar bone, periodontal ligaments and cementum. Bone repair was found after 7 days and included a bony alkalosis. On the period from 7 to 14 days after surgery this ankylosis was removed by resorption process. Argyrophilic reticulin fibers were present 3 to 5 days after surgery. Precollagen fibers were found after 4 days, whereas mature collagen fibers inserting in new formed cementum, was seen after 14 days. The number of collagen fibers increased substantially until 28 days after surgery. Initial cementum repair was found after 14 days and increased substantially with increasing observation periods tending to reach the thickness of the contralateral control tooth. Based on these findings a new concept of healing of the surgically injured periodontium in rats is presented. According to this the healing occurs in three successive phases. 1. Bone repair with formation of an ankylosis. 2. Repair of the periodontal ligament including removal of the established ankylosis. 3. Repair of Cementum.", "contents": "Histometric study of healing of periodontal tissues in rats after surgical injury. II. Healing events of alveolar bone, periodontal ligaments and cementum. A standardized surgical periodontal injury was performed in 67 male Wistar rats 9 weeks of age. An osteotomy was made with a burr through the vestibular bone plate and the periodontal ligaments and into the superficial part of the root surface of the mandibular first molar. The rats were sacrificed with observation periods ranging from 1 day to 2 years postoperatively. A histometric registration was made of the repair of alveolar bone, periodontal ligaments and cementum. Bone repair was found after 7 days and included a bony alkalosis. On the period from 7 to 14 days after surgery this ankylosis was removed by resorption process. Argyrophilic reticulin fibers were present 3 to 5 days after surgery. Precollagen fibers were found after 4 days, whereas mature collagen fibers inserting in new formed cementum, was seen after 14 days. The number of collagen fibers increased substantially until 28 days after surgery. Initial cementum repair was found after 14 days and increased substantially with increasing observation periods tending to reach the thickness of the contralateral control tooth. Based on these findings a new concept of healing of the surgically injured periodontium in rats is presented. According to this the healing occurs in three successive phases. 1. Bone repair with formation of an ankylosis. 2. Repair of the periodontal ligament including removal of the established ankylosis. 3. Repair of Cementum.", "PMID": 1064824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4784", "title": "Radiography of the temporomandibular joint utilizing oblique lateral transcranial projections. Comparison of information obtained with standardized technique and individualized technique.", "content": "An individualized technique for radiography of the temporomandibular joint utilizing oblique lateral transcranial projection is described. The patient is fixed in a cephalostat and the central ray directed through the horizontal long axis of the condyle. The information yielded when applying the individualized technique has been compared with that yielded from a standard technique and tomography. The plane of sectioning for tomography was oriented perpendicular to the horizontal long axis of the condyle. The material comprised radiographs from 30 joints. The condyle to fossa relation was studied as well as the occurence of structural changes. Neither the individualized technique nor the standardized technique gave an accurate picture of the condyle to fossa relation when compared to tomography. However, the individualized technique tended to give the same result as tomography more often. Tomography revealed the greatest number of structural changes (66) followed by individualized technique (47) and standard technique (19). Most changes were noted exclusively in one projection. A combination of individualized technique and tomography revealed more changes than a combination of tomography and standard technique.", "contents": "Radiography of the temporomandibular joint utilizing oblique lateral transcranial projections. Comparison of information obtained with standardized technique and individualized technique. An individualized technique for radiography of the temporomandibular joint utilizing oblique lateral transcranial projection is described. The patient is fixed in a cephalostat and the central ray directed through the horizontal long axis of the condyle. The information yielded when applying the individualized technique has been compared with that yielded from a standard technique and tomography. The plane of sectioning for tomography was oriented perpendicular to the horizontal long axis of the condyle. The material comprised radiographs from 30 joints. The condyle to fossa relation was studied as well as the occurence of structural changes. Neither the individualized technique nor the standardized technique gave an accurate picture of the condyle to fossa relation when compared to tomography. However, the individualized technique tended to give the same result as tomography more often. Tomography revealed the greatest number of structural changes (66) followed by individualized technique (47) and standard technique (19). Most changes were noted exclusively in one projection. A combination of individualized technique and tomography revealed more changes than a combination of tomography and standard technique.", "PMID": 1064825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4785", "title": "Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. VI. A clinical, microbiological and radiological evaluation of treatment in one sitting of teeth with mature or immature root.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was clinically, microbiologically and radiologically to assess the effect of calcium hydroxide as a temporary root-filling inserted in the same sitting as root canal debridement in non-vital permanent incisors with mature and immature root, infected or uninfected root canal and with or without radiologically demonstrated periapical bone changes. The material consisted of 141 teeth divided in 3 groups in which mechanical cleansing was accompanied by flushing with sterile saline and sodium hypochlorite solutions giving 0.5% or 5.0% active chlorine, respectively. Microbiological samples were taken from root canals after extirpation of necrotic pulp tissue, after completed cleansing of the root canal and 3 and 6 month after treatment. Results of treatment were evaluated from the radiographs taken before treatment and at the 3 and 6 month follow-ups. Complication, pain and an abscess, occurred in 2 cases, 2 and 5 days, respectively, after treatment. No statistical correlation between occurrence of samples that gave growth, taken from the root canals at 3 (8%) or 6-month control (9%) and 1) bacteriological status of the root canal prior to filling with calcium hydroxide, 2) the development of the root or 3) periapical healing at 3 or 6 month follow-up could be ascertained. Periapical bone healing at the end of 6-months observation period was noted in 61 teeth (46%), regression of periapical bone lesions in 64 (49%) and no periapical healing in 6 (5%). The only difference in healing pattern, statistically significant on 0.1% level, was found in the group of teeth flushed with 5.0% sodium hypochlorite. At 3 month control they showed percentually less cases with regression and more cases with no healing of periapical bone lesions than the teeth in the other two groups. It was concluded that treatment in one sitting can be done routinely, irrespective of the initial status, in all those cases where no other treatment is possible. If the periodontium or the periapical bone are injured during cleansing procedures or if necrotic rests are not pressed out through the apical foramen, no complications after treatment need to be feared.", "contents": "Treatment of non-vital permanent incisors with calcium hydroxide. VI. A clinical, microbiological and radiological evaluation of treatment in one sitting of teeth with mature or immature root. The purpose of the investigation was clinically, microbiologically and radiologically to assess the effect of calcium hydroxide as a temporary root-filling inserted in the same sitting as root canal debridement in non-vital permanent incisors with mature and immature root, infected or uninfected root canal and with or without radiologically demonstrated periapical bone changes. The material consisted of 141 teeth divided in 3 groups in which mechanical cleansing was accompanied by flushing with sterile saline and sodium hypochlorite solutions giving 0.5% or 5.0% active chlorine, respectively. Microbiological samples were taken from root canals after extirpation of necrotic pulp tissue, after completed cleansing of the root canal and 3 and 6 month after treatment. Results of treatment were evaluated from the radiographs taken before treatment and at the 3 and 6 month follow-ups. Complication, pain and an abscess, occurred in 2 cases, 2 and 5 days, respectively, after treatment. No statistical correlation between occurrence of samples that gave growth, taken from the root canals at 3 (8%) or 6-month control (9%) and 1) bacteriological status of the root canal prior to filling with calcium hydroxide, 2) the development of the root or 3) periapical healing at 3 or 6 month follow-up could be ascertained. Periapical bone healing at the end of 6-months observation period was noted in 61 teeth (46%), regression of periapical bone lesions in 64 (49%) and no periapical healing in 6 (5%). The only difference in healing pattern, statistically significant on 0.1% level, was found in the group of teeth flushed with 5.0% sodium hypochlorite. At 3 month control they showed percentually less cases with regression and more cases with no healing of periapical bone lesions than the teeth in the other two groups. It was concluded that treatment in one sitting can be done routinely, irrespective of the initial status, in all those cases where no other treatment is possible. If the periodontium or the periapical bone are injured during cleansing procedures or if necrotic rests are not pressed out through the apical foramen, no complications after treatment need to be feared.", "PMID": 1064826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4786", "title": "Results of therapy in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "27 adult patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia have been analyzed. Complete remission was induced in 9 of 113 patients treated with prednisone +6-MP, 4 of 6 patients treated with prednisone + vincristine, and the one patient treated with a combination of prednisone, vincristine, 6-MP, and methotrexate. The median survival for these 20 patients was 11 months and the median duration of complete remission was 71/2 months. Two of these patients remain in complete remission at 8+ years. Our most recent regimen for remission induction, prednisone + vincristine + daunomycin, has produced complete remission in 7 of 7 patients, with a median duration of complete remission of 15 months. Three patients remain in their original complete remission from 16+ to 24+ months, and 5 of these 7 patients remain alive from 16+ to 24+ months.", "contents": "Results of therapy in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. 27 adult patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia have been analyzed. Complete remission was induced in 9 of 113 patients treated with prednisone +6-MP, 4 of 6 patients treated with prednisone + vincristine, and the one patient treated with a combination of prednisone, vincristine, 6-MP, and methotrexate. The median survival for these 20 patients was 11 months and the median duration of complete remission was 71/2 months. Two of these patients remain in complete remission at 8+ years. Our most recent regimen for remission induction, prednisone + vincristine + daunomycin, has produced complete remission in 7 of 7 patients, with a median duration of complete remission of 15 months. Three patients remain in their original complete remission from 16+ to 24+ months, and 5 of these 7 patients remain alive from 16+ to 24+ months.", "PMID": 1064827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4787", "title": "[Spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei of myeloblasts in a case of chronic granulocytic leukemia during blastic crisis. an electromicroscopical study (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of electron microscopy, myeloblasts with spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei from a patient with micromegakaryotic chronic myelosis in the blastic crisis were analysed. The centriol was found in the center of the cells and microtubules were found between the segments of the nucleus. These observations support the hypothesis that spontaneous radial segmentations of the nuclei of tumor cells is associated with a contractile process of the microtubules with split the nucleus.", "contents": "[Spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei of myeloblasts in a case of chronic granulocytic leukemia during blastic crisis. an electromicroscopical study (author's transl)]. By means of electron microscopy, myeloblasts with spontaneous radial segmentation of the nuclei from a patient with micromegakaryotic chronic myelosis in the blastic crisis were analysed. The centriol was found in the center of the cells and microtubules were found between the segments of the nucleus. These observations support the hypothesis that spontaneous radial segmentations of the nuclei of tumor cells is associated with a contractile process of the microtubules with split the nucleus.", "PMID": 1064833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4788", "title": "[Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome].", "content": "The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome consists of recurrent facial edema, mainly localized to the lips, recurrent facial paralysis and plicated tongue. The edema eventually becomes permanent, and in combination with residues of facial paralysis, may bring about considerable disfigurement, thus necessitating medical or surgical intervention. The different elements of the triad often do not occur simultaneously, and two positive findings are often considered sufficient for the diagnosis. A case report of a 52 year old woman with lip edema and partial facial paralysis is presented. Antihistamines and corticosteroids systemically were found to have no influence on the edema, and ultimately plastic correction was resorted to, without any striking improvement of her condition.", "contents": "[Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome]. The Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome consists of recurrent facial edema, mainly localized to the lips, recurrent facial paralysis and plicated tongue. The edema eventually becomes permanent, and in combination with residues of facial paralysis, may bring about considerable disfigurement, thus necessitating medical or surgical intervention. The different elements of the triad often do not occur simultaneously, and two positive findings are often considered sufficient for the diagnosis. A case report of a 52 year old woman with lip edema and partial facial paralysis is presented. Antihistamines and corticosteroids systemically were found to have no influence on the edema, and ultimately plastic correction was resorted to, without any striking improvement of her condition.", "PMID": 1064842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4789", "title": "[Trial of androgen therapy in the treatment of non-lymphoblastic acute leukemia. First results].", "content": "Addition of a daily dose of androgen in the form of 0.15 mg/kg of Stanzolol, given without interruption, gave an average survival of more than 4 years in patients suffering from granulocyte series acute leukaemias after complete remission was obtained. The simplicity of this treatment is apparent only from the appearance of marked manifestations of androgen impregnation in women from the 8th month of treatment onwards. These results, superior to those obtained up to the present time in the survival of myeloid leukaemias (non-lymphoblastic) were also better in terms of the stability and X \"quality\" of the remission in comparison to those obtained in acute lymphoblastic leukaemias. Confirmation of these results by controlled clinical trial will open up interesting perspectives, along side immunotherapy which remains of unproven effectiveness in myeloid leukaemias. The effectiveness of androgen stimulation of haematopoiesis as a stabilising factor of complete remissions in acute leukaemias has, in addition, interesting implications with regard to the theory of the leukaemic process.", "contents": "[Trial of androgen therapy in the treatment of non-lymphoblastic acute leukemia. First results]. Addition of a daily dose of androgen in the form of 0.15 mg/kg of Stanzolol, given without interruption, gave an average survival of more than 4 years in patients suffering from granulocyte series acute leukaemias after complete remission was obtained. The simplicity of this treatment is apparent only from the appearance of marked manifestations of androgen impregnation in women from the 8th month of treatment onwards. These results, superior to those obtained up to the present time in the survival of myeloid leukaemias (non-lymphoblastic) were also better in terms of the stability and X \"quality\" of the remission in comparison to those obtained in acute lymphoblastic leukaemias. Confirmation of these results by controlled clinical trial will open up interesting perspectives, along side immunotherapy which remains of unproven effectiveness in myeloid leukaemias. The effectiveness of androgen stimulation of haematopoiesis as a stabilising factor of complete remissions in acute leukaemias has, in addition, interesting implications with regard to the theory of the leukaemic process.", "PMID": 1064847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4790", "title": "Screening by negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for environmental contamination with toxic residues: Application to human urines.", "content": "A screening procedure based on solvent extraction with minimal clean up followed by examination with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been developed for organochlorine residues and related compounds with masses greater than 130 daltons. The procedure has been made quantitative for analysis of pentachlorophenol residues. A limited survey of human urines indicated extensive contamination of the subjects, studied at parts per billion and higher levels, with pentachlorophenol, 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid, other polychlorophenoxy acids, and numerous unknown compounds. In an attempt to define the source of the contamination, the screening procedure was applied to samples of environmental substrates. The results suggest the food chain as one significant source of the contamination. A preliminary study of organochlorine compounds in human seminal fluid showed pentachlorophenol and other organochlorine residues in every sample, a result which suggests that this area may merit additional monitoring.", "contents": "Screening by negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for environmental contamination with toxic residues: Application to human urines. A screening procedure based on solvent extraction with minimal clean up followed by examination with negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been developed for organochlorine residues and related compounds with masses greater than 130 daltons. The procedure has been made quantitative for analysis of pentachlorophenol residues. A limited survey of human urines indicated extensive contamination of the subjects, studied at parts per billion and higher levels, with pentachlorophenol, 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxy acetic acid, other polychlorophenoxy acids, and numerous unknown compounds. In an attempt to define the source of the contamination, the screening procedure was applied to samples of environmental substrates. The results suggest the food chain as one significant source of the contamination. A preliminary study of organochlorine compounds in human seminal fluid showed pentachlorophenol and other organochlorine residues in every sample, a result which suggests that this area may merit additional monitoring.", "PMID": 1064850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4791", "title": "Conformation of uncomplexed [Phe4, Val6] antamanide crystallized from nonpolar solvents.", "content": "[Phe4, Val6] antamanide, a synthetic, biologically active analog of the cyclic decapeptide antitoxin isolated from Amanita phalloides, has been crystallized from a mixture of n-hexane and methyl acetate, and its conformation has been established by the direct method of x-ray diffraction analysis, i.e., without the benefit of any heavy atom. The uncomplexed molecule contains a 2-fold rotation axis and cis peptide linkages between Pro2-Pro3 and Pro7-Pro8. Otherwise, its conformation differs extensively from that of the Na+[Phe4, Val6] antamanide-C2H5OH complex. The 30-membered ring is elongated and relatively planar as compared to the folded ring in the Na+ complex. The six NH groups are directed toward the anterior of the molecule. There is one pair of intra-molecular NH---O=C bonds of the 5 leads to 1 type containing a cis peptide unit. The other four NH groups participate in hydrogen bonds to three H2O sites in the interior of the molecule. The 10 hydrophobic side groups cover the bottom and surround the perimeter of the molecule with the phenyl groups in the four Phe residues folded against the molecule. The conformation found for [Phe4, Val6] antamanide crystallized from nonpolar solvents is different from any conformations proposed for antamanide in solution based on nuclear magnetic resonance data.", "contents": "Conformation of uncomplexed [Phe4, Val6] antamanide crystallized from nonpolar solvents. [Phe4, Val6] antamanide, a synthetic, biologically active analog of the cyclic decapeptide antitoxin isolated from Amanita phalloides, has been crystallized from a mixture of n-hexane and methyl acetate, and its conformation has been established by the direct method of x-ray diffraction analysis, i.e., without the benefit of any heavy atom. The uncomplexed molecule contains a 2-fold rotation axis and cis peptide linkages between Pro2-Pro3 and Pro7-Pro8. Otherwise, its conformation differs extensively from that of the Na+[Phe4, Val6] antamanide-C2H5OH complex. The 30-membered ring is elongated and relatively planar as compared to the folded ring in the Na+ complex. The six NH groups are directed toward the anterior of the molecule. There is one pair of intra-molecular NH---O=C bonds of the 5 leads to 1 type containing a cis peptide unit. The other four NH groups participate in hydrogen bonds to three H2O sites in the interior of the molecule. The 10 hydrophobic side groups cover the bottom and surround the perimeter of the molecule with the phenyl groups in the four Phe residues folded against the molecule. The conformation found for [Phe4, Val6] antamanide crystallized from nonpolar solvents is different from any conformations proposed for antamanide in solution based on nuclear magnetic resonance data.", "PMID": 1064851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4792", "title": "Structural and kinetic studies of lasalocid A (X537A) and its silver, sodium, and barium salts in nonpolar solvents.", "content": "The ionophore lasalocid A (X537A) and its metal salts have been investigated by high resolution (270 MHz and 360 MHz) proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to obtain structural and kinetic information in nonpolar solution. The proton resonances were assigned from double resonance studies on lasalocid A and on its salts, homologs, isomers, and chemically modified derivatives. Studies of proton and carbon longitudinal relaxation time suggest that lasalocid A exists as a monomer, whereas the sodium and barium salts exist as dimers in nonpolar solvents. A study of the magnitude of the vicinal proton coupling constants and the chemical shifts and linewidths of the hydroxyl resonances suggest that the backbone conformation and intramolecular hydrogen bonds are similar for lasalocid A and its sodium and barium salts in nonpolar solvents. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the role of bound solvent molecules suggest a tightly bound water molecule in the barium complex dimer (crystallized from water-ethanol) and a weakly bound ethanol molecule in the lasalocid A monomer (crystallized from ethanol) in cyclohexane. The selective changes in proton chemical shift on complexation [where the polar faces of two lasalocid anions coordinate the metal cation(s) in nonpolar solvents have been analyzed in terms of the proximity of the resonances to the cation, their linkage to the coordinating oxygen atoms, and the magnetic anisotropy effects of the polar groups of one ligand on the resonances of its partner in the dimer. The nuclear magnetic resonance studies in solution are compared with earlier observations on lasalocid A and its salts in the crystalline state. Thus, the short Ag-C5 distance in the crystal structure of silver complex dimer is also observed in the solution structure. The kinetic parameters associated with the exchange between lasalocid A and its barium complex in chloroform have been measured from an analysis of the resonance line shapes as a function of temperature.", "contents": "Structural and kinetic studies of lasalocid A (X537A) and its silver, sodium, and barium salts in nonpolar solvents. The ionophore lasalocid A (X537A) and its metal salts have been investigated by high resolution (270 MHz and 360 MHz) proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to obtain structural and kinetic information in nonpolar solution. The proton resonances were assigned from double resonance studies on lasalocid A and on its salts, homologs, isomers, and chemically modified derivatives. Studies of proton and carbon longitudinal relaxation time suggest that lasalocid A exists as a monomer, whereas the sodium and barium salts exist as dimers in nonpolar solvents. A study of the magnitude of the vicinal proton coupling constants and the chemical shifts and linewidths of the hydroxyl resonances suggest that the backbone conformation and intramolecular hydrogen bonds are similar for lasalocid A and its sodium and barium salts in nonpolar solvents. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the role of bound solvent molecules suggest a tightly bound water molecule in the barium complex dimer (crystallized from water-ethanol) and a weakly bound ethanol molecule in the lasalocid A monomer (crystallized from ethanol) in cyclohexane. The selective changes in proton chemical shift on complexation [where the polar faces of two lasalocid anions coordinate the metal cation(s) in nonpolar solvents have been analyzed in terms of the proximity of the resonances to the cation, their linkage to the coordinating oxygen atoms, and the magnetic anisotropy effects of the polar groups of one ligand on the resonances of its partner in the dimer. The nuclear magnetic resonance studies in solution are compared with earlier observations on lasalocid A and its salts in the crystalline state. Thus, the short Ag-C5 distance in the crystal structure of silver complex dimer is also observed in the solution structure. The kinetic parameters associated with the exchange between lasalocid A and its barium complex in chloroform have been measured from an analysis of the resonance line shapes as a function of temperature.", "PMID": 1064852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4793", "title": "Localization of acetylcholine receptors during synaptogenesis in retina.", "content": "Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are synthesized in chick embryo retina before synapses appear. Most of the receptors are found associated with neurites in the inner synaptic layer of the retina; later in development the receptors appear in the outer synaptic layer. Cells dissociated from retina and cultured in vitro form aggregates and also sort out into regions comprised either of neurites or cell bodies. Most of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of aggregates are found associated with neurite regions. The receptor distribution of cultured retina cells thus resembles that of intact retina.", "contents": "Localization of acetylcholine receptors during synaptogenesis in retina. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are synthesized in chick embryo retina before synapses appear. Most of the receptors are found associated with neurites in the inner synaptic layer of the retina; later in development the receptors appear in the outer synaptic layer. Cells dissociated from retina and cultured in vitro form aggregates and also sort out into regions comprised either of neurites or cell bodies. Most of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of aggregates are found associated with neurite regions. The receptor distribution of cultured retina cells thus resembles that of intact retina.", "PMID": 1064853}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4794", "title": "Unequal accumulation of alpha- and beta-globin mRNA in erythropoietic mouse spleen.", "content": "Relative amounts and rates of synthesis of alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were determined during splenic erythropoiesis in mice. At times after injection of mice with phenylhydrazine, alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were separated by gel electrophoresis and quantitated by densitometric scanning of stained gels. At 66 hr after injection, the ratio of beta to alpha mRNA is about 1.2. By 138 hr, total globin mRNA is 5-fold greater in spleen cells, and the beta to alpha mRNA ratio approaches 2. This ratio remains around 1 in reticulocytes throughout this period. Analyses of globin products directed by these mRNAs from spleen cells and reticulocytes in the ascites cell-free system reflect the beta to alpha mRNA ratio observed by electrophoresis. Relative rates of synthesis of globin mRNAs were estimated after incubation of spleen cells with either [3H] uridine or [3H] adenosine. Although synthesis of both mRNAs is maximal at 114 hr and then declines sharply, beta mRNA is synthesized at a greater rate than alpha mRNA at every developmental stage. In contrast to the excess accumulation of beta mRNA in spleen cells, synthesis of alpha- and beta-globin chains remains balanced throughout erythroid development. These data suggest that during erythropoiesis in this system, equal synthesis of alpha and beta globin involves regulation at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.", "contents": "Unequal accumulation of alpha- and beta-globin mRNA in erythropoietic mouse spleen. Relative amounts and rates of synthesis of alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were determined during splenic erythropoiesis in mice. At times after injection of mice with phenylhydrazine, alpha- and beta-globin mRNAs were separated by gel electrophoresis and quantitated by densitometric scanning of stained gels. At 66 hr after injection, the ratio of beta to alpha mRNA is about 1.2. By 138 hr, total globin mRNA is 5-fold greater in spleen cells, and the beta to alpha mRNA ratio approaches 2. This ratio remains around 1 in reticulocytes throughout this period. Analyses of globin products directed by these mRNAs from spleen cells and reticulocytes in the ascites cell-free system reflect the beta to alpha mRNA ratio observed by electrophoresis. Relative rates of synthesis of globin mRNAs were estimated after incubation of spleen cells with either [3H] uridine or [3H] adenosine. Although synthesis of both mRNAs is maximal at 114 hr and then declines sharply, beta mRNA is synthesized at a greater rate than alpha mRNA at every developmental stage. In contrast to the excess accumulation of beta mRNA in spleen cells, synthesis of alpha- and beta-globin chains remains balanced throughout erythroid development. These data suggest that during erythropoiesis in this system, equal synthesis of alpha and beta globin involves regulation at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.", "PMID": 1064854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4795", "title": "Opioid activity of a peptide, beta-lipotropin-(61-91), derived from beta-lipotropin.", "content": "The pituitary peptide beta-lipotropin displays essentially no opoid activity in a preparation of guinea pig ileum or in the opiate receptor binding assay. However, a fragment, beta-lipotropin-(61-91), with the enkephalin sequence (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) at its NH2-terminus, has typical opioid effects in these two assays.", "contents": "Opioid activity of a peptide, beta-lipotropin-(61-91), derived from beta-lipotropin. The pituitary peptide beta-lipotropin displays essentially no opoid activity in a preparation of guinea pig ileum or in the opiate receptor binding assay. However, a fragment, beta-lipotropin-(61-91), with the enkephalin sequence (Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) at its NH2-terminus, has typical opioid effects in these two assays.", "PMID": 1064855}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4796", "title": "Crystalline semisynthetic ribonuclease-S'.", "content": "Crystals of solid phase-derived semisynthetic ribonuclease-S' were prepared and compared with those for native ribonuclease-S' and -S. The semisynthetic species used was the noncovalent complex of synthetic fragment-(1-20), corresponding to residues 1 through 20 of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease-A (ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22), and native ribonuclease-S-(21-124); the fragment containing residues 21 through 124 of ribonuclease-A. This semisynthetic complex was completely active enzymatically, was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and had no greater than trace amounts of excess ribonuclease-s(21-124) as judged by affinity chromatography. Crystallization of both semisynthetic and native ribonuclease-s' at pH 5.3 resulted in well-formed crystallseater than trace amounts of excess ribonuclease-S-T21-124) as judged by affinity chromatography. Crystallization of both semisynthetic and native ribonuclease-S' at pH 5.3 resulted in well-formed crystals with the symmetry of space group P3121 and unit cell dimensions a=b=44.82, c=97.3 A. This crystal form corresponds to the Y form of native ribonuclease-S previously reported [Wyckoff et al. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 3749-3753]. X-ray diffraction patterns of the crystals were indistinguishable, indicative of the structural identity of semisynthetic and native ribonuclease-S'.", "contents": "Crystalline semisynthetic ribonuclease-S'. Crystals of solid phase-derived semisynthetic ribonuclease-S' were prepared and compared with those for native ribonuclease-S' and -S. The semisynthetic species used was the noncovalent complex of synthetic fragment-(1-20), corresponding to residues 1 through 20 of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease-A (ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22), and native ribonuclease-S-(21-124); the fragment containing residues 21 through 124 of ribonuclease-A. This semisynthetic complex was completely active enzymatically, was homogeneous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and had no greater than trace amounts of excess ribonuclease-s(21-124) as judged by affinity chromatography. Crystallization of both semisynthetic and native ribonuclease-s' at pH 5.3 resulted in well-formed crystallseater than trace amounts of excess ribonuclease-S-T21-124) as judged by affinity chromatography. Crystallization of both semisynthetic and native ribonuclease-S' at pH 5.3 resulted in well-formed crystals with the symmetry of space group P3121 and unit cell dimensions a=b=44.82, c=97.3 A. This crystal form corresponds to the Y form of native ribonuclease-S previously reported [Wyckoff et al. (1967) J. Biol. Chem. 242, 3749-3753]. X-ray diffraction patterns of the crystals were indistinguishable, indicative of the structural identity of semisynthetic and native ribonuclease-S'.", "PMID": 1064856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4797", "title": "Amino acid sequence at the FdUMP binding site of thymidylate synthetase.", "content": "Cyanogen bromide treatment of thymidylate synthetase of Lactobacillus casei, which had been converted to a ternary complex with [2-14c] FdUMP and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate followed by S-carboxymethylation, yielded at least four visible peptide bands, the largest with a molecular weight of about 13,000, on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea. Identical results were obtained with enzyme that had all four of its cysteinyl residues S-carboxymethylated with iodo [I-14C] acetate in the absence of FdUMP and cofactor. In each case, only the second band from the top of the gel (CN2), with an approximate molecular weight of 10,000= was labeled. Analysis of CN2 that had been labeled with [2-14C] FdUMP and nonradioactive iodoacetate and of that labeled only with iodo[1-14C] acetate revealed that their amino-acid contents were almost identical except for the presence of two S-carboxymethyl (Cm)-cysteinyl residues in the latter peptide and only one in FdUMP-CN2. A nonapeptide was isolated from (Cm)2-CN2 after chymotrypsin digestion that contained the following sequence by dansyl-Edman analysis: Ala-Leu-Pro-Pro-[Cm-Cys]-His-Thr-Leu-Tyr. This peptide was found to be located on the NH2-terminal end of CN2. Automatic sequence analysis of the first 13 residues of (Cm)2-CN2 and of the FdUMP-containing CN2 yielded identical results except for the fifth, or cysteinyl, residue, which could not be identified in the latter peptide. These findings strongly suggest that FdUMP is linked to a cysteinyl residue in thymidylate synthetase that has been inactivated irreversibly by this nucleotide.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence at the FdUMP binding site of thymidylate synthetase. Cyanogen bromide treatment of thymidylate synthetase of Lactobacillus casei, which had been converted to a ternary complex with [2-14c] FdUMP and 5,10-methylene-tetrahydrofolate followed by S-carboxymethylation, yielded at least four visible peptide bands, the largest with a molecular weight of about 13,000, on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-urea. Identical results were obtained with enzyme that had all four of its cysteinyl residues S-carboxymethylated with iodo [I-14C] acetate in the absence of FdUMP and cofactor. In each case, only the second band from the top of the gel (CN2), with an approximate molecular weight of 10,000= was labeled. Analysis of CN2 that had been labeled with [2-14C] FdUMP and nonradioactive iodoacetate and of that labeled only with iodo[1-14C] acetate revealed that their amino-acid contents were almost identical except for the presence of two S-carboxymethyl (Cm)-cysteinyl residues in the latter peptide and only one in FdUMP-CN2. A nonapeptide was isolated from (Cm)2-CN2 after chymotrypsin digestion that contained the following sequence by dansyl-Edman analysis: Ala-Leu-Pro-Pro-[Cm-Cys]-His-Thr-Leu-Tyr. This peptide was found to be located on the NH2-terminal end of CN2. Automatic sequence analysis of the first 13 residues of (Cm)2-CN2 and of the FdUMP-containing CN2 yielded identical results except for the fifth, or cysteinyl, residue, which could not be identified in the latter peptide. These findings strongly suggest that FdUMP is linked to a cysteinyl residue in thymidylate synthetase that has been inactivated irreversibly by this nucleotide.", "PMID": 1064857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4798", "title": "Guanidine-unfolded state of ribonuclease A contains both fast- and slow-refolding species.", "content": "The kinetics of the refolding reaction of ribonuclease A from high concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride or urea are biphasic, and show two refolding reactions whose rates differ 450-fold at pH 5.8 and 25 degrees. Measurements of cytidine 2'-phosphate binding during refolding, after stopped-flow dilution of guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn.HCl) or urea, show that functional bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A; ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22) is formed in both the fast and slow phases of the refolding process. We conclude that the guanidine-unfolded state of RNase A is an equilibrium mixture of fast- and slow-refolding species, as was found previously for the heat-unfolded state at low pH. The fraction of the fast-refolding species in guanidine or urea-unfolded RNase A is the same as that in the heat-unfolded protein at pH 2. Previous work has shown that the fast-refolding species disappears as the pH is raised from 3 to 5 for heat-unfolded RNase A. This pH effect is not present in refolding from concentrated Gdn.HCl solutions: the same proportion of the fast-refolding species is found from pH 2 to pH 6, and also from 2 M to 6 M Gdn.HCl at pH 5.8. We conclude that the same proportion of the fast-refolding species is present at equilibrium whenever the residual structure in unfolded RNase A is reduced to a low level, and that the structural difference between the fast-refolding and slow-refolding species of RNase A lies in the configuration of the random coil polypeptide chain.", "contents": "Guanidine-unfolded state of ribonuclease A contains both fast- and slow-refolding species. The kinetics of the refolding reaction of ribonuclease A from high concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride or urea are biphasic, and show two refolding reactions whose rates differ 450-fold at pH 5.8 and 25 degrees. Measurements of cytidine 2'-phosphate binding during refolding, after stopped-flow dilution of guanidine hydrochloride (Gdn.HCl) or urea, show that functional bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A; ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22) is formed in both the fast and slow phases of the refolding process. We conclude that the guanidine-unfolded state of RNase A is an equilibrium mixture of fast- and slow-refolding species, as was found previously for the heat-unfolded state at low pH. The fraction of the fast-refolding species in guanidine or urea-unfolded RNase A is the same as that in the heat-unfolded protein at pH 2. Previous work has shown that the fast-refolding species disappears as the pH is raised from 3 to 5 for heat-unfolded RNase A. This pH effect is not present in refolding from concentrated Gdn.HCl solutions: the same proportion of the fast-refolding species is found from pH 2 to pH 6, and also from 2 M to 6 M Gdn.HCl at pH 5.8. We conclude that the same proportion of the fast-refolding species is present at equilibrium whenever the residual structure in unfolded RNase A is reduced to a low level, and that the structural difference between the fast-refolding and slow-refolding species of RNase A lies in the configuration of the random coil polypeptide chain.", "PMID": 1064858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4799", "title": "Induction of a protein inhibitor to ornithine decarboxylase by the end products of its reaction.", "content": "Putrescine, the end-product of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC: L-ornithine carboxylyase, EC; 4.1.1.17) action, induces the synthesis of a protein(s), in L1210, neuroblastoma, and H-35 cells as well as in rat liver, which inhibits ODC activity. Spermidine and spermine, distal products of ODC activity, also induce the synthesis of a similar protein in H-35 cells. These ODC-inhibitors are heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive, and their induction is dependent upon protein synthesis. They have short half-lives which range from 18 to 66 min; these half-lives are similar to those of the ODC derived from the same source. They are noncompetitive inhibitors of ODC activity with an apparent molecular weight of 26,500. Each inhibitor crossreacts with the ODC's of the other cells and forms an enzyme-inhibitor complex which is stable during Sephadex chromatography; however, after treatment with ammonium sulfate, enzyme and inhibitor activities can be dissociated and recovered intact from the same column. We propose the name antizyme for proteins whose synthesis is induced by the proximal or distal products of the enzyme they inhibit.", "contents": "Induction of a protein inhibitor to ornithine decarboxylase by the end products of its reaction. Putrescine, the end-product of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC: L-ornithine carboxylyase, EC; 4.1.1.17) action, induces the synthesis of a protein(s), in L1210, neuroblastoma, and H-35 cells as well as in rat liver, which inhibits ODC activity. Spermidine and spermine, distal products of ODC activity, also induce the synthesis of a similar protein in H-35 cells. These ODC-inhibitors are heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive, and their induction is dependent upon protein synthesis. They have short half-lives which range from 18 to 66 min; these half-lives are similar to those of the ODC derived from the same source. They are noncompetitive inhibitors of ODC activity with an apparent molecular weight of 26,500. Each inhibitor crossreacts with the ODC's of the other cells and forms an enzyme-inhibitor complex which is stable during Sephadex chromatography; however, after treatment with ammonium sulfate, enzyme and inhibitor activities can be dissociated and recovered intact from the same column. We propose the name antizyme for proteins whose synthesis is induced by the proximal or distal products of the enzyme they inhibit.", "PMID": 1064859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4800", "title": "Combined effects of dissociable and undissociable local anesthetics upon ATP-induced firefly bioluminescence.", "content": "Combined effects of two drugs present simultaneously are usually expressed as summation, synergism or potentiation, and antagonism. When the sum of the effects of each drug present separately equals the combined effect of the two drugs present simultaneously, the action is called additive or summation. However, the expected value of the sum of each effect of drugs present alone has not been well defined. In this report, the thearetical value of the expected sum of each effect of two inhibitors is given and a graphical method is presented to visualize summation, synergism, and antagonism. The inhibitory effects of a dissociable local anesthetic, tetracaine, and an undissociable local anesthetic, benzyl alcohol, upon a soluble firefly luminescent system were analyzed according to the above theory. The results clearly indicate that the action of these two classes of local anesthetics is pure additive or summation.", "contents": "Combined effects of dissociable and undissociable local anesthetics upon ATP-induced firefly bioluminescence. Combined effects of two drugs present simultaneously are usually expressed as summation, synergism or potentiation, and antagonism. When the sum of the effects of each drug present separately equals the combined effect of the two drugs present simultaneously, the action is called additive or summation. However, the expected value of the sum of each effect of drugs present alone has not been well defined. In this report, the thearetical value of the expected sum of each effect of two inhibitors is given and a graphical method is presented to visualize summation, synergism, and antagonism. The inhibitory effects of a dissociable local anesthetic, tetracaine, and an undissociable local anesthetic, benzyl alcohol, upon a soluble firefly luminescent system were analyzed according to the above theory. The results clearly indicate that the action of these two classes of local anesthetics is pure additive or summation.", "PMID": 1064860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4801", "title": "Solenoidal model for superstructure in chromatin.", "content": "Chromatin prepared by brief digestion of nuclei with micrococcal nuclease, and extracted in 0.2 mM EDTA, appears in the electron microscope as filaments of about 100 A diameter which coil loosely. In 0.2 mM Mg++ these \"nucleofilaments\" condense into a supercoil or solenoidal structure of pitch about 110 A corresponding to the diameter of a nucleofilament. It is proposed that the x-ray reflections at orders of 110 A observed in chromatin originate in the spacing between turns of the solenoid rather than that between nucleosomes along the nucleofilament. The solenoidal structure appears to need histone H1 for its stabilization. Under certain conditions, isolated nucleosomes can also aggregate into a similar structure. The solenoidal structure can be correlated with the \"thread\" of diameter about 300 A observed by other workers in nuclei.", "contents": "Solenoidal model for superstructure in chromatin. Chromatin prepared by brief digestion of nuclei with micrococcal nuclease, and extracted in 0.2 mM EDTA, appears in the electron microscope as filaments of about 100 A diameter which coil loosely. In 0.2 mM Mg++ these \"nucleofilaments\" condense into a supercoil or solenoidal structure of pitch about 110 A corresponding to the diameter of a nucleofilament. It is proposed that the x-ray reflections at orders of 110 A observed in chromatin originate in the spacing between turns of the solenoid rather than that between nucleosomes along the nucleofilament. The solenoidal structure appears to need histone H1 for its stabilization. Under certain conditions, isolated nucleosomes can also aggregate into a similar structure. The solenoidal structure can be correlated with the \"thread\" of diameter about 300 A observed by other workers in nuclei.", "PMID": 1064861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4802", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of tropomyosin-binding component of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin.", "content": "The complete amino-acid sequence of rabbit skeletal troponin-T is reported. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 259 amino acids; it has an acetylated amino terminus and a molecular weight of 30,503. The sequence was determined by manual and/or automated Edman degradation techniques on the six fragments obtained after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. The larger fragments were further digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin, alpha-lytic protease, thermolysin, or pepsin to obtain smaller fragments suitable for manual sequencing. About 50% of the residues are charged at neutral pH with highly acidic amino-terminal (residues 1-39) and highly basic carboxyl-terminal regions (residues 221-259). Predictions of secondary structure indicate 37% helical content with two long sections (residues 80-102 and 122-146) in that portion of the molecule implicated in binding to tropomyocin. Two of the three phosphorylated sites in the molecule are located at serine-1 and serine-149 or -150. The sequence about the latter site resembles somewhat the phosphorylase kinase phosphorylation sites in phosphorylase alpha and troponin-I.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of tropomyosin-binding component of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin. The complete amino-acid sequence of rabbit skeletal troponin-T is reported. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain of 259 amino acids; it has an acetylated amino terminus and a molecular weight of 30,503. The sequence was determined by manual and/or automated Edman degradation techniques on the six fragments obtained after cleavage with cyanogen bromide. The larger fragments were further digested with trypsin, chymotrypsin, alpha-lytic protease, thermolysin, or pepsin to obtain smaller fragments suitable for manual sequencing. About 50% of the residues are charged at neutral pH with highly acidic amino-terminal (residues 1-39) and highly basic carboxyl-terminal regions (residues 221-259). Predictions of secondary structure indicate 37% helical content with two long sections (residues 80-102 and 122-146) in that portion of the molecule implicated in binding to tropomyocin. Two of the three phosphorylated sites in the molecule are located at serine-1 and serine-149 or -150. The sequence about the latter site resembles somewhat the phosphorylase kinase phosphorylation sites in phosphorylase alpha and troponin-I.", "PMID": 1064862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4803", "title": "Sequential translation of nonstructural proteins in cells infected with a Semliki Forest virus mutant.", "content": "Four nonstructural proteins with apparent molecular weights of 70,000 (ns-70), 86,000 (ns-86), 78,000 (ns-78), and 60,000 (ns-60) were translated in cells infected with Semliki Forest virus ts-1 mutant and maintained at the restrictive temperature. After synchronization of the initiation of protein synthesis these proteins were synthesized in the above order, suggesting that they are translated as a polyprotein starting from one initiation site. Two short-lived intermediates with apparent molecular weights of 155,000 and 135,000 were regularly detected. The former is presumably the precursor of proteins ns-70 and ns-86 and the latter of ns-78 and ns-60. The sequence of the structural proteins in their polyprotein was confirmed to be capsid-envelope E-2 (and E-3)-envelope E-1, beginning from the NH2-terminal end. We conclude that in Semliki-Forest-virus-infected cells two polyproteins are synthesized, one for the structural (130,000 daltons), the other for the nonstructural proteins (close to 300,000 daltons).", "contents": "Sequential translation of nonstructural proteins in cells infected with a Semliki Forest virus mutant. Four nonstructural proteins with apparent molecular weights of 70,000 (ns-70), 86,000 (ns-86), 78,000 (ns-78), and 60,000 (ns-60) were translated in cells infected with Semliki Forest virus ts-1 mutant and maintained at the restrictive temperature. After synchronization of the initiation of protein synthesis these proteins were synthesized in the above order, suggesting that they are translated as a polyprotein starting from one initiation site. Two short-lived intermediates with apparent molecular weights of 155,000 and 135,000 were regularly detected. The former is presumably the precursor of proteins ns-70 and ns-86 and the latter of ns-78 and ns-60. The sequence of the structural proteins in their polyprotein was confirmed to be capsid-envelope E-2 (and E-3)-envelope E-1, beginning from the NH2-terminal end. We conclude that in Semliki-Forest-virus-infected cells two polyproteins are synthesized, one for the structural (130,000 daltons), the other for the nonstructural proteins (close to 300,000 daltons).", "PMID": 1064863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4804", "title": "Cooperative interactions of tetrahydrofolate with purified pig kidney serine transhydroxymethylase and loss of this cooperativity in L1210 tumors and in tissues of mice bearing these tumors.", "content": "Serine transhydroxymethylase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate: glycine hydroxymethyl transferase, EC 2.1.2.1) purified 200-fold from pig kidneys showed cooperative interactions with tetrahydrofolate with a Hill coefficient (n value) of 3.9 and a substrate concentration at 50% of maximum velocity, the S(0.5) value, of 0.5 mM. The enzyme in mouse liver and kidney homogenates also showed cooperative interactions with tetrahydrofolate. However, the enzyme obtained from L1210 solid tumors of mice, and from livers and kidneys of mice inoculated with L1210 cells exhibited hyperbolic saturation kinetics and gave a Michaelis constant, Km, value of 0.5 mM for tetrahydrofolate. The interaction of serine with the enzyme from pig kidney, from tissues of normal or tumor-bearing mice, or from L1210 tumors was hyperbolic with a Km of 0.9 mM. The specific activities of the enzyme in the L1210 tumor and in mouse liver were 10-fold higher than in pig or mouse kidney. There was no significant change in the levels of the enzyme in mouse liver and kidney on inoculation with L1210 cells. These results suggest that a tumor can bring about biochemical changes in tissues that are distal to the tumor.", "contents": "Cooperative interactions of tetrahydrofolate with purified pig kidney serine transhydroxymethylase and loss of this cooperativity in L1210 tumors and in tissues of mice bearing these tumors. Serine transhydroxymethylase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate: glycine hydroxymethyl transferase, EC 2.1.2.1) purified 200-fold from pig kidneys showed cooperative interactions with tetrahydrofolate with a Hill coefficient (n value) of 3.9 and a substrate concentration at 50% of maximum velocity, the S(0.5) value, of 0.5 mM. The enzyme in mouse liver and kidney homogenates also showed cooperative interactions with tetrahydrofolate. However, the enzyme obtained from L1210 solid tumors of mice, and from livers and kidneys of mice inoculated with L1210 cells exhibited hyperbolic saturation kinetics and gave a Michaelis constant, Km, value of 0.5 mM for tetrahydrofolate. The interaction of serine with the enzyme from pig kidney, from tissues of normal or tumor-bearing mice, or from L1210 tumors was hyperbolic with a Km of 0.9 mM. The specific activities of the enzyme in the L1210 tumor and in mouse liver were 10-fold higher than in pig or mouse kidney. There was no significant change in the levels of the enzyme in mouse liver and kidney on inoculation with L1210 cells. These results suggest that a tumor can bring about biochemical changes in tissues that are distal to the tumor.", "PMID": 1064865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4805", "title": "Homologous inhibitors from potato tubers of serine endopeptidases and metallocarboxypeptidases.", "content": "A potent polypeptide inhibitor of chymotrypsin has been purified from Russett Burbank potatoes. The inhibitor has no effect on bovine carboxypeptidases A or B but exhibits homology with a carboxypeptidase inhibitor that is also present in potato tubers. The chymotrypsin inhibitor has a molecular weight of approximately 5400 as estimated by gel filtration, amino acid analysis, and titration with chymotrypsin. The polypeptide chain consists of 49 amino acid residues, of which six are half-cystine, forming three disulfide bonds. Its size is similar to that of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor, which contains 39 amino acid residues and also has three disulfide bridges. In immunological double diffusion assays, the chymotrypsin inhibitor and the carboxypeptidase inhibitor do not crossreact; however, automatic Edman degradation of reduced and alkylated derivatives of the chymotrypsin inhibitor, yielding a partial sequence of 18 amino acid residues at the NH2-terminus, reveals a similarity in sequence to that of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor. Thus, inhibitors directed toward two distinct classes of proteases, the serine endopeptidases and the metallocarboxypeptidases, appear to have evolved from a common ancestor.", "contents": "Homologous inhibitors from potato tubers of serine endopeptidases and metallocarboxypeptidases. A potent polypeptide inhibitor of chymotrypsin has been purified from Russett Burbank potatoes. The inhibitor has no effect on bovine carboxypeptidases A or B but exhibits homology with a carboxypeptidase inhibitor that is also present in potato tubers. The chymotrypsin inhibitor has a molecular weight of approximately 5400 as estimated by gel filtration, amino acid analysis, and titration with chymotrypsin. The polypeptide chain consists of 49 amino acid residues, of which six are half-cystine, forming three disulfide bonds. Its size is similar to that of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor, which contains 39 amino acid residues and also has three disulfide bridges. In immunological double diffusion assays, the chymotrypsin inhibitor and the carboxypeptidase inhibitor do not crossreact; however, automatic Edman degradation of reduced and alkylated derivatives of the chymotrypsin inhibitor, yielding a partial sequence of 18 amino acid residues at the NH2-terminus, reveals a similarity in sequence to that of the carboxypeptidase inhibitor. Thus, inhibitors directed toward two distinct classes of proteases, the serine endopeptidases and the metallocarboxypeptidases, appear to have evolved from a common ancestor.", "PMID": 1064864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4806", "title": "Responses of Phycomyces indicating optical excitation of the lowest triplet state of riboflavin.", "content": "Phototropic and light growth responses of the sporangiophore of Phycomyces have been elicited using tunable laser stimulation from 575 to 630 nm. The growth response shows additional components of the action spectrum with a sharp peak at 595 nm, a sharp cut-off at 585 nm, and a tail extending beyond 630 nm. The integral over the electronic transition (f-value) is 1.5 X 10(-9) times that at 455 nm. These parameters indicate a direct transition from the ground state to the lowest triplet state of riboflavin.", "contents": "Responses of Phycomyces indicating optical excitation of the lowest triplet state of riboflavin. Phototropic and light growth responses of the sporangiophore of Phycomyces have been elicited using tunable laser stimulation from 575 to 630 nm. The growth response shows additional components of the action spectrum with a sharp peak at 595 nm, a sharp cut-off at 585 nm, and a tail extending beyond 630 nm. The integral over the electronic transition (f-value) is 1.5 X 10(-9) times that at 455 nm. These parameters indicate a direct transition from the ground state to the lowest triplet state of riboflavin.", "PMID": 1064866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4807", "title": "Conformational flexibility and protein folding: rigid structural fragments connected by flexible joints in subtilisin BPN.", "content": "Conformational energy calculations are used to analyze the interactions of structural substructures in subtilisin BPN. These substructures are kept fixed or \"rigid\" so that the only variables in the calculations are the backbone segments that separate them. The flexible segments are assumed to be free turns. Using this representation of the protein it is possible to predict both a likely order of events along a folding pathway and preferred modes of conformational changes of the native protein. Moreover, when the native structure has been perturbed by moving the substructures apart, it is possible to assess the range of interactions that return the protein, upon energy minimization, to its original conformation. These results suggest an approach to the folding problem based on the piecemeal formation of tertiary structure from smaller prefolded fragments.", "contents": "Conformational flexibility and protein folding: rigid structural fragments connected by flexible joints in subtilisin BPN. Conformational energy calculations are used to analyze the interactions of structural substructures in subtilisin BPN. These substructures are kept fixed or \"rigid\" so that the only variables in the calculations are the backbone segments that separate them. The flexible segments are assumed to be free turns. Using this representation of the protein it is possible to predict both a likely order of events along a folding pathway and preferred modes of conformational changes of the native protein. Moreover, when the native structure has been perturbed by moving the substructures apart, it is possible to assess the range of interactions that return the protein, upon energy minimization, to its original conformation. These results suggest an approach to the folding problem based on the piecemeal formation of tertiary structure from smaller prefolded fragments.", "PMID": 1064867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4808", "title": "Size of primary transcripts in Ehrlich ascites cells as measured by tetraphosphate determination.", "content": "A method for the quantitation of 5\"-tetraphosphate ends in 32P-labeled RNA has been developed. The tetraphosphate content of different RNA fractions obtained from Ehrlich ascites cells labeled with 32P for different lengths of time has been determined. Ribosomal RNA and poly(U)-binding RNA, labeled for long periods, (mRNA) lack 5'-terminal tetraphosphate. 5S RNA, pulse labeled 4-5S RNA, and poly(U)-binding hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA) do contain tetraphosphate. From the amount of the tetraphosphate, molecular weight data can be calculated for these RNA fractions which agree with independent determinations by denaturing gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrate that the majority of the poly(A) containing hnRNA molecules are small (less than 28S) and contain the tetraphosphate of the primary transcript. Therefore, they do not originate from the 3'-end of large molecules by processing events.", "contents": "Size of primary transcripts in Ehrlich ascites cells as measured by tetraphosphate determination. A method for the quantitation of 5\"-tetraphosphate ends in 32P-labeled RNA has been developed. The tetraphosphate content of different RNA fractions obtained from Ehrlich ascites cells labeled with 32P for different lengths of time has been determined. Ribosomal RNA and poly(U)-binding RNA, labeled for long periods, (mRNA) lack 5'-terminal tetraphosphate. 5S RNA, pulse labeled 4-5S RNA, and poly(U)-binding hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA) do contain tetraphosphate. From the amount of the tetraphosphate, molecular weight data can be calculated for these RNA fractions which agree with independent determinations by denaturing gel electrophoresis. The results demonstrate that the majority of the poly(A) containing hnRNA molecules are small (less than 28S) and contain the tetraphosphate of the primary transcript. Therefore, they do not originate from the 3'-end of large molecules by processing events.", "PMID": 1064868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4809", "title": "Sensitivity of calcium binding in cerebral tissue to weak environmental electric fields oscillating at low frequency.", "content": "Weak sinusoidal electric fields modify the calcium efflux from freshly isolated chick and cat cerebral tissues bathed in Ringer's solution, at 36 degrees. Following incubation (30 min) with radioactive calcium (45Ca2+), each sample, immersed in fresh solution, was exposed for 20 min to fields at 1, 6, 16, 32, or 75 Hz, with electric gradients of 5, 10, 56, and 100 V/m in air. 45Ca2+ efflux in the solution was then measured in 0.2 ml aliquots and compared with efflux from unexposed control samples. Field exposures resulted in a general trend toward a reduction in the release of the preincubated 45Ca2+. Both frequency and amplitude sensitivities were observed. Maximum decreases occurred at 6 and 16 Hz (12-15%). Thresholds were around 10 and 56 V/m for chick and cat tissues, respectively. Similar but nonsignificant trends occurred during other field exposures. All results were statistically compared with matched samples of controls. Tissue gradients could not be measured, but estimates were of the order of 0.1 muV/cm. The susceptibility of the electrochemical equilibrium in the neuronal membrane to small extracellular perturbations is discussed and a possible role for weak intrinsic cerebral fields in neuronal excitability is suggested.", "contents": "Sensitivity of calcium binding in cerebral tissue to weak environmental electric fields oscillating at low frequency. Weak sinusoidal electric fields modify the calcium efflux from freshly isolated chick and cat cerebral tissues bathed in Ringer's solution, at 36 degrees. Following incubation (30 min) with radioactive calcium (45Ca2+), each sample, immersed in fresh solution, was exposed for 20 min to fields at 1, 6, 16, 32, or 75 Hz, with electric gradients of 5, 10, 56, and 100 V/m in air. 45Ca2+ efflux in the solution was then measured in 0.2 ml aliquots and compared with efflux from unexposed control samples. Field exposures resulted in a general trend toward a reduction in the release of the preincubated 45Ca2+. Both frequency and amplitude sensitivities were observed. Maximum decreases occurred at 6 and 16 Hz (12-15%). Thresholds were around 10 and 56 V/m for chick and cat tissues, respectively. Similar but nonsignificant trends occurred during other field exposures. All results were statistically compared with matched samples of controls. Tissue gradients could not be measured, but estimates were of the order of 0.1 muV/cm. The susceptibility of the electrochemical equilibrium in the neuronal membrane to small extracellular perturbations is discussed and a possible role for weak intrinsic cerebral fields in neuronal excitability is suggested.", "PMID": 1064869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4810", "title": "In vitro derived mouse A9 cell clones differing in malignancy: analysis by somatic cell hybridization with YACIR lymphoma cell clones.", "content": "A culture of mouse A9 cells yielded clones of both high and low malignancy. Confirmation of the differences in malignancy of the clones was obtained after their hybridization with subclones of YACIR a lymphoma induced by Moloney leukemia virus. Low malignant A9 clones suppressed the malignancy of the YACIR partner in the hybrids. Hybrids between a highly malignant A9 cline and two different clones of YACIR \"complemented\" to yield hybrids of reduced malignancy. No correlation was formed between the malignancy of a particular A9 clone and its ability to produce a focus-forming mouse C-type virus.", "contents": "In vitro derived mouse A9 cell clones differing in malignancy: analysis by somatic cell hybridization with YACIR lymphoma cell clones. A culture of mouse A9 cells yielded clones of both high and low malignancy. Confirmation of the differences in malignancy of the clones was obtained after their hybridization with subclones of YACIR a lymphoma induced by Moloney leukemia virus. Low malignant A9 clones suppressed the malignancy of the YACIR partner in the hybrids. Hybrids between a highly malignant A9 cline and two different clones of YACIR \"complemented\" to yield hybrids of reduced malignancy. No correlation was formed between the malignancy of a particular A9 clone and its ability to produce a focus-forming mouse C-type virus.", "PMID": 1064870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4811", "title": "Protein synthesis and actin heterogeneity in calf muscle cells in culture.", "content": "Pulse-labeled cytoplasmic proteins from cultured fetal calf-muscle cells at various stages of development were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The high resolution of the two-dimensional technique allows the determination of those protein species that begin to be synthesized after cell fusion. In addition, actin has been found to exist in three forms possessing similar biochemical properties and identical molecular weights but having slightly different isoelectric points. Two of the forms are found in prefusion dividing myoblasts and also in cultured kidney cells. The third form is the only one found in fetal muscle tissue and is predominant in cultures of fused muscle cells. Thus, it would seem that actin can exist in several isozymic forms of which one is specific to fused muscle tissue.", "contents": "Protein synthesis and actin heterogeneity in calf muscle cells in culture. Pulse-labeled cytoplasmic proteins from cultured fetal calf-muscle cells at various stages of development were analyzed by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The high resolution of the two-dimensional technique allows the determination of those protein species that begin to be synthesized after cell fusion. In addition, actin has been found to exist in three forms possessing similar biochemical properties and identical molecular weights but having slightly different isoelectric points. Two of the forms are found in prefusion dividing myoblasts and also in cultured kidney cells. The third form is the only one found in fetal muscle tissue and is predominant in cultures of fused muscle cells. Thus, it would seem that actin can exist in several isozymic forms of which one is specific to fused muscle tissue.", "PMID": 1064871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4812", "title": "Selenium is an essential trace nutrient for growth of WI-38 diploid human fibroblasts.", "content": "The trace element selenium is essential for clonal growth of diploid fibroblasts from human fetal lung (WI-38) in media containing small amounts of serum protein. Maximum growth stimulation is obtained when 30 nM neutralized selenious acid is added to a synthetic medium containing 1.5 mg/ml of dialyzed fetal bovine serum protein (equivalent to a 3% serum concentration). Serum appears to be a source of selenium in most culture media, since higher concentrations of serum protein or whole serum mask the selenium requirement of WI-38 cells. Selenium is also required by a Chinese hamster cell line that can be grown in a protein-free synthetic culture medium.", "contents": "Selenium is an essential trace nutrient for growth of WI-38 diploid human fibroblasts. The trace element selenium is essential for clonal growth of diploid fibroblasts from human fetal lung (WI-38) in media containing small amounts of serum protein. Maximum growth stimulation is obtained when 30 nM neutralized selenious acid is added to a synthetic medium containing 1.5 mg/ml of dialyzed fetal bovine serum protein (equivalent to a 3% serum concentration). Serum appears to be a source of selenium in most culture media, since higher concentrations of serum protein or whole serum mask the selenium requirement of WI-38 cells. Selenium is also required by a Chinese hamster cell line that can be grown in a protein-free synthetic culture medium.", "PMID": 1064872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4813", "title": "Induction of maturation (meiosis) in small Xenopus laevis oocytes by injection of maturation promoting factor.", "content": "Treatment of small-(stage III) or medium-sized (stage IV) Xenopus laevis oocytes with progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, or para-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate does not induce maturation. Only the full-grown oocytes (stage VI) undergo maturation when treated with either one of these three substances. In contrast, injection of maturation promoting factor into oocytes of stages III-VI invariably leads to chromosome condensation and germinal vesicle breakdown. No maturation spindle is found in oocytes smaller than 0.9 nm in diameter, and the nuclear sap does not mix with the cytoplasm in the smallest (0.45-0.55 mm in diameter) oocytes. In oocytes of 0.9 mm, maturation is identical to that of full-grown oocytes, except that the maturation spindle does not reach the cortex of the oocyte. Progesterone increases protein synthesis in medium-sized (0.8 mm in diameter) oocytes without inducing meiosis. It has little or no effect on protein synthesis in smaller oocytes.", "contents": "Induction of maturation (meiosis) in small Xenopus laevis oocytes by injection of maturation promoting factor. Treatment of small-(stage III) or medium-sized (stage IV) Xenopus laevis oocytes with progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, or para-hydroxymercuriphenylsulfonate does not induce maturation. Only the full-grown oocytes (stage VI) undergo maturation when treated with either one of these three substances. In contrast, injection of maturation promoting factor into oocytes of stages III-VI invariably leads to chromosome condensation and germinal vesicle breakdown. No maturation spindle is found in oocytes smaller than 0.9 nm in diameter, and the nuclear sap does not mix with the cytoplasm in the smallest (0.45-0.55 mm in diameter) oocytes. In oocytes of 0.9 mm, maturation is identical to that of full-grown oocytes, except that the maturation spindle does not reach the cortex of the oocyte. Progesterone increases protein synthesis in medium-sized (0.8 mm in diameter) oocytes without inducing meiosis. It has little or no effect on protein synthesis in smaller oocytes.", "PMID": 1064873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4814", "title": "Stimulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in bone marrow cultures from adult individuals.", "content": "The regulation of fetal hemoglobin in adult erythroid cells was investigated with bone marrow cultures. Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) was identified in individual erythroid colonies with fluorescent antibodies against Hb F and synthesis of gamma chains was determined with analyses of radioactive globins. The appearance of fetal hemoglobin in erythroid colonies was clonal. All the cells of the Hb F synthesizing colonies contained fetal hemoglobin. The frequency of erythroid colonies showing Hb F was higher than expected compared to the frequency of Hb F containing cells in the blood. Production of Hb F in culture, as shown by analysis of the radioactive globins, was 5 to 14 times higher than baseline Hb F synthesis. These results suggest that the ability for gamma chain synthesis in erythroid cells is determined at or above the level of the precursor cell from which the erythroid colonies, in vitro, derive (probably an erythropoietin responsive stem cell), and that stimulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in adult erythroid cells is possible.", "contents": "Stimulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in bone marrow cultures from adult individuals. The regulation of fetal hemoglobin in adult erythroid cells was investigated with bone marrow cultures. Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) was identified in individual erythroid colonies with fluorescent antibodies against Hb F and synthesis of gamma chains was determined with analyses of radioactive globins. The appearance of fetal hemoglobin in erythroid colonies was clonal. All the cells of the Hb F synthesizing colonies contained fetal hemoglobin. The frequency of erythroid colonies showing Hb F was higher than expected compared to the frequency of Hb F containing cells in the blood. Production of Hb F in culture, as shown by analysis of the radioactive globins, was 5 to 14 times higher than baseline Hb F synthesis. These results suggest that the ability for gamma chain synthesis in erythroid cells is determined at or above the level of the precursor cell from which the erythroid colonies, in vitro, derive (probably an erythropoietin responsive stem cell), and that stimulation of fetal hemoglobin synthesis in adult erythroid cells is possible.", "PMID": 1064874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4815", "title": "Mapping of adenovirus messenger RNA by electron microscopy.", "content": "Late adenovirus messenger RNA was annealed to complementary regions of partially melted viral double-stranded DNA. The RNA. DNA hybrid regions within the DNA molecules were visualized as loops in the electron microscope. Loops occurred at several regions of the DNA, most frequently, however, at a location near the center of the molecule. This hybridization technique appears well suited for an accurate mapping of messenger RNA, as well as for studies of RNA processing.", "contents": "Mapping of adenovirus messenger RNA by electron microscopy. Late adenovirus messenger RNA was annealed to complementary regions of partially melted viral double-stranded DNA. The RNA. DNA hybrid regions within the DNA molecules were visualized as loops in the electron microscope. Loops occurred at several regions of the DNA, most frequently, however, at a location near the center of the molecule. This hybridization technique appears well suited for an accurate mapping of messenger RNA, as well as for studies of RNA processing.", "PMID": 1064875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4816", "title": "Isolation from patients with breast cancer of antibodies specific for antigens associated with breast cancer and other malignant diseases.", "content": "Antibodies were specifically purified, with the use of pleural fluid antigens entrapped in a polyacrylamide gel as immunoadsorbent, from a pool of sera from patients with breast cancer and from the pleural effusion of an individual patient. The purified antibodies were radioiodinated and tested for capacity to bind to the pleural fluid adsorbent. Binding of the radiolabeled antibodies was inhibited by many of the sera from women with breast cancer to a much greater extent than by sera of healthy women. With purified antibodies originating from the serum, 52% of the breast cancer sera and 16% of sera from patients with other malignancies were more inhibitory than were 95% of the sera of healthy women. In the tests with antibodies eluted from pleural fluid, 24% of the breast cancer sera and 25% of the sera from patients with other neoplastic diseases were more inhibitory than were 95% of the normal sera. We concluded that sera of patients with breast cancer may contain antibodies against antigens associated with breast cancer as well as additional antibodies against antigens that are also found in patients with other neoplastic diseases or in normal individuals. Individual breast cancer sera may inhibit binding of the labeled antibodies against breast cancer owing to their content of antibodies, antigen(s), or both.", "contents": "Isolation from patients with breast cancer of antibodies specific for antigens associated with breast cancer and other malignant diseases. Antibodies were specifically purified, with the use of pleural fluid antigens entrapped in a polyacrylamide gel as immunoadsorbent, from a pool of sera from patients with breast cancer and from the pleural effusion of an individual patient. The purified antibodies were radioiodinated and tested for capacity to bind to the pleural fluid adsorbent. Binding of the radiolabeled antibodies was inhibited by many of the sera from women with breast cancer to a much greater extent than by sera of healthy women. With purified antibodies originating from the serum, 52% of the breast cancer sera and 16% of sera from patients with other malignancies were more inhibitory than were 95% of the sera of healthy women. In the tests with antibodies eluted from pleural fluid, 24% of the breast cancer sera and 25% of the sera from patients with other neoplastic diseases were more inhibitory than were 95% of the normal sera. We concluded that sera of patients with breast cancer may contain antibodies against antigens associated with breast cancer as well as additional antibodies against antigens that are also found in patients with other neoplastic diseases or in normal individuals. Individual breast cancer sera may inhibit binding of the labeled antibodies against breast cancer owing to their content of antibodies, antigen(s), or both.", "PMID": 1064876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4817", "title": "Rheumatoid factor and tumor-host interaction.", "content": "In this survey for rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity on patients with neoplasms, an 85% rate of positive screening tests was recorded under certain circumstances. This high rate of RF seropositivity occurred after irradiation and/or chemotherapy of breast and lung cancers. Treated patients with breast cancers who had no evidence of residual tumor had an 89% rate of positive RF tests. Conversely, the incidence of RF seropositivity was low among untreated patients with similar tumors and treated patients with glioblastomas or multiple myeloma. The administration of cytotoxic drugs (e.g., azathiprene) was not itself associated with RF production even in renal allograft recipients. The data indicate that RF production occurs frequently after therapy of certain tumors and suggest that in these circumstances RF may be an expression of tumor-host interaction.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factor and tumor-host interaction. In this survey for rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity on patients with neoplasms, an 85% rate of positive screening tests was recorded under certain circumstances. This high rate of RF seropositivity occurred after irradiation and/or chemotherapy of breast and lung cancers. Treated patients with breast cancers who had no evidence of residual tumor had an 89% rate of positive RF tests. Conversely, the incidence of RF seropositivity was low among untreated patients with similar tumors and treated patients with glioblastomas or multiple myeloma. The administration of cytotoxic drugs (e.g., azathiprene) was not itself associated with RF production even in renal allograft recipients. The data indicate that RF production occurs frequently after therapy of certain tumors and suggest that in these circumstances RF may be an expression of tumor-host interaction.", "PMID": 1064877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4818", "title": "Mechanism of human lymphocyte stimulation by concanavalin A: role of valence and surface binding sites.", "content": "A monovalent form of concanavalin A (m-Con A) has been prepared to determine the importance of valence for human lymphocyte surface binding and subsequent lymphocyte stimulation as measured by blast transformation and cytotoxicity. Concanavalin A (Con A) was fragmented by a proteolytic process and the m-Con A) derivative was isolated by elution with an ascending D-glucose gradient on a Sephadex G-200 column. The molecular weight of m-Con A was 18,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Equilibrium dialysis with alpha-methyl D-glucoside and subsequent Scatchard plot analysis revealed an association constant (Ka) of 1.2 X 10(3) liters/mol and a valence of 1.1. Incubation of lymphocytes with 125I-labeled m-Con A demonstrated surface binding at 1.21 X 10(6) molecules per cell, which was comparable to the binding of [3H] Con A (1.02 X 10(6) molecules per cell). However, in contrast to the intact lectin, m-Con A had a markedly reduced capacity to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes and human lymphocytes and did not stimulate lymphocyte blast transformation or cytotoxicity at 1 and 10 mug/ml. Finally, pretreatment of lymphocytes with m-Con A blocked blast transformation induced by Con A. These observations demonstrate that m-Con A binds to lymphocyte surface receptors but does not stimulate blast transformation or cytotoxicity, suggesting that Con A must bridge binding sites on the lymphocyte surface to induce lymphocyte activation.", "contents": "Mechanism of human lymphocyte stimulation by concanavalin A: role of valence and surface binding sites. A monovalent form of concanavalin A (m-Con A) has been prepared to determine the importance of valence for human lymphocyte surface binding and subsequent lymphocyte stimulation as measured by blast transformation and cytotoxicity. Concanavalin A (Con A) was fragmented by a proteolytic process and the m-Con A) derivative was isolated by elution with an ascending D-glucose gradient on a Sephadex G-200 column. The molecular weight of m-Con A was 18,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Equilibrium dialysis with alpha-methyl D-glucoside and subsequent Scatchard plot analysis revealed an association constant (Ka) of 1.2 X 10(3) liters/mol and a valence of 1.1. Incubation of lymphocytes with 125I-labeled m-Con A demonstrated surface binding at 1.21 X 10(6) molecules per cell, which was comparable to the binding of [3H] Con A (1.02 X 10(6) molecules per cell). However, in contrast to the intact lectin, m-Con A had a markedly reduced capacity to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes and human lymphocytes and did not stimulate lymphocyte blast transformation or cytotoxicity at 1 and 10 mug/ml. Finally, pretreatment of lymphocytes with m-Con A blocked blast transformation induced by Con A. These observations demonstrate that m-Con A binds to lymphocyte surface receptors but does not stimulate blast transformation or cytotoxicity, suggesting that Con A must bridge binding sites on the lymphocyte surface to induce lymphocyte activation.", "PMID": 1064878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4819", "title": "Immunological cross-reactivity of antibodies to a synthetic undecapeptide analogous to the amino terminal segment of carcinoembryonic antigen, with the intact protein and with human sera.", "content": "A peptide corresponding to the 11 amino acid residues of the NH2-terminal portion in the sequence of carcinoembryonic antigen(CNTHETIC CEA(1-11) peptide was attached by means of a water-soluble carbodiimide reagent to multichain poly(DL-alanine( as well as to bovine serum albumin. Both macromolecular conjugates provoked in rabbit anti-CEA(1-11) peptide antibodies. The specificity of this immunological system and the crossreactivity between the peptide and intact CEA were investigated by two methods--passive hemagglutination and modified bacteriophage inactivation. Hemmagglutination experiments showed that not only anti-CEA(1-11) sera, but also anti-CEA sera, agglutinated CEA(1-11)-coated sheep erythrocytes, and both these reactions were inhibited with CEA(1-11) peptide. In experiments with the chemically modified bacteriophage technique CEA(1-11)-coated phase was efficiently inactivated with antisera against the CEA(1-11) conjugates, and the inactivation reaction could be totally inhibited with the free peptide. The semipure CEA, but not the pure protein, could also inhibit the phage inactivation, even though less efficiently. On the basis of the above results, sera of some cancer patients were tested for their capacity to inhibit the inactivation of CEA(1-11)-coated phage by means of anti-CEA(1-11) antiserum. The results indicate that sera from a large proportion of patients with adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, pancreas, and breast are capable of inhibiting the above inactivation, whereas most normal sera do not inhibit.", "contents": "Immunological cross-reactivity of antibodies to a synthetic undecapeptide analogous to the amino terminal segment of carcinoembryonic antigen, with the intact protein and with human sera. A peptide corresponding to the 11 amino acid residues of the NH2-terminal portion in the sequence of carcinoembryonic antigen(CNTHETIC CEA(1-11) peptide was attached by means of a water-soluble carbodiimide reagent to multichain poly(DL-alanine( as well as to bovine serum albumin. Both macromolecular conjugates provoked in rabbit anti-CEA(1-11) peptide antibodies. The specificity of this immunological system and the crossreactivity between the peptide and intact CEA were investigated by two methods--passive hemagglutination and modified bacteriophage inactivation. Hemmagglutination experiments showed that not only anti-CEA(1-11) sera, but also anti-CEA sera, agglutinated CEA(1-11)-coated sheep erythrocytes, and both these reactions were inhibited with CEA(1-11) peptide. In experiments with the chemically modified bacteriophage technique CEA(1-11)-coated phase was efficiently inactivated with antisera against the CEA(1-11) conjugates, and the inactivation reaction could be totally inhibited with the free peptide. The semipure CEA, but not the pure protein, could also inhibit the phage inactivation, even though less efficiently. On the basis of the above results, sera of some cancer patients were tested for their capacity to inhibit the inactivation of CEA(1-11)-coated phage by means of anti-CEA(1-11) antiserum. The results indicate that sera from a large proportion of patients with adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, pancreas, and breast are capable of inhibiting the above inactivation, whereas most normal sera do not inhibit.", "PMID": 1064879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4820", "title": "Soluble dextran-hemoglobin complex as a potential blood substitute.", "content": "A complex between soluble dextran and human hemoglobin has been synthesized by two different methods. In the alkylation method, hemoglobin was allowed to react with bromoacetyl groups incorporated into the dextran; the yield of the complex was about 80% in terms of the hemoglobin used. In the dialdehyde method, hemoglobin was allowed to react with dialdehyde groups on the dextran generated by periodate oxidation; the yield of the complex was about 60%. Both soluble dextran-hemoglobin complexes could bind and release oxygen reversibly, but the oxygen-binding curves were shifted to the left relative to that of free hemoglobin. In the rabbit, the complex obtained by the alkylation method was excreted by the kidneys and cleared from the circulation much more slowly than free hemoglobin.", "contents": "Soluble dextran-hemoglobin complex as a potential blood substitute. A complex between soluble dextran and human hemoglobin has been synthesized by two different methods. In the alkylation method, hemoglobin was allowed to react with bromoacetyl groups incorporated into the dextran; the yield of the complex was about 80% in terms of the hemoglobin used. In the dialdehyde method, hemoglobin was allowed to react with dialdehyde groups on the dextran generated by periodate oxidation; the yield of the complex was about 60%. Both soluble dextran-hemoglobin complexes could bind and release oxygen reversibly, but the oxygen-binding curves were shifted to the left relative to that of free hemoglobin. In the rabbit, the complex obtained by the alkylation method was excreted by the kidneys and cleared from the circulation much more slowly than free hemoglobin.", "PMID": 1064880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4821", "title": "Antibodies as a means of isolating and characterizing biologically active substances: presence of a non-peptide, morphine-like compound in the central nervous system.", "content": "Antibodies generated against small molecular weight substances such as drugs are being used to isolate and characterize biologically active agonists. A morphine-like compound can be extracted from brain of various species which has determinant groups that are recognized by specific morphine antibodies. It has a regional distribution which can be quantitated as immuno-equivalents. Immunological, chemical and chromatographic tests show great similatiries of the compound to morphine. This morphine-like compound has biological activity as it inhibits the electrically induced contractions both of the guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens but the inhibition is not reversed by naloxone or naltrexone.", "contents": "Antibodies as a means of isolating and characterizing biologically active substances: presence of a non-peptide, morphine-like compound in the central nervous system. Antibodies generated against small molecular weight substances such as drugs are being used to isolate and characterize biologically active agonists. A morphine-like compound can be extracted from brain of various species which has determinant groups that are recognized by specific morphine antibodies. It has a regional distribution which can be quantitated as immuno-equivalents. Immunological, chemical and chromatographic tests show great similatiries of the compound to morphine. This morphine-like compound has biological activity as it inhibits the electrically induced contractions both of the guinea pig ileum and mouse vas deferens but the inhibition is not reversed by naloxone or naltrexone.", "PMID": 1064881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4822", "title": "Mapping of the influenza virus genome: identification of the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase genes.", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNA of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) viruses and recombinant viruses derived from them revealed that each contains eight RNA segments, the fourth of which codes for hemagglutinin. (The largest RNA of the segmented genome is counted as band 1.) The neuraminidase gene was identified as the sixth segment in the RNA pattern of influenza A/PR8 virus and as the fifth segment of A/Hong Kong virus. The molecular weights of the RNAs for the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase genes lie in the range of 600,000-700,000.", "contents": "Mapping of the influenza virus genome: identification of the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase genes. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the RNA of influenza A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/Hong Kong/8/68 (H3N2) viruses and recombinant viruses derived from them revealed that each contains eight RNA segments, the fourth of which codes for hemagglutinin. (The largest RNA of the segmented genome is counted as band 1.) The neuraminidase gene was identified as the sixth segment in the RNA pattern of influenza A/PR8 virus and as the fifth segment of A/Hong Kong virus. The molecular weights of the RNAs for the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase genes lie in the range of 600,000-700,000.", "PMID": 1064882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4823", "title": "beta-Lipotropin as a prohormone for the morphinomimetic peptides endorphins and enkephalins.", "content": "The hypophysial homomeric peptide beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH-[1-91]) has no morphinomomimetic activity in a bioassay (myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig's ileum) or binding assays with stereospecific opiate-receptors of rat brain synaptosome preparations. Incubating beta-LPH-[1-91] at neutral pH with the supernatant aqueous extracts of rat brain generates (fragments of beta-LPH with) morphinomimetic activity in the same assay systems. These results are related to the recently recognized structural relationships between beta-LPH, the newly isolated peptides met-enkephalin (beta-LPH-[61-65]) and alpha-endorphin (beta-LPH-[61-76]) and also to the biologically active fragments of analogs: beta-LPH-[61-64], beta-LPH-[61-65[-NH2, (Met(O)65)-BETA-LPH-[61-65], beta-LPH-[61-69], and beta-LPH-[61-69]. Enzymatic biogenesis of these morphinomimetic peptides would preclude localizing them as such in cellular or subcellular elements with currently available methodology.", "contents": "beta-Lipotropin as a prohormone for the morphinomimetic peptides endorphins and enkephalins. The hypophysial homomeric peptide beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH-[1-91]) has no morphinomomimetic activity in a bioassay (myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig's ileum) or binding assays with stereospecific opiate-receptors of rat brain synaptosome preparations. Incubating beta-LPH-[1-91] at neutral pH with the supernatant aqueous extracts of rat brain generates (fragments of beta-LPH with) morphinomimetic activity in the same assay systems. These results are related to the recently recognized structural relationships between beta-LPH, the newly isolated peptides met-enkephalin (beta-LPH-[61-65]) and alpha-endorphin (beta-LPH-[61-76]) and also to the biologically active fragments of analogs: beta-LPH-[61-64], beta-LPH-[61-65[-NH2, (Met(O)65)-BETA-LPH-[61-65], beta-LPH-[61-69], and beta-LPH-[61-69]. Enzymatic biogenesis of these morphinomimetic peptides would preclude localizing them as such in cellular or subcellular elements with currently available methodology.", "PMID": 1064883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4824", "title": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma.", "content": "Seventy patients received primary surgical or radiotherapeutic treatment for osteosarcoma at the University of California-San Francisco between 1950 and 1974. Twenty-two received surgery alone and 27 received preoperative irradiation followed at varying intervals by surgery. Twenty-one patients received irradiation alone because of tumor location, refusal of recommended surgery, or development of metastatic disease. The results are analyzed and the role of radiation therapy in the primary management of osteosarcoma is discussed. The authors believe that irradiation without chemotherapy offers little in terms of palliation or enhanced survival in patients who are able to undergo radical surgery.", "contents": "The role of radiation therapy in the treatment of osteosarcoma. Seventy patients received primary surgical or radiotherapeutic treatment for osteosarcoma at the University of California-San Francisco between 1950 and 1974. Twenty-two received surgery alone and 27 received preoperative irradiation followed at varying intervals by surgery. Twenty-one patients received irradiation alone because of tumor location, refusal of recommended surgery, or development of metastatic disease. The results are analyzed and the role of radiation therapy in the primary management of osteosarcoma is discussed. The authors believe that irradiation without chemotherapy offers little in terms of palliation or enhanced survival in patients who are able to undergo radical surgery.", "PMID": 1064887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4825", "title": "Multiple chromosomal associations and paracentromeric region instability in a case of acute leukemia.", "content": "A case of acute myelomonocytic leukema is described, which was characterized cytogenetically by the presence of centromeric elongations, somatic crossovers, selective endoreduplication figures, and multiple chromosomal clusters. The demonstration of these phenomena by selective staining techniques for the chromosome bands (Q, C, G and S) and the nucleolar areas (acridine-orange, amido black B 10) raises some biological aspects involved in the proliferation of leukemic cells, such as nucleolar persistance during the metaphase and the non-separation of chromatids in the clusters during the anaphase. These structural abnormalities may represent the background for the explanation of the appearance of subclones in neoplastic disorders.", "contents": "Multiple chromosomal associations and paracentromeric region instability in a case of acute leukemia. A case of acute myelomonocytic leukema is described, which was characterized cytogenetically by the presence of centromeric elongations, somatic crossovers, selective endoreduplication figures, and multiple chromosomal clusters. The demonstration of these phenomena by selective staining techniques for the chromosome bands (Q, C, G and S) and the nucleolar areas (acridine-orange, amido black B 10) raises some biological aspects involved in the proliferation of leukemic cells, such as nucleolar persistance during the metaphase and the non-separation of chromatids in the clusters during the anaphase. These structural abnormalities may represent the background for the explanation of the appearance of subclones in neoplastic disorders.", "PMID": 1064892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4826", "title": "Serum iron increase as a measure of iron absorption - studies on the correlation with total absorption.", "content": "The correlation between the magnitude of the increase of serum iron after an oral dose of iron and the total absorption of iron was studied in 51 healthy subjects and 10 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. 59Fe-labelled solutions of ferrous sulphate (25-100 mg iron) were administered to the fasting subjects. The serum iron concentration was followed for 4-6 hours and the absorption was measured in a whole-body counter. Good correlation was found between the maximal increase of serum iron and the total amount of iron absorbed after a dose of iron given as a solution. The serum iron method may be used for comparisons of the absorbability of different doses of iron by performing cross-over studies in groups of subjects. However, it was found that in an individual subject the serum iron method could not be used to determine the amount of iron absorbed from an oral dose of iron.", "contents": "Serum iron increase as a measure of iron absorption - studies on the correlation with total absorption. The correlation between the magnitude of the increase of serum iron after an oral dose of iron and the total absorption of iron was studied in 51 healthy subjects and 10 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. 59Fe-labelled solutions of ferrous sulphate (25-100 mg iron) were administered to the fasting subjects. The serum iron concentration was followed for 4-6 hours and the absorption was measured in a whole-body counter. Good correlation was found between the maximal increase of serum iron and the total amount of iron absorbed after a dose of iron given as a solution. The serum iron method may be used for comparisons of the absorbability of different doses of iron by performing cross-over studies in groups of subjects. However, it was found that in an individual subject the serum iron method could not be used to determine the amount of iron absorbed from an oral dose of iron.", "PMID": 1064901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4827", "title": "Absorption from different types of iron tablets - correlation between serum iron increase in total absorption of iron.", "content": "The absorption of iron from three different iron tablets - rapidly-disintegrating ferrous sulphate and ferrous carbonate tablets and slow-release ferrous sulphate tablets - was studied in healthy subjects with a serum iron technique and by whole-body counter measurements. A solution of ferrous sulphate was used as a reference. There were no differences in the absorption from the ferrous sulphate preparations, but the ferrous carbonate tablets were less well absorbed. Good correlation was found between the maximal serum iron response and the total absorption of iron and it was concluded that serum iron studies may be used for semiquantitative measurements of iron absorption in comparative studies on different iron preparations.", "contents": "Absorption from different types of iron tablets - correlation between serum iron increase in total absorption of iron. The absorption of iron from three different iron tablets - rapidly-disintegrating ferrous sulphate and ferrous carbonate tablets and slow-release ferrous sulphate tablets - was studied in healthy subjects with a serum iron technique and by whole-body counter measurements. A solution of ferrous sulphate was used as a reference. There were no differences in the absorption from the ferrous sulphate preparations, but the ferrous carbonate tablets were less well absorbed. Good correlation was found between the maximal serum iron response and the total absorption of iron and it was concluded that serum iron studies may be used for semiquantitative measurements of iron absorption in comparative studies on different iron preparations.", "PMID": 1064902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4828", "title": "Influence of a liquid antacid on the absorption of different iron salts.", "content": "The influence of a liquid antacid on the absorption of iron from iron tablets was studied in healthy volunteers using a serum iron technique. Tablets containing ferrous salts (carbonate, fumarate, sulphate) with different in-vitro dissolution properties were studied. Co-administration of the antacid and the iron tablets resulted in a marked reduction of the absorption of iron from all preparations studied. The lowest absorption was found when ferrous carbonate was given with the antacid. This was ascribed to the fact that ferrous carbonate is almost completely insoluble at pH-levels near neutral. This was confirmed in a series of patients with achlorhydria in which the absorption from ferrous carbonate was virtually nil. It was concluded that iron tablets and antacid preparations should not be administered at the same time and that ferrous carbonate tablets should not be used in patients with achlorhydria.", "contents": "Influence of a liquid antacid on the absorption of different iron salts. The influence of a liquid antacid on the absorption of iron from iron tablets was studied in healthy volunteers using a serum iron technique. Tablets containing ferrous salts (carbonate, fumarate, sulphate) with different in-vitro dissolution properties were studied. Co-administration of the antacid and the iron tablets resulted in a marked reduction of the absorption of iron from all preparations studied. The lowest absorption was found when ferrous carbonate was given with the antacid. This was ascribed to the fact that ferrous carbonate is almost completely insoluble at pH-levels near neutral. This was confirmed in a series of patients with achlorhydria in which the absorption from ferrous carbonate was virtually nil. It was concluded that iron tablets and antacid preparations should not be administered at the same time and that ferrous carbonate tablets should not be used in patients with achlorhydria.", "PMID": 1064903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4829", "title": "Influence of food on the absorption from different types of iron tablets.", "content": "The influence of a standardized breakfast meal on the absorption of iron from two types of iron tablets - rapidly-disintegrating and slow-release tablets - was studied in 24 healthy subjects, using a serum iron technique and whole-body counter measurements. The meal markedly reduced the absorption of iron from both types of tablets. An 8-fold reduction was found with the rapidly-disintegrating tablets and a 3-fold reduction with the slow-release tablets. Under fasting conditions the rapidly-disintegrating tablets were significantly better absorbed than the slow-release tablets, whereas the reverse was found when the tablets were given with the meal.", "contents": "Influence of food on the absorption from different types of iron tablets. The influence of a standardized breakfast meal on the absorption of iron from two types of iron tablets - rapidly-disintegrating and slow-release tablets - was studied in 24 healthy subjects, using a serum iron technique and whole-body counter measurements. The meal markedly reduced the absorption of iron from both types of tablets. An 8-fold reduction was found with the rapidly-disintegrating tablets and a 3-fold reduction with the slow-release tablets. Under fasting conditions the rapidly-disintegrating tablets were significantly better absorbed than the slow-release tablets, whereas the reverse was found when the tablets were given with the meal.", "PMID": 1064904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4830", "title": "Absorption of iron from slow-release and rapidly-disintegrating tablets - a comparative study in normal subjects, blood donors and subjects with iron deficiency anaemia.", "content": "The absorption of iron from slow-release and rapidly-disintegrating ferrous sulphate tablets has been compared using a double radioiron isotope technique. The studies were performed in 15 normal subjects, 20 blood donors and 10 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The preparations containing 100 mg of ferrous iron were given twice daily on alternate days for 10 days. The absorption differed significantly between the three groups of subjects, being highest in the anaemic patients and lowest in the normal subjects. In all groups, significantly more iron was absorbed from the slow-release tablets compared to the rapidly-disintegrating tablets. The mean absorption ratios were 1.3 in both normal subjects and blood donors. In patients with iron deficiency anaemia the ratio was 1.4.", "contents": "Absorption of iron from slow-release and rapidly-disintegrating tablets - a comparative study in normal subjects, blood donors and subjects with iron deficiency anaemia. The absorption of iron from slow-release and rapidly-disintegrating ferrous sulphate tablets has been compared using a double radioiron isotope technique. The studies were performed in 15 normal subjects, 20 blood donors and 10 patients with iron deficiency anaemia. The preparations containing 100 mg of ferrous iron were given twice daily on alternate days for 10 days. The absorption differed significantly between the three groups of subjects, being highest in the anaemic patients and lowest in the normal subjects. In all groups, significantly more iron was absorbed from the slow-release tablets compared to the rapidly-disintegrating tablets. The mean absorption ratios were 1.3 in both normal subjects and blood donors. In patients with iron deficiency anaemia the ratio was 1.4.", "PMID": 1064905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4831", "title": "Blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia: the effect of intensive chemotherapy.", "content": "24 patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in blast crisis were treated with intensive chemotherapy. 16 patients showed either partial or complete response to this treatment, but median survival remained short (13 weeks), and much of this time was spent in hospital. These results were not significantly better than those obtained by others using vincristine and prednisolone alone, and this combination of drugs can often be given on an outpatient basis. It is concluded that until more effective intensive therapy becomes available patients in CML blast crisis should be managed in such a way that the quality of life is not impaired; and that at present vincristine and prednisolone appears to be the most impaired; and that at present vincristine and prednisolone appears to be the most appropriate initial treatment, though even this is far from satisfactory.", "contents": "Blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia: the effect of intensive chemotherapy. 24 patients with Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) in blast crisis were treated with intensive chemotherapy. 16 patients showed either partial or complete response to this treatment, but median survival remained short (13 weeks), and much of this time was spent in hospital. These results were not significantly better than those obtained by others using vincristine and prednisolone alone, and this combination of drugs can often be given on an outpatient basis. It is concluded that until more effective intensive therapy becomes available patients in CML blast crisis should be managed in such a way that the quality of life is not impaired; and that at present vincristine and prednisolone appears to be the most impaired; and that at present vincristine and prednisolone appears to be the most appropriate initial treatment, though even this is far from satisfactory.", "PMID": 1064906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4832", "title": "The penetration of trimethoprim into seminal fluid and serum.", "content": "A series of determinations of the concentrations of trimethoprim in seminal fluid and serum was made during the treatment of 18 men. Trimethoprim could be demonstrated in an average concentration in serum of 1.8-2.0 mug per millilitre and in seminal fluid of between 1.0 and 1.5 mug per millilitre. At the same time it was demonstrated that the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) has no effect on genital mycoplasma species.", "contents": "The penetration of trimethoprim into seminal fluid and serum. A series of determinations of the concentrations of trimethoprim in seminal fluid and serum was made during the treatment of 18 men. Trimethoprim could be demonstrated in an average concentration in serum of 1.8-2.0 mug per millilitre and in seminal fluid of between 1.0 and 1.5 mug per millilitre. At the same time it was demonstrated that the combination of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) has no effect on genital mycoplasma species.", "PMID": 1064912}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4833", "title": "Co-trimoxazole in the long-term treatment of pyelonephritis with normal and impaired renal function.", "content": "The effect of co-trimoxazole was studied in 29 cases of acute or chronic pyelonephritis. The therapy produced the desired effect in 22 out of 23 cases and in the 6 cases treated prophylactically. We used a special dosage schedule for the combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in the treatment of patients with normal renal function and with varying degrees of renal impairment. The results show that the plasma concentrations were at satisfactory therapeutic levels, with no accumulation of the three substances and without causing any toxic side effects, even in patients with severe impairment of the renal function. The mean duration of the treatment was 12.3 months. The material is, however, not largelu enough to warrant the recommendation of standardized treatment according to the schedule described, in spite of the favourable experience gained. It does, however, permit us to recommend that the plasma concentrations should be determined, particularly of the total sulphamethoxazole in patients with severely impaired renal function.", "contents": "Co-trimoxazole in the long-term treatment of pyelonephritis with normal and impaired renal function. The effect of co-trimoxazole was studied in 29 cases of acute or chronic pyelonephritis. The therapy produced the desired effect in 22 out of 23 cases and in the 6 cases treated prophylactically. We used a special dosage schedule for the combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in the treatment of patients with normal renal function and with varying degrees of renal impairment. The results show that the plasma concentrations were at satisfactory therapeutic levels, with no accumulation of the three substances and without causing any toxic side effects, even in patients with severe impairment of the renal function. The mean duration of the treatment was 12.3 months. The material is, however, not largelu enough to warrant the recommendation of standardized treatment according to the schedule described, in spite of the favourable experience gained. It does, however, permit us to recommend that the plasma concentrations should be determined, particularly of the total sulphamethoxazole in patients with severely impaired renal function.", "PMID": 1064915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4834", "title": "The treatment of meningitis in infants with co-trimoxazole administered parenterally.", "content": "We found that co-trimoxazole had a good clinical and antibacterial effect when given parenterally to infants with infections of the central nervous system. We showed good concentrations in the serum and satisfactory penetrations into the cerebrospinal fluid. In one case, there was a side effect which may have been due to the sulpha or to the solvent. We think that at present the preparation should not be given to very premature babies or to babies with icterus, for the same reasons that we avoid using sulpha preparations in these conditions, but otherwise it may be of great use in difficult cases of meningitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria in infancy.", "contents": "The treatment of meningitis in infants with co-trimoxazole administered parenterally. We found that co-trimoxazole had a good clinical and antibacterial effect when given parenterally to infants with infections of the central nervous system. We showed good concentrations in the serum and satisfactory penetrations into the cerebrospinal fluid. In one case, there was a side effect which may have been due to the sulpha or to the solvent. We think that at present the preparation should not be given to very premature babies or to babies with icterus, for the same reasons that we avoid using sulpha preparations in these conditions, but otherwise it may be of great use in difficult cases of meningitis caused by Gram-negative bacteria in infancy.", "PMID": 1064918}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4835", "title": "The intravenous infusion of co-trimoxazole in cases of septicaemia: tolerance and results of treatment.", "content": "The tolerance to co-trimoxazole given by intravenous infusion was investigated in 25 patients suspected to be suffering from septicaemia. One patients developed allergic skin manifestations and two had increased difficulties with cardiac insufficiency, probably on account of the infusion. The other patients tolerated well. The results of treatment of 11 patients with septicaemia were good in 8 cases. In 2 cases, the poor results of the treatment can be explained by the presence of undrained abscesses  in these patients. Good concentrations of the components in the serum were achieved by the treatment.", "contents": "The intravenous infusion of co-trimoxazole in cases of septicaemia: tolerance and results of treatment. The tolerance to co-trimoxazole given by intravenous infusion was investigated in 25 patients suspected to be suffering from septicaemia. One patients developed allergic skin manifestations and two had increased difficulties with cardiac insufficiency, probably on account of the infusion. The other patients tolerated well. The results of treatment of 11 patients with septicaemia were good in 8 cases. In 2 cases, the poor results of the treatment can be explained by the presence of undrained abscesses  in these patients. Good concentrations of the components in the serum were achieved by the treatment.", "PMID": 1064919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4836", "title": "[A new device for the positioning of lateral teeth in complete dentures].", "content": "A new instrument for the arrangement of the posterior teeth in complete dentures is introduced. The instrument consists of a device to attach a transparent base-plate reproducing the morphology of the jaw to an articulator. During the set up the base-plate is fixed to the articulator at the level of the occlusal plane. So the morphological features of the edentulous jaw are three-dimensionally reproduced by the base-plate at the occlusal level. The advantage of the instrument is to allow a better, immediate and direct control of the occlusal configuration of the posterior teethe in relation to the morphology of the jaw.", "contents": "[A new device for the positioning of lateral teeth in complete dentures]. A new instrument for the arrangement of the posterior teeth in complete dentures is introduced. The instrument consists of a device to attach a transparent base-plate reproducing the morphology of the jaw to an articulator. During the set up the base-plate is fixed to the articulator at the level of the occlusal plane. So the morphological features of the edentulous jaw are three-dimensionally reproduced by the base-plate at the occlusal level. The advantage of the instrument is to allow a better, immediate and direct control of the occlusal configuration of the posterior teethe in relation to the morphology of the jaw.", "PMID": 1064973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4837", "title": "[Functionally stable osteosynthesis and simulography in sagittal osteotomy of the ascending ramus. A comparative clinical study].", "content": "Sagittal mandibular osteotomy is a well-founded means to correct various dysgnathias. The method is enhanced by the possibilities of fixation which osteosynthesis has offered to the treatment of bone fractures. The success of using osteosynthesis in osteotomy depends partly of preoperative planning combined with simulography which allows for orthograde adaptation of the proximal fragments and the proper localization of the traction screws. 75 sagittal osteotomies were checked. They had all been operated the same way, but the fixation was varied: without fixation, fixation by wiring, fixation by Kirschner wire, fixation by bilateral traction screws, 1 each, 2 each, 3 each. The evaluation was made by using many criteria. It was found that without functionally stable osteosynthesis, inspite of 2-3 months immobilization a recurrence occurred in most cases and that postoperative treatment by activator or by head-chin appliance was necessary. With 3 screws on each side and preoperative planning with simulography no recurrence was found in 30 cases. Also, the hospitalization could be shortened and with it the working incapacity. These patients could be left without intermaxillary fixation and late postoperative treatment.", "contents": "[Functionally stable osteosynthesis and simulography in sagittal osteotomy of the ascending ramus. A comparative clinical study]. Sagittal mandibular osteotomy is a well-founded means to correct various dysgnathias. The method is enhanced by the possibilities of fixation which osteosynthesis has offered to the treatment of bone fractures. The success of using osteosynthesis in osteotomy depends partly of preoperative planning combined with simulography which allows for orthograde adaptation of the proximal fragments and the proper localization of the traction screws. 75 sagittal osteotomies were checked. They had all been operated the same way, but the fixation was varied: without fixation, fixation by wiring, fixation by Kirschner wire, fixation by bilateral traction screws, 1 each, 2 each, 3 each. The evaluation was made by using many criteria. It was found that without functionally stable osteosynthesis, inspite of 2-3 months immobilization a recurrence occurred in most cases and that postoperative treatment by activator or by head-chin appliance was necessary. With 3 screws on each side and preoperative planning with simulography no recurrence was found in 30 cases. Also, the hospitalization could be shortened and with it the working incapacity. These patients could be left without intermaxillary fixation and late postoperative treatment.", "PMID": 1064974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4838", "title": "[The possibility of a standardization of clinical trials concerning materials for root canal obturation].", "content": "Clinical trials constitute epidemiologic experiments, in comparable groups of human populations designed to assess the preventive of curative effects of agents or measures. International organizations (FDI, WHO, CIOMS, ISO) have been instrumental in creating uniform methods, so that the findings from different sources can be validly compared. The need for a standardization of clinical trials in dentistry is particularly felt: - by the dental profession in order to make the choice of materials with the best clinically proven qualities - by the manufacturers in order to develop materials of improved clinical quality - by the public health administrators (or social security agencies), in order to either evaluate the benefit of instituted preventive and curative measure or to ascertain the best possible services A centennial history of efforts is shown to have resulted today in a broad international understanding (Table III). 1. The first chapter of this paper presents a review of the principal requirements for controlled clinical trails [8] such as officially adopted by FDI (Table V). 2. The second chapter offers a first-hand apercu of impending recommendations proposed by COMIET in two protocols [11] for the uniform conduct and evaluation of clinical trials of restorative techniques and materials. 2.1 Three standardized forms (A, B: Table IX, and C) serve to uniformly record data of the operative procedures. 2.2 The proposed standardized criteria (Tables X, XI) for the clinical appraisal of distinct materials give the advantage of having been tested already very extensively. 3. A critical review of the proposed protocols [11] reveals the necessity of: 3.1 referring to and coordinating with the already adopted principal requirements for controlled clinical trials. 3.2 generally adopting the excellent guidelines for the  conduct of the study and the evaluation of observations (Tables X, XI) 3.3 taking advantage of the possibilities for reducing the recommended sample of 100 paired restorations (200 cavities)--difficult to implement in many countries--by certain measure such as preliminary in-vitro experiments, consideration of results already reported in the literature and a more systematic use of a standardized photographic serial documentation, a topic which will be the object of an ensuing paper.", "contents": "[The possibility of a standardization of clinical trials concerning materials for root canal obturation]. Clinical trials constitute epidemiologic experiments, in comparable groups of human populations designed to assess the preventive of curative effects of agents or measures. International organizations (FDI, WHO, CIOMS, ISO) have been instrumental in creating uniform methods, so that the findings from different sources can be validly compared. The need for a standardization of clinical trials in dentistry is particularly felt: - by the dental profession in order to make the choice of materials with the best clinically proven qualities - by the manufacturers in order to develop materials of improved clinical quality - by the public health administrators (or social security agencies), in order to either evaluate the benefit of instituted preventive and curative measure or to ascertain the best possible services A centennial history of efforts is shown to have resulted today in a broad international understanding (Table III). 1. The first chapter of this paper presents a review of the principal requirements for controlled clinical trails [8] such as officially adopted by FDI (Table V). 2. The second chapter offers a first-hand apercu of impending recommendations proposed by COMIET in two protocols [11] for the uniform conduct and evaluation of clinical trials of restorative techniques and materials. 2.1 Three standardized forms (A, B: Table IX, and C) serve to uniformly record data of the operative procedures. 2.2 The proposed standardized criteria (Tables X, XI) for the clinical appraisal of distinct materials give the advantage of having been tested already very extensively. 3. A critical review of the proposed protocols [11] reveals the necessity of: 3.1 referring to and coordinating with the already adopted principal requirements for controlled clinical trials. 3.2 generally adopting the excellent guidelines for the  conduct of the study and the evaluation of observations (Tables X, XI) 3.3 taking advantage of the possibilities for reducing the recommended sample of 100 paired restorations (200 cavities)--difficult to implement in many countries--by certain measure such as preliminary in-vitro experiments, consideration of results already reported in the literature and a more systematic use of a standardized photographic serial documentation, a topic which will be the object of an ensuing paper.", "PMID": 1064975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4839", "title": "[The Sj\u00f6gren-Gougerot syndrome].", "content": "The Sj\u00f6gren-Gougerot syndrome represents a rare disease of the collagenous tissue characterized by the three symptoms Xerophtalmy, Xerostomy, polyarthritis. Women after the menopause are the most affected. Oral symptoms addup to diverse dermatological manifestations. The bilateral parotidic swelling and systemic complications accompany the disease, and the immunological disorder is coupled with hypergammaglobulinemia. Prognosis is very reserved and treatment delicate.", "contents": "[The Sj\u00f6gren-Gougerot syndrome]. The Sj\u00f6gren-Gougerot syndrome represents a rare disease of the collagenous tissue characterized by the three symptoms Xerophtalmy, Xerostomy, polyarthritis. Women after the menopause are the most affected. Oral symptoms addup to diverse dermatological manifestations. The bilateral parotidic swelling and systemic complications accompany the disease, and the immunological disorder is coupled with hypergammaglobulinemia. Prognosis is very reserved and treatment delicate.", "PMID": 1064976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4840", "title": "The problem of splenectomy in a leukemic patient population.", "content": "An attempt has been made in an experimental group of 20 patients, with leukemia or one of the myeloproliferative disorders, to devise a safe method of splenectomy by timing the operation to coincide with optimal response to chemotherapy, preoperative bowel preparation with antibiotics to minimize infections, and availability of platelet concentrates, matched for HL-A antigens when possible, to control massive hemorrhage. The results in this experimental group were compared with a historical control group of 26 patients. Two-thirds of all the patients had chronic myelocytic leukemia, and the mean weight of the spleens removed was just over 1,800 grams. Operative mortality was 35% in the historical group and zero in the more recent group, six of whom were operated on while in blastic crisis. Splenectomy can be done safely in leukemic patients, and is not contraindicated. Future planned studies will determine its possible therapeutic role in reducing tumor burden.", "contents": "The problem of splenectomy in a leukemic patient population. An attempt has been made in an experimental group of 20 patients, with leukemia or one of the myeloproliferative disorders, to devise a safe method of splenectomy by timing the operation to coincide with optimal response to chemotherapy, preoperative bowel preparation with antibiotics to minimize infections, and availability of platelet concentrates, matched for HL-A antigens when possible, to control massive hemorrhage. The results in this experimental group were compared with a historical control group of 26 patients. Two-thirds of all the patients had chronic myelocytic leukemia, and the mean weight of the spleens removed was just over 1,800 grams. Operative mortality was 35% in the historical group and zero in the more recent group, six of whom were operated on while in blastic crisis. Splenectomy can be done safely in leukemic patients, and is not contraindicated. Future planned studies will determine its possible therapeutic role in reducing tumor burden.", "PMID": 1064981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4841", "title": "Hypoventilation after high unilateral cervical chordotomy in a patient with preexisting injury of the phrenic nerve.", "content": "Unilateral cervical chordotomy for the relief of intractable pain is a well accepted procedure but is not without hazard. Postoperative respiratory failure is not an uncommon occurrence, but the likelihood increases with a number of factors, particularly preexisting pulmonary abnormalities or previous contralateral cervical chordotomy. Preoperative assessment of the pulmonary function of patients who are about to have cervical chordotomy is emphasized to predict and anticipate potential postoperative respiratory failure.", "contents": "Hypoventilation after high unilateral cervical chordotomy in a patient with preexisting injury of the phrenic nerve. Unilateral cervical chordotomy for the relief of intractable pain is a well accepted procedure but is not without hazard. Postoperative respiratory failure is not an uncommon occurrence, but the likelihood increases with a number of factors, particularly preexisting pulmonary abnormalities or previous contralateral cervical chordotomy. Preoperative assessment of the pulmonary function of patients who are about to have cervical chordotomy is emphasized to predict and anticipate potential postoperative respiratory failure.", "PMID": 1064982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4842", "title": "Splenectomy in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "There were no deaths or major complications in three chronic myelogenous leukemia patients in group 1 who were selected under well controlled conditions and had the spleen removed. Intensive chemotherapy in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients who undergo splenectomy remains to be resolved. Well controlled prospective clinical trials are now being conducted to evaluate the value of splenectomy in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "contents": "Splenectomy in chronic myelogenous leukemia. There were no deaths or major complications in three chronic myelogenous leukemia patients in group 1 who were selected under well controlled conditions and had the spleen removed. Intensive chemotherapy in the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients who undergo splenectomy remains to be resolved. Well controlled prospective clinical trials are now being conducted to evaluate the value of splenectomy in chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "PMID": 1064996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4843", "title": "Clinical assessment of the hypertensive fundus.", "content": "This brief paper attempts to place some of the pieces of the jig-saw of hypertensive retinopathy together, and to emphasize the value of fundus photography including stereoscopic pictures in reducing the subjective element in the clinical assessment of these cases.", "contents": "Clinical assessment of the hypertensive fundus. This brief paper attempts to place some of the pieces of the jig-saw of hypertensive retinopathy together, and to emphasize the value of fundus photography including stereoscopic pictures in reducing the subjective element in the clinical assessment of these cases.", "PMID": 1065139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4844", "title": "An ophthalmic genetics clinic.", "content": "The results are presented from the first year of our clinic in Edinburgh. These were included in the setting up of a computerized Register of Ascertainment and Prevention of Inherited Disease ('RAPID') in the Department of Human Genetics. A total of 45 relatives who had greater than 10% risk were ascertained from fifteen families with hereditary diseases; 24 relatives had 10% risk of retinitis pigmentosa. The pupils at the Royal Blind School, Edinburgh, were surveyed and it was found that 40% of the 100 pupils had definitely inherited severe eye disease. Only 31% , had definitely non-genetic disease, for which reassuring counseling can be given. In 29% we could not be sure. From those with hereditary disease we ascertained 51 relatives at greater than 10% risk. Any patient with a fairly symmetrical 'quiet' eye disease, especially if congenital, should be suspected of having an hereditary disease--presumably due to a recessive gene, even if the parents are not consanguineous, but possibly due to a mutation which could prove dominant; a search of the literature in such cases is useful. Although patients with a 'recessive' disease can be reassured that the (extra) risk to their children is small, it is worth warning them that in their families a consanguineous marriage is more liable than usual to produce affected children. A case of oculo-pharyngeal muscular dystrophy was seen and two cases of Leber's congenital amaurosis: the commonest diagnosis was retinitis pigmentosa, and there were several cases of Marfan's syndrome. The Royal Blind School takes both boys and girls and one couple have recently married, the male with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa and the female with dominantly inherited retinoblastoma.", "contents": "An ophthalmic genetics clinic. The results are presented from the first year of our clinic in Edinburgh. These were included in the setting up of a computerized Register of Ascertainment and Prevention of Inherited Disease ('RAPID') in the Department of Human Genetics. A total of 45 relatives who had greater than 10% risk were ascertained from fifteen families with hereditary diseases; 24 relatives had 10% risk of retinitis pigmentosa. The pupils at the Royal Blind School, Edinburgh, were surveyed and it was found that 40% of the 100 pupils had definitely inherited severe eye disease. Only 31% , had definitely non-genetic disease, for which reassuring counseling can be given. In 29% we could not be sure. From those with hereditary disease we ascertained 51 relatives at greater than 10% risk. Any patient with a fairly symmetrical 'quiet' eye disease, especially if congenital, should be suspected of having an hereditary disease--presumably due to a recessive gene, even if the parents are not consanguineous, but possibly due to a mutation which could prove dominant; a search of the literature in such cases is useful. Although patients with a 'recessive' disease can be reassured that the (extra) risk to their children is small, it is worth warning them that in their families a consanguineous marriage is more liable than usual to produce affected children. A case of oculo-pharyngeal muscular dystrophy was seen and two cases of Leber's congenital amaurosis: the commonest diagnosis was retinitis pigmentosa, and there were several cases of Marfan's syndrome. The Royal Blind School takes both boys and girls and one couple have recently married, the male with X-linked retinitis pigmentosa and the female with dominantly inherited retinoblastoma.", "PMID": 1065140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4845", "title": "Ultrasonic cataract extraction with acoustic horn.", "content": "An ultrasonic lens-disintegrations system is added to the aspiration side of an irrigation-aspiration system. It incorporates an acoustic horn of which one part is a stainless steel cone 4 cm long with a 1 cm diameter base. From the apex of the cone projects the other part, viz. a 22 gauge needle, which is inserted into the anterior chamber at the limbus temporally (left eye) and which carries aspirated lens fragments with saline out into a duct drilled 2 cm into the cone along its axis. At that point the duct turns at right-angles to leave the cone; a polythene tube connects the duct with the aspiration syringe. A vibration generator (sandwich transducer) initiates ultrasonic vibrations which the needle-cone combination magnifies about 100-fold at the tip of the needle. Saline input to and output from the anterior chamber are maintained exactly equal (and simultaneous) by means of a 'push-pull' system of twin reciprocating hand-driven 30 ml. syringes (Fig. 7). Saline input is through a 25 gauge needle at the limbus at 6 o'clock (left eye).", "contents": "Ultrasonic cataract extraction with acoustic horn. An ultrasonic lens-disintegrations system is added to the aspiration side of an irrigation-aspiration system. It incorporates an acoustic horn of which one part is a stainless steel cone 4 cm long with a 1 cm diameter base. From the apex of the cone projects the other part, viz. a 22 gauge needle, which is inserted into the anterior chamber at the limbus temporally (left eye) and which carries aspirated lens fragments with saline out into a duct drilled 2 cm into the cone along its axis. At that point the duct turns at right-angles to leave the cone; a polythene tube connects the duct with the aspiration syringe. A vibration generator (sandwich transducer) initiates ultrasonic vibrations which the needle-cone combination magnifies about 100-fold at the tip of the needle. Saline input to and output from the anterior chamber are maintained exactly equal (and simultaneous) by means of a 'push-pull' system of twin reciprocating hand-driven 30 ml. syringes (Fig. 7). Saline input is through a 25 gauge needle at the limbus at 6 o'clock (left eye).", "PMID": 1065141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4846", "title": "Colour stereocin\u00e9 photography with twin cameras through the operation microscope.", "content": "Two Beaulieu R16 cinecameras attached toa Zeiss operation microscope, OP Mi2, one for each side, produced colour cine films. When these were projected through polarizing filters on to a silver screen, the audience (wearing appropriately oriented polarizing spectacles) achieved a stereoscopic view.", "contents": "Colour stereocin\u00e9 photography with twin cameras through the operation microscope. Two Beaulieu R16 cinecameras attached toa Zeiss operation microscope, OP Mi2, one for each side, produced colour cine films. When these were projected through polarizing filters on to a silver screen, the audience (wearing appropriately oriented polarizing spectacles) achieved a stereoscopic view.", "PMID": 1065142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4847", "title": "Diabetic retinopathy. Review of 82 patients presenting with unilateral blindness.", "content": "Of the 82 patients who presented to our clinic with unilateral blindness secondary to diabetic retinopathy, 76% had PDR in the blind eye, 4% had non-proliferative retinopathy, and 20% had macular exudates. The second eye, in most instances, had or developed the same pathology as the first eye. Visual prognosis was poor for the 59 patients who had PDR in the second eye; 24 became blind at an average of 15-7 months after presentation. Those patients who were treated seemed to fare better than those not treated. Only three of the fourteen patients who had pituitary ablations became blind, but the average age of this group was, of course, significantly lower than that of the others. Nine of the 22 patients who received photocoagulation became blind in the second eye. Twelve of the 24 patients who received no treatment became blind in the second eye. Visual prognosis for patients with non-proliferative retinopathy was much better; ten patients maintained useful vision for an average of 4 years follow-up. Of the twelve patients with macular exudates in the second eye, three became blind at an average of 34 months after presentation.", "contents": "Diabetic retinopathy. Review of 82 patients presenting with unilateral blindness. Of the 82 patients who presented to our clinic with unilateral blindness secondary to diabetic retinopathy, 76% had PDR in the blind eye, 4% had non-proliferative retinopathy, and 20% had macular exudates. The second eye, in most instances, had or developed the same pathology as the first eye. Visual prognosis was poor for the 59 patients who had PDR in the second eye; 24 became blind at an average of 15-7 months after presentation. Those patients who were treated seemed to fare better than those not treated. Only three of the fourteen patients who had pituitary ablations became blind, but the average age of this group was, of course, significantly lower than that of the others. Nine of the 22 patients who received photocoagulation became blind in the second eye. Twelve of the 24 patients who received no treatment became blind in the second eye. Visual prognosis for patients with non-proliferative retinopathy was much better; ten patients maintained useful vision for an average of 4 years follow-up. Of the twelve patients with macular exudates in the second eye, three became blind at an average of 34 months after presentation.", "PMID": 1065143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4848", "title": "[Slow-virus \"encephalitis\" following measles in a child with cytostatically-treated leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A child with acute infantile lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission after cytostatic therapy contracted apparently uncomplicated measles. 8 weeks later, an acute neurological syndrome developed, which led to death within 2 weeks. At autopsy, a peculiar type of inclusion body \"encephalitis\" almost without signs of inflammatory infiltration was found. Electron microscopic examination showed changes of paramyxovirus infection, which were attributable to slow measles virus disease of the CNS. There was evidence of disturbed nucleocapside synthesis, which is considered to be one of the basic defects in the development of slow-virus processes and their altered viral maturation. Possible pathogenetic factors are discussed in the light of our case.", "contents": "[Slow-virus \"encephalitis\" following measles in a child with cytostatically-treated leukaemia (author's transl)]. A child with acute infantile lymphoblastic leukaemia in remission after cytostatic therapy contracted apparently uncomplicated measles. 8 weeks later, an acute neurological syndrome developed, which led to death within 2 weeks. At autopsy, a peculiar type of inclusion body \"encephalitis\" almost without signs of inflammatory infiltration was found. Electron microscopic examination showed changes of paramyxovirus infection, which were attributable to slow measles virus disease of the CNS. There was evidence of disturbed nucleocapside synthesis, which is considered to be one of the basic defects in the development of slow-virus processes and their altered viral maturation. Possible pathogenetic factors are discussed in the light of our case.", "PMID": 1065146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4849", "title": "[Current problems of childhood and juvenile neuropsychiatry].", "content": "In the submitted study a short historical review intends to point out the roots and mode of formation proceeding the new medical branch \"Neuropsychiatry for children and juvenils\", trying to emphasize interdisziplinary work as basic point of conception. Aspects in regard to the development of higher human functions will be discussed in the second part of the paper, whereby the common approach of Neurophysiologist and psychoanalytical oriented Psychologist accentuated is. In connection with the therapeutical consequences of such physio- and psychological development consideration questions regarding the neuropsychiatric welfare service for children and juveniles will be taken.", "contents": "[Current problems of childhood and juvenile neuropsychiatry]. In the submitted study a short historical review intends to point out the roots and mode of formation proceeding the new medical branch \"Neuropsychiatry for children and juvenils\", trying to emphasize interdisziplinary work as basic point of conception. Aspects in regard to the development of higher human functions will be discussed in the second part of the paper, whereby the common approach of Neurophysiologist and psychoanalytical oriented Psychologist accentuated is. In connection with the therapeutical consequences of such physio- and psychological development consideration questions regarding the neuropsychiatric welfare service for children and juveniles will be taken.", "PMID": 1065147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4850", "title": "Giant millipede burns in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Three patients with superficial burns to the face and neck from benzo-quinone derivatives in the excretions of giant millipeds of the Spirobolus family are reported from the Northern District of Papua. A review is made of the clinical features and treatment of these burns.", "contents": "Giant millipede burns in Papua New Guinea. Three patients with superficial burns to the face and neck from benzo-quinone derivatives in the excretions of giant millipeds of the Spirobolus family are reported from the Northern District of Papua. A review is made of the clinical features and treatment of these burns.", "PMID": 1065155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4851", "title": "Traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria and fevers in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Plants have been used as traditional medicine in many areas of Papua New Guinea. Over thrity different plants used to treat malaria and fevers have been collected and their uses recorded. Many of the plants taken internally, but few others, are found to contain alkaloids.", "contents": "Traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of malaria and fevers in Papua New Guinea. Plants have been used as traditional medicine in many areas of Papua New Guinea. Over thrity different plants used to treat malaria and fevers have been collected and their uses recorded. Many of the plants taken internally, but few others, are found to contain alkaloids.", "PMID": 1065156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4852", "title": "Pharmacological investigations of virosecurinine.", "content": "This study reports some biological studies on the alkaloid virosecurinine isolated from the plant Securinega Virosa. Virosecurinine is an isomer of the securinine group of alkaloids present in plants used in traditional medicines in many areas, including the Central District of Papua New Guinea. Virosecurinine is mildly toxic to mice with an LD50 of 73 milligrams per kilogram body weight. Death results from violent tonic convulsions and paralysis similar to those observed with strychnine poisoning. Virosecurinine had no effect on the growth of the following bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis, or the fungi, F. monoliforme, P. viridicatum, A. niger, R. solani, R. stolonifer and C. lunata.", "contents": "Pharmacological investigations of virosecurinine. This study reports some biological studies on the alkaloid virosecurinine isolated from the plant Securinega Virosa. Virosecurinine is an isomer of the securinine group of alkaloids present in plants used in traditional medicines in many areas, including the Central District of Papua New Guinea. Virosecurinine is mildly toxic to mice with an LD50 of 73 milligrams per kilogram body weight. Death results from violent tonic convulsions and paralysis similar to those observed with strychnine poisoning. Virosecurinine had no effect on the growth of the following bacteria, E. coli, S. aureus, and B. subtilis, or the fungi, F. monoliforme, P. viridicatum, A. niger, R. solani, R. stolonifer and C. lunata.", "PMID": 1065158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4853", "title": "The social consequences of accidental injury.", "content": "A case history is presented showing how traditional beliefs affect the understanding of accidental injury. The impact of such an event on the life of a particular village is also described, and certain implications for medical workers are noted.", "contents": "The social consequences of accidental injury. A case history is presented showing how traditional beliefs affect the understanding of accidental injury. The impact of such an event on the life of a particular village is also described, and certain implications for medical workers are noted.", "PMID": 1065159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4854", "title": "Motivation, crime, and cultural change: a review of fifteen years experience in the law courts.", "content": "The author's forensic experience among the different cultural groups of this country stress the doctor's twin obligations as physician as well as witness. Provisional definitions of psychiatric disorder and criminality in this context are given. The medicolegal aspects of cargo cult, customary land rights, and the incest taboo transgression are discussed, and suggestions made that the law can act as an educational force, as well as having a social control function, and that legislation could be prepared with this additional end in view.", "contents": "Motivation, crime, and cultural change: a review of fifteen years experience in the law courts. The author's forensic experience among the different cultural groups of this country stress the doctor's twin obligations as physician as well as witness. Provisional definitions of psychiatric disorder and criminality in this context are given. The medicolegal aspects of cargo cult, customary land rights, and the incest taboo transgression are discussed, and suggestions made that the law can act as an educational force, as well as having a social control function, and that legislation could be prepared with this additional end in view.", "PMID": 1065160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4855", "title": "Orderlies as interpreters in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "The medical orderly as a linguistic intermediary is performing the function of interpreter for which he has not been trained. However, it is found that he almost always achieves an adequate equivalence between the source language and the target language. One strength of the system is that the orderly has medical training but this is also a basic weakness since if a more complex situation arises in which the patient wishes to convey information heregards as relevant but the orderly regards as irrelevant, the communication process may break down into a mass of misunderstandings.", "contents": "Orderlies as interpreters in Papua New Guinea. The medical orderly as a linguistic intermediary is performing the function of interpreter for which he has not been trained. However, it is found that he almost always achieves an adequate equivalence between the source language and the target language. One strength of the system is that the orderly has medical training but this is also a basic weakness since if a more complex situation arises in which the patient wishes to convey information heregards as relevant but the orderly regards as irrelevant, the communication process may break down into a mass of misunderstandings.", "PMID": 1065161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4856", "title": "[McArdle's disease (a familial case)].", "content": "The author describes a family (48 year old mother and 15 year old son) with the muscular variant of glycogenosis-McArde's metabolic myopathy. The mother has been ill since 22 years old, the son--since 7. The disease had a slowly progressive development. The clinical picture was characterized by convulsions of the type of cramps following physical loadings on muscles of the body and extremities. Convulsions were accompanied by pain, an induration and enlargment of the muscles, muscle fatigue and increased significantly in an artifical ischemia of the extremities. A histochemical study of the muscle revealed a pathological accumulation of glycogen. The content of lactic and pyruvic acid in the blood after work in ischemic conditions did not change significantly. A study of the sugar curve in the blood with a loading with glucose and a parallel determination of insulin by a radioimmune method found hyperinsulinemia and a dysfunction of the pancreas.", "contents": "[McArdle's disease (a familial case)]. The author describes a family (48 year old mother and 15 year old son) with the muscular variant of glycogenosis-McArde's metabolic myopathy. The mother has been ill since 22 years old, the son--since 7. The disease had a slowly progressive development. The clinical picture was characterized by convulsions of the type of cramps following physical loadings on muscles of the body and extremities. Convulsions were accompanied by pain, an induration and enlargment of the muscles, muscle fatigue and increased significantly in an artifical ischemia of the extremities. A histochemical study of the muscle revealed a pathological accumulation of glycogen. The content of lactic and pyruvic acid in the blood after work in ischemic conditions did not change significantly. A study of the sugar curve in the blood with a loading with glucose and a parallel determination of insulin by a radioimmune method found hyperinsulinemia and a dysfunction of the pancreas.", "PMID": 1065164}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4857", "title": "Cytologic features of seminal vesicle epithelium in aspiration biopsy smears of the prostate.", "content": "To determine the rate of occurrence of cells derived from seminal vesicles in routine needle aspirates of the prostate, the smears of 853 aspirates were reviewed. The cytologic features of cells originating from the seminal vesicles were described using air-dried smears stained by the May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa method. The differential diagnosis with malignancy is discussed.", "contents": "Cytologic features of seminal vesicle epithelium in aspiration biopsy smears of the prostate. To determine the rate of occurrence of cells derived from seminal vesicles in routine needle aspirates of the prostate, the smears of 853 aspirates were reviewed. The cytologic features of cells originating from the seminal vesicles were described using air-dried smears stained by the May-Gr\u00fcnwald-Giemsa method. The differential diagnosis with malignancy is discussed.", "PMID": 1065171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4858", "title": "Cytologic examination of post prostatic massage specimens as an aid in diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "The results of cytologic examination fo post-massage prostatic secretion from symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects were evaluated by comparison with available tissue diagnosis. Specimens studied consisted of post-prostatic massage secretion and urine. The latter specimen gave much superior results. Although possibility of the cytologic diagnosis in prostatic carcinoma cases was limited, it proved to be reliable. Presently available short follow-up data indicate that this technique may play a role only as a diagnostic aid, however, its real value in prostatic cancer detection, could be only evaluated by long term follow-up of the \"high risk\" group.", "contents": "Cytologic examination of post prostatic massage specimens as an aid in diagnosis of carcinoma of the prostate. The results of cytologic examination fo post-massage prostatic secretion from symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects were evaluated by comparison with available tissue diagnosis. Specimens studied consisted of post-prostatic massage secretion and urine. The latter specimen gave much superior results. Although possibility of the cytologic diagnosis in prostatic carcinoma cases was limited, it proved to be reliable. Presently available short follow-up data indicate that this technique may play a role only as a diagnostic aid, however, its real value in prostatic cancer detection, could be only evaluated by long term follow-up of the \"high risk\" group.", "PMID": 1065172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4859", "title": "[Intravascular disseminated coagulation syndrome in patients with acute leukemias].", "content": "The author discusses the occurrence of disseminated intravascular clotting syndrome in patients with acute leukaemias in the light of personal material comprising 9 cases. The syndrome may appear as a complication of the main disease or of chemotherapy applied in it. It is most frequent in acute promyelocytic leukaemia and this fact may suggest that promyelocytes play a role in initiation of blood clotting. The problem of diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome in patients with acute leukaemia is discussed.", "contents": "[Intravascular disseminated coagulation syndrome in patients with acute leukemias]. The author discusses the occurrence of disseminated intravascular clotting syndrome in patients with acute leukaemias in the light of personal material comprising 9 cases. The syndrome may appear as a complication of the main disease or of chemotherapy applied in it. It is most frequent in acute promyelocytic leukaemia and this fact may suggest that promyelocytes play a role in initiation of blood clotting. The problem of diagnosis and treatment of this syndrome in patients with acute leukaemia is discussed.", "PMID": 1065178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4860", "title": "Rapid cytologic diagnosis of surgical specimens.", "content": "The application of a rapid cytologic procedure for examination of tissue submitted for immediate frozen section diagnosis is reported. Its use in various anatomical locations is described briefly. It is apparent that this technic has wide applicability in the cytologic diagnosis of lesions from all organs. It has been used by the author for the past twenty years and has been found applicable to all types of lesions from all organs.", "contents": "Rapid cytologic diagnosis of surgical specimens. The application of a rapid cytologic procedure for examination of tissue submitted for immediate frozen section diagnosis is reported. Its use in various anatomical locations is described briefly. It is apparent that this technic has wide applicability in the cytologic diagnosis of lesions from all organs. It has been used by the author for the past twenty years and has been found applicable to all types of lesions from all organs.", "PMID": 1065170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4861", "title": "3H-thymidine incorporation into mammary carcinoma cells obtained by needle aspiration before and during endocrine therapy.", "content": "3H-thymidine autoradiography was used to evaluate DNA-synthesis in carcinoma cells obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy from mammary carcinomas. Needle aspirates were analyzed before and after oophorectomy, and before and during treatment with oestrogen or anti-oestrogen (tamoxifen). Tumor regression occurred in 18 patients-in one of four following oophorectomy, in 15 of 38 treated with tamoxifen and in two of three given oestrogen. Seven tumors remained stationary for long periods-up to a year. In 20 cases there was tumor progression. Regression of tumors was preceded by a decrease in the fraction of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells (s-phase cells). The tumors that remained stationary or progressed retained significant levels of 3H-thymidine incorporation. This study thus showed that 3H-thymidine autoradiography can give an early estimate of tumour response to endocrine therapy. Considerable differences were found between the carcinomas in regard to proportions of S-phase cells. Further insight into this parameter may be useful for planning chemotherapy with S-phase specific agents.", "contents": "3H-thymidine incorporation into mammary carcinoma cells obtained by needle aspiration before and during endocrine therapy. 3H-thymidine autoradiography was used to evaluate DNA-synthesis in carcinoma cells obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy from mammary carcinomas. Needle aspirates were analyzed before and after oophorectomy, and before and during treatment with oestrogen or anti-oestrogen (tamoxifen). Tumor regression occurred in 18 patients-in one of four following oophorectomy, in 15 of 38 treated with tamoxifen and in two of three given oestrogen. Seven tumors remained stationary for long periods-up to a year. In 20 cases there was tumor progression. Regression of tumors was preceded by a decrease in the fraction of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells (s-phase cells). The tumors that remained stationary or progressed retained significant levels of 3H-thymidine incorporation. This study thus showed that 3H-thymidine autoradiography can give an early estimate of tumour response to endocrine therapy. Considerable differences were found between the carcinomas in regard to proportions of S-phase cells. Further insight into this parameter may be useful for planning chemotherapy with S-phase specific agents.", "PMID": 1065173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4862", "title": "[The lipid metabolism of the small intestine and its correlation to the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of the total organism].", "content": "It is attempted to discuss the intestinal lipid metabolism particularly as it relates to systemic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. In an introductory review of recent concepts of intestinal fat absorption special reference is given to the significance of the mixed lipid micelle during the intraluminal phase of fat absorption, to special morphological and functional features of the lumen-absorptive cell interface and to the proposed role of a fatty acid binding protein in the intracellular transport of long chain fatty acids. Furthermore the metabolic fate of absorbed fatty acids within the absorptive epithelial cell is reviewed and pointed out, that certain proteins (f.i. apoprotein B) are of crucial significance for the export of intestinal lipids into lymph. Absorption of dietary fat, however, is not the only function of the intestine in lipid metabolism. Intestinal mucosa is also capable of de novo synthesis of lipids, a function which is elaborated upon in the discussion of intestinal biosynthesis of cholesterol. Since in addition biosynthesis of cholesterol in the liver has been shown to be under sensitive control of cholesterol in intestinal lymph lipoproteins and the intestine represents the only organ, in which serum cholesterol can be excreted (after conversion to bile salts in the liver), the intestine occupies the central role in cholesterol metabolism. The intensive interrelation of intestinal functions and systemic lipoprotein metabolism is underscored by the more recent finding, that the intestine also synthesizes endogenous lipoproteins, which are secreted constantly into intestinal lymph even in the fasting state, thus contributing to plasma very low density lipoproteins. The intestine is the only organ, in which extrahepatic production of endogenous lipoproteins has been demonstrated. In the special section of this paper own original work is presented, elaborating on intestinal metabolism of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and dealing with the important question, whether plasma FFA are incorporated into intestinal lymph lipoproteins. Studies were conducted in rats initially, which were given a rapid i.v. injection of labelled fatty acids. Mucosal radioactivity of the small intestine was greatest 2 minutes after i.v. 14C-palmitate, and accounted for 1% of administered isotope. Of mucosal 14C, 42% were present in water soluble metabolites, including CO2 and ketoacids, 28% in phospholipids and only 16% in triglycerides. The specific activity of mucosal triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) was 11 times that of serum TGFA, confirming triglyceride synthesis by intestinal mucosa. The unexpectedly low percent incorporation of 14C-palmitate into triglycerides and its preferential conversion to water soluble metabolites, reflecting oxidation, were confirmed in double label experiments (3H-palmitate intraluminally, 14C-palmitate i.v.), which showed marked differences in the metabolism of fatty acids entering mucosa simultaneously from the two sources. While i.v...", "contents": "[The lipid metabolism of the small intestine and its correlation to the lipid and lipoprotein metabolism of the total organism]. It is attempted to discuss the intestinal lipid metabolism particularly as it relates to systemic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. In an introductory review of recent concepts of intestinal fat absorption special reference is given to the significance of the mixed lipid micelle during the intraluminal phase of fat absorption, to special morphological and functional features of the lumen-absorptive cell interface and to the proposed role of a fatty acid binding protein in the intracellular transport of long chain fatty acids. Furthermore the metabolic fate of absorbed fatty acids within the absorptive epithelial cell is reviewed and pointed out, that certain proteins (f.i. apoprotein B) are of crucial significance for the export of intestinal lipids into lymph. Absorption of dietary fat, however, is not the only function of the intestine in lipid metabolism. Intestinal mucosa is also capable of de novo synthesis of lipids, a function which is elaborated upon in the discussion of intestinal biosynthesis of cholesterol. Since in addition biosynthesis of cholesterol in the liver has been shown to be under sensitive control of cholesterol in intestinal lymph lipoproteins and the intestine represents the only organ, in which serum cholesterol can be excreted (after conversion to bile salts in the liver), the intestine occupies the central role in cholesterol metabolism. The intensive interrelation of intestinal functions and systemic lipoprotein metabolism is underscored by the more recent finding, that the intestine also synthesizes endogenous lipoproteins, which are secreted constantly into intestinal lymph even in the fasting state, thus contributing to plasma very low density lipoproteins. The intestine is the only organ, in which extrahepatic production of endogenous lipoproteins has been demonstrated. In the special section of this paper own original work is presented, elaborating on intestinal metabolism of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and dealing with the important question, whether plasma FFA are incorporated into intestinal lymph lipoproteins. Studies were conducted in rats initially, which were given a rapid i.v. injection of labelled fatty acids. Mucosal radioactivity of the small intestine was greatest 2 minutes after i.v. 14C-palmitate, and accounted for 1% of administered isotope. Of mucosal 14C, 42% were present in water soluble metabolites, including CO2 and ketoacids, 28% in phospholipids and only 16% in triglycerides. The specific activity of mucosal triglyceride fatty acids (TGFA) was 11 times that of serum TGFA, confirming triglyceride synthesis by intestinal mucosa. The unexpectedly low percent incorporation of 14C-palmitate into triglycerides and its preferential conversion to water soluble metabolites, reflecting oxidation, were confirmed in double label experiments (3H-palmitate intraluminally, 14C-palmitate i.v.), which showed marked differences in the metabolism of fatty acids entering mucosa simultaneously from the two sources. While i.v...", "PMID": 1065179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4863", "title": "The exfoliating cervical epithelial surface in dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous carcinoma. I. Scanning electron microscopic study.", "content": "The exfoliating epithelial surface in cone specimens of the human cervix with histologically normal epithelium, squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and in cervical biopsies with invasive squamous carcinoma was studied by scanning electron-microscopy (SEM). A cobblestone-like surface with anisovillosis seems to herald the appearance of malignant cells on the exfoliating epithelial surface. Post-scanning histologic examination served as a diagnostic reference for the SEM findings.", "contents": "The exfoliating cervical epithelial surface in dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and invasive squamous carcinoma. I. Scanning electron microscopic study. The exfoliating epithelial surface in cone specimens of the human cervix with histologically normal epithelium, squamous metaplasia, dysplasia, carcinoma in situ and in cervical biopsies with invasive squamous carcinoma was studied by scanning electron-microscopy (SEM). A cobblestone-like surface with anisovillosis seems to herald the appearance of malignant cells on the exfoliating epithelial surface. Post-scanning histologic examination served as a diagnostic reference for the SEM findings.", "PMID": 1065174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4864", "title": "Comparison of cellular recovery rates and morphologic detail obtained using membrane filter and cytocentrifuge techniques.", "content": "Two methods commonly used for collecting cells from a large volume of fluid-membrane filters (Millipore, Gelman, and Nuclepore) and cytocentrifugation-were compared for percentage of cell recovery and degree of cell preservation. Twenty samples of body cavity fluid were centrifuged, and the buffy coat of each was resuspended in a balanced electrolyte solution. The cellularity of each suspension was determined using both Coulter Counter and hemocytometer. Exact aliquots of each sample were collected on Millipore, Gelman, and Nuclepore filters and on slides by cytocentrifugation (Shandon). The resultant material was fixed in alcohol (95% ethanol), stained by the Papanicolaou method, mounted, and then evaluated with respect to the number of cells present and the diagnostically significant morphologic detail of the cells. Cell recovery was estimated by counting cells in known areas of each preparation and then ascertaining the total area. The Millipore filter technique consistently recovered the highest percentage of cells and preserved the best morphologic detail.", "contents": "Comparison of cellular recovery rates and morphologic detail obtained using membrane filter and cytocentrifuge techniques. Two methods commonly used for collecting cells from a large volume of fluid-membrane filters (Millipore, Gelman, and Nuclepore) and cytocentrifugation-were compared for percentage of cell recovery and degree of cell preservation. Twenty samples of body cavity fluid were centrifuged, and the buffy coat of each was resuspended in a balanced electrolyte solution. The cellularity of each suspension was determined using both Coulter Counter and hemocytometer. Exact aliquots of each sample were collected on Millipore, Gelman, and Nuclepore filters and on slides by cytocentrifugation (Shandon). The resultant material was fixed in alcohol (95% ethanol), stained by the Papanicolaou method, mounted, and then evaluated with respect to the number of cells present and the diagnostically significant morphologic detail of the cells. Cell recovery was estimated by counting cells in known areas of each preparation and then ascertaining the total area. The Millipore filter technique consistently recovered the highest percentage of cells and preserved the best morphologic detail.", "PMID": 1065177}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4865", "title": "Migraine in children and adolescents.", "content": "Although migraine has been considered in the past to be uncommon in children and adolescents, there is mounting evidence that it is not, and that it produces significant childhood morbidity. However, the clinical picture varies from case to case, and often from attack to attack in the same patient. Stress plays a most important role in triggering attacks of this familial disease, and the physician must be aware of this if his treatment is to be successful. In adolescent girls, falling estradiol plasma levels are apprently important in triggering attacks of migraine associated with menstruation. In an attack, the initial vasoconstrictive phase, mainly intracranial gives way to a vasodilative phase, mainly extracranial, which results from withdrawal of the vasoconstrictive support from the extracranial arteries which is normally provided by serotonin. The plasma level of the latter drops sharply during an attack, and its excretion product, 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid, appears in increased amounts in the urine. Laboratory investigations, after a most careful, detailed history, and physical examination, should include an EEG, skull films and possibly a brain scan. Management includes prophylactic measures, both environmental and pharmacologic, and treatment of the attack itself, where promptness is the watchword.", "contents": "Migraine in children and adolescents. Although migraine has been considered in the past to be uncommon in children and adolescents, there is mounting evidence that it is not, and that it produces significant childhood morbidity. However, the clinical picture varies from case to case, and often from attack to attack in the same patient. Stress plays a most important role in triggering attacks of this familial disease, and the physician must be aware of this if his treatment is to be successful. In adolescent girls, falling estradiol plasma levels are apprently important in triggering attacks of migraine associated with menstruation. In an attack, the initial vasoconstrictive phase, mainly intracranial gives way to a vasodilative phase, mainly extracranial, which results from withdrawal of the vasoconstrictive support from the extracranial arteries which is normally provided by serotonin. The plasma level of the latter drops sharply during an attack, and its excretion product, 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid, appears in increased amounts in the urine. Laboratory investigations, after a most careful, detailed history, and physical examination, should include an EEG, skull films and possibly a brain scan. Management includes prophylactic measures, both environmental and pharmacologic, and treatment of the attack itself, where promptness is the watchword.", "PMID": 1065186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4866", "title": "The impact of illness in adolescence and coping behavior.", "content": "The emotional impact of serious illness or injury bears just as much potential for being disabling to an adolescent as does the condition itself. It is also these concerns and the possibilities for difficult behavior on the part of teenagers on the ward which frequently cause staff members to feel at a loss when caring for this reputedly difficult age group. But if one carefully examines the specific developmental stresses of illness and the various coping mechanisms by which the youth may counter them, a logical management approach emerges. To a large degree this approach depends on compensation, intellectualization, displacement and constructive denial but also recognizes that destructive denial, regression and projection do normally and naturally occur at various points in the course of illness and hospitalization and that panic and acting out may also readily occur, but less frequently. The deterence of the more deleterious responses and promotion of the more felicitious dependes on a ward setting which provides for the adolescent's growing need for independence and self-determination; for continued reassurance about body image integrity, for resumption of mastery and control; and for the maintenance or restoration of his sense of self-worth. These goals are achieved by encouraging the youth to be an active partner in his own care; to share in decisions made about his condition; to pursue just as much independent self-management as he can; to actively engage in establishing a peer group with other adolescents in the ward; to continue with his education, socialization, personal interests and outside peer contacts as much as possible; and to feel that the staff respects his dignity and privacy, likes him as a person and appreciates the courage and effort with which he is facing a difficult time.", "contents": "The impact of illness in adolescence and coping behavior. The emotional impact of serious illness or injury bears just as much potential for being disabling to an adolescent as does the condition itself. It is also these concerns and the possibilities for difficult behavior on the part of teenagers on the ward which frequently cause staff members to feel at a loss when caring for this reputedly difficult age group. But if one carefully examines the specific developmental stresses of illness and the various coping mechanisms by which the youth may counter them, a logical management approach emerges. To a large degree this approach depends on compensation, intellectualization, displacement and constructive denial but also recognizes that destructive denial, regression and projection do normally and naturally occur at various points in the course of illness and hospitalization and that panic and acting out may also readily occur, but less frequently. The deterence of the more deleterious responses and promotion of the more felicitious dependes on a ward setting which provides for the adolescent's growing need for independence and self-determination; for continued reassurance about body image integrity, for resumption of mastery and control; and for the maintenance or restoration of his sense of self-worth. These goals are achieved by encouraging the youth to be an active partner in his own care; to share in decisions made about his condition; to pursue just as much independent self-management as he can; to actively engage in establishing a peer group with other adolescents in the ward; to continue with his education, socialization, personal interests and outside peer contacts as much as possible; and to feel that the staff respects his dignity and privacy, likes him as a person and appreciates the courage and effort with which he is facing a difficult time.", "PMID": 1065191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4867", "title": "New approaches to the delivery of health care to adolescents.", "content": "Adolescents are a new population group showing certain common characteristics which transcend the confines of geography, economics, education, culture and race. Certain health problems have emerged which are closely related to the life style of teenagers. These health needs are not met by existing health care delivery systems, and future planning must take into account the morals of young people. At present there is no unified approach to the development of health care programs for adolescents, but important explorations of effective methods are are taking place in a fragmentary way. The challenge is to provide the necessary technology and professional expertise in an accessible setting and then to weld these services into programs which will become cohensive and stable. Analyses of data show that adolescents seek help more often for primary and preventive care than for serious ilnesses. Services are particulary needed for addictive problems, emotional disorders, suicidal states, and conditions related to  sexual activity. Consideration of the effect of adolescent behavior on the reproductive cycle is of the utmost importance. These sequelae of conception and veneral disease can be extremely serious for the immature girl and her baby. Therefore the opportunity for birth control, health education, abortion and prenatal care for teenagers should be priority goals in any program for adolescents. The provision of services for the young mother and her baby should be included in the overall plan. New approaches in the ambulatory care of adolescents include an age-specific operation, satellite clinics with hospital backup, and the inclusion of young people in the planning services. Care should be comprehensive and continuous, and a multi-disciplinary staff team would permit a more effective approach. The involvement of other teenagers as assistants in counseling has been found an effective method of communication; this relaitonship may bridge the generation gap when highly personal experiences must come to the surface. Financial and legal barriers should be removed so that care is available to all. Social systems which affect the adolescent should coordinate their activities at all levels. Examples of some innovative methods are available. The ideal approach to health care delivery for adolescents is not yet established; but it must obviously do more than merely cope with a series of crisis oriented episodes. A recognition of underground self-help methods is needed, even if in the last analysis these methods are found to be irrelevant and are discarded. The health of teenagers automatically and immediately affects the well being of the following generation. No effort to improve the situation should be spared.", "contents": "New approaches to the delivery of health care to adolescents. Adolescents are a new population group showing certain common characteristics which transcend the confines of geography, economics, education, culture and race. Certain health problems have emerged which are closely related to the life style of teenagers. These health needs are not met by existing health care delivery systems, and future planning must take into account the morals of young people. At present there is no unified approach to the development of health care programs for adolescents, but important explorations of effective methods are are taking place in a fragmentary way. The challenge is to provide the necessary technology and professional expertise in an accessible setting and then to weld these services into programs which will become cohensive and stable. Analyses of data show that adolescents seek help more often for primary and preventive care than for serious ilnesses. Services are particulary needed for addictive problems, emotional disorders, suicidal states, and conditions related to  sexual activity. Consideration of the effect of adolescent behavior on the reproductive cycle is of the utmost importance. These sequelae of conception and veneral disease can be extremely serious for the immature girl and her baby. Therefore the opportunity for birth control, health education, abortion and prenatal care for teenagers should be priority goals in any program for adolescents. The provision of services for the young mother and her baby should be included in the overall plan. New approaches in the ambulatory care of adolescents include an age-specific operation, satellite clinics with hospital backup, and the inclusion of young people in the planning services. Care should be comprehensive and continuous, and a multi-disciplinary staff team would permit a more effective approach. The involvement of other teenagers as assistants in counseling has been found an effective method of communication; this relaitonship may bridge the generation gap when highly personal experiences must come to the surface. Financial and legal barriers should be removed so that care is available to all. Social systems which affect the adolescent should coordinate their activities at all levels. Examples of some innovative methods are available. The ideal approach to health care delivery for adolescents is not yet established; but it must obviously do more than merely cope with a series of crisis oriented episodes. A recognition of underground self-help methods is needed, even if in the last analysis these methods are found to be irrelevant and are discarded. The health of teenagers automatically and immediately affects the well being of the following generation. No effort to improve the situation should be spared.", "PMID": 1065195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4868", "title": "The adolescent with a learning problem. Experience and insight with delinquent boys.", "content": "Twelve teenaged boys referred by a juvenile court clinic because of delinquent behavior and academic failure were examined by an experienced team of pediatricians, neurologists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and occupational, physical, recreational, speech and hearing therapists. Two boys came from troubled families with long histories of legal problems, had behavior problems antedating their school difficulties and had no evidence of perceptual handicaps. The remaining ten were the family blacksheep whose academic problems began early and whose behavior decompensated later. They all had perceptual handicaps and both groups of boys had intense psychological reactions to their school difficulties. The learning disabled require a flexible team approach in school together with individual, group and family therapy in order to achieve success.", "contents": "The adolescent with a learning problem. Experience and insight with delinquent boys. Twelve teenaged boys referred by a juvenile court clinic because of delinquent behavior and academic failure were examined by an experienced team of pediatricians, neurologists, psychologists, social workers, nurses, and occupational, physical, recreational, speech and hearing therapists. Two boys came from troubled families with long histories of legal problems, had behavior problems antedating their school difficulties and had no evidence of perceptual handicaps. The remaining ten were the family blacksheep whose academic problems began early and whose behavior decompensated later. They all had perceptual handicaps and both groups of boys had intense psychological reactions to their school difficulties. The learning disabled require a flexible team approach in school together with individual, group and family therapy in order to achieve success.", "PMID": 1065201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4869", "title": "Proceedings: Persepectives on adolescent medicine: concepts and program design.", "content": "The concepts and goals of a program in adolescent medicine should include development of a capability to focus on current health needs of youth in a variety of settings; to plan clinical services to meet those needs with the flexibility necessary to respond to changing future requirements; and to deliver service within such a context while simulataneously creating a milieu conducive to education and investigation into the very process and definition of adolescence. The Division of Adolescent Medicine at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center was designed 7 years ago to fulfill these goals and consequently may serve others as a functional model for health care delivery to teenagers. The Division is comprised of: (1) a 37 bed in-patient unit; (2) a hospital-based ambulatory program including general diagnostic and follow-up services, as well as a speciality service capability in the areas of gynecology and family planning, cardiology, gastroenterology and nutrition; (3) primary care health services within teenage dentention and prison facilities; (4) addictive disease diagnostic and treatment programs; (5) school health programs from intermediate school through college levels, and (6) the division also performs supportive and consultative functions for a variety of community-based agencies. Within the programatic design approximately 70,000 adolescents have been served. The cornerstone of the educational and investigative efforts has been the concept that all the above six functional units are clinical laboratories and classrooms so that training and research activities are integral parts of each of the service areas. This program design is continually undergoing revision and refinement so as to remain ever-responsive to new and emerging problems to meet additional training demands and, most importantly, to permit and encourage creativity and growth patients and staff.", "contents": "Proceedings: Persepectives on adolescent medicine: concepts and program design. The concepts and goals of a program in adolescent medicine should include development of a capability to focus on current health needs of youth in a variety of settings; to plan clinical services to meet those needs with the flexibility necessary to respond to changing future requirements; and to deliver service within such a context while simulataneously creating a milieu conducive to education and investigation into the very process and definition of adolescence. The Division of Adolescent Medicine at Montefiore Hospital and Medical Center was designed 7 years ago to fulfill these goals and consequently may serve others as a functional model for health care delivery to teenagers. The Division is comprised of: (1) a 37 bed in-patient unit; (2) a hospital-based ambulatory program including general diagnostic and follow-up services, as well as a speciality service capability in the areas of gynecology and family planning, cardiology, gastroenterology and nutrition; (3) primary care health services within teenage dentention and prison facilities; (4) addictive disease diagnostic and treatment programs; (5) school health programs from intermediate school through college levels, and (6) the division also performs supportive and consultative functions for a variety of community-based agencies. Within the programatic design approximately 70,000 adolescents have been served. The cornerstone of the educational and investigative efforts has been the concept that all the above six functional units are clinical laboratories and classrooms so that training and research activities are integral parts of each of the service areas. This program design is continually undergoing revision and refinement so as to remain ever-responsive to new and emerging problems to meet additional training demands and, most importantly, to permit and encourage creativity and growth patients and staff.", "PMID": 1065206}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4870", "title": "Management of hallucinogen abuse.", "content": "Most street hallucinogens contain either LSD or phenycyclidine HCl (PCP). Because the acute phase of LSD and PCP mimic several other drugs and conditions, it is important to exclude these other possibilities. When faced with LSD or PCP, \"talking down\" usually suffices for the mild case; management becomes more complex should hyperpyrexia, coma, seizures or a hypertensive crisis ensue. Diazepam, not a phenothiazine, is preferred for sedation.", "contents": "Management of hallucinogen abuse. Most street hallucinogens contain either LSD or phenycyclidine HCl (PCP). Because the acute phase of LSD and PCP mimic several other drugs and conditions, it is important to exclude these other possibilities. When faced with LSD or PCP, \"talking down\" usually suffices for the mild case; management becomes more complex should hyperpyrexia, coma, seizures or a hypertensive crisis ensue. Diazepam, not a phenothiazine, is preferred for sedation.", "PMID": 1065215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4871", "title": "Immune markers in adult acute leukemia.", "content": "Three cases of adult acute leukemia were examined for immunologic markers. Incubation of leukemic cells with anti-D (IgG)-coated erythrocytes was used for the identification of monocytes; sheep erythrocytes were employed for T-cells and fluorescein-conjugated anti-mixed immunoglobulins for B-cells. It was shown that IgG receptors (monocytes) were present on immature cells with predominant monocytic components; T- and B-cell markers were absent in the mono- and myelocytic leukemias.", "contents": "Immune markers in adult acute leukemia. Three cases of adult acute leukemia were examined for immunologic markers. Incubation of leukemic cells with anti-D (IgG)-coated erythrocytes was used for the identification of monocytes; sheep erythrocytes were employed for T-cells and fluorescein-conjugated anti-mixed immunoglobulins for B-cells. It was shown that IgG receptors (monocytes) were present on immature cells with predominant monocytic components; T- and B-cell markers were absent in the mono- and myelocytic leukemias.", "PMID": 1065217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4872", "title": "Evaluation of the Lung Ventilator Performance Analyser.", "content": "The characteristics of the Lung Ventilator Performance Analyser (LVPA) have been compared with the model lung defined in the proposed ISO standard for Breathing Machines. The different characteristics of the two models lead to marked differences in the pressure, flow and volume curves obtained during a standard procedure. The LVPA is a useful teaching tool, but it is recommended that ventilator testing should be performed on a lung model which fulfills the requirements of the proposed International Standard.", "contents": "Evaluation of the Lung Ventilator Performance Analyser. The characteristics of the Lung Ventilator Performance Analyser (LVPA) have been compared with the model lung defined in the proposed ISO standard for Breathing Machines. The different characteristics of the two models lead to marked differences in the pressure, flow and volume curves obtained during a standard procedure. The LVPA is a useful teaching tool, but it is recommended that ventilator testing should be performed on a lung model which fulfills the requirements of the proposed International Standard.", "PMID": 1065221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4873", "title": "A disconnection alarm for the Bennett BA-4 ventilator.", "content": "A simple warning device is described to attach to a Bennett BA-4 Ventilator. It has proved reliable in practice when the ventilator is operated on pressure limit.", "contents": "A disconnection alarm for the Bennett BA-4 ventilator. A simple warning device is described to attach to a Bennett BA-4 Ventilator. It has proved reliable in practice when the ventilator is operated on pressure limit.", "PMID": 1065222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4874", "title": "Malaria complicating neoplastic disease.", "content": "Two patients with neoplastic disease had transfusion-induced malaria. In a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia infected with Plasmodium vivax, neither his underlying disease nor intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy appeared to ameliorate or worsen the clinical course of his infection. In a splenectomized patient with metastatic carcinoma of the colon, P malariae infection was associated with a fulminant course simulating cerebral malaria. Despite delay in diagnosis, both patients responded dramatically to antimalarial chemotherapy and both developed appreciable antibody responses.", "contents": "Malaria complicating neoplastic disease. Two patients with neoplastic disease had transfusion-induced malaria. In a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia infected with Plasmodium vivax, neither his underlying disease nor intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy appeared to ameliorate or worsen the clinical course of his infection. In a splenectomized patient with metastatic carcinoma of the colon, P malariae infection was associated with a fulminant course simulating cerebral malaria. Despite delay in diagnosis, both patients responded dramatically to antimalarial chemotherapy and both developed appreciable antibody responses.", "PMID": 1065254}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4875", "title": "Partial deletion of long arm of chromosome 17: a specific abnormality in acute promyelocytic leukemia?", "content": "Two patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia had an identical chromosomal abnormality detected by fluoresecence banding. In each case, the clinical course was rapidly fatal, and was characterized by a lack of response to chemotherapy with cytarabine and thioguanine, and was complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Bone marrow cells from each patient contained 46 chromosomes; in each instance, however, one chromosome 17 had a deletion of almost one half of the proximal portion of the long arm [del(17)(q11q21 or 22)].", "contents": "Partial deletion of long arm of chromosome 17: a specific abnormality in acute promyelocytic leukemia? Two patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia had an identical chromosomal abnormality detected by fluoresecence banding. In each case, the clinical course was rapidly fatal, and was characterized by a lack of response to chemotherapy with cytarabine and thioguanine, and was complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. Bone marrow cells from each patient contained 46 chromosomes; in each instance, however, one chromosome 17 had a deletion of almost one half of the proximal portion of the long arm [del(17)(q11q21 or 22)].", "PMID": 1065255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4876", "title": "[Changes in the proteins of erythrocyte membrane in polycythemia vera].", "content": "Red cell membrane protein behaviour was studied in patients with polycythaemia vera, polyglobulia secondary to cardiorespiratory disorders, chronic myeloid leukaemia and acute granuloblastic leukaemia. Electrophoretic pictures were examined after solubilisation in urea or SDS and on various supports. Chromatographic analysis was also made of acid, neutral and basic amino acids obtained by hot-acid hydrolysis of the stromas. Protein electrophoretic changes in polycythaemia differed from those observed in  granuloblastic leukaemia and chronic cor pulmonale. Different stromal protein amino acid percents were also noted, with marked variations between each disease.", "contents": "[Changes in the proteins of erythrocyte membrane in polycythemia vera]. Red cell membrane protein behaviour was studied in patients with polycythaemia vera, polyglobulia secondary to cardiorespiratory disorders, chronic myeloid leukaemia and acute granuloblastic leukaemia. Electrophoretic pictures were examined after solubilisation in urea or SDS and on various supports. Chromatographic analysis was also made of acid, neutral and basic amino acids obtained by hot-acid hydrolysis of the stromas. Protein electrophoretic changes in polycythaemia differed from those observed in  granuloblastic leukaemia and chronic cor pulmonale. Different stromal protein amino acid percents were also noted, with marked variations between each disease.", "PMID": 1065256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4877", "title": "[Juxtacortical osteosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Juxtacortical osteosarcoma should be considered a very rate distinctive entity under all malignant bone tumors. The tumor has a remarkable tendency to grow from the periostal tissues peripherally with a usually marked degree of ossification without primary medullary involvement. It's different und characteristic behavior in clinical, roentgenographic and microscopic findings from that of other types of bone-forming sarkomas is discussed by means of a just treated case. In contrast to osteogenic osteosarcoma the prognosis for early well treated juxtacortical osteosarcoma is much better.", "contents": "[Juxtacortical osteosarcoma (author's transl)]. Juxtacortical osteosarcoma should be considered a very rate distinctive entity under all malignant bone tumors. The tumor has a remarkable tendency to grow from the periostal tissues peripherally with a usually marked degree of ossification without primary medullary involvement. It's different und characteristic behavior in clinical, roentgenographic and microscopic findings from that of other types of bone-forming sarkomas is discussed by means of a just treated case. In contrast to osteogenic osteosarcoma the prognosis for early well treated juxtacortical osteosarcoma is much better.", "PMID": 1065268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4878", "title": "Effects of occlusal instability.", "content": "Changes that may occur in an occlusion are basically either horizontal or vertical. Horizontal changes need not be damaging and may be readily accommodated. Vertical changes can be more damaging and require a more extensive treatment procedure.", "contents": "Effects of occlusal instability. Changes that may occur in an occlusion are basically either horizontal or vertical. Horizontal changes need not be damaging and may be readily accommodated. Vertical changes can be more damaging and require a more extensive treatment procedure.", "PMID": 1065269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4879", "title": "Research into mastication.", "content": "An electronic method of recording displacement was used to study mandibular movement during mastication. The technique enables the parameters of muscle activity, the sound of tooth contact, the force developed between opposing teeth, and the displacement of the mandible to be recorded at the same time on a single U/V chart. Previous reports on mandibular movement using cine-photographic techniques were confirmed in relation to mastication, but additional information was obtained in relation to muscle activity in the final closing movements. It appears that tooth contact initiates a latent-silent period in masseter and temporalis which occurs before movement is arrested in the final intercuspal position. It is considered that the kinetic energy of the mandible on closing is reduced by the cessation of activity in these two muscles during the silent period and finally absorbed by the crushing of food during the terminal intercuspal slide to rest. A description of mastication is given and a theory advanced that this may be controlled by a central clock mechanism.", "contents": "Research into mastication. An electronic method of recording displacement was used to study mandibular movement during mastication. The technique enables the parameters of muscle activity, the sound of tooth contact, the force developed between opposing teeth, and the displacement of the mandible to be recorded at the same time on a single U/V chart. Previous reports on mandibular movement using cine-photographic techniques were confirmed in relation to mastication, but additional information was obtained in relation to muscle activity in the final closing movements. It appears that tooth contact initiates a latent-silent period in masseter and temporalis which occurs before movement is arrested in the final intercuspal position. It is considered that the kinetic energy of the mandible on closing is reduced by the cessation of activity in these two muscles during the silent period and finally absorbed by the crushing of food during the terminal intercuspal slide to rest. A description of mastication is given and a theory advanced that this may be controlled by a central clock mechanism.", "PMID": 1065270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4880", "title": "Vasoactivity of local anaesthetic solutions.", "content": "The basic mechanisms responsible for effects of vasoconstrictors in local anaesthetic solutions are not fully understood. In this paper the interactions of the various ingredients of local anesthetic solutions are considered. Some of the author's work in this field is summarised and current research is discussed.", "contents": "Vasoactivity of local anaesthetic solutions. The basic mechanisms responsible for effects of vasoconstrictors in local anaesthetic solutions are not fully understood. In this paper the interactions of the various ingredients of local anesthetic solutions are considered. Some of the author's work in this field is summarised and current research is discussed.", "PMID": 1065271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4881", "title": "Cryosurgery.", "content": "Cryosurgery offers a means of destroying tissue by subjecting it to extreme cold. The mechanisms by which cells die are as yet poorly understood, but reliable and predictable clinical results have been obtained in the treatment of a wide range of benign and premalignant oral lesions. Its effectiveness in the primary treatment of malignant oral lesion has not been adequately assessed but at least it offers palliation and relief of intractable pain where conventional cancer therapy has failed. The use of carbon dioxide 'snow' has been tested and found to be a simple and effective means of treating superficial benign lesions of the mouth.", "contents": "Cryosurgery. Cryosurgery offers a means of destroying tissue by subjecting it to extreme cold. The mechanisms by which cells die are as yet poorly understood, but reliable and predictable clinical results have been obtained in the treatment of a wide range of benign and premalignant oral lesions. Its effectiveness in the primary treatment of malignant oral lesion has not been adequately assessed but at least it offers palliation and relief of intractable pain where conventional cancer therapy has failed. The use of carbon dioxide 'snow' has been tested and found to be a simple and effective means of treating superficial benign lesions of the mouth.", "PMID": 1065272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4882", "title": "Medico-dental dilemmas.", "content": "Patients with a variety of diseases in the oro-facial region are frequently confused when trying to decide from which of the professions of medicine and dentistry to seek treatment. Furthermore, during the process of arriving at a diagnosis, numerous practitioners and specialists in both professions may be called in for consultation, thus adding to the dilemma. Four cases are reported in this article to illustrate the problem, and some conclusions are drawn as to how it may be minimized albeit not completely solved.", "contents": "Medico-dental dilemmas. Patients with a variety of diseases in the oro-facial region are frequently confused when trying to decide from which of the professions of medicine and dentistry to seek treatment. Furthermore, during the process of arriving at a diagnosis, numerous practitioners and specialists in both professions may be called in for consultation, thus adding to the dilemma. Four cases are reported in this article to illustrate the problem, and some conclusions are drawn as to how it may be minimized albeit not completely solved.", "PMID": 1065282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4883", "title": "Gastric glycoproteins in chronic peptic ulcer.", "content": "The output and concentration of gastric glycoproteins in gastric juice from patients with chronic duodenal and gastric ulcer and from controls, have been determined in the basal state and following pentagastrin stimulation. Patients with gastric ulcer had a significantly higher basal glycoprotein output, basal glycoprotein concentration and stimulated glycoprotein concentration than patients with duodenal ulcer or controls. The basal and stimulated glycoprotein output in gastric juice from patients with duodenal ulcer and controls was independent of ABO blood group and secretor status. The carbohydrate composition of the gastric glycoproteins has also been determined in the basal state, and following stimulation of gastric juice by pentagastrin, which did not influence the carbohydrate composition of the molecules. The principal carbohydrate components were galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and sialic acid. Small amounts of mannose and glucose were detected in some gastric glycoprotein samples. The carbohydrate composition of the glycoproteins varied according to the ABO blood group and secretor status of the individual. Glycoproteins form stimulated gastric juice from non-secretors of groups A and O had a higher sialic acid content than glycoproteins from secretors of the same blood groups. There were no significant differences in the carbohydrate composition of glycoproteins from patients with chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer compared with gastric glycoproteins from control subjects of the same blood group and secretor status.", "contents": "Gastric glycoproteins in chronic peptic ulcer. The output and concentration of gastric glycoproteins in gastric juice from patients with chronic duodenal and gastric ulcer and from controls, have been determined in the basal state and following pentagastrin stimulation. Patients with gastric ulcer had a significantly higher basal glycoprotein output, basal glycoprotein concentration and stimulated glycoprotein concentration than patients with duodenal ulcer or controls. The basal and stimulated glycoprotein output in gastric juice from patients with duodenal ulcer and controls was independent of ABO blood group and secretor status. The carbohydrate composition of the gastric glycoproteins has also been determined in the basal state, and following stimulation of gastric juice by pentagastrin, which did not influence the carbohydrate composition of the molecules. The principal carbohydrate components were galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, and sialic acid. Small amounts of mannose and glucose were detected in some gastric glycoprotein samples. The carbohydrate composition of the glycoproteins varied according to the ABO blood group and secretor status of the individual. Glycoproteins form stimulated gastric juice from non-secretors of groups A and O had a higher sialic acid content than glycoproteins from secretors of the same blood groups. There were no significant differences in the carbohydrate composition of glycoproteins from patients with chronic gastric and duodenal ulcer compared with gastric glycoproteins from control subjects of the same blood group and secretor status.", "PMID": 1065283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4884", "title": "Serum gestrin in Chinese patients with peptic ulcer.", "content": "Fasting serum gastrin was determined in 30 Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer, 43 Chinese patients with gastric ulcer, 23 Chinese control subjects, 14 European control subjects and ten Indian control subjects. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated peak acid outputs were also determined in the Chinses patients with duodenal or gastric ulceration. The mean (+/- SD) basal serum gastric level for Chinese controls and Chinese patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer were 24-6 pg/ml (+/- 13.7 pg/ml), 18-5 pg/ml (+/- 8-9 pg/ml), and 33-9 pg/ml (+/- 27-7 pg/ml), respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the Chinese control subjects and the Chinese patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer, but the mean fasting serum gastrin level of Chinese gastric ulcer patients was significantly higher than that of Chinese duodenal ulcer patients. Comparison of the mean fasting serum gastrin level of the Chinese, European, and Indian control subjects showed no significant difference. Statistical analysis also showed no significant correlation between fasting serum gastrin level and both basal and peak acid outputs, in Chinese patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer.", "contents": "Serum gestrin in Chinese patients with peptic ulcer. Fasting serum gastrin was determined in 30 Chinese patients with duodenal ulcer, 43 Chinese patients with gastric ulcer, 23 Chinese control subjects, 14 European control subjects and ten Indian control subjects. Basal and pentagastrin-stimulated peak acid outputs were also determined in the Chinses patients with duodenal or gastric ulceration. The mean (+/- SD) basal serum gastric level for Chinese controls and Chinese patients with duodenal and gastric ulcer were 24-6 pg/ml (+/- 13.7 pg/ml), 18-5 pg/ml (+/- 8-9 pg/ml), and 33-9 pg/ml (+/- 27-7 pg/ml), respectively. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the Chinese control subjects and the Chinese patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer, but the mean fasting serum gastrin level of Chinese gastric ulcer patients was significantly higher than that of Chinese duodenal ulcer patients. Comparison of the mean fasting serum gastrin level of the Chinese, European, and Indian control subjects showed no significant difference. Statistical analysis also showed no significant correlation between fasting serum gastrin level and both basal and peak acid outputs, in Chinese patients with duodenal or gastric ulcer.", "PMID": 1065284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4885", "title": "Salicylate therapy and drug interaction in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Salicylates form the basis of drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Despite their use for many decades, there is considerable confusion about what constitutes a regime which will ensure anti-inflammatory properties. We have found that blood vessels in the proposed therapeutic range can be maintained overnight on a four times daily dose regime, using either soluble aspirin (in the form of \"Disprin\") or aloxiprin (\"Palaprin Forte\"), and on a 12 hourly regine using an aspirin-sustained release aspirin combination (\"BiPrin\"). Because of variation in the levels reached using a fixed dosage schedule, treatment should be individualised. No correlation was found between dosage levels and either disease activity or serum albumin levels. No significant alteration in free or total salicylate levels was found following the addition of indomethacin to therapy.", "contents": "Salicylate therapy and drug interaction in rheumatoid arthritis. Salicylates form the basis of drug treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Despite their use for many decades, there is considerable confusion about what constitutes a regime which will ensure anti-inflammatory properties. We have found that blood vessels in the proposed therapeutic range can be maintained overnight on a four times daily dose regime, using either soluble aspirin (in the form of \"Disprin\") or aloxiprin (\"Palaprin Forte\"), and on a 12 hourly regine using an aspirin-sustained release aspirin combination (\"BiPrin\"). Because of variation in the levels reached using a fixed dosage schedule, treatment should be individualised. No correlation was found between dosage levels and either disease activity or serum albumin levels. No significant alteration in free or total salicylate levels was found following the addition of indomethacin to therapy.", "PMID": 1065285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4886", "title": "What is tertiary hyperparathyroidism?", "content": "Five patients who had gross abnormalities of calcium and phosphorus metabolism due to long standing renal failure are described to illustrate the difficulties with the term \"tertiary hyperparathyroidism\". One patient who had unequivocal biochemical tertiary hyperparathyroidism was found histologically to have nodular hyperplasia of all four glands even though one gland weighed twice as much (12g) as the combined weight of the other three. Another patient was not hypercalcaemic but had all the other features of the condition including rapid onset of osteitis fibrosa, vascular calcification and a probable parathyroid adenoma, with hyperplasia of the three glands. The other three had hypercalcaemia only after a reduction in the plasma inorganic phosphorus due either to renal transplantation or aluminum hydroxide therapy. The bone histology of the five patients varied from severe osteomalacia to severe osteitis fibrosa. A consideration of the factors involved in causing hypercalcaemia in these patients and a review of the literature leads to the conclusion that the term tertiary hyperparathyroidism is often misleading and best avoided.", "contents": "What is tertiary hyperparathyroidism? Five patients who had gross abnormalities of calcium and phosphorus metabolism due to long standing renal failure are described to illustrate the difficulties with the term \"tertiary hyperparathyroidism\". One patient who had unequivocal biochemical tertiary hyperparathyroidism was found histologically to have nodular hyperplasia of all four glands even though one gland weighed twice as much (12g) as the combined weight of the other three. Another patient was not hypercalcaemic but had all the other features of the condition including rapid onset of osteitis fibrosa, vascular calcification and a probable parathyroid adenoma, with hyperplasia of the three glands. The other three had hypercalcaemia only after a reduction in the plasma inorganic phosphorus due either to renal transplantation or aluminum hydroxide therapy. The bone histology of the five patients varied from severe osteomalacia to severe osteitis fibrosa. A consideration of the factors involved in causing hypercalcaemia in these patients and a review of the literature leads to the conclusion that the term tertiary hyperparathyroidism is often misleading and best avoided.", "PMID": 1065286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4887", "title": "Rapid correction of water intoxication by hypertonic saline and frusemide.", "content": "A case of profound hyponatraemia with severe cerebral dysfunction, induced by excess water intake and exacerbated by smoking, is described. Rapid correction with hypertonic saline infusions and frusemide allowed a negative fluid balance and elevation of serum sodium concentration to be achieved without precipitating acute pulmonary oedema.", "contents": "Rapid correction of water intoxication by hypertonic saline and frusemide. A case of profound hyponatraemia with severe cerebral dysfunction, induced by excess water intake and exacerbated by smoking, is described. Rapid correction with hypertonic saline infusions and frusemide allowed a negative fluid balance and elevation of serum sodium concentration to be achieved without precipitating acute pulmonary oedema.", "PMID": 1065287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4888", "title": "Paget's disease in identical twins.", "content": "Paget's disease of bone was found in each of elderly monozygotic twin sisters. Apart from the skull, which was affected in each twin, different bones were involved by Paget's disease. This is the fifth pair of identical twins reported with Paget's disease of bone.", "contents": "Paget's disease in identical twins. Paget's disease of bone was found in each of elderly monozygotic twin sisters. Apart from the skull, which was affected in each twin, different bones were involved by Paget's disease. This is the fifth pair of identical twins reported with Paget's disease of bone.", "PMID": 1065288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4889", "title": "The use of high calcium dialysate in the treatment of renal osteomalacia.", "content": "Four chronic haemodialysis patients suffering from osteomalacia were treated by increasing their dialysate calcium concentration from 1-40 to 2-15 mM/I. Bone biopsies were taken before and after 22 weeks of this treatment and a further biopsy was taken in one patient after 52 weeks. Symptomatic cure occurred in one patient with mild osteomalacia and some improvement osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. Bone biopsies showed slight improvement in the patient with mild osteomalacia after 22 weeks, and considerable improvement after 25 weeks. In the patient with mixed histology, the osteitis fibrosa subsided and the osteomalacia became a little worse after 22 weeks. There was no histologic improvement in the two patients with  severe osteomalacia after 22 weeks. It is concluded that high calcium dialysis is not an effective treatment for renal osteomalacia.", "contents": "The use of high calcium dialysate in the treatment of renal osteomalacia. Four chronic haemodialysis patients suffering from osteomalacia were treated by increasing their dialysate calcium concentration from 1-40 to 2-15 mM/I. Bone biopsies were taken before and after 22 weeks of this treatment and a further biopsy was taken in one patient after 52 weeks. Symptomatic cure occurred in one patient with mild osteomalacia and some improvement osteomalacia and hyperparathyroidism. Bone biopsies showed slight improvement in the patient with mild osteomalacia after 22 weeks, and considerable improvement after 25 weeks. In the patient with mixed histology, the osteitis fibrosa subsided and the osteomalacia became a little worse after 22 weeks. There was no histologic improvement in the two patients with  severe osteomalacia after 22 weeks. It is concluded that high calcium dialysis is not an effective treatment for renal osteomalacia.", "PMID": 1065293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4890", "title": "Regional differences in lactate concentration in experimental myocardial infarction.", "content": "Lacate concentrations were measured in blood from (a) coronary veins within ischaemic myocardium and (b) veins nearer to the coronary vein, for periods of up to 2 1/2 hours after ligation of the left anterior descending artery in dogs. Concentrations at (a) were three to four times higher than at (b), while blood sampled simultaneously from two veins at (a) yielded similar concentrations of lactate. At 2 1/2 hours after ligation the veno-arterial difference of lactate concentration in blood from (a) was about one half of the difference at 15 minutes. Lactate concentration at (a) was approximately twice as great when the area of ischaemic myocardium drained by the vein was large (18 not equal to 1% of heart weight) than when it was small (6 not equal to 1% of heart weight). No close correlation was apparent between the height of epicardial ST-segment elevation and the level of lactate release. These experiments extend previous observations that changes in lactate concentration at a given site may reflect changes in venous dilution, rather than in the rate of production of lactate, and emphasize that caution is necessary in interpretation of changes in concentrations of metabolites in coronary sinus blood after acute myocardial infarction in man.", "contents": "Regional differences in lactate concentration in experimental myocardial infarction. Lacate concentrations were measured in blood from (a) coronary veins within ischaemic myocardium and (b) veins nearer to the coronary vein, for periods of up to 2 1/2 hours after ligation of the left anterior descending artery in dogs. Concentrations at (a) were three to four times higher than at (b), while blood sampled simultaneously from two veins at (a) yielded similar concentrations of lactate. At 2 1/2 hours after ligation the veno-arterial difference of lactate concentration in blood from (a) was about one half of the difference at 15 minutes. Lactate concentration at (a) was approximately twice as great when the area of ischaemic myocardium drained by the vein was large (18 not equal to 1% of heart weight) than when it was small (6 not equal to 1% of heart weight). No close correlation was apparent between the height of epicardial ST-segment elevation and the level of lactate release. These experiments extend previous observations that changes in lactate concentration at a given site may reflect changes in venous dilution, rather than in the rate of production of lactate, and emphasize that caution is necessary in interpretation of changes in concentrations of metabolites in coronary sinus blood after acute myocardial infarction in man.", "PMID": 1065294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4891", "title": "The significance of chest pain occurring with the Master two step test.", "content": "This study has assessed whether chest pain occurring during or after a step test could improve the accuracy of exercise testing in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). One hundred and fifty-three consecutive men underwent the double Master two-step test prior to diagnostic coronary arteriography. On hundred and twenty-five had CAD, 28 insignificant disease (NCA). The post-exercise ECG showed at least 0-5 mm of ischaemic ST depression in 71 (57%) of the men with CAD and in five (18%) with NCA. Ischaemic ST depression of at least 2-0 mm occurred in 24 men, all of whom had CAD. Chest pain occurred during or after the test in 78 (62%) men with CAD and in nine (33%) with NCA. The accuracy of diagnosis of CAD could be improved by combining the occurrence of chest pain in the test with a positive post-exercise ECG. Either a 2 mm positive post-exercise ECG with or without test angina or 0-5 mm to 1-9 mm positive post-exercise ECG with test angina was found in 56 (45%) of men with CAD and one (4%) with NCA. Thus the concurrence of chest pain during or after a double Master two-step test, together with ischaemic ST segment depression after the test, strongly suggests the presence of CAD.", "contents": "The significance of chest pain occurring with the Master two step test. This study has assessed whether chest pain occurring during or after a step test could improve the accuracy of exercise testing in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD). One hundred and fifty-three consecutive men underwent the double Master two-step test prior to diagnostic coronary arteriography. On hundred and twenty-five had CAD, 28 insignificant disease (NCA). The post-exercise ECG showed at least 0-5 mm of ischaemic ST depression in 71 (57%) of the men with CAD and in five (18%) with NCA. Ischaemic ST depression of at least 2-0 mm occurred in 24 men, all of whom had CAD. Chest pain occurred during or after the test in 78 (62%) men with CAD and in nine (33%) with NCA. The accuracy of diagnosis of CAD could be improved by combining the occurrence of chest pain in the test with a positive post-exercise ECG. Either a 2 mm positive post-exercise ECG with or without test angina or 0-5 mm to 1-9 mm positive post-exercise ECG with test angina was found in 56 (45%) of men with CAD and one (4%) with NCA. Thus the concurrence of chest pain during or after a double Master two-step test, together with ischaemic ST segment depression after the test, strongly suggests the presence of CAD.", "PMID": 1065295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4892", "title": "Diazoxide-induced renin release in diagnosis of remediable renovascular hypertension.", "content": "In hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis, intravenous diazoide increased renal vein renin activity more on the involved side than on the contralateral side, whereas, in a group with predominantly unilateral renal parenchymal disease, the increase in renal vein was similar for both kidneys. In patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis, the use of diazoxide was helpful in lateralizing the dominant ischaemic lesion. Diazoide administration appears to be a safe, rapid and convenient method of increasing the sensitivity of the renal vein renin test used in predicting the outcome of surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension. Bilateral renal vein renin determination of established value in the diagnosis of functional renal ischaemia. 1-4 However, in the use of this procedure to predict the efficacy of corrective surgery, false positive and false negative results still occur. Thus, various manoeuvres which stimulate renin release have been employed to  improve the sensitivity of the test. 5-7 We report a new application the practical approach to of this procedure in the diagnosis of renal hypertension, which both basal and stimulated levels of renal venous renin activitity can be measured during a brief period of bilateral renal vein catherization.", "contents": "Diazoxide-induced renin release in diagnosis of remediable renovascular hypertension. In hypertensive patients with unilateral renal artery stenosis, intravenous diazoide increased renal vein renin activity more on the involved side than on the contralateral side, whereas, in a group with predominantly unilateral renal parenchymal disease, the increase in renal vein was similar for both kidneys. In patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis, the use of diazoxide was helpful in lateralizing the dominant ischaemic lesion. Diazoide administration appears to be a safe, rapid and convenient method of increasing the sensitivity of the renal vein renin test used in predicting the outcome of surgical treatment of renovascular hypertension. Bilateral renal vein renin determination of established value in the diagnosis of functional renal ischaemia. 1-4 However, in the use of this procedure to predict the efficacy of corrective surgery, false positive and false negative results still occur. Thus, various manoeuvres which stimulate renin release have been employed to  improve the sensitivity of the test. 5-7 We report a new application the practical approach to of this procedure in the diagnosis of renal hypertension, which both basal and stimulated levels of renal venous renin activitity can be measured during a brief period of bilateral renal vein catherization.", "PMID": 1065296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4893", "title": "Haemolysis in liver disease: relationship to erythrocyte membrane function, serum bilirubin concentration and plasma electrolyte disturbances.", "content": "The pathogenesis of the mild to moderate haemolysis that is almost universal in patients with liver disease was investigated to determine if it was related to dysfunction of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane resulting from abnormalities in plasma electrolyte, urea or bilirubin concentrations. Thirty-nine patients with various forms of liver disease were investigated as well as six with miscellaneous diseases associated with plasma electrolyte disturbance. RBC membrane permeability was measured by the rate of 22Na influx. The results showed that the shortened RBC survival in liver disease is not related to morphological changes in the RBC or altered membrane integrity as measured by osmotic fragility, mechanical fragility, autohaemolysis, membrane ATP and membrane permeability.", "contents": "Haemolysis in liver disease: relationship to erythrocyte membrane function, serum bilirubin concentration and plasma electrolyte disturbances. The pathogenesis of the mild to moderate haemolysis that is almost universal in patients with liver disease was investigated to determine if it was related to dysfunction of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane resulting from abnormalities in plasma electrolyte, urea or bilirubin concentrations. Thirty-nine patients with various forms of liver disease were investigated as well as six with miscellaneous diseases associated with plasma electrolyte disturbance. RBC membrane permeability was measured by the rate of 22Na influx. The results showed that the shortened RBC survival in liver disease is not related to morphological changes in the RBC or altered membrane integrity as measured by osmotic fragility, mechanical fragility, autohaemolysis, membrane ATP and membrane permeability.", "PMID": 1065297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4894", "title": "Hereditary thrombocytopathy: a familial bleeding disorder due to impaired platelet coagulant activity.", "content": "A family with a bleeding disorder due to congenital thrombocytopenic thrombocytopathy is described, with ten affected members in three generations. The disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is characterized by thrombocytopenia, morphologically abnormal platelets, prolonged bleeding time, platelet coagulant activity deficiency and abnormal platelets, prolonged bleeding time, platelet coagulant activity deficiency and abnormal platelet aggregation. Patients' platelets adhered to collagen, but aggregation was reversible and the release of platelet constituents was minimal. Aggregation with ADP was similarly reversible, but the platelet response to thrombin was normal. These defects in platelet aggregation and release were not corrected by addition of normal plasma indicating an intrinsic abnormality of platelets. By definition thrombocytopathy consists of a deficiency in platelet coagulant activity. It was shown that the deficiency of platelet coagulant activity caused a delay and decrease in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and it is proposed that the lack of thrombin accounts for the defective release reaction and the reversible aggregation. An adequate haemostatic plug due to decreased release of ADP, together with instability of the plug provide an explanation for the bleeding tendency in thrombocytopathy.", "contents": "Hereditary thrombocytopathy: a familial bleeding disorder due to impaired platelet coagulant activity. A family with a bleeding disorder due to congenital thrombocytopenic thrombocytopathy is described, with ten affected members in three generations. The disorder is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is characterized by thrombocytopenia, morphologically abnormal platelets, prolonged bleeding time, platelet coagulant activity deficiency and abnormal platelets, prolonged bleeding time, platelet coagulant activity deficiency and abnormal platelet aggregation. Patients' platelets adhered to collagen, but aggregation was reversible and the release of platelet constituents was minimal. Aggregation with ADP was similarly reversible, but the platelet response to thrombin was normal. These defects in platelet aggregation and release were not corrected by addition of normal plasma indicating an intrinsic abnormality of platelets. By definition thrombocytopathy consists of a deficiency in platelet coagulant activity. It was shown that the deficiency of platelet coagulant activity caused a delay and decrease in the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and it is proposed that the lack of thrombin accounts for the defective release reaction and the reversible aggregation. An adequate haemostatic plug due to decreased release of ADP, together with instability of the plug provide an explanation for the bleeding tendency in thrombocytopathy.", "PMID": 1065298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4895", "title": "Evaluation of an enteric coated aspirin preparation.", "content": "The bioavailability and gastrointestinal site of release of enteric coated aspirin tablets (\"Rhusal\", G.P. Laboratories) were investigated following dosage with single tablets. A delay of one to more than eight hours was observed between dosage and the appearance of salicylate in plasma or saliva. This delay was decreased by pretreatment with metoclopramide. No aspirin or salicylate was detected in gastric aspirates. The mean urinary recovery of salicylate was equivalent to 92% of the administered dose. All these tests were consistent with the designed function of the enteric coating. The time course of concentrations of salicylate in saliva rather than in plasma was confirmed as a useful technique for the evaluation of different formulations of aspirin. The acceleration of gastric emptying by metoclopramide is a useful technique for the evaluation of enteric coated tablets.", "contents": "Evaluation of an enteric coated aspirin preparation. The bioavailability and gastrointestinal site of release of enteric coated aspirin tablets (\"Rhusal\", G.P. Laboratories) were investigated following dosage with single tablets. A delay of one to more than eight hours was observed between dosage and the appearance of salicylate in plasma or saliva. This delay was decreased by pretreatment with metoclopramide. No aspirin or salicylate was detected in gastric aspirates. The mean urinary recovery of salicylate was equivalent to 92% of the administered dose. All these tests were consistent with the designed function of the enteric coating. The time course of concentrations of salicylate in saliva rather than in plasma was confirmed as a useful technique for the evaluation of different formulations of aspirin. The acceleration of gastric emptying by metoclopramide is a useful technique for the evaluation of enteric coated tablets.", "PMID": 1065299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4896", "title": "Spirometric values for normal Perth children aged six to twelve years.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to construct tables and nomograms of spirometric norms for Perth children aged between six and 12 years. These norms were to be based on anthropometric measurements and age. A sample of 623 children was tested of which 556 were analysed and comprised 289 boys and 267 girls. All testing was carried out in the child's own school. The spirograms were recorded with a dry spirometer from which the FVC, FEV1, and FMF were measured. Correlation coefficients were established between each of these ventilatory parameters and anthropometric measurements of height, mass, arm span and age. The findings of the study revealed high correlations for both boys and girls between ventilatory parameters of FVC and FEV1 and height, mass, arm span and age. Moderately high correlations were found for both sexes between FMF and height, mass, arm  span and age. Height correlated best with each of these ventilatory measures. It was also established that significant improvement in some correlations was obtained when anthropometric values were used in multiple correlation analysis. The use of height plus mass proved to be best when predicting FVC and FEV, for boys and girls, and for predicting FMF of girls. FMF for boys could be best predicted by using height alone. The limits of normality for ventilatory parameters of FVC, FEV1 and FMF were found to be best defined by the per cent standard error of the estimate. Tables and nomograms were established from regression and multiple regression equations in order to predict normal values in children. The findings of this study revealed that little difference existed between the ventilatory values of children tested in Perth, Europe and the Eastern States of Australia. However, the differences that were found to exist could be due to the age group which was sampled or possible environmental and genetic differences.", "contents": "Spirometric values for normal Perth children aged six to twelve years. The purpose of this study was to construct tables and nomograms of spirometric norms for Perth children aged between six and 12 years. These norms were to be based on anthropometric measurements and age. A sample of 623 children was tested of which 556 were analysed and comprised 289 boys and 267 girls. All testing was carried out in the child's own school. The spirograms were recorded with a dry spirometer from which the FVC, FEV1, and FMF were measured. Correlation coefficients were established between each of these ventilatory parameters and anthropometric measurements of height, mass, arm span and age. The findings of the study revealed high correlations for both boys and girls between ventilatory parameters of FVC and FEV1 and height, mass, arm span and age. Moderately high correlations were found for both sexes between FMF and height, mass, arm  span and age. Height correlated best with each of these ventilatory measures. It was also established that significant improvement in some correlations was obtained when anthropometric values were used in multiple correlation analysis. The use of height plus mass proved to be best when predicting FVC and FEV, for boys and girls, and for predicting FMF of girls. FMF for boys could be best predicted by using height alone. The limits of normality for ventilatory parameters of FVC, FEV1 and FMF were found to be best defined by the per cent standard error of the estimate. Tables and nomograms were established from regression and multiple regression equations in order to predict normal values in children. The findings of this study revealed that little difference existed between the ventilatory values of children tested in Perth, Europe and the Eastern States of Australia. However, the differences that were found to exist could be due to the age group which was sampled or possible environmental and genetic differences.", "PMID": 1065300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4897", "title": "Cardiovascular complications due to pheniramine overdosage.", "content": "Cardiovascular toxicity including ventricular extrasystoles associated with pheniramine overdosage has been documented in the absence of factors recognised to aggravate this toxicity. The presence of pheniramine and the absence of other compounds was established using analytical techniques. It is concluded that patients with pheniramine overdosage should be treated exercising the same precautions as with tricyclic overdosage. Several sudden and unexpected deaths have occurred due to pheniramine overdosage in both adults and children. The cause of death in each case was not known. The purpose of this report is to document clinical features of pheniramine overdosage, in particular previously unsuspected cardiovascular toxicity manifesting as clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias. Pheniramine was positively identified in the overdosed patient, and the presence of other agents excluded.", "contents": "Cardiovascular complications due to pheniramine overdosage. Cardiovascular toxicity including ventricular extrasystoles associated with pheniramine overdosage has been documented in the absence of factors recognised to aggravate this toxicity. The presence of pheniramine and the absence of other compounds was established using analytical techniques. It is concluded that patients with pheniramine overdosage should be treated exercising the same precautions as with tricyclic overdosage. Several sudden and unexpected deaths have occurred due to pheniramine overdosage in both adults and children. The cause of death in each case was not known. The purpose of this report is to document clinical features of pheniramine overdosage, in particular previously unsuspected cardiovascular toxicity manifesting as clinically significant ventricular arrhythmias. Pheniramine was positively identified in the overdosed patient, and the presence of other agents excluded.", "PMID": 1065303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4898", "title": "Recurrent ventricular tachycardia in hypothyroidism.", "content": "Ventricular tachycardia associated with myxoedema is rare. Only two cases have so far been documented. In the report by Hansen, the patient had recurrent chest pain which suggested coexisting coronary heart disease. In the second case, the patient developed recurrent ventricular tachycardia only after intravenous triiodothyronine was given. This paper reports a further case of hypothyroidism with recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation which was not associated with any of the established causes of this arrhythmia.", "contents": "Recurrent ventricular tachycardia in hypothyroidism. Ventricular tachycardia associated with myxoedema is rare. Only two cases have so far been documented. In the report by Hansen, the patient had recurrent chest pain which suggested coexisting coronary heart disease. In the second case, the patient developed recurrent ventricular tachycardia only after intravenous triiodothyronine was given. This paper reports a further case of hypothyroidism with recurrent episodes of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation which was not associated with any of the established causes of this arrhythmia.", "PMID": 1065304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4899", "title": "Detection of hepatitis b surface antigen in patients with acute viral hepatitis.", "content": "The relative value of solid phase radioimmunoassay and counter immunoelectrophoresis for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum, was studied in 1401 patients with acute viral hepatitis. When specimens were obtained early in the illness, counter immunoelectrophoresis was found to be a reliable test for the diagnosis of hepatitis B, detecting 95.6% of patients found to be antigen positive by radioimmunoassay. The additional sensitivity of radioimmunoassay was of particular value for detecting antigen later in the illness and in patients with post-transfusion hepatitis in which the titre was frequently below the level detectable by counter immunoelectrophoresis. Radioimmunoassay was also of value in testing sera which had been stored for many years, detecting up to 3-3 times as many patients with hepatitis B as did counter immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Detection of hepatitis b surface antigen in patients with acute viral hepatitis. The relative value of solid phase radioimmunoassay and counter immunoelectrophoresis for the detection of hepatitis B surface antigen in the serum, was studied in 1401 patients with acute viral hepatitis. When specimens were obtained early in the illness, counter immunoelectrophoresis was found to be a reliable test for the diagnosis of hepatitis B, detecting 95.6% of patients found to be antigen positive by radioimmunoassay. The additional sensitivity of radioimmunoassay was of particular value for detecting antigen later in the illness and in patients with post-transfusion hepatitis in which the titre was frequently below the level detectable by counter immunoelectrophoresis. Radioimmunoassay was also of value in testing sera which had been stored for many years, detecting up to 3-3 times as many patients with hepatitis B as did counter immunoelectrophoresis.", "PMID": 1065305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4900", "title": "Gangrene following intra-arterial injection of procaine penicillin.", "content": "Irreversible ischaemic gangrene of the upper limb developed in a one-year-old child after an unintentional intra-arterial injection of procaine penicillin. The hand needed amputation. Arterial embolization phenomenon along with intense vasospasm appears to have been responsible for this rare complication. Unintentional intra-arterial injection of penicillin intended for intra-muscular use may lead to disastrous consequences. Regional tissue necrosis has been described previously but ischaemia leading to gangrene of an extremity has not been reported. The following is a case report of a child who developed such a gangrene in his hand which had to be amputated.", "contents": "Gangrene following intra-arterial injection of procaine penicillin. Irreversible ischaemic gangrene of the upper limb developed in a one-year-old child after an unintentional intra-arterial injection of procaine penicillin. The hand needed amputation. Arterial embolization phenomenon along with intense vasospasm appears to have been responsible for this rare complication. Unintentional intra-arterial injection of penicillin intended for intra-muscular use may lead to disastrous consequences. Regional tissue necrosis has been described previously but ischaemia leading to gangrene of an extremity has not been reported. The following is a case report of a child who developed such a gangrene in his hand which had to be amputated.", "PMID": 1065306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4901", "title": "Neuroendocrine identification of depressed patients.", "content": "Recent studies of hypothalamo--pituitary--adrenal (HPA) suppression in depressed patients indicate that these subjects often show abnormal early escape of plasma cortisol levels following an initial suppression. Non-depressed psychiatric inpatients usually show normal sustained HPA suppression. The responses of 49 depressed and 30 non-depressed patients have been analysed to develop criteria which can make the dexamethasone suppression test suitable for outpatient studies. The cortisol levels measured in a 24-hour urine collection and a single blood sample post-dexamethasone were sufficient to enable 61% of the depressed patients to be identified correctly at a confidence level of 90%, on the basis of at least one abnormal cortisol value. When both cortisol values were abnormal 35% of the depressed patient were identified correctly at a confidence level of 100%. Patients with \"endogenous\" depressive profiles had the most abnormal results. A normal response to this test will not necessarily exclude the diagnosis of primary depressive illness. An abnormal response to the test may be of help in confirming the diagnosis. With the simplified procedure outpatient studies may become possible.", "contents": "Neuroendocrine identification of depressed patients. Recent studies of hypothalamo--pituitary--adrenal (HPA) suppression in depressed patients indicate that these subjects often show abnormal early escape of plasma cortisol levels following an initial suppression. Non-depressed psychiatric inpatients usually show normal sustained HPA suppression. The responses of 49 depressed and 30 non-depressed patients have been analysed to develop criteria which can make the dexamethasone suppression test suitable for outpatient studies. The cortisol levels measured in a 24-hour urine collection and a single blood sample post-dexamethasone were sufficient to enable 61% of the depressed patients to be identified correctly at a confidence level of 90%, on the basis of at least one abnormal cortisol value. When both cortisol values were abnormal 35% of the depressed patient were identified correctly at a confidence level of 100%. Patients with \"endogenous\" depressive profiles had the most abnormal results. A normal response to this test will not necessarily exclude the diagnosis of primary depressive illness. An abnormal response to the test may be of help in confirming the diagnosis. With the simplified procedure outpatient studies may become possible.", "PMID": 1065309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4902", "title": "The great debate.", "content": "A.R. Jensen's hypothesis concerning genetically-determined differences in intelligence between North American blacks and whites is summarised. Problems involved in the application of heritability statistics to IQ data are discussed. The concept of \"intelligence\" is reviewed from a cross-cultural perspective, and an alternative model of potential, competence and performance is proposed. Finally, the questions of scientific freedom and social responsibility are touched upon, and the implications of the great debate for scientists and educators discussed.", "contents": "The great debate. A.R. Jensen's hypothesis concerning genetically-determined differences in intelligence between North American blacks and whites is summarised. Problems involved in the application of heritability statistics to IQ data are discussed. The concept of \"intelligence\" is reviewed from a cross-cultural perspective, and an alternative model of potential, competence and performance is proposed. Finally, the questions of scientific freedom and social responsibility are touched upon, and the implications of the great debate for scientists and educators discussed.", "PMID": 1065310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4903", "title": "A scale to measure the stress of life events.", "content": "A comprehensive life event inventory suitable for questionaire or interviewer administration has been constructed. Two sets of matched scalings of these life events have been derived from the responses of an Australian urban population. Each of the scalings were consistent across the sociodemographic groups in the population. The two scales allow the significance of life events to be scaled in conceptually different ways. The first follows Holmes concept of the extent of life change produced by the event, the second the Paykel concept of the amount of distress caused by the event. The inventory and the scalings are suitable for use in an Australian urban population.", "contents": "A scale to measure the stress of life events. A comprehensive life event inventory suitable for questionaire or interviewer administration has been constructed. Two sets of matched scalings of these life events have been derived from the responses of an Australian urban population. Each of the scalings were consistent across the sociodemographic groups in the population. The two scales allow the significance of life events to be scaled in conceptually different ways. The first follows Holmes concept of the extent of life change produced by the event, the second the Paykel concept of the amount of distress caused by the event. The inventory and the scalings are suitable for use in an Australian urban population.", "PMID": 1065311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4904", "title": "Good death: responsible choice in a changing society.", "content": "Revolutionary advances in social and medical knowledge and technology have radically changed the conditions which precede death for an increasing number of people. The fear of death is being replaced by the dread of too-prolonged life, a feature of which is a widely documented incidence of both pain and physical and mental distress. This situation has produced the accelerating social demand for euthanasia (a painless inducement of death, preferably by medical means) to be legally available to a suffering person earnestly desiring it. The attitudes of medical workers are ambivalent, trapped as they are between a changing society and intransigent law. Psychiatry, however, and its concern for the whole person, is potentially an ally of those who desire to educate the community to a healthier view of death, even a planned death, as a part of life and a responsible conclusion to it.", "contents": "Good death: responsible choice in a changing society. Revolutionary advances in social and medical knowledge and technology have radically changed the conditions which precede death for an increasing number of people. The fear of death is being replaced by the dread of too-prolonged life, a feature of which is a widely documented incidence of both pain and physical and mental distress. This situation has produced the accelerating social demand for euthanasia (a painless inducement of death, preferably by medical means) to be legally available to a suffering person earnestly desiring it. The attitudes of medical workers are ambivalent, trapped as they are between a changing society and intransigent law. Psychiatry, however, and its concern for the whole person, is potentially an ally of those who desire to educate the community to a healthier view of death, even a planned death, as a part of life and a responsible conclusion to it.", "PMID": 1065312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4905", "title": "Lithium neurotoxicity.", "content": "One of the most alarming and potentially serious complications of Lithium Carbonate therapy is the emergence of central nervous system toxicity. This paper discusses the clinical changes that may occur with illustrative case histories. The role that such factors as serum Lithium levels, sodium balance, organic brain damage, clinical typology, concurrent physical illness and drug interaction play in the genesis of this disorder is discussed. Permanent neurological damage following Lithium poisoning is discussed and guidelines for appropriate use and monitoring of Lithium in psychiatric disorders is outlined.", "contents": "Lithium neurotoxicity. One of the most alarming and potentially serious complications of Lithium Carbonate therapy is the emergence of central nervous system toxicity. This paper discusses the clinical changes that may occur with illustrative case histories. The role that such factors as serum Lithium levels, sodium balance, organic brain damage, clinical typology, concurrent physical illness and drug interaction play in the genesis of this disorder is discussed. Permanent neurological damage following Lithium poisoning is discussed and guidelines for appropriate use and monitoring of Lithium in psychiatric disorders is outlined.", "PMID": 1065313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4906", "title": "Concepts of mental illness amongst the rural Xhosa people in South Africa.", "content": "The rural Xhosa people of South Africa have retained social cohesion through traditional custom, purity of language and the dominant role of ancestor worship, traditional medicine and witchcraft in life-style, beliefs and ceremonies. Abstract concepts are limited and ego defence mechanisms include projection, displacement and rationalization but cognitive disturbances per se are not regarded as important. Major attention is paid to severe conative and affective disturbances, ascribed to object or spirit intrument by a traditional \"witchdoctor\". Therapy is community orientated as far as possible unless uncontrollable violent behaviour necessitates referral to a mental hospital.", "contents": "Concepts of mental illness amongst the rural Xhosa people in South Africa. The rural Xhosa people of South Africa have retained social cohesion through traditional custom, purity of language and the dominant role of ancestor worship, traditional medicine and witchcraft in life-style, beliefs and ceremonies. Abstract concepts are limited and ego defence mechanisms include projection, displacement and rationalization but cognitive disturbances per se are not regarded as important. Major attention is paid to severe conative and affective disturbances, ascribed to object or spirit intrument by a traditional \"witchdoctor\". Therapy is community orientated as far as possible unless uncontrollable violent behaviour necessitates referral to a mental hospital.", "PMID": 1065314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4907", "title": "Rating scales as predictors of response to tricyclic antidepressants.", "content": "Fifty-three patients suffering from depressive illness were classified as 'responders' or 'non-responders' on the basis of an \"amelioration score\" of the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression after six weeks treatment with nortriptyline hydrochloride at 150 mgs. daily. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed on the four psychological rating scale scores used, to determine whether rating scales could predict treatment response to tricyclis antidepressants was found to be at 75% probability.ic anti-depressants was found to be at 757. probability.ic antidepressants. There was a significant difference between the two groups after adjustment for age. Subjects were then classified as 'non-responders' and 'responders' on the basis of their discriminant scores. The prediction of response to tricycl", "contents": "Rating scales as predictors of response to tricyclic antidepressants. Fifty-three patients suffering from depressive illness were classified as 'responders' or 'non-responders' on the basis of an \"amelioration score\" of the Hamilton Rating Scale for depression after six weeks treatment with nortriptyline hydrochloride at 150 mgs. daily. A multivariate analysis of variance was performed on the four psychological rating scale scores used, to determine whether rating scales could predict treatment response to tricyclis antidepressants was found to be at 75% probability.ic anti-depressants was found to be at 757. probability.ic antidepressants. There was a significant difference between the two groups after adjustment for age. Subjects were then classified as 'non-responders' and 'responders' on the basis of their discriminant scores. The prediction of response to tricycl", "PMID": 1065316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4908", "title": "An evaluation of evidence on depressive classification and some alternative suggestions from physiology.", "content": "The wealth of material on depressive classification provides both researcher and clinician with a sorting task of monumental proportions. Moreover the criticisms which have been fired at studies of depressive classification using symptoms as a data base, also require systematic sorting and elucidation. An attempt has been made to review the major studies of depressive classification in a systematic way, together with the principal criticisms which have been made of them. The survey is not exhaustive but aims at providing a relatively ordered overview of the area. The most critical issue, that of subjectivity of data collection is taken up, and it is suggested that biological measures may form a more objective data base for studies of depressive classification than ratings of symptoms and behaviour.", "contents": "An evaluation of evidence on depressive classification and some alternative suggestions from physiology. The wealth of material on depressive classification provides both researcher and clinician with a sorting task of monumental proportions. Moreover the criticisms which have been fired at studies of depressive classification using symptoms as a data base, also require systematic sorting and elucidation. An attempt has been made to review the major studies of depressive classification in a systematic way, together with the principal criticisms which have been made of them. The survey is not exhaustive but aims at providing a relatively ordered overview of the area. The most critical issue, that of subjectivity of data collection is taken up, and it is suggested that biological measures may form a more objective data base for studies of depressive classification than ratings of symptoms and behaviour.", "PMID": 1065317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4909", "title": "The measurement of plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressant drugs.", "content": "A double-isotope derivative dilution procedure for measuring plasma levels of Nortriptyline is described. The assay is specific, sensitive, precise and reproducible. Studies on the variation in steady-state plasma levels are described on a fixed oral dosage of nortriptyline. Between individual variations in steady-state plasma levels are large. Between day within individual variation is 15-20%. Dosage regime, time of blood sampling after last oral dose and the method of blood handling are unlikely to affect the steady-state plasma levels. Within an individual, the oral dose, duration of treatment and concomitant drug treatment are all important determinants of the steady-state plasma level.", "contents": "The measurement of plasma levels of tricyclic antidepressant drugs. A double-isotope derivative dilution procedure for measuring plasma levels of Nortriptyline is described. The assay is specific, sensitive, precise and reproducible. Studies on the variation in steady-state plasma levels are described on a fixed oral dosage of nortriptyline. Between individual variations in steady-state plasma levels are large. Between day within individual variation is 15-20%. Dosage regime, time of blood sampling after last oral dose and the method of blood handling are unlikely to affect the steady-state plasma levels. Within an individual, the oral dose, duration of treatment and concomitant drug treatment are all important determinants of the steady-state plasma level.", "PMID": 1065320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4910", "title": "Taboo and Malay tradition.", "content": "According to Malinowski there are no peoples, however primitive, without religion and magic; nor are there any societies lacking either in the scientific attitude or in science (Blumberg 1963). Magic and taboo are resorted to when through the normal use of science, or rational techniques, man is unable to control unpredictable events important to him. Where there is difficulty in predicting the outcome of behaviour, where the results of action are not consonant with effort, where there are great limitions on man's knowledge of vital issues, magical techniques are employed--in short, where circumstances of life are uncertain, uncontrolled and unknown. Magic and animism are systems of thought which give not only the explanation of a single phenomenon, but make it possible to comprehend the totality of the world from one point, as a continuity. Of the three systems of thought--animistic, religious and scientific--animism is perhaps the most consistent and the most exhaustive, the one which explains the world in its entirety.", "contents": "Taboo and Malay tradition. According to Malinowski there are no peoples, however primitive, without religion and magic; nor are there any societies lacking either in the scientific attitude or in science (Blumberg 1963). Magic and taboo are resorted to when through the normal use of science, or rational techniques, man is unable to control unpredictable events important to him. Where there is difficulty in predicting the outcome of behaviour, where the results of action are not consonant with effort, where there are great limitions on man's knowledge of vital issues, magical techniques are employed--in short, where circumstances of life are uncertain, uncontrolled and unknown. Magic and animism are systems of thought which give not only the explanation of a single phenomenon, but make it possible to comprehend the totality of the world from one point, as a continuity. Of the three systems of thought--animistic, religious and scientific--animism is perhaps the most consistent and the most exhaustive, the one which explains the world in its entirety.", "PMID": 1065321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4911", "title": "Psychotherapeutic management of a potential spirit medium.", "content": "Psychotherapeutic management of a potential spirit medium (shaman) in a modern University Hospital setting in Malaysia is described. Magical thinking, projection and spirit possession (trance state) occur during management. Discussion of management was based on what Heinz Wolff described as the psychotherapist's functions of (1) psychodynamic understanding; (2) the therapeutic function; and (3) the developmental function. This patient did not conform to the general criteria of a suitable patient for psychotherapy. But her willingness to engage in therapy contributed to a satisfactory outcome. The therapist's growth in cross-cultural therapeutic encounter seems to be prominent.", "contents": "Psychotherapeutic management of a potential spirit medium. Psychotherapeutic management of a potential spirit medium (shaman) in a modern University Hospital setting in Malaysia is described. Magical thinking, projection and spirit possession (trance state) occur during management. Discussion of management was based on what Heinz Wolff described as the psychotherapist's functions of (1) psychodynamic understanding; (2) the therapeutic function; and (3) the developmental function. This patient did not conform to the general criteria of a suitable patient for psychotherapy. But her willingness to engage in therapy contributed to a satisfactory outcome. The therapist's growth in cross-cultural therapeutic encounter seems to be prominent.", "PMID": 1065324}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4912", "title": "Meth-drinkers and lotus-eaters: some educational aspects of transcultural psychiatry in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "The rapid development of Third-World societies in the Pacific Region, as elsewhere, involves modern, traditional and idiosyncratic factors. Often this complex of interaction is expressed or symbolically exemplified in aberrant behaviors. The paper presents some examples from Papua New Guinea, including methyl-alcohol poisoning amongst students and cargo cults, as part of an interface between traditional and modern. Such aberrant and psychotic behaviors provide a datum for curricula and clinical services. Psychiatric efforts via related disciplines such as anthropology, can provide dramatic pan-human insights into development for contemporary educational and health-delivery services, ultimately with more meaning for recipients, practitioners and research.", "contents": "Meth-drinkers and lotus-eaters: some educational aspects of transcultural psychiatry in Papua New Guinea. The rapid development of Third-World societies in the Pacific Region, as elsewhere, involves modern, traditional and idiosyncratic factors. Often this complex of interaction is expressed or symbolically exemplified in aberrant behaviors. The paper presents some examples from Papua New Guinea, including methyl-alcohol poisoning amongst students and cargo cults, as part of an interface between traditional and modern. Such aberrant and psychotic behaviors provide a datum for curricula and clinical services. Psychiatric efforts via related disciplines such as anthropology, can provide dramatic pan-human insights into development for contemporary educational and health-delivery services, ultimately with more meaning for recipients, practitioners and research.", "PMID": 1065325}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4913", "title": "Associative illness among aboriginals.", "content": "Associative mental illness occurring in close relatives is described from Numbulwar and Yirrkala Missions, two Aboriginal communities in Eastern Arnhem Land. Since it is a clear example of the influence of culture on mental illness, these factors which facilitate the production of the illnesses are examined. They are (1) cross-identification between members of the clan group; (2) the assumption that mental illness is caused by sorcery which acts to detriment of all the relatives in a clan group, not only on the individual; (3) the belief that mental experiences in general are not private and may be shared by close relatives.", "contents": "Associative illness among aboriginals. Associative mental illness occurring in close relatives is described from Numbulwar and Yirrkala Missions, two Aboriginal communities in Eastern Arnhem Land. Since it is a clear example of the influence of culture on mental illness, these factors which facilitate the production of the illnesses are examined. They are (1) cross-identification between members of the clan group; (2) the assumption that mental illness is caused by sorcery which acts to detriment of all the relatives in a clan group, not only on the individual; (3) the belief that mental experiences in general are not private and may be shared by close relatives.", "PMID": 1065327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4914", "title": "Psychiatry in Bali.", "content": "Since the advent of modern psychiatry to Bali in 1968, great strides have been achieved, but based on the above field study it is found that a large part of the mentally disturbed still rely upon traditional psychiatry, a fact which sould be kept in mind when planning future mental health activities.", "contents": "Psychiatry in Bali. Since the advent of modern psychiatry to Bali in 1968, great strides have been achieved, but based on the above field study it is found that a large part of the mentally disturbed still rely upon traditional psychiatry, a fact which sould be kept in mind when planning future mental health activities.", "PMID": 1065328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4915", "title": "The attribution of mental illness by rural Balinese.", "content": "This paper is based on the answers of 208 Balinese rural respondents to the question \"What makes you think person X is mentally ill?\" The responses are tabulated by age and sex and a cluster analysis is carried out on them. It is shown that the rural Balinese view interference with others and threatening behaviour as prime indicators of mental illness, but that different indicators are commonly used for women, men, the old and the young. The results are discussed with reference to a sociological model and a medical model of diagnosis.", "contents": "The attribution of mental illness by rural Balinese. This paper is based on the answers of 208 Balinese rural respondents to the question \"What makes you think person X is mentally ill?\" The responses are tabulated by age and sex and a cluster analysis is carried out on them. It is shown that the rural Balinese view interference with others and threatening behaviour as prime indicators of mental illness, but that different indicators are commonly used for women, men, the old and the young. The results are discussed with reference to a sociological model and a medical model of diagnosis.", "PMID": 1065329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4916", "title": "Influence of exogenous tRNA on growth of transplantable 32P-induced osteosarcomata.", "content": "The weights of osteosarcomata that arose 22 days after the s.c. injection of cell suspensions (of whold tumours) that had been exposed in vitro to tRNA were significantly different from the weights of those arising from untreated cells. The tRNA was isolated by phenol extraction and DEAE-cellulose chromatography from eviscerated full-term rat embryos, from rat mesenchymal (granulation) tissue and from rat anaplastic osteosarcomata. Tumours developing from osteosarcoma cells treated with either embryonic or normal mesenchymal tRNA were reduced in weight by 76% and 60% respectively. These effects could not be explained as a toxic consequence, because tumour weight was increased by 128% after exposure of cells to osteosarcoma tRNA. In this osteosarcoma model it appears that tumour weights can be influenced in different ways by tRNA from different sources.", "contents": "Influence of exogenous tRNA on growth of transplantable 32P-induced osteosarcomata. The weights of osteosarcomata that arose 22 days after the s.c. injection of cell suspensions (of whold tumours) that had been exposed in vitro to tRNA were significantly different from the weights of those arising from untreated cells. The tRNA was isolated by phenol extraction and DEAE-cellulose chromatography from eviscerated full-term rat embryos, from rat mesenchymal (granulation) tissue and from rat anaplastic osteosarcomata. Tumours developing from osteosarcoma cells treated with either embryonic or normal mesenchymal tRNA were reduced in weight by 76% and 60% respectively. These effects could not be explained as a toxic consequence, because tumour weight was increased by 128% after exposure of cells to osteosarcoma tRNA. In this osteosarcoma model it appears that tumour weights can be influenced in different ways by tRNA from different sources.", "PMID": 1065354}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4917", "title": "A mathematical model of the acute myeloblastic leukemic state in man.", "content": "A dynamical mathematical model of the acute myeloblastic leukemic state is proposed in which normal neutrophils and their precursors, and leukemic myeloblasts, proliferate as distinct but interacting cell populations. Each population has a Go compartment, consisting of resting cells, that acts as a control center to determine the rate of proliferation. These rates are assumed to depend on the total number of cells in the combined populations. The presence of the leukemic population destabilizes the homeostatic state of the normal population, which is stable in the absence of leukemic cells, and drives the system to a new stable state consisting entirely of leukemic cells and no normal cells. Calculations based on the theory suggest that it is able to simulate the kinetic features of this disease state, at least in its typical manifestations.", "contents": "A mathematical model of the acute myeloblastic leukemic state in man. A dynamical mathematical model of the acute myeloblastic leukemic state is proposed in which normal neutrophils and their precursors, and leukemic myeloblasts, proliferate as distinct but interacting cell populations. Each population has a Go compartment, consisting of resting cells, that acts as a control center to determine the rate of proliferation. These rates are assumed to depend on the total number of cells in the combined populations. The presence of the leukemic population destabilizes the homeostatic state of the normal population, which is stable in the absence of leukemic cells, and drives the system to a new stable state consisting entirely of leukemic cells and no normal cells. Calculations based on the theory suggest that it is able to simulate the kinetic features of this disease state, at least in its typical manifestations.", "PMID": 1065387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4918", "title": "Accelerated myeloblast destruction and abnormal lysosome disruption in cultured bone marrow: association with indolent acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Despite no chemotherapy and a marrow morphologically typical of frank relapse, an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patient survived for nearly 1 yr. During this time she remained asymptomatic and maintained nearly normal levels of platelets and hemoglobin. Cytochemical and electron microscopic studies of her bone marrow in liquid culture revealed on several occasions a unique maturational sequence in that leukemic cells differentiated to form morphologically abnormal primary granules which appeared to rupture and cause cytolysis of these cells. In these cultures, blasts rapidly disappeared and were replaced by more mature granulocytes, in contrast to observations in cultures derived from five other patients with AML in relapse which showed persistently elevated blast counts with no evidence of maturation in vitro. These findings support the concept that in AML cell maturation is regularly impaired and in some cases also aberrant. In addition, the abnormal granule formation with autolysis of the leukemic cells observed in one patient may explain both the early cell death in vitro and this patient's relatively indolent clinical course. Similar in vitro studies may help predict atypical clinical courses in patients with AML and facilitate design of appropriate chemotherapy.", "contents": "Accelerated myeloblast destruction and abnormal lysosome disruption in cultured bone marrow: association with indolent acute myelogenous leukemia. Despite no chemotherapy and a marrow morphologically typical of frank relapse, an acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patient survived for nearly 1 yr. During this time she remained asymptomatic and maintained nearly normal levels of platelets and hemoglobin. Cytochemical and electron microscopic studies of her bone marrow in liquid culture revealed on several occasions a unique maturational sequence in that leukemic cells differentiated to form morphologically abnormal primary granules which appeared to rupture and cause cytolysis of these cells. In these cultures, blasts rapidly disappeared and were replaced by more mature granulocytes, in contrast to observations in cultures derived from five other patients with AML in relapse which showed persistently elevated blast counts with no evidence of maturation in vitro. These findings support the concept that in AML cell maturation is regularly impaired and in some cases also aberrant. In addition, the abnormal granule formation with autolysis of the leukemic cells observed in one patient may explain both the early cell death in vitro and this patient's relatively indolent clinical course. Similar in vitro studies may help predict atypical clinical courses in patients with AML and facilitate design of appropriate chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1065389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4919", "title": "Further characterization of the circulating cell in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Peripheral lymphocytes from normal individuals and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were cultured in vitro for 1-7 days. The growth response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was quantitated by the incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA nucleotide during a 2-hr pulse with the radioisotope. While the maximum response in PHA-stimulated normal cultures appeared at 2-3 days, CLL cultures required 5-7 days to develop their maximal response, which was 50%-60% of the normal magnitude. Dilution of the number of normally reactive lymphocytes by culturing them with totally unreactive, mitomycin-treated cells produced a normal 72-hr maximal response, no matter what proportion of unreactive cells was included in the PHA-stimulated cultures. In addition, the response of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with myeloblastic leukemia, where large numbers of unreactive myeloblasts diluted the normal small lymphocytes, a depressed reaction occurred at the anticipated 2-3 days. Nylon fiber-adherent lymphocytes consisting of 85% immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing cells responded minimally to PHA, but showed no evidence of a delay. When isolated from CLL patients, both fiber-adherent cells (Ig-bearing) as well as non-fiber-adherent (sheep erythrocyterosetting) cells responded to PHA in a delayed fashion. Similarly, a case of CLL, in which 93.5% of the circulating lymphocytes bore sheep red blood cell receptors, showed its peak response to PHA at 7 days. Therefore, using surface marker criteria considered characteristic of normal T cells and B cells, the delayed response to PHA on the part of CLL lymphocytes was independent of thymic or nonthymic origin.", "contents": "Further characterization of the circulating cell in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Peripheral lymphocytes from normal individuals and from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were cultured in vitro for 1-7 days. The growth response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was quantitated by the incorporation of tritiated uridine into RNA nucleotide during a 2-hr pulse with the radioisotope. While the maximum response in PHA-stimulated normal cultures appeared at 2-3 days, CLL cultures required 5-7 days to develop their maximal response, which was 50%-60% of the normal magnitude. Dilution of the number of normally reactive lymphocytes by culturing them with totally unreactive, mitomycin-treated cells produced a normal 72-hr maximal response, no matter what proportion of unreactive cells was included in the PHA-stimulated cultures. In addition, the response of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with myeloblastic leukemia, where large numbers of unreactive myeloblasts diluted the normal small lymphocytes, a depressed reaction occurred at the anticipated 2-3 days. Nylon fiber-adherent lymphocytes consisting of 85% immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing cells responded minimally to PHA, but showed no evidence of a delay. When isolated from CLL patients, both fiber-adherent cells (Ig-bearing) as well as non-fiber-adherent (sheep erythrocyterosetting) cells responded to PHA in a delayed fashion. Similarly, a case of CLL, in which 93.5% of the circulating lymphocytes bore sheep red blood cell receptors, showed its peak response to PHA at 7 days. Therefore, using surface marker criteria considered characteristic of normal T cells and B cells, the delayed response to PHA on the part of CLL lymphocytes was independent of thymic or nonthymic origin.", "PMID": 1065390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4920", "title": "DNA histogram analysis of human hemopoietic cells.", "content": "The proliferative activity of human neoplasms may be an important determinant for therapeutic management. The advent of automated flow-through systems measuring cellular DNA content by means of fluorescence has considerably facilitated the analysis of cellular kinetics. Using a pulse cytophotometer ICP-11 (Phywe Co., G\u00f6ttingen, Germany), three different fluorescent staining techniques for DNA histogram measurement on human hemopoietic cells were tested: mithramycin, ethidium bromide, and a combination of ethidium bromide and mithramycin. Employing the tritiated thymidine labeling index as reference standard for comparison with the DNA histogram-derived S-phase fractions, linear correlations were obtained using ethidium bromide alone and ethidium bromide in combination with mithramycin as staining techniques. The fluorescence intensity was increased fourfold to fivefold by the use of the two-dye combination, resulting in a substantial decrease in the coefficient of variation of DNA histograms to 1.5%-2%. This augmented histogram resolution is an important codition for detecting small-degree numeric chromosomal aberrations and discrete drug perturbation effects.", "contents": "DNA histogram analysis of human hemopoietic cells. The proliferative activity of human neoplasms may be an important determinant for therapeutic management. The advent of automated flow-through systems measuring cellular DNA content by means of fluorescence has considerably facilitated the analysis of cellular kinetics. Using a pulse cytophotometer ICP-11 (Phywe Co., G\u00f6ttingen, Germany), three different fluorescent staining techniques for DNA histogram measurement on human hemopoietic cells were tested: mithramycin, ethidium bromide, and a combination of ethidium bromide and mithramycin. Employing the tritiated thymidine labeling index as reference standard for comparison with the DNA histogram-derived S-phase fractions, linear correlations were obtained using ethidium bromide alone and ethidium bromide in combination with mithramycin as staining techniques. The fluorescence intensity was increased fourfold to fivefold by the use of the two-dye combination, resulting in a substantial decrease in the coefficient of variation of DNA histograms to 1.5%-2%. This augmented histogram resolution is an important codition for detecting small-degree numeric chromosomal aberrations and discrete drug perturbation effects.", "PMID": 1065391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4921", "title": "Therapeutic irradiation of the central nervous system using intrathecal 90Y--DTA.", "content": "The erdication of established neuroleukaemia is often difficult, and with subsequent relapses even harder. The use of an intrathecally-injected beta emitting isotope has the advantage of preserving the bone-marrow of the vertebral column and cranium whislt irradiating the meninges. The value of intrathecal 90Y-DTPA(diethylene-triamine penta-acetic acid) has been investigated in nine patients with neuroleukaemia or CNS involvement in malignant lymphoma. Measurements of retention of the isotope in the whole body, spinal, and intracranial subarachnoid spaces have been made, together with blood levels, and are reported. The clinical results are presented. In three out of five evaluable patients 90Y-DTPA failed to maintain a chemotherapy-induced CNS remission and in two out of two evaluable patients malignant cells were not dispersed from the CNS with a single intrathecal injection of 90Y-DTA. It is concluded, therefore, that with this agent and the doses used no useful clinical result is gained.", "contents": "Therapeutic irradiation of the central nervous system using intrathecal 90Y--DTA. The erdication of established neuroleukaemia is often difficult, and with subsequent relapses even harder. The use of an intrathecally-injected beta emitting isotope has the advantage of preserving the bone-marrow of the vertebral column and cranium whislt irradiating the meninges. The value of intrathecal 90Y-DTPA(diethylene-triamine penta-acetic acid) has been investigated in nine patients with neuroleukaemia or CNS involvement in malignant lymphoma. Measurements of retention of the isotope in the whole body, spinal, and intracranial subarachnoid spaces have been made, together with blood levels, and are reported. The clinical results are presented. In three out of five evaluable patients 90Y-DTPA failed to maintain a chemotherapy-induced CNS remission and in two out of two evaluable patients malignant cells were not dispersed from the CNS with a single intrathecal injection of 90Y-DTA. It is concluded, therefore, that with this agent and the doses used no useful clinical result is gained.", "PMID": 1065444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4922", "title": "Arteriography in bone tumours.", "content": "The usefulness of arteriography in the diagnosis and management of bone tumours has been evaluated in 78 cases (49 malignant neoplasms, 17 benign tumours and 12 inflammatory lesions). Using well-defined criteria, of which the presence or absence of tumour vessels is of decisive importance, arteriography represents - not as a routine procedure but in selected cases - a most useful guide to establishing the diagnosis, by adding important information to standard radiography, by defining the extent of the lesion and by assisting in the selection of the best site for biopsy.", "contents": "Arteriography in bone tumours. The usefulness of arteriography in the diagnosis and management of bone tumours has been evaluated in 78 cases (49 malignant neoplasms, 17 benign tumours and 12 inflammatory lesions). Using well-defined criteria, of which the presence or absence of tumour vessels is of decisive importance, arteriography represents - not as a routine procedure but in selected cases - a most useful guide to establishing the diagnosis, by adding important information to standard radiography, by defining the extent of the lesion and by assisting in the selection of the best site for biopsy.", "PMID": 1065445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4923", "title": "The multiple sclerotic osteogenic sarcoma of early childhood.", "content": "Two cases of sclerosing osteogenic sarcoma that occurred in early childhood are reported. They and the similar cases reviewed are unusual in their development at an unusually early age, their multicentric presentation and their densely sclerotic nature. These are uncommon manifestations of osteogenic sarcoma and are considered due to proliferative metastatic osteoid formation in areas of rapid bone growth.", "contents": "The multiple sclerotic osteogenic sarcoma of early childhood. Two cases of sclerosing osteogenic sarcoma that occurred in early childhood are reported. They and the similar cases reviewed are unusual in their development at an unusually early age, their multicentric presentation and their densely sclerotic nature. These are uncommon manifestations of osteogenic sarcoma and are considered due to proliferative metastatic osteoid formation in areas of rapid bone growth.", "PMID": 1065446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4924", "title": "Familial cancer on a Scottish island.", "content": "When the causes of death were determined in 18 relations of a child with Fanconi's anaemia 10 deaths were found to be due to carcinoma of various organs. Cases of osteogenic sarcoma, leukaemia, and Marfan's syndrome were also discovered among relatives. The family was from a remote community in the hebrides and there was considerable intermarriage. Suggestive evidence of heterozygosity was found by chromosome analysis.", "contents": "Familial cancer on a Scottish island. When the causes of death were determined in 18 relations of a child with Fanconi's anaemia 10 deaths were found to be due to carcinoma of various organs. Cases of osteogenic sarcoma, leukaemia, and Marfan's syndrome were also discovered among relatives. The family was from a remote community in the hebrides and there was considerable intermarriage. Suggestive evidence of heterozygosity was found by chromosome analysis.", "PMID": 1065448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4925", "title": "The role of irradiation in central nervous system treatment and prophylaxis for acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The results of central nervous system (CNS) treatment with craniocervical irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate in 117 children with ALL achieved at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. The Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The Sidney Farber Cancer Center are presented. A classification related to meningeal disease which correlated with prognosis is presented and the patients are analyzed within these groups. Of 80 patients classified in the most favorable groups (I and II), no child has suffered primary CNS relapse. Of the remaining 37 patients in less favorable groups (III, IV, and V), eight patients have experienced CNS relapse, five following or in conjunction with bone marrow relapse. The technical features of irradiation are reviewed and related to success of the treatment.", "contents": "The role of irradiation in central nervous system treatment and prophylaxis for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The results of central nervous system (CNS) treatment with craniocervical irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate in 117 children with ALL achieved at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. The Children's Hospital Medical Center, and The Sidney Farber Cancer Center are presented. A classification related to meningeal disease which correlated with prognosis is presented and the patients are analyzed within these groups. Of 80 patients classified in the most favorable groups (I and II), no child has suffered primary CNS relapse. Of the remaining 37 patients in less favorable groups (III, IV, and V), eight patients have experienced CNS relapse, five following or in conjunction with bone marrow relapse. The technical features of irradiation are reviewed and related to success of the treatment.", "PMID": 1065467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4926", "title": "Ceruloplasmin levels in sera from human patients with osteosarcoma.", "content": "Ceruloplasmin (Cp) levels in sera of osteosarcoma patients, women on chemical contraceptives, and normal individuals were determined by radial immuno-diffusion (RID) and rocket electroimmunophoresis (REP) techniques; serum copper levels (SCL) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Ratios of SCL/Cp were constant in all groups tested, indicating that the ratio of bound to unbound copper in the serum is maintained relative to normal levels both in osteosarcoma patients and in women receiving chemical contraceptives. There was a highly significant increase over normal levels in Cp concentration in sera from patients with osteosarcoma and from women on chemical contraceptives, in agreement with our previous data on SCL. Either RID or REP can be used to measure serum Cp. The latter method appears to be faster and  more sensitive, whereas the former is easier to perform. It appears that the determination of serum Cp in osteosarcoma patients may be of value in differential diagnosis of the disease in selected patients, and in evaluation of the efficacy of therapy.", "contents": "Ceruloplasmin levels in sera from human patients with osteosarcoma. Ceruloplasmin (Cp) levels in sera of osteosarcoma patients, women on chemical contraceptives, and normal individuals were determined by radial immuno-diffusion (RID) and rocket electroimmunophoresis (REP) techniques; serum copper levels (SCL) were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Ratios of SCL/Cp were constant in all groups tested, indicating that the ratio of bound to unbound copper in the serum is maintained relative to normal levels both in osteosarcoma patients and in women receiving chemical contraceptives. There was a highly significant increase over normal levels in Cp concentration in sera from patients with osteosarcoma and from women on chemical contraceptives, in agreement with our previous data on SCL. Either RID or REP can be used to measure serum Cp. The latter method appears to be faster and  more sensitive, whereas the former is easier to perform. It appears that the determination of serum Cp in osteosarcoma patients may be of value in differential diagnosis of the disease in selected patients, and in evaluation of the efficacy of therapy.", "PMID": 1065468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4927", "title": "Fourteen-year remission of acute leukemia in a patient exposed to thorotrast.", "content": "A case report of a patient who developed acute myelogenous leukemia 15 years after injection of Thorotrast and who has been in a sustained long term remission for 14 years is presented with a review of the problems associated with Thorotrast, subsequently shown to be radioactive with long term sequelae.", "contents": "Fourteen-year remission of acute leukemia in a patient exposed to thorotrast. A case report of a patient who developed acute myelogenous leukemia 15 years after injection of Thorotrast and who has been in a sustained long term remission for 14 years is presented with a review of the problems associated with Thorotrast, subsequently shown to be radioactive with long term sequelae.", "PMID": 1065469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4928", "title": "Prognosis in adult acute myelogenous leukemia related to performance status and other factors.", "content": "Pretreatment factors of prognostic value were sought in 54 consecutively treated cases of adult acute myelogenous leukemia. Twenty of 37 patients with a good (greater than 50%) pretreatment Karnofsky performance status (P.S.) achieved complete remission (C.R.), while only 1/17 with a poor P.S. achieved C.R. This difference was highly significant (p=0.004). Complete remissions correlated with a median survival of 21 months. Patients with a good P.S. had a median survival of 8 months, while those with a poor P.S. had a median survival of only 1 month. This difference was also highly significant (p less than 0.002). Older patients with a good P.S. did as well as younger patients. The P.S., although imprecise, undoubtedly reflects the extent to which the disease, as well as intercurrent problems, have affected the patient. Attention to this aspect of patient selection for current drug regimens is indicated.", "contents": "Prognosis in adult acute myelogenous leukemia related to performance status and other factors. Pretreatment factors of prognostic value were sought in 54 consecutively treated cases of adult acute myelogenous leukemia. Twenty of 37 patients with a good (greater than 50%) pretreatment Karnofsky performance status (P.S.) achieved complete remission (C.R.), while only 1/17 with a poor P.S. achieved C.R. This difference was highly significant (p=0.004). Complete remissions correlated with a median survival of 21 months. Patients with a good P.S. had a median survival of 8 months, while those with a poor P.S. had a median survival of only 1 month. This difference was also highly significant (p less than 0.002). Older patients with a good P.S. did as well as younger patients. The P.S., although imprecise, undoubtedly reflects the extent to which the disease, as well as intercurrent problems, have affected the patient. Attention to this aspect of patient selection for current drug regimens is indicated.", "PMID": 1065470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4929", "title": "A psychophysiological study of determinants for detection of deception.", "content": "Three studies were conducted to obtain available data on the determinants for detection of deception rates. (a) Psychophysiological measures were evaluated for effectiveness in detecting deception. A relevant-irrelevant method was used with two conditions; neutral stimulus and personal stimulus. Of the physiological variables, skin potential response, skin resistance response, finger pulse volume, and skin blood flow were significant indicators of deception. (b) Three experiments were conducted to study the psychophysiological effects of false and true feedback of skin potential response on the detection rates. It was concluded that the subjects receiving information that they were detectable were easier to detect than the subjects who believed that they were not detected and the subjects who received feedback of actual responses. (c) With the use of skin potential response channel, significant detection rates were obtained for all experiments under the condition that subjects verbally lied by means of \"No\" responses. On the other hand, the subjects who were motivated to deceive produced differentially augmented responses in the absence of any verbal response and also when the subjects told the truth to critical items and lied to irrelevant ones.", "contents": "A psychophysiological study of determinants for detection of deception. Three studies were conducted to obtain available data on the determinants for detection of deception rates. (a) Psychophysiological measures were evaluated for effectiveness in detecting deception. A relevant-irrelevant method was used with two conditions; neutral stimulus and personal stimulus. Of the physiological variables, skin potential response, skin resistance response, finger pulse volume, and skin blood flow were significant indicators of deception. (b) Three experiments were conducted to study the psychophysiological effects of false and true feedback of skin potential response on the detection rates. It was concluded that the subjects receiving information that they were detectable were easier to detect than the subjects who believed that they were not detected and the subjects who received feedback of actual responses. (c) With the use of skin potential response channel, significant detection rates were obtained for all experiments under the condition that subjects verbally lied by means of \"No\" responses. On the other hand, the subjects who were motivated to deceive produced differentially augmented responses in the absence of any verbal response and also when the subjects told the truth to critical items and lied to irrelevant ones.", "PMID": 1065507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4930", "title": "Dextran degrading activity of oral microbial flora.", "content": "Dextran degrading activity of the human oral microflora was detected by culturing in TYD broth (Tryptose 1.0%, Yeast extract 0.3%, Dextran T-150 (Pharmacia, MW 150,000) 0.15%). All of the plaue and saliva samples collected from 10 subjects showed a dextran degrading activity, both cultured aerobically and anaerobically, while the anaerobic culture was more active than the aerobic. Furthermore, some individual differences were observed in their activity. Crude enzyme(s) was extracted from the supernatant of a mixed culture of plaque sample by adding ammonium-sulfate to 0.6 and 0.8 saturation (called E-1 and E-2, respectively). E-1 contained 2 dextran-degrading enzymes, one being thought to be an endo-enzyme, with the optimal of H being 5.0 and the other an exo-enzyme with the optimal pH being 7.0-7.5. On the other hand, E-2 contained 1 enzyme of the endo-type. Thirteen strains producing dextranase were isolated from the plaque and were identified as Bacteroides oralis-like organisms. Several other organisms were thought to produce dextranase, although we failed to isolate them in this experiment.", "contents": "Dextran degrading activity of oral microbial flora. Dextran degrading activity of the human oral microflora was detected by culturing in TYD broth (Tryptose 1.0%, Yeast extract 0.3%, Dextran T-150 (Pharmacia, MW 150,000) 0.15%). All of the plaue and saliva samples collected from 10 subjects showed a dextran degrading activity, both cultured aerobically and anaerobically, while the anaerobic culture was more active than the aerobic. Furthermore, some individual differences were observed in their activity. Crude enzyme(s) was extracted from the supernatant of a mixed culture of plaque sample by adding ammonium-sulfate to 0.6 and 0.8 saturation (called E-1 and E-2, respectively). E-1 contained 2 dextran-degrading enzymes, one being thought to be an endo-enzyme, with the optimal of H being 5.0 and the other an exo-enzyme with the optimal pH being 7.0-7.5. On the other hand, E-2 contained 1 enzyme of the endo-type. Thirteen strains producing dextranase were isolated from the plaque and were identified as Bacteroides oralis-like organisms. Several other organisms were thought to produce dextranase, although we failed to isolate them in this experiment.", "PMID": 1065508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4931", "title": "Dextran degrading bacteria in human oral cavity and their activity against insoluble glucan from Streptococcus mutants.", "content": "The distribution of dextran-degrading microorganisms in the saliva and plaque samples from the human oral cavity was assayed on 9 subjects. Approximately 2/3 of the saliva samples degraded Dextran T-150 (Pharmacia, M.W. 150,000) and 1/10 the Blue Dextran (Pharmacia), while 2/5 and 1/8 of the plaque samples degraded Dextran T-150 and Blue Dextran, respectively. Thirty-seven strains of the Blue Dextran degrading bacteria were isolated from the saliva and plaque samples and were classified into 6 groups by their morphology, gram staining and oxygen tolerance. The 24 strains from the 37 isolates, more or less, were shown to degrade the insoluble glucan extracted from Streptococcus mutans FA-1 on the agar plate. The 8 strains, selected from each group, were tested for their activity against the insoluble glucan extracted from Str. mutans (FA-1, HS-6, BHT, CHT, GS-5, LM-7 and PK-1) and Str. salivarius (HHT). The strains belonging to Groups I, II, IV and V showed activity against the insoluble glucan used. Among them, the strains of Group IV (gram negative facultative cocci) and Group V (gram negative strict anaerobic rod) were the most active against the insoluble glucan.", "contents": "Dextran degrading bacteria in human oral cavity and their activity against insoluble glucan from Streptococcus mutants. The distribution of dextran-degrading microorganisms in the saliva and plaque samples from the human oral cavity was assayed on 9 subjects. Approximately 2/3 of the saliva samples degraded Dextran T-150 (Pharmacia, M.W. 150,000) and 1/10 the Blue Dextran (Pharmacia), while 2/5 and 1/8 of the plaque samples degraded Dextran T-150 and Blue Dextran, respectively. Thirty-seven strains of the Blue Dextran degrading bacteria were isolated from the saliva and plaque samples and were classified into 6 groups by their morphology, gram staining and oxygen tolerance. The 24 strains from the 37 isolates, more or less, were shown to degrade the insoluble glucan extracted from Streptococcus mutans FA-1 on the agar plate. The 8 strains, selected from each group, were tested for their activity against the insoluble glucan extracted from Str. mutans (FA-1, HS-6, BHT, CHT, GS-5, LM-7 and PK-1) and Str. salivarius (HHT). The strains belonging to Groups I, II, IV and V showed activity against the insoluble glucan used. Among them, the strains of Group IV (gram negative facultative cocci) and Group V (gram negative strict anaerobic rod) were the most active against the insoluble glucan.", "PMID": 1065509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4932", "title": "Precipitation hardening in gold-cobalt alloys.", "content": "The precipitation hardening in gold-cobalt alloys containing less than 5 wt.%Co was studied by means of resistivity, hardness, X-ray diffraction, and optical microscopic examination. The hardness curves showed two hardness peaks after isothermal ageing below the temperature of 250 or 300 degrees C. It was considered that the first peak was due to the formation of G.P. zone which was confirmed by reversion phenomenon. The second peak was due to the growth of metastable cobalt-rich precipitate, and this stage was found to make a major contribution to the age-hardening in the present alloys. The nodular products at grain boundary do not play an important role in age-hardening. Acitvation energies, order of the reaction involved, and the rate constant for the growth process were established. The difference in growth mechanism of the metastable precipitate was deduced from the kinetics data.", "contents": "Precipitation hardening in gold-cobalt alloys. The precipitation hardening in gold-cobalt alloys containing less than 5 wt.%Co was studied by means of resistivity, hardness, X-ray diffraction, and optical microscopic examination. The hardness curves showed two hardness peaks after isothermal ageing below the temperature of 250 or 300 degrees C. It was considered that the first peak was due to the formation of G.P. zone which was confirmed by reversion phenomenon. The second peak was due to the growth of metastable cobalt-rich precipitate, and this stage was found to make a major contribution to the age-hardening in the present alloys. The nodular products at grain boundary do not play an important role in age-hardening. Acitvation energies, order of the reaction involved, and the rate constant for the growth process were established. The difference in growth mechanism of the metastable precipitate was deduced from the kinetics data.", "PMID": 1065510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4933", "title": "Gingival architectural forms in periodontal diseases.", "content": "Changes in the gingival architectural form and the incidence were observed on 1,700 interdental papillae and 3,791 parts of the gingival margin of 89 patients, both males and females, with periodontal diseases. The effects of improperly adapted restoration, tooth irregularity, depth of periodontal pocket and degree of bone loss on the gingival changes were also examined. Of the four types of changes observed in the marginal gingiva, the recessed form occurred most frequently. Next in order of frequency of occurrence were the ledged, festoon and cleft forms. The greater part of the gingival changes observed in the interdental papilla were both of the blunted and enlarged forms. In the interdental papilla, the blunted and cratered forms increased and the enlarged form decreased according to the degree of bone loss. Improperly adapted restoration and tooth irregularity influenced the gingival changes observed. The depth of the periodontal pocket was not found to influence the gingival form.", "contents": "Gingival architectural forms in periodontal diseases. Changes in the gingival architectural form and the incidence were observed on 1,700 interdental papillae and 3,791 parts of the gingival margin of 89 patients, both males and females, with periodontal diseases. The effects of improperly adapted restoration, tooth irregularity, depth of periodontal pocket and degree of bone loss on the gingival changes were also examined. Of the four types of changes observed in the marginal gingiva, the recessed form occurred most frequently. Next in order of frequency of occurrence were the ledged, festoon and cleft forms. The greater part of the gingival changes observed in the interdental papilla were both of the blunted and enlarged forms. In the interdental papilla, the blunted and cratered forms increased and the enlarged form decreased according to the degree of bone loss. Improperly adapted restoration and tooth irregularity influenced the gingival changes observed. The depth of the periodontal pocket was not found to influence the gingival form.", "PMID": 1065511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4934", "title": "Craniofacial growth in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate: a roentgeno-cephalometric study.", "content": "This study investigated craniofacial growth in unilateral complete clefts using lateral roentgenographic cephalograms. The cleft sample was composed of 135 males and 120 females aged four, six, eight, ten, twelve and eighteen years. Control subjects included 120 non-cleft males and 120 non-cleft females of similar age to the cleft subjects. The cleft group differed from the control group in several major respects: (1) Their over-all growth trend showed a more downward or vertical direction; (2) The cranial base angle was more flattened; (3) The maxilla was smaller and was located in a more posterior and upward position; (4) Ramal height was shorter and the gonial angle was more obtuse. Chin position was generally retrognathic; (5) Skeletal profile showed less convexity; (6) Upper face height was less and lower face height was greater; (7) Both upper and lower central incisors showed a marked lingual inclination; (8) Females in both groups matured about two years earlier than did males. Underdevelopment in both the maxilla and the mandible was more pronounced in cleft females than in cleft males.", "contents": "Craniofacial growth in complete unilateral cleft lip and palate: a roentgeno-cephalometric study. This study investigated craniofacial growth in unilateral complete clefts using lateral roentgenographic cephalograms. The cleft sample was composed of 135 males and 120 females aged four, six, eight, ten, twelve and eighteen years. Control subjects included 120 non-cleft males and 120 non-cleft females of similar age to the cleft subjects. The cleft group differed from the control group in several major respects: (1) Their over-all growth trend showed a more downward or vertical direction; (2) The cranial base angle was more flattened; (3) The maxilla was smaller and was located in a more posterior and upward position; (4) Ramal height was shorter and the gonial angle was more obtuse. Chin position was generally retrognathic; (5) Skeletal profile showed less convexity; (6) Upper face height was less and lower face height was greater; (7) Both upper and lower central incisors showed a marked lingual inclination; (8) Females in both groups matured about two years earlier than did males. Underdevelopment in both the maxilla and the mandible was more pronounced in cleft females than in cleft males.", "PMID": 1065515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4935", "title": "Facial and dental relationships of individuals with unoperated clefts of the lip and/or palate.", "content": "Twelve individuals with unoperated unilateral clefts of the lip and palate and eight with unoperated unilateral clefts of thelip and alveolus were examined clinically and cephalometrically. The two groups were compared to each other and to a matched sample of normal individuals. All subjects were examined in their native India. Based on the findings of this investigation, it is suggested that, in general, the cranial base and skeletal face are not extensively malrelated in individuals with either unoperated unilateral clefts of the lip and palate or of the lip and alveolus when compared to matched normals. Yet, there are distinct differences in dentoalveolar and skeletal relations between both cleft groups and normals and between the two cleft groups.", "contents": "Facial and dental relationships of individuals with unoperated clefts of the lip and/or palate. Twelve individuals with unoperated unilateral clefts of the lip and palate and eight with unoperated unilateral clefts of thelip and alveolus were examined clinically and cephalometrically. The two groups were compared to each other and to a matched sample of normal individuals. All subjects were examined in their native India. Based on the findings of this investigation, it is suggested that, in general, the cranial base and skeletal face are not extensively malrelated in individuals with either unoperated unilateral clefts of the lip and palate or of the lip and alveolus when compared to matched normals. Yet, there are distinct differences in dentoalveolar and skeletal relations between both cleft groups and normals and between the two cleft groups.", "PMID": 1065516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4936", "title": "Morphological findings in unoperated cleft lips and palates.", "content": "A total of 353 children with cleft lips and palates were examined with regard to the morphology of the tissue surrounding the clefts in the lip, jaw, and palate. Photographs, radiograms (panoramic views of the maxilla), and study models were taken prior to operation. Results indicate a close relationship between the degree and condition of the cleft and the extension of the vermilion, the number of tooth buds adjacent to the cleft, the form and size of the alveolar borders, and the number and type of incisors. In isolated cleft palates, the cleft edges are always symmetrical and there is a gradual transition from board-arched, total clefts of the hard palate to the bifid uvula having no impact on articulation.", "contents": "Morphological findings in unoperated cleft lips and palates. A total of 353 children with cleft lips and palates were examined with regard to the morphology of the tissue surrounding the clefts in the lip, jaw, and palate. Photographs, radiograms (panoramic views of the maxilla), and study models were taken prior to operation. Results indicate a close relationship between the degree and condition of the cleft and the extension of the vermilion, the number of tooth buds adjacent to the cleft, the form and size of the alveolar borders, and the number and type of incisors. In isolated cleft palates, the cleft edges are always symmetrical and there is a gradual transition from board-arched, total clefts of the hard palate to the bifid uvula having no impact on articulation.", "PMID": 1065517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4937", "title": "Treatment principles for the changing arch form in children with complete unilateral cleft lips and palates.", "content": "Data on maxillary growth for 62 normal and 87 complete unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects presented in 1975 is supplemented and extended. The children ranged in age from six months to four years and were evaluated at four developmental stages. In order to clarify the character of the maxillary arch deformity, measurements of depth, width, height, and length were made and analyzed statistically. Prior to lip repair, cleft and normal subjects showed similar patterns of maxillary growth. This similarity was not apparent by age two. Anterior-posterior growth inhibition of the maxilla appeared to occur after lip repair and to remain a problem by age four. The authors discuss possible ways of minimizing these differences by management techniques.", "contents": "Treatment principles for the changing arch form in children with complete unilateral cleft lips and palates. Data on maxillary growth for 62 normal and 87 complete unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects presented in 1975 is supplemented and extended. The children ranged in age from six months to four years and were evaluated at four developmental stages. In order to clarify the character of the maxillary arch deformity, measurements of depth, width, height, and length were made and analyzed statistically. Prior to lip repair, cleft and normal subjects showed similar patterns of maxillary growth. This similarity was not apparent by age two. Anterior-posterior growth inhibition of the maxilla appeared to occur after lip repair and to remain a problem by age four. The authors discuss possible ways of minimizing these differences by management techniques.", "PMID": 1065518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4938", "title": "Nasal deformity in unilateral cleft lip.", "content": "The author presents his experience with the primary correction of nasal deformity in unilateral cleft lips in twenty five cases ranging in age from five months to 30 years. Emphasis is placed upon the important anatomical characteristics of the deformity, i.e. attenuation of the alar cartilage, displacement of the medial crus, thickening of the alar base as the result of deposition of fibrofatty tissue between the two separated layers of skin, accumulation of fibrofatty tissue between the two separated alar domes, drooping of the involved nostril and the presence of a well marked alar arch web. The technique described includes an adequate exposure through a bilateral gingivolabial sulcus incision connected by an intercartilaginous incision, release of the displaced alar base and columella, freeing of the alar cartilage from the opposite side and from overlying skin, repositioning of the alar cartilage and alar dome to a normal anatiomical position, and maintenance by a through and through mattress suture and a post-operative nasal pack. The immediate results have been satisfactory.", "contents": "Nasal deformity in unilateral cleft lip. The author presents his experience with the primary correction of nasal deformity in unilateral cleft lips in twenty five cases ranging in age from five months to 30 years. Emphasis is placed upon the important anatomical characteristics of the deformity, i.e. attenuation of the alar cartilage, displacement of the medial crus, thickening of the alar base as the result of deposition of fibrofatty tissue between the two separated layers of skin, accumulation of fibrofatty tissue between the two separated alar domes, drooping of the involved nostril and the presence of a well marked alar arch web. The technique described includes an adequate exposure through a bilateral gingivolabial sulcus incision connected by an intercartilaginous incision, release of the displaced alar base and columella, freeing of the alar cartilage from the opposite side and from overlying skin, repositioning of the alar cartilage and alar dome to a normal anatiomical position, and maintenance by a through and through mattress suture and a post-operative nasal pack. The immediate results have been satisfactory.", "PMID": 1065519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4939", "title": "Clinical conference I. Calvarium and cranial base in Apert's syndrome: an autopsy report.", "content": "A post-mortem examination of a 22-month-old boy with Apert's syndrome is reported. A linear coronal craniectomy performed at 11 months of age had fused completely in spite of the insertion of polyethylene film between the bony edges. Furthermore, progressive synostosis of other cranial sutures was observed. Histological examination of the cranial base showed that the sphenofrontal suture was fused and that the entire cerebral surface, including the sella turcica, was characterized by bone resorption. The sphenooccipital synchondrosis was extremely wide and abnormally shaped, and the chondral growth activity seemed diminished. It was concluded that the patient exhibited primary as well as secondary growth distrubances in the calvarium and cranial base. The premature synostosis of the coronal and sphenofrontal sutures and the anomaly of the sphenooccipital synchondrosis were interpreted as primary defects. The altered shape of the calvarium and the marked resorption and shortening of the cranial base were considered secondary changes. Furthermore, the investigation indicated that the conventional linear coronal craniectomy cannot be expected to improve the craniofacial growth pattern in patients with Apert syndrome. Alternative surgical procedures were suggested.", "contents": "Clinical conference I. Calvarium and cranial base in Apert's syndrome: an autopsy report. A post-mortem examination of a 22-month-old boy with Apert's syndrome is reported. A linear coronal craniectomy performed at 11 months of age had fused completely in spite of the insertion of polyethylene film between the bony edges. Furthermore, progressive synostosis of other cranial sutures was observed. Histological examination of the cranial base showed that the sphenofrontal suture was fused and that the entire cerebral surface, including the sella turcica, was characterized by bone resorption. The sphenooccipital synchondrosis was extremely wide and abnormally shaped, and the chondral growth activity seemed diminished. It was concluded that the patient exhibited primary as well as secondary growth distrubances in the calvarium and cranial base. The premature synostosis of the coronal and sphenofrontal sutures and the anomaly of the sphenooccipital synchondrosis were interpreted as primary defects. The altered shape of the calvarium and the marked resorption and shortening of the cranial base were considered secondary changes. Furthermore, the investigation indicated that the conventional linear coronal craniectomy cannot be expected to improve the craniofacial growth pattern in patients with Apert syndrome. Alternative surgical procedures were suggested.", "PMID": 1065520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4940", "title": "The number of acetylcholine molecules in a quantum and the interaction between quanta at the subsynaptic membrane of the skeletal neuromuscular synapse.", "content": "1. Postsynaptic responses to acetylcholine released from nerve terminals and from iontophoretic micropipettes were investigated in skeletal twitch-muscle fibers of the snake. The preparation consists of thin sheets of muscle fibers in which details of the end plate, including the outlines of individual synaptic boutons, are clearly seen in the living state. After treatment with collagenase, the motor nerve and its terminal boutons can be removed to expose the intact subsynaptic membrane to direct application of ACh by iontophoretic pipettes. 2. The number of ACh molecules in a quanta was estimated to be fewer than 10,000. This was done by developing a sensitive bioassay to measure the output of ACh from iontophoretic pipettes needed to produce synaptic responses closely resembling nerve-released miniature postsynaptic potentials. 3. Postsynaptic receptors are not saturated by the ACh in a quantum, since the peak of the quantal response produced by an appropriate background concentration of ACh from a pipette. 4. When acetylcholine esterase is inhibited, two or more quanta can act upon partially overlapping postsynaptic membrane areas and potentiate each other's effects. This potentiation reveals itself as a prolongation of the synaptic current. Postsynaptic potentiation is a consequence of the nonlinear dose-response characteristics of ACh receptors and can also be demonstrated in a model system in which ACh micropipettes substitute for quantal release from the nerve. 5. With AChE fully active, however, each quantum is functionally isolated from its neighbors and no postsynaptic potentiation is seen. 6. It is suggested that postsynaptic potentiation between quantum may play a role in signaling at synapses which have nonlinear dose-response characteristics and where transmitter is not so rapidly inactivated as at the neuromuscular synapse.", "contents": "The number of acetylcholine molecules in a quantum and the interaction between quanta at the subsynaptic membrane of the skeletal neuromuscular synapse. 1. Postsynaptic responses to acetylcholine released from nerve terminals and from iontophoretic micropipettes were investigated in skeletal twitch-muscle fibers of the snake. The preparation consists of thin sheets of muscle fibers in which details of the end plate, including the outlines of individual synaptic boutons, are clearly seen in the living state. After treatment with collagenase, the motor nerve and its terminal boutons can be removed to expose the intact subsynaptic membrane to direct application of ACh by iontophoretic pipettes. 2. The number of ACh molecules in a quanta was estimated to be fewer than 10,000. This was done by developing a sensitive bioassay to measure the output of ACh from iontophoretic pipettes needed to produce synaptic responses closely resembling nerve-released miniature postsynaptic potentials. 3. Postsynaptic receptors are not saturated by the ACh in a quantum, since the peak of the quantal response produced by an appropriate background concentration of ACh from a pipette. 4. When acetylcholine esterase is inhibited, two or more quanta can act upon partially overlapping postsynaptic membrane areas and potentiate each other's effects. This potentiation reveals itself as a prolongation of the synaptic current. Postsynaptic potentiation is a consequence of the nonlinear dose-response characteristics of ACh receptors and can also be demonstrated in a model system in which ACh micropipettes substitute for quantal release from the nerve. 5. With AChE fully active, however, each quantum is functionally isolated from its neighbors and no postsynaptic potentiation is seen. 6. It is suggested that postsynaptic potentiation between quantum may play a role in signaling at synapses which have nonlinear dose-response characteristics and where transmitter is not so rapidly inactivated as at the neuromuscular synapse.", "PMID": 1065524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4941", "title": "Persistence of junctional acetylcholine receptors following denervation.", "content": "The relative number of acetylcholine receptors at normal and denervated end plates in rat soleus muscles was studied using the binding of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin as a quantitative assay. After short-term denervation (up to 2.4 weeks), the extrajunctional binding increased, but there was no change in specific binding to the motor end plate. Denervation for longer periods (up to 7 weeks) reduced binding sites at the end plate by as much as 60-70%. Direct electrical stimulation of these muscles for the entire period of denervation did not prevent the slow loss of junctional binding sites, even though it was adequate to abolish the increase in extrajunctional binding. Cross-innervation by a foreign nerve at a site distant from the original end plates was more effective than stimulation in preserving the old end plates; in cross-innervated muscles, many denervated end plates continued to bind normal amounts of toxin for over 4 months. In comparison with the rapid rate of appearance or disappearance of extrajunctional ACh receptors, however, the number of junctional receptors at all denervated end plates was quite stable, suggesting that the persistence of these receptors is not immediately dependent on the presence of a motor nerve terminal.", "contents": "Persistence of junctional acetylcholine receptors following denervation. The relative number of acetylcholine receptors at normal and denervated end plates in rat soleus muscles was studied using the binding of 125I-alpha-bungarotoxin as a quantitative assay. After short-term denervation (up to 2.4 weeks), the extrajunctional binding increased, but there was no change in specific binding to the motor end plate. Denervation for longer periods (up to 7 weeks) reduced binding sites at the end plate by as much as 60-70%. Direct electrical stimulation of these muscles for the entire period of denervation did not prevent the slow loss of junctional binding sites, even though it was adequate to abolish the increase in extrajunctional binding. Cross-innervation by a foreign nerve at a site distant from the original end plates was more effective than stimulation in preserving the old end plates; in cross-innervated muscles, many denervated end plates continued to bind normal amounts of toxin for over 4 months. In comparison with the rapid rate of appearance or disappearance of extrajunctional ACh receptors, however, the number of junctional receptors at all denervated end plates was quite stable, suggesting that the persistence of these receptors is not immediately dependent on the presence of a motor nerve terminal.", "PMID": 1065530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4942", "title": "[Primary healing of intraoral bone defects under the effect of local and general antibacterial prophylaxis].", "content": "On the basis of 4,700 cases, experience is reported which has been gained over 15 years with a method developed in T\u00fcbingen for the primary filling of intraoral bone defects which are big and/or especially jeoplardized by infection. To find an optimum antibacterial prophylaxis for undisturbed primary healing, the operative removal of a lower wisdom tooth is used as an example to compare groups of cases in which either only local prophylaxis of additional general prophylaxis was applied. Comparison of the results with the findings of other authors shows that local implantation of antibacterial substances is superior to an exclusively antibiotic general therapy and that the best results may be expected by simultaneous implantation and general therapy. The findings also cast a light on the importance of exact technical skills in the treatment of wounds and on the considerable influence of the type of gelatine sponge on the stabilization of blood coagulation.", "contents": "[Primary healing of intraoral bone defects under the effect of local and general antibacterial prophylaxis]. On the basis of 4,700 cases, experience is reported which has been gained over 15 years with a method developed in T\u00fcbingen for the primary filling of intraoral bone defects which are big and/or especially jeoplardized by infection. To find an optimum antibacterial prophylaxis for undisturbed primary healing, the operative removal of a lower wisdom tooth is used as an example to compare groups of cases in which either only local prophylaxis of additional general prophylaxis was applied. Comparison of the results with the findings of other authors shows that local implantation of antibacterial substances is superior to an exclusively antibiotic general therapy and that the best results may be expected by simultaneous implantation and general therapy. The findings also cast a light on the importance of exact technical skills in the treatment of wounds and on the considerable influence of the type of gelatine sponge on the stabilization of blood coagulation.", "PMID": 1065577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4943", "title": "[The feasibility of functionally stable compression osteosynthesis by means of percutaneous bone screws].", "content": "In order to achieve stability in function by osteosynthesis and consequently primary bony healing, the fragments of a fractured jaw are immobilized under compression by \"compression plates\". For special cases another method was developed by modification of the Stuttgart model in order to achieve compression osteosynthesis also when percutaneous bone screws are used.", "contents": "[The feasibility of functionally stable compression osteosynthesis by means of percutaneous bone screws]. In order to achieve stability in function by osteosynthesis and consequently primary bony healing, the fragments of a fractured jaw are immobilized under compression by \"compression plates\". For special cases another method was developed by modification of the Stuttgart model in order to achieve compression osteosynthesis also when percutaneous bone screws are used.", "PMID": 1065578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4944", "title": "[Radiodensitometric studies on bone structure following tooth extractions].", "content": "Radiographs of the human mandible, accurately showing the same location, are made at different times after extraction of lateral teeth and examined with regard to changes in the bone structure during wound healing. The radiograms are evaluated by densography and the photometric graphs thus obtained are evaluated by computer. Compared with histological findings known so far, these examinations furnish information on time and location of resorption and production of bone after dental extractions. The first findings are quantitatively presented.", "contents": "[Radiodensitometric studies on bone structure following tooth extractions]. Radiographs of the human mandible, accurately showing the same location, are made at different times after extraction of lateral teeth and examined with regard to changes in the bone structure during wound healing. The radiograms are evaluated by densography and the photometric graphs thus obtained are evaluated by computer. Compared with histological findings known so far, these examinations furnish information on time and location of resorption and production of bone after dental extractions. The first findings are quantitatively presented.", "PMID": 1065579}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4945", "title": "[The clinic simulator, a new working place].", "content": "For the preclinical instruction of dental students and the training of dental assistants a working place has been developed which, in contrast to the phantom tables used so far, better simulates clinical treatment of patients.", "contents": "[The clinic simulator, a new working place]. For the preclinical instruction of dental students and the training of dental assistants a working place has been developed which, in contrast to the phantom tables used so far, better simulates clinical treatment of patients.", "PMID": 1065580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4946", "title": "[Maturation of residual tissue, left in the jaw after injury].", "content": "An eight-year old patient was observed for a period of eleven months: after the traumatic loss of a front tooth, the root of which had not fully grown, the maturing of the remnants of the follicle which were probably injured by the avulsion and not yet fully mineralized, was studied. In the histological examination of the enucleated dental hard material, regions of irregular dentin were found.", "contents": "[Maturation of residual tissue, left in the jaw after injury]. An eight-year old patient was observed for a period of eleven months: after the traumatic loss of a front tooth, the root of which had not fully grown, the maturing of the remnants of the follicle which were probably injured by the avulsion and not yet fully mineralized, was studied. In the histological examination of the enucleated dental hard material, regions of irregular dentin were found.", "PMID": 1065581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4947", "title": "X-chromosome inactivation and selection in somatic cells.", "content": "X-Chromosome inactivation leads to the formation of mosaic cell populations in the somatic cells of mammalian females. Cells have either a maternal or paternal X-chromosome active. If an individual is heterozygous for a cell autonomous X-linked trait, then a set of built-in cellular markers is provided for the investigation of various developmental phenomena, including selection. In the absence of somatic cell selection the tissues of an X-linked heterozygote should all be mosaic and should have a mosaic composition approaching 1:1. If somatic cell selection is occurring, it should be detectable by a significance shift from the random expected 1:1 mosaicism. The system is effective at detecting selection acting on X-linked loci and on newly arisen somatic autosomal variants, and several examples of somatic cell selection are described. However, it is concluded that somatic cell selection, as described above, is not a normal aspect of ontogeny.", "contents": "X-chromosome inactivation and selection in somatic cells. X-Chromosome inactivation leads to the formation of mosaic cell populations in the somatic cells of mammalian females. Cells have either a maternal or paternal X-chromosome active. If an individual is heterozygous for a cell autonomous X-linked trait, then a set of built-in cellular markers is provided for the investigation of various developmental phenomena, including selection. In the absence of somatic cell selection the tissues of an X-linked heterozygote should all be mosaic and should have a mosaic composition approaching 1:1. If somatic cell selection is occurring, it should be detectable by a significance shift from the random expected 1:1 mosaicism. The system is effective at detecting selection acting on X-linked loci and on newly arisen somatic autosomal variants, and several examples of somatic cell selection are described. However, it is concluded that somatic cell selection, as described above, is not a normal aspect of ontogeny.", "PMID": 1065584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4948", "title": "Blastic crisis in previously clinically silent chronic myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A patient is described in whom CML first presented as blastic crisis. The diagnosis of CML was based upon the findings of Ph(1) chromosome in the bone marrow, basophilia in the peripheral blood, absence of NAP activity in the leukocytes, elevated serum vitamin B(12) and an enlarged firm spleen. CML with blastic crisis as its first expression is relatively rare, as compared to CML in which blastic crisis appears as a phase of prolonged clinically manifest disease.", "contents": "Blastic crisis in previously clinically silent chronic myelogenous leukemia. A patient is described in whom CML first presented as blastic crisis. The diagnosis of CML was based upon the findings of Ph(1) chromosome in the bone marrow, basophilia in the peripheral blood, absence of NAP activity in the leukocytes, elevated serum vitamin B(12) and an enlarged firm spleen. CML with blastic crisis as its first expression is relatively rare, as compared to CML in which blastic crisis appears as a phase of prolonged clinically manifest disease.", "PMID": 1065616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4949", "title": "In vitro differentiation of Rauscher-virus-induced myeloid leukemia cells.", "content": "Three cell lines were established in vitro from myeloid leukemias of C57Bl/6 strain mice which had been inoculated with Rauscher virus at birth. The use of heated conditioned medium from peritoneum proved helpful for the initial growth of leukemic cells. At early in vitro passage levels, cell line R433 differentiated only to macrophages after contact with conditioned medium from peritoneum but it appeared to have lost the ability to differentiate during an extended period of cultivation. Cell line R448 was cytologically promyelocyte. When exposed to conditioned medium, this cell line differentiated only to neutrophilic granulocytes. Cell line R453 maintained the ability to differentiate either to neutrophilic granylocytes or to macrophages. Single cells recloned three times still gave rise to both types of mature cells containing conditioned medium. Occasional cases of \"spontaneous\" differentiation in clonal lines of R453 also occurred.", "contents": "In vitro differentiation of Rauscher-virus-induced myeloid leukemia cells. Three cell lines were established in vitro from myeloid leukemias of C57Bl/6 strain mice which had been inoculated with Rauscher virus at birth. The use of heated conditioned medium from peritoneum proved helpful for the initial growth of leukemic cells. At early in vitro passage levels, cell line R433 differentiated only to macrophages after contact with conditioned medium from peritoneum but it appeared to have lost the ability to differentiate during an extended period of cultivation. Cell line R448 was cytologically promyelocyte. When exposed to conditioned medium, this cell line differentiated only to neutrophilic granulocytes. Cell line R453 maintained the ability to differentiate either to neutrophilic granylocytes or to macrophages. Single cells recloned three times still gave rise to both types of mature cells containing conditioned medium. Occasional cases of \"spontaneous\" differentiation in clonal lines of R453 also occurred.", "PMID": 1065617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4950", "title": "Non-random karyotypic evolution in chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "The chromosome banding pattern was analyzed in bone-marrow cells and/or spleen cells of 10 patients in the blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It was obvious from the karyotype analysis that the chromosome aberrations occurring addition to the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) were strictly non-random. An extra Ph1, trisomy 8 and/or trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 17 were observed in all cases. This consistent pattern of chromosome involvement in CML was confirmed in 57 cases from the literature studied with banding techniques. In 88% of the total number of cases with further changes at least one of the three main chromosomal aberrations was found (\"major route\" of karyotypic evolution).", "contents": "Non-random karyotypic evolution in chronic myeloid leukemia. The chromosome banding pattern was analyzed in bone-marrow cells and/or spleen cells of 10 patients in the blastic phase of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It was obvious from the karyotype analysis that the chromosome aberrations occurring addition to the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1) were strictly non-random. An extra Ph1, trisomy 8 and/or trisomy for the long arm of chromosome 17 were observed in all cases. This consistent pattern of chromosome involvement in CML was confirmed in 57 cases from the literature studied with banding techniques. In 88% of the total number of cases with further changes at least one of the three main chromosomal aberrations was found (\"major route\" of karyotypic evolution).", "PMID": 1065618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4951", "title": "Non-random chromosome changes in acute myeloid leukemia. Chromosome banding examination of 30 cases at diagnosis.", "content": "Bone-marrow chromosomes were examined with the G-banding technique in 30 patients with acute myeloid leukemia at the time of diagnosis. In 13 of the 30 patients (43%) only normal diploid bone-marrow cells were found, and no deviations from the normal banding pattern could be detected in these cells. In bone-marrow cells of 17 patients (57%), distinct chromosome abnormalities were found; in 10 of the patients only abnormal cells were observed, whereas in 7 of the patients the abnormal cells coexisted with normal diploid cells without any visible chromosome banding abnormality. The results of the detailed analysis of the karyotypic aberrations demonstrated that when chromosome aberrations occurred they were clearly non-random. All patients except two displayed trisomy 8,9 or 21 or monosomy 7. Analysis of cases of acute leukemia from other laboratories indicated that the same consistent pattern of chromosome involvement prevailed in them.", "contents": "Non-random chromosome changes in acute myeloid leukemia. Chromosome banding examination of 30 cases at diagnosis. Bone-marrow chromosomes were examined with the G-banding technique in 30 patients with acute myeloid leukemia at the time of diagnosis. In 13 of the 30 patients (43%) only normal diploid bone-marrow cells were found, and no deviations from the normal banding pattern could be detected in these cells. In bone-marrow cells of 17 patients (57%), distinct chromosome abnormalities were found; in 10 of the patients only abnormal cells were observed, whereas in 7 of the patients the abnormal cells coexisted with normal diploid cells without any visible chromosome banding abnormality. The results of the detailed analysis of the karyotypic aberrations demonstrated that when chromosome aberrations occurred they were clearly non-random. All patients except two displayed trisomy 8,9 or 21 or monosomy 7. Analysis of cases of acute leukemia from other laboratories indicated that the same consistent pattern of chromosome involvement prevailed in them.", "PMID": 1065619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4952", "title": "A dying patient: the question of euthanasia.", "content": "Mrs. A. B., a 61-year-old woman who presented with carcinoma of the breast in 1964, was readmitted to the hospital in 1974 in respiratory distress ensuing from chronic lung disease and metastatic illness. An active member of Alcoholics Anonymous for the past sixteen years, she had a living pattern in which she felt in control of herself, and from which she derived an important sense of self-esteem. Although in the hospital she requested that no extraordinary measures be taken to prolong her life, when she went into respiratory failure the house staff on duty intubated her and placed her in the Intensive Care Unit. Even though her physical condition rapidly improved, the patient told her own physician that she wanted to be extubated and off Intensive Care, despite her knowledge of a probable short survival. When her request was agreed to, contrary to expectations, she continued to improve. A lawyer, interested in problems of dying and euthanasia, interviewed her, and subsequently Psychosocial Rounds were held. The general conclusions at the Rounds were that she would die an appropriate death, and that euthanasia would not be possible under current circumstances. The staff at the Conference decided to accept at face value her request that she be allowed to die without heroic measures and with dignity.", "contents": "A dying patient: the question of euthanasia. Mrs. A. B., a 61-year-old woman who presented with carcinoma of the breast in 1964, was readmitted to the hospital in 1974 in respiratory distress ensuing from chronic lung disease and metastatic illness. An active member of Alcoholics Anonymous for the past sixteen years, she had a living pattern in which she felt in control of herself, and from which she derived an important sense of self-esteem. Although in the hospital she requested that no extraordinary measures be taken to prolong her life, when she went into respiratory failure the house staff on duty intubated her and placed her in the Intensive Care Unit. Even though her physical condition rapidly improved, the patient told her own physician that she wanted to be extubated and off Intensive Care, despite her knowledge of a probable short survival. When her request was agreed to, contrary to expectations, she continued to improve. A lawyer, interested in problems of dying and euthanasia, interviewed her, and subsequently Psychosocial Rounds were held. The general conclusions at the Rounds were that she would die an appropriate death, and that euthanasia would not be possible under current circumstances. The staff at the Conference decided to accept at face value her request that she be allowed to die without heroic measures and with dignity.", "PMID": 1065620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4953", "title": "Group process: an adjunct in liaison consultation psychiatry.", "content": "Many liaison psychiatrists have advocated staff meetings as a means of enhancing communications on a medical ward. This paper, based on a one year experience as a psychiatric consultant to a medical ward in a major teaching institution, describes the implementation of a weekly group meeting of nursing and social service staff as a component in the structure of an effective liaison service. Case material is presented to document the efficacy of group process as a teaching and therapeutic modality. By encouraging the verbalization of cogent feelings and anxieties in a weekly group meeting, members developed a sense of mutual trust and openness. In an atmosphere conducive to promoting clarification, understanding, and insight, the group members increased their self awareness of the psychological aspects of physical disease and the effect of their own emotions on the interpersonal process of patient care.", "contents": "Group process: an adjunct in liaison consultation psychiatry. Many liaison psychiatrists have advocated staff meetings as a means of enhancing communications on a medical ward. This paper, based on a one year experience as a psychiatric consultant to a medical ward in a major teaching institution, describes the implementation of a weekly group meeting of nursing and social service staff as a component in the structure of an effective liaison service. Case material is presented to document the efficacy of group process as a teaching and therapeutic modality. By encouraging the verbalization of cogent feelings and anxieties in a weekly group meeting, members developed a sense of mutual trust and openness. In an atmosphere conducive to promoting clarification, understanding, and insight, the group members increased their self awareness of the psychological aspects of physical disease and the effect of their own emotions on the interpersonal process of patient care.", "PMID": 1065621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4954", "title": "A \"desperation-reaction\" model of medical diffusion.", "content": "Knowledge about the adoption and diffusion of innovations is briefly reviewed. A model is then proposed to explain how certain innovations, intended to address dire medical problems, might diffuse in a manner not previously reported, with extensive diffusion occurring during what would be a period of small-scale experimentation and limited adoption in the conventional innovation-diffusion environment. The model is illustrated with findings from a case study of the diffusion of drug therapies for four types of leukemia. Possible implications of \"desperation-reaction\" diffusion are suggested.", "contents": "A \"desperation-reaction\" model of medical diffusion. Knowledge about the adoption and diffusion of innovations is briefly reviewed. A model is then proposed to explain how certain innovations, intended to address dire medical problems, might diffuse in a manner not previously reported, with extensive diffusion occurring during what would be a period of small-scale experimentation and limited adoption in the conventional innovation-diffusion environment. The model is illustrated with findings from a case study of the diffusion of drug therapies for four types of leukemia. Possible implications of \"desperation-reaction\" diffusion are suggested.", "PMID": 1065622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4955", "title": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after treatment of nephrotic syndrome with immunosuppressive drugs.", "content": "The authors present a 4-year-old girl with nephrotic syndrome who developed actue lymphoblastic leukaemia 5 months after the start of a combined treatment of alternate day prednisone and daily cyclophosphamide during 3 months. The nephrotic syndrome was due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The occurrence of leukaemia might be related to the preceeding treatment with cyclophosphamide.", "contents": "Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia after treatment of nephrotic syndrome with immunosuppressive drugs. The authors present a 4-year-old girl with nephrotic syndrome who developed actue lymphoblastic leukaemia 5 months after the start of a combined treatment of alternate day prednisone and daily cyclophosphamide during 3 months. The nephrotic syndrome was due to focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The occurrence of leukaemia might be related to the preceeding treatment with cyclophosphamide.", "PMID": 1065623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4956", "title": "The teaching of pharmacology in dental schools in the United States and Canada.", "content": "The teaching of pharmacology in dental schools in the United States and Canada was studied through an analysis of information provided by course directors of 58 schools. The study focuses on the number of courses taught and their position in the curriculum, the faculty and their professional qualifications, the length and content of courses, the textbooks used, methods of teaching, and examinations and other criteria for grading.", "contents": "The teaching of pharmacology in dental schools in the United States and Canada. The teaching of pharmacology in dental schools in the United States and Canada was studied through an analysis of information provided by course directors of 58 schools. The study focuses on the number of courses taught and their position in the curriculum, the faculty and their professional qualifications, the length and content of courses, the textbooks used, methods of teaching, and examinations and other criteria for grading.", "PMID": 1065646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4957", "title": "Designing and implementing relevant courses in dental management.", "content": "1. Dentist managerial behavior as defined by the dimensions described here is significantly related to dental team effectiveness. 2. Dental management courses and clinical experiences should be based, at least in part, on these dimensions of dentist managerial behavior.", "contents": "Designing and implementing relevant courses in dental management. 1. Dentist managerial behavior as defined by the dimensions described here is significantly related to dental team effectiveness. 2. Dental management courses and clinical experiences should be based, at least in part, on these dimensions of dentist managerial behavior.", "PMID": 1065648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4958", "title": "Influence of instructional methods on student achievement and attitude in an introductory endodontic course.", "content": "1. Self-paced instruction did not improve performance in raw score on achievement by a different amount for each achievement level, but it did bring all the students to the same level of performance as the group-paced treatment in less time. 2. Permitting the self-paced students to take quizzes when they felt prepared improved student performance. 3. Self-paced instruction lends itself readily to flexible scheduling and thus permitted high achievers to complete the course sooner and allowed new students to start the course at any time. 4. The slide-tape method also freed the instructor from formal lectures and thus permitted him to spend one additional hour (the unused discussion hour) each week in laboratory exercises with the students.", "contents": "Influence of instructional methods on student achievement and attitude in an introductory endodontic course. 1. Self-paced instruction did not improve performance in raw score on achievement by a different amount for each achievement level, but it did bring all the students to the same level of performance as the group-paced treatment in less time. 2. Permitting the self-paced students to take quizzes when they felt prepared improved student performance. 3. Self-paced instruction lends itself readily to flexible scheduling and thus permitted high achievers to complete the course sooner and allowed new students to start the course at any time. 4. The slide-tape method also freed the instructor from formal lectures and thus permitted him to spend one additional hour (the unused discussion hour) each week in laboratory exercises with the students.", "PMID": 1065649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4959", "title": "Principles for dentist-pharmacist relationships: guidelines developed in Connecticut.", "content": "The \"Guiding principles for dentist-pharmacist relationships in Connecticut\" was prepared under the auspices of the Connecticut Joint Dental-Pharmaceutical Committee of the Connecticut State Dental Association and the Connecticut Pharmaceutical Association. The committee is made up of six dentists and six pharmacists who represent their respective state associations. The committee provides a forum in which practicing, academic licensing, and supervisory representatives of both professions meet voluntarily to discuss scientific objects of mutual interest, make pertinent recommendations on matters of professional and public concern and, on request, attempt to resolve occasional differences that arise between responsible pharmacists and dentists. The \"Guide\" was prepared because of the significant increase in prescription writing by practicing dentists in Connecticut. Further, with the increased involvement of third party programs, the committee thought that the relationship between dentists and pharmacists should be formalized to establish that prescription writing is a significant part of dental practice. The \"Guide\" was approved by the executive committee of the Connecticut Pharmaceutical Association in January 1975 and the house of delegates of the Connecticut State Dental Association in May 1975.", "contents": "Principles for dentist-pharmacist relationships: guidelines developed in Connecticut. The \"Guiding principles for dentist-pharmacist relationships in Connecticut\" was prepared under the auspices of the Connecticut Joint Dental-Pharmaceutical Committee of the Connecticut State Dental Association and the Connecticut Pharmaceutical Association. The committee is made up of six dentists and six pharmacists who represent their respective state associations. The committee provides a forum in which practicing, academic licensing, and supervisory representatives of both professions meet voluntarily to discuss scientific objects of mutual interest, make pertinent recommendations on matters of professional and public concern and, on request, attempt to resolve occasional differences that arise between responsible pharmacists and dentists. The \"Guide\" was prepared because of the significant increase in prescription writing by practicing dentists in Connecticut. Further, with the increased involvement of third party programs, the committee thought that the relationship between dentists and pharmacists should be formalized to establish that prescription writing is a significant part of dental practice. The \"Guide\" was approved by the executive committee of the Connecticut Pharmaceutical Association in January 1975 and the house of delegates of the Connecticut State Dental Association in May 1975.", "PMID": 1065689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4960", "title": "Partial elimination of Streptococcus mutans from selected tooth surfaces after restoration of carious lesions and SnF2 prophylaxis.", "content": "This study examined the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque from carious and noncarious sites before and after routine dental treatment in five young men in the US Navy. S mutans was isolated in 96.3% of the samples from carious sites and in 63.3% of the samples from noncarious sites before treatment. After all carious lesions had been restored, the prevalence of S mutans was significantly reduced, but many of the carious and noncarious sites still had detectable levels of S mutans. A further reduction in S mutans was observed after conventional 8.9% stannous fluoride paste prophylaxis and 10% stannous fluoride topical application; however, in no instance was the organism completely eliminated. About 12 to 18 months after the initial examination, new carious lesions were seen in four men who were available for reexamination. Plaque samples of new lesions had high levels of S mutans. Therefore the restorations of lesions and the stannous fluoride prophylaxis treatments given under the conditions of the study were effective but incomplete measures for eliminating S mutans from the tooth surfaces of Navy personnel and were inadequate procedures for arresting the carious process.", "contents": "Partial elimination of Streptococcus mutans from selected tooth surfaces after restoration of carious lesions and SnF2 prophylaxis. This study examined the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque from carious and noncarious sites before and after routine dental treatment in five young men in the US Navy. S mutans was isolated in 96.3% of the samples from carious sites and in 63.3% of the samples from noncarious sites before treatment. After all carious lesions had been restored, the prevalence of S mutans was significantly reduced, but many of the carious and noncarious sites still had detectable levels of S mutans. A further reduction in S mutans was observed after conventional 8.9% stannous fluoride paste prophylaxis and 10% stannous fluoride topical application; however, in no instance was the organism completely eliminated. About 12 to 18 months after the initial examination, new carious lesions were seen in four men who were available for reexamination. Plaque samples of new lesions had high levels of S mutans. Therefore the restorations of lesions and the stannous fluoride prophylaxis treatments given under the conditions of the study were effective but incomplete measures for eliminating S mutans from the tooth surfaces of Navy personnel and were inadequate procedures for arresting the carious process.", "PMID": 1065690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4961", "title": "Stresses created by occlusal prematurities in a new photoelastic model system.", "content": "A new photoelastic model system incorporating a simulated periodontal ligament sleeve around an experimental first molar has been developed. The system was used to visualize internal compressive stresses created by various premature occlusal incline relationships in both buccolingual and mesiodistal dimensions. When prematurities were applied singly and observed buccolingually, both class 1 and and class 2 prematurities produced stresses along the lingual aspect of the root, whereas the class 3 prematurity produced stresses along the buccal aspect of the root. When viewed buccolingually, combinations of class 1 and class 2 prematurities resulted in stresses along the lingual aspect of the root. The stress pattern was similar to those created by the single class 1 or class 2 prematurities. A combination of class 2 and class 3 prematurities did not produce a well-defined indication of stress distribution. There was slightly more stress along the buccal aspect of the root. Comparison of this combination with individual class 2 and class 3 prematurities indicates that such a combination tended to diminish tipping of the tooth in any one direction. A combination of class 1 and class 3 prematurities showed slightly greater stress along the buccal aspect of the root surface. Again, the combination produced less tipping of the tooth in any one direction when compared with tipping caused by the individual prematurities. When all three prematurities were tested at the same time, the stress pattern was almost coincident with that achieved in the absence of prematurities. When prematurities were observed mesiodistally, the location of stresses was dependent on the mesial or distal placement of the prematurity, irrespective of its position buccolingually.", "contents": "Stresses created by occlusal prematurities in a new photoelastic model system. A new photoelastic model system incorporating a simulated periodontal ligament sleeve around an experimental first molar has been developed. The system was used to visualize internal compressive stresses created by various premature occlusal incline relationships in both buccolingual and mesiodistal dimensions. When prematurities were applied singly and observed buccolingually, both class 1 and and class 2 prematurities produced stresses along the lingual aspect of the root, whereas the class 3 prematurity produced stresses along the buccal aspect of the root. When viewed buccolingually, combinations of class 1 and class 2 prematurities resulted in stresses along the lingual aspect of the root. The stress pattern was similar to those created by the single class 1 or class 2 prematurities. A combination of class 2 and class 3 prematurities did not produce a well-defined indication of stress distribution. There was slightly more stress along the buccal aspect of the root. Comparison of this combination with individual class 2 and class 3 prematurities indicates that such a combination tended to diminish tipping of the tooth in any one direction. A combination of class 1 and class 3 prematurities showed slightly greater stress along the buccal aspect of the root surface. Again, the combination produced less tipping of the tooth in any one direction when compared with tipping caused by the individual prematurities. When all three prematurities were tested at the same time, the stress pattern was almost coincident with that achieved in the absence of prematurities. When prematurities were observed mesiodistally, the location of stresses was dependent on the mesial or distal placement of the prematurity, irrespective of its position buccolingually.", "PMID": 1065691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4962", "title": "Cervical enamel projections as an etiologic factor in furcation involvement.", "content": "Two thousand molars in 200 East Indian skulls were examined for the occurrence, location, and grade of cervical enamel projections. The relationship between the enamel projections and furcation involvements was studied. Several findings resulted. The incidence of cervical enamel projections in molars was 32.6%. The incidence of cervical enamel projections varied between molars. The mandibular second molars showed the highest incidence of enamel projections (51.0%), followed by the maxillary second molars (45.6%). The lowest incidence was seen in the maxillary first molars (13.6%). Grade 1 enamel projections were the most frequently encountered. Cervical enamel projections occurred most frequently on the buccal surfaces of teeth. There was a positive, statistically significant relationship between tooth surfaces with grade 2 and 3 enamel projections and periodontally involved furcations. However, no etiologic relationship was found between grade 1 projections and furcation involvements. There seems to be a physiologic relationship between bone and enamel projections. The alveolar crest has a tendency to follow the outline of the enamel projection, and a channel much wider than a normal periodontal membrane space accommodates the enamel projection as it extends toward the furcation. The results indicate that when cervical enamel projections are severe enough to approach or enter the furcation area (grades 2 and 3), they may be an etiologic factor in the breakdown of these furcations.", "contents": "Cervical enamel projections as an etiologic factor in furcation involvement. Two thousand molars in 200 East Indian skulls were examined for the occurrence, location, and grade of cervical enamel projections. The relationship between the enamel projections and furcation involvements was studied. Several findings resulted. The incidence of cervical enamel projections in molars was 32.6%. The incidence of cervical enamel projections varied between molars. The mandibular second molars showed the highest incidence of enamel projections (51.0%), followed by the maxillary second molars (45.6%). The lowest incidence was seen in the maxillary first molars (13.6%). Grade 1 enamel projections were the most frequently encountered. Cervical enamel projections occurred most frequently on the buccal surfaces of teeth. There was a positive, statistically significant relationship between tooth surfaces with grade 2 and 3 enamel projections and periodontally involved furcations. However, no etiologic relationship was found between grade 1 projections and furcation involvements. There seems to be a physiologic relationship between bone and enamel projections. The alveolar crest has a tendency to follow the outline of the enamel projection, and a channel much wider than a normal periodontal membrane space accommodates the enamel projection as it extends toward the furcation. The results indicate that when cervical enamel projections are severe enough to approach or enter the furcation area (grades 2 and 3), they may be an etiologic factor in the breakdown of these furcations.", "PMID": 1065692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4963", "title": "Survey of dentists' opinions on issues facing the profession.", "content": "Dentists in the Seventh District Dental Society of the State of New York were surveyed for their attitudes toward selected health policy issues to determine the extent of attitudinal consensus in the professional community, the bases of significant differences of opinion, and the agreement of the local dentists with official policies of the American Dental Association. Greatest agreement among dentists was found with respect to the issues of licensure and peer review; some significant differences of opinion were found about the existence of manpower problems, expansion of dental schools, recruitment of minorities, expanded-duty auxiliaries, and fee scheduling. Most dentists favored participation in continuing education courses without examination as a requisite for licensure and even more favored peer review by the local dental society. Agreement between opinions of local dentists and official ADA policies was high on all issues except fee posting, for which local opinion was evenly divided. The formation of national policies with regard to fee posting should proceed carefully.", "contents": "Survey of dentists' opinions on issues facing the profession. Dentists in the Seventh District Dental Society of the State of New York were surveyed for their attitudes toward selected health policy issues to determine the extent of attitudinal consensus in the professional community, the bases of significant differences of opinion, and the agreement of the local dentists with official policies of the American Dental Association. Greatest agreement among dentists was found with respect to the issues of licensure and peer review; some significant differences of opinion were found about the existence of manpower problems, expansion of dental schools, recruitment of minorities, expanded-duty auxiliaries, and fee scheduling. Most dentists favored participation in continuing education courses without examination as a requisite for licensure and even more favored peer review by the local dental society. Agreement between opinions of local dentists and official ADA policies was high on all issues except fee posting, for which local opinion was evenly divided. The formation of national policies with regard to fee posting should proceed carefully.", "PMID": 1065693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4964", "title": "Effect of Skylab missions on clinical and microbiologic aspects of oral health.", "content": "Clinical and microbiologic measures of oral health were assessed in all crew members of each Skylab mission. Clinical factors included preflight and postflight clinical services, provisions for in-flight emergency dental care, and the preflight and postflight monitoring of alterations in clinical indexes of oral health. Microbiologic measures included the preflight and postflight monitoring of changes in microbial populations at various intraoral sites. Problems involving preflight and postflight clinical services were minimal and easily resolved. In-flight dental problems requiring emergency self-treatment were not encountered. Moderate increases were observed in the in-flight increments of dental plaque, calcalus, and gingival inflammation. With the possible exception of gingival inflammation, mission-related changes in clinical indexes of oral health mainly corresponded to those of comparable periods under more conventional circumstances. Microbiologic assessments showed noteworthy elevations in counts of specific anaerobic components of the oral microflora, streptococci, neisseria, lactobacilli, and enteric bacilli. Since most microbial changes occurred after the preflight incorporation of the space diet, they were believed to be diet related. The most meaningful finding of the study was the relative absence of intraoral changes that are hazardous to one's health.", "contents": "Effect of Skylab missions on clinical and microbiologic aspects of oral health. Clinical and microbiologic measures of oral health were assessed in all crew members of each Skylab mission. Clinical factors included preflight and postflight clinical services, provisions for in-flight emergency dental care, and the preflight and postflight monitoring of alterations in clinical indexes of oral health. Microbiologic measures included the preflight and postflight monitoring of changes in microbial populations at various intraoral sites. Problems involving preflight and postflight clinical services were minimal and easily resolved. In-flight dental problems requiring emergency self-treatment were not encountered. Moderate increases were observed in the in-flight increments of dental plaque, calcalus, and gingival inflammation. With the possible exception of gingival inflammation, mission-related changes in clinical indexes of oral health mainly corresponded to those of comparable periods under more conventional circumstances. Microbiologic assessments showed noteworthy elevations in counts of specific anaerobic components of the oral microflora, streptococci, neisseria, lactobacilli, and enteric bacilli. Since most microbial changes occurred after the preflight incorporation of the space diet, they were believed to be diet related. The most meaningful finding of the study was the relative absence of intraoral changes that are hazardous to one's health.", "PMID": 1065694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4965", "title": "Surgical repair of tusk injury (pulpectomy) in an adult, male forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis).", "content": "A 15-year-old male forest elephant housed in a zoo sustained a fracture of the right tusk that was 10 cm inside the cheek pouch, thus exposing the tusk canal. Treatment of the cavity by packing, topical application of antibiotics, and administration of various antiseptic preparations failed; however, the tusk grew. To treat the infected, growing tusks's root canal or pulp, surgery--comparable to a pulpectomy in man--was performed with successful results.", "contents": "Surgical repair of tusk injury (pulpectomy) in an adult, male forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis). A 15-year-old male forest elephant housed in a zoo sustained a fracture of the right tusk that was 10 cm inside the cheek pouch, thus exposing the tusk canal. Treatment of the cavity by packing, topical application of antibiotics, and administration of various antiseptic preparations failed; however, the tusk grew. To treat the infected, growing tusks's root canal or pulp, surgery--comparable to a pulpectomy in man--was performed with successful results.", "PMID": 1065695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4966", "title": "[Methods of natural and voluntary sex selection. Value for the prevention of sex-linked malformations and of certain recurrent abortions].", "content": "Voluntary selection of the sex of a foetus may have an undeniable value in the prevention of certain diseases of malformations which are sex-linked. An indirect statistical control of the efficiency of these methods was carried out on 100 sterile treated couples. These couples agreed to respect a certain number of parameters which constitute the methods of voluntary selection of the sex of the foetus. Under these conditons and taking care that we were dealing only with cases where the sperm cell count was normal, the results were positive in 77%. It is probable the the results would have been above 80% if the parameter of the low pH of the vagina had been used as well. Attention was then directed to the possibility of using these methods to prevent certain sex-linked congenital malformations on the one hand (a classical idea) and prevention of certain repeated abortions on the other hand (a less well accepted idea). Three characteristic case histories have been reported to support these hypotheses.", "contents": "[Methods of natural and voluntary sex selection. Value for the prevention of sex-linked malformations and of certain recurrent abortions]. Voluntary selection of the sex of a foetus may have an undeniable value in the prevention of certain diseases of malformations which are sex-linked. An indirect statistical control of the efficiency of these methods was carried out on 100 sterile treated couples. These couples agreed to respect a certain number of parameters which constitute the methods of voluntary selection of the sex of the foetus. Under these conditons and taking care that we were dealing only with cases where the sperm cell count was normal, the results were positive in 77%. It is probable the the results would have been above 80% if the parameter of the low pH of the vagina had been used as well. Attention was then directed to the possibility of using these methods to prevent certain sex-linked congenital malformations on the one hand (a classical idea) and prevention of certain repeated abortions on the other hand (a less well accepted idea). Three characteristic case histories have been reported to support these hypotheses.", "PMID": 1065697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4967", "title": "Labial and palatal blood flow measurement before and after maxillary operations.", "content": "In order to quantify the blood flow conditions of the mobilized anterior maxillary fragment after an operation to correct severe maxillary prognathism, maxillary blood flow measurements were carried out using the washout of the inert, radioactive tracer. Xenon-133. It shows that post-operative blood flow is not decreased.", "contents": "Labial and palatal blood flow measurement before and after maxillary operations. In order to quantify the blood flow conditions of the mobilized anterior maxillary fragment after an operation to correct severe maxillary prognathism, maxillary blood flow measurements were carried out using the washout of the inert, radioactive tracer. Xenon-133. It shows that post-operative blood flow is not decreased.", "PMID": 1065709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4968", "title": "Treatment of zygomatic fractures: internal wiring-antral-packing-reposition without fixation.", "content": "Fifty-two patients with zygomatic fractures were examined clinically and roentgenologically 1 to 4 years after treatment. Of these patients, 15 were treated with wiring fixation, 26 with antral packing using plastic tubing, and 11 with reduction only, without fixation. In the last group, the hospital stay was the shortest. These patients had also less complications and roentgenological changes when compared with the other groups. This was considered to be due to the fact that fractures not requiring fixation are initially less difficult than fractures requiring other treatment. At clinical examination, internal wiring fixation proved to be better than antral packing when hospital stay, restoration of the function of the infra-orbital nerve, the position of the eye, symmetry of the palpebral fissure and the final cosmetic results are considered. In the antral packing group, the result was better when jaw movements and occurrence of permanent diplopia were compared. The roentgenological examination revealed that the reduction results were more exact with internal fixation than with antral packing.", "contents": "Treatment of zygomatic fractures: internal wiring-antral-packing-reposition without fixation. Fifty-two patients with zygomatic fractures were examined clinically and roentgenologically 1 to 4 years after treatment. Of these patients, 15 were treated with wiring fixation, 26 with antral packing using plastic tubing, and 11 with reduction only, without fixation. In the last group, the hospital stay was the shortest. These patients had also less complications and roentgenological changes when compared with the other groups. This was considered to be due to the fact that fractures not requiring fixation are initially less difficult than fractures requiring other treatment. At clinical examination, internal wiring fixation proved to be better than antral packing when hospital stay, restoration of the function of the infra-orbital nerve, the position of the eye, symmetry of the palpebral fissure and the final cosmetic results are considered. In the antral packing group, the result was better when jaw movements and occurrence of permanent diplopia were compared. The roentgenological examination revealed that the reduction results were more exact with internal fixation than with antral packing.", "PMID": 1065710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4969", "title": "Lipomata in oral tissues.", "content": "The literature on Lipomata and intra-oral Lipomata is reviewed and a series of 24 cases presented. In this series the mean age of presentation of the male patients was 53.8 years, whereas that of females was 63.1 years 33.3% of the tumours occurred on the inner aspect of the checks and of these 8 cases, six were males. Of the eight lesions occurring the floor of the mouth and retromolar areas, all but one occurred in females. Evidence is presented to support to the claim that intra-oral lipomata are indeed common benign neoplasms.", "contents": "Lipomata in oral tissues. The literature on Lipomata and intra-oral Lipomata is reviewed and a series of 24 cases presented. In this series the mean age of presentation of the male patients was 53.8 years, whereas that of females was 63.1 years 33.3% of the tumours occurred on the inner aspect of the checks and of these 8 cases, six were males. Of the eight lesions occurring the floor of the mouth and retromolar areas, all but one occurred in females. Evidence is presented to support to the claim that intra-oral lipomata are indeed common benign neoplasms.", "PMID": 1065711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4970", "title": "Simultaneous reconstruction of the area of the temporo-mandibular joint including the ramus of the mandible in a posttraumatic case. A case report.", "content": "A new technique for the simultaneous reconstruction of the glenoid fossa and the ramus of the mandible is described. By combining and adapting procedures already described, the missing bone of the zygomatic arch, temporo-mandibular joint and ramus was replaced in one operation in a post-traumatic case. The indication for this operation is discussed. It is rather limited. The technique can be used for reconstruction of skeletal defects after tumour resection and in congenital aplasias of this region.", "contents": "Simultaneous reconstruction of the area of the temporo-mandibular joint including the ramus of the mandible in a posttraumatic case. A case report. A new technique for the simultaneous reconstruction of the glenoid fossa and the ramus of the mandible is described. By combining and adapting procedures already described, the missing bone of the zygomatic arch, temporo-mandibular joint and ramus was replaced in one operation in a post-traumatic case. The indication for this operation is discussed. It is rather limited. The technique can be used for reconstruction of skeletal defects after tumour resection and in congenital aplasias of this region.", "PMID": 1065712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4971", "title": "Correction of anterior open bite deformity: a study of tongue function, speech changes, and stability.", "content": "Nine individuals with anterior open bite underwent tongue function and speech evaluation prior to treatment, postoperatively, and at three-month intervals for at least one year. Aberrant tongue function and speech improved in the absence of tongue or speech therapy during the postoperative period. Periodic clinical and cephalometric evaluation demonstrated generally good stability of treatment results for the period of study.", "contents": "Correction of anterior open bite deformity: a study of tongue function, speech changes, and stability. Nine individuals with anterior open bite underwent tongue function and speech evaluation prior to treatment, postoperatively, and at three-month intervals for at least one year. Aberrant tongue function and speech improved in the absence of tongue or speech therapy during the postoperative period. Periodic clinical and cephalometric evaluation demonstrated generally good stability of treatment results for the period of study.", "PMID": 1065713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4972", "title": "Survey of resident-selection procedures for oral surgery graduate programs.", "content": "Results of a survey of the resident-selection procedures for oral surgery graduate programs have been reported. Data on the application process, interview mechanisms, decision process, and a retrospective view of past resident selections have been presented. Seventy-one percent of the respondents were satisfied with their current interview process. Eighty-two percent of the residents viewed retrospectively were considered worthy of reselection.", "contents": "Survey of resident-selection procedures for oral surgery graduate programs. Results of a survey of the resident-selection procedures for oral surgery graduate programs have been reported. Data on the application process, interview mechanisms, decision process, and a retrospective view of past resident selections have been presented. Seventy-one percent of the respondents were satisfied with their current interview process. Eighty-two percent of the residents viewed retrospectively were considered worthy of reselection.", "PMID": 1065726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4973", "title": "A rational approach to the mandibular parasymphyseal fracture.", "content": "Facial scarring is avoided when a transoral degloving approach is used for treatment of parasymphyseal fractures. Complete visualization of the fracture line before and after the reduction is an added advantage of this safe, rapid, and technically easy approach. In patients with both parasymphyseal and condylar fractures, Risdon wires can also be used.", "contents": "A rational approach to the mandibular parasymphyseal fracture. Facial scarring is avoided when a transoral degloving approach is used for treatment of parasymphyseal fractures. Complete visualization of the fracture line before and after the reduction is an added advantage of this safe, rapid, and technically easy approach. In patients with both parasymphyseal and condylar fractures, Risdon wires can also be used.", "PMID": 1065727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4974", "title": "Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma: report of case with light and electron microscopic observations.", "content": "A case of a large ameloblastic fibro-odontoma has been reported. Its clinical behavior was discussed and descriptions of its characteristics under the light and electron microscope were presented. As a special entity, with a prognosis that permits conservation of peripheral bone margins, this lesion should be understood by all clinicians who manage odontogenic tumors. Within the group of odontogenic tumors, the combined observations of light and electron microscopy may introduce additional criteria for more refined classification.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma: report of case with light and electron microscopic observations. A case of a large ameloblastic fibro-odontoma has been reported. Its clinical behavior was discussed and descriptions of its characteristics under the light and electron microscope were presented. As a special entity, with a prognosis that permits conservation of peripheral bone margins, this lesion should be understood by all clinicians who manage odontogenic tumors. Within the group of odontogenic tumors, the combined observations of light and electron microscopy may introduce additional criteria for more refined classification.", "PMID": 1065729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4975", "title": "Mandibular involvement in acute lymphocytic leukemia: report of case.", "content": "A case is presented that involved a lymphocytic leukemic infiltration of the mandible. The only symptoms were those related to the oral region. Biopsy of the mandible resulted in an early diagnosis and the referral of the patient for proper medical treatment.", "contents": "Mandibular involvement in acute lymphocytic leukemia: report of case. A case is presented that involved a lymphocytic leukemic infiltration of the mandible. The only symptoms were those related to the oral region. Biopsy of the mandible resulted in an early diagnosis and the referral of the patient for proper medical treatment.", "PMID": 1065733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4976", "title": "Cushing's syndrome associated with the intradermal injection of triamcinolone diacetate.", "content": "A case of long-term Cushing's syndrome after intradermal injection of 160 mg of triamcinolone diacetate has been presented. The evidence of whether this decrease occurred secondary to the intradermal injections of triamcinolone diacetate or to exogenous abuse is not clear. However, because of the extensive use of intradermal steroids in the treatment of keloids as well as other lesions, this case is significant, whatever the cause. Further study is being accomplished and the final results will be reported by the endocrinology service, Wilford Hall Medical Center, in a follow-up article.", "contents": "Cushing's syndrome associated with the intradermal injection of triamcinolone diacetate. A case of long-term Cushing's syndrome after intradermal injection of 160 mg of triamcinolone diacetate has been presented. The evidence of whether this decrease occurred secondary to the intradermal injections of triamcinolone diacetate or to exogenous abuse is not clear. However, because of the extensive use of intradermal steroids in the treatment of keloids as well as other lesions, this case is significant, whatever the cause. Further study is being accomplished and the final results will be reported by the endocrinology service, Wilford Hall Medical Center, in a follow-up article.", "PMID": 1065735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4977", "title": "Collagen resorption by fibroblasts. A theory of fibroblastic maintenance of the periodontal ligament.", "content": "Periodontal ligament fibroblasts contain numerous intracellular or cytosegragated collagen fibrils. These fibrils appear to be broken down within the lysosomal apparatus of the cells. There is an increase in this activity in fibroblasts associated with osteoclastic bone resorption. Cytoplasmic microfilaments and attachments to substrata indicate that the fibroblasts of the ligament have the potential of migration and cytoplasmic contraction. A theory of collagen fiber maintenance within the periodontal ligament is proposed which takes into account: (1) the motility and contractility of fibroblasts, (2) the phagocytic and degradative potential of fibroblasts, (3) the presence of intracellular collagen and (4) the reported high turnover rate of acid-insoluble collagen within the periodontium.", "contents": "Collagen resorption by fibroblasts. A theory of fibroblastic maintenance of the periodontal ligament. Periodontal ligament fibroblasts contain numerous intracellular or cytosegragated collagen fibrils. These fibrils appear to be broken down within the lysosomal apparatus of the cells. There is an increase in this activity in fibroblasts associated with osteoclastic bone resorption. Cytoplasmic microfilaments and attachments to substrata indicate that the fibroblasts of the ligament have the potential of migration and cytoplasmic contraction. A theory of collagen fiber maintenance within the periodontal ligament is proposed which takes into account: (1) the motility and contractility of fibroblasts, (2) the phagocytic and degradative potential of fibroblasts, (3) the presence of intracellular collagen and (4) the reported high turnover rate of acid-insoluble collagen within the periodontium.", "PMID": 1065736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4978", "title": "The relationship between cemental caries, oral hygiene status and fermentable carbohydrate intake.", "content": "Two groups of patients were evaluated for the presence of active, restored, and recurrent root surface caries. One group of 120 subjects had received treatment for moderate to severe periodontitis. The second group consisted of 124 subjects who were affected by moderate to severe periodontitis but had received no treatment. The two groups were also evaluated for amounts of recession, pocket depth, and the presence of bacterial plaque. In addition, each subject was asked to compile a record of his/her dietary intake for a seven-day period. The treated group was found to brush and floss more frequently than the untreated group and had a lower mean plaque score (45.8), than the untreated group (61.4). There was no difference in the mean plaque scores for the subgroups with and without root surface caries within either the treated groups. The prevalence of root surface caries increased through age 59 in the treated group, then diminished after age 60. In the untreated group the prevalence increased steadily with age. Analysis of the data from the dietary hisories revealed that the subjects in both the treated and the untreated groups who were affected with root surface caries had a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) number of fermentable carbohydrate exposures per week.", "contents": "The relationship between cemental caries, oral hygiene status and fermentable carbohydrate intake. Two groups of patients were evaluated for the presence of active, restored, and recurrent root surface caries. One group of 120 subjects had received treatment for moderate to severe periodontitis. The second group consisted of 124 subjects who were affected by moderate to severe periodontitis but had received no treatment. The two groups were also evaluated for amounts of recession, pocket depth, and the presence of bacterial plaque. In addition, each subject was asked to compile a record of his/her dietary intake for a seven-day period. The treated group was found to brush and floss more frequently than the untreated group and had a lower mean plaque score (45.8), than the untreated group (61.4). There was no difference in the mean plaque scores for the subgroups with and without root surface caries within either the treated groups. The prevalence of root surface caries increased through age 59 in the treated group, then diminished after age 60. In the untreated group the prevalence increased steadily with age. Analysis of the data from the dietary hisories revealed that the subjects in both the treated and the untreated groups who were affected with root surface caries had a significantly higher (P less than 0.01) number of fermentable carbohydrate exposures per week.", "PMID": 1065737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4979", "title": "Assessment of attached gingiva using the tension test and clinical measurements.", "content": "The attached gingiva on the facial surface of the mandibular central incisors was evaluated by measurements and the \"tension test\" on 226 subjects between the ages of 8 and 22 years. Findings of significance were: 1. As age increased a definite increase in width of attached gingiva occurred. 2. There was no increase in the frequency of a positive tension test in older age groups. 3. No relationship was observed when results of the tension test were compared with clinical measurements of attached gingiva.", "contents": "Assessment of attached gingiva using the tension test and clinical measurements. The attached gingiva on the facial surface of the mandibular central incisors was evaluated by measurements and the \"tension test\" on 226 subjects between the ages of 8 and 22 years. Findings of significance were: 1. As age increased a definite increase in width of attached gingiva occurred. 2. There was no increase in the frequency of a positive tension test in older age groups. 3. No relationship was observed when results of the tension test were compared with clinical measurements of attached gingiva.", "PMID": 1065738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4980", "title": "Gingivitis and periodontal disease in pregnancy.", "content": "Forty pregnant women in each of three trimesters of pregnancy and forty nonpregnant women of comparable age, socioeconomic status and dietary habit have been examined to evaluate the gingival condition and the calculus and debris deposits. The study has shown that: There is a significant increase in the severity of gingivitis during pregnancy; The gingival changes progressively increase during the course of pregnancy; The gingival changes are more marked than the periodontal changes seen during pregnancy (increase in periodontal disease was seen in only a limited number of cases); There was an appreciable increase in the calculus and debris deposits in the pregnant as compared to the nonpregnant women; Increase in the calculus and debris deposits was apparent in all the trimesters of pregnancy; Gingival changes showed a greater correlation with the calculus and the debris index in the pregnant than in the nonpregnant women; The role of the irritant oral deposits either as a precipitating or perpetuating factor in the genesis of gingivitis during pregnancy can not be excluded.", "contents": "Gingivitis and periodontal disease in pregnancy. Forty pregnant women in each of three trimesters of pregnancy and forty nonpregnant women of comparable age, socioeconomic status and dietary habit have been examined to evaluate the gingival condition and the calculus and debris deposits. The study has shown that: There is a significant increase in the severity of gingivitis during pregnancy; The gingival changes progressively increase during the course of pregnancy; The gingival changes are more marked than the periodontal changes seen during pregnancy (increase in periodontal disease was seen in only a limited number of cases); There was an appreciable increase in the calculus and debris deposits in the pregnant as compared to the nonpregnant women; Increase in the calculus and debris deposits was apparent in all the trimesters of pregnancy; Gingival changes showed a greater correlation with the calculus and the debris index in the pregnant than in the nonpregnant women; The role of the irritant oral deposits either as a precipitating or perpetuating factor in the genesis of gingivitis during pregnancy can not be excluded.", "PMID": 1065739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4981", "title": "Effects of two cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouthwashes on bacterial plaque.", "content": "The purpose of this single blind clinical study was to determine the effects of two commerical mouthwashes (one containing cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide and the other containing only cetlypridinium chloride) on existing plaque accumulations. A second purpose was to determine if a residual effect could be shown 2 weeks after cessation of using these mouthwashes. A total of 120 adult subjects, who had been divided into three groups, were initially in the study. For a period of 31 days, the subjects in Group A rinsed with a commercial mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide; Group B rinsed with a commercial mouthwash containing only ceytlpyridinium chloride; and Group C served as controls and rinsed with colored flavored water. All subjects continued their normal home oral hygiene practices, except that mothwashes other than as assigned were forbidden. The subjects received three identical examinations to determine their plaque scores. The examinations were conducted the day preceding initiation; the day following cessation; and 15 days after cessation of the rinsing procedures. A total of 105 subjects received the first and second examinations, and 93 subjects received all three examinations. Based upon the data obtained, the daily use of each of the cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes tested, appears to be partially effective in reducing existing bacterial plaque accumulations. The cetylpyridinium chloride-domophen bromide product was slightly, but not significantly, more effective than the other commercial mouthwash. Neither commerical product demonstrated a significant residual effect 2 weeks after cessation of use.", "contents": "Effects of two cetylpyridinium chloride-containing mouthwashes on bacterial plaque. The purpose of this single blind clinical study was to determine the effects of two commerical mouthwashes (one containing cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide and the other containing only cetlypridinium chloride) on existing plaque accumulations. A second purpose was to determine if a residual effect could be shown 2 weeks after cessation of using these mouthwashes. A total of 120 adult subjects, who had been divided into three groups, were initially in the study. For a period of 31 days, the subjects in Group A rinsed with a commercial mouthwash containing cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide; Group B rinsed with a commercial mouthwash containing only ceytlpyridinium chloride; and Group C served as controls and rinsed with colored flavored water. All subjects continued their normal home oral hygiene practices, except that mothwashes other than as assigned were forbidden. The subjects received three identical examinations to determine their plaque scores. The examinations were conducted the day preceding initiation; the day following cessation; and 15 days after cessation of the rinsing procedures. A total of 105 subjects received the first and second examinations, and 93 subjects received all three examinations. Based upon the data obtained, the daily use of each of the cetylpyridinium chloride mouthwashes tested, appears to be partially effective in reducing existing bacterial plaque accumulations. The cetylpyridinium chloride-domophen bromide product was slightly, but not significantly, more effective than the other commercial mouthwash. Neither commerical product demonstrated a significant residual effect 2 weeks after cessation of use.", "PMID": 1065740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4982", "title": "The progression of gingivitis to periodontitis in the beagle dog: a histological and morphometric investigation.", "content": "The spread of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in the progression of gingivitis to periodontitis in the Beagle dog follows the course of blood vessels. Buccolingually this is towards the periosteal surface of the bone and interdentally towards the midpoint and angles of the interdental septum. Interdentally the path of spread may be modified by the local anatomy. Bone resoprtion buccolingually progresses from the periosteal surface towards the tooth and interproximally along the crest of the interdental septa and within marrow spaces. The pathway of spread of the inflammatory cell infiltrate, the anatomic relationships of the teeth to each other and the original morphology of the alveolar bone may influence the pattern of bone loss in periodontitis.", "contents": "The progression of gingivitis to periodontitis in the beagle dog: a histological and morphometric investigation. The spread of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in the progression of gingivitis to periodontitis in the Beagle dog follows the course of blood vessels. Buccolingually this is towards the periosteal surface of the bone and interdentally towards the midpoint and angles of the interdental septum. Interdentally the path of spread may be modified by the local anatomy. Bone resoprtion buccolingually progresses from the periosteal surface towards the tooth and interproximally along the crest of the interdental septa and within marrow spaces. The pathway of spread of the inflammatory cell infiltrate, the anatomic relationships of the teeth to each other and the original morphology of the alveolar bone may influence the pattern of bone loss in periodontitis.", "PMID": 1065741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4983", "title": "Radiographic assessment of proximal infrabony pocket topography.", "content": "A method for determining the topography of interproximal infrabony pocket lesions has been presented, utilizing three intraoral radiographys. Three periapical films for the urea to be examined should be taken in a standard manner, one with the central beam angulation horizontal, another at -20degrees and the third at +20degrees. Following processing, the dried films should be examined, commencing with the -0degrees film and comparing the width of the transitional zone with that of the -20degrees film and then the film exposed with the central beam angulation at +20degrees. Following this sequence, if the transitional zone decreases in width between the 0degree and -20degrees film, then the bony destruction is greater for the buccal plate. Should the transitional zone increase in width when the above sequence of examining the film is undertaken, the bone destruction is greater for the lingual plate of bone. In each case the third film will confirm the diagnosis. In the case of horizontal bone destruction in a buccolingual direction, the transitional zone will be absent or of minimal width on the 0degree film when compared with the film exposed at +20degrees and -20degrees.", "contents": "Radiographic assessment of proximal infrabony pocket topography. A method for determining the topography of interproximal infrabony pocket lesions has been presented, utilizing three intraoral radiographys. Three periapical films for the urea to be examined should be taken in a standard manner, one with the central beam angulation horizontal, another at -20degrees and the third at +20degrees. Following processing, the dried films should be examined, commencing with the -0degrees film and comparing the width of the transitional zone with that of the -20degrees film and then the film exposed with the central beam angulation at +20degrees. Following this sequence, if the transitional zone decreases in width between the 0degree and -20degrees film, then the bony destruction is greater for the buccal plate. Should the transitional zone increase in width when the above sequence of examining the film is undertaken, the bone destruction is greater for the lingual plate of bone. In each case the third film will confirm the diagnosis. In the case of horizontal bone destruction in a buccolingual direction, the transitional zone will be absent or of minimal width on the 0degree film when compared with the film exposed at +20degrees and -20degrees.", "PMID": 1065742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4984", "title": "Histologic study of elastin-like fibers in the attached gingiva.", "content": "Fifty-seven specimens of attached gingiva have been stained for elastic fibers. The number of elastin-like fibers in the papillary layer and reticular layer of the lamina propria have been scored using a scale of 0 to 3. Using similar H & E stained sections, the amount of inflammation was also scored. The presence of elastinlike fibers in the reticular layer of lamina propria of the attached gingiva has been described. Fibers have been found in the walls of blood vessels and they have been found intermingled with the dense collagenous tissue. While an attempt was made to establish a relationship between the relative number of elastin-like fibers and patient's age or degree of inflammation, lack of sufficient number of specimens at age troups precluded this.", "contents": "Histologic study of elastin-like fibers in the attached gingiva. Fifty-seven specimens of attached gingiva have been stained for elastic fibers. The number of elastin-like fibers in the papillary layer and reticular layer of the lamina propria have been scored using a scale of 0 to 3. Using similar H & E stained sections, the amount of inflammation was also scored. The presence of elastinlike fibers in the reticular layer of lamina propria of the attached gingiva has been described. Fibers have been found in the walls of blood vessels and they have been found intermingled with the dense collagenous tissue. While an attempt was made to establish a relationship between the relative number of elastin-like fibers and patient's age or degree of inflammation, lack of sufficient number of specimens at age troups precluded this.", "PMID": 1065743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4985", "title": "Gingiva and periodontium in lepromatous leprosy. A clinical, radiological, and microscopical study.", "content": "Thirty patients with lepromatous leprosy of long duration were examined for gingival and periodontal changes. All patients presented with chronic gingivitis and periodontitis of an unspecific type. Etiologic factors affecting the development of gingival and periodontal changes in this disease are: lack of oral hygiene with severe plaque and calculus formation due to the inability of the patients to perform oral hygiene, mouth breathing, specific granulomatous infiltrations, and a possible specific drug action. Specific changes in form of 'facies leprosa' are not pathognomonic of lepromatous leprosy but may be found in 20% of the cases among Thai and Chinese patients. Occurrence and pathogenesis of 'facies leprosa' is described.", "contents": "Gingiva and periodontium in lepromatous leprosy. A clinical, radiological, and microscopical study. Thirty patients with lepromatous leprosy of long duration were examined for gingival and periodontal changes. All patients presented with chronic gingivitis and periodontitis of an unspecific type. Etiologic factors affecting the development of gingival and periodontal changes in this disease are: lack of oral hygiene with severe plaque and calculus formation due to the inability of the patients to perform oral hygiene, mouth breathing, specific granulomatous infiltrations, and a possible specific drug action. Specific changes in form of 'facies leprosa' are not pathognomonic of lepromatous leprosy but may be found in 20% of the cases among Thai and Chinese patients. Occurrence and pathogenesis of 'facies leprosa' is described.", "PMID": 1065744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4986", "title": "The use of thymidine-2-C14 in the study of human gingiva in vitro.", "content": "Human gingival explants were cultured for 1 or 2 days in a natural medium without serum. After 1 day in vitro the explants were partly encircled by epithelium which had proliferated from the cut edges of the explant and from rete ridges near the cut edge (epiboly). There was also some cell division in the cells of the spinous layer, and a thick parakeratotic layer had developed. These areas of proliferation were disclosed by the uptake of thymidine-2-C14 by the epithelial cells. Degenerative changes were also evident after 1 day in vitro. This began as hydropic degeneration in the spinous layer of the epithelium and resulted in almost total acantholysis and desquamation of the spinous layer after 2 days in vitro. The addition of serum to the medium might have promoted more epithelial proliferation and delayed the degeneration. The use of thymidine-2-C14 in the medium was an effective method of labeling the active epithelial cells.", "contents": "The use of thymidine-2-C14 in the study of human gingiva in vitro. Human gingival explants were cultured for 1 or 2 days in a natural medium without serum. After 1 day in vitro the explants were partly encircled by epithelium which had proliferated from the cut edges of the explant and from rete ridges near the cut edge (epiboly). There was also some cell division in the cells of the spinous layer, and a thick parakeratotic layer had developed. These areas of proliferation were disclosed by the uptake of thymidine-2-C14 by the epithelial cells. Degenerative changes were also evident after 1 day in vitro. This began as hydropic degeneration in the spinous layer of the epithelium and resulted in almost total acantholysis and desquamation of the spinous layer after 2 days in vitro. The addition of serum to the medium might have promoted more epithelial proliferation and delayed the degeneration. The use of thymidine-2-C14 in the medium was an effective method of labeling the active epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1065745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4987", "title": "Examination of topographical gingival anatomy by a filter imprint technique.", "content": "The Millipore filter imprint technique was applied to oral cytology using modification of the Papanicolaou and Shorr stains. This technique has the major advantage of demonstrating on each imprint the topographic relationship between cellular zones and also allows for repeated sampling of superficial changes in the same area without tissue. This method provides a wide variety of cytological information about gingival anatomy and demonstrates a number of regions of differing cellular composition.", "contents": "Examination of topographical gingival anatomy by a filter imprint technique. The Millipore filter imprint technique was applied to oral cytology using modification of the Papanicolaou and Shorr stains. This technique has the major advantage of demonstrating on each imprint the topographic relationship between cellular zones and also allows for repeated sampling of superficial changes in the same area without tissue. This method provides a wide variety of cytological information about gingival anatomy and demonstrates a number of regions of differing cellular composition.", "PMID": 1065746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4988", "title": "An examination of the cytology of uninflammed and inflammed gingiva using a filter imprint technique.", "content": "Filter imprint cytologic specimens were obtained from the gingiva of 41 male dental students following clinical assessment of gingival health using a modification of the Loe gingival index. Nineteen of the specimens were from inflamed, and 22 from uninflamed gingiva. The imprints were fixed and stained by a modification of the Papanicolaou method and macroscopic and microscopic examinations showed that: 1. With increasing severity of clinically detectable gingival inflammation,, there appears to be an increase in the width of the bands of inflammatory cells and epithelial cells adjacent to the gingival margin. 2. An inverse relationship is found between keratinization and inflammation in that the percentages of anucleated epithelial cells was reduced at the gingival margin and significantly reduced midway in the attached gingiva of the inflamed groups. 3. No changes associated with inflammation were noted in cell cytology at the mucogingival junction.", "contents": "An examination of the cytology of uninflammed and inflammed gingiva using a filter imprint technique. Filter imprint cytologic specimens were obtained from the gingiva of 41 male dental students following clinical assessment of gingival health using a modification of the Loe gingival index. Nineteen of the specimens were from inflamed, and 22 from uninflamed gingiva. The imprints were fixed and stained by a modification of the Papanicolaou method and macroscopic and microscopic examinations showed that: 1. With increasing severity of clinically detectable gingival inflammation,, there appears to be an increase in the width of the bands of inflammatory cells and epithelial cells adjacent to the gingival margin. 2. An inverse relationship is found between keratinization and inflammation in that the percentages of anucleated epithelial cells was reduced at the gingival margin and significantly reduced midway in the attached gingiva of the inflamed groups. 3. No changes associated with inflammation were noted in cell cytology at the mucogingival junction.", "PMID": 1065747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4989", "title": "Prevalence of dental caries in white and black children in Nelson County, Virginia, a rural southern community.", "content": "Until a few years ago, the results of most surveys of the prevalence of dental caries among school-age children in the United States, particularly those done in the south, showed that black children had a lower prevalence of dental caries than did white children who lived in the same community.4-6,11,16,19,20-23,25 However, in several recent surveys, the formerly observed race-caries relation has not been detected.2,8,17,18,26 In connection with a study initiated in 1972 in Nelson County, Virginia to determine the effectiveness of a combination of self-applied procedures for the administration of fluoride, baseline data on dental caries experience were collected for 1,374 white and 761 black children attending the County's public schools. The availability of data for large numbers of white and black children prompted a cross-racial comparison of prevalence of dental caries. Findings of the comparative analysis are contained in this report.", "contents": "Prevalence of dental caries in white and black children in Nelson County, Virginia, a rural southern community. Until a few years ago, the results of most surveys of the prevalence of dental caries among school-age children in the United States, particularly those done in the south, showed that black children had a lower prevalence of dental caries than did white children who lived in the same community.4-6,11,16,19,20-23,25 However, in several recent surveys, the formerly observed race-caries relation has not been detected.2,8,17,18,26 In connection with a study initiated in 1972 in Nelson County, Virginia to determine the effectiveness of a combination of self-applied procedures for the administration of fluoride, baseline data on dental caries experience were collected for 1,374 white and 761 black children attending the County's public schools. The availability of data for large numbers of white and black children prompted a cross-racial comparison of prevalence of dental caries. Findings of the comparative analysis are contained in this report.", "PMID": 1065750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4990", "title": "Projecting shortages and surpluses of dentists from available data.", "content": "The usefulness of manpower projections are reviewed and methodologies for projecting are reviewed. Estimates of current (1975) and projected (1990) surpluses and deficits of dentists are presented for Illinois. The model used to derive these estimates has the following characteristics. 1. Only generally available data are used. 2. Mortality rates of dentists, production and retention of new dentists, dental productivity by age, and immigration of dentists are all accounted for. 3. It is assumed that the distribution of new dentists in the future will be similar to the distribution of currently practicing dentists. 4. The assumptions regarding the demand variables of dental productivity and patient visits per person per year can be varied according to the specific situation.", "contents": "Projecting shortages and surpluses of dentists from available data. The usefulness of manpower projections are reviewed and methodologies for projecting are reviewed. Estimates of current (1975) and projected (1990) surpluses and deficits of dentists are presented for Illinois. The model used to derive these estimates has the following characteristics. 1. Only generally available data are used. 2. Mortality rates of dentists, production and retention of new dentists, dental productivity by age, and immigration of dentists are all accounted for. 3. It is assumed that the distribution of new dentists in the future will be similar to the distribution of currently practicing dentists. 4. The assumptions regarding the demand variables of dental productivity and patient visits per person per year can be varied according to the specific situation.", "PMID": 1065754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4991", "title": "Dental needs and costs for patients from three social agencies.", "content": "This study indicates that for these patients studied from Johnson County, Iowa, the County Home residents have more unmet basic dental needs than do patients from Goodwill Industries or Community Action programs. The mean cost of treating the dental needs of a County home resident was found to be approximately twice that of providing dental services to the other two social service agencies. This cost differential comes about as a result of two major factors: (1) the County Home residents seen have more unmet basic dental needs, and (2) they have proportionately more unmet dental needs in specialty areas that cost more per unit of treatment (i.e. periodontics, fixed prosthodontics, and removable prosthodontics). The mean treatment cost per patient seen from each of these agencies is $851.77 for County Home residents, $407.97 for Goodwill Industry clients, and $341.21 for Community Action clients. A follow-up of this study in regard to specific circumstances that contribute to the higher incidence of dental treatment needs of the Johnson County Home residents is recommended. Such additional information would be helpful to the effective design of dental health programs for implementation at the community level.", "contents": "Dental needs and costs for patients from three social agencies. This study indicates that for these patients studied from Johnson County, Iowa, the County Home residents have more unmet basic dental needs than do patients from Goodwill Industries or Community Action programs. The mean cost of treating the dental needs of a County home resident was found to be approximately twice that of providing dental services to the other two social service agencies. This cost differential comes about as a result of two major factors: (1) the County Home residents seen have more unmet basic dental needs, and (2) they have proportionately more unmet dental needs in specialty areas that cost more per unit of treatment (i.e. periodontics, fixed prosthodontics, and removable prosthodontics). The mean treatment cost per patient seen from each of these agencies is $851.77 for County Home residents, $407.97 for Goodwill Industry clients, and $341.21 for Community Action clients. A follow-up of this study in regard to specific circumstances that contribute to the higher incidence of dental treatment needs of the Johnson County Home residents is recommended. Such additional information would be helpful to the effective design of dental health programs for implementation at the community level.", "PMID": 1065755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4992", "title": "Survey of dental needs and estimated cost of dental care of a disadvantaged university population.", "content": "At the University of Connecticut, 115 disadvantaged students received dental examinations. There was a significant need for emergency dental care. The estimated cost of dental services for this group averaged $318.62 per student. The dental needs of disadvantaged and minority as well as all university students, should be addressed and services should be provided at least for needs of acute nature.", "contents": "Survey of dental needs and estimated cost of dental care of a disadvantaged university population. At the University of Connecticut, 115 disadvantaged students received dental examinations. There was a significant need for emergency dental care. The estimated cost of dental services for this group averaged $318.62 per student. The dental needs of disadvantaged and minority as well as all university students, should be addressed and services should be provided at least for needs of acute nature.", "PMID": 1065756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4993", "title": "Effects of supervised daily dental plaque removal by children: first-year results.", "content": "In September 1973, a three-year school-based study was initiated in East Hampton, Connecticut, a rural nonfluoridated community. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect on dental decay, gingival inflammation and oral hygiene of removing dental plaque through supervised daily toothbrushing and flossing in school during a three-year period. To establish baseline data, three indexes were used: the DHC Index to evaluate gingivitis; the DMF Surface Index to quantify dental caries and the PHP Index to measure dental plaque. The examinations for dental caries, including radiographs, are scheduled annually in September, whereas the plaque and gingival examinations are done biannually, in September and June. After the baseline examinations the 481 children were blocked according to grade and sex and then were randomly assigned to either a treatment group or to a control group. In November, the treatment group was provided 10 sessions of instruction in plaque removal. For the remainder of the year (six months) they practiced daily plaque removal, supervised by a dental hygienist and a nurse. The control group was not instructed in oral hygiene procedures. In the treatment group, mean plaque and gingival scores at the June (first follow-up) examination were 14 percent and 29 percent lower, respectively, than at baseline. No change was seen in the control group. At the second follow-up examination in September (after summer vacation), the same indexes were nearly at baseline levels in the treatment group. There was no treatment effect on dental caries increments after one year of study. Considering the nature of the treatment regimen and the few treatments during the first year of the study, it is not surprising that there were no caries-preventive benefits demonstrated among children in the treatment group after one year. The total number of the plaque removal sessions will be greater during the second year of the study. Therefore, the possibility of detecting a caries preventive effect at the twenty-four month examinations, should one exist, will be enhanced.", "contents": "Effects of supervised daily dental plaque removal by children: first-year results. In September 1973, a three-year school-based study was initiated in East Hampton, Connecticut, a rural nonfluoridated community. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect on dental decay, gingival inflammation and oral hygiene of removing dental plaque through supervised daily toothbrushing and flossing in school during a three-year period. To establish baseline data, three indexes were used: the DHC Index to evaluate gingivitis; the DMF Surface Index to quantify dental caries and the PHP Index to measure dental plaque. The examinations for dental caries, including radiographs, are scheduled annually in September, whereas the plaque and gingival examinations are done biannually, in September and June. After the baseline examinations the 481 children were blocked according to grade and sex and then were randomly assigned to either a treatment group or to a control group. In November, the treatment group was provided 10 sessions of instruction in plaque removal. For the remainder of the year (six months) they practiced daily plaque removal, supervised by a dental hygienist and a nurse. The control group was not instructed in oral hygiene procedures. In the treatment group, mean plaque and gingival scores at the June (first follow-up) examination were 14 percent and 29 percent lower, respectively, than at baseline. No change was seen in the control group. At the second follow-up examination in September (after summer vacation), the same indexes were nearly at baseline levels in the treatment group. There was no treatment effect on dental caries increments after one year of study. Considering the nature of the treatment regimen and the few treatments during the first year of the study, it is not surprising that there were no caries-preventive benefits demonstrated among children in the treatment group after one year. The total number of the plaque removal sessions will be greater during the second year of the study. Therefore, the possibility of detecting a caries preventive effect at the twenty-four month examinations, should one exist, will be enhanced.", "PMID": 1065757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4994", "title": "Chromosomes in cancer and leukemia.", "content": "An important aspect of chromosomes in human cancer is the fact that, with extremely rare exceptions, the chromosomal changes, if present, are confined to the malignant cells. Thus, in the case of cancer of the stomach or bladder, for example, the karyotypic aberrations can only be found in the cancerous cells, whereas the surrounding normal cells or those within the tumor (such as the leukocytes) have a normal chromosomal constitution. In the case of leukemia the chromosomal changes are best observed in the cells of the marrow, though if sufficient leukemic cells are circulating in the blood, the karyotypic changes can sometimes by established on such cells. In any case, in order to ascertain a reliable karyotypic picture in human cancer or leukemia the malignant cells must be examined and the chromosome constitution ascertained either by a direct technique not involving culture conditions or after short-term culture. Long-term culture of leukemic or cancerous cells generally leads to changes in the chromosomal picture either towards diploidy or towards aberrations resulting from in vitro conditions and, in either case, is not representative of the karyotypic picture in the original malignant cells. Since some tumors have a rather low mitotic index (and this applies occasionally to marrows of leukemia), either a repeat examination has to be undertaken or one has to resort to short-term culture.", "contents": "Chromosomes in cancer and leukemia. An important aspect of chromosomes in human cancer is the fact that, with extremely rare exceptions, the chromosomal changes, if present, are confined to the malignant cells. Thus, in the case of cancer of the stomach or bladder, for example, the karyotypic aberrations can only be found in the cancerous cells, whereas the surrounding normal cells or those within the tumor (such as the leukocytes) have a normal chromosomal constitution. In the case of leukemia the chromosomal changes are best observed in the cells of the marrow, though if sufficient leukemic cells are circulating in the blood, the karyotypic changes can sometimes by established on such cells. In any case, in order to ascertain a reliable karyotypic picture in human cancer or leukemia the malignant cells must be examined and the chromosome constitution ascertained either by a direct technique not involving culture conditions or after short-term culture. Long-term culture of leukemic or cancerous cells generally leads to changes in the chromosomal picture either towards diploidy or towards aberrations resulting from in vitro conditions and, in either case, is not representative of the karyotypic picture in the original malignant cells. Since some tumors have a rather low mitotic index (and this applies occasionally to marrows of leukemia), either a repeat examination has to be undertaken or one has to resort to short-term culture.", "PMID": 1065761}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4995", "title": "Human chromatin and chromosomes studied by scanning electron microscopy: progress and perspectives.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been utilized for the past several years for the study of whole-mount preparations of human chromosomes. Cell cycle-dependent changes in chromatin can be demonstrated easily. Chromomeres, which are mass accumulations at complementary points along each chromatid, provide a basis for the \"banding\" patterns produced by various stains used in light microscopy. In a highly condensed metaphase chromosome, only a rare free fiber end is seen, suggesting that a single chromatin fiber folds into a chromatid. The presence of interchromosomal fibers suggests that the DNA molecule (i.e., the chromatin fiber) might be folded into more than one chromosome. The specificity of the 9q+/22q-Ph1) translocation in chronic myelogenous leukemia and the evidence for nonrandom translocation abnormalities in adult acute leukemia suggest that either the linear integrity of the chromatin fiber comprising several chromosomes is real or that the nuclear membrane attachment site of individual chromosomes results in specific, adjacent chromosomes which are available for induction of nonrandom translocations.", "contents": "Human chromatin and chromosomes studied by scanning electron microscopy: progress and perspectives. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been utilized for the past several years for the study of whole-mount preparations of human chromosomes. Cell cycle-dependent changes in chromatin can be demonstrated easily. Chromomeres, which are mass accumulations at complementary points along each chromatid, provide a basis for the \"banding\" patterns produced by various stains used in light microscopy. In a highly condensed metaphase chromosome, only a rare free fiber end is seen, suggesting that a single chromatin fiber folds into a chromatid. The presence of interchromosomal fibers suggests that the DNA molecule (i.e., the chromatin fiber) might be folded into more than one chromosome. The specificity of the 9q+/22q-Ph1) translocation in chronic myelogenous leukemia and the evidence for nonrandom translocation abnormalities in adult acute leukemia suggest that either the linear integrity of the chromatin fiber comprising several chromosomes is real or that the nuclear membrane attachment site of individual chromosomes results in specific, adjacent chromosomes which are available for induction of nonrandom translocations.", "PMID": 1065762}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4996", "title": "Relationship of Friend murine leukemia virus production to growth and hemoglobin synthesis in cultured erythroleukemia cells.", "content": "The factors that control oncornavirus formation were analyzed in Friend leukemia cells that undergo hematopoiesis when treated with dimethyl sulfoxide. Suspension cultures of Ostertag FSD-1 cell line were found to enter a G or resting state at the end of their proliferative phase and to simultaneously cease producing helper and dependent components of Friend virus. Whereas the decline in virus production is at least 100-fold, rates of cellular RNA and protein synthesis are only slightly lower in resting than in growing cells. Both resting and growing cells contain similarly large concentrations of the viral proteins P(30) and P(12). Dimethyl sulfoxide induces hemoglobin synthesis in growing cells, but its effects on virus production appear to be indirect results of its action to inhibit cell growth and thus to delay entry of cells into the G resting state. Furthermore, variant cell lines were obtained with differing abilities to synthesize virus or hemoglobin. Some lines no longer produce infectious virus, although they all harbor murine leukemia virus genes which are expressed to varying extents. The major internal protein of these oncornaviruses, P(30), is synthesized in large amounts by all of the cell lines. These results suggest that Friend virus production is not coinduced with erythroid differentiation, as had been proposed, but rather is controlled by a cellular growth cycle.", "contents": "Relationship of Friend murine leukemia virus production to growth and hemoglobin synthesis in cultured erythroleukemia cells. The factors that control oncornavirus formation were analyzed in Friend leukemia cells that undergo hematopoiesis when treated with dimethyl sulfoxide. Suspension cultures of Ostertag FSD-1 cell line were found to enter a G or resting state at the end of their proliferative phase and to simultaneously cease producing helper and dependent components of Friend virus. Whereas the decline in virus production is at least 100-fold, rates of cellular RNA and protein synthesis are only slightly lower in resting than in growing cells. Both resting and growing cells contain similarly large concentrations of the viral proteins P(30) and P(12). Dimethyl sulfoxide induces hemoglobin synthesis in growing cells, but its effects on virus production appear to be indirect results of its action to inhibit cell growth and thus to delay entry of cells into the G resting state. Furthermore, variant cell lines were obtained with differing abilities to synthesize virus or hemoglobin. Some lines no longer produce infectious virus, although they all harbor murine leukemia virus genes which are expressed to varying extents. The major internal protein of these oncornaviruses, P(30), is synthesized in large amounts by all of the cell lines. These results suggest that Friend virus production is not coinduced with erythroid differentiation, as had been proposed, but rather is controlled by a cellular growth cycle.", "PMID": 1065778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4997", "title": "Population genetics and molecular evoulution.", "content": "Recent studies of evolution and polymorphism at the molecular level (i.e, at the level of internal structure of the gene) have brought many puzzling as well as enlightening results. It appears that, in addition to natural selection, chance (in the form of random gene frequency drift) is playing a much larger part than previously considered. Futhermore, natural selection is likely to be based more directly on the secondary and the higher order structure of informational macromolecules rather than ecological conditions, usually in the form of negative selection. In this respect, there is growing evidence suggesting that very slightly deleterious mutations whose selective disadvantages are not excessively large as compared with the mutation rates are playing a significant role in variation and evoulution at the molecular level.", "contents": "Population genetics and molecular evoulution. Recent studies of evolution and polymorphism at the molecular level (i.e, at the level of internal structure of the gene) have brought many puzzling as well as enlightening results. It appears that, in addition to natural selection, chance (in the form of random gene frequency drift) is playing a much larger part than previously considered. Futhermore, natural selection is likely to be based more directly on the secondary and the higher order structure of informational macromolecules rather than ecological conditions, usually in the form of negative selection. In this respect, there is growing evidence suggesting that very slightly deleterious mutations whose selective disadvantages are not excessively large as compared with the mutation rates are playing a significant role in variation and evoulution at the molecular level.", "PMID": 1065782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4998", "title": "Peripheral joint scanning with technetium pertechnetate. Application in clinical practice.", "content": "Results of a prospective study to evaluate the clinical usefulness of radioisotope joint scanning in the practice of rheumatology are reported. The radiopharmaceutical used was technetium pertechnetate, increased synovial blood flow being the main contributory factor to abnormal joint images. Strict adherence to a procedural protocol was necessary to assure reproducible images. Joint scintigraphy was performed on 56 control subjects without joint disease and 51 patients with different rheumatic disorders. There was excellent agreement between clinical examination and joint scintigraphy in all groups studied. In cases of disagreement, the joint scintigram generally was more sensitive. This high sensitivity for the detection of synovitis was accompanied by a lack of specificity, because it failed to diagnose the nature of the joint involvement. The joint scan was helpful for diagnosing early or steroid-suppressed synovitis and also for suspected nonarticular rheumatism. It aided in delineating the pattern of joint involvement. Joint scintigraphy is the only objective nontraumatic permanent record documenting joint inflammation.", "contents": "Peripheral joint scanning with technetium pertechnetate. Application in clinical practice. Results of a prospective study to evaluate the clinical usefulness of radioisotope joint scanning in the practice of rheumatology are reported. The radiopharmaceutical used was technetium pertechnetate, increased synovial blood flow being the main contributory factor to abnormal joint images. Strict adherence to a procedural protocol was necessary to assure reproducible images. Joint scintigraphy was performed on 56 control subjects without joint disease and 51 patients with different rheumatic disorders. There was excellent agreement between clinical examination and joint scintigraphy in all groups studied. In cases of disagreement, the joint scintigram generally was more sensitive. This high sensitivity for the detection of synovitis was accompanied by a lack of specificity, because it failed to diagnose the nature of the joint involvement. The joint scan was helpful for diagnosing early or steroid-suppressed synovitis and also for suspected nonarticular rheumatism. It aided in delineating the pattern of joint involvement. Joint scintigraphy is the only objective nontraumatic permanent record documenting joint inflammation.", "PMID": 1065787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_4999", "title": "Chloramphenicol-a possible role in the treatment of leukaemia?", "content": "The effect of chloramphenicol in short term in-vitro bone marrow cultures was studied. There was a striking reduction in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA in bone marrow cultures with abnormal proliferative properties as compared with normal tissue. A 50% reduction in DNA thymidine incorporation in leukaemia marrow was also obtained with in-vitro chloramphenicol concentrations which in contrast had little or no effect in normal tissue. These in-vitro levels of the antibiotic can be readily achieved in vivo. An in-vivo study confirmed the ability of chloramphenicol to reduce the white cell and blast count in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia in blastic transformation.", "contents": "Chloramphenicol-a possible role in the treatment of leukaemia? The effect of chloramphenicol in short term in-vitro bone marrow cultures was studied. There was a striking reduction in the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA in bone marrow cultures with abnormal proliferative properties as compared with normal tissue. A 50% reduction in DNA thymidine incorporation in leukaemia marrow was also obtained with in-vitro chloramphenicol concentrations which in contrast had little or no effect in normal tissue. These in-vitro levels of the antibiotic can be readily achieved in vivo. An in-vivo study confirmed the ability of chloramphenicol to reduce the white cell and blast count in a patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia in blastic transformation.", "PMID": 1065792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5000", "title": "Genetic mosaicism and the control of cancer.", "content": "The susceptibility of animal cells to certain lethal agents, including a variety of cytotoxic drugs, is genetically determined; cells which are otherwise identical may therefore differ in terms of which agents are lethal for them. If such genetic diversity existed within a tissue, exposure to any of these lethal agents would not destroy every cell, but only that fraction of the population that was susceptible. In contrast, if a clone of malignant cells arose from any single cell within such a tissue, the entire malignant clone should be susceptible to destruction by whatever agent its progenitor cells was susceptible to. Treatment of a tumor in a host whose tissues displayed such genetic mosaicism might therefore possess the potential for destroying all tumor cells, at the cost of destroying only a fraction of the normal cells. Prophylactic induction of such mosaicism in normal hosts by genetic manipulation represents a potential future strategy for cancer control. Evidence is presented suggesting that women heterozygous for deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase may constitute naturally occurring examples of such exploitable mosaicism.", "contents": "Genetic mosaicism and the control of cancer. The susceptibility of animal cells to certain lethal agents, including a variety of cytotoxic drugs, is genetically determined; cells which are otherwise identical may therefore differ in terms of which agents are lethal for them. If such genetic diversity existed within a tissue, exposure to any of these lethal agents would not destroy every cell, but only that fraction of the population that was susceptible. In contrast, if a clone of malignant cells arose from any single cell within such a tissue, the entire malignant clone should be susceptible to destruction by whatever agent its progenitor cells was susceptible to. Treatment of a tumor in a host whose tissues displayed such genetic mosaicism might therefore possess the potential for destroying all tumor cells, at the cost of destroying only a fraction of the normal cells. Prophylactic induction of such mosaicism in normal hosts by genetic manipulation represents a potential future strategy for cancer control. Evidence is presented suggesting that women heterozygous for deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl-transferase may constitute naturally occurring examples of such exploitable mosaicism.", "PMID": 1065791}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5001", "title": "[Limitations in the opening of the mouth of an arthrogenic nature].", "content": "Mouth opening limitations of arthrogenous nature are subdivided according to a personal schedule into indirect and direct types. The former are brought on by occlusal alterations: these affect articular remodelling and may cause anatomical and functional changes of varying gravity in the temporo-mandibular joint with consequent limitations on opening movements. The latter are the consequence of various pathogenic agents (traumatic, neoplastic, inflammatory, degenerative) originating within the articular structures and developing therein, progressively limiting their function. Some significant personal cases are reported and on the basis of the series the aetiopathogenetic problems of the various forms are discussed, with emphasis on those which represent the basic criteria for therapy.", "contents": "[Limitations in the opening of the mouth of an arthrogenic nature]. Mouth opening limitations of arthrogenous nature are subdivided according to a personal schedule into indirect and direct types. The former are brought on by occlusal alterations: these affect articular remodelling and may cause anatomical and functional changes of varying gravity in the temporo-mandibular joint with consequent limitations on opening movements. The latter are the consequence of various pathogenic agents (traumatic, neoplastic, inflammatory, degenerative) originating within the articular structures and developing therein, progressively limiting their function. Some significant personal cases are reported and on the basis of the series the aetiopathogenetic problems of the various forms are discussed, with emphasis on those which represent the basic criteria for therapy.", "PMID": 1065793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5002", "title": "[Mouth oepning limitations due to coronoid-zygomatic-malar interference].", "content": "Interferences between coronoid process and bone walls of the zygomatic arch should always be considered among the causes of extra-ankylotic mouth-opening limitation. With the exception of traumatic cases, the event is rare and once correct diagnosis has been made there are excellent opportunities for treatment, largely of surgical nature. The zygomatic-malar area or coronoid process will be operated on depending on the case. When surgery has involved the coronoid process it is advisable to follow up with an adequate period of mechanotherapy.", "contents": "[Mouth oepning limitations due to coronoid-zygomatic-malar interference]. Interferences between coronoid process and bone walls of the zygomatic arch should always be considered among the causes of extra-ankylotic mouth-opening limitation. With the exception of traumatic cases, the event is rare and once correct diagnosis has been made there are excellent opportunities for treatment, largely of surgical nature. The zygomatic-malar area or coronoid process will be operated on depending on the case. When surgery has involved the coronoid process it is advisable to follow up with an adequate period of mechanotherapy.", "PMID": 1065794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5003", "title": "[Mouth opening limitations due to soft tissue lesions].", "content": "Mouth opening limitations following on soft tissue lesions are subdivided according to aetiology into collagen disease connectival lesions, cutaneous and mucosa lesions consequent on the action of physical agents and, finally, cicatricial lesions of the cheeks and lips as a result of surgery for cancer or trauma. The commonest forms of plastic surgery used to correct such lesions are reviewed.", "contents": "[Mouth opening limitations due to soft tissue lesions]. Mouth opening limitations following on soft tissue lesions are subdivided according to aetiology into collagen disease connectival lesions, cutaneous and mucosa lesions consequent on the action of physical agents and, finally, cicatricial lesions of the cheeks and lips as a result of surgery for cancer or trauma. The commonest forms of plastic surgery used to correct such lesions are reviewed.", "PMID": 1065795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5004", "title": "[Evaluation of the effects of some non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents on the gastric mucosa].", "content": "300 mg/day phenylbutazone, 210 mg/day indomethacin, and 600 mg/day pyrasanone were administered for 14 days to three randomised groups of patients respectively, consisting of a total of 76 subjects with various forms of non-infectious inflammation (osteoarthritis, fibrositis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, phlebitis), in a double-blind trila designed to determine the activity of the three drugs and their tolerance. In 36 cases, gastroscopy was performed before and after the treatment. On the basis of doses that were equivalent as far as their anti-inflammatory effect was concerned, epigastric pain and pyrosis were noted in about 31% of the series, though no significant difference could be made out between the three drugs. Gastroscopic evidence of erythema (8 cases), multiple erosion (2 cases), pomphoid gastritis (1 case), and duodenal ulcer (1 case) was obtained in subjects treated with phenylbutazone or indomethacin, and of erythema only (1 case) after pyrasanone. No relation could be established between the clinical symptoms and the gastroscopic findings.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the effects of some non-steroid anti-inflammatory agents on the gastric mucosa]. 300 mg/day phenylbutazone, 210 mg/day indomethacin, and 600 mg/day pyrasanone were administered for 14 days to three randomised groups of patients respectively, consisting of a total of 76 subjects with various forms of non-infectious inflammation (osteoarthritis, fibrositis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, phlebitis), in a double-blind trila designed to determine the activity of the three drugs and their tolerance. In 36 cases, gastroscopy was performed before and after the treatment. On the basis of doses that were equivalent as far as their anti-inflammatory effect was concerned, epigastric pain and pyrosis were noted in about 31% of the series, though no significant difference could be made out between the three drugs. Gastroscopic evidence of erythema (8 cases), multiple erosion (2 cases), pomphoid gastritis (1 case), and duodenal ulcer (1 case) was obtained in subjects treated with phenylbutazone or indomethacin, and of erythema only (1 case) after pyrasanone. No relation could be established between the clinical symptoms and the gastroscopic findings.", "PMID": 1065802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5005", "title": "Multiple-drug chemotherapy in the management of acute lymphocytic leukemia during pregnancy.", "content": "Acute leukemia associates with pregnancy is relatively uncommon, and because of the age distribution of patients with acute leukemia the majority have had acute granulocytic leukemia. Various combinations of chemotherapeutic agents are commonly employed now to obtain maximal benefit, related to differing pharmacologic activities of single agents. The present case documents the use of multiple cytotoxic drugs in the management of acute lymphocytic leukemia, with successful delivery of a normal infant. In this patient severe anemia and potentially teratogenic drugs did not appear to affect the fetus.", "contents": "Multiple-drug chemotherapy in the management of acute lymphocytic leukemia during pregnancy. Acute leukemia associates with pregnancy is relatively uncommon, and because of the age distribution of patients with acute leukemia the majority have had acute granulocytic leukemia. Various combinations of chemotherapeutic agents are commonly employed now to obtain maximal benefit, related to differing pharmacologic activities of single agents. The present case documents the use of multiple cytotoxic drugs in the management of acute lymphocytic leukemia, with successful delivery of a normal infant. In this patient severe anemia and potentially teratogenic drugs did not appear to affect the fetus.", "PMID": 1065823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5006", "title": "Intentional retention of vital submerged roots in dogs.", "content": "In this study, intact and untreated roots of twelve teeth in three dogs were submerged 2 mm. below the alveolar bone crest. On eight regeneration of alveolar bone was seen in 3 weeks, with complete bone coverage in 5 weeks. A complete lamina dura surrounded the buried roots, the original root canal tissue remained vital, and vessels and other structures now entered (or exited) from both ends. Cementum covered the cut end, making the end similar to a normal apex. Bone failed to regenerate completely over four of the twelve roots. Two of these had dentinal spicules which impeded complete bone coverage (Fig 9). Another was a case of delayed healing due to the early loss of sutures and subsequent infection where a sinus tract developed, connecting the oral environment with the resected root. This led to bone resorption and a partial pulp necrosis. In the fourth case the decreased depth of root burial and subsequent lack of bone cover led to external resorption of the cut dentin. Histologic examination after 12 weeks revealed the regeneration of bone, a regenerated periodontal membrane, and a layer of cementoblasts over the cut and exposed root dentin in a typical manner. This study suggests that when healthy bone and roots are present, particularly in an otherwise edentulous mandible retaining only a few nonrestorable anterior teeth, the roots can be retained in a nonpathologic state by means of a simple surgical technique.", "contents": "Intentional retention of vital submerged roots in dogs. In this study, intact and untreated roots of twelve teeth in three dogs were submerged 2 mm. below the alveolar bone crest. On eight regeneration of alveolar bone was seen in 3 weeks, with complete bone coverage in 5 weeks. A complete lamina dura surrounded the buried roots, the original root canal tissue remained vital, and vessels and other structures now entered (or exited) from both ends. Cementum covered the cut end, making the end similar to a normal apex. Bone failed to regenerate completely over four of the twelve roots. Two of these had dentinal spicules which impeded complete bone coverage (Fig 9). Another was a case of delayed healing due to the early loss of sutures and subsequent infection where a sinus tract developed, connecting the oral environment with the resected root. This led to bone resorption and a partial pulp necrosis. In the fourth case the decreased depth of root burial and subsequent lack of bone cover led to external resorption of the cut dentin. Histologic examination after 12 weeks revealed the regeneration of bone, a regenerated periodontal membrane, and a layer of cementoblasts over the cut and exposed root dentin in a typical manner. This study suggests that when healthy bone and roots are present, particularly in an otherwise edentulous mandible retaining only a few nonrestorable anterior teeth, the roots can be retained in a nonpathologic state by means of a simple surgical technique.", "PMID": 1065830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5007", "title": "A dental radiologic health laboratory teaching method.", "content": "The School of Dental Medicine at Tufts University has given new direction to the understanding of radiologic health through a program in which all students participate in some laboratory activities directly related to the problems of radiologic health in dental practice. This article presents an explanation of the background of this program and the experiments performed and discusses the interest in the program and its effect on the dental students. The laboratory program described is held for 3 1/2 hours on Wednesday afternoons at the Dental School, since this is a period of minimum patient load in the Radiology Department. The course is presented for third-year dental students who already have takin a lecture course in the fundamentals and techniques of radiology and have received training in the proper procedures for taking radiographs. The program is designed as a series of experiments dealing with machine output, filtration, collimation, exposure factors, scatter radiation, film density, patient protection, and shielding. The students are introduced to various radiation-detection instruments and given the opportunity to use these instruments to measure output and scatter-radiation levels under varying conditions. The laboratory teaching method presented can also be reprogrammed for different group sizes and time schedules.", "contents": "A dental radiologic health laboratory teaching method. The School of Dental Medicine at Tufts University has given new direction to the understanding of radiologic health through a program in which all students participate in some laboratory activities directly related to the problems of radiologic health in dental practice. This article presents an explanation of the background of this program and the experiments performed and discusses the interest in the program and its effect on the dental students. The laboratory program described is held for 3 1/2 hours on Wednesday afternoons at the Dental School, since this is a period of minimum patient load in the Radiology Department. The course is presented for third-year dental students who already have takin a lecture course in the fundamentals and techniques of radiology and have received training in the proper procedures for taking radiographs. The program is designed as a series of experiments dealing with machine output, filtration, collimation, exposure factors, scatter radiation, film density, patient protection, and shielding. The students are introduced to various radiation-detection instruments and given the opportunity to use these instruments to measure output and scatter-radiation levels under varying conditions. The laboratory teaching method presented can also be reprogrammed for different group sizes and time schedules.", "PMID": 1065831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5008", "title": "Intraoral-mucosal-xenogenous fascial grafting.", "content": "Fascia obtained from the abdominal wall of a rat was transplanted into mucosal defects created in six dogs. In all of the dogs, the fascia was found to adhere firmly to the underlying tissue and surrounding epithelium. Biopsy specimens were taken at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. The defects healed without any apparent contracture and were covered by new epithelium. It appears that xenogenous fascia is a potentially useful graft material for intraoral soft tissues.", "contents": "Intraoral-mucosal-xenogenous fascial grafting. Fascia obtained from the abdominal wall of a rat was transplanted into mucosal defects created in six dogs. In all of the dogs, the fascia was found to adhere firmly to the underlying tissue and surrounding epithelium. Biopsy specimens were taken at weekly intervals for 4 weeks. The defects healed without any apparent contracture and were covered by new epithelium. It appears that xenogenous fascia is a potentially useful graft material for intraoral soft tissues.", "PMID": 1065836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5009", "title": "Congenital arteriovenous malformations of the face. Report of a case.", "content": "Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are uncommon vascular abnormalities which can be either developmental defects present from birth, or acquired ones, secondary to trauma. They may cause local swelling and discomfort, and also may present a potential for severe bleeding. Traumatic AVM are usually single fistulous channels, whereas congenital lesions are most often multiple interconnections of vessels of varying caliber that result in a diffuseness which renders clini-al delineation and treatment difficult. The nature of the lesion is determined by the stage of development of the vascular system during which it develops. Congenital lesions range from finely channelled capillary hemangiomas to large-bore, high-flow A-V fistulas. Most lesions are not observed at birth, but become manifest later in life; minor trauma and endocrine change are implicated as the stimuli for the initiation of hemodynamic activity. The diagnosis is clinical, with confirmation by arteriography. The treatment has not been completely satisfactory in all cases. Surgical intervention has been used most often, but newer techniques include cryotherapy and muscle embolization.", "contents": "Congenital arteriovenous malformations of the face. Report of a case. Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are uncommon vascular abnormalities which can be either developmental defects present from birth, or acquired ones, secondary to trauma. They may cause local swelling and discomfort, and also may present a potential for severe bleeding. Traumatic AVM are usually single fistulous channels, whereas congenital lesions are most often multiple interconnections of vessels of varying caliber that result in a diffuseness which renders clini-al delineation and treatment difficult. The nature of the lesion is determined by the stage of development of the vascular system during which it develops. Congenital lesions range from finely channelled capillary hemangiomas to large-bore, high-flow A-V fistulas. Most lesions are not observed at birth, but become manifest later in life; minor trauma and endocrine change are implicated as the stimuli for the initiation of hemodynamic activity. The diagnosis is clinical, with confirmation by arteriography. The treatment has not been completely satisfactory in all cases. Surgical intervention has been used most often, but newer techniques include cryotherapy and muscle embolization.", "PMID": 1065837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5010", "title": "Intraoral corroboration of systemic plasma-cell myeloma. Abbreviated case report.", "content": "A patient with a previously diagnosed case of multiple myeloma was readmitted for a pathologic fracture of the hip. Intraoral examination revealed a soft-tissue swelling over the right posterior mandibular ridge. Radiographs showed multiple radiolucent areas of the maxilla and mandible. A needle-biopsy technique was used to confirm the diagnosis of intraoral manifestations of plasma-cell myeloma.", "contents": "Intraoral corroboration of systemic plasma-cell myeloma. Abbreviated case report. A patient with a previously diagnosed case of multiple myeloma was readmitted for a pathologic fracture of the hip. Intraoral examination revealed a soft-tissue swelling over the right posterior mandibular ridge. Radiographs showed multiple radiolucent areas of the maxilla and mandible. A needle-biopsy technique was used to confirm the diagnosis of intraoral manifestations of plasma-cell myeloma.", "PMID": 1065838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5011", "title": "PTA deficiency (factor XI deficiency). Report of a case.", "content": "A case of a relatively rare coagulopathy has been presented. The mode of inheritance and the incidence of the disease have been discussed. Methods of screening, diagnosis, and treatment of PTA deficiency have been suggested. We have concluded that if a coagulation screen for patients about to undergo oral surgery in a hospital is contemplated, either a partial thromboplastin time or a thromboplastin generation time should be included.", "contents": "PTA deficiency (factor XI deficiency). Report of a case. A case of a relatively rare coagulopathy has been presented. The mode of inheritance and the incidence of the disease have been discussed. Methods of screening, diagnosis, and treatment of PTA deficiency have been suggested. We have concluded that if a coagulation screen for patients about to undergo oral surgery in a hospital is contemplated, either a partial thromboplastin time or a thromboplastin generation time should be included.", "PMID": 1065839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5012", "title": "Periodontosis: a phenotypic and genetic analysis.", "content": "Two families who provide additional data concerning the metabolic, radiographic, and clinical parameters of periodontosis are presented. These findings include decreased serum alkaline phosphatase levels with absent liver isozyme fractions, decreased tubular bone over-all width and medullary space with relatively increased cortical area, and at least one case of primary dentition alveoloclasia with no permanent dentition alveoloclasia. In addition, a segregation analysis was performed on these two families and all completely reported families found in the literature. The results indicate that periodontosis is most probably inherited as an X-linked, dominant trait with decreased penetrance but relatively consistent gene expressivity. The female: male ratio of affected persons is approximately 2:1, and there is an over-all deficiency of males in these affected families.", "contents": "Periodontosis: a phenotypic and genetic analysis. Two families who provide additional data concerning the metabolic, radiographic, and clinical parameters of periodontosis are presented. These findings include decreased serum alkaline phosphatase levels with absent liver isozyme fractions, decreased tubular bone over-all width and medullary space with relatively increased cortical area, and at least one case of primary dentition alveoloclasia with no permanent dentition alveoloclasia. In addition, a segregation analysis was performed on these two families and all completely reported families found in the literature. The results indicate that periodontosis is most probably inherited as an X-linked, dominant trait with decreased penetrance but relatively consistent gene expressivity. The female: male ratio of affected persons is approximately 2:1, and there is an over-all deficiency of males in these affected families.", "PMID": 1065840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5013", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta. Review of the medical and dental literature and report of a case.", "content": "Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare congenital bone disease affecting the mesenchyme and some of its derivatives resulting in three basic clinical entities--fragility of bones, blue sclera, and otosclerosis. The medical and dental literature pertaining to osteogenesis imperfecta is reviewed, and a specific dental case is discussed.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta. Review of the medical and dental literature and report of a case. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a rare congenital bone disease affecting the mesenchyme and some of its derivatives resulting in three basic clinical entities--fragility of bones, blue sclera, and otosclerosis. The medical and dental literature pertaining to osteogenesis imperfecta is reviewed, and a specific dental case is discussed.", "PMID": 1065841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5014", "title": "The odontogenic keratocyst. A clinicopathologic study of 312 cases. Part I. Clinical features.", "content": "An analysis was made of the clinical features of 312 acceptable cases of odontogenic keratocysts from the files of the Department of Oral Pathology, Indiana University School of Dentistry. A total of 5.1 per cent of the keratocysts were from patients with the basal-cell nevus syndrome and 5.8 per cent were from patients with multiple keratocysts but with no other features of the syndrome. There was a wide age range, with a peak incidence in the second and third decades of life. The mandible: maxilla ratio was 2:1, with the mandibular third molar area and ramus being the most common sites. Dentigerous cyst was the most frequent clinical as well as histologic diagnosis for the majority of the keratocysts in this study. The primordial cyst comprised the greatest percentage of keratocysts (44.4 per cent). A total of 50.3 per cent of the patients were symptomatic before seeking treatment, the most common finding being intraoral drainage and swelling. Their radiographic appearance was quite variable, although they frequently resembled ameloblastoma. These cysts may be very aggressive clinically. They have a relatively high recurrence rate, as previously reported in the literature, in comparison with other types of odontogenic cyst. The findings in this study support the theory that the histologic appearance of an odontogenic keratocyst may be assumed by any of the odontogenic or nonodontogenic cysts.", "contents": "The odontogenic keratocyst. A clinicopathologic study of 312 cases. Part I. Clinical features. An analysis was made of the clinical features of 312 acceptable cases of odontogenic keratocysts from the files of the Department of Oral Pathology, Indiana University School of Dentistry. A total of 5.1 per cent of the keratocysts were from patients with the basal-cell nevus syndrome and 5.8 per cent were from patients with multiple keratocysts but with no other features of the syndrome. There was a wide age range, with a peak incidence in the second and third decades of life. The mandible: maxilla ratio was 2:1, with the mandibular third molar area and ramus being the most common sites. Dentigerous cyst was the most frequent clinical as well as histologic diagnosis for the majority of the keratocysts in this study. The primordial cyst comprised the greatest percentage of keratocysts (44.4 per cent). A total of 50.3 per cent of the patients were symptomatic before seeking treatment, the most common finding being intraoral drainage and swelling. Their radiographic appearance was quite variable, although they frequently resembled ameloblastoma. These cysts may be very aggressive clinically. They have a relatively high recurrence rate, as previously reported in the literature, in comparison with other types of odontogenic cyst. The findings in this study support the theory that the histologic appearance of an odontogenic keratocyst may be assumed by any of the odontogenic or nonodontogenic cysts.", "PMID": 1065842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5015", "title": "The retrocuspid papilla. A clinical survey.", "content": "1. As mentioned previously in the literature, RCPs are commonly found in the young but become progressively less evident with advancing age. 2. The incidence of the RCP in Negroes is approximately the same as that in Caucasians. 3. Bilateral RCPs are more common than unilateral papillae. 4. The occurrence of RCPs is consistently more common in females than in males, in both Caucasians and Negroes. 5. Histologically, the RCPs are essentially normal, showing features indicative of those seen in frictional irritation during mastication and phonation. 6. The 72.5 per cent incidence of RCPs in children under 11 years of age confirms the trends of past studies and indicates that the RCP is a normal entity in pediatric dental patients and should be included in the literature as such. 7. The clinical significance of the RCP is that it be recognized as a normal anatomic structure that regresses with age and requires no treatment.", "contents": "The retrocuspid papilla. A clinical survey. 1. As mentioned previously in the literature, RCPs are commonly found in the young but become progressively less evident with advancing age. 2. The incidence of the RCP in Negroes is approximately the same as that in Caucasians. 3. Bilateral RCPs are more common than unilateral papillae. 4. The occurrence of RCPs is consistently more common in females than in males, in both Caucasians and Negroes. 5. Histologically, the RCPs are essentially normal, showing features indicative of those seen in frictional irritation during mastication and phonation. 6. The 72.5 per cent incidence of RCPs in children under 11 years of age confirms the trends of past studies and indicates that the RCP is a normal entity in pediatric dental patients and should be included in the literature as such. 7. The clinical significance of the RCP is that it be recognized as a normal anatomic structure that regresses with age and requires no treatment.", "PMID": 1065843}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5016", "title": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia.", "content": "Three cases of necrotizing sialometaplasia of minor salivary glands are presented. Clinically and pathologically, this nonneoplastic lesion of the palate can be easily mistaken for carcinoma. The main histologic features are localized infarction of minor salivary glands and extensive squamous metaplasia with retention of the lobular architecture of the involved glands. The possible etiologic factors are discussed.", "contents": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia. Three cases of necrotizing sialometaplasia of minor salivary glands are presented. Clinically and pathologically, this nonneoplastic lesion of the palate can be easily mistaken for carcinoma. The main histologic features are localized infarction of minor salivary glands and extensive squamous metaplasia with retention of the lobular architecture of the involved glands. The possible etiologic factors are discussed.", "PMID": 1065844}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5017", "title": "[Ameloblastoma formation in an extensive follicular cyst].", "content": "A case of an unusual extensive dentigerous cyst of the mandible with ameloblastic formations in the cyst wall is presented. The tumor was totally enucleated in a two-step conservative surgical prosedure over 14 months, whereby the continuity of the mandible was preserved. The patient has been followed for two years. There has been a complete bone regeneration and no recurrence of the tumor. The importance of biopsy of odontogenic cysts associated with mandibular third molars is stressed.", "contents": "[Ameloblastoma formation in an extensive follicular cyst]. A case of an unusual extensive dentigerous cyst of the mandible with ameloblastic formations in the cyst wall is presented. The tumor was totally enucleated in a two-step conservative surgical prosedure over 14 months, whereby the continuity of the mandible was preserved. The patient has been followed for two years. There has been a complete bone regeneration and no recurrence of the tumor. The importance of biopsy of odontogenic cysts associated with mandibular third molars is stressed.", "PMID": 1065850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5018", "title": "[Mixed teeth--a case report and an alternative treatment].", "content": "A case of \"double\" lower incisor is described. The patient also had a supernumerary lower incisor and was treated by removal of the abnormal incisor and transplantation of the supernumerary incisor. The transplanted tooth has normal mobility and healthy gingival tissue 6 1/2 months after the transplantation.", "contents": "[Mixed teeth--a case report and an alternative treatment]. A case of \"double\" lower incisor is described. The patient also had a supernumerary lower incisor and was treated by removal of the abnormal incisor and transplantation of the supernumerary incisor. The transplanted tooth has normal mobility and healthy gingival tissue 6 1/2 months after the transplantation.", "PMID": 1065851}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5019", "title": "[Refractory anemias with partial myeloblastosis. Analysis of a protocol comprising 79 cases. 1. Clinical characteristics and evolution under androgen therapy].", "content": "Seventy-nine patients with a refractory anemia and partial myeloblastic medullary infiltration have been studied, according to a prospective common protocol. All the patients have been treated with androgens, at high dosage and for at least 10 months if surviving. This study enables to precise the natural history of the disease and to define some criteria valuable for the prognosis. It demonstrates that the classification of this clinical entity as a smoldering or pre-leukemia is justified: 63% of the patients died from acute myeloblastic leukemia. The disease is very severe: the median of survival from the diagnosis is only 13 months. Androgen therapy appears to have little if any effect on the anemia, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia; it does not seem to increase the patients' life expectancy.", "contents": "[Refractory anemias with partial myeloblastosis. Analysis of a protocol comprising 79 cases. 1. Clinical characteristics and evolution under androgen therapy]. Seventy-nine patients with a refractory anemia and partial myeloblastic medullary infiltration have been studied, according to a prospective common protocol. All the patients have been treated with androgens, at high dosage and for at least 10 months if surviving. This study enables to precise the natural history of the disease and to define some criteria valuable for the prognosis. It demonstrates that the classification of this clinical entity as a smoldering or pre-leukemia is justified: 63% of the patients died from acute myeloblastic leukemia. The disease is very severe: the median of survival from the diagnosis is only 13 months. Androgen therapy appears to have little if any effect on the anemia, granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia; it does not seem to increase the patients' life expectancy.", "PMID": 1065863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5020", "title": "[Refractory anemia with partial myeloblastic medullary infiltration. Examination of marrow biopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "77 marrow biopsies of smouldering leukemia have been examined in triple blind fashion with the following results: the cellularity of the marrow is normal in three quarters of the cases. In one quarter the blast cells were homogenous, which confirms the diagnosis of leukemia. The frequences of the sheets of blast cells increase with the duration of the disease and reached 80% at the 20th month. In the other cases, blasts were seldom seen. Eosinophilia was frequent. Erythroblasts were always rare, in contrast to what is seen in sideroblastic anemias. The reticulin network was thickened in 25% of the cases. Thus, bone marrow biopsy may demonstrate many of the features supporting the diagnosis of smouldering leukemia.", "contents": "[Refractory anemia with partial myeloblastic medullary infiltration. Examination of marrow biopsies (author's transl)]. 77 marrow biopsies of smouldering leukemia have been examined in triple blind fashion with the following results: the cellularity of the marrow is normal in three quarters of the cases. In one quarter the blast cells were homogenous, which confirms the diagnosis of leukemia. The frequences of the sheets of blast cells increase with the duration of the disease and reached 80% at the 20th month. In the other cases, blasts were seldom seen. Eosinophilia was frequent. Erythroblasts were always rare, in contrast to what is seen in sideroblastic anemias. The reticulin network was thickened in 25% of the cases. Thus, bone marrow biopsy may demonstrate many of the features supporting the diagnosis of smouldering leukemia.", "PMID": 1065864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5021", "title": "[Attempt at \"conservative medical treatment\" in the decompensations of chronic respiratory insufficiencies].", "content": "Study of 37 acute respiratory decompensations occurring in 28 patients over a 6 years period (1969-1975). They were given a systematic \"conservative treatment\" associating ventilation with a mask or a mouthpiece, physiotherapy and various drugs, intubation being used only in case of failure of this treatment. On the whole 22 compensations were cured by this treatment alone (59%) and the 15 cases that were not were given classical reanimation. Six deaths were reported (16%). Definitely better than those of DUBOIS and PRIGNOT, these results were perhaps due to differences of recruitment, but also to the systematic use of a mechanical ventilatory assistance instead of a continuous oxygen therapy. With attentive care, this category of patients could be given an assisted external but early ventilation, thus sparing them a tracheal intubation more than once out of twice.", "contents": "[Attempt at \"conservative medical treatment\" in the decompensations of chronic respiratory insufficiencies]. Study of 37 acute respiratory decompensations occurring in 28 patients over a 6 years period (1969-1975). They were given a systematic \"conservative treatment\" associating ventilation with a mask or a mouthpiece, physiotherapy and various drugs, intubation being used only in case of failure of this treatment. On the whole 22 compensations were cured by this treatment alone (59%) and the 15 cases that were not were given classical reanimation. Six deaths were reported (16%). Definitely better than those of DUBOIS and PRIGNOT, these results were perhaps due to differences of recruitment, but also to the systematic use of a mechanical ventilatory assistance instead of a continuous oxygen therapy. With attentive care, this category of patients could be given an assisted external but early ventilation, thus sparing them a tracheal intubation more than once out of twice.", "PMID": 1065866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5022", "title": "Retinal has a highly dipolar vertically excited singlet state: implications for vision.", "content": "We have measured the effect of an intense electric field on the absorption spectrum of solutions of all-trans retinal, its unprotonated Schiff base with n-butylamine, and the Cl- salt of this protonated Schiff base. The field-induced change in extinction coefficient as a function of wavelength was analyzed to determine the ground-state dipole moment (mug), the change in dipole moment on excitation (deltamu), and the direction of mug and deltamu). These experiments have shown that all three species become highly dipolar upon excitation to the first allowed excited singlet state (deltamu = 15.6, 9.9, 12D, respectively). The ground-state and excited-state dipole moments are nearly parallel to the long axis of these molecules. Excitation is accompanied by a shift of negative charge toward the carbonyl or Schiff base terminus, making the ionone end of these molecules positively charged. The large excited state dipole moment of all-trans retinal indicates that the vertically excited state, which is of 1Bu parentage (C2h), has become significantly mixed with even-parity states. On the basis of previous theoretical calculations, this mixing is expected to facilitate isomerization in the singlet manifold. We have also found that 11-cis retinal has a large deltamu (12.7 +/- 1.4 D) on excitation. In the visual pigments, the interaction of the excited-state dipole moment of retinal with a suitably located charged group could control the position of the absorption maximum. Also, the large shift in charge density upon excitation of retinal may lead to new electrostatic interactions between the chromophore and the protein that would act as a driving force for the initial conformational changes in visual excitation.", "contents": "Retinal has a highly dipolar vertically excited singlet state: implications for vision. We have measured the effect of an intense electric field on the absorption spectrum of solutions of all-trans retinal, its unprotonated Schiff base with n-butylamine, and the Cl- salt of this protonated Schiff base. The field-induced change in extinction coefficient as a function of wavelength was analyzed to determine the ground-state dipole moment (mug), the change in dipole moment on excitation (deltamu), and the direction of mug and deltamu). These experiments have shown that all three species become highly dipolar upon excitation to the first allowed excited singlet state (deltamu = 15.6, 9.9, 12D, respectively). The ground-state and excited-state dipole moments are nearly parallel to the long axis of these molecules. Excitation is accompanied by a shift of negative charge toward the carbonyl or Schiff base terminus, making the ionone end of these molecules positively charged. The large excited state dipole moment of all-trans retinal indicates that the vertically excited state, which is of 1Bu parentage (C2h), has become significantly mixed with even-parity states. On the basis of previous theoretical calculations, this mixing is expected to facilitate isomerization in the singlet manifold. We have also found that 11-cis retinal has a large deltamu (12.7 +/- 1.4 D) on excitation. In the visual pigments, the interaction of the excited-state dipole moment of retinal with a suitably located charged group could control the position of the absorption maximum. Also, the large shift in charge density upon excitation of retinal may lead to new electrostatic interactions between the chromophore and the protein that would act as a driving force for the initial conformational changes in visual excitation.", "PMID": 1065867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5023", "title": "Synthesis of choline from ethanolamine in rat brain.", "content": "Specific radioactivities of choline, acetylcholine, phosphocholine, lecithin, lysolecithin, and glycerophosphorylcholine have been measured in brain, blood, liver, and muscle after the intravenous injection of three labeled precursors: choline, methyl-labeled methionine, and ethanolamine. In relation to the specific activity of free choline in blood there was significantly more radioactivity in the free choline of brain after administration of methyl-labeled methionine and labeled ethanolamine than after labeled choline. Since the choline moiety of lipids, which returns back to the choline pool, contained less radioactivity after methyl-labeled methionine and labeled ethanolamine than after labeled choline, it is the most likely interpretation of the finding that choline, in brain can be formed by methylation of free ethanolamine. Data from liver confirm that lecithin is formed in the liver by methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine. No indication was found for the synthesis of choline in muscle. Rates of transfer and transport of choline in brain have been calculated as nmol x g-1 x min-1 as follows: turnover rate of choline, 36.5; rate of synthesis of choline by methylation and net loss of choline into the bloodstream, 6.3; inflow from the blood 6.2; outflow into the blood, 12.5; transfer into lipids and vice versa, 20; transfer to acetylcholine and vice versa, 4.", "contents": "Synthesis of choline from ethanolamine in rat brain. Specific radioactivities of choline, acetylcholine, phosphocholine, lecithin, lysolecithin, and glycerophosphorylcholine have been measured in brain, blood, liver, and muscle after the intravenous injection of three labeled precursors: choline, methyl-labeled methionine, and ethanolamine. In relation to the specific activity of free choline in blood there was significantly more radioactivity in the free choline of brain after administration of methyl-labeled methionine and labeled ethanolamine than after labeled choline. Since the choline moiety of lipids, which returns back to the choline pool, contained less radioactivity after methyl-labeled methionine and labeled ethanolamine than after labeled choline, it is the most likely interpretation of the finding that choline, in brain can be formed by methylation of free ethanolamine. Data from liver confirm that lecithin is formed in the liver by methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine. No indication was found for the synthesis of choline in muscle. Rates of transfer and transport of choline in brain have been calculated as nmol x g-1 x min-1 as follows: turnover rate of choline, 36.5; rate of synthesis of choline by methylation and net loss of choline into the bloodstream, 6.3; inflow from the blood 6.2; outflow into the blood, 12.5; transfer into lipids and vice versa, 20; transfer to acetylcholine and vice versa, 4.", "PMID": 1065868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5024", "title": "Isolation of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis specific for normal and malignant mammary cells.", "content": "A small-molecular-weight inhibitor of DNA synthesis, specific for normal and malignant mammary cells but devoid of species-specificity, has been isolated from bovine mammary glands. This factor has very little effect on RNA metabolism.", "contents": "Isolation of an inhibitor of DNA synthesis specific for normal and malignant mammary cells. A small-molecular-weight inhibitor of DNA synthesis, specific for normal and malignant mammary cells but devoid of species-specificity, has been isolated from bovine mammary glands. This factor has very little effect on RNA metabolism.", "PMID": 1065869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5025", "title": "Structural evidence that human liver and placental alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes are coded by different genes.", "content": "Human liver alkaline phosphatase [ortho-phosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] was purified, and some of its physical and chemical properties were examined and compared to those of human placental alkaline phosphatase. The results indicated a different peptide structure for each, based upon HB2-terminal residue sequence, two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps, and different amino acid compositions. These data are interpreted to indicate that the enzymes are synthesized by different structural genes. Other molecular properties differentiating the two enzymes were a higher apparent molecular weight for the liver enzyme from sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, a higher S20,w value, different carbohydrate content, and a different isoelectric point. The immunochemical specificity of each enzyme was not affected by removal of sialic acid groups. Both enzymes are similar in that they are dimers of equal molecular weight subunits, and are probably homodimers.", "contents": "Structural evidence that human liver and placental alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes are coded by different genes. Human liver alkaline phosphatase [ortho-phosphoric monoester phosphohydrolase (alkaline optimum), EC 3.1.3.1] was purified, and some of its physical and chemical properties were examined and compared to those of human placental alkaline phosphatase. The results indicated a different peptide structure for each, based upon HB2-terminal residue sequence, two-dimensional tryptic peptide maps, and different amino acid compositions. These data are interpreted to indicate that the enzymes are synthesized by different structural genes. Other molecular properties differentiating the two enzymes were a higher apparent molecular weight for the liver enzyme from sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, a higher S20,w value, different carbohydrate content, and a different isoelectric point. The immunochemical specificity of each enzyme was not affected by removal of sialic acid groups. Both enzymes are similar in that they are dimers of equal molecular weight subunits, and are probably homodimers.", "PMID": 1065870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5026", "title": "Isolation of a novel endogenous opiate analgesic from human blood.", "content": "Based upon its ability to inhibit opiate receptor binding, a low-molecular-weight substance (600) has been isolated from human plasma by extraction into butanol and ion exchange, molecular sieve, and thin-layer chromatography. When this substance, termed anodynin, is microinjected into rat periaqueductal gray matter, it causes a profound, long-lasting analgesia which is prevented by prior injection of the opiate antagonist naloxone. Anodynin (opiate receptor binding material) levels in serum from hypophysectomized rats are less than 5% of values obtained in sham-operated controls. Anodynin differs from enkephalin, a morphine-like peptide isolated from brain, in its sensitivity to enzymatic loss of opiate receptor inhibitory potency, thin-layer chromatographic mobility, and behavioral effects. Anodynin might be a hormone that acts on peripheral opiate receptors in the classical manner, but might also, due to its lipophilic nature and small size, penetrate into the brain to produce centrally mediated behavioral effects.", "contents": "Isolation of a novel endogenous opiate analgesic from human blood. Based upon its ability to inhibit opiate receptor binding, a low-molecular-weight substance (600) has been isolated from human plasma by extraction into butanol and ion exchange, molecular sieve, and thin-layer chromatography. When this substance, termed anodynin, is microinjected into rat periaqueductal gray matter, it causes a profound, long-lasting analgesia which is prevented by prior injection of the opiate antagonist naloxone. Anodynin (opiate receptor binding material) levels in serum from hypophysectomized rats are less than 5% of values obtained in sham-operated controls. Anodynin differs from enkephalin, a morphine-like peptide isolated from brain, in its sensitivity to enzymatic loss of opiate receptor inhibitory potency, thin-layer chromatographic mobility, and behavioral effects. Anodynin might be a hormone that acts on peripheral opiate receptors in the classical manner, but might also, due to its lipophilic nature and small size, penetrate into the brain to produce centrally mediated behavioral effects.", "PMID": 1065871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5027", "title": "Initiation of replication in chromosomal DNA induced by extracts from proliferating cells.", "content": "Addition of an extract prepared from a proliferating cell line to nuclei isolated from resting tissues such as frog liver and spleen resulted in the stimulation of DNA synthesis as assayed by [3H]dTTP incorporation. This stimulated incorporation of [3H]dTTP required ATP and depended on Mg2+ and deoxynucleoside triphosphates. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the synthesis of DNA in this system was discontinuous, resulting in the appearance of approximately 4S fragments and their ligation to yield higher molecular weight DNA. In addition, electron microscopic analysis of the DNA molecules from the reaction mixture showed that the frequency of replication \"eyes\" in the extract-stimulated reaction was 10-fold higher than that observed in controls. All of these results strongly suggest that the extract stimulated initiation of DNA replication in the chromatin of normally resting cells. Preliminary characterization by dialysis, heating, and enzyme treatments indicated that the activity is associated with one or more proteins of high molecular weight (greater than 50,000). Comparison of the levels of stimulatory activity in extracts from various mammalian and avian sources showed that the activity was present in cells proliferating either in vivo or in tissue culture. In contrast, extracts from normally resting tissues and cells had no activity. The level of activity present did not appear to be directly related to the levels of DNA polymerase. These results suggest a use for this system in studying regulation of the initiation of DNA synthesis and control of the various phases of the cell cycle.", "contents": "Initiation of replication in chromosomal DNA induced by extracts from proliferating cells. Addition of an extract prepared from a proliferating cell line to nuclei isolated from resting tissues such as frog liver and spleen resulted in the stimulation of DNA synthesis as assayed by [3H]dTTP incorporation. This stimulated incorporation of [3H]dTTP required ATP and depended on Mg2+ and deoxynucleoside triphosphates. Pulse-chase experiments showed that the synthesis of DNA in this system was discontinuous, resulting in the appearance of approximately 4S fragments and their ligation to yield higher molecular weight DNA. In addition, electron microscopic analysis of the DNA molecules from the reaction mixture showed that the frequency of replication \"eyes\" in the extract-stimulated reaction was 10-fold higher than that observed in controls. All of these results strongly suggest that the extract stimulated initiation of DNA replication in the chromatin of normally resting cells. Preliminary characterization by dialysis, heating, and enzyme treatments indicated that the activity is associated with one or more proteins of high molecular weight (greater than 50,000). Comparison of the levels of stimulatory activity in extracts from various mammalian and avian sources showed that the activity was present in cells proliferating either in vivo or in tissue culture. In contrast, extracts from normally resting tissues and cells had no activity. The level of activity present did not appear to be directly related to the levels of DNA polymerase. These results suggest a use for this system in studying regulation of the initiation of DNA synthesis and control of the various phases of the cell cycle.", "PMID": 1065872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5028", "title": "Purification and properties of a DNA-binding protein with characteristics expected for the Cro protein of bacteriophage lambda, a repressor essential for lytic growth.", "content": "The Cro protein specified by bacteriophage lambda is a repressor essential for normal lytic growth of the virus, thus having a physiological role distinct from that of cI, the repressor that maintains lysogeny. We have purified a lambda-specific DNA-binding protein with the requirements for synthesis and biochemical activities expected for Cro protein from studies in vivo. As isolated, the protein appears to be a dimer of molecular weight approximately 18,000 with DNA-binding properties that are very similar, but not identical, to those of the cI protein. We infer that bacteriophage lambda uses the same regulatory region of DNA for two different DNA-binding repressor proteins with subtle differences in binding activity specialized for different physiological roles.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a DNA-binding protein with characteristics expected for the Cro protein of bacteriophage lambda, a repressor essential for lytic growth. The Cro protein specified by bacteriophage lambda is a repressor essential for normal lytic growth of the virus, thus having a physiological role distinct from that of cI, the repressor that maintains lysogeny. We have purified a lambda-specific DNA-binding protein with the requirements for synthesis and biochemical activities expected for Cro protein from studies in vivo. As isolated, the protein appears to be a dimer of molecular weight approximately 18,000 with DNA-binding properties that are very similar, but not identical, to those of the cI protein. We infer that bacteriophage lambda uses the same regulatory region of DNA for two different DNA-binding repressor proteins with subtle differences in binding activity specialized for different physiological roles.", "PMID": 1065873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5029", "title": "Spike-forming model of the neural membrane: improvement in the parameter values.", "content": "A new set of values is presented for the reaction rate and ionic conductance parameters that determine the properties of the previously developed model of the neural membrane [Wooldridge, D.E. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3468-3471]. The resulting improvement in the extent of the agreement between theory and experiment is briefly described.", "contents": "Spike-forming model of the neural membrane: improvement in the parameter values. A new set of values is presented for the reaction rate and ionic conductance parameters that determine the properties of the previously developed model of the neural membrane [Wooldridge, D.E. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 3468-3471]. The resulting improvement in the extent of the agreement between theory and experiment is briefly described.", "PMID": 1065874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5030", "title": "Deposition of histone onto the replicating chromosome: newly synthesized histone is not found near the replication fork.", "content": "We have studied the site of deposition of newly synthesized histone. It appears to be randomly distributed over the chromosomal material and does not become associated specifically with immediately post-replicational DNA, nor is it deposited in discrete continuous regions distal to the sites of DNA synthesis. The newly synthesized DNA, however, rapidly acquires a complement of chromosomal proteins; presumably, preexisting histones must migrate to become associated with post-replicational DNA.", "contents": "Deposition of histone onto the replicating chromosome: newly synthesized histone is not found near the replication fork. We have studied the site of deposition of newly synthesized histone. It appears to be randomly distributed over the chromosomal material and does not become associated specifically with immediately post-replicational DNA, nor is it deposited in discrete continuous regions distal to the sites of DNA synthesis. The newly synthesized DNA, however, rapidly acquires a complement of chromosomal proteins; presumably, preexisting histones must migrate to become associated with post-replicational DNA.", "PMID": 1065875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5031", "title": "Temporal relationships of chromatin protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, and assembly of deoxyribonucleoprotein.", "content": "Chromatin assembly has been investigated in terms of the sites on DNA where newly synthesized chromatin proteins associate. Chromatin from cells labeled with [14C]-BrdUrd and [3H]lysine was fixed with formaldehyde and resolved in CsCl gradients. By varying the spacing of the labeling intervals of the two isotopes so as to encompass all possible periods in S-phase, the association of labeled, newly synthesized proteins on newly synthesized (BrdUrd-substituted) or preexisting chromatin DNA was determined. In all experiments it was found that newly synthesized chromatin proteins predominantly associated with nonreplicating DNA. Possible mechanisms by which cells recycle preexisting chromatin proteins to restore the protein content of newly synthesized DNA are discussed.", "contents": "Temporal relationships of chromatin protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, and assembly of deoxyribonucleoprotein. Chromatin assembly has been investigated in terms of the sites on DNA where newly synthesized chromatin proteins associate. Chromatin from cells labeled with [14C]-BrdUrd and [3H]lysine was fixed with formaldehyde and resolved in CsCl gradients. By varying the spacing of the labeling intervals of the two isotopes so as to encompass all possible periods in S-phase, the association of labeled, newly synthesized proteins on newly synthesized (BrdUrd-substituted) or preexisting chromatin DNA was determined. In all experiments it was found that newly synthesized chromatin proteins predominantly associated with nonreplicating DNA. Possible mechanisms by which cells recycle preexisting chromatin proteins to restore the protein content of newly synthesized DNA are discussed.", "PMID": 1065876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5032", "title": "Antibody evidence for different conformational states of ADP, ATP translocator protein isolated from mitochondria.", "content": "Consistent with the previously proposed reorientation mechanism for the ADP,ATP translocator protein of mitochondria, evidence has now been obtained for the existence of two distinct conformational states of the isolated translocator protein. Previous studies indicated that when the mitochondrial translocator protein is in the c-state(i.e., when its binding site faces the cytosol side) the protein binds primarily the ligand carboxyatractylate (CAT), and when the translocator protein is in the m-state(i.e., when its binding site faces the mitochondrial matrix) the translocator protein binds primarily bongkrekate. Direct evidence for this formulation has now come from the application of antibodies to the isolated translocator protein-ligand complex. Two antibodies were produced against the ADP,ATP translocator protein isolated from beef heart mitochondria. One antibody, which was produced against the protein isolated as the CAT-binding protein complex, was found to be highly specific for that complex and did not react with the protein in the conformation state conferred by the bongkrekate ligand. This antibody did not cover the CAT-binding site, as evidenced by the exchange of unlabeled CAT with [35S]CAT bound to the translocator protein. However, the same antibody inhibited a transition of the protein from the c-state to the m-state, as evidenced by an inhibition of the displacement of[35S]CAT by bongkrekate (added jointly with ADP). It appears, therefore, that the antibody immobilized the translocator protein in the c-state. The second antibody produced against the (somewhat less pure) ADP,ATP translocator protein, isolated as the bongkrekate-binding protein complex, did not react with the CAT-binding protein. Thus, the second antibody appeared to be specific for the translocator protein in the m-state. Neither antibody inhibited mitochondrial ADP,ATP transport.", "contents": "Antibody evidence for different conformational states of ADP, ATP translocator protein isolated from mitochondria. Consistent with the previously proposed reorientation mechanism for the ADP,ATP translocator protein of mitochondria, evidence has now been obtained for the existence of two distinct conformational states of the isolated translocator protein. Previous studies indicated that when the mitochondrial translocator protein is in the c-state(i.e., when its binding site faces the cytosol side) the protein binds primarily the ligand carboxyatractylate (CAT), and when the translocator protein is in the m-state(i.e., when its binding site faces the mitochondrial matrix) the translocator protein binds primarily bongkrekate. Direct evidence for this formulation has now come from the application of antibodies to the isolated translocator protein-ligand complex. Two antibodies were produced against the ADP,ATP translocator protein isolated from beef heart mitochondria. One antibody, which was produced against the protein isolated as the CAT-binding protein complex, was found to be highly specific for that complex and did not react with the protein in the conformation state conferred by the bongkrekate ligand. This antibody did not cover the CAT-binding site, as evidenced by the exchange of unlabeled CAT with [35S]CAT bound to the translocator protein. However, the same antibody inhibited a transition of the protein from the c-state to the m-state, as evidenced by an inhibition of the displacement of[35S]CAT by bongkrekate (added jointly with ADP). It appears, therefore, that the antibody immobilized the translocator protein in the c-state. The second antibody produced against the (somewhat less pure) ADP,ATP translocator protein, isolated as the bongkrekate-binding protein complex, did not react with the CAT-binding protein. Thus, the second antibody appeared to be specific for the translocator protein in the m-state. Neither antibody inhibited mitochondrial ADP,ATP transport.", "PMID": 1065877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5033", "title": "DNA sequence organization in the lepidopteran Antheraea pernyi.", "content": "A large fraction of the genome of the lepidopteran Antheraea pernyi consists of interspersed single-copy sequences and repetitive DNA sequences of 300 nucleotide average length. Most of the single-copy sequences are about 800 nucleotides long and a minority are considerably longer. Thus, the organization of the DNA sequences of this insect is similar to that of most higher organisms and different from that of Drosophila.", "contents": "DNA sequence organization in the lepidopteran Antheraea pernyi. A large fraction of the genome of the lepidopteran Antheraea pernyi consists of interspersed single-copy sequences and repetitive DNA sequences of 300 nucleotide average length. Most of the single-copy sequences are about 800 nucleotides long and a minority are considerably longer. Thus, the organization of the DNA sequences of this insect is similar to that of most higher organisms and different from that of Drosophila.", "PMID": 1065878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5034", "title": "Kinetics of branch migration in double-stranded DNA.", "content": "The rate of branch migration in double stranded DNA has been measured by the use of a unique substrate formed by the action of the EcoRI restriction endonuclease on the dimeric figure-8 configuration of the replicative form DNA of phage G4. The figure-8 and the X-form derived from it contain a junction of the kind postulated to occur in the Holliday structure and to be an essential feature of a number of models of recombination. In the X-form this junction can branch migrate to an irreversible terminal configuration consisting of two linear monomers. The disappearance of X-forms was measured by electron microscopy. A treatment of branch migration as a random walk process was developed to permit the determination of the rate of the intrinsic process, a step movement of the junction by a distance of one base pair. A value of about 6 kilobase pairs per sec at 37 degrees was obtained.", "contents": "Kinetics of branch migration in double-stranded DNA. The rate of branch migration in double stranded DNA has been measured by the use of a unique substrate formed by the action of the EcoRI restriction endonuclease on the dimeric figure-8 configuration of the replicative form DNA of phage G4. The figure-8 and the X-form derived from it contain a junction of the kind postulated to occur in the Holliday structure and to be an essential feature of a number of models of recombination. In the X-form this junction can branch migrate to an irreversible terminal configuration consisting of two linear monomers. The disappearance of X-forms was measured by electron microscopy. A treatment of branch migration as a random walk process was developed to permit the determination of the rate of the intrinsic process, a step movement of the junction by a distance of one base pair. A value of about 6 kilobase pairs per sec at 37 degrees was obtained.", "PMID": 1065879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5035", "title": "Elevated serum ribonuclease in patients with pancreatic cancer.", "content": "Serum RNase (ribonuclease) of normal persons and of patients with pancreatitis, carcinoma of pancreas, or other neoplasms was determined with poly(C) as substrate. Strikingly abnormal elevations occur in the serum RNase of patients with pancreatic cancer. There is no elevation in the serum RNase level of patients with pancreatitis. Average serum RNase values of 52 normal persons, 10 patients with pancreatitis, 30 patients with pancreatic cancer, 28 patients with breast cancer, 11 patients with lung cancer, 20 patients with colon cancer, six patients with stomach cancer, and four patients with liver cancer, respectively, were 104, 120, 383, 131, 173, 197, 194, and 152 units/ml of serum. Ninety percent of the patients with pancreatic cancer were above the level of 250 units of serum and 90% of all patients with varied cancers were below this level. In the presence of severe renal insufficiency, marked elevation of serum RNase was also observed. Serum RNase, because of its unique specificity, pancreatic origin, and its abnormal elevation in sera of patients with pancreatic cancer, serves as a reliable biochemical marker of carcinoma of the pancreas in the presence of normal renal function.", "contents": "Elevated serum ribonuclease in patients with pancreatic cancer. Serum RNase (ribonuclease) of normal persons and of patients with pancreatitis, carcinoma of pancreas, or other neoplasms was determined with poly(C) as substrate. Strikingly abnormal elevations occur in the serum RNase of patients with pancreatic cancer. There is no elevation in the serum RNase level of patients with pancreatitis. Average serum RNase values of 52 normal persons, 10 patients with pancreatitis, 30 patients with pancreatic cancer, 28 patients with breast cancer, 11 patients with lung cancer, 20 patients with colon cancer, six patients with stomach cancer, and four patients with liver cancer, respectively, were 104, 120, 383, 131, 173, 197, 194, and 152 units/ml of serum. Ninety percent of the patients with pancreatic cancer were above the level of 250 units of serum and 90% of all patients with varied cancers were below this level. In the presence of severe renal insufficiency, marked elevation of serum RNase was also observed. Serum RNase, because of its unique specificity, pancreatic origin, and its abnormal elevation in sera of patients with pancreatic cancer, serves as a reliable biochemical marker of carcinoma of the pancreas in the presence of normal renal function.", "PMID": 1065880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5036", "title": "A fucose-deficient glycoprotein precursor to Rauscher leukemia virus gp69/71.", "content": "Rauscher leukemia virus glycoprotein gp69/71 is synthesized in virus-infected cells by way of a 90,000 dalton glycoprotein precursor, termed Pr2a+b. This precursor could be labeled with radioactive glucosamine and methionine but not with fucose; whereas gp69/71 could be detected by labeling with radioactive glucosamine, fucose, or a mixture of amino acids but seemed to be deficient in methionine relative to Pr2a+b. Pr2a+b and gp69/71, were specifically precipitated by an antiserum prepared against phosphocellulose purified Rauscher gp69/71. Other virus-specific precursors, in addition to Pr2a+b, could be precipitated by antiserum prepared against detergent disrupted virus. Neither Pr2a+b nor gp69/71 was precipitated from cell extracts by antisera to Rauscher p30. Tryptic maps of Pr2a+b and gp69/71 showed that these glycoproteins share many tryptic peptides. Pulse-chase experiments with 14C-labeled amino acids indicated that gp69/71 was not radio-labeled during the pulse-labeling period but slowly appeared during the chase incubations. Pr2a+b, however, was rapidly labeled and tended to disappear during long chases. Furthermore, two nonglycosylated viral proteins, termed p15E and p12E, are structurally related to Pr2a+b. Viral p15E and p12E contained the same methionine-containing tryptic peptide fraction as Pr2a+b as determined by ion-exchange chromatography. These results provide evidence that Pr2a+b is a precursor to gp69/71 and establish a structural and possible precursor-product relationship between Pr2a+b, p15E, and p12E.", "contents": "A fucose-deficient glycoprotein precursor to Rauscher leukemia virus gp69/71. Rauscher leukemia virus glycoprotein gp69/71 is synthesized in virus-infected cells by way of a 90,000 dalton glycoprotein precursor, termed Pr2a+b. This precursor could be labeled with radioactive glucosamine and methionine but not with fucose; whereas gp69/71 could be detected by labeling with radioactive glucosamine, fucose, or a mixture of amino acids but seemed to be deficient in methionine relative to Pr2a+b. Pr2a+b and gp69/71, were specifically precipitated by an antiserum prepared against phosphocellulose purified Rauscher gp69/71. Other virus-specific precursors, in addition to Pr2a+b, could be precipitated by antiserum prepared against detergent disrupted virus. Neither Pr2a+b nor gp69/71 was precipitated from cell extracts by antisera to Rauscher p30. Tryptic maps of Pr2a+b and gp69/71 showed that these glycoproteins share many tryptic peptides. Pulse-chase experiments with 14C-labeled amino acids indicated that gp69/71 was not radio-labeled during the pulse-labeling period but slowly appeared during the chase incubations. Pr2a+b, however, was rapidly labeled and tended to disappear during long chases. Furthermore, two nonglycosylated viral proteins, termed p15E and p12E, are structurally related to Pr2a+b. Viral p15E and p12E contained the same methionine-containing tryptic peptide fraction as Pr2a+b as determined by ion-exchange chromatography. These results provide evidence that Pr2a+b is a precursor to gp69/71 and establish a structural and possible precursor-product relationship between Pr2a+b, p15E, and p12E.", "PMID": 1065881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5037", "title": "Metal-induced infidelity during DNA synthesis.", "content": "The effect of several divalent cations on the accuracy of DNA replication in vitro has been examined. Only Be2+ altered the accuracy of DNA synthesis using purified DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7) from avian myeloblastosis virus. The Be2+-induced base substitutions occurred with all templates and with all nucleotides tested. Analysis of the product by equilibrium density centrifugation and processive hydrolysis with snake venom phosphodiesterase suggested that the noncomplementary nucleotides were present in phosphodiester linkage. Nearest neighbor studies indicated that many of the Be2+-induced errors were present as single base substitutions. The enhancement of error frequency could be duplicated by the pretreatment of the enzyme, but not the template, with Be2+. Glycerol gradient centrifugation dissociated the Be2+-DNA polymerase complex and restored the initial error frequency of the polymerase. Thus, the weak binding of a metal cation to a DNA polymerase could alter the accuracy with which that polymerase copied DNA. Beryllium is a known carcinogen. The potential use of this system as a screening technique to detect chemical mutagens and carcinogens is considered.", "contents": "Metal-induced infidelity during DNA synthesis. The effect of several divalent cations on the accuracy of DNA replication in vitro has been examined. Only Be2+ altered the accuracy of DNA synthesis using purified DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase; deoxynucleosidetriphosphate:DNA deoxynucleotidyltransferase; EC 2.7.7.7) from avian myeloblastosis virus. The Be2+-induced base substitutions occurred with all templates and with all nucleotides tested. Analysis of the product by equilibrium density centrifugation and processive hydrolysis with snake venom phosphodiesterase suggested that the noncomplementary nucleotides were present in phosphodiester linkage. Nearest neighbor studies indicated that many of the Be2+-induced errors were present as single base substitutions. The enhancement of error frequency could be duplicated by the pretreatment of the enzyme, but not the template, with Be2+. Glycerol gradient centrifugation dissociated the Be2+-DNA polymerase complex and restored the initial error frequency of the polymerase. Thus, the weak binding of a metal cation to a DNA polymerase could alter the accuracy with which that polymerase copied DNA. Beryllium is a known carcinogen. The potential use of this system as a screening technique to detect chemical mutagens and carcinogens is considered.", "PMID": 1065882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5038", "title": "The evolution of a universal genetic code.", "content": "Some of the basic problems presented by the rapid evolution of a universal genetic code can be resolved by a mechanism of co-evolution of the code and the amino acids it serves.", "contents": "The evolution of a universal genetic code. Some of the basic problems presented by the rapid evolution of a universal genetic code can be resolved by a mechanism of co-evolution of the code and the amino acids it serves.", "PMID": 1065883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5039", "title": "Origin and direction of synthesis of bacteriophage fl DNA.", "content": "The origin and direction of synthesis in vivo of the viral and complementary strands of f1 DNA were studied by measuring the distribution of radioactivity along the genome after a short pulse of [3H]thymidine. The results indicate that the origins of replication of viral and complementary strands are located close to one another, probably both within a restriction fragment (HaeIII-G) which is about 120 bases long. Replication of both viral and complementary strands proceeds in the 5' leads to 3' overall direction. Thus, the viral strand is elongated in the counterclockwise and the complementary strand in the clockwise direction on the standard genetic map. A model is proposed in which only two mechanisms are invoked to generate all f1 DNA species: (1) the conversion of single-stranded viral DNA into double-stranded molecules and (2) the synthesis of viral single strands from double strands.", "contents": "Origin and direction of synthesis of bacteriophage fl DNA. The origin and direction of synthesis in vivo of the viral and complementary strands of f1 DNA were studied by measuring the distribution of radioactivity along the genome after a short pulse of [3H]thymidine. The results indicate that the origins of replication of viral and complementary strands are located close to one another, probably both within a restriction fragment (HaeIII-G) which is about 120 bases long. Replication of both viral and complementary strands proceeds in the 5' leads to 3' overall direction. Thus, the viral strand is elongated in the counterclockwise and the complementary strand in the clockwise direction on the standard genetic map. A model is proposed in which only two mechanisms are invoked to generate all f1 DNA species: (1) the conversion of single-stranded viral DNA into double-stranded molecules and (2) the synthesis of viral single strands from double strands.", "PMID": 1065884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5040", "title": "Chick cytoplasmic actin and muscle actin have different structural genes.", "content": "Actins isolated from embryonic chick brain and muscle differ in mobility when subjected to electrophoresis in gels containing urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Experiments were carried out to determine whether these actins are products of different structural genes and differ in primary amino acid sequence, or whether they are products of the same structural gene but are different because of post-translational modification. Messenger RNA from brain and muscle tissue was used to direct cell-free protein synthesis in wheat germ extracts. The synthesized actins were identified by conversion from globular to fibrous actin and by two-dimensional chromatographic analysis of tryptic peptides. The differences in electrophoretic mobility of brain compared to muscle actin were maintained in the cell-free protein synthetic products. Therefore, these mobility differences were not due to post-translational modification. It was concluded that brain and muscle actin are coded by different messenger RNAs and therefore arise from different structural genes. In addition, messenger RNA from 13- and 16-day embryonic thigh muscle directed the synthesis of both brain- and muscle-type actins, suggesting that muscle cell differentiation involves the regulation of at least two different actin genes.", "contents": "Chick cytoplasmic actin and muscle actin have different structural genes. Actins isolated from embryonic chick brain and muscle differ in mobility when subjected to electrophoresis in gels containing urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. Experiments were carried out to determine whether these actins are products of different structural genes and differ in primary amino acid sequence, or whether they are products of the same structural gene but are different because of post-translational modification. Messenger RNA from brain and muscle tissue was used to direct cell-free protein synthesis in wheat germ extracts. The synthesized actins were identified by conversion from globular to fibrous actin and by two-dimensional chromatographic analysis of tryptic peptides. The differences in electrophoretic mobility of brain compared to muscle actin were maintained in the cell-free protein synthetic products. Therefore, these mobility differences were not due to post-translational modification. It was concluded that brain and muscle actin are coded by different messenger RNAs and therefore arise from different structural genes. In addition, messenger RNA from 13- and 16-day embryonic thigh muscle directed the synthesis of both brain- and muscle-type actins, suggesting that muscle cell differentiation involves the regulation of at least two different actin genes.", "PMID": 1065885}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5041", "title": "Host restriction of Friend leukemia virus: synthesis and integration of the provirus.", "content": "Host restriction of exogenous infection by murine leukemia viruses is controlled in vitro predominantly by the murine Fv-1 locus. The mechanism of this host restriction was investigated by comparing the early events in the replication of N-tropic versus B-tropic Friend leukemia virus in NIH 3T3 cells. These cells, which are Fv-1nn in type, are permissive for the N-tropic strain, but nonpermissive for the B-tropic strain, which replicates permissively in Balb/c cells. We have studied the synthesis, intracellular location, and molecular form of virus-specific DNA early in replication by means of molecular hybridization with a virus-specific DNA probe. Our results suggest that in the permissive infection viral DNA rapidly becomes integrated with cellular DNA. However, in the nonpermissive infection, although almost equal amounts of both positive and negative strand viral DNA are synthesized, integration of the provirus does not occur.", "contents": "Host restriction of Friend leukemia virus: synthesis and integration of the provirus. Host restriction of exogenous infection by murine leukemia viruses is controlled in vitro predominantly by the murine Fv-1 locus. The mechanism of this host restriction was investigated by comparing the early events in the replication of N-tropic versus B-tropic Friend leukemia virus in NIH 3T3 cells. These cells, which are Fv-1nn in type, are permissive for the N-tropic strain, but nonpermissive for the B-tropic strain, which replicates permissively in Balb/c cells. We have studied the synthesis, intracellular location, and molecular form of virus-specific DNA early in replication by means of molecular hybridization with a virus-specific DNA probe. Our results suggest that in the permissive infection viral DNA rapidly becomes integrated with cellular DNA. However, in the nonpermissive infection, although almost equal amounts of both positive and negative strand viral DNA are synthesized, integration of the provirus does not occur.", "PMID": 1065886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5042", "title": "Polypeptides with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth promoting activities in human serum: isolation, chemical characterization, and some biological properties of forms I and II.", "content": "Serum contains a polypeptide with insulin-like activity not suppressible by insulin antibodies (NSILA). A large-scale isolation procedure for NSILA is described, starting from an acid ethanol extract of a Cohn fraction (precipitate B) obtained from human plasma. Two homogenous polypeptides with insulin-like and cell-growth promoting activities could be isolated by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both components are slightly basic polypeptides with a minimal molecular weight of 5800 +/- 400. Both are single-chain molecules with two intrachain disulfide bridges each and no free sulfhydryl groups. NSILA I and II differ, however, in their amino acid compositions. The N-terminal amino acid sequences are Gly-Pro-Glu- in NSILA I, and Ala-Tyr-Arg- and Tyr-Arg- in NSILA II. Both NSILA I and II enhance net gas exchange in adipose tissue with a specific activity 60 times lower than that of insulin. In the range of 1-50 ng/ml, both substances stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of chick embryo fibroblasts. The same effect can be obtained with insulin but only at concentrations 50-100 times higher than those of NSILA. These results suggest that NSILA I and II are two forms of an insulin-like hormone with predominating effects on cell and tissue growth parameters.", "contents": "Polypeptides with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth promoting activities in human serum: isolation, chemical characterization, and some biological properties of forms I and II. Serum contains a polypeptide with insulin-like activity not suppressible by insulin antibodies (NSILA). A large-scale isolation procedure for NSILA is described, starting from an acid ethanol extract of a Cohn fraction (precipitate B) obtained from human plasma. Two homogenous polypeptides with insulin-like and cell-growth promoting activities could be isolated by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both components are slightly basic polypeptides with a minimal molecular weight of 5800 +/- 400. Both are single-chain molecules with two intrachain disulfide bridges each and no free sulfhydryl groups. NSILA I and II differ, however, in their amino acid compositions. The N-terminal amino acid sequences are Gly-Pro-Glu- in NSILA I, and Ala-Tyr-Arg- and Tyr-Arg- in NSILA II. Both NSILA I and II enhance net gas exchange in adipose tissue with a specific activity 60 times lower than that of insulin. In the range of 1-50 ng/ml, both substances stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA of chick embryo fibroblasts. The same effect can be obtained with insulin but only at concentrations 50-100 times higher than those of NSILA. These results suggest that NSILA I and II are two forms of an insulin-like hormone with predominating effects on cell and tissue growth parameters.", "PMID": 1065887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5043", "title": "Synapse and acetylcholine receptor synthesis by neurons dissociated from retina.", "content": "Neurons dissociated from chick embryo retina and cultured from more than 1 x 10(8) synapses per mg of protein. At least three types of synapses are synthesized which resemble those of the intact retina. In addition, two populations of neurons were found, those with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and those without the receptors.", "contents": "Synapse and acetylcholine receptor synthesis by neurons dissociated from retina. Neurons dissociated from chick embryo retina and cultured from more than 1 x 10(8) synapses per mg of protein. At least three types of synapses are synthesized which resemble those of the intact retina. In addition, two populations of neurons were found, those with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and those without the receptors.", "PMID": 1065888}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5044", "title": "Tubulin aggregation and disaggregation: mediation by two distinct vinblastine-binding sites.", "content": "Rat brain tubulin possesses two distinct binding sites for vinblastine per molecule: a high-affinity site with an affinity constant of 6.2 x 10(6) M-1 and a low-affinity site with an affinity constant of 8 x 10(4) M-1. The high-affinity site is labile, with a t1/237 degrees of 3.5 hr, is protected by colchicine, and is unaffected by salt, whereas the low-affinity site is stable but is inhibited by salt. Binding to both sites is rapid. The high-affinity binding constant of vinblastine to tubulin (6.2 x 10(6) M-1) corresponds to the half-maximal concentration of vinblastine needed to prevent polymerization of tubulin in vitro, whereas the low-affinity binding constant (8 x 10(4) M-1) corresponds to the half-maximal concentration of vinblastine required to aggregate tubulin. We conclude that vinblastine binding to the high- and low-affinity sites, respectively, accounts for the depolymerization and aggregation behavior of tubulin.", "contents": "Tubulin aggregation and disaggregation: mediation by two distinct vinblastine-binding sites. Rat brain tubulin possesses two distinct binding sites for vinblastine per molecule: a high-affinity site with an affinity constant of 6.2 x 10(6) M-1 and a low-affinity site with an affinity constant of 8 x 10(4) M-1. The high-affinity site is labile, with a t1/237 degrees of 3.5 hr, is protected by colchicine, and is unaffected by salt, whereas the low-affinity site is stable but is inhibited by salt. Binding to both sites is rapid. The high-affinity binding constant of vinblastine to tubulin (6.2 x 10(6) M-1) corresponds to the half-maximal concentration of vinblastine needed to prevent polymerization of tubulin in vitro, whereas the low-affinity binding constant (8 x 10(4) M-1) corresponds to the half-maximal concentration of vinblastine required to aggregate tubulin. We conclude that vinblastine binding to the high- and low-affinity sites, respectively, accounts for the depolymerization and aggregation behavior of tubulin.", "PMID": 1065889}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5045", "title": "Comparative study by circular dichroism of the conformation of deazapurine nucleosides and that of common purine nucleosides.", "content": "Purine nucleoside analogs modified by replacement of the nitrogen atom at the 3 position by a CH group give a characteristic circular dichroism curve that is not substantially modified by chemical substitution at the 8 position. Since it is rather well established that 8-substituted purine nucleosides are predominantly in the syn conformation in aqueous solution, it follows that the 3-deazapurine nucleosides, whether substituted at position 8 or not, also favor the syn conformation. These data are in sharp contrast to the circular dichroism data obtained on 8-halogenated and 8-alkylated derivatives of adenosine and guanosine, which give circular dichroism profiles substantially different from those obtained on the parent compounds. Certain purine-nucleoside-utilizing enzymes fail to interact effectively with either the unsubstituted 3-deaza analogs or the 8-substituted derivatives of adenosine and guanosine. The hypothesis recently given that the inactivity of the 8-substituted derivatives springs from their syn-conformational preference is tentatively accepted to explain the inactivity of the 3-deaza analogs.", "contents": "Comparative study by circular dichroism of the conformation of deazapurine nucleosides and that of common purine nucleosides. Purine nucleoside analogs modified by replacement of the nitrogen atom at the 3 position by a CH group give a characteristic circular dichroism curve that is not substantially modified by chemical substitution at the 8 position. Since it is rather well established that 8-substituted purine nucleosides are predominantly in the syn conformation in aqueous solution, it follows that the 3-deazapurine nucleosides, whether substituted at position 8 or not, also favor the syn conformation. These data are in sharp contrast to the circular dichroism data obtained on 8-halogenated and 8-alkylated derivatives of adenosine and guanosine, which give circular dichroism profiles substantially different from those obtained on the parent compounds. Certain purine-nucleoside-utilizing enzymes fail to interact effectively with either the unsubstituted 3-deaza analogs or the 8-substituted derivatives of adenosine and guanosine. The hypothesis recently given that the inactivity of the 8-substituted derivatives springs from their syn-conformational preference is tentatively accepted to explain the inactivity of the 3-deaza analogs.", "PMID": 1065890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5046", "title": "Electrophoretic distributions of human peripheral blood mononuclear white cells from normal subjects and from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The electrophoretic mobilities of mononuclear white cells from the peripheral blood of normal subjects and leukemic patients were measured. Analysis of both fresh and cryopreserved samples of each type showed that cryopreservation had no distinguishable effect on the electrophoretic distribution of either normal or leukemic cells. Mode mobilities (mobilities at which maximum intensities are observed) of cells from nine leukemic patients were 7-28% below the average mode mobility of normal cells. The standard deviation of the electrophoretic mobilities of normal cells was 2%. Normal cells had an asymmetric, often bimodal, electrophoretic distribution; leukemic cells consistently had a single symmetric distribution.", "contents": "Electrophoretic distributions of human peripheral blood mononuclear white cells from normal subjects and from patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. The electrophoretic mobilities of mononuclear white cells from the peripheral blood of normal subjects and leukemic patients were measured. Analysis of both fresh and cryopreserved samples of each type showed that cryopreservation had no distinguishable effect on the electrophoretic distribution of either normal or leukemic cells. Mode mobilities (mobilities at which maximum intensities are observed) of cells from nine leukemic patients were 7-28% below the average mode mobility of normal cells. The standard deviation of the electrophoretic mobilities of normal cells was 2%. Normal cells had an asymmetric, often bimodal, electrophoretic distribution; leukemic cells consistently had a single symmetric distribution.", "PMID": 1065891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5047", "title": "Charge pair model of bioenergetics: redox enzymes.", "content": "A model of electron transfer between redox enzymes is constructed on the assumption that the apoenzyme contains orientable units, which are tentatively identified with flipping amino acids. The model is based on the entatic state hypothesis, and the rate of electron transfer is derived.", "contents": "Charge pair model of bioenergetics: redox enzymes. A model of electron transfer between redox enzymes is constructed on the assumption that the apoenzyme contains orientable units, which are tentatively identified with flipping amino acids. The model is based on the entatic state hypothesis, and the rate of electron transfer is derived.", "PMID": 1065892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5048", "title": "Enhancement of postreplication repair in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Alkaline sedimentation profiles of pulse-labeled DNA from Chinese hamster cells showed that DNA from cells treated with N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene or ultraviolet radiation was made in segments smaller than those from untreated cells. Cells treated with a small dose (2.5 muM) of N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene or (2.5 J-m-2) 254-nm radiation, several hours before a larger dose (7-10 muM) of N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene or 5.0 J.m-2 of 254 nm radiation, also synthesized small DNA after the second dose. However, the rate at which this small DNA was joined together into parental size was appreciably greater than in absence of the small dose. This enhancement of postreplication repair (as a result of the initial small dose) was not observed when cells were incubated with cycloheximide between the two treatments. The results suggest that N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene and ultraviolet-damaged DNA from Chinese hamster cells are repaired by similar postreplicative mechanisms that require de novo protein synthesis for enhancement.", "contents": "Enhancement of postreplication repair in Chinese hamster cells. Alkaline sedimentation profiles of pulse-labeled DNA from Chinese hamster cells showed that DNA from cells treated with N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene or ultraviolet radiation was made in segments smaller than those from untreated cells. Cells treated with a small dose (2.5 muM) of N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene or (2.5 J-m-2) 254-nm radiation, several hours before a larger dose (7-10 muM) of N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene or 5.0 J.m-2 of 254 nm radiation, also synthesized small DNA after the second dose. However, the rate at which this small DNA was joined together into parental size was appreciably greater than in absence of the small dose. This enhancement of postreplication repair (as a result of the initial small dose) was not observed when cells were incubated with cycloheximide between the two treatments. The results suggest that N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene and ultraviolet-damaged DNA from Chinese hamster cells are repaired by similar postreplicative mechanisms that require de novo protein synthesis for enhancement.", "PMID": 1065893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5049", "title": "Immunological block to mammalian fertilization: survival and organ distribution of immunoglobulin which inhibits fertilization in vivo.", "content": "Fertilization of golden hamster eggs was blocked both in vitro and in vivo by antibodies produced in rabbits against specific hamster ovarian antigens (HOA). Antibodies against HOA bound to surfaces of the hamster egg zona pellucida and prevented spermatozoa from attaching to the zona and entering eggs in vitro. Fertilization in animals could be  blocked for four estrous cycles by a single intraperitoneal injection of anti-HOA immunoglobulin, but not by control immunoglobulin. The in vivo fate of anti-HOA immunoglobulin was analyzed by simultaneous injection of 125I-anti-HOA IgG and control 131I-IgG. Both anti-HOA IgG and control IgG appeared in a variety of organs (lung, kidney, spleen, liver, and uterus) shortly after injection, but disappeared rapidly with no detectable differences in organ half lives. However, in the ovary anti-HOA IgG (but not control IgG) persisted at high levels during the period of infertility. Quantitative precipitin analysis of organ homogenates indicated that a high percentage of anti-HOA IgG in the ovary (but not in the other organs tested) was immunologically indistinguishable from IgG indicating lack of radiolabel metabolism and reincorporation. The results are discussed in terms of the development of a specific immunological block to fertility.", "contents": "Immunological block to mammalian fertilization: survival and organ distribution of immunoglobulin which inhibits fertilization in vivo. Fertilization of golden hamster eggs was blocked both in vitro and in vivo by antibodies produced in rabbits against specific hamster ovarian antigens (HOA). Antibodies against HOA bound to surfaces of the hamster egg zona pellucida and prevented spermatozoa from attaching to the zona and entering eggs in vitro. Fertilization in animals could be  blocked for four estrous cycles by a single intraperitoneal injection of anti-HOA immunoglobulin, but not by control immunoglobulin. The in vivo fate of anti-HOA immunoglobulin was analyzed by simultaneous injection of 125I-anti-HOA IgG and control 131I-IgG. Both anti-HOA IgG and control IgG appeared in a variety of organs (lung, kidney, spleen, liver, and uterus) shortly after injection, but disappeared rapidly with no detectable differences in organ half lives. However, in the ovary anti-HOA IgG (but not control IgG) persisted at high levels during the period of infertility. Quantitative precipitin analysis of organ homogenates indicated that a high percentage of anti-HOA IgG in the ovary (but not in the other organs tested) was immunologically indistinguishable from IgG indicating lack of radiolabel metabolism and reincorporation. The results are discussed in terms of the development of a specific immunological block to fertility.", "PMID": 1065894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5050", "title": "Lateral transport on cell membranes: mobility of concanavalin A receptors on myoblasts.", "content": "We report measurements of the lateral mobility of fluorescent labeled concanavalin A receptor complexes on the plasma membrane of cultured myoblasts of rat. Transport rates were measured by observing the recovery of fluorescence in a small region of the cell surface initially photobleached irreversibly by an intense, focused laser light pulse. Under different conditions we measured effective diffusion coefficients of the receptor complexes in the range 8 x 10(-12) less than D less than 3 x 10(-11) cm2/sec which is two orders of magnitude lower than we found for a fluorescent lipid probe, D approximately (8 +/- 3) x 10(-9) cm2/sec. This large difference and the presence of apparently immobile concanavalin A receptors suggests that factors beyond the fluoidity of the phospholipid bilayer membrane matrix control the rate of lateral transport of the complexes. Effective mobilities of the complexes decrease with increases in the valence, dose, and occupation time of the lectin on the membrane. These properties imply an aggregation of the lectin-receptor complexes. Mobilities are not influenced by azide, colchicine or preincubation at low temperature. Cytochalasin B and low temperatures, during the time of measurement, decrease the lateral transport rate.", "contents": "Lateral transport on cell membranes: mobility of concanavalin A receptors on myoblasts. We report measurements of the lateral mobility of fluorescent labeled concanavalin A receptor complexes on the plasma membrane of cultured myoblasts of rat. Transport rates were measured by observing the recovery of fluorescence in a small region of the cell surface initially photobleached irreversibly by an intense, focused laser light pulse. Under different conditions we measured effective diffusion coefficients of the receptor complexes in the range 8 x 10(-12) less than D less than 3 x 10(-11) cm2/sec which is two orders of magnitude lower than we found for a fluorescent lipid probe, D approximately (8 +/- 3) x 10(-9) cm2/sec. This large difference and the presence of apparently immobile concanavalin A receptors suggests that factors beyond the fluoidity of the phospholipid bilayer membrane matrix control the rate of lateral transport of the complexes. Effective mobilities of the complexes decrease with increases in the valence, dose, and occupation time of the lectin on the membrane. These properties imply an aggregation of the lectin-receptor complexes. Mobilities are not influenced by azide, colchicine or preincubation at low temperature. Cytochalasin B and low temperatures, during the time of measurement, decrease the lateral transport rate.", "PMID": 1065895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5051", "title": "Deficiency of gamma-ray excision repair in skin fibroblasts from patients with Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "The capacity of preparations of skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with Fanconi's anemia to excise gamma-ray products of the 5,6-dihydroxydihydrothymine type from exogenous DNA was investigated. The excision capacity of whole-cell homogenates of fibroblasts from two of four patients with Fanconi's anemia was substantially below normal. This repair deficiency was further pronounced in nuclear preparations from cells of the same two patients.", "contents": "Deficiency of gamma-ray excision repair in skin fibroblasts from patients with Fanconi's anemia. The capacity of preparations of skin fibroblasts from normal individuals and patients with Fanconi's anemia to excise gamma-ray products of the 5,6-dihydroxydihydrothymine type from exogenous DNA was investigated. The excision capacity of whole-cell homogenates of fibroblasts from two of four patients with Fanconi's anemia was substantially below normal. This repair deficiency was further pronounced in nuclear preparations from cells of the same two patients.", "PMID": 1065896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5052", "title": "Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor.", "content": "A single cell clonal line which responds reversibly to nerve growth factor (NGF) has been established from a transplantable rat adrenal pheochromocytoma. This line, designated PC12, has a homogeneous and near-diploid chromosome number of 40. By 1 week's exposure to NGF, PC12 cells cease to multiply and begin to extend branching varicose processes similar to those produced by sympathetic neurons in primary cell culture. By several weeks of exposure to NGF, the PC12 processes reach 500-1000 mum in length. Removal of NGF is followed by degeneration of processes within 24 hr and by resumption of cell multiplication within 72 hr. PC12 cells grown with or without NGF contain dense core chromaffin-like granules up to 350 nm in diameter. The NGF-treated cells also contain small vesicles which accumulate in process varicosities and endings. PC12 cells synthesize and store the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. The levels (per mg of protein) of catecholamines and of the their synthetic enzymes in PC12 cells are comparable to or higher than those found in rat adrenals. NGF-treatment of PC12 cells results in no change in the levels of catecholamines or of their synthetic enzymes when expressed on a per cell basis, but does result in a 4- to 6-fold decrease in levels when expressed on a per mg of protein basis. PC12 cells do not synthesize epinephrine and cannot be induced to do so by treatment with dexamethasone. The PC12 cell line should be a useful model system for neurobiological and neurochemical studies.", "contents": "Establishment of a noradrenergic clonal line of rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cells which respond to nerve growth factor. A single cell clonal line which responds reversibly to nerve growth factor (NGF) has been established from a transplantable rat adrenal pheochromocytoma. This line, designated PC12, has a homogeneous and near-diploid chromosome number of 40. By 1 week's exposure to NGF, PC12 cells cease to multiply and begin to extend branching varicose processes similar to those produced by sympathetic neurons in primary cell culture. By several weeks of exposure to NGF, the PC12 processes reach 500-1000 mum in length. Removal of NGF is followed by degeneration of processes within 24 hr and by resumption of cell multiplication within 72 hr. PC12 cells grown with or without NGF contain dense core chromaffin-like granules up to 350 nm in diameter. The NGF-treated cells also contain small vesicles which accumulate in process varicosities and endings. PC12 cells synthesize and store the catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. The levels (per mg of protein) of catecholamines and of the their synthetic enzymes in PC12 cells are comparable to or higher than those found in rat adrenals. NGF-treatment of PC12 cells results in no change in the levels of catecholamines or of their synthetic enzymes when expressed on a per cell basis, but does result in a 4- to 6-fold decrease in levels when expressed on a per mg of protein basis. PC12 cells do not synthesize epinephrine and cannot be induced to do so by treatment with dexamethasone. The PC12 cell line should be a useful model system for neurobiological and neurochemical studies.", "PMID": 1065897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5053", "title": "Paradoxical effects of cycloheximide and cytochalasin B on hamster cell hexose uptake.", "content": "Cellular regulation of hexose uptake was studied in cultures of NIL hamster cells. Enhancements of galactose uptake were elicited most strikingly by maintaining confluent NIL cultures in culture media devoid of glucose. These glucose-starved cultures showed up to 8- or 9-fold enhancements in the galactose uptake test. When these cultures were treated for extended periods with cycloheximide, the enhanced uptake was left unimpaired, whereas the uptake by glucose-fed cells, similarly treated with cycloheximide, was inhibited greater than 90%. Addition of glucose to these starved cultures resulted in a gradual decline of uptake rates to the unenhanced level (t1/2 approximately 3 hr). In surprising contrast, when both glucose and cycloheximide were added simultaneously, the decline was arrested for at least 12 hr. If cytochalasin B (the specific inhibitor of hexose transport) was present, the uptake of galactose by both starved and fed cells was close to completely inhibited. By several criteria, cells maintained for 24 hr in medium containing both glucose and cytochalasin B were glucose-fed. Yet, when the cytochalasin B was removed, the cells were found to have enhanced rates of galactose uptake. The regulation of the hexose uptake system may therefore not be guided by the levels of glucose catabolites. Alternative mechanisms that may control hexose uptake are considered.", "contents": "Paradoxical effects of cycloheximide and cytochalasin B on hamster cell hexose uptake. Cellular regulation of hexose uptake was studied in cultures of NIL hamster cells. Enhancements of galactose uptake were elicited most strikingly by maintaining confluent NIL cultures in culture media devoid of glucose. These glucose-starved cultures showed up to 8- or 9-fold enhancements in the galactose uptake test. When these cultures were treated for extended periods with cycloheximide, the enhanced uptake was left unimpaired, whereas the uptake by glucose-fed cells, similarly treated with cycloheximide, was inhibited greater than 90%. Addition of glucose to these starved cultures resulted in a gradual decline of uptake rates to the unenhanced level (t1/2 approximately 3 hr). In surprising contrast, when both glucose and cycloheximide were added simultaneously, the decline was arrested for at least 12 hr. If cytochalasin B (the specific inhibitor of hexose transport) was present, the uptake of galactose by both starved and fed cells was close to completely inhibited. By several criteria, cells maintained for 24 hr in medium containing both glucose and cytochalasin B were glucose-fed. Yet, when the cytochalasin B was removed, the cells were found to have enhanced rates of galactose uptake. The regulation of the hexose uptake system may therefore not be guided by the levels of glucose catabolites. Alternative mechanisms that may control hexose uptake are considered.", "PMID": 1065898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5054", "title": "Role of a peptidase in phagocyte chemotaxis.", "content": "The potencies of N-formylmethionyl (fMet) peptides as chemotactic agents for phagocytes are related to the rates at which they are hydrolyzed. Furthermore, chloromethyl ketones inhibit chemotaxis as do the products of hydrolysis of fMet peptides. The directed migration of cells in response to such peptides is probably brought about by the binding of the peptide to a cell receptor with subsequent cleavage by peptidase specific for aromatic residues, a process that allows the chemical gradient to be detected.", "contents": "Role of a peptidase in phagocyte chemotaxis. The potencies of N-formylmethionyl (fMet) peptides as chemotactic agents for phagocytes are related to the rates at which they are hydrolyzed. Furthermore, chloromethyl ketones inhibit chemotaxis as do the products of hydrolysis of fMet peptides. The directed migration of cells in response to such peptides is probably brought about by the binding of the peptide to a cell receptor with subsequent cleavage by peptidase specific for aromatic residues, a process that allows the chemical gradient to be detected.", "PMID": 1065899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5055", "title": "A purine auxotroph deficient in phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate aminotransferase activities with normal activity of ribose-5-phosphate aminotransferase.", "content": "Three enzyme reactions have been reported to catalyze the synthesis of phosphoribosylamine in eukaryotic cells. These activities are glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (P-Rib-P-P) amidotransferase [amidophosphoribosyl-transferase; 5-phosphoribosylamine: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (glutamate-amidating) EC 2.4.2.14], ammonia P-Rib-P-P aminotransferase, and ammonia ribose-5-phosphate aminotransferase. A purine auxotroph derived from a cell line  of Chinese hamster fibroblasts was shown to be deficient in catalytic activities of glutamine P-Rib-P-P amidotransferase and ammonia P-Rib-P-P aminotransferase. Extracts from this cell line had normal ammonia ribose-5-phosphate aminotransferase activity. The defect in purine biosynthesis in the mutant cell line was localized to the synthesis of phosphoribosylamine. These results indicate that glutamine P-Rib-P-P amidotransferase or ammonia P-Rib-P-P aminotransferase or both are important for phosphoribosylamine synthesis, but that ammonia ribose-5-phosphate aminotransferase activity probably does not play a significant role in this eukaryotic cell line. The simultaneous disappearance of both P-Rib-P-P-dependent activities suggests these two enzyme activities are closely related structurally or genetically.", "contents": "A purine auxotroph deficient in phosphoribosylpyrophosphate amidotransferase and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate aminotransferase activities with normal activity of ribose-5-phosphate aminotransferase. Three enzyme reactions have been reported to catalyze the synthesis of phosphoribosylamine in eukaryotic cells. These activities are glutamine phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (P-Rib-P-P) amidotransferase [amidophosphoribosyl-transferase; 5-phosphoribosylamine: pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (glutamate-amidating) EC 2.4.2.14], ammonia P-Rib-P-P aminotransferase, and ammonia ribose-5-phosphate aminotransferase. A purine auxotroph derived from a cell line  of Chinese hamster fibroblasts was shown to be deficient in catalytic activities of glutamine P-Rib-P-P amidotransferase and ammonia P-Rib-P-P aminotransferase. Extracts from this cell line had normal ammonia ribose-5-phosphate aminotransferase activity. The defect in purine biosynthesis in the mutant cell line was localized to the synthesis of phosphoribosylamine. These results indicate that glutamine P-Rib-P-P amidotransferase or ammonia P-Rib-P-P aminotransferase or both are important for phosphoribosylamine synthesis, but that ammonia ribose-5-phosphate aminotransferase activity probably does not play a significant role in this eukaryotic cell line. The simultaneous disappearance of both P-Rib-P-P-dependent activities suggests these two enzyme activities are closely related structurally or genetically.", "PMID": 1065900}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5056", "title": "Modulation of the immune response by a synthetic adjuvant and analogs.", "content": "N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine increases the humoral immune response of mice when given in aqueous media instead of the usual water-in-oil emulsions. Moreover, this compound is adjuvant active even by the oral route. In view of studying the relation between chemical structure and biological activity, several synthetic analogs were tested. The immune response could be modulated according to chemical modifications, and the synthetic analog with D- in place of L-alanine was shown to inhibit the immune response.", "contents": "Modulation of the immune response by a synthetic adjuvant and analogs. N-Acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine increases the humoral immune response of mice when given in aqueous media instead of the usual water-in-oil emulsions. Moreover, this compound is adjuvant active even by the oral route. In view of studying the relation between chemical structure and biological activity, several synthetic analogs were tested. The immune response could be modulated according to chemical modifications, and the synthetic analog with D- in place of L-alanine was shown to inhibit the immune response.", "PMID": 1065901}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5057", "title": "Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins in the goldfish, Carassius auratus.", "content": "Membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) of splenocytes and thymocytes of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, was demonstrated by indirect fluorescent-antibody techniques. Observations on shedding and resynthesis indicated that the thymocyte Ig was endogenously produced. The lymphocyte surface proteins were radioiodinated using the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed reaction, and the labeled Ig molecules were isolated by specific precipitation and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The IgM-like membrane Igs of splenocytes and thymocytes were shown to differ in their ease of solubilization with nonionic detergent, and in the sodium dodecyl sulfate/electrophoretic mobility of their heavy chains. The significance of these observations for the evolution of T-cell recognition is discussed.", "contents": "Phylogenetic origins of immune recognition: lymphocyte surface immunoglobulins in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) of splenocytes and thymocytes of the goldfish, Carassius auratus, was demonstrated by indirect fluorescent-antibody techniques. Observations on shedding and resynthesis indicated that the thymocyte Ig was endogenously produced. The lymphocyte surface proteins were radioiodinated using the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed reaction, and the labeled Ig molecules were isolated by specific precipitation and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The IgM-like membrane Igs of splenocytes and thymocytes were shown to differ in their ease of solubilization with nonionic detergent, and in the sodium dodecyl sulfate/electrophoretic mobility of their heavy chains. The significance of these observations for the evolution of T-cell recognition is discussed.", "PMID": 1065902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5058", "title": "Interactions between nutritional factors and drug biotransformations in man.", "content": "This study was undertaken to examine the influence of nutritional factors on the activity of the mixed function oxidase system in man, which is cytochrome P-450 dependent. Three normal volunteers were fed a low carbohydrate-high protein diet for 2 weeks, followed by a high carbohydrate-low protein diet for the follwoing 2 weeks. At the end of each test diet period, the plasma elimination rates of antipyrine and theophylline were determined. The mean plasma half-life for antipyrine was 17.5 hr on the high carbohydrate-low protein diet and 9.2 hr on the low carbohydrate-high protein diet. The mean plasma half-life for theophylline was 8.9 hr on the high carbohydrate-low protein diet and 5.9 hr on the low carbohydrate-high protein diet. These data demonstrate marked influences of dietary carbohydrate and/or protein ingestion on oxidative biotransformation of drugs in man.", "contents": "Interactions between nutritional factors and drug biotransformations in man. This study was undertaken to examine the influence of nutritional factors on the activity of the mixed function oxidase system in man, which is cytochrome P-450 dependent. Three normal volunteers were fed a low carbohydrate-high protein diet for 2 weeks, followed by a high carbohydrate-low protein diet for the follwoing 2 weeks. At the end of each test diet period, the plasma elimination rates of antipyrine and theophylline were determined. The mean plasma half-life for antipyrine was 17.5 hr on the high carbohydrate-low protein diet and 9.2 hr on the low carbohydrate-high protein diet. The mean plasma half-life for theophylline was 8.9 hr on the high carbohydrate-low protein diet and 5.9 hr on the low carbohydrate-high protein diet. These data demonstrate marked influences of dietary carbohydrate and/or protein ingestion on oxidative biotransformation of drugs in man.", "PMID": 1065903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5059", "title": "Morphine-like peptides in mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with the opiate receptor.", "content": "A substance that competes for opiate receptor binding has been isolated from calf brain and identified as two pentapeptides, H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH (methionine enkephalin) and H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (leucine enkephalin), with about four times more leucine enkephalin than methionine enkephalin. Sodium and manganese effects on opiate receptor interactions show that both peptides are agonists, whereas leucine enkephalin may be a \"purer\" agonist than methionine enkephalin.", "contents": "Morphine-like peptides in mammalian brain: isolation, structure elucidation, and interactions with the opiate receptor. A substance that competes for opiate receptor binding has been isolated from calf brain and identified as two pentapeptides, H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH (methionine enkephalin) and H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-OH (leucine enkephalin), with about four times more leucine enkephalin than methionine enkephalin. Sodium and manganese effects on opiate receptor interactions show that both peptides are agonists, whereas leucine enkephalin may be a \"purer\" agonist than methionine enkephalin.", "PMID": 1065904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5060", "title": "Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells.", "content": "Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of dendritic spikes in the Purkinje cells of pigeon cerebellar cortex is presented. Intradendritic records indicate that the electroresponsive properties of the dendrites linger after voltage-dependent sodium and potassium conductances are reduced by superfusion of the cortex with Ringer's solution containing 20 mug/ml tetrodotoxin and 5 mM 3-aminopyridine. Dendritic spikes could be evoked, in the complete absence of activity from all cerebellar afferents and from the soma and axon of the Purkinje cells, by direct electrical activation of the surface of the cerebellar cortex or by intracellular injection of current via the recording electrode. The denritic electroresponsiveness was blocked by superfusion with 20 mM Mn2+ or Co2+. It is thus concluded that dendrites of Purkinje cells in birds are capable of generating calcium-dependent spikes. The possible role of such a calcium current in neuronal function is discussed.", "contents": "Tetrodotoxin-resistant dendritic spikes in avian Purkinje cells. Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of dendritic spikes in the Purkinje cells of pigeon cerebellar cortex is presented. Intradendritic records indicate that the electroresponsive properties of the dendrites linger after voltage-dependent sodium and potassium conductances are reduced by superfusion of the cortex with Ringer's solution containing 20 mug/ml tetrodotoxin and 5 mM 3-aminopyridine. Dendritic spikes could be evoked, in the complete absence of activity from all cerebellar afferents and from the soma and axon of the Purkinje cells, by direct electrical activation of the surface of the cerebellar cortex or by intracellular injection of current via the recording electrode. The denritic electroresponsiveness was blocked by superfusion with 20 mM Mn2+ or Co2+. It is thus concluded that dendrites of Purkinje cells in birds are capable of generating calcium-dependent spikes. The possible role of such a calcium current in neuronal function is discussed.", "PMID": 1065905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5061", "title": "Chemo-anemotaxis: a behavioral response to sex pheromone in nonflying insects.", "content": "The cockroach, Periplaneta americana, running on a Y-ring globe, moves downwind if an air current is directed toward the head. However, if the air current carries sex pheromone, then upwind movement is elicited. This orientation behavior is apparently a mechanism to facilitate the orientation of males searching for pheromone-secreting females.", "contents": "Chemo-anemotaxis: a behavioral response to sex pheromone in nonflying insects. The cockroach, Periplaneta americana, running on a Y-ring globe, moves downwind if an air current is directed toward the head. However, if the air current carries sex pheromone, then upwind movement is elicited. This orientation behavior is apparently a mechanism to facilitate the orientation of males searching for pheromone-secreting females.", "PMID": 1065906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5062", "title": "Radiation therapy in the treatment of leukemic infiltrates of the testes.", "content": "Testicular infiltration developed in 6 of 56 boys with lymphoblastic leukemia. All exhibited platelet counts under 100,000, indicating poor prognosis. Patients were treated with vincristine, prednisone, and craniomemingeal prophylaxis (2,400 rads/12 fx) extending to the C2 level. Only 3 patients did not suffer recurrence of testicular disease during their multiple leukemic relapses. Alternate treatment courses are suggested.", "contents": "Radiation therapy in the treatment of leukemic infiltrates of the testes. Testicular infiltration developed in 6 of 56 boys with lymphoblastic leukemia. All exhibited platelet counts under 100,000, indicating poor prognosis. Patients were treated with vincristine, prednisone, and craniomemingeal prophylaxis (2,400 rads/12 fx) extending to the C2 level. Only 3 patients did not suffer recurrence of testicular disease during their multiple leukemic relapses. Alternate treatment courses are suggested.", "PMID": 1065909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5063", "title": "[Restoration of hemi-arcades with amalgam].", "content": "As a rule should the half-mouth restorations in the frame of oral rehabilitation be done with gold inlays, overlays or full crowns. It is nevertheless possible to consider such restorations with amalgam and, providing that certain principles and technics and respected, such quadrant restorations could be valuable as well on the periodontal point of view as on the occlusal one. Regarding the periodontal point of view, it is now generally accepted that de restorations of the proximal aspects of the teeth have not to extend under the gingival margin. If this creates a risk for caries recurrences, still questionable, it eliminates the unavoidable periodontal lesions. Regarding the occlusal point of view, it is on the one hand difficult to build up a perfect occlusal restoration with a material which, on the moment the filling is completed acquires only a insufficient fraction of its final resistance. On the other hand it seems impossible to raise the occlusion in one or more teeth for the very same reason. The solution to this problem comprises a dubbel aspect. One has first of all to rebuild to the desired occlusal level the cavities of the whole quadrant with a temporary but resistant material wich allows at once a carefulness mastication. Polycarboxylate cement is suitable for this purpose. This temporary material is then replaced tooth after tooth in one or more sittings with amalgam. The second aspect of the solution consists in the use of amalgam wich acquires faster a sufficent resistance, allowing an ajustment of a perfect occlusion without the danger of fracturing it. Following the first estimates it seems that amalgam made of spherical particules and dispersed phase type alloys could meet with this requirements and bring an acceptable solution to our problem.", "contents": "[Restoration of hemi-arcades with amalgam]. As a rule should the half-mouth restorations in the frame of oral rehabilitation be done with gold inlays, overlays or full crowns. It is nevertheless possible to consider such restorations with amalgam and, providing that certain principles and technics and respected, such quadrant restorations could be valuable as well on the periodontal point of view as on the occlusal one. Regarding the periodontal point of view, it is now generally accepted that de restorations of the proximal aspects of the teeth have not to extend under the gingival margin. If this creates a risk for caries recurrences, still questionable, it eliminates the unavoidable periodontal lesions. Regarding the occlusal point of view, it is on the one hand difficult to build up a perfect occlusal restoration with a material which, on the moment the filling is completed acquires only a insufficient fraction of its final resistance. On the other hand it seems impossible to raise the occlusion in one or more teeth for the very same reason. The solution to this problem comprises a dubbel aspect. One has first of all to rebuild to the desired occlusal level the cavities of the whole quadrant with a temporary but resistant material wich allows at once a carefulness mastication. Polycarboxylate cement is suitable for this purpose. This temporary material is then replaced tooth after tooth in one or more sittings with amalgam. The second aspect of the solution consists in the use of amalgam wich acquires faster a sufficent resistance, allowing an ajustment of a perfect occlusion without the danger of fracturing it. Following the first estimates it seems that amalgam made of spherical particules and dispersed phase type alloys could meet with this requirements and bring an acceptable solution to our problem.", "PMID": 1065913}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5064", "title": "Urinary fluoride excretion in small children following short-term fluoride supply with tablets or domestic salt.", "content": "Urinary fluoride (F) excretion has been studied in small children, with some comparisons with adults, following ingestion of F tablets or fluoridated salt (F-salt) containing 500 mg F/kg NaCl. 24-h urinary F in 7- to 8-year-old children in an institution and in 2- to 12-year-old children in families rapidly increased to average levels of about 0.85 and 0.55 parts/10(6), respectively, when the children had their meals spiced with F-salt. Children in families also showed significantly elevated urinary F excretion with two F-salted meals a day but not with one a day. After taking 0.5 mg F in the form of NaF tablets a group of children without previous F supply attained within 1 d a 24-h urinary F concentration which was about the same as that in children who had been taking caries-preventive tablet doses for years. The percentage of a single F dose excreted in the urine within 4 h after the ingestion of F tablets or an F-salted standard meal was about the same in preschool children and middle-aged adults. F quantities of the order 1.5-2 mg could be ingested by a child eating a meal comprising strongly F-salted dishes, and the urine could reach concentrations around 3 parts/10(6) F during the following 2-4 h. The results obtained support the concept that domestic salt containing about 500 parts/10(6) F is suitable for clinical testing on a larger scale under Swedish conditions. Calculations of F supplies to children aged 2 months-7 years with different diets and water and salt F contents are presented as diagrams.", "contents": "Urinary fluoride excretion in small children following short-term fluoride supply with tablets or domestic salt. Urinary fluoride (F) excretion has been studied in small children, with some comparisons with adults, following ingestion of F tablets or fluoridated salt (F-salt) containing 500 mg F/kg NaCl. 24-h urinary F in 7- to 8-year-old children in an institution and in 2- to 12-year-old children in families rapidly increased to average levels of about 0.85 and 0.55 parts/10(6), respectively, when the children had their meals spiced with F-salt. Children in families also showed significantly elevated urinary F excretion with two F-salted meals a day but not with one a day. After taking 0.5 mg F in the form of NaF tablets a group of children without previous F supply attained within 1 d a 24-h urinary F concentration which was about the same as that in children who had been taking caries-preventive tablet doses for years. The percentage of a single F dose excreted in the urine within 4 h after the ingestion of F tablets or an F-salted standard meal was about the same in preschool children and middle-aged adults. F quantities of the order 1.5-2 mg could be ingested by a child eating a meal comprising strongly F-salted dishes, and the urine could reach concentrations around 3 parts/10(6) F during the following 2-4 h. The results obtained support the concept that domestic salt containing about 500 parts/10(6) F is suitable for clinical testing on a larger scale under Swedish conditions. Calculations of F supplies to children aged 2 months-7 years with different diets and water and salt F contents are presented as diagrams.", "PMID": 1065944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5065", "title": "Fluoride in an experimental cavity varnish.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to assess the behavior of fluoride in an experimental cavity varnish. The varnish consisted manily of ethanol and the fluoride was added as a 1 M solution of sodium fluoride. When increasing amounts of ethanol were added to fluoride in water the readings (mV) given by a fluoride ion electrode unexpectedly increased. This effect of ethanol on the readings was less marked at the highest fluoride concentrations. At considerable excess of ethanol, as in the varnish, reproducible readings were obtained. Free fluoride ions corresponding to an effective concentrations of 1 M aqueous fluoride seemed to be present in the varnish. When various amounts of hydroxyapatite were added to the varnish, the fluoride content of the varnish was reduced whereas an increased amount of fluoride was recovered from the apatite.", "contents": "Fluoride in an experimental cavity varnish. The aim of the present study was to assess the behavior of fluoride in an experimental cavity varnish. The varnish consisted manily of ethanol and the fluoride was added as a 1 M solution of sodium fluoride. When increasing amounts of ethanol were added to fluoride in water the readings (mV) given by a fluoride ion electrode unexpectedly increased. This effect of ethanol on the readings was less marked at the highest fluoride concentrations. At considerable excess of ethanol, as in the varnish, reproducible readings were obtained. Free fluoride ions corresponding to an effective concentrations of 1 M aqueous fluoride seemed to be present in the varnish. When various amounts of hydroxyapatite were added to the varnish, the fluoride content of the varnish was reduced whereas an increased amount of fluoride was recovered from the apatite.", "PMID": 1065945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5066", "title": "Sucking habits and occlusion in 3-year-old children.", "content": "The material for the present study comprises plaster models of 310 Copenhagen children, impressions for which were taken during the month each child attained the age of 3 years. The occlusion was related to information concerning the child's sucking habits up to the time of the study. The effect of sucking habits of sagittal occlusion was observed in the canine region and the molar region. A higher proportion of distal canine relationships was recorded in children who continued to suck dummies at the age of 3 years than among finger-suckers of children  who have never sucked. In primary second molar region no significant difference was recorded between the various sucking groups. The open bite is clearly dominant among children who persist with a sucking habit.", "contents": "Sucking habits and occlusion in 3-year-old children. The material for the present study comprises plaster models of 310 Copenhagen children, impressions for which were taken during the month each child attained the age of 3 years. The occlusion was related to information concerning the child's sucking habits up to the time of the study. The effect of sucking habits of sagittal occlusion was observed in the canine region and the molar region. A higher proportion of distal canine relationships was recorded in children who continued to suck dummies at the age of 3 years than among finger-suckers of children  who have never sucked. In primary second molar region no significant difference was recorded between the various sucking groups. The open bite is clearly dominant among children who persist with a sucking habit.", "PMID": 1065946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5067", "title": "Root fractures in permanent anterior teeth with incomplete root formation.", "content": "A follow-up study was made of seven teeth with incomplete root formation observed in a group of 66 permanent teeth with root fracture. Three fractures were overlooked on the initial radiographs, two other teeth were suspected of being fractured, and an accurate diagnosis was made in two cases only. All teeth exhibited markedly increased mobility at the initial examination, and slight dislocation of the coronal fragment was found in two teeth. Following reduction (two teeth) and fixation (all teeth), the observation period ranged from 1 1/2 to 19 years. Retained pulp vitality, repair in the fracture area and, most important, approximately normal root development with closure of the apical foramen were observed in all teeth. Even the occurrence of re-fracture in two semmingly repaired teeth did not jeopardize the long-term result.", "contents": "Root fractures in permanent anterior teeth with incomplete root formation. A follow-up study was made of seven teeth with incomplete root formation observed in a group of 66 permanent teeth with root fracture. Three fractures were overlooked on the initial radiographs, two other teeth were suspected of being fractured, and an accurate diagnosis was made in two cases only. All teeth exhibited markedly increased mobility at the initial examination, and slight dislocation of the coronal fragment was found in two teeth. Following reduction (two teeth) and fixation (all teeth), the observation period ranged from 1 1/2 to 19 years. Retained pulp vitality, repair in the fracture area and, most important, approximately normal root development with closure of the apical foramen were observed in all teeth. Even the occurrence of re-fracture in two semmingly repaired teeth did not jeopardize the long-term result.", "PMID": 1065947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5068", "title": "Effectiveness of fissure sealant 3 years after application.", "content": "Findings 3 years after the application of a fissure sealant revealed that of the 166 sealed permanent first molars, 7.8% of the sealants were missing or partly missing, 14.5% were in fair condition, and 77.8% had remained in good condition. During the 3-year test period, 7.8% of the sealed permanent molars had become carious, while 63.3% of the respective control teeth had decayed. The teeth which had sealants in good condition showed no caries, whereas 92.3% of the teeth which had sealants missing or partly missing showed carious fissures. The net gain in the study was 104, and the percentage effectiveness of the method was 88.1%. The treatment effect was found to be very significant when analyzed on the basis of homologous paired test-control teeth (P less than 0.001). The sealing of pits and fissures was found to have a positive treatment effect on 60.2% of the subjects when evaluated on an individual basis (0.1 less than P less than 0.05).", "contents": "Effectiveness of fissure sealant 3 years after application. Findings 3 years after the application of a fissure sealant revealed that of the 166 sealed permanent first molars, 7.8% of the sealants were missing or partly missing, 14.5% were in fair condition, and 77.8% had remained in good condition. During the 3-year test period, 7.8% of the sealed permanent molars had become carious, while 63.3% of the respective control teeth had decayed. The teeth which had sealants in good condition showed no caries, whereas 92.3% of the teeth which had sealants missing or partly missing showed carious fissures. The net gain in the study was 104, and the percentage effectiveness of the method was 88.1%. The treatment effect was found to be very significant when analyzed on the basis of homologous paired test-control teeth (P less than 0.001). The sealing of pits and fissures was found to have a positive treatment effect on 60.2% of the subjects when evaluated on an individual basis (0.1 less than P less than 0.05).", "PMID": 1065948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5069", "title": "Evaluation of a dehydrated test strip,Microstix -Candida for detection of Candida-induced denture stomatitis.", "content": "The outgrowth of yeast from the fitting surface of the maxillary denture and the palatal mucosa was estimated in 63 denture wearers by means of smears and by culture on Microstix-Candida (M-C). There was a significant relationship between the concentration of yeasts as assessed by smears and by M-C. There were confluent spots on M-C, indicating large numbers of yeast cells, in 81% of 37 denture wearers with a positive microscopic diagnosis for Candida-induced denture stomatitis, whereas there were confluent spots on M-C in only one of 26 denture wearers with a negative microscopic diagnosis for infection. It is concluded that the M-C test seems to have sufficient diagnostic sensitivity to be an alternative to the smear for establishing the diagnosis of Candida-induced denture stomatitis.", "contents": "Evaluation of a dehydrated test strip,Microstix -Candida for detection of Candida-induced denture stomatitis. The outgrowth of yeast from the fitting surface of the maxillary denture and the palatal mucosa was estimated in 63 denture wearers by means of smears and by culture on Microstix-Candida (M-C). There was a significant relationship between the concentration of yeasts as assessed by smears and by M-C. There were confluent spots on M-C, indicating large numbers of yeast cells, in 81% of 37 denture wearers with a positive microscopic diagnosis for Candida-induced denture stomatitis, whereas there were confluent spots on M-C in only one of 26 denture wearers with a negative microscopic diagnosis for infection. It is concluded that the M-C test seems to have sufficient diagnostic sensitivity to be an alternative to the smear for establishing the diagnosis of Candida-induced denture stomatitis.", "PMID": 1065949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5070", "title": "A rapid method for separation and detection of human salivary amylase isoenzymes by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel.", "content": "Human salivary proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel in flat beds at 1000 V for 40 min. Amylase activity was detected after immersing the gel in 0.4 M tris-HCI buffer pH 7.4 to equilibrate the pH gradient. The enzyme activity was detected after diffusion into an overlayer of agarose gel containing an insoluble dye-starch polymer (Phadebas). Both whole human saliva and parotid saliva from 15 different persons contained four amylase components, except in three cases where only three bands were detected. The bands were all focused within a rather narrow pH range (pH 5.4-7.2) and the results were very reproducible.", "contents": "A rapid method for separation and detection of human salivary amylase isoenzymes by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. Human salivary proteins were separated by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gel in flat beds at 1000 V for 40 min. Amylase activity was detected after immersing the gel in 0.4 M tris-HCI buffer pH 7.4 to equilibrate the pH gradient. The enzyme activity was detected after diffusion into an overlayer of agarose gel containing an insoluble dye-starch polymer (Phadebas). Both whole human saliva and parotid saliva from 15 different persons contained four amylase components, except in three cases where only three bands were detected. The bands were all focused within a rather narrow pH range (pH 5.4-7.2) and the results were very reproducible.", "PMID": 1065950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5071", "title": "Surface potential and adherence of oral streptococci to solid surfaces.", "content": "Strains of oral streptococci belonging to the same species but with different zeta-potential adhere with different strengths or become desorbed at different rates. However, strains of various species but with approximately the same zeta-potential also adhere differently. The adherence was found to be affected by the presence of polyvalent of counter ions in the microorganisms studied.", "contents": "Surface potential and adherence of oral streptococci to solid surfaces. Strains of oral streptococci belonging to the same species but with different zeta-potential adhere with different strengths or become desorbed at different rates. However, strains of various species but with approximately the same zeta-potential also adhere differently. The adherence was found to be affected by the presence of polyvalent of counter ions in the microorganisms studied.", "PMID": 1065951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5072", "title": "Extremely long duration of chronic myeloid leukaemia with Ph1 negative and Ph1 positive bone marrow cells.", "content": "A male patient still surviving 17 years after the diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemic (CML) is described. A chromosome analysis of the bone marrow 16 years after the diagnosis revealed 84% Ph1 negative and 16% Ph1 positive cells, all containing the Y chromosome. The disease has been very sensitive to treatment with busulphan but bone marrow hypoplasia has not been induced. It is probable that in some CML patients with such a double cell population the prognosis may be extraordinarily good and that they run a considerable risk of being overtreated due to a pronounced sensitivity to alkylating drugs. Such rare cases should not serve as arguments for aggressive treatment of CML.", "contents": "Extremely long duration of chronic myeloid leukaemia with Ph1 negative and Ph1 positive bone marrow cells. A male patient still surviving 17 years after the diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukaemic (CML) is described. A chromosome analysis of the bone marrow 16 years after the diagnosis revealed 84% Ph1 negative and 16% Ph1 positive cells, all containing the Y chromosome. The disease has been very sensitive to treatment with busulphan but bone marrow hypoplasia has not been induced. It is probable that in some CML patients with such a double cell population the prognosis may be extraordinarily good and that they run a considerable risk of being overtreated due to a pronounced sensitivity to alkylating drugs. Such rare cases should not serve as arguments for aggressive treatment of CML.", "PMID": 1065952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5073", "title": "Arabinosyl cytosine in chronic myeloid leukaemia: evidence for high cytokinetic sensitivity of myeloblasts.", "content": "The effect of a single and of repeated i.v. push dose(s) of Arabinosyl Cytosine (ARA-C) has been investigated in 9 chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients in non-blastic phase. This was done by determining separately the relative compartment size, the mitotic index (IM), and the in vitro 3H-TdR labelling index (IL) of marrow and blood myeloblasts (MB) and promyelocytes plus myelocytes (PMC + MC), before and at intervals after the drug. After a single dose of ARA-C, the IL of marrow MB declines rapidly, and recovers thereafter, often with an overshoot at 15 h. After 2 to 4 doses of ARA-C, the IL of marrow and blood MB rises by a factor of 2 to 3, and is maintained at a plateau during further treatment. The behaviour of the IL of blood MB is not always the same as that of marrow MB. The IM of marrow MB does not rise proportionally to the IL, and sometimes is even found to be decreased. It is suggested that these kinetic perturbations reflect an accumulation of MB in S-phase where many but not all of them are trapped and sooner or later die off. With a few exceptions, ARA-C induces only milder kinetic perturbations in marrow and blood PMC+MC. The overall results of this study are in agreement with the generally accepted mechanism of action of ARA-C (S-phase specific effector agent), and with studies that indicate that the effect of ARA-C depends on the growth pattern and on the degree of maturation of the target cells. It is suggested that a proper evaluation of ARA-C on a cell population should take into account the existence of different cell pools, provided with different proliferative activity and potential, and with variable degrees of maturation.", "contents": "Arabinosyl cytosine in chronic myeloid leukaemia: evidence for high cytokinetic sensitivity of myeloblasts. The effect of a single and of repeated i.v. push dose(s) of Arabinosyl Cytosine (ARA-C) has been investigated in 9 chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients in non-blastic phase. This was done by determining separately the relative compartment size, the mitotic index (IM), and the in vitro 3H-TdR labelling index (IL) of marrow and blood myeloblasts (MB) and promyelocytes plus myelocytes (PMC + MC), before and at intervals after the drug. After a single dose of ARA-C, the IL of marrow MB declines rapidly, and recovers thereafter, often with an overshoot at 15 h. After 2 to 4 doses of ARA-C, the IL of marrow and blood MB rises by a factor of 2 to 3, and is maintained at a plateau during further treatment. The behaviour of the IL of blood MB is not always the same as that of marrow MB. The IM of marrow MB does not rise proportionally to the IL, and sometimes is even found to be decreased. It is suggested that these kinetic perturbations reflect an accumulation of MB in S-phase where many but not all of them are trapped and sooner or later die off. With a few exceptions, ARA-C induces only milder kinetic perturbations in marrow and blood PMC+MC. The overall results of this study are in agreement with the generally accepted mechanism of action of ARA-C (S-phase specific effector agent), and with studies that indicate that the effect of ARA-C depends on the growth pattern and on the degree of maturation of the target cells. It is suggested that a proper evaluation of ARA-C on a cell population should take into account the existence of different cell pools, provided with different proliferative activity and potential, and with variable degrees of maturation.", "PMID": 1065953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5074", "title": "Acute myeloid leukaemia complicating a breast cancer after mastectomy and radiotherapy.", "content": "The author reports a patient treated three years ago for a breast carcinoma. High doses of X-ray had been delivered after radical mastectomy. The possible relationship between this exposure and a rapidly fatal acute myeloid leukemia is emphasized.", "contents": "Acute myeloid leukaemia complicating a breast cancer after mastectomy and radiotherapy. The author reports a patient treated three years ago for a breast carcinoma. High doses of X-ray had been delivered after radical mastectomy. The possible relationship between this exposure and a rapidly fatal acute myeloid leukemia is emphasized.", "PMID": 1065954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5075", "title": "G banding analysis of complex aneuploidy in a case of erythroleukaemia.", "content": "The chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells from a patient with erythroleukaemia are reported. The complicated pattern of aneuploidy includes 5 marker chromosomes originating from rcp (1;3), t(8;11), t(X;X) and del(7).", "contents": "G banding analysis of complex aneuploidy in a case of erythroleukaemia. The chromosomal abnormalities in bone marrow cells from a patient with erythroleukaemia are reported. The complicated pattern of aneuploidy includes 5 marker chromosomes originating from rcp (1;3), t(8;11), t(X;X) and del(7).", "PMID": 1065955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5076", "title": "Circulating micromegakaryocytes signaling blast transformation of chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "A patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia had numerous micromegakaryocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow appearing coincidentally with the onset of blast crisis. These cells were initially confused with lymphocytes because of their size, configuration and scanty cytoplasm. The true identification of these cells can be suspected by careful scrutiny of well prepared Wrights stained preparations and proven electronmicroscopically. Such marked dysplasia of the megakaryocyte series appears to be a poor prognostic sign in chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "contents": "Circulating micromegakaryocytes signaling blast transformation of chronic myeloid leukaemia. A patient with chronic myeloid leukaemia had numerous micromegakaryocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow appearing coincidentally with the onset of blast crisis. These cells were initially confused with lymphocytes because of their size, configuration and scanty cytoplasm. The true identification of these cells can be suspected by careful scrutiny of well prepared Wrights stained preparations and proven electronmicroscopically. Such marked dysplasia of the megakaryocyte series appears to be a poor prognostic sign in chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "PMID": 1065956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5077", "title": "Serial quantitative observations of leukemic and normal hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow of acute leukemia under chemotherapy.", "content": "In 87 cases of acute leukemia, leukemic and normal hematopoietic cell count in the bone marrow was serially observed, and the findings were used for evaluating the effectiveness of antileukemic agents and also for determining the grade of decrease in the marrow leukemic cell count required to start the proliferation of normal hematopoietic cells and to obtain complete remission of acute leukemia in adults.", "contents": "Serial quantitative observations of leukemic and normal hematopoietic cells in the bone marrow of acute leukemia under chemotherapy. In 87 cases of acute leukemia, leukemic and normal hematopoietic cell count in the bone marrow was serially observed, and the findings were used for evaluating the effectiveness of antileukemic agents and also for determining the grade of decrease in the marrow leukemic cell count required to start the proliferation of normal hematopoietic cells and to obtain complete remission of acute leukemia in adults.", "PMID": 1065964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5078", "title": "[In vitro studies on the effect of alpha-chymotrypsin on hemostasis].", "content": "Postoperative bleeding was observed in 2 patients for whom alpha-chymotrypsin had been prescribed to prevent haematoma or oedema formation. In vitro experiments with citrated blood added with alpha-chymotrypsin evidenced (thrombelastogram, hirudin tolerance test, euglobulin-lysis time) an action on haemostasis. As compared to blanks, the application of an alpha-chymotrypsin dose which was 100-fold higher than those currently used in therapy resulted in a significant shortening of the r-time (thrombelastogram), delayed blood clotting (hirudin tolerance test) and a shortening of the euglobulin-lysis time. In vivo experiments are needed for further elucidation.", "contents": "[In vitro studies on the effect of alpha-chymotrypsin on hemostasis]. Postoperative bleeding was observed in 2 patients for whom alpha-chymotrypsin had been prescribed to prevent haematoma or oedema formation. In vitro experiments with citrated blood added with alpha-chymotrypsin evidenced (thrombelastogram, hirudin tolerance test, euglobulin-lysis time) an action on haemostasis. As compared to blanks, the application of an alpha-chymotrypsin dose which was 100-fold higher than those currently used in therapy resulted in a significant shortening of the r-time (thrombelastogram), delayed blood clotting (hirudin tolerance test) and a shortening of the euglobulin-lysis time. In vivo experiments are needed for further elucidation.", "PMID": 1065973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5079", "title": "[Branchiogenic parotid cysts].", "content": "The authors describe 4 cases of branchiogenic cyst of the parotid gland which belong to the rarest developmental disturbances in the region of the first brachial arch. In the first case, there was a cyst formation with articulate surface; the other cysts were solitary ones. In two patients, the upper lobule of gland was removed together with the cyst. In the third case, simple etirpation was performed. In the last case, the posterior part of the parotid gland was resected together with the cyst. The embryological and anatomical acquaintances and the histopathological criteria relating to the diagnosis of this congenital cyst formation are outlined in the present paper.", "contents": "[Branchiogenic parotid cysts]. The authors describe 4 cases of branchiogenic cyst of the parotid gland which belong to the rarest developmental disturbances in the region of the first brachial arch. In the first case, there was a cyst formation with articulate surface; the other cysts were solitary ones. In two patients, the upper lobule of gland was removed together with the cyst. In the third case, simple etirpation was performed. In the last case, the posterior part of the parotid gland was resected together with the cyst. The embryological and anatomical acquaintances and the histopathological criteria relating to the diagnosis of this congenital cyst formation are outlined in the present paper.", "PMID": 1065974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5080", "title": "[Contribution to the clinical picture and hereditary nature of cleidocranial dysostosis].", "content": "In the light of 5 cases and of the relevant literature, the author discusses the clinical picture, inheritance and treatment of cleidocranial dysostosis. It is stated that, though the manifestations of cleidocranial dysostosis are varied, this disease is in most cases characterized by a sagittal frontal sulcus with partially closed frontal fontanel and hypertelorism. The author pleady for the regular medical supervision of these patients.", "contents": "[Contribution to the clinical picture and hereditary nature of cleidocranial dysostosis]. In the light of 5 cases and of the relevant literature, the author discusses the clinical picture, inheritance and treatment of cleidocranial dysostosis. It is stated that, though the manifestations of cleidocranial dysostosis are varied, this disease is in most cases characterized by a sagittal frontal sulcus with partially closed frontal fontanel and hypertelorism. The author pleady for the regular medical supervision of these patients.", "PMID": 1065977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5081", "title": "Contribution to the study of chest and lung mechanics in artificially ventilated normal man during surgery.", "content": "Firstly the authors describe the principle and the technical application of an original method of measurement of the mechanical ventilatory parameters. Then the method is illustrated with measurements of the pulmonary thoracic and thoraco-pulmonary mechanical parameters in 20 healthy subjects under going extra-thoracic surgery. The results show the lack of correlation between the value of the pulmonary mechanical parameters measured in the awake supine subjects breathing spontaneously and in the anesthetized supine subjects artificially ventilated. The decrease in chest wall elastance could explain the drop in ventilatory level and the unpredictable modifications in pulmonary mechanical parameters. Therefore it is impossible to establish meaningful reference values in healthy subjects undergoing artificial ventilation.", "contents": "Contribution to the study of chest and lung mechanics in artificially ventilated normal man during surgery. Firstly the authors describe the principle and the technical application of an original method of measurement of the mechanical ventilatory parameters. Then the method is illustrated with measurements of the pulmonary thoracic and thoraco-pulmonary mechanical parameters in 20 healthy subjects under going extra-thoracic surgery. The results show the lack of correlation between the value of the pulmonary mechanical parameters measured in the awake supine subjects breathing spontaneously and in the anesthetized supine subjects artificially ventilated. The decrease in chest wall elastance could explain the drop in ventilatory level and the unpredictable modifications in pulmonary mechanical parameters. Therefore it is impossible to establish meaningful reference values in healthy subjects undergoing artificial ventilation.", "PMID": 1066024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5082", "title": "Monitoring respiratory function by computer in ICU. Preliminary work.", "content": "The structure of the respiratory monitoring system under construction in Brussels University Hospitals is described. It is modular and hierarchized. It is based on the observation of the lung mechanics, of the flows of inspired and expired gases and of continuous blood measurements in patients artificially ventilated. Respiratory monitoring may be confined to the continuous observation of the natural evolution of a large number of parameters and the extraction of the most possible information with the aid of automatic calculations effected in real time. The authors propose to add deliberate and controlled aggressions of the pulmonary system in order to observe its dynamic behavior. Practical function tests are described. They lead to the calculation of functional residual capacity, continuous distribution of tidal volume, and pulmonary capillary blood flow. These tests can be performed automatically by using a new electronic unit built in our laboratory. It enables a digital computer to control the functioning of a commercially available ventilator.", "contents": "Monitoring respiratory function by computer in ICU. Preliminary work. The structure of the respiratory monitoring system under construction in Brussels University Hospitals is described. It is modular and hierarchized. It is based on the observation of the lung mechanics, of the flows of inspired and expired gases and of continuous blood measurements in patients artificially ventilated. Respiratory monitoring may be confined to the continuous observation of the natural evolution of a large number of parameters and the extraction of the most possible information with the aid of automatic calculations effected in real time. The authors propose to add deliberate and controlled aggressions of the pulmonary system in order to observe its dynamic behavior. Practical function tests are described. They lead to the calculation of functional residual capacity, continuous distribution of tidal volume, and pulmonary capillary blood flow. These tests can be performed automatically by using a new electronic unit built in our laboratory. It enables a digital computer to control the functioning of a commercially available ventilator.", "PMID": 1066025}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5083", "title": "Recent experience with a respiratory monitoring system in intensive care.", "content": "Computer based instrumentation for continuous monitoring of airway flow, pressure, O2 and CO2 concentration offers an improved noninvasive management technique for patients on mechanical ventilators. Computation of these basic signals provides routinely the following measurements: respiratory rate, tidal volume in and out, minute ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure, mean airway pressure, inspiration-expiration ra measurements, except for O2 consumption and partially for tco2 production. The system works as a monitor of the respirator (detection of malfunction) and as a monitor of the lung function of the patient. It is particularly useful when adjusting the respirator and at time of weaning a patient from the respirator. These maneuvers can be made more safely because they are based on objective measurements and followed by immediate new sets of data. Defining the optimal values of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure has been simplified by the use of pressure-volume plots. A \"fighting\", is now used as a measure of the severity of \"fighting\", that is of the effort of the patient to breathe spontaneously while being ventilated. It can detect fighting before it is diagnosed clinically and so can provide a warning that significant physiological changes will occur unless the fighting is controlled. New information about the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratio can be derived from the expired concentration curve for CO2. Quantitative measurement of the distribution of ventilation shows a very close correlation with clinical events and can be carried out automatically during the normal routine of care of the patient. These on-line quantitative measurements, with the immediate reporting of results, appear to make a positive contribution to patient care.", "contents": "Recent experience with a respiratory monitoring system in intensive care. Computer based instrumentation for continuous monitoring of airway flow, pressure, O2 and CO2 concentration offers an improved noninvasive management technique for patients on mechanical ventilators. Computation of these basic signals provides routinely the following measurements: respiratory rate, tidal volume in and out, minute ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure, mean airway pressure, inspiration-expiration ra measurements, except for O2 consumption and partially for tco2 production. The system works as a monitor of the respirator (detection of malfunction) and as a monitor of the lung function of the patient. It is particularly useful when adjusting the respirator and at time of weaning a patient from the respirator. These maneuvers can be made more safely because they are based on objective measurements and followed by immediate new sets of data. Defining the optimal values of tidal volume and positive end-expiratory pressure has been simplified by the use of pressure-volume plots. A \"fighting\", is now used as a measure of the severity of \"fighting\", that is of the effort of the patient to breathe spontaneously while being ventilated. It can detect fighting before it is diagnosed clinically and so can provide a warning that significant physiological changes will occur unless the fighting is controlled. New information about the distribution of ventilation-perfusion ratio can be derived from the expired concentration curve for CO2. Quantitative measurement of the distribution of ventilation shows a very close correlation with clinical events and can be carried out automatically during the normal routine of care of the patient. These on-line quantitative measurements, with the immediate reporting of results, appear to make a positive contribution to patient care.", "PMID": 1066026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5084", "title": "Essay of any ventilators by means of a pulmonary model with adjustable resistance, compliance and vital capacity.", "content": "After a critical study of classic lung models, showing that linear resistances are not faithful nor justified and that pneumotachograph is not a good measuring apparatus because of its inaccuracy (it changes calibration according to the nature of gas mixture and needs integration to determine volumes), authors present their own lung \"model\". In this model, it is possible to adjust resistance, compliance, vital capacity and residual volume. Parabolic resistances are used, because they more approach physiologic ones. Building of resistances (diaphragms), compliances (rigid tanks with adjustable elements), vital capacity (elastic membrane between two grills) is simple to realise and easy to reproduce. Measures of pressure and volume are given directly by gauges and are insensitive to gas nature, which is important in respiratory physiology. Flow-rates are deducted from volume values. The lung model can be used in a twin-cell shape to show the effects of artificial ventilation in case of pulmonary asymmetry. Examples given underline the interest of having a model with resistances easy to build and an adjustable vital capacity.", "contents": "Essay of any ventilators by means of a pulmonary model with adjustable resistance, compliance and vital capacity. After a critical study of classic lung models, showing that linear resistances are not faithful nor justified and that pneumotachograph is not a good measuring apparatus because of its inaccuracy (it changes calibration according to the nature of gas mixture and needs integration to determine volumes), authors present their own lung \"model\". In this model, it is possible to adjust resistance, compliance, vital capacity and residual volume. Parabolic resistances are used, because they more approach physiologic ones. Building of resistances (diaphragms), compliances (rigid tanks with adjustable elements), vital capacity (elastic membrane between two grills) is simple to realise and easy to reproduce. Measures of pressure and volume are given directly by gauges and are insensitive to gas nature, which is important in respiratory physiology. Flow-rates are deducted from volume values. The lung model can be used in a twin-cell shape to show the effects of artificial ventilation in case of pulmonary asymmetry. Examples given underline the interest of having a model with resistances easy to build and an adjustable vital capacity.", "PMID": 1066027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5085", "title": "Metabolism of estradiol in greyhounds and German shepherd dogs. An investigation with special reference to hip dysplasia.", "content": "Metabolism of estradiol was investigated in 5 dogs, 3 female Greyhounds with radiographically perfect hip joints and 2 female German Shepherd dogs with hip dysplasia (one pregnant and the other non-pregnant). One of the Greyhounds was studied both when pregnant and non-pregnant. The non-pregnant dogs were injected with C14-labelled estradiol-17beta i.v. and 5 mg estradiol-17beta benzoate i.m. The pregnant dogs were given only radiolabelled estradiol-17beta. Twenty-four-hour-specimens of urine were collected from the dogs for 6--8 days. Determination of urinary estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol was made. It was found that most of the injected estradiol was excreted unmetabolized in all dogs. A significant amount of the injected estradiol was converted to estrone and a small amount to estriol. There was no significant difference in the excretion patterns of estrone, estradiol, and estriol between the Greyhounds with perfect hip joints and the German Shepherds with hip dysplasia, regardless whether the dogs were pregnant or not. The conclusion was drawn that the capacity of dogs with hip dysplasia to metabolize estradiol and to eliminate estradiol and metabolites is not impaired.", "contents": "Metabolism of estradiol in greyhounds and German shepherd dogs. An investigation with special reference to hip dysplasia. Metabolism of estradiol was investigated in 5 dogs, 3 female Greyhounds with radiographically perfect hip joints and 2 female German Shepherd dogs with hip dysplasia (one pregnant and the other non-pregnant). One of the Greyhounds was studied both when pregnant and non-pregnant. The non-pregnant dogs were injected with C14-labelled estradiol-17beta i.v. and 5 mg estradiol-17beta benzoate i.m. The pregnant dogs were given only radiolabelled estradiol-17beta. Twenty-four-hour-specimens of urine were collected from the dogs for 6--8 days. Determination of urinary estrone, estradiol-17beta, and estriol was made. It was found that most of the injected estradiol was excreted unmetabolized in all dogs. A significant amount of the injected estradiol was converted to estrone and a small amount to estriol. There was no significant difference in the excretion patterns of estrone, estradiol, and estriol between the Greyhounds with perfect hip joints and the German Shepherds with hip dysplasia, regardless whether the dogs were pregnant or not. The conclusion was drawn that the capacity of dogs with hip dysplasia to metabolize estradiol and to eliminate estradiol and metabolites is not impaired.", "PMID": 1066029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5086", "title": "Plasma levels of estradiol and plasma protein binding of sex steroids in dogs. An investigation with special reference to development of hip dysplasia in growing individuals.", "content": "Peripheral plasma levels of estradiol were determined in 39 dogs of three breeds (Greyhound, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever). Blood samples were collected weekly from 3 weeks up to 17--21 weeks of age. The pups from all three breeds had mean levels of estradiol varying between 4--8 pg/ml. The lowest levels were found in pups which developed hip dysplasia. There was a significant difference (0.01 less than p less than 0.005) between the estradiol levels of German Shepherd pups with normal and dysplastic hip joints. In female Greyhounds, the peripheral plasma levels of estradiol were examined from 17 weeks of age through the first heat. No increase of the estradiol level was seen with increasing age. The ability of dog plasma to bind dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol was examined in three dogs. It was found that there are at least three types of binding components for DHT: one with high affinity and extremely low capacity, which is heat labile, another which is also heat labile but has a high capacity and low affinity, and a third which appears to be albumin. Estrogen administration to the three dogs lowered the binding of DHT. It was concluded that it is most unlikely that hyperestrogenism is an etiologic factor in canine hip dysplasia. Unphysiologically high doses of estradiol have been used for experimental induction of hip dysplasia. There is a possibility that the levels of plasma proteins, which bind steroids, could be of importance for the etiology of hip dysplasia. A low plasma level of estradiol could be biologically highly significant if there is a low level of a specific binding protein.", "contents": "Plasma levels of estradiol and plasma protein binding of sex steroids in dogs. An investigation with special reference to development of hip dysplasia in growing individuals. Peripheral plasma levels of estradiol were determined in 39 dogs of three breeds (Greyhound, German Shepherd, Golden Retriever). Blood samples were collected weekly from 3 weeks up to 17--21 weeks of age. The pups from all three breeds had mean levels of estradiol varying between 4--8 pg/ml. The lowest levels were found in pups which developed hip dysplasia. There was a significant difference (0.01 less than p less than 0.005) between the estradiol levels of German Shepherd pups with normal and dysplastic hip joints. In female Greyhounds, the peripheral plasma levels of estradiol were examined from 17 weeks of age through the first heat. No increase of the estradiol level was seen with increasing age. The ability of dog plasma to bind dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol was examined in three dogs. It was found that there are at least three types of binding components for DHT: one with high affinity and extremely low capacity, which is heat labile, another which is also heat labile but has a high capacity and low affinity, and a third which appears to be albumin. Estrogen administration to the three dogs lowered the binding of DHT. It was concluded that it is most unlikely that hyperestrogenism is an etiologic factor in canine hip dysplasia. Unphysiologically high doses of estradiol have been used for experimental induction of hip dysplasia. There is a possibility that the levels of plasma proteins, which bind steroids, could be of importance for the etiology of hip dysplasia. A low plasma level of estradiol could be biologically highly significant if there is a low level of a specific binding protein.", "PMID": 1066030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5087", "title": "Nutrition, weight gain and development of hip dysplasia. An experimental investigation in growing dogs with special reference to the effect of feeding intensity.", "content": "Thirty-one dogs from 5 litters with a high parental frequency of hip dysplasia were used in the investigation. Each litter was split in two groups, of which one was put on a high caloric intake, the other one on a low caloric intake. Each member of a group had a paired litter mate in the other group. The litter mates were paired on the basis of the result of a palpatory examination of the hip joints before 12 weeks of age. If possible, paired mates were of the same bodyweight at the time of palpation, and of the same sex. In the groups made up of pups from 3 of the litters, the protein intake was kept at an optimal level, regardless of the amount of calories given. It was found that hip dysplasia was more frequent, occurred earlier, and became more severe in the dogs with a rapid weight gain caused by increased caloric intake than in the dogs which had a low weight gain because of restricted feeding. The final diagnosis was closer correlated with feeding and weight gain than with tightness or laxity of the hip joints before 12 weeks of age.", "contents": "Nutrition, weight gain and development of hip dysplasia. An experimental investigation in growing dogs with special reference to the effect of feeding intensity. Thirty-one dogs from 5 litters with a high parental frequency of hip dysplasia were used in the investigation. Each litter was split in two groups, of which one was put on a high caloric intake, the other one on a low caloric intake. Each member of a group had a paired litter mate in the other group. The litter mates were paired on the basis of the result of a palpatory examination of the hip joints before 12 weeks of age. If possible, paired mates were of the same bodyweight at the time of palpation, and of the same sex. In the groups made up of pups from 3 of the litters, the protein intake was kept at an optimal level, regardless of the amount of calories given. It was found that hip dysplasia was more frequent, occurred earlier, and became more severe in the dogs with a rapid weight gain caused by increased caloric intake than in the dogs which had a low weight gain because of restricted feeding. The final diagnosis was closer correlated with feeding and weight gain than with tightness or laxity of the hip joints before 12 weeks of age.", "PMID": 1066031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5088", "title": "Development of femoral head to the rat from calcification to ossification.", "content": "The development of the epiphysis of the femoral head from calcification to ossification was investigated in 50 rats of Wistar strain from an age of 10 to 63 days using radiography and histology. The first deposition of calcium in the cartilage appeared in the central portion of the epiphysis at an age of about 21 days. The region of calcification gradually expanded toward the periphery and after about 3 weeks it occupied the entire epiphysis except for the periphery. After completion of calcification ossification began in the lateral part of the epiphysis at the earliest at an age of 6 weeks. The onset of ossification was characterized by disintegration of hypertrophied cartilage cells and formation of bone trabeculae accompanied by vascular invasion from the lateral side.", "contents": "Development of femoral head to the rat from calcification to ossification. The development of the epiphysis of the femoral head from calcification to ossification was investigated in 50 rats of Wistar strain from an age of 10 to 63 days using radiography and histology. The first deposition of calcium in the cartilage appeared in the central portion of the epiphysis at an age of about 21 days. The region of calcification gradually expanded toward the periphery and after about 3 weeks it occupied the entire epiphysis except for the periphery. After completion of calcification ossification began in the lateral part of the epiphysis at the earliest at an age of 6 weeks. The onset of ossification was characterized by disintegration of hypertrophied cartilage cells and formation of bone trabeculae accompanied by vascular invasion from the lateral side.", "PMID": 1066032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5089", "title": "Normal and estradiol induced calcification of the femoral head in rats.", "content": "It was found that calcification of the femoral head epiphysis occurred earlier in the female than in the male rat. Administration of estradiol lead to earlier appearance of calcification in both sexes.", "contents": "Normal and estradiol induced calcification of the femoral head in rats. It was found that calcification of the femoral head epiphysis occurred earlier in the female than in the male rat. Administration of estradiol lead to earlier appearance of calcification in both sexes.", "PMID": 1066033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5090", "title": "Estradiol induced skeletal changes. The long term effect of prenatal and postnatal administration in beagles.", "content": "Beagle pups were injected with 200 mug estradiol benzoate per kg body weight daily 5 times weekly during the first 8 weeks of life. The skeletal development of the pups was followed from 8 weeks to 18 months of age. The femoral heads were smaller and the hip joints more unstable in these pups than in controls from 10 weeks of age. The femoral head ossification center increased more rapidly in size in these pups. The bone mass was also increased. Pups of pregnant bitches, which were injected with estradiol benzoate during the last three weeks of gestation, were studied. The highest total dose injected to the bitches was 90 mug per kg bodyweight. Changes in the hip joints such as small femoral heads and increased instability were found in these pups at 8 and 10 weeks of age. Bone mass was less in these pups than in controls. In adult life these pups had loose hips but they did not develop the complete picture of hip dysplasia. The present investigation demonstrates that the early changes in the hip joints caused by estradiol lead to hip dysplasia.", "contents": "Estradiol induced skeletal changes. The long term effect of prenatal and postnatal administration in beagles. Beagle pups were injected with 200 mug estradiol benzoate per kg body weight daily 5 times weekly during the first 8 weeks of life. The skeletal development of the pups was followed from 8 weeks to 18 months of age. The femoral heads were smaller and the hip joints more unstable in these pups than in controls from 10 weeks of age. The femoral head ossification center increased more rapidly in size in these pups. The bone mass was also increased. Pups of pregnant bitches, which were injected with estradiol benzoate during the last three weeks of gestation, were studied. The highest total dose injected to the bitches was 90 mug per kg bodyweight. Changes in the hip joints such as small femoral heads and increased instability were found in these pups at 8 and 10 weeks of age. Bone mass was less in these pups than in controls. In adult life these pups had loose hips but they did not develop the complete picture of hip dysplasia. The present investigation demonstrates that the early changes in the hip joints caused by estradiol lead to hip dysplasia.", "PMID": 1066034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5091", "title": "Growth and mitotic rate of the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate in hypophysectomized rats given estradiol and human growth hormone.", "content": "Hypophysectomized female immature albino rats were injected with HGH, HGH and estradiol, or estradiol solely. Some animals were left as controls. All animals were killed on day 3 or 5 of the experiment. One hour before sacrifice, the animals were flash labelled with tritiated thymidine. The following parameters were registered: labelling index, thickness of the growth plate, weight gain, and size of the uterus. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. Estradiol decreases the mitotic rate and retards growth of the epiphyseal cartilage. Its effect on the mitotic rate is more pronounced than its effect on the thickness of the tibial epiphyseal plate. 2. HGH increases the mitotic rate and promotes growth of the epiphyseal cartilage. Its effect on the thickness of the epiphyseal plate is more pronounced than its effect on the mitotic rate. 3. Estradiol decreases the mitotic rate even in the presence of HGH. 4. Estradiol seems to have a direct effect on mitosis of the chondrocytes.", "contents": "Growth and mitotic rate of the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate in hypophysectomized rats given estradiol and human growth hormone. Hypophysectomized female immature albino rats were injected with HGH, HGH and estradiol, or estradiol solely. Some animals were left as controls. All animals were killed on day 3 or 5 of the experiment. One hour before sacrifice, the animals were flash labelled with tritiated thymidine. The following parameters were registered: labelling index, thickness of the growth plate, weight gain, and size of the uterus. The following conclusions were drawn. 1. Estradiol decreases the mitotic rate and retards growth of the epiphyseal cartilage. Its effect on the mitotic rate is more pronounced than its effect on the thickness of the tibial epiphyseal plate. 2. HGH increases the mitotic rate and promotes growth of the epiphyseal cartilage. Its effect on the thickness of the epiphyseal plate is more pronounced than its effect on the mitotic rate. 3. Estradiol decreases the mitotic rate even in the presence of HGH. 4. Estradiol seems to have a direct effect on mitosis of the chondrocytes.", "PMID": 1066035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5092", "title": "Growth and remodeling of the hip joint and proximal femur in adolescent dogs. A scintimetric investigation with special reference to hip dysplasia and estradiol induced changes.", "content": "The uptake of 85Sr was shown to be higher in dysplastic hip joints than in normal joints of adolescent dogs. This was interpreted as a sign of increased remodeling. In contrast, the uptake of 85Sr in the growth plate and metaphysis of the proximal femur was lower in dogs with hip dysplasia than in dogs with normal hip joints. This was interpreted as a sign of retarded growth of the proximal femur (more advanced skeletal maturation). Greyhounds of bitches, which were injected with estradiol during pregnancy, also showed retarded growth of the proximal femur. This was interpreted as a late effect of estradiol.", "contents": "Growth and remodeling of the hip joint and proximal femur in adolescent dogs. A scintimetric investigation with special reference to hip dysplasia and estradiol induced changes. The uptake of 85Sr was shown to be higher in dysplastic hip joints than in normal joints of adolescent dogs. This was interpreted as a sign of increased remodeling. In contrast, the uptake of 85Sr in the growth plate and metaphysis of the proximal femur was lower in dogs with hip dysplasia than in dogs with normal hip joints. This was interpreted as a sign of retarded growth of the proximal femur (more advanced skeletal maturation). Greyhounds of bitches, which were injected with estradiol during pregnancy, also showed retarded growth of the proximal femur. This was interpreted as a late effect of estradiol.", "PMID": 1066036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5093", "title": "Skeletal development of greyhounds, German shepherd dogs and their crossbreed offspring. An investigation with special reference to hip dysplasia.", "content": "Skeletal development (appearance of secondary ossification centers) of Greyhounds, German Shepherds and their crossbreed offspring was studied. It was found that Greyhounds were more mature at birth than German Shepherds. Crossbreeds held an intermediate position. After about 16 weeks the skeletal age of German Shepherds was more advanced than that of Greyhounds and Crossbreeds. Of 28 German Shepherds which were radiographed at 6 months of age 6 (21%) had hip dysplasia. Four of these were sacrificed and necropsied together with 3 radiographically normal litter mates. These \"normal\" pups had incipient macroscopic and histologic signs of hip dysplasia. All Greyhounds and Crossbreeds, which were radiographed at about 6 months of age, had normal hips. Three Greyhounds and 7 Crossbreeds were necropsied at 6 months of age. Their hip joints were normal. All German Shepherds had unstable hips (post mortem) from an age of 4 weeks while Greyhounds and Crossbreeds had stable or only slightly unstable hips. On the basis of previous experiments with estradiol induced hip dysplasia it was suggested that German Shepherd are under influence of more maternal estrogens during fetal life than Greyhounds and Crossbreeds. The accelerated skeletal maturation and early sexual maturity of German Shepherds indicate an early and/or higher production of endogenous estrogens, which retards growth of cartilage, initiating the vicious circle of hip dysplasia. It was concluded that investigations of estrogen levels and further studies of skeletal development of dogs with and without hip dysplasia are necessary before any definite conclusion on etiology and pathogenesis of spontaneously occurring hip dysplasia can be drawn.", "contents": "Skeletal development of greyhounds, German shepherd dogs and their crossbreed offspring. An investigation with special reference to hip dysplasia. Skeletal development (appearance of secondary ossification centers) of Greyhounds, German Shepherds and their crossbreed offspring was studied. It was found that Greyhounds were more mature at birth than German Shepherds. Crossbreeds held an intermediate position. After about 16 weeks the skeletal age of German Shepherds was more advanced than that of Greyhounds and Crossbreeds. Of 28 German Shepherds which were radiographed at 6 months of age 6 (21%) had hip dysplasia. Four of these were sacrificed and necropsied together with 3 radiographically normal litter mates. These \"normal\" pups had incipient macroscopic and histologic signs of hip dysplasia. All Greyhounds and Crossbreeds, which were radiographed at about 6 months of age, had normal hips. Three Greyhounds and 7 Crossbreeds were necropsied at 6 months of age. Their hip joints were normal. All German Shepherds had unstable hips (post mortem) from an age of 4 weeks while Greyhounds and Crossbreeds had stable or only slightly unstable hips. On the basis of previous experiments with estradiol induced hip dysplasia it was suggested that German Shepherd are under influence of more maternal estrogens during fetal life than Greyhounds and Crossbreeds. The accelerated skeletal maturation and early sexual maturity of German Shepherds indicate an early and/or higher production of endogenous estrogens, which retards growth of cartilage, initiating the vicious circle of hip dysplasia. It was concluded that investigations of estrogen levels and further studies of skeletal development of dogs with and without hip dysplasia are necessary before any definite conclusion on etiology and pathogenesis of spontaneously occurring hip dysplasia can be drawn.", "PMID": 1066037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5094", "title": "Optimizing anterior and canine retraction.", "content": "Vertical loops or modified vertical loops are basically frictionless springs which are used for canine and anterior tooth retraction. The design and selection of a proper loop or retraction spring should be based on a number of scientific criteria. Foremost among these would be a sufficiently high moment-to-force ratio so that root apices are not displaced mesially or anteriorly. A retraction spring with zero angulation of its horizontal-occlusal arms delivers a moment when activated to produce a force. The ratio of this moment and force is constant throughout the elastic range of activation of the spring. The higher the moment-to-force ratio, the greater is the clinician's control over the apices of the anterior teeth. An analysis of design factors demonstrates that the higher the loop occluso-gingivally, the shorter its horizontal length occlusally, and the greater the gingival horizontal length as in a T loop; these are significant factors in increasing the moment-to-force ratio. The placement of helices is a useful design consideration but the main effect is in reducing the load-deflection rate. By keeping these design factors in mind, the clinician can build into his retraction springs, without the placement of any gable bend, the largest possible moment-to-force ratio so as to optimize his tooth movement. Although it may be possible to design retraction springs to deliver an adequate moment-to-force ratio for controlled tipping around the apex of an incisor or a canine, translatory movements are not possible, considering the intraoral limitations on spring height. This can be overcome by the placement of gable bends or angulation in a vertical loop or retraction spring. Unfortunately, with the typically used high-load-deflection-rate vertical loops, activation to achieve the desired moment-to-force ratio is too critical, exacting, and changeable with small displaced movements of the tooth. This can be partly overcome by utilizing designs that have not only the highest possible moment-to-force ratio during pure horizontal activation of their arms but low-load deflection rates as well. Because of the low load-deflection rate, moment-to-force ratios are relatively more constant if a gable bend (angulation) is placed. The science of spring design as applied to the problems of canine and anterior tooth retraction in this article allows the clinician to optimize the design of his retraction springs. More important, with properly designed springs, it allows him to estimate with relative accuracy the force systems produced and to avoid undesirable side effects which might not have been apparent from superficial observation.", "contents": "Optimizing anterior and canine retraction. Vertical loops or modified vertical loops are basically frictionless springs which are used for canine and anterior tooth retraction. The design and selection of a proper loop or retraction spring should be based on a number of scientific criteria. Foremost among these would be a sufficiently high moment-to-force ratio so that root apices are not displaced mesially or anteriorly. A retraction spring with zero angulation of its horizontal-occlusal arms delivers a moment when activated to produce a force. The ratio of this moment and force is constant throughout the elastic range of activation of the spring. The higher the moment-to-force ratio, the greater is the clinician's control over the apices of the anterior teeth. An analysis of design factors demonstrates that the higher the loop occluso-gingivally, the shorter its horizontal length occlusally, and the greater the gingival horizontal length as in a T loop; these are significant factors in increasing the moment-to-force ratio. The placement of helices is a useful design consideration but the main effect is in reducing the load-deflection rate. By keeping these design factors in mind, the clinician can build into his retraction springs, without the placement of any gable bend, the largest possible moment-to-force ratio so as to optimize his tooth movement. Although it may be possible to design retraction springs to deliver an adequate moment-to-force ratio for controlled tipping around the apex of an incisor or a canine, translatory movements are not possible, considering the intraoral limitations on spring height. This can be overcome by the placement of gable bends or angulation in a vertical loop or retraction spring. Unfortunately, with the typically used high-load-deflection-rate vertical loops, activation to achieve the desired moment-to-force ratio is too critical, exacting, and changeable with small displaced movements of the tooth. This can be partly overcome by utilizing designs that have not only the highest possible moment-to-force ratio during pure horizontal activation of their arms but low-load deflection rates as well. Because of the low load-deflection rate, moment-to-force ratios are relatively more constant if a gable bend (angulation) is placed. The science of spring design as applied to the problems of canine and anterior tooth retraction in this article allows the clinician to optimize the design of his retraction springs. More important, with properly designed springs, it allows him to estimate with relative accuracy the force systems produced and to avoid undesirable side effects which might not have been apparent from superficial observation.", "PMID": 1066042}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5095", "title": "Reconstitution of the human oxytalan system during orthodontic tooth movement.", "content": "Orthodontic tooth movement in man has revealed that the oxytalan fiber system possesses a high order of maintenance. Oxytalan fibers did not merely increase in number during orthodontic movement. On the contrary, the oxytalan fiber system underwent reconstruction and adaptation to extensive metabolic and anatomic changes within the periodontium. With the use of light orthodontic forces, the oxytalan fiber system was constantly remodeled on both the tension and compression sides and maintained a characteristic cementum-vascular relationship even when teeth were moved a significant distance through the alveolar bone. In contrast, heavier forces caused localized destruction of the oxytalan system in regions of excessive pressure and tension. Reconstitution of the oxytalan system provided evidence against the concept that oxytalan fibers are stretched by orthodontic movement and subsequently contribute to relapse by elastic rebound. In man the oxytalan fiber system  of the periodontal ligament is arranged as a three-dimensional fiber meshwork and exhibits a complex geometry like other fiber systems in the connective tissues. Knowledge of the interaction between elastic and collagen fibrillar assemblies has been used to derive some speculative concepts of oxytalan-collagen interaction. These concepts have been put forward with the intention of stimulating further interest in the oxytalan fiber meshwork. The present investigation emphasizes that the use of the light microscope to examine and record static images of complex biologic changes can provide new knowledge of the structure and function of human connective tissues.", "contents": "Reconstitution of the human oxytalan system during orthodontic tooth movement. Orthodontic tooth movement in man has revealed that the oxytalan fiber system possesses a high order of maintenance. Oxytalan fibers did not merely increase in number during orthodontic movement. On the contrary, the oxytalan fiber system underwent reconstruction and adaptation to extensive metabolic and anatomic changes within the periodontium. With the use of light orthodontic forces, the oxytalan fiber system was constantly remodeled on both the tension and compression sides and maintained a characteristic cementum-vascular relationship even when teeth were moved a significant distance through the alveolar bone. In contrast, heavier forces caused localized destruction of the oxytalan system in regions of excessive pressure and tension. Reconstitution of the oxytalan system provided evidence against the concept that oxytalan fibers are stretched by orthodontic movement and subsequently contribute to relapse by elastic rebound. In man the oxytalan fiber system  of the periodontal ligament is arranged as a three-dimensional fiber meshwork and exhibits a complex geometry like other fiber systems in the connective tissues. Knowledge of the interaction between elastic and collagen fibrillar assemblies has been used to derive some speculative concepts of oxytalan-collagen interaction. These concepts have been put forward with the intention of stimulating further interest in the oxytalan fiber meshwork. The present investigation emphasizes that the use of the light microscope to examine and record static images of complex biologic changes can provide new knowledge of the structure and function of human connective tissues.", "PMID": 1066044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5096", "title": "Early orthopedic treatment for class III skeletal patterns.", "content": "Early short-term use of the chin cup resulted in the following significant findings in Class III skeletal problems: 1. A decrease in the gonial, mandibular, and SNB angles. 2. An increase in posterior facial height as a result of increased ramal height. 3. A faster and more pronounced result in the younger patients. 4. Correction of the Class III malocclusion. These findings negate the idea that Class III traction simply repositions the condyle within the fossa. When tracings are superimposed, it is obvious that these changes are not that of a rigid body. It is believed that the change is due to remodeling of the mandible itself. The shape changes as a result of the extrinsic mechanical forces plus the intrinsic functional requirements of the newly determined position. The question as to what degree the new functional homeostatic relationship can overcome the genetic aberration of a more forward-growing mandible. This conflict will probably vary with each individual and may be predictable in the near future. However, should the aberrant growth manifest itself, it would simply require renewed force application.", "contents": "Early orthopedic treatment for class III skeletal patterns. Early short-term use of the chin cup resulted in the following significant findings in Class III skeletal problems: 1. A decrease in the gonial, mandibular, and SNB angles. 2. An increase in posterior facial height as a result of increased ramal height. 3. A faster and more pronounced result in the younger patients. 4. Correction of the Class III malocclusion. These findings negate the idea that Class III traction simply repositions the condyle within the fossa. When tracings are superimposed, it is obvious that these changes are not that of a rigid body. It is believed that the change is due to remodeling of the mandible itself. The shape changes as a result of the extrinsic mechanical forces plus the intrinsic functional requirements of the newly determined position. The question as to what degree the new functional homeostatic relationship can overcome the genetic aberration of a more forward-growing mandible. This conflict will probably vary with each individual and may be predictable in the near future. However, should the aberrant growth manifest itself, it would simply require renewed force application.", "PMID": 1066045}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5097", "title": "Vertical control: a multifactorial problem and its clinical implications.", "content": "In this article we have tried to analyze the importance of vertical control in orthodontic cases, as well as the factors affecting it. From the cases presented, it can be assumed that: 1. In vertically growing or nongrowing persons (high-angle cases), the application of proper directional forces becomes extremely critical because a clockwise rotation of the mandible can occur very promptly and is very undesirable. 2. In cases with favorable growth potential, the results may be acceptable, even if the forces applied during treatment are not absolutely controlled; in other words, Mother Nature may often compensate for inappropriate or miscalculated treatment procedures.", "contents": "Vertical control: a multifactorial problem and its clinical implications. In this article we have tried to analyze the importance of vertical control in orthodontic cases, as well as the factors affecting it. From the cases presented, it can be assumed that: 1. In vertically growing or nongrowing persons (high-angle cases), the application of proper directional forces becomes extremely critical because a clockwise rotation of the mandible can occur very promptly and is very undesirable. 2. In cases with favorable growth potential, the results may be acceptable, even if the forces applied during treatment are not absolutely controlled; in other words, Mother Nature may often compensate for inappropriate or miscalculated treatment procedures.", "PMID": 1066046}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5098", "title": "Occlusion and orthodontics.", "content": "The importance of considering the functional aspects as well as the static concepts of an occlusion was demonstrated in the case of an 11-year-old girl with postorthodontic temporomandibular joint muscle pain dysfunction. The following characteristics of an ideal occlusion were discussed as they relate to the entire masticatory system: 1. There should be no slide in centric; that is, there should be a stable jaw relationship when occlusal contact is made in centric relation closure. 2. There should be freedom in centric, that is, freedom for the mandible to move from centric relation to centric occlusion and slightly anterior to centric occlusion without interference. 3. Centric relation should be at the same contact vertical dimension as centric occlusion. 4. There should be no buccolingual thrust or impact to any tooth on closure to contact in centric relation or to centric occlusion. 5. Between centric relation and centric occlusion there should be an unrestricted glide with maintained occlusal contact. 6. Complete freedom for smooth-gliding occlusal contact movements in various excursions from both centric occlusion and centric relation. 7. Occlusal guidance should be on the working or functioning side rather than on the balancing or nonfunctioning side. 8. There should be no soft-tissue impingment from occlusal contacts. In effect, the occlusion should be related to centric relation and centric occlusion prior to, during, and at the completion of active treatment. The final occlusion should provide unhindered closure in centric relation, smooth-sliding lateral and protrusive movements, and an optimal bilateral vertical contact dimension. Orthodontic treatment must include proper occlusal adjustment procedures to obtain the goals of an ideal occlusion in most instances.", "contents": "Occlusion and orthodontics. The importance of considering the functional aspects as well as the static concepts of an occlusion was demonstrated in the case of an 11-year-old girl with postorthodontic temporomandibular joint muscle pain dysfunction. The following characteristics of an ideal occlusion were discussed as they relate to the entire masticatory system: 1. There should be no slide in centric; that is, there should be a stable jaw relationship when occlusal contact is made in centric relation closure. 2. There should be freedom in centric, that is, freedom for the mandible to move from centric relation to centric occlusion and slightly anterior to centric occlusion without interference. 3. Centric relation should be at the same contact vertical dimension as centric occlusion. 4. There should be no buccolingual thrust or impact to any tooth on closure to contact in centric relation or to centric occlusion. 5. Between centric relation and centric occlusion there should be an unrestricted glide with maintained occlusal contact. 6. Complete freedom for smooth-gliding occlusal contact movements in various excursions from both centric occlusion and centric relation. 7. Occlusal guidance should be on the working or functioning side rather than on the balancing or nonfunctioning side. 8. There should be no soft-tissue impingment from occlusal contacts. In effect, the occlusion should be related to centric relation and centric occlusion prior to, during, and at the completion of active treatment. The final occlusion should provide unhindered closure in centric relation, smooth-sliding lateral and protrusive movements, and an optimal bilateral vertical contact dimension. Orthodontic treatment must include proper occlusal adjustment procedures to obtain the goals of an ideal occlusion in most instances.", "PMID": 1066050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5099", "title": "Clinical experiences with circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy.", "content": "This article has reported on a survey of 1,000 randomly selected orthodontists in the United States to ascertain the incidence of use of the circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy technique to minimize rotational relapse. It was also the purpose of the study to determine whether any problems were associated with the procedure. While the surgical technique is not widely prescribed, there are regional differences. The result of this survey tend to indicate that the technique is reasonably problem-free and that its use probably will be increasing in the future. It should be emphasized that quantitative long-term studies of the effectiveness of the procedure and of possible periodontal sequelae have to date not been reported in the literature.", "contents": "Clinical experiences with circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy. This article has reported on a survey of 1,000 randomly selected orthodontists in the United States to ascertain the incidence of use of the circumferential supracrestal fiberotomy technique to minimize rotational relapse. It was also the purpose of the study to determine whether any problems were associated with the procedure. While the surgical technique is not widely prescribed, there are regional differences. The result of this survey tend to indicate that the technique is reasonably problem-free and that its use probably will be increasing in the future. It should be emphasized that quantitative long-term studies of the effectiveness of the procedure and of possible periodontal sequelae have to date not been reported in the literature.", "PMID": 1066051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5100", "title": "Interrelationships between orthodontics and periodontics.", "content": "At the present time, periodontists have no evidence to indicate that orthodontic treatment in the child will either enhance or detract from the periodontal health of the patient or that it will increase or decrease the longevity of the teeth. Many periodontists believe that much orthodontic treatment is undertaken on an esthetic or empirical basis. Proper emphasis on plaque control procedures prior to initial banding, altered and reinforced during the entire period of orthodontic treatment, may well minimize the inflammatory lesion often found during therapy. Gingival, periodontal, and mucogingival problems should be treated as soon as they are diagnosed. Limiting our orthodontic objectives in adult patients because of the possibility of inducing supporting alveolar bone loss and other problems that did not previously exist may be a worthwhile compromise. Orthodontic movement in periodontally healthy adults, and especially in those with periodontally involved teeth, constitutes a problem distinct from routine orthodontics. When periodontal disease has already produced significant destruction of supporting tissue and secondary occlusal trauma is a complicating factor, orthodontic treatment may possibly serve as another mode of treatment to reestablish the correct occlusal plane and alter bony deformities. Various methods can be used to try and place teeth into better bone. One should make certain that teeth are being moved into a greater volume of bone. The bite plane is of great value in allowing continuous eruption of the teeth and their supporting structures and in eliminating additional trauma by enabling the teeth to move into their correct cusp-fossa relationships unimpeded by the inclined planes of the opposing teeth. Since little is known about the interrelationships between orthodontic treatment and periodontal health and disease, there is still a great deal to learn. In spite of this lack of knowledge, the general practitioners and the various specialists of dentistry, each seeking a rationale for his preventive and therapeutic procedures, subject the patient to treatment based on concepts of the occlusion which have yet to be corroborated. In addition to the need for research in this field, a common language between the periodontist and the orthodontist must be established to eliminate the existing communications barrier. Once basic principles can be determined, elucidated, and applied correctly, the movement of teeth in periodontal cases will be limited only by the imagination of the operator.", "contents": "Interrelationships between orthodontics and periodontics. At the present time, periodontists have no evidence to indicate that orthodontic treatment in the child will either enhance or detract from the periodontal health of the patient or that it will increase or decrease the longevity of the teeth. Many periodontists believe that much orthodontic treatment is undertaken on an esthetic or empirical basis. Proper emphasis on plaque control procedures prior to initial banding, altered and reinforced during the entire period of orthodontic treatment, may well minimize the inflammatory lesion often found during therapy. Gingival, periodontal, and mucogingival problems should be treated as soon as they are diagnosed. Limiting our orthodontic objectives in adult patients because of the possibility of inducing supporting alveolar bone loss and other problems that did not previously exist may be a worthwhile compromise. Orthodontic movement in periodontally healthy adults, and especially in those with periodontally involved teeth, constitutes a problem distinct from routine orthodontics. When periodontal disease has already produced significant destruction of supporting tissue and secondary occlusal trauma is a complicating factor, orthodontic treatment may possibly serve as another mode of treatment to reestablish the correct occlusal plane and alter bony deformities. Various methods can be used to try and place teeth into better bone. One should make certain that teeth are being moved into a greater volume of bone. The bite plane is of great value in allowing continuous eruption of the teeth and their supporting structures and in eliminating additional trauma by enabling the teeth to move into their correct cusp-fossa relationships unimpeded by the inclined planes of the opposing teeth. Since little is known about the interrelationships between orthodontic treatment and periodontal health and disease, there is still a great deal to learn. In spite of this lack of knowledge, the general practitioners and the various specialists of dentistry, each seeking a rationale for his preventive and therapeutic procedures, subject the patient to treatment based on concepts of the occlusion which have yet to be corroborated. In addition to the need for research in this field, a common language between the periodontist and the orthodontist must be established to eliminate the existing communications barrier. Once basic principles can be determined, elucidated, and applied correctly, the movement of teeth in periodontal cases will be limited only by the imagination of the operator.", "PMID": 1066052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5101", "title": "Application of the \"Wits\" appraisal.", "content": "The \"Wits\" appraisal is intended as a diagnostic aid to be used in conjunction with other analyses. Whereas the popularly used ANB angular reading is a simple method of measuring degree of jaw disharmony, there are many instances in which this reading is suspect. The \"Wits\" appraisal permits easy identification of these shortcomings and substitutes a reasonably reliable means of measuring extent of anteroposterior jaw disharmony.", "contents": "Application of the \"Wits\" appraisal. The \"Wits\" appraisal is intended as a diagnostic aid to be used in conjunction with other analyses. Whereas the popularly used ANB angular reading is a simple method of measuring degree of jaw disharmony, there are many instances in which this reading is suspect. The \"Wits\" appraisal permits easy identification of these shortcomings and substitutes a reasonably reliable means of measuring extent of anteroposterior jaw disharmony.", "PMID": 1066054}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5102", "title": "Use of a submental-vertex analysis for producing quality temporomandibular joint laminagraphs.", "content": "A radiographic analysis which can be used to produce high-quality laminagraphs of the temporomandibular joint has been presented. Submental-vertex radiographs of twenty-six dry skulls and fifty vital subjects were used as the sample. Statistical examination demonstrated a wide range of condylar angulations and midline-to-condyle distances. These two measurements are critical to the production of laminagraphs used for pathologic diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction. The results of this study seem to verify the need for an accurate method of determining these two influential quantities.", "contents": "Use of a submental-vertex analysis for producing quality temporomandibular joint laminagraphs. A radiographic analysis which can be used to produce high-quality laminagraphs of the temporomandibular joint has been presented. Submental-vertex radiographs of twenty-six dry skulls and fifty vital subjects were used as the sample. Statistical examination demonstrated a wide range of condylar angulations and midline-to-condyle distances. These two measurements are critical to the production of laminagraphs used for pathologic diagnosis of TMJ dysfunction. The results of this study seem to verify the need for an accurate method of determining these two influential quantities.", "PMID": 1066056}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5103", "title": "A follow-up of 78 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome.", "content": "The authors conducted a follow-up study of 78 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Four of the patients were in spontaneous remission; 59 patients taking haloperidol showed an average improvement of 79.3% and the remaining patients, 3 of whom were taking medication other than haloperidol and 12 of whom were not taking any medication, showed an average improvement of 24.7%. Side effects were the main cause of discontinuing haloperidol. The authors found that response to haloperidol was unrelated to family history of tics, age at onset, type or severity of symptoms, or signs of organicity.", "contents": "A follow-up of 78 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. The authors conducted a follow-up study of 78 patients with Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Four of the patients were in spontaneous remission; 59 patients taking haloperidol showed an average improvement of 79.3% and the remaining patients, 3 of whom were taking medication other than haloperidol and 12 of whom were not taking any medication, showed an average improvement of 24.7%. Side effects were the main cause of discontinuing haloperidol. The authors found that response to haloperidol was unrelated to family history of tics, age at onset, type or severity of symptoms, or signs of organicity.", "PMID": 1066059}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5104", "title": "Fluidic technology. A discussion and a description of a fluidic controlled ventilator for use with high flow oxygen techniques.", "content": "The principles of fluidic technology are outlined and applied in the description of a fluidic controlled ventilator. The device is compact, easy to operate and practically fail-safe since it has no moving parts. There is a sensor which prevents any increase in airway pressure above the preset level.", "contents": "Fluidic technology. A discussion and a description of a fluidic controlled ventilator for use with high flow oxygen techniques. The principles of fluidic technology are outlined and applied in the description of a fluidic controlled ventilator. The device is compact, easy to operate and practically fail-safe since it has no moving parts. There is a sensor which prevents any increase in airway pressure above the preset level.", "PMID": 1066060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5105", "title": "[Control of respirator pressure and drainage of the anesthetic gases with Kuhn's device in pediatric anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "By adding a manometer and a pressure valve to the anaesthetic equipment used for newborns and children (Ayre-T-piece, modified by Kuhn) we are able to control airway pressures continuously and to draw out all narcotic gases from the operating room. The concentration of halothanee thus can be diminished to a very low level around the aneasthesist and the surgeon.", "contents": "[Control of respirator pressure and drainage of the anesthetic gases with Kuhn's device in pediatric anesthesia (author's transl)]. By adding a manometer and a pressure valve to the anaesthetic equipment used for newborns and children (Ayre-T-piece, modified by Kuhn) we are able to control airway pressures continuously and to draw out all narcotic gases from the operating room. The concentration of halothanee thus can be diminished to a very low level around the aneasthesist and the surgeon.", "PMID": 1066061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5106", "title": "[Neonatal leukemia. Report of seven cases (author's transl)].", "content": "No more than 150 cases of neonatal leukemia had been reported in the literature. Seven additional cases are reported herein. The incidence of neonatal leukemia has been of one in 50,000. Its incidence among the group of neonates requiring hospitalization has been of 0.075%. The seven neonates with leukemia consist of five males and two females. Two of them had an associated Down's syndrome. Abdominal distension, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cutaneous manifestations and purpura were the most frequent clinical findings in our patients. Severe anemia was present in only three patients. Thrombocytopenia was recognized in six of them. A high white blood cell count was present in five patients. The number of blast cells in their peripheral blood smear ranged between 16 and 100%. A remarkable myeloid dominance was observed. One patient died two hours after birth and his diagnosis was made at autopsy. Three patients were diagnosed before the age of three weeks. The three patients with myeloid leukemia were treated with DNR and Ara-C. A complete hematological remission was achieved in two of them. One patient died of a Pn. carinii pneumonia one month after the remission was induced. The remainder patient of this group had a Down's syndrome and the leukemia had been confirmed by hepatic biopsy. After two years of maintenance with Ara-C and Thioguanine he is alive and both, peripheral blood and bone marrow, remains normal. A lymphocitic leukemia was seen in only two patients. One was treated with prednisolone and VCR, and the other with prednisolone, VR and L-Asp. In both cases a good response to the chemotherapy was observed. Autopsy was performed in all patients who died but one. The pathological findings are analyzed. The low survival among patients with neonatal leukemia may be influenced by the toxic side effects of the used chemotherapy. All aspects of the medical treatment including drugs of choice and the usefullness of isolation devices are further discussed.", "contents": "[Neonatal leukemia. Report of seven cases (author's transl)]. No more than 150 cases of neonatal leukemia had been reported in the literature. Seven additional cases are reported herein. The incidence of neonatal leukemia has been of one in 50,000. Its incidence among the group of neonates requiring hospitalization has been of 0.075%. The seven neonates with leukemia consist of five males and two females. Two of them had an associated Down's syndrome. Abdominal distension, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cutaneous manifestations and purpura were the most frequent clinical findings in our patients. Severe anemia was present in only three patients. Thrombocytopenia was recognized in six of them. A high white blood cell count was present in five patients. The number of blast cells in their peripheral blood smear ranged between 16 and 100%. A remarkable myeloid dominance was observed. One patient died two hours after birth and his diagnosis was made at autopsy. Three patients were diagnosed before the age of three weeks. The three patients with myeloid leukemia were treated with DNR and Ara-C. A complete hematological remission was achieved in two of them. One patient died of a Pn. carinii pneumonia one month after the remission was induced. The remainder patient of this group had a Down's syndrome and the leukemia had been confirmed by hepatic biopsy. After two years of maintenance with Ara-C and Thioguanine he is alive and both, peripheral blood and bone marrow, remains normal. A lymphocitic leukemia was seen in only two patients. One was treated with prednisolone and VCR, and the other with prednisolone, VR and L-Asp. In both cases a good response to the chemotherapy was observed. Autopsy was performed in all patients who died but one. The pathological findings are analyzed. The low survival among patients with neonatal leukemia may be influenced by the toxic side effects of the used chemotherapy. All aspects of the medical treatment including drugs of choice and the usefullness of isolation devices are further discussed.", "PMID": 1066063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5107", "title": "[Myelomonocytic leukemia in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of five cases of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia; authors describe an hemopathy of the young child with important splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and adenopathies; anemia with erytroblastemia; hyperleucocytosis with myelemia and monocytosis, rich and granulous bone marrow. Also remarkable is evolution, as it fatal outcome often occurs before a two year evolution, without remission looking like acute myeloblastic leukemia, a few patients have remission of most the symptoms, ending in an apparent recovery, which may be spontaneous.", "contents": "[Myelomonocytic leukemia in childhood (author's transl)]. Report of five cases of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia; authors describe an hemopathy of the young child with important splenomegaly, hepatomegaly and adenopathies; anemia with erytroblastemia; hyperleucocytosis with myelemia and monocytosis, rich and granulous bone marrow. Also remarkable is evolution, as it fatal outcome often occurs before a two year evolution, without remission looking like acute myeloblastic leukemia, a few patients have remission of most the symptoms, ending in an apparent recovery, which may be spontaneous.", "PMID": 1066064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5108", "title": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia an pericarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "In a brief communication a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is presented, of which the principal characteristics were: 1) An exceptional onset due to its pleuropericardial manifestations while the hemogram was normal. 2) A quick terminal evolution after a short and total remission. As far as authors know in Spain, this localization has never been described primarily and in consulted bibliography the appeared cases were always found in older patients. We call attention to the pericardial effusions of a large volume in children in which the diagnosis of classical pericarditis can't be quickly detected.", "contents": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia an pericarditis (author's transl)]. In a brief communication a case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia is presented, of which the principal characteristics were: 1) An exceptional onset due to its pleuropericardial manifestations while the hemogram was normal. 2) A quick terminal evolution after a short and total remission. As far as authors know in Spain, this localization has never been described primarily and in consulted bibliography the appeared cases were always found in older patients. We call attention to the pericardial effusions of a large volume in children in which the diagnosis of classical pericarditis can't be quickly detected.", "PMID": 1066065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5109", "title": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: treatment results in 27 children (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic protocol and treatment results of 27 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are described. A remission rate of 88 per 100 was obtained. Fourteen children are living. Five of those followed for two or more years are living (35 per 100). The prophylaxis of leukemic meningitis was done with intrathecal Methotrexate. Only one child treated in this manner developed leukemic meningitis. Infection was the most frequent cause of death.", "contents": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia: treatment results in 27 children (author's transl)]. Therapeutic protocol and treatment results of 27 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are described. A remission rate of 88 per 100 was obtained. Fourteen children are living. Five of those followed for two or more years are living (35 per 100). The prophylaxis of leukemic meningitis was done with intrathecal Methotrexate. Only one child treated in this manner developed leukemic meningitis. Infection was the most frequent cause of death.", "PMID": 1066066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5110", "title": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Study on 34 children (author's transl)].", "content": "Study on 34 children among two and five years old affected by L.L.A. and 37 with different kind and differently localizated tumours is presented. Children affected by L.L.A. are distributed in two groups which followed a different therapeutical attitude. Clinics, cytochemistry, evolution and survival possibilities as well as the response to different therapy and inversion of L.L.A. relation with tumours during the last years.", "contents": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Study on 34 children (author's transl)]. Study on 34 children among two and five years old affected by L.L.A. and 37 with different kind and differently localizated tumours is presented. Children affected by L.L.A. are distributed in two groups which followed a different therapeutical attitude. Clinics, cytochemistry, evolution and survival possibilities as well as the response to different therapy and inversion of L.L.A. relation with tumours during the last years.", "PMID": 1066067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5111", "title": "[Factors influencing outcome in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Several factors such as age, sex, cytological type, visceromegaly, blast cell count in peripheral blood and recently some immunological traits, have been incriminated by some authors as having a variable prognostic value. Hypothetical influence of some of these factors on the rate and duration of the complete remission in an homogeneous group of 61 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have been studied. All of them were treated with same schedule (C protocol) in order to eliminate therapy influence. Some differences, without statistical significance, have been found related to: A) Sex: Mean duration of complete remission has been longer in females. B) Blast cell count in peripheral blood: Patients with initial blast-cell values under 25.000/mm3 have shown an increased number of complete remissions and a longer duration of the complete remission. No relationship has been found between initial age or visceromegaly and duration of complete remission. Neither, no relationship between cytomorphologic type and rate and duration of the complete remission could be established in our series.", "contents": "[Factors influencing outcome in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)]. Several factors such as age, sex, cytological type, visceromegaly, blast cell count in peripheral blood and recently some immunological traits, have been incriminated by some authors as having a variable prognostic value. Hypothetical influence of some of these factors on the rate and duration of the complete remission in an homogeneous group of 61 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have been studied. All of them were treated with same schedule (C protocol) in order to eliminate therapy influence. Some differences, without statistical significance, have been found related to: A) Sex: Mean duration of complete remission has been longer in females. B) Blast cell count in peripheral blood: Patients with initial blast-cell values under 25.000/mm3 have shown an increased number of complete remissions and a longer duration of the complete remission. No relationship has been found between initial age or visceromegaly and duration of complete remission. Neither, no relationship between cytomorphologic type and rate and duration of the complete remission could be established in our series.", "PMID": 1066068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5112", "title": "[Duration of chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Most of criteria on duration of chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of children are based upon the prolonged state of complete remission (CR). Twenty five cases of 30 months CR duration were studied for their follow-up. Maintenance therapy in these patients was made according to two modalities. The first one was a cyclic single therapy with no prophylactic CNS treatment and the other was a combination chemotherapy method including periodical reinductions and i.t. administration of methotrexate. Most of the 30 month remissions (twenty) were attained by the last method. Until now evolution of the 25 patients has been as follows. Two died, being in CR, by infectious diseases. Eleven more suffered relapses, most of them in the following year. The other twelve patients remain in the initial CR. Chemotherapy was supressed in 10 patients (in seven at 36 months and in three at 48 months) starting then BCG immunotherapy. Three of these children suffered relapses a few months after suppression. Seven others are in remission of 47 months median duration. In other five patients, chemotherapy was not interrupted. Two died by infectious diseases and other three have relapsed. Even though the experience is too short in order to establish any conclusion, results obtained until now appear to favor suppression of chemotherapy after 30 to 36 months in patients remaining in CR.", "contents": "[Duration of chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood (author's transl)]. Most of criteria on duration of chemotherapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of children are based upon the prolonged state of complete remission (CR). Twenty five cases of 30 months CR duration were studied for their follow-up. Maintenance therapy in these patients was made according to two modalities. The first one was a cyclic single therapy with no prophylactic CNS treatment and the other was a combination chemotherapy method including periodical reinductions and i.t. administration of methotrexate. Most of the 30 month remissions (twenty) were attained by the last method. Until now evolution of the 25 patients has been as follows. Two died, being in CR, by infectious diseases. Eleven more suffered relapses, most of them in the following year. The other twelve patients remain in the initial CR. Chemotherapy was supressed in 10 patients (in seven at 36 months and in three at 48 months) starting then BCG immunotherapy. Three of these children suffered relapses a few months after suppression. Seven others are in remission of 47 months median duration. In other five patients, chemotherapy was not interrupted. Two died by infectious diseases and other three have relapsed. Even though the experience is too short in order to establish any conclusion, results obtained until now appear to favor suppression of chemotherapy after 30 to 36 months in patients remaining in CR.", "PMID": 1066069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5113", "title": "[Pulmonary complications of leukemia in children. A study of 72 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "A study was made of 72 cases of leukemia in children (the majority of which were acute lymphoblastic in type or with undiferenciated cells), in order to examine the type and frequency of pulmonary complications in leukemia, once complications of infectious etiology had been rejected. Pulmonary complications were found in 23 cases. Most often recurring image was the disseminated reticulonodular type. Nodular images and diverse pulmonary infiltrates were also discovered, these were often peribronchial and bilateral in almost every case. No significant relationship was found regarding the age of children, type of leukemia or length of time illness took to develop. Finally, present increase in the frequency of pulmonary complications in leukemia is commented and possible etiologic part antiblastic therapy might play on certain occasions is speculated.", "contents": "[Pulmonary complications of leukemia in children. A study of 72 cases (author's transl)]. A study was made of 72 cases of leukemia in children (the majority of which were acute lymphoblastic in type or with undiferenciated cells), in order to examine the type and frequency of pulmonary complications in leukemia, once complications of infectious etiology had been rejected. Pulmonary complications were found in 23 cases. Most often recurring image was the disseminated reticulonodular type. Nodular images and diverse pulmonary infiltrates were also discovered, these were often peribronchial and bilateral in almost every case. No significant relationship was found regarding the age of children, type of leukemia or length of time illness took to develop. Finally, present increase in the frequency of pulmonary complications in leukemia is commented and possible etiologic part antiblastic therapy might play on certain occasions is speculated.", "PMID": 1066070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5114", "title": "[Pulmonary disease during mtx therapy in a.l.l. (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors describe three cases of pulmonary disease showed in three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during maintenance therapy with Methotrexate (MTX) (Dose: 30 mg/sm/W). The initial symptom occurs in the lapse between 40 and 135 days within the first MTX maintenance period and in 35 days in the second maintenance period. Leukopenia with eosinophilia (192-264 eosinophils/mm3) occurs in case 1. The maintenance of the MTX therapy in this case ends with death of the patient. Radiological studies show basal bilateral pulmonary infiltrations, with pleural involvement in one case. Authors insist in the drug (MTX) suppression as main therapy and agree with the opinion of some authors concerning to the 31 cases previously published.", "contents": "[Pulmonary disease during mtx therapy in a.l.l. (author's transl)]. Authors describe three cases of pulmonary disease showed in three children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia during maintenance therapy with Methotrexate (MTX) (Dose: 30 mg/sm/W). The initial symptom occurs in the lapse between 40 and 135 days within the first MTX maintenance period and in 35 days in the second maintenance period. Leukopenia with eosinophilia (192-264 eosinophils/mm3) occurs in case 1. The maintenance of the MTX therapy in this case ends with death of the patient. Radiological studies show basal bilateral pulmonary infiltrations, with pleural involvement in one case. Authors insist in the drug (MTX) suppression as main therapy and agree with the opinion of some authors concerning to the 31 cases previously published.", "PMID": 1066071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5115", "title": "[Uric nephropathy in malignant hemopaties: three cases with conserved diuresis (author's transl)].", "content": "Three observations of acute hyperuricemic renal insufficiency with conserved diuresis appeared during the course of a citostatic treatment of a lymphoblastic acute leukemia and two lymphoblastic lymphosarcomas are studied. The evolution of nephropathy was favourable in all cases by means of allopurinol and fluidtherapy.", "contents": "[Uric nephropathy in malignant hemopaties: three cases with conserved diuresis (author's transl)]. Three observations of acute hyperuricemic renal insufficiency with conserved diuresis appeared during the course of a citostatic treatment of a lymphoblastic acute leukemia and two lymphoblastic lymphosarcomas are studied. The evolution of nephropathy was favourable in all cases by means of allopurinol and fluidtherapy.", "PMID": 1066072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5116", "title": "[Hypercalcemia in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia that appeared as hypercalcemia with radiologic osseous abnormalities and back pain is described. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypercalcemia and treatment are reviewed. After initial treatment with phenobarbital and saline solutions, followed by specific treatment for the leukemic process, hypercalcemia descended to normal values.", "contents": "[Hypercalcemia in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (author's transl)]. A case of acute lymphoblastic leukemia that appeared as hypercalcemia with radiologic osseous abnormalities and back pain is described. Pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypercalcemia and treatment are reviewed. After initial treatment with phenobarbital and saline solutions, followed by specific treatment for the leukemic process, hypercalcemia descended to normal values.", "PMID": 1066073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5117", "title": "Development of CNS leukaemia in acute myeloid leukaemia in childhood.", "content": "In 130 cases of acute myeloid leukaemia in children below the age of 14 years in Great Britain, there were 21 cases in which the central nervous system was involved. The incidence and timing is similar to that of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; in a small number of patients who received prophylactic treatment, involvement of the central nervous system was prevented.", "contents": "Development of CNS leukaemia in acute myeloid leukaemia in childhood. In 130 cases of acute myeloid leukaemia in children below the age of 14 years in Great Britain, there were 21 cases in which the central nervous system was involved. The incidence and timing is similar to that of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia; in a small number of patients who received prophylactic treatment, involvement of the central nervous system was prevented.", "PMID": 1066085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5118", "title": "Multiple major cerebral artery thromboses with profound thrombocytopenia in acute leukaemia.", "content": "A child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia complicated by prolonged gastrointestinal and skin haemorrhages due to profound thrombocytopenia finally died of thrombotic occlusions of major cerebral arteries due to mucormycosis. Biopsy of any suspect lesion is needed urgently before prolonged therapy with amphotericin B is started. So far there have been no cures in childhood.", "contents": "Multiple major cerebral artery thromboses with profound thrombocytopenia in acute leukaemia. A child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia complicated by prolonged gastrointestinal and skin haemorrhages due to profound thrombocytopenia finally died of thrombotic occlusions of major cerebral arteries due to mucormycosis. Biopsy of any suspect lesion is needed urgently before prolonged therapy with amphotericin B is started. So far there have been no cures in childhood.", "PMID": 1066086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5119", "title": "Loiasis. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "An adult worm was isolated from the left upper eyelid of a man, eight years after he had left an area in which L loa is endemic. We described his case in order to draw attention to some differences between reported features of the disease in areas in which the worm is endemic and in areas in which it is not.", "contents": "Loiasis. Report of a case and review of the literature. An adult worm was isolated from the left upper eyelid of a man, eight years after he had left an area in which L loa is endemic. We described his case in order to draw attention to some differences between reported features of the disease in areas in which the worm is endemic and in areas in which it is not.", "PMID": 1066087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5120", "title": "[Induction of phagocytosis by immunotherapy against leukemic leukocytoblasts].", "content": "Since 1975, the authors have been working in immunochemotherapy in acute myeloblastic leukemic adult patients. Autologous leukemic leucocytoblasts have been cultured with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (NVC). Thereafter, neoplastic cells were radiated with cobalt bomb and frozen to--70degreesC and afterwards 5 X 10(6) of these leucoblasts were intradermally injected to each patients every eight days. All patients received between six to ten injections. So far, ten such patients have been followed during eight months and since two months after immunization no leukemic leucocytoblasts in bone marrow and blood have been detected. Hemoglobin and platelets have increased more rapidly than usual and no patient has developed side effects. Phagocytosis tests carried out in vitro during remission, have demonstrated that only in immunized patients neutrophils and monocytes were capable of phagocytosis of autologous cultured malignant leucocytoblasts. The nucleus of phagocytized malignant cells was small and basophylic. These so far undescribed phagocytic cells were named post-immunization cells.", "contents": "[Induction of phagocytosis by immunotherapy against leukemic leukocytoblasts]. Since 1975, the authors have been working in immunochemotherapy in acute myeloblastic leukemic adult patients. Autologous leukemic leucocytoblasts have been cultured with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (NVC). Thereafter, neoplastic cells were radiated with cobalt bomb and frozen to--70degreesC and afterwards 5 X 10(6) of these leucoblasts were intradermally injected to each patients every eight days. All patients received between six to ten injections. So far, ten such patients have been followed during eight months and since two months after immunization no leukemic leucocytoblasts in bone marrow and blood have been detected. Hemoglobin and platelets have increased more rapidly than usual and no patient has developed side effects. Phagocytosis tests carried out in vitro during remission, have demonstrated that only in immunized patients neutrophils and monocytes were capable of phagocytosis of autologous cultured malignant leucocytoblasts. The nucleus of phagocytized malignant cells was small and basophylic. These so far undescribed phagocytic cells were named post-immunization cells.", "PMID": 1066088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5121", "title": "Rectal biopsy in type 4 glycogenosis. An ultrastructural cytochemical study.", "content": "Rectal biopsy material from a patient with type 4 glycogenosis was studied by ultrastructural cytochemical methods. The diagnosis of the disease was made on the basis of the patient's clinical history, the autopsy findings, and the histopathological features. Numerous large macrophages were observed in the rectal mucosa. They contained large vacuoles filled with filamentous material and small granules. This amylopectin was stained by the Thiery method (periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate) after 18 hours of exposure to thiocarbohydrazide; only 30 minutes was sufficient to demonstrate seemingly normal beta-glycogen particles in epithelial cells.", "contents": "Rectal biopsy in type 4 glycogenosis. An ultrastructural cytochemical study. Rectal biopsy material from a patient with type 4 glycogenosis was studied by ultrastructural cytochemical methods. The diagnosis of the disease was made on the basis of the patient's clinical history, the autopsy findings, and the histopathological features. Numerous large macrophages were observed in the rectal mucosa. They contained large vacuoles filled with filamentous material and small granules. This amylopectin was stained by the Thiery method (periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-silver proteinate) after 18 hours of exposure to thiocarbohydrazide; only 30 minutes was sufficient to demonstrate seemingly normal beta-glycogen particles in epithelial cells.", "PMID": 1066089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5122", "title": "[Treatment and prognosis of osteosarcoma in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "126 osteosarcoma under the age of 15 years are followed up in an interclinical study. There is a steady increase of tumor incidence towards the 15th year with a slight male preponderance. The main sites of the tumor are the distal femur followed by the proximal tibia and humerus. Evidence of multiple metastases is most often present in the lungs, less often in the skeleton. Nearly always metastases became evident within 2 1/2 years after diagnosis (98%). Therefore the 2 1/2-year disease--free survival rate seems to be sufficient for prognostic evaluation. The over all 2 1/2-year survival rate was 17,5%. Though the different methods of treatment are not statistically valid, the best results can be expected after early amputation. By radiotherapy alone no cure has been achieved. Survivals were seen at any age and at any site of long bones (distal femur, proximal tibia, humerus, femur, distal radius). Prognosis of osteosarcoma in the childhood is similar to that of the adult group.", "contents": "[Treatment and prognosis of osteosarcoma in childhood (author's transl)]. 126 osteosarcoma under the age of 15 years are followed up in an interclinical study. There is a steady increase of tumor incidence towards the 15th year with a slight male preponderance. The main sites of the tumor are the distal femur followed by the proximal tibia and humerus. Evidence of multiple metastases is most often present in the lungs, less often in the skeleton. Nearly always metastases became evident within 2 1/2 years after diagnosis (98%). Therefore the 2 1/2-year disease--free survival rate seems to be sufficient for prognostic evaluation. The over all 2 1/2-year survival rate was 17,5%. Though the different methods of treatment are not statistically valid, the best results can be expected after early amputation. By radiotherapy alone no cure has been achieved. Survivals were seen at any age and at any site of long bones (distal femur, proximal tibia, humerus, femur, distal radius). Prognosis of osteosarcoma in the childhood is similar to that of the adult group.", "PMID": 1066118}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5123", "title": "[Results in the treatment of acute leukemias at the Internal Clinic B in the period 1970-1975].", "content": "Results of the treatment of 102 acute leukemia patients are presented. The diagnosis in 61 patients was acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in 41 patients acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). In the treatment of AML were used Daunorubicyne (DNR), Cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) or combination of both drugs, some elder patients being treated with 6-mercapropurine. Number of patients were made aplastic and died during the initial phase of therapy. Nine of 24 patients treated with DNR, ARA-C or combined developed complete remission, 6 patients lived for one year and 4 patients two years. ALL patients were treated with Prednisone-Vincristine, Prednisone-Vincristine-DNR and some of them with Prednisone-Vincristine-DNR-Cyclophosphamide-L-Asparaginase combinations of drugs. Complete remission was obtained in 22 out of 32 patients (69%) and 6 patients lived for 2 years.", "contents": "[Results in the treatment of acute leukemias at the Internal Clinic B in the period 1970-1975]. Results of the treatment of 102 acute leukemia patients are presented. The diagnosis in 61 patients was acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in 41 patients acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). In the treatment of AML were used Daunorubicyne (DNR), Cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) or combination of both drugs, some elder patients being treated with 6-mercapropurine. Number of patients were made aplastic and died during the initial phase of therapy. Nine of 24 patients treated with DNR, ARA-C or combined developed complete remission, 6 patients lived for one year and 4 patients two years. ALL patients were treated with Prednisone-Vincristine, Prednisone-Vincristine-DNR and some of them with Prednisone-Vincristine-DNR-Cyclophosphamide-L-Asparaginase combinations of drugs. Complete remission was obtained in 22 out of 32 patients (69%) and 6 patients lived for 2 years.", "PMID": 1066123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5124", "title": "[Combined cytostatic therapy in the treatment of acute leukemias].", "content": "It was analysed 66 patients with different types of acute leukaemias treated on haematological department of Internal Clinics Mylitary Medical Academy during 1969-1974 years with combination chemotherapy. At 35 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemias it was obtain complete remission at 60%, and partial remission at 28,5%. Without the response was 11,4% patients. At 20 patients with acute myeloid leukaemias were induced only partial remission at 4 0% patients, and 60% patients were without the therapeutic response. The survival of patients with acute leukemias is presented. 88,4% patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemias survived to two years, and 61,5% patients with acute myeloid leukaemias survived only to three months. None of the patients with acute myeloid leukaemias survived over one year.", "contents": "[Combined cytostatic therapy in the treatment of acute leukemias]. It was analysed 66 patients with different types of acute leukaemias treated on haematological department of Internal Clinics Mylitary Medical Academy during 1969-1974 years with combination chemotherapy. At 35 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemias it was obtain complete remission at 60%, and partial remission at 28,5%. Without the response was 11,4% patients. At 20 patients with acute myeloid leukaemias were induced only partial remission at 4 0% patients, and 60% patients were without the therapeutic response. The survival of patients with acute leukemias is presented. 88,4% patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemias survived to two years, and 61,5% patients with acute myeloid leukaemias survived only to three months. None of the patients with acute myeloid leukaemias survived over one year.", "PMID": 1066124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5125", "title": "[Treatment of acute leukoses at the Internal Clinic of the Dr. Z. Kucic Hospital in Rjeka].", "content": "The offects of treatment achieved in 35 patients with Acute Leukemia have been presented. In the group of 10 patients with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia remission have been obtained in 9 patients with the mean survival of 13,7 months. In the group of 25 patients with Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia remissions have been obtained in 16 patients with the mean survival of 9, 6 months.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute leukoses at the Internal Clinic of the Dr. Z. Kucic Hospital in Rjeka]. The offects of treatment achieved in 35 patients with Acute Leukemia have been presented. In the group of 10 patients with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia remission have been obtained in 9 patients with the mean survival of 13,7 months. In the group of 25 patients with Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia remissions have been obtained in 16 patients with the mean survival of 9, 6 months.", "PMID": 1066126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5126", "title": "[Treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children with combination chemotherapy and irradiation of the central nervous system].", "content": "From July 1972 until April 1975 51 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia had been treated with combination chemotherapy and central nervous system irradiation. First remission was induced in 46 patients. 13 patients died during the first and second year of treatment. Central nervous system leukemia developed only in 3 patients. In 9 patients chemotherapy had been stopped after 30 months of treatment. These results are very encouraging and we hope that majority of our patients will survive 5 years without relapse.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia in children with combination chemotherapy and irradiation of the central nervous system]. From July 1972 until April 1975 51 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia had been treated with combination chemotherapy and central nervous system irradiation. First remission was induced in 46 patients. 13 patients died during the first and second year of treatment. Central nervous system leukemia developed only in 3 patients. In 9 patients chemotherapy had been stopped after 30 months of treatment. These results are very encouraging and we hope that majority of our patients will survive 5 years without relapse.", "PMID": 1066127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5127", "title": "[Results in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloblastic leukemia in children (using Pinkel's and Clarkson's schedules)].", "content": "At the Center for the study and treatment of leukemia in childhood (Ward of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics Salata Zagreb) children with acute leukemia are treated by a combined therapy consisting of corticosteroids, chemotherapeutic agents and subjected simultaneously to radiotherapy. The authors present the results achieved in 40 children with acute leukemia (during the period from March 31, 1973 to March 31, 1975.) randomly distributed into three groups. Each group was treated according to a different protocol (using Pinkel's modified scheme for ALL and that of Clarkson for AML), with or without profilactic irradiation of the CNS.", "contents": "[Results in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic and acute myeloblastic leukemia in children (using Pinkel's and Clarkson's schedules)]. At the Center for the study and treatment of leukemia in childhood (Ward of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics Salata Zagreb) children with acute leukemia are treated by a combined therapy consisting of corticosteroids, chemotherapeutic agents and subjected simultaneously to radiotherapy. The authors present the results achieved in 40 children with acute leukemia (during the period from March 31, 1973 to March 31, 1975.) randomly distributed into three groups. Each group was treated according to a different protocol (using Pinkel's modified scheme for ALL and that of Clarkson for AML), with or without profilactic irradiation of the CNS.", "PMID": 1066128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5128", "title": "[Our experiences in the treatment of acute leukemias].", "content": "This paper deals with observations concerning treatment of acute leukemia in the Department of haematology of The Clinical hospital of Belgrade during the period from 1970 to 1975, and with results of the treatment itself. During the last five years, 27 patients with different types of acute leukemia were treated. The type of acute leukemia was determined using cytological criteria of Levy and Lortholary and cytochemical criteria as described by Hayhoe. One thrid of the patients died during the first days of hospitalisation, before any effect of cytostatic treatment could be evaluated. The cause of death in those patients was septic shock, intracranial haemorrhage or cardiovascular colapsus; initial signs of those complications of acute leukemia were allready present before diagnosis. Those data point to the fact that diagnosis of acute leukemia is often made too late, when irreversible ocmplications of the disease are allready established. Patients over sixty, often \"fragile\" to aggresive cytostatic therapy, may enter complete and relatively long lasting remission with induction therapy cosisting of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate only. Allthough the number of cases was rather limited, the authors had rather disappointing results with the 06-LA-66 protocole in adult lymphoblastic leukemia. The first with COAP treatment protocole seem encouraging. Adequate cytostatic therapy was in several cases impossible, duo to the lack of adequate substitution therapy; such inadequate cytostatic therapy resulted in partial remissions with a rather poor quality survival. A beeter cooperation is needed between hospital centers and institutions which provide matherial for the substitution theapy.", "contents": "[Our experiences in the treatment of acute leukemias]. This paper deals with observations concerning treatment of acute leukemia in the Department of haematology of The Clinical hospital of Belgrade during the period from 1970 to 1975, and with results of the treatment itself. During the last five years, 27 patients with different types of acute leukemia were treated. The type of acute leukemia was determined using cytological criteria of Levy and Lortholary and cytochemical criteria as described by Hayhoe. One thrid of the patients died during the first days of hospitalisation, before any effect of cytostatic treatment could be evaluated. The cause of death in those patients was septic shock, intracranial haemorrhage or cardiovascular colapsus; initial signs of those complications of acute leukemia were allready present before diagnosis. Those data point to the fact that diagnosis of acute leukemia is often made too late, when irreversible ocmplications of the disease are allready established. Patients over sixty, often \"fragile\" to aggresive cytostatic therapy, may enter complete and relatively long lasting remission with induction therapy cosisting of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate only. Allthough the number of cases was rather limited, the authors had rather disappointing results with the 06-LA-66 protocole in adult lymphoblastic leukemia. The first with COAP treatment protocole seem encouraging. Adequate cytostatic therapy was in several cases impossible, duo to the lack of adequate substitution therapy; such inadequate cytostatic therapy resulted in partial remissions with a rather poor quality survival. A beeter cooperation is needed between hospital centers and institutions which provide matherial for the substitution theapy.", "PMID": 1066129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5129", "title": "[Treatment of acute leukemias].", "content": "A review of the current attitude and the possibilities of the treatment of acute leukemias are presented. The basic principles of the treatment of different forms of acute leukemias are pointed out. A review of chemo-therapeutic devices which, most often joined together, are used nowadays in the treatment of acute leukemia is presented. The importance of the application of corresponding cytological and cytochemical methods for the separation of the acute lymphoblastic from the acute non-lymphoblastic leukemias is underlined, with regard to different ways of treatment and different reactions to the polycytostatic treatment. The mechanism of action of various cytostatics drugs is presented. The need for the simultaneous use of several cytostatics is underlined in order to achieve remission in as many patients as possible. At the end the authors underline the importance of the immunotherapy and of its future application in the treatment of acute leukemias and malignant neoplasms.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute leukemias]. A review of the current attitude and the possibilities of the treatment of acute leukemias are presented. The basic principles of the treatment of different forms of acute leukemias are pointed out. A review of chemo-therapeutic devices which, most often joined together, are used nowadays in the treatment of acute leukemia is presented. The importance of the application of corresponding cytological and cytochemical methods for the separation of the acute lymphoblastic from the acute non-lymphoblastic leukemias is underlined, with regard to different ways of treatment and different reactions to the polycytostatic treatment. The mechanism of action of various cytostatics drugs is presented. The need for the simultaneous use of several cytostatics is underlined in order to achieve remission in as many patients as possible. At the end the authors underline the importance of the immunotherapy and of its future application in the treatment of acute leukemias and malignant neoplasms.", "PMID": 1066130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5130", "title": "Acquired resistance to daunorubicin in a patient with acute myelogenous leukaemia.", "content": "Measurement of in vitro and in vivo resistance to daunorubicin in AML patients suggests that there is no simple correlation between the two. In a patient who became clinically resistant and whose cells showed a parallel increased resistance in vitro we found the acquisition of multiple drug resistance. The increased in vitro resistance to daunorubicin could to some extent be overcome by conjugating daunorubicin to DNA.", "contents": "Acquired resistance to daunorubicin in a patient with acute myelogenous leukaemia. Measurement of in vitro and in vivo resistance to daunorubicin in AML patients suggests that there is no simple correlation between the two. In a patient who became clinically resistant and whose cells showed a parallel increased resistance in vitro we found the acquisition of multiple drug resistance. The increased in vitro resistance to daunorubicin could to some extent be overcome by conjugating daunorubicin to DNA.", "PMID": 1066148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5131", "title": "The cryopreservation of leukaemia cells: morphological and functional changes.", "content": "Stored autologous haemopoietic cells may be used to repopulate the bone marrow of patients in the advanced stages of different leukaemias who have received cytotoxic drugs. We have used a continuous flow blood cell separator to collect peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) before treatment. We also collected bone marrow cells from patients with CGL and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in complete remission. The collected cells were frozen at I degree C per minute using dimethyl sulphoxide as cryoprotective agent and stored in liquid nitrogen. For reconstitution of frozen cells we found that the use of dextran II0 inhibited leucoagglutination. The viability and function of the reconstituted leucocytes were assessed by their morphological appearance, their capacity to phagocytose and kill Candida albicans organisms, their ability to reduce the dye nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in vitro and to incorporate tritiated thymidine into DNA and by the growth of colony forming units (CFUc) in agar culture. With this method of cryopreservation the phagocytic function of mature neutrophils is retained to some extent but their capacity to reduce NBT and their microbicidal activity are completely lost. In contrast CFUc may remain after storage for periods of at least 2 years.", "contents": "The cryopreservation of leukaemia cells: morphological and functional changes. Stored autologous haemopoietic cells may be used to repopulate the bone marrow of patients in the advanced stages of different leukaemias who have received cytotoxic drugs. We have used a continuous flow blood cell separator to collect peripheral blood leucocytes from patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) before treatment. We also collected bone marrow cells from patients with CGL and from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia in complete remission. The collected cells were frozen at I degree C per minute using dimethyl sulphoxide as cryoprotective agent and stored in liquid nitrogen. For reconstitution of frozen cells we found that the use of dextran II0 inhibited leucoagglutination. The viability and function of the reconstituted leucocytes were assessed by their morphological appearance, their capacity to phagocytose and kill Candida albicans organisms, their ability to reduce the dye nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in vitro and to incorporate tritiated thymidine into DNA and by the growth of colony forming units (CFUc) in agar culture. With this method of cryopreservation the phagocytic function of mature neutrophils is retained to some extent but their capacity to reduce NBT and their microbicidal activity are completely lost. In contrast CFUc may remain after storage for periods of at least 2 years.", "PMID": 1066149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5132", "title": "Remission maintenance therapy for meningeal leukaemia: intrathecal methotrexate and dexamethasone versus intrathecal craniospinal irradiation with a radiocolloid.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with meningeal leukaemia who achieved meningeal remission with intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) plus dexamethasone (DMT) were entered in a randomized study of two maintenance treatments: (a) I6 patients received intermittent intrathecal doses of MTX plus DMT, and (b) I6 patients received intermittent intrathecal doses of radioactive chromic phosphate (CROP). The population and clinical characteristics of the cases assigned to each maintenance regimen were similar. The duration of meningeal remission was 55-600 + d (median 550 d) for the MTX and DMT group and 56-555 d (median 360 d) for the CROP group. There was no statistical difference (P greater than 0.05) between the curves of the two groups. Intrathecal CROP seems to be as effective as intrathecal MTX plus DMT as maintenance treatment for intrathecal MTX plus DMT induced meningeal remission. Further uses of this compound should be explored but it seems to be dangerous to administer it by lumbar puncture.", "contents": "Remission maintenance therapy for meningeal leukaemia: intrathecal methotrexate and dexamethasone versus intrathecal craniospinal irradiation with a radiocolloid. Thirty-two patients with meningeal leukaemia who achieved meningeal remission with intrathecal methotrexate (MTX) plus dexamethasone (DMT) were entered in a randomized study of two maintenance treatments: (a) I6 patients received intermittent intrathecal doses of MTX plus DMT, and (b) I6 patients received intermittent intrathecal doses of radioactive chromic phosphate (CROP). The population and clinical characteristics of the cases assigned to each maintenance regimen were similar. The duration of meningeal remission was 55-600 + d (median 550 d) for the MTX and DMT group and 56-555 d (median 360 d) for the CROP group. There was no statistical difference (P greater than 0.05) between the curves of the two groups. Intrathecal CROP seems to be as effective as intrathecal MTX plus DMT as maintenance treatment for intrathecal MTX plus DMT induced meningeal remission. Further uses of this compound should be explored but it seems to be dangerous to administer it by lumbar puncture.", "PMID": 1066150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5133", "title": "Periosteal benign osteoblastoma of the mandible. Report of a case and review of the literature pertaining to benign osteoblastic neoplasms of the jaws.", "content": "A case of periosteal benign osteoblastoma arising in the mandible of a Caucasion male aged 9 years is presented. A review of the literature has produced 24 additional benign osteoblastic neoplasms of the jaws which have been delineated as osteoblastoma or osteoid osteoma. There seems to be a predilection for these lesions to occur in males and in the mandible. Osteoblastomata occur most frequently in patients under 20 years of age whereas osteoid osteomata arise mainly in persons over 25 years of age.", "contents": "Periosteal benign osteoblastoma of the mandible. Report of a case and review of the literature pertaining to benign osteoblastic neoplasms of the jaws. A case of periosteal benign osteoblastoma arising in the mandible of a Caucasion male aged 9 years is presented. A review of the literature has produced 24 additional benign osteoblastic neoplasms of the jaws which have been delineated as osteoblastoma or osteoid osteoma. There seems to be a predilection for these lesions to occur in males and in the mandible. Osteoblastomata occur most frequently in patients under 20 years of age whereas osteoid osteomata arise mainly in persons over 25 years of age.", "PMID": 1066151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5134", "title": "Presenile mandibular atrophy: its aetiology, clinical evaluation and treatment by jaw augmentation.", "content": "Presenile mandibular atrophy has been regarded as a bony condition in isolation. Direct vision of the mandible at the lower border and ascending rami at augmentation procedures in two cases clearly showed that the condition had affected the whole bone in all dimensions. A suggestion is made that mandibular atrophy arises as a result of many contributory factors, some local, but usually based on generalised undisclosed malabsorption states or osteoporosis.", "contents": "Presenile mandibular atrophy: its aetiology, clinical evaluation and treatment by jaw augmentation. Presenile mandibular atrophy has been regarded as a bony condition in isolation. Direct vision of the mandible at the lower border and ascending rami at augmentation procedures in two cases clearly showed that the condition had affected the whole bone in all dimensions. A suggestion is made that mandibular atrophy arises as a result of many contributory factors, some local, but usually based on generalised undisclosed malabsorption states or osteoporosis.", "PMID": 1066156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5135", "title": "Acute hepatic failure and Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome appearing in a patient with severe cranio-facial  injuries.", "content": "A case of acute hepatic failure is described  following multiple general anaesthetics administered for the treatment of cranio-facial trauma. The dangers of multiple anaesthetics within a short period is stressed. The possibility that unexplained pyrexia following a general anaesthetic may be and early warning sign is mentioned in relation to this case. The subsequent development of the Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome is reported, and the occurrence of the two conditions in the same patient is thought to be possibly unique.", "contents": "Acute hepatic failure and Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome appearing in a patient with severe cranio-facial  injuries. A case of acute hepatic failure is described  following multiple general anaesthetics administered for the treatment of cranio-facial trauma. The dangers of multiple anaesthetics within a short period is stressed. The possibility that unexplained pyrexia following a general anaesthetic may be and early warning sign is mentioned in relation to this case. The subsequent development of the Henoch-Sch\u00f6nlein syndrome is reported, and the occurrence of the two conditions in the same patient is thought to be possibly unique.", "PMID": 1066157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5136", "title": "Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive in osseous repair.", "content": "Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer placed in an osseous defect excited an intense acute inflammatory response in the early stages of repair. Fibrous encapsulation of the adhesive followed, and chronic inflammation supervened for as long as the cyanoacrylate remaine. Damage to established bone, presumable due to toxic breakdown products, occurred even at a distance from the adhesive. Osteoblastic activity was retarded where cyanoacrylate was in close proximity, recovering as fibrous encapsulation and macrophage activity provided protection. Extensive marrow damage was seen, recovery similarly following fibrous protection. Repair progressed as cyanoacrylate was removed. The findings of this investigation, together with other reports of unfavourable bone reaction to isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Kerr & Smyth, 1971; Corn et al., 1972) suggest that it should not be used in bone surgery. An ideal adhesive for use in bone repair should promote rather than retard osteoblastic activity, and should resorb apace with bone regeneration. Thus isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate does not fulfil the criteria for the ideal adhesive. Hopefully, future development of the cyanoacrylates will circumvent their current disadvantages, resulting in an adhesive acceptable for clinical use in osseous repair.", "contents": "Cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive in osseous repair. Isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate monomer placed in an osseous defect excited an intense acute inflammatory response in the early stages of repair. Fibrous encapsulation of the adhesive followed, and chronic inflammation supervened for as long as the cyanoacrylate remaine. Damage to established bone, presumable due to toxic breakdown products, occurred even at a distance from the adhesive. Osteoblastic activity was retarded where cyanoacrylate was in close proximity, recovering as fibrous encapsulation and macrophage activity provided protection. Extensive marrow damage was seen, recovery similarly following fibrous protection. Repair progressed as cyanoacrylate was removed. The findings of this investigation, together with other reports of unfavourable bone reaction to isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate (Kerr & Smyth, 1971; Corn et al., 1972) suggest that it should not be used in bone surgery. An ideal adhesive for use in bone repair should promote rather than retard osteoblastic activity, and should resorb apace with bone regeneration. Thus isobutyl 2-cyanoacrylate does not fulfil the criteria for the ideal adhesive. Hopefully, future development of the cyanoacrylates will circumvent their current disadvantages, resulting in an adhesive acceptable for clinical use in osseous repair.", "PMID": 1066161}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5137", "title": "Human deoxythymidine kinase II: substrate specificity and kinetic behavior of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozymes derived from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase isozymes derived from the blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia differ in their substrate specificity and kinetic behavior. These enzymes require divalent cations for their activity. The data suggest that the major role of idvalent cations is to chelate with ATP; the complex thus formed serves as the phosphate donor for the reaction. The activity of various triphosphate nucleosides as a phosphate donor for cytoplasmic deoxythymidine kinase is as follows: ATP = dATP greater than ara-ATP greater than GTP greater than CTP greater than dGTP = dCTP greater than dUTP, whereas for mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase, the order of activity is ATP greater than CTP greater than UTP = dATP greater than ara-ATP greater than dGTP = dCTP greater than dUTP. Neither IdUTP nor dTTP could serve as a phosphate donor in the reaction catalyzed by either isozyme. From the many pyrimidine analogues tested for their binding affinity to each of these isozymes, I-dUrd and Br-dUrd had high good affinity which was equivalent to that of deoxythymidine. 5-Allyl-dUrd, 5-ethyl-dUrd, and 5-propyl-dUrd were only weakly bound to each isozyme. 5-I-dCyd, 5-Br-dCyd, dCyd, and 5-vinyl-dUrd were tightly bound to mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase but not to the cytoplasmic isozyme. dTTP and I-dUTP are potent inhibitors of the reaction catalyzed by both isozymes. In contrast, dCTP and ara-CTP are potent inhibitors only of the mitochondrial isozyme, but not of the cytoplasmic isozyme. ATP-MG2+ acts as a sigmoidal substrate of the cytoplasmic isozyme with a\"Km\" of 0.22 mM, and as a regular substrate of the mitochondrial isozyme with a Km of 0.1 mM. Deoxythymidine acts as a regular substrate for both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozyme with a Km of 2.6 and 5.2 muM, respectively. Initial velocity as well as product inhibition studies suggest that the cytoplasmic isozyme catalyzes the reaction via a \"sequential\" mechanism. In contrast, mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase catalyzes the reaction via a \"ping-pong\" mechanism.", "contents": "Human deoxythymidine kinase II: substrate specificity and kinetic behavior of the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozymes derived from blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia. Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase isozymes derived from the blast cells of acute myelocytic leukemia differ in their substrate specificity and kinetic behavior. These enzymes require divalent cations for their activity. The data suggest that the major role of idvalent cations is to chelate with ATP; the complex thus formed serves as the phosphate donor for the reaction. The activity of various triphosphate nucleosides as a phosphate donor for cytoplasmic deoxythymidine kinase is as follows: ATP = dATP greater than ara-ATP greater than GTP greater than CTP greater than dGTP = dCTP greater than dUTP, whereas for mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase, the order of activity is ATP greater than CTP greater than UTP = dATP greater than ara-ATP greater than dGTP = dCTP greater than dUTP. Neither IdUTP nor dTTP could serve as a phosphate donor in the reaction catalyzed by either isozyme. From the many pyrimidine analogues tested for their binding affinity to each of these isozymes, I-dUrd and Br-dUrd had high good affinity which was equivalent to that of deoxythymidine. 5-Allyl-dUrd, 5-ethyl-dUrd, and 5-propyl-dUrd were only weakly bound to each isozyme. 5-I-dCyd, 5-Br-dCyd, dCyd, and 5-vinyl-dUrd were tightly bound to mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase but not to the cytoplasmic isozyme. dTTP and I-dUTP are potent inhibitors of the reaction catalyzed by both isozymes. In contrast, dCTP and ara-CTP are potent inhibitors only of the mitochondrial isozyme, but not of the cytoplasmic isozyme. ATP-MG2+ acts as a sigmoidal substrate of the cytoplasmic isozyme with a\"Km\" of 0.22 mM, and as a regular substrate of the mitochondrial isozyme with a Km of 0.1 mM. Deoxythymidine acts as a regular substrate for both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isozyme with a Km of 2.6 and 5.2 muM, respectively. Initial velocity as well as product inhibition studies suggest that the cytoplasmic isozyme catalyzes the reaction via a \"sequential\" mechanism. In contrast, mitochondrial deoxythymidine kinase catalyzes the reaction via a \"ping-pong\" mechanism.", "PMID": 1066165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5138", "title": "Blood lymphocytes in acute lymphoid leukaemia in remission and in relapse. Predictive value of electrophoretic mobility and refringence.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes were studied during the evolution of acute lymphocytic leukaemia, including remissions and relapses, under chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Lymphoblasts migrate as a uniform population and have a mean electrophoretic mobility of 1.04 mum-sec-1. V-1cm. These lymphoblasts are also refringent. The relapse seems to be preceded by a slowing of the electrophoretic mobility of fast cells and a rise in the percentage of refringent lymphocytes.", "contents": "Blood lymphocytes in acute lymphoid leukaemia in remission and in relapse. Predictive value of electrophoretic mobility and refringence. Blood lymphocytes were studied during the evolution of acute lymphocytic leukaemia, including remissions and relapses, under chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Lymphoblasts migrate as a uniform population and have a mean electrophoretic mobility of 1.04 mum-sec-1. V-1cm. These lymphoblasts are also refringent. The relapse seems to be preceded by a slowing of the electrophoretic mobility of fast cells and a rise in the percentage of refringent lymphocytes.", "PMID": 1066167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5139", "title": "Phase II trial of active immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia.", "content": "18 acute myeloid leukemia patients were submitted to a Phase II active immunotherapy trial. The median duration of complete remission (CRD) (60 weeks) and of survival after remission (SAR) (104 weeks) were longer than those for our historical control groups. However, the CRD and SAR curves were not broken to form a \"cure expectancy\" plateau, as was the case for acute lymphoid leukemia.", "contents": "Phase II trial of active immunotherapy of acute myeloid leukemia. 18 acute myeloid leukemia patients were submitted to a Phase II active immunotherapy trial. The median duration of complete remission (CRD) (60 weeks) and of survival after remission (SAR) (104 weeks) were longer than those for our historical control groups. However, the CRD and SAR curves were not broken to form a \"cure expectancy\" plateau, as was the case for acute lymphoid leukemia.", "PMID": 1066168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5140", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in acute leukemias. (Use of cytocentrifugation for blast cell identification)].", "content": "The authors studied cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 51 patients with malignant blood diseases. 136 assays were performed over a three month period. In children, two technics were used; in the first case, smears were done with cells obtained through centrifugation; in the second case, CSF was directly thrown on glass slides in a special cytocentrifuge. Only the latter was performed for adults. In each case, the results of the cytological analysis were compared with those of cyto-chemical assay and clinical status.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid cytology in acute leukemias. (Use of cytocentrifugation for blast cell identification)]. The authors studied cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 51 patients with malignant blood diseases. 136 assays were performed over a three month period. In children, two technics were used; in the first case, smears were done with cells obtained through centrifugation; in the second case, CSF was directly thrown on glass slides in a special cytocentrifuge. Only the latter was performed for adults. In each case, the results of the cytological analysis were compared with those of cyto-chemical assay and clinical status.", "PMID": 1066169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5141", "title": "[Possibility of detecting human embryonal leukemia antigen].", "content": "A possibility of detecting embryonic leukemic antigen on human leukemic blast cells in an acute human leukemia cytotoxicity test with the sera and 7S and 19S serum immunoglobulins of the placental blood was studied. The presence on the blast cells of patients suffering from acute leukemia of an antigen detectable by antibodies of placental blood (of parturients) was demonstrated; this antigen was absent on the leukocytes of healthy donors.", "contents": "[Possibility of detecting human embryonal leukemia antigen]. A possibility of detecting embryonic leukemic antigen on human leukemic blast cells in an acute human leukemia cytotoxicity test with the sera and 7S and 19S serum immunoglobulins of the placental blood was studied. The presence on the blast cells of patients suffering from acute leukemia of an antigen detectable by antibodies of placental blood (of parturients) was demonstrated; this antigen was absent on the leukocytes of healthy donors.", "PMID": 1066170}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5142", "title": "Human acute myelomonocytic leukemia: serologic studies with simian antisera.", "content": "Simian antisera to human leukemia cells were able to distinguish antigens specific for lymphocytic types of leukemia from those expressed on certain myeloid leukemia cells. In this investigation, cells from acute myelomonocytic leukemia patients (AMML) were examined for their membrane-associated leukemia antigens. Simian antisera to both lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia cells lysed cells from AMML donors. Monkey antisera to AMML cells, by direct microcytotoxicity testing, were cytotoxic for cells from all AMML patients, as well as for cells of certain patients with myeloid leukemia. Cells from patients with lymphatic leukemia were nonreactive. However, absorption studies indicated an antigen present on cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia which cross-reacted with AMML cell antigens. Sequential analyses of the serologic reactivity of cells from AMML patients undergoing chemotherapy corresponded with the clinical course of the patient, even though there was little correlation between the percentage of blast cells present and the per cent cytotoxicity with the antisera. At certain times a higher percentage of seropositive cells could be detected over that seen on morphological evaluation. The estimation of leukemic cells by serologic means could aid in the diagnosis and management of AMML patients during chemotherapy.", "contents": "Human acute myelomonocytic leukemia: serologic studies with simian antisera. Simian antisera to human leukemia cells were able to distinguish antigens specific for lymphocytic types of leukemia from those expressed on certain myeloid leukemia cells. In this investigation, cells from acute myelomonocytic leukemia patients (AMML) were examined for their membrane-associated leukemia antigens. Simian antisera to both lymphocytic and myelogenous leukemia cells lysed cells from AMML donors. Monkey antisera to AMML cells, by direct microcytotoxicity testing, were cytotoxic for cells from all AMML patients, as well as for cells of certain patients with myeloid leukemia. Cells from patients with lymphatic leukemia were nonreactive. However, absorption studies indicated an antigen present on cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia which cross-reacted with AMML cell antigens. Sequential analyses of the serologic reactivity of cells from AMML patients undergoing chemotherapy corresponded with the clinical course of the patient, even though there was little correlation between the percentage of blast cells present and the per cent cytotoxicity with the antisera. At certain times a higher percentage of seropositive cells could be detected over that seen on morphological evaluation. The estimation of leukemic cells by serologic means could aid in the diagnosis and management of AMML patients during chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1066171}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5143", "title": "Granulopoiesis in chronic myeloid leukemia. II. serial cloning of blood and bone marrow cells in agar culture.", "content": "Colony-forming cells (CFC) and CFC in S-phase were assayed in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). A correlation was found between leukocyte counts and CFC of blood, suggesting that the leukocytosis of CML depended on expansion of the committed granulopoietic stem cell compartment. Serial studies performed in four cases demonstrated a decrease of the CFC in S-phase during early stages of developing leukocytosis, which was consistent with the operation of growth control mechanisms. During later stages, serial studies revealed that sudden increments of CFC S-phase coincided with rapidly growing leukocytosis, which was consistent with leukemic cell populations escaping growth control. H-thymidine labeling indices for differentiated precursor cells showed slight variations not coinciding with variations of the CFC S-phase fraction. Cyclic oscillations of the white cell count were observed in one case. The white cell count and the fraction of CFC in S-phase displayed a direct relationship, indicating that the occurence of cycles was not likely to be due to a negative feedback mechanism elaborated by mature granulocytes. In another case, marked cycling of the CFC S-phase fraction was found without distinct oscillations of the white cell count. The present work has emphasized the necessity for serial assays of parameters of cell kinetics in vitro in CML since changing relationships were found between stem cell and differentiated cell kinetics during different phases of the disease.", "contents": "Granulopoiesis in chronic myeloid leukemia. II. serial cloning of blood and bone marrow cells in agar culture. Colony-forming cells (CFC) and CFC in S-phase were assayed in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). A correlation was found between leukocyte counts and CFC of blood, suggesting that the leukocytosis of CML depended on expansion of the committed granulopoietic stem cell compartment. Serial studies performed in four cases demonstrated a decrease of the CFC in S-phase during early stages of developing leukocytosis, which was consistent with the operation of growth control mechanisms. During later stages, serial studies revealed that sudden increments of CFC S-phase coincided with rapidly growing leukocytosis, which was consistent with leukemic cell populations escaping growth control. H-thymidine labeling indices for differentiated precursor cells showed slight variations not coinciding with variations of the CFC S-phase fraction. Cyclic oscillations of the white cell count were observed in one case. The white cell count and the fraction of CFC in S-phase displayed a direct relationship, indicating that the occurence of cycles was not likely to be due to a negative feedback mechanism elaborated by mature granulocytes. In another case, marked cycling of the CFC S-phase fraction was found without distinct oscillations of the white cell count. The present work has emphasized the necessity for serial assays of parameters of cell kinetics in vitro in CML since changing relationships were found between stem cell and differentiated cell kinetics during different phases of the disease.", "PMID": 1066172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5144", "title": "Leukocyte density and volume in normal subjects and in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "A method is described for the separation of blood and bone marrow leukocytes on the basis of buoyant density, using a discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient. The median cell densities of monocytes and lymphocytes were found to be 1.067-1.077 and 1.073-1.077 g/ml, respectively. The cells of the myeloid series were shown to increase in density with maturation; the myeloblasts had the lowest density (1.064-1.065 g/ml) and the neutrophils the highest (greater than 1.080 g/ml). Cell volumes have been determined on isolated cell populations. The findings were: monocytes, 534 +/- 47 cu mu; lymphocytes, 247 +/- 18 cu mu; and neutrophils, 468 +/- 24 cu mu. Fourteen patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were studied. In four patients, the lymphoblasts were of low density (less than 1.068 g/ml), whereas the remaining patients had high density (greater than 1.068 g/ml) lymphoblasts. These four patients had large numbers of lymphoblasts in the peripheral blood and a poor prognosis. Lymphoblast volumes were not different in these two groups and were unrelated to prognosis.", "contents": "Leukocyte density and volume in normal subjects and in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A method is described for the separation of blood and bone marrow leukocytes on the basis of buoyant density, using a discontinuous Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient. The median cell densities of monocytes and lymphocytes were found to be 1.067-1.077 and 1.073-1.077 g/ml, respectively. The cells of the myeloid series were shown to increase in density with maturation; the myeloblasts had the lowest density (1.064-1.065 g/ml) and the neutrophils the highest (greater than 1.080 g/ml). Cell volumes have been determined on isolated cell populations. The findings were: monocytes, 534 +/- 47 cu mu; lymphocytes, 247 +/- 18 cu mu; and neutrophils, 468 +/- 24 cu mu. Fourteen patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were studied. In four patients, the lymphoblasts were of low density (less than 1.068 g/ml), whereas the remaining patients had high density (greater than 1.068 g/ml) lymphoblasts. These four patients had large numbers of lymphoblasts in the peripheral blood and a poor prognosis. Lymphoblast volumes were not different in these two groups and were unrelated to prognosis.", "PMID": 1066173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5145", "title": "Regulation of bone marrow cell growth in diffusion chambers: the effect of adding normal and leukemic (CML) polymorphonuclear granulocytes.", "content": "Inhibition of granulopoiesis was studied using the diffusion chamber (DC) technique. When mature granulocytes from human blood or syngeneic mouse peritoneal fluid were added to mouse bone marrow cells cultured in DC, a significant depression of granulopoiesis took place, and a stimulation of macrophage formation was observed in 7-day cultures. Human granulocytes had a stronger inhinitory capacity than mouse granulocytes. The inhibition appeared to be tissue-specific and caused by a diffusible factor. A time study showed that the added granulocytes had no observable effect on the growth of proliferative granulocytes and CFU-C during the first days of culture. A rapid decrease of proliferative granulocytes after day 5 was preceded by a similar reduction of CFU-C 1 day earlier. The effect of CFU-S was more variable. In one strain of mice, there was a consistent increase in the granulocyte co-culture group, whereas in another strain a significant increase was observed only on day 2. Hislotologic examination showed that mature granulocytes changed the colony distribution, so that a significant relative decrease of granuloid colonies occurred. The nature of this delayed suppression of granulopoiesis is not evident from these data. A possible explanation is that factors released by mature granulocytes prevent recruitment of CFU-C and granulocyte precursors from the CFU-S compartment by blocking the granulopoietic pathway. Leukemic (CML) granulocytes isolated from blood were less able to inhibit granulopoiesis than normal granulocytes with mouse bone marrow as well as human bone marrow as target cells.", "contents": "Regulation of bone marrow cell growth in diffusion chambers: the effect of adding normal and leukemic (CML) polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Inhibition of granulopoiesis was studied using the diffusion chamber (DC) technique. When mature granulocytes from human blood or syngeneic mouse peritoneal fluid were added to mouse bone marrow cells cultured in DC, a significant depression of granulopoiesis took place, and a stimulation of macrophage formation was observed in 7-day cultures. Human granulocytes had a stronger inhinitory capacity than mouse granulocytes. The inhibition appeared to be tissue-specific and caused by a diffusible factor. A time study showed that the added granulocytes had no observable effect on the growth of proliferative granulocytes and CFU-C during the first days of culture. A rapid decrease of proliferative granulocytes after day 5 was preceded by a similar reduction of CFU-C 1 day earlier. The effect of CFU-S was more variable. In one strain of mice, there was a consistent increase in the granulocyte co-culture group, whereas in another strain a significant increase was observed only on day 2. Hislotologic examination showed that mature granulocytes changed the colony distribution, so that a significant relative decrease of granuloid colonies occurred. The nature of this delayed suppression of granulopoiesis is not evident from these data. A possible explanation is that factors released by mature granulocytes prevent recruitment of CFU-C and granulocyte precursors from the CFU-S compartment by blocking the granulopoietic pathway. Leukemic (CML) granulocytes isolated from blood were less able to inhibit granulopoiesis than normal granulocytes with mouse bone marrow as well as human bone marrow as target cells.", "PMID": 1066174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5146", "title": "Hodgkin's disease and myelomonocytic leukemia: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study.", "content": "The ultrastructual and immunologic features of the initial Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells are compared with the ultimate leukemic cell type in a child with Hodgkin's disease who subsequently developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) following 29 months of chemotherapy. Hodgkin tumor cells contained cytoplasmic IgG and ultrastructurally resembled large immunoblasts, containing one or two round nuclei with large bizarre nucleoli, many polyribosomes, sparase endoplasmic reticulum, underdeveloped Golgi lamellae, and few cytoplasmic granules. The Hodgkin tumor cells displayed no evidence of phagocytosis. The leukemic monocytic cells did not contain cytoplasmic IgG and, ultrastrucally, exhibited and indented and irregular nuclear profile with less prominent nucleoli, numerous pleomorphic granules, a moderate number of free ribosomes, short segments of endoplasmic reticulum, and stacked Golgi lamellae. The cell surface was irregular and occasionally appeared involved in endocytic activity. These results indicate that the Hodgkin tumor cells originated from B lymphocytes rather than tissue macrophages, whereas the leukemic monocytes arose from the bone marrow-derived monocyte-macrophage series. The findings suggest further that AMML developing after Hodgkin's disease consitutes a second neoplasm rather than a leukemic transformation of Hodgkin tumor cells.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease and myelomonocytic leukemia: an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. The ultrastructual and immunologic features of the initial Reed-Sternberg and Hodgkin cells are compared with the ultimate leukemic cell type in a child with Hodgkin's disease who subsequently developed acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) following 29 months of chemotherapy. Hodgkin tumor cells contained cytoplasmic IgG and ultrastructurally resembled large immunoblasts, containing one or two round nuclei with large bizarre nucleoli, many polyribosomes, sparase endoplasmic reticulum, underdeveloped Golgi lamellae, and few cytoplasmic granules. The Hodgkin tumor cells displayed no evidence of phagocytosis. The leukemic monocytic cells did not contain cytoplasmic IgG and, ultrastrucally, exhibited and indented and irregular nuclear profile with less prominent nucleoli, numerous pleomorphic granules, a moderate number of free ribosomes, short segments of endoplasmic reticulum, and stacked Golgi lamellae. The cell surface was irregular and occasionally appeared involved in endocytic activity. These results indicate that the Hodgkin tumor cells originated from B lymphocytes rather than tissue macrophages, whereas the leukemic monocytes arose from the bone marrow-derived monocyte-macrophage series. The findings suggest further that AMML developing after Hodgkin's disease consitutes a second neoplasm rather than a leukemic transformation of Hodgkin tumor cells.", "PMID": 1066181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5147", "title": "Thymoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia: a case report.", "content": "A case of epithelial thymoma occurring synchronously with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia and urinary bladder carcinoma in a 76-year-old man is described. Thymomas have been associated with numberous hematologic, collagen-vascular and autoimmune disease states, as well as with an increased incidence of nonthymic malignancy. Human thymoma-associated leukemia is, however, extremely unusual, despite the well-documented role of the thymus in leukemogenesis in experimental animals. No previous literature reports of thymoma associated with chronic myelogeneous leukemia were found. A review of long-term followup data of surviving thymoma patients is necessary to determine if an increased propensity to develop leukemia is present in present in patients with thymoma.", "contents": "Thymoma and chronic myelogenous leukemia: a case report. A case of epithelial thymoma occurring synchronously with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia and urinary bladder carcinoma in a 76-year-old man is described. Thymomas have been associated with numberous hematologic, collagen-vascular and autoimmune disease states, as well as with an increased incidence of nonthymic malignancy. Human thymoma-associated leukemia is, however, extremely unusual, despite the well-documented role of the thymus in leukemogenesis in experimental animals. No previous literature reports of thymoma associated with chronic myelogeneous leukemia were found. A review of long-term followup data of surviving thymoma patients is necessary to determine if an increased propensity to develop leukemia is present in present in patients with thymoma.", "PMID": 1066182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5148", "title": "Enhancement of drug cytotoxicity by recruitment of leukemic myeloblasts with humoral stimulation.", "content": "To demonstrate that the effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine can be increased when the leukemic cell growth fraction is augmented by induced humoral factors, bone marrow cells from 14 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia were studied in vitro. Cells were cultured in either pooled stimulatory serum, obtained from leukemic patients undergoing chemotherapy, or autologous leukemic pre-treatment serum. After 2 days in culture, serum containing 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was added. Cells cultured in stimulatory serum proliferated markedly when compared with cells cultured in pretreatment serum, as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation into an acid-insoluble precipitate, tritiated thymidine labeling indices, and viable tumor cell counts. The cytotoxic effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was enhanced in those cells initially cultured in stimulatory serum relative to cells initially cultured in pretreatment serum. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that induced humoral stimulation of acute myeloblastic leukemic cells in vitro recruits a greater tumor growth fraction and thereby increases the cytotoxicity of cycle-dependent drugs.", "contents": "Enhancement of drug cytotoxicity by recruitment of leukemic myeloblasts with humoral stimulation. To demonstrate that the effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine can be increased when the leukemic cell growth fraction is augmented by induced humoral factors, bone marrow cells from 14 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia were studied in vitro. Cells were cultured in either pooled stimulatory serum, obtained from leukemic patients undergoing chemotherapy, or autologous leukemic pre-treatment serum. After 2 days in culture, serum containing 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was added. Cells cultured in stimulatory serum proliferated markedly when compared with cells cultured in pretreatment serum, as measured by tritiated thymidine incorporation into an acid-insoluble precipitate, tritiated thymidine labeling indices, and viable tumor cell counts. The cytotoxic effect of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine was enhanced in those cells initially cultured in stimulatory serum relative to cells initially cultured in pretreatment serum. These studies are consistent with the hypothesis that induced humoral stimulation of acute myeloblastic leukemic cells in vitro recruits a greater tumor growth fraction and thereby increases the cytotoxicity of cycle-dependent drugs.", "PMID": 1066183}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5149", "title": "Radiation-induced murine leukemia ERLD in cell culture.", "content": "The lymphoblastic leukemia ERLD, induced by radiation in a C57BL/6 mouse, was established in culture. Three cell lines, ERLD/Y3, ERLD/T ERLD/Two, have been in culture for nearly three years. Their isolation and growth depended upon the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, glutamine, and asparagine in the medium. The cell lines, except ERLD/T, possess the TL antigen, a characteristic of ERLD and of other murine leukemia cells in vivo and of normal thymus cells of certain mouse strains, but not of C57BL/6. A distinctive submetacentric marker chromosome is also common to ERLD and the derived cell lines. The successful establishment of ERLD in culture provides a malignant thymocyte-related cell system for studies in nutrition and immunobiology.", "contents": "Radiation-induced murine leukemia ERLD in cell culture. The lymphoblastic leukemia ERLD, induced by radiation in a C57BL/6 mouse, was established in culture. Three cell lines, ERLD/Y3, ERLD/T ERLD/Two, have been in culture for nearly three years. Their isolation and growth depended upon the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, glutamine, and asparagine in the medium. The cell lines, except ERLD/T, possess the TL antigen, a characteristic of ERLD and of other murine leukemia cells in vivo and of normal thymus cells of certain mouse strains, but not of C57BL/6. A distinctive submetacentric marker chromosome is also common to ERLD and the derived cell lines. The successful establishment of ERLD in culture provides a malignant thymocyte-related cell system for studies in nutrition and immunobiology.", "PMID": 1066184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5150", "title": "A survey of the dental needs of hospital inpatients in Scotland.", "content": "Eight hundred and ninety-four inpatients in four hospitals in Edinburgh were assta were used to estimate future inpatients' dental requirements and the hospital dental services which would be necessary to meet these needs. Seventeen percent of the sample was found to be suffering from pain or discomfort of dental origin and over 30% were considered to require some form of dental treatment before their expected date of inpatient discharge.", "contents": "A survey of the dental needs of hospital inpatients in Scotland. Eight hundred and ninety-four inpatients in four hospitals in Edinburgh were assta were used to estimate future inpatients' dental requirements and the hospital dental services which would be necessary to meet these needs. Seventeen percent of the sample was found to be suffering from pain or discomfort of dental origin and over 30% were considered to require some form of dental treatment before their expected date of inpatient discharge.", "PMID": 1066197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5151", "title": "Plaque-removing effect of dental floss and toothpicks in children 12-13 years of age.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to assess the cleaning effect of dental floss and toothpicks on interproximal surfaces. The plaque situation was assessed in a group of children 12-13 years of age by the Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHPI). It was found that dental floss has a greater plaque-removing effect of the interproximal areas than toothpicks, predominantly on the mesial surfaces of the teeth.", "contents": "Plaque-removing effect of dental floss and toothpicks in children 12-13 years of age. The aim of the present study was to assess the cleaning effect of dental floss and toothpicks on interproximal surfaces. The plaque situation was assessed in a group of children 12-13 years of age by the Patient Hygiene Performance Index (PHPI). It was found that dental floss has a greater plaque-removing effect of the interproximal areas than toothpicks, predominantly on the mesial surfaces of the teeth.", "PMID": 1066198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5152", "title": "A comparison between the release of fluoride from sodium fluoride lozenges and bone meal tablets.", "content": "The release of fluoride from a fluoride-containing bone meal tablet and a chewable sodium fluoride lozenge to 0.5 M perchloric acid, deionized water, and saliva was compared. In acid, all the fluoride was released from the bone meal tablet (0.25 mg F), while there was a poor release in water and saliva (2-10 %). The release from the sodium fluoride lozenge (0.25 mg F) was essentially complete in water and saliva as well as in acid. Following sucking and chewing on a sodium fluoride lozenge, the mean salivary fluoride concentration increased from 0.04 to 36 parts/10(6) 5 min after intake. Concentrations exceeding the preintake level were still recorded after 20 min. With the bone meal tablet, only a slight increase (to 0.2 parts/10(6)) in the salivary fluoride level was obtained.", "contents": "A comparison between the release of fluoride from sodium fluoride lozenges and bone meal tablets. The release of fluoride from a fluoride-containing bone meal tablet and a chewable sodium fluoride lozenge to 0.5 M perchloric acid, deionized water, and saliva was compared. In acid, all the fluoride was released from the bone meal tablet (0.25 mg F), while there was a poor release in water and saliva (2-10 %). The release from the sodium fluoride lozenge (0.25 mg F) was essentially complete in water and saliva as well as in acid. Following sucking and chewing on a sodium fluoride lozenge, the mean salivary fluoride concentration increased from 0.04 to 36 parts/10(6) 5 min after intake. Concentrations exceeding the preintake level were still recorded after 20 min. With the bone meal tablet, only a slight increase (to 0.2 parts/10(6)) in the salivary fluoride level was obtained.", "PMID": 1066199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5153", "title": "Effect on caries of self-application of a zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride.", "content": "A 2-year clinical trial was conducted using an adolescent population from a low-fluoride area to evaluate the anticaries effect of self-applications of zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride. tthree study groups totaling 464 children, with an initial average of 12.8 years, completed the study. The control group brushed with a non-fluoride zirconium silicate paste (tzircate Prophylaxis Paste) once each year: the first experimental group brushed with zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride (Zircate Treatment Paste) once each year; and the second experimental group brushed every 6 months with Zircate Treatment Paste. After 2 year, the DMFT and DMFS increments were virtually identical for the control group and the group that received one application of fluoride paste per year. The group that received two applications of fluoride paste per year had a DMTF increment that was about 24% less than that of the control group; however, the DMFS increment was only 5% less. These differences were not statistically significant at the P=.05 level.", "contents": "Effect on caries of self-application of a zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride. A 2-year clinical trial was conducted using an adolescent population from a low-fluoride area to evaluate the anticaries effect of self-applications of zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride. tthree study groups totaling 464 children, with an initial average of 12.8 years, completed the study. The control group brushed with a non-fluoride zirconium silicate paste (tzircate Prophylaxis Paste) once each year: the first experimental group brushed with zirconium silicate paste containing 9% stannous fluoride (Zircate Treatment Paste) once each year; and the second experimental group brushed every 6 months with Zircate Treatment Paste. After 2 year, the DMFT and DMFS increments were virtually identical for the control group and the group that received one application of fluoride paste per year. The group that received two applications of fluoride paste per year had a DMTF increment that was about 24% less than that of the control group; however, the DMFS increment was only 5% less. These differences were not statistically significant at the P=.05 level.", "PMID": 1066200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5154", "title": "A survey of traumatized primary anterior teeth in Jerusalem preschool children.", "content": "The prevalence of traumatized primary anterior teeth was studied in 965 5-year-olds attending compulsory kindergartens in West Jerusalem in 1971. The prevalence of children with traumatized teeth was 11.1%. No difference between males and females was found. In most cases only one tooth was affected. The tooth most frequently affected was the maxillary central incisor. The most common type of fracture was that of enamel with or without dentin.", "contents": "A survey of traumatized primary anterior teeth in Jerusalem preschool children. The prevalence of traumatized primary anterior teeth was studied in 965 5-year-olds attending compulsory kindergartens in West Jerusalem in 1971. The prevalence of children with traumatized teeth was 11.1%. No difference between males and females was found. In most cases only one tooth was affected. The tooth most frequently affected was the maxillary central incisor. The most common type of fracture was that of enamel with or without dentin.", "PMID": 1066201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5155", "title": "Patterns of occlusion in 3-year-old Danish children.", "content": "Occlusion and spacing patterns are described for 1,624 3-year-old children living in Gladsaxe, a suburb of Copenhagen. Normal transversal relations were found in 1,396 children, while 214 had crossbite, and 14 had scissors-bite. The sagittal and vertical occlusion were significantly different in the three groups. The sagittal occlusion characters were to a large extent identical in the second primary molar, the canine and the incisor regions in the individual child. Open bite was much more frequent in children with maxillary overjet greater than 4 mm than in children with maxillary overjet greater than or equal to 4 mm. Definite mandibular overjet was diagnosed in three children but 19 had a tendency towards mandibular overjet. The number of dummy suckers was very high and significantly higher among children with crossbite than amoung children with normal transversal relations. Crowding was found in the incisor regions, but very seldom, while total spacing existed in 34.5% of the maxillary and 24.3% of the mandibular arches.", "contents": "Patterns of occlusion in 3-year-old Danish children. Occlusion and spacing patterns are described for 1,624 3-year-old children living in Gladsaxe, a suburb of Copenhagen. Normal transversal relations were found in 1,396 children, while 214 had crossbite, and 14 had scissors-bite. The sagittal and vertical occlusion were significantly different in the three groups. The sagittal occlusion characters were to a large extent identical in the second primary molar, the canine and the incisor regions in the individual child. Open bite was much more frequent in children with maxillary overjet greater than 4 mm than in children with maxillary overjet greater than or equal to 4 mm. Definite mandibular overjet was diagnosed in three children but 19 had a tendency towards mandibular overjet. The number of dummy suckers was very high and significantly higher among children with crossbite than amoung children with normal transversal relations. Crowding was found in the incisor regions, but very seldom, while total spacing existed in 34.5% of the maxillary and 24.3% of the mandibular arches.", "PMID": 1066202}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5156", "title": "Recurrent aphthous ulcerations in a mixed Arab community.", "content": "Twenty thousand Arabs of various nationalities living in Kuwait have been investigated over the past 5 years; 5,470 (27%) manifested recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU). Non-Kuwaiti Arabs were affected more the Kuwaitis and the prevalence of the disease was respectively 35% and 18%. Among Kuwaitis, only 5% of the Bedouins manifested the diseases whereas 22% of urbanized Arabs were affected. The ratio of the affected females to males in this study was 6:5. The clinical course of RAU in Arabs was similar to that reported in other populations. Various environmental factors such as stressful conditions, social tradition and obligations, and the allergenic Arabic food seemed to affect the prevalence of RAU in different Arab communities.", "contents": "Recurrent aphthous ulcerations in a mixed Arab community. Twenty thousand Arabs of various nationalities living in Kuwait have been investigated over the past 5 years; 5,470 (27%) manifested recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU). Non-Kuwaiti Arabs were affected more the Kuwaitis and the prevalence of the disease was respectively 35% and 18%. Among Kuwaitis, only 5% of the Bedouins manifested the diseases whereas 22% of urbanized Arabs were affected. The ratio of the affected females to males in this study was 6:5. The clinical course of RAU in Arabs was similar to that reported in other populations. Various environmental factors such as stressful conditions, social tradition and obligations, and the allergenic Arabic food seemed to affect the prevalence of RAU in different Arab communities.", "PMID": 1066203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5157", "title": "Occurrence of oral sebaceous glands in 43,654 industrial workers of Gujarat, India.", "content": "In 10 cancer patients platelet concentration, platelet consumption, platelet half-life time and plasma concentration of platelet factor 4 were determined. A high frequency of thrombocytosis and increased platelet consumption were observed, and the plasma concentration of platelet factor 4 was increased. However, no significant correlation was found between platelet consumption and the result of a single determination of platelet factor 4 concentrations in plasma.", "contents": "Occurrence of oral sebaceous glands in 43,654 industrial workers of Gujarat, India. In 10 cancer patients platelet concentration, platelet consumption, platelet half-life time and plasma concentration of platelet factor 4 were determined. A high frequency of thrombocytosis and increased platelet consumption were observed, and the plasma concentration of platelet factor 4 was increased. However, no significant correlation was found between platelet consumption and the result of a single determination of platelet factor 4 concentrations in plasma.", "PMID": 1066204}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5158", "title": "A study of endogenous dopamine metabolism in Gilles de la Tourette's disease.", "content": "This longitudinal, blind study of Gilles de la Tourette's disease in a 44 year old male patient who was nonresponsive to Haloperidol therapy indicates that dopamine excretion is related to clinical response. An increased urinary excretion of dopamine and some of its metabolites was associated with the failure of Haloperidol therapy. Imipramine, administered to treat the patients' depressive mood that emerged in the course of treatment, decreased the urinary excretion of dopamine and moderately alleviated the symptoms of Tourette's syndrome. The results suggest that monitering urinary dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine excretion in Tourette's disease may predict the clinical response to pharmacotherapy, and that a dopaminergic mechanism may be associated with this type of motor hyperkinesia.", "contents": "A study of endogenous dopamine metabolism in Gilles de la Tourette's disease. This longitudinal, blind study of Gilles de la Tourette's disease in a 44 year old male patient who was nonresponsive to Haloperidol therapy indicates that dopamine excretion is related to clinical response. An increased urinary excretion of dopamine and some of its metabolites was associated with the failure of Haloperidol therapy. Imipramine, administered to treat the patients' depressive mood that emerged in the course of treatment, decreased the urinary excretion of dopamine and moderately alleviated the symptoms of Tourette's syndrome. The results suggest that monitering urinary dopamine and 3-methoxytyramine excretion in Tourette's disease may predict the clinical response to pharmacotherapy, and that a dopaminergic mechanism may be associated with this type of motor hyperkinesia.", "PMID": 1066216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5159", "title": "[Hygiene in dental practice-- wish and reality].", "content": "Theoretical findings on sterilization and disinfection measures are useless for the dental practice if their efficiency is put into question due to insufficient consideration of the special conditions of dental treatment. By data collected in dental offices of various structures, an attempt is made to draw conclusions regarding the methods usually applied. The findings facilitate the search of methods for rationalizing hygienic measures and the organization of such measures.", "contents": "[Hygiene in dental practice-- wish and reality]. Theoretical findings on sterilization and disinfection measures are useless for the dental practice if their efficiency is put into question due to insufficient consideration of the special conditions of dental treatment. By data collected in dental offices of various structures, an attempt is made to draw conclusions regarding the methods usually applied. The findings facilitate the search of methods for rationalizing hygienic measures and the organization of such measures.", "PMID": 1066217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5160", "title": "[Foundations of the neurophysiology of the masticatory organ].", "content": "The most important research findings in the field of neuro-physiology of the masticatory system are described, e.g. the clinico-neurological aspects of the swallowing reflex, cortical and subcortical control systems interfering with mastication and especially the two masticatory reflexes taking place at the level of the brain stem, the jaw-opening reflex and the jaw-jerk reflex. A short neuro-anatomic and electrophysiological description of the nucl. tractus mesencephalici, the nucl. supratrigeminalis and the dental pressosensors completes this survey. It concludes with a discussion of possible pathological reflex circles in the pathogenesis of myorthropathies.", "contents": "[Foundations of the neurophysiology of the masticatory organ]. The most important research findings in the field of neuro-physiology of the masticatory system are described, e.g. the clinico-neurological aspects of the swallowing reflex, cortical and subcortical control systems interfering with mastication and especially the two masticatory reflexes taking place at the level of the brain stem, the jaw-opening reflex and the jaw-jerk reflex. A short neuro-anatomic and electrophysiological description of the nucl. tractus mesencephalici, the nucl. supratrigeminalis and the dental pressosensors completes this survey. It concludes with a discussion of possible pathological reflex circles in the pathogenesis of myorthropathies.", "PMID": 1066218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5161", "title": "[The retention of plastic filling materials with various lining materials and technics].", "content": "In \"tensile strength\" tests an attempt was made to find out whether a material and/or the type of preparation of the cement base and/or a specific filling technique have any influence on the retention of a permanent filling in a cavity prepared according to Black's principles of preparation. The following was found: 1. Amalgam fillings placed on hardened cement bases did not show any differences in their retention behavior. The type of the protective base material was of no importance. 2. Fillings rapidly inserted according to Robiczek's method showed considerably higher retention values. 3. The filling material combines with the cement base only in rapidly inserted fillings which considerably contributes to increased retention.", "contents": "[The retention of plastic filling materials with various lining materials and technics]. In \"tensile strength\" tests an attempt was made to find out whether a material and/or the type of preparation of the cement base and/or a specific filling technique have any influence on the retention of a permanent filling in a cavity prepared according to Black's principles of preparation. The following was found: 1. Amalgam fillings placed on hardened cement bases did not show any differences in their retention behavior. The type of the protective base material was of no importance. 2. Fillings rapidly inserted according to Robiczek's method showed considerably higher retention values. 3. The filling material combines with the cement base only in rapidly inserted fillings which considerably contributes to increased retention.", "PMID": 1066219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5162", "title": "[Comparative cinematographic studies of the mandibular movements normal subjects and patients with dysgnatias].", "content": "Mandibular movements of test persons with eugnathic and dysgnathic dentitions were compared with each other by kinematographic tests and evaluation of single photographs. No essential differences in coarse movements are discernible.  Neither form nor extent of the masticatory movements are significantly influenced by any dysgnathia or the type of food chewed. The testing method applied does not furnish any information on movements in the occlusion phase.", "contents": "[Comparative cinematographic studies of the mandibular movements normal subjects and patients with dysgnatias]. Mandibular movements of test persons with eugnathic and dysgnathic dentitions were compared with each other by kinematographic tests and evaluation of single photographs. No essential differences in coarse movements are discernible.  Neither form nor extent of the masticatory movements are significantly influenced by any dysgnathia or the type of food chewed. The testing method applied does not furnish any information on movements in the occlusion phase.", "PMID": 1066220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5163", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of myeloma from the point of view of the dentist and the oral surgeon].", "content": "Data on 10 patients with myelomatosis from three different maxillo-facial surgery departments are compiled and case histories, clinical courses, radiographs and therapies are studied. The data are compared with 51 cases reported in the literature. The main emphasis of the studies was on: 1. Diagnosis on the basis of the first symptoms in the maxillary region. 2. Prophylaxis and therapy of oral complications.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of myeloma from the point of view of the dentist and the oral surgeon]. Data on 10 patients with myelomatosis from three different maxillo-facial surgery departments are compiled and case histories, clinical courses, radiographs and therapies are studied. The data are compared with 51 cases reported in the literature. The main emphasis of the studies was on: 1. Diagnosis on the basis of the first symptoms in the maxillary region. 2. Prophylaxis and therapy of oral complications.", "PMID": 1066223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5164", "title": "[Studies on the pharmacodynamics and compatibility of the local anesthetic carticain].", "content": "Two local anesthetics were compared with a placebo with regard to subjective tolerance and influence on driving capacity in a double blind test in eight male probands. Neither performance, the ability to respond, reactivity, nor fine motor coordination were reduced or impaired five to sixty minutes after a submucous injection of 3.6 ml of the local anesthetics tested. There were no changes of self-evaluation in the sense of a changed active-passive polarity.", "contents": "[Studies on the pharmacodynamics and compatibility of the local anesthetic carticain]. Two local anesthetics were compared with a placebo with regard to subjective tolerance and influence on driving capacity in a double blind test in eight male probands. Neither performance, the ability to respond, reactivity, nor fine motor coordination were reduced or impaired five to sixty minutes after a submucous injection of 3.6 ml of the local anesthetics tested. There were no changes of self-evaluation in the sense of a changed active-passive polarity.", "PMID": 1066224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5165", "title": "[Fluoridation measures].", "content": "Dental caries has become an ever-increasing, important socio-medical and economic problem over the past few years and decades. It is the most widespread of all diseases. If we really want to cope with it and effectively reduce the incidence of this disease, dentists and the authorities bearing the cost of dental therapy must change their attitudes, for it is absolutely necessary that the main emphasis of dentistry be shifted from the still prevailing attitude of simple treatment to a program of prevention. The various methods of fluoride application provide safe, effective, and practical methods of caries prevention.", "contents": "[Fluoridation measures]. Dental caries has become an ever-increasing, important socio-medical and economic problem over the past few years and decades. It is the most widespread of all diseases. If we really want to cope with it and effectively reduce the incidence of this disease, dentists and the authorities bearing the cost of dental therapy must change their attitudes, for it is absolutely necessary that the main emphasis of dentistry be shifted from the still prevailing attitude of simple treatment to a program of prevention. The various methods of fluoride application provide safe, effective, and practical methods of caries prevention.", "PMID": 1066228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5166", "title": "[Tooth exfoliation in the supporting area, a critical phase in the development of the dentition].", "content": "The lateral supporting area should measure at least 22 mm on the average. This value should be corroborated by the use of any available radiographs and consideration of the width of permanent teeth that have already erupted, and sex-specific differences. All means for retaining teeth should be used to prevent a premature collapse of the supporting area.", "contents": "[Tooth exfoliation in the supporting area, a critical phase in the development of the dentition]. The lateral supporting area should measure at least 22 mm on the average. This value should be corroborated by the use of any available radiographs and consideration of the width of permanent teeth that have already erupted, and sex-specific differences. All means for retaining teeth should be used to prevent a premature collapse of the supporting area.", "PMID": 1066229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5167", "title": "[Conservative treatment of deciduous teeth--a review].", "content": "In all countries with a lack of manpower in dentistry, there is an unfortunate tendency to leave the primary teeth without proper conservative treatment. In addition to toothaches and poor esthetics, a neglected care of the primary dentition may result in several other untoward effects. Decayed deciduous teeth may cause such a discomfort during tooth-brushing that the child is prevented from learning good oral hygiene habits. With bad primary molars the child cannot chew properly, and may have to choose soft and often cariogenic food. When the permanent teeth erupt among the decayed deciduous teeth, there will be a greater chance for them to have carious attacks as well. Premature loss of primary molars may lead to malocclusion. It must also be kept in mind that the treatment of badly decayed teeth, including necessary extractions, may be difficult. This may cause fear of dental treatment. On the basis of current Swedish philosophies of treatment the author surveys various conservative procedures for deciduous teeth-amalgam therapy, stainless steel crowns, composites and disking.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of deciduous teeth--a review]. In all countries with a lack of manpower in dentistry, there is an unfortunate tendency to leave the primary teeth without proper conservative treatment. In addition to toothaches and poor esthetics, a neglected care of the primary dentition may result in several other untoward effects. Decayed deciduous teeth may cause such a discomfort during tooth-brushing that the child is prevented from learning good oral hygiene habits. With bad primary molars the child cannot chew properly, and may have to choose soft and often cariogenic food. When the permanent teeth erupt among the decayed deciduous teeth, there will be a greater chance for them to have carious attacks as well. Premature loss of primary molars may lead to malocclusion. It must also be kept in mind that the treatment of badly decayed teeth, including necessary extractions, may be difficult. This may cause fear of dental treatment. On the basis of current Swedish philosophies of treatment the author surveys various conservative procedures for deciduous teeth-amalgam therapy, stainless steel crowns, composites and disking.", "PMID": 1066230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5168", "title": "[Restoration of deciduous teeth].", "content": "Efficient filling techniques using composite resins, adhesive composite resins after acid etching, and amalgam are discussed especially in view of the expedient use of auxiliary means and pulp-protecting measures.", "contents": "[Restoration of deciduous teeth]. Efficient filling techniques using composite resins, adhesive composite resins after acid etching, and amalgam are discussed especially in view of the expedient use of auxiliary means and pulp-protecting measures.", "PMID": 1066232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5169", "title": "[Light microscopic presentation of the morphological behavior of the nerves of deciduous teeth during tooth exfoliation deciduous and after loss of the dentition].", "content": "Structural changes in the nerve can hardly be demonstrated in nerve sections located intradentally, i.e. away from the area of tooth resorption. pseudohypersegmentation, however, is found intradentally in nerve sections of the radical pulp close to the resorption area. Serious lesions of the nervous substance are found extradentally, in the direct neighborhood of the erupting permanent tooth. If the deciduous tooth was lost more than 12 months ago, intraosseously the final stage of physiological degeneration is reached.", "contents": "[Light microscopic presentation of the morphological behavior of the nerves of deciduous teeth during tooth exfoliation deciduous and after loss of the dentition]. Structural changes in the nerve can hardly be demonstrated in nerve sections located intradentally, i.e. away from the area of tooth resorption. pseudohypersegmentation, however, is found intradentally in nerve sections of the radical pulp close to the resorption area. Serious lesions of the nervous substance are found extradentally, in the direct neighborhood of the erupting permanent tooth. If the deciduous tooth was lost more than 12 months ago, intraosseously the final stage of physiological degeneration is reached.", "PMID": 1066239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5170", "title": "[Special technics for the enlargement of the vestibulum].", "content": "From a technical viewpoint, vestibuloplasty is the easiest method to deepen the vestibulum and is mostly preceded by gingivectomy or a flap operation. Grafting of free mucosa is the method of choice in cases of small regions of operation, prominent alveolar ridges, where open vestibuloplasty has already been performed and serious coronal shifting the scar has occurred, and where a coronal sliding of flap was planned as a second operation to cover a gingival recession. In cases of gingival recessions and areas with narrow, less than 3 mm broad gingiva propria having no obvious pathologically altered gingival sulcus, the method according to Edlan and Mejchar is offering the best results.", "contents": "[Special technics for the enlargement of the vestibulum]. From a technical viewpoint, vestibuloplasty is the easiest method to deepen the vestibulum and is mostly preceded by gingivectomy or a flap operation. Grafting of free mucosa is the method of choice in cases of small regions of operation, prominent alveolar ridges, where open vestibuloplasty has already been performed and serious coronal shifting the scar has occurred, and where a coronal sliding of flap was planned as a second operation to cover a gingival recession. In cases of gingival recessions and areas with narrow, less than 3 mm broad gingiva propria having no obvious pathologically altered gingival sulcus, the method according to Edlan and Mejchar is offering the best results.", "PMID": 1066245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5171", "title": "Human granulocyte phosphoglycerate kinase. Purification by double affinity elution and immunological study.", "content": "Human phosphoglycerate kinase has been totally purified from leukemic granulocytes by double 'affinity elution' with ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. This purification procedure allowed to obtain 19 mg of protein, specific activity of which was 400 IU/mg i.e. a 105-fold purification and an overall yield of 47%. Purified enzyme was homogenous when tested by acrylamide sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Specific antibodies raised in rabbits totally inactivated phosphoglycerate kinase of crude extracts as well as of the purified preparation. The molecular specific activity (i.e. the ratio enzyme activity/immunological reactivity) was identical in leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes and was identical in these cells to the value found for the totally purified phosphoglycerate kinase.", "contents": "Human granulocyte phosphoglycerate kinase. Purification by double affinity elution and immunological study. Human phosphoglycerate kinase has been totally purified from leukemic granulocytes by double 'affinity elution' with ATP and 3-phosphoglycerate. This purification procedure allowed to obtain 19 mg of protein, specific activity of which was 400 IU/mg i.e. a 105-fold purification and an overall yield of 47%. Purified enzyme was homogenous when tested by acrylamide sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. Specific antibodies raised in rabbits totally inactivated phosphoglycerate kinase of crude extracts as well as of the purified preparation. The molecular specific activity (i.e. the ratio enzyme activity/immunological reactivity) was identical in leukocytes, platelets, erythrocytes and was identical in these cells to the value found for the totally purified phosphoglycerate kinase.", "PMID": 1066269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5172", "title": "The effect of an anabolic agent on N deposition, growth, and slaughter quality in growing castrated male pigs.", "content": "The conversion of feed protein into body protein in growing pigs is rather unfavourable. With Dutch Landrace pigs only 30--40 percent of the digestible crude protein is converted into body protein. To study the influence of implanting 20 mg 17beta-estradiol + 140 mg trenbolone acetate per animal on this conversion ratio, three nitrogen-balance experiments were performed with castrated male pigs of 55--75 kg liveweight. In experiment 3 the energy balance was also measured. N-retention was significantly improved by the treatment. In none of the experiments the digestibility of the ration was influenced. With the pigs implanted at around 55 kg live weight, N-deposition during the period from 6--9 till 26--32 days after treatment was increased by on an average respectively of 24 percent (experiment 1), 60 percent (experiment 2) and 56 percent (experiment 3) as compared with a placebo. Where pigs of 75 kg were implanted, N-deposition was increased over the period from 2 till 28 days after implantation by 39 percent as compared with a placebo. In experiment 3 it was shown that the conversion of the metabolizable energy of the ration into energy deposited in the body (= protein + fat) was not considerably altered at 13--17 days after the treatment of pigs (weighing 55 kg) with anabolic agents. As compared with the placebo, N-deposition was increased by 40 percent and fat deposition was descreased by 15--20 percent. So the implantation with the anabolic agents has resulted in shift to a higher protein deposition and a lower fat deposition. The results of the balance determinations were confirmed in a comparative growth experiment, in which 14 castrated male Large Wht& x Landrace pigs of 56 kg weight (i.e. 69 days before slaughter at 90 kg live weight) were implanted with the aforementioned combination; 14 animals served as control. In the period from treatment till slaughter live weight gain was significantly improved by 6.5 kg; feed conversion was 0.3 units significantly lower than the control. Carcass weight was significantly higher for the treated group (difference compared with control 4.5 kg). Carcass quality was also improved; the carcasses of the treated pigs were longer and the thickness of the backfat was less. In a second comparative experiment on growth of castrated male pigs from 66 to 100 kg, the effect of the oral application of the combination ethinylestradiol (0.6 ppm, 1.2 ppm, and 2 ppm respectively in the feed) and trenbolone acetate (2 ppm in the feed) was studied. The three experimental groups and the control group consisted of 15 animals each. Live weight gain was significantly improved in the two groups with the higher levels of ethinyl estradiol (i.e. 4.4 kg and 6.9 kg respectively), feed conversion was significantly lower in all three anabolic agroups (i.e. 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 respectively). Backfat thickness was less in all three anabolic groups and the carcasses were longer in the two higher dosage groups compared with the control group...", "contents": "The effect of an anabolic agent on N deposition, growth, and slaughter quality in growing castrated male pigs. The conversion of feed protein into body protein in growing pigs is rather unfavourable. With Dutch Landrace pigs only 30--40 percent of the digestible crude protein is converted into body protein. To study the influence of implanting 20 mg 17beta-estradiol + 140 mg trenbolone acetate per animal on this conversion ratio, three nitrogen-balance experiments were performed with castrated male pigs of 55--75 kg liveweight. In experiment 3 the energy balance was also measured. N-retention was significantly improved by the treatment. In none of the experiments the digestibility of the ration was influenced. With the pigs implanted at around 55 kg live weight, N-deposition during the period from 6--9 till 26--32 days after treatment was increased by on an average respectively of 24 percent (experiment 1), 60 percent (experiment 2) and 56 percent (experiment 3) as compared with a placebo. Where pigs of 75 kg were implanted, N-deposition was increased over the period from 2 till 28 days after implantation by 39 percent as compared with a placebo. In experiment 3 it was shown that the conversion of the metabolizable energy of the ration into energy deposited in the body (= protein + fat) was not considerably altered at 13--17 days after the treatment of pigs (weighing 55 kg) with anabolic agents. As compared with the placebo, N-deposition was increased by 40 percent and fat deposition was descreased by 15--20 percent. So the implantation with the anabolic agents has resulted in shift to a higher protein deposition and a lower fat deposition. The results of the balance determinations were confirmed in a comparative growth experiment, in which 14 castrated male Large Wht& x Landrace pigs of 56 kg weight (i.e. 69 days before slaughter at 90 kg live weight) were implanted with the aforementioned combination; 14 animals served as control. In the period from treatment till slaughter live weight gain was significantly improved by 6.5 kg; feed conversion was 0.3 units significantly lower than the control. Carcass weight was significantly higher for the treated group (difference compared with control 4.5 kg). Carcass quality was also improved; the carcasses of the treated pigs were longer and the thickness of the backfat was less. In a second comparative experiment on growth of castrated male pigs from 66 to 100 kg, the effect of the oral application of the combination ethinylestradiol (0.6 ppm, 1.2 ppm, and 2 ppm respectively in the feed) and trenbolone acetate (2 ppm in the feed) was studied. The three experimental groups and the control group consisted of 15 animals each. Live weight gain was significantly improved in the two groups with the higher levels of ethinyl estradiol (i.e. 4.4 kg and 6.9 kg respectively), feed conversion was significantly lower in all three anabolic agroups (i.e. 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 respectively). Backfat thickness was less in all three anabolic groups and the carcasses were longer in the two higher dosage groups compared with the control group...", "PMID": 1066271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5173", "title": "Quality of the meat after the application of anabolic agents in young calves.", "content": "Experiments were carried out to test the effect of implantation of Implix\u00bf (20 mg estradiol + 200 mg testosterone) or Revalor\u00bf (140 mg trienbolone acetate + 20 mg estradiol) on growth, feed conversion, slaughter quality, and residue levels in black Friesian bull calves at 4, 8, or 4 and 8 weeks before slaughtering. Weighings and calculations of feed conversion were carried out weekly. The control group of weight gain and feed conversion consisted of 22 calves; the chemical analyses of the control group was restricted to 8 animals. Implantation of the hormones at 4 or 8 weeks before slaughtering resulted in a significant beneficial effect on weight gain, feed conversion and carcass index over the control. This effect was improved (up to 15%) by implanting the hormones at 8 and 4 weeks before slaughter. The effects obtained with Revalor seemed to be superior to those obtained with Implix. In 75% of the treated animals, some remainder of implants was found. No effect was found on water binding capacity and colour of raw meat. Carcass quality was not significantly improved as judged from water, fat, ash, and protein content of the M. Longissimus Dorsi. The collagen content of the animals treated with Revalor was slightly, though not significantly, increased. There is a slight decrease in the relative bone content of the treated animals over the control resulting in higher meat percentages. Residues were determined in meat obtained from rib and neck by biological and chemical methods. Oestrogenic activity was found in only 7 samples from the neck; all samples from the rib were negative. Chemical examination indicates the presence of oestradiol in these samples. No residues of trienbolone could be detected in the meat samples. The Pars Dissiminata of the prostate was examined histologically on frozen and paraffin sections. Although the latter permitted a sharper interpretation, both methods indicated an increased activity of the prostates induced by hormone treatment. Compared to Implix, Revalor treatment provoked a more pronounced mucous activity. In recent years, the administration of estrogens in combination with testosterone or with trenbolone acetate (androst-4,9[10]-11-trien-3-one 17-acetate)2,3,4,17 has been shown to improve the growth rate and feed conversion5,14,17 in farm animals. However, there is a lack of information on carcass quality, which is of interest to the producer as well as to the consumer. Moreover, there are sample data14 about the residue levels remaining in the carcass following hormone implantation. These experiments were carried out to test the effect of the implantation of Implix\u00bf (20 mg estradiol + 200 mg testosterone) or Revalor\u00bf (140 mg trienbolone acetate + 20 mg estradiol) on growth, feed conversion, slaughter quality, and residue levels in black Friesian bull calves.", "contents": "Quality of the meat after the application of anabolic agents in young calves. Experiments were carried out to test the effect of implantation of Implix\u00bf (20 mg estradiol + 200 mg testosterone) or Revalor\u00bf (140 mg trienbolone acetate + 20 mg estradiol) on growth, feed conversion, slaughter quality, and residue levels in black Friesian bull calves at 4, 8, or 4 and 8 weeks before slaughtering. Weighings and calculations of feed conversion were carried out weekly. The control group of weight gain and feed conversion consisted of 22 calves; the chemical analyses of the control group was restricted to 8 animals. Implantation of the hormones at 4 or 8 weeks before slaughtering resulted in a significant beneficial effect on weight gain, feed conversion and carcass index over the control. This effect was improved (up to 15%) by implanting the hormones at 8 and 4 weeks before slaughter. The effects obtained with Revalor seemed to be superior to those obtained with Implix. In 75% of the treated animals, some remainder of implants was found. No effect was found on water binding capacity and colour of raw meat. Carcass quality was not significantly improved as judged from water, fat, ash, and protein content of the M. Longissimus Dorsi. The collagen content of the animals treated with Revalor was slightly, though not significantly, increased. There is a slight decrease in the relative bone content of the treated animals over the control resulting in higher meat percentages. Residues were determined in meat obtained from rib and neck by biological and chemical methods. Oestrogenic activity was found in only 7 samples from the neck; all samples from the rib were negative. Chemical examination indicates the presence of oestradiol in these samples. No residues of trienbolone could be detected in the meat samples. The Pars Dissiminata of the prostate was examined histologically on frozen and paraffin sections. Although the latter permitted a sharper interpretation, both methods indicated an increased activity of the prostates induced by hormone treatment. Compared to Implix, Revalor treatment provoked a more pronounced mucous activity. In recent years, the administration of estrogens in combination with testosterone or with trenbolone acetate (androst-4,9[10]-11-trien-3-one 17-acetate)2,3,4,17 has been shown to improve the growth rate and feed conversion5,14,17 in farm animals. However, there is a lack of information on carcass quality, which is of interest to the producer as well as to the consumer. Moreover, there are sample data14 about the residue levels remaining in the carcass following hormone implantation. These experiments were carried out to test the effect of the implantation of Implix\u00bf (20 mg estradiol + 200 mg testosterone) or Revalor\u00bf (140 mg trienbolone acetate + 20 mg estradiol) on growth, feed conversion, slaughter quality, and residue levels in black Friesian bull calves.", "PMID": 1066272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5174", "title": "[Influence of anabolic agents on behavior].", "content": "Sexual steroids are involved not only in the triggering of sexual activity but also in sex-linked social behaviour (aggressiveness etc.) The use of anabolic agents (particularly steroids) raises the problem of their possible interference with these mechanisms. In the normal male, an injection of androgen does not alter the level of sexual activity, which seems to be determined by nervous mechanisms. On the contrary, by feed-back in the hypothalamo-hypophysial mechanisms it exerts a depressive effect on the endogenous secretion. Female hormones have an inhibiting effect which works both by reducing the actual secretion of androgen and by direct action at two levels: the nervous receptors and the target organs of the genital apparatus. In the female, injections of exogenous hormones may interfere with the mechanisms regulating the oestrous cycle, e.g. inhibition of oestrous and of ovulation by progestagens, and luteotrophic or luteolytic action in the case of the estrogens. In an ovariectomized female the injection of testosterone propionate causes the appearance of sexual receptivity. The behaviour induced in this way is completely normal and free from any abnormal male component. The importance of this action has led to the presumption of a role played by the androgens in the normal triggering off of female sexual behaviour. It therefore seems that the nervous system of the female, but not of the male, possesses a potential bisexuality. The rate at which the hormone passes into the circulation appears to be more important than the actual type of hormone (estrogen or androgen) in causing the appearance in the female of sexual behaviour of one or the other sex. It has been suggested that estrogens might be the active steroid form necessary at the nervous structure level for initiating sexual behaviour in the two sexes, while the androgens would have to undergo aromatization in order to acquire their effectiveness at that level. Aggressiveness depends on the sexual hormones; the androgens are normally responsible for the high level of aggressiveness in males. On the other hand, in some species the characteristic aggressiveness of the female is explained by the presence of progesterone (e.g. hamsters). The territorial marking typical of the male of, for example, the dog, cat and rabbit species etc. is also due to the androgens. The pheromones usually depend on the sexual hormones (pheromones of sexual attraction which promote or inhibit aggression, etc.) A \"sexualization\" of the nervous system exists---e.g. of the hypothalamus---which is refelcted not only in the modes of hypophysial secretion but also in the type of sexual behaviour. This sexualization occurs through the loss of the possibility of a female-type reaction that occurs in the male under the influence of the androgenic secretions of the foetal or neonatal testicle. Therefore this action appears at an early stage and is conclusive...", "contents": "[Influence of anabolic agents on behavior]. Sexual steroids are involved not only in the triggering of sexual activity but also in sex-linked social behaviour (aggressiveness etc.) The use of anabolic agents (particularly steroids) raises the problem of their possible interference with these mechanisms. In the normal male, an injection of androgen does not alter the level of sexual activity, which seems to be determined by nervous mechanisms. On the contrary, by feed-back in the hypothalamo-hypophysial mechanisms it exerts a depressive effect on the endogenous secretion. Female hormones have an inhibiting effect which works both by reducing the actual secretion of androgen and by direct action at two levels: the nervous receptors and the target organs of the genital apparatus. In the female, injections of exogenous hormones may interfere with the mechanisms regulating the oestrous cycle, e.g. inhibition of oestrous and of ovulation by progestagens, and luteotrophic or luteolytic action in the case of the estrogens. In an ovariectomized female the injection of testosterone propionate causes the appearance of sexual receptivity. The behaviour induced in this way is completely normal and free from any abnormal male component. The importance of this action has led to the presumption of a role played by the androgens in the normal triggering off of female sexual behaviour. It therefore seems that the nervous system of the female, but not of the male, possesses a potential bisexuality. The rate at which the hormone passes into the circulation appears to be more important than the actual type of hormone (estrogen or androgen) in causing the appearance in the female of sexual behaviour of one or the other sex. It has been suggested that estrogens might be the active steroid form necessary at the nervous structure level for initiating sexual behaviour in the two sexes, while the androgens would have to undergo aromatization in order to acquire their effectiveness at that level. Aggressiveness depends on the sexual hormones; the androgens are normally responsible for the high level of aggressiveness in males. On the other hand, in some species the characteristic aggressiveness of the female is explained by the presence of progesterone (e.g. hamsters). The territorial marking typical of the male of, for example, the dog, cat and rabbit species etc. is also due to the androgens. The pheromones usually depend on the sexual hormones (pheromones of sexual attraction which promote or inhibit aggression, etc.) A \"sexualization\" of the nervous system exists---e.g. of the hypothalamus---which is refelcted not only in the modes of hypophysial secretion but also in the type of sexual behaviour. This sexualization occurs through the loss of the possibility of a female-type reaction that occurs in the male under the influence of the androgenic secretions of the foetal or neonatal testicle. Therefore this action appears at an early stage and is conclusive...", "PMID": 1066274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5175", "title": "Occurrence of anabolic agents in plants and their importance.", "content": "More than 40 plant species have been shown to contain substances that are active in biological assays for estrogenic activity. Such substances may be constitutive metabolic products of a plant, or be formed adaptively in response to environmental factors, such as fungal attack (e.g. coumestrol synthesis in alfalfa infected with Pseudopeziza medicagensis); in other instances estrogens may arise from microbial attack on plant material during storage (e.g. zearalenone formation from corn by Fusarium spp.) Phyto-estrogens may reach man through direct consumption of fresh fruit, vegetables and processed plant products (e.g. administration of olive or cornoil can induce vaginal keratinization in post-menopausal women); or---more relevant to this Symposium---by consumption of carcasses and products from animals fed estrogen-containing forage. Important pasture and forage plants shown to contain phyto-oestrogens include Trifolium subterraneum L, notably the cultivars Dwalganup, Mt. Barker, Yarloop and Marrar, T. pratense (red clover), T. fragiferum L. (strawberry clover), T. alexandrinum (berseem clover), Medicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) and Soya hispida (soya beans). A beneficial anabolic action of the estrogens contained in these plants has been implied, but not unequivically established. More attention has been paid to their noxious effects on livestock. On affected T. subterraneum pasture, castrated male sheep showed lactation, squamous metaplasia of the bulbo-urethral glands and urethral stenosis; infertility, variously attributed to suppression of gonadotrophin release and ovulation; faulty ovum transport; premature regression of corpora lutea; irreversible cystic hyperplasia of endometrial glands on prolonged exposure; dystocia and prolapse of the uterus. Sporadic incidence of phyto-estrogen induced infertility in cattle has been reported, attended by ovarian cyst formation. Estrogenic activity in forage plants has been reported from Australia, New Zealand, India, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, Holland, Finland, Egypt and Israel. The clover constituents chiefly incriminated for these effects are glycosides of the isoflavone derivatives genistein and its 4'-methyl ether biochanin-A, daidzein and its 4'-methyl ether formononetin, and pratensein; coumestrol and its 3'- and 4'-methyl ethers account for the estrogenic activity of alfalfa. The isoflavone content of subterranean clover may reach 3 percent of its dry weight, and the coumestrol content of lucerne may exceed 100 mug/g. Coumestrol and genistein compete with 17beta-estradiol for binding sites on the uterine cytoplasmic receptor and induce macromolecular synthesis in the uterus, but fail to induce ovum implantation in ovariectomized, gestagen-maintained rats. Uterotrophic activity of coumestrol and genistein given parenterally to sheep is approximately 10(-3) and 10(-5) times that of stilboestrol, respectively. Biological activity of ingested phytoestrogens is modified by ruminal micro-organisms and hepatic metabolism...", "contents": "Occurrence of anabolic agents in plants and their importance. More than 40 plant species have been shown to contain substances that are active in biological assays for estrogenic activity. Such substances may be constitutive metabolic products of a plant, or be formed adaptively in response to environmental factors, such as fungal attack (e.g. coumestrol synthesis in alfalfa infected with Pseudopeziza medicagensis); in other instances estrogens may arise from microbial attack on plant material during storage (e.g. zearalenone formation from corn by Fusarium spp.) Phyto-estrogens may reach man through direct consumption of fresh fruit, vegetables and processed plant products (e.g. administration of olive or cornoil can induce vaginal keratinization in post-menopausal women); or---more relevant to this Symposium---by consumption of carcasses and products from animals fed estrogen-containing forage. Important pasture and forage plants shown to contain phyto-oestrogens include Trifolium subterraneum L, notably the cultivars Dwalganup, Mt. Barker, Yarloop and Marrar, T. pratense (red clover), T. fragiferum L. (strawberry clover), T. alexandrinum (berseem clover), Medicago sativa (alfalfa or lucerne) and Soya hispida (soya beans). A beneficial anabolic action of the estrogens contained in these plants has been implied, but not unequivically established. More attention has been paid to their noxious effects on livestock. On affected T. subterraneum pasture, castrated male sheep showed lactation, squamous metaplasia of the bulbo-urethral glands and urethral stenosis; infertility, variously attributed to suppression of gonadotrophin release and ovulation; faulty ovum transport; premature regression of corpora lutea; irreversible cystic hyperplasia of endometrial glands on prolonged exposure; dystocia and prolapse of the uterus. Sporadic incidence of phyto-estrogen induced infertility in cattle has been reported, attended by ovarian cyst formation. Estrogenic activity in forage plants has been reported from Australia, New Zealand, India, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, Denmark, Holland, Finland, Egypt and Israel. The clover constituents chiefly incriminated for these effects are glycosides of the isoflavone derivatives genistein and its 4'-methyl ether biochanin-A, daidzein and its 4'-methyl ether formononetin, and pratensein; coumestrol and its 3'- and 4'-methyl ethers account for the estrogenic activity of alfalfa. The isoflavone content of subterranean clover may reach 3 percent of its dry weight, and the coumestrol content of lucerne may exceed 100 mug/g. Coumestrol and genistein compete with 17beta-estradiol for binding sites on the uterine cytoplasmic receptor and induce macromolecular synthesis in the uterus, but fail to induce ovum implantation in ovariectomized, gestagen-maintained rats. Uterotrophic activity of coumestrol and genistein given parenterally to sheep is approximately 10(-3) and 10(-5) times that of stilboestrol, respectively. Biological activity of ingested phytoestrogens is modified by ruminal micro-organisms and hepatic metabolism...", "PMID": 1066275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5176", "title": "Recycling and degradation of anabolic agents in animal excreta.", "content": "A variety of anabolic agents are currently added to animal feeds to increase growth rate and improve feed efficiency. These compounds and their metabolites are largely excreted. Prior to the use of anabolic agents as feed additives and the advent of confined livestock production, natural recycling occurred which generally resulted in benefit to the animal with no known adverse effects on consumer health. However, the current interest in the use of animal excreta in livestock feed and the possible presence of anabolic agents and their metabolites from this practice has created an additional need for information on the occurrence of anabolic agent residues in consumer products. This report will consider the definition of anabolic agents in its broadest sense and discuss the research on hormones used in animal feed that may be found in animal excreta. In addition to feed additive residues, endogenous compounds may also be found in animal excreta. Endogenous estrogens and androgens have been detected in excreta from domestic livestock and poultry. Research results suggest that substantial estrogenic and androgenic activity may be detected in fresh animal excreta. However, little is known about the effects of various processing methods of excreta such as heat drying and fermentation on its hormonal activity. The effects of feed additive residues and endogenous hormones in excreta used for feed will be discussed relative to their impact on animal health and occurrence in animal products.", "contents": "Recycling and degradation of anabolic agents in animal excreta. A variety of anabolic agents are currently added to animal feeds to increase growth rate and improve feed efficiency. These compounds and their metabolites are largely excreted. Prior to the use of anabolic agents as feed additives and the advent of confined livestock production, natural recycling occurred which generally resulted in benefit to the animal with no known adverse effects on consumer health. However, the current interest in the use of animal excreta in livestock feed and the possible presence of anabolic agents and their metabolites from this practice has created an additional need for information on the occurrence of anabolic agent residues in consumer products. This report will consider the definition of anabolic agents in its broadest sense and discuss the research on hormones used in animal feed that may be found in animal excreta. In addition to feed additive residues, endogenous compounds may also be found in animal excreta. Endogenous estrogens and androgens have been detected in excreta from domestic livestock and poultry. Research results suggest that substantial estrogenic and androgenic activity may be detected in fresh animal excreta. However, little is known about the effects of various processing methods of excreta such as heat drying and fermentation on its hormonal activity. The effects of feed additive residues and endogenous hormones in excreta used for feed will be discussed relative to their impact on animal health and occurrence in animal products.", "PMID": 1066276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5177", "title": "Human safety considerations from the use of anabolic agents in foodproducing animals.", "content": "The various anabolic agents used in food-producing animals may differ in terms of toxicological considerations related to evaluating human safety. Aside from initial toxicological testing, after chemical characterization of the compound to be administered and its related metabolites expected to occur as residues in food, most synthetic anabolic agents are subjected to chronic/carcinogenicity testing because of usage pattern likely to lead to the occurrence of residues in derived edible products. Initial testing requirements include acute and subchronic studies in appropriate rodent species including a reproduction test with the first generation offspring tested for 90 days post-weaning. This subchronic study serves to indicate potential problems with reproductive performance, foetal toxicity, birth deformities, and other chronic or preneoplastic conditions. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may grant approval for certain usages of specific compounds using a 2.000-fold safety margin in relation to a \"no deleterious effect\" level from the subchronic studies, with upper residue limits of 0.1 ppm in tissue and 0.01 ppm in milk or eggs if there are no indications that further testing should be required. If higher residue limits are requested, the petitioner must perform lifetime testing in two rodent species including in utero exposure and a minimum of three dose levels. Other rodent offspring should be carried for a total of three generations. A six to twelve month study in a non-rodent population is required. Teratology studies might be rquired in at least two species. If no carcinogenic potential is observed, a 100-fold safety margin in relation to the no effect level is generally accepted as the safe exposure level for residues. Should a statistically significant increase in tumors be observed in the test animals as compared to controls, the compound will be classified as a carcinogen or a suspect carcinogen depending on histopathological observations...", "contents": "Human safety considerations from the use of anabolic agents in foodproducing animals. The various anabolic agents used in food-producing animals may differ in terms of toxicological considerations related to evaluating human safety. Aside from initial toxicological testing, after chemical characterization of the compound to be administered and its related metabolites expected to occur as residues in food, most synthetic anabolic agents are subjected to chronic/carcinogenicity testing because of usage pattern likely to lead to the occurrence of residues in derived edible products. Initial testing requirements include acute and subchronic studies in appropriate rodent species including a reproduction test with the first generation offspring tested for 90 days post-weaning. This subchronic study serves to indicate potential problems with reproductive performance, foetal toxicity, birth deformities, and other chronic or preneoplastic conditions. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may grant approval for certain usages of specific compounds using a 2.000-fold safety margin in relation to a \"no deleterious effect\" level from the subchronic studies, with upper residue limits of 0.1 ppm in tissue and 0.01 ppm in milk or eggs if there are no indications that further testing should be required. If higher residue limits are requested, the petitioner must perform lifetime testing in two rodent species including in utero exposure and a minimum of three dose levels. Other rodent offspring should be carried for a total of three generations. A six to twelve month study in a non-rodent population is required. Teratology studies might be rquired in at least two species. If no carcinogenic potential is observed, a 100-fold safety margin in relation to the no effect level is generally accepted as the safe exposure level for residues. Should a statistically significant increase in tumors be observed in the test animals as compared to controls, the compound will be classified as a carcinogen or a suspect carcinogen depending on histopathological observations...", "PMID": 1066277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5178", "title": "[Specific toxicological considerations on anabolic agents; transmitted toxicity].", "content": "The growth of populations and the spread of urbanization, resulting in new agricultural structures, have entailed a concentration of livestock production and recourse to new techniques. Of some importance among these techniques is the enteric or parenteral administration of substances in very low doses. These substances include anabolic agents, some of which, like many natural feeds, exhibit hormonal activity. They may be divided into two classes: --those of the DES type, synthetic compounds non-existent in the natural state, --natural agents, which are normally distributed throughout the animal and human organism, and hence in food of animal origin---milk, meat, eggs. The compounds belonging to the second class may also be synthesized and the main toxicological consideration is that they then have to meet clear-cut standards of identity and purity. A compound belonging to the first class, diethylstilbestrol (DES), administered to rats in doses as small as 60 mug/kg of feed or even smaller, causes in general lower growth rates as well as alterations in the genital system and reproductive functions. In long-term experiments (12 months) using rats and mice and applying so-called toxicity \"de relais\" tests, developed and described by the authors, it also appeared that meat from calves in which DES pellets were implanted under normal rearing conditions, inhibits growth and reproduction in mice and rats fed a diet containing 20% of this meat. Studies in which the livers from treated calves constituted 6% of the diet of these two rodent species also led to the conclusion that fertility was impaired in the second reproduction test. The authors also recall cases of vaginal cancer observed in young girls whose mothers had been treated with DES during pregnancy. Compounds belonging to the second class (estradiol-progesterone and estradiol-testosterone) gave no evidence of harmful effects upon rats when mixed with their rations during short and medium-term trials. Similar results were obtained from studies with rats and mice fed a diet containing 20% veal or 6% liver of calves in which pellets of these natural hormones had been implanted. In these studies, which lasted 23--24 months with rats and 347 days with mice, the toxicity \"de relais\" test was applied under similar conditions to those undertaken using meat and livers of implanted calves. The report also refers to trenbolone and to \"z\u00e9ral\u00e9none\" but no toxicity \"de relais\" tests were carried out with the meat and livers of animals treated with these substances. The authors reached the following conclusions: DES should not be used as an anabolic agent in livestock production. Natural hormones prepared through synthesis or otherwise could be used as anabolic agents in livestock production since no risk to the consumer has been witnessed when they were administered at doses similar to those used in the author's experiments. However, it is recommended that they should be applied under veterinary supervision...", "contents": "[Specific toxicological considerations on anabolic agents; transmitted toxicity]. The growth of populations and the spread of urbanization, resulting in new agricultural structures, have entailed a concentration of livestock production and recourse to new techniques. Of some importance among these techniques is the enteric or parenteral administration of substances in very low doses. These substances include anabolic agents, some of which, like many natural feeds, exhibit hormonal activity. They may be divided into two classes: --those of the DES type, synthetic compounds non-existent in the natural state, --natural agents, which are normally distributed throughout the animal and human organism, and hence in food of animal origin---milk, meat, eggs. The compounds belonging to the second class may also be synthesized and the main toxicological consideration is that they then have to meet clear-cut standards of identity and purity. A compound belonging to the first class, diethylstilbestrol (DES), administered to rats in doses as small as 60 mug/kg of feed or even smaller, causes in general lower growth rates as well as alterations in the genital system and reproductive functions. In long-term experiments (12 months) using rats and mice and applying so-called toxicity \"de relais\" tests, developed and described by the authors, it also appeared that meat from calves in which DES pellets were implanted under normal rearing conditions, inhibits growth and reproduction in mice and rats fed a diet containing 20% of this meat. Studies in which the livers from treated calves constituted 6% of the diet of these two rodent species also led to the conclusion that fertility was impaired in the second reproduction test. The authors also recall cases of vaginal cancer observed in young girls whose mothers had been treated with DES during pregnancy. Compounds belonging to the second class (estradiol-progesterone and estradiol-testosterone) gave no evidence of harmful effects upon rats when mixed with their rations during short and medium-term trials. Similar results were obtained from studies with rats and mice fed a diet containing 20% veal or 6% liver of calves in which pellets of these natural hormones had been implanted. In these studies, which lasted 23--24 months with rats and 347 days with mice, the toxicity \"de relais\" test was applied under similar conditions to those undertaken using meat and livers of implanted calves. The report also refers to trenbolone and to \"z\u00e9ral\u00e9none\" but no toxicity \"de relais\" tests were carried out with the meat and livers of animals treated with these substances. The authors reached the following conclusions: DES should not be used as an anabolic agent in livestock production. Natural hormones prepared through synthesis or otherwise could be used as anabolic agents in livestock production since no risk to the consumer has been witnessed when they were administered at doses similar to those used in the author's experiments. However, it is recommended that they should be applied under veterinary supervision...", "PMID": 1066278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5179", "title": "Experimental observations on evaluation of products from anabolic agents-stimulated farm animals.", "content": "In the U.S.S.R. the research activities on the use of anabolic agents have been carried out only on an experimental basis by agricultural and human medicine research centres. The evaluation of the animal products from the biological point of view consisted of: 1. evaluation of the biological effect on the laboratory animals; 2. assessment of the breakdown and role of the anabolic agents in muscle tissue and the estimation of the residue amounts of the anabolic agents in meat after slaughter; 3. evaluation of the biological quality of meat obtained from treated animals. Taking into account the above-mentioned directions of the research activities, the influence of diethylstilbestrol was taken into consideration. It has been concluded that the use of diethylstilbestrol leads to detrimental results from the medical authorities' point of view.", "contents": "Experimental observations on evaluation of products from anabolic agents-stimulated farm animals. In the U.S.S.R. the research activities on the use of anabolic agents have been carried out only on an experimental basis by agricultural and human medicine research centres. The evaluation of the animal products from the biological point of view consisted of: 1. evaluation of the biological effect on the laboratory animals; 2. assessment of the breakdown and role of the anabolic agents in muscle tissue and the estimation of the residue amounts of the anabolic agents in meat after slaughter; 3. evaluation of the biological quality of meat obtained from treated animals. Taking into account the above-mentioned directions of the research activities, the influence of diethylstilbestrol was taken into consideration. It has been concluded that the use of diethylstilbestrol leads to detrimental results from the medical authorities' point of view.", "PMID": 1066279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5180", "title": "Vermipodia - a new type of cell process.", "content": "A new kind of cell process is described in leukemic cells in two cases of histiocytic malignancies. They were evident both with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. As they have a tubular, worm like appearance, the name vermipodia has been given to them.", "contents": "Vermipodia - a new type of cell process. A new kind of cell process is described in leukemic cells in two cases of histiocytic malignancies. They were evident both with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. As they have a tubular, worm like appearance, the name vermipodia has been given to them.", "PMID": 1066283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5181", "title": "Realized and potential neutralization of mutant genes in man by nutritional selection.", "content": "Inborn errors of metabolism are examples of monogenic disease in man that, more often than not, impair adaptation. Appropriate modification of the nutritional environment has been used in several instances to offset the phenotypic effects of the mutant allele, with resultant relaxation of selection. Despite an impressive, if brief, record of its efficacy, nutritional treatment of inborn errors of metabolism remains suboptimal in the absence of relevant and superior food technology and well-established systems for its application to the patient. Some of the more commonly encountered multifactorial diseases are likely to yield in the future to the type of genetic analysis that has been effective for monogenic disease. Delineation of various monogenic subsets in a multifactorial disease profile may permit the application of specific treatment to persons in the universal population at particular risk with the disease. Coronary heart disease is an example of a major disease burden now undergoing such delineation, which may benefit from the assignment of specific nutritional and pharmacological treatment for particular forms of the disease.", "contents": "Realized and potential neutralization of mutant genes in man by nutritional selection. Inborn errors of metabolism are examples of monogenic disease in man that, more often than not, impair adaptation. Appropriate modification of the nutritional environment has been used in several instances to offset the phenotypic effects of the mutant allele, with resultant relaxation of selection. Despite an impressive, if brief, record of its efficacy, nutritional treatment of inborn errors of metabolism remains suboptimal in the absence of relevant and superior food technology and well-established systems for its application to the patient. Some of the more commonly encountered multifactorial diseases are likely to yield in the future to the type of genetic analysis that has been effective for monogenic disease. Delineation of various monogenic subsets in a multifactorial disease profile may permit the application of specific treatment to persons in the universal population at particular risk with the disease. Coronary heart disease is an example of a major disease burden now undergoing such delineation, which may benefit from the assignment of specific nutritional and pharmacological treatment for particular forms of the disease.", "PMID": 1066285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5182", "title": "Distribution of isoenzymes of the glycogenolytic cascade in different types of muscle fibre.", "content": "Distinct isoenzyme patterns of the glycogenolytic enzymes exist in different fibre types. Fast twitch glycolytic and slow twitch oxidative fibres differ in the proportion of the two isoenzymes of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and in the type of phosphorylase kinase that is present. Slow twitch oxidative fibres and cardiac fibres resemble one another in these two respects, but differ in that the type I phosphorylase of cardiac muscle is absent in slow twitch oxidative fibres. In all examples, the functional differences between the isoenzymes seem to be related to the regulatory rather than the catalytic behavior of the molecules. In the case of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase kinase, it is a regulatory subunit that appears to be affected [16,23], while in the case of phosphorylase, the type I isoenzyme is known to have a five to eight-fold Ka for the allosteric activator 5' AMP [6]. However, the precise physiological significance of these differences remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Distribution of isoenzymes of the glycogenolytic cascade in different types of muscle fibre. Distinct isoenzyme patterns of the glycogenolytic enzymes exist in different fibre types. Fast twitch glycolytic and slow twitch oxidative fibres differ in the proportion of the two isoenzymes of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and in the type of phosphorylase kinase that is present. Slow twitch oxidative fibres and cardiac fibres resemble one another in these two respects, but differ in that the type I phosphorylase of cardiac muscle is absent in slow twitch oxidative fibres. In all examples, the functional differences between the isoenzymes seem to be related to the regulatory rather than the catalytic behavior of the molecules. In the case of cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase and phosphorylase kinase, it is a regulatory subunit that appears to be affected [16,23], while in the case of phosphorylase, the type I isoenzyme is known to have a five to eight-fold Ka for the allosteric activator 5' AMP [6]. However, the precise physiological significance of these differences remains to be elucidated.", "PMID": 1066284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5183", "title": "Hyperhistaminemia and hyperchlorhydria in basophilic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "A patient with basophilic granulocytic leukemia had hyperhistaminemia, hyperchlorhydria and gastroduodenal ulceration. Because the patient's whole blood, plasma, and urinary histamine levels were increased and the serum gastrin was normal, it was concluded that endogenous hyperhistaminemia was responsible for an ulcerogenic diathesis clinically indistinguishable from that seen in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "contents": "Hyperhistaminemia and hyperchlorhydria in basophilic granulocytic leukemia. A patient with basophilic granulocytic leukemia had hyperhistaminemia, hyperchlorhydria and gastroduodenal ulceration. Because the patient's whole blood, plasma, and urinary histamine levels were increased and the serum gastrin was normal, it was concluded that endogenous hyperhistaminemia was responsible for an ulcerogenic diathesis clinically indistinguishable from that seen in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.", "PMID": 1066316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5184", "title": "Heterogenous glycogen storage disease in one family.", "content": "Three brothers, aged 17, 14 and 4 ye presented. Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase was associated with deficiency of acid maltase in one and debranching enzyme in the other. Enzyme analyses could not be performed in the youngest sibling.", "contents": "Heterogenous glycogen storage disease in one family. Three brothers, aged 17, 14 and 4 ye presented. Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase was associated with deficiency of acid maltase in one and debranching enzyme in the other. Enzyme analyses could not be performed in the youngest sibling.", "PMID": 1066318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5185", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibition by cancer patients' sera.", "content": "Sera from 38 of 89 melanoma patients, 4 of 15 patients with other cancers and 3 of 43 control donors inhibited the migration of autologous leukocytes. Sera from patients with clinically detectable metastatic disease and from the recipients of BCG were most frequently inhibitory. Autologous sera from 31 of 71 melanoma patients and 3 of 31 control donors increased the leukocyte migration inhibition induced by formalinized melanoma cells. This activity occurred in sera from patients at all stages of malignancy, whether bearing detectable tumour or not and whether receiving BCG or not. Abrogation of tumour-cell-induced leukocyte migration inhibition by serum was less frequent, occurring with 8 of 71 melanoma patients (6 Stage III, 1 Stage I and 1 Stage II) and no control sera. Preincubation of formalinized tumour cells had no effect on their activity in the leukocyte migration assay but the preincubation of melanoma leukocytes with either autologous serum or foetal calf serum inhibited leukocyte reactivity in around 50% of tests. However, this was also seen with control leukocytes and the effect appears to be immunologically non-specific.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibition by cancer patients' sera. Sera from 38 of 89 melanoma patients, 4 of 15 patients with other cancers and 3 of 43 control donors inhibited the migration of autologous leukocytes. Sera from patients with clinically detectable metastatic disease and from the recipients of BCG were most frequently inhibitory. Autologous sera from 31 of 71 melanoma patients and 3 of 31 control donors increased the leukocyte migration inhibition induced by formalinized melanoma cells. This activity occurred in sera from patients at all stages of malignancy, whether bearing detectable tumour or not and whether receiving BCG or not. Abrogation of tumour-cell-induced leukocyte migration inhibition by serum was less frequent, occurring with 8 of 71 melanoma patients (6 Stage III, 1 Stage I and 1 Stage II) and no control sera. Preincubation of formalinized tumour cells had no effect on their activity in the leukocyte migration assay but the preincubation of melanoma leukocytes with either autologous serum or foetal calf serum inhibited leukocyte reactivity in around 50% of tests. However, this was also seen with control leukocytes and the effect appears to be immunologically non-specific.", "PMID": 1066319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5186", "title": "Search for anti-tumor response in a bone tumor patient with a long clinical history.", "content": "Immunological studies are presented on a patient with a long clinical history suggesting the existence of a tumor-specific immune response. His tumor, first considered benign, progressed to a highly malignant osteosarcoma. Cell-mediated immune reactivity against biopsy cells and against tumor extract was detected in vitro by the autologous tumor stimulation test (ATS) and in vivo by the skin test. In one ATS-test with tumor extract, blastogenesis of T-cells was demonstrated. The amount of Ig(s) in consecutive biopsies increased. Biopsies taken in the later period of the disease stimulated only after trypsin treatment. This stimulation was inhibited by autologous serum or acid eluate of the biopsy. The inhibitory factor in the serum was not intact immunoglobin. Blood lymphocytes did not show a discriminatory or disease-related cytotoxicity, either directly or after co-cultivation with the tumor material. Lymphocytes isolated from one biopsy were non-reactive in both the ATS and the cytotoxicity test.", "contents": "Search for anti-tumor response in a bone tumor patient with a long clinical history. Immunological studies are presented on a patient with a long clinical history suggesting the existence of a tumor-specific immune response. His tumor, first considered benign, progressed to a highly malignant osteosarcoma. Cell-mediated immune reactivity against biopsy cells and against tumor extract was detected in vitro by the autologous tumor stimulation test (ATS) and in vivo by the skin test. In one ATS-test with tumor extract, blastogenesis of T-cells was demonstrated. The amount of Ig(s) in consecutive biopsies increased. Biopsies taken in the later period of the disease stimulated only after trypsin treatment. This stimulation was inhibited by autologous serum or acid eluate of the biopsy. The inhibitory factor in the serum was not intact immunoglobin. Blood lymphocytes did not show a discriminatory or disease-related cytotoxicity, either directly or after co-cultivation with the tumor material. Lymphocytes isolated from one biopsy were non-reactive in both the ATS and the cytotoxicity test.", "PMID": 1066320}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5187", "title": "Serum lipids, uric acid and glucose during chronic consumption of fructose and xylitol in healthy human subjects.", "content": "Rapid intravenous administration of fructose and xylitol to human subjects and experimental animals induces profound alterations in the intermediary metabolism. Similar, although less drastic changes are seen after peroral ingestion of large amounts of these sugars. On the other hand, metabolic studies carried out in connection of a 2-year clinical trial of the effects of xylitol and fructose on the development of dental caries (Turku Sugar Study) suggest that the chronic consumption of moderate amounts of these sugars is not accompanied by significant changes in blood chemistry. The lack of metabolic alterations in the long-term experiments is probably explained by slow absorption of fructose and xylitol from the intestine and/or the adaptation of the metabolic system during the chronic use of these sugars.", "contents": "Serum lipids, uric acid and glucose during chronic consumption of fructose and xylitol in healthy human subjects. Rapid intravenous administration of fructose and xylitol to human subjects and experimental animals induces profound alterations in the intermediary metabolism. Similar, although less drastic changes are seen after peroral ingestion of large amounts of these sugars. On the other hand, metabolic studies carried out in connection of a 2-year clinical trial of the effects of xylitol and fructose on the development of dental caries (Turku Sugar Study) suggest that the chronic consumption of moderate amounts of these sugars is not accompanied by significant changes in blood chemistry. The lack of metabolic alterations in the long-term experiments is probably explained by slow absorption of fructose and xylitol from the intestine and/or the adaptation of the metabolic system during the chronic use of these sugars.", "PMID": 1066327}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5188", "title": "[Uric acid and phosphate metabolism of the splanchnic region during equimolar parenteral infusion of fructose and glucose].", "content": "When fructose and glucose (10 g/5 min., 0.5 g/kg x h) were infused into a peripheral vein, fructose exhibited a transient increase of splanchnic uric acid production. Since phosphate and oxygen uptake rose simultaneously, the effect was considered to be due to well-known cellular drop of nucleotide and phosphate concentrations.", "contents": "[Uric acid and phosphate metabolism of the splanchnic region during equimolar parenteral infusion of fructose and glucose]. When fructose and glucose (10 g/5 min., 0.5 g/kg x h) were infused into a peripheral vein, fructose exhibited a transient increase of splanchnic uric acid production. Since phosphate and oxygen uptake rose simultaneously, the effect was considered to be due to well-known cellular drop of nucleotide and phosphate concentrations.", "PMID": 1066328}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5189", "title": "Oxalate excretion during carbohydrate infusions.", "content": "Oxalate metabolism was assessed in normal rats and rats deficient in vitamins B-1 and B-6 during intravenous infusions of solutions containing glucose, fructose, sorbitol or xylitol. Urinary excretions of oxalate, glyoxylate and glycine were considerably increased in vitamin B-6 deficient rats infused with xylitol. Significant amounts of 14C-oxalate were excreted only in vitamin B-6 deficient rats infused with U 14C-xylitol. Correction of vitamin B-6 deficiency resulted in a return to normal of urinary oxalate excretion and percentage of U 14C-xylitol excreted as 14C-oxalate. The results suggest that xylitol metabolism produces an increased activity in pathways leading to oxalate formation in vitamin B-6 deficient rats.", "contents": "Oxalate excretion during carbohydrate infusions. Oxalate metabolism was assessed in normal rats and rats deficient in vitamins B-1 and B-6 during intravenous infusions of solutions containing glucose, fructose, sorbitol or xylitol. Urinary excretions of oxalate, glyoxylate and glycine were considerably increased in vitamin B-6 deficient rats infused with xylitol. Significant amounts of 14C-oxalate were excreted only in vitamin B-6 deficient rats infused with U 14C-xylitol. Correction of vitamin B-6 deficiency resulted in a return to normal of urinary oxalate excretion and percentage of U 14C-xylitol excreted as 14C-oxalate. The results suggest that xylitol metabolism produces an increased activity in pathways leading to oxalate formation in vitamin B-6 deficient rats.", "PMID": 1066329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5190", "title": "[Utilization of glucose and fructose in human liver and muscle].", "content": "Hepatic metabolic balances derived from arterio-hepatic-venous substrate differences and hepatic blood flow exhibited similar results during fructose infusion (10 g/5 min., 0.5 g/kg x h) as compared to those from the isolated perfused organ: a portion of 55% of splanchnic fructose uptake was accountable for splanchnic glucose production, 25% for splanchnic lactate and pyruvate production and 20% for glycogen - of fat - synthesis and endoxidation. In account of this hepatic metabolism of fructose, glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion almost maintained. However, the small insulin response did not reduce hepatic free fatty acid utilization to such an extent as to increase pyruvate oxidation. Accordingly, splanchnic production of lactate and pyruvate, descending from fructose was enhanced. Since hepatic-venous lactate: pyruvate substrate ratios did not change, the rise of the arterial redox couple could not be due to hepatic fructose metabolism. According to the findings from the isolated perfused organ, fructose seemed to be phosphorylated at a rate which was found to be 2 to 3-fold that of glucose as calculated from splanchnic utilization rates. This high rate of fructose uptake was reduced with increasing insulin levels. The rapid ATP breakdown was followed by an increment of splanchnic oxygen consumption. The larger energy demand seemed to be satisfied by an enhanced endoxidation of free fatty acids. Since diabetics failed to increase their insulin production, their hepatic fructose phosphorylation rate and consequently their hepatic oxygen demand were not limited. Preliminary results concerning metabolic balances from the human forearm during a steady state of fructose supply, underline the notion that fructose has some effects on intermediary metabolism of skeletal muscle. Accordingly, in juvenile diabetics an enhancement of glucose-, lactate- and pyruvate-uptake could be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Utilization of glucose and fructose in human liver and muscle]. Hepatic metabolic balances derived from arterio-hepatic-venous substrate differences and hepatic blood flow exhibited similar results during fructose infusion (10 g/5 min., 0.5 g/kg x h) as compared to those from the isolated perfused organ: a portion of 55% of splanchnic fructose uptake was accountable for splanchnic glucose production, 25% for splanchnic lactate and pyruvate production and 20% for glycogen - of fat - synthesis and endoxidation. In account of this hepatic metabolism of fructose, glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion almost maintained. However, the small insulin response did not reduce hepatic free fatty acid utilization to such an extent as to increase pyruvate oxidation. Accordingly, splanchnic production of lactate and pyruvate, descending from fructose was enhanced. Since hepatic-venous lactate: pyruvate substrate ratios did not change, the rise of the arterial redox couple could not be due to hepatic fructose metabolism. According to the findings from the isolated perfused organ, fructose seemed to be phosphorylated at a rate which was found to be 2 to 3-fold that of glucose as calculated from splanchnic utilization rates. This high rate of fructose uptake was reduced with increasing insulin levels. The rapid ATP breakdown was followed by an increment of splanchnic oxygen consumption. The larger energy demand seemed to be satisfied by an enhanced endoxidation of free fatty acids. Since diabetics failed to increase their insulin production, their hepatic fructose phosphorylation rate and consequently their hepatic oxygen demand were not limited. Preliminary results concerning metabolic balances from the human forearm during a steady state of fructose supply, underline the notion that fructose has some effects on intermediary metabolism of skeletal muscle. Accordingly, in juvenile diabetics an enhancement of glucose-, lactate- and pyruvate-uptake could be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1066331}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5191", "title": "Comparative biochemical investigations on the degradation of sugars and sugar alcohols by microorganisms of the oral cavity.", "content": "A comparative study on the extent of degradation of glucose, sucrose, sorbitol and xylitol by microorganisms of human saliva and plaques was made by means of the Warburg-technique. Glucose and sucrose are degraded very rapidly producing significant portions of intermediate acid products. Compared to this, sorbitol is degraded slowly at first but then continuously. On the other hand, xylitol is degraded, if at all, in traces only.", "contents": "Comparative biochemical investigations on the degradation of sugars and sugar alcohols by microorganisms of the oral cavity. A comparative study on the extent of degradation of glucose, sucrose, sorbitol and xylitol by microorganisms of human saliva and plaques was made by means of the Warburg-technique. Glucose and sucrose are degraded very rapidly producing significant portions of intermediate acid products. Compared to this, sorbitol is degraded slowly at first but then continuously. On the other hand, xylitol is degraded, if at all, in traces only.", "PMID": 1066332}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5192", "title": "Xylitol in relation to the incidence of dental caries.", "content": "Two clinical trials were carried out in order to evaluate differences in caries increment as influenced by various sugars. The first study involved almost complete substitution of sucrose (S) by fructose (F) or xylitol (X) during a period of 2 years. The second study comprised partial substitution, the effects of a S- or X-containing chewing gum being compared during 1 year. In the first trial there were no significant differences initially between the sugar groups; 35 subjects in the S-group, 38 in the F-group, and 52 in the X-group. During the entire study 10 subjects discontinued, in one case due to osmotic diarrhoea in the X-group, the other cases being due to difficulties in adhering to the strict diet, other personal reasons and in 3 cases due to excessive caries incidence. After 2 years the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces was 7.2 in the S-group, 3.8 in the F-group and 0.0 in the X-group. The caries incidence was additionally expressed in combined quantitative and qualitative terms by considering also the changes in lesion size. Irrespective of the way of using these indices, a massive reduction of the caries increment was noted in the X-group as compared to the S-group. The second trial comprised initially 102 subjects divided randomly into S- and X-groups. The subjects consumed 4.5 chewing gums per day in the X-group and 4.0 in the S-group. The frequency of the sucrose intake was 4.94 per day in the X-group, and 4.24 in the S-group. The caries incidence equalled the one-year observations in the first study. The results show a massive reduction of the caries increment not only in relation to total, but also in connection with partial substitution of sucrose and low xylitol consumption. The findings indicate a therapeutic, caries-inhibitory effect of xylitol.", "contents": "Xylitol in relation to the incidence of dental caries. Two clinical trials were carried out in order to evaluate differences in caries increment as influenced by various sugars. The first study involved almost complete substitution of sucrose (S) by fructose (F) or xylitol (X) during a period of 2 years. The second study comprised partial substitution, the effects of a S- or X-containing chewing gum being compared during 1 year. In the first trial there were no significant differences initially between the sugar groups; 35 subjects in the S-group, 38 in the F-group, and 52 in the X-group. During the entire study 10 subjects discontinued, in one case due to osmotic diarrhoea in the X-group, the other cases being due to difficulties in adhering to the strict diet, other personal reasons and in 3 cases due to excessive caries incidence. After 2 years the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces was 7.2 in the S-group, 3.8 in the F-group and 0.0 in the X-group. The caries incidence was additionally expressed in combined quantitative and qualitative terms by considering also the changes in lesion size. Irrespective of the way of using these indices, a massive reduction of the caries increment was noted in the X-group as compared to the S-group. The second trial comprised initially 102 subjects divided randomly into S- and X-groups. The subjects consumed 4.5 chewing gums per day in the X-group and 4.0 in the S-group. The frequency of the sucrose intake was 4.94 per day in the X-group, and 4.24 in the S-group. The caries incidence equalled the one-year observations in the first study. The results show a massive reduction of the caries increment not only in relation to total, but also in connection with partial substitution of sucrose and low xylitol consumption. The findings indicate a therapeutic, caries-inhibitory effect of xylitol.", "PMID": 1066333}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5193", "title": "[Comparative study of i.v. administration of xylitol and sorbitol to diabetics].", "content": "The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the intravenous administration of xylitol and sorbitol respectively on plasma insulin and blood glucose in subjects with non-insulin requiring maturity-onset diabetes after an overnight fast. All participants had two intravenous applications with an interval of at least 3 days. Part of the patients started with xylitol and had later on sorbitol; the other part had the reversed sequence. There are two series: Series A: Rapid i.v. application of 0.5 g/kg within 10 minutes (n = 8. Series B: i.v. infusion with 0.5 g/kg/hour for 2 hours (n =9). In addition, 4 subjects of this series had another xylitol infusion after pretreatment with tolbutamide (1000 mg orally 60 minutes before starting the infusion). In respect to insulin secretion there were differences between the two compounds related to the speed of application. With the rapid intravenous injection there was a higher peak and a larger total insulin secretion with sorbitol whereas with the infusion insulin secretion was more pronounced with xylitol. Intravenous application of both carbohydrates caused a certain increase in blood glucose. By pretreatment with tolbutamide the increase of blood glucose due to xylitol could be avoided in spite of the fact that the insulin secretion remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Comparative study of i.v. administration of xylitol and sorbitol to diabetics]. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the intravenous administration of xylitol and sorbitol respectively on plasma insulin and blood glucose in subjects with non-insulin requiring maturity-onset diabetes after an overnight fast. All participants had two intravenous applications with an interval of at least 3 days. Part of the patients started with xylitol and had later on sorbitol; the other part had the reversed sequence. There are two series: Series A: Rapid i.v. application of 0.5 g/kg within 10 minutes (n = 8. Series B: i.v. infusion with 0.5 g/kg/hour for 2 hours (n =9). In addition, 4 subjects of this series had another xylitol infusion after pretreatment with tolbutamide (1000 mg orally 60 minutes before starting the infusion). In respect to insulin secretion there were differences between the two compounds related to the speed of application. With the rapid intravenous injection there was a higher peak and a larger total insulin secretion with sorbitol whereas with the infusion insulin secretion was more pronounced with xylitol. Intravenous application of both carbohydrates caused a certain increase in blood glucose. By pretreatment with tolbutamide the increase of blood glucose due to xylitol could be avoided in spite of the fact that the insulin secretion remained unchanged.", "PMID": 1066338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5194", "title": "The use of environmental variables in the interpretation of genotype-environment interaction.", "content": "The method proposed by Hardwick and Wood (1972) for relating genotype-environment interactions to measures of environmental variables is extended and two examples are discussed.", "contents": "The use of environmental variables in the interpretation of genotype-environment interaction. The method proposed by Hardwick and Wood (1972) for relating genotype-environment interactions to measures of environmental variables is extended and two examples are discussed.", "PMID": 1066339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5195", "title": "The effect of cultural transmission on continuous variation.", "content": "Cultural transmission may depend on the non-genetic transfer of information from parent to offspring. The consequences of such cultural transmission for continuous variation are investigated theoretically for randomly mating populations. Cultural inheritance may act on genetical and environmental differences between individuals. The consequences for cultural inheritance of polygenic variation and variation due to chance environmental factors are considered. An equilibrium may occur in which the population variance and the covariances between relatives can be expressed as functions of estimable parameters of genetical and environmental variation. Whatever the ultimate origin of culturally inherited differences they are expected to lead to environmental differences between families (\"E2\" variation). In addition, if cultural transmission maintains differences due ultimately to segregation at many gene loci we may find genotype-environmental covariation is generated.", "contents": "The effect of cultural transmission on continuous variation. Cultural transmission may depend on the non-genetic transfer of information from parent to offspring. The consequences of such cultural transmission for continuous variation are investigated theoretically for randomly mating populations. Cultural inheritance may act on genetical and environmental differences between individuals. The consequences for cultural inheritance of polygenic variation and variation due to chance environmental factors are considered. An equilibrium may occur in which the population variance and the covariances between relatives can be expressed as functions of estimable parameters of genetical and environmental variation. Whatever the ultimate origin of culturally inherited differences they are expected to lead to environmental differences between families (\"E2\" variation). In addition, if cultural transmission maintains differences due ultimately to segregation at many gene loci we may find genotype-environmental covariation is generated.", "PMID": 1066340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5196", "title": "Estimating the number of genes in a polygenic system by genotype assay.", "content": "A new method, genotype assay, is described for estimating k the number of genes or more strictly the number of effective factors responsible for variation of a continuous kind. The central feature is the determination of the proportion of individuals in the Fn generation of a cross between two pure breeding lines that are heterozygous at, at least, one locus by an assay of their Fn+2 grand progeny families. The observed proportion is then equated to a theoretical expectation which is a function of the number of genes involved. Expectations generalised to cover any generation n for experimental designs in which every Fn individual is assayed by comparing two Fn+2 grand progeny families have been derived for two limiting cases; one in which all genotypic differences are expressed as phenotypic differences and the other where the expression is minimised by imposing the maximum and relational balancing out of the contributions of individual gene loci. Equating the observed proportion of heterozygotes to these expectations therefore, leads to an upper and a lower estimate of k corresponding with these two limiting conditions. The reliability and sensitivity of the estimates depends primarily on n the generation chosen for study, the number of individuals (m) assayed from that generation and the number of individuals (l) raised in each Fn+2 grand progeny family. The two variables m and l being the principal determinants of the variances of the family means set the lower limit to the size of the gene effects that can be detected. The method is illustrated by assays of the F3 and F5 generations of two crosses between conditioned lines of Nicotiana rustica for three characters. The estimates are, without exception, as great as or greater than those obtained by alternative procedures. They show large, consistent increases between the F3 and F5 that cannot be traced to greater sensitivity of the latter generation and hence are presumably genuine.", "contents": "Estimating the number of genes in a polygenic system by genotype assay. A new method, genotype assay, is described for estimating k the number of genes or more strictly the number of effective factors responsible for variation of a continuous kind. The central feature is the determination of the proportion of individuals in the Fn generation of a cross between two pure breeding lines that are heterozygous at, at least, one locus by an assay of their Fn+2 grand progeny families. The observed proportion is then equated to a theoretical expectation which is a function of the number of genes involved. Expectations generalised to cover any generation n for experimental designs in which every Fn individual is assayed by comparing two Fn+2 grand progeny families have been derived for two limiting cases; one in which all genotypic differences are expressed as phenotypic differences and the other where the expression is minimised by imposing the maximum and relational balancing out of the contributions of individual gene loci. Equating the observed proportion of heterozygotes to these expectations therefore, leads to an upper and a lower estimate of k corresponding with these two limiting conditions. The reliability and sensitivity of the estimates depends primarily on n the generation chosen for study, the number of individuals (m) assayed from that generation and the number of individuals (l) raised in each Fn+2 grand progeny family. The two variables m and l being the principal determinants of the variances of the family means set the lower limit to the size of the gene effects that can be detected. The method is illustrated by assays of the F3 and F5 generations of two crosses between conditioned lines of Nicotiana rustica for three characters. The estimates are, without exception, as great as or greater than those obtained by alternative procedures. They show large, consistent increases between the F3 and F5 that cannot be traced to greater sensitivity of the latter generation and hence are presumably genuine.", "PMID": 1066341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5197", "title": "The significance for breeding of linear regression analysis of genotype-environment interactions.", "content": "Methods of regression analysis of genotype-environment interaction are considered in relation to existing theory dealing with the relative efficiencies of selection for general or specific adaptation to the environment, and the choice of environments for assessment. The two alternative models is involving regression on to environmental effects (model 2) or genotypic effects (model 3) are equivalent when regression lines are concurrent, but are shown to be mutually exclusive when concurrence is absent...", "contents": "The significance for breeding of linear regression analysis of genotype-environment interactions. Methods of regression analysis of genotype-environment interaction are considered in relation to existing theory dealing with the relative efficiencies of selection for general or specific adaptation to the environment, and the choice of environments for assessment. The two alternative models is involving regression on to environmental effects (model 2) or genotypic effects (model 3) are equivalent when regression lines are concurrent, but are shown to be mutually exclusive when concurrence is absent...", "PMID": 1066342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5198", "title": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia manifested as myelophthisic anemia in a dog.", "content": "A 10-year-old, Golden Retriever-type castrated male dog was found to have a hemogram consistent with myelophthisic anemia. Within 30 days the hemogram changed in such a manner that a myeloproliferative disorder was evident. On the basis of hematologic, cytochemical, and cytologic findings, acute myelomonocytic leukemia was diagnosed.", "contents": "Acute myelomonocytic leukemia manifested as myelophthisic anemia in a dog. A 10-year-old, Golden Retriever-type castrated male dog was found to have a hemogram consistent with myelophthisic anemia. Within 30 days the hemogram changed in such a manner that a myeloproliferative disorder was evident. On the basis of hematologic, cytochemical, and cytologic findings, acute myelomonocytic leukemia was diagnosed.", "PMID": 1066343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5199", "title": "Servo respirator constructed from a positive-pressure ventilator.", "content": "We have constructed an electronically controlled respirator from three commercially available components: a positive-pressure ventilator, a recorder pen motor, and a differential amplifier. Using negative feedback derived from a tracheal pressure signal, the instrument functions as a servo respirator which provides precise control of tracheal pressure. The system's power and response characteristics are well suited for ventilation of anesthetized cats and dogs. The servo respirator can be used as an externally controlled respiratory pump which provides flexibility in selection of the parameters of the ventilatory cycle. Alternatively, it can function as a \"demand\" respirator which generates transthoracic pressure proportional to efferent respiratory discharge.", "contents": "Servo respirator constructed from a positive-pressure ventilator. We have constructed an electronically controlled respirator from three commercially available components: a positive-pressure ventilator, a recorder pen motor, and a differential amplifier. Using negative feedback derived from a tracheal pressure signal, the instrument functions as a servo respirator which provides precise control of tracheal pressure. The system's power and response characteristics are well suited for ventilation of anesthetized cats and dogs. The servo respirator can be used as an externally controlled respiratory pump which provides flexibility in selection of the parameters of the ventilatory cycle. Alternatively, it can function as a \"demand\" respirator which generates transthoracic pressure proportional to efferent respiratory discharge.", "PMID": 1066344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5200", "title": "Tooth pulp projection to the trigeminal complex and jaw opening reflex in the cat.", "content": "The J.O.R. elecitied by pulpal, palatal or periodontal stimulations was recorded on the cat digastric nerve. As shown by the frontal sections of the brain stem the caudal subnucleus is not directly involved in this reflex. However after exclusion of the more rostral part of the interpolar subnucleus the pulpal induced J.O.R. is abolished although the palatal or periodontal induced J.O.R. is only partially suppressed.", "contents": "Tooth pulp projection to the trigeminal complex and jaw opening reflex in the cat. The J.O.R. elecitied by pulpal, palatal or periodontal stimulations was recorded on the cat digastric nerve. As shown by the frontal sections of the brain stem the caudal subnucleus is not directly involved in this reflex. However after exclusion of the more rostral part of the interpolar subnucleus the pulpal induced J.O.R. is abolished although the palatal or periodontal induced J.O.R. is only partially suppressed.", "PMID": 1066345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5201", "title": "[Piezo-electric activity of dental tissues].", "content": "The appearance of electrical charges on dental samples submitted to 10 daN compression strains was confirmed. In a first series of experiments a correlation was determined between the charges measured and the importance of the organic element at the studied locations. In a second series of measurements carried out on dental specimens after extraction of their organic content there was an almost complete disappearance of the piezoelectric phenomenon. Thus the piezoelectric phenomenon appears essentially in the organic stroma and perhaps also in certain non centro-symmetrical crystals the existence of which has to be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Piezo-electric activity of dental tissues]. The appearance of electrical charges on dental samples submitted to 10 daN compression strains was confirmed. In a first series of experiments a correlation was determined between the charges measured and the importance of the organic element at the studied locations. In a second series of measurements carried out on dental specimens after extraction of their organic content there was an almost complete disappearance of the piezoelectric phenomenon. Thus the piezoelectric phenomenon appears essentially in the organic stroma and perhaps also in certain non centro-symmetrical crystals the existence of which has to be demonstrated.", "PMID": 1066346}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5202", "title": "[Structural modifications of secretory epithelial cells of the salivary glands induced by a carbohydrate-rich cariogenic diet in rats].", "content": "Rats receiving a carbohydrate rich cariogenic diet (Stephan 580) showed structural modifications of their salivary glands when compared to a control group. These observations suggested that a disturbance of the after birth organogenesis sequences occurred during the experimental period for the submandibular glands. The elaboration of elaboration of secretion granules was strongly decreased in the parotid acinar cells. Such an indirect action of the hyperglucidic diet could contribute to the carious process development by modifying the oral environment.", "contents": "[Structural modifications of secretory epithelial cells of the salivary glands induced by a carbohydrate-rich cariogenic diet in rats]. Rats receiving a carbohydrate rich cariogenic diet (Stephan 580) showed structural modifications of their salivary glands when compared to a control group. These observations suggested that a disturbance of the after birth organogenesis sequences occurred during the experimental period for the submandibular glands. The elaboration of elaboration of secretion granules was strongly decreased in the parotid acinar cells. Such an indirect action of the hyperglucidic diet could contribute to the carious process development by modifying the oral environment.", "PMID": 1066347}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5203", "title": "[Ultrastructural and crystallographic study of human enamel in endemic fluorosis].", "content": "The use of physico-chemical and microscopic technics shows that in carie-free fluorotic enamel well-ordered, closely packed, parallelepiped-like crystals can be found as well as hypomineralized areas in which the crystals are disordered and the interprismatic gaps widened. The observation of 1340 crystals shows an increase in their diameter measurements (600 to 700 A instead of 400 to 500 A) and alterations in their morphology, the faces of the crystals remaining nevertheless welldeveloped, in perfect agreement and their hexagonal symmetry. Together with the increase of the fluorosis index, it must be noted that fluoroapatite is progressively filling the place of hydroxyapatite. The coexistence of two different types of apatites within the crystals might be responsible for lattice dislocations involving a greater fragility of the central part of the crystals. The fact that fluoroapatite is very likely localized in the outer part of the crystals could be the reason why they are better resisting demineralization. The central holes within the crystals are not specific of fluorosis, they might rather by due to a demineralization carious process.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural and crystallographic study of human enamel in endemic fluorosis]. The use of physico-chemical and microscopic technics shows that in carie-free fluorotic enamel well-ordered, closely packed, parallelepiped-like crystals can be found as well as hypomineralized areas in which the crystals are disordered and the interprismatic gaps widened. The observation of 1340 crystals shows an increase in their diameter measurements (600 to 700 A instead of 400 to 500 A) and alterations in their morphology, the faces of the crystals remaining nevertheless welldeveloped, in perfect agreement and their hexagonal symmetry. Together with the increase of the fluorosis index, it must be noted that fluoroapatite is progressively filling the place of hydroxyapatite. The coexistence of two different types of apatites within the crystals might be responsible for lattice dislocations involving a greater fragility of the central part of the crystals. The fact that fluoroapatite is very likely localized in the outer part of the crystals could be the reason why they are better resisting demineralization. The central holes within the crystals are not specific of fluorosis, they might rather by due to a demineralization carious process.", "PMID": 1066348}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5204", "title": "[Methods of determination of fluoride in trace amounts. Application to the study of the diffusion of fluoride from an amalgam in dental tissues].", "content": "The study of fluoride diffusion in dental tissues has been performed by microprobe analysis. The fluoride supply is carried out in vivo by various fluorides added to conventional amalgams. This method differs then from previous work (topical applications, electrophoresis or fluoride solutions) by the study of fluoride penetration from amalgams either in dentine or in deep enamel, which are more susceptible to caries than superficial enamel. These experiments give evidence of a fast penetration of fluoride into dental tissues, which may be characterized by an apparent diffusion coefficient of about 10(-10) cm2/s.", "contents": "[Methods of determination of fluoride in trace amounts. Application to the study of the diffusion of fluoride from an amalgam in dental tissues]. The study of fluoride diffusion in dental tissues has been performed by microprobe analysis. The fluoride supply is carried out in vivo by various fluorides added to conventional amalgams. This method differs then from previous work (topical applications, electrophoresis or fluoride solutions) by the study of fluoride penetration from amalgams either in dentine or in deep enamel, which are more susceptible to caries than superficial enamel. These experiments give evidence of a fast penetration of fluoride into dental tissues, which may be characterized by an apparent diffusion coefficient of about 10(-10) cm2/s.", "PMID": 1066349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5205", "title": "[Acquisition of masticatory structures in mammalian reptiles (preliminary study].", "content": "Possession of the masticatory function and apparatus appears as essential for the passage from Reptiles to Mammals. The present study, based on material of the Museum of d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris and on the literature, tries to distinguish the different stages of modification and specialization of feeding device in the cynodont theriodonts, leading to the mammalian stomatognathic system. The relationship between bone components (lateral skull and lower jaw), teeth and muscles are discussed. Induction of these changes comes from the external adductor muscular system in which the transformation from a primitive mass to mammalianlike masticatory muscles, directs this evolution. The conditions of feeding specialization of the Gomphodonts are discussed, as well as their evolutionary failure. Lastly, without taking up the quarrel about the double jaw-joint, it seems for the authors that the jaw-joint transformation appears as the most determinative element for assigning mammalian origins to the Cynodonts.", "contents": "[Acquisition of masticatory structures in mammalian reptiles (preliminary study]. Possession of the masticatory function and apparatus appears as essential for the passage from Reptiles to Mammals. The present study, based on material of the Museum of d'Histoire Naturelle of Paris and on the literature, tries to distinguish the different stages of modification and specialization of feeding device in the cynodont theriodonts, leading to the mammalian stomatognathic system. The relationship between bone components (lateral skull and lower jaw), teeth and muscles are discussed. Induction of these changes comes from the external adductor muscular system in which the transformation from a primitive mass to mammalianlike masticatory muscles, directs this evolution. The conditions of feeding specialization of the Gomphodonts are discussed, as well as their evolutionary failure. Lastly, without taking up the quarrel about the double jaw-joint, it seems for the authors that the jaw-joint transformation appears as the most determinative element for assigning mammalian origins to the Cynodonts.", "PMID": 1066350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5206", "title": "Disapperance of osteogenic sarcoma after irradiation: immunologic observations.", "content": "Sarcoma - lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and serum blocking of this activity was studied by the in vitro microcytotoxicity test in three patients with osteogenic sarcoma who received preoperative irradiation. All three patients had complete histologic disappearance of the tumor between three to five months after irradiation. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity was present before and after treatment in two patients and post-treatment in one. No serum blocking activity was detected in any of these three patients. They are all alive over four years post-therapy without evidence of active disease.", "contents": "Disapperance of osteogenic sarcoma after irradiation: immunologic observations. Sarcoma - lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and serum blocking of this activity was studied by the in vitro microcytotoxicity test in three patients with osteogenic sarcoma who received preoperative irradiation. All three patients had complete histologic disappearance of the tumor between three to five months after irradiation. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity was present before and after treatment in two patients and post-treatment in one. No serum blocking activity was detected in any of these three patients. They are all alive over four years post-therapy without evidence of active disease.", "PMID": 1066352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5207", "title": "Granuloma formation in patients receiving BCG immunotherapy.", "content": "Eleven patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia have received repeated intravenous injections of BCG containing 4-9 X 10(6) live organisms per millilitre. Non-caseating epithelioid granulomas, sometimes with giant-cell formation, have been demonstrated in eight bone marrow aspirates. Seven patients had granulomas in the liver, three in the lung, one in the spleen, one in lymph nodes, and one in a skin biopsy. One patient had a raised serum alkaline phosphatase, but none of the patients had any illness which could be related to the presence of granulomas. Granuloma formation appeared more extensive in four patients who were probably anergic before BCG treatment. Until the significance of this finding becomes clear great care should be taken when giving BCG by the intratumour of intravenous routes to potentially immunoincompetent patients.", "contents": "Granuloma formation in patients receiving BCG immunotherapy. Eleven patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia have received repeated intravenous injections of BCG containing 4-9 X 10(6) live organisms per millilitre. Non-caseating epithelioid granulomas, sometimes with giant-cell formation, have been demonstrated in eight bone marrow aspirates. Seven patients had granulomas in the liver, three in the lung, one in the spleen, one in lymph nodes, and one in a skin biopsy. One patient had a raised serum alkaline phosphatase, but none of the patients had any illness which could be related to the presence of granulomas. Granuloma formation appeared more extensive in four patients who were probably anergic before BCG treatment. Until the significance of this finding becomes clear great care should be taken when giving BCG by the intratumour of intravenous routes to potentially immunoincompetent patients.", "PMID": 1066353}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5208", "title": "Gastric pathology and aphagia following lateral hypothalamic lesions in rats: effects of preoperative weight reduction.", "content": "The body weights of male albino rats were reduced gradually to 80% of normal body weight by resricting food intake (dieting), and then the rats were given lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions. Compared with rats of normal body weight sustaining similar brain lesions, the dieted group displayed a shorter period of postoperative aphagia and less gastric pathology. In a second experiment, a group of rats was reduced to 80% of normal body weight by withholding all food (fasting) and then given LH lesions. Compared with dieted rats sustaining similar brain damage, the fasted group displayed a longer period of post operative aphagia and greater gastric pathology. Since the duration of aphagia could be shortened or lengthened by simple manipulations of preoperative body weight, the adequacy of sensorimotor or motivational hypotheses to account for aphagia is questioned. The results are more consistent with the suggestion that gastric abnormalities produced by LH lesions inhibit eating.", "contents": "Gastric pathology and aphagia following lateral hypothalamic lesions in rats: effects of preoperative weight reduction. The body weights of male albino rats were reduced gradually to 80% of normal body weight by resricting food intake (dieting), and then the rats were given lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions. Compared with rats of normal body weight sustaining similar brain lesions, the dieted group displayed a shorter period of postoperative aphagia and less gastric pathology. In a second experiment, a group of rats was reduced to 80% of normal body weight by withholding all food (fasting) and then given LH lesions. Compared with dieted rats sustaining similar brain damage, the fasted group displayed a longer period of post operative aphagia and greater gastric pathology. Since the duration of aphagia could be shortened or lengthened by simple manipulations of preoperative body weight, the adequacy of sensorimotor or motivational hypotheses to account for aphagia is questioned. The results are more consistent with the suggestion that gastric abnormalities produced by LH lesions inhibit eating.", "PMID": 1066357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5209", "title": "An examination model for monitoring clinical competency in operative dentistry.", "content": "A model for a clinical competency examination has been presented. Extensive efforts were exerted in standardizing the procedures, the criteria, and the examiners. In addition, the examination was designed to permit isolation and documentation of errors in various phases of a class II amalgam restoration.", "contents": "An examination model for monitoring clinical competency in operative dentistry. A model for a clinical competency examination has been presented. Extensive efforts were exerted in standardizing the procedures, the criteria, and the examiners. In addition, the examination was designed to permit isolation and documentation of errors in various phases of a class II amalgam restoration.", "PMID": 1066366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5210", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a root canal cement that contains paraformaldehyde.", "content": "The effectiveness of a Formalin-containing root canal cement in endodontic treatment is evaluated. A total of 76 teeth from 73 patients was used in a series of root canal treatments in which it was impossible to fill the canal to the apex; results of treatment were compared with the results in teeth with conventionally filled canals. The evaluation of the results shows Formalin-containing cements to have a useful place in endodontic therapy.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a root canal cement that contains paraformaldehyde. The effectiveness of a Formalin-containing root canal cement in endodontic treatment is evaluated. A total of 76 teeth from 73 patients was used in a series of root canal treatments in which it was impossible to fill the canal to the apex; results of treatment were compared with the results in teeth with conventionally filled canals. The evaluation of the results shows Formalin-containing cements to have a useful place in endodontic therapy.", "PMID": 1066389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5211", "title": "The use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid for the management of hemophilia in dental and oral surgery patients.", "content": "The use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid has proved to be an efficient and practical method for treating hemophiliacs who require dental work. In the past, patients requiring extractions were admitted to a hospital for approximately ten days and received replacement infusions every 12 hours during their stay. This resulted in a large expense because of the cost of the material and the hospitalization itself, not to mention the trauma sustained by the patient both physically and psychologically. Also, by decreasing the number of factor infusions, the risk of complications such as the transmission of hepatitis, allergic reaction, or inhibitor formation decreased. The same protocol using a single infusion of the appropriate factor replacement with supplementary epsilon-aminocaproic acid can be used for the management of patients with other coagulation disorders such as factor IX deficiency (Christman disease), factor XI deficiency, and von Willebrand's disease. Since this paper was submitted, seven more patients have been treated using this protocol. An additional seven odontectomies, 33 extractions, operative dentistry in 18 quadrants, and alveoloplasties in two full arches have been performed. This brings the total to  23 treatment sesions with 18 patients undergoing 124 procedures. One additional minor bleeding episode occurred, resulting in a total rate of four bleeding episodes in 23 treatment sessions and 124 procedures. Our incidence of complications secondary to epsilon-aminocaproic acid specifically remains zero.", "contents": "The use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid for the management of hemophilia in dental and oral surgery patients. The use of epsilon-aminocaproic acid has proved to be an efficient and practical method for treating hemophiliacs who require dental work. In the past, patients requiring extractions were admitted to a hospital for approximately ten days and received replacement infusions every 12 hours during their stay. This resulted in a large expense because of the cost of the material and the hospitalization itself, not to mention the trauma sustained by the patient both physically and psychologically. Also, by decreasing the number of factor infusions, the risk of complications such as the transmission of hepatitis, allergic reaction, or inhibitor formation decreased. The same protocol using a single infusion of the appropriate factor replacement with supplementary epsilon-aminocaproic acid can be used for the management of patients with other coagulation disorders such as factor IX deficiency (Christman disease), factor XI deficiency, and von Willebrand's disease. Since this paper was submitted, seven more patients have been treated using this protocol. An additional seven odontectomies, 33 extractions, operative dentistry in 18 quadrants, and alveoloplasties in two full arches have been performed. This brings the total to  23 treatment sesions with 18 patients undergoing 124 procedures. One additional minor bleeding episode occurred, resulting in a total rate of four bleeding episodes in 23 treatment sessions and 124 procedures. Our incidence of complications secondary to epsilon-aminocaproic acid specifically remains zero.", "PMID": 1066390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5212", "title": "The incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia.", "content": "The incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia was studied in 892 patients from the dental clinic at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Oklahoma City. The patients were selected if they wore dentures that completely covered the palate. A large number of patients with inflammatory papillary hyperplasia were those who left their dentures in their mouths continuously. Therefore, a high correlation was found between the incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia and the amount of time the patient wore the dentures. Although it is not certain if inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is premalignant, the dentist should try to seek to prevent this abnormal condition by instructing patients to leave dentures out of their mouths for a six-to eight-hour period during each day.", "contents": "The incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia. The incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia was studied in 892 patients from the dental clinic at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Oklahoma City. The patients were selected if they wore dentures that completely covered the palate. A large number of patients with inflammatory papillary hyperplasia were those who left their dentures in their mouths continuously. Therefore, a high correlation was found between the incidence of inflammatory papillary hyperplasia and the amount of time the patient wore the dentures. Although it is not certain if inflammatory papillary hyperplasia is premalignant, the dentist should try to seek to prevent this abnormal condition by instructing patients to leave dentures out of their mouths for a six-to eight-hour period during each day.", "PMID": 1066391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5213", "title": "Consumer and provider attitudes toward dentist and expanded auxiliary functions.", "content": "Consumers, dentists, dental students, dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental assistant trainees, and dental hygiene students in Massachusetts were surveyed for their attitudes toward the concept of expanded-duties auxiliaries. The Osgood sematic differential technique was used, in which study participants were asked to respond to line drawings of a dentist or an auxiliary performing each of three different procedures: cutting tooth structure, placing a restoration, and taking radiographs. The results indicate that most of the groups perceived significant differences between cavity preparation by the dentist and by the auxiliary: they were modierately positive toward the former, near neutral toward the latter. Groups were more positive toward cavity restoration, generally perceiving fewer, but still significant, differences between the dentist and auxiliary as operatiors. All groups were most positive toward taking radiographs and perceived no difference between the two operators. Of all groups, the dentists perceived the greatest difference between operators; dental hygienists and dental hygiene students were the most positive and saw the least  differences between operators. Consumers were the least positive to all procedures and perveived only modirate differences between the two operators. In other words, the consumers did not seem overly concerned with who provided the dental care; they just did not like the services themselves. In the study, the consumer was more concerned with the procedure than with the different operators, whereas the dentist was more concerned about the operator.", "contents": "Consumer and provider attitudes toward dentist and expanded auxiliary functions. Consumers, dentists, dental students, dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental assistant trainees, and dental hygiene students in Massachusetts were surveyed for their attitudes toward the concept of expanded-duties auxiliaries. The Osgood sematic differential technique was used, in which study participants were asked to respond to line drawings of a dentist or an auxiliary performing each of three different procedures: cutting tooth structure, placing a restoration, and taking radiographs. The results indicate that most of the groups perceived significant differences between cavity preparation by the dentist and by the auxiliary: they were modierately positive toward the former, near neutral toward the latter. Groups were more positive toward cavity restoration, generally perceiving fewer, but still significant, differences between the dentist and auxiliary as operatiors. All groups were most positive toward taking radiographs and perceived no difference between the two operators. Of all groups, the dentists perceived the greatest difference between operators; dental hygienists and dental hygiene students were the most positive and saw the least  differences between operators. Consumers were the least positive to all procedures and perveived only modirate differences between the two operators. In other words, the consumers did not seem overly concerned with who provided the dental care; they just did not like the services themselves. In the study, the consumer was more concerned with the procedure than with the different operators, whereas the dentist was more concerned about the operator.", "PMID": 1066392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5214", "title": "[Studies on the dental gold-alloys. (15). On the age-hardening in AuCu-Pd alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of Palladium addition to stoichiometric AuCu on the age-hardening are studied by means of resistivity, hardness, X-ray diffraction, and optical and electron microscopic observation. The results obtained are summerized as follows. The shapes of the age-hardening curves in the alloys less than 23.4 at. % Pd, showed an abrupt increase at the early stage of ageing. However, in the alloy containing 34.4 at. % Pd, the age-hardening was not observed. The maximum hardness of the AuCu-12 at. % Pd alloy was higher than that of the AuCu-6 at. % Pd and AuCu-23.4 at. % Pd alloys. The difference in hardening in these alloys was explained by the effect of atomic sites of palladium occupied in AuCu superlattice. Optical and electron micrographs showed that twinning occurs in order to relief the elastic strain induced by growth of AuCu I type superlattice platelets.", "contents": "[Studies on the dental gold-alloys. (15). On the age-hardening in AuCu-Pd alloys (author's transl)]. The effects of Palladium addition to stoichiometric AuCu on the age-hardening are studied by means of resistivity, hardness, X-ray diffraction, and optical and electron microscopic observation. The results obtained are summerized as follows. The shapes of the age-hardening curves in the alloys less than 23.4 at. % Pd, showed an abrupt increase at the early stage of ageing. However, in the alloy containing 34.4 at. % Pd, the age-hardening was not observed. The maximum hardness of the AuCu-12 at. % Pd alloy was higher than that of the AuCu-6 at. % Pd and AuCu-23.4 at. % Pd alloys. The difference in hardening in these alloys was explained by the effect of atomic sites of palladium occupied in AuCu superlattice. Optical and electron micrographs showed that twinning occurs in order to relief the elastic strain induced by growth of AuCu I type superlattice platelets.", "PMID": 1066404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5215", "title": "[On the polymerization of pour type resin (author's transl)].", "content": "The initial polymerization point and the polymerization progress have been observed on powder-liquid pour type acrylic resin and one-liquid pour type acrylic resin. The results are as follows: 1. In case of un-heating at the bottom of powder liquid resin, in the former stage the polymerization makes the regular progress from the bottom part to the upper of the mould, but in the latter stage it does some irregular one. In case of heating at the bottom, at first it shows a better regular progress as in the case of un-heating. 2. In case of un-heating at the bottom of one-liquid resin, in the first stage the polymerization makes the regular progress from the bottom part of the resin and at the same time from its middle of the mould, and then to the upper part and the sprue part. In case of heating at the bottom, it begins just from the heated part, then it goes quite regularly to the middle, the upper, and the sprue part, and lastly the polymerization shrinkage concentrates exclusively at the sprue part.", "contents": "[On the polymerization of pour type resin (author's transl)]. The initial polymerization point and the polymerization progress have been observed on powder-liquid pour type acrylic resin and one-liquid pour type acrylic resin. The results are as follows: 1. In case of un-heating at the bottom of powder liquid resin, in the former stage the polymerization makes the regular progress from the bottom part to the upper of the mould, but in the latter stage it does some irregular one. In case of heating at the bottom, at first it shows a better regular progress as in the case of un-heating. 2. In case of un-heating at the bottom of one-liquid resin, in the first stage the polymerization makes the regular progress from the bottom part of the resin and at the same time from its middle of the mould, and then to the upper part and the sprue part. In case of heating at the bottom, it begins just from the heated part, then it goes quite regularly to the middle, the upper, and the sprue part, and lastly the polymerization shrinkage concentrates exclusively at the sprue part.", "PMID": 1066405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5216", "title": "[Comparison between physical properties of resin materials and those of gypsum materials for dental models and dies (author's transl)].", "content": "Setting time, water sorption, solubility, dimensional change, hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, bending strength, and Young's modulus of resin model materials and gypsum model materials were determined. These results are following: 1) Setting time of Goldex is in general the same as that of dental plaster, and setting time of Alpha-Die and that of Dicodur are the same as densite type stone. But setting time of Rock Model is very long, that is, ten times as long as that of densite type stone. 2) Water sorption and solubility of gypsum  model materials are larger than those of resin model materials. Solubility of Dicodur is larger in comparison with the other resin model materials. 3) During setting, all of gypsum model materials expand but all of resin model materials contract. The absolute values of dimensional change of Rock Model and of densite type stones are the same, but smaller compared with those of other materials. 4) The value of knoop hardness of resin model materials is between that of plaster of Paris and that of hydrocal type stones. 5) In comparison with densite type stone, resin model materials are 2.5 to 5.0 times in tensile strength, the same in compressive strength, and 1.5 to 2.3 times in bending strength. 6) Young's modulus of resin model materials is 1/3 to 1/5 as much as that of densite type stones.", "contents": "[Comparison between physical properties of resin materials and those of gypsum materials for dental models and dies (author's transl)]. Setting time, water sorption, solubility, dimensional change, hardness, tensile strength, compressive strength, bending strength, and Young's modulus of resin model materials and gypsum model materials were determined. These results are following: 1) Setting time of Goldex is in general the same as that of dental plaster, and setting time of Alpha-Die and that of Dicodur are the same as densite type stone. But setting time of Rock Model is very long, that is, ten times as long as that of densite type stone. 2) Water sorption and solubility of gypsum  model materials are larger than those of resin model materials. Solubility of Dicodur is larger in comparison with the other resin model materials. 3) During setting, all of gypsum model materials expand but all of resin model materials contract. The absolute values of dimensional change of Rock Model and of densite type stones are the same, but smaller compared with those of other materials. 4) The value of knoop hardness of resin model materials is between that of plaster of Paris and that of hydrocal type stones. 5) In comparison with densite type stone, resin model materials are 2.5 to 5.0 times in tensile strength, the same in compressive strength, and 1.5 to 2.3 times in bending strength. 6) Young's modulus of resin model materials is 1/3 to 1/5 as much as that of densite type stones.", "PMID": 1066406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5217", "title": "[Studies on the cytotoxicity of silver alloys be means of cell culture (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate biocompatibility of silver alloys, which is widely used in Japan, L strain cells were brough contact with the alloys. Results were assessed by cell multiplication rate calculated from counting cell nuclei number per milliter of medium and morphological observation. The materials used were two from of silver-tin-zinc alloys, one form of silver-tin-zinc-cadmiumalloy and two forms of silver-copper alloys. Copper-zine alloy, which is reported to be highly cytotoxic, was alsoutilized as a positive control. Following results were obtained: 1) Ingot specimen of these alloys showed cytotoxicity, Silver-tin-zinc alloy, silver-tin-zinc-cadmium alloy and silver-copper alloy containing 10% or less of copper showed intense cytotoxicity initially, with diminishing cytotoxic action with time. On the otherhand, silver-copper alloy containing 20% or more of copper showed persistent cytotoxicity. Copper-zinc alloy showed intense cytotoxicity. 2) Cast specimen of these alloys showed increasing cytotoxicity with time campared to their ingot specimen. The results are seemed to owe much to inclusion of toxic substances from the alloy and investment material or alteration of surface characteristics of the alloys due to casting procedure. 3) Morphological observation did not differ from the results of cell nuclei counting. It is expected that the present results could give a clue on animal experiments or clinical use from the view point of biocompatibility of silver alloys.", "contents": "[Studies on the cytotoxicity of silver alloys be means of cell culture (author's transl)]. In order to investigate biocompatibility of silver alloys, which is widely used in Japan, L strain cells were brough contact with the alloys. Results were assessed by cell multiplication rate calculated from counting cell nuclei number per milliter of medium and morphological observation. The materials used were two from of silver-tin-zinc alloys, one form of silver-tin-zinc-cadmiumalloy and two forms of silver-copper alloys. Copper-zine alloy, which is reported to be highly cytotoxic, was alsoutilized as a positive control. Following results were obtained: 1) Ingot specimen of these alloys showed cytotoxicity, Silver-tin-zinc alloy, silver-tin-zinc-cadmium alloy and silver-copper alloy containing 10% or less of copper showed intense cytotoxicity initially, with diminishing cytotoxic action with time. On the otherhand, silver-copper alloy containing 20% or more of copper showed persistent cytotoxicity. Copper-zinc alloy showed intense cytotoxicity. 2) Cast specimen of these alloys showed increasing cytotoxicity with time campared to their ingot specimen. The results are seemed to owe much to inclusion of toxic substances from the alloy and investment material or alteration of surface characteristics of the alloys due to casting procedure. 3) Morphological observation did not differ from the results of cell nuclei counting. It is expected that the present results could give a clue on animal experiments or clinical use from the view point of biocompatibility of silver alloys.", "PMID": 1066407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5218", "title": "[Influence of surface condition upon the cytotoxicity of copper-gold alloy (in vitro) (author's transl)].", "content": "Cellular responses to dental alloy may be easily influenced by surface condition of the alloy. From this point of view, the author had a plan to analyse the mechanism of cytotoxic phenomenon of gold-copper alloys, 91% Au-9% Cu, 83% Au-17% Cu, 75% Au-25% Cu, 58% Au-42% Cu, 50% Au-50% Cu, 25% Au-75% Cu, 20% Au-80% Cu, 15% Au-85% Cu, 10% Au-90% Cu, pure gold and pure copper. Test piece of the alloys was heated and treated with solutions of 2% HCl or absolute methanol. The cytotoxicity of the test piece was observed by means of tissue culture, in vitro. There is no cytotoxic action in the cases of pure gold and higher carat alloys than 58% Au-42% Cu alloy, but mild toxicity in lower carat alloys than 50% Au-50% Cu alloy. On the contorary, in the test piece heated and treated with 2% HCl solution, mild cytotoxicity is recognized in the cases of 83% Au-17% Cu and 75% Au-25% Cu alloy. Cellular damage was very severe in the case of lower carat alloys than 50% Au-50% Cu alloy. In the test piece heated and treated with absolute methanol, pure gold, 91% AU-9% Cu and 83% Au-17% Cu alloys have no cytotoxicity, but strong cytotoxicity in the lower carat alloys than 75% Au-25% Cu alloy. Discoloration of the test piece heated and treated with the solution of 2% HCl or methanol, was measured with JIS Colour Chart. Same discoloration was observed in the cases of pure copper, lower carat alloys that 25% Au-75% Cu of the control group, lower carat alloys than 58 Au-42% Cu of 2% HCl treatment group and lower carat alloys than 58% Au-42% Cu of methanol treatment group. From these findings, the discoloration of the alloys caused by heating may be produced by the formation of thin copper-rich-film at the surface of test piece. It is revealed that the cytotoxicity of Au-Cu alloy may be caused by the formation of copper-rich-film at the surface of Au-Cu alloy.", "contents": "[Influence of surface condition upon the cytotoxicity of copper-gold alloy (in vitro) (author's transl)]. Cellular responses to dental alloy may be easily influenced by surface condition of the alloy. From this point of view, the author had a plan to analyse the mechanism of cytotoxic phenomenon of gold-copper alloys, 91% Au-9% Cu, 83% Au-17% Cu, 75% Au-25% Cu, 58% Au-42% Cu, 50% Au-50% Cu, 25% Au-75% Cu, 20% Au-80% Cu, 15% Au-85% Cu, 10% Au-90% Cu, pure gold and pure copper. Test piece of the alloys was heated and treated with solutions of 2% HCl or absolute methanol. The cytotoxicity of the test piece was observed by means of tissue culture, in vitro. There is no cytotoxic action in the cases of pure gold and higher carat alloys than 58% Au-42% Cu alloy, but mild toxicity in lower carat alloys than 50% Au-50% Cu alloy. On the contorary, in the test piece heated and treated with 2% HCl solution, mild cytotoxicity is recognized in the cases of 83% Au-17% Cu and 75% Au-25% Cu alloy. Cellular damage was very severe in the case of lower carat alloys than 50% Au-50% Cu alloy. In the test piece heated and treated with absolute methanol, pure gold, 91% AU-9% Cu and 83% Au-17% Cu alloys have no cytotoxicity, but strong cytotoxicity in the lower carat alloys than 75% Au-25% Cu alloy. Discoloration of the test piece heated and treated with the solution of 2% HCl or methanol, was measured with JIS Colour Chart. Same discoloration was observed in the cases of pure copper, lower carat alloys that 25% Au-75% Cu of the control group, lower carat alloys than 58 Au-42% Cu of 2% HCl treatment group and lower carat alloys than 58% Au-42% Cu of methanol treatment group. From these findings, the discoloration of the alloys caused by heating may be produced by the formation of thin copper-rich-film at the surface of test piece. It is revealed that the cytotoxicity of Au-Cu alloy may be caused by the formation of copper-rich-film at the surface of Au-Cu alloy.", "PMID": 1066408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5219", "title": "[Notch effect on the fatigue strength of the denture base resin. (Part 3). Effect of reinforcement for composite material with notch (author's transl)].", "content": "The denture base which is made from the acrylic resin often occurs the fracture during function, and it is known that this fracture is mainly occured by the fatigue fracture, which is happened by the crack growth from the location of high stress. Until now, the author discussed on the fatigue properties about the specimens with semi-circular notch as the model of the remaining natural teeth, but these results are not easily applied to the design of denture base because the shape of denture base, considering its function and esthetics, is not changed. So, for the improvement of the strength of denture base, the denture base might be used the reinforcement. And, used as a trial the organic fiber as reinforcement, and their effects were investigated from the sides of the bending moment at fracture and the strain distribution occurs the fracture at the posterios palatal area, and its strength is improved 190%. And the fracture of the complete denture happens in general at the location between two central incisors, therefore this problem should be considered as the notched effect. So, reinforcing the lingual part of maxillary anterior teeth using the organic fiber, its strength is improved 53% comparing with the general complete denture. Therefore, the effects of reinforcement were enough appeared, and the improvement of the strength of denture base is very expected in dental use.", "contents": "[Notch effect on the fatigue strength of the denture base resin. (Part 3). Effect of reinforcement for composite material with notch (author's transl)]. The denture base which is made from the acrylic resin often occurs the fracture during function, and it is known that this fracture is mainly occured by the fatigue fracture, which is happened by the crack growth from the location of high stress. Until now, the author discussed on the fatigue properties about the specimens with semi-circular notch as the model of the remaining natural teeth, but these results are not easily applied to the design of denture base because the shape of denture base, considering its function and esthetics, is not changed. So, for the improvement of the strength of denture base, the denture base might be used the reinforcement. And, used as a trial the organic fiber as reinforcement, and their effects were investigated from the sides of the bending moment at fracture and the strain distribution occurs the fracture at the posterios palatal area, and its strength is improved 190%. And the fracture of the complete denture happens in general at the location between two central incisors, therefore this problem should be considered as the notched effect. So, reinforcing the lingual part of maxillary anterior teeth using the organic fiber, its strength is improved 53% comparing with the general complete denture. Therefore, the effects of reinforcement were enough appeared, and the improvement of the strength of denture base is very expected in dental use.", "PMID": 1066409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5220", "title": "[The adhesion of culture cells to some polymers (in vitro)].", "content": "Mouse L fibroblasts were grown on such plastic coated coverslips as polyvinyl acetate, cellulose, polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene and polyvinyl alcohol in in vitro condition, in order to investigate cell contact to various polymeric substrata. Rates of cell multiplication in the presence of the plastics were obtained at the beginning of the experiments, the 2nd day, the 4th day and the 7th day of incubation. Morphological observation in the presence of the plastics were made for 14 hours. Rates of cell multiplication showed no change between most of the experimental groups, i.e., polyvinyl acetate, cellulose, polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene and control, except polyvinyl alcohol. The cells were deterred from growing with polyvinyl acetate and completely deteriorated on the 4th day of incubation and thereafter. Morphological examination of the adhesion of culture cells to the polymers was made with an arbitrary classification of cell shapes such as round, bipole, spindle or star, depending upon the forms which the cells showed on the substrata under a light microscope, State of adhesion of the cells is considered to be increased in the ascending order of the four classification, polyvinyl acetate was the best in terms of cell adhesion, followed by cellulose, polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene. The cells did not develop into the advanced state of adhesion in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol. As plastics have become one of the most important biomaterials in recent years, research on biocompatibility of the material, which can be represented by ascertaining of non toxicity, non irritability or non carcinogenecity and adhesion characteristics, is needed. Information on the above would surely be useful in better use of the material and also in developing new materials.", "contents": "[The adhesion of culture cells to some polymers (in vitro)]. Mouse L fibroblasts were grown on such plastic coated coverslips as polyvinyl acetate, cellulose, polymethylmethacrylate, polystyrene and polyvinyl alcohol in in vitro condition, in order to investigate cell contact to various polymeric substrata. Rates of cell multiplication in the presence of the plastics were obtained at the beginning of the experiments, the 2nd day, the 4th day and the 7th day of incubation. Morphological observation in the presence of the plastics were made for 14 hours. Rates of cell multiplication showed no change between most of the experimental groups, i.e., polyvinyl acetate, cellulose, polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene and control, except polyvinyl alcohol. The cells were deterred from growing with polyvinyl acetate and completely deteriorated on the 4th day of incubation and thereafter. Morphological examination of the adhesion of culture cells to the polymers was made with an arbitrary classification of cell shapes such as round, bipole, spindle or star, depending upon the forms which the cells showed on the substrata under a light microscope, State of adhesion of the cells is considered to be increased in the ascending order of the four classification, polyvinyl acetate was the best in terms of cell adhesion, followed by cellulose, polymethylmethacrylate and polystyrene. The cells did not develop into the advanced state of adhesion in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol. As plastics have become one of the most important biomaterials in recent years, research on biocompatibility of the material, which can be represented by ascertaining of non toxicity, non irritability or non carcinogenecity and adhesion characteristics, is needed. Information on the above would surely be useful in better use of the material and also in developing new materials.", "PMID": 1066410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5221", "title": "Problems in cranio-facial surgery.", "content": "Four geographically widely separated medical centres with a primary interest in cranio-facial surgery present their combined complications to illustrate the dangers and unsolved problems of this surgery. There wre 149 cases with 2 deaths and 3 other life threatening situations (infections). Approximately 60% of the patients had no complications (90/149). Secondary corrections are often necessary to obtain the desired result or correct problems produced by the surgery. The complexity and rarity of the surgery and supporting disciplines is such that in the interest of the patient and the speciality concentration of this surgery in a few centres is desirable.", "contents": "Problems in cranio-facial surgery. Four geographically widely separated medical centres with a primary interest in cranio-facial surgery present their combined complications to illustrate the dangers and unsolved problems of this surgery. There wre 149 cases with 2 deaths and 3 other life threatening situations (infections). Approximately 60% of the patients had no complications (90/149). Secondary corrections are often necessary to obtain the desired result or correct problems produced by the surgery. The complexity and rarity of the surgery and supporting disciplines is such that in the interest of the patient and the speciality concentration of this surgery in a few centres is desirable.", "PMID": 1066411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5222", "title": "The lip profile after correction of retromaxillism in cleft and non-cleft patients.", "content": "Based on 25 cases with unilateral cleft of lip, alveolus and palate with retromaxillism (CLAP) and 25 cases with pure retromaxillism (RM), the effect on the lip of advancing the maxilla by Le Fort I osteotomy is analysed. It can be shown that on average the base of the upper lip follows the base of the maxilla in a ratio of 4:7. The free end of the upper lip is pushed forwards by the upper front teeth in a ratio of 5:9. This means that to achieve a specified lip advancement, the maxilla has to be brought forward about double the amount. No important between CLAP and RM could be seen. Leaving the nasal spine intact has a favourable influence on movements of the upper lip. The amount of maxillary advancement has no bearing on the ratios. It seems though that thin lips follow the movement of the maxilla better than voluminous lips. There is no satisfactory explanation why the extremes in all groups for all measurements are placed so very far apart. This leads to the conclusion that in spite of careful planning the result in the individual case can differ considerably from that expected.", "contents": "The lip profile after correction of retromaxillism in cleft and non-cleft patients. Based on 25 cases with unilateral cleft of lip, alveolus and palate with retromaxillism (CLAP) and 25 cases with pure retromaxillism (RM), the effect on the lip of advancing the maxilla by Le Fort I osteotomy is analysed. It can be shown that on average the base of the upper lip follows the base of the maxilla in a ratio of 4:7. The free end of the upper lip is pushed forwards by the upper front teeth in a ratio of 5:9. This means that to achieve a specified lip advancement, the maxilla has to be brought forward about double the amount. No important between CLAP and RM could be seen. Leaving the nasal spine intact has a favourable influence on movements of the upper lip. The amount of maxillary advancement has no bearing on the ratios. It seems though that thin lips follow the movement of the maxilla better than voluminous lips. There is no satisfactory explanation why the extremes in all groups for all measurements are placed so very far apart. This leads to the conclusion that in spite of careful planning the result in the individual case can differ considerably from that expected.", "PMID": 1066412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5223", "title": "Nasal abnormalities in facial clefts.", "content": "After a short review of their development rare clefts of the nose occurring together with facial clefts are described in a number of clinical cases. These may be divided into 6 groups: 1. clefts of the nose; 2. oblique facial clefts; 3. nasal abnormalities in cleft lip and palate cases; 4. nasal abnormalities in median cleft palate cases; 5. aplasia of the premaxilla; 6. syndromes associated with nasal abnormalities and facial clefts. The discussion deals with the literature, aetiology, prognosis and therapeutic aspects. The publication of individual rare cases is suggested.", "contents": "Nasal abnormalities in facial clefts. After a short review of their development rare clefts of the nose occurring together with facial clefts are described in a number of clinical cases. These may be divided into 6 groups: 1. clefts of the nose; 2. oblique facial clefts; 3. nasal abnormalities in cleft lip and palate cases; 4. nasal abnormalities in median cleft palate cases; 5. aplasia of the premaxilla; 6. syndromes associated with nasal abnormalities and facial clefts. The discussion deals with the literature, aetiology, prognosis and therapeutic aspects. The publication of individual rare cases is suggested.", "PMID": 1066413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5224", "title": "Experiences with the use of lyophilized bank cartilage for facial contour correction.", "content": "In the Maxillo-Facial Surgical Clinic in Zurich lyophilized bank cartilage (LBC) is used for facial contour reconstruction and elsewhere. In 122 paitents LBC was transplanted 265 times in different sites. The rate of infection was 2.6% the degree of resorption up to 20%. In 7 cases transplanted LBC was removed for histological examination because of over-correction. Xeroradiography is suggested as a method of control even when the cartilage is not calcified.", "contents": "Experiences with the use of lyophilized bank cartilage for facial contour correction. In the Maxillo-Facial Surgical Clinic in Zurich lyophilized bank cartilage (LBC) is used for facial contour reconstruction and elsewhere. In 122 paitents LBC was transplanted 265 times in different sites. The rate of infection was 2.6% the degree of resorption up to 20%. In 7 cases transplanted LBC was removed for histological examination because of over-correction. Xeroradiography is suggested as a method of control even when the cartilage is not calcified.", "PMID": 1066414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5225", "title": "Malignant tumours in infancy and childhood in the maxillo-facial region.", "content": "A series of more than 3.500 tumour cases treated between 1955 and 1974 included 18 children up to the end of 14 years of age. Heading the list of malignant tumours were 15 sarcomata (83.33%). There was conclusive evidence of a relationship between the grade of microscopic differentiation of the tumour and the age of the affected patient. The majority of tumours appearing up to the age of 3 years were sarcomata of the embryonal connective tissue. Those appearing later showed a higher degree of differentiation. The carcinomata were of the adeno-type and the organ affected, the salivary glands. The therapeutic results were more successful than one would have expected for 8 children (53.33%) who had had radical surgery alone or combined with irradiation and chemotherapy. The subjects concerned have developed no recurrences for 5-16 years. Present day progress in highly specialized surgery seems to justify radical surgery even in the child. Oncology centres ought to be created where diagnosis and treatment can be subsidised because malignancies in infancy and childhood are rare.", "contents": "Malignant tumours in infancy and childhood in the maxillo-facial region. A series of more than 3.500 tumour cases treated between 1955 and 1974 included 18 children up to the end of 14 years of age. Heading the list of malignant tumours were 15 sarcomata (83.33%). There was conclusive evidence of a relationship between the grade of microscopic differentiation of the tumour and the age of the affected patient. The majority of tumours appearing up to the age of 3 years were sarcomata of the embryonal connective tissue. Those appearing later showed a higher degree of differentiation. The carcinomata were of the adeno-type and the organ affected, the salivary glands. The therapeutic results were more successful than one would have expected for 8 children (53.33%) who had had radical surgery alone or combined with irradiation and chemotherapy. The subjects concerned have developed no recurrences for 5-16 years. Present day progress in highly specialized surgery seems to justify radical surgery even in the child. Oncology centres ought to be created where diagnosis and treatment can be subsidised because malignancies in infancy and childhood are rare.", "PMID": 1066415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5226", "title": "Thermographic exploration of the parotid region.", "content": "Thermography was applied in the pathology of the parotid area in order to see if it is able to complement the clinical examination. The authors present their experience on 17 cases. They could be classed in 3 groups: lesions with normal thermography or non significant modifications, lesions with hypothermia, lesions with hyperthermia. The results indicate that in some cases the information obtained is very useful although up to now differentiation of hyperthermia of different origins is difficult.", "contents": "Thermographic exploration of the parotid region. Thermography was applied in the pathology of the parotid area in order to see if it is able to complement the clinical examination. The authors present their experience on 17 cases. They could be classed in 3 groups: lesions with normal thermography or non significant modifications, lesions with hypothermia, lesions with hyperthermia. The results indicate that in some cases the information obtained is very useful although up to now differentiation of hyperthermia of different origins is difficult.", "PMID": 1066416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5227", "title": "Structures of the midface on cylindrical pantomograms.", "content": "The paper presents the anatomical structures of the middle third of the face as they are visualized in cylindrical pantomograms, in the projections found to give maximum information in my earlier experimental study (Altonen 1972). The pantomograms are taken with the prototype equipment developed since the earlier study, which can be used to take orthopantomograms, concentric patomograms of the desired shape, and linear tomograms. With this equipment, the patient can be examined while lying down, and experiments with corpses of road traffic victims have shown that it is particularly useful for diagnosing fractures in the middle third of the face. Maximum information is given by a projection in which the radiation beam traverses the region to be visualized parallel to the Frankfort plane, and in which the diameter of the cylindrical image layer corresponds to the width of the middle third of the face. The central part of the middle region is visualized best in ca. 30 degrees retroversion, with the exception of the alveolar process of the maxilla, the hard palate and the dentition. The best reproduction of the lateral areas of obtained in ca. 25 degrees anteversion. The contusing shadows cast by the cranial base in radiography of the middle facial region can be shifted from the area to be examined by tilting the head forward or backward, or positioning the rotational axis of the beam dorsally to the porion-porion line. Thin shadows can also be shifted by using stereoscopic pantomography.", "contents": "Structures of the midface on cylindrical pantomograms. The paper presents the anatomical structures of the middle third of the face as they are visualized in cylindrical pantomograms, in the projections found to give maximum information in my earlier experimental study (Altonen 1972). The pantomograms are taken with the prototype equipment developed since the earlier study, which can be used to take orthopantomograms, concentric patomograms of the desired shape, and linear tomograms. With this equipment, the patient can be examined while lying down, and experiments with corpses of road traffic victims have shown that it is particularly useful for diagnosing fractures in the middle third of the face. Maximum information is given by a projection in which the radiation beam traverses the region to be visualized parallel to the Frankfort plane, and in which the diameter of the cylindrical image layer corresponds to the width of the middle third of the face. The central part of the middle region is visualized best in ca. 30 degrees retroversion, with the exception of the alveolar process of the maxilla, the hard palate and the dentition. The best reproduction of the lateral areas of obtained in ca. 25 degrees anteversion. The contusing shadows cast by the cranial base in radiography of the middle facial region can be shifted from the area to be examined by tilting the head forward or backward, or positioning the rotational axis of the beam dorsally to the porion-porion line. Thin shadows can also be shifted by using stereoscopic pantomography.", "PMID": 1066417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5228", "title": "Aspects of extra-oral pressure osteosynthesis.", "content": "The author reviews advantages and disadvantages of some monomandibular fixation methods. He indicates the most important disadvantages of so-called pressure osteosynthesis with the aid of plates and screws. The author obtains the required pressure on the fracture surface by means of an extra-oral screws fixed in a plastic frame, the stability of which is supported by 3 steel pins. The application of this method will be explained and reviewed with some typical examples.", "contents": "Aspects of extra-oral pressure osteosynthesis. The author reviews advantages and disadvantages of some monomandibular fixation methods. He indicates the most important disadvantages of so-called pressure osteosynthesis with the aid of plates and screws. The author obtains the required pressure on the fracture surface by means of an extra-oral screws fixed in a plastic frame, the stability of which is supported by 3 steel pins. The application of this method will be explained and reviewed with some typical examples.", "PMID": 1066418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5229", "title": "The therapeutic result of excision of the superficial temporal artery in atypical migraine.", "content": "A short review of the biochemical and clinical concepts of migraine and the different therapeutic approaches as well as the surgical procedure for the treatment of migraine is followed by the description of the treatment of eight patients suffering from atypical migraine. The selection of patients for this operation is limited to those cases suffering from classic migraine with the migraine attacks occurring in one and always the same side of the face and head. A step by step account of the procedure for the excision of a part of the super-zygomatic part of the superficial temporal artery is given with the results and the four year follow-up. In selected cases of atypical migraine, the above simple operation, may be curative.", "contents": "The therapeutic result of excision of the superficial temporal artery in atypical migraine. A short review of the biochemical and clinical concepts of migraine and the different therapeutic approaches as well as the surgical procedure for the treatment of migraine is followed by the description of the treatment of eight patients suffering from atypical migraine. The selection of patients for this operation is limited to those cases suffering from classic migraine with the migraine attacks occurring in one and always the same side of the face and head. A step by step account of the procedure for the excision of a part of the super-zygomatic part of the superficial temporal artery is given with the results and the four year follow-up. In selected cases of atypical migraine, the above simple operation, may be curative.", "PMID": 1066419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5230", "title": "The interdental brush and its place in operative and crown and bridge dentistry.", "content": "The effect of the interdental brush was evaluated on sixty-seven extracted teeth which were stained and examined under the stereomicroscope. Thirty-one of the teeth were totally covered with plaque when the interdental brush was used on them immediately before extraction. Thirty-six of the teeth were from patients who had used the interdental brush routinely for several years. The interdental brush was found to have an excellent effect both in the central part of the interdental space and on the embrasures. However, the most noteworthy finding was that it removes plaque as far as 2-2 1/2 mm below the gingival margin. This means that restorations can be kept free of plaque, even if they are extended into the pocket. In modern dentistry 'extension for prevention of dental caries' has become a controversial principle because subgingival restorations retain plaque which induces destructive periodontal disease. In many cases this problem can be solved by introducing the interdental brush.", "contents": "The interdental brush and its place in operative and crown and bridge dentistry. The effect of the interdental brush was evaluated on sixty-seven extracted teeth which were stained and examined under the stereomicroscope. Thirty-one of the teeth were totally covered with plaque when the interdental brush was used on them immediately before extraction. Thirty-six of the teeth were from patients who had used the interdental brush routinely for several years. The interdental brush was found to have an excellent effect both in the central part of the interdental space and on the embrasures. However, the most noteworthy finding was that it removes plaque as far as 2-2 1/2 mm below the gingival margin. This means that restorations can be kept free of plaque, even if they are extended into the pocket. In modern dentistry 'extension for prevention of dental caries' has become a controversial principle because subgingival restorations retain plaque which induces destructive periodontal disease. In many cases this problem can be solved by introducing the interdental brush.", "PMID": 1066443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5231", "title": "Quantitative changes in dental plaque formation related to removable partial dentures.", "content": "Plaque formation on forty-four teeth acting as abutments for removable partial dentures was studied while the patients were wearing their dentures and while they were not. The amount of plaque was assessed according to Quigley & Hein (1962), modified by Kardel & Bay (1967). In addition, that formed occlusally was evaluated by an occlusal plaque scoring index designed for the present study. It was found that the wearing of partial dentures increased the formation of plaque on all tooth surfaces under investigation.", "contents": "Quantitative changes in dental plaque formation related to removable partial dentures. Plaque formation on forty-four teeth acting as abutments for removable partial dentures was studied while the patients were wearing their dentures and while they were not. The amount of plaque was assessed according to Quigley & Hein (1962), modified by Kardel & Bay (1967). In addition, that formed occlusally was evaluated by an occlusal plaque scoring index designed for the present study. It was found that the wearing of partial dentures increased the formation of plaque on all tooth surfaces under investigation.", "PMID": 1066444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5232", "title": "Abrasion of restorative materials by toothaste.", "content": "The procedure developed in this investigation is suitable for determining the abrasion resistance of restorative materials to toothbrush/dentifrice abrasion. Ideally, a restoration should have an abrasion resistance similar to that of enamel. Of the materials tested, gold was the only one that wore slightly less than enamel, whilst amalgam wore almost twice as quickly. The silicate material and composites (excluding TD.71) wear away 2-4 times faster than enamel. TD.71 and especially the unfilled resin exhibited very high rates of abrasion. After prolonged toothbrush/dentifrice abrasion, the surfaces of gold and amalgam were considerably smoother than those of the silicate and composite materials.", "contents": "Abrasion of restorative materials by toothaste. The procedure developed in this investigation is suitable for determining the abrasion resistance of restorative materials to toothbrush/dentifrice abrasion. Ideally, a restoration should have an abrasion resistance similar to that of enamel. Of the materials tested, gold was the only one that wore slightly less than enamel, whilst amalgam wore almost twice as quickly. The silicate material and composites (excluding TD.71) wear away 2-4 times faster than enamel. TD.71 and especially the unfilled resin exhibited very high rates of abrasion. After prolonged toothbrush/dentifrice abrasion, the surfaces of gold and amalgam were considerably smoother than those of the silicate and composite materials.", "PMID": 1066445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5233", "title": "In vitro attachment of Streptococcus sanguis to dental crown and bridge cements.", "content": "The ability of a common dental plaque bacterium, Streptococcus sanguis, to adhere to dental crown and bridge cements in vitro was investigated. Cylindrical blocks of five different commercial brands of cement, with and without acquired pellicles, were indubated with buffer suspensions of S. sanguis for 1 h. Attached bacteria were counted under the microscope. S. sanguis had particularly high affinity for uncoated resin cement. In contrast, the carboxylate cement tested was a poor substrate for the adherence of this bacterium. The other cement types (zinc phosphate, zinc oxide and silico-phosphate) had intermediary qualities as adhering surfaces. The presence of an acquired pellicle, obtained by pretreatment with saliva, influenced the initial adherence of bacteria to cement in vitro. On the resin cement a salivary pellicle strongly suppressed the bacterial adhesion. For the zinc phosphate, zinc oxide and silico-phosphate cements a pellicle slightly enhanced the attachment of S. sanguis. On the carboxylate cement only few organisms attached also after pretreatment with saliva.", "contents": "In vitro attachment of Streptococcus sanguis to dental crown and bridge cements. The ability of a common dental plaque bacterium, Streptococcus sanguis, to adhere to dental crown and bridge cements in vitro was investigated. Cylindrical blocks of five different commercial brands of cement, with and without acquired pellicles, were indubated with buffer suspensions of S. sanguis for 1 h. Attached bacteria were counted under the microscope. S. sanguis had particularly high affinity for uncoated resin cement. In contrast, the carboxylate cement tested was a poor substrate for the adherence of this bacterium. The other cement types (zinc phosphate, zinc oxide and silico-phosphate) had intermediary qualities as adhering surfaces. The presence of an acquired pellicle, obtained by pretreatment with saliva, influenced the initial adherence of bacteria to cement in vitro. On the resin cement a salivary pellicle strongly suppressed the bacterial adhesion. For the zinc phosphate, zinc oxide and silico-phosphate cements a pellicle slightly enhanced the attachment of S. sanguis. On the carboxylate cement only few organisms attached also after pretreatment with saliva.", "PMID": 1066446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5234", "title": "Soft lining to relieve soreness beneath dentures.", "content": "The mandibular dentures of eighteen patients who suffered from chronic tissue soreness beneath the denture which could not be relieved by bringing the denture into a functionally faultless condition, were furnished with a soft lining. Of the patients re-examined after 2 weeks, 89% were symptom-free. After 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years the percentages of the symptom-free patients were 64, 79, 60 and 71% of the total re-examined. However, after soft lining, some relief of the complaint was reported by all patients of the series. The series included a woman with bronchial asthma whose oral mucosa again became sore after she had worn the denture with soft lining for a year, and a bruxist who had a definite relief. The percentage incidence of denture stomatitis increased in the course of the 3-year period studied. At the listed dates of re-examination, it was 25, 46, 43, 80 and 100%, respectively.", "contents": "Soft lining to relieve soreness beneath dentures. The mandibular dentures of eighteen patients who suffered from chronic tissue soreness beneath the denture which could not be relieved by bringing the denture into a functionally faultless condition, were furnished with a soft lining. Of the patients re-examined after 2 weeks, 89% were symptom-free. After 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years the percentages of the symptom-free patients were 64, 79, 60 and 71% of the total re-examined. However, after soft lining, some relief of the complaint was reported by all patients of the series. The series included a woman with bronchial asthma whose oral mucosa again became sore after she had worn the denture with soft lining for a year, and a bruxist who had a definite relief. The percentage incidence of denture stomatitis increased in the course of the 3-year period studied. At the listed dates of re-examination, it was 25, 46, 43, 80 and 100%, respectively.", "PMID": 1066447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5235", "title": "Physical properties of a nickel-base alloy prepared by isostatic pressing and sintering of the powdered metal.", "content": "The physical and mechanical properties of samples of a nickel-base alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy were determined. The particle sizes of the powders used to make the samples varied from -80/ +200 mesh to -325 mesh. The compaction pressure varied from 138 to 414 MN/m2 and the sintering temperature varied from 1150 to 1250 degrees C. The shrinkage during processing, the porosity, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and elastic modulus were used to characterize the samples. The strength of the samples generally increased with decreasing particle size of the powder and increasing compaction pressure and sintering temperatures. The porosity and strength, therefore, could be varied over a wide range by controlling the various parameters. The properties of the samples prepared by powder metallurgy were compared with those of the cast alloy and compact bone. Conditions can be selected that will yield equivalent or better properties by powder metallurgy than by casting.", "contents": "Physical properties of a nickel-base alloy prepared by isostatic pressing and sintering of the powdered metal. The physical and mechanical properties of samples of a nickel-base alloy fabricated by powder metallurgy were determined. The particle sizes of the powders used to make the samples varied from -80/ +200 mesh to -325 mesh. The compaction pressure varied from 138 to 414 MN/m2 and the sintering temperature varied from 1150 to 1250 degrees C. The shrinkage during processing, the porosity, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and elastic modulus were used to characterize the samples. The strength of the samples generally increased with decreasing particle size of the powder and increasing compaction pressure and sintering temperatures. The porosity and strength, therefore, could be varied over a wide range by controlling the various parameters. The properties of the samples prepared by powder metallurgy were compared with those of the cast alloy and compact bone. Conditions can be selected that will yield equivalent or better properties by powder metallurgy than by casting.", "PMID": 1066448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5236", "title": "Linear dimensional changes during setting of two polycarboxylate cements.", "content": "The linear dimensional changes of two polycarboxylate cements have been studied. The measurements were performed on specimens placed on a mercury bath, and were started 3 min after commencing the mix. The specimens were allowed to set at 37 degrees C under various environmental humidity. Specimens from one of the polycarboxylate cements (Durelon), were made using both the universal liquid and the thin liquid meant for cementation. The powder/liquid ratios (P/L) were either 2-5 or 1-5.. Specimens from the second cement (Poly-C), were made using the liquid meant for cementation only with a P/L of 1-5. The dimensional changes of Durelon were dependent on the powder/liquid ratio and the environmental humidity during setting. Under dry conditions this cement showed a maximum contraction of 4-60% after 14 days when a high P/L was used and 6-10% when a low P/L was used. After 1 day under wet conditions no significant differences between cements with high and low P/L were registered, and the mean contraction was 1-10%. The dimensional changes of Poly-C were dependent on the environmental humidity, and after 14 days under dry conditions a maximum contraction of 5-50% was registered and after 1 day under wet conditions a contraction of 0-60%. The contraction of the polycarboxylate cements tested in this study started earlier and were in general more pronounced than that observed for a zinc phosphate cement (Oilo, 1975).", "contents": "Linear dimensional changes during setting of two polycarboxylate cements. The linear dimensional changes of two polycarboxylate cements have been studied. The measurements were performed on specimens placed on a mercury bath, and were started 3 min after commencing the mix. The specimens were allowed to set at 37 degrees C under various environmental humidity. Specimens from one of the polycarboxylate cements (Durelon), were made using both the universal liquid and the thin liquid meant for cementation. The powder/liquid ratios (P/L) were either 2-5 or 1-5.. Specimens from the second cement (Poly-C), were made using the liquid meant for cementation only with a P/L of 1-5. The dimensional changes of Durelon were dependent on the powder/liquid ratio and the environmental humidity during setting. Under dry conditions this cement showed a maximum contraction of 4-60% after 14 days when a high P/L was used and 6-10% when a low P/L was used. After 1 day under wet conditions no significant differences between cements with high and low P/L were registered, and the mean contraction was 1-10%. The dimensional changes of Poly-C were dependent on the environmental humidity, and after 14 days under dry conditions a maximum contraction of 5-50% was registered and after 1 day under wet conditions a contraction of 0-60%. The contraction of the polycarboxylate cements tested in this study started earlier and were in general more pronounced than that observed for a zinc phosphate cement (Oilo, 1975).", "PMID": 1066449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5237", "title": "The reproducibility of electromyographic recordings of the masseter muscle in humans.", "content": "An investigation was undertaken into the reproducibility of electromyograms of masseter muscles in five human subjects. Under standardized conditions, integrated electromyographic recordings were taken during three sessions on each of 5 days. Analysis of variance showed that at the 0-05 probability level the results were reproducible for each subject not only during the same day but also between days.", "contents": "The reproducibility of electromyographic recordings of the masseter muscle in humans. An investigation was undertaken into the reproducibility of electromyograms of masseter muscles in five human subjects. Under standardized conditions, integrated electromyographic recordings were taken during three sessions on each of 5 days. Analysis of variance showed that at the 0-05 probability level the results were reproducible for each subject not only during the same day but also between days.", "PMID": 1066452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5238", "title": "Early condylectomy to prevent prognathism: a preliminary report.", "content": "The effect of bilateral condylectomy in the child with prognathism is described. Reference is made to the anteroposterior growth component of the mandible as measured by peroperative and postoperative cephalometric radiographs. The interruption in the growth of the mandible, coupled with the retropositioning that occurs immediately after the operation, reduces absolute or relative prognathism. Preliminary observation indicates that this prophylaxis does not prevent reformation of the condyle, nor does it result in any clinically discernible change in mandibular movements. Should the condyle reform before body growth is complete, a recommencement of anteroposterior growth in the mandible occurs.", "contents": "Early condylectomy to prevent prognathism: a preliminary report. The effect of bilateral condylectomy in the child with prognathism is described. Reference is made to the anteroposterior growth component of the mandible as measured by peroperative and postoperative cephalometric radiographs. The interruption in the growth of the mandible, coupled with the retropositioning that occurs immediately after the operation, reduces absolute or relative prognathism. Preliminary observation indicates that this prophylaxis does not prevent reformation of the condyle, nor does it result in any clinically discernible change in mandibular movements. Should the condyle reform before body growth is complete, a recommencement of anteroposterior growth in the mandible occurs.", "PMID": 1066459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5239", "title": "Sensory perception in overdenture patients.", "content": "The discussion of overdentures has been confined to their capacity to use abutment teeth to improve neuromuscular control of mandibular movement. Use of overdentures has been favored often because of their mechanical advantages, but seldom because of the sensory role of the retained abutment teeth. Even though the retained teeth may be periodontally diseased, they still may provide sufficient support for the transmission of masticatory pressures and sufficient periodontal ligament receptors to initiate a jaw opening reflex. Whereas conflicting evidence shows that the periodontal nerve receptors play a role in mandibular positional sensibility (proprioception), pressure perception by the periodontal ligament remains a primary stimulus for the jaw opening reflex. Additional investigations will be essential to a complete understanding of the role of the periodontal ligament receptors. However, recognition of the importance of the periodontal ligament receptors to the overdenture patient as a source of sensory input is vital.", "contents": "Sensory perception in overdenture patients. The discussion of overdentures has been confined to their capacity to use abutment teeth to improve neuromuscular control of mandibular movement. Use of overdentures has been favored often because of their mechanical advantages, but seldom because of the sensory role of the retained abutment teeth. Even though the retained teeth may be periodontally diseased, they still may provide sufficient support for the transmission of masticatory pressures and sufficient periodontal ligament receptors to initiate a jaw opening reflex. Whereas conflicting evidence shows that the periodontal nerve receptors play a role in mandibular positional sensibility (proprioception), pressure perception by the periodontal ligament remains a primary stimulus for the jaw opening reflex. Additional investigations will be essential to a complete understanding of the role of the periodontal ligament receptors. However, recognition of the importance of the periodontal ligament receptors to the overdenture patient as a source of sensory input is vital.", "PMID": 1066472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5240", "title": "Reliability of fully adjustable, articulators using a computerized analysis.", "content": "1. Statistical analysis of the graphic data showed no significant difference between the Denar D5A and Hanau 130-21 articulators for the five subjects tested. 2. The average horizontal Gothic arch angle (beta) at incision was 135 degrees. 3. The functional stroke for the subjects was approximately 5 mm. in the incisor region and 2.5 to 3 mm. in each molar region. 4. Both the Denar D5A and Hanau 130-21 articulators adequately reproduced jaw motion for the five subjects tested.", "contents": "Reliability of fully adjustable, articulators using a computerized analysis. 1. Statistical analysis of the graphic data showed no significant difference between the Denar D5A and Hanau 130-21 articulators for the five subjects tested. 2. The average horizontal Gothic arch angle (beta) at incision was 135 degrees. 3. The functional stroke for the subjects was approximately 5 mm. in the incisor region and 2.5 to 3 mm. in each molar region. 4. Both the Denar D5A and Hanau 130-21 articulators adequately reproduced jaw motion for the five subjects tested.", "PMID": 1066474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5241", "title": "When to glaze--an electron microscope study.", "content": "1. A smooth porcelain surface can be obtained by glazing after grinding. There is no need for sanding or polishing with a rubber wheel. 2. A low-fusing glaze gives a slightly smoother surface than a natural glaze. The low-fusing glaze may be added at any stage of polishing, and the results will be the same.", "contents": "When to glaze--an electron microscope study. 1. A smooth porcelain surface can be obtained by glazing after grinding. There is no need for sanding or polishing with a rubber wheel. 2. A low-fusing glaze gives a slightly smoother surface than a natural glaze. The low-fusing glaze may be added at any stage of polishing, and the results will be the same.", "PMID": 1066475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5242", "title": "Possible premature degenerative temporomandibular joint disease in violinists.", "content": "On occasion, there is danger of TMJ injury from holding the violin in a playing position for long periods of time. A study of a patient with premature degenerative TMJ disease emphasizes the value of a routine occlusal and TMJ examination.", "contents": "Possible premature degenerative temporomandibular joint disease in violinists. On occasion, there is danger of TMJ injury from holding the violin in a playing position for long periods of time. A study of a patient with premature degenerative TMJ disease emphasizes the value of a routine occlusal and TMJ examination.", "PMID": 1066476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5243", "title": "In-service teacher training in removable prosthodontics.", "content": "A partial review of educational literature with respect to in-service education has been presented. The design and evaluation of an in-service teacher training or staff development program in removable prosthodontics have been described. Measurement instruments necessary for the program were also included. In such a program, various educational principles and methodology are presented to dental faculty members who, for the most part, have never before had this type of training.", "contents": "In-service teacher training in removable prosthodontics. A partial review of educational literature with respect to in-service education has been presented. The design and evaluation of an in-service teacher training or staff development program in removable prosthodontics have been described. Measurement instruments necessary for the program were also included. In such a program, various educational principles and methodology are presented to dental faculty members who, for the most part, have never before had this type of training.", "PMID": 1066477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5244", "title": "Dental casts made with natural teeth.", "content": "A technique has been described for making a dental cast utilizing the patient's natural dentition. This procedure can be used for making a permanent record for any immediate denture patient. The dental cast with natural teeth, rather than stone teeth, has the advantage of serving as an excellent esthetic guide when the immediate denture is to be remade.", "contents": "Dental casts made with natural teeth. A technique has been described for making a dental cast utilizing the patient's natural dentition. This procedure can be used for making a permanent record for any immediate denture patient. The dental cast with natural teeth, rather than stone teeth, has the advantage of serving as an excellent esthetic guide when the immediate denture is to be remade.", "PMID": 1066478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5245", "title": "A histologic comparison of palatal mucosa before and after wearing complete dentures.", "content": "A histologic investigation to study the tissue changes occurring under complete dentures was done. Biopsies were obtained from 40 patients from the area of left side of the hard palate at the first molar region, midway between the median raphe and the residual ridge. The same patients were examined 3 months after placement of well-fitted dentures. Thirty of the 40 patients responded. A second biopsy was taken from the same area on the right side of these patients. On the basis of the microscopic examination, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. The average thickness of the palatal epithelium of edentulous non-denture wearers was 0.222 mm. in the rete peg region. 2. There was a general increase in the thickness of the palatal epithelium following 3 months of wearing complete dentures. 3. The increase in the palatal epithelium was more marked in the rete peg region than in the inter-rete peg region. 4. There was an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer in most patients. 5. No significant changes were found in the granular-cell layer or the prickle-cell layer. 6. The oral mucous membrane responded favorably to well-fitted dentures.", "contents": "A histologic comparison of palatal mucosa before and after wearing complete dentures. A histologic investigation to study the tissue changes occurring under complete dentures was done. Biopsies were obtained from 40 patients from the area of left side of the hard palate at the first molar region, midway between the median raphe and the residual ridge. The same patients were examined 3 months after placement of well-fitted dentures. Thirty of the 40 patients responded. A second biopsy was taken from the same area on the right side of these patients. On the basis of the microscopic examination, the following conclusions were drawn. 1. The average thickness of the palatal epithelium of edentulous non-denture wearers was 0.222 mm. in the rete peg region. 2. There was a general increase in the thickness of the palatal epithelium following 3 months of wearing complete dentures. 3. The increase in the palatal epithelium was more marked in the rete peg region than in the inter-rete peg region. 4. There was an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer in most patients. 5. No significant changes were found in the granular-cell layer or the prickle-cell layer. 6. The oral mucous membrane responded favorably to well-fitted dentures.", "PMID": 1066479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5246", "title": "Prosthodontics--Past, present, and future.", "content": "1. The geographic areas served by licensed dental mechanics will increase in number and size in the future. 2. There will be increasing difficulties in supplying dental graduates of a high caliber from our faculties of dentistry to serve adequately in the field of prosthodontics. 3. More graduate (postdoctoral) programs will be needed to train dentists to treat difficult prosthetic patients. The need for prosthetic services is still with us and will continue to grow. Only with progressive thought and aggressive action can organized prosthodontics go forward to meet its challenges. A battle is not won on defense alone, for such has been the game plan to date. Currently, dentists have a reasonable way to deliver an important health service to the population at large. However, only with a rapid advancement in the concept of delivery of total prosthodontic care can the best interests of the public be maintained. Finally, the highest standards of practice and ethics must be the guiding principles to any future changes in the delivery of prosthodontic services to the public.", "contents": "Prosthodontics--Past, present, and future. 1. The geographic areas served by licensed dental mechanics will increase in number and size in the future. 2. There will be increasing difficulties in supplying dental graduates of a high caliber from our faculties of dentistry to serve adequately in the field of prosthodontics. 3. More graduate (postdoctoral) programs will be needed to train dentists to treat difficult prosthetic patients. The need for prosthetic services is still with us and will continue to grow. Only with progressive thought and aggressive action can organized prosthodontics go forward to meet its challenges. A battle is not won on defense alone, for such has been the game plan to date. Currently, dentists have a reasonable way to deliver an important health service to the population at large. However, only with a rapid advancement in the concept of delivery of total prosthodontic care can the best interests of the public be maintained. Finally, the highest standards of practice and ethics must be the guiding principles to any future changes in the delivery of prosthodontic services to the public.", "PMID": 1066480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5247", "title": "Oral reconstruction for edentulous patients after partial mandibulectomies.", "content": "The prosthodontic reconstruction of the patient who has had a partial mandibulectomy is a formidable challenge. A realistic view of the positive and negative factors must be maintained so that unrealistic promises are not made by the prosthodontist and no unfulfilled hopes are left for the patient. Because of the instability of the mandibular denture, the patient's relaxed central position is used as the jaw relationship for setting posterior teeth with flat occlusal surfaces to allow for lateral freedom of mandibular movements.", "contents": "Oral reconstruction for edentulous patients after partial mandibulectomies. The prosthodontic reconstruction of the patient who has had a partial mandibulectomy is a formidable challenge. A realistic view of the positive and negative factors must be maintained so that unrealistic promises are not made by the prosthodontist and no unfulfilled hopes are left for the patient. Because of the instability of the mandibular denture, the patient's relaxed central position is used as the jaw relationship for setting posterior teeth with flat occlusal surfaces to allow for lateral freedom of mandibular movements.", "PMID": 1066482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5248", "title": "Preoperative and immediate postoperative obturators.", "content": "The prostheses described evolve from preoperative to immediate to transitional, and the distinction between them is not clearly defined. How long the temporary stage should be maintained depends upon the rapidity of healing of the defect and the judgment of the prosthodontist. Usually, healing is complete 3 to 6 months following surgery, and a definitive obturator may then be constructed. Construction, modification, and insertion of preoperative and immediate postoperative obturators for patients after partial and total maxillectomies were discussed. The purpose of an immediate obturator is to shorten the recovery period of the patient and restore speech, deglutition, and appearance as soon as possible after surgery.", "contents": "Preoperative and immediate postoperative obturators. The prostheses described evolve from preoperative to immediate to transitional, and the distinction between them is not clearly defined. How long the temporary stage should be maintained depends upon the rapidity of healing of the defect and the judgment of the prosthodontist. Usually, healing is complete 3 to 6 months following surgery, and a definitive obturator may then be constructed. Construction, modification, and insertion of preoperative and immediate postoperative obturators for patients after partial and total maxillectomies were discussed. The purpose of an immediate obturator is to shorten the recovery period of the patient and restore speech, deglutition, and appearance as soon as possible after surgery.", "PMID": 1066483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5249", "title": "Orbital prostheses.", "content": "This article presents the steps used in fabricating an orbital prosthesis. Major considerations such as selection of the spectacle frame and the artificial eye, eye alignment, and clay modeling are emphasized to ensure an esthetically acceptable prosthesis. A simple technique for construction of wax templates for fabrication of orbital prostheses in acrylic resin also was described.", "contents": "Orbital prostheses. This article presents the steps used in fabricating an orbital prosthesis. Major considerations such as selection of the spectacle frame and the artificial eye, eye alignment, and clay modeling are emphasized to ensure an esthetically acceptable prosthesis. A simple technique for construction of wax templates for fabrication of orbital prostheses in acrylic resin also was described.", "PMID": 1066484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5250", "title": "The measurement of jaw movement. Part II.", "content": "To summarize, the principles and the application of an apparatus have been described which without appreciable physical restraint provides graphic representations of the movements of a point on the mandible in three conventional anatomic planes-sagittal, coronal, and horizontal. The apparatus also provides data which permit an estimation of the magnitude and direction of movement of a point on the jaw during function in relation to time. This information prepares the way for the calculation of the path of the selected point in space, as well as its mean velocity and acceleration.", "contents": "The measurement of jaw movement. Part II. To summarize, the principles and the application of an apparatus have been described which without appreciable physical restraint provides graphic representations of the movements of a point on the mandible in three conventional anatomic planes-sagittal, coronal, and horizontal. The apparatus also provides data which permit an estimation of the magnitude and direction of movement of a point on the jaw during function in relation to time. This information prepares the way for the calculation of the path of the selected point in space, as well as its mean velocity and acceleration.", "PMID": 1066485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5251", "title": "Articulators in dental education and practice.", "content": "This study showed that only a small percentage of students continued to use or prescribe articulators after beginning their practices. Yet many restorative teaching programs have utilized semiadjustable articulators with the intent to stimulate a continued use of the instrument in practice. Perhaps the emphasis of instruction should not be placed upon a certain type of articulator for all restorative dentistry but instead upon the selection of an articulator dependent upon the degree of difficulty encountered with each patient. For example, a simple articulator may be used for simple treatment such as a single full gold crown in an otherwise healthy mouth with physiologic occlusion. This does not obviate the need for properly related master and opposing full-arch casts of high quality. Also, instruction is required which will assure that the new crown does not introduce occlusal interferences in centric relation, the intercuspal position, or laterotrusive and mediotrusive excursions. Emphasis should be taken away from teaching use of only one instrument. It should instead be directed toward an understanding of the basic principles of occlusion, cultivating an ability to differentiate the complexity of treatment, and then selecting an instrument which will provide the most practical and suitable result. An effort should be made to compensate for the instrument's limitations by careful clinical examination and correction.", "contents": "Articulators in dental education and practice. This study showed that only a small percentage of students continued to use or prescribe articulators after beginning their practices. Yet many restorative teaching programs have utilized semiadjustable articulators with the intent to stimulate a continued use of the instrument in practice. Perhaps the emphasis of instruction should not be placed upon a certain type of articulator for all restorative dentistry but instead upon the selection of an articulator dependent upon the degree of difficulty encountered with each patient. For example, a simple articulator may be used for simple treatment such as a single full gold crown in an otherwise healthy mouth with physiologic occlusion. This does not obviate the need for properly related master and opposing full-arch casts of high quality. Also, instruction is required which will assure that the new crown does not introduce occlusal interferences in centric relation, the intercuspal position, or laterotrusive and mediotrusive excursions. Emphasis should be taken away from teaching use of only one instrument. It should instead be directed toward an understanding of the basic principles of occlusion, cultivating an ability to differentiate the complexity of treatment, and then selecting an instrument which will provide the most practical and suitable result. An effort should be made to compensate for the instrument's limitations by careful clinical examination and correction.", "PMID": 1066486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5252", "title": "Severe feeding difficulty in infants with increased pulmonary blood flow.", "content": "Three infants with significant left-to-right intracardiac shunts and moderate cardiac disability failed to thrive primarily because of a complete distaste for food. They refused to feed, spat out food introduced into their mouths, and vomited food that reached their stomachs. These severe feeding difficulties were relieved by intracardiac repair, and we conclude that in some unusual instances such feeding disorders constitute the indication for operation.", "contents": "Severe feeding difficulty in infants with increased pulmonary blood flow. Three infants with significant left-to-right intracardiac shunts and moderate cardiac disability failed to thrive primarily because of a complete distaste for food. They refused to feed, spat out food introduced into their mouths, and vomited food that reached their stomachs. These severe feeding difficulties were relieved by intracardiac repair, and we conclude that in some unusual instances such feeding disorders constitute the indication for operation.", "PMID": 1066514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5253", "title": "Amoeboid movement configuration and mitotic indices of lymphoid cells from children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Bone marrow smears from 21 untreated patients with ALL have been morphologically analysed. There was a positive correlation between the percentages of lymphoid cells with amoeboid movement configuration (AMC) and the mitotic indices. A high proportion of cells with AMC seems to indicate a more favourable prognosis in spite of differences in subsequent treatment. It is suggested that studies of the incidence of AMC may serve as a prognostic tool in ALL.", "contents": "Amoeboid movement configuration and mitotic indices of lymphoid cells from children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Bone marrow smears from 21 untreated patients with ALL have been morphologically analysed. There was a positive correlation between the percentages of lymphoid cells with amoeboid movement configuration (AMC) and the mitotic indices. A high proportion of cells with AMC seems to indicate a more favourable prognosis in spite of differences in subsequent treatment. It is suggested that studies of the incidence of AMC may serve as a prognostic tool in ALL.", "PMID": 1066515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5254", "title": "Combinations of arabinosyl cytosine and 6-thioguanine for treatment of adults with acute leukemia.", "content": "The combination of arabinosyl cytosine and 6-thioguanine has been effective for the treatment of acute leukemia. Three schedules of this combination were studied to determine which was most effective, especially in patients who had prior exposure to either or both of these drugs. Sequential and simultaneous 5-day courses of the combination were ineffective. A regimen consisting of a 5-day course of arabinosyl cytosine followed by a 5-day course of 6-thioguanine and another 5-day course of arabinosyl cytosine produced responses in 36% of 25 patients. Seven of the nine patients who responded were refractory to prior therapy with arabinosyl cytosine and 5 were refractory tp prior therapy with 6-mercaptopurine. However, the median duration of response was only six weeks. Four patients developed central nervous system complications and three of these patients died while in complete remission. Major toxicity from all three regiments was myelosuppression. This regimen was about as effective as most other regimens used as secondary therapy in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, but its toxicity was too great for routine usage.", "contents": "Combinations of arabinosyl cytosine and 6-thioguanine for treatment of adults with acute leukemia. The combination of arabinosyl cytosine and 6-thioguanine has been effective for the treatment of acute leukemia. Three schedules of this combination were studied to determine which was most effective, especially in patients who had prior exposure to either or both of these drugs. Sequential and simultaneous 5-day courses of the combination were ineffective. A regimen consisting of a 5-day course of arabinosyl cytosine followed by a 5-day course of 6-thioguanine and another 5-day course of arabinosyl cytosine produced responses in 36% of 25 patients. Seven of the nine patients who responded were refractory to prior therapy with arabinosyl cytosine and 5 were refractory tp prior therapy with 6-mercaptopurine. However, the median duration of response was only six weeks. Four patients developed central nervous system complications and three of these patients died while in complete remission. Major toxicity from all three regiments was myelosuppression. This regimen was about as effective as most other regimens used as secondary therapy in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, but its toxicity was too great for routine usage.", "PMID": 1066520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5255", "title": "Clinical and morphological correlations in acute promyelocytic leukemia.", "content": "Thirty adults with acute leukemia and greater than 20% bone marrow infiltrate by promyelocytes were studied. Eighteen patients had acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) as defined by the presence of malignant promyelocytes, and the remaining 12 patients had acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) with an elevated percentage of normal promyelocytes. Malignant promyelocytes were characterized by abundant, abnormal, cytoplasmic granules, by Auer rods in meshwork pattern, and by splinter cytoplasmic granulations and dilatation of the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. Patients with APML had, in general, greater than 35% bone marrow infiltrate by promyelocytes. The degree of bone marrow infiltrate by these cells correlated with the clinical status of the patients. Diffuse intravascular coagulation with bleeding occurred in 61% of patients with APML, and the bone marrows of these patients had greater than 50% promyelocytes. No coagulation abnormalities were seen among patients with elevated bone marrow promyelocytes infiltrate and without APML. Coagulation abnormalities in patients with APML were only corrected by controlling the leukemia itself. When this occurred, patients with APML had an excellent rate of complete remission, and the duration of remission and survival were comparable to the results obtained in adults with AML.", "contents": "Clinical and morphological correlations in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thirty adults with acute leukemia and greater than 20% bone marrow infiltrate by promyelocytes were studied. Eighteen patients had acute promyelocytic leukemia (APML) as defined by the presence of malignant promyelocytes, and the remaining 12 patients had acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) with an elevated percentage of normal promyelocytes. Malignant promyelocytes were characterized by abundant, abnormal, cytoplasmic granules, by Auer rods in meshwork pattern, and by splinter cytoplasmic granulations and dilatation of the cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. Patients with APML had, in general, greater than 35% bone marrow infiltrate by promyelocytes. The degree of bone marrow infiltrate by these cells correlated with the clinical status of the patients. Diffuse intravascular coagulation with bleeding occurred in 61% of patients with APML, and the bone marrows of these patients had greater than 50% promyelocytes. No coagulation abnormalities were seen among patients with elevated bone marrow promyelocytes infiltrate and without APML. Coagulation abnormalities in patients with APML were only corrected by controlling the leukemia itself. When this occurred, patients with APML had an excellent rate of complete remission, and the duration of remission and survival were comparable to the results obtained in adults with AML.", "PMID": 1066521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5256", "title": "Study of leukocyte kinetics in acute myelocytic leukemia utilizing chromium-51.", "content": "Leukocyte kinetic studies using chromium-51 were performed in four patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Intravascular leukocyte survival was prolonged in comparision with granulocyte survival in normal subjects. Significant splenic pooling occurred in three patients, none of whom had splenomegaly. In one patient studied, circulating leukemic cells were shown to return to the bone marrow. The prolongation of intravascular leukocyte survival in AML in relapse, as in chronic myelocytic leukemia, probably depends on several factors including the presence of immature leukemic cells and the recycling of these cells from the spleen and bone marrow.", "contents": "Study of leukocyte kinetics in acute myelocytic leukemia utilizing chromium-51. Leukocyte kinetic studies using chromium-51 were performed in four patients with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Intravascular leukocyte survival was prolonged in comparision with granulocyte survival in normal subjects. Significant splenic pooling occurred in three patients, none of whom had splenomegaly. In one patient studied, circulating leukemic cells were shown to return to the bone marrow. The prolongation of intravascular leukocyte survival in AML in relapse, as in chronic myelocytic leukemia, probably depends on several factors including the presence of immature leukemic cells and the recycling of these cells from the spleen and bone marrow.", "PMID": 1066522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5257", "title": "Remission induction with L-asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone in children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Forty-five children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in relapse received a total of 56 courses of L-asparaginase combined with vincristine and prednisone. The complete remission rate of 40% (12 of 30 trials) in patients resistant to vincristine and prednisone was almost identical to that in children still sensitive to vincristine and prednisone (42%, 11 of 26 trials). The complete remission rate of 38% (14 of 37 exposures) in those children who had not received L-asparaginase previously compared favorably with the complete remission rate in those children who had received prior L-asparaginase (47%, 9 of 19 exposures). Forty-seven of the 56 induction trials were in children with 1 or more remissions and 14 of these were in children with 3 or more prior remissions. Toxicity was minimal.", "contents": "Remission induction with L-asparaginase, vincristine, and prednisone in children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Forty-five children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia in relapse received a total of 56 courses of L-asparaginase combined with vincristine and prednisone. The complete remission rate of 40% (12 of 30 trials) in patients resistant to vincristine and prednisone was almost identical to that in children still sensitive to vincristine and prednisone (42%, 11 of 26 trials). The complete remission rate of 38% (14 of 37 exposures) in those children who had not received L-asparaginase previously compared favorably with the complete remission rate in those children who had received prior L-asparaginase (47%, 9 of 19 exposures). Forty-seven of the 56 induction trials were in children with 1 or more remissions and 14 of these were in children with 3 or more prior remissions. Toxicity was minimal.", "PMID": 1066523}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5258", "title": "Acute myelobalstic leukemia and hypercalcemia. A case of probable ectopic parathyroid hormone production.", "content": "We studied a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia and inappropriately elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels to define the mechanism of the hypercalcemia. On six occasions during two years, hypercalcemia occurred in conjunction with relapses of leukmia. Each time, serum calcium decreased to normal levels in parallel with reduction of the leukemic mass. During two periods of hypercalcemia, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone values were abnormally high. In addition, hormone was detected in vitro after short-term incubation of the leukemic cells (after 24 hours, the patient's cells produced 129 pg of PTH per milliliter, whereas myeloblasts from a normocalcemic patient with leukemia produced only 33 pg). In freeze-thawing experiments, 39 pg of parathyroid hormone was released form 1 x 108 of the patient's myeloblasts; no hormone was released from the normocalcemia cells. These findings suggest that the hypercalcemia resulted from ectopic parathyroid hormone production by leukemic cells.", "contents": "Acute myelobalstic leukemia and hypercalcemia. A case of probable ectopic parathyroid hormone production. We studied a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia and inappropriately elevated serum parathyroid hormone levels to define the mechanism of the hypercalcemia. On six occasions during two years, hypercalcemia occurred in conjunction with relapses of leukmia. Each time, serum calcium decreased to normal levels in parallel with reduction of the leukemic mass. During two periods of hypercalcemia, immunoreactive parathyroid hormone values were abnormally high. In addition, hormone was detected in vitro after short-term incubation of the leukemic cells (after 24 hours, the patient's cells produced 129 pg of PTH per milliliter, whereas myeloblasts from a normocalcemic patient with leukemia produced only 33 pg). In freeze-thawing experiments, 39 pg of parathyroid hormone was released form 1 x 108 of the patient's myeloblasts; no hormone was released from the normocalcemia cells. These findings suggest that the hypercalcemia resulted from ectopic parathyroid hormone production by leukemic cells.", "PMID": 1066524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5259", "title": "Leukemia of BALB/c mice induced by cellfree filtrate from transplantable Thurzo--Svec rat leukemia.", "content": "Leukemia was produced in adult BALB/c mice inoculated with cellfree filtrate derived from cells of transplantable Thurzo-Svec rat leukemia. The leukemogenic activity of 20% filtrates was 10(8) ID 50 per ml. Leukemia induced in mice with rat materials was serially transplantable by cellfree filtrates of leukemic tissues and plasma to the same strain of mice.", "contents": "Leukemia of BALB/c mice induced by cellfree filtrate from transplantable Thurzo--Svec rat leukemia. Leukemia was produced in adult BALB/c mice inoculated with cellfree filtrate derived from cells of transplantable Thurzo-Svec rat leukemia. The leukemogenic activity of 20% filtrates was 10(8) ID 50 per ml. Leukemia induced in mice with rat materials was serially transplantable by cellfree filtrates of leukemic tissues and plasma to the same strain of mice.", "PMID": 1066527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5260", "title": "Myophosphorylase deficiency: two different molecular etiologies.", "content": "Two different forms of myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease) can be distinguished through the presence or absence of the protein subunit corresponding to phosphorylase in muscle extracts analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two patients showed a complete absence of the phosphorylase protein subunit, while another patient had an increased quantity of an apparently defective phosphorylase protein subunit. On the basis of these observations, the existence of two distinct subtypes of phosphorylase deficiency can be inferred.", "contents": "Myophosphorylase deficiency: two different molecular etiologies. Two different forms of myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease) can be distinguished through the presence or absence of the protein subunit corresponding to phosphorylase in muscle extracts analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two patients showed a complete absence of the phosphorylase protein subunit, while another patient had an increased quantity of an apparently defective phosphorylase protein subunit. On the basis of these observations, the existence of two distinct subtypes of phosphorylase deficiency can be inferred.", "PMID": 1066528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5261", "title": "IgA nephropathy: a report on three cases.", "content": "Three cases are presented of a recently defined group of patients with renal disease who presented with macroscopic or persisted microscopic haematuria. These patients were found to have deposition of IgA in the glomerulus. They may thus be classified as suffering from an immunologically related glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "IgA nephropathy: a report on three cases. Three cases are presented of a recently defined group of patients with renal disease who presented with macroscopic or persisted microscopic haematuria. These patients were found to have deposition of IgA in the glomerulus. They may thus be classified as suffering from an immunologically related glomerulonephritis.", "PMID": 1066534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5262", "title": "Vitamin C concentration in plasma and leucocytes of men related to age and smoking habit.", "content": "Morning plasma and leucocyte vitamin C concentrations were measured in 178 healthy men aged 17-68 years. In the youngest age group (17-29 years), smokers had significantly lower plasma (P less than 0.01) and leucocyte (P less than 0.001) vitamin C levels than non-smokers. With advancing age plasma and leucocyte vitamin C levels of non-smokers appeared to decline. The lower levels in younger smokers did not significantly alter in the later decades. There was no significant difference between the plasma or leucocyte vitamin C levels of smokers and non-smokers in the decade 60-69 years.", "contents": "Vitamin C concentration in plasma and leucocytes of men related to age and smoking habit. Morning plasma and leucocyte vitamin C concentrations were measured in 178 healthy men aged 17-68 years. In the youngest age group (17-29 years), smokers had significantly lower plasma (P less than 0.01) and leucocyte (P less than 0.001) vitamin C levels than non-smokers. With advancing age plasma and leucocyte vitamin C levels of non-smokers appeared to decline. The lower levels in younger smokers did not significantly alter in the later decades. There was no significant difference between the plasma or leucocyte vitamin C levels of smokers and non-smokers in the decade 60-69 years.", "PMID": 1066535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5263", "title": "Cardiac rupture with false aneurysm after myocardial infarction.", "content": "A case of cardiac rupture is reported after myocardial infarction. Leaking blood was contained within the pericardium and a false aneurysm developed. Ten months later this was successfully repaired. The neck of the aneurysm was transected, the defect in the left ventricle closed and saphenous vein bypass grafts were applied to the anterior descending and right coronary arteries. The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Cardiac rupture with false aneurysm after myocardial infarction. A case of cardiac rupture is reported after myocardial infarction. Leaking blood was contained within the pericardium and a false aneurysm developed. Ten months later this was successfully repaired. The neck of the aneurysm was transected, the defect in the left ventricle closed and saphenous vein bypass grafts were applied to the anterior descending and right coronary arteries. The literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1066536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5264", "title": "Acute glomerulonephritis: the current role of the streptococcus.", "content": "Thirty-one patients who presented with acute glomerulonephritis have been reviewed with respect to the involvement of the streptococcus in their disease. The high incidence of the condition and the fact that 76 percent of the patients had evidence of streptococcal infection, as indicated by a raised anti-streptolysin O-titre is discussed.", "contents": "Acute glomerulonephritis: the current role of the streptococcus. Thirty-one patients who presented with acute glomerulonephritis have been reviewed with respect to the involvement of the streptococcus in their disease. The high incidence of the condition and the fact that 76 percent of the patients had evidence of streptococcal infection, as indicated by a raised anti-streptolysin O-titre is discussed.", "PMID": 1066537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5265", "title": "Family planning in a hospital clinic.", "content": "The establishment of a hospital board family planning clinic and the results during its first year of operation are described. Three hundred and fifty-four patients were seen, a third of whom were interested in sterilisation. Only 3 percent presented with infertility and less than 1 percent referred themselves inappropriately. The failure rate in terms of unwanted unplanned pregnancies was 2 percent, and a further 1 percent had socially inconvenient but desired pregnancies. Of those established on contraception 45 percent chose the pill, 34 percent the intra-uterine device and approximately 10 percent each the injection or a barrier method;", "contents": "Family planning in a hospital clinic. The establishment of a hospital board family planning clinic and the results during its first year of operation are described. Three hundred and fifty-four patients were seen, a third of whom were interested in sterilisation. Only 3 percent presented with infertility and less than 1 percent referred themselves inappropriately. The failure rate in terms of unwanted unplanned pregnancies was 2 percent, and a further 1 percent had socially inconvenient but desired pregnancies. Of those established on contraception 45 percent chose the pill, 34 percent the intra-uterine device and approximately 10 percent each the injection or a barrier method;", "PMID": 1066545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5266", "title": "Cystic fibrosis in New Zealand: incidence and mortality data.", "content": "The incidence of and mortality from cystic fibrosis in New Zealand for the years 1965-1971 have been reviewed. Data were obtained from hospital admission and death records. All of the 171 cases were of European parentage except for one part-Maori child. The minimum incidence of cystic fibrosis in the European population (one in 3185 live births) is comparable with that in other populations of similar background but somewhat lower than that derived by Becroft (1968). The data show that, during the period of the survey, approximately 30 percent of cystic fibrosis suffereres died at less than 12 months of age.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis in New Zealand: incidence and mortality data. The incidence of and mortality from cystic fibrosis in New Zealand for the years 1965-1971 have been reviewed. Data were obtained from hospital admission and death records. All of the 171 cases were of European parentage except for one part-Maori child. The minimum incidence of cystic fibrosis in the European population (one in 3185 live births) is comparable with that in other populations of similar background but somewhat lower than that derived by Becroft (1968). The data show that, during the period of the survey, approximately 30 percent of cystic fibrosis suffereres died at less than 12 months of age.", "PMID": 1066547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5267", "title": "Some health indicators in New Zealand adolescents: The Rotorua Lakes Study 5.", "content": "This paper describes and compares health indicators in Maori and European adolescents attending a coeducational secondary school in New Zealand. No important differences were found in certain urinary constituents, haemoglobin or packed cell volume, fasting plasma glucose, serum urea nitrogen, pulse rate, age of menarche, hospital experience or tuberculin test-BCG status.", "contents": "Some health indicators in New Zealand adolescents: The Rotorua Lakes Study 5. This paper describes and compares health indicators in Maori and European adolescents attending a coeducational secondary school in New Zealand. No important differences were found in certain urinary constituents, haemoglobin or packed cell volume, fasting plasma glucose, serum urea nitrogen, pulse rate, age of menarche, hospital experience or tuberculin test-BCG status.", "PMID": 1066548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5268", "title": "What the urine contains following athletic competition.", "content": "Forty-two of 369 athletes were found to have a positive Occultest on the first urine sample voided following athletic competition. This positive reaction could be due to the presence of either myoglobin or haemoglobin. The Occultest was most often positive in competitors in the longer duration events such as the marathon. Twenty-six of these 42 specimens with a positive Occultest contained over 10 red cells per mm3. The urine samples were also examined for white cells, casts, bacteriuria and the concentration of urea, creatinine, electrolytes and protein. Proteinuria was a frequent finding and increased with the severity of the exertion.", "contents": "What the urine contains following athletic competition. Forty-two of 369 athletes were found to have a positive Occultest on the first urine sample voided following athletic competition. This positive reaction could be due to the presence of either myoglobin or haemoglobin. The Occultest was most often positive in competitors in the longer duration events such as the marathon. Twenty-six of these 42 specimens with a positive Occultest contained over 10 red cells per mm3. The urine samples were also examined for white cells, casts, bacteriuria and the concentration of urea, creatinine, electrolytes and protein. Proteinuria was a frequent finding and increased with the severity of the exertion.", "PMID": 1066552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5269", "title": "Adrenal venography and sampling in the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism.", "content": "Adrenal venography and adrenal venous blood sampling for aldosterone and cortisol estimations have been attempted in eight patients with primary aldosteronism. The techniques accurately predicted the location of the aldosterone secreting tumour in all six patients in whom an adrenal vein cannulation was possible. The techniques are useful in the surgical management of solitary adrenal adenomas and are important in the choice of optimal therapy for the variety of disorders presenting as primary aldosteronism.", "contents": "Adrenal venography and sampling in the diagnosis and treatment of primary aldosteronism. Adrenal venography and adrenal venous blood sampling for aldosterone and cortisol estimations have been attempted in eight patients with primary aldosteronism. The techniques accurately predicted the location of the aldosterone secreting tumour in all six patients in whom an adrenal vein cannulation was possible. The techniques are useful in the surgical management of solitary adrenal adenomas and are important in the choice of optimal therapy for the variety of disorders presenting as primary aldosteronism.", "PMID": 1066553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5270", "title": "Fluphenazine decanoate maintenance in schizophrenia: a retrospective study.", "content": "In a mirror image study of 43 schizophrenic patients long-acting fluphenazine decanoate injections were found to have a significant effect in reducing hospital admissions and length of stay.", "contents": "Fluphenazine decanoate maintenance in schizophrenia: a retrospective study. In a mirror image study of 43 schizophrenic patients long-acting fluphenazine decanoate injections were found to have a significant effect in reducing hospital admissions and length of stay.", "PMID": 1066554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5271", "title": "Ceroid enteropathy and vitamin E deficiency.", "content": "Ceroid (polymerised peroxidised polyunsaturated fatty acids) deposition in the intestine is a result of chronic malabsorption and vitamin E deficiency. This gives the bowel a striking brown colour. Three patients are described with this condition. The macroscopic and microscopic appearances were similar, but the cause of the malabsorption differed. In one patient with polyarteritis there was regression of the pigments with improvement of the malabsorption after treatment with prednisone.", "contents": "Ceroid enteropathy and vitamin E deficiency. Ceroid (polymerised peroxidised polyunsaturated fatty acids) deposition in the intestine is a result of chronic malabsorption and vitamin E deficiency. This gives the bowel a striking brown colour. Three patients are described with this condition. The macroscopic and microscopic appearances were similar, but the cause of the malabsorption differed. In one patient with polyarteritis there was regression of the pigments with improvement of the malabsorption after treatment with prednisone.", "PMID": 1066555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5272", "title": "Duodenal biopsy in 75 New Zealand children.", "content": "During the past two years, duodenal biopsy has been used freely in a study of diarrhoea and failure to thrive in South Island children. The technique has proved convenient, safe and diagnostically helpful in a high proportion of cases. It has meant that hospital admission has rarely been required. Parents have appreciated the rapid and definite answers, either positive or negative, which have resulted in more rational treatment for their children.", "contents": "Duodenal biopsy in 75 New Zealand children. During the past two years, duodenal biopsy has been used freely in a study of diarrhoea and failure to thrive in South Island children. The technique has proved convenient, safe and diagnostically helpful in a high proportion of cases. It has meant that hospital admission has rarely been required. Parents have appreciated the rapid and definite answers, either positive or negative, which have resulted in more rational treatment for their children.", "PMID": 1066562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5273", "title": "Compliancy in splint-wearing behaviour of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Forty-six patients with rheumatoid arthritis affecting their hands were questioned to establish whether or not they complied with the medical specialist's instructions about wearing splints. Only one-third of the patients appeared to comply. A high extraversion score (measured on the EPI questionnnaire) identified half of the patients who did not comply. All patients scored significantly lower then the population norm on the introversion-extraversion dimension, indicating that this dimension may be involved in the psychosomatic aspect of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Compliancy in splint-wearing behaviour of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Forty-six patients with rheumatoid arthritis affecting their hands were questioned to establish whether or not they complied with the medical specialist's instructions about wearing splints. Only one-third of the patients appeared to comply. A high extraversion score (measured on the EPI questionnnaire) identified half of the patients who did not comply. All patients scored significantly lower then the population norm on the introversion-extraversion dimension, indicating that this dimension may be involved in the psychosomatic aspect of rheumatoid arthritis.", "PMID": 1066564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5274", "title": "Notified viral hepatitis in New Zealand.", "content": "Statistical analysis of notified cases of viral hepatits in New Zealand for an 18-month period is used first to demonstrate and then to consider a geographical gradient across the country with implications warranting further epidemiologic enquiry.", "contents": "Notified viral hepatitis in New Zealand. Statistical analysis of notified cases of viral hepatits in New Zealand for an 18-month period is used first to demonstrate and then to consider a geographical gradient across the country with implications warranting further epidemiologic enquiry.", "PMID": 1066565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5275", "title": "An adult with haemophilus meningitis: case report.", "content": "An adult woman was found to have acute pyogenic meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Recent reports questioning the rarity of this form of adult meningitis are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "An adult with haemophilus meningitis: case report. An adult woman was found to have acute pyogenic meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae. Recent reports questioning the rarity of this form of adult meningitis are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1066566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5276", "title": "Breast feeding and the community.", "content": "The attitudes of different communities to breast feeding are compared. The ways to promote and encourage breast feeding are discussed with particular reference to the benefits of breast feeding to the child, mother, family and the community.", "contents": "Breast feeding and the community. The attitudes of different communities to breast feeding are compared. The ways to promote and encourage breast feeding are discussed with particular reference to the benefits of breast feeding to the child, mother, family and the community.", "PMID": 1066567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5277", "title": "[Acquired posttraumatic deformation of the lens].", "content": "6 months after a double perforation of the eye, a dense scar of the vitreous body was observed with the slitlamp. The inferior part of the posterior lens surface was compressed, but no lens opacity could be seen. Such lens deformations are generally produced by tumors and are known since 1930. But it seems that such compressing scars of the vitreous body have never been described.", "contents": "[Acquired posttraumatic deformation of the lens]. 6 months after a double perforation of the eye, a dense scar of the vitreous body was observed with the slitlamp. The inferior part of the posterior lens surface was compressed, but no lens opacity could be seen. Such lens deformations are generally produced by tumors and are known since 1930. But it seems that such compressing scars of the vitreous body have never been described.", "PMID": 1066586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5278", "title": "[Experiences with cryoextraction of the lens from the vitreous body in 123 cases].", "content": "In 123 cases of lens luxation the lens was removed from the vitreous by cryoextraction. It was a success in 119 cases, always intracapsular, and in the majority of cases without or only with a minimal loss of vitreous. A vitrectomy or vitreous suction was never necessary. Evaluating these results, one would advise to employ this procedure early before an advanced vitreous destruction may occur.", "contents": "[Experiences with cryoextraction of the lens from the vitreous body in 123 cases]. In 123 cases of lens luxation the lens was removed from the vitreous by cryoextraction. It was a success in 119 cases, always intracapsular, and in the majority of cases without or only with a minimal loss of vitreous. A vitrectomy or vitreous suction was never necessary. Evaluating these results, one would advise to employ this procedure early before an advanced vitreous destruction may occur.", "PMID": 1066587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5279", "title": "Retinal red-free light photographs in two congenital conditions: a case of optic hypoplasia and a case of congenital hemianopia.", "content": "Two patients with congenital anomalies involving the optic pathways are described. The first case presented a unilateral hypoplastic optic nerve as well as an ipsilateral inferior conus and an elevated disc. The second case showed the features of homonymous hemianopia with sparing of the macula and decreased visual acuity on the side of the affected cerebral hemisphere. Red-free photographs were obtained in both cases. The importance of this old-new investigative tool in completing a neuro-ophthalmological study is stressed.", "contents": "Retinal red-free light photographs in two congenital conditions: a case of optic hypoplasia and a case of congenital hemianopia. Two patients with congenital anomalies involving the optic pathways are described. The first case presented a unilateral hypoplastic optic nerve as well as an ipsilateral inferior conus and an elevated disc. The second case showed the features of homonymous hemianopia with sparing of the macula and decreased visual acuity on the side of the affected cerebral hemisphere. Red-free photographs were obtained in both cases. The importance of this old-new investigative tool in completing a neuro-ophthalmological study is stressed.", "PMID": 1066588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5280", "title": "Cytoenzymology and 3H-thymidine uptake of retro-ocular connective tissue cultures in experimental endocrino-exophthalmos.", "content": "The in vitro retro-ocular connective tissue cultures from guinea pigs with endocrine exophthalmos were studied before and after retro-ocular treatment with cortisol and hyaluronidase. Both cortisol and hyaluronidase inhibited the cell proliferation, the cytoenzymic activities of oxydoreductases, the 3H-thymidine uptake, the number of mitoses and the protein content of cultivated cells.", "contents": "Cytoenzymology and 3H-thymidine uptake of retro-ocular connective tissue cultures in experimental endocrino-exophthalmos. The in vitro retro-ocular connective tissue cultures from guinea pigs with endocrine exophthalmos were studied before and after retro-ocular treatment with cortisol and hyaluronidase. Both cortisol and hyaluronidase inhibited the cell proliferation, the cytoenzymic activities of oxydoreductases, the 3H-thymidine uptake, the number of mitoses and the protein content of cultivated cells.", "PMID": 1066590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5281", "title": "Vascular lesion (arteriovenous aneurysm or haemangioma) of the orbit in a case of chronic granulomatous disease.", "content": "A case of arteriovenous aneurysm or congenital arteriovenous haemangioma of the orbit is described in a 5-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease. Lipid pigments are demonstrated in endothelial cells as well as in histiocytes and fibrocytes. There appears to be a decreased ability to remove phagocytosed haemosiderin, in addition to the well-known inability of granulocytes, and probably to some extent of histiocytes, to kill phagocytosed bacteria.", "contents": "Vascular lesion (arteriovenous aneurysm or haemangioma) of the orbit in a case of chronic granulomatous disease. A case of arteriovenous aneurysm or congenital arteriovenous haemangioma of the orbit is described in a 5-year-old boy with chronic granulomatous disease. Lipid pigments are demonstrated in endothelial cells as well as in histiocytes and fibrocytes. There appears to be a decreased ability to remove phagocytosed haemosiderin, in addition to the well-known inability of granulocytes, and probably to some extent of histiocytes, to kill phagocytosed bacteria.", "PMID": 1066591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5282", "title": "Progressive cone dystrophies.", "content": "Patients with progressive generalized cone dystrophy often present nystagmus (or strabism) and complain of photophobia, decrease in visual acuity or disturbances in colour perception. The most classic fundus abnormality is the bull's eye maculopathy or a pallor of the optic disc. Minimal macular changes are sometimes seen, which may progress to a bull's eye type of macular degeneration. The photopic ERG is always very affected, whereas at first the scotopic ERG seems normal. Progressive deterioration of the visual functions is accompanied by increasing fundus lesions and rod involvement, as suggested by the modifications of the dark adaptation curve and the scotopic ERG. However, the progression of typical generalized cone dysfunction is very slow. On the contrary, in some cases of so-called Stargardt's disease with peripheral participation, a very rapid progression has been observed. In such cases a normal ERG does not necessarily mean that the disease will remain localized to the macular area. No definite prognosis can be made on one single ERG. In 3 cases with sector pigmentary retinopathy the photopic ERG was more affected than the scotopic ERG. However, these cases are probably primary cone-rod dystrophies. Although there is no electrophysiological control, our clinical impression is that the evolution, if possible, is very slow.", "contents": "Progressive cone dystrophies. Patients with progressive generalized cone dystrophy often present nystagmus (or strabism) and complain of photophobia, decrease in visual acuity or disturbances in colour perception. The most classic fundus abnormality is the bull's eye maculopathy or a pallor of the optic disc. Minimal macular changes are sometimes seen, which may progress to a bull's eye type of macular degeneration. The photopic ERG is always very affected, whereas at first the scotopic ERG seems normal. Progressive deterioration of the visual functions is accompanied by increasing fundus lesions and rod involvement, as suggested by the modifications of the dark adaptation curve and the scotopic ERG. However, the progression of typical generalized cone dysfunction is very slow. On the contrary, in some cases of so-called Stargardt's disease with peripheral participation, a very rapid progression has been observed. In such cases a normal ERG does not necessarily mean that the disease will remain localized to the macular area. No definite prognosis can be made on one single ERG. In 3 cases with sector pigmentary retinopathy the photopic ERG was more affected than the scotopic ERG. However, these cases are probably primary cone-rod dystrophies. Although there is no electrophysiological control, our clinical impression is that the evolution, if possible, is very slow.", "PMID": 1066593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5283", "title": "Time lapse by diagnosis of oral cancer.", "content": "This survey comprised thirty-four patients who were suffering from malignant tumors of the oral cavity diagnosed in a 12-year period in the Department of Oral Surgery, Royal Dental College, Aarhus, Denmark. The categories of tumors were as follows: carcinomas (twenty-seven), osteosarcomas (four), reticulum-cell sarcomas (two), and lymphosarcomas (one). Special emphasis is placed upon the calculation of two time factors, i.e., the time that elapsed from when the symptoms were first noticed until the patient consulted a physician or dentist, and the period during which the patient was under professional care up to the time at which a final diagnosis was made. The first of these periods was found to be, on an average, 4.9 months; the second period averaged 5.6 months. The most common complaints were swelling and pain, two symptoms with which the physician or surgeon often are confronted. This may be a possible reason for a relatively late diagnosis in the case of several malignant tumors. A frequently very suspect symptom, such as a persistent ulceration, was found in only thirteen of twenty-seven cases of carcinoma, whereas another symptom in the same category, disturbances in sensibility, was noted in only three cases. Because of the short observation period in some cases, no correlation between the two time factors and the prognosis was attempted. Despite the inadequacy, it may be concluded that the period of 5.6 months which in this material was found to elapse between the first consultation and the actual time of diagnosis was far too long. All lesions that do not respond to adequate therapy in 14 days should be suspected of being malignant, and the patient should be referred to a specialist for proper diagnosis.", "contents": "Time lapse by diagnosis of oral cancer. This survey comprised thirty-four patients who were suffering from malignant tumors of the oral cavity diagnosed in a 12-year period in the Department of Oral Surgery, Royal Dental College, Aarhus, Denmark. The categories of tumors were as follows: carcinomas (twenty-seven), osteosarcomas (four), reticulum-cell sarcomas (two), and lymphosarcomas (one). Special emphasis is placed upon the calculation of two time factors, i.e., the time that elapsed from when the symptoms were first noticed until the patient consulted a physician or dentist, and the period during which the patient was under professional care up to the time at which a final diagnosis was made. The first of these periods was found to be, on an average, 4.9 months; the second period averaged 5.6 months. The most common complaints were swelling and pain, two symptoms with which the physician or surgeon often are confronted. This may be a possible reason for a relatively late diagnosis in the case of several malignant tumors. A frequently very suspect symptom, such as a persistent ulceration, was found in only thirteen of twenty-seven cases of carcinoma, whereas another symptom in the same category, disturbances in sensibility, was noted in only three cases. Because of the short observation period in some cases, no correlation between the two time factors and the prognosis was attempted. Despite the inadequacy, it may be concluded that the period of 5.6 months which in this material was found to elapse between the first consultation and the actual time of diagnosis was far too long. All lesions that do not respond to adequate therapy in 14 days should be suspected of being malignant, and the patient should be referred to a specialist for proper diagnosis.", "PMID": 1066594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5284", "title": "Fracture of the styloid process of the temporal bone: an unusual complication of dental treatment. Report of a case.", "content": "Reported in a case of fracture of the styloid process due to an uncoordinated action of the suprahyoidean and infrahyoidean musculature. The similarity of symptoms to acute disturbances of the temporomandibular joints to those of fracture of the styloid process and the differential diagnoses are discussed. Diagnosis of a fracture of the styloid process is achieved mainly by radiographic examination; history and clinical examination are merely confirmatory. Conservative and surgical treatments of fracture of the styloid process, and their respective uses, are briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Fracture of the styloid process of the temporal bone: an unusual complication of dental treatment. Report of a case. Reported in a case of fracture of the styloid process due to an uncoordinated action of the suprahyoidean and infrahyoidean musculature. The similarity of symptoms to acute disturbances of the temporomandibular joints to those of fracture of the styloid process and the differential diagnoses are discussed. Diagnosis of a fracture of the styloid process is achieved mainly by radiographic examination; history and clinical examination are merely confirmatory. Conservative and surgical treatments of fracture of the styloid process, and their respective uses, are briefly reviewed.", "PMID": 1066595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5285", "title": "Idiopathic failure of eruption of permanent molar teeth.", "content": "Failure of permanent teeth to erupt without any known cause is a seldom occurring phenomenon. However, it brings to light our ignorance of the basic physiologic mechanism of tooth eruption. In this article we present five patients with unerupted permanent molar teeth. In all instances, no obvious cause exists. Indications for operative intervention and management are discussed, but the cases are also presented to focus attention on our lack of knowledge of the physiology of tooth eruption.", "contents": "Idiopathic failure of eruption of permanent molar teeth. Failure of permanent teeth to erupt without any known cause is a seldom occurring phenomenon. However, it brings to light our ignorance of the basic physiologic mechanism of tooth eruption. In this article we present five patients with unerupted permanent molar teeth. In all instances, no obvious cause exists. Indications for operative intervention and management are discussed, but the cases are also presented to focus attention on our lack of knowledge of the physiology of tooth eruption.", "PMID": 1066596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5286", "title": "The solitary bone cyst. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of solitary bone cyst are described. Case 1 is interesting in that the age of presentation was near the extreme lower end of the range of recorded cases, and also the site was in the mandibular ramus, extending to the sigmoid notch, which is one of the least common sites in this bone. Furthermore, the lesion was not clinically silent; 26 per cent of Howe's series had swelling with or without pain, and 24 per cent of Huebner's and Turlington's series. Cases 2 illustrates the value of radiographs which give a general view of the mandible and maxilla, since this particular lesion was quite unexpected. Although the etiology is still dispute, the treatment by surgical intervention is almost universally agreed upon.", "contents": "The solitary bone cyst. Report of two cases. Two cases of solitary bone cyst are described. Case 1 is interesting in that the age of presentation was near the extreme lower end of the range of recorded cases, and also the site was in the mandibular ramus, extending to the sigmoid notch, which is one of the least common sites in this bone. Furthermore, the lesion was not clinically silent; 26 per cent of Howe's series had swelling with or without pain, and 24 per cent of Huebner's and Turlington's series. Cases 2 illustrates the value of radiographs which give a general view of the mandible and maxilla, since this particular lesion was quite unexpected. Although the etiology is still dispute, the treatment by surgical intervention is almost universally agreed upon.", "PMID": 1066597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5287", "title": "Resorption and regeneration of alveolar bone in acute osteomyelitis of the mandible.", "content": "A 12-year-old boy developed osteomyelitis of the anterior part of the mandible subsequent to a blow on the mouth. The condition resulted in loosening of the lower incisors and considerable loss of alveolar bone. Under conservative treatment the condition subsided and the bone regenerated completely. Radiographs taken at various stages in the treatment show the loss of bone and its gradual regeneration.", "contents": "Resorption and regeneration of alveolar bone in acute osteomyelitis of the mandible. A 12-year-old boy developed osteomyelitis of the anterior part of the mandible subsequent to a blow on the mouth. The condition resulted in loosening of the lower incisors and considerable loss of alveolar bone. Under conservative treatment the condition subsided and the bone regenerated completely. Radiographs taken at various stages in the treatment show the loss of bone and its gradual regeneration.", "PMID": 1066598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5288", "title": "Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures.", "content": "Organoleptic and gas chromatographic methods were employed to establish the threshold of odor objectionability of methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide and to assess the relative effectiveness of different oral hygiene measures to reduce the malodor to acceptable levels. The study showed that methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide concentrations below 0.5 ng. and 1.5 ng., respectively, are considered nonobjectionable. Gas chromatographic analyses indicate that these concentrations were exceeded in the early morning mouth air samples of approximately 50 per cent of the adult population studied. In these instances, methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide occurred in sufficiently high concentrations to account for the malodor. Brushing studies suggest that the early morning malodor arising from the oral cavity can be controlled by proper oral hygiene. The tongue was the major source of both offending compounds in the persons studied. Methods that involved cleansing of the dorsoposterior surface of the tongue caused the most pronounced reductions of both compounds. Since methylmercaptan was found to be more objectionable and to exhibit a lower threshold of objectionability, it was more difficult to reduce to acceptable levels.", "contents": "Reduction of malodor by oral cleansing procedures. Organoleptic and gas chromatographic methods were employed to establish the threshold of odor objectionability of methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide and to assess the relative effectiveness of different oral hygiene measures to reduce the malodor to acceptable levels. The study showed that methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide concentrations below 0.5 ng. and 1.5 ng., respectively, are considered nonobjectionable. Gas chromatographic analyses indicate that these concentrations were exceeded in the early morning mouth air samples of approximately 50 per cent of the adult population studied. In these instances, methylmercaptan and hydrogen sulfide occurred in sufficiently high concentrations to account for the malodor. Brushing studies suggest that the early morning malodor arising from the oral cavity can be controlled by proper oral hygiene. The tongue was the major source of both offending compounds in the persons studied. Methods that involved cleansing of the dorsoposterior surface of the tongue caused the most pronounced reductions of both compounds. Since methylmercaptan was found to be more objectionable and to exhibit a lower threshold of objectionability, it was more difficult to reduce to acceptable levels.", "PMID": 1066599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5289", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis. Survey of patients treated between 1963 and 1975.", "content": "Hospital records of forty-nine patients with a diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis at the University of Kentucky Medical Center Hospital from 1963 to 1975 were reviewed. Data collected and statistically analyzed resulted in the following conclusions: 1. Bacterial endocarditis affected males three to four times as often as females. 2. Morbidity was significant, with an average hospital stay of 4 weeks. 3. The mortality rate among the entire group of patients was 42.8 per cent. A significantly higher rate of 66.7 per cent was noted in patients with prosthetic heart valves. 4. The most prevalent predisposing factor was rheumatic heart disease. 5. There were five cases (10.2 per cent) in which dental procedures were the probable precipitating cause, once again pointing out the importance of detecting susceptible patients and proceeding with dental therapy only after adequate prophylactic measures. 6. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus. 7. Chloramphenicol was the most effective in vitro antiboitic tested, with erythromycin a close second. Although it might appear that penicillin was not as effective, the concentration in actual usage may differ significantly from that in the tested discs. Penicillin, therefore, still remains the foundation for treatment in susceptible cases.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis. Survey of patients treated between 1963 and 1975. Hospital records of forty-nine patients with a diagnosis of bacterial endocarditis at the University of Kentucky Medical Center Hospital from 1963 to 1975 were reviewed. Data collected and statistically analyzed resulted in the following conclusions: 1. Bacterial endocarditis affected males three to four times as often as females. 2. Morbidity was significant, with an average hospital stay of 4 weeks. 3. The mortality rate among the entire group of patients was 42.8 per cent. A significantly higher rate of 66.7 per cent was noted in patients with prosthetic heart valves. 4. The most prevalent predisposing factor was rheumatic heart disease. 5. There were five cases (10.2 per cent) in which dental procedures were the probable precipitating cause, once again pointing out the importance of detecting susceptible patients and proceeding with dental therapy only after adequate prophylactic measures. 6. The most frequently isolated microorganism was Staphylococcus aureus. 7. Chloramphenicol was the most effective in vitro antiboitic tested, with erythromycin a close second. Although it might appear that penicillin was not as effective, the concentration in actual usage may differ significantly from that in the tested discs. Penicillin, therefore, still remains the foundation for treatment in susceptible cases.", "PMID": 1066600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5290", "title": "The labial melanotic macule.", "content": "Fifty-five cases of a melanotic lesion of the lips which is well known, but not well described, are reported. The lesions characteristically occur on the lower lips of young adults. Males and females are equally affected. These lesions may be ephelides, postinflammatory melanoses, or unique lesions for which there is no exact cutaneous counterpart. We suggest the term labial melanotic macule as a descriptive one which would encompass the three different constituent entities. On the basis of follow-up information obtained and the histopathologic character of the lesions, this entity is benign and does not, in our opinion, have any malignant potential.", "contents": "The labial melanotic macule. Fifty-five cases of a melanotic lesion of the lips which is well known, but not well described, are reported. The lesions characteristically occur on the lower lips of young adults. Males and females are equally affected. These lesions may be ephelides, postinflammatory melanoses, or unique lesions for which there is no exact cutaneous counterpart. We suggest the term labial melanotic macule as a descriptive one which would encompass the three different constituent entities. On the basis of follow-up information obtained and the histopathologic character of the lesions, this entity is benign and does not, in our opinion, have any malignant potential.", "PMID": 1066601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5291", "title": "Ultrastructural study of an odontogenic myxoma.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of an odontogenic myxoma has revealed two basic types of tumor cells: secretory and nonsecretory. The secretory cell type is the principal tumor cell and resembles the fibroblast in many respects. Although the ultrastructural findings indicate an abortive attempt at collagen fibrillogenesis, there is at the same time prominent secretory activity within the tumor cells, resulting in excessive production of acid mucopolysaccharide ground substance. There may also be phagocytosis by tumor cells of residual collagen in the area compatible with an odontogenic origin, they are not incompatible with an origin from primitive nonodonotogenic mesenchymal rests.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of an odontogenic myxoma. Ultrastructural study of an odontogenic myxoma has revealed two basic types of tumor cells: secretory and nonsecretory. The secretory cell type is the principal tumor cell and resembles the fibroblast in many respects. Although the ultrastructural findings indicate an abortive attempt at collagen fibrillogenesis, there is at the same time prominent secretory activity within the tumor cells, resulting in excessive production of acid mucopolysaccharide ground substance. There may also be phagocytosis by tumor cells of residual collagen in the area compatible with an odontogenic origin, they are not incompatible with an origin from primitive nonodonotogenic mesenchymal rests.", "PMID": 1066602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5292", "title": "The oral cavity as a source of potential pathogens in focal infection.", "content": "The various microbial species present in different areas of the oral cavity are described. A few streptococcal species, whose only known habitat is the mouth, have been associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis, and it would therefore seem that the oral cavity can serve as a reservoir for at least one type of focal infection. However, the role of oral bacteria in other types of focal infection is obscure.", "contents": "The oral cavity as a source of potential pathogens in focal infection. The various microbial species present in different areas of the oral cavity are described. A few streptococcal species, whose only known habitat is the mouth, have been associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis, and it would therefore seem that the oral cavity can serve as a reservoir for at least one type of focal infection. However, the role of oral bacteria in other types of focal infection is obscure.", "PMID": 1066607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5293", "title": "A study of the resolution of dental films and screens.", "content": "From the study of the resolution produced by 156 screen-film combinations at a film density between 1.41 and 1.59, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Resolution is affected by screens, films, and observers. 2. The effect of screens on resolution is much greater than the effect of films. 3. Screens varied greatly in resolving ability. 4. Films did not differ greatly in resolving ability. 5. Cronex Lightning Plus screen and Radelin super high-speed screen produced the lowest resolution and Cronex detail screen produced the highest resolution. 6. In general, the slower the screen, the higher is the resolution and vice versa. 7. There were two groups of films with significant resolution differences. 8. Films designed to be processed automatically did not differ significantly in their resolving ability when processed manually. 9. There is significant interaction effect of screens and films on resolution. 10. Individual visual resolving ability plays a significant role in measuring resolution.", "contents": "A study of the resolution of dental films and screens. From the study of the resolution produced by 156 screen-film combinations at a film density between 1.41 and 1.59, the following conclusions are drawn: 1. Resolution is affected by screens, films, and observers. 2. The effect of screens on resolution is much greater than the effect of films. 3. Screens varied greatly in resolving ability. 4. Films did not differ greatly in resolving ability. 5. Cronex Lightning Plus screen and Radelin super high-speed screen produced the lowest resolution and Cronex detail screen produced the highest resolution. 6. In general, the slower the screen, the higher is the resolution and vice versa. 7. There were two groups of films with significant resolution differences. 8. Films designed to be processed automatically did not differ significantly in their resolving ability when processed manually. 9. There is significant interaction effect of screens and films on resolution. 10. Individual visual resolving ability plays a significant role in measuring resolution.", "PMID": 1066608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5294", "title": "Mechanisms for the involvement of high molecular weight kininogen in surface-dependent reactions of Hageman factor.", "content": "The mechanisms by which human high molecular weight kininogen (HMKrK) contributes to the surface-dependent activation of the Hageman factor systems have been studied. The ability of various mixtures of purified human Hageman factor (coagulation factor XII), HMrK, prekallikrein, and kaolin to activate coagulation factor XI was determined with factor XIa (activated factor XI) clotting assays. Hageman factor, HMrK and prekallikrein were required for maximal rates of activation of factor XI. A certain optimal mixture of purified Hageman factor, HMrK, prekallikrein, and kaolin gave the same rapid initial rate of activation of purified factor XI as an equivalent aliquot of factor XI-deficient plasma. This suggests that potent, surface-mediated activation of factor XI in plasma is explicable in terms of Hageman factor, HMrK, and prekallikrein. By studying separately some of the surface-dependent reactions involving Hageman factor, it was found that HMrK accelerated by at least an order of magnitude the following reactions: (i) the activation of factor XI by activated Hageman factor; (ii) the activation of prekallikrein by activated Hageman factor; and (iii) the activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein. Stoichiometric rather than catalytic amounts of HMrK gave optimal activation of factor XI. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that HMrK and Hageman factor form a complex on kaolin which renders Hageman factor more susceptible to proteolytic activation by kallikrein and which facilitates the action of activated Hageman factor on its substrate proteins, factor XI and prekallikrein.", "contents": "Mechanisms for the involvement of high molecular weight kininogen in surface-dependent reactions of Hageman factor. The mechanisms by which human high molecular weight kininogen (HMKrK) contributes to the surface-dependent activation of the Hageman factor systems have been studied. The ability of various mixtures of purified human Hageman factor (coagulation factor XII), HMrK, prekallikrein, and kaolin to activate coagulation factor XI was determined with factor XIa (activated factor XI) clotting assays. Hageman factor, HMrK and prekallikrein were required for maximal rates of activation of factor XI. A certain optimal mixture of purified Hageman factor, HMrK, prekallikrein, and kaolin gave the same rapid initial rate of activation of purified factor XI as an equivalent aliquot of factor XI-deficient plasma. This suggests that potent, surface-mediated activation of factor XI in plasma is explicable in terms of Hageman factor, HMrK, and prekallikrein. By studying separately some of the surface-dependent reactions involving Hageman factor, it was found that HMrK accelerated by at least an order of magnitude the following reactions: (i) the activation of factor XI by activated Hageman factor; (ii) the activation of prekallikrein by activated Hageman factor; and (iii) the activation of Hageman factor by kallikrein. Stoichiometric rather than catalytic amounts of HMrK gave optimal activation of factor XI. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that HMrK and Hageman factor form a complex on kaolin which renders Hageman factor more susceptible to proteolytic activation by kallikrein and which facilitates the action of activated Hageman factor on its substrate proteins, factor XI and prekallikrein.", "PMID": 1066663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5295", "title": "Evidence for regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis in nonhepatic tissues of rat.", "content": "The adenine analogue 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine has been reported previously to reduce the hepatic secretion of plasma lipoproteins in rats, thereby lowering the plasma cholesterol level. In the current studies, reduction of the plasma cholesterol level by 90% in rats through the administration of aminopyrazolopyrimidine was found to be associated with a 5- to 30-fold increase in the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC1.1.1.34] in kidney and lung. In both tissues, the enhanced activity of this microsomal enzyme was associated with a 3-fold elevation in the rate of cholesterol synthesis from either [14C]acetate or [14C]octanoate. Comparable increases were not observed in the activities of several other microsomal enzymes or in the rates of [14C]acetate incorporation into saponifiable lipids or CO2. When administration of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine was terminated, plasma cholesterol levels rose and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity declined in the kidney in a reciprocal manner. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the low levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis that are normally observed in certain nonhepatic tissues of the rat are due to an active form of feedback regulation mediated by cholesterol carried in plasma lipoproteins.", "contents": "Evidence for regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis in nonhepatic tissues of rat. The adenine analogue 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine has been reported previously to reduce the hepatic secretion of plasma lipoproteins in rats, thereby lowering the plasma cholesterol level. In the current studies, reduction of the plasma cholesterol level by 90% in rats through the administration of aminopyrazolopyrimidine was found to be associated with a 5- to 30-fold increase in the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase [mevalonate:NADP+ oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating), EC1.1.1.34] in kidney and lung. In both tissues, the enhanced activity of this microsomal enzyme was associated with a 3-fold elevation in the rate of cholesterol synthesis from either [14C]acetate or [14C]octanoate. Comparable increases were not observed in the activities of several other microsomal enzymes or in the rates of [14C]acetate incorporation into saponifiable lipids or CO2. When administration of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine was terminated, plasma cholesterol levels rose and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity declined in the kidney in a reciprocal manner. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the low levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity and cholesterol synthesis that are normally observed in certain nonhepatic tissues of the rat are due to an active form of feedback regulation mediated by cholesterol carried in plasma lipoproteins.", "PMID": 1066664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5296", "title": "BCG immunotherapy in chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "In 16 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia an attempt to retard the myeoblastic transformation was carried out by means of repeated BCG administration in the period of remissions resulting from chemotherapy. Vaccinations were repeated at intervals of 4 weeks with doses of 2 mg of Mycobacteria by scarification. The time of uninterrupted remissions maintained with BCG vaccinations only ranged from 2 to 28 months, on the average 7.4 months. In this group 2 patients died and the duration of follow-up in the remaining cases ranges from 16 to 106 months, average 43.5 months. The survival time in the group of 16 patients with the same disease, who died after treatment with cytostatics only, was shorter ranging from 12 to 83 months, 32 months on the average. In one patient BCG vaccination was followed by tuberculosis of a supraclavicular lymph node.", "contents": "BCG immunotherapy in chronic myelocytic leukemia. In 16 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia an attempt to retard the myeoblastic transformation was carried out by means of repeated BCG administration in the period of remissions resulting from chemotherapy. Vaccinations were repeated at intervals of 4 weeks with doses of 2 mg of Mycobacteria by scarification. The time of uninterrupted remissions maintained with BCG vaccinations only ranged from 2 to 28 months, on the average 7.4 months. In this group 2 patients died and the duration of follow-up in the remaining cases ranges from 16 to 106 months, average 43.5 months. The survival time in the group of 16 patients with the same disease, who died after treatment with cytostatics only, was shorter ranging from 12 to 83 months, 32 months on the average. In one patient BCG vaccination was followed by tuberculosis of a supraclavicular lymph node.", "PMID": 1066660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5297", "title": "Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoprotein in aorta: stimulation by acceptor lipids isolated from liver.", "content": "An acidic glycolipid fraction was isolated from porcine liver and partially purified on DEAE-cellulose. This material markedly stimulated the incorporation of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides and into glycoprotein, but did not stimulate incorporation into the mannosyl-phosphoryl-polyprenol. The products formed from GDP-[14C]mannose in the presence of acceptor lipid were a series of lipid-linked oligosaccharides of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) which differ from each other in the size of the oligosaccharide moieties. The acceptor lipid fraction was partially characterized in terms of its carbohydrate composition by mild acid hydrolysis and reduction with NaB3H4. The [3H]sugars were then separated into a number of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides by paper chromatography. Strong acid hydrolysis of two of the larger oligosaccharides released from the acceptor lipid followed by reduction with NaB3H4 gave [3H]mannitol and [3H]GlcN-ol in ratios of 2.8:2 and 3.8:2, indicating that these compounds probably were penta- and hexasaccharides. In addition, GlcNAc was shown to be at the reducing terminus and alpha-linked mannose at the nonreducing ends of the molecules. The results suggest that the acceptor lipid fraction is composed of oligosaccharides of (Man)n leads to GlcNAc leads to GlcNAc, probably attached to a polyprenol through a pyrophosphoryl linkage.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides and glycoprotein in aorta: stimulation by acceptor lipids isolated from liver. An acidic glycolipid fraction was isolated from porcine liver and partially purified on DEAE-cellulose. This material markedly stimulated the incorporation of mannose from GDP-[14C]mannose into lipid-linked oligosaccharides and into glycoprotein, but did not stimulate incorporation into the mannosyl-phosphoryl-polyprenol. The products formed from GDP-[14C]mannose in the presence of acceptor lipid were a series of lipid-linked oligosaccharides of mannose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) which differ from each other in the size of the oligosaccharide moieties. The acceptor lipid fraction was partially characterized in terms of its carbohydrate composition by mild acid hydrolysis and reduction with NaB3H4. The [3H]sugars were then separated into a number of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides by paper chromatography. Strong acid hydrolysis of two of the larger oligosaccharides released from the acceptor lipid followed by reduction with NaB3H4 gave [3H]mannitol and [3H]GlcN-ol in ratios of 2.8:2 and 3.8:2, indicating that these compounds probably were penta- and hexasaccharides. In addition, GlcNAc was shown to be at the reducing terminus and alpha-linked mannose at the nonreducing ends of the molecules. The results suggest that the acceptor lipid fraction is composed of oligosaccharides of (Man)n leads to GlcNAc leads to GlcNAc, probably attached to a polyprenol through a pyrophosphoryl linkage.", "PMID": 1066665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5298", "title": "Fetal membrane collagens: identification of two new collagen alpha chains.", "content": "Human fetal membranes contain two new genetically distinct collagen polypeptide chains which are subunits of one (or two) new molecular species of collagen. These new polypeptide chains, which we have tentatively named alphaA and alphaB, have been directly compared with the polypeptide chain subunits of Types I, II, and III human collagen and Type IV collagen from bovine lens capsule. Both alphaA and alphaB exhibit characteristic profiles on carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution of methionine residues along both new chains is different from known collagen chains as manifest by distinctly different cyanogen bromide peptide profiles on carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and/or sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both alphaA and alphaB exhibit contents of amino acids and glycine typical of collagens, and comparison with the observed and reported compositions of collagen chains of Types I-IV collagens reveals notable differences, particularly in the content of alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and the basic amino acids, lysine, hydroxylysine, and arginine. The new collagen species containing both alphaA and alphaB may be separated in the native (triple-helical) state from other native collagen species by differential salt precipitation. The observations that both chains coprecipitate in the same narrow NaCl range, and that the ratio of alphaA:alphaB is constant, suggest the possibility of a single new species of collagen with a subunit structure alphaA [alphaB]2.", "contents": "Fetal membrane collagens: identification of two new collagen alpha chains. Human fetal membranes contain two new genetically distinct collagen polypeptide chains which are subunits of one (or two) new molecular species of collagen. These new polypeptide chains, which we have tentatively named alphaA and alphaB, have been directly compared with the polypeptide chain subunits of Types I, II, and III human collagen and Type IV collagen from bovine lens capsule. Both alphaA and alphaB exhibit characteristic profiles on carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The distribution of methionine residues along both new chains is different from known collagen chains as manifest by distinctly different cyanogen bromide peptide profiles on carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography and/or sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both alphaA and alphaB exhibit contents of amino acids and glycine typical of collagens, and comparison with the observed and reported compositions of collagen chains of Types I-IV collagens reveals notable differences, particularly in the content of alanine, leucine, isoleucine, and the basic amino acids, lysine, hydroxylysine, and arginine. The new collagen species containing both alphaA and alphaB may be separated in the native (triple-helical) state from other native collagen species by differential salt precipitation. The observations that both chains coprecipitate in the same narrow NaCl range, and that the ratio of alphaA:alphaB is constant, suggest the possibility of a single new species of collagen with a subunit structure alphaA [alphaB]2.", "PMID": 1066666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5299", "title": "Purification and characterization of two initiation factors required for maximal activity of a highly fractionated globin mRNA translation system.", "content": "Two additional initiation factors (IF-M4 and IF-M5) have been purified and characterized both physically and biologically. IF-M4 is active as a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 48,000. In contrast, IF-M5 is active as a complex with a molecular weight of about 500,000 and consists of seven major and several minor polypeptide components. Analysis of IF-M5 in two polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems indicated that one of the major polypeptide chains of IF-M5 was the 35,000 dalton subunit of IF-MP. This analysis also revealed that IF-M2A, IF-M3, and elongation factor 2 were present as minor components. Both IF-M4 and IF-M5 are required to achieve maximal activity in an assay system dependent on exogenous globin mRNA, but neither factor has been observed to stimulate model reactions that utilize artificial templates [poly(U) or AUG].", "contents": "Purification and characterization of two initiation factors required for maximal activity of a highly fractionated globin mRNA translation system. Two additional initiation factors (IF-M4 and IF-M5) have been purified and characterized both physically and biologically. IF-M4 is active as a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 48,000. In contrast, IF-M5 is active as a complex with a molecular weight of about 500,000 and consists of seven major and several minor polypeptide components. Analysis of IF-M5 in two polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems indicated that one of the major polypeptide chains of IF-M5 was the 35,000 dalton subunit of IF-MP. This analysis also revealed that IF-M2A, IF-M3, and elongation factor 2 were present as minor components. Both IF-M4 and IF-M5 are required to achieve maximal activity in an assay system dependent on exogenous globin mRNA, but neither factor has been observed to stimulate model reactions that utilize artificial templates [poly(U) or AUG].", "PMID": 1066667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5300", "title": "Preliminary analysis of 1H and 13C spectral and relaxation behavior in methionine-enkephalin.", "content": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the conformational dynamics of the pentapeptide H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH are reported. This peptide, for which the generic trivial name \"methionine-enkephalin\" has been suggested, is pharmacologically active as a ligand for the mammalian opiate receptor(s). The studies reported are parallel investigations in two solvents (dimethylsulfoxide and water) of: 1H and 13C high resolution spectral assignments; 1H and 13C spin-lattice relaxation times, temperature dependence of amide proton chemical shifts, and half-times for chemical exchange or amide protons. From these data we conclude that the tyrosine side chain of methionine-enkephalin exhibits restricted motion with respect to the main peptide backbone of the molecule. On the other hand both the phenylalanyl and methionyl side chains are undergoing intramolecular reorientation with relatively high frequency.", "contents": "Preliminary analysis of 1H and 13C spectral and relaxation behavior in methionine-enkephalin. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies on the conformational dynamics of the pentapeptide H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-OH are reported. This peptide, for which the generic trivial name \"methionine-enkephalin\" has been suggested, is pharmacologically active as a ligand for the mammalian opiate receptor(s). The studies reported are parallel investigations in two solvents (dimethylsulfoxide and water) of: 1H and 13C high resolution spectral assignments; 1H and 13C spin-lattice relaxation times, temperature dependence of amide proton chemical shifts, and half-times for chemical exchange or amide protons. From these data we conclude that the tyrosine side chain of methionine-enkephalin exhibits restricted motion with respect to the main peptide backbone of the molecule. On the other hand both the phenylalanyl and methionyl side chains are undergoing intramolecular reorientation with relatively high frequency.", "PMID": 1066668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5301", "title": "Enzymatic conversion of benzo(a)pyrene leading predominantly to the diol-epoxide r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene through a single enantiomer of r-7, t-8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "Benzo(a)pyrene is metabolically and stereospecifically converted by mixed-function oxidases of rat liver microsomes and epoxide hydratase (glycol hydro-lyase (epoxide-forming), EC 4.2.1.63)to the single enantiomer (-)r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzol (A) pyrene. This enantiomer is further metabolized stereoselectively by the mixed-function oxidases to predominantly the diol-epoxide, r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol(a)pyrene in which the 7-hydroxyl and the 9,10-epoxide are trans. Other unidentified metabolites are also formed from the r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. Racemic r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)-pyrene is converted metabolically to both r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene and r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene. The diol-epoxides are unstable in aqueous medium, and their identification and characterization as r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene and r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene were accomplished by the identity of their tetrahydroxytetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrenes hydrolysis products with those of the authentic synthetic compounds with respect to mobility on high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass and ultraviolet absorption spectral analysis. The diol-epoxides were also reduced in the presence of NADPH to distinct trihydroxypentahydrobenzo(a)pyrenes. Since the synthetic racemic r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene is very highly mutagenic in mammalian cells, we suggest that it is the metabolically formed diol-epoxide that may be an ultimate carcinogenic form of benzo(a)pyrene.", "contents": "Enzymatic conversion of benzo(a)pyrene leading predominantly to the diol-epoxide r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene through a single enantiomer of r-7, t-8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. Benzo(a)pyrene is metabolically and stereospecifically converted by mixed-function oxidases of rat liver microsomes and epoxide hydratase (glycol hydro-lyase (epoxide-forming), EC 4.2.1.63)to the single enantiomer (-)r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzol (A) pyrene. This enantiomer is further metabolized stereoselectively by the mixed-function oxidases to predominantly the diol-epoxide, r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzol(a)pyrene in which the 7-hydroxyl and the 9,10-epoxide are trans. Other unidentified metabolites are also formed from the r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)pyrene. Racemic r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo(a)-pyrene is converted metabolically to both r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene and r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene. The diol-epoxides are unstable in aqueous medium, and their identification and characterization as r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene and r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-c-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene were accomplished by the identity of their tetrahydroxytetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrenes hydrolysis products with those of the authentic synthetic compounds with respect to mobility on high-pressure liquid chromatography and mass and ultraviolet absorption spectral analysis. The diol-epoxides were also reduced in the presence of NADPH to distinct trihydroxypentahydrobenzo(a)pyrenes. Since the synthetic racemic r-7,t-8-dihydroxy-t-9,10-oxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrene is very highly mutagenic in mammalian cells, we suggest that it is the metabolically formed diol-epoxide that may be an ultimate carcinogenic form of benzo(a)pyrene.", "PMID": 1066669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5302", "title": "Short-lived methylated messenger RNA in mouse kidney.", "content": "In experiments originally designed to examine selective turnover of methylated \"caps\" in renal mRNA, we observed that [3H]methyl label decayed from mRNA containing poly(A) with a half-life of 1-2 hr. (Caps are blocked, methylated mRNA sequences of the general structure m7GpppNm p(1 or 2)Np.). To distinguish between metabolism of short-lived mRNA and discriminate turnover of \"caps\", we compared residual [3H]methyl label in 5' and 3'mRNA fragments prepared from mRNA isolated during the decay period. Hydrolysis of mRNA at 0 degrees with dilute KOH before oligo(dT)-cellulose selection produced 5' mRNA fragments enriched with an alkali-resistant oligonucleotide with a -5 charge; the 3' mRNA fraction was correspondingly reduced in oligonucleotide content. Since methyl label disappeared at the same rate from both fractions, we conclude that mouse kidney contains short-lived mRNA and that the \"caps\" of these labile mRNAs turn over with the rest of the mRNA molecule.", "contents": "Short-lived methylated messenger RNA in mouse kidney. In experiments originally designed to examine selective turnover of methylated \"caps\" in renal mRNA, we observed that [3H]methyl label decayed from mRNA containing poly(A) with a half-life of 1-2 hr. (Caps are blocked, methylated mRNA sequences of the general structure m7GpppNm p(1 or 2)Np.). To distinguish between metabolism of short-lived mRNA and discriminate turnover of \"caps\", we compared residual [3H]methyl label in 5' and 3'mRNA fragments prepared from mRNA isolated during the decay period. Hydrolysis of mRNA at 0 degrees with dilute KOH before oligo(dT)-cellulose selection produced 5' mRNA fragments enriched with an alkali-resistant oligonucleotide with a -5 charge; the 3' mRNA fraction was correspondingly reduced in oligonucleotide content. Since methyl label disappeared at the same rate from both fractions, we conclude that mouse kidney contains short-lived mRNA and that the \"caps\" of these labile mRNAs turn over with the rest of the mRNA molecule.", "PMID": 1066670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5303", "title": "Photoaffinity labeling and quaternary structure of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica.", "content": "Membrane fragments from electric tissue of Torpedo californica containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are composed of four different polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 40,000 (alpha), 48,000 (beta), 62,000 (gamma), and 66,000 (delta). The alpha and beta chains are still present in all and gamma and delta in some of the receptor preparations after Triton X-100 extraction and purification by affinity chromatography. All components of the receptor react covalently with the photoaffinity label 4-azido-2-nitrobenzyltrimethylammonium fluoroborate, the delta chain incorporating less of the reagent as compared to the alpha and beta chains. Agonists and antagonists containing a quaternary ammonium group protect all chains against the label; the principal neurotoxin from Naja naja siamensis protects the alpha chain only. We conclude that the alpha chain binds the neurotoxin from Naja naja, the alpha and beta chains are involved in the binding of ligands with quaternary ammonium groups, and the function of the gamma and delta chains remains to be determined.", "contents": "Photoaffinity labeling and quaternary structure of the acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo californica. Membrane fragments from electric tissue of Torpedo californica containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor are composed of four different polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 40,000 (alpha), 48,000 (beta), 62,000 (gamma), and 66,000 (delta). The alpha and beta chains are still present in all and gamma and delta in some of the receptor preparations after Triton X-100 extraction and purification by affinity chromatography. All components of the receptor react covalently with the photoaffinity label 4-azido-2-nitrobenzyltrimethylammonium fluoroborate, the delta chain incorporating less of the reagent as compared to the alpha and beta chains. Agonists and antagonists containing a quaternary ammonium group protect all chains against the label; the principal neurotoxin from Naja naja siamensis protects the alpha chain only. We conclude that the alpha chain binds the neurotoxin from Naja naja, the alpha and beta chains are involved in the binding of ligands with quaternary ammonium groups, and the function of the gamma and delta chains remains to be determined.", "PMID": 1066671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5304", "title": "Detection of different types of damage in alkylated DNA by means of human corrective endonuclease (correndonuclease).", "content": "Corrective endonuclease (correndunclease) activity of HeLa cells was assayed with alkylated DNA. Double-stranded, covalently closed DNA from phage PM II was treated with methyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, beta-propiolactone, or diepoxybutane to introduce alkylated bases and alkali-labile sites into the DNA. The damaged DNA was incubated with an extract of HeLa cells that catalyzes the formation of breaks at apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA. Methylated DNA was broken at every alkali-labile site by the HeLa correndonuclease, which indicated that these sites are similar to the apurinic sites produced by heating at acid pH. DNA alkylated with beta-propiolactone or diepoxybutane containing the same number of alkali-labile sites was broken to a far lesser extent. This indicates the presence of a second type of alkali-labile damage that is correndonuclease-insensitive.", "contents": "Detection of different types of damage in alkylated DNA by means of human corrective endonuclease (correndonuclease). Corrective endonuclease (correndunclease) activity of HeLa cells was assayed with alkylated DNA. Double-stranded, covalently closed DNA from phage PM II was treated with methyl methanesulfonate, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, beta-propiolactone, or diepoxybutane to introduce alkylated bases and alkali-labile sites into the DNA. The damaged DNA was incubated with an extract of HeLa cells that catalyzes the formation of breaks at apurinic sites in double-stranded DNA. Methylated DNA was broken at every alkali-labile site by the HeLa correndonuclease, which indicated that these sites are similar to the apurinic sites produced by heating at acid pH. DNA alkylated with beta-propiolactone or diepoxybutane containing the same number of alkali-labile sites was broken to a far lesser extent. This indicates the presence of a second type of alkali-labile damage that is correndonuclease-insensitive.", "PMID": 1066672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5305", "title": "Linking numbers and nucleosomes.", "content": "In considering supercoils formed by closed double-stranded molecules of DNA certain mathematical concepts, such as the linking number and the twist, are needed. The meaning of these for a closed ribbon is explained and also that of the writhing number of a closed curve. Some simple examples are given, some of which may be relevant to the structure of chromatin.", "contents": "Linking numbers and nucleosomes. In considering supercoils formed by closed double-stranded molecules of DNA certain mathematical concepts, such as the linking number and the twist, are needed. The meaning of these for a closed ribbon is explained and also that of the writhing number of a closed curve. Some simple examples are given, some of which may be relevant to the structure of chromatin.", "PMID": 1066673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5306", "title": "Electron microscopy of DNA crosslinked with trimethylpsoralen: test of the secondary structure of eukaryotic inverted repeat sequences.", "content": "It has been suggested that inverted repeat (palindrome) sequences, which are widespread in eukaryotic genomes, exist in two alternate configurations, a linear form and a cruciform. To investigate the relative frequency of these forms, the DNA of intact mouse tissue culture cells was covalently crosslinked with 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (me3-psoralen) in order to prevent rearrangement of the DNA secondary structure during DNA isolation. The distribution of me3-psoralen crosslinks was determined by electron microscopy after denaturation of the DNA in the presence of glyoxal. Because of the high frequency and the relatively uniform distribution of the me3-psoralen crosslinks, it could be concluded that almost all of the inverted repeat sequences had been crosslinked. In spite of this, no significant number of cruciforms was detected by electron microscopy. To determine whether the me3-psoralen might itself be disrupting cruciform structures, cruciforms were first produced in isolated Tetrahymena rDNA by heat treatment and then crosslinked in vitro. The crosslinking was found to stabilize rather than disrupt these cruciforms. We conclude that the inverted repeat sequences of the mouse tissue culture cells we tested are predominantly in linear forms rather than in cruciform structures inside the cell.", "contents": "Electron microscopy of DNA crosslinked with trimethylpsoralen: test of the secondary structure of eukaryotic inverted repeat sequences. It has been suggested that inverted repeat (palindrome) sequences, which are widespread in eukaryotic genomes, exist in two alternate configurations, a linear form and a cruciform. To investigate the relative frequency of these forms, the DNA of intact mouse tissue culture cells was covalently crosslinked with 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (me3-psoralen) in order to prevent rearrangement of the DNA secondary structure during DNA isolation. The distribution of me3-psoralen crosslinks was determined by electron microscopy after denaturation of the DNA in the presence of glyoxal. Because of the high frequency and the relatively uniform distribution of the me3-psoralen crosslinks, it could be concluded that almost all of the inverted repeat sequences had been crosslinked. In spite of this, no significant number of cruciforms was detected by electron microscopy. To determine whether the me3-psoralen might itself be disrupting cruciform structures, cruciforms were first produced in isolated Tetrahymena rDNA by heat treatment and then crosslinked in vitro. The crosslinking was found to stabilize rather than disrupt these cruciforms. We conclude that the inverted repeat sequences of the mouse tissue culture cells we tested are predominantly in linear forms rather than in cruciform structures inside the cell.", "PMID": 1066674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5307", "title": "Psoralen-crosslinked secondary structure map of single-stranded virus DNA.", "content": "The photochemical crosslinking of DNA by 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (trioxsalen) has been used to freeze the secondary structures of single-stranded DNA molecules of bacteriophage fd at different ionic strengths. These secondary structures (hairpins or looped hairpins) have been visualized in the electron microscope. Most of the single-stranded circular fd DNA molecules show only one hairpin after irradiation at 15 degrees in 20 mM NaCl in the presence of trioxsalen. As the ionic strength is increased, more hairpins appear on the DNA molecules. To map these secondary structures, double-stranded supercoiled fd DNA (RFI) was cleaved with the restriction enzyme HindII, which makes only one cut on each RFI molecule. After denaturation and crosslinking of the linear single-stranded fd DNA (a mixture of viral and complementary strands), all the hairpins have been mapped on the DNA molecule with respect to this HindII site. The results show that these hairpins occur at specific sites. The most stable hairpin has been assigned to the position where the initiation site for the conversion of single-stranded fd DNA to the double-stranded covalently closed form has been mapped. The remaining hairpins map in or near regions corresponding to in vitro promoter sites on the fd DNA.", "contents": "Psoralen-crosslinked secondary structure map of single-stranded virus DNA. The photochemical crosslinking of DNA by 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (trioxsalen) has been used to freeze the secondary structures of single-stranded DNA molecules of bacteriophage fd at different ionic strengths. These secondary structures (hairpins or looped hairpins) have been visualized in the electron microscope. Most of the single-stranded circular fd DNA molecules show only one hairpin after irradiation at 15 degrees in 20 mM NaCl in the presence of trioxsalen. As the ionic strength is increased, more hairpins appear on the DNA molecules. To map these secondary structures, double-stranded supercoiled fd DNA (RFI) was cleaved with the restriction enzyme HindII, which makes only one cut on each RFI molecule. After denaturation and crosslinking of the linear single-stranded fd DNA (a mixture of viral and complementary strands), all the hairpins have been mapped on the DNA molecule with respect to this HindII site. The results show that these hairpins occur at specific sites. The most stable hairpin has been assigned to the position where the initiation site for the conversion of single-stranded fd DNA to the double-stranded covalently closed form has been mapped. The remaining hairpins map in or near regions corresponding to in vitro promoter sites on the fd DNA.", "PMID": 1066675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5308", "title": "Chemical characterization of the selenoprotein component of clostridial glycine reductase: identification of selenocysteine as the organoselenium moiety.", "content": "A small, heat-stable selenoprotein, one of the components of the glycine reductase complex, was labeled with 75Se by growth of Clostridium sticklandii in the presence of Na2 75SeO3. The selenium-containing moiety, which is essential for the biological activity of the protein, was shown to be a selenocysteine residue. It was isolated as its Se-carboxymethyl, Se-carboxyethyl, and Se-aminoethyl derivatives from digests of the pure 75Se-labeled protein that had been reduced and treated with the various alkylating agents prior to hydrolysis. In each instance the 75Se-labeled moiety obtained from an alkylated protein sample and the corresponding alkyl derivative of authentic selenocysteine were indistinguishable. Several studies of the native selenoprotein detected a chromophore (UVmax 238nm) that appeared upon reduction of the protein with KBH4 and rapidly disappeared upon exposure to oxygen. This oxygen-labile chromophore is thought to be the ionized -SeH group of the selenocysteine residue.", "contents": "Chemical characterization of the selenoprotein component of clostridial glycine reductase: identification of selenocysteine as the organoselenium moiety. A small, heat-stable selenoprotein, one of the components of the glycine reductase complex, was labeled with 75Se by growth of Clostridium sticklandii in the presence of Na2 75SeO3. The selenium-containing moiety, which is essential for the biological activity of the protein, was shown to be a selenocysteine residue. It was isolated as its Se-carboxymethyl, Se-carboxyethyl, and Se-aminoethyl derivatives from digests of the pure 75Se-labeled protein that had been reduced and treated with the various alkylating agents prior to hydrolysis. In each instance the 75Se-labeled moiety obtained from an alkylated protein sample and the corresponding alkyl derivative of authentic selenocysteine were indistinguishable. Several studies of the native selenoprotein detected a chromophore (UVmax 238nm) that appeared upon reduction of the protein with KBH4 and rapidly disappeared upon exposure to oxygen. This oxygen-labile chromophore is thought to be the ionized -SeH group of the selenocysteine residue.", "PMID": 1066676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5309", "title": "Mechanism of action of beta-bungarotoxin on synaptosomal preparations.", "content": "The neurochemical activity of beta-bungarotoxin was investigated using a synaptosomal preparation of rat cerebral cortices. In preparations preincubated with [3H]choline in order to label acetylcholine the toxin caused a rapid release of the transmitter, which was calcium dependent but only a little affected by a depolarizing concentration of potassium. beta-Bungarotoxin was also shown to be a potent inhibitor of the high affinity transport system for choline, producing 50% inhibition at a concentration of 50 nM. These findings explain the observed electrophysiological effects of the toxin. Electron microscopy revealed no discernible effect of 0.1 muM beta-bungarotoxin on either synaptic vesicles or mitochondria. Neither the release of transmitter nor the inhibition of choline uptake by the toxin was affected by the presence of an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of beta-bungarotoxin on synaptosomal preparations. The neurochemical activity of beta-bungarotoxin was investigated using a synaptosomal preparation of rat cerebral cortices. In preparations preincubated with [3H]choline in order to label acetylcholine the toxin caused a rapid release of the transmitter, which was calcium dependent but only a little affected by a depolarizing concentration of potassium. beta-Bungarotoxin was also shown to be a potent inhibitor of the high affinity transport system for choline, producing 50% inhibition at a concentration of 50 nM. These findings explain the observed electrophysiological effects of the toxin. Electron microscopy revealed no discernible effect of 0.1 muM beta-bungarotoxin on either synaptic vesicles or mitochondria. Neither the release of transmitter nor the inhibition of choline uptake by the toxin was affected by the presence of an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.", "PMID": 1066677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5310", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the protein coded by gene A of bacteriophage phiX174 DNA.", "content": "Replication of phiX174 circular replicative form (RFI) DNA by extracts of Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage phiX174 (amber in gene A) requires the phiX174 gene A product. This requirement has been used as an assay for the isolation of this protein. The gene A product (purified 4000-fold) caused relaxation of superhelical phiX174 RFI and formation of discontinuities in the viral strand of phiX174 RFI uniquely situated in the A region of the genome, and yielded a complex after interacting with phiX174 RFI that is active in replication of phiX RFI.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the protein coded by gene A of bacteriophage phiX174 DNA. Replication of phiX174 circular replicative form (RFI) DNA by extracts of Escherichia coli infected with bacteriophage phiX174 (amber in gene A) requires the phiX174 gene A product. This requirement has been used as an assay for the isolation of this protein. The gene A product (purified 4000-fold) caused relaxation of superhelical phiX174 RFI and formation of discontinuities in the viral strand of phiX174 RFI uniquely situated in the A region of the genome, and yielded a complex after interacting with phiX174 RFI that is active in replication of phiX RFI.", "PMID": 1066678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5311", "title": "(+/-)-7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)-pyrene is an intermediate in the metabolism and binding to DNA of benzo(a)pyrene.", "content": "The addition of borate buffer to the aqueous methanol used to elute hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside derivatives from an LH 20 Sephadex column resulted in the separation of the products of reaction with DNA of the stereoisomers, (+/-)7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy- and (+/-)-7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrenes, i.e., the syn- and anti-benzo(a)pyrene-diolepoxide, respecitvely. By this technique it was shown that the microsome-mediated binding to DNA of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol involved exclusively the anti-benzo(a)pyrene-diolepoxide. The benzo(a)pyrene binding to DNA that resulted on exposure of BHK21/C13 cells to this carcinogen was also shown to result predominantly by reaction of the anti-benzo(a)pyrene-diolepoxide. However, in this case other derivatives, including the syn-benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide, might also be involved.", "contents": "(+/-)-7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)-pyrene is an intermediate in the metabolism and binding to DNA of benzo(a)pyrene. The addition of borate buffer to the aqueous methanol used to elute hydrocarbon-deoxyribonucleoside derivatives from an LH 20 Sephadex column resulted in the separation of the products of reaction with DNA of the stereoisomers, (+/-)7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy- and (+/-)-7alpha,8beta-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo(a)pyrenes, i.e., the syn- and anti-benzo(a)pyrene-diolepoxide, respecitvely. By this technique it was shown that the microsome-mediated binding to DNA of benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol involved exclusively the anti-benzo(a)pyrene-diolepoxide. The benzo(a)pyrene binding to DNA that resulted on exposure of BHK21/C13 cells to this carcinogen was also shown to result predominantly by reaction of the anti-benzo(a)pyrene-diolepoxide. However, in this case other derivatives, including the syn-benzo(a)pyrene diolepoxide, might also be involved.", "PMID": 1066679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5312", "title": "Membrane potential dependent binding of scorpion toxin to action potential Na+ ionophore.", "content": "Depolarization of neuroblastoma cells causes a 70-fold increase in the apparent dissociation constant KD for scorpion toxin enhancement of activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore by veratridine and a large increase in the rate of reversal of scorpion toxin action. Depolarization also inhibits binding of 125I-labeled scorpion toxin to a small number of saturable binding sites on electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells and increases the rate of dissociation of scorpion toxin from these sites. The results suggest that scorpion toxin binds to a regulatory component of the action potential Na+ ionophore whose conformation changes on depolarization.", "contents": "Membrane potential dependent binding of scorpion toxin to action potential Na+ ionophore. Depolarization of neuroblastoma cells causes a 70-fold increase in the apparent dissociation constant KD for scorpion toxin enhancement of activation of the action potential Na+ ionophore by veratridine and a large increase in the rate of reversal of scorpion toxin action. Depolarization also inhibits binding of 125I-labeled scorpion toxin to a small number of saturable binding sites on electrically excitable neuroblastoma cells and increases the rate of dissociation of scorpion toxin from these sites. The results suggest that scorpion toxin binds to a regulatory component of the action potential Na+ ionophore whose conformation changes on depolarization.", "PMID": 1066680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5313", "title": "Structural (shape-maintaining) role of the cell surface glycoprotein of Halobacterium salinarium.", "content": "The obligate halophile, Halobacterium salinarium, maintains a rod-shaped morphology under normal growth conditions. Lactoperoxidase(EC 1.11.1.7;donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase)-catalyzed iodination and treatment with proteolytic enzymes were used to demonstrate that the recently described envelope glycoprotein (Mescher, M.F. & Strominger, J.L. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2005-2014) is the only major cell surface component of this organism. The morphological changes that accompany alteration of the structure of the glycoprotein by growth in the presence of bacitracin or its removal with proteolytic enzymes strongly suggest that it forms a rigid matrix at the cell surface and is responsible for maintenance of the characteristic rod shape.", "contents": "Structural (shape-maintaining) role of the cell surface glycoprotein of Halobacterium salinarium. The obligate halophile, Halobacterium salinarium, maintains a rod-shaped morphology under normal growth conditions. Lactoperoxidase(EC 1.11.1.7;donor:hydrogen-peroxide oxidoreductase)-catalyzed iodination and treatment with proteolytic enzymes were used to demonstrate that the recently described envelope glycoprotein (Mescher, M.F. & Strominger, J.L. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 2005-2014) is the only major cell surface component of this organism. The morphological changes that accompany alteration of the structure of the glycoprotein by growth in the presence of bacitracin or its removal with proteolytic enzymes strongly suggest that it forms a rigid matrix at the cell surface and is responsible for maintenance of the characteristic rod shape.", "PMID": 1066681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5314", "title": "1,N6-etheno-AMP and 1,N6-etheno-2'-deoxy-AMP as probes of the activator site of glycogen phosphorylase from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Both 1,N6-etheno-AMP and 1,N6-etheno-2'-deoxy-AMP bind at the AMP site of phosphorylase b (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1). Etheno-AMP induces the same activation as AMP, about 30-fold higher than the activation induced by etheno-dAMP. The fluorescence of etheno-AMP and etheno-dAMP is associated with the base moiety; therefore, when free in solution, the two derivatives have identical fluorescence properties. However, when bound to phosphorylase, the fluorescence of etheno-AMP is quenched more efficiently than the fluorescence of etheno-dAMP. This difference between the fluorescence properties of the bound nucleotides suggests that a modification in the ribose ring affects the position of the adenine in the AMP site of phosphorylase b. The observed quenching may be due to a stacking interaction between an aromatic residue and the base moiety of the bound nucleotide.", "contents": "1,N6-etheno-AMP and 1,N6-etheno-2'-deoxy-AMP as probes of the activator site of glycogen phosphorylase from rabbit skeletal muscle. Both 1,N6-etheno-AMP and 1,N6-etheno-2'-deoxy-AMP bind at the AMP site of phosphorylase b (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1). Etheno-AMP induces the same activation as AMP, about 30-fold higher than the activation induced by etheno-dAMP. The fluorescence of etheno-AMP and etheno-dAMP is associated with the base moiety; therefore, when free in solution, the two derivatives have identical fluorescence properties. However, when bound to phosphorylase, the fluorescence of etheno-AMP is quenched more efficiently than the fluorescence of etheno-dAMP. This difference between the fluorescence properties of the bound nucleotides suggests that a modification in the ribose ring affects the position of the adenine in the AMP site of phosphorylase b. The observed quenching may be due to a stacking interaction between an aromatic residue and the base moiety of the bound nucleotide.", "PMID": 1066682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5315", "title": "Control of renal vitamin D hydroxylases in birds by sex hormones.", "content": "Kidney homogenates from adult male Japanese quail or chickens demonstrate hydroxylase activity predominantly for the 24 rather than the 1 position of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-hydroxycholecalciferol). A single injection of 5 mg of estradiol-17beta into a male bird completely suppresses the 24-hydroxylase and greatly increases the 1-hydroxylase activity. Immature males do not respond well to estrogen alone, but they do respond well to estradiol plus testosterone. Testosterone alone has little or no effect on the hydroxylases of either species. Castrated male chickens show an estradiol response only when testosterone is also given. Optimal 24 hr responses to 5 mg of estradiol per kg in the castrate male were obtained with about 12 mg of testosterone per kg. These optimal amounts of estradiol and testosterone increased the activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase approximately 225-fold (this enzyme is also known as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-monooxygenase; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, NADPH: oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating), EC 1.14.13.13). These results demonstrate a strong regulation by the sex hormones of the renal vitamin D hydroxylases in birds.", "contents": "Control of renal vitamin D hydroxylases in birds by sex hormones. Kidney homogenates from adult male Japanese quail or chickens demonstrate hydroxylase activity predominantly for the 24 rather than the 1 position of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25-hydroxycholecalciferol). A single injection of 5 mg of estradiol-17beta into a male bird completely suppresses the 24-hydroxylase and greatly increases the 1-hydroxylase activity. Immature males do not respond well to estrogen alone, but they do respond well to estradiol plus testosterone. Testosterone alone has little or no effect on the hydroxylases of either species. Castrated male chickens show an estradiol response only when testosterone is also given. Optimal 24 hr responses to 5 mg of estradiol per kg in the castrate male were obtained with about 12 mg of testosterone per kg. These optimal amounts of estradiol and testosterone increased the activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1-hydroxylase approximately 225-fold (this enzyme is also known as 25-hydroxycholecalciferol 1-monooxygenase; 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, NADPH: oxygen oxidoreductase (hydroxylating), EC 1.14.13.13). These results demonstrate a strong regulation by the sex hormones of the renal vitamin D hydroxylases in birds.", "PMID": 1066683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5316", "title": "Direct spectroscopic observation of inner and outer hydrocarbon chains of lipid bilayer vesicles.", "content": "Distearoylphosphatidylcholines labeled with gem-difluoro groups at selected positions of the fatty acid chains have been prepared. These lipids were incorporated into sonicated vesicles and were examined by fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All spectra are characterized by two well-separated fluorine resonances. Paramagnetic ions added to the exterior solution of vesicles of fluorinated lipid broaden the upfield resonances, whereas ions trapped in the vesicles interior broaden the downfield resonances. This demonstrates that the fluorine chemical shift of these compounds is sensitive to differences between the inner and outer monolayers of sonicated vesicles.", "contents": "Direct spectroscopic observation of inner and outer hydrocarbon chains of lipid bilayer vesicles. Distearoylphosphatidylcholines labeled with gem-difluoro groups at selected positions of the fatty acid chains have been prepared. These lipids were incorporated into sonicated vesicles and were examined by fluorine nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All spectra are characterized by two well-separated fluorine resonances. Paramagnetic ions added to the exterior solution of vesicles of fluorinated lipid broaden the upfield resonances, whereas ions trapped in the vesicles interior broaden the downfield resonances. This demonstrates that the fluorine chemical shift of these compounds is sensitive to differences between the inner and outer monolayers of sonicated vesicles.", "PMID": 1066684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5317", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: characteristics of inhibition of protein synthesis by a translational inhibitor from heme-deficient lysates and its relationship to the initiation factor which binds Met-tRNAf.", "content": "In heme-deficient reticulocyte lysates a translational inhibitor which regulates protein synthesis is formed or activated. To define the mechanism of action of the translational inhibitor (RI), RI was partially purified. We have utilized the isolated RI to examine its relationship to the translational inhibitor formed in situ in heme-deficiency, some quantitative aspects of inhibition of protein synthesis, and the relationship of RI concentration to the initiation factor (IF-MP) which forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP (IF-MP-Met-tRNAf-GTP). The results demonstrate that the activity of isolated RI is related to the in situ heme-deficiency inhibitor by several criteria: (a) the biphasic kinetics of inhibition manifested by RI in lysates containing optimal levels of hemin are very similar to those observed in heme-deficiency, i.e., an initial period in which several rounds of protein synthesis proceed at the control rate followed by an abrupt decline in the rate of protein synthesis. (b) Both inhibitions are accompanied by the disaggreagation of polyribosomes with a concomitant increase in 80S ribosomes. (c) Both inhibitions are reversed by IF-MP. The isolated RI blocked protein synthesis in lysates at temperatures ranging from 15 degrees to 30 degrees. Although the rate of protein synthesis was a function of the temperature of incubation, the number of rounds of protein synthesis prior to shut-off was essentially the same at various temperatures. When RI was added to lysates, at increasing intervals after the start of incubation, the period of synthesis before shut-off (lag) progressively decreased. The inhibition of protein synthesis by RI was immediately reversed by the addition of IF-MP. The extent of reversal increased with increasing concentrations of IF-MP; at low levels of RI almost complete reversal of inhibition by IF-MP was obtained. However, at high levels of RI which did not appreciably increase the degree of inhibition of protein synthesis, equivalent amounts of IF-MP were less effective in reversing inhibition. These results suggest that the inhibition of protein synthesis by the isolated inhibitor involves the initiation factor IF-MP.", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: characteristics of inhibition of protein synthesis by a translational inhibitor from heme-deficient lysates and its relationship to the initiation factor which binds Met-tRNAf. In heme-deficient reticulocyte lysates a translational inhibitor which regulates protein synthesis is formed or activated. To define the mechanism of action of the translational inhibitor (RI), RI was partially purified. We have utilized the isolated RI to examine its relationship to the translational inhibitor formed in situ in heme-deficiency, some quantitative aspects of inhibition of protein synthesis, and the relationship of RI concentration to the initiation factor (IF-MP) which forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP (IF-MP-Met-tRNAf-GTP). The results demonstrate that the activity of isolated RI is related to the in situ heme-deficiency inhibitor by several criteria: (a) the biphasic kinetics of inhibition manifested by RI in lysates containing optimal levels of hemin are very similar to those observed in heme-deficiency, i.e., an initial period in which several rounds of protein synthesis proceed at the control rate followed by an abrupt decline in the rate of protein synthesis. (b) Both inhibitions are accompanied by the disaggreagation of polyribosomes with a concomitant increase in 80S ribosomes. (c) Both inhibitions are reversed by IF-MP. The isolated RI blocked protein synthesis in lysates at temperatures ranging from 15 degrees to 30 degrees. Although the rate of protein synthesis was a function of the temperature of incubation, the number of rounds of protein synthesis prior to shut-off was essentially the same at various temperatures. When RI was added to lysates, at increasing intervals after the start of incubation, the period of synthesis before shut-off (lag) progressively decreased. The inhibition of protein synthesis by RI was immediately reversed by the addition of IF-MP. The extent of reversal increased with increasing concentrations of IF-MP; at low levels of RI almost complete reversal of inhibition by IF-MP was obtained. However, at high levels of RI which did not appreciably increase the degree of inhibition of protein synthesis, equivalent amounts of IF-MP were less effective in reversing inhibition. These results suggest that the inhibition of protein synthesis by the isolated inhibitor involves the initiation factor IF-MP.", "PMID": 1066685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5318", "title": "Detection of mRNA sequences in nuclear 30S ribonucleoprotein subcomplexes.", "content": "RNA from nuclear 30S ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of mouse ascites cells has been shows to contain sequences homologous to poly(A) + mRNA by its ability to hybridize with complementary DNA prepared from poly(A) + mRNA template. Analysis of the hybridization kinetics of poly(A) + mRNA with its own complementary DNA revealed several abundancy classes. The total complexity of poly(A) + mRNA from ascites cells was estimated to be approximately 30,000 sequences of average molecular weight (6 X 10(5)). When the hybridization reaction of 30S RNP-RNA with mRNA-specific cDNA was compared to the homologous reaction the majority, and most probably all, of the poly(A) + mRNA sequences were found to be present in the RNA. The kinetics of hybridization suggest that 10-15% of the RNA in this RNP complex is homologous to poly(A) + mRNA. The 30S RNP subcomplexes therefore contain nuclear poly(A) + mRNA sequences as well as the bulk of heterogeneous RNA.", "contents": "Detection of mRNA sequences in nuclear 30S ribonucleoprotein subcomplexes. RNA from nuclear 30S ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes of mouse ascites cells has been shows to contain sequences homologous to poly(A) + mRNA by its ability to hybridize with complementary DNA prepared from poly(A) + mRNA template. Analysis of the hybridization kinetics of poly(A) + mRNA with its own complementary DNA revealed several abundancy classes. The total complexity of poly(A) + mRNA from ascites cells was estimated to be approximately 30,000 sequences of average molecular weight (6 X 10(5)). When the hybridization reaction of 30S RNP-RNA with mRNA-specific cDNA was compared to the homologous reaction the majority, and most probably all, of the poly(A) + mRNA sequences were found to be present in the RNA. The kinetics of hybridization suggest that 10-15% of the RNA in this RNP complex is homologous to poly(A) + mRNA. The 30S RNP subcomplexes therefore contain nuclear poly(A) + mRNA sequences as well as the bulk of heterogeneous RNA.", "PMID": 1066686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5319", "title": "Thermodynamic fluctuations in protein molecules.", "content": "Apparently conflicting views of the physical nature of globular proteins, and other macromolecules, may be reconciled by consideration of the inevitable thermodynamic fluctuations inherent in microscopic systems. Discrete protein molecules, considered singly, undergo sizeable fluctuations in thermodynamic properties which are manifest in their stochastic properties. This is not incompatible with time-averaged studies of ensembles of proteins from which a more compact, rigid, and static view of these molecules may be obtained.", "contents": "Thermodynamic fluctuations in protein molecules. Apparently conflicting views of the physical nature of globular proteins, and other macromolecules, may be reconciled by consideration of the inevitable thermodynamic fluctuations inherent in microscopic systems. Discrete protein molecules, considered singly, undergo sizeable fluctuations in thermodynamic properties which are manifest in their stochastic properties. This is not incompatible with time-averaged studies of ensembles of proteins from which a more compact, rigid, and static view of these molecules may be obtained.", "PMID": 1066687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5320", "title": "Bacteriophage T3 and T7 early RNAs are translated by eukaryotic 80S ribosomes: active phage T3 coded S-adenosylmethionine cleaving enzyme is synthesized.", "content": "RNA transcribed in vitro from the early region of bacteriophage T3 or T7 was translated by cytoplasmic ribosomes which synthesized protein in cell-free systems prepared from mammalian cells and wheat germ. The proteins synthesized in vitro and their counterparts prepared from infected Escherichia coli comigrate by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate and are similarly affected by deletion or amber bacteriophage mutations. Bacteriophage T3 codes for an enzyme that cleaves S-adenosylmethionine and this activity was detected among the products of the mammalian cell-free system. Bacteriophage T3 or T7 RNA, after endoribonuclease III (EC 3.1.4.24) cleavage, gave higher levels of incorporation into phage T3 or T7 polypeptides than when an equivalent amount of the uncleaved RNA was added to the eukaryotic cell-free systems. Methylation of phage T3 or T7 RNAs is apparently not required for translation in either the wheat germ or mammalian cell-free system. The ability of T3 and T7 RNA to be translated in the presence of saturating amounts of natural eukaryotic mRNAs suggests that many prokaryotic genes introduced into mammalian cells might be expressed if they were transcribed in an appropriate form.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T3 and T7 early RNAs are translated by eukaryotic 80S ribosomes: active phage T3 coded S-adenosylmethionine cleaving enzyme is synthesized. RNA transcribed in vitro from the early region of bacteriophage T3 or T7 was translated by cytoplasmic ribosomes which synthesized protein in cell-free systems prepared from mammalian cells and wheat germ. The proteins synthesized in vitro and their counterparts prepared from infected Escherichia coli comigrate by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate and are similarly affected by deletion or amber bacteriophage mutations. Bacteriophage T3 codes for an enzyme that cleaves S-adenosylmethionine and this activity was detected among the products of the mammalian cell-free system. Bacteriophage T3 or T7 RNA, after endoribonuclease III (EC 3.1.4.24) cleavage, gave higher levels of incorporation into phage T3 or T7 polypeptides than when an equivalent amount of the uncleaved RNA was added to the eukaryotic cell-free systems. Methylation of phage T3 or T7 RNAs is apparently not required for translation in either the wheat germ or mammalian cell-free system. The ability of T3 and T7 RNA to be translated in the presence of saturating amounts of natural eukaryotic mRNAs suggests that many prokaryotic genes introduced into mammalian cells might be expressed if they were transcribed in an appropriate form.", "PMID": 1066688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5321", "title": "Defective thymine dimer excision by cell-free extracts of xeroderma pigmentosum cells.", "content": "Crude extracts of normal human diploid fibroblasts and of human peripheral blood lymphocytes excise thymine dimers from purified ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, or from the DNA presumably present as chromatin in unfractionated cell-free preparations of cells that had been labeled with [3H]thymidine. Extracts of xeroderma pigmentosum cells from complementation groups A, C, and D also excise thymine dimers from purified DNA, but extracts of group A cells do not excise dimers from the DNA of radioactively labeled unfractionated cell-free preparations.", "contents": "Defective thymine dimer excision by cell-free extracts of xeroderma pigmentosum cells. Crude extracts of normal human diploid fibroblasts and of human peripheral blood lymphocytes excise thymine dimers from purified ultraviolet-irradiated DNA, or from the DNA presumably present as chromatin in unfractionated cell-free preparations of cells that had been labeled with [3H]thymidine. Extracts of xeroderma pigmentosum cells from complementation groups A, C, and D also excise thymine dimers from purified DNA, but extracts of group A cells do not excise dimers from the DNA of radioactively labeled unfractionated cell-free preparations.", "PMID": 1066689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5322", "title": "Inhibition of erythrocyte phosphate transport by high pressures.", "content": "Pressures of 200-1000 atmospheres (20-100 MPa) are found to decrease significantly the amount of phosphate (H32PO4-2)transported into the rabbit erythrocyte under otherwise physiological conditions. Such compression does not cause irreversible morphological changes or result in membrane disruption. The findings are interpreted in terms of a lipid phase transition induced by the high pressure, which is propagated to the associated phosphate transport system by a physical mechanism.", "contents": "Inhibition of erythrocyte phosphate transport by high pressures. Pressures of 200-1000 atmospheres (20-100 MPa) are found to decrease significantly the amount of phosphate (H32PO4-2)transported into the rabbit erythrocyte under otherwise physiological conditions. Such compression does not cause irreversible morphological changes or result in membrane disruption. The findings are interpreted in terms of a lipid phase transition induced by the high pressure, which is propagated to the associated phosphate transport system by a physical mechanism.", "PMID": 1066690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5323", "title": "Quantitation of delta-crystallin messenger RNA during lens induction in chick embryos.", "content": "Embryonic chick cells of the presumptive lens ectoderm are induced to differentiate into a lens by the optic vesicle, an outgrowth from the developing brain. This lens induction involves formation of the lens placode by cell elongation between about 44 and 50 hr of development, followed by invagination of the placode between about 50 and 55 hr of development. The amount of delta-crystallin messenger RNA (mRNA) in heads of embryos between 48 and 72 hr of development was determined by molecular hybridization with [3H]DNA complementary to purified delta-crystallin mRNA. An average of approximately 0.5 pg of delta-crystallin mRNA was found per embryonic head at 48 hr of development. This leads to approximately 265 molecules of delta-crystallin mRNA per lens cell, if one assumes that the mRNA is confined to the lens rudiment, as is indicated by immunofluorescence studies of delta-crystallin performed by other investigators. Pulse-labeling experiments with [35S]methionine indicated that the delta-crystallin mRNA is being translated already at this time. delta-Crystallin mRNA accumulated at an average rate of 1 molecule per cell per minute between 48 and 72 hr of development. Thus, by extrapolation, the initiation of delta-crystallin mRNA accumulation coincides with the initiation of lens placode formation at approximately 43-44 hr of development, which is some 8-9 hr after the initiation of lens induction by the optic vesicle. These data suggest that delta-crystallin synthesis is regulated by the accumulation of delta-crystallin mRNA during lens induction in chick embryos.", "contents": "Quantitation of delta-crystallin messenger RNA during lens induction in chick embryos. Embryonic chick cells of the presumptive lens ectoderm are induced to differentiate into a lens by the optic vesicle, an outgrowth from the developing brain. This lens induction involves formation of the lens placode by cell elongation between about 44 and 50 hr of development, followed by invagination of the placode between about 50 and 55 hr of development. The amount of delta-crystallin messenger RNA (mRNA) in heads of embryos between 48 and 72 hr of development was determined by molecular hybridization with [3H]DNA complementary to purified delta-crystallin mRNA. An average of approximately 0.5 pg of delta-crystallin mRNA was found per embryonic head at 48 hr of development. This leads to approximately 265 molecules of delta-crystallin mRNA per lens cell, if one assumes that the mRNA is confined to the lens rudiment, as is indicated by immunofluorescence studies of delta-crystallin performed by other investigators. Pulse-labeling experiments with [35S]methionine indicated that the delta-crystallin mRNA is being translated already at this time. delta-Crystallin mRNA accumulated at an average rate of 1 molecule per cell per minute between 48 and 72 hr of development. Thus, by extrapolation, the initiation of delta-crystallin mRNA accumulation coincides with the initiation of lens placode formation at approximately 43-44 hr of development, which is some 8-9 hr after the initiation of lens induction by the optic vesicle. These data suggest that delta-crystallin synthesis is regulated by the accumulation of delta-crystallin mRNA during lens induction in chick embryos.", "PMID": 1066691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5324", "title": "Polycation-induced assembly of purified tubulin.", "content": "Several different polycations have been found that can substitute for the microtubule-associated proteins, or tau factor, in facilitating assembly of tubulin that has been purified by ion exchange chromatography. In low concentrations of the polycation diethylaminoethyl-dextran, 7 mg of tubulin is pelleted per 1 mg of polycation added. Under conditions favorable to microtubule assembly the entire pellet is seen by electron microscopy to consist of \"double wall microtubules\", which are essentially identical to normal microtubules in subunit structure and arrangement. When assembly is inhibited approximately the same amount of tubulin is pelleted, but it is in the form of clusters of curved sheets or filaments apparently related to tubulin rings. When conditions are changed to favor assembly, the tubulin within these clusters appears to reassemble to form the double wall microtubules.", "contents": "Polycation-induced assembly of purified tubulin. Several different polycations have been found that can substitute for the microtubule-associated proteins, or tau factor, in facilitating assembly of tubulin that has been purified by ion exchange chromatography. In low concentrations of the polycation diethylaminoethyl-dextran, 7 mg of tubulin is pelleted per 1 mg of polycation added. Under conditions favorable to microtubule assembly the entire pellet is seen by electron microscopy to consist of \"double wall microtubules\", which are essentially identical to normal microtubules in subunit structure and arrangement. When assembly is inhibited approximately the same amount of tubulin is pelleted, but it is in the form of clusters of curved sheets or filaments apparently related to tubulin rings. When conditions are changed to favor assembly, the tubulin within these clusters appears to reassemble to form the double wall microtubules.", "PMID": 1066692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5325", "title": "Decreased fidelity of DNA polymerase activity isolated from aging human fibroblasts.", "content": "DNA polymerase (deoxynucleosidetriphosphate: DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7 or DNA nucleotidyltransferase) activity, isolated from late and early passage cells of the diploid human fibroblast line, MRC-5, was compared. The level of activity dropped with increasing passage. In addition, when the fidelity of polymerization was monitored with four synthetic templates under a variety of conditions, it was observed that the enzyme from late passage cells was more error-prone. The possible relation of these observations to \"senescence\" of the fibroblasts is discussed.", "contents": "Decreased fidelity of DNA polymerase activity isolated from aging human fibroblasts. DNA polymerase (deoxynucleosidetriphosphate: DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7 or DNA nucleotidyltransferase) activity, isolated from late and early passage cells of the diploid human fibroblast line, MRC-5, was compared. The level of activity dropped with increasing passage. In addition, when the fidelity of polymerization was monitored with four synthetic templates under a variety of conditions, it was observed that the enzyme from late passage cells was more error-prone. The possible relation of these observations to \"senescence\" of the fibroblasts is discussed.", "PMID": 1066693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5326", "title": "Interrelationship of hexosaminidases A and B: conformation of the common and the unique subunit theory.", "content": "Human kidney hexosaminidase A (beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.30) is a heteropolymer of two immunologically distinct subunits designated as alpha and beta. Hexosaminidase B, however, is a homopolymer comprised entirely of beta subunits. When human kidney hexosaminidase A was dissociated into its subunits by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, three distinct proteins having isoelectric points of pH 7.2.5.4, and 4.3 were isolated. The fraction having an isoelectric point of pH 7.2, designated as beta fraction, was electrophoretically and immunologically identical to hexosaminidase B and was enzymatically active. The proteins having isoelectric points of pH 5.4 and 4.3, designated as hexosaminidase Ai and alpha fractions, respectively, were enzymatically inactive and crossreacted with antiserum against hexosaminidase A and not with antiserum against hexosaminidase B. Upon incubation of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate-treated hexosaminidase A with dithiothreitol,, hexosaminidase A activity, as well as antigenicity, was regenerated, indicating that alpha and beta subunits hybridize to form hexosaminidase A. Antibodies raised in rabbits against beta fractions reacted with both hexosaminidase A and B, whereas the antibodies against alpha and hexosaminidase Ai fractions reacted only against hexosaminidase A. This would indicate that both fractions are composed only of subunits unique to hexosaminidase A. The molecular weights of alpha,beta, and hexosaminidase Ai fractions were estimated to be 47,000, 120,000, and 180,000 respectively, by Sephadex gel filtration. Upon urea-sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis, each of the three fractions dissociated into a single polypeptide having a molecular weight of approximately 18,000. It is concluded that p-hydroxymercuribenzoate dissociates hexosaminidase A, (alphabeta)3, into its subunits, and the beta subunits can reassociate to form relatively stable hexosaminidase B, (betabeta)3, while the alpha subunits reassociate in both the dimeric state, alpha2, and a polymeric state, alpha8.", "contents": "Interrelationship of hexosaminidases A and B: conformation of the common and the unique subunit theory. Human kidney hexosaminidase A (beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase; 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucoside acetamidodeoxyglucohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.30) is a heteropolymer of two immunologically distinct subunits designated as alpha and beta. Hexosaminidase B, however, is a homopolymer comprised entirely of beta subunits. When human kidney hexosaminidase A was dissociated into its subunits by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, three distinct proteins having isoelectric points of pH 7.2.5.4, and 4.3 were isolated. The fraction having an isoelectric point of pH 7.2, designated as beta fraction, was electrophoretically and immunologically identical to hexosaminidase B and was enzymatically active. The proteins having isoelectric points of pH 5.4 and 4.3, designated as hexosaminidase Ai and alpha fractions, respectively, were enzymatically inactive and crossreacted with antiserum against hexosaminidase A and not with antiserum against hexosaminidase B. Upon incubation of p-hydroxymercuribenzoate-treated hexosaminidase A with dithiothreitol,, hexosaminidase A activity, as well as antigenicity, was regenerated, indicating that alpha and beta subunits hybridize to form hexosaminidase A. Antibodies raised in rabbits against beta fractions reacted with both hexosaminidase A and B, whereas the antibodies against alpha and hexosaminidase Ai fractions reacted only against hexosaminidase A. This would indicate that both fractions are composed only of subunits unique to hexosaminidase A. The molecular weights of alpha,beta, and hexosaminidase Ai fractions were estimated to be 47,000, 120,000, and 180,000 respectively, by Sephadex gel filtration. Upon urea-sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis, each of the three fractions dissociated into a single polypeptide having a molecular weight of approximately 18,000. It is concluded that p-hydroxymercuribenzoate dissociates hexosaminidase A, (alphabeta)3, into its subunits, and the beta subunits can reassociate to form relatively stable hexosaminidase B, (betabeta)3, while the alpha subunits reassociate in both the dimeric state, alpha2, and a polymeric state, alpha8.", "PMID": 1066694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5327", "title": "Chromosome-mediated gene transfer between closely realted strains of cultured mouse cells.", "content": "Gene transfer between two closely related mouse cell lines has been carried out, using as the vector a cell-free preparation of metaphase chromosomes and nuclei. Distinction between gene transferents and revertants of the recipient mutant phenotype was achieved by the use of a donor strain carrying a mutationally altered (8-azaguanine-resistant) hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRTase; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8). The transferred HPRTase gene is initially unstable; in nonselective medium, it is lost at a rate of about 0.1 per cell per generation. Stabilization occurs as a rare event, with a frequency on the order of 1 X 10(-5) per cell per generation. The unstable state can be maintained for at least 200 generations through serial passages of the transferent in selective medium. Under the conditions of cultivation used in these experiments, the unstable HPRTase-positive cells are eventually replaced by the stable HPRTase-positive cells in the population.", "contents": "Chromosome-mediated gene transfer between closely realted strains of cultured mouse cells. Gene transfer between two closely related mouse cell lines has been carried out, using as the vector a cell-free preparation of metaphase chromosomes and nuclei. Distinction between gene transferents and revertants of the recipient mutant phenotype was achieved by the use of a donor strain carrying a mutationally altered (8-azaguanine-resistant) hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRTase; IMP:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase, EC 2.4.2.8). The transferred HPRTase gene is initially unstable; in nonselective medium, it is lost at a rate of about 0.1 per cell per generation. Stabilization occurs as a rare event, with a frequency on the order of 1 X 10(-5) per cell per generation. The unstable state can be maintained for at least 200 generations through serial passages of the transferent in selective medium. Under the conditions of cultivation used in these experiments, the unstable HPRTase-positive cells are eventually replaced by the stable HPRTase-positive cells in the population.", "PMID": 1066695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5328", "title": "Radiation-induced mutations at mouse hemoglobin loci.", "content": "In experiments designed to detect new mutations affecting hemoglobin, we irradiated the male or female parent in reciprocal crosses of two mouse strains that differ in alleles at the hemoglobin (Hba, Hbb) loci as well as at five other specific loci. Offspring were analyzed for hemoglobin properties (electrophoretic pattern, solubility, crystal pattern), serum albumin differences, erythrocyte lysis, reticulocyte count, and external appearance. Five hemoglobin variants were found among the mutants. In three, the genetic contribution from the irradiated father was not expressed with regard to the alpha-chain; one carried a tandem deuplication (the first known case in the mouse) involving Hbb; and one probably resulted from double nondisjunction of chromosome 7. The finding that major chromosome aberrations can mimic hemoglobin mutations indicates the need, in similar experiments, to follow F1 screening with thorough cytogenetic analysis. The variants in which there is nonexpression of the alpha chain may be the result of small deficiencies or of faults in transcription or translation. Mutation rates based on these three variants are not out of line with earlier specific-locus results, although confidence limits are still wide.", "contents": "Radiation-induced mutations at mouse hemoglobin loci. In experiments designed to detect new mutations affecting hemoglobin, we irradiated the male or female parent in reciprocal crosses of two mouse strains that differ in alleles at the hemoglobin (Hba, Hbb) loci as well as at five other specific loci. Offspring were analyzed for hemoglobin properties (electrophoretic pattern, solubility, crystal pattern), serum albumin differences, erythrocyte lysis, reticulocyte count, and external appearance. Five hemoglobin variants were found among the mutants. In three, the genetic contribution from the irradiated father was not expressed with regard to the alpha-chain; one carried a tandem deuplication (the first known case in the mouse) involving Hbb; and one probably resulted from double nondisjunction of chromosome 7. The finding that major chromosome aberrations can mimic hemoglobin mutations indicates the need, in similar experiments, to follow F1 screening with thorough cytogenetic analysis. The variants in which there is nonexpression of the alpha chain may be the result of small deficiencies or of faults in transcription or translation. Mutation rates based on these three variants are not out of line with earlier specific-locus results, although confidence limits are still wide.", "PMID": 1066696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5329", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for intact Gross mouse leukemia virus.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for intact Gross leukemia virus has been developed using 125I-labeled Gross virus grown in tissue culture and guinea pig antisera to Gross virus grown either in tissue culture or harvested from leukemic C3H(f) mice. Separation of bound from free labeled virus was effected using the double antibody method. The assay can detect fewer than 10(8) virus particles and has been used to measure the viral content of individual organs from inoculated leukemic C3H(f) mice and from Ak mice with spontaneous leukemia. Organs from noninoculated healthy C3H(f) mice crossreacted poorly in the system, virus generally being detectable only in the thymus and spleen and at low concentration. In some of the inoculated C3H(f) leukemic mice the viral content of as little as 0.5 mul of plasma is measurable. That this assay is for intact virus and not for soluble antigens of the viral envelope was proven by the observation that the immunoreactive material of plasma and extracts from thymus and liver of leukemic mice has a buoyant denisty in sucrose of 1.17-1.18 g/ml, corresponding to that of intact virus grown in tissue culture. With this sensitivity it may now be possible to quantitate viral concentrations in tissue and body fluids from the time of inoculation through the development of obvious pathology.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for intact Gross mouse leukemia virus. A radioimmunoassay for intact Gross leukemia virus has been developed using 125I-labeled Gross virus grown in tissue culture and guinea pig antisera to Gross virus grown either in tissue culture or harvested from leukemic C3H(f) mice. Separation of bound from free labeled virus was effected using the double antibody method. The assay can detect fewer than 10(8) virus particles and has been used to measure the viral content of individual organs from inoculated leukemic C3H(f) mice and from Ak mice with spontaneous leukemia. Organs from noninoculated healthy C3H(f) mice crossreacted poorly in the system, virus generally being detectable only in the thymus and spleen and at low concentration. In some of the inoculated C3H(f) leukemic mice the viral content of as little as 0.5 mul of plasma is measurable. That this assay is for intact virus and not for soluble antigens of the viral envelope was proven by the observation that the immunoreactive material of plasma and extracts from thymus and liver of leukemic mice has a buoyant denisty in sucrose of 1.17-1.18 g/ml, corresponding to that of intact virus grown in tissue culture. With this sensitivity it may now be possible to quantitate viral concentrations in tissue and body fluids from the time of inoculation through the development of obvious pathology.", "PMID": 1066697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5330", "title": "Increased ion permeability of planar lipid bilayer membranes after treatment with the C5b-9 cytolytic attack mechanism of complement.", "content": "The ion permeability of planar lipid bilayers, as measured electrically, was found to increase modestly upon treatment with purified complement complex C5b,6 and complement components C7 and C8. The subsequent addition C9 greatly amplified this change. No permeability changes occurred when components were added individually to the membrane, or when they were used in paired combinations, or when C5b, C7, C8, and C9 were admixed prior to addition. Thus, there is a significant parallel between the permeability changes induced in the model membrane and damage produced in biological membranes by the C5b-9 complement attack sequence. The efficiency of membrane action by C5b-9 was critically dependent on the order in whcih components were added to the membrane. There were also differences in the electrical properties of membranes treated with C5b-8 and C5b-9, though in both cases the enhanced bilayer permeability is best attributed to the formation of trans-membrane channels. Collectively, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of membrane action by complement involves the production of a stable channel across the lipid bilayer, resulting in cell death by colloid-osmotic lysis.", "contents": "Increased ion permeability of planar lipid bilayer membranes after treatment with the C5b-9 cytolytic attack mechanism of complement. The ion permeability of planar lipid bilayers, as measured electrically, was found to increase modestly upon treatment with purified complement complex C5b,6 and complement components C7 and C8. The subsequent addition C9 greatly amplified this change. No permeability changes occurred when components were added individually to the membrane, or when they were used in paired combinations, or when C5b, C7, C8, and C9 were admixed prior to addition. Thus, there is a significant parallel between the permeability changes induced in the model membrane and damage produced in biological membranes by the C5b-9 complement attack sequence. The efficiency of membrane action by C5b-9 was critically dependent on the order in whcih components were added to the membrane. There were also differences in the electrical properties of membranes treated with C5b-8 and C5b-9, though in both cases the enhanced bilayer permeability is best attributed to the formation of trans-membrane channels. Collectively, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of membrane action by complement involves the production of a stable channel across the lipid bilayer, resulting in cell death by colloid-osmotic lysis.", "PMID": 1066698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5331", "title": "Purine metabolism in adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "content": "Purine and pyrimidine metabolites were measured in erythrocytes, plasma, and urine of a 5-month-old infant with adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) deficiency. Adenosine and adenine were measured using newly devised ion exchange separation techniques and a sensitive fluorescence assay. Plasma adenosine levels were increased, whereas adenosine was normal in erythrocytes and not detectable in urine. Increased amounts of adenine were found in erythrocytes and urine as well as in the plasma. Erythrocyte adenosine 5'-monophosphate and adenosine diphosphate concentrations were normal, but adenosine triphosphate content was greatly elevated. Because of the possibility of pyrimidine starvation, pyrimidine nucleotides (pyrimidine coenzymes) in erythrocytes and orotic acid in urine were measured. Pyrimidine nucleotide concentrations were normal, while orotic acid was not detected. These studies suggest that the immune deficiency associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency may be related to increased amounts of adenine, adenosine, or adenine nucleotides.", "contents": "Purine metabolism in adenosine deaminase deficiency. Purine and pyrimidine metabolites were measured in erythrocytes, plasma, and urine of a 5-month-old infant with adenosine deaminase (adenosine aminohydrolase, EC 3.5.4.4) deficiency. Adenosine and adenine were measured using newly devised ion exchange separation techniques and a sensitive fluorescence assay. Plasma adenosine levels were increased, whereas adenosine was normal in erythrocytes and not detectable in urine. Increased amounts of adenine were found in erythrocytes and urine as well as in the plasma. Erythrocyte adenosine 5'-monophosphate and adenosine diphosphate concentrations were normal, but adenosine triphosphate content was greatly elevated. Because of the possibility of pyrimidine starvation, pyrimidine nucleotides (pyrimidine coenzymes) in erythrocytes and orotic acid in urine were measured. Pyrimidine nucleotide concentrations were normal, while orotic acid was not detected. These studies suggest that the immune deficiency associated with adenosine deaminase deficiency may be related to increased amounts of adenine, adenosine, or adenine nucleotides.", "PMID": 1066699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5332", "title": "Experimental myasthenia in Balb/c mice immunized with rat acetylcholine receptor from rat denervated muscle.", "content": "A new model of an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction was obtained by injection of acetylcholine receptor purified from rat denervated muscles into Balb/c mice. Anti-rat, then anti-mouse acetylcholine receptor antibodies, appear in mouse serum during the immunization procedure. Electrophysiological investigations performed on immunized mice reveal a neuromuscular block similar to that found in myasthenia gravis. Not a single mouse with objective signs of muscular weakness was lacking anti-mouse acetylcholine receptor antibodies but no correlation was found between their level and the severity of the disease.", "contents": "Experimental myasthenia in Balb/c mice immunized with rat acetylcholine receptor from rat denervated muscle. A new model of an autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction was obtained by injection of acetylcholine receptor purified from rat denervated muscles into Balb/c mice. Anti-rat, then anti-mouse acetylcholine receptor antibodies, appear in mouse serum during the immunization procedure. Electrophysiological investigations performed on immunized mice reveal a neuromuscular block similar to that found in myasthenia gravis. Not a single mouse with objective signs of muscular weakness was lacking anti-mouse acetylcholine receptor antibodies but no correlation was found between their level and the severity of the disease.", "PMID": 1066700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5333", "title": "Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity and thyroid hormones: major pituitary-dependent sulfation factors for chick embryo cartilage.", "content": "Serum from hypothyroid hypophysectomized rats did not stimulate sulfation or incorporation of amino acids into chick embryo sterna. When such rats were treated for a short time with growth hormone (somatotropin), their serum stimulated incorporation both of sulfate and of amino acids. The different actions of the two types of sera were not due to changes in thyroid state. The results support the existence in serum of a sulfation factor for chick embryo cartilage that is dependent upon growth hormone. Highly purified preparations of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity from human serum stimulated incorporation of amino acids, and of uridine into RNA, in chick embryo sterna in vitro; chondrocytes prepared from this tissue had specific high-affinity binding sites for this insulin-like activity. However, sulfate incorporation was stimulated very little, unless serum from hypothyroid hypophysectomized rats was also present. When L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine was added as well, the stimulation was enhanced further. From these and other experiments, we conclude that (i) nonsuppressible insulin-like activity or a closely related peptide is the growth-hormone-dependent growth and sulfation factor for chick embryo cartilage: (ii) a second, unidentified factor must be present for the insulin-like activity to stimulate sulfation; and (iii) stimulation of sulfation by thyroid hormones in vitro is additive to that of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity.", "contents": "Nonsuppressible insulin-like activity and thyroid hormones: major pituitary-dependent sulfation factors for chick embryo cartilage. Serum from hypothyroid hypophysectomized rats did not stimulate sulfation or incorporation of amino acids into chick embryo sterna. When such rats were treated for a short time with growth hormone (somatotropin), their serum stimulated incorporation both of sulfate and of amino acids. The different actions of the two types of sera were not due to changes in thyroid state. The results support the existence in serum of a sulfation factor for chick embryo cartilage that is dependent upon growth hormone. Highly purified preparations of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity from human serum stimulated incorporation of amino acids, and of uridine into RNA, in chick embryo sterna in vitro; chondrocytes prepared from this tissue had specific high-affinity binding sites for this insulin-like activity. However, sulfate incorporation was stimulated very little, unless serum from hypothyroid hypophysectomized rats was also present. When L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine was added as well, the stimulation was enhanced further. From these and other experiments, we conclude that (i) nonsuppressible insulin-like activity or a closely related peptide is the growth-hormone-dependent growth and sulfation factor for chick embryo cartilage: (ii) a second, unidentified factor must be present for the insulin-like activity to stimulate sulfation; and (iii) stimulation of sulfation by thyroid hormones in vitro is additive to that of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity.", "PMID": 1066701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5334", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin (dilantin) gingival hyperplasia: drug-induced abnormality of connective tissue.", "content": "Various degrees of gingival overgrowth may occur in individuals taking diphenylhydantoin, a drug used widely in the treatment of epilepsy. The tissue overgrowth is made up predominantly of collagen, and may therefore be a useful model for analysis of fibrosis and some other connective tissue abnormalities. Fibroblasts derived from the overgrown tissue exhibit a level of protein synthetic activity approximately twice that of comparable cells obtained from nonepileptic control individuals and from the gingiva of age-matched epileptics taking the drug but not exhibiting gingival enlargement. In addition, 20% of the protein synthesized by cells from the affected tissue is collagen, whereas collagen accounts for only about 11% of the total protein produced by control cells of both types. The drug appears to induce or select for fibroblasts characterized by enhanced levels of protein synthesis and collagen production. This alteration persists through several cell replications in vitro in the absence of drug.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin (dilantin) gingival hyperplasia: drug-induced abnormality of connective tissue. Various degrees of gingival overgrowth may occur in individuals taking diphenylhydantoin, a drug used widely in the treatment of epilepsy. The tissue overgrowth is made up predominantly of collagen, and may therefore be a useful model for analysis of fibrosis and some other connective tissue abnormalities. Fibroblasts derived from the overgrown tissue exhibit a level of protein synthetic activity approximately twice that of comparable cells obtained from nonepileptic control individuals and from the gingiva of age-matched epileptics taking the drug but not exhibiting gingival enlargement. In addition, 20% of the protein synthesized by cells from the affected tissue is collagen, whereas collagen accounts for only about 11% of the total protein produced by control cells of both types. The drug appears to induce or select for fibroblasts characterized by enhanced levels of protein synthesis and collagen production. This alteration persists through several cell replications in vitro in the absence of drug.", "PMID": 1066702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5335", "title": "Circadian organization of the estrous cycle of the golden hamster.", "content": "In constant dim illumination the hamster estrous cycle free-runs with a period that is a quadruple multiple of the concurrently recorded rhythm of wheel-running activity; both activity and estrous cycles are generated by biological clocks. Maintenance of stable phase angle differences between heat onset and running onset before and after treatment with deuterium oxide suggests that a common circadian system generates periodicities in estrus and activity. An organization of the estrous cycle is proposed in which the stimulus for the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone is generated by a circadian system that includes the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Various possible interactions of estradiol and photoperiod with the neurogenic stimulus for the luteinizing hormone surge are described and implications of different types of circadian organization of the estrous cycle for theories of sexual differentiation are considered.", "contents": "Circadian organization of the estrous cycle of the golden hamster. In constant dim illumination the hamster estrous cycle free-runs with a period that is a quadruple multiple of the concurrently recorded rhythm of wheel-running activity; both activity and estrous cycles are generated by biological clocks. Maintenance of stable phase angle differences between heat onset and running onset before and after treatment with deuterium oxide suggests that a common circadian system generates periodicities in estrus and activity. An organization of the estrous cycle is proposed in which the stimulus for the ovulatory surge of luteinizing hormone is generated by a circadian system that includes the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Various possible interactions of estradiol and photoperiod with the neurogenic stimulus for the luteinizing hormone surge are described and implications of different types of circadian organization of the estrous cycle for theories of sexual differentiation are considered.", "PMID": 1066703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5336", "title": "Effects of persistent selective suppression of ganglionic butyrylcholinesterase on steady state and regenerating levels of acetylcholinesterase: implications regarding function of butyrylcholinesterase and regulation of protein synthesis.", "content": "Persistent selective suppression of the butyrylcholinesterase (cholinesterase; acylcholine acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) activity of the superior cervical, stellate, and ciliary ganglia of cats by the daily administration of tetramonoisopropyl pyrophosphortetramide, 3.0 mumol/kg, intravenously, for 6 days produced a significant elevation in the levels of ganglionic acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7). When the same procedure was preceded by the inactivation of over 95% of the ganglionic acetylcholinesterase by sarin, 2.0 mumol/kg, intravenously, the rate of regeneration of acetylcholinesterase was decreased. Results are interpreted as evidence that ganglionic butyrylcholinesterase may serve as a precursor to acetylcholinesterase, and that the level of butyrylcholinesterase may regulate the rate of acetylcholinesterase synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of persistent selective suppression of ganglionic butyrylcholinesterase on steady state and regenerating levels of acetylcholinesterase: implications regarding function of butyrylcholinesterase and regulation of protein synthesis. Persistent selective suppression of the butyrylcholinesterase (cholinesterase; acylcholine acyl-hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.8) activity of the superior cervical, stellate, and ciliary ganglia of cats by the daily administration of tetramonoisopropyl pyrophosphortetramide, 3.0 mumol/kg, intravenously, for 6 days produced a significant elevation in the levels of ganglionic acetylcholinesterase (acetylcholine hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.7). When the same procedure was preceded by the inactivation of over 95% of the ganglionic acetylcholinesterase by sarin, 2.0 mumol/kg, intravenously, the rate of regeneration of acetylcholinesterase was decreased. Results are interpreted as evidence that ganglionic butyrylcholinesterase may serve as a precursor to acetylcholinesterase, and that the level of butyrylcholinesterase may regulate the rate of acetylcholinesterase synthesis.", "PMID": 1066704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5337", "title": "Cyanoacrylate as an adhesive for other medicaments: a study with triamcinalone on the healing of experimental oral ulcers.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether cyanoacrylate can be used to adhere other medicaments to oral ulcers in the hope of promoting healing. Triamcinalone was chosen since it is used presently in pastes in the oral cavity. Sixty rats were dived into three equal groups. In each animal under anesthesia with ether, bilateral equivalent ulcers, 2 mm in depth and diameter, were made with the tip of a rongeur on the midlateral aspect of the tongue. The right side served as a control. The left side was experimental and received the following: group I--isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate only; group II--powdered triamcinalone acetonide; group III--triamcinalone covered with cyanoacrylate. All materials were reapplied every 24 hours for 4 days. Two animals from each group (6) were sacrificed at 1, 4, and 8 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, and 21 days. The results indicate that a powdered medicament can be held in place on oral ulcers for at least 24 hours. The ulcers with cyanoacrylate revealed less edema and cellular response for up to 24 hours. Healing of the ulcers was neither promoted nor delayed in any group.", "contents": "Cyanoacrylate as an adhesive for other medicaments: a study with triamcinalone on the healing of experimental oral ulcers. This study was undertaken to determine whether cyanoacrylate can be used to adhere other medicaments to oral ulcers in the hope of promoting healing. Triamcinalone was chosen since it is used presently in pastes in the oral cavity. Sixty rats were dived into three equal groups. In each animal under anesthesia with ether, bilateral equivalent ulcers, 2 mm in depth and diameter, were made with the tip of a rongeur on the midlateral aspect of the tongue. The right side served as a control. The left side was experimental and received the following: group I--isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate only; group II--powdered triamcinalone acetonide; group III--triamcinalone covered with cyanoacrylate. All materials were reapplied every 24 hours for 4 days. Two animals from each group (6) were sacrificed at 1, 4, and 8 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5, 14, and 21 days. The results indicate that a powdered medicament can be held in place on oral ulcers for at least 24 hours. The ulcers with cyanoacrylate revealed less edema and cellular response for up to 24 hours. Healing of the ulcers was neither promoted nor delayed in any group.", "PMID": 1066705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5338", "title": "Saliva stimulation in dogs with permanent duct fistulae.", "content": "Saliva fluids were collected from catheters inserted in the duct openings of permanent paratid and sublingual duct fistulae prepared in dogs. In anesthetized dogs stimulants applied to the tongue had no effect on saliva output. In awake dogs topically applied sucrose (1.25%-20%) had no significant stimulating effect on salivary secertion when compared to water control responses. Citric acid (1.25%-20%), applied topically, resulted in dose-related fluid increases, with parotid volumes consistently higher than sublingual volumes. Pilocarpine (0.125 mg/kg, IV), elicited similar saliva volumes in awake and anesthetized animals; sublingual secretions were higher than parotid volumes. For comparing drug secretion or saliva composition in awake and anesthetized animals, use of the same, preferable an IV, stimulant administered on a milligram perper-kilogram basis is suggested.", "contents": "Saliva stimulation in dogs with permanent duct fistulae. Saliva fluids were collected from catheters inserted in the duct openings of permanent paratid and sublingual duct fistulae prepared in dogs. In anesthetized dogs stimulants applied to the tongue had no effect on saliva output. In awake dogs topically applied sucrose (1.25%-20%) had no significant stimulating effect on salivary secertion when compared to water control responses. Citric acid (1.25%-20%), applied topically, resulted in dose-related fluid increases, with parotid volumes consistently higher than sublingual volumes. Pilocarpine (0.125 mg/kg, IV), elicited similar saliva volumes in awake and anesthetized animals; sublingual secretions were higher than parotid volumes. For comparing drug secretion or saliva composition in awake and anesthetized animals, use of the same, preferable an IV, stimulant administered on a milligram perper-kilogram basis is suggested.", "PMID": 1066706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5339", "title": "11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in subcellular particulates of rat submandibular salivary gland.", "content": "11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) was studied in intracellular components of the rat submandibular salivary gland. The difficulty in retaining 11beta-HSD activity during fractionation was overcome by using soybean trypsin inhibitor. Relatively pure subcellular particles were obtained by altering the initial centrifugal speeds used for the various fractions. 11beta-HSD was found to have its main activity in the crude nuclear fraction of the gland. Pure nuclei were isolated by centrifuging the crude nuclear fraction through 1.8-M sucrose at high speed, and these were found to retain the major enzyme activity. It was hypothesized that 11beta-HSD may influence genetic expression processes in salivary gland, but further work will have to be undertaken to investigate this possibility.", "contents": "11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in subcellular particulates of rat submandibular salivary gland. 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11beta-HSD) was studied in intracellular components of the rat submandibular salivary gland. The difficulty in retaining 11beta-HSD activity during fractionation was overcome by using soybean trypsin inhibitor. Relatively pure subcellular particles were obtained by altering the initial centrifugal speeds used for the various fractions. 11beta-HSD was found to have its main activity in the crude nuclear fraction of the gland. Pure nuclei were isolated by centrifuging the crude nuclear fraction through 1.8-M sucrose at high speed, and these were found to retain the major enzyme activity. It was hypothesized that 11beta-HSD may influence genetic expression processes in salivary gland, but further work will have to be undertaken to investigate this possibility.", "PMID": 1066707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5340", "title": "Lead health hazard in root calan filling material.", "content": "It has been stated in the recent literature that the lead content of N2 endodontic filling material poses a hazard of lead otxicity to the patient. No clinical evidence in humans was offered in support of the statements. In the studies here reported, it was determined that endodontic fillings of RC2B, A U.S. variant of the N2 material, contain, per root-canal, a quantity of lead equivalent to permissible uptake of 10-15 days. It is believed lead is generally unavailable to the blood stream, due primarily to its being chemically bound, and secondarily to the known affinity of dentin for lead. It was found that the levels of lead in the blood of nine young male patients, sampled at intervals up to 90 days following placement of RC2B endodontic fillings, were mostly nondetectable, did not exceed 9 mug/100 ml in any instance, and were all far below the accepted hazard-indicating level of 40 mug/100 ml whole blood.", "contents": "Lead health hazard in root calan filling material. It has been stated in the recent literature that the lead content of N2 endodontic filling material poses a hazard of lead otxicity to the patient. No clinical evidence in humans was offered in support of the statements. In the studies here reported, it was determined that endodontic fillings of RC2B, A U.S. variant of the N2 material, contain, per root-canal, a quantity of lead equivalent to permissible uptake of 10-15 days. It is believed lead is generally unavailable to the blood stream, due primarily to its being chemically bound, and secondarily to the known affinity of dentin for lead. It was found that the levels of lead in the blood of nine young male patients, sampled at intervals up to 90 days following placement of RC2B endodontic fillings, were mostly nondetectable, did not exceed 9 mug/100 ml in any instance, and were all far below the accepted hazard-indicating level of 40 mug/100 ml whole blood.", "PMID": 1066710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5341", "title": "Biological active peptides in human urine: III. Inhibitors of the growth of human leukemia, osteosarcoma, and HeLa cells.", "content": "Medium-sized peptides isolated from normal humans urine were tested for their effect on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and mitosis, in tissue culture of human myeloblastic leukemia, osteosarcoma, and HeLa cells. Two types of antineoplastic peptides were found. One type consists of strongly acidic peptides (probably sulfated glycopeptides) which act specifically on different kinds of neoplasma. The other type comprises slightly acidic and neutral peptides, and has broad specificity. The active peptides produce up to 97% inhibition of DNA synthesis and mitosis in the neoplastic cells in tissue culture. The peptide fraction which has broad specificity was tested in different concentrations and gave good dose-response relationship.", "contents": "Biological active peptides in human urine: III. Inhibitors of the growth of human leukemia, osteosarcoma, and HeLa cells. Medium-sized peptides isolated from normal humans urine were tested for their effect on DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, and mitosis, in tissue culture of human myeloblastic leukemia, osteosarcoma, and HeLa cells. Two types of antineoplastic peptides were found. One type consists of strongly acidic peptides (probably sulfated glycopeptides) which act specifically on different kinds of neoplasma. The other type comprises slightly acidic and neutral peptides, and has broad specificity. The active peptides produce up to 97% inhibition of DNA synthesis and mitosis in the neoplastic cells in tissue culture. The peptide fraction which has broad specificity was tested in different concentrations and gave good dose-response relationship.", "PMID": 1066715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5342", "title": "Ventilator-related extra-alveolar air in adults.", "content": "Extra-alveolar air (EAA) developed in 38 patients during mechanical ventilation. High ventilatory pressures and destructive lung disease predispose to EAA. Pneumoretroperitoneum and pneumoperitoneum are more common forms of ventilator-induced EAA in adults than generally realized; an associated pneumomediastinum was always identified when one of the two disorders above resulted from ventilation. Retroperitoneal air was located laterally along the liver and in the flanks, and changed little with change in patient position. Early detection of EAA may allow life-saving changes in therapy to be implemented.", "contents": "Ventilator-related extra-alveolar air in adults. Extra-alveolar air (EAA) developed in 38 patients during mechanical ventilation. High ventilatory pressures and destructive lung disease predispose to EAA. Pneumoretroperitoneum and pneumoperitoneum are more common forms of ventilator-induced EAA in adults than generally realized; an associated pneumomediastinum was always identified when one of the two disorders above resulted from ventilation. Retroperitoneal air was located laterally along the liver and in the flanks, and changed little with change in patient position. Early detection of EAA may allow life-saving changes in therapy to be implemented.", "PMID": 1066716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5343", "title": "Occlusal adjustment by grinding of teeth; indications and techniques.", "content": "Occlusal adjustment by grinding of teeth is a therapy that all dentist can master, provided they base it on a knowledge of what constitutes an acceptable occlusion. There is hardly use for intricate or difficult rules and prescriptions for occlusal adjustment. After having diagnosed the occlusal condition in the patient, the dentist has to decide how to attain the goal : an acceptable occlusion without interferences, that is tooth substance that is in the way of harmonious function. Very often simple grinding of teeth can improve the occlusion of our patients. And in combination with other corrective measures, e.g. prosthetic rehabilitation and orthodontic treatment, occlusal adjustment by grinding deserves to be used much more frequently in clinical dentistry than it is today. It is a cheap and simple procedure that can improve our patient's occlusal hygiene. And occlusal hygiene is a concept that now should be incorporated in odontology as oral hygiene seems to have been universally accepted. And we dentists are even more responsible for increasing the quality of occlusion in our patients than we are for the standard of their oral hygiene.", "contents": "Occlusal adjustment by grinding of teeth; indications and techniques. Occlusal adjustment by grinding of teeth is a therapy that all dentist can master, provided they base it on a knowledge of what constitutes an acceptable occlusion. There is hardly use for intricate or difficult rules and prescriptions for occlusal adjustment. After having diagnosed the occlusal condition in the patient, the dentist has to decide how to attain the goal : an acceptable occlusion without interferences, that is tooth substance that is in the way of harmonious function. Very often simple grinding of teeth can improve the occlusion of our patients. And in combination with other corrective measures, e.g. prosthetic rehabilitation and orthodontic treatment, occlusal adjustment by grinding deserves to be used much more frequently in clinical dentistry than it is today. It is a cheap and simple procedure that can improve our patient's occlusal hygiene. And occlusal hygiene is a concept that now should be incorporated in odontology as oral hygiene seems to have been universally accepted. And we dentists are even more responsible for increasing the quality of occlusion in our patients than we are for the standard of their oral hygiene.", "PMID": 1066719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5344", "title": "[Transplantation of the lower wisdom teeth. 6 years' experience].", "content": "The authors report their experience with reference to wisdom tooth transplantation involving fifteen patients over a period of 6 years. They exclude from this paper those transplantations which they have done using buds without roots and those with teeth with completely formed roots, which would not appear to be the best time for transplantation from a physiological standpoint. They feel that the main indication occurs when (multi-ring orthodontic treatment being impossible) the first molar is impossible to preserve and the wisdom tooth cannot apparently become functional. They describe their techniques. Despite the successess obtained (11 cases out of 15) with a follow-up of 6 years to one and a half years, the authors express a degree of reserve as far as the distant future is concerned with regard to possible rhizoclasia.", "contents": "[Transplantation of the lower wisdom teeth. 6 years' experience]. The authors report their experience with reference to wisdom tooth transplantation involving fifteen patients over a period of 6 years. They exclude from this paper those transplantations which they have done using buds without roots and those with teeth with completely formed roots, which would not appear to be the best time for transplantation from a physiological standpoint. They feel that the main indication occurs when (multi-ring orthodontic treatment being impossible) the first molar is impossible to preserve and the wisdom tooth cannot apparently become functional. They describe their techniques. Despite the successess obtained (11 cases out of 15) with a follow-up of 6 years to one and a half years, the authors express a degree of reserve as far as the distant future is concerned with regard to possible rhizoclasia.", "PMID": 1066799}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5345", "title": "[Tooth transplantation].", "content": "In the light of the thesis of J. Thibault, the authors suggest, in association with transplantation of wisdom tooth buds into the alveolus of the first molar, a technique consisting of placing the graft in its pre-eruptive position, removing in a block the bud, the gubernaculum and the sub-jacent gingival mucosa. Under these conditions, eruption occurs at the same time as development of the roots, which represents the most physiological solution. At the same time as formation of the root, the authors noted a paradoxal rhizalysis, hypercementosis resulting in ankylosis and conservation of vitality. In addition, almost all the teeth transplanted proved to be highly vulnerable to caries.", "contents": "[Tooth transplantation]. In the light of the thesis of J. Thibault, the authors suggest, in association with transplantation of wisdom tooth buds into the alveolus of the first molar, a technique consisting of placing the graft in its pre-eruptive position, removing in a block the bud, the gubernaculum and the sub-jacent gingival mucosa. Under these conditions, eruption occurs at the same time as development of the roots, which represents the most physiological solution. At the same time as formation of the root, the authors noted a paradoxal rhizalysis, hypercementosis resulting in ankylosis and conservation of vitality. In addition, almost all the teeth transplanted proved to be highly vulnerable to caries.", "PMID": 1066800}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5346", "title": "[Contraindications to the use of extraoral forces in dentofacial orthopedics].", "content": "Following a brief and non-exhaustive review of the various types of extra-oral traction, the author stresses certain contra-indications which, in his opinion, should be borne in mind by the operator. These contraindications, are, essentially, a pathological mesiodistal orientation of the adult molars, reflecting dento-maxillary disharmony in the anterior segments, and an abnormality of inclination of the alveolar processes for which aetiological treatment is more rational.", "contents": "[Contraindications to the use of extraoral forces in dentofacial orthopedics]. Following a brief and non-exhaustive review of the various types of extra-oral traction, the author stresses certain contra-indications which, in his opinion, should be borne in mind by the operator. These contraindications, are, essentially, a pathological mesiodistal orientation of the adult molars, reflecting dento-maxillary disharmony in the anterior segments, and an abnormality of inclination of the alveolar processes for which aetiological treatment is more rational.", "PMID": 1066801}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5347", "title": "[Mandibular osteosynthesis according to the Michelet technic. I. Biomechanical bases].", "content": "Experiments performed in collaboration with a group of engineers lead to following affirmations: - mandible's external cortex is strong enough to endure strains resulting from screws, - osteosynthesis plate must be screwed in high position, - the material elaborated according to biomechanical data appears constantly reliable despite more marked miniaturization and improved malleability.", "contents": "[Mandibular osteosynthesis according to the Michelet technic. I. Biomechanical bases]. Experiments performed in collaboration with a group of engineers lead to following affirmations: - mandible's external cortex is strong enough to endure strains resulting from screws, - osteosynthesis plate must be screwed in high position, - the material elaborated according to biomechanical data appears constantly reliable despite more marked miniaturization and improved malleability.", "PMID": 1066802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5348", "title": "Chromosome banding studies in Philadelphia chromosome positive myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "A cytogenetic study of Ph1 positive myeloid leukaemia in both chronic and acute phases had been made by a chromosome banding technique. The translocation (t(9;22)(q34;q11), designated t(Ph1) was present in the myeloid cells of 43 of 44 patients; the exceptional case had normal number 9 chromosomes and a different translocation (t(19;22)(q13;q11)). A translocation additional to that involving the Ph1 was found as a stable abnormality present in all myeloid cells in 4 patients, chromosome 17 being involved in 2. The association of isochromosome number 17 with blast crisis was confirmed. New data were obtained concerning the significance of duplicated or dicentric Ph1 chromosomes and their relationship with the 9q+ anomaly. Monoclonal origin of Ph1 was confirmed in cases with polymorphic number 22 or 9 chromosomes.", "contents": "Chromosome banding studies in Philadelphia chromosome positive myeloid leukaemia. A cytogenetic study of Ph1 positive myeloid leukaemia in both chronic and acute phases had been made by a chromosome banding technique. The translocation (t(9;22)(q34;q11), designated t(Ph1) was present in the myeloid cells of 43 of 44 patients; the exceptional case had normal number 9 chromosomes and a different translocation (t(19;22)(q13;q11)). A translocation additional to that involving the Ph1 was found as a stable abnormality present in all myeloid cells in 4 patients, chromosome 17 being involved in 2. The association of isochromosome number 17 with blast crisis was confirmed. New data were obtained concerning the significance of duplicated or dicentric Ph1 chromosomes and their relationship with the 9q+ anomaly. Monoclonal origin of Ph1 was confirmed in cases with polymorphic number 22 or 9 chromosomes.", "PMID": 1066809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5349", "title": "[Mandibular osteosynthesis according to the Michelet technic. II. Presentation of new material. Results].", "content": "The purpose of this communication is: - To report the conclusions of a critical study realized in collaboration with a group of engineers and concerning some presently obtainable osteosynthesis materials. - To ascertain mechanical characteristics required by screws and plates used for this type of surgery. - To relate a 4 years experience concerning 130 osteosynthesis (32 performed with a new material worked out according to biomechanical data).", "contents": "[Mandibular osteosynthesis according to the Michelet technic. II. Presentation of new material. Results]. The purpose of this communication is: - To report the conclusions of a critical study realized in collaboration with a group of engineers and concerning some presently obtainable osteosynthesis materials. - To ascertain mechanical characteristics required by screws and plates used for this type of surgery. - To relate a 4 years experience concerning 130 osteosynthesis (32 performed with a new material worked out according to biomechanical data).", "PMID": 1066803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5350", "title": "[100 malar fractures].", "content": "Fractures of the malar are treated by therapeutic methods which are simple to put into operation and very effective based on osteosynthesis, screw-in plates, grafts and, in particular, the well-tolerated silicone implants (54 cases without any signs of rejection). The 100 case histories show our successes and failures.", "contents": "[100 malar fractures]. Fractures of the malar are treated by therapeutic methods which are simple to put into operation and very effective based on osteosynthesis, screw-in plates, grafts and, in particular, the well-tolerated silicone implants (54 cases without any signs of rejection). The 100 case histories show our successes and failures.", "PMID": 1066804}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5351", "title": "[Fluorescence angiographic diagnosis of the elasticity of the labial frenum].", "content": "The fluorescein angiographs of the attached gingiva of 10 out of 12 subjects showed distinct areas of ischaemia which were clinically not discernible when standardized tensions of 100 g or 200 g tensions were exerted on the mandibular frenum. The fluorescein angiographs were reproducible in 3 out of 4 cases and the ischaemic areas reached the adjacent gingival margins in 5 cases. Possible hypoxic damage of the periodontium by tension of frenum is discussed.", "contents": "[Fluorescence angiographic diagnosis of the elasticity of the labial frenum]. The fluorescein angiographs of the attached gingiva of 10 out of 12 subjects showed distinct areas of ischaemia which were clinically not discernible when standardized tensions of 100 g or 200 g tensions were exerted on the mandibular frenum. The fluorescein angiographs were reproducible in 3 out of 4 cases and the ischaemic areas reached the adjacent gingival margins in 5 cases. Possible hypoxic damage of the periodontium by tension of frenum is discussed.", "PMID": 1066810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5352", "title": "[Biophsical study of dental tissues under the effect of a local strontium application].", "content": "Microradiographic and electronmicroscopic observations show that topical application of concentrated strontium chloride solution on an abraded dentinal surface caused the formation in the dentine of very compact superficial layer composed of fine granules and with a high degree of radiodensity. This layer not only forms a continuous deposit on the superficial zone, but also penetrates and fills the canclicules to a certain distance. A barrier is thus created, diminishing the permeability of the dentine, which would explain the desensitization of the tooth. Electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction studies show that the fundamental mechanism of the formation of strontium deposits is an exchange with the calcium fo the dentinal tissue, and recrystallization in the form of strontium apatite.", "contents": "[Biophsical study of dental tissues under the effect of a local strontium application]. Microradiographic and electronmicroscopic observations show that topical application of concentrated strontium chloride solution on an abraded dentinal surface caused the formation in the dentine of very compact superficial layer composed of fine granules and with a high degree of radiodensity. This layer not only forms a continuous deposit on the superficial zone, but also penetrates and fills the canclicules to a certain distance. A barrier is thus created, diminishing the permeability of the dentine, which would explain the desensitization of the tooth. Electron probe microanalysis and X-ray diffraction studies show that the fundamental mechanism of the formation of strontium deposits is an exchange with the calcium fo the dentinal tissue, and recrystallization in the form of strontium apatite.", "PMID": 1066811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5353", "title": "[Peripheral giant cell granuloma of the jaw. Study of 173 cases].", "content": "The authors studied G.C.P.G. in a series of 173 patients amongst 894 with epulis type tumours. The highest occurrence rate of G.C.P.G. was found during the period of mixed dentition. Whilst in childhood G.C.P.G. was commoner in boys than girls, after the age of 16 the number of women affected was twice that of men. G.C.P.G. occurs more frequently in the mandible than the maxilla and more often in the premolar-molar region than the incisor-canine region. Osteolysis of the alveolar edge was more marked than in other forms of epulis and in a smaller number of cases osteogenic forms of G.C.P.G. were found with the formation of a substantial amount of reactive bone. From a histopathological standpoint, a connective-tissue/vascular stroma with giant cells and developing in relation with the capillary endothelium, and of similar appearance to G.C.C.G., is noted.", "contents": "[Peripheral giant cell granuloma of the jaw. Study of 173 cases]. The authors studied G.C.P.G. in a series of 173 patients amongst 894 with epulis type tumours. The highest occurrence rate of G.C.P.G. was found during the period of mixed dentition. Whilst in childhood G.C.P.G. was commoner in boys than girls, after the age of 16 the number of women affected was twice that of men. G.C.P.G. occurs more frequently in the mandible than the maxilla and more often in the premolar-molar region than the incisor-canine region. Osteolysis of the alveolar edge was more marked than in other forms of epulis and in a smaller number of cases osteogenic forms of G.C.P.G. were found with the formation of a substantial amount of reactive bone. From a histopathological standpoint, a connective-tissue/vascular stroma with giant cells and developing in relation with the capillary endothelium, and of similar appearance to G.C.C.G., is noted.", "PMID": 1066805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5354", "title": "[Problems of the treatment of prognathism by sagittal splitting of the ascending mandibular branch].", "content": "The author reports 20 years of experience at the Zurich clinic with the treatment of mandibular prognathism by sagittal cutting of the ascending mandibular rami. The original method of Obwegeser and its modifications (1955, 1957) are discussed. After mentioning the indications, the technique of surgery is described, such as it is practised today at the clinic of maxillofacial surgery in Zurich. The classical method applies to tooth bearing arches, while modifications are necessary in edentulous mandibles. Further on, modifications as mentioned in the literature, particularly applying to the soft tissue cuts, the bone cuts, the position of the buccal cut of the cortical bone, the direction of partition, the technique of partition and the fixation of the segments, finally the intermaxillary splinting and drainage are mentioned. It is explained, why in the Zurich clinic the technique of Obwegeser is still prevalently used. The most prominent modifications are the blunt partition of the ramus and the control of the position of the condyle under the radiographic viewer. The use of the modification in the cut of the buccal cortical bone after Dal Pont (1959) was abandoned again.", "contents": "[Problems of the treatment of prognathism by sagittal splitting of the ascending mandibular branch]. The author reports 20 years of experience at the Zurich clinic with the treatment of mandibular prognathism by sagittal cutting of the ascending mandibular rami. The original method of Obwegeser and its modifications (1955, 1957) are discussed. After mentioning the indications, the technique of surgery is described, such as it is practised today at the clinic of maxillofacial surgery in Zurich. The classical method applies to tooth bearing arches, while modifications are necessary in edentulous mandibles. Further on, modifications as mentioned in the literature, particularly applying to the soft tissue cuts, the bone cuts, the position of the buccal cut of the cortical bone, the direction of partition, the technique of partition and the fixation of the segments, finally the intermaxillary splinting and drainage are mentioned. It is explained, why in the Zurich clinic the technique of Obwegeser is still prevalently used. The most prominent modifications are the blunt partition of the ramus and the control of the position of the condyle under the radiographic viewer. The use of the modification in the cut of the buccal cortical bone after Dal Pont (1959) was abandoned again.", "PMID": 1066812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5355", "title": "[The value of a cytologic examination in the diagnosis of various diseases of the oral mucosa].", "content": "The use of cytological examination in the diagnosis of different conditions of the buccal mucosa is of increasing interest in all branches of medicine. Collection of a specimen is very simple, painless and may always be repeated. Although not having an absolute value, cytological examination may contribute to the diagnosis of a group of inflammatory disorders of the buccal mucosa.", "contents": "[The value of a cytologic examination in the diagnosis of various diseases of the oral mucosa]. The use of cytological examination in the diagnosis of different conditions of the buccal mucosa is of increasing interest in all branches of medicine. Collection of a specimen is very simple, painless and may always be repeated. Although not having an absolute value, cytological examination may contribute to the diagnosis of a group of inflammatory disorders of the buccal mucosa.", "PMID": 1066806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5356", "title": "[The effectiveness of a chlorhexidine (Plak-out) gel and solution: clinical study].", "content": "A gel containing 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate has been utilized during 6 weeks as a toothpast 3 times a day by a group of 8 students, while 8 other volonteers have brushed their teeth with a gel placebo. The gingival and plaque indices, as well as the amount of gingival fluid have been measured at the beginning and at the end of the experimental time. Colour photographs were also taken. The study, performed in double blind, did not show any significant change in the gingival conditions of the 16 students. In a second trial, the antiplaque properties of a chlorhexidine containing solution (Plak-out liquid) were tested. After thorough prophylaxis, 13 students in an experimental group and 8 students in a placebo group were asked to stop their oral hygiene procedures during 7 days and to rinse their mouth 2 times a day during 1 minute with the chlorhexidine solution or with the placebo. In each of the 2 groups, 4 subgroups were formed, each rinsing the mouth with a chlorhexidine or a placebo concentration of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 per cent. In the experimental group the results show a practically complete inhibition of plaque deposits. The average plaque index, which amounted to 0.3 at the beginning of the experiment in the 2 groups, showed an increase to 1.2 in the placebo group and dropped to 0.2 in the chlorhexidine group. The plaque inhibition seems to take place as a function of the chlorhexidine concentration. The gingival index of inflammation and the amount of gingival fluid showed an increase in the placebo group but did not change in the volonteers using the active compound.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of a chlorhexidine (Plak-out) gel and solution: clinical study]. A gel containing 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate has been utilized during 6 weeks as a toothpast 3 times a day by a group of 8 students, while 8 other volonteers have brushed their teeth with a gel placebo. The gingival and plaque indices, as well as the amount of gingival fluid have been measured at the beginning and at the end of the experimental time. Colour photographs were also taken. The study, performed in double blind, did not show any significant change in the gingival conditions of the 16 students. In a second trial, the antiplaque properties of a chlorhexidine containing solution (Plak-out liquid) were tested. After thorough prophylaxis, 13 students in an experimental group and 8 students in a placebo group were asked to stop their oral hygiene procedures during 7 days and to rinse their mouth 2 times a day during 1 minute with the chlorhexidine solution or with the placebo. In each of the 2 groups, 4 subgroups were formed, each rinsing the mouth with a chlorhexidine or a placebo concentration of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2 per cent. In the experimental group the results show a practically complete inhibition of plaque deposits. The average plaque index, which amounted to 0.3 at the beginning of the experiment in the 2 groups, showed an increase to 1.2 in the placebo group and dropped to 0.2 in the chlorhexidine group. The plaque inhibition seems to take place as a function of the chlorhexidine concentration. The gingival index of inflammation and the amount of gingival fluid showed an increase in the placebo group but did not change in the volonteers using the active compound.", "PMID": 1066813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5357", "title": "[Reproduction of cephalometric films with a soft-tissue outline].", "content": "The authors present a description of a radio-photographic technique aimed at providing on the same film a detailed picture of the skeleton together with sufficiently clear reproduction of the contours of soft tissue. This technique, the result of which resembles Xerography, provides a simple means of obtaining reproduction of bony structures and their relations with soft tissues.", "contents": "[Reproduction of cephalometric films with a soft-tissue outline]. The authors present a description of a radio-photographic technique aimed at providing on the same film a detailed picture of the skeleton together with sufficiently clear reproduction of the contours of soft tissue. This technique, the result of which resembles Xerography, provides a simple means of obtaining reproduction of bony structures and their relations with soft tissues.", "PMID": 1066807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5358", "title": "[Contribution of orthophony to the treatment of periodontal diseases. Preliminary communication].", "content": "Reeducation of swallowing troubles and muscular problems represents an essential complementary factor in the treatment of paradontal pathology. Study is made of swallowing, muscle tone and power of the tongue and the oro-buccal muscles (extensometry, electromyogram) and of phonation. Reeducation is possible after 30 years. It creates new habits and reflexes. The results obtained are very encouraging.", "contents": "[Contribution of orthophony to the treatment of periodontal diseases. Preliminary communication]. Reeducation of swallowing troubles and muscular problems represents an essential complementary factor in the treatment of paradontal pathology. Study is made of swallowing, muscle tone and power of the tongue and the oro-buccal muscles (extensometry, electromyogram) and of phonation. Reeducation is possible after 30 years. It creates new habits and reflexes. The results obtained are very encouraging.", "PMID": 1066808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5359", "title": "[Treatment of gingivitis with the cavitron under water and chlorhexidine cooling].", "content": "This article deals with the question whether the success of gingivitis treatment is enhanced by Cavitron therapy employing a 0.2% Chlorhexidine solution as a cooling agent with the Cavitron instead of water. It was shown that the symptoms of gingivitis disappear after removal of plaque and calculus deposits. Addition of a 0.2% Chlorhexidine solution in the cooling system of the Cavitron however does not significantly influence the success of the treatment.", "contents": "[Treatment of gingivitis with the cavitron under water and chlorhexidine cooling]. This article deals with the question whether the success of gingivitis treatment is enhanced by Cavitron therapy employing a 0.2% Chlorhexidine solution as a cooling agent with the Cavitron instead of water. It was shown that the symptoms of gingivitis disappear after removal of plaque and calculus deposits. Addition of a 0.2% Chlorhexidine solution in the cooling system of the Cavitron however does not significantly influence the success of the treatment.", "PMID": 1066814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5360", "title": "[Inhibition of polymerization by oxygen in composite filling materials and enamel sealers].", "content": "The oxygen inhibition upon the polymerization of composite materials was investigated. The method permitted the avoidance of oxygen inhibition even in cases where the special matrix could not be used. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The depth of inhibition, when atmospheric air is admitted, varies, according to different brands of composites, between 25 and 105 mum. 2. By conducting a protective gas over the surface of the polymerizing material, the contact of oxygen is avoided just as if a matrix were used. 3. Avoidance of oxygen is particularly important during the setting period of the material, i.e. the time between the end of mixing and the end of setting. 4. Polymerization under a protective gas makes it possible to polymerize even very thin layers of material and therefore widens the scope of use for sealants in caries prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Inhibition of polymerization by oxygen in composite filling materials and enamel sealers]. The oxygen inhibition upon the polymerization of composite materials was investigated. The method permitted the avoidance of oxygen inhibition even in cases where the special matrix could not be used. The results can be summarized as follows: 1. The depth of inhibition, when atmospheric air is admitted, varies, according to different brands of composites, between 25 and 105 mum. 2. By conducting a protective gas over the surface of the polymerizing material, the contact of oxygen is avoided just as if a matrix were used. 3. Avoidance of oxygen is particularly important during the setting period of the material, i.e. the time between the end of mixing and the end of setting. 4. Polymerization under a protective gas makes it possible to polymerize even very thin layers of material and therefore widens the scope of use for sealants in caries prophylaxis.", "PMID": 1066815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5361", "title": "[Treatment results after zygomatico-orbital fractures].", "content": "Between 1973 and 1974, 96 zygomatic fractures were diagnosed of which 89 were surgically treated. 75 fractures were set openly and of these 65 were joined by osteosynthesis. 75 patient were examined later. Results show that posttraumatic complications occurred more frequently in fractures set without opening than in fractures set by osteosynthesis. Open reposition is therefore recommended, along with stabilization by osteosynthesis.", "contents": "[Treatment results after zygomatico-orbital fractures]. Between 1973 and 1974, 96 zygomatic fractures were diagnosed of which 89 were surgically treated. 75 fractures were set openly and of these 65 were joined by osteosynthesis. 75 patient were examined later. Results show that posttraumatic complications occurred more frequently in fractures set without opening than in fractures set by osteosynthesis. Open reposition is therefore recommended, along with stabilization by osteosynthesis.", "PMID": 1066816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5362", "title": "Improved oral health of schoolchildren of 16 communities after 8 years of prevention. III. Gingival conditions and calculus.", "content": "In 1963, a \"Caries-Preventive Program\" was started in the canton of Zurich. Within this program supervised toothbrushing exercises (with fluoride preparations) were carried out at school. They were performed 3 times per year by specially trained former dental chairside assistants who also discussed the usefulness of toothbrushing (10 min at each class visit). The teachers were expected to perform 3 additional supervised toothbrushing exercises during the year. The total number of brushing exercises per year was between 4 and 6. A total of 7548 examinations of children were made in 16 communities in 1963/64 1967/68 and 1971/72. The occurrence of gingivitis was studied by considering the symptoms of edematous swelling and discoloration. The frequency of both symptoms decreased over the study period 1963/64 to 1971/72. The frequency of supragingival calculus lingually on lower incisors was also reduced, but this result was not consistently found in the communities. In a subsample, subgingival calculus was studied on bite-wing radiographs. The percentage of children 13 to 15 years of age with such deposits decreased from 9.27 to 3.22.", "contents": "Improved oral health of schoolchildren of 16 communities after 8 years of prevention. III. Gingival conditions and calculus. In 1963, a \"Caries-Preventive Program\" was started in the canton of Zurich. Within this program supervised toothbrushing exercises (with fluoride preparations) were carried out at school. They were performed 3 times per year by specially trained former dental chairside assistants who also discussed the usefulness of toothbrushing (10 min at each class visit). The teachers were expected to perform 3 additional supervised toothbrushing exercises during the year. The total number of brushing exercises per year was between 4 and 6. A total of 7548 examinations of children were made in 16 communities in 1963/64 1967/68 and 1971/72. The occurrence of gingivitis was studied by considering the symptoms of edematous swelling and discoloration. The frequency of both symptoms decreased over the study period 1963/64 to 1971/72. The frequency of supragingival calculus lingually on lower incisors was also reduced, but this result was not consistently found in the communities. In a subsample, subgingival calculus was studied on bite-wing radiographs. The percentage of children 13 to 15 years of age with such deposits decreased from 9.27 to 3.22.", "PMID": 1066817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5363", "title": "Fluoride content of dental hard tissues with special respect to fluoridation of domestic salt.", "content": "Teeth from children with various histories of fluoride supplementation were collected and analysed for fluoride. Fluoride concentrations in dentine from the canton of Vaud with fluoridated salt at 250 ppm since 1969 were at a level comparable to that reported from regions with 1.0 ppm F- in the drinking water and in children having received fluoride tablets during their tooth formative age.", "contents": "Fluoride content of dental hard tissues with special respect to fluoridation of domestic salt. Teeth from children with various histories of fluoride supplementation were collected and analysed for fluoride. Fluoride concentrations in dentine from the canton of Vaud with fluoridated salt at 250 ppm since 1969 were at a level comparable to that reported from regions with 1.0 ppm F- in the drinking water and in children having received fluoride tablets during their tooth formative age.", "PMID": 1066818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5364", "title": "[Results of experimental studies on new materials for dental models].", "content": "Newly developed cast materials (special stone plaster and plastic materials for single-stump casts) were tested for their setting behaviour and strength, their ability to reproduce fine-profiled surfaces and, in combination with standarized silicone impressions, for their dimensional behavior. With reference to the authors' experience, the suitability of these materials for making casts is critically evaluated.", "contents": "[Results of experimental studies on new materials for dental models]. Newly developed cast materials (special stone plaster and plastic materials for single-stump casts) were tested for their setting behaviour and strength, their ability to reproduce fine-profiled surfaces and, in combination with standarized silicone impressions, for their dimensional behavior. With reference to the authors' experience, the suitability of these materials for making casts is critically evaluated.", "PMID": 1066821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5365", "title": "[The effect of daily controlled oral hygiene on the oral health of children in a town with drinking water fluoridation (Karl Marx Stadt)].", "content": "Under the conditions of an optimized (with regard to caries prevention) fluoride content of the drinking uater, the authors studied (in the framework of an oral hygiene measure covering 32 months) in 149 children 6.5-8 years of age the effects of supervised daily dental and oral care on dental health. The improvement in oral hygiene (OHI) by 33% is in harmony with an additional caries reduction by 33.3% (DMF/S index) and a decrease of the PM index by 47%. A wider use of oral hygiene actions as secondary preventive measures is, therefore, recommended also for towns with fluoridated drinking water.", "contents": "[The effect of daily controlled oral hygiene on the oral health of children in a town with drinking water fluoridation (Karl Marx Stadt)]. Under the conditions of an optimized (with regard to caries prevention) fluoride content of the drinking uater, the authors studied (in the framework of an oral hygiene measure covering 32 months) in 149 children 6.5-8 years of age the effects of supervised daily dental and oral care on dental health. The improvement in oral hygiene (OHI) by 33% is in harmony with an additional caries reduction by 33.3% (DMF/S index) and a decrease of the PM index by 47%. A wider use of oral hygiene actions as secondary preventive measures is, therefore, recommended also for towns with fluoridated drinking water.", "PMID": 1066825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5366", "title": "[Epidemiologucal studies on the health condition of the masticatora organ as related to sugar consumption].", "content": "In the Republic of Cuba, the authors compared, using the method of dietary interviewing, the oral findings (DMF/T, OHI-S, PDI and plaque pH) of children with primarily caries-free dentitions (25 children), with a DMF/T index up to 2.0 (50 children) and with a DMF/T index of more than 6.0 (50 children) with their eating habits. The nutrition index determined for the sugar consumption in the last-mentioned group was by 38% (meals) and by 48% (between-meal snacks) higher than that found in the group of primarily caries-free children. The other indices were also significantly higher. The group with a DMF/T index up to 2.0 holds an intermediate place. Since all the children originated from the same region and since there were no differences in dental and oral care between the groups, the individual differences in oral hygiene and in diseases of the dental hard structures and of the periodontium must be attributed to the individual sugar consumption, the between-meal snacks seeming to play a dominating role.", "contents": "[Epidemiologucal studies on the health condition of the masticatora organ as related to sugar consumption]. In the Republic of Cuba, the authors compared, using the method of dietary interviewing, the oral findings (DMF/T, OHI-S, PDI and plaque pH) of children with primarily caries-free dentitions (25 children), with a DMF/T index up to 2.0 (50 children) and with a DMF/T index of more than 6.0 (50 children) with their eating habits. The nutrition index determined for the sugar consumption in the last-mentioned group was by 38% (meals) and by 48% (between-meal snacks) higher than that found in the group of primarily caries-free children. The other indices were also significantly higher. The group with a DMF/T index up to 2.0 holds an intermediate place. Since all the children originated from the same region and since there were no differences in dental and oral care between the groups, the individual differences in oral hygiene and in diseases of the dental hard structures and of the periodontium must be attributed to the individual sugar consumption, the between-meal snacks seeming to play a dominating role.", "PMID": 1066826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5367", "title": "[The treatment of condylar fractures by means of intramedullary nailing].", "content": "Fundamental statements regarding the osteosynthesis of condylar process fractures are made in which the author's guidelines for indication (which have been published elsewhere) have proved useful. A marrow-nailing technique is described for osteosynthesis. This technique secures sufficient fragment stabilization also in unfavourable cases. The surgical intervention is an open one. The technique permits functional loading  of the reduced fragments already within almost 14 days. Finally, a documentation of the cases treated at our Clinic is presented.", "contents": "[The treatment of condylar fractures by means of intramedullary nailing]. Fundamental statements regarding the osteosynthesis of condylar process fractures are made in which the author's guidelines for indication (which have been published elsewhere) have proved useful. A marrow-nailing technique is described for osteosynthesis. This technique secures sufficient fragment stabilization also in unfavourable cases. The surgical intervention is an open one. The technique permits functional loading  of the reduced fragments already within almost 14 days. Finally, a documentation of the cases treated at our Clinic is presented.", "PMID": 1066833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5368", "title": "[Fluoridation at Karl Marx Stadt. XIII. Caries reduction and oral rehabilitation].", "content": "12 years after water fluoridation (1971), the repercussions of the quantitative and qualitative changes in caries prevalence on the paedodontic care were studied on the basis of statistical findings from more than 36 000 subjects aged from 6 to 18 years. It was shown that the result of oral rehabilitation is substantially influenced by the increase in the number of subjects with primarily healthy dentitions and by the reduction in the number of carious teeth. Furthermore, the reduced number of cavities and fillings involving two or more surfaces and the less frequent occurrence of secondary caries have repercussion on the time spent by the paedodontist. Not least the caries reduction also influences the paedodontist/children ratio which has changed from 1:1659 in 1959 to 1:3208 in 1971.", "contents": "[Fluoridation at Karl Marx Stadt. XIII. Caries reduction and oral rehabilitation]. 12 years after water fluoridation (1971), the repercussions of the quantitative and qualitative changes in caries prevalence on the paedodontic care were studied on the basis of statistical findings from more than 36 000 subjects aged from 6 to 18 years. It was shown that the result of oral rehabilitation is substantially influenced by the increase in the number of subjects with primarily healthy dentitions and by the reduction in the number of carious teeth. Furthermore, the reduced number of cavities and fillings involving two or more surfaces and the less frequent occurrence of secondary caries have repercussion on the time spent by the paedodontist. Not least the caries reduction also influences the paedodontist/children ratio which has changed from 1:1659 in 1959 to 1:3208 in 1971.", "PMID": 1066838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5369", "title": "[Possibilities of dental health education in the socialist school].", "content": "The possibilities of dental health education in the socialist school are dealt with. They consist in the direct influence of the stomatologist and his auxiliaries on the pupils and in the indirect influence via the teachers, educationalists and public organizations. The dental health education in the school must be brought into line with the extra-curricular dental health education. In the school, dental health education may be mentioned in many subjects of instruction. As to the extra-curricular dental health education, it seems that the co-operation with the \"Young First-Aiders\" is especially important. A planned, concerted action is advisable in dental health education.", "contents": "[Possibilities of dental health education in the socialist school]. The possibilities of dental health education in the socialist school are dealt with. They consist in the direct influence of the stomatologist and his auxiliaries on the pupils and in the indirect influence via the teachers, educationalists and public organizations. The dental health education in the school must be brought into line with the extra-curricular dental health education. In the school, dental health education may be mentioned in many subjects of instruction. As to the extra-curricular dental health education, it seems that the co-operation with the \"Young First-Aiders\" is especially important. A planned, concerted action is advisable in dental health education.", "PMID": 1066840}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5370", "title": "[The effect of oral hygiene on the periodontal status in diabetes mellitus].", "content": "Using the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) of Greene and Vermillion (1960), the author determined in 209 diabetics the degree of oral dirtiness and studied its effect on the periodontal conditions. He found that the OHI was significantly lower (1.17) in diabetics with healthy gingivae than in diabetics with periodontal diseases (1.60). In diabetics with parodontopathia mixta or parodontopathia inflammata profunda the OHI (1.67 and 1.86, respecitvely) was significantly worse than that in diabetics with clinically healthy gingivae or parodontopathia inflammata superficialis. Oral hygiene also correlated significantly (correlation coefficient r=0.206) with age at P less than 1%. The mean OHI for diabetics (1.55) was almost identical witoes not support the view that diabetes itself favours plaque formation.", "contents": "[The effect of oral hygiene on the periodontal status in diabetes mellitus]. Using the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI) of Greene and Vermillion (1960), the author determined in 209 diabetics the degree of oral dirtiness and studied its effect on the periodontal conditions. He found that the OHI was significantly lower (1.17) in diabetics with healthy gingivae than in diabetics with periodontal diseases (1.60). In diabetics with parodontopathia mixta or parodontopathia inflammata profunda the OHI (1.67 and 1.86, respecitvely) was significantly worse than that in diabetics with clinically healthy gingivae or parodontopathia inflammata superficialis. Oral hygiene also correlated significantly (correlation coefficient r=0.206) with age at P less than 1%. The mean OHI for diabetics (1.55) was almost identical witoes not support the view that diabetes itself favours plaque formation.", "PMID": 1066841}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5371", "title": "[Results from a study of the normal values in the vertical, sagittal and transversal plane of early mixed dentitions].", "content": "168 (21.7%) of 776 pupils from primary classes in Jena had normal tooth position and occlusion. 94 of them were selected for a longitudinal study. Up to now, they have been examined at the ages of 7 and 8 years. The evaluation of the results obtained showed differences with regard to age and sex. The data reported and the deviations observed may be considered reference values. They concrete the assessment of the growth and development in the orofacial system, facilitate the recognition of dysgnathias which must be treated and optimize the planning and performance of orthodontic treatment.", "contents": "[Results from a study of the normal values in the vertical, sagittal and transversal plane of early mixed dentitions]. 168 (21.7%) of 776 pupils from primary classes in Jena had normal tooth position and occlusion. 94 of them were selected for a longitudinal study. Up to now, they have been examined at the ages of 7 and 8 years. The evaluation of the results obtained showed differences with regard to age and sex. The data reported and the deviations observed may be considered reference values. They concrete the assessment of the growth and development in the orofacial system, facilitate the recognition of dysgnathias which must be treated and optimize the planning and performance of orthodontic treatment.", "PMID": 1066842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5372", "title": "[Cross-sectional comparison of the median eruption time for permanent teeth in children from fluoride poor and optimally fluoridated areas].", "content": "Nearly 57000 children (aged from 4 years, 4 months to 15 years, 9 months) of Karl-Marx-Stadt (1.0 ppm F) and Plauen (0.2 ppm F) were examined to compare the mean eruption times of permanent teeth before and after 12 years of water fluoridation. Whereas a direct influence of internally administered fluorides is to be excluded, an indirect action on the premolars may be assumed with certainty. The delayed eruption of all premolars in children of the area with optimally fluoridated water was the only systematic effect which could be detected. This normalization is explained by a prolonged stay of the deciduous teeth in the dental arch which is due to a lesser caries prevalence.", "contents": "[Cross-sectional comparison of the median eruption time for permanent teeth in children from fluoride poor and optimally fluoridated areas]. Nearly 57000 children (aged from 4 years, 4 months to 15 years, 9 months) of Karl-Marx-Stadt (1.0 ppm F) and Plauen (0.2 ppm F) were examined to compare the mean eruption times of permanent teeth before and after 12 years of water fluoridation. Whereas a direct influence of internally administered fluorides is to be excluded, an indirect action on the premolars may be assumed with certainty. The delayed eruption of all premolars in children of the area with optimally fluoridated water was the only systematic effect which could be detected. This normalization is explained by a prolonged stay of the deciduous teeth in the dental arch which is due to a lesser caries prevalence.", "PMID": 1066846}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5373", "title": "[The dialectic unity of norm and individuality in assessing the development of the mixed dentition].", "content": "Each norm conception is self-limiting and, consequently, may be incorrect in individual cases. This contradiction is eluced by considering norm and individuality as a dialectic oneness when judging a situation. The individual characteristics of the growth and development of the dentition are determined by a great number of specific features. The importance of the individual tooth sizes and of the specific rhythm of dentition is used to emphasize that the assessment must aim at determining the patient's individual developmental optimum. It is oriented to the general norm but must not coincide with it. The achievement of this specific development optimum may be furthered by preventive regulating measures.", "contents": "[The dialectic unity of norm and individuality in assessing the development of the mixed dentition]. Each norm conception is self-limiting and, consequently, may be incorrect in individual cases. This contradiction is eluced by considering norm and individuality as a dialectic oneness when judging a situation. The individual characteristics of the growth and development of the dentition are determined by a great number of specific features. The importance of the individual tooth sizes and of the specific rhythm of dentition is used to emphasize that the assessment must aim at determining the patient's individual developmental optimum. It is oriented to the general norm but must not coincide with it. The achievement of this specific development optimum may be furthered by preventive regulating measures.", "PMID": 1066847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5374", "title": "[Reactions of the pulp-dentin system to drugs].", "content": "The healthy or previously damaged pulp responds to most of the drugs currently applied to the dentin with an inflammatory reaction. By means of a standardized biological screening test, the modes of action of hydrogen peroxide and of Falikain preparations are demonstrated on the pulp of the rat incisor. Hydrogen peroxide produces an emphysema of the pulp tissue associated with a slowing of the circulation and partly irreversible capillary stases, whereas Falicain compound preparations (Falicid, Myrex) cause, by way of haemolysis, injuries involving entire areas of the pulp. For this reason, hydrogen peroxide should not be used for cleaning cavities. Myrex is well suited for symptomatic treatment to relieve pain, if removal of the inflamed pulp ensues.", "contents": "[Reactions of the pulp-dentin system to drugs]. The healthy or previously damaged pulp responds to most of the drugs currently applied to the dentin with an inflammatory reaction. By means of a standardized biological screening test, the modes of action of hydrogen peroxide and of Falikain preparations are demonstrated on the pulp of the rat incisor. Hydrogen peroxide produces an emphysema of the pulp tissue associated with a slowing of the circulation and partly irreversible capillary stases, whereas Falicain compound preparations (Falicid, Myrex) cause, by way of haemolysis, injuries involving entire areas of the pulp. For this reason, hydrogen peroxide should not be used for cleaning cavities. Myrex is well suited for symptomatic treatment to relieve pain, if removal of the inflamed pulp ensues.", "PMID": 1066848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5375", "title": "[Technic and possible uses of mucosal transplantation in reconstructive surgery of the mouth].", "content": "In preprosthetic interventions, optimal denture support may be obtained by means of full-thickness buccal mucosa grafts. In mucogingival surgery, buccal mucosa grafts may be used to form mucosal areas which rest firmly on the alveolar process and show no measurable tendency to shrink. Plastic repair by means of mucosa grafts is also possible after excision of verrucous carcinomas and precancerous lesions of the tongue and cheek.", "contents": "[Technic and possible uses of mucosal transplantation in reconstructive surgery of the mouth]. In preprosthetic interventions, optimal denture support may be obtained by means of full-thickness buccal mucosa grafts. In mucogingival surgery, buccal mucosa grafts may be used to form mucosal areas which rest firmly on the alveolar process and show no measurable tendency to shrink. Plastic repair by means of mucosa grafts is also possible after excision of verrucous carcinomas and precancerous lesions of the tongue and cheek.", "PMID": 1066849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5376", "title": "[Indications for and evaluation of filling therapy].", "content": "An explanation of the goal of filling therapy is followed by guidelines relevant to the indications for plastic fillings (silver-tin amalgam, silicate cement, composites) and inlays (metal and porcelain inlays) with special regard to the properties of the filling materials (colour, chemical and physical properties), the extension of the cavity and the condition of the pulp. Practice-oriented conclusions mark the end of the paper.", "contents": "[Indications for and evaluation of filling therapy]. An explanation of the goal of filling therapy is followed by guidelines relevant to the indications for plastic fillings (silver-tin amalgam, silicate cement, composites) and inlays (metal and porcelain inlays) with special regard to the properties of the filling materials (colour, chemical and physical properties), the extension of the cavity and the condition of the pulp. Practice-oriented conclusions mark the end of the paper.", "PMID": 1066850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5377", "title": "Inflammation and its effect on the vitreous.", "content": "The role of the vitreous in inflammatory diseases of the eye is now more clearly defined because of improved methods of examination and surgery. Inflammatory diseases of various aetiology produce opacification, liquefaction, and shrinkage. Additional changes include cellular proliferation and transformation leading to fibrosis in cases of prolonged inflammation. In some eyes the fibrosis is primarily cortical while in others it is extensive. Those inflammations with outpouring of a fluid exudate lead to detachment of the vitreous from the posterior eye and extensive shrinkage. In such eyes the vitreous becomes heavily organized and opaque in the central eye behind the lens, obscuring the view of the posterior fundus. In young eyes vitreo-retinal adhesions often form at the sites of inflammation, leading to traction on the retina and ciliary body; retinal tears may result from the traction. Exudate in many inflammatory vitreal inflammations tends to collect at the vitreous base where it organizes into scar tissue. The scar is formed by the retina and ciliary body, but there are also fibrosis-produced monocytes that become transformed into fibroblasts. Shrinkage of the new-formed scar can lead to disinsertion or peripheral tears of the retina. Specific inflammations such as chronic cyclitis and toxoplasmosis produce characteristic changes in the vitreous that can be recognized on clinical examination. Melanomas and reticulum cell sarcomas also produce a characteristic vitreous opacification.", "contents": "Inflammation and its effect on the vitreous. The role of the vitreous in inflammatory diseases of the eye is now more clearly defined because of improved methods of examination and surgery. Inflammatory diseases of various aetiology produce opacification, liquefaction, and shrinkage. Additional changes include cellular proliferation and transformation leading to fibrosis in cases of prolonged inflammation. In some eyes the fibrosis is primarily cortical while in others it is extensive. Those inflammations with outpouring of a fluid exudate lead to detachment of the vitreous from the posterior eye and extensive shrinkage. In such eyes the vitreous becomes heavily organized and opaque in the central eye behind the lens, obscuring the view of the posterior fundus. In young eyes vitreo-retinal adhesions often form at the sites of inflammation, leading to traction on the retina and ciliary body; retinal tears may result from the traction. Exudate in many inflammatory vitreal inflammations tends to collect at the vitreous base where it organizes into scar tissue. The scar is formed by the retina and ciliary body, but there are also fibrosis-produced monocytes that become transformed into fibroblasts. Shrinkage of the new-formed scar can lead to disinsertion or peripheral tears of the retina. Specific inflammations such as chronic cyclitis and toxoplasmosis produce characteristic changes in the vitreous that can be recognized on clinical examination. Melanomas and reticulum cell sarcomas also produce a characteristic vitreous opacification.", "PMID": 1066854}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5378", "title": "Fibroglial proliferation in pars planitis.", "content": "In a 51-year-old patient with long-standing pars planitis, light and electron microscopical examination of the intravitreal 'snowbank' revealed a fibrovascular layer adjacent to the hyperplastic nonpigmented epithelium of the pars plana and an extensive fibroglial proliferation within the vitreous base. The fibrovascular layer consisted of well-differentiated capillaries, probably emanating from the peripheral retina, interspersed with aggregated vitreous fibrils. The fibroglial portion of the 'snowbank' was composed of fibrous astrocyte-like cells which had secreted basement membranes and larger diameter collagen fibrils. This fibroglial tissue was in direct continuity with an ultrastructurally similar preretinal membrane. No significant choroiditis or cyclitis could be demonstrated. It is hypothesized that, in pars planitis, a primary inflammatory process of the peripheral retina and vitreous base may stimulate the observed preretinal and intravitreal fibroglial proliferation.", "contents": "Fibroglial proliferation in pars planitis. In a 51-year-old patient with long-standing pars planitis, light and electron microscopical examination of the intravitreal 'snowbank' revealed a fibrovascular layer adjacent to the hyperplastic nonpigmented epithelium of the pars plana and an extensive fibroglial proliferation within the vitreous base. The fibrovascular layer consisted of well-differentiated capillaries, probably emanating from the peripheral retina, interspersed with aggregated vitreous fibrils. The fibroglial portion of the 'snowbank' was composed of fibrous astrocyte-like cells which had secreted basement membranes and larger diameter collagen fibrils. This fibroglial tissue was in direct continuity with an ultrastructurally similar preretinal membrane. No significant choroiditis or cyclitis could be demonstrated. It is hypothesized that, in pars planitis, a primary inflammatory process of the peripheral retina and vitreous base may stimulate the observed preretinal and intravitreal fibroglial proliferation.", "PMID": 1066857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5379", "title": "Role of the vitreous in the haemoglobinopathies.", "content": "The vitreous is felt to play a significant role in the development of advanced proliferative sickle retinopathy. This is particularly true in Stages 3 to 5 of the Goldberg classification. A comparison with the classification of proliferative diabetic retinopathy by Davis is presented. The role of vitrectomy in this disorder has been considered.", "contents": "Role of the vitreous in the haemoglobinopathies. The vitreous is felt to play a significant role in the development of advanced proliferative sickle retinopathy. This is particularly true in Stages 3 to 5 of the Goldberg classification. A comparison with the classification of proliferative diabetic retinopathy by Davis is presented. The role of vitrectomy in this disorder has been considered.", "PMID": 1066859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5380", "title": "Treatment of massive vitreous retraction.", "content": "1 Massive vitreous retraction must be diagnosed according to a well-defined set of criteria. 2 Massive vitreous retraction is treatable, despite Machemer's assertion this morning, in its contracting as well as immobile stages, but surgery must be carried out as soon as possible after the diagnosis is made. 3 Liquid silicone is the correct treatment and is not toxic to the human eye.", "contents": "Treatment of massive vitreous retraction. 1 Massive vitreous retraction must be diagnosed according to a well-defined set of criteria. 2 Massive vitreous retraction is treatable, despite Machemer's assertion this morning, in its contracting as well as immobile stages, but surgery must be carried out as soon as possible after the diagnosis is made. 3 Liquid silicone is the correct treatment and is not toxic to the human eye.", "PMID": 1066864}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5381", "title": "Vitreous replacement.", "content": "The long list of substances used by ophthalmologists for vitreous replacement can be reduced to only three for four. Their use depends upon the surgical procedure. After trauma or cataract extraction and in vitreous surgery, saline is the best substitute; it is rapidly replaced by aqueous humour and no inflammatory reaction occurs. Retinal detachment surgery requires a highly viscous material, harmless to ocular tissues, and these criteria are met by Healon H. Whenever highly viscous hyaluronic acid is available, it should be used instead of saline or air (Regnault and Br\u00e9geat, 1973). Sulphahexafluoride gas has also been used to treat these difficult cases of retinal detachment but further experience is needed before a definite conclusion can be reached.", "contents": "Vitreous replacement. The long list of substances used by ophthalmologists for vitreous replacement can be reduced to only three for four. Their use depends upon the surgical procedure. After trauma or cataract extraction and in vitreous surgery, saline is the best substitute; it is rapidly replaced by aqueous humour and no inflammatory reaction occurs. Retinal detachment surgery requires a highly viscous material, harmless to ocular tissues, and these criteria are met by Healon H. Whenever highly viscous hyaluronic acid is available, it should be used instead of saline or air (Regnault and Br\u00e9geat, 1973). Sulphahexafluoride gas has also been used to treat these difficult cases of retinal detachment but further experience is needed before a definite conclusion can be reached.", "PMID": 1066865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5382", "title": "Indications for vitrectomy via the pars plana.", "content": "Vitrectomy via the pars plana is a surgical technique with a wide range of applications, which should be understood by all ophthalmologists, for they allow the successful treatment of conditions for which there was previously no good therapy. On the other hand, the breadth of indications for this new surgical approach and the hopelessness of the prognosis with other treatments is a temptation for its misuse. Clear guidelines must be established as to when vitrectomy is indicated. Some such guidelines are proposed.", "contents": "Indications for vitrectomy via the pars plana. Vitrectomy via the pars plana is a surgical technique with a wide range of applications, which should be understood by all ophthalmologists, for they allow the successful treatment of conditions for which there was previously no good therapy. On the other hand, the breadth of indications for this new surgical approach and the hopelessness of the prognosis with other treatments is a temptation for its misuse. Clear guidelines must be established as to when vitrectomy is indicated. Some such guidelines are proposed.", "PMID": 1066866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5383", "title": "[Salivary electrolytes and serum digoxin in the Assessment of digitalis intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "Salivary electrolytes (potassium and calcium), as well as serum digoxin levels were measured in 114 patients receiving digoxin or one of its derivatives. The mean value of the product of salivary potassium (mVal/I) and calcium (mVal/i in digoxin-treated patients without signs of digitalis intoxication (group 1) was 235 +/- 137 (SD) and with digitalis intoxication (group 2) 404 +/- 161 (SD). The difference in these values was not of statistical significance. The mean serum digoxin levels were 1.38 +/- 0.6 ng/ml (SD) in group 1 and 2.97 +/- 0.7 ng/ml (SD) in group 2; this difference is highly significant (p less than 0.001). Both salivary electrolytes and serum digoxin levels were falsely elevated in 11% of group 1 patients. 50% of the cases in group 2 showed salivary electrolyte values within the range of group 1, but there was  only 1 patient with a serum digoxin level of below 2 ng/ml. It can, thus, be concluded that measurement of the salivary electrolytes is a test of only limited value in the assessment of digitalis intoxication, whereas determination of the serum digoxin level is a valuable diagnostic tool.", "contents": "[Salivary electrolytes and serum digoxin in the Assessment of digitalis intoxication (author's transl)]. Salivary electrolytes (potassium and calcium), as well as serum digoxin levels were measured in 114 patients receiving digoxin or one of its derivatives. The mean value of the product of salivary potassium (mVal/I) and calcium (mVal/i in digoxin-treated patients without signs of digitalis intoxication (group 1) was 235 +/- 137 (SD) and with digitalis intoxication (group 2) 404 +/- 161 (SD). The difference in these values was not of statistical significance. The mean serum digoxin levels were 1.38 +/- 0.6 ng/ml (SD) in group 1 and 2.97 +/- 0.7 ng/ml (SD) in group 2; this difference is highly significant (p less than 0.001). Both salivary electrolytes and serum digoxin levels were falsely elevated in 11% of group 1 patients. 50% of the cases in group 2 showed salivary electrolyte values within the range of group 1, but there was  only 1 patient with a serum digoxin level of below 2 ng/ml. It can, thus, be concluded that measurement of the salivary electrolytes is a test of only limited value in the assessment of digitalis intoxication, whereas determination of the serum digoxin level is a valuable diagnostic tool.", "PMID": 1066870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5384", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of leukoses in childhood].", "content": "30 TO 40% of all malignant neoformations in childhood are leukaemias. Within this group 80 to 85% of acute lymphatic leukaemias are found. The indicating signs (conditioned by the suppression of the normal myelopoiesis) are briefly described, differential diagnosies are only mentioned. Primary diagnostics  and diagnostics of the course, the principles of remission induction and continuous therapy in leucaemia are sketchily described. Treatment of acute lymphatic leukaemia is performed adequate to the therapeutic scheme after Pinkel Prophylaxis of the central nervous system must be demanded. Modern therapeutic methods with the help of synchronisation and oncobiogramme are demonstrated. The possibilities of the symptomatic therapy in disease-conditioned and therapy-conditioned complications and side-effects occupy a somewhat broader space. Finally the principles of the organisation of the treatment of leukaemia in childhood are described.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of leukoses in childhood]. 30 TO 40% of all malignant neoformations in childhood are leukaemias. Within this group 80 to 85% of acute lymphatic leukaemias are found. The indicating signs (conditioned by the suppression of the normal myelopoiesis) are briefly described, differential diagnosies are only mentioned. Primary diagnostics  and diagnostics of the course, the principles of remission induction and continuous therapy in leucaemia are sketchily described. Treatment of acute lymphatic leukaemia is performed adequate to the therapeutic scheme after Pinkel Prophylaxis of the central nervous system must be demanded. Modern therapeutic methods with the help of synchronisation and oncobiogramme are demonstrated. The possibilities of the symptomatic therapy in disease-conditioned and therapy-conditioned complications and side-effects occupy a somewhat broader space. Finally the principles of the organisation of the treatment of leukaemia in childhood are described.", "PMID": 1066873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5385", "title": "[Catamnestic findings in patients following gastric resection].", "content": "A radomized study was done in 2 groups of male patients operated upon 3-17 years ago either by partial gastrectomy (Billroth II type) or hermiotomy. The inquiries covered eating, drinking and smoking habits, occupation, body weight, subjective complaints, and use of drugs. Body weight and professional activity after operation were not different in both groups. Gastrectomized patients avoided milk or foods with milk, sweets and legumes more often. Feeling of fullness, vomiting and diarrhea occurred more frequently in gastrectomized subjects, as well as statements about good or even ravenous appetite and thirst. Gastrectomized men, besides, had a higher consumption of alcoholic drinks, preferably of beer.", "contents": "[Catamnestic findings in patients following gastric resection]. A radomized study was done in 2 groups of male patients operated upon 3-17 years ago either by partial gastrectomy (Billroth II type) or hermiotomy. The inquiries covered eating, drinking and smoking habits, occupation, body weight, subjective complaints, and use of drugs. Body weight and professional activity after operation were not different in both groups. Gastrectomized patients avoided milk or foods with milk, sweets and legumes more often. Feeling of fullness, vomiting and diarrhea occurred more frequently in gastrectomized subjects, as well as statements about good or even ravenous appetite and thirst. Gastrectomized men, besides, had a higher consumption of alcoholic drinks, preferably of beer.", "PMID": 1066874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5386", "title": "[Polypeptides of the virus-like particles isolated from the plasma of rats with Shvec erythromyelosis].", "content": "The structural proteins of virus-like particles isolated from ascitic fluid of rats with experimental Shvec erythroleukosis were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The bulk of protein (60-70%) is divided into five major bands corresponding to a molecular weight of 15,000, 20,000, 34,000, 48,000 and 61,000 daltons. Besides these bands, some distinct minor ones corresponding to a molecular weight ranging from 41,000 to 82,000 daltons were always present. There were also some slight bands that are not developed in scanning on the densitometer. These bands occurred in the region corresponding to a molecular weight above 50,000 daltons. The gels stained to detect polysaccharides revealed a distinct red colour band of a molecular weight 80,000 daltons and 3 slight of a lower molecular weight which are probably the degradating products of the main glycoprotein component. The electrophoretic pattern of the 1.16 g/cm3 fraction obtained from the healthy rat liver and Ehrlich ascitic fluid differs from the electrophoregram of the virus-like particles isolated from the rats with Shvec erythroleukosis.", "contents": "[Polypeptides of the virus-like particles isolated from the plasma of rats with Shvec erythromyelosis]. The structural proteins of virus-like particles isolated from ascitic fluid of rats with experimental Shvec erythroleukosis were studied by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The bulk of protein (60-70%) is divided into five major bands corresponding to a molecular weight of 15,000, 20,000, 34,000, 48,000 and 61,000 daltons. Besides these bands, some distinct minor ones corresponding to a molecular weight ranging from 41,000 to 82,000 daltons were always present. There were also some slight bands that are not developed in scanning on the densitometer. These bands occurred in the region corresponding to a molecular weight above 50,000 daltons. The gels stained to detect polysaccharides revealed a distinct red colour band of a molecular weight 80,000 daltons and 3 slight of a lower molecular weight which are probably the degradating products of the main glycoprotein component. The electrophoretic pattern of the 1.16 g/cm3 fraction obtained from the healthy rat liver and Ehrlich ascitic fluid differs from the electrophoregram of the virus-like particles isolated from the rats with Shvec erythroleukosis.", "PMID": 1066868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5387", "title": "A modification of the Amsterdam infant ventilator. An audible leak-alarm.", "content": "An inexpensive audible leak-alarm based on photoelectric recording of the manometer setting for the Amsterdam Infant Ventilator is described. On account of its small dimensions it can also be built-in into other types of ventilators.", "contents": "A modification of the Amsterdam infant ventilator. An audible leak-alarm. An inexpensive audible leak-alarm based on photoelectric recording of the manometer setting for the Amsterdam Infant Ventilator is described. On account of its small dimensions it can also be built-in into other types of ventilators.", "PMID": 1066875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5388", "title": "Nonocular cancer in retinoblastoma survivors.", "content": "From a review of the records of 2,302 patients with retinoblastoma collated from CPMC and AFIP, it was found that retinoblastoma patients who survived their original eye cancer have a high incidence of second nonocular malignancies. The second neoplasms occur almost exclusively (97.5%) in patients who have had bilateral retinoblastoma, although retinoblastoma is much more commonly unilateral. The second neoplasms have appeared between 1 and 42 years after the successful treatment of retinoblastoma and have been fatal in approximately 85% of cases. Seventy-one percent of patients develop tumors in the field of the radiation beam; many of these were following treatment with low doses of radiation and after short latent periods. Nineteen percent of patients develop tumors clearly out of the field of radiation (eg, osteogenic sarcoma of the femur). Retinoblastoma patients appear to be unusually radio-sensitive to low doses of radiation and develop tumors in the field of radiation following treatment of 3,500 rads. They have a high incidence of nonocular tumors clearly distant from the radiation beam develop nonocular malignancies even if no radiation has been given. The incidence of multiple malignancies in patients successfully treated for retinoblastoma appears to be higher than for any other primary malignancy whether they receive radiation or not.", "contents": "Nonocular cancer in retinoblastoma survivors. From a review of the records of 2,302 patients with retinoblastoma collated from CPMC and AFIP, it was found that retinoblastoma patients who survived their original eye cancer have a high incidence of second nonocular malignancies. The second neoplasms occur almost exclusively (97.5%) in patients who have had bilateral retinoblastoma, although retinoblastoma is much more commonly unilateral. The second neoplasms have appeared between 1 and 42 years after the successful treatment of retinoblastoma and have been fatal in approximately 85% of cases. Seventy-one percent of patients develop tumors in the field of the radiation beam; many of these were following treatment with low doses of radiation and after short latent periods. Nineteen percent of patients develop tumors clearly out of the field of radiation (eg, osteogenic sarcoma of the femur). Retinoblastoma patients appear to be unusually radio-sensitive to low doses of radiation and develop tumors in the field of radiation following treatment of 3,500 rads. They have a high incidence of nonocular tumors clearly distant from the radiation beam develop nonocular malignancies even if no radiation has been given. The incidence of multiple malignancies in patients successfully treated for retinoblastoma appears to be higher than for any other primary malignancy whether they receive radiation or not.", "PMID": 1066869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5389", "title": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning is differentiated from other forms of poisioning from marine animals. An outbreak in a village near Port Moresby is described, and the clinical picture seen in that and subsequent cases (25 plus 3 fatalities) is discussed. The clinical manifestations of almost pure cerebellar incoordination, without other constant neurological signs, is emphasized and the name Ataxic Shellfish Poisoning is suggested. The aetiology whereby toxic marine plakton organisms are siphoned and filtered from the water and accumulate in shellfish is described.", "contents": "Paralytic shellfish poisoning in Papua New Guinea. Paralytic shellfish poisoning is differentiated from other forms of poisioning from marine animals. An outbreak in a village near Port Moresby is described, and the clinical picture seen in that and subsequent cases (25 plus 3 fatalities) is discussed. The clinical manifestations of almost pure cerebellar incoordination, without other constant neurological signs, is emphasized and the name Ataxic Shellfish Poisoning is suggested. The aetiology whereby toxic marine plakton organisms are siphoned and filtered from the water and accumulate in shellfish is described.", "PMID": 1066877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5390", "title": "Kuru.", "content": "Theis report discusses problems involved in the diagnosis of kuru. The gentic and epidemiological pattern is also reviewed. This reveals a continuing overall reduction in kuru incidence with the disappearance of juvenile cases and increasing age of male kuru patients a reduction  in the age of female cases. The significance of these trends in relation to the transmission of kuru is discussed.", "contents": "Kuru. Theis report discusses problems involved in the diagnosis of kuru. The gentic and epidemiological pattern is also reviewed. This reveals a continuing overall reduction in kuru incidence with the disappearance of juvenile cases and increasing age of male kuru patients a reduction  in the age of female cases. The significance of these trends in relation to the transmission of kuru is discussed.", "PMID": 1066878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5391", "title": "Auyana head nodders: essential heredo-familial tremor in the Eastern Highlands.", "content": "The syndrome of essential tremor occurs commonly in parts of the Eastern Highlands District. This description of the clinical features is bases on experience of over 200 patients and the influence of some pharmacological agents on the severity of the tremor are recounted. The age and sex incidence in several related linguistic groups is shown to be much greater than in neighbouring areas; so that the disorder can be epidemiologically defined within geographic and ethnic boundaries.", "contents": "Auyana head nodders: essential heredo-familial tremor in the Eastern Highlands. The syndrome of essential tremor occurs commonly in parts of the Eastern Highlands District. This description of the clinical features is bases on experience of over 200 patients and the influence of some pharmacological agents on the severity of the tremor are recounted. The age and sex incidence in several related linguistic groups is shown to be much greater than in neighbouring areas; so that the disorder can be epidemiologically defined within geographic and ethnic boundaries.", "PMID": 1066879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5392", "title": "Neurological admissions to Goroka Base Hospital - an eight month survey.", "content": "Over eight consecutive months in 1972-1973 each patient admitted to Goroka Hospital because of neurological symptoms was investigated. The nature of the symptoms, the clinical features and the final diagnosis are reviewed; whilst the circumstances leading to hospital admission and eventual outcome of the illness are described.", "contents": "Neurological admissions to Goroka Base Hospital - an eight month survey. Over eight consecutive months in 1972-1973 each patient admitted to Goroka Hospital because of neurological symptoms was investigated. The nature of the symptoms, the clinical features and the final diagnosis are reviewed; whilst the circumstances leading to hospital admission and eventual outcome of the illness are described.", "PMID": 1066880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5393", "title": "Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.", "content": "This paper describes the clinical history of an adult male who was found to be suffering from subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. It is believed that this is the first report of this condition in Papua New Guinea.", "contents": "Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. This paper describes the clinical history of an adult male who was found to be suffering from subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. It is believed that this is the first report of this condition in Papua New Guinea.", "PMID": 1066881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5394", "title": "Normal serum biochemistry in Papua New Guinean adults.", "content": "Aean concentrations of some serum biochemical variables for healthy male and female adults are provided for six Papua New Guinean communities of varying diet and location. These average values, with normal regional, sex and age variations, are presented as a reference for those using serum biochemical indices in clinical diagnosis in Papua New Guinea.", "contents": "Normal serum biochemistry in Papua New Guinean adults. Aean concentrations of some serum biochemical variables for healthy male and female adults are provided for six Papua New Guinean communities of varying diet and location. These average values, with normal regional, sex and age variations, are presented as a reference for those using serum biochemical indices in clinical diagnosis in Papua New Guinea.", "PMID": 1066882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5395", "title": "[Tumour frequency in autopsy cases. V. The leucoses (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (ICD-Code Nrs. 140-209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.2, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22155 autopsies (12212 males, 9943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards) were registered in the period from 1950 to 1966. Among them 322 leucoses (1,5% of autopsies and 4,3% of malignant tumours) were observed. The cases are distributed among 175 males (1,4% of males) and 147 females (1,5% of females). There is no sex difference in frequency. Age and sex distribution are presented for all leucoses and for chronic lymphatic leucosis, chronic myeloic leucosis and acute leucoses.", "contents": "[Tumour frequency in autopsy cases. V. The leucoses (author's transl)]. The analysis is based on the catalogue of neoplasms notifiable in the German Democratic Republic (ICD-Code Nrs. 140-209, 210.2, 211.3, 211.9, 225, 226.2, 226.3, 253.2, 702, 757.2). At the Medical Academy of Erfurt 22155 autopsies (12212 males, 9943 females) of adults (15 years and upwards) were registered in the period from 1950 to 1966. Among them 322 leucoses (1,5% of autopsies and 4,3% of malignant tumours) were observed. The cases are distributed among 175 males (1,4% of males) and 147 females (1,5% of females). There is no sex difference in frequency. Age and sex distribution are presented for all leucoses and for chronic lymphatic leucosis, chronic myeloic leucosis and acute leucoses.", "PMID": 1066921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5396", "title": "The adreno-medullary effect on gastrointestinal propulsion after laparotomy. An experimental study in the rat.", "content": "Gastrointestinal propulsion after abdominal surgery is impaired during the postoperative phase. Adrenalectomy as well as only adrenal demedullation prevented the impairment of gastric emptying and small bowel propulsion after laparotomy. In non-laparotomized rats gastric evacuation was significantly increased after adrenalectomy and adrenal demedullation. The results indicate that adrenomedullary activity retards gastrointestinal propulsion not only postoperatively but even in intact rats.", "contents": "The adreno-medullary effect on gastrointestinal propulsion after laparotomy. An experimental study in the rat. Gastrointestinal propulsion after abdominal surgery is impaired during the postoperative phase. Adrenalectomy as well as only adrenal demedullation prevented the impairment of gastric emptying and small bowel propulsion after laparotomy. In non-laparotomized rats gastric evacuation was significantly increased after adrenalectomy and adrenal demedullation. The results indicate that adrenomedullary activity retards gastrointestinal propulsion not only postoperatively but even in intact rats.", "PMID": 1066923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5397", "title": "Effect of chemical sympathectomy (6-hydroxydopamine) on gastrointestinal propulsion after laparotomy. An experimental study in the rat.", "content": "The effect of chemical sympathectomy on gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion 15 hours after a standardized laparotomy was evaluated. The animals were pre-treated with 50 mg/kg i. v. of 6-hydroxydopamine 15 or 48 hours or 150 mg/kg 48 hours before the evaluation of gastrontestinal propulsion. The treatment did not prevent the postoperative retardation. On the contrary 6-hydroxydopamine in itself seemed to retard gastrointestinal propulsion. In simultaneously adrenal demedullated rats no further retardation was produced by the laparotomy.", "contents": "Effect of chemical sympathectomy (6-hydroxydopamine) on gastrointestinal propulsion after laparotomy. An experimental study in the rat. The effect of chemical sympathectomy on gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion 15 hours after a standardized laparotomy was evaluated. The animals were pre-treated with 50 mg/kg i. v. of 6-hydroxydopamine 15 or 48 hours or 150 mg/kg 48 hours before the evaluation of gastrontestinal propulsion. The treatment did not prevent the postoperative retardation. On the contrary 6-hydroxydopamine in itself seemed to retard gastrointestinal propulsion. In simultaneously adrenal demedullated rats no further retardation was produced by the laparotomy.", "PMID": 1066924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5398", "title": "Catecholamine infusion and gastrointestinal propulsion in the rat.", "content": "The influence of continuous i. v. infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, noradrenaline and saline on gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion was recorded. The infusions were given to fully conscious rats. Two differently labelled radioactive liquid test meals were administered directly into the stomach and the duodenum, respectively, via permanent tubes during the infusions. Both gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion were significantly inhibited under the influence of the infused catecholamines.", "contents": "Catecholamine infusion and gastrointestinal propulsion in the rat. The influence of continuous i. v. infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, noradrenaline and saline on gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion was recorded. The infusions were given to fully conscious rats. Two differently labelled radioactive liquid test meals were administered directly into the stomach and the duodenum, respectively, via permanent tubes during the infusions. Both gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion were significantly inhibited under the influence of the infused catecholamines.", "PMID": 1066925}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5399", "title": "Influence of ether anaesthesia and oro-gastric intubation on gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion after laparotomy. A methodological study in the rat.", "content": "A model for the simultaneous study of gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion in the rat is presented. By means of a modification, with both indwelling duodenal and gastric tubes, studies on fully conscious animals were possible. Gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion were analysed with respect to the effects of ether anesthesia and gastric intubation. The gastric intubation in ether anaesthesia greatly retarded gastric evacuation but left small bowel propulsion unaffected one day after laparotomy. The main factor retarding gastric evacuation appeared to be the oro-gastric intubation procedure. Ether  anaesthesia neither affected gastric evacuation nor small bowel propulsion after laparotomy when the test meal was deposited into the stomach and into the duodenum, respectively, via the permanent tubes.", "contents": "Influence of ether anaesthesia and oro-gastric intubation on gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion after laparotomy. A methodological study in the rat. A model for the simultaneous study of gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion in the rat is presented. By means of a modification, with both indwelling duodenal and gastric tubes, studies on fully conscious animals were possible. Gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion were analysed with respect to the effects of ether anesthesia and gastric intubation. The gastric intubation in ether anaesthesia greatly retarded gastric evacuation but left small bowel propulsion unaffected one day after laparotomy. The main factor retarding gastric evacuation appeared to be the oro-gastric intubation procedure. Ether  anaesthesia neither affected gastric evacuation nor small bowel propulsion after laparotomy when the test meal was deposited into the stomach and into the duodenum, respectively, via the permanent tubes.", "PMID": 1066926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5400", "title": "Effect of adrenergic blockade on gastrointestinal propulsion after laparotomy. An experimental study in the rat.", "content": "The effects of alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic blockade on gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion 15 hours after standardized laparotomy were evaluated. No retardation of gastric evacuation after the laparotomy appeared when alpha-receptor blocking treatment with phenoxybenzamine was instituted. Beta-receptor blocking treatment with propranolol did not prevent the retardation of gastric evacuation after the laparotomy. The time of analysis, 15 hours after the laparotomy, seemed to coincide with the period of resumption of normal small bowel propulsion.", "contents": "Effect of adrenergic blockade on gastrointestinal propulsion after laparotomy. An experimental study in the rat. The effects of alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic blockade on gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion 15 hours after standardized laparotomy were evaluated. No retardation of gastric evacuation after the laparotomy appeared when alpha-receptor blocking treatment with phenoxybenzamine was instituted. Beta-receptor blocking treatment with propranolol did not prevent the retardation of gastric evacuation after the laparotomy. The time of analysis, 15 hours after the laparotomy, seemed to coincide with the period of resumption of normal small bowel propulsion.", "PMID": 1066927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5401", "title": "Effects of sympatho-adrenal activity and pharmacological treatment on gastrointestinal propulsion in the early postoperative period. An experimental study in the laparotomized rat.", "content": "Gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion were greatly retarded two hours after laparotomy in the rat. Adrenal demedullation, chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine or treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor (Neostigmin), an alpha-receptor blocker (Dibenyline) or metoclopramide (Primperan) did not improve the gastric evacuation. Chemical sympathectomy or treatment with metoclopramide, however, significantly improved small bowel propulsion. A significant reflux of duodenal contents to the stomach was found in several animals treated with the cholinesterase inhibitor or subjected to adrenal demedullation.", "contents": "Effects of sympatho-adrenal activity and pharmacological treatment on gastrointestinal propulsion in the early postoperative period. An experimental study in the laparotomized rat. Gastric evacuation and small bowel propulsion were greatly retarded two hours after laparotomy in the rat. Adrenal demedullation, chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine or treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor (Neostigmin), an alpha-receptor blocker (Dibenyline) or metoclopramide (Primperan) did not improve the gastric evacuation. Chemical sympathectomy or treatment with metoclopramide, however, significantly improved small bowel propulsion. A significant reflux of duodenal contents to the stomach was found in several animals treated with the cholinesterase inhibitor or subjected to adrenal demedullation.", "PMID": 1066928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5402", "title": "Vaginal and cervical cytologic changes following laser treatment.", "content": "Carbon dioxide laser treatment is a very effective mode of removal of small fragments of tissue from the cervix which causes minimal bleeding and trauma and is followed by rapid healing. Biopsy sections and particularly cytologic preparations obtained from the areas of laser action indicate that squamous and columnar epithelial cells and possibly fibrocytes in the underlying connective tissue are altered, appearing coagulated and elongated similar to cells which have been removed from an area of electrocautery.", "contents": "Vaginal and cervical cytologic changes following laser treatment. Carbon dioxide laser treatment is a very effective mode of removal of small fragments of tissue from the cervix which causes minimal bleeding and trauma and is followed by rapid healing. Biopsy sections and particularly cytologic preparations obtained from the areas of laser action indicate that squamous and columnar epithelial cells and possibly fibrocytes in the underlying connective tissue are altered, appearing coagulated and elongated similar to cells which have been removed from an area of electrocautery.", "PMID": 1066932}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5403", "title": "Actinomycetes in cervico-vaginal smears: an association with IUD usage.", "content": "A hitherto undescribed occurrence of actinomycetes in cervico-vaginal smears of IUD users is reported. The morphology of actinomycetes in Papanicolaou stained smears is described. The differential diagnosis and the significance of these observations is discussed.", "contents": "Actinomycetes in cervico-vaginal smears: an association with IUD usage. A hitherto undescribed occurrence of actinomycetes in cervico-vaginal smears of IUD users is reported. The morphology of actinomycetes in Papanicolaou stained smears is described. The differential diagnosis and the significance of these observations is discussed.", "PMID": 1066933}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5404", "title": "Comparative cytologic and histologic studies in oral leukoplakia.", "content": "Comparative analysis of cytologic and histologic results and clinical types of 201 oral leukoplakias has shown: 1) an agreement between cytologic and histologic results in 76.6% of all cases; 2) an occurrence of carcinoma in 32.9% of the erosive leukoplakias in 3.2% of the verrucous leukoplakias, and none in the leukoplakia simplex group; 3) a higher efficacy of cytology in detecting malignancy in the erosive leukoplakia group.", "contents": "Comparative cytologic and histologic studies in oral leukoplakia. Comparative analysis of cytologic and histologic results and clinical types of 201 oral leukoplakias has shown: 1) an agreement between cytologic and histologic results in 76.6% of all cases; 2) an occurrence of carcinoma in 32.9% of the erosive leukoplakias in 3.2% of the verrucous leukoplakias, and none in the leukoplakia simplex group; 3) a higher efficacy of cytology in detecting malignancy in the erosive leukoplakia group.", "PMID": 1066934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5405", "title": "Aspiration biopsy cytology, mammography and clinical exploration: a modern set up in diagnosis of tumors of the breast.", "content": "Six hundred and two mammary tumors were examined clinically, by mammography and cytology, with a histologic checkup following surgical biopsy. There were 247 cases of malignoma and 355 benign cases. The limited reliability of the individual methods is demonstrated, and it is shown that their combined use can improve the diagnosis. More malignomas are detected, and preoperative diagnosis is made more safely. If all three methods yield identical results, as was the case in 50.2% of the malignant and 32.7% of the benign lesions, the probability of diagnostic error is less than one per cent. With a malignoma thus established, surgical treatment may follow immediately, or irradiation can be started. In benign cases a surgical biopsy may be foregone and further developments may be awaited with due provision for regular control. If the three methods yield conflicting or doubtful results, elucidation by surgical biopsy and histology is indicated.", "contents": "Aspiration biopsy cytology, mammography and clinical exploration: a modern set up in diagnosis of tumors of the breast. Six hundred and two mammary tumors were examined clinically, by mammography and cytology, with a histologic checkup following surgical biopsy. There were 247 cases of malignoma and 355 benign cases. The limited reliability of the individual methods is demonstrated, and it is shown that their combined use can improve the diagnosis. More malignomas are detected, and preoperative diagnosis is made more safely. If all three methods yield identical results, as was the case in 50.2% of the malignant and 32.7% of the benign lesions, the probability of diagnostic error is less than one per cent. With a malignoma thus established, surgical treatment may follow immediately, or irradiation can be started. In benign cases a surgical biopsy may be foregone and further developments may be awaited with due provision for regular control. If the three methods yield conflicting or doubtful results, elucidation by surgical biopsy and histology is indicated.", "PMID": 1066935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5406", "title": "Needle aspiration of the breast--why bother?", "content": "Needle aspiration biopsy for the examination of breast nodules is an accurate uncomplicated and rapid procedure. Of 1168 cases so examined, 127 were malignant with abnormal cells in 114. Case studies suggest that this procedure should be utilized in all palpable breast masses.", "contents": "Needle aspiration of the breast--why bother? Needle aspiration biopsy for the examination of breast nodules is an accurate uncomplicated and rapid procedure. Of 1168 cases so examined, 127 were malignant with abnormal cells in 114. Case studies suggest that this procedure should be utilized in all palpable breast masses.", "PMID": 1066936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5407", "title": "Identification of abnormal cells in short term monolayer cultures of human tumor specimens.", "content": "This work was undertaken to verify that when short term monolayer cultures are prepared from human malignant biopsy specimens, the cells which grow are tumor cells and not normal cells from the stroma. A wide range of human tissues, both normal and malignant, was used to obtain monolayer cultures and chromosome spreads were prepared by a modification of standard procedures. The cells were Feulgen stained and DNA values were obtained for cells arrested in mitosis. Metaphase DNA values for normal cells and for cells from a benign tumor were constant, close to the expected value relative to bull sperm, and showed little spread about the mean. Metaphases from malignant cells had abnormal mean DNA values, and generally showed much greater spread about the mean. Results confirm that for cells grown in vitro from tumor biopsies, those which are in the cell cycle and reach mitosis are abnormal and presumably malignant. This is evidence in favor of this type of short term culture as a method for studying the properties of human tumor cells.", "contents": "Identification of abnormal cells in short term monolayer cultures of human tumor specimens. This work was undertaken to verify that when short term monolayer cultures are prepared from human malignant biopsy specimens, the cells which grow are tumor cells and not normal cells from the stroma. A wide range of human tissues, both normal and malignant, was used to obtain monolayer cultures and chromosome spreads were prepared by a modification of standard procedures. The cells were Feulgen stained and DNA values were obtained for cells arrested in mitosis. Metaphase DNA values for normal cells and for cells from a benign tumor were constant, close to the expected value relative to bull sperm, and showed little spread about the mean. Metaphases from malignant cells had abnormal mean DNA values, and generally showed much greater spread about the mean. Results confirm that for cells grown in vitro from tumor biopsies, those which are in the cell cycle and reach mitosis are abnormal and presumably malignant. This is evidence in favor of this type of short term culture as a method for studying the properties of human tumor cells.", "PMID": 1066937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5408", "title": "Cyanophilic bodies in cervico-vaginal smears.", "content": "Thirty-six out of 171 (21%) cervico-vaginal smears that manifested pronounced squamous epithelial atrophy contained cyanophilic bodies about the size and shape of parabasal cells. These cyanophilic bodies have been misinterpreted as cancer cells. Patients whose smears contained cyanophilic bodies were likely to be elderly, at least ten years postmenopausal, and free of any gynecologic symptoms or abnormalities except those associated with previous surgery. Smears which contained cyanophilic bodies also contained numerous parabasal cells in various stages of degeneration, objects which closely resembled trichomonads, and a heavy background of granular material. A morphologic continuum existed between all of these elements. The conclusion, therefore, is that cyanophilic bodies, spurious trichomonads and the granular material are all derived from degenerating parabasal cells. It is suggested that cyanophilic bodies develop because of the diminished efflux of exfoliated epithelial cells and mucus associated with squamous epithelial atrophy. The ensuing stagnation of parabasal cells allows them to degenerate to an advanced degree. It appears that as some of the parabasal cells degenerative, their nuclear chromatin becomes widely dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, thereby forming cyanophilic bodies.", "contents": "Cyanophilic bodies in cervico-vaginal smears. Thirty-six out of 171 (21%) cervico-vaginal smears that manifested pronounced squamous epithelial atrophy contained cyanophilic bodies about the size and shape of parabasal cells. These cyanophilic bodies have been misinterpreted as cancer cells. Patients whose smears contained cyanophilic bodies were likely to be elderly, at least ten years postmenopausal, and free of any gynecologic symptoms or abnormalities except those associated with previous surgery. Smears which contained cyanophilic bodies also contained numerous parabasal cells in various stages of degeneration, objects which closely resembled trichomonads, and a heavy background of granular material. A morphologic continuum existed between all of these elements. The conclusion, therefore, is that cyanophilic bodies, spurious trichomonads and the granular material are all derived from degenerating parabasal cells. It is suggested that cyanophilic bodies develop because of the diminished efflux of exfoliated epithelial cells and mucus associated with squamous epithelial atrophy. The ensuing stagnation of parabasal cells allows them to degenerate to an advanced degree. It appears that as some of the parabasal cells degenerative, their nuclear chromatin becomes widely dispersed throughout the cytoplasm, thereby forming cyanophilic bodies.", "PMID": 1066938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5409", "title": "Meningeal mycosis fungoides: cytologic and ultrastructural aspects.", "content": "Mycosis cells were identified in the pre-morbid cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with neurological symptoms and mycosis fungoides (MF). Light and electron microscopic examination at autopsy confirmed leptomeningeal involvement by mycosis fungoides. The cellular morphology of the non-cutaneous infiltrates supports the concept that mycosis fungoides retains a unique histopathology in its dissemination to the viscera. The importance of cerebrospinal fluid cytology in patients with mycosis fungoides is emphasized.", "contents": "Meningeal mycosis fungoides: cytologic and ultrastructural aspects. Mycosis cells were identified in the pre-morbid cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with neurological symptoms and mycosis fungoides (MF). Light and electron microscopic examination at autopsy confirmed leptomeningeal involvement by mycosis fungoides. The cellular morphology of the non-cutaneous infiltrates supports the concept that mycosis fungoides retains a unique histopathology in its dissemination to the viscera. The importance of cerebrospinal fluid cytology in patients with mycosis fungoides is emphasized.", "PMID": 1066940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5410", "title": "Multispecies schistosomal infections of the female genital tract detected in cytology smears.", "content": "Egg morphology of Schistosomes affecting man in Africa is described and illustrated with particular reference to the appearance of the ova of S. haematobium, S. mansoni and S. mattheei in Papanicolaou stained smears.", "contents": "Multispecies schistosomal infections of the female genital tract detected in cytology smears. Egg morphology of Schistosomes affecting man in Africa is described and illustrated with particular reference to the appearance of the ova of S. haematobium, S. mansoni and S. mattheei in Papanicolaou stained smears.", "PMID": 1066941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5411", "title": "Analysis of tooth marks in a homicide case. Observations by means of visual description, stereo-photography, scanning electron microscopy and stereometric graphic plotting.", "content": "In 1957 a woman was murdered in Oslo. Her left breast exhibited tooth marks. A man was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment partly because of the dental evidence. He never admitted guilt and filed a petition for retrial. The present author was appointed as new dental expert. The material consisted of the fixed breast, models of the bite mark and models of the teeth of the convict, and several photographs. By means of visual examination, a magnifying glass, a lens stereoscope and a stereomicroscope characteristic details were noted. Stereoscopic picture pairs were taken, the material was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and a stereometricgraphic plotting method permitting the outline of the tooth mark or the biting edge of a tooth to be registered in great detail in all three dimensions in the form of a contour map. This method has not previously been applied in the analysis of tooth marks in human skin. These examinations revealed no discrepancies but showed many corresponding characteristic features between the tooth marks and the teeth of the convict, resulting in the conclusion that it is highly probable that the tooth marks in the breast were made by the teeth of the convict.", "contents": "Analysis of tooth marks in a homicide case. Observations by means of visual description, stereo-photography, scanning electron microscopy and stereometric graphic plotting. In 1957 a woman was murdered in Oslo. Her left breast exhibited tooth marks. A man was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment partly because of the dental evidence. He never admitted guilt and filed a petition for retrial. The present author was appointed as new dental expert. The material consisted of the fixed breast, models of the bite mark and models of the teeth of the convict, and several photographs. By means of visual examination, a magnifying glass, a lens stereoscope and a stereomicroscope characteristic details were noted. Stereoscopic picture pairs were taken, the material was studied by means of scanning electron microscopy and a stereometricgraphic plotting method permitting the outline of the tooth mark or the biting edge of a tooth to be registered in great detail in all three dimensions in the form of a contour map. This method has not previously been applied in the analysis of tooth marks in human skin. These examinations revealed no discrepancies but showed many corresponding characteristic features between the tooth marks and the teeth of the convict, resulting in the conclusion that it is highly probable that the tooth marks in the breast were made by the teeth of the convict.", "PMID": 1066945}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5412", "title": "Cytophotometric studies in suspicious cervical smears.", "content": "Papanicolaou stained smears of various cervical lesions diagnosed as \"suspicious\" by routine cytology were reviewed with regard to different cell types leading to this diagnosis. The smears were then submitted to Feulgen hydrolysis and redyed by Acriflavin-SO2 for fluorescence-cytophotometry. In nine of 14 cases measured, the DNA content of all types of \"suspicious\" cells was increased with DNA modes at euploid levels of 2 n, 4 n and 8 n indicating that the \"suspicious\" cells in those cases are polyploid. However, in five cases aneuploid DNA-distribution patterns were found similar to those observed in carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia. Since polyploidization may be considered as a cellular response to higher functional requirement (i.e. inflammation or regeneration) a \"suspicious\" cervical smear with a polyploid DNA-distribution pattern may reverse to normal cervical epithelium after normal conditions are restored. However, a \"suspicious\" smear with an aneuploid DNA-distribution pattern should be considered more seriously as being related to a precancerous lesion requiring immediate surgical treatment.", "contents": "Cytophotometric studies in suspicious cervical smears. Papanicolaou stained smears of various cervical lesions diagnosed as \"suspicious\" by routine cytology were reviewed with regard to different cell types leading to this diagnosis. The smears were then submitted to Feulgen hydrolysis and redyed by Acriflavin-SO2 for fluorescence-cytophotometry. In nine of 14 cases measured, the DNA content of all types of \"suspicious\" cells was increased with DNA modes at euploid levels of 2 n, 4 n and 8 n indicating that the \"suspicious\" cells in those cases are polyploid. However, in five cases aneuploid DNA-distribution patterns were found similar to those observed in carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia. Since polyploidization may be considered as a cellular response to higher functional requirement (i.e. inflammation or regeneration) a \"suspicious\" cervical smear with a polyploid DNA-distribution pattern may reverse to normal cervical epithelium after normal conditions are restored. However, a \"suspicious\" smear with an aneuploid DNA-distribution pattern should be considered more seriously as being related to a precancerous lesion requiring immediate surgical treatment.", "PMID": 1066942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5413", "title": "Degenerative disease in the temporomandibular, metatarsophalangeal and sternoclavicular joints. An autopsy study.", "content": "The right temporomandibular, sternoclavicular and first metatarsophalangeal joints were removed post mortem from 39 subjects. The surfaces of the various parts of the joints were examined and evaluated according to a grading system. Repeated evaluation of the joints showed a good reproducibility of the grading system. Of the 33 temporomandibular joints, 12 showed deviations in shape. Degenerative disease was uncommon and seen in only 3 joints. The total \"score for degeneration\" showed only a weak correlation with age (r = 0.28, rs = 0.08). Degenerative disease was common in the 35 sternoclavicular joints. All joints except 7 showed degenerative changes. A moderate correlation was found between age and the score for degeneration (r = 0.58). Of the 39 metatarsophalangeal joints only 5 were allotted no points of degeneration. A moderate correlation was found between age and score for degeneration (r = 0.61). No significant differences of degeneration were found between sexes. The coefficient of correlation between the score for degenerative disease of the temporomandibular joint and the degeneration score for the sternoclavicular joint and the toe-joint were r = 0.22 (rs = 0.16) and r = 0.46 (rs = 0.44), respectively. The significant association of degenerative disease found between the toe-joint and the sternoclavicular joint (r = 0.54, rs = 0.54) was reduced (to r = 0.29) when age-dependence was excluded. The degenerative changes described in this material are probably mostly due to local factors.", "contents": "Degenerative disease in the temporomandibular, metatarsophalangeal and sternoclavicular joints. An autopsy study. The right temporomandibular, sternoclavicular and first metatarsophalangeal joints were removed post mortem from 39 subjects. The surfaces of the various parts of the joints were examined and evaluated according to a grading system. Repeated evaluation of the joints showed a good reproducibility of the grading system. Of the 33 temporomandibular joints, 12 showed deviations in shape. Degenerative disease was uncommon and seen in only 3 joints. The total \"score for degeneration\" showed only a weak correlation with age (r = 0.28, rs = 0.08). Degenerative disease was common in the 35 sternoclavicular joints. All joints except 7 showed degenerative changes. A moderate correlation was found between age and the score for degeneration (r = 0.58). Of the 39 metatarsophalangeal joints only 5 were allotted no points of degeneration. A moderate correlation was found between age and score for degeneration (r = 0.61). No significant differences of degeneration were found between sexes. The coefficient of correlation between the score for degenerative disease of the temporomandibular joint and the degeneration score for the sternoclavicular joint and the toe-joint were r = 0.22 (rs = 0.16) and r = 0.46 (rs = 0.44), respectively. The significant association of degenerative disease found between the toe-joint and the sternoclavicular joint (r = 0.54, rs = 0.54) was reduced (to r = 0.29) when age-dependence was excluded. The degenerative changes described in this material are probably mostly due to local factors.", "PMID": 1066946}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5414", "title": "The cervical epithelial surface. III. Scanning electron microscopic study in atypias and invasive carcinoma in mice.", "content": "The anatomy of the epithelial surface of the uterine cervix was investigated in 31 mice with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cervox of 20 mice was painted twice a week during five months with 3,4-benzpyrene (BP) in acetone and in 11 mice with acetone alone. Only two of the 15 acetone or BP treated animals with histologic normal epithelium showed similar structures as those described earlier for the normal cervical epithelium of untreated mice. The remaining 13 animals had regular mosaics, intermediate or cobblestone structures covered with irregular microvilli with or without long, finger-like protrusions. Irregular mosaics, intermediate or cobblestone structures were seen in atypical epithelium. In atypias Grade III and in invasive carcinoma irregular cobblestone structures with cellular overlapping were present. Atypical and invasive carcinoma were usually furnished with irregular microvilli, irregular fragmented microrugae and finger-like protrusions. The proportion of mice having anisovillosis with finger-like protrusions increased with increasing degree of epithelial severity. Since pathologic SEM changes were observed in some treated mice having normal histology the possibility was entertained that alterations at the cellular membrane level may preceed the nucleocytoplasmic changes required for the recognition of atypical epithelium in conventional histologic preparations.", "contents": "The cervical epithelial surface. III. Scanning electron microscopic study in atypias and invasive carcinoma in mice. The anatomy of the epithelial surface of the uterine cervix was investigated in 31 mice with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The cervox of 20 mice was painted twice a week during five months with 3,4-benzpyrene (BP) in acetone and in 11 mice with acetone alone. Only two of the 15 acetone or BP treated animals with histologic normal epithelium showed similar structures as those described earlier for the normal cervical epithelium of untreated mice. The remaining 13 animals had regular mosaics, intermediate or cobblestone structures covered with irregular microvilli with or without long, finger-like protrusions. Irregular mosaics, intermediate or cobblestone structures were seen in atypical epithelium. In atypias Grade III and in invasive carcinoma irregular cobblestone structures with cellular overlapping were present. Atypical and invasive carcinoma were usually furnished with irregular microvilli, irregular fragmented microrugae and finger-like protrusions. The proportion of mice having anisovillosis with finger-like protrusions increased with increasing degree of epithelial severity. Since pathologic SEM changes were observed in some treated mice having normal histology the possibility was entertained that alterations at the cellular membrane level may preceed the nucleocytoplasmic changes required for the recognition of atypical epithelium in conventional histologic preparations.", "PMID": 1066943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5415", "title": "An in vitro method for toxicity evaluation of water-soluble substances.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a simple method for the evaluation of reversible and irreversible toxic influences in a cell culture system. A cell monolayer established on the bottom of glass scintillation vials was exposed to a toxic substance (phenol). Changes in the DNA synthesis of the cells were utilized as a criterion of toxic influence, and were measured by recording the incorporation of tritium labelled thymidine using a liquid scintillation technique. The exposure of the cells to phenol caused a marked decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis when the phenol concentration was increased from 0.01 to 0.1%. The decrease in the DNA synthesis could be reversed by maintaining the cells in growth medium for 4 hours after the cell-phenol contact. The degree of reversibility was dependent on the cell-phenol contact time, the phenol concentration, and the cell line used. The simple test procedures and the quick and convenient obtainment of results simplify the assay of large test series and make the method particularly useful for screening tests.", "contents": "An in vitro method for toxicity evaluation of water-soluble substances. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a simple method for the evaluation of reversible and irreversible toxic influences in a cell culture system. A cell monolayer established on the bottom of glass scintillation vials was exposed to a toxic substance (phenol). Changes in the DNA synthesis of the cells were utilized as a criterion of toxic influence, and were measured by recording the incorporation of tritium labelled thymidine using a liquid scintillation technique. The exposure of the cells to phenol caused a marked decrease in the rate of DNA synthesis when the phenol concentration was increased from 0.01 to 0.1%. The decrease in the DNA synthesis could be reversed by maintaining the cells in growth medium for 4 hours after the cell-phenol contact. The degree of reversibility was dependent on the cell-phenol contact time, the phenol concentration, and the cell line used. The simple test procedures and the quick and convenient obtainment of results simplify the assay of large test series and make the method particularly useful for screening tests.", "PMID": 1066947}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5416", "title": "The silent period in the masseter muscle of patients with TMJ dysfunction.", "content": "The silent period (SP) following a jaw jerk elicited during sustained contraction in the masseter muscles has been studied in two groups of subjects, one with and one without, acute and distinct symptoms of TMJ dysfunction. The subjects with acute TMJ dysfunction symptoms showed significantly shorter latency and longer duration of the silent period and the period of their depressed activity (DA) was also significantly longer than in the group without TMJ dysfunction. The duration of the SP of both muscles was symmetrical in about 60% of subjects in each group. This study validates that the duration of the silent period may be a useful diagnostic tool of clinical interest.", "contents": "The silent period in the masseter muscle of patients with TMJ dysfunction. The silent period (SP) following a jaw jerk elicited during sustained contraction in the masseter muscles has been studied in two groups of subjects, one with and one without, acute and distinct symptoms of TMJ dysfunction. The subjects with acute TMJ dysfunction symptoms showed significantly shorter latency and longer duration of the silent period and the period of their depressed activity (DA) was also significantly longer than in the group without TMJ dysfunction. The duration of the SP of both muscles was symmetrical in about 60% of subjects in each group. This study validates that the duration of the silent period may be a useful diagnostic tool of clinical interest.", "PMID": 1066948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5417", "title": "Comparison of two surgical methods in combined surgical-orthodontic correction of impacted maxillary canines.", "content": "The post-treatment periodontal condition of impacted maxillary canines was examined in two groups of patients. In one group (n =34) the teeth were exposed in the mouth after removal of the bone and soft tissue covering of the crown. In the other group (n =22) the bone covering the crown was removed, whereafter the mucoperiosteal flap was sutured back. In both groups the orthodontic treatment procedures were basically the same. The mean treatment duration was 18 months after radical surgical exposure and 22 months after moderate surgical exposure. The teeth were examined 1-2 years after removal of the fixed appliances. Oral hygiene and gingival inflammation were approximately the same in both groups. The palatal pocket was deeper on teeth subjected to moderate surgical exposure, and the depth also varied more. The loss of fiber attachment was not significantly different except on the palatal surface, where it was greater after radical exposure and also varied more. The interdental bone height, which was measured on radiographs, varied more after radical than after moderate surgical exposure.", "contents": "Comparison of two surgical methods in combined surgical-orthodontic correction of impacted maxillary canines. The post-treatment periodontal condition of impacted maxillary canines was examined in two groups of patients. In one group (n =34) the teeth were exposed in the mouth after removal of the bone and soft tissue covering of the crown. In the other group (n =22) the bone covering the crown was removed, whereafter the mucoperiosteal flap was sutured back. In both groups the orthodontic treatment procedures were basically the same. The mean treatment duration was 18 months after radical surgical exposure and 22 months after moderate surgical exposure. The teeth were examined 1-2 years after removal of the fixed appliances. Oral hygiene and gingival inflammation were approximately the same in both groups. The palatal pocket was deeper on teeth subjected to moderate surgical exposure, and the depth also varied more. The loss of fiber attachment was not significantly different except on the palatal surface, where it was greater after radical exposure and also varied more. The interdental bone height, which was measured on radiographs, varied more after radical than after moderate surgical exposure.", "PMID": 1066949}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5418", "title": "Tooth mortality and endodontic status of a selected population group. Observations before and after treatment.", "content": "Tooth mortality and the frequency and distribution of endodontically treated teeth was studied in a Norwegian population group. The pre- and posttreatment situation was thus surveyed in 481 individuals with endodontic treatment. The middle aged and the female patients were overrepresented in the sample. At admittance the mean number of teeth per patient was 22.8, 2.6 of which had been endodontically treated. After comprehensive dental treatment, the corresponding figures were 21.5 and 3.7. During treatment extractions were performed in 48% of the patients, twice as often in the maxilla as in the mandible, 47% of the extracted teeth being molars. At admittance, root fillings comprised 83.5% of the total number of endodontically treated teeth, while pulpotomies were observed in about 15%. Retreatments were performed in 35% of the treated roots and in every other patients.", "contents": "Tooth mortality and endodontic status of a selected population group. Observations before and after treatment. Tooth mortality and the frequency and distribution of endodontically treated teeth was studied in a Norwegian population group. The pre- and posttreatment situation was thus surveyed in 481 individuals with endodontic treatment. The middle aged and the female patients were overrepresented in the sample. At admittance the mean number of teeth per patient was 22.8, 2.6 of which had been endodontically treated. After comprehensive dental treatment, the corresponding figures were 21.5 and 3.7. During treatment extractions were performed in 48% of the patients, twice as often in the maxilla as in the mandible, 47% of the extracted teeth being molars. At admittance, root fillings comprised 83.5% of the total number of endodontically treated teeth, while pulpotomies were observed in about 15%. Retreatments were performed in 35% of the treated roots and in every other patients.", "PMID": 1066950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5419", "title": "Postnatal development of the human temporomandibular joint. I. A histological study.", "content": "Temporomandibular joints from 61 humans, aged 2 days to 27 years, were examined histologically. Four layers of the condyle were studied in detail. The outermost layer was richly vascularised in new-borns but by 3 years of age it had become avascular and contained few cells. In neonates the cartilage layer constituted a large part of the condyle but soon decreased in thickness and by 5-6 years of age it constituted only a thin zone of the top of the condyle. In the proliferative zone, mitoses occurred up to 13-15 years of age. This zone then decreased in thickness; the number of cells decreased, while the amount of intercellular substance increased. At birth, the temporal component was flat and was lined by vascularised connective tissue which became richer in collagen with increasing age. The cartilage layer was lacking in the fossa but was present on the tuberculum. A proliferative zone in this cartilage could be seen up to the age of 17-18 years and cartilage having only few cells was found in adults. Remodelling processes were seen in all components of the joints. The significance of the remodelling seen in the fossa and on the mandibular neck is discussed with relation to condylar and periosteal growth of the mandible.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the human temporomandibular joint. I. A histological study. Temporomandibular joints from 61 humans, aged 2 days to 27 years, were examined histologically. Four layers of the condyle were studied in detail. The outermost layer was richly vascularised in new-borns but by 3 years of age it had become avascular and contained few cells. In neonates the cartilage layer constituted a large part of the condyle but soon decreased in thickness and by 5-6 years of age it constituted only a thin zone of the top of the condyle. In the proliferative zone, mitoses occurred up to 13-15 years of age. This zone then decreased in thickness; the number of cells decreased, while the amount of intercellular substance increased. At birth, the temporal component was flat and was lined by vascularised connective tissue which became richer in collagen with increasing age. The cartilage layer was lacking in the fossa but was present on the tuberculum. A proliferative zone in this cartilage could be seen up to the age of 17-18 years and cartilage having only few cells was found in adults. Remodelling processes were seen in all components of the joints. The significance of the remodelling seen in the fossa and on the mandibular neck is discussed with relation to condylar and periosteal growth of the mandible.", "PMID": 1066951}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5420", "title": "The effect of calcium hydroxide and fluorides on human dentine.", "content": "With the aid of scanning electron microscopy and microradiography, 45 teeth including 20 contralateral tooth pairs were studied to assess the effect on human dentine of (1) a 1 minute treatment with 3% NaF, (2) a dressing of Ca(OH)2 and (3) a dressing of Ca(OH)2 and CaPO3F after follow-up periods of 2-8 weeks. After NaF treatment the SEM revealed no sign of obliteration of the dentinal tubules, and on microradiograms no indication of increased density could be registered compared to an untreated control area. Under the calcium dressing the SEM revealed in 13 cases out of 20 (5 cases of 11 intrapair comparisons) a varying degree of constriction of the dentinal tubules. Constrictions varied from one tubule to another and ceased approximately 0.1 mm in the dentine. On the microradiograms no significant difference could be registered between untreated dentine and dentine treated with the calcium dressings. Dressings of Ca(OH)2 a combination of Ca(OH)2 and CaPO3F for 2 months, or a 1 minute treatment with a cavity cleaner containing 3% NaF can thus not be considered to result in a reliable obliteration of the dentinal tubules.", "contents": "The effect of calcium hydroxide and fluorides on human dentine. With the aid of scanning electron microscopy and microradiography, 45 teeth including 20 contralateral tooth pairs were studied to assess the effect on human dentine of (1) a 1 minute treatment with 3% NaF, (2) a dressing of Ca(OH)2 and (3) a dressing of Ca(OH)2 and CaPO3F after follow-up periods of 2-8 weeks. After NaF treatment the SEM revealed no sign of obliteration of the dentinal tubules, and on microradiograms no indication of increased density could be registered compared to an untreated control area. Under the calcium dressing the SEM revealed in 13 cases out of 20 (5 cases of 11 intrapair comparisons) a varying degree of constriction of the dentinal tubules. Constrictions varied from one tubule to another and ceased approximately 0.1 mm in the dentine. On the microradiograms no significant difference could be registered between untreated dentine and dentine treated with the calcium dressings. Dressings of Ca(OH)2 a combination of Ca(OH)2 and CaPO3F for 2 months, or a 1 minute treatment with a cavity cleaner containing 3% NaF can thus not be considered to result in a reliable obliteration of the dentinal tubules.", "PMID": 1066952}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5421", "title": "The construction and use of diagnostic standards for primary radiographic caries.", "content": "The aim was to establish diagnostic standards for primary approximal radiographic caries diagnosis. These were described with reference to ranking of subjects, mean \"intermediate\" score per subject, which was based on the majority diagnosis recorded by three examiners, and by category of a certainty scale for individual tooth surface scores. The results recorded by two fourth year dental students and two hygienists, when reading 40 pairs of posterior bitewing radiographs of children between 13 and 15 years of age, showed an acceptable level of agreement for ranking of subjects. Agreement was less satisfactory, when comparing the mean scores of these four examiners with the \"intermediate\" score per subject and with a standard for individual surfaces. The proposed standards do not represent true scores, but serve as guidelines, as they depend on the diagnostic level of the examiners on whose scores the standards are based, and on the diagnostic criteria employed.", "contents": "The construction and use of diagnostic standards for primary radiographic caries. The aim was to establish diagnostic standards for primary approximal radiographic caries diagnosis. These were described with reference to ranking of subjects, mean \"intermediate\" score per subject, which was based on the majority diagnosis recorded by three examiners, and by category of a certainty scale for individual tooth surface scores. The results recorded by two fourth year dental students and two hygienists, when reading 40 pairs of posterior bitewing radiographs of children between 13 and 15 years of age, showed an acceptable level of agreement for ranking of subjects. Agreement was less satisfactory, when comparing the mean scores of these four examiners with the \"intermediate\" score per subject and with a standard for individual surfaces. The proposed standards do not represent true scores, but serve as guidelines, as they depend on the diagnostic level of the examiners on whose scores the standards are based, and on the diagnostic criteria employed.", "PMID": 1066953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5422", "title": "The apical level of root fillings.", "content": "The apical level of root fillings made by general practitioners, undergraduate students and an endodontist was compared. In total, 3003 root fillings were grouped morphometrically in three classes. Class A fillings were ending at a distance from the radiographic apex. Class B fillings were ending flush with the radiographic apex or with an overfilling of not more than 1 mm, while class C consisted of fillings with a moderate (1-2 mm) or marked (greater than 2 mm) excess. For 2187 class A fillings the distance from the apical end of the root filling to the radiographic apex was measured to the nearest 0.5 mm. The 531 class B and 285 class C root fillings were given the distance 0.0 mm. A detailed classification of root fillings with regard to their length was then developed by calculating the average distances and standard deviations. A longer apex-distance was observed for root fillings made by the general practitioners than for those made by the undergraduates and the endodontist. Class B and C fillings were infrequently observed among fillings made by general practitioners. Roots from three-rooted teeth had been filled closer to the radiographic apex by the endodontist than by undergraduates. A higher relative number of class C fillings was observed for undergraduates than for the endodontist, while the opposite observation was made for class B cases.", "contents": "The apical level of root fillings. The apical level of root fillings made by general practitioners, undergraduate students and an endodontist was compared. In total, 3003 root fillings were grouped morphometrically in three classes. Class A fillings were ending at a distance from the radiographic apex. Class B fillings were ending flush with the radiographic apex or with an overfilling of not more than 1 mm, while class C consisted of fillings with a moderate (1-2 mm) or marked (greater than 2 mm) excess. For 2187 class A fillings the distance from the apical end of the root filling to the radiographic apex was measured to the nearest 0.5 mm. The 531 class B and 285 class C root fillings were given the distance 0.0 mm. A detailed classification of root fillings with regard to their length was then developed by calculating the average distances and standard deviations. A longer apex-distance was observed for root fillings made by the general practitioners than for those made by the undergraduates and the endodontist. Class B and C fillings were infrequently observed among fillings made by general practitioners. Roots from three-rooted teeth had been filled closer to the radiographic apex by the endodontist than by undergraduates. A higher relative number of class C fillings was observed for undergraduates than for the endodontist, while the opposite observation was made for class B cases.", "PMID": 1066954}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5423", "title": "Childhood leukemia in Norway from 1963-1974 with special emphasis on own material.", "content": "Childhood leukemia in Norway in the period 1963-1974 with special emphasis on own material. Acta Paediatr Scand, 65:529, 1976. -A nation wide up-to-date survey of childhood leukemia in Norway including 499 cases in the period 1963-1974 is presented. The median survival for all cases was about one year. Around 20% of the 499 cases were still alive in Novemeber 1974. Twenty-five of the children were off therapy without any signs of relapse. In our own material thirteen of 42 cases of acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) were still in primary remission after 3-9 1/2 years. Twelve of them were still off therapy and none had relapsed. Best results were achieved in the 31 cases of ALL followed closely by us all the time. The number of cases in continuous complete remission and the median survival rate in this series compares favourably with the last two studies published by the St. Jude group.", "contents": "Childhood leukemia in Norway from 1963-1974 with special emphasis on own material. Childhood leukemia in Norway in the period 1963-1974 with special emphasis on own material. Acta Paediatr Scand, 65:529, 1976. -A nation wide up-to-date survey of childhood leukemia in Norway including 499 cases in the period 1963-1974 is presented. The median survival for all cases was about one year. Around 20% of the 499 cases were still alive in Novemeber 1974. Twenty-five of the children were off therapy without any signs of relapse. In our own material thirteen of 42 cases of acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL) were still in primary remission after 3-9 1/2 years. Twelve of them were still off therapy and none had relapsed. Best results were achieved in the 31 cases of ALL followed closely by us all the time. The number of cases in continuous complete remission and the median survival rate in this series compares favourably with the last two studies published by the St. Jude group.", "PMID": 1066955}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5424", "title": "Myocarditis associated with Echo type 7 infection in a leukemic child.", "content": "A 3 1/2-year-old boy, during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia presented clinical, roentgenological and ECG signs of myocarditis, which disappeared completely within 1 1/2 month. ECHO type 7 virus was isolated from the faeces during the acute stage of the disease and rise in ECHO 7 neutralizing antibodies was demonstrated in paired sera of the patient. This unusual pathogenicity of ECHO 7 virus could be explained with the impairment of the host resistance induced by leukemia and immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "Myocarditis associated with Echo type 7 infection in a leukemic child. A 3 1/2-year-old boy, during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia presented clinical, roentgenological and ECG signs of myocarditis, which disappeared completely within 1 1/2 month. ECHO type 7 virus was isolated from the faeces during the acute stage of the disease and rise in ECHO 7 neutralizing antibodies was demonstrated in paired sera of the patient. This unusual pathogenicity of ECHO 7 virus could be explained with the impairment of the host resistance induced by leukemia and immunosuppressive therapy.", "PMID": 1066956}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5425", "title": "VI. Somatic pubertal development.", "content": "The pubertal development of 212 randomly selected Swedish urban children has been investigated as part of a prospective longitudinal study of growth and development. The timing and pattern of pubertal changes were in agreement with the findings in other contemporary studies. The good agreement with data on pubertal development reported in other investigations of Swedish children indicates that the present sample was representative of contemporary Swedish children. Two procedures of assessment of secondary sex characters - clinical examination and whole-body photography - have been compared and contrasted. A clinical examination is less laborious and resource-consuming and also has psychological advantages but should be supplemented in boys by the estimation of testicular volume (orchidometry). In girls the two methods have similar precision and reliability. The first pubertal changes may be observed before 9 years in girls (breast development) and before 10 years in boys (genital development). On average the first change takes place about one year earlier in girls than in boys. Peak height velocity (PHV) is an early event during puberty in girls and a relatively late event during puberty in girls and a relatively late one in boys, the sex difference in mean age being about two years. In girls, menarche is a late event, always occurring after PHV. At the age of 13-14 years some boys and girls have not yet begun theri pubertal development, while others have reached the adult stage.", "contents": "VI. Somatic pubertal development. The pubertal development of 212 randomly selected Swedish urban children has been investigated as part of a prospective longitudinal study of growth and development. The timing and pattern of pubertal changes were in agreement with the findings in other contemporary studies. The good agreement with data on pubertal development reported in other investigations of Swedish children indicates that the present sample was representative of contemporary Swedish children. Two procedures of assessment of secondary sex characters - clinical examination and whole-body photography - have been compared and contrasted. A clinical examination is less laborious and resource-consuming and also has psychological advantages but should be supplemented in boys by the estimation of testicular volume (orchidometry). In girls the two methods have similar precision and reliability. The first pubertal changes may be observed before 9 years in girls (breast development) and before 10 years in boys (genital development). On average the first change takes place about one year earlier in girls than in boys. Peak height velocity (PHV) is an early event during puberty in girls and a relatively late event during puberty in girls and a relatively late one in boys, the sex difference in mean age being about two years. In girls, menarche is a late event, always occurring after PHV. At the age of 13-14 years some boys and girls have not yet begun theri pubertal development, while others have reached the adult stage.", "PMID": 1066958}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5426", "title": "VII. graphic analysis of biological maturation by means of maturograms.", "content": "The attainment of various maturity criteria has been analyzed by probit analysis using a logarithmic time concept (logarithmic conceptional age). The resulting probit lines have been plotted in charts-maturograms -using the x-axis as an age-scale and the y-axis as a marker of standard deviations scores. The slope of the probit lines is in such a direction that early occurrences are assigned positive SD-scores and late ones negative scores. The maturity criteria can be divided into two catergories- sequential (e.g. number of erupted teeth) or non-sequential (e.g. the menarche). When examined a child is observed to be within a certain stage of maturity. The observation can be evaluated with a cross-sectional or a longitudinal approach. The latter requires repeated examinations. The evaluation will result in a relative scoring (SD-scores) of the observations, i.e. a relative maturity level is calculated. The practical procedure has been exemplified for pubertal and dental development. Two sets of charts-pubertograms-have been constructed for the assessment of pubertal development in each sex. For dental development there are also two sets of sex-specific charts -dentograms- one for the deciduousdentition and one for the permanent dentition. Individual patterns of maturation can be analyzed by plotting the estimated SD-scores of the various maturograms. Individual variations in the trends of the estimated SD-scores may be an indication of different velocities of maturation.", "contents": "VII. graphic analysis of biological maturation by means of maturograms. The attainment of various maturity criteria has been analyzed by probit analysis using a logarithmic time concept (logarithmic conceptional age). The resulting probit lines have been plotted in charts-maturograms -using the x-axis as an age-scale and the y-axis as a marker of standard deviations scores. The slope of the probit lines is in such a direction that early occurrences are assigned positive SD-scores and late ones negative scores. The maturity criteria can be divided into two catergories- sequential (e.g. number of erupted teeth) or non-sequential (e.g. the menarche). When examined a child is observed to be within a certain stage of maturity. The observation can be evaluated with a cross-sectional or a longitudinal approach. The latter requires repeated examinations. The evaluation will result in a relative scoring (SD-scores) of the observations, i.e. a relative maturity level is calculated. The practical procedure has been exemplified for pubertal and dental development. Two sets of charts-pubertograms-have been constructed for the assessment of pubertal development in each sex. For dental development there are also two sets of sex-specific charts -dentograms- one for the deciduousdentition and one for the permanent dentition. Individual patterns of maturation can be analyzed by plotting the estimated SD-scores of the various maturograms. Individual variations in the trends of the estimated SD-scores may be an indication of different velocities of maturation.", "PMID": 1066959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5427", "title": "I. physical growth from birth to 16 years and longitudinal outcome of the study during the same age period.", "content": "Physical growth of 212 randomly selected Swedish urban children has been investigated from birth to sixteen years as part of a prospective longitudinal study of growth and development. Twenty body measurements have been taken at specified ages. In all, about 66,000 values of measurement have been recorded. At sixteen years 179 (84.4%) ofthe original children were still regularly being followed. Thirty-three (15.6%) of the 212 children left the study at various ages. A comparison between the children who left the study and those remaining did not show any significant differences in physical growth. All recorded data have been scrutinized in order to detect errors of measurement or administrative errors. Such values have been corrected or excluded. The editorial procedures also included the adjustment of each measurement to exact target age, interpolation of missing examinations and exclusion of children with an aberrant growth pattern. When comparing the present study with older Swedish investigations a secular trend was established, while there was good agreement with other contemporary Swedish investigations. Growth charts of distance values of various body measurements are presented. In the charts standard deviation lines (+/- 1, 2, 3 SD) and mean values are plotted. A logarithmic time scale (logarithmic conceptional age) has been used for both practical and theoretical reasons. When evaluating individual values in comparison with reference values standard deviations should be used rather than centiles. With this approach even grossly deviating values can be evaluated. Longitudinal follow-up of individual children and comparison of children of different ages will also be facilitated by this approach.", "contents": "I. physical growth from birth to 16 years and longitudinal outcome of the study during the same age period. Physical growth of 212 randomly selected Swedish urban children has been investigated from birth to sixteen years as part of a prospective longitudinal study of growth and development. Twenty body measurements have been taken at specified ages. In all, about 66,000 values of measurement have been recorded. At sixteen years 179 (84.4%) ofthe original children were still regularly being followed. Thirty-three (15.6%) of the 212 children left the study at various ages. A comparison between the children who left the study and those remaining did not show any significant differences in physical growth. All recorded data have been scrutinized in order to detect errors of measurement or administrative errors. Such values have been corrected or excluded. The editorial procedures also included the adjustment of each measurement to exact target age, interpolation of missing examinations and exclusion of children with an aberrant growth pattern. When comparing the present study with older Swedish investigations a secular trend was established, while there was good agreement with other contemporary Swedish investigations. Growth charts of distance values of various body measurements are presented. In the charts standard deviation lines (+/- 1, 2, 3 SD) and mean values are plotted. A logarithmic time scale (logarithmic conceptional age) has been used for both practical and theoretical reasons. When evaluating individual values in comparison with reference values standard deviations should be used rather than centiles. With this approach even grossly deviating values can be evaluated. Longitudinal follow-up of individual children and comparison of children of different ages will also be facilitated by this approach.", "PMID": 1066960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5428", "title": "II. evaluation of biological maturation by means of maturity criteria.", "content": "Maturation may be conceived of as a series of gradual transformations through time going on in the human body from conception to death as part of the life cycle of the organism. Maturity should be used as the general concept of any specified stage - or level -during the process of maturation. The maturity level can be assessed by examining the attainment of various maturity criteria relating to dental development, skeletal development and pubertal development. In a group of children the attainment can be analyzed by probit analysis using a logarithmic time concept (logarithmic conceptional age). This is exemplified by the attainment of breast stages according to Tanner (10) in the girls of the present study. When examined a child will be rated as being within a certain stage of maturity. The least advanced and the most advanced maturity level consistent with the rating can be established using the probit lines. The relative maturity level is then expressed in SD-scores of the Gaussian fitted distributions of age at attainment of various maturity criteria in a reference group of children. This is a laborious approach when there are many series of maturity criteria, e.g. in the assessment of skeletal maturity. In such cases each stage is instead given a certain maturity score. The individual maturity level is calculated by averaging the maturity scores of the stages, which are then evaluated in SD-scores by comparing with the Gaussian fitted distribution of averaged maturity scores at that age. In both approaches discussed in this paper the evaluation of individual maturity is made with a relative scale of measurement. Accordingly, the rate of maturation can only be assessed indirectly.", "contents": "II. evaluation of biological maturation by means of maturity criteria. Maturation may be conceived of as a series of gradual transformations through time going on in the human body from conception to death as part of the life cycle of the organism. Maturity should be used as the general concept of any specified stage - or level -during the process of maturation. The maturity level can be assessed by examining the attainment of various maturity criteria relating to dental development, skeletal development and pubertal development. In a group of children the attainment can be analyzed by probit analysis using a logarithmic time concept (logarithmic conceptional age). This is exemplified by the attainment of breast stages according to Tanner (10) in the girls of the present study. When examined a child will be rated as being within a certain stage of maturity. The least advanced and the most advanced maturity level consistent with the rating can be established using the probit lines. The relative maturity level is then expressed in SD-scores of the Gaussian fitted distributions of age at attainment of various maturity criteria in a reference group of children. This is a laborious approach when there are many series of maturity criteria, e.g. in the assessment of skeletal maturity. In such cases each stage is instead given a certain maturity score. The individual maturity level is calculated by averaging the maturity scores of the stages, which are then evaluated in SD-scores by comparing with the Gaussian fitted distribution of averaged maturity scores at that age. In both approaches discussed in this paper the evaluation of individual maturity is made with a relative scale of measurement. Accordingly, the rate of maturation can only be assessed indirectly.", "PMID": 1066961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5429", "title": "III. dental development from birth to 16 years.", "content": "Tooth eruption in 212 randomly selected Swedish urban children has been investigated from birth to 16 years as part of a prospective longitudinal study of growth and development. The ages and the order of eruption of the deciduous and permanent teeth were in agreement with those reported in other contemporary studies. The good agreement with another longitudinal study of the tooth eruption of Swedish children born during the same period is an indication that the present sample was representative of contemporary Swedish children. In the deciduous dentition a probable male advancement was found, while girls were consistently the advanced sex as regards the eruption of permanent teeth. Sex differences have also been found in the relation between dental development and other criteria of somatic growth and development. The correlations were low or moderate with, in general, higher values for girls than boys. A positive association with somatic growth was observed both for the deciduous and the permanent dentition but with intriguing sex differences for various body measurements.", "contents": "III. dental development from birth to 16 years. Tooth eruption in 212 randomly selected Swedish urban children has been investigated from birth to 16 years as part of a prospective longitudinal study of growth and development. The ages and the order of eruption of the deciduous and permanent teeth were in agreement with those reported in other contemporary studies. The good agreement with another longitudinal study of the tooth eruption of Swedish children born during the same period is an indication that the present sample was representative of contemporary Swedish children. In the deciduous dentition a probable male advancement was found, while girls were consistently the advanced sex as regards the eruption of permanent teeth. Sex differences have also been found in the relation between dental development and other criteria of somatic growth and development. The correlations were low or moderate with, in general, higher values for girls than boys. A positive association with somatic growth was observed both for the deciduous and the permanent dentition but with intriguing sex differences for various body measurements.", "PMID": 1066962}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5430", "title": "Hypokalemia in children with leukemia in relapse.", "content": "Eight children with acute leukemia in relapse were hypokalemic during their hospital course. All had accompanying hypophosphatemia, and three had mild metabolic alkalosis. Potassium chloride supplementation in each case resulted in resolution of the electrolyte and acid-base disturbances. These findings were not present in patients with conditions newly diagnosed or those in remission. The pathogenesis of the electrolyte and acidbase disturbances was not evident and was not related to antibiotic or cytotoxic drug therapy, but may have been related to the patients' poor nutritional status. Seven of the eight patients died within six months of the hypokalemic episode. Hypokalemia may be a common accompaniment of terminal leukemia.", "contents": "Hypokalemia in children with leukemia in relapse. Eight children with acute leukemia in relapse were hypokalemic during their hospital course. All had accompanying hypophosphatemia, and three had mild metabolic alkalosis. Potassium chloride supplementation in each case resulted in resolution of the electrolyte and acid-base disturbances. These findings were not present in patients with conditions newly diagnosed or those in remission. The pathogenesis of the electrolyte and acidbase disturbances was not evident and was not related to antibiotic or cytotoxic drug therapy, but may have been related to the patients' poor nutritional status. Seven of the eight patients died within six months of the hypokalemic episode. Hypokalemia may be a common accompaniment of terminal leukemia.", "PMID": 1066963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5431", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in tension zones of rat molar periodontium incident to orthodontic tooth movement.", "content": "The purpose of this study was, by introducing transmission electron microscopy, to clarify fine details of tissue reactions in the periodontal ligament on the tension side. A preliminary investigation was undertaken on nine rats in which experimental tooth movement lasted 2 days, 14 days, and 28 days. It was hoped that these new observations might help in the planning and directing of further studies. A marked increase of interstitial spaces between the formed ligament structures of the periodontal ligament was characteristic of the initial phases of tension. The cells and the endoplasmic reticulum within the cells were spindle shaped and oriented in the direction of strain. Occasionally, collagen fibrils were observed within the cytoplasm of fibroblasts. During experimental tension a higher prevalence of elastic fibers was observed and new details of the reaction of collagen fibrils were obtained. The new cementum and bone deposited during the experiment were studied. The preliminary study indicated that electron microscopy may become a valuable tool for the study of the tension side.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in tension zones of rat molar periodontium incident to orthodontic tooth movement. The purpose of this study was, by introducing transmission electron microscopy, to clarify fine details of tissue reactions in the periodontal ligament on the tension side. A preliminary investigation was undertaken on nine rats in which experimental tooth movement lasted 2 days, 14 days, and 28 days. It was hoped that these new observations might help in the planning and directing of further studies. A marked increase of interstitial spaces between the formed ligament structures of the periodontal ligament was characteristic of the initial phases of tension. The cells and the endoplasmic reticulum within the cells were spindle shaped and oriented in the direction of strain. Occasionally, collagen fibrils were observed within the cytoplasm of fibroblasts. During experimental tension a higher prevalence of elastic fibers was observed and new details of the reaction of collagen fibrils were obtained. The new cementum and bone deposited during the experiment were studied. The preliminary study indicated that electron microscopy may become a valuable tool for the study of the tension side.", "PMID": 1066965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5432", "title": "Measurement of tooth movement.", "content": "1. Tooth movement relative to the alveolar bone can be precisely described only by superimposing on fixed points in the bone. Implants are the best known way today. Over short-term studies laminagraphy and the use of bony trabeculations are also useful. Remodeling occurs extensively on bony surfaces, making them too labile for use as stable landmarks. To project small amounts of tooth movement based on the use of such methods is so questionable as to represent little better than a guess or a clinical impression. 2. Growth can be separated into vertical and anteroposterior vectors with respect to the dentition. Since the occlusion is the concern, orientation of vertical and anteroposterior vectors to the occlusal plane is a reasonable baseline. The vertical and anteroposterior dental changes may not show a linear relationship in the anterior and posterior parts of the mouth when jaw rotations are occurring. 3. Growth can be disproportionate in either the vertical and/or the anteroposteroir plane of space. If the vertical increments of the anterior face differ from the vertical increments at the posterior face, mandibular rotations occur. This growth is accompanied by dental compensations that tend to mask the rotation. Therefore, open bite and deep bite are frequently skeletal growth problems. 4. Disproportional forward growth of the maxilla or mandible in an anteroposterior direction can lead to Class II or III relations. The growth that leads to Class II or Class III is accompanied by dental migrations that tend to mask this disproportionate growth. Orthodontic treatment of growth disproportionalities usually represents attempts to make the teeth further compensate. If surgical options are elected, the dental compensations should be removed prior to surgery in order to achieve a full surgical correction. 5. The teeth tend to move and grow in the opposite direction of the growth disproportionality. The teeth tend to mask the disproportionality. Thus, in an open bite, the incisors tend to move vertically further than in deep bites. Vertical imbalances may be more difficult to mask. Backward rotation of the mandible requires more vertical movement at the incisor than at the molar just to maintain vertical incisor relationships.", "contents": "Measurement of tooth movement. 1. Tooth movement relative to the alveolar bone can be precisely described only by superimposing on fixed points in the bone. Implants are the best known way today. Over short-term studies laminagraphy and the use of bony trabeculations are also useful. Remodeling occurs extensively on bony surfaces, making them too labile for use as stable landmarks. To project small amounts of tooth movement based on the use of such methods is so questionable as to represent little better than a guess or a clinical impression. 2. Growth can be separated into vertical and anteroposterior vectors with respect to the dentition. Since the occlusion is the concern, orientation of vertical and anteroposterior vectors to the occlusal plane is a reasonable baseline. The vertical and anteroposterior dental changes may not show a linear relationship in the anterior and posterior parts of the mouth when jaw rotations are occurring. 3. Growth can be disproportionate in either the vertical and/or the anteroposteroir plane of space. If the vertical increments of the anterior face differ from the vertical increments at the posterior face, mandibular rotations occur. This growth is accompanied by dental compensations that tend to mask the rotation. Therefore, open bite and deep bite are frequently skeletal growth problems. 4. Disproportional forward growth of the maxilla or mandible in an anteroposterior direction can lead to Class II or III relations. The growth that leads to Class II or Class III is accompanied by dental migrations that tend to mask this disproportionate growth. Orthodontic treatment of growth disproportionalities usually represents attempts to make the teeth further compensate. If surgical options are elected, the dental compensations should be removed prior to surgery in order to achieve a full surgical correction. 5. The teeth tend to move and grow in the opposite direction of the growth disproportionality. The teeth tend to mask the disproportionality. Thus, in an open bite, the incisors tend to move vertically further than in deep bites. Vertical imbalances may be more difficult to mask. Backward rotation of the mandible requires more vertical movement at the incisor than at the molar just to maintain vertical incisor relationships.", "PMID": 1066967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5433", "title": "Effect of experimental microglossia on craniofacial growth.", "content": "The present experiment provides data on the morphogenetic effects of experimentally produced microglossia (by glossectomy) on the maxillofacial skeleton of the rat. Nineteen males and nineteen females subjected to this surgical procedure were compared, using an analysis of variance, with an equal number (thirty-eight) of nonoperated littermates of both sexes, which served as a control group. The surgical procedures were performed on the animals when they were 21 days old. They were killed 64 days later, at the age of 12 weeks, or at the end of the growing period. It was demonstrated that the activity of different proliferating maxillofacial sites was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01 and 0.001) in all three dimensions. This affected both the basal and alveolar bones at the same time.", "contents": "Effect of experimental microglossia on craniofacial growth. The present experiment provides data on the morphogenetic effects of experimentally produced microglossia (by glossectomy) on the maxillofacial skeleton of the rat. Nineteen males and nineteen females subjected to this surgical procedure were compared, using an analysis of variance, with an equal number (thirty-eight) of nonoperated littermates of both sexes, which served as a control group. The surgical procedures were performed on the animals when they were 21 days old. They were killed 64 days later, at the age of 12 weeks, or at the end of the growing period. It was demonstrated that the activity of different proliferating maxillofacial sites was significantly reduced (p less than 0.01 and 0.001) in all three dimensions. This affected both the basal and alveolar bones at the same time.", "PMID": 1066968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5434", "title": "Infections or neoplasm as causes of prolonged fever in cancer patients.", "content": "Thirty-six consecutive patients with cancer who met the classical criteria for fever of unexplained origin (FUO) were identified. A total of 18 patients had infections including all 12 with leukemia, four of 12 with Hodgkin's disease, and two with solid tumors. Fungal infections were found in nine: histoplasmosis, three; candidiasis, three; and aspergillosis, systemic sporotrichosis, or cryptococcal meningitis, one each. Six patients had unresolved pyogenic infections and one had tuberculous pericarditis. Two others had viral etiologies. Granulocytopenia was significantly more common in the FUO patients with documented infections. Clinical or laboratory abnormalities suggesting involvement of a specific organ or organ system provided important clues indicating infections. Morphological examination of biopsy specimens, with cultures, was the best method for diagnosis. In 18 patients, 12 with lymphomas and 6 with solid tumors, only the neoplasm appeared responsible for the fever. In these patients there was a paucity of abnormalities indicating organ system involvement with infection. Regardless, physicians' diagnostic efforts should not be deterred in such patients. Repeated thorough evaluations for infection are warranted.", "contents": "Infections or neoplasm as causes of prolonged fever in cancer patients. Thirty-six consecutive patients with cancer who met the classical criteria for fever of unexplained origin (FUO) were identified. A total of 18 patients had infections including all 12 with leukemia, four of 12 with Hodgkin's disease, and two with solid tumors. Fungal infections were found in nine: histoplasmosis, three; candidiasis, three; and aspergillosis, systemic sporotrichosis, or cryptococcal meningitis, one each. Six patients had unresolved pyogenic infections and one had tuberculous pericarditis. Two others had viral etiologies. Granulocytopenia was significantly more common in the FUO patients with documented infections. Clinical or laboratory abnormalities suggesting involvement of a specific organ or organ system provided important clues indicating infections. Morphological examination of biopsy specimens, with cultures, was the best method for diagnosis. In 18 patients, 12 with lymphomas and 6 with solid tumors, only the neoplasm appeared responsible for the fever. In these patients there was a paucity of abnormalities indicating organ system involvement with infection. Regardless, physicians' diagnostic efforts should not be deterred in such patients. Repeated thorough evaluations for infection are warranted.", "PMID": 1066964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5435", "title": "Premolar enucleation.", "content": "A study was made on 27 cases where enucleation of four first premolars was performed simultaneously without introduction of mechanical devices to influence space closure. The results suggested that: 1. Enucleation of premolars can be used to minimize the severity of crowding in arch-length deficiency cases. 2. There is no damage to the remaining teeth and alveolar process when enucleation is accomplished with good surgical technique. 3. The average amount of lingual tipping of the mandibular incisors in approximately four years subsequent to the enucleation procedure was 4.1 degrees. 4. This amount of lingual tipping compares quite favorably with the amount of lower incisor uprighting experienced during growth and could not be considered excessive. 5. The mandible does tend to rotate in a counterclockwise manner following enucleation of four first premolars without appliance therapy. This rotation was considered significant in comparison with the amount of rotation that could be expected from an untreated sample. 6. If orthodontic treatment is planned, the enucleation of the manddibular second premolars in borderline extraction cases to avoid excessive lingual tipping of the mandibular incisors would seem to be questionable. 7. Various combinations of enucleation and tooth extraction may be helpful in treatment planning. 8. With judicious timing the enucleation of four first premolars can minimize the severity of the malocclusion  simplifying appliance therapy if proper diagnosis and good surgical technique are employed. 9. Although conventional serial extraction may accomplish similar ends, it would appear that enucleation would offer some advantages in terms of autonomous adjustment of the mandibular incisors and root positioning of mandibular cuspids. 10. Enucleation cases usually require fewer traumatic surgical procedures and less supervision by the orthodontist. 11. The parents should be informed that serial extraction procedures including enucleation may simplify but will not eliminate the need for appliance therapy.", "contents": "Premolar enucleation. A study was made on 27 cases where enucleation of four first premolars was performed simultaneously without introduction of mechanical devices to influence space closure. The results suggested that: 1. Enucleation of premolars can be used to minimize the severity of crowding in arch-length deficiency cases. 2. There is no damage to the remaining teeth and alveolar process when enucleation is accomplished with good surgical technique. 3. The average amount of lingual tipping of the mandibular incisors in approximately four years subsequent to the enucleation procedure was 4.1 degrees. 4. This amount of lingual tipping compares quite favorably with the amount of lower incisor uprighting experienced during growth and could not be considered excessive. 5. The mandible does tend to rotate in a counterclockwise manner following enucleation of four first premolars without appliance therapy. This rotation was considered significant in comparison with the amount of rotation that could be expected from an untreated sample. 6. If orthodontic treatment is planned, the enucleation of the manddibular second premolars in borderline extraction cases to avoid excessive lingual tipping of the mandibular incisors would seem to be questionable. 7. Various combinations of enucleation and tooth extraction may be helpful in treatment planning. 8. With judicious timing the enucleation of four first premolars can minimize the severity of the malocclusion  simplifying appliance therapy if proper diagnosis and good surgical technique are employed. 9. Although conventional serial extraction may accomplish similar ends, it would appear that enucleation would offer some advantages in terms of autonomous adjustment of the mandibular incisors and root positioning of mandibular cuspids. 10. Enucleation cases usually require fewer traumatic surgical procedures and less supervision by the orthodontist. 11. The parents should be informed that serial extraction procedures including enucleation may simplify but will not eliminate the need for appliance therapy.", "PMID": 1066974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5436", "title": "Anterior open bite and oral port constriction.", "content": "Intraoral air pressure and rate of oral airflow were measured simultaneously during fricative sound production in ten subjects with anterior open bite and ten subjects with normal occlusion and speech. From these measurements the area of oral port constriction was calculated and the values compared within and between the two groups. Findings revealed that: (1) The area of oral port constriction was very consistent and reproducible in subjects with normal speech production and normal occlusion. (2) The area of oral port constriction was significantly larger in open-bite subjects compared with control subjects for all sounds. (3) Severe anterior open-bite subjects with a vertical defect over five millimeters were found to produce significantly larger oral port openings than those with only moderate open bite (3-5 mm) for most sounds. (4) A direct correlation between the degree of open bite and the area of oral port constriction was found. As the amount of open bite increased, the area of the oral port increased, especially in the severe open-bite group (5 mm and over).", "contents": "Anterior open bite and oral port constriction. Intraoral air pressure and rate of oral airflow were measured simultaneously during fricative sound production in ten subjects with anterior open bite and ten subjects with normal occlusion and speech. From these measurements the area of oral port constriction was calculated and the values compared within and between the two groups. Findings revealed that: (1) The area of oral port constriction was very consistent and reproducible in subjects with normal speech production and normal occlusion. (2) The area of oral port constriction was significantly larger in open-bite subjects compared with control subjects for all sounds. (3) Severe anterior open-bite subjects with a vertical defect over five millimeters were found to produce significantly larger oral port openings than those with only moderate open bite (3-5 mm) for most sounds. (4) A direct correlation between the degree of open bite and the area of oral port constriction was found. As the amount of open bite increased, the area of the oral port increased, especially in the severe open-bite group (5 mm and over).", "PMID": 1066975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5437", "title": "Growth of the nasopharynx and adenoid development from one to eighteeen years.", "content": "1. The dimensions of the nasopharynx, the adenoids and the nasopharyngeal airway were analyzed in twelve subjects selected from the longitudinal growth study of the Child Research Council of Denver. 2. The nasopharyngeal area was defined by four skeletally defined lines which formed a trapezoid. The nasopharyngeal area was divided into an adenoid-pharyngeal wall and airway areas which were measured using a polar planimeter. The trapezoid analysis proved to be a useful technique for quantification of nasopharyngeal dimensions. 3. The growth of the nasopharynx from nine months to 18 years was established and reflected the different growth patterns of males and females. 4. The sphenoid line/palatal line angle (theta) and nasopharyngeal depth were established early in life and contributed little to the increase of nasopharyngeal area. The increase in nasopharyngeal area corresponded to the descent of the palate from the sphenoid bone which increased nasopharyngeal height. 5. Restriction of the nasopharyngeal airway frequently occurred during the pre- and early school years due to adenoid hypertrophy which exceeded the usual increase in nasopharyngeal capacity. 6. The nasopharyngeal airway increased during pre- and early adolescence due to the concurrent increase in nasopharyngeal area and adenoid involution. 7. Ten subjects had a history of tonsil and adenoid surgery, but of these only five demonstrated what appeared to be complete removal of nasopharyngeal and adenoid tissue as seen on postsurgical radiographs. The possibility that surgical technique may be the critical factor in the completeness of adenoid removal is presented. 8. The mandibular angle did not apear to be affected by periods of nasopharnygeal airway obstruction is any of the subjects in this study. However, an expanded longitudinal study would be required to determine if restriction of the nasopharyngeal airway influences facial form and occlusion.", "contents": "Growth of the nasopharynx and adenoid development from one to eighteeen years. 1. The dimensions of the nasopharynx, the adenoids and the nasopharyngeal airway were analyzed in twelve subjects selected from the longitudinal growth study of the Child Research Council of Denver. 2. The nasopharyngeal area was defined by four skeletally defined lines which formed a trapezoid. The nasopharyngeal area was divided into an adenoid-pharyngeal wall and airway areas which were measured using a polar planimeter. The trapezoid analysis proved to be a useful technique for quantification of nasopharyngeal dimensions. 3. The growth of the nasopharynx from nine months to 18 years was established and reflected the different growth patterns of males and females. 4. The sphenoid line/palatal line angle (theta) and nasopharyngeal depth were established early in life and contributed little to the increase of nasopharyngeal area. The increase in nasopharyngeal area corresponded to the descent of the palate from the sphenoid bone which increased nasopharyngeal height. 5. Restriction of the nasopharyngeal airway frequently occurred during the pre- and early school years due to adenoid hypertrophy which exceeded the usual increase in nasopharyngeal capacity. 6. The nasopharyngeal airway increased during pre- and early adolescence due to the concurrent increase in nasopharyngeal area and adenoid involution. 7. Ten subjects had a history of tonsil and adenoid surgery, but of these only five demonstrated what appeared to be complete removal of nasopharyngeal and adenoid tissue as seen on postsurgical radiographs. The possibility that surgical technique may be the critical factor in the completeness of adenoid removal is presented. 8. The mandibular angle did not apear to be affected by periods of nasopharnygeal airway obstruction is any of the subjects in this study. However, an expanded longitudinal study would be required to determine if restriction of the nasopharyngeal airway influences facial form and occlusion.", "PMID": 1066976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5438", "title": "Hypoplasia of the middle third of the face -a morphological study.", "content": "The aim of this investigation was to examine the morphological characteristics of patients diagnosed as having hypoplasia of the middle of the face. The study group consisted of lateral skull X-rays of 31 patients, aged 8.4-18.1 years, with hypoplasia of the middle third of the face. A control group of 31 patients matched according to age and sex was used. The study group showed the following significant differences: short anterior cranial base, small cranial base angel, reduced sagittal development of the nose, straight profile, retrognathic maxilla, short maxilla, reduced sagittal depth of the nasopharynx and reduced vertical growth of the maxilla. The results indicate a reduction in dimensions of the entire nasal airway which, it is suggested, could have an adverse effect on nasal breathing. In addition, correlation analyses for the mandibular plane angle (ML/NSL) in relation to variables of importance in mode of breathing 1) the sagittal depth of the nasopharynx, and 2) the inclination of the nasal bone, have confirmed earlier studies showing that a change in the mode of breathing can affect the development of the entire craniofacial complex. The clinical aspects of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Hypoplasia of the middle third of the face -a morphological study. The aim of this investigation was to examine the morphological characteristics of patients diagnosed as having hypoplasia of the middle of the face. The study group consisted of lateral skull X-rays of 31 patients, aged 8.4-18.1 years, with hypoplasia of the middle third of the face. A control group of 31 patients matched according to age and sex was used. The study group showed the following significant differences: short anterior cranial base, small cranial base angel, reduced sagittal development of the nose, straight profile, retrognathic maxilla, short maxilla, reduced sagittal depth of the nasopharynx and reduced vertical growth of the maxilla. The results indicate a reduction in dimensions of the entire nasal airway which, it is suggested, could have an adverse effect on nasal breathing. In addition, correlation analyses for the mandibular plane angle (ML/NSL) in relation to variables of importance in mode of breathing 1) the sagittal depth of the nasopharynx, and 2) the inclination of the nasal bone, have confirmed earlier studies showing that a change in the mode of breathing can affect the development of the entire craniofacial complex. The clinical aspects of these findings are discussed.", "PMID": 1066977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5439", "title": "Radionuclide imaging of hard and soft tissues of dog jaws under heavy orthodontic forces.", "content": "Rectilinear scanning with soft tissue, vascular and skeletal imaging agents was used to study the effects of heavy orthodontic forces on the tissues of dog jaws. A coil delivering either a 300 or 600 gram separating force to two adjacent lower right posterior teeth was inserted in each of four dogs. The animals were scanned with the three imaging agents three to four week after insertion of the coils. Only the skeletal agent, Tc-PP, was selectively concentrated in tissues adjacent to the stressed teeth. Tissue distributions of this agent, determined from autopsy samples, revealed that, although all the hard and soft tissues examined contained measurable amounts of Tc-PP, only alveolar bone demonstrated increased uptake of the agent as a result of the applied forces. Tc-PP concentrations were highest in areas of pressure and tension. The total area of alveolar bone showing increased uptake of Tc-PP was larger with 600 than with 300 gram coils. There was close agreement between rectilinear scanning and the tissure distributions of Tc-PP with respect to both the size and anatomic location of the alveolar bone regions affected by the separating forces. This technique may have useful applications in orthodontic research.", "contents": "Radionuclide imaging of hard and soft tissues of dog jaws under heavy orthodontic forces. Rectilinear scanning with soft tissue, vascular and skeletal imaging agents was used to study the effects of heavy orthodontic forces on the tissues of dog jaws. A coil delivering either a 300 or 600 gram separating force to two adjacent lower right posterior teeth was inserted in each of four dogs. The animals were scanned with the three imaging agents three to four week after insertion of the coils. Only the skeletal agent, Tc-PP, was selectively concentrated in tissues adjacent to the stressed teeth. Tissue distributions of this agent, determined from autopsy samples, revealed that, although all the hard and soft tissues examined contained measurable amounts of Tc-PP, only alveolar bone demonstrated increased uptake of the agent as a result of the applied forces. Tc-PP concentrations were highest in areas of pressure and tension. The total area of alveolar bone showing increased uptake of Tc-PP was larger with 600 than with 300 gram coils. There was close agreement between rectilinear scanning and the tissure distributions of Tc-PP with respect to both the size and anatomic location of the alveolar bone regions affected by the separating forces. This technique may have useful applications in orthodontic research.", "PMID": 1066979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5440", "title": "Treatment of an open-bite malocclusion complicated by clefts of the maxilla and mandible.", "content": "This is a case presentation of a young girl with a severe Class II, Division I open-bite malocclusion. Her orthodontic problems were further complicated by clefts in both her maxilla and mandible. A cleft palate team evaluation brought several systemic and local problems to light which necessitated their correction prior to the commencement of any orthodontic therapy. Her diagnosis and treatment have been discussed here with special emphasis on the problems peculiar to children with oral clefts.", "contents": "Treatment of an open-bite malocclusion complicated by clefts of the maxilla and mandible. This is a case presentation of a young girl with a severe Class II, Division I open-bite malocclusion. Her orthodontic problems were further complicated by clefts in both her maxilla and mandible. A cleft palate team evaluation brought several systemic and local problems to light which necessitated their correction prior to the commencement of any orthodontic therapy. Her diagnosis and treatment have been discussed here with special emphasis on the problems peculiar to children with oral clefts.", "PMID": 1066980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5441", "title": "The results to be expected from electrical testing in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to derive numerical data concerning the probability of diagnosing myasthenia gravis by electrical tests, employing repetitive stimulation of motor nerves. This was done by recording the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) from 80 patients with clear-cut myasthenia gravis, using a number of different, reportedly useful, testing techniques. In 95% of these patients, the diagnosis could be documented by the careful application of rather simple methods, providing several muscles, including a proximal one such as deltoid, were studied.", "contents": "The results to be expected from electrical testing in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. The purpose of this study was to derive numerical data concerning the probability of diagnosing myasthenia gravis by electrical tests, employing repetitive stimulation of motor nerves. This was done by recording the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) from 80 patients with clear-cut myasthenia gravis, using a number of different, reportedly useful, testing techniques. In 95% of these patients, the diagnosis could be documented by the careful application of rather simple methods, providing several muscles, including a proximal one such as deltoid, were studied.", "PMID": 1066987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5442", "title": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and myasthenia gravis: biochemical and immunochemical aspects.", "content": "Stucture of acetylcholine receptor protein (AChR) purified from Electrophorus electricus (eel) by affinity chromatography is described. AChR is detected in extracts from human muscle, rat muscle, and rat thymus. Rats immunized with eel AChR develop humoral antibodies, a small fraction of which recognize AChR  from rat muscle. Rats immunized with AChR exhibit myasthenia, but those immunized with denatured AChR do not. Immunoglobulin fraction of antisera to eel AChR can block the activity of AChR in electroplaques. Sera from patients with myasthenia gravis contain antibodies to AChR  from human muscle detectabe at an average value 300-fold the background level in sera from nonmyasthenics. Relationship of thymoma and disease intensity to antibody titer is examined. The chronic phase of EAMG appears a good model of MG, since in both cases similar concentrations of 7-S immunoglobulin against determinants on muscle AChR other than the toxin binding site are found. Assay of anti-AChR antibody in sera from MG patients using AChR from rat muscle gives titers 10%-15% of those obtained using AChR from human muscle, and using AChR from eel gives negligible titers. The assay method described for assaying antibodies against AChR from human muscle is suggested as a diagnostic test for MG.", "contents": "Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis and myasthenia gravis: biochemical and immunochemical aspects. Stucture of acetylcholine receptor protein (AChR) purified from Electrophorus electricus (eel) by affinity chromatography is described. AChR is detected in extracts from human muscle, rat muscle, and rat thymus. Rats immunized with eel AChR develop humoral antibodies, a small fraction of which recognize AChR  from rat muscle. Rats immunized with AChR exhibit myasthenia, but those immunized with denatured AChR do not. Immunoglobulin fraction of antisera to eel AChR can block the activity of AChR in electroplaques. Sera from patients with myasthenia gravis contain antibodies to AChR  from human muscle detectabe at an average value 300-fold the background level in sera from nonmyasthenics. Relationship of thymoma and disease intensity to antibody titer is examined. The chronic phase of EAMG appears a good model of MG, since in both cases similar concentrations of 7-S immunoglobulin against determinants on muscle AChR other than the toxin binding site are found. Assay of anti-AChR antibody in sera from MG patients using AChR from rat muscle gives titers 10%-15% of those obtained using AChR from human muscle, and using AChR from eel gives negligible titers. The assay method described for assaying antibodies against AChR from human muscle is suggested as a diagnostic test for MG.", "PMID": 1066988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5443", "title": "End-plate potentials in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in rats.", "content": "Rats inoculated once with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and adjuvants had two episodes of weakness, the first being acute and transient, starting on day 8, and remitting in a few days, the second, chronic, progressive, and appearing  after day 20. In the acute phase, the compound action potential and twitch evoked in weak forelimb muscles by maximal nerve stimulus were greatly reduced. Nerve action potentials were normal, however, and the muscle responded to direct electrical stimulation. Using intracellular microelectrodes, miniature end-plate potentials were difficult to find and often were low in amplitude. Many fibers were functionally denervated; no action potential or end-plate potential was  evoked by nerve stimulus, although the muscle fiber responded to direct stimulation. In fibers with EEPs the number of acetylcholine quanta released by nerve impulse, the store of quanta readily available for release and the mobilization rate were low. The diaphragm was similarly, but less severely affected. Recovery from the acute phase occurred in a few days with restoration of the response of forelimb muscle to nerve stimulus, even though MEPP amplitude remained low. In the chronic phase, in both forelimb muscle and diaphragm, MEPP were more easily found, but in all rats MEPP amplitude was below  normal whether or not there was weakness or a decrement in the EMG. The number of quanta released by nerve stimulus, the store, and the mobilization rate of quanta were normal in all animals.  The titer of antibodies ot syngeneic acetylcholine receptor was elevated in all chronic phase animals. The chronic phase is like myasthenia gravis, but rats with MEPP amplitudes as low as those in patients with MG frequently were not weak, because the number of ACh quanta released per nerve impulse is greater in the rat than in man.", "contents": "End-plate potentials in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in rats. Rats inoculated once with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and adjuvants had two episodes of weakness, the first being acute and transient, starting on day 8, and remitting in a few days, the second, chronic, progressive, and appearing  after day 20. In the acute phase, the compound action potential and twitch evoked in weak forelimb muscles by maximal nerve stimulus were greatly reduced. Nerve action potentials were normal, however, and the muscle responded to direct electrical stimulation. Using intracellular microelectrodes, miniature end-plate potentials were difficult to find and often were low in amplitude. Many fibers were functionally denervated; no action potential or end-plate potential was  evoked by nerve stimulus, although the muscle fiber responded to direct stimulation. In fibers with EEPs the number of acetylcholine quanta released by nerve impulse, the store of quanta readily available for release and the mobilization rate were low. The diaphragm was similarly, but less severely affected. Recovery from the acute phase occurred in a few days with restoration of the response of forelimb muscle to nerve stimulus, even though MEPP amplitude remained low. In the chronic phase, in both forelimb muscle and diaphragm, MEPP were more easily found, but in all rats MEPP amplitude was below  normal whether or not there was weakness or a decrement in the EMG. The number of quanta released by nerve stimulus, the store, and the mobilization rate of quanta were normal in all animals.  The titer of antibodies ot syngeneic acetylcholine receptor was elevated in all chronic phase animals. The chronic phase is like myasthenia gravis, but rats with MEPP amplitudes as low as those in patients with MG frequently were not weak, because the number of ACh quanta released per nerve impulse is greater in the rat than in man.", "PMID": 1066990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5444", "title": "Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in rabbits: immunochemical and electrophysiological studies.", "content": "Acetylcholine receptors (AChR), purified from electric eel and Torpedo by affinity chromatography using a synthetic quaternary ammonium ligand, bound 10 nmole alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx) per mg of protein and demonstrated a common subunit. Rabbits, immunized with either eel or Torpedo/AChR, developed flaccid paralysis barely altered by anticholinesterases and died 48 hours after the first sign of paralysis. In paralyzed animals, repetitive stimulation at low rates induced a 50% to 90% decrement of evoked potentials, temporarily reversed by edrophonium. Extracellular and introcellular MEPP amplitudes were 40% to 50% of controls. Serum and isolated IgG formed single immunoprecipitin lines against the antigens. AChR-antibody complexes did not bind alpha-BuTx, whereas alpha-BuTx-AChR complexes bound antibody if the antibody was specific for that AChR. Torpedo and eel AChR showed partial idenity with both antisera. Rat diaphragms and eel electroplax incubated with antisera to Torpedo and eel AChR showed a 50%-60% reduction in carbamylcholine depolarization. These studies demonstrate differences between eel and Torpedo AChR induce a block in neuromuscular transmission in rabbits with features of myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Antibodies to acetylcholine receptors in rabbits: immunochemical and electrophysiological studies. Acetylcholine receptors (AChR), purified from electric eel and Torpedo by affinity chromatography using a synthetic quaternary ammonium ligand, bound 10 nmole alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BuTx) per mg of protein and demonstrated a common subunit. Rabbits, immunized with either eel or Torpedo/AChR, developed flaccid paralysis barely altered by anticholinesterases and died 48 hours after the first sign of paralysis. In paralyzed animals, repetitive stimulation at low rates induced a 50% to 90% decrement of evoked potentials, temporarily reversed by edrophonium. Extracellular and introcellular MEPP amplitudes were 40% to 50% of controls. Serum and isolated IgG formed single immunoprecipitin lines against the antigens. AChR-antibody complexes did not bind alpha-BuTx, whereas alpha-BuTx-AChR complexes bound antibody if the antibody was specific for that AChR. Torpedo and eel AChR showed partial idenity with both antisera. Rat diaphragms and eel electroplax incubated with antisera to Torpedo and eel AChR showed a 50%-60% reduction in carbamylcholine depolarization. These studies demonstrate differences between eel and Torpedo AChR induce a block in neuromuscular transmission in rabbits with features of myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 1066992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5445", "title": "Experimental acetylcholine blockade of the neuromuscular junction. Effects on end plate and muscle fiber ultrastructure.", "content": "To investigate the effect of acetylcholine on the formation and maintenance of the end plate, presynaptic (hemicholinium-3 and botulinum toxin) and postsynaptic (curare and alpha-bungarotoxin) blocking agents were injected into the amniotic sac or chorioallantoic circulation of chick embryos during different stages of their development (days 3 to 11, 3 to 18, and 12 to 18). Tntercostal or anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles were examined by electron microscopy. Regardless of the duration of treatment, the type of agent, or the type of muscle, nerve ingrowth into muscle and end-plate formation were not arrested and the ultrastructure of nerve terminals and postsynaptic regions was normal. By contrast, muscle fiber ultrastructure was affected by acetylcholine blockade if continued beyond day 11. By day 11 both treated and  control muscles were composed primarily of myotubes. Muscles treated beyond day 11 showed impaired fiber differentiation and persistence of many myotubes. In addition, many fiber regions contained unassembled fine filaments intermingled with other organelles. In hemicholinium-3 treated muscles ther were also mitochondrial abnormalities and an increased number of lipid droplets. The findings suggest that the altered structure of the neuromusclar junction in myasthenia gravis is not due to the lack of a trophic effect of acetylcholine. The impaired fiber maturation in the chick embryos may be related to the lack of acetylcholine mediated fiber activity.", "contents": "Experimental acetylcholine blockade of the neuromuscular junction. Effects on end plate and muscle fiber ultrastructure. To investigate the effect of acetylcholine on the formation and maintenance of the end plate, presynaptic (hemicholinium-3 and botulinum toxin) and postsynaptic (curare and alpha-bungarotoxin) blocking agents were injected into the amniotic sac or chorioallantoic circulation of chick embryos during different stages of their development (days 3 to 11, 3 to 18, and 12 to 18). Tntercostal or anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles were examined by electron microscopy. Regardless of the duration of treatment, the type of agent, or the type of muscle, nerve ingrowth into muscle and end-plate formation were not arrested and the ultrastructure of nerve terminals and postsynaptic regions was normal. By contrast, muscle fiber ultrastructure was affected by acetylcholine blockade if continued beyond day 11. By day 11 both treated and  control muscles were composed primarily of myotubes. Muscles treated beyond day 11 showed impaired fiber differentiation and persistence of many myotubes. In addition, many fiber regions contained unassembled fine filaments intermingled with other organelles. In hemicholinium-3 treated muscles ther were also mitochondrial abnormalities and an increased number of lipid droplets. The findings suggest that the altered structure of the neuromusclar junction in myasthenia gravis is not due to the lack of a trophic effect of acetylcholine. The impaired fiber maturation in the chick embryos may be related to the lack of acetylcholine mediated fiber activity.", "PMID": 1066994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5446", "title": "The motor end plate in myasthenia gravis and in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. A quantitative ultrastructural study.", "content": "Neuromuscular junction ultrastructure in rat forelimb digit extensor muscle was sequentially and quantitatively investigated in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Experimental animals received a single dose of highly purified eel-electroplax acetylcholine receptor protein plus complete Freund's adjuvant and B. pertussis organisms. During the first 7 days (latent period) after immunization the experimental end plates remained normal. Between day 7 and 11 (acute phase) mononuclear cells infiltrated those regions of muscle where the end plates were located and the was sudden degeneration of the postsynaptic regions with splitting  away of the abnormal junctional folds from the underlying muscle fibers. Macrophages entered the gaps arising between the muscle fibers and the separating postsynaptic folds and removed the degenerating folds by phagocytosis. The nerve terminals were displaced from their usual location but maintained their structural integrity. After day 11 (chronic phase) the inflammatory reaction subsided and the nerve terminals returned to the highly simplified postsynaptic regions. Subsequently the postsynaptic folds were reconstituted and again they degenerated. The degeneration involved  especially the tips of the folds where acetylcholine receptor sites are concentrated. Immature junctions with poorly differentiated postsynaptic regions and nerve sprouts near end plates were also observed. In two animals that relapsed on day 27 and 33, respectively, degeneration of the postsynaptic folds was more intense than in the remaining animals that had not relapsed during the chronic phase. Morphometric analysis of the end plates demonstrated significant decreases in the postsynaptic membrane length, in the postsynaptic membrane density  and in the postsynaptic to presynaptic membrane length ratio in chronic EAMG. In addition, the concentration of synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminals was increased in acute and chronic EAMG while the nerve terminal area was decreased in acute EAMG. The alterations in the nerve terminal may be secondary to the postsynaptic changes. The postsynaptic region is the primary target of the autoimmune reaction in EAMG and the ultrastructural and morphometric abnormalities of the end plate in the chronic phase of the syndrome closely resemble those which have been observed in human myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "The motor end plate in myasthenia gravis and in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. A quantitative ultrastructural study. Neuromuscular junction ultrastructure in rat forelimb digit extensor muscle was sequentially and quantitatively investigated in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Experimental animals received a single dose of highly purified eel-electroplax acetylcholine receptor protein plus complete Freund's adjuvant and B. pertussis organisms. During the first 7 days (latent period) after immunization the experimental end plates remained normal. Between day 7 and 11 (acute phase) mononuclear cells infiltrated those regions of muscle where the end plates were located and the was sudden degeneration of the postsynaptic regions with splitting  away of the abnormal junctional folds from the underlying muscle fibers. Macrophages entered the gaps arising between the muscle fibers and the separating postsynaptic folds and removed the degenerating folds by phagocytosis. The nerve terminals were displaced from their usual location but maintained their structural integrity. After day 11 (chronic phase) the inflammatory reaction subsided and the nerve terminals returned to the highly simplified postsynaptic regions. Subsequently the postsynaptic folds were reconstituted and again they degenerated. The degeneration involved  especially the tips of the folds where acetylcholine receptor sites are concentrated. Immature junctions with poorly differentiated postsynaptic regions and nerve sprouts near end plates were also observed. In two animals that relapsed on day 27 and 33, respectively, degeneration of the postsynaptic folds was more intense than in the remaining animals that had not relapsed during the chronic phase. Morphometric analysis of the end plates demonstrated significant decreases in the postsynaptic membrane length, in the postsynaptic membrane density  and in the postsynaptic to presynaptic membrane length ratio in chronic EAMG. In addition, the concentration of synaptic vesicles in the nerve terminals was increased in acute and chronic EAMG while the nerve terminal area was decreased in acute EAMG. The alterations in the nerve terminal may be secondary to the postsynaptic changes. The postsynaptic region is the primary target of the autoimmune reaction in EAMG and the ultrastructural and morphometric abnormalities of the end plate in the chronic phase of the syndrome closely resemble those which have been observed in human myasthenia gravis.", "PMID": 1066997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5447", "title": "Long-term prednisone followed by thymectomy in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "The present series of thirty patients has  led us to certain conclusions concerning the management and treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis. The use of cholinesterase inhibitors alone is reserved for those patients with purely ocular myasthenia whose deficits can be satisfactorily corrected with those agents. Some of those with  ocular involvement  may be disabled; and in light of our excellent results with that small group, as well as similar findings presented by Fischer et al., patients with disabling or refractory ocular myasthenia should be considered for treatment with prednisone. All other patients with myasthenia are given a course of  oral corticosteroids (prednisone) initially at high doses, with subsequent tapering to maintenance, alternate-day low-dose therapy. Cholinesterase inhibitors are used as needed while the patient is receiving corticosteroids. We now anticipate that patients will exhibit sustained improvement within the first  two weeks, reaching maximal improvement at about three months. Exacerbations of myasthenic weakness may occur in the early phases of treatment. Such exacerbations have been commonly mild and occur with a mean onset at 5 days, and have a mean duration of 6 days. Most patients have been able to tolerate an alternate-day schedule of prednisone therapy when maintenance levels were achieved. The effective maintenance dose has been determined as the smallest dose of prednisone which allows the patient to maintain maximal improvement. Following the establishment of maximal improvement, patients have been considered for thymectomy. In our experience, the sternum-splitting procedure has been tolerated extremely well by patients exhibiting marked imporvement or remission while on corticosteroids. In those patients where thymectomy is contraindicated, irradiation of the thymus might be considered. Patients are continued on maintenance steroid therapy following surgery for a period of time that has been arbitrary. Currently, we consider an attempt to discontinue steroids at approximately one year reasonable. Should the patient relapse after discontinuation of the medication, oral corticosteroid treatment is reinitiated. Consideration is given to the possibility of recurrent thymus in patients who repeatedly fail to maintain a remission when steroids have been stopped. Our experience has not permitted us  to draw firm conclusions concerning how long a time high-dose daily steroid treatment should be continued in patients who show no favorable response to that therapy. Other modes of treatment, such as courses of parenteral ACTH, methyl prednisolone, dexamethazone, or antimetabolites might be considered if there is no response after 12 weeks of high-dose, daily corticosteroid therapy.", "contents": "Long-term prednisone followed by thymectomy in myasthenia gravis. The present series of thirty patients has  led us to certain conclusions concerning the management and treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis. The use of cholinesterase inhibitors alone is reserved for those patients with purely ocular myasthenia whose deficits can be satisfactorily corrected with those agents. Some of those with  ocular involvement  may be disabled; and in light of our excellent results with that small group, as well as similar findings presented by Fischer et al., patients with disabling or refractory ocular myasthenia should be considered for treatment with prednisone. All other patients with myasthenia are given a course of  oral corticosteroids (prednisone) initially at high doses, with subsequent tapering to maintenance, alternate-day low-dose therapy. Cholinesterase inhibitors are used as needed while the patient is receiving corticosteroids. We now anticipate that patients will exhibit sustained improvement within the first  two weeks, reaching maximal improvement at about three months. Exacerbations of myasthenic weakness may occur in the early phases of treatment. Such exacerbations have been commonly mild and occur with a mean onset at 5 days, and have a mean duration of 6 days. Most patients have been able to tolerate an alternate-day schedule of prednisone therapy when maintenance levels were achieved. The effective maintenance dose has been determined as the smallest dose of prednisone which allows the patient to maintain maximal improvement. Following the establishment of maximal improvement, patients have been considered for thymectomy. In our experience, the sternum-splitting procedure has been tolerated extremely well by patients exhibiting marked imporvement or remission while on corticosteroids. In those patients where thymectomy is contraindicated, irradiation of the thymus might be considered. Patients are continued on maintenance steroid therapy following surgery for a period of time that has been arbitrary. Currently, we consider an attempt to discontinue steroids at approximately one year reasonable. Should the patient relapse after discontinuation of the medication, oral corticosteroid treatment is reinitiated. Consideration is given to the possibility of recurrent thymus in patients who repeatedly fail to maintain a remission when steroids have been stopped. Our experience has not permitted us  to draw firm conclusions concerning how long a time high-dose daily steroid treatment should be continued in patients who show no favorable response to that therapy. Other modes of treatment, such as courses of parenteral ACTH, methyl prednisolone, dexamethazone, or antimetabolites might be considered if there is no response after 12 weeks of high-dose, daily corticosteroid therapy.", "PMID": 1066998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5448", "title": "Saccade fatigue and response to edrophonium for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Maximum velocity and amplitude of repetitive ( 1-per-second) 30 degrees saccadic eye movements were quantitatively assessed for 4 minutes before and after intravenous edrophonium chloride as a diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis. Atropine was given initially to suppress muscarinic side effects. Eye movements were recorded by electrooculography and a digital computer identified saccadic eye movements and plotted amplitude-velocity relationships. When compared with control subjects, eleven of twelve patients with proven MG had a significant increase in saccade amplitude and/or maximum velocity after edrophonium chloride. Only three of twelve proven MG patients had clinically apparent extraocular muscle weakness. The initial period of fatigue improved the sensitivity of the test in those patients who began with normal saccade amplitude and maximum velocity. Two of the patients with positive saccade fatigue tests had no change in optokinetic nystagmus amplitude before and after edrophonium chloride. It is concluded that, quantitative assessment of repetitive large angle saccades before and after edrophonium chloride is a sensitive test for extraocular muscle involvement in MG.", "contents": "Saccade fatigue and response to edrophonium for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Maximum velocity and amplitude of repetitive ( 1-per-second) 30 degrees saccadic eye movements were quantitatively assessed for 4 minutes before and after intravenous edrophonium chloride as a diagnostic test for myasthenia gravis. Atropine was given initially to suppress muscarinic side effects. Eye movements were recorded by electrooculography and a digital computer identified saccadic eye movements and plotted amplitude-velocity relationships. When compared with control subjects, eleven of twelve patients with proven MG had a significant increase in saccade amplitude and/or maximum velocity after edrophonium chloride. Only three of twelve proven MG patients had clinically apparent extraocular muscle weakness. The initial period of fatigue improved the sensitivity of the test in those patients who began with normal saccade amplitude and maximum velocity. Two of the patients with positive saccade fatigue tests had no change in optokinetic nystagmus amplitude before and after edrophonium chloride. It is concluded that, quantitative assessment of repetitive large angle saccades before and after edrophonium chloride is a sensitive test for extraocular muscle involvement in MG.", "PMID": 1066999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5449", "title": "Kinetics of monocyte receptor activity for immunoproteins in patients with sarcoidosis.", "content": "Peripheral blood monocytes from patients with active sarcoidosis have increased ability to bind IgG-antibody-coated and C3-coated erythrocytes. Binding of monocytes from sarcoid patients is inhibited less than for normals with IgG1 and IgG3 in the fluid phase. Following phagocytosis of latex particles, monocytes from sarcoides patients retain the capacity to bind IgG-coated erythrocytes, whereas monocytes from normal individuals show disappearance of IgG receptors followed by recovery during a 6-8 hr period. Preliminary studies (8 patients) of monocytes from patients with Crohn's disease show some increase in binding of IgG-coated erythrocytes as compared with normals; this increase, however, is less than for sarcoidosis patients. Preliminary experiments with multistranded polynucleotides (poly I:C:U) show increased activity for normal monocytes and no detectable effect on IgG receptor activity for sarcoid monocytes. Thus peripheral blood monocytes of patients with sarcoidosis have increased IgG and C3 receptors sites, suggesting activation of monocytes in this disease and perhaps in other granulomatous disorders.", "contents": "Kinetics of monocyte receptor activity for immunoproteins in patients with sarcoidosis. Peripheral blood monocytes from patients with active sarcoidosis have increased ability to bind IgG-antibody-coated and C3-coated erythrocytes. Binding of monocytes from sarcoid patients is inhibited less than for normals with IgG1 and IgG3 in the fluid phase. Following phagocytosis of latex particles, monocytes from sarcoides patients retain the capacity to bind IgG-coated erythrocytes, whereas monocytes from normal individuals show disappearance of IgG receptors followed by recovery during a 6-8 hr period. Preliminary studies (8 patients) of monocytes from patients with Crohn's disease show some increase in binding of IgG-coated erythrocytes as compared with normals; this increase, however, is less than for sarcoidosis patients. Preliminary experiments with multistranded polynucleotides (poly I:C:U) show increased activity for normal monocytes and no detectable effect on IgG receptor activity for sarcoid monocytes. Thus peripheral blood monocytes of patients with sarcoidosis have increased IgG and C3 receptors sites, suggesting activation of monocytes in this disease and perhaps in other granulomatous disorders.", "PMID": 1067005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5450", "title": "Evidence for circulating immune complexes in erythema nodosum and early sarcoidosis.", "content": "Twenty-two patients were investigated during acute attacks of erythema nodosum with a series of tests for circulating immune complexes. Nineteen had bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and were considered to have sarcoidosis. Evidence of circulating immune complexes was found in 18, out of 22 patients (including 15 out of the 19 cases of sarcoidosis). The most frequent abnormality was the detection of elevated levels of C3 breakdown products (C3i), which were found in 14 out of 18 tests. The test results returned gradually to normal as symptoms subsided in 20-40 days, but 2 patients still showed abnormalities at 40 days despite the disappearance of symptoms. It is concluded that free immune complexes appear in the circulation during the early stages of acute sarcoidosis and gradually disappear as symptoms subside.", "contents": "Evidence for circulating immune complexes in erythema nodosum and early sarcoidosis. Twenty-two patients were investigated during acute attacks of erythema nodosum with a series of tests for circulating immune complexes. Nineteen had bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and were considered to have sarcoidosis. Evidence of circulating immune complexes was found in 18, out of 22 patients (including 15 out of the 19 cases of sarcoidosis). The most frequent abnormality was the detection of elevated levels of C3 breakdown products (C3i), which were found in 14 out of 18 tests. The test results returned gradually to normal as symptoms subsided in 20-40 days, but 2 patients still showed abnormalities at 40 days despite the disappearance of symptoms. It is concluded that free immune complexes appear in the circulation during the early stages of acute sarcoidosis and gradually disappear as symptoms subside.", "PMID": 1067006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5451", "title": "The nature and physical characteristics of a transmissible agent from human sarcoid tissue.", "content": "In controlled experiments normal and immunologically deficient CBA mice were inoculated in footpads, intraperitoneally, or intravenously with whole fresh, fresh supernatant, and fresh filtered supernatant (0.2 mu) or with each of these homogenates after autoclaving or their further exposure to 60Co irradiation (2.5 MR). As controls, mice were inoculated with identically prepared fresh nonsarcoid homogenates by these same routes. Epithelioid- and giant-cell granulomas were present in viscera of mice given each fresh sarcoid homogenate by any of these routes 15 months after inoculation, but were not present in mice given nonsarcoid autoclaved sarcoid, or 60Co-irradiated sarcoid homogenate. Successful passages were achieved following the inoculation of whole or filtered supernatant (0.2 mu) sarcoid mouse tissue homogenate into footpads, intraperitoneally, or intravenously. The epithelioid- and giant-cell granulomas evolved slowly over a period of many months following the inoculation of sarcoid tissue or passage homogenates and persisted thereafter in association with Kveim reactivity. The transmissible agent is inactivated when homogenate prepared from human sarcoid or mouse sarcoid tissue is autoclaved or 60Co-irradiated, can be repeatedly passaged, and has been shown to pass an 0.2-mu membrane filter. It is therefore presumably viable and must approximate to the size of  a virus or be capable of being deformed so as to pass a filter of such a pore size (0.2mu), L forms.", "contents": "The nature and physical characteristics of a transmissible agent from human sarcoid tissue. In controlled experiments normal and immunologically deficient CBA mice were inoculated in footpads, intraperitoneally, or intravenously with whole fresh, fresh supernatant, and fresh filtered supernatant (0.2 mu) or with each of these homogenates after autoclaving or their further exposure to 60Co irradiation (2.5 MR). As controls, mice were inoculated with identically prepared fresh nonsarcoid homogenates by these same routes. Epithelioid- and giant-cell granulomas were present in viscera of mice given each fresh sarcoid homogenate by any of these routes 15 months after inoculation, but were not present in mice given nonsarcoid autoclaved sarcoid, or 60Co-irradiated sarcoid homogenate. Successful passages were achieved following the inoculation of whole or filtered supernatant (0.2 mu) sarcoid mouse tissue homogenate into footpads, intraperitoneally, or intravenously. The epithelioid- and giant-cell granulomas evolved slowly over a period of many months following the inoculation of sarcoid tissue or passage homogenates and persisted thereafter in association with Kveim reactivity. The transmissible agent is inactivated when homogenate prepared from human sarcoid or mouse sarcoid tissue is autoclaved or 60Co-irradiated, can be repeatedly passaged, and has been shown to pass an 0.2-mu membrane filter. It is therefore presumably viable and must approximate to the size of  a virus or be capable of being deformed so as to pass a filter of such a pore size (0.2mu), L forms.", "PMID": 1067009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5452", "title": "Transmissibility of sarcoid-specific granulomas in the footpads of mice.", "content": "Homogenate of 30 sarcoid lymph nodes was injected into the footpads of mice and 42% of the mice showed epitheloid-cell granulomas in the sites. However, the control lymph-node homogenates obtained from nonsarcoid patients also provoked similar granulomatous changes, although the positive rate was somewhat lower. In the granulomas a small amount of dust pigment remained, but no polarizing crystals were found in the sites or in the homogenate of either groups. No acid-fast bacilli, fungi, or other aerobic organisms were cultivated from the homogenate. Granuloma-formation activity remained after the homogenate had been sterilized in several ways and it existed in sediments of centrifugation of less than 2200 x g, but not in the supernate. The results seem to indicate that the granuloma formed in the footpads were the result of a local immunological reaction to the degenerated heterogenic protein of the injected and persistent homogenate.", "contents": "Transmissibility of sarcoid-specific granulomas in the footpads of mice. Homogenate of 30 sarcoid lymph nodes was injected into the footpads of mice and 42% of the mice showed epitheloid-cell granulomas in the sites. However, the control lymph-node homogenates obtained from nonsarcoid patients also provoked similar granulomatous changes, although the positive rate was somewhat lower. In the granulomas a small amount of dust pigment remained, but no polarizing crystals were found in the sites or in the homogenate of either groups. No acid-fast bacilli, fungi, or other aerobic organisms were cultivated from the homogenate. Granuloma-formation activity remained after the homogenate had been sterilized in several ways and it existed in sediments of centrifugation of less than 2200 x g, but not in the supernate. The results seem to indicate that the granuloma formed in the footpads were the result of a local immunological reaction to the degenerated heterogenic protein of the injected and persistent homogenate.", "PMID": 1067010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5453", "title": "Structure and function in sarcoidosis.", "content": "We have reviewed and compared our clinical, roentgenographic and histological material from 63 patients with sarcoidosis, berylliosis, and biological dust sensitivity. Among the histological features interstitial cellular infiltration proved to be the best for correlation with abnormal function, especially with arterial oxygen pressure and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference at exercise, single-breath pressure and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differnce at exercise, single-breath diffusing capacity, forced vital capacity, and a composite index of overall functional impairment. There was also a significant correlation between pathological changes and a composite index of clinical severity. Some of the imperfections in these correlations may be related to strategic locations of granulomata that could alter ventilation-perfusion relationships, but part of the functional change remains unexplained by our histological measurements. Correlations of physiological and pathological features with radiographic parenchymal changes generally was poor except in the most severe cases. The finding of 4 cases with biological dust sensitivity or \"allergic alveolitis\" in this series reemphasizes that it is worth reviewing all cases of routinely labeled sarcoidosis in which the diagnosis has been based on the histological finding of granulomata. This is especially true in patients whose roentgenograms show no hilar  nodes and minimal or \"groudn-glass\" changes in the lung fields despite significantly abnormal lung function and also in patients who have rapid remissions and exacerbations without therapy. Almost all of the features of berylliosis overlapped those of sarcoidosis and no distinction could be made histologically. The mean values were worse in the berylliosis group and the long-term results in treated patients were not nearly as good as in the sarcoidosis group.", "contents": "Structure and function in sarcoidosis. We have reviewed and compared our clinical, roentgenographic and histological material from 63 patients with sarcoidosis, berylliosis, and biological dust sensitivity. Among the histological features interstitial cellular infiltration proved to be the best for correlation with abnormal function, especially with arterial oxygen pressure and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference at exercise, single-breath pressure and alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure differnce at exercise, single-breath diffusing capacity, forced vital capacity, and a composite index of overall functional impairment. There was also a significant correlation between pathological changes and a composite index of clinical severity. Some of the imperfections in these correlations may be related to strategic locations of granulomata that could alter ventilation-perfusion relationships, but part of the functional change remains unexplained by our histological measurements. Correlations of physiological and pathological features with radiographic parenchymal changes generally was poor except in the most severe cases. The finding of 4 cases with biological dust sensitivity or \"allergic alveolitis\" in this series reemphasizes that it is worth reviewing all cases of routinely labeled sarcoidosis in which the diagnosis has been based on the histological finding of granulomata. This is especially true in patients whose roentgenograms show no hilar  nodes and minimal or \"groudn-glass\" changes in the lung fields despite significantly abnormal lung function and also in patients who have rapid remissions and exacerbations without therapy. Almost all of the features of berylliosis overlapped those of sarcoidosis and no distinction could be made histologically. The mean values were worse in the berylliosis group and the long-term results in treated patients were not nearly as good as in the sarcoidosis group.", "PMID": 1067012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5454", "title": "Pulmonary function in stage I and II pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "Pulmonary function tests in 25 newly studied patients with Stage I and 19 with Stage II sarcoidosis revealed normal mean values in Stage I for all tests except DLCOSB. Mean values for VC, TLC, MMF, and exercise Pao, were abnormal in Stage II and significantly different from Stage I. There was a parallel difference in prevalence of impairment of these measurements and of DLCOSB as well. When the present results are compared with previously reported values for sarcoidosis patients with radiographic evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, progressive impairment is evident with later stages of disease. These findings indicate that extent and prevalence of impairment increase with progressive radiographic abnormality and that physiologic findings are useful in staging sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary function in stage I and II pulmonary sarcoidosis. Pulmonary function tests in 25 newly studied patients with Stage I and 19 with Stage II sarcoidosis revealed normal mean values in Stage I for all tests except DLCOSB. Mean values for VC, TLC, MMF, and exercise Pao, were abnormal in Stage II and significantly different from Stage I. There was a parallel difference in prevalence of impairment of these measurements and of DLCOSB as well. When the present results are compared with previously reported values for sarcoidosis patients with radiographic evidence of pulmonary fibrosis, progressive impairment is evident with later stages of disease. These findings indicate that extent and prevalence of impairment increase with progressive radiographic abnormality and that physiologic findings are useful in staging sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 1067014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5455", "title": "Lung water and capillary permeability in pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomatosis.", "content": "The subject of our research was the use of multiple indicators to study the lungs of rats during a pathological process induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The parameters studied were extravascular water (idQwl), the capillary permeability of [14C]sucrose, and the unrecovered fraction of [3H5glucose. We ascertained that idQwl gives a valuable estimate of total pulmonary water (r=0.91, n=30) and allows a satisfactory quantification of granulomatosis, as is shown by the comparison between the values of idQwl measured at different stages of the lesional process with average number of nodules per slice of right middle pulmonary lobe. The capillary permeability of sucrose is normal both at early and late stages of the CFA granulomatosis process. The fraction of [3H]glucose not recovered increases significantly (p less than 0.001) during the initial stage of the CFA process. This apparent loss of indicator can be explained by the existence of a slow cellular compartment.", "contents": "Lung water and capillary permeability in pulmonary sarcoid-like granulomatosis. The subject of our research was the use of multiple indicators to study the lungs of rats during a pathological process induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). The parameters studied were extravascular water (idQwl), the capillary permeability of [14C]sucrose, and the unrecovered fraction of [3H5glucose. We ascertained that idQwl gives a valuable estimate of total pulmonary water (r=0.91, n=30) and allows a satisfactory quantification of granulomatosis, as is shown by the comparison between the values of idQwl measured at different stages of the lesional process with average number of nodules per slice of right middle pulmonary lobe. The capillary permeability of sucrose is normal both at early and late stages of the CFA granulomatosis process. The fraction of [3H]glucose not recovered increases significantly (p less than 0.001) during the initial stage of the CFA process. This apparent loss of indicator can be explained by the existence of a slow cellular compartment.", "PMID": 1067016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5456", "title": "Sarcoidosis in Europe: a cooperative study.", "content": "The data on the epidemiologic situation of sarcoidosis from 24 countries of Europe have been reviewed. The new facts seem to demonstrate that the differences between the frequency of this disease in the north and south are not real. The actual situation is dependent on the general knowledge of this disease and on the extent and intensity of the active detection of its asymptomatic stage. A new prospective cooperative study of the yearly incidence of all forms of sarcoidosis in the total population of at least some European countries would be desirable.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis in Europe: a cooperative study. The data on the epidemiologic situation of sarcoidosis from 24 countries of Europe have been reviewed. The new facts seem to demonstrate that the differences between the frequency of this disease in the north and south are not real. The actual situation is dependent on the general knowledge of this disease and on the extent and intensity of the active detection of its asymptomatic stage. A new prospective cooperative study of the yearly incidence of all forms of sarcoidosis in the total population of at least some European countries would be desirable.", "PMID": 1067018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5457", "title": "A cooperative study of sarcoidosis in Asia and Africa: descriptive epidemiology.", "content": "An eight-nation cooperative epidemiological study revealed the Asian and African features of sarcoidosis. Almost every country reported from several to less than 30 cases, except for Japan which had already collected over 3,000 cases. Not a single case was found in the mass x-ray surveys conducted by several countries on a large scale (Tables 1 and 2). Although the number of the cases included in this study were small, this information is the first of this kind for Asia and Africa.", "contents": "A cooperative study of sarcoidosis in Asia and Africa: descriptive epidemiology. An eight-nation cooperative epidemiological study revealed the Asian and African features of sarcoidosis. Almost every country reported from several to less than 30 cases, except for Japan which had already collected over 3,000 cases. Not a single case was found in the mass x-ray surveys conducted by several countries on a large scale (Tables 1 and 2). Although the number of the cases included in this study were small, this information is the first of this kind for Asia and Africa.", "PMID": 1067019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5458", "title": "A cooperative study of sarcoidosis in Asia and Africa: analytic epidemiology.", "content": "The characteristics of about 2,000 Japanese sarcoidosis cases collected by the Japan Sarcoidosis Committee during the 10-yr period, 1963-1972, were chronological increase with decreasing infectious diseases (represented by tuberculosis), north-to-south decline in sarcoidosis incidence in accordance with the Oxford Atlas Seasonal Climates, the age of cases shifting to the younger group in areas of high incidence, a local outbreak, and familial aggreagations. These results led the authors to an hypothesis that sarcoidosis is a disease induced by an infective agent or agents, prevalent in cold places, becoming influential in association with ecological changes, and affecting persons with predispositions.", "contents": "A cooperative study of sarcoidosis in Asia and Africa: analytic epidemiology. The characteristics of about 2,000 Japanese sarcoidosis cases collected by the Japan Sarcoidosis Committee during the 10-yr period, 1963-1972, were chronological increase with decreasing infectious diseases (represented by tuberculosis), north-to-south decline in sarcoidosis incidence in accordance with the Oxford Atlas Seasonal Climates, the age of cases shifting to the younger group in areas of high incidence, a local outbreak, and familial aggreagations. These results led the authors to an hypothesis that sarcoidosis is a disease induced by an infective agent or agents, prevalent in cold places, becoming influential in association with ecological changes, and affecting persons with predispositions.", "PMID": 1067020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5459", "title": "Patterns of sarcoidosis in three population groups in New York City.", "content": "Caucasians in this study group presented in the chronic stage of sarcoidosis more frequently than the Blacks and Puerto-Rican-born. 2) Twenty-eight percent of the Caucasians and 26% of the Blacks who presented in the chronic stage of sarcoidosis, died of pulmonary insufficiency. 3) Puerto-Rican-born women are especially prone to present with erythema nodosum and Stage I radiographic sarcoidosis.  4) Sarcoidosis with extrathoracic organ involvement was more common in Black and Puerto-Rican-born patients than in Caucasians. 5) The size of the Kveim papules was larger in the Black and Puerto-Rican-born patients than among the Caucasians. 6) Two-thirds of all groups were insensitive to tuberculin. 7) The extent and duration of disease at presentation is a major determinant prognosis. 8) Ethnic factors influence the clinical patterns in sarcoidosis, but socioeconomic factors may preclude generalizations based solely upon clinic populations in New York City.", "contents": "Patterns of sarcoidosis in three population groups in New York City. Caucasians in this study group presented in the chronic stage of sarcoidosis more frequently than the Blacks and Puerto-Rican-born. 2) Twenty-eight percent of the Caucasians and 26% of the Blacks who presented in the chronic stage of sarcoidosis, died of pulmonary insufficiency. 3) Puerto-Rican-born women are especially prone to present with erythema nodosum and Stage I radiographic sarcoidosis.  4) Sarcoidosis with extrathoracic organ involvement was more common in Black and Puerto-Rican-born patients than in Caucasians. 5) The size of the Kveim papules was larger in the Black and Puerto-Rican-born patients than among the Caucasians. 6) Two-thirds of all groups were insensitive to tuberculin. 7) The extent and duration of disease at presentation is a major determinant prognosis. 8) Ethnic factors influence the clinical patterns in sarcoidosis, but socioeconomic factors may preclude generalizations based solely upon clinic populations in New York City.", "PMID": 1067022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5460", "title": "Familial sarcoidosis with multiple occurrences in eleven families: a possible mechanism of inheritance.", "content": "Among 80 Black patients with sarcoidosis, 11 families were identified as containing multiple cases. Monogenic modes of inheritance were reasonably excluded by informal inspection of pedigree patterns and by poor fit of corrected ratios within sibships to the expected ratio for all sibships at risk. The observed familial distribution conforms in several respects to properties that are descriptive of multigenic traits. Additionally, heritability based only on female probands was estimated to be between 60% and 70%. A larger sample size should permit analysis of additional multigenic properties.", "contents": "Familial sarcoidosis with multiple occurrences in eleven families: a possible mechanism of inheritance. Among 80 Black patients with sarcoidosis, 11 families were identified as containing multiple cases. Monogenic modes of inheritance were reasonably excluded by informal inspection of pedigree patterns and by poor fit of corrected ratios within sibships to the expected ratio for all sibships at risk. The observed familial distribution conforms in several respects to properties that are descriptive of multigenic traits. Additionally, heritability based only on female probands was estimated to be between 60% and 70%. A larger sample size should permit analysis of additional multigenic properties.", "PMID": 1067023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5461", "title": "The optic pathway in neurosarcoidosis.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient, age 40 yr, with progressive hypothalamic and visual failure. Autopsy revealed widespread multisystemic sarcoidosis with involvement of the central nervous system. The intracranial portion of the optic pathway was diffusely infiltrated by sarcoid granulomas. Comparison of this case with previously reported autopsy and biopsy findings leads to the following conclusions: 1) The intraocular, intraorbital, and intracranial parts of the optic nerves may be involved independently; 2) lesions of the nerve head and of the retrobulbar part of the nerve may be unilateral; and 3) involvement of the intracranial portion is usually bilateral and forms part of more widespread sarcoidosis of the central nervous system.", "contents": "The optic pathway in neurosarcoidosis. A case is reported of a patient, age 40 yr, with progressive hypothalamic and visual failure. Autopsy revealed widespread multisystemic sarcoidosis with involvement of the central nervous system. The intracranial portion of the optic pathway was diffusely infiltrated by sarcoid granulomas. Comparison of this case with previously reported autopsy and biopsy findings leads to the following conclusions: 1) The intraocular, intraorbital, and intracranial parts of the optic nerves may be involved independently; 2) lesions of the nerve head and of the retrobulbar part of the nerve may be unilateral; and 3) involvement of the intracranial portion is usually bilateral and forms part of more widespread sarcoidosis of the central nervous system.", "PMID": 1067026}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5462", "title": "Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract and its relation to lupus pernio.", "content": "The authors present a personally studied series of 32 patients with sarcoidosis affecting the upper respiratory tract and nose. Twenty-five of these patients had lupus pernio (LP), which in 8 instances was accompanied by sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). The 7 other patients had SURT (mucosal disease) without LP. There was a female to male ratio of 7:1. SURT presented mainly in the third decade, whereas LP presented mainly in the fourth and fifth. Despite this, SURT was as much a chronic manifestation of sarcoidosis as LP. Five of 11 patients (45%) presenting with SURT progressed to LP within 2 yr. Overall 26 patients (81%) had intrathoracic sarcoidosis, 19 patients (59%) had skin lesions other than LP, 10 patients (31%) had bone sarcoidosis, 7 patients (22%) had ocular lesions, and 6 patients (19%) had peripheral lymphadenopathy. The Kveim-Siltzbach skin-test was positive in 12 of 12 patients with SURT, making it a useful aid in the differential diagnosis of sarcoid granulomas in the nose. Two patients had nasal perforations, both of which followed a submucous resection.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract and its relation to lupus pernio. The authors present a personally studied series of 32 patients with sarcoidosis affecting the upper respiratory tract and nose. Twenty-five of these patients had lupus pernio (LP), which in 8 instances was accompanied by sarcoidosis of the upper respiratory tract (SURT). The 7 other patients had SURT (mucosal disease) without LP. There was a female to male ratio of 7:1. SURT presented mainly in the third decade, whereas LP presented mainly in the fourth and fifth. Despite this, SURT was as much a chronic manifestation of sarcoidosis as LP. Five of 11 patients (45%) presenting with SURT progressed to LP within 2 yr. Overall 26 patients (81%) had intrathoracic sarcoidosis, 19 patients (59%) had skin lesions other than LP, 10 patients (31%) had bone sarcoidosis, 7 patients (22%) had ocular lesions, and 6 patients (19%) had peripheral lymphadenopathy. The Kveim-Siltzbach skin-test was positive in 12 of 12 patients with SURT, making it a useful aid in the differential diagnosis of sarcoid granulomas in the nose. Two patients had nasal perforations, both of which followed a submucous resection.", "PMID": 1067027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5463", "title": "Hepatic granulomata: problems in interpretation.", "content": "Granulomata occur in the liver not only in patients with systemic granulomatous disease, but also in a variable number with underlying liver disease and in a heterogeneous group of disorders that appear to be neither hepatic nor granulomatous in nature. The hepatic granulomata found in association with liver disease are rarely attributable to complicating systemic granulomatous disease, and probably represent a nonspecific response to the underlying hepatic disease. In the heterogeneous group of diseases that appear to be neither hepatic nor granulomatous in nature, hepatic granulomata may (in some instances) represent a nonspecific response to such conditions as intraabdominal malignancy and ulcerative bowel disease. However, in others, particularly those with unexplained prolonged fever, hepatic granulomata may be attributable to specific agents that are overlooked or escape detection by currently available diagnostic measures. The etiology of hepatic granulomata can seldom be established on histological grounds alone, and usually requires collateral clinical and laboratory evidence for identification.", "contents": "Hepatic granulomata: problems in interpretation. Granulomata occur in the liver not only in patients with systemic granulomatous disease, but also in a variable number with underlying liver disease and in a heterogeneous group of disorders that appear to be neither hepatic nor granulomatous in nature. The hepatic granulomata found in association with liver disease are rarely attributable to complicating systemic granulomatous disease, and probably represent a nonspecific response to the underlying hepatic disease. In the heterogeneous group of diseases that appear to be neither hepatic nor granulomatous in nature, hepatic granulomata may (in some instances) represent a nonspecific response to such conditions as intraabdominal malignancy and ulcerative bowel disease. However, in others, particularly those with unexplained prolonged fever, hepatic granulomata may be attributable to specific agents that are overlooked or escape detection by currently available diagnostic measures. The etiology of hepatic granulomata can seldom be established on histological grounds alone, and usually requires collateral clinical and laboratory evidence for identification.", "PMID": 1067028}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5464", "title": "LP-X test in sarcoidosis patients with liver involvement: comparison with other liver function tests.", "content": "In the serum of many patients with sarcoidosis, alkaline phosphatase activity is increased due to sarcoid liver involvement. A study was carried out of various tests expressing intrahepatic cholestasis in 26 patients with sarcoidosis, 18 of them with a positive liver biopsy and 8 with a negative liver biopsy. SAP was elevated in 23% of the patients and its thermoresistance pointed to an hepatic origin. The predictive value of a positive test (PV-positive, the percentage of times that a positive test is in agreement with an involved liver) and the predictive value of a negative test (PV-negative, the percentage of times that a negative test will detect a nondiseased liver) were calculated. LP-X test is more reliable than SAP, which in turn is better than CB, BSP retention, and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, in that order. LP-X seems to be more specific and more sensitive than alkaline phosphatase for predicting liver involvement in sarcoidosis.", "contents": "LP-X test in sarcoidosis patients with liver involvement: comparison with other liver function tests. In the serum of many patients with sarcoidosis, alkaline phosphatase activity is increased due to sarcoid liver involvement. A study was carried out of various tests expressing intrahepatic cholestasis in 26 patients with sarcoidosis, 18 of them with a positive liver biopsy and 8 with a negative liver biopsy. SAP was elevated in 23% of the patients and its thermoresistance pointed to an hepatic origin. The predictive value of a positive test (PV-positive, the percentage of times that a positive test is in agreement with an involved liver) and the predictive value of a negative test (PV-negative, the percentage of times that a negative test will detect a nondiseased liver) were calculated. LP-X test is more reliable than SAP, which in turn is better than CB, BSP retention, and gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase, in that order. LP-X seems to be more specific and more sensitive than alkaline phosphatase for predicting liver involvement in sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 1067029}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5465", "title": "Ocular sarcoidosis: evaluation of intraocular findings.", "content": "Intraocular lesions occurred in 55 of 70 sarcoidosis patients (78.6%) and their intraocular findings were biomicroscopically analyzed. Intraocular lesions were observed bilaterally in 54 of 55 patients (98.0%) and these various lesions occurred simultaneously or within a short period in almost all tissues of the eyeball. From these characteristics a new attempt was made to correlate the presence of sarcoidosis with intraocular findings. A gross positive correlation was revealed between the number of active intraocular lesions and the presence of sarcoidosis. Four to six active, bilateral intraocular lesions were found only in sarcoidosis. Although the correlation was not statistically tested, it should be clinically very useful in managing patients with suspicious intraocular lesions. Among the causes of visual disturbances secondary glaucoma was the most frequent. In 41 (37.2%) eyes various degrees of intraocular hypertension were observed. Impairment of aqueous outflow due to nodular infiltration of trabeculae was the fundamental mechanism in the rise of intraocular pressure. It should be emphasized that this peculiar trabecular finding can be identified only by a trained ophthalmologist and is very frequent in and characteristic of ocular sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Ocular sarcoidosis: evaluation of intraocular findings. Intraocular lesions occurred in 55 of 70 sarcoidosis patients (78.6%) and their intraocular findings were biomicroscopically analyzed. Intraocular lesions were observed bilaterally in 54 of 55 patients (98.0%) and these various lesions occurred simultaneously or within a short period in almost all tissues of the eyeball. From these characteristics a new attempt was made to correlate the presence of sarcoidosis with intraocular findings. A gross positive correlation was revealed between the number of active intraocular lesions and the presence of sarcoidosis. Four to six active, bilateral intraocular lesions were found only in sarcoidosis. Although the correlation was not statistically tested, it should be clinically very useful in managing patients with suspicious intraocular lesions. Among the causes of visual disturbances secondary glaucoma was the most frequent. In 41 (37.2%) eyes various degrees of intraocular hypertension were observed. Impairment of aqueous outflow due to nodular infiltration of trabeculae was the fundamental mechanism in the rise of intraocular pressure. It should be emphasized that this peculiar trabecular finding can be identified only by a trained ophthalmologist and is very frequent in and characteristic of ocular sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 1067030}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5466", "title": "Clinicopathological study of fatal myocardial sarcoidosis.", "content": "Presented here was an outline of fatal myocardial sarcoidosis in Japan based on 42 autopsy cases. The incidence, clinical features, pathological findings (particularly the distribution of sarcoid lesions in various organs, and gross as well as histological patterns have been reviewed. The ratio of fatal myocardial sarcoidosis to the total number of sarcoidosis deaths is higher than that of other countries and it appears characteristic of Japanese sarcoidosis that the disease occurs here predominantly after the fourth decade in females. Only 12% of myocardial sarcoidosis cases are diagnosed exactly. Conduction disturbances and dysrhythmias due to myocardial damage are its most common manifestations. The modes of presentation or cardiac death are sudden death, 16 cases (41%); congestive heart failure, 9 cases (23.1%); Adams-Stokes syndrome, except sudden death, 7 cases (17.9%); death due to dysrhythmia, 6 cases (15.4%); and 2 pacemaker deaths among the application of pacemakers, 7 cases. As for the ECG findings, A-V block and bundle-branch block was observed in most cases and ectopic beats were also frequently observed. The difficulty in exact diagnosis of myocardial sarcoidosis appears to be due to the frequency of lack of manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis as well as insidious cardiac involvement. The gross findings on myocardial lesions showed 3 patterns and each of the localized patterns corresponded to the histological extension. The conglomerate-band-like pattern corresponded to expansive invasion, the dendrite pattern to interstitial extension. The histological findings on the myocardial lesions were classified into four types: 1) exudative type, 2) granuloma type, 3) combined type of granuloma and fibrosis, 4) fibrotic type. Two extreme cases showed the exudative and fibrotic type, respectively, and were discussed.", "contents": "Clinicopathological study of fatal myocardial sarcoidosis. Presented here was an outline of fatal myocardial sarcoidosis in Japan based on 42 autopsy cases. The incidence, clinical features, pathological findings (particularly the distribution of sarcoid lesions in various organs, and gross as well as histological patterns have been reviewed. The ratio of fatal myocardial sarcoidosis to the total number of sarcoidosis deaths is higher than that of other countries and it appears characteristic of Japanese sarcoidosis that the disease occurs here predominantly after the fourth decade in females. Only 12% of myocardial sarcoidosis cases are diagnosed exactly. Conduction disturbances and dysrhythmias due to myocardial damage are its most common manifestations. The modes of presentation or cardiac death are sudden death, 16 cases (41%); congestive heart failure, 9 cases (23.1%); Adams-Stokes syndrome, except sudden death, 7 cases (17.9%); death due to dysrhythmia, 6 cases (15.4%); and 2 pacemaker deaths among the application of pacemakers, 7 cases. As for the ECG findings, A-V block and bundle-branch block was observed in most cases and ectopic beats were also frequently observed. The difficulty in exact diagnosis of myocardial sarcoidosis appears to be due to the frequency of lack of manifestation of systemic sarcoidosis as well as insidious cardiac involvement. The gross findings on myocardial lesions showed 3 patterns and each of the localized patterns corresponded to the histological extension. The conglomerate-band-like pattern corresponded to expansive invasion, the dendrite pattern to interstitial extension. The histological findings on the myocardial lesions were classified into four types: 1) exudative type, 2) granuloma type, 3) combined type of granuloma and fibrosis, 4) fibrotic type. Two extreme cases showed the exudative and fibrotic type, respectively, and were discussed.", "PMID": 1067031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5467", "title": "Bone sarcoidosis.", "content": "Sarcoidosis of the bone has been observed in 24 patients for up to 43 yr. It was always present in hands and/or feet and also elsewhere in 4 other patients. Soft-tissue swelling preceded the radiological abnormality for up to 4 yr in 9 patients accompanied it once, followed it once, and was absent in 13 (55%). Bone involvement was usually an incidental finding when sarcoidosis presented elsewhere, including lupus pernio (50%) and other chronic skin lesions (41%), lungs (75%), eyes (51%), lymph nodes (21%), liver (17%), spleen (13%), parotids (13%), facial palsy in 2 patients and erythema nodosum in 1. Pulmonary infiltration, with or without lymphadenopathy, was evident in three-fifths of the patients and hilar adenopathy alone in one-fifth. Sarcoid tissue was observed in the bone, but not in the surrounding soft-tissue swelling of 2 amputated fingers. There were 3 types of bone lesions: a) Lytic in 20 patients; minute 1-mm cortical defects or larger, usually rounded defects that on healing become corticated leading to punched-out \"cysts\". b) Permeative in 8 patients; these showed progressive cortical tunnelling with remodelling of trabecular and cortical architecture. c) Destructive in 3 patients, with secondary joint-surface involvement and in one a periosteal reaction.", "contents": "Bone sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis of the bone has been observed in 24 patients for up to 43 yr. It was always present in hands and/or feet and also elsewhere in 4 other patients. Soft-tissue swelling preceded the radiological abnormality for up to 4 yr in 9 patients accompanied it once, followed it once, and was absent in 13 (55%). Bone involvement was usually an incidental finding when sarcoidosis presented elsewhere, including lupus pernio (50%) and other chronic skin lesions (41%), lungs (75%), eyes (51%), lymph nodes (21%), liver (17%), spleen (13%), parotids (13%), facial palsy in 2 patients and erythema nodosum in 1. Pulmonary infiltration, with or without lymphadenopathy, was evident in three-fifths of the patients and hilar adenopathy alone in one-fifth. Sarcoid tissue was observed in the bone, but not in the surrounding soft-tissue swelling of 2 amputated fingers. There were 3 types of bone lesions: a) Lytic in 20 patients; minute 1-mm cortical defects or larger, usually rounded defects that on healing become corticated leading to punched-out \"cysts\". b) Permeative in 8 patients; these showed progressive cortical tunnelling with remodelling of trabecular and cortical architecture. c) Destructive in 3 patients, with secondary joint-surface involvement and in one a periosteal reaction.", "PMID": 1067033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5468", "title": "Gallium scanning in sarcoidosis.", "content": "This study of 36 patients, 27 with sarcoidosis, confirms the avidity of mediastinal and pulmonary sarcoidosis for gallium-67. This procedure may prove useful in distinguishing enlarged hilar vessels from lymph nodes. Gallium scanning proved unsuccessful, however, in detection of clinically important extrathoracic sarcoidosis and appears to have limited applicability in the diagnosis of thoracic sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Gallium scanning in sarcoidosis. This study of 36 patients, 27 with sarcoidosis, confirms the avidity of mediastinal and pulmonary sarcoidosis for gallium-67. This procedure may prove useful in distinguishing enlarged hilar vessels from lymph nodes. Gallium scanning proved unsuccessful, however, in detection of clinically important extrathoracic sarcoidosis and appears to have limited applicability in the diagnosis of thoracic sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 1067034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5469", "title": "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the spleen in diagnosis of sarcoidosis.", "content": "Splenic fine-needle aspiration is a simple, safe bedside procedure by which cells typical of the sarcoid granuloma can be rapidly detected. Not only does it appear to be a valuable diagnostic procedure, but it offers a reliable method for demonstrating multisystem involvement in sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the spleen in diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Splenic fine-needle aspiration is a simple, safe bedside procedure by which cells typical of the sarcoid granuloma can be rapidly detected. Not only does it appear to be a valuable diagnostic procedure, but it offers a reliable method for demonstrating multisystem involvement in sarcoidosis.", "PMID": 1067035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5470", "title": "Flexible-bronchoscope biopsy of lung and bronchial wall in intrathoracic sarcoidosis.", "content": "1) Twenty of 25 patients (80%) with sarcoidosis had positive lung biopsies obtained by flexible-bronchoscope biopsy. 2) Three of the 5 negative biopsies were in patients with chronic sarcoidosis whose chest radiograph was unchanged for 1 yr or more. 3) Two insignificant pneumothoraces occurred as a complication of the bronchoscopic biopsy procedures. 4) Noncaseating epithelioid-cell granulomas found on fiberoptic bronchoscopic biopsy are no more specific for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis than similar findings in any other organ biopsy.", "contents": "Flexible-bronchoscope biopsy of lung and bronchial wall in intrathoracic sarcoidosis. 1) Twenty of 25 patients (80%) with sarcoidosis had positive lung biopsies obtained by flexible-bronchoscope biopsy. 2) Three of the 5 negative biopsies were in patients with chronic sarcoidosis whose chest radiograph was unchanged for 1 yr or more. 3) Two insignificant pneumothoraces occurred as a complication of the bronchoscopic biopsy procedures. 4) Noncaseating epithelioid-cell granulomas found on fiberoptic bronchoscopic biopsy are no more specific for the diagnosis of sarcoidosis than similar findings in any other organ biopsy.", "PMID": 1067036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5471", "title": "Comparison of clinical and laboratory findings of intrathoracic sarcoidosis between children and adults.", "content": "Children were different from adults in the following findings of intrathoracic sarcoidosis: All of the 69 pediatric patients studied had no complaints and were found by chest x-ray examinations, in contrast with 71% of the 62 adult patients studied. At the ages 10-14 yr there were far more boys than girls. In pediatric patients eye involvements were rare, blood eosinophilia was more frequent, biopsy of conjunctival follicles was more frequently positive, cold serum hemagglutinins were higher at first and decreased later, and the prognosis was far better than in adults.", "contents": "Comparison of clinical and laboratory findings of intrathoracic sarcoidosis between children and adults. Children were different from adults in the following findings of intrathoracic sarcoidosis: All of the 69 pediatric patients studied had no complaints and were found by chest x-ray examinations, in contrast with 71% of the 62 adult patients studied. At the ages 10-14 yr there were far more boys than girls. In pediatric patients eye involvements were rare, blood eosinophilia was more frequent, biopsy of conjunctival follicles was more frequently positive, cold serum hemagglutinins were higher at first and decreased later, and the prognosis was far better than in adults.", "PMID": 1067038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5472", "title": "Further observations on the transmissibility of Crohn's disease.", "content": "In controlled experiments normal and immunologically deficient CBA mice were inoculated with whole fresh, fresh autoclaved, fresh supernatant, or filtered supernatant (0.2 mu) of whole Crohn's or non-Crohn's homogenate into footpads, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Epithelioid and giant-cell granulomas were present in a substantial proportion the footpads and in bowel or mesenteric lymph nodes of a proportion of given each fresh Crohn's homogenate by any of these routes 15-17 months after inoculation, but were not present in mice given non-Crohn's or autoclaved Crohn's homogenate. Successful passages were achieved following the inoculation of Crohn's mouse tissue homogenates, including passage from mice receiving filtered supernatant (0.2mu) or whole Crohn's homogenate, into footpads or intravenously. The epithelioid- and giant-cell granulomas evolved slowly over a period of many months following the inoculation of Crohn's tissue or passage homogenates and persisted thereafter. The transmissible agent is inactivated when homogenate from Crohn's tissue is autoclaved, can be passaged successfully into footpads or intravenously, and has been shown to pass an 0.2 mu membrane filter. It is therefore presumably viable and must approximate to the size of a virus or be capable of being deformed to pass a filter of such a pore size (0.2mu).", "contents": "Further observations on the transmissibility of Crohn's disease. In controlled experiments normal and immunologically deficient CBA mice were inoculated with whole fresh, fresh autoclaved, fresh supernatant, or filtered supernatant (0.2 mu) of whole Crohn's or non-Crohn's homogenate into footpads, intraperitoneally or intravenously. Epithelioid and giant-cell granulomas were present in a substantial proportion the footpads and in bowel or mesenteric lymph nodes of a proportion of given each fresh Crohn's homogenate by any of these routes 15-17 months after inoculation, but were not present in mice given non-Crohn's or autoclaved Crohn's homogenate. Successful passages were achieved following the inoculation of Crohn's mouse tissue homogenates, including passage from mice receiving filtered supernatant (0.2mu) or whole Crohn's homogenate, into footpads or intravenously. The epithelioid- and giant-cell granulomas evolved slowly over a period of many months following the inoculation of Crohn's tissue or passage homogenates and persisted thereafter. The transmissible agent is inactivated when homogenate from Crohn's tissue is autoclaved, can be passaged successfully into footpads or intravenously, and has been shown to pass an 0.2 mu membrane filter. It is therefore presumably viable and must approximate to the size of a virus or be capable of being deformed to pass a filter of such a pore size (0.2mu).", "PMID": 1067039}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5473", "title": "The first seven cases of chronic beryllium disease in ceramic factory workers in Japan.", "content": "In the present paper the first 7 cases in Japan of chronic beryllium disease found in workers employed in a ceramic factory utilizing beryllium have been described. Immunological examinations of these cases showed changes similar to those observed in sarcoidosis, that is, negative tuberculin test and increase in serum gamma globulin and immunoglobulins. The fact that a considerable number of workers in the same factories as the patients showed negative tuberculin reaction may suggest that there may be further cases of chronic beryllium disease among them that are still in a latent period.", "contents": "The first seven cases of chronic beryllium disease in ceramic factory workers in Japan. In the present paper the first 7 cases in Japan of chronic beryllium disease found in workers employed in a ceramic factory utilizing beryllium have been described. Immunological examinations of these cases showed changes similar to those observed in sarcoidosis, that is, negative tuberculin test and increase in serum gamma globulin and immunoglobulins. The fact that a considerable number of workers in the same factories as the patients showed negative tuberculin reaction may suggest that there may be further cases of chronic beryllium disease among them that are still in a latent period.", "PMID": 1067044}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5474", "title": "The Edinburgh spleen: source of a validated Kveim-Siltzbach test material.", "content": "Although it is true that some Kveim-Siltzbach test suspension may for reasons unknown behave in a totally nonspecific way and so be useless in the confirmation of active sarcoidosis, the experience with the Edinburgh spleen has shown that it is also true that a preparation can be made which acts specifically in the sarcoid context and fulfils all the Siltzbach criteria. The active principle probably resides in the membrane components of sarcoid tissue cells.", "contents": "The Edinburgh spleen: source of a validated Kveim-Siltzbach test material. Although it is true that some Kveim-Siltzbach test suspension may for reasons unknown behave in a totally nonspecific way and so be useless in the confirmation of active sarcoidosis, the experience with the Edinburgh spleen has shown that it is also true that a preparation can be made which acts specifically in the sarcoid context and fulfils all the Siltzbach criteria. The active principle probably resides in the membrane components of sarcoid tissue cells.", "PMID": 1067047}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5475", "title": "The Kveim test: analysis of results of tests using colindale (K 12) materials.", "content": "Results of an analysis are presented of the salient clinical, pathological, and Kveim-test data of importance in the diagnostic assessment of 839 patients in whom a Kveim test was made as part of their routine clinical investigation. From these analyses the following significant observations can be made: 1) The age distribution and negative tuberculin results in patients with sarcoidosis were in keeping with the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, whereas for those in whom a diagnosis other than sarcoidosis was made, they were not. 2) The findings of 64% positive tuberculin results in cases of confirmed sarcoidosis of less than 2 yr known duration and only 39% in those of greater than 2 yr duration are closely similar to those found in international Kveim-test studies reported by Siltzbach in 1966 and Hurley and Bartholomeusz in 1971. 3) The use of the material was helpful in confirming a diagnosis of sarcoidosis in patients with extrathoracic lesions, for positive results were obtained in 33% of those with uveitis 40% of those with erythema nodosum only (findings which are in keeping with those of other studies in the United Kingdom, and 60% among 27 patients presenting with lesions in various sites, including 2 with cranial nerve lesions and one with cardiac arrhythmia. 4) We found only 2 positive reactions (less than 1%) among 221 patients in whom a diagnosis other than sarcoidosis was reached. Clearly these findings show that the Kveim test material. Lots 19 and 22, of spleen K 12 exhibited not only a high degree of reactivity and selectivity for sarcoidosis, but also that they were of considerable practical value as an aid to diagnosis. The finding of only 2(0.9%) positive Kveim tests among 221 patients with diseases other than sarcoidosis is of special interest. Of the different diseases that were ultimately diagnosed only 6 patients tested had lymphoma, only 11 had either pulmonary or lymphatic tuberculosis, and only one had Crohn's disease. Although these numbers are small, it is relevant to compare the Kveim-test data of Lots 19 and 22 of K 12 with those of Lot 5 and of Lot 14 of the same spleen. In validation studies Lot 5 yielded the expected proportion of positive reactions at different stages of sarcoidosis and a negligible proportion of positive reactions with active or quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis or among healthy subjects. However, in subsequent studies in special groups of patients, those with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or lymphatic tuberculosis, a proportion of the Kveim tests performed with these lots were positive. Within the context of the present field  study, the results of these analyses confirm that the last lots of K 12 material exhibited a high degree of selectivity for sarcoidosis and that they emphasize again the practical value of the Kveim tests with suspensions that have undergone careful validation.", "contents": "The Kveim test: analysis of results of tests using colindale (K 12) materials. Results of an analysis are presented of the salient clinical, pathological, and Kveim-test data of importance in the diagnostic assessment of 839 patients in whom a Kveim test was made as part of their routine clinical investigation. From these analyses the following significant observations can be made: 1) The age distribution and negative tuberculin results in patients with sarcoidosis were in keeping with the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, whereas for those in whom a diagnosis other than sarcoidosis was made, they were not. 2) The findings of 64% positive tuberculin results in cases of confirmed sarcoidosis of less than 2 yr known duration and only 39% in those of greater than 2 yr duration are closely similar to those found in international Kveim-test studies reported by Siltzbach in 1966 and Hurley and Bartholomeusz in 1971. 3) The use of the material was helpful in confirming a diagnosis of sarcoidosis in patients with extrathoracic lesions, for positive results were obtained in 33% of those with uveitis 40% of those with erythema nodosum only (findings which are in keeping with those of other studies in the United Kingdom, and 60% among 27 patients presenting with lesions in various sites, including 2 with cranial nerve lesions and one with cardiac arrhythmia. 4) We found only 2 positive reactions (less than 1%) among 221 patients in whom a diagnosis other than sarcoidosis was reached. Clearly these findings show that the Kveim test material. Lots 19 and 22, of spleen K 12 exhibited not only a high degree of reactivity and selectivity for sarcoidosis, but also that they were of considerable practical value as an aid to diagnosis. The finding of only 2(0.9%) positive Kveim tests among 221 patients with diseases other than sarcoidosis is of special interest. Of the different diseases that were ultimately diagnosed only 6 patients tested had lymphoma, only 11 had either pulmonary or lymphatic tuberculosis, and only one had Crohn's disease. Although these numbers are small, it is relevant to compare the Kveim-test data of Lots 19 and 22 of K 12 with those of Lot 5 and of Lot 14 of the same spleen. In validation studies Lot 5 yielded the expected proportion of positive reactions at different stages of sarcoidosis and a negligible proportion of positive reactions with active or quiescent pulmonary tuberculosis or among healthy subjects. However, in subsequent studies in special groups of patients, those with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or lymphatic tuberculosis, a proportion of the Kveim tests performed with these lots were positive. Within the context of the present field  study, the results of these analyses confirm that the last lots of K 12 material exhibited a high degree of selectivity for sarcoidosis and that they emphasize again the practical value of the Kveim tests with suspensions that have undergone careful validation.", "PMID": 1067048}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5476", "title": "International Kveim histology trial.", "content": "An histological analysis of Kveim-test biopsies performed on a total of 306 patients including those with sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, tuberculosis, and collagen disease is presented. Five main Kveim suspensions, \"antigens,\" were used in the survey, Colindale K 12, Lot 5, Marburg 2 and 3, Commonwealth Serum Laboratory (CSL) early batches, 001/2/3 and late batches, 005/6. The biopsies were read blind by two observers (overall agreement 75%), the nature of the antigen and disease later disclosed, and the finding statistically analysed. It was agreed that focal epithelioid-cell collections remain as the essential criteria for the diagnosis of Kveim positivity. Diffuse epithelioid cells, Langhans' giant cells, lymphocytes, and necrosis are associated with focal epithelioid cells and hence Kveim positivity. Steroids were found to inhibit Kveim positivity. Observer disagreements were mainly due to difficulties in distinguishing macrophages from true epithelioid cells. We conclude that doubtful cells should be ignored in deciding Kveim positivity. Lymph-node-derived Kveim antigens were the most sarcoid-specific. They were more granulogenic and produced more necrosis, despite also producing the most foreign material. It is recommended that validation of new Kveim antigens must include adequate testing on patients with Crohn's disease, as the more nonspecific antigens were shown to give equal positive rates in sarcoidosis and Crohn's disease.", "contents": "International Kveim histology trial. An histological analysis of Kveim-test biopsies performed on a total of 306 patients including those with sarcoidosis, Crohn's disease, tuberculosis, and collagen disease is presented. Five main Kveim suspensions, \"antigens,\" were used in the survey, Colindale K 12, Lot 5, Marburg 2 and 3, Commonwealth Serum Laboratory (CSL) early batches, 001/2/3 and late batches, 005/6. The biopsies were read blind by two observers (overall agreement 75%), the nature of the antigen and disease later disclosed, and the finding statistically analysed. It was agreed that focal epithelioid-cell collections remain as the essential criteria for the diagnosis of Kveim positivity. Diffuse epithelioid cells, Langhans' giant cells, lymphocytes, and necrosis are associated with focal epithelioid cells and hence Kveim positivity. Steroids were found to inhibit Kveim positivity. Observer disagreements were mainly due to difficulties in distinguishing macrophages from true epithelioid cells. We conclude that doubtful cells should be ignored in deciding Kveim positivity. Lymph-node-derived Kveim antigens were the most sarcoid-specific. They were more granulogenic and produced more necrosis, despite also producing the most foreign material. It is recommended that validation of new Kveim antigens must include adequate testing on patients with Crohn's disease, as the more nonspecific antigens were shown to give equal positive rates in sarcoidosis and Crohn's disease.", "PMID": 1067049}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5477", "title": "Comparative in vitro reactivities of leukocytes from sarcoids and normals to different Kveim preparations.", "content": "Comparative studies of in vivo and in vitro reactivities to Kveim preparations have been carried out in 45 sarcoid and 30 normal subjects. Lymphocytes of 14 of 45 sarcoids and 4 of 30 normals proliferated significantly in response to at least 1 of the 4 Kveim suspensions used for in vitro studies. The prevalence of positive responses were significantly greater in sarcoids than normals in cultures containing Kveim-CSL and Kveim-Edinburgh. The Kveim-reactive cells were less stimulated by PHA, but no other significant alterations were found, including the presence or absence of in vivo Kveim reactivity in the cell donors. Reactivity to more than 1 Kveim preparation occurred in 9 of 14 cases. Kveim-induced leukocyte migration inhibition occurred more commonly in sarcoids than normals, but differences were not as striking. There was not a precise correlation between proliferative and migration-inhibition responses to Kveim.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro reactivities of leukocytes from sarcoids and normals to different Kveim preparations. Comparative studies of in vivo and in vitro reactivities to Kveim preparations have been carried out in 45 sarcoid and 30 normal subjects. Lymphocytes of 14 of 45 sarcoids and 4 of 30 normals proliferated significantly in response to at least 1 of the 4 Kveim suspensions used for in vitro studies. The prevalence of positive responses were significantly greater in sarcoids than normals in cultures containing Kveim-CSL and Kveim-Edinburgh. The Kveim-reactive cells were less stimulated by PHA, but no other significant alterations were found, including the presence or absence of in vivo Kveim reactivity in the cell donors. Reactivity to more than 1 Kveim preparation occurred in 9 of 14 cases. Kveim-induced leukocyte migration inhibition occurred more commonly in sarcoids than normals, but differences were not as striking. There was not a precise correlation between proliferative and migration-inhibition responses to Kveim.", "PMID": 1067050}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5478", "title": "Experience with a Dutch kveim suspension in men and guinea pigs.", "content": "A Kveim antigen was prepared according to the Chase-Siltzbach method from the spleen of a patient with sarcoidosis. This antigen was tested in a number of patients with sarcoidosis or possible sarcoidosis and also in a number of non-sarcoid patients. Several lots prepared from this spleen were compared, yielding differences in reactogenicity. Maybe this can be explained by heterogeneity of the spleen. An animal model (the BCG-presensitized guinea pig) is presented that may be applicable for a preclinical evaluation of lots of Kveim antigen.", "contents": "Experience with a Dutch kveim suspension in men and guinea pigs. A Kveim antigen was prepared according to the Chase-Siltzbach method from the spleen of a patient with sarcoidosis. This antigen was tested in a number of patients with sarcoidosis or possible sarcoidosis and also in a number of non-sarcoid patients. Several lots prepared from this spleen were compared, yielding differences in reactogenicity. Maybe this can be explained by heterogeneity of the spleen. An animal model (the BCG-presensitized guinea pig) is presented that may be applicable for a preclinical evaluation of lots of Kveim antigen.", "PMID": 1067051}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5479", "title": "Extended experience in the long-term corticosteroid treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis.", "content": "A 15-yr experience with symptomatic pulmonary parenchymal sarcoidosis treated with corticosteroids has included 250 patients. Within the past 5 yr 192 patients have been actively studied and these are reported in detail. Varied clinical observations are described. Serial measurements of vital capacity and steady-state carbon monoxide diffusing capacity were performed. All of these patients were sufficiently symptomatic and incapacitated to require treatment. Ninety-one percent were Black, 72% were female, and 72% were in the third and fourth decades. In response to treatment there was overall clinical improvement and an increase in vital capacity in 150 (83%) of 180 patients, although only a temporary increase in 12 of these patients. By contrast, only 82 (46%) showed an increase in carbon monoxide steady-state diffusing capacity and only temporarily in 19 patients. Changes in vital capacity correlate well with changes in symptoms and the radiographic appearance and are of great assistance in assessing the clinical course and need for continued treatment. The diffusing capacity is more difficult to interpret. Continued treatment was required in 74 patients (48%) because of recurrent clinical relapses as treatment was withdrawn. Such relapses were observed in 70% of the patients. Improvement and discontinuation of treatment was achieved in 66 patients (42%). In the 44 in whom there was no observed relapse, 34 were treated for less than 2.5 yr. In the total group, longer periods of treatment, 2.5-10 yr or more, were required in 104 patients (54%). In this series of 192 patients there were 7 deaths, with 22 deaths in the total 15-yr series of 250 patients. Of these, 18 were directly attributed to the sarcoidosis. Clinical improvement coincident with corticosteroid treatment and the frequency of relapse as treatment is withdrawn strongly support the benefits of corticosteroid treatment for symptomatic pulmonary sarcoidosis. When relapses occur and recur, retreatment is necessary and often long-term maintenance doses of prednisone (10-15 mg daily) are required for many years. The relatively infrequent problems related to this treatment are greatly exceeded by the clinical benefits.", "contents": "Extended experience in the long-term corticosteroid treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis. A 15-yr experience with symptomatic pulmonary parenchymal sarcoidosis treated with corticosteroids has included 250 patients. Within the past 5 yr 192 patients have been actively studied and these are reported in detail. Varied clinical observations are described. Serial measurements of vital capacity and steady-state carbon monoxide diffusing capacity were performed. All of these patients were sufficiently symptomatic and incapacitated to require treatment. Ninety-one percent were Black, 72% were female, and 72% were in the third and fourth decades. In response to treatment there was overall clinical improvement and an increase in vital capacity in 150 (83%) of 180 patients, although only a temporary increase in 12 of these patients. By contrast, only 82 (46%) showed an increase in carbon monoxide steady-state diffusing capacity and only temporarily in 19 patients. Changes in vital capacity correlate well with changes in symptoms and the radiographic appearance and are of great assistance in assessing the clinical course and need for continued treatment. The diffusing capacity is more difficult to interpret. Continued treatment was required in 74 patients (48%) because of recurrent clinical relapses as treatment was withdrawn. Such relapses were observed in 70% of the patients. Improvement and discontinuation of treatment was achieved in 66 patients (42%). In the 44 in whom there was no observed relapse, 34 were treated for less than 2.5 yr. In the total group, longer periods of treatment, 2.5-10 yr or more, were required in 104 patients (54%). In this series of 192 patients there were 7 deaths, with 22 deaths in the total 15-yr series of 250 patients. Of these, 18 were directly attributed to the sarcoidosis. Clinical improvement coincident with corticosteroid treatment and the frequency of relapse as treatment is withdrawn strongly support the benefits of corticosteroid treatment for symptomatic pulmonary sarcoidosis. When relapses occur and recur, retreatment is necessary and often long-term maintenance doses of prednisone (10-15 mg daily) are required for many years. The relatively infrequent problems related to this treatment are greatly exceeded by the clinical benefits.", "PMID": 1067052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5480", "title": "The problem of the treatment of sarcoidosis: Report of the Subcommittee on Therapy.", "content": "Stage I: Hilar Adenopathy With normal lung function observe, as it often resolves. With reduced lung function observe for 6-12 months. Treat if there is progression or persistence. With erythema nodosum use mild anti-inflammatory agents such as salicylates or like drugs. Stage II: Adenopathy + Pulmonar Infiltrates With normal or slightly reduced lung function observe; treat if it worsens. Treat if there is no remission in 6-12 months. With reduced lung function treat, possibly for many years or a lifetime. Stage III: Pulmonary Infiltrates +/- Fibrosis Without Adenopathy There is reduced lung function. Treat, demonstrate improvement, follow patients with serial measurements of vital capacity at least. Other Indications for Treatment Other indications for treatment include myocardial sarcoidosis, cerebral sarcoidosis (although the outcome is less certain), serious hepatic or renal sarcoidosis, hypercalcemia, persistent systemic symptoms, or other serious organ or functional impairment. Assess each patient individually and completely. Use good clinical judgement. It is clear that treatment that is too little or too late is of little benefit. Even the statistical results form a perfectly controlled study cannot provide absolute direction for the individual patient. As clinicians we are frequently called upon to apply considered judgements without hard data to predict the outcome. We also maintain the flexibility to change our therapeutic programs when circumstances change, either in the patient or in our knowledge. We can be grateful we have a treatment as good as corticosteroids and must try to exercise our best judgement as to when it should be instituted.", "contents": "The problem of the treatment of sarcoidosis: Report of the Subcommittee on Therapy. Stage I: Hilar Adenopathy With normal lung function observe, as it often resolves. With reduced lung function observe for 6-12 months. Treat if there is progression or persistence. With erythema nodosum use mild anti-inflammatory agents such as salicylates or like drugs. Stage II: Adenopathy + Pulmonar Infiltrates With normal or slightly reduced lung function observe; treat if it worsens. Treat if there is no remission in 6-12 months. With reduced lung function treat, possibly for many years or a lifetime. Stage III: Pulmonary Infiltrates +/- Fibrosis Without Adenopathy There is reduced lung function. Treat, demonstrate improvement, follow patients with serial measurements of vital capacity at least. Other Indications for Treatment Other indications for treatment include myocardial sarcoidosis, cerebral sarcoidosis (although the outcome is less certain), serious hepatic or renal sarcoidosis, hypercalcemia, persistent systemic symptoms, or other serious organ or functional impairment. Assess each patient individually and completely. Use good clinical judgement. It is clear that treatment that is too little or too late is of little benefit. Even the statistical results form a perfectly controlled study cannot provide absolute direction for the individual patient. As clinicians we are frequently called upon to apply considered judgements without hard data to predict the outcome. We also maintain the flexibility to change our therapeutic programs when circumstances change, either in the patient or in our knowledge. We can be grateful we have a treatment as good as corticosteroids and must try to exercise our best judgement as to when it should be instituted.", "PMID": 1067055}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5481", "title": "Growth hormone deficiency after treatment of acute leukaemia in children.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) secretion was studied in 15 children at various times after treatment for acute lymphatic leukaemia. Impaired GH responses both to hypoglycaemia and to Bovril were found in 4 children. 13 of the children had been given prophylactic cranial irradiation of either 2500 rads in 10 fractions or 2400 rads in 20 fractions. The reduction in GH responses in those given the former dose was highly significant compared with the reduction in those given the latter dose. However, other differences between the two groups included the length of time since cranial irradiation and the chemotherapy used. The main cause of the GH deficiency is not yet clear, but we conclude that it may occur in children treated successfully for acute lymphatic leukaemia.", "contents": "Growth hormone deficiency after treatment of acute leukaemia in children. Growth hormone (GH) secretion was studied in 15 children at various times after treatment for acute lymphatic leukaemia. Impaired GH responses both to hypoglycaemia and to Bovril were found in 4 children. 13 of the children had been given prophylactic cranial irradiation of either 2500 rads in 10 fractions or 2400 rads in 20 fractions. The reduction in GH responses in those given the former dose was highly significant compared with the reduction in those given the latter dose. However, other differences between the two groups included the length of time since cranial irradiation and the chemotherapy used. The main cause of the GH deficiency is not yet clear, but we conclude that it may occur in children treated successfully for acute lymphatic leukaemia.", "PMID": 1067058}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5482", "title": "Search for new treatment approaches in schizophrenia: in vitro studies of potential N-methyltransferase inhibitors.", "content": "Partially purified rabbit lung N-methyltransferase (NMT) was used in an in vitro assay to screen various amines and substrate analogs as potential inhibitors, N-Methyltryptamine (NMeT, 10(-3 M) and 14C-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (14C-SAM, 2.5 X 10(-5) M) were used as substrates to form 14C-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (14C-DMT). By thin layer chromatography the product was identified as having the same Rf as authentic DMT. Of 129 compounds studied S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), 2-(2-aminoethyl)-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole dihydrochloride (SKF No62817-A2), DMT, an equimolar mixture of adenosine plus DL-homocysteine, N-(2-aminoethyl)-pyrrolidine, and 2-(2-aminoethyl)-pyridine showed definite inhibitory properties. These constitute potential lead compounds for further research.", "contents": "Search for new treatment approaches in schizophrenia: in vitro studies of potential N-methyltransferase inhibitors. Partially purified rabbit lung N-methyltransferase (NMT) was used in an in vitro assay to screen various amines and substrate analogs as potential inhibitors, N-Methyltryptamine (NMeT, 10(-3 M) and 14C-S-adenosyl-L-methionine (14C-SAM, 2.5 X 10(-5) M) were used as substrates to form 14C-N, N-dimethyltryptamine (14C-DMT). By thin layer chromatography the product was identified as having the same Rf as authentic DMT. Of 129 compounds studied S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), 2-(2-aminoethyl)-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole dihydrochloride (SKF No62817-A2), DMT, an equimolar mixture of adenosine plus DL-homocysteine, N-(2-aminoethyl)-pyrrolidine, and 2-(2-aminoethyl)-pyridine showed definite inhibitory properties. These constitute potential lead compounds for further research.", "PMID": 1067060}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5483", "title": "[Studies on the epidemiology of malignant tumors, systemic diseases and leukemia in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of statistical data on the incidence of leukemia in children in the German Democratic Republic between 1968 and 1973 gives no evidence for increasing risk of disease. Incidence in the G.D.R. is about the same as reported in literature. It seems that in the etiology and natural history of malignant tumors and hemoblastosis in children, constitutional and genetic as well as environmental factors are involved. They may work single or combined. Probably, malignant tumors or malignant systemic disease arise if the immune system fails to destroy endogenous or transplanted tumor cells.", "contents": "[Studies on the epidemiology of malignant tumors, systemic diseases and leukemia in children (author's transl)]. The analysis of statistical data on the incidence of leukemia in children in the German Democratic Republic between 1968 and 1973 gives no evidence for increasing risk of disease. Incidence in the G.D.R. is about the same as reported in literature. It seems that in the etiology and natural history of malignant tumors and hemoblastosis in children, constitutional and genetic as well as environmental factors are involved. They may work single or combined. Probably, malignant tumors or malignant systemic disease arise if the immune system fails to destroy endogenous or transplanted tumor cells.", "PMID": 1067061}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5484", "title": "Dominant inheritance of McArdle syndrome.", "content": "Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle syndrome) is an uncommon condition characterized by exercise intolerance, muscle cramping, and myoglobinuria. Although the original report by McArdle dealt with a sporadic case, subsequent cases reported in the literature show high familial incidence and consanguinity, implying that the defect is transmitted as a rare recessive gene or a possible sex-limited mode of inheritance. The present report describes the clinical, histoenzymatic, and biochemical findings in a 40-year-old woman with myophosphorylase deficiency. The family history reveals that four other members are also affected: an older sister, a younger brother, a 10-year-old son, and her 75-year-old mother, and possibly her maternal grandmother. Because of this particular pattern of direct transmission in this family, a dominant inheritance is postulated.", "contents": "Dominant inheritance of McArdle syndrome. Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle syndrome) is an uncommon condition characterized by exercise intolerance, muscle cramping, and myoglobinuria. Although the original report by McArdle dealt with a sporadic case, subsequent cases reported in the literature show high familial incidence and consanguinity, implying that the defect is transmitted as a rare recessive gene or a possible sex-limited mode of inheritance. The present report describes the clinical, histoenzymatic, and biochemical findings in a 40-year-old woman with myophosphorylase deficiency. The family history reveals that four other members are also affected: an older sister, a younger brother, a 10-year-old son, and her 75-year-old mother, and possibly her maternal grandmother. Because of this particular pattern of direct transmission in this family, a dominant inheritance is postulated.", "PMID": 1067063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5485", "title": "The first 15 years' experience with vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney.", "content": "The first 15 years' experience with vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney is summarized in a retrospective study. Proved ulcer recurrence in 16% of patients, a mortality rate of 2.6%, and a postoperative complication rate of 32% suggest that vagotomy and drainage as the procedure of choice in all patients with chronic and complicated duodenal ulcer should be reconsidered. The delay in recognition of ulcer recurrence and the increase in the number of patients with longer follow-up show disturbing similarities to the recurrence of ulcer after gastroenterostomy alone.", "contents": "The first 15 years' experience with vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney. The first 15 years' experience with vagotomy and drainage for duodenal ulcer at the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney is summarized in a retrospective study. Proved ulcer recurrence in 16% of patients, a mortality rate of 2.6%, and a postoperative complication rate of 32% suggest that vagotomy and drainage as the procedure of choice in all patients with chronic and complicated duodenal ulcer should be reconsidered. The delay in recognition of ulcer recurrence and the increase in the number of patients with longer follow-up show disturbing similarities to the recurrence of ulcer after gastroenterostomy alone.", "PMID": 1067065}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5486", "title": "Postbulbar duodenal ulcer.", "content": "Postbulbar duodenal ulceration is not common, but when present is difficult to diagnose and treat. Between January 1965 and September 1971, 1,080 patients with duodenal ulcers were treated surgically at St James Hospital. Forty-one ulcers were found at operation to lie distal to the duodenal bulb. Pain was the most common indication for surgery. In six-patients it was clinically indistinguishable from biliary pain, giving rise to diagnostic difficulty. Twelve patients (29%) presented with haemorrhage, a percentage similar to the 25% of bulbar ulcers presenting with this complication over the period of this study. This is contrary to the finding in most other series, that postbulbar ulceration is more frequently complicated by haemorrhage than is bulbar ulceration. Perforation and stenosis are uncommon complications. Postbulbar ulceration is easily overlooked in conventional barium studies. Only one-third of the patients subjected to barium meal x-ray examination had their ulcers identified in the first study. In a further third the presence of an ulcer was suspected, and the remainder required multiple investigations for undiagnosed symptoms before the condition was demonstrated. Duodenoscopy was not performed in a sufficient number of patients for its value to be assessed, but other reports indicate that it should be a valuable manoeuvre. The technical difficulties and potential hazards of Polya gastrectomy are discussed and special reference is made to the surgical management of bleeding postbulbar ulcers.", "contents": "Postbulbar duodenal ulcer. Postbulbar duodenal ulceration is not common, but when present is difficult to diagnose and treat. Between January 1965 and September 1971, 1,080 patients with duodenal ulcers were treated surgically at St James Hospital. Forty-one ulcers were found at operation to lie distal to the duodenal bulb. Pain was the most common indication for surgery. In six-patients it was clinically indistinguishable from biliary pain, giving rise to diagnostic difficulty. Twelve patients (29%) presented with haemorrhage, a percentage similar to the 25% of bulbar ulcers presenting with this complication over the period of this study. This is contrary to the finding in most other series, that postbulbar ulceration is more frequently complicated by haemorrhage than is bulbar ulceration. Perforation and stenosis are uncommon complications. Postbulbar ulceration is easily overlooked in conventional barium studies. Only one-third of the patients subjected to barium meal x-ray examination had their ulcers identified in the first study. In a further third the presence of an ulcer was suspected, and the remainder required multiple investigations for undiagnosed symptoms before the condition was demonstrated. Duodenoscopy was not performed in a sufficient number of patients for its value to be assessed, but other reports indicate that it should be a valuable manoeuvre. The technical difficulties and potential hazards of Polya gastrectomy are discussed and special reference is made to the surgical management of bleeding postbulbar ulcers.", "PMID": 1067066}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5487", "title": "Multiple hyperplastic inflammatory polyps complicating quiescent ulcerative colitis.", "content": "A patient with well-controlled and currently asymptomatic ulcerative colitis had II unusually large polypoid lesions in his colon demonstrated by barium enema X-ray examination and colonoscopy. Previous histological descriptions of inflammatory polyps did not adequately describe their morphology, and the term \"hyperplastic inflammatory polyp\" is suggested.", "contents": "Multiple hyperplastic inflammatory polyps complicating quiescent ulcerative colitis. A patient with well-controlled and currently asymptomatic ulcerative colitis had II unusually large polypoid lesions in his colon demonstrated by barium enema X-ray examination and colonoscopy. Previous histological descriptions of inflammatory polyps did not adequately describe their morphology, and the term \"hyperplastic inflammatory polyp\" is suggested.", "PMID": 1067067}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5488", "title": "The Kock continent ileostomy: a preliminary report.", "content": "A review is presented of seven patients who have undergone a continent type of ileostomy, as described by Professor Kock. There has been no mortality. Two of the early patients had considerable difficulty with the functioning of the valve and required re-operation. No patient in the series now wears an external appliance. Six of the seven are fully continent; the seventh reports occasional leakage, but is satisfied with the operation. The operation is considered to be still under trial, but is regarded as having great potential and likely to be much more widely practised in the future.", "contents": "The Kock continent ileostomy: a preliminary report. A review is presented of seven patients who have undergone a continent type of ileostomy, as described by Professor Kock. There has been no mortality. Two of the early patients had considerable difficulty with the functioning of the valve and required re-operation. No patient in the series now wears an external appliance. Six of the seven are fully continent; the seventh reports occasional leakage, but is satisfied with the operation. The operation is considered to be still under trial, but is regarded as having great potential and likely to be much more widely practised in the future.", "PMID": 1067068}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5489", "title": "Closure of colostomy.", "content": "A retrospective review of 110 patients who had their colostomies closed during the period from 1963 to 1973 has been undertaken. Their average age was 64 years. Diverticular disease and colorectal cancer had been the most frequent indications for the colostomy. Wound infection occurred in 36.4% and faecal fistula in 7.3%. These complications occurred less frequently in patients who had antibiotic bowel preparation. The overall mortality rate was 4.5%. Measures to reduce the morbidity and mortality are discussed.", "contents": "Closure of colostomy. A retrospective review of 110 patients who had their colostomies closed during the period from 1963 to 1973 has been undertaken. Their average age was 64 years. Diverticular disease and colorectal cancer had been the most frequent indications for the colostomy. Wound infection occurred in 36.4% and faecal fistula in 7.3%. These complications occurred less frequently in patients who had antibiotic bowel preparation. The overall mortality rate was 4.5%. Measures to reduce the morbidity and mortality are discussed.", "PMID": 1067069}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5490", "title": "Mesenteric venous thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives: a case report.", "content": "Small-bowel infarction resulting from mesenteric venous thrombosis is a rare but life-threatening complication to which young women taking oral contraceptives are liable. The patient characteristically presents with an \"acute abdomen\" after a variable prodromal period of vague abdominal pain. The correct diagnosis can be made from the macroscopic appearance at laparotomy, provided the surgeon is alert to the condition. An accurate diagnosis is important, as anticoagulation measures must be instituted early to counter the commonly associated thromboembolic phenomena.", "contents": "Mesenteric venous thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives: a case report. Small-bowel infarction resulting from mesenteric venous thrombosis is a rare but life-threatening complication to which young women taking oral contraceptives are liable. The patient characteristically presents with an \"acute abdomen\" after a variable prodromal period of vague abdominal pain. The correct diagnosis can be made from the macroscopic appearance at laparotomy, provided the surgeon is alert to the condition. An accurate diagnosis is important, as anticoagulation measures must be instituted early to counter the commonly associated thromboembolic phenomena.", "PMID": 1067070}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5491", "title": "Carcinoid tumours of the biliary tract.", "content": "Data on 13 patients, including two not previously reported, with carcinoid tumours of the biliary tract are reported. In ten of them the primary tumour was located in the gallbladder and in three in the biliary duct. No specific symptoms were recorded, and the carcinoid syndrome has not been reported in carcinoid tumours of the biliary tract. In five patients the tumour was first found at autopsy. Metastases were found in three patients at operation or autopsy. Cholecystography can show either a functioning or a non-functioning gallbladder. Some patients had concretions in the gallbladder. The prognosis appears to be good, and one of the patients reported survived 20 years with metastases.", "contents": "Carcinoid tumours of the biliary tract. Data on 13 patients, including two not previously reported, with carcinoid tumours of the biliary tract are reported. In ten of them the primary tumour was located in the gallbladder and in three in the biliary duct. No specific symptoms were recorded, and the carcinoid syndrome has not been reported in carcinoid tumours of the biliary tract. In five patients the tumour was first found at autopsy. Metastases were found in three patients at operation or autopsy. Cholecystography can show either a functioning or a non-functioning gallbladder. Some patients had concretions in the gallbladder. The prognosis appears to be good, and one of the patients reported survived 20 years with metastases.", "PMID": 1067071}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5492", "title": "The use of a posterior-based tongue flap for the closure of a pharyngocutaneous fistula.", "content": "The closure of a pharyngocutaneous fistula by the use of a posteriorly based tongue flap is described. The use of such a flap for this purpose has not been  previously recorded in the literature.", "contents": "The use of a posterior-based tongue flap for the closure of a pharyngocutaneous fistula. The closure of a pharyngocutaneous fistula by the use of a posteriorly based tongue flap is described. The use of such a flap for this purpose has not been  previously recorded in the literature.", "PMID": 1067072}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5493", "title": "Needle biopsy of bone: a simplified technique.", "content": "By means of a slight modification of a commonly available needle, adequate amounts of bone for histopathology examination have been obtained from deep-seated bones, including vertebral bodies. Forty-one correct diagnoses were made in 51 consecutive cases in which the technique was used.", "contents": "Needle biopsy of bone: a simplified technique. By means of a slight modification of a commonly available needle, adequate amounts of bone for histopathology examination have been obtained from deep-seated bones, including vertebral bodies. Forty-one correct diagnoses were made in 51 consecutive cases in which the technique was used.", "PMID": 1067073}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5494", "title": "Occupational compression of the common peroneal nerve at the neck of the fibula.", "content": "Seven cases of common peroneal nerve compression were seen among farm workers. The symptoms followed working in a sitting position with forward advancement, a position commonly adopted in India for harvesting a crop and hoeing. Motor and sensory impairment was seen in the distribution of the common peroneal nerve, more marked in the distribution of the deep peroneal branch. Motor conduction time, estimated in two cases, was delayed. At exploration, the cause of the compression was found to be a tendinous arch extending along the posterior border of the peroneus longus, and curving backwards and upwards along the lateral border of the soleus. Excision of this arch, with elimination of the origin of the upper part of the peroneus longus, led to disappearance of the neurological deficits.", "contents": "Occupational compression of the common peroneal nerve at the neck of the fibula. Seven cases of common peroneal nerve compression were seen among farm workers. The symptoms followed working in a sitting position with forward advancement, a position commonly adopted in India for harvesting a crop and hoeing. Motor and sensory impairment was seen in the distribution of the common peroneal nerve, more marked in the distribution of the deep peroneal branch. Motor conduction time, estimated in two cases, was delayed. At exploration, the cause of the compression was found to be a tendinous arch extending along the posterior border of the peroneus longus, and curving backwards and upwards along the lateral border of the soleus. Excision of this arch, with elimination of the origin of the upper part of the peroneus longus, led to disappearance of the neurological deficits.", "PMID": 1067074}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5495", "title": "The management of vertebral artery insufficiency in cervical spondylosis: a modified technique.", "content": "Vertebrobasilar insufficiency may on rare occasions be caused by cervical spondylotic spurs. These can be cured by a minor procedure, and a plea is made for avoidance of fusion in such patients.", "contents": "The management of vertebral artery insufficiency in cervical spondylosis: a modified technique. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency may on rare occasions be caused by cervical spondylotic spurs. These can be cured by a minor procedure, and a plea is made for avoidance of fusion in such patients.", "PMID": 1067075}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5496", "title": "Chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly.", "content": "A series of 20 patients over the age of 60 years, all suffering from chronic subdural haemotoma, is reviewed. Factors leading to diagnostic errors are emphasized. Burr-hole aspiration supplemented by adequate measures to aid in reexpansion of the brain remains the primary choice of treatment in this condition.", "contents": "Chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly. A series of 20 patients over the age of 60 years, all suffering from chronic subdural haemotoma, is reviewed. Factors leading to diagnostic errors are emphasized. Burr-hole aspiration supplemented by adequate measures to aid in reexpansion of the brain remains the primary choice of treatment in this condition.", "PMID": 1067076}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5497", "title": "Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis.", "content": "A group of 71 patients with myasthenia gravis is reviewed. All were initially managed medically, and 18 underwent thymectomy. Twenty-three responded poorly to drug treatment, and seven died from respiratory failure. In contrast, thymectomy was beneficial in 16 of the 18 who were subjected to operation. Seven patients had significant postoperative respiratory complications, and nine required a tracheostomy. Thymectomy appears to be effective and safe and to be indicated in young patients with early disease, and in patients who do not respond to drug treatment. The transcervical approach to thymectomy was satisfactory on two occasions.", "contents": "Thymectomy for myasthenia gravis. A group of 71 patients with myasthenia gravis is reviewed. All were initially managed medically, and 18 underwent thymectomy. Twenty-three responded poorly to drug treatment, and seven died from respiratory failure. In contrast, thymectomy was beneficial in 16 of the 18 who were subjected to operation. Seven patients had significant postoperative respiratory complications, and nine required a tracheostomy. Thymectomy appears to be effective and safe and to be indicated in young patients with early disease, and in patients who do not respond to drug treatment. The transcervical approach to thymectomy was satisfactory on two occasions.", "PMID": 1067077}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5498", "title": "Granulomatous mastitis.", "content": "Granulomatous mastitis is a benign mammary lesion, which clinically can closely simulate breast cancer. The condition has only recently been recognized, less than a dozen cases being recorded in the English literature. Two further cases are presented, the histological features are illustrated, and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Granulomatous mastitis. Granulomatous mastitis is a benign mammary lesion, which clinically can closely simulate breast cancer. The condition has only recently been recognized, less than a dozen cases being recorded in the English literature. Two further cases are presented, the histological features are illustrated, and the literature is reviewed.", "PMID": 1067078}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5499", "title": "Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart: a case report, with autopsy.", "content": "A case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart in a 45-year-old man is reported. The diagnosis was suspected because of refractory congestive cardiac failure, a bulge on the left cardiac border, and was confirmed histologically at necropsy.", "contents": "Primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart: a case report, with autopsy. A case of rhabdomyosarcoma of the heart in a 45-year-old man is reported. The diagnosis was suspected because of refractory congestive cardiac failure, a bulge on the left cardiac border, and was confirmed histologically at necropsy.", "PMID": 1067079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5500", "title": "Secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. An unusual cause of arthritis in childhood.", "content": "Although an uncommon occurrence in childhood, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy secondary to tumors- most commonly to osteogenic sarcoma with pulmonary metastasis-may cause severe join pain and swelling. The syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute arthritis in childhood", "contents": "Secondary hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. An unusual cause of arthritis in childhood. Although an uncommon occurrence in childhood, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy secondary to tumors- most commonly to osteogenic sarcoma with pulmonary metastasis-may cause severe join pain and swelling. The syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute arthritis in childhood", "PMID": 1067092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5501", "title": "Granulocyte function in chronic granulocytic leukemia. II. Bactericidal capacity, phagocytic rate, oxygen consumption, and granule protein composition in isolated granulocytes.", "content": "The initial rate of phagocytosis, oxygen consumption rate during phagocytosis, bactericidal capacity against Escherichia coli, and the granule protein composition of isolated mature-appearing granulocytes were studied in 23 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) with the simultaneous use of normal controls. The initial rate of phagocytosis was decreased (p less than 0.05) in the CGL patient group, as were oxygen consumption rate (p less than 0.001) and bactericidal capacity (p less than 0.001). Kinetic analysis of the ingestion rate showed CGL granulocytes to have the same capacity to bind the particles as normal granulocytes. Both specific and primary granule protein deficiencies were shown for CGL granulocytes, and these deficiencies were more pronounced at or near blast cell transformation. Analysis of all different granulocyte function parameters showed an inverse correlation to white blood cell counts (p less than 0.01) and to the percentage of immature granulocytes in peripheral blood (p less than 0.001). The leukocytosis doubling time was progressively shortened during the chronic course of the disease. A correlation was found between granulocyte function parameters and leukocytosis doubling time (p less than 0.001), indicating that granulocyte function was progressively deteriorating during chronic phase CGL, and may be an expression of increasing disturbance of the differentiation process.", "contents": "Granulocyte function in chronic granulocytic leukemia. II. Bactericidal capacity, phagocytic rate, oxygen consumption, and granule protein composition in isolated granulocytes. The initial rate of phagocytosis, oxygen consumption rate during phagocytosis, bactericidal capacity against Escherichia coli, and the granule protein composition of isolated mature-appearing granulocytes were studied in 23 patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia (CGL) with the simultaneous use of normal controls. The initial rate of phagocytosis was decreased (p less than 0.05) in the CGL patient group, as were oxygen consumption rate (p less than 0.001) and bactericidal capacity (p less than 0.001). Kinetic analysis of the ingestion rate showed CGL granulocytes to have the same capacity to bind the particles as normal granulocytes. Both specific and primary granule protein deficiencies were shown for CGL granulocytes, and these deficiencies were more pronounced at or near blast cell transformation. Analysis of all different granulocyte function parameters showed an inverse correlation to white blood cell counts (p less than 0.01) and to the percentage of immature granulocytes in peripheral blood (p less than 0.001). The leukocytosis doubling time was progressively shortened during the chronic course of the disease. A correlation was found between granulocyte function parameters and leukocytosis doubling time (p less than 0.001), indicating that granulocyte function was progressively deteriorating during chronic phase CGL, and may be an expression of increasing disturbance of the differentiation process.", "PMID": 1067128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5502", "title": "Contamination and resterilization of the Bain circuit.", "content": "Fifty Bain circuits were tested for contamination following single patient use. A contamination rate of 8 per cent was found. Two methods of resterilization were examined. Sterilization by activated glutaraldehyde proved unsatisfactory, while ethylene oxide sterilization was found to be an effective method which produced no detectable adverse physical or chemical alterations of the circuits.", "contents": "Contamination and resterilization of the Bain circuit. Fifty Bain circuits were tested for contamination following single patient use. A contamination rate of 8 per cent was found. Two methods of resterilization were examined. Sterilization by activated glutaraldehyde proved unsatisfactory, while ethylene oxide sterilization was found to be an effective method which produced no detectable adverse physical or chemical alterations of the circuits.", "PMID": 1067140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5503", "title": "Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease): report of a family.", "content": "The clinical and biochemical findings are presented of two brothers suffering from McArdle's Disease (Myophosphorylase Deficiency). Tissue enzyme estimations and lactate levels were done in affected and non-affected members of the family. Affected members showed absence of phosphorylase enzyme by histochemical and quantitative estimation. No quantitative abnormalities were found in other enzyme systems of glycolytic pathways in the family investigated. Various other aspects of clinical features, biochemical abnormalities and inheritance are discussed.", "contents": "Myophosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease): report of a family. The clinical and biochemical findings are presented of two brothers suffering from McArdle's Disease (Myophosphorylase Deficiency). Tissue enzyme estimations and lactate levels were done in affected and non-affected members of the family. Affected members showed absence of phosphorylase enzyme by histochemical and quantitative estimation. No quantitative abnormalities were found in other enzyme systems of glycolytic pathways in the family investigated. Various other aspects of clinical features, biochemical abnormalities and inheritance are discussed.", "PMID": 1067141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5504", "title": "Cephalometric comparisons of the results of the Wardill-Kilner and Von Langenbeck palatoplasties.", "content": "Two groups of individuals with isolated clefts of the palate were compared. One group had had the Von Langenbeck procedure performed at the University of Iowa and the other the V/W-Y (Wardill-Kilner) procedure performed in Denmark. All individuals in both groups were Caucasians. In order to avoid the influence of any possible ethnic differences on the interpretation of the results, each cleft group was initially compared to a matched non-cleft group from the same geographical area. Differences were then statistically evaluated using the Student t-test. The incidence of malocclusion in the two operated groups was compared using Chi Square. Different landmarks were pricked on duplicate cephalograms. Nine angular and four linear parameters were measured. Two ratios derived from these linear parameters were also computed. The results of this study tend to indicate that these two procedures have similar effects upon antero-posterior and vertical growth of the craniofacial complex as determined from cephalometric roentgenograms. While there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of malocclusion, the need for a detailed study of the effects of different palatoplasties on dental occlusion was emphasized. Speech results and dental occlusion emerge as critical factors in the evaluation of the effects of these two surgical techniques.", "contents": "Cephalometric comparisons of the results of the Wardill-Kilner and Von Langenbeck palatoplasties. Two groups of individuals with isolated clefts of the palate were compared. One group had had the Von Langenbeck procedure performed at the University of Iowa and the other the V/W-Y (Wardill-Kilner) procedure performed in Denmark. All individuals in both groups were Caucasians. In order to avoid the influence of any possible ethnic differences on the interpretation of the results, each cleft group was initially compared to a matched non-cleft group from the same geographical area. Differences were then statistically evaluated using the Student t-test. The incidence of malocclusion in the two operated groups was compared using Chi Square. Different landmarks were pricked on duplicate cephalograms. Nine angular and four linear parameters were measured. Two ratios derived from these linear parameters were also computed. The results of this study tend to indicate that these two procedures have similar effects upon antero-posterior and vertical growth of the craniofacial complex as determined from cephalometric roentgenograms. While there were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of malocclusion, the need for a detailed study of the effects of different palatoplasties on dental occlusion was emphasized. Speech results and dental occlusion emerge as critical factors in the evaluation of the effects of these two surgical techniques.", "PMID": 1067143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5505", "title": "A radioautographic study of chondrocytic proliferation in nasal septal cartilage of the prenatal rat.", "content": "Six pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were labeled with tritiated thymidine and killed, one each day, during the terminal six days of pregnancy. Nasal septal cartilages of five pups from each litter (a total of pups in all) were monitored radioautographically for cellular proliferation. It was found that chondrocytes were moderately active mitotically on gestational day 16, showing 12.1 grains per microscopic field. Activity increased sharply the following day (16.5 grains/field) then declined slightly on day 18 to a 16.1 count. There was a marked drop on both the 19th and 20th days (13.1 and 10.3 grains/field respectively) followed by a leveling off on the 21st day (9.3 grains/field). No specific location in the septal cartilage could be identified as a growth center. The area of highest proliferative activity varied from day to day, being seen in the nasal tip on day 16, centered in the middle two-thirds of the cartilage twenty-four hours later, then moving caudally to the posterior one-half the following day (day 18). On day 19, a final shift back to the middle of the septum was observed. It was impossible to identify an active zone anywhere within the septum of either the 20- or the 21-day prenatal rat.", "contents": "A radioautographic study of chondrocytic proliferation in nasal septal cartilage of the prenatal rat. Six pregnant female Sprague-Dawley rats were labeled with tritiated thymidine and killed, one each day, during the terminal six days of pregnancy. Nasal septal cartilages of five pups from each litter (a total of pups in all) were monitored radioautographically for cellular proliferation. It was found that chondrocytes were moderately active mitotically on gestational day 16, showing 12.1 grains per microscopic field. Activity increased sharply the following day (16.5 grains/field) then declined slightly on day 18 to a 16.1 count. There was a marked drop on both the 19th and 20th days (13.1 and 10.3 grains/field respectively) followed by a leveling off on the 21st day (9.3 grains/field). No specific location in the septal cartilage could be identified as a growth center. The area of highest proliferative activity varied from day to day, being seen in the nasal tip on day 16, centered in the middle two-thirds of the cartilage twenty-four hours later, then moving caudally to the posterior one-half the following day (day 18). On day 19, a final shift back to the middle of the septum was observed. It was impossible to identify an active zone anywhere within the septum of either the 20- or the 21-day prenatal rat.", "PMID": 1067144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5506", "title": "Bilateral congenital choanal atresia and absence of respiratory distress.", "content": "Bilateral congenital choanal atresia is considered a lethal congenital malformation in an obligatory nasal breathing neonate. Described herein are two cases of bilateral choanal atresia associated with craniofacial anomalies who did not present respiratory distress in the neonatal period. Our first patient had a complete unilateral cleft lip which facilitated oropharyngeal respiration. The second patient presented wory distress in the neonatal period by providing an oropharyngeal airway.", "contents": "Bilateral congenital choanal atresia and absence of respiratory distress. Bilateral congenital choanal atresia is considered a lethal congenital malformation in an obligatory nasal breathing neonate. Described herein are two cases of bilateral choanal atresia associated with craniofacial anomalies who did not present respiratory distress in the neonatal period. Our first patient had a complete unilateral cleft lip which facilitated oropharyngeal respiration. The second patient presented wory distress in the neonatal period by providing an oropharyngeal airway.", "PMID": 1067145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5507", "title": "\"Basket suspension\" as an adjunct to tongue flap closure of hard palate defects.", "content": "Proper suspension of a tongue flap is necessary to prevent detachment and allow proper healing when used to repair palatal fistulae. Our use of an aluminum suspension basket to prevent flap tension and motion has facilitated inset of the flap resulting in healing per primum in 31 consecutive patients.", "contents": "\"Basket suspension\" as an adjunct to tongue flap closure of hard palate defects. Proper suspension of a tongue flap is necessary to prevent detachment and allow proper healing when used to repair palatal fistulae. Our use of an aluminum suspension basket to prevent flap tension and motion has facilitated inset of the flap resulting in healing per primum in 31 consecutive patients.", "PMID": 1067146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5508", "title": "Cleft palate and congenital palatopharyngeal incompetency in mandibulofacial dysostosis: frequency and problems in treatment.", "content": "In a series of 25 cases of mandibulofacial dysostosis, 7 patients had isolated clefts of the palate, 1 had a complete unilateral cleft of the lip and palate, and 8 had congenital palatopharyngeal incompetency (CPI). The CPI appeared in four forms: (a) complete agenesis of the soft palate, (b) foreshortening of the soft palate associated with a submucous defect of the hard palate, (c) submucous defect of the hard palate with adequate palatal length but inadequate elevation in speech, and (d) lack of adequate palatal elevation in the absence of a submucous defect or reduced length of the soft palate. Inadequate velopharyngeal function, whether congenital or subsequent to palatal repair, may be masked by the presence of other speech problems in this syndrome, particularly by the \"muffled\" voice quality which appears to be associated with an elevated and retracted tongue posture. Both prosthetic and surgical treatment of inadequate velopharyngeal function are complicated in patients with MFD by other structural anomalies, particularly inadequate oral opening and constriction of the airway.", "contents": "Cleft palate and congenital palatopharyngeal incompetency in mandibulofacial dysostosis: frequency and problems in treatment. In a series of 25 cases of mandibulofacial dysostosis, 7 patients had isolated clefts of the palate, 1 had a complete unilateral cleft of the lip and palate, and 8 had congenital palatopharyngeal incompetency (CPI). The CPI appeared in four forms: (a) complete agenesis of the soft palate, (b) foreshortening of the soft palate associated with a submucous defect of the hard palate, (c) submucous defect of the hard palate with adequate palatal length but inadequate elevation in speech, and (d) lack of adequate palatal elevation in the absence of a submucous defect or reduced length of the soft palate. Inadequate velopharyngeal function, whether congenital or subsequent to palatal repair, may be masked by the presence of other speech problems in this syndrome, particularly by the \"muffled\" voice quality which appears to be associated with an elevated and retracted tongue posture. Both prosthetic and surgical treatment of inadequate velopharyngeal function are complicated in patients with MFD by other structural anomalies, particularly inadequate oral opening and constriction of the airway.", "PMID": 1067147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5509", "title": "The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test as a measure of intelligence in children with palatal problems.", "content": "The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children were administered to 33 children with palate problems. The correlations between PPVT and Wechsler IQ's ranged from .45 to .50 indicating that the Peabody is only a moderately good predictor of WISC scores in this population and suggesting that its utility in cleft palate children is limited. Additional data on the PPVT-WISC relationships are also presented and discussed.", "contents": "The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test as a measure of intelligence in children with palatal problems. The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children were administered to 33 children with palate problems. The correlations between PPVT and Wechsler IQ's ranged from .45 to .50 indicating that the Peabody is only a moderately good predictor of WISC scores in this population and suggesting that its utility in cleft palate children is limited. Additional data on the PPVT-WISC relationships are also presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1067148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5510", "title": "Neonatal intensive care unit: basic equipment needs.", "content": "Intelligent selection and use of neonatal equipment are essential for quality care. Desirable features of monitors, ventilators, and diagnostic-therapeutic equipment are elucidated.", "contents": "Neonatal intensive care unit: basic equipment needs. Intelligent selection and use of neonatal equipment are essential for quality care. Desirable features of monitors, ventilators, and diagnostic-therapeutic equipment are elucidated.", "PMID": 1067149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5511", "title": "A 2-year retrospective study of demand for dental care from Scottish school leavers.", "content": "After leaving school young adults in the United Kingdom are no longer eligible to receive care from the School Dental Service. Patients who have previously been treated by the Service are obliged to seek care elsewhere. The aim of the study was to see how effectively a group of Scottish school leavers coped with the change. The study population was 912 school leavers. The method depended upon a retrospective study of clinical records relating to the year before leaving school and the following year. During the last year at school, 48% of the subjects received treatment from three sources: 30% were treated by a general practitioner, 19% by the school service and 2% by the hospital service. During the 2nd year of the study, 69% of those who had earlier been treated by a general practitioner again requested dental care compared with only 40% of those who had earlier been treated by the school service and 30% of those who had not sought dental care during their last year at school. Recommendations are made for encouraging an increased demand for care from those who have formerly been treated by the school service.", "contents": "A 2-year retrospective study of demand for dental care from Scottish school leavers. After leaving school young adults in the United Kingdom are no longer eligible to receive care from the School Dental Service. Patients who have previously been treated by the Service are obliged to seek care elsewhere. The aim of the study was to see how effectively a group of Scottish school leavers coped with the change. The study population was 912 school leavers. The method depended upon a retrospective study of clinical records relating to the year before leaving school and the following year. During the last year at school, 48% of the subjects received treatment from three sources: 30% were treated by a general practitioner, 19% by the school service and 2% by the hospital service. During the 2nd year of the study, 69% of those who had earlier been treated by a general practitioner again requested dental care compared with only 40% of those who had earlier been treated by the school service and 30% of those who had not sought dental care during their last year at school. Recommendations are made for encouraging an increased demand for care from those who have formerly been treated by the school service.", "PMID": 1067150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5512", "title": "Public attitudes concerning water fluoridation in Denmark.", "content": "Attitudes towards water fluoridation were assessed in a national probability sample of 1,600 adult Danes. 23% favored and 48% opposed water fluoridation while 29% didn't know. Differences in opinion were found in relation to sex and age, occupation, residence, and dental behavior. Compared with an earlier Danish study, a shift towards more expressed opposition to water fluoridation seems to have taken place.", "contents": "Public attitudes concerning water fluoridation in Denmark. Attitudes towards water fluoridation were assessed in a national probability sample of 1,600 adult Danes. 23% favored and 48% opposed water fluoridation while 29% didn't know. Differences in opinion were found in relation to sex and age, occupation, residence, and dental behavior. Compared with an earlier Danish study, a shift towards more expressed opposition to water fluoridation seems to have taken place.", "PMID": 1067151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5513", "title": "Effectiveness of a dental education program on oral cleanliness of schoolchildren in Israel.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a dental health education program providing dental health information and toothbrushing instruction on oral cleanliness. Two methods of instruction, individual and group instruction, are presented in this study. The plaque situation was assessed in a group of 175 children, 11-14 years of age, by the Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) method at the beginning of the study and at 1, 2, and 12 months. It was found that immediately after instruction the dental health education program resulted in improved oral hygiene home care for the two experimental groups. However, the improvement noted was achieved regardless of the method of toothbrushing instruction (individual versus group). Moreover, it was demonstrated that maintenance of a satisfactory level of oral hygiene home care was dependent upon review of educational programs and toothbrushing instruction and not related to the method of instruction.", "contents": "Effectiveness of a dental education program on oral cleanliness of schoolchildren in Israel. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a dental health education program providing dental health information and toothbrushing instruction on oral cleanliness. Two methods of instruction, individual and group instruction, are presented in this study. The plaque situation was assessed in a group of 175 children, 11-14 years of age, by the Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP) method at the beginning of the study and at 1, 2, and 12 months. It was found that immediately after instruction the dental health education program resulted in improved oral hygiene home care for the two experimental groups. However, the improvement noted was achieved regardless of the method of toothbrushing instruction (individual versus group). Moreover, it was demonstrated that maintenance of a satisfactory level of oral hygiene home care was dependent upon review of educational programs and toothbrushing instruction and not related to the method of instruction.", "PMID": 1067152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5514", "title": "The effect of professional toothcleansing on gingivitis and dental caries in children after 1 year.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of professional mechanical toothcleansing on plaque, gingivitis, and dental caries in young children with a high caries experience. Seventy-eight children, 7 years of age, were stratified according to presence or absence of smooth surface lesions on the permanent teeth and subsequently randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was given a thorough mechanical toothcleansing every 2 weeks. After 12 months a statistically significant difference in plaque accumulation and a minor difference in level of gingival inflammation could be demonstrated between the two groups. The incidence of dental caries in permanent teeth present at both examinations was 70% lower in the experimental group. The effect on permanent teeth erupting during the study and on primary teeth present at both examinations was not statistically significant.", "contents": "The effect of professional toothcleansing on gingivitis and dental caries in children after 1 year. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of professional mechanical toothcleansing on plaque, gingivitis, and dental caries in young children with a high caries experience. Seventy-eight children, 7 years of age, were stratified according to presence or absence of smooth surface lesions on the permanent teeth and subsequently randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was given a thorough mechanical toothcleansing every 2 weeks. After 12 months a statistically significant difference in plaque accumulation and a minor difference in level of gingival inflammation could be demonstrated between the two groups. The incidence of dental caries in permanent teeth present at both examinations was 70% lower in the experimental group. The effect on permanent teeth erupting during the study and on primary teeth present at both examinations was not statistically significant.", "PMID": 1067153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5515", "title": "Retention and effectiveness of a chemically polymerized pit and fissure sealant after 12 months.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the retention and effectiveness of a bis-GMA type of fissure sealant which polymerizes after conventional mixing of the two catalyst/activator components (Concise Enamel Bond System). Unilateral sealing of homologous pairs of permanent first molars was carried out by a dental hygienist. Of the 451 sealed sites sealant was present in 73%, partly missing in 8%, and completely missing in 18% after 1 year. The effectiveness of the treatment in preventing occlusal caries was highly significant and the caries reduction was found to be about 70%. A strong relationship between status of sealant and occlusal decay was demonstrated. The shortcomings of the half-mouth design when evaluating sealants as a caries-preventive measure in public dental health programs are discussed.", "contents": "Retention and effectiveness of a chemically polymerized pit and fissure sealant after 12 months. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the retention and effectiveness of a bis-GMA type of fissure sealant which polymerizes after conventional mixing of the two catalyst/activator components (Concise Enamel Bond System). Unilateral sealing of homologous pairs of permanent first molars was carried out by a dental hygienist. Of the 451 sealed sites sealant was present in 73%, partly missing in 8%, and completely missing in 18% after 1 year. The effectiveness of the treatment in preventing occlusal caries was highly significant and the caries reduction was found to be about 70%. A strong relationship between status of sealant and occlusal decay was demonstrated. The shortcomings of the half-mouth design when evaluating sealants as a caries-preventive measure in public dental health programs are discussed.", "PMID": 1067154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5516", "title": "Reproducibility of response to a questionnaire on symptoms of masticatory dysfunction.", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to check the reproducibility of answers to multiple-choice questions used in a questionnaire. The questionnaire was concerned with symptoms in patients with dysfunction of the masticatory system. Five main types of questions were tested by repetition within 1 week by 98 patients. Comparisons were also made between questionnaire data and clinical findings. The interval between the questionnaire and the clinical examination was 1 week. The best reproducibility was found for answers to a question about previous joint radiography, which was the simplest question with the fewest alternatives. The second best was found for a question about the duration of the symptoms referable to the masticatory system. The poorest reproducibility was noted for a question about masticatory muscle pain. The comparison between the questionnaire data and clinical findings showed the best agreement for joint sounds. The reported pain symptoms and palpatory tenderness seem to be different entities.", "contents": "Reproducibility of response to a questionnaire on symptoms of masticatory dysfunction. The aim of the present investigation was to check the reproducibility of answers to multiple-choice questions used in a questionnaire. The questionnaire was concerned with symptoms in patients with dysfunction of the masticatory system. Five main types of questions were tested by repetition within 1 week by 98 patients. Comparisons were also made between questionnaire data and clinical findings. The interval between the questionnaire and the clinical examination was 1 week. The best reproducibility was found for answers to a question about previous joint radiography, which was the simplest question with the fewest alternatives. The second best was found for a question about the duration of the symptoms referable to the masticatory system. The poorest reproducibility was noted for a question about masticatory muscle pain. The comparison between the questionnaire data and clinical findings showed the best agreement for joint sounds. The reported pain symptoms and palpatory tenderness seem to be different entities.", "PMID": 1067155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5517", "title": "Associations between the total fluoride content of dental plaque and individual caries experience in Australian children.", "content": "Individual caries experience (DMFT) and the total fluoride content of dental plaque were determined for 72 schoolchildren, aged 9.7-13.0 years, lifelong residents in one of three New South Wales towns, where the fluoride levels of the reticulated water supplies were: Katoomba, less than 0.1 parts/10(6); Sydney, 1.0 parts/10(6) for 4 years; and Yass, 1.0 parts/10(6) for 16 years, prior to sampling. The mean fluoride content of plaque in Sydney (22.6, s.d. = +/- 16.8 parts/10(6)) and Yass (25.6, s.d. = +/- 16.4 parts/10(6)) differed significantly (t = 2.27, P less than 0.05 and t = 3.30, P less than 0.02, respectively) from that in Katoomba (13.5, s.d. = +/- 8.3 parts/10(6)). Significant inverse associations were demonstrated between total plaque fluoride and individual caries experience (DMFT) in Sydney (r = -0.45, P less than 0.025) and overall (r = -0.28, P less than 0.010). Inverse trends were established between plaque quantity (dry weight of plaque collected) and fluoride levels. No associations could be demonstrated between fluoride treatment (dentifrice, tablets or topical application) and plaque fluoride, DMFT or plaque quantity.", "contents": "Associations between the total fluoride content of dental plaque and individual caries experience in Australian children. Individual caries experience (DMFT) and the total fluoride content of dental plaque were determined for 72 schoolchildren, aged 9.7-13.0 years, lifelong residents in one of three New South Wales towns, where the fluoride levels of the reticulated water supplies were: Katoomba, less than 0.1 parts/10(6); Sydney, 1.0 parts/10(6) for 4 years; and Yass, 1.0 parts/10(6) for 16 years, prior to sampling. The mean fluoride content of plaque in Sydney (22.6, s.d. = +/- 16.8 parts/10(6)) and Yass (25.6, s.d. = +/- 16.4 parts/10(6)) differed significantly (t = 2.27, P less than 0.05 and t = 3.30, P less than 0.02, respectively) from that in Katoomba (13.5, s.d. = +/- 8.3 parts/10(6)). Significant inverse associations were demonstrated between total plaque fluoride and individual caries experience (DMFT) in Sydney (r = -0.45, P less than 0.025) and overall (r = -0.28, P less than 0.010). Inverse trends were established between plaque quantity (dry weight of plaque collected) and fluoride levels. No associations could be demonstrated between fluoride treatment (dentifrice, tablets or topical application) and plaque fluoride, DMFT or plaque quantity.", "PMID": 1067156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5518", "title": "Treatment of adult acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia using intermittent combination chemotherapy with daunomycin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine and prednisolone-DCMP two step therapy.", "content": "A regime of treatment of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia in adult, employing DMCP protocol, especially two step method consisting of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine and prednisolone is described. Out of 32 adult patients with ANLL treated with DCMP regime 26 (81.3%) achieved complete remission. The median durations of complete remission and survival were 53 weeks and 54 weeks, respectively. The longest duration of complete remission was more than 220 weeks, and 3 cases are still maintaining initial complete remission more than 3 years.", "contents": "Treatment of adult acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia using intermittent combination chemotherapy with daunomycin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine and prednisolone-DCMP two step therapy. A regime of treatment of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia in adult, employing DMCP protocol, especially two step method consisting of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-mercaptopurine and prednisolone is described. Out of 32 adult patients with ANLL treated with DCMP regime 26 (81.3%) achieved complete remission. The median durations of complete remission and survival were 53 weeks and 54 weeks, respectively. The longest duration of complete remission was more than 220 weeks, and 3 cases are still maintaining initial complete remission more than 3 years.", "PMID": 1067159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5519", "title": "Unsuspected pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicating acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "A patient with acute myelogenous leukemia developed pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in the terminal phase of the leukemia. The diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was unsuspected during life and was established only at autopsy. Other reported cases of the same association are reviewed. This report serves to stress the importance of considering the diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in malignant hematologic diseases and the need for hematologic evaluations in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.", "contents": "Unsuspected pulmonary alveolar proteinosis complicating acute myelogenous leukemia. A patient with acute myelogenous leukemia developed pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in the terminal phase of the leukemia. The diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis was unsuspected during life and was established only at autopsy. Other reported cases of the same association are reviewed. This report serves to stress the importance of considering the diagnosis of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in malignant hematologic diseases and the need for hematologic evaluations in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.", "PMID": 1067172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5520", "title": "Tooth migration during the transitional dentition.", "content": "Posteruptive tooth migration between 6 and 14 years involves both total arch displacement and intra-alveolar tooth movement. Central incisors, canines, and permanent first molars all drift forward within the alveolar bone. The molars, and to a lesser extent the incisors, drift occlusally. With respect to lingual arch contour, lateral movement of molars and canines is negligible.", "contents": "Tooth migration during the transitional dentition. Posteruptive tooth migration between 6 and 14 years involves both total arch displacement and intra-alveolar tooth movement. Central incisors, canines, and permanent first molars all drift forward within the alveolar bone. The molars, and to a lesser extent the incisors, drift occlusally. With respect to lingual arch contour, lateral movement of molars and canines is negligible.", "PMID": 1067199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5521", "title": "The motor system: a clinical appraisal.", "content": "A tongue thrust myofunctional therapy program has been presented which is uniquely successful because of proper timing, patient selection, and conceptual simplicity. A very small percentage of orthodontic patients should undergo myofunctional therapy. Tongue thrusters in the mixed dentition stage are not proper candidates for myofunctional therapy. The incident of tongue thrust in population samples decreases progressively until about the age of 12. Many openbite malocclusions are treatable without myofunctional therapy. Because a large number of tongue thrusters are only adapting to malocclusions, we do not become concerned until the tongue is interfering with mechanics. The percentage is usually quite small. Patients completing orthodontic treatment are easily motivated because they want their bands off. We are changing funcion at a time when mechanical therapy is changing form. There is a synergism between the effects of mechanical and myofunctional treatment. At this stage if the tongue does interfere with mechanics, myofunctional training is essential. Omission of such training will, in all likelihood, lead to partial or complete failure of the treatment program. When myofunctional therapy is necessary, the program should be simple and direct. The importance of bolus control in a peripheral seal during the voluntary movements in preparation for swallowing cannot be overemphasized. The myofunctional program presented teaches the patient the necessary bolus control in peripheral seal swallowing in a very direct manner. Myofunctional training really does not teach correct swallowing but instead teaches the voluntary movements of preswallowing. When the patient learns correct preswallowing, the involuntary movements of deglutition adapt to the new correct preswallowing movements and posture. Myofunctional therapy is essential for the successful treatment of a small percentage of orthodontic patients. If only those patients who really need it are treated, and if this treatment is kept simple and direct, then myofunctional therapy need not place a disproportionate drain on resources.", "contents": "The motor system: a clinical appraisal. A tongue thrust myofunctional therapy program has been presented which is uniquely successful because of proper timing, patient selection, and conceptual simplicity. A very small percentage of orthodontic patients should undergo myofunctional therapy. Tongue thrusters in the mixed dentition stage are not proper candidates for myofunctional therapy. The incident of tongue thrust in population samples decreases progressively until about the age of 12. Many openbite malocclusions are treatable without myofunctional therapy. Because a large number of tongue thrusters are only adapting to malocclusions, we do not become concerned until the tongue is interfering with mechanics. The percentage is usually quite small. Patients completing orthodontic treatment are easily motivated because they want their bands off. We are changing funcion at a time when mechanical therapy is changing form. There is a synergism between the effects of mechanical and myofunctional treatment. At this stage if the tongue does interfere with mechanics, myofunctional training is essential. Omission of such training will, in all likelihood, lead to partial or complete failure of the treatment program. When myofunctional therapy is necessary, the program should be simple and direct. The importance of bolus control in a peripheral seal during the voluntary movements in preparation for swallowing cannot be overemphasized. The myofunctional program presented teaches the patient the necessary bolus control in peripheral seal swallowing in a very direct manner. Myofunctional training really does not teach correct swallowing but instead teaches the voluntary movements of preswallowing. When the patient learns correct preswallowing, the involuntary movements of deglutition adapt to the new correct preswallowing movements and posture. Myofunctional therapy is essential for the successful treatment of a small percentage of orthodontic patients. If only those patients who really need it are treated, and if this treatment is kept simple and direct, then myofunctional therapy need not place a disproportionate drain on resources.", "PMID": 1067201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5522", "title": "The maintenance system and occlusal dynamics.", "content": "We have discussed the maintenance system and its relationship to occlusal dynamics and occlusion function. The premise has been set forth that to avoid untoward sequelae post-orthodontically in the areas of relapse of tooth positions, occlusal wear, periodontal disease, and temporomandibular pain-dysfunction, it is best to have an occlusion free from centric and excursive interferences. The practical approach to the desired goal for the orthodontist lies in an understanding and familiarity of occlusal dynamics that allows him to look at detailing of tooth positions with insight into their ramifications from a functional standpoint. The insight can only be gained by hard work and self-discipline in the study of occlusion. A knowledge of these concepts will alert the orthodontist ot the true severity of the cases he is treating, allow him to position teeth so as not to create problems and , lastly, to be able to competently handle those cases that do develop posttreatment problems.", "contents": "The maintenance system and occlusal dynamics. We have discussed the maintenance system and its relationship to occlusal dynamics and occlusion function. The premise has been set forth that to avoid untoward sequelae post-orthodontically in the areas of relapse of tooth positions, occlusal wear, periodontal disease, and temporomandibular pain-dysfunction, it is best to have an occlusion free from centric and excursive interferences. The practical approach to the desired goal for the orthodontist lies in an understanding and familiarity of occlusal dynamics that allows him to look at detailing of tooth positions with insight into their ramifications from a functional standpoint. The insight can only be gained by hard work and self-discipline in the study of occlusion. A knowledge of these concepts will alert the orthodontist ot the true severity of the cases he is treating, allow him to position teeth so as not to create problems and , lastly, to be able to competently handle those cases that do develop posttreatment problems.", "PMID": 1067207}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5523", "title": "Abundancy and diversity of mRNA sequences in human leukocytes.", "content": "The messenger RNA populations in two haematopoietic tissues were compared with respect to number of different sequences present and their relative abundancies. This was accomplished by hybridising complementary DNA to the cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA from which it was transcribed and to heterologous polyadenylated RNA. The hybridisation kinetics were essentially the same in the homologous hybridisation. However, in heterologous hybridisation some differences were observed in the high abundancy messengers.", "contents": "Abundancy and diversity of mRNA sequences in human leukocytes. The messenger RNA populations in two haematopoietic tissues were compared with respect to number of different sequences present and their relative abundancies. This was accomplished by hybridising complementary DNA to the cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA from which it was transcribed and to heterologous polyadenylated RNA. The hybridisation kinetics were essentially the same in the homologous hybridisation. However, in heterologous hybridisation some differences were observed in the high abundancy messengers.", "PMID": 1067212}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5524", "title": "[Percutaneous chordotomy for the treatment of pain. Technic, indications and results].", "content": "In the last 13 years, since the introduction of percutaneous chordotomy by Mullan et al. (1963),the method has been developed and has now a solid place in the neurosurgical management of pain problems. The lateral approach of the C1/C2 level with X-ray check, visualization of the spinal cord by means of positive contrast myelography, impedance measurement, and stimulation is the mostly used and the least complicated method. Percutaneous chordotomy should be mainly used in the management of intolerable pain in patients with malignancy. The results of 130 percutaneous chordotomies in 100 patients during the last 2 years are discussed.", "contents": "[Percutaneous chordotomy for the treatment of pain. Technic, indications and results]. In the last 13 years, since the introduction of percutaneous chordotomy by Mullan et al. (1963),the method has been developed and has now a solid place in the neurosurgical management of pain problems. The lateral approach of the C1/C2 level with X-ray check, visualization of the spinal cord by means of positive contrast myelography, impedance measurement, and stimulation is the mostly used and the least complicated method. Percutaneous chordotomy should be mainly used in the management of intolerable pain in patients with malignancy. The results of 130 percutaneous chordotomies in 100 patients during the last 2 years are discussed.", "PMID": 1067213}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5525", "title": "The blood circulation of the tongue.", "content": "This article describes the gross anatomy of the vessels which supply the mammalian tongue. It shows that there is a rich vascular supply. Available data indicate that the lingual papillae are supplied with a true capillary circulation, which is more abundant in the papillae containing taste buds. The vessels of the tongue are innervated by adrenergic sympathetic vasconstrictor fibers and it is also very likely that a cholinergic parasympathetic vasodilator influence exists.", "contents": "The blood circulation of the tongue. This article describes the gross anatomy of the vessels which supply the mammalian tongue. It shows that there is a rich vascular supply. Available data indicate that the lingual papillae are supplied with a true capillary circulation, which is more abundant in the papillae containing taste buds. The vessels of the tongue are innervated by adrenergic sympathetic vasconstrictor fibers and it is also very likely that a cholinergic parasympathetic vasodilator influence exists.", "PMID": 1067216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5526", "title": "Physiology of salivary secretion.", "content": "The aim of the present work was to explain the mechanism of the acinar secretion of the salivary gland during stimulation. The following items were discussed and concluded. (1) The acinus is the majority of cells being the powerful transport system of the fluid from interstitial side to lumen. (2) Osmotic flow was clarified being a cause of water transport, in which the osmolality gradient across the acinus epithelium was initiated by a preceded salt transport. (3) The grades of osmotic gradient, of hydraulic conductivity, and of semipermeable property of gland epithelia were described. (4) On salt transport during stimulation, Na+ inflow across the basal plasma membrane and Na+ extrusion across the luminal membrane of the acinus cell were discussed with respect to the electrochemical gradient and ionic flow. From the electrophysiological work and the ionic distribution of the salivary gland, it is concluded that massive Na+ inflow and K+ outflow across the basal plasma membrane was a passive process due to an increase of permeability to those ion during stimulation, but the process of Na+ extrusion across the plasma membranes of the luminal side of the cell as well as of the secretory granules was active. (5) The electrochemical gradient for Na+ and K+ at the basal plasma membrane which had an important role for passive Na+ and K+ transport may be maintained by ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+ pump as most other cells. (6) A model for salt transport across the acinar cell was proposed. Intracellular Na+ due to passive Na+ inflow may activate cooperatively the Na(Cl) transport system at luminal plasma membrane and membrane of secretory granules in high levels of (Na+)in. Though it also activated the Na+ -K+ transport at the basal plasma membrane in any level of (Na+)in. (7) Energetics for the ion transport of gland was discussed with a transport-work rate equation as well as oxygen consumption in secretory state. It is assumed that the energy in active transport at the luminal plasma membrane requires more than the dissipated energy in passive process at the basal plasma membrane. The energy for active transport across the luminal plasma membrane may be corresponded to a main part of oxygen consumption for ion transport across the overall epithelium. (8) The phenomena of osmotic flow coupling with salt flow and of passive ionic flow coupling with electrochemical gradient which is maintained by Na+ -K+ pump may be an expression of production and utilization of negative entropy which is a characteristic of biological membrane.", "contents": "Physiology of salivary secretion. The aim of the present work was to explain the mechanism of the acinar secretion of the salivary gland during stimulation. The following items were discussed and concluded. (1) The acinus is the majority of cells being the powerful transport system of the fluid from interstitial side to lumen. (2) Osmotic flow was clarified being a cause of water transport, in which the osmolality gradient across the acinus epithelium was initiated by a preceded salt transport. (3) The grades of osmotic gradient, of hydraulic conductivity, and of semipermeable property of gland epithelia were described. (4) On salt transport during stimulation, Na+ inflow across the basal plasma membrane and Na+ extrusion across the luminal membrane of the acinus cell were discussed with respect to the electrochemical gradient and ionic flow. From the electrophysiological work and the ionic distribution of the salivary gland, it is concluded that massive Na+ inflow and K+ outflow across the basal plasma membrane was a passive process due to an increase of permeability to those ion during stimulation, but the process of Na+ extrusion across the plasma membranes of the luminal side of the cell as well as of the secretory granules was active. (5) The electrochemical gradient for Na+ and K+ at the basal plasma membrane which had an important role for passive Na+ and K+ transport may be maintained by ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+ pump as most other cells. (6) A model for salt transport across the acinar cell was proposed. Intracellular Na+ due to passive Na+ inflow may activate cooperatively the Na(Cl) transport system at luminal plasma membrane and membrane of secretory granules in high levels of (Na+)in. Though it also activated the Na+ -K+ transport at the basal plasma membrane in any level of (Na+)in. (7) Energetics for the ion transport of gland was discussed with a transport-work rate equation as well as oxygen consumption in secretory state. It is assumed that the energy in active transport at the luminal plasma membrane requires more than the dissipated energy in passive process at the basal plasma membrane. The energy for active transport across the luminal plasma membrane may be corresponded to a main part of oxygen consumption for ion transport across the overall epithelium. (8) The phenomena of osmotic flow coupling with salt flow and of passive ionic flow coupling with electrochemical gradient which is maintained by Na+ -K+ pump may be an expression of production and utilization of negative entropy which is a characteristic of biological membrane.", "PMID": 1067218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5527", "title": "Stimulus-evoked pain in teeth.", "content": "When pain occurs in teeth as a result of external stimulation it is more likely to be due to physical factors affecting the enamel and dentine than to pulp disease. The mechanisms are described, clinical conditions are mentioned and a speculative attempt is made to correlate them by introducing the idea of streaming potentials in the dentine and pulp. The pain perception threshold is considered in relation to different teeth, age, sex, lateral dominance, personality, and the area of electrode contact. The latter has proved interesting, for manipulation of it has led to possibly important findings on the nature of convergence in the trigeminal system, two-point discrimination, referred pain and somatopic representation of dental pulps in the medulla oblongata.", "contents": "Stimulus-evoked pain in teeth. When pain occurs in teeth as a result of external stimulation it is more likely to be due to physical factors affecting the enamel and dentine than to pulp disease. The mechanisms are described, clinical conditions are mentioned and a speculative attempt is made to correlate them by introducing the idea of streaming potentials in the dentine and pulp. The pain perception threshold is considered in relation to different teeth, age, sex, lateral dominance, personality, and the area of electrode contact. The latter has proved interesting, for manipulation of it has led to possibly important findings on the nature of convergence in the trigeminal system, two-point discrimination, referred pain and somatopic representation of dental pulps in the medulla oblongata.", "PMID": 1067220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5528", "title": "Evidence that chromosome band 22q12 is concerned with cell proliferation in chronic myeloid leukaemia.", "content": "A man and two of his three children carried an abnormally short chromosome 22 resembling the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1). Giemsa banding showed that the abnormal chromosome resulted from a translocation t(11;22) (q25;q13). The breakpoint on chromosome 22 was at the q12/q13 band interface compared with the breakpoint of Ph1 at the q11/q12 band interface. The absence of leukaemia or haematological disorder in members of this family suggests that the critical genetic site on chromosome 22 concerned with abnormal myeloid cell proliferation in human leukaemia is contained in the 22q12 band.", "contents": "Evidence that chromosome band 22q12 is concerned with cell proliferation in chronic myeloid leukaemia. A man and two of his three children carried an abnormally short chromosome 22 resembling the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1). Giemsa banding showed that the abnormal chromosome resulted from a translocation t(11;22) (q25;q13). The breakpoint on chromosome 22 was at the q12/q13 band interface compared with the breakpoint of Ph1 at the q11/q12 band interface. The absence of leukaemia or haematological disorder in members of this family suggests that the critical genetic site on chromosome 22 concerned with abnormal myeloid cell proliferation in human leukaemia is contained in the 22q12 band.", "PMID": 1067222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5529", "title": "Normal and locally induced oral pigmentations.", "content": "The classical description of normal gingivae as 'coral pink' in colour is both inadequate and misleading. The intra-oral soft tissues frequently exhibit pigmentation under normal conditions, the most commonly occurring pigmentations being of racial origin. A normal gamut of pigmentation of the gingivae may be said to range from pale pink to deep bluish purple and colour variations may be uniform, unilateral or bilateral, diffuse, mottled or macular. The distribution and amounts of melanin in the oral tissues can be affected by a number of abnormal and pathologic conditions, both local and general. A variety of possible causes of abnormal pigmentation--physical, chemical and biological--are described.", "contents": "Normal and locally induced oral pigmentations. The classical description of normal gingivae as 'coral pink' in colour is both inadequate and misleading. The intra-oral soft tissues frequently exhibit pigmentation under normal conditions, the most commonly occurring pigmentations being of racial origin. A normal gamut of pigmentation of the gingivae may be said to range from pale pink to deep bluish purple and colour variations may be uniform, unilateral or bilateral, diffuse, mottled or macular. The distribution and amounts of melanin in the oral tissues can be affected by a number of abnormal and pathologic conditions, both local and general. A variety of possible causes of abnormal pigmentation--physical, chemical and biological--are described.", "PMID": 1067223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5530", "title": "Effect of new technologies in the training and utilization of dental auxiliaries in the US Army.", "content": "The combat strength, readiness, and effectiveness of the US Army is dependent, in part, upon the health of the American soldier. The conservation of his oral health is the mission of the Army Dental Corps. Confronted with steadfast mission requirements, increasing demands for dental services, and a reduction of professional staff, the Corps has responded to challenge with the implementation of an alternative to the limitations of established and traditional concepts of practice. In 1972, the Army Dental Corps introduced a new system of care delivery, based upon the expanded utilization of its auxiliary personnel and the team mode of practice. In a six year period, approximately 900 expanded duty auxiliaries, known in the Army as Dental Therapy Assistants, or DTA's were to be trained to extend professional capability to the performance of a variety of reversible dental procedures. They were to operate as members of care delivery teams, and to perform their expanded functions only upon the direction and under the supervision of the responsible team dental officer. To date, more than 500 DTA's comprize this new para-professional force, with more than 300 trained and operationally employed. Interim assessments of this endeavor have confirmed the antecedent research, which identified the impressive potential of Team Dentistry. DTA's have been trained to perform previously professional dental functions to a professional standard of quality; their proper team utilization returns a marked increase in professional capability, enabling the delivery of a greater number of dental services to more of the patient community; and their expanded role in care delivery has been well received by both the patient and the professional. Team Dentistry and the expanded duty auxiliary have added a new dimension to dental care delivery, as well as a promising route to mission accomplishment by the Army Dental Corps.", "contents": "Effect of new technologies in the training and utilization of dental auxiliaries in the US Army. The combat strength, readiness, and effectiveness of the US Army is dependent, in part, upon the health of the American soldier. The conservation of his oral health is the mission of the Army Dental Corps. Confronted with steadfast mission requirements, increasing demands for dental services, and a reduction of professional staff, the Corps has responded to challenge with the implementation of an alternative to the limitations of established and traditional concepts of practice. In 1972, the Army Dental Corps introduced a new system of care delivery, based upon the expanded utilization of its auxiliary personnel and the team mode of practice. In a six year period, approximately 900 expanded duty auxiliaries, known in the Army as Dental Therapy Assistants, or DTA's were to be trained to extend professional capability to the performance of a variety of reversible dental procedures. They were to operate as members of care delivery teams, and to perform their expanded functions only upon the direction and under the supervision of the responsible team dental officer. To date, more than 500 DTA's comprize this new para-professional force, with more than 300 trained and operationally employed. Interim assessments of this endeavor have confirmed the antecedent research, which identified the impressive potential of Team Dentistry. DTA's have been trained to perform previously professional dental functions to a professional standard of quality; their proper team utilization returns a marked increase in professional capability, enabling the delivery of a greater number of dental services to more of the patient community; and their expanded role in care delivery has been well received by both the patient and the professional. Team Dentistry and the expanded duty auxiliary have added a new dimension to dental care delivery, as well as a promising route to mission accomplishment by the Army Dental Corps.", "PMID": 1067224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5531", "title": "Organization and administration of the United States Air Force Dental Service.", "content": "The United States Air Force was established as an independent department in 1947 and in 1949 became responsible for its own medical support. In 1951 the dental division was renamed the USAF Dental Service and 432 dental officers were transferred to it from the Army. The dental service now provides a world-wide oral health service from 286 fixed dental centers having a total of over 2200 treatment rooms. The backbone of the service is the general dental practitioner and great stress is laid on the preventive aspects of the service. Eight specialty areas are recognized and in-service training, supplemented by specialist training in civilian institutions provide the trained professional resources required. The facilities for the provision of dental services comprise clinics with multiple treatment rooms for each dentist and adequate space for oral hygienists and support and administrative services. Equipment follows the modern trend towards 4-handed seated practice by the dental team.", "contents": "Organization and administration of the United States Air Force Dental Service. The United States Air Force was established as an independent department in 1947 and in 1949 became responsible for its own medical support. In 1951 the dental division was renamed the USAF Dental Service and 432 dental officers were transferred to it from the Army. The dental service now provides a world-wide oral health service from 286 fixed dental centers having a total of over 2200 treatment rooms. The backbone of the service is the general dental practitioner and great stress is laid on the preventive aspects of the service. Eight specialty areas are recognized and in-service training, supplemented by specialist training in civilian institutions provide the trained professional resources required. The facilities for the provision of dental services comprise clinics with multiple treatment rooms for each dentist and adequate space for oral hygienists and support and administrative services. Equipment follows the modern trend towards 4-handed seated practice by the dental team.", "PMID": 1067225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5532", "title": "Some thoughts on dental malpractice.", "content": "Malpractice litigation is not new nor is it limited to the professions of medicine and dentistry. The number of dental malpractice claims is increasing in many countries though the percentage of cases in which the patient succeeds remains constant at about ten to twelve per cent. In successful cases however the monetary compensation awarded has increased substantially in the past few years. The increasing use of multi-chair dental offices and the employment of more auxiliary workers in dental practice may have contributed to the increase in litigation as has the widespread dissemination of knowledge of patients' rights by newspapers and television. It is unfair to blame the legal profession for this increase. There is evidence that the 'contingent fee' arrangement between plantiff and lawyer contributes to the number of cases brought. It has been suggested that the existence of malpractice insurance may make the dentist less careful to prevent untoward effects of dental treatment. In many states the law will not permit punitive damages to be paid by the insurance agency nor are fines imposed for criminal activities covered. It is important that the dentist should be fully informed about the details of the cover which his insurance does in fact provide.", "contents": "Some thoughts on dental malpractice. Malpractice litigation is not new nor is it limited to the professions of medicine and dentistry. The number of dental malpractice claims is increasing in many countries though the percentage of cases in which the patient succeeds remains constant at about ten to twelve per cent. In successful cases however the monetary compensation awarded has increased substantially in the past few years. The increasing use of multi-chair dental offices and the employment of more auxiliary workers in dental practice may have contributed to the increase in litigation as has the widespread dissemination of knowledge of patients' rights by newspapers and television. It is unfair to blame the legal profession for this increase. There is evidence that the 'contingent fee' arrangement between plantiff and lawyer contributes to the number of cases brought. It has been suggested that the existence of malpractice insurance may make the dentist less careful to prevent untoward effects of dental treatment. In many states the law will not permit punitive damages to be paid by the insurance agency nor are fines imposed for criminal activities covered. It is important that the dentist should be fully informed about the details of the cover which his insurance does in fact provide.", "PMID": 1067226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5533", "title": "Transactions of an international conference. Worldwide concern: better dental care for more people. An international collaborative study. How social surveys were conducted.", "content": "It is assumed that utilization of dental care services and hence the state of oral health is dependent on social and psychological characteristics of both consumers and providers. The sociological variables studied included the basic facts of age, sex, residence and socioeconomic status. Attitudes to general health care, past oral health care and self assessment of oral health status were also investigated. Accessibility of oral health care facilities in terms of cost, loss of time and distance travelled was assessed, as was the consumers estimate of the dentist's sensitivity and competence, his attitude to preventive care, aesthetic values and knowledge of oral health care measures. Sociologists from the participating countries cooperated in the formulation of questionnaires which could be applied with comparable results despite differences in language and culture. Adults were interviewed in their own homes while younger groups completed the questionnaire in school under the supervision of the researchers. In all cases the sociological survey preceded the clinical examination to reduce the introduction of bias. The data were collected in Geneva and analysed to determine the extent to which oral health status could be related to perception of need, personal oral health practices, availability, accessibility, acceptability and utilization of services. Further analysis may help to determine whether observed differences between populations relate more to the characteristics of the systems of dental care or to features inherent in the population of the country.", "contents": "Transactions of an international conference. Worldwide concern: better dental care for more people. An international collaborative study. How social surveys were conducted. It is assumed that utilization of dental care services and hence the state of oral health is dependent on social and psychological characteristics of both consumers and providers. The sociological variables studied included the basic facts of age, sex, residence and socioeconomic status. Attitudes to general health care, past oral health care and self assessment of oral health status were also investigated. Accessibility of oral health care facilities in terms of cost, loss of time and distance travelled was assessed, as was the consumers estimate of the dentist's sensitivity and competence, his attitude to preventive care, aesthetic values and knowledge of oral health care measures. Sociologists from the participating countries cooperated in the formulation of questionnaires which could be applied with comparable results despite differences in language and culture. Adults were interviewed in their own homes while younger groups completed the questionnaire in school under the supervision of the researchers. In all cases the sociological survey preceded the clinical examination to reduce the introduction of bias. The data were collected in Geneva and analysed to determine the extent to which oral health status could be related to perception of need, personal oral health practices, availability, accessibility, acceptability and utilization of services. Further analysis may help to determine whether observed differences between populations relate more to the characteristics of the systems of dental care or to features inherent in the population of the country.", "PMID": 1067227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5534", "title": "Transactions of an international conference. Worldwide concern: better dental care for more people. An international collaborative study. How the oral and social measures were compared.", "content": "This paper explains the statistical methods used to reach the conclusions regarding the relationship between selected social variables and oral health status reported in subsequent papers referring to specific countries. The procedure called 'stepwise regression' was employed in relation to each of the three clinical categories of data. The single social variable which explains the greatest variation in the oral data is identified as the most important predictor. Its influence is then removed by mathematical adjustment and the second and subsequent social variables are similarly identified until no further ones remain which are significant in explaining remaining variability in the oral data. The effect of utilization was always removed first regardless of its predictive power. The findings for each country were used to construct 'tree' diagrams on which the best and worst pathways are indicated to give a profile of those subjects having the fewest and the most decayed teeth.", "contents": "Transactions of an international conference. Worldwide concern: better dental care for more people. An international collaborative study. How the oral and social measures were compared. This paper explains the statistical methods used to reach the conclusions regarding the relationship between selected social variables and oral health status reported in subsequent papers referring to specific countries. The procedure called 'stepwise regression' was employed in relation to each of the three clinical categories of data. The single social variable which explains the greatest variation in the oral data is identified as the most important predictor. Its influence is then removed by mathematical adjustment and the second and subsequent social variables are similarly identified until no further ones remain which are significant in explaining remaining variability in the oral data. The effect of utilization was always removed first regardless of its predictive power. The findings for each country were used to construct 'tree' diagrams on which the best and worst pathways are indicated to give a profile of those subjects having the fewest and the most decayed teeth.", "PMID": 1067228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5535", "title": "Oral health care in Australia.", "content": "The study data on oral health status for this age group was consistent with previous recent studies. The sociological data added considerably to the knowledge of the charactistics of this group in the area sampled in New South Wales, Australia. The system of delivery of oral health services mainly through private practice appears to be providing comprehensive treatment to a segment of the student population fairly well defined by sociological variables reported in the analysis. However, only limited services appear to be reaching sizeable remainder.", "contents": "Oral health care in Australia. The study data on oral health status for this age group was consistent with previous recent studies. The sociological data added considerably to the knowledge of the charactistics of this group in the area sampled in New South Wales, Australia. The system of delivery of oral health services mainly through private practice appears to be providing comprehensive treatment to a segment of the student population fairly well defined by sociological variables reported in the analysis. However, only limited services appear to be reaching sizeable remainder.", "PMID": 1067229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5536", "title": "Oral health care for Canterbury, New Zealand 13-14 year old students.", "content": "The study has demonstrated a high prevalence of dental caries and a uniformly high level of treatment across all major population groups of Canterbury 13-14 year olds. The treatment programme has the problem of dental caries under control but more attention should be directed to lowering caries prevalence and the need for treatment by increased use of preventive measures. While increasing the population coverage in respect of fluoridated water would give the greatest reduction in caries prevalence, alternatives should be considered, especially in areas not served by piped water supplies. As dental personnel appear to be important sources of health education information, advantage should be taken of this opportunity to emphasize the importance of preventive care. The early signs of periodontal disease are of concern and they, too, should be susceptible to a more concerted preventive programme. Previous studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of denture wearers amongst New Zealand adults. This, and these early results from the International Collaborative Study have focussed attention on the need for information on factors influencing the demand for treatment once adolescents have reached the maximum age covered by the Government programmes. Further investigation is needed to provide these data.", "contents": "Oral health care for Canterbury, New Zealand 13-14 year old students. The study has demonstrated a high prevalence of dental caries and a uniformly high level of treatment across all major population groups of Canterbury 13-14 year olds. The treatment programme has the problem of dental caries under control but more attention should be directed to lowering caries prevalence and the need for treatment by increased use of preventive measures. While increasing the population coverage in respect of fluoridated water would give the greatest reduction in caries prevalence, alternatives should be considered, especially in areas not served by piped water supplies. As dental personnel appear to be important sources of health education information, advantage should be taken of this opportunity to emphasize the importance of preventive care. The early signs of periodontal disease are of concern and they, too, should be susceptible to a more concerted preventive programme. Previous studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of denture wearers amongst New Zealand adults. This, and these early results from the International Collaborative Study have focussed attention on the need for information on factors influencing the demand for treatment once adolescents have reached the maximum age covered by the Government programmes. Further investigation is needed to provide these data.", "PMID": 1067231}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5537", "title": "Features of oral health care across cultures.", "content": "This paper sets out to draw together the findings from the five individual studies and to draw tentative conclusions from them. It is pointed out that the comparisons made are between system factors and not between whole systems of oral health care. An attempt is made to evaluate the effectiveness of individual system features in the hope of being able to suggest ways in which those shown to be most beneficial might be incorporated into complete systems. In relation to caries experience, measured as DMF teeth, there is a wide variation, not only by each of the separate components to that total. In those studies where extensive school dental services exist, the F component accounts for almost all the score while in the other study groups it forms only about half the total, the proportion tending to be greater in the non-metropolitan than in metropolitan populations. In the same way treatment/need ratios and amounts of retreatment required show the benefits of the existence of the school dental service. The treatment/need ratio is then examined in relation to selected variables such as method of payment, utilization of auxiliaries, the existence of specified target groups etc. When the method of stepwise regression analysis is applied to the pooled samples utilization of services remains the most important predictor of treatment/need ratio. Others in order of importance are whether dental personnel decide on frequency of visits, whether the last visit was made for symptomatic reasons alone and whether lack of severity of symptoms had been a reason for avoiding oral health care. In relation to periodontal conditions no clear picture has emerged and this may demonstrate how systems of all types have failed to deal with this problem. Although much remains to be elaborated three main findings have already emerged from this study: (i) The need for reinforcement of preventive behaviour and services. (ii) The effectiveness of regulated contact between consumer and provider in meeting treatment needs. (iii) The need to concentrate on quality as well as volume of care in providing adequately for the needs of child and adolescent populations.", "contents": "Features of oral health care across cultures. This paper sets out to draw together the findings from the five individual studies and to draw tentative conclusions from them. It is pointed out that the comparisons made are between system factors and not between whole systems of oral health care. An attempt is made to evaluate the effectiveness of individual system features in the hope of being able to suggest ways in which those shown to be most beneficial might be incorporated into complete systems. In relation to caries experience, measured as DMF teeth, there is a wide variation, not only by each of the separate components to that total. In those studies where extensive school dental services exist, the F component accounts for almost all the score while in the other study groups it forms only about half the total, the proportion tending to be greater in the non-metropolitan than in metropolitan populations. In the same way treatment/need ratios and amounts of retreatment required show the benefits of the existence of the school dental service. The treatment/need ratio is then examined in relation to selected variables such as method of payment, utilization of auxiliaries, the existence of specified target groups etc. When the method of stepwise regression analysis is applied to the pooled samples utilization of services remains the most important predictor of treatment/need ratio. Others in order of importance are whether dental personnel decide on frequency of visits, whether the last visit was made for symptomatic reasons alone and whether lack of severity of symptoms had been a reason for avoiding oral health care. In relation to periodontal conditions no clear picture has emerged and this may demonstrate how systems of all types have failed to deal with this problem. Although much remains to be elaborated three main findings have already emerged from this study: (i) The need for reinforcement of preventive behaviour and services. (ii) The effectiveness of regulated contact between consumer and provider in meeting treatment needs. (iii) The need to concentrate on quality as well as volume of care in providing adequately for the needs of child and adolescent populations.", "PMID": 1067234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5538", "title": "Osteosarcoma: A review of 345 cases.", "content": "345 cases of osteosarcoma are reviewed. The long term results are known in 240. The overall ten year survival rate was 5 per cent. This is analysed in relation to age, site of tumour, radiographic grading, and method of treatment. There were no survivors in patients under the age of fifteen; in tumours of the proximal half of the femur and humerus; or tumours of the trunk. If these cases are excluded, amputation gave a ten year survival rate in 11 per cent. The radiographic grading expressed in relation to expansion of the tumour has a significant relationship to the prognosis. In the authors' experience histological grading of the tumour is not feasible and probably has no bearing on the prognosis. The authors express their preference for treatment based on their analysis of this series.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma: A review of 345 cases. 345 cases of osteosarcoma are reviewed. The long term results are known in 240. The overall ten year survival rate was 5 per cent. This is analysed in relation to age, site of tumour, radiographic grading, and method of treatment. There were no survivors in patients under the age of fifteen; in tumours of the proximal half of the femur and humerus; or tumours of the trunk. If these cases are excluded, amputation gave a ten year survival rate in 11 per cent. The radiographic grading expressed in relation to expansion of the tumour has a significant relationship to the prognosis. In the authors' experience histological grading of the tumour is not feasible and probably has no bearing on the prognosis. The authors express their preference for treatment based on their analysis of this series.", "PMID": 1067250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5539", "title": "Isolation of Haemophilus aphrophilus from an adult with acute leukemia.", "content": "During the course of treatment for acute myelocytic leukemia, Haemophilus aphrophilus was isolated from eight blood cultures associated with the clinical picture of bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "Isolation of Haemophilus aphrophilus from an adult with acute leukemia. During the course of treatment for acute myelocytic leukemia, Haemophilus aphrophilus was isolated from eight blood cultures associated with the clinical picture of bacterial endocarditis.", "PMID": 1067263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5540", "title": "The histology of eclamptic lesions.", "content": "A brief description is given of the main lesion found in eclampsia. Emphasis is placed on the marked difference between the type of lesion found in the kidney and those found in other organs. It is suggested that they may be explained on the basis of increased coagulability of the blood, hypertension and possibly increased permeability of blood vessels. Hypertension may damage vessels and determine the sites of thrombus deposition. Increased permeabilithe mesangium of the glomerulus.", "contents": "The histology of eclamptic lesions. A brief description is given of the main lesion found in eclampsia. Emphasis is placed on the marked difference between the type of lesion found in the kidney and those found in other organs. It is suggested that they may be explained on the basis of increased coagulability of the blood, hypertension and possibly increased permeability of blood vessels. Hypertension may damage vessels and determine the sites of thrombus deposition. Increased permeabilithe mesangium of the glomerulus.", "PMID": 1067270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5541", "title": "Genital mycoplasmal infections: their relation to prematurity and other abnormalities of reproduction.", "content": "The genital mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum eT-mycoplasmas) are common vaginal organisms. They are acquired primarily through sexual contact. There is evidence, some of it highly suggestive, linking the genital mycoplasmas to involuntary infertility, spontaneous abortion and low birth weight. Additional controlled treatment studies are needed in each of these areas to assess fully the role of the genital mycoplasmas. M. hominis has the potential to invade the blood stream and is responsible for some instances of fever following abortion and of postpartum fever.", "contents": "Genital mycoplasmal infections: their relation to prematurity and other abnormalities of reproduction. The genital mycoplasmas, Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum eT-mycoplasmas) are common vaginal organisms. They are acquired primarily through sexual contact. There is evidence, some of it highly suggestive, linking the genital mycoplasmas to involuntary infertility, spontaneous abortion and low birth weight. Additional controlled treatment studies are needed in each of these areas to assess fully the role of the genital mycoplasmas. M. hominis has the potential to invade the blood stream and is responsible for some instances of fever following abortion and of postpartum fever.", "PMID": 1067274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5542", "title": "An evaluation of proximal surface cleansing agents.", "content": "The effectiveness of the Interspace brush, Inter-Dens, and waxed dental floss as proximal surface cleansing agents was compared in 35 subjects. Each subject used all three methods of cleansing in random order of selection. Statistical analysis of the results showed that there was no difference in the effectiveness of any one of these three agents. However, proximal surfaces of anterior teeth where cleaned more effectively than posterior teeth. The coronal half of the proximal surfaces was cleaned more effectively than the apical half and the facial half more effectively than the lingual half when Inter-Dens was used. Comparison of cleansing effectiveness between facial and lingual halves of proximal surfaces for the Interspace brush and waxed dental floss showed no significant difference. Mesial and distal proximal surfaces were cleaned with similar effectiveness. Plaque control was only satisfactory on approximately half of the proximal surfaces, though a wide variation occurred. Significantly lower plaque scores were found 1 week after the initial instruction session, irrespective of the agent used. The majority of subjects preferred Inter-Dens whilst waxed dental floss was the least-liked method of cleansing.", "contents": "An evaluation of proximal surface cleansing agents. The effectiveness of the Interspace brush, Inter-Dens, and waxed dental floss as proximal surface cleansing agents was compared in 35 subjects. Each subject used all three methods of cleansing in random order of selection. Statistical analysis of the results showed that there was no difference in the effectiveness of any one of these three agents. However, proximal surfaces of anterior teeth where cleaned more effectively than posterior teeth. The coronal half of the proximal surfaces was cleaned more effectively than the apical half and the facial half more effectively than the lingual half when Inter-Dens was used. Comparison of cleansing effectiveness between facial and lingual halves of proximal surfaces for the Interspace brush and waxed dental floss showed no significant difference. Mesial and distal proximal surfaces were cleaned with similar effectiveness. Plaque control was only satisfactory on approximately half of the proximal surfaces, though a wide variation occurred. Significantly lower plaque scores were found 1 week after the initial instruction session, irrespective of the agent used. The majority of subjects preferred Inter-Dens whilst waxed dental floss was the least-liked method of cleansing.", "PMID": 1067276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5543", "title": "Plaque-removing effect of a toothbrush, dental floss, and a toothpick.", "content": "The ability of three different oral hygiene devices to remove 2-day-old bacterial deposits was evaluated on 21 young adults with healthy periodontia. On buccal tooth surfaces, the cleaning effect of a multitufted nylon brush was superior to that of a wooden toothpick or unwaxed dental floss. On lingual surfaces, the toothpick was as effective as the brush. On the visible portions of proximal surfaces, all three devices were equally efficient. A combined cleaning exercise with all three instruments together yielded significantly better results than did the use of each single device. Eight subjects were able to remove all disclosable deposits.", "contents": "Plaque-removing effect of a toothbrush, dental floss, and a toothpick. The ability of three different oral hygiene devices to remove 2-day-old bacterial deposits was evaluated on 21 young adults with healthy periodontia. On buccal tooth surfaces, the cleaning effect of a multitufted nylon brush was superior to that of a wooden toothpick or unwaxed dental floss. On lingual surfaces, the toothpick was as effective as the brush. On the visible portions of proximal surfaces, all three devices were equally efficient. A combined cleaning exercise with all three instruments together yielded significantly better results than did the use of each single device. Eight subjects were able to remove all disclosable deposits.", "PMID": 1067277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5544", "title": "Use of palatal mucosa and lyophilized dura mater to create attached gingiva.", "content": "Gingival extension procedures using free palatal mucosal autografts or homologous lyophilized dura were compared clinically. Palatal mucosa was transplanted in 68 cases and lyophilized dura in 16 cases. The width of the zone of attached gingiva was measured before surgery and at regular intervals up to 2 years postoperatively. The width of the attached gingiva remained relatively constant in the mucosal transplant group from 1 month postoperatively, with an average relapse of about 20%. In the dura group the width of attached gingiva showed a marked decrease until 3 months after surgery with an average relapse of approximately 63%. If a preset minimal width of the attached gingiva is considered to be the criterion of success, the superiority of the palatal mucosa grafting procedure is demonstrated.", "contents": "Use of palatal mucosa and lyophilized dura mater to create attached gingiva. Gingival extension procedures using free palatal mucosal autografts or homologous lyophilized dura were compared clinically. Palatal mucosa was transplanted in 68 cases and lyophilized dura in 16 cases. The width of the zone of attached gingiva was measured before surgery and at regular intervals up to 2 years postoperatively. The width of the attached gingiva remained relatively constant in the mucosal transplant group from 1 month postoperatively, with an average relapse of about 20%. In the dura group the width of attached gingiva showed a marked decrease until 3 months after surgery with an average relapse of approximately 63%. If a preset minimal width of the attached gingiva is considered to be the criterion of success, the superiority of the palatal mucosa grafting procedure is demonstrated.", "PMID": 1067278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5545", "title": "The periodontal management of a patient with a profound immunodeficiency disorder.", "content": "A case of severe, uncontrolled periodontal disease in a patient with a profound immunodeficiency disorder is reported. The periodontal disease was noted before the age of 10 years and is generalized, with marked associated alveolar bone loss, even threatening a mandibular fracture. Severely involved teeth were allowed to exfoliate, and extractions were avoided. At the age of 17 years, the patient now has only nine remaining teeth. The management adopted and alternative approaches are critically reviewed. The implications of the dental findings for current concepts of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and dental caries are discussed.", "contents": "The periodontal management of a patient with a profound immunodeficiency disorder. A case of severe, uncontrolled periodontal disease in a patient with a profound immunodeficiency disorder is reported. The periodontal disease was noted before the age of 10 years and is generalized, with marked associated alveolar bone loss, even threatening a mandibular fracture. Severely involved teeth were allowed to exfoliate, and extractions were avoided. At the age of 17 years, the patient now has only nine remaining teeth. The management adopted and alternative approaches are critically reviewed. The implications of the dental findings for current concepts of the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and dental caries are discussed.", "PMID": 1067279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5546", "title": "Specification test for the solubility and disintegration of dental cements: a critical evaluation of its meaning.", "content": "The specification test for solubility and disintegration is an essential screening test for the quality control of certain cement types. No cement fails it can be considered for use; however, the test has only a limited clinical significance because it does not give an indication of the stability of the fully hardened cement matrix either in oral fluids or water. Instead, it gives a measure of the content of the soluble reaction intermediate present in cements that are still hardening and where the matrix has not fully formed. The test relates, therefore, to early vulnerability to aqueous attack and hardening rate. The period of test is, in fact, an atypical one and the true extent of the erosion of the cement matrix is obscured by the presence of soluble reaction intermediates. Long-term extrapolations cannot be made and so test results for broadly satisfactory cements within a category cannot be used for valid comparisons of clinical excellence, and they can be used even less to compare different cement types with different setting reactions. For example, in general, the dental silicate cement has a higher solubility and distinegration figure than the zinc phosphate cement because it contains soluble sodium salt and hardens more slowly. However, it is more stable under oral conditiont an indication of the vulnerability of the forming matrix to attack. The test is not valid when applied to zinc oxide-eugenol cements because the products of decomposition are either virtually water-insoluble or volatile and therefore not measured under the conditions of the test. A method is suggested for overcoming this deficiency. The test needs to be supplemented by other tests done on fully hardened cements for longer periods of time and in mediums that can represent oral conditions. One example would be to stimulate acid conditions developed in stagnation areas. A total estimation of decomposition products, both soluble and insoluble, is called for rather than the determination of soluble materials only.", "contents": "Specification test for the solubility and disintegration of dental cements: a critical evaluation of its meaning. The specification test for solubility and disintegration is an essential screening test for the quality control of certain cement types. No cement fails it can be considered for use; however, the test has only a limited clinical significance because it does not give an indication of the stability of the fully hardened cement matrix either in oral fluids or water. Instead, it gives a measure of the content of the soluble reaction intermediate present in cements that are still hardening and where the matrix has not fully formed. The test relates, therefore, to early vulnerability to aqueous attack and hardening rate. The period of test is, in fact, an atypical one and the true extent of the erosion of the cement matrix is obscured by the presence of soluble reaction intermediates. Long-term extrapolations cannot be made and so test results for broadly satisfactory cements within a category cannot be used for valid comparisons of clinical excellence, and they can be used even less to compare different cement types with different setting reactions. For example, in general, the dental silicate cement has a higher solubility and distinegration figure than the zinc phosphate cement because it contains soluble sodium salt and hardens more slowly. However, it is more stable under oral conditiont an indication of the vulnerability of the forming matrix to attack. The test is not valid when applied to zinc oxide-eugenol cements because the products of decomposition are either virtually water-insoluble or volatile and therefore not measured under the conditions of the test. A method is suggested for overcoming this deficiency. The test needs to be supplemented by other tests done on fully hardened cements for longer periods of time and in mediums that can represent oral conditions. One example would be to stimulate acid conditions developed in stagnation areas. A total estimation of decomposition products, both soluble and insoluble, is called for rather than the determination of soluble materials only.", "PMID": 1067288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5547", "title": "Diffusion of water in composite filling materials.", "content": "The uptake of water by composite filling materials seems to be a diffusion-controlled process; the magnitudes of the diffusion coefficients obtained are consistent with the uptake base through the resin matrix. The diffusion coefficients measured show the diffusion coefficient to decrease with increasing water concentration, which accounts for the protracted nature of the attainment of equilibrium uptake. Diffusion coefficients are generally lower in these composites based on difunctional methacrylates, compared with methyl methacrylate, presumably because of the highly cross-linked nature of the former.", "contents": "Diffusion of water in composite filling materials. The uptake of water by composite filling materials seems to be a diffusion-controlled process; the magnitudes of the diffusion coefficients obtained are consistent with the uptake base through the resin matrix. The diffusion coefficients measured show the diffusion coefficient to decrease with increasing water concentration, which accounts for the protracted nature of the attainment of equilibrium uptake. Diffusion coefficients are generally lower in these composites based on difunctional methacrylates, compared with methyl methacrylate, presumably because of the highly cross-linked nature of the former.", "PMID": 1067289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5548", "title": "Enamel silicon and fluoride relationships demonstrating a surface silicon effect that facilitates fluoride uptake.", "content": "This study indicated that a clear relationship exists between silicon and fluoride. We have also demonstrated a probable surface enamel silicon effect that increases fluoride uptake. The complex set of relationships described in the surface chemistry of calcium, tin, and zirconium with fluoride, hydroxide, phosphate, and other surface-occurring ions need not be considered to confuse the specific silicon-fluoride relationship presented here because in this computation we are relating the changes in the silicon and fluoride ion values only. We have, however, considered the thermodynamics of such reactions and intend to elaborate on it in a later publication. We are aware of the small depth of fluoride penetration into enamel after topical treatment Health Foundation, Research Unit at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20034, USA.", "contents": "Enamel silicon and fluoride relationships demonstrating a surface silicon effect that facilitates fluoride uptake. This study indicated that a clear relationship exists between silicon and fluoride. We have also demonstrated a probable surface enamel silicon effect that increases fluoride uptake. The complex set of relationships described in the surface chemistry of calcium, tin, and zirconium with fluoride, hydroxide, phosphate, and other surface-occurring ions need not be considered to confuse the specific silicon-fluoride relationship presented here because in this computation we are relating the changes in the silicon and fluoride ion values only. We have, however, considered the thermodynamics of such reactions and intend to elaborate on it in a later publication. We are aware of the small depth of fluoride penetration into enamel after topical treatment Health Foundation, Research Unit at the National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC 20034, USA.", "PMID": 1067290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5549", "title": "Stress analysis of porous rooted dental implants.", "content": "A model based on a continuously bonded interface predicts high punching stresses at the apex of the implant and low stresses in the cortical plates. A model based on a continuously bonded interface predicts high stiffness and a resultant low implant displacement-load ratio. A model based on a tissue ingrowth-bonded interface predicts uniform distribution of stresses around the implant through the cortical plates. A model based on a tissue ingrowth-bonded interface predicts an implant displacement-load ratio close to the ratio measured with actual implant specimens.", "contents": "Stress analysis of porous rooted dental implants. A model based on a continuously bonded interface predicts high punching stresses at the apex of the implant and low stresses in the cortical plates. A model based on a continuously bonded interface predicts high stiffness and a resultant low implant displacement-load ratio. A model based on a tissue ingrowth-bonded interface predicts uniform distribution of stresses around the implant through the cortical plates. A model based on a tissue ingrowth-bonded interface predicts an implant displacement-load ratio close to the ratio measured with actual implant specimens.", "PMID": 1067291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5550", "title": "Load-extension-time behavior of orthodontic Alastiks.", "content": "Typical elastomeric behavior displayed by Alastik orthodontic bands resulted in load-extension curves that depended on the rate of extension as well as the amount of extension. Initially, the modules tested at the faster speeds had higher moduli and were stronger; but as extension continued, the trend reversed, and at breakage the more slowly stretched modules were the strongest. Therefore, although the Alastiks appear to be uniformly produced, the clinician still needs to know his rate of deformation and degree of stretching to accurately assess the module force. In addition, the module, once in position, will not maintain a constant force but will experience a decrease in applied load with time kept at a constant extension. Because the initial load decay is more rapid for both faster extension and higher load, it seems reasonable to suggest that care be taken by the clinican to stretch the module more slowly into place. This should result in a higher load level for a longer period of time. Although the measured changes in loads are not necessarily of sufficient magnitude to seriously influence the clinical result, a clearer understanding of the module behavior, such as currently presented, will hopefully assist in more comprehensive clinical evaluations.", "contents": "Load-extension-time behavior of orthodontic Alastiks. Typical elastomeric behavior displayed by Alastik orthodontic bands resulted in load-extension curves that depended on the rate of extension as well as the amount of extension. Initially, the modules tested at the faster speeds had higher moduli and were stronger; but as extension continued, the trend reversed, and at breakage the more slowly stretched modules were the strongest. Therefore, although the Alastiks appear to be uniformly produced, the clinician still needs to know his rate of deformation and degree of stretching to accurately assess the module force. In addition, the module, once in position, will not maintain a constant force but will experience a decrease in applied load with time kept at a constant extension. Because the initial load decay is more rapid for both faster extension and higher load, it seems reasonable to suggest that care be taken by the clinican to stretch the module more slowly into place. This should result in a higher load level for a longer period of time. Although the measured changes in loads are not necessarily of sufficient magnitude to seriously influence the clinical result, a clearer understanding of the module behavior, such as currently presented, will hopefully assist in more comprehensive clinical evaluations.", "PMID": 1067292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5551", "title": "Effects of sodium trimetaphosphate supplementation of a high sucrose diet on the microbial and biochemical composition of four-day plaque and on urine calcium and phosphorus levels.", "content": "Daily supplementation of a high sucrose diet with 5 gm TMP resulted in significant alterations in certain human plaque components. Veillonella and Neisseria population (as percent total viable microorganisms), S sanguis (as percent streptococci), and levan hydrolase activity per milligram of plaque increased, whereas total viable microorganisms per milligram of plaque, streptococci per milligram of plaque, and specific fructosyltransferase activity decreased during the TMP-containing diet regimen.", "contents": "Effects of sodium trimetaphosphate supplementation of a high sucrose diet on the microbial and biochemical composition of four-day plaque and on urine calcium and phosphorus levels. Daily supplementation of a high sucrose diet with 5 gm TMP resulted in significant alterations in certain human plaque components. Veillonella and Neisseria population (as percent total viable microorganisms), S sanguis (as percent streptococci), and levan hydrolase activity per milligram of plaque increased, whereas total viable microorganisms per milligram of plaque, streptococci per milligram of plaque, and specific fructosyltransferase activity decreased during the TMP-containing diet regimen.", "PMID": 1067293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5552", "title": "Enamel solubility rate measurements in vivo on naval recruits.", "content": "Enamel solubility rates were determined in vivo to depths of 1 to 2 mum in the teeth from two samples of naval recruits that had been grouped, respectively, according to DMFT scores and visual indexes of oral hygiene status. No positive correlation between enamel solubility rates and DMFT scores were observed; rather there was a tendency for caries-resistant participants to have a highest apparent enamel solubility rates, even though mean differences among the DMFT groups were not generally significant. Intra-subject measurements on 12 teeth per participant for eight of the recruits showed, on the average, only about one half the variability founl incisors for more than 70 of the recruits. The least variability was found for measurements on paired maxillary central incisors. It was concluded that factors such as tooth morphology and, in particular, tooth-surface films could considerably affect enamel solubility rates measured in vivo.", "contents": "Enamel solubility rate measurements in vivo on naval recruits. Enamel solubility rates were determined in vivo to depths of 1 to 2 mum in the teeth from two samples of naval recruits that had been grouped, respectively, according to DMFT scores and visual indexes of oral hygiene status. No positive correlation between enamel solubility rates and DMFT scores were observed; rather there was a tendency for caries-resistant participants to have a highest apparent enamel solubility rates, even though mean differences among the DMFT groups were not generally significant. Intra-subject measurements on 12 teeth per participant for eight of the recruits showed, on the average, only about one half the variability founl incisors for more than 70 of the recruits. The least variability was found for measurements on paired maxillary central incisors. It was concluded that factors such as tooth morphology and, in particular, tooth-surface films could considerably affect enamel solubility rates measured in vivo.", "PMID": 1067294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5553", "title": "Radiographic spatial frequencies essential to the diagnosis of incipient interproximal lesions.", "content": "The effects of fixed pattern noise on the interpretation of dental radiographs containing known lesions suggest that reliable detection of incipient interproximal caries is influenced by the spatial frequency of information visibly displayed. Frequencies less than the limiting resolution of existinta also permit demonstration that significantly less resolution is required horizontally than vertically to achieve a criterion level of diagnostic accuracy. These findings are consistent with the notion that accurate diagnosis may be possible with less resolution than is currently produced by conventional bitewing radiographic techniques. If this is trut means for radiographically detecting caries can be developed that require less exposure of the patient to ionizing radiation.", "contents": "Radiographic spatial frequencies essential to the diagnosis of incipient interproximal lesions. The effects of fixed pattern noise on the interpretation of dental radiographs containing known lesions suggest that reliable detection of incipient interproximal caries is influenced by the spatial frequency of information visibly displayed. Frequencies less than the limiting resolution of existinta also permit demonstration that significantly less resolution is required horizontally than vertically to achieve a criterion level of diagnostic accuracy. These findings are consistent with the notion that accurate diagnosis may be possible with less resolution than is currently produced by conventional bitewing radiographic techniques. If this is trut means for radiographically detecting caries can be developed that require less exposure of the patient to ionizing radiation.", "PMID": 1067295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5554", "title": "Role of attrition and occlusal contact in the physiology of the rat incisor: X. The part played by the periodontal ligament in the eruptive process.", "content": "Removal of the proliferating base of the rat incisor did not influence the rate of eruption which responded to changes in impediment to eruption in a fashion similar to that for control teeth. It is the peridontal ligament rather than the proliferating cells that is responsible for tooth eruption. The elements of the peridontal ligament apparently responsible for tooth movement are the mature fibroblasts.", "contents": "Role of attrition and occlusal contact in the physiology of the rat incisor: X. The part played by the periodontal ligament in the eruptive process. Removal of the proliferating base of the rat incisor did not influence the rate of eruption which responded to changes in impediment to eruption in a fashion similar to that for control teeth. It is the peridontal ligament rather than the proliferating cells that is responsible for tooth eruption. The elements of the peridontal ligament apparently responsible for tooth movement are the mature fibroblasts.", "PMID": 1067296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5555", "title": "Composition of fluoridated dental enamel studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA).", "content": "A combination of ESCA and argon-ion etching has been shown to be effective in determining the surface and subsurface composition of dental enamel. The heavy organic coating on enamel has been investigated. Beneath this coating, untreated enamel was found to have invariant phosphorus and calcuim concentrations over the region surface. The surface of enamel treated with an acid phosphate-fluoride gel was shown to be almost entirely connected to calcium fluoride. A phosphate species, noncalcium and possibly a sodium salt, was found to be present in the surface layer. At a depth lower than about 60 nm, there was a gradual increase in phosphorus concentration that approached the value for untreated enamel with increasing depth. The increasing phosphorus and decreasing fluorine concentrations were primarily caused by the increasing concentration of unreacted hydroxyapatite. These results have shown that ESCA coupled with argon-ion etching, can be used effectively to examine the surface and subsurface composition of dental enamel. The surface sensitivity, ability to strip thin layers of material, sensitivity to low atomic weight elements, and ability to differentiate between different oxidation states makes a combination of these two techniques extremely useful for dental research.", "contents": "Composition of fluoridated dental enamel studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCA). A combination of ESCA and argon-ion etching has been shown to be effective in determining the surface and subsurface composition of dental enamel. The heavy organic coating on enamel has been investigated. Beneath this coating, untreated enamel was found to have invariant phosphorus and calcuim concentrations over the region surface. The surface of enamel treated with an acid phosphate-fluoride gel was shown to be almost entirely connected to calcium fluoride. A phosphate species, noncalcium and possibly a sodium salt, was found to be present in the surface layer. At a depth lower than about 60 nm, there was a gradual increase in phosphorus concentration that approached the value for untreated enamel with increasing depth. The increasing phosphorus and decreasing fluorine concentrations were primarily caused by the increasing concentration of unreacted hydroxyapatite. These results have shown that ESCA coupled with argon-ion etching, can be used effectively to examine the surface and subsurface composition of dental enamel. The surface sensitivity, ability to strip thin layers of material, sensitivity to low atomic weight elements, and ability to differentiate between different oxidation states makes a combination of these two techniques extremely useful for dental research.", "PMID": 1067297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5556", "title": "Kinetics of calcium metabolism in rat dentin and enamel.", "content": "The time course of the specific activity of 45Ca in the dentin and enamel of rat incisors and molars was followed after an intravenous injection of the radiotracer. It was then correlated with the specific activity of 45Ca in plasma to obtain the accretion rates on the dentin of molars and incisors. The exchangeable calcium pool sizes in the dentin and the enamel of the molar were also calculated.", "contents": "Kinetics of calcium metabolism in rat dentin and enamel. The time course of the specific activity of 45Ca in the dentin and enamel of rat incisors and molars was followed after an intravenous injection of the radiotracer. It was then correlated with the specific activity of 45Ca in plasma to obtain the accretion rates on the dentin of molars and incisors. The exchangeable calcium pool sizes in the dentin and the enamel of the molar were also calculated.", "PMID": 1067298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5557", "title": "Comparative anatomic study of mandibular growth in rats after bilateral resections of superficial masseter, posterior temporal, and anterior digastric muscles.", "content": "Bilateral resections of the superficial masseter, posterior temporal, and anterior digastric muscles of rats were done to determine their effects on mandibular growth. The macroscopic findings support the functional matrix theory of mandibular growth. The analysis of body weight and the statistical two-way analysis of variance done suggest that malnutrition was the main factor that caused the mandibles of rats in the experimental groups of remain undersized.", "contents": "Comparative anatomic study of mandibular growth in rats after bilateral resections of superficial masseter, posterior temporal, and anterior digastric muscles. Bilateral resections of the superficial masseter, posterior temporal, and anterior digastric muscles of rats were done to determine their effects on mandibular growth. The macroscopic findings support the functional matrix theory of mandibular growth. The analysis of body weight and the statistical two-way analysis of variance done suggest that malnutrition was the main factor that caused the mandibles of rats in the experimental groups of remain undersized.", "PMID": 1067300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5558", "title": "Chromatographic properties of denatured skin and bone collagens on hydroxyapatite.", "content": "Denatured collagen samples extracted from the skin and bone of lathyritic rats with guanidine hydrochloride were chromatographed on hydroxyapatite columns. A major fraction of the bone extract that was rich in alpha chain showed a stronger binding to hydroxyapatite when compared to the corresponding fraction from skin. Thus, bone collagen shows a special affinity for hydroxyapatite after isolation and denaturation.", "contents": "Chromatographic properties of denatured skin and bone collagens on hydroxyapatite. Denatured collagen samples extracted from the skin and bone of lathyritic rats with guanidine hydrochloride were chromatographed on hydroxyapatite columns. A major fraction of the bone extract that was rich in alpha chain showed a stronger binding to hydroxyapatite when compared to the corresponding fraction from skin. Thus, bone collagen shows a special affinity for hydroxyapatite after isolation and denaturation.", "PMID": 1067299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5559", "title": "Mitotic activity in the oral epithelium of the albino rat.", "content": "In groups of Wistar rats 3 and 12 months of age, colchicine and radioautography were used to assess mitotic activity in oral epitheliums. Apparent mitotic activity in the epitheliums of the cheek, hard palate, and central, intermediate, and lateral zones of the soft palate depended on the method used and the age of the rat.", "contents": "Mitotic activity in the oral epithelium of the albino rat. In groups of Wistar rats 3 and 12 months of age, colchicine and radioautography were used to assess mitotic activity in oral epitheliums. Apparent mitotic activity in the epitheliums of the cheek, hard palate, and central, intermediate, and lateral zones of the soft palate depended on the method used and the age of the rat.", "PMID": 1067301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5560", "title": "Latex spheres as immunologic markers to demonstrate the binding of human salivary immunoglobulins to Streptococcus mutans.", "content": "The results of this study indicate that latex beads can be used to identify specific antigen-antibody interactions on the surface of bacterial cells. The application of a Labelling Index allowed specific interactions to be quantitatively distinguished from non-specific latex bead attachments. The labeling indexes for latex beads absorbed to anti-salivary immunoglobulins were significantly higher than for negative control indexes when tested against S mutans treated with saliva. Conversely, there was no significant difference when they were tested against nonoral bacteria treated with saliva. This suggests that both whole and parotid human saliva contained specific antibodies against S mutans.", "contents": "Latex spheres as immunologic markers to demonstrate the binding of human salivary immunoglobulins to Streptococcus mutans. The results of this study indicate that latex beads can be used to identify specific antigen-antibody interactions on the surface of bacterial cells. The application of a Labelling Index allowed specific interactions to be quantitatively distinguished from non-specific latex bead attachments. The labeling indexes for latex beads absorbed to anti-salivary immunoglobulins were significantly higher than for negative control indexes when tested against S mutans treated with saliva. Conversely, there was no significant difference when they were tested against nonoral bacteria treated with saliva. This suggests that both whole and parotid human saliva contained specific antibodies against S mutans.", "PMID": 1067302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5561", "title": "Influence of amalgam, alloy, and mercury on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans: II. Comparison of amalgams and alloys.", "content": "The influence of three alloys and their amalgams on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans has been estimated. Spherical, fine cut, and dispersion alloys were studied. Dispersion alloy amalgams seem to inhibit bacterial growth more than amalgams prepared from the other alloys in a similar fashion.", "contents": "Influence of amalgam, alloy, and mercury on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans: II. Comparison of amalgams and alloys. The influence of three alloys and their amalgams on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans has been estimated. Spherical, fine cut, and dispersion alloys were studied. Dispersion alloy amalgams seem to inhibit bacterial growth more than amalgams prepared from the other alloys in a similar fashion.", "PMID": 1067303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5562", "title": "Xylitol binding in human dental plaque.", "content": "Human dental plaque and whole saliva sediment were tested for their ability to bind 14C-labeled sucrose, fructose, glucose, sorbitol, and xylitol. Sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, and fructose were bound to all materials tested, in this decreasing order. The binding was strongest with plaque given a five-second ultrasonic shock, and lowest with salivary sediment. Xylitol was only insignificantly bound, indicating that plaque microorganisms possess specific recognition sites for xylitol to a very restricted extent.", "contents": "Xylitol binding in human dental plaque. Human dental plaque and whole saliva sediment were tested for their ability to bind 14C-labeled sucrose, fructose, glucose, sorbitol, and xylitol. Sucrose, glucose, sorbitol, and fructose were bound to all materials tested, in this decreasing order. The binding was strongest with plaque given a five-second ultrasonic shock, and lowest with salivary sediment. Xylitol was only insignificantly bound, indicating that plaque microorganisms possess specific recognition sites for xylitol to a very restricted extent.", "PMID": 1067304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5563", "title": "Glucose taste thresholds in cariesfree naval recruits.", "content": "Glucose taste detection thresholds were determined in 41 cariesfree recruits and 53 recruits with caries experience. Cariesfree detection thresholds ranged from 5 to 45 mM/liter, with a mean of 13.4 +/- 1.7 whereas that of the control group ranged from 5 to 50 mM/liter with a mean of 22.3 +/- 1.7 (P less than 0.01). A Kilmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test demonstrated a significant difference in the distribution of thresholds between the two groups (P less than 0.01). These observations are in accordance with previous studies demonstrating that cariesfree recruits display lower sucrose taste detection thresholds than recruits with caries experience.", "contents": "Glucose taste thresholds in cariesfree naval recruits. Glucose taste detection thresholds were determined in 41 cariesfree recruits and 53 recruits with caries experience. Cariesfree detection thresholds ranged from 5 to 45 mM/liter, with a mean of 13.4 +/- 1.7 whereas that of the control group ranged from 5 to 50 mM/liter with a mean of 22.3 +/- 1.7 (P less than 0.01). A Kilmogorov-Smirnov two-sample test demonstrated a significant difference in the distribution of thresholds between the two groups (P less than 0.01). These observations are in accordance with previous studies demonstrating that cariesfree recruits display lower sucrose taste detection thresholds than recruits with caries experience.", "PMID": 1067305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5564", "title": "Effect of NaF pretreatments on the resistance of powdered human dentin to acid dissolution.", "content": "The acid resistance of powdered human dentin increased linearly after pretreatments in 2.5, 25, 250, and 1,000 mM NaF in water. The acid resistance was not directly correlated to the F content of the dentin. The results indicated F uptake by the dentin to be a result of chemical reaction and of absorption.", "contents": "Effect of NaF pretreatments on the resistance of powdered human dentin to acid dissolution. The acid resistance of powdered human dentin increased linearly after pretreatments in 2.5, 25, 250, and 1,000 mM NaF in water. The acid resistance was not directly correlated to the F content of the dentin. The results indicated F uptake by the dentin to be a result of chemical reaction and of absorption.", "PMID": 1067316}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5565", "title": "Optical test for the groove adaptation of dental amalgams using a He-Ne laser.", "content": "An optical test was developed for amalgam alloys by condensing amalgams against stain-less steel blocks with regularly spaced grooves forming diffraction gratings. The quality of the diffraction pattern obtained with a He-Na laser from these amalgams is a measure of the adaptation to the grooves.", "contents": "Optical test for the groove adaptation of dental amalgams using a He-Ne laser. An optical test was developed for amalgam alloys by condensing amalgams against stain-less steel blocks with regularly spaced grooves forming diffraction gratings. The quality of the diffraction pattern obtained with a He-Na laser from these amalgams is a measure of the adaptation to the grooves.", "PMID": 1067317}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5566", "title": "DMBA and immunosuppression in the Syrian golden hamster.", "content": "The immunosuppressive effects of topically applied 9, 10 dimethyl 1, 2 benzanthracene (DMBA) were investigated in the Syrian Golden hamster. Tri-weekly doses of DMBA were administered, with some hamsters receiving both DMBA and X-radiation. DMBA and DMBA-plus-radiation groups demonstrated decreased immune responsiveness relative to their control counterparts. Potential immunosuppressive effects of carcinogen and carcinoma are discussed.", "contents": "DMBA and immunosuppression in the Syrian golden hamster. The immunosuppressive effects of topically applied 9, 10 dimethyl 1, 2 benzanthracene (DMBA) were investigated in the Syrian Golden hamster. Tri-weekly doses of DMBA were administered, with some hamsters receiving both DMBA and X-radiation. DMBA and DMBA-plus-radiation groups demonstrated decreased immune responsiveness relative to their control counterparts. Potential immunosuppressive effects of carcinogen and carcinoma are discussed.", "PMID": 1067318}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5567", "title": "The current status and impact of oral biology in dental education.", "content": "Twenty-four oral biology departments were surveyed with respect to number of faculty, graduate programs, and role in the dental schools (ORB schools). The mean full-time and part-time faculty per department is eight and 2.6, respectively. There are nine graduate programs, but only one has actually granted Ph.D.'s in oral biology. Students of these ORB schools were compared with students of 32 dental schools which did not have oral biology departments (NOB schools) in performance on the dental National Board Examinations. With respect to mean scores, students from the ORB schools performed better on both part 1 and part 2 examinations from 1969 to 1974. There has also been an impressive difference in the failure rates, students in the ORB schools experiencing a lower failure rate. Further analysis demonstrated that oral biology departments have developed largely in dental schools which have relied upon medical school basic science departments for teaching the basic sciences.", "contents": "The current status and impact of oral biology in dental education. Twenty-four oral biology departments were surveyed with respect to number of faculty, graduate programs, and role in the dental schools (ORB schools). The mean full-time and part-time faculty per department is eight and 2.6, respectively. There are nine graduate programs, but only one has actually granted Ph.D.'s in oral biology. Students of these ORB schools were compared with students of 32 dental schools which did not have oral biology departments (NOB schools) in performance on the dental National Board Examinations. With respect to mean scores, students from the ORB schools performed better on both part 1 and part 2 examinations from 1969 to 1974. There has also been an impressive difference in the failure rates, students in the ORB schools experiencing a lower failure rate. Further analysis demonstrated that oral biology departments have developed largely in dental schools which have relied upon medical school basic science departments for teaching the basic sciences.", "PMID": 1067321}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5568", "title": "A taxonomy for behavioral objectives in a dental school.", "content": "This paper describes a taxonomy proposed for use by dental school faculties as an aid in specifying their course objectives in behavioral terms. This taxonomy, developed and tried at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, is simpler than taxonomies previously proposed because it reduces the number of categories. In addition, the categories themselves are designed to communicate to and be interpreted by dental educators. The six categories are (1) knowledge of facts, concepts, and principles; (2) comprehension; (3) perceptual ability; (4) diagnosis and treatment planning skills; (5) motor skills; and (6) interactive skills. Each category is briefly defined and illustrated with two samples from operative dentistry.", "contents": "A taxonomy for behavioral objectives in a dental school. This paper describes a taxonomy proposed for use by dental school faculties as an aid in specifying their course objectives in behavioral terms. This taxonomy, developed and tried at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, is simpler than taxonomies previously proposed because it reduces the number of categories. In addition, the categories themselves are designed to communicate to and be interpreted by dental educators. The six categories are (1) knowledge of facts, concepts, and principles; (2) comprehension; (3) perceptual ability; (4) diagnosis and treatment planning skills; (5) motor skills; and (6) interactive skills. Each category is briefly defined and illustrated with two samples from operative dentistry.", "PMID": 1067322}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5569", "title": "Attitudes toward women dental students among male dental students and male dental faculty members.", "content": "The results of this study support the following conclusions: 1. Male dental faculty and male dental students have similar perceptions of women enrolled in dental school. 2. Male dental faculty and male dental students rate women dental students high on the evaluative and activity scales of the semantic differential but relatively low in potency measures. 3. Male dental faculty and male dental students perceive women dental students as different from both the sex role of women and the professional role of dentist.", "contents": "Attitudes toward women dental students among male dental students and male dental faculty members. The results of this study support the following conclusions: 1. Male dental faculty and male dental students have similar perceptions of women enrolled in dental school. 2. Male dental faculty and male dental students rate women dental students high on the evaluative and activity scales of the semantic differential but relatively low in potency measures. 3. Male dental faculty and male dental students perceive women dental students as different from both the sex role of women and the professional role of dentist.", "PMID": 1067323}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5570", "title": "Time line analysis of dental restorative procedures related to dynamic instrument location.", "content": "The detailed timing and recording of the sequence of tasks for dental restorative procedures was used to evaluate the effects of the location of the hand-piece and three-way syringe on the dental team performance. Sixty-four audiovisual tapes of ten dental teams, performing complete, actual restorative procedures, were made in two dental operatories that differed only in the location of the dentist's instrument cabinet. Total treatment sessions were divided into four major divisions and expressed as a percentage of the total time: patient preparation, 14%; tooth preparation, 32%; tooth restoration, 50%; and patient release, 4%. Tooth preparation and restoration took longer with the instruments in the 8-o'clock location than with them in the 12-o'clock location. When the teams were reversed, that is, changed to the other operatory, there was an increase in tooth preparation and restoration time. Instrument transfer and use, especially for the three-way syringe, tended to take longer for the 8-o'clock location. In contrast, the dentist's idle time tended to increase working with the 12-o'clock instrument location because of differences in work loads. Time line analysis provided a means of evaluating the impact of instrument location as well as an approach to assessing individual team performance.", "contents": "Time line analysis of dental restorative procedures related to dynamic instrument location. The detailed timing and recording of the sequence of tasks for dental restorative procedures was used to evaluate the effects of the location of the hand-piece and three-way syringe on the dental team performance. Sixty-four audiovisual tapes of ten dental teams, performing complete, actual restorative procedures, were made in two dental operatories that differed only in the location of the dentist's instrument cabinet. Total treatment sessions were divided into four major divisions and expressed as a percentage of the total time: patient preparation, 14%; tooth preparation, 32%; tooth restoration, 50%; and patient release, 4%. Tooth preparation and restoration took longer with the instruments in the 8-o'clock location than with them in the 12-o'clock location. When the teams were reversed, that is, changed to the other operatory, there was an increase in tooth preparation and restoration time. Instrument transfer and use, especially for the three-way syringe, tended to take longer for the 8-o'clock location. In contrast, the dentist's idle time tended to increase working with the 12-o'clock instrument location because of differences in work loads. Time line analysis provided a means of evaluating the impact of instrument location as well as an approach to assessing individual team performance.", "PMID": 1067341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5571", "title": "Three-year clinical comparison of three amalgam alloy types emphasizing an appraisal of the evaluation methods used.", "content": "Five different evaluation techniques were used to measure the marginal breakdown of three-year-old amalgam restorations. The most useful method appeared to be one in which photographs of all restorations were ranked in descending order starting with the restoration that had the least marginal breakdown and ending with the restoration that had the greatest deterioration. Three different alloys were evaluated and the results confirm those of previous studies; the alloy having the lowest creep was superior whereas restorations placed with the alloy having the highest creep displayed the greatest marginal breakdown.", "contents": "Three-year clinical comparison of three amalgam alloy types emphasizing an appraisal of the evaluation methods used. Five different evaluation techniques were used to measure the marginal breakdown of three-year-old amalgam restorations. The most useful method appeared to be one in which photographs of all restorations were ranked in descending order starting with the restoration that had the least marginal breakdown and ending with the restoration that had the greatest deterioration. Three different alloys were evaluated and the results confirm those of previous studies; the alloy having the lowest creep was superior whereas restorations placed with the alloy having the highest creep displayed the greatest marginal breakdown.", "PMID": 1067342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5572", "title": "Role of endodontics in current dental practice.", "content": "The findings presented in this statistical study are applicable to a representative sample of dentists in general practice in Illinois. Almost 90% of the respondents in this survey do some or all of their root canal therapy. The majority of those who do some or all of their root canal therapy do so because they enjoy it. Most of the respondents (77.3%) do not take root canal cultures. Kerr's Root Canal Sealer is the most widely used sealer, followed by Kerr's Tubli-Seal and Dr. Wach's sealer, respectively. The preferred technique of filling root canals among the respondents is by means of guttapercha and lateral condensation for most canals and the use of silver points for narrow or constricted canals. A technique that is not taught in any American dental school, the Sargenti N2 technique, is used by almost 20% of the responding dentists. Most of the respondents try to fill the canal 0.5 to 1 mm from the apex. Although dozens of intracanal medicaments exist, the most commonly used one is camphorated parachlorophenol, which is used by more than 50% of the dentists who participated in this survey. A chelating agent is used by almost two fifths of the dentists surveyed and use of such an agent is increasing. More than half the respondents carry out some sort of endodontic surgery in their practice' apicoectomy is the most common endodontic surgery performed. The data show that 48.9% of the dentists who participated in this survey feel that dental schools should devote more time to teaching endodontics, 50.5% believe that the amount of time should remain the same, and only 0.5% feel that the amount of time should be decreased. About 70% of those who feel that the amount of time for teaching endodontics should be increased specified an increase in clinical training.", "contents": "Role of endodontics in current dental practice. The findings presented in this statistical study are applicable to a representative sample of dentists in general practice in Illinois. Almost 90% of the respondents in this survey do some or all of their root canal therapy. The majority of those who do some or all of their root canal therapy do so because they enjoy it. Most of the respondents (77.3%) do not take root canal cultures. Kerr's Root Canal Sealer is the most widely used sealer, followed by Kerr's Tubli-Seal and Dr. Wach's sealer, respectively. The preferred technique of filling root canals among the respondents is by means of guttapercha and lateral condensation for most canals and the use of silver points for narrow or constricted canals. A technique that is not taught in any American dental school, the Sargenti N2 technique, is used by almost 20% of the responding dentists. Most of the respondents try to fill the canal 0.5 to 1 mm from the apex. Although dozens of intracanal medicaments exist, the most commonly used one is camphorated parachlorophenol, which is used by more than 50% of the dentists who participated in this survey. A chelating agent is used by almost two fifths of the dentists surveyed and use of such an agent is increasing. More than half the respondents carry out some sort of endodontic surgery in their practice' apicoectomy is the most common endodontic surgery performed. The data show that 48.9% of the dentists who participated in this survey feel that dental schools should devote more time to teaching endodontics, 50.5% believe that the amount of time should remain the same, and only 0.5% feel that the amount of time should be decreased. About 70% of those who feel that the amount of time for teaching endodontics should be increased specified an increase in clinical training.", "PMID": 1067344}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5573", "title": "Accuracy of casts produced from alginate and hydrocolloid impression materials.", "content": "It is recognized that alginate impression materials have been used to obtain casts from which castings have been fabricated for a number of years. This study indicates that more dimensionally accurate casts are produced from hydrocolloid compared with casts produced from alginate. The most accurate casts were produced from the polyether impression material.", "contents": "Accuracy of casts produced from alginate and hydrocolloid impression materials. It is recognized that alginate impression materials have been used to obtain casts from which castings have been fabricated for a number of years. This study indicates that more dimensionally accurate casts are produced from hydrocolloid compared with casts produced from alginate. The most accurate casts were produced from the polyether impression material.", "PMID": 1067345}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5574", "title": "Antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis in patients with a prosthetic heart valve.", "content": "A review of the types of organisms and their sensitivities to antibiotics, as well as the source of infection, was carried out for 11 patients who had late onset infective endocarditis and a prosthetic heart valve. Candida organisms were isolated from two patients. In nine patients with late onset bacterial endocarditis, the organisms isolated were five streptococci and four staphylococci. Their sensitivities to antibiotics were penicillin, five of eight; erythromycin, eight of eight; and cephalothin, six of seven. Two patients with endocarditis had ulcerations beneath their dentures, and one had undergond a prior dental procedure. Of 52 healthy patients with prosthetic valves who were interviewed, only 18 had visited a dentist during the previous year, and six did not receive antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis. It is concluded that patients with prosthetic heart valves do not practice good oral hygiene and, if they do visit the dentist, some may not receive antibiotics for endocarditis prevention. An antibiotic regimen for endocarditis is presented that is consistent with the organisms found in the oral cavity and those found in patients with endocarditis who have a prosthetic valve.", "contents": "Antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis in patients with a prosthetic heart valve. A review of the types of organisms and their sensitivities to antibiotics, as well as the source of infection, was carried out for 11 patients who had late onset infective endocarditis and a prosthetic heart valve. Candida organisms were isolated from two patients. In nine patients with late onset bacterial endocarditis, the organisms isolated were five streptococci and four staphylococci. Their sensitivities to antibiotics were penicillin, five of eight; erythromycin, eight of eight; and cephalothin, six of seven. Two patients with endocarditis had ulcerations beneath their dentures, and one had undergond a prior dental procedure. Of 52 healthy patients with prosthetic valves who were interviewed, only 18 had visited a dentist during the previous year, and six did not receive antibiotic prophylaxis for endocarditis. It is concluded that patients with prosthetic heart valves do not practice good oral hygiene and, if they do visit the dentist, some may not receive antibiotics for endocarditis prevention. An antibiotic regimen for endocarditis is presented that is consistent with the organisms found in the oral cavity and those found in patients with endocarditis who have a prosthetic valve.", "PMID": 1067349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5575", "title": "Carcinoma of the nasopharynx and nasa fossa: report of case.", "content": "A brief history of a case of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is described. A general discussion of the problems of diagnosis, treatment, and classification of the more frequent histologic type is presented. Currently, the most favorable prognosis is in patients in whom the condition is detected early. This serious disease sometimes occurs near or adjacent to the area of the dentist's primary responsibility. The dentist should always assume his professional responsibility by promptly referring any patient with suspected cancer to an appropriate specialist.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the nasopharynx and nasa fossa: report of case. A brief history of a case of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is described. A general discussion of the problems of diagnosis, treatment, and classification of the more frequent histologic type is presented. Currently, the most favorable prognosis is in patients in whom the condition is detected early. This serious disease sometimes occurs near or adjacent to the area of the dentist's primary responsibility. The dentist should always assume his professional responsibility by promptly referring any patient with suspected cancer to an appropriate specialist.", "PMID": 1067350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5576", "title": "A study to develop a rating system and evaluate dental radiographs submitted to a third party carrier.", "content": "An easy, efficient system for rating radiographs was developed and applied to 1,000 preauthorization case submissions. The films were evaluated and the frequency distribution of errors determined. Results showed the majority of the examined full-mouth and partial-mouth radiograph series submitted to Pennsylvania Blue Shield were substandard. Recommendations for screening radiographs to upgrade their technical quality are offered.", "contents": "A study to develop a rating system and evaluate dental radiographs submitted to a third party carrier. An easy, efficient system for rating radiographs was developed and applied to 1,000 preauthorization case submissions. The films were evaluated and the frequency distribution of errors determined. Results showed the majority of the examined full-mouth and partial-mouth radiograph series submitted to Pennsylvania Blue Shield were substandard. Recommendations for screening radiographs to upgrade their technical quality are offered.", "PMID": 1067351}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5577", "title": "A combined approach to preventing dental caries in schoolchildren: caries reductions after one year.", "content": "A prototype school-based dental program is being conducted in a low-middle-income, urban area, as a demonstration project to test the combined effect on dental caries of several preventive measures. Procedures include ingestion of fluoridated water (1.0 ppm), topical application of acidulated phosphate fluoride, application of a pit and fissure sealant, early detection of caries and restoration of affected teeth, and dental health education (oral hygiene and dietary counseling program). The four-year project began in early 1973. A group of 1,200 children in the first and sixth grades was randomly separated into a treatment and a comparison group. All children participate in a dental health education program and consume fluoridated water. Dental care is provided on site at 18 schools, with the use of two mobile vans, saving time and expense in school hours lost and transportation costs. A hygienist coordinates the oral hygiene and dietary programs in classrooms with the help of teachers trained in workshops. Supervised toothbrushing, flossing, and use of disclosing agents are carried on in the classrooms. First-year caries increment data in permanent teeth indicate a high degree of success. Occlusal surfaces of permanent teeth in children in the treatment group, contrasted to those in children in the comparison group, showed an average reduction in caries of 84%. The encouraging results obtained at the end of one year indicate that a school-based preventive dentistry program may have great potential for preventing and controlling dental caries in schoolchildren.", "contents": "A combined approach to preventing dental caries in schoolchildren: caries reductions after one year. A prototype school-based dental program is being conducted in a low-middle-income, urban area, as a demonstration project to test the combined effect on dental caries of several preventive measures. Procedures include ingestion of fluoridated water (1.0 ppm), topical application of acidulated phosphate fluoride, application of a pit and fissure sealant, early detection of caries and restoration of affected teeth, and dental health education (oral hygiene and dietary counseling program). The four-year project began in early 1973. A group of 1,200 children in the first and sixth grades was randomly separated into a treatment and a comparison group. All children participate in a dental health education program and consume fluoridated water. Dental care is provided on site at 18 schools, with the use of two mobile vans, saving time and expense in school hours lost and transportation costs. A hygienist coordinates the oral hygiene and dietary programs in classrooms with the help of teachers trained in workshops. Supervised toothbrushing, flossing, and use of disclosing agents are carried on in the classrooms. First-year caries increment data in permanent teeth indicate a high degree of success. Occlusal surfaces of permanent teeth in children in the treatment group, contrasted to those in children in the comparison group, showed an average reduction in caries of 84%. The encouraging results obtained at the end of one year indicate that a school-based preventive dentistry program may have great potential for preventing and controlling dental caries in schoolchildren.", "PMID": 1067352}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5578", "title": "Survey of dentists on the impact of the United Auto Workers/auto industry dental plan.", "content": "Survey responses showed little change in dental office staffing and paperwork as a result of the UAW/auto industry program. Only slight differences between respondents in the four states were apparent; except for Michigan, where the greatest increase in staff and additional clerical hours was reported. The differences that did exist might be related to the volume of UAW/auto industry business in each area and the dentists' opinions of the carriers they relate to most frequently. The responses did not reveal a clear indication of success or failure of the plan by virture of any category evaluated.", "contents": "Survey of dentists on the impact of the United Auto Workers/auto industry dental plan. Survey responses showed little change in dental office staffing and paperwork as a result of the UAW/auto industry program. Only slight differences between respondents in the four states were apparent; except for Michigan, where the greatest increase in staff and additional clerical hours was reported. The differences that did exist might be related to the volume of UAW/auto industry business in each area and the dentists' opinions of the carriers they relate to most frequently. The responses did not reveal a clear indication of success or failure of the plan by virture of any category evaluated.", "PMID": 1067357}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5579", "title": "Two-year report of sealant effect on bacteria in dental caries.", "content": "Teeth in which caries had penetrated the pits and fissures were sealed with an ultraviolet-light-polymerized sealant. Samples of carious dentin were taken from teeth that were not sealed and from teeth that were sealed, up to two years after the sealant had been placed. The major reduction in viable microorganisms occurred during the first two weeks, and there was a gradual reduction in the total count thereafter. At the end of two years, there was a 2,000-fold decrease in the number of cultivable microorganisms. Preliminary clinical and radiographic findings suggest that there was no progression of the carious lesions, but further studies are needed before this technique can be considered an alternative to conventional procedures.", "contents": "Two-year report of sealant effect on bacteria in dental caries. Teeth in which caries had penetrated the pits and fissures were sealed with an ultraviolet-light-polymerized sealant. Samples of carious dentin were taken from teeth that were not sealed and from teeth that were sealed, up to two years after the sealant had been placed. The major reduction in viable microorganisms occurred during the first two weeks, and there was a gradual reduction in the total count thereafter. At the end of two years, there was a 2,000-fold decrease in the number of cultivable microorganisms. Preliminary clinical and radiographic findings suggest that there was no progression of the carious lesions, but further studies are needed before this technique can be considered an alternative to conventional procedures.", "PMID": 1067358}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5580", "title": "Forensic dentistry.", "content": "Data and information derived from the teeth and oral structures have been used successfully where other methods of identification or determination of criminal responsibility have failed. In many instances, the techniques used in forensic dentistry bring evidence to a point of certitude that would otherwise be lacking. Teeth, by their formation and structure and their relative permanence, record and retain the history of their development and the history of the incidents to which they have been subjected. Generally, the characteristics of formation and structure of teeth contribute information pertinent to probabilities of relationships and probabilities of events. As a result, these characteristics are highly useful in affirming or negating evidence as circumstantial or as factual.", "contents": "Forensic dentistry. Data and information derived from the teeth and oral structures have been used successfully where other methods of identification or determination of criminal responsibility have failed. In many instances, the techniques used in forensic dentistry bring evidence to a point of certitude that would otherwise be lacking. Teeth, by their formation and structure and their relative permanence, record and retain the history of their development and the history of the incidents to which they have been subjected. Generally, the characteristics of formation and structure of teeth contribute information pertinent to probabilities of relationships and probabilities of events. As a result, these characteristics are highly useful in affirming or negating evidence as circumstantial or as factual.", "PMID": 1067359}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5581", "title": "Hypertension screening among dental patients.", "content": "Between January 1974 and March 1975, blood pressures were taken on all 2,222 dental patients admitted for treatment at the Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry. According to the criteria of an elevated diastolic blood pressure (above 95 mm Hg) at three successive readings not less than five days apart, 131 patients were referred to physicians as suspected hypertensives. One hundred and thirteen patients were deemed hypertensive by their physician. A positive family history of hypertension was noted for 54% of the 113 undetected hypertensives. Of the 113 hypertensives, 6% visited their dentist yearly but did not visit their physician during the same time. On this basis we conclude that about 6% of dental patients can be expected to be referred to physicians as a result of high blood pressure screening in a dentist's office.", "contents": "Hypertension screening among dental patients. Between January 1974 and March 1975, blood pressures were taken on all 2,222 dental patients admitted for treatment at the Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry. According to the criteria of an elevated diastolic blood pressure (above 95 mm Hg) at three successive readings not less than five days apart, 131 patients were referred to physicians as suspected hypertensives. One hundred and thirteen patients were deemed hypertensive by their physician. A positive family history of hypertension was noted for 54% of the 113 undetected hypertensives. Of the 113 hypertensives, 6% visited their dentist yearly but did not visit their physician during the same time. On this basis we conclude that about 6% of dental patients can be expected to be referred to physicians as a result of high blood pressure screening in a dentist's office.", "PMID": 1067360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5582", "title": "Chondroma of the anterior nasal spine.", "content": "Chondromas in the head and neck, and particularly in the nasal region, are uncommon. A unique case of a chondroma within the anterior nasal spine has been reported. The asymptomatic lesion was discovered radiographically and mimicked a mesiodens. The tumor consisted of benign-appearing cartilaginous tissue; enucleation has resulted in a apparent cure. A hamartomatous origin has been postulated for this unusual lesion.", "contents": "Chondroma of the anterior nasal spine. Chondromas in the head and neck, and particularly in the nasal region, are uncommon. A unique case of a chondroma within the anterior nasal spine has been reported. The asymptomatic lesion was discovered radiographically and mimicked a mesiodens. The tumor consisted of benign-appearing cartilaginous tissue; enucleation has resulted in a apparent cure. A hamartomatous origin has been postulated for this unusual lesion.", "PMID": 1067388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5583", "title": "Complications in treatment of a mandibular defect with a Silastic implant.", "content": "Failure of a previously published Silastic implant technique in the treatment of facial asymmetry has been reported. It is a clinician's obligation to report failures as well as successes in the treatment of the oral surgical patient so that other practitioners are not misguided.", "contents": "Complications in treatment of a mandibular defect with a Silastic implant. Failure of a previously published Silastic implant technique in the treatment of facial asymmetry has been reported. It is a clinician's obligation to report failures as well as successes in the treatment of the oral surgical patient so that other practitioners are not misguided.", "PMID": 1067389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5584", "title": "Pigmented dermoid cyst of the floor to the mouth: a comparison of two cases.", "content": "Two cases of very large midline sublingual dermoid cysts are reported; one case had unique features. A useful surgical technique for the management of such cysts in described. The failure of the cyst in one case to penetrate the geniohyoid septum despite its large size and the presence of melanin pigmentation in the cystic lining are emphasized.", "contents": "Pigmented dermoid cyst of the floor to the mouth: a comparison of two cases. Two cases of very large midline sublingual dermoid cysts are reported; one case had unique features. A useful surgical technique for the management of such cysts in described. The failure of the cyst in one case to penetrate the geniohyoid septum despite its large size and the presence of melanin pigmentation in the cystic lining are emphasized.", "PMID": 1067391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5585", "title": "Multiple myeloma involving the jaws and oral soft tissues.", "content": "A case of multiple myeloma with involvement of the oral cavity in a 75-year-old white man is reported. The patient had a two-year history of multiple myeloma. He had four intraoral soft tissue masses that were diagnosed as plasma cell myeloma. Each of these lesions was over a radiographically evident osteolytic lesion of the jaw. The patient was treated by irradiation and chemotherapy.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma involving the jaws and oral soft tissues. A case of multiple myeloma with involvement of the oral cavity in a 75-year-old white man is reported. The patient had a two-year history of multiple myeloma. He had four intraoral soft tissue masses that were diagnosed as plasma cell myeloma. Each of these lesions was over a radiographically evident osteolytic lesion of the jaw. The patient was treated by irradiation and chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1067392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5586", "title": "Blue nevus of the hard palate.", "content": "The occurrence of a blue nevus of the hard palate in a 72-year-old man is reported. Of the 25 previously documented cases of blue nevus of the oral cavity, 19 were on the hard palate, three on the upper lip, and one each on the lower lip, buccal mucosa, and soft palate. Fourteen were in women and 11 were in men. All but five patients were younger than 50 years of age. The size of the asymptomatic, flat to somewhat elevated, blue-black lesion varied up to 5 mm except for one that was 10 mm in the greatest dimension. Most nevi were of unknown duration and were found incidentally during dental examination. The histogenesis of extracutaneous blue nevus is undetermined but derivation from melanogenic potential of Schwann or endoneurial cells or from stimulation of retained melanoblasts in the stroma developing into melanocytes and formation of blue nevus is possible.", "contents": "Blue nevus of the hard palate. The occurrence of a blue nevus of the hard palate in a 72-year-old man is reported. Of the 25 previously documented cases of blue nevus of the oral cavity, 19 were on the hard palate, three on the upper lip, and one each on the lower lip, buccal mucosa, and soft palate. Fourteen were in women and 11 were in men. All but five patients were younger than 50 years of age. The size of the asymptomatic, flat to somewhat elevated, blue-black lesion varied up to 5 mm except for one that was 10 mm in the greatest dimension. Most nevi were of unknown duration and were found incidentally during dental examination. The histogenesis of extracutaneous blue nevus is undetermined but derivation from melanogenic potential of Schwann or endoneurial cells or from stimulation of retained melanoblasts in the stroma developing into melanocytes and formation of blue nevus is possible.", "PMID": 1067393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5587", "title": "Primary malignant melanoma of the hard palate.", "content": "A case of malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is presented. The very high frequency of squamous cell carcinoma of the palate in Visakhapatnam, India, is compared to the rarity of malignant melanoma, even though pigmentation of the oral cavity is quite common in this geographical region.", "contents": "Primary malignant melanoma of the hard palate. A case of malignant melanoma of the oral cavity is presented. The very high frequency of squamous cell carcinoma of the palate in Visakhapatnam, India, is compared to the rarity of malignant melanoma, even though pigmentation of the oral cavity is quite common in this geographical region.", "PMID": 1067394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5588", "title": "Contouring split ribs for correction of severe mandibular atrophy.", "content": "A method of contouring split ribs for use in augmentation of the atrophic mandible had been described. Symmetry, arch, and alveolar ridge form are excellent. Placement of the rib graft passively on the ridge is easier than use of a single rib with vertical saw cuts.", "contents": "Contouring split ribs for correction of severe mandibular atrophy. A method of contouring split ribs for use in augmentation of the atrophic mandible had been described. Symmetry, arch, and alveolar ridge form are excellent. Placement of the rib graft passively on the ridge is easier than use of a single rib with vertical saw cuts.", "PMID": 1067395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5589", "title": "Clinical evaluation of free autogenous gengival grafts placed on alveolar bone. Part I. Clinical predictability.", "content": "1. Thirty free autogenous gingival grafts were placed on bone and 30 were placed on a periosteal bed. The distribution into the groups was random. All 60 grafts survived, showing that both procedures were predictable. 2. Over one-half (17 of 30) of those on periosteum demonstrated mobility by 6 months postoperatively. No mobility was observed in the group placed directly on bone. 3. Osseous placed grafts demonstrated less swelling and better hemostasis than did the periosteally placed grafts. 4. A healing lag was observed in the grafts placed on bone which lasted only for the first two postoperative visits, approximately 2 weeks. 5. No infections or sequestrations were noted in any case.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of free autogenous gengival grafts placed on alveolar bone. Part I. Clinical predictability. 1. Thirty free autogenous gingival grafts were placed on bone and 30 were placed on a periosteal bed. The distribution into the groups was random. All 60 grafts survived, showing that both procedures were predictable. 2. Over one-half (17 of 30) of those on periosteum demonstrated mobility by 6 months postoperatively. No mobility was observed in the group placed directly on bone. 3. Osseous placed grafts demonstrated less swelling and better hemostasis than did the periosteally placed grafts. 4. A healing lag was observed in the grafts placed on bone which lasted only for the first two postoperative visits, approximately 2 weeks. 5. No infections or sequestrations were noted in any case.", "PMID": 1067398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5590", "title": "Creeping attachment after free gingival grafts.", "content": "Free gingival grafts were placed in the lower anterior vestibular region of 30 patients each of whom had a gingival recession. According to the width of the recession and to the surgical procedure, the patients were divided into four groups. Group 1 showed a \"narrow\" (less than 3 mm) type of recession, while Group 2 had a \"wide\" type. In both of these groups the graft was placed over the denuded root. In Group 3 (narrow recession) and Group 4 (wide), a collar of vestibular gingiva was left in place on the lower margin of the denuded root at the moment of grafting. Measurements and photographs taken before and 1 month after surgery, 6 months and 2 years postoperatively, showed varying degrees of root covering by the phenomenon of creeping attachment. An optimal recovery of the gingival profile was obtained in the three patients of Group 1. In the other categories of patients the creeping of the attachment apparatus was relatively small (between 0 and 33%) within the 2 years of observation. The factors which seem to have a definite influence upon the phenomenon of creeping attachment are the following: width of the recession, position of the graft, bone resorption, position of the tooth and hygiene of the patient.", "contents": "Creeping attachment after free gingival grafts. Free gingival grafts were placed in the lower anterior vestibular region of 30 patients each of whom had a gingival recession. According to the width of the recession and to the surgical procedure, the patients were divided into four groups. Group 1 showed a \"narrow\" (less than 3 mm) type of recession, while Group 2 had a \"wide\" type. In both of these groups the graft was placed over the denuded root. In Group 3 (narrow recession) and Group 4 (wide), a collar of vestibular gingiva was left in place on the lower margin of the denuded root at the moment of grafting. Measurements and photographs taken before and 1 month after surgery, 6 months and 2 years postoperatively, showed varying degrees of root covering by the phenomenon of creeping attachment. An optimal recovery of the gingival profile was obtained in the three patients of Group 1. In the other categories of patients the creeping of the attachment apparatus was relatively small (between 0 and 33%) within the 2 years of observation. The factors which seem to have a definite influence upon the phenomenon of creeping attachment are the following: width of the recession, position of the graft, bone resorption, position of the tooth and hygiene of the patient.", "PMID": 1067400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5591", "title": "The effect of a urea peroxide rinse on dental plaque and gingivitis.", "content": "The effectiveness of a commercially prepared oxygenating agent (Gly-Oxide Liquid) in reducing plaque accumulation and gingivitis was studied over a 3-week period. Sixty-nine dental students, ages 20 to 30, were divided into three groups: control (group I), placebo (group II), test formulation (group III). Subjects were scored using the Plaque and Gingival indices of Loe et al. at the beginning of the study and at 1, 2, and 3-week intervals. In accordance with a well-established experimental gingivitis model, oral hygiene was withdrawn for the duration of the study. No statistically significant differences in plaque development was noted. Analysis of variance showed a significant treatment effect on gingivitis (P less than 0.01). A significant difference between group I and group III was evident (P less than 0.05). The study indicates that the formulation may be effective in reducing gingivitis in human subjects. Additional investigations regarding its usefulness as a routine oral hygiene adjunct are warranted.", "contents": "The effect of a urea peroxide rinse on dental plaque and gingivitis. The effectiveness of a commercially prepared oxygenating agent (Gly-Oxide Liquid) in reducing plaque accumulation and gingivitis was studied over a 3-week period. Sixty-nine dental students, ages 20 to 30, were divided into three groups: control (group I), placebo (group II), test formulation (group III). Subjects were scored using the Plaque and Gingival indices of Loe et al. at the beginning of the study and at 1, 2, and 3-week intervals. In accordance with a well-established experimental gingivitis model, oral hygiene was withdrawn for the duration of the study. No statistically significant differences in plaque development was noted. Analysis of variance showed a significant treatment effect on gingivitis (P less than 0.01). A significant difference between group I and group III was evident (P less than 0.05). The study indicates that the formulation may be effective in reducing gingivitis in human subjects. Additional investigations regarding its usefulness as a routine oral hygiene adjunct are warranted.", "PMID": 1067402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5592", "title": "Accelerated reattachment with cementogenesis to dentin, demineralized in situ. II. Defect repair.", "content": "Three surgical experiments, with histologic evaluation, were performed to study induced gingival reattachment to tooth root dentin demineralized in situ during flap surgery in adult mongrel dogs. Experiments demonstrated aspects of: (1) Weekly histochemical and morphological sequences of repair; (2) Repair of chronically inflamed bony defects simulating periodontal pockets; and (3) Six and 12 month repair of reattached surgical defects. Flap reattachment with cementogenesis was induced by in situ root demineralization using citric acid at pH 1.0 applied for 2 minutes. Results demonstrate: (1) The production of anchoring cementum pins extending into dentin tubules widened by demineralization; (2) Reattachment with cementogenesis of inflamed gingiva to roots exposed to chronically-infected surgical defects for 3 months; (3) Success in repairing chronic interproximal one-walled and labial one surface defects by reattachment; (4) Relative failure to repair bifurcation and horizontal bone defects by flap reattachment; and (5) Complete alveolar bone repair over most labial defects by 1 year, with maintenance of a periodontal ligament between induced bone and cementum. These findings, together with previous reports of induced reattachment to demineralized roots, provide further evidence for mechanisms and consistency and suggest that this regenerative phenomenon may be useful in repairing osseous defects in periodontal therapy.", "contents": "Accelerated reattachment with cementogenesis to dentin, demineralized in situ. II. Defect repair. Three surgical experiments, with histologic evaluation, were performed to study induced gingival reattachment to tooth root dentin demineralized in situ during flap surgery in adult mongrel dogs. Experiments demonstrated aspects of: (1) Weekly histochemical and morphological sequences of repair; (2) Repair of chronically inflamed bony defects simulating periodontal pockets; and (3) Six and 12 month repair of reattached surgical defects. Flap reattachment with cementogenesis was induced by in situ root demineralization using citric acid at pH 1.0 applied for 2 minutes. Results demonstrate: (1) The production of anchoring cementum pins extending into dentin tubules widened by demineralization; (2) Reattachment with cementogenesis of inflamed gingiva to roots exposed to chronically-infected surgical defects for 3 months; (3) Success in repairing chronic interproximal one-walled and labial one surface defects by reattachment; (4) Relative failure to repair bifurcation and horizontal bone defects by flap reattachment; and (5) Complete alveolar bone repair over most labial defects by 1 year, with maintenance of a periodontal ligament between induced bone and cementum. These findings, together with previous reports of induced reattachment to demineralized roots, provide further evidence for mechanisms and consistency and suggest that this regenerative phenomenon may be useful in repairing osseous defects in periodontal therapy.", "PMID": 1067403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5593", "title": "Transgingival probing as a potential estimator of alveolar bone level.", "content": "The validity of using a periodontal probe for the transgingival sounding of the alveolar crest level has been demonstrated for buccal surfaces of the jaw. The measurements from the occlusal surfaces of the teeth to the estimated level of the alveolar crest using this technique accurately reflected the actual distances measured after surgical exposure of the alveolar crest at these sites.", "contents": "Transgingival probing as a potential estimator of alveolar bone level. The validity of using a periodontal probe for the transgingival sounding of the alveolar crest level has been demonstrated for buccal surfaces of the jaw. The measurements from the occlusal surfaces of the teeth to the estimated level of the alveolar crest using this technique accurately reflected the actual distances measured after surgical exposure of the alveolar crest at these sites.", "PMID": 1067405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5594", "title": "A comparison of the mucogingival junction in dentulous and edentulous areas.", "content": "Thirty human mucogingival specimens were evaluated histologically and histochemically to determine whether a difference exists in the mucogingival junction of dentulous and edentulous areas of the maxilla and mandible. No significant differences were observed between the two areas. The presence of an intermediate zone is described, which may have clinical implications in some surgical procedures.", "contents": "A comparison of the mucogingival junction in dentulous and edentulous areas. Thirty human mucogingival specimens were evaluated histologically and histochemically to determine whether a difference exists in the mucogingival junction of dentulous and edentulous areas of the maxilla and mandible. No significant differences were observed between the two areas. The presence of an intermediate zone is described, which may have clinical implications in some surgical procedures.", "PMID": 1067406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5595", "title": "A technique of measurement of the depth of the vestibular fornix in the mandibular anterior region.", "content": "A radiographic method of measurement of the depth of labial vestibule in the mandibular anterior region has been described. Contrast medium was applied to the lip and mucobuccal fold and radiopaque marker attached to the labial surface of each tooth. The head was positioned in a craniostat and a posterior-anterior radiograph exposed. The radiopaque boundaries of the vestibule showed on the radiograph so that they could be measured. Statistical analysis showed a recording error of 0.6 mm and an observation error of 0.29 mm, which are within the range of error acceptable for this type of recording technique.", "contents": "A technique of measurement of the depth of the vestibular fornix in the mandibular anterior region. A radiographic method of measurement of the depth of labial vestibule in the mandibular anterior region has been described. Contrast medium was applied to the lip and mucobuccal fold and radiopaque marker attached to the labial surface of each tooth. The head was positioned in a craniostat and a posterior-anterior radiograph exposed. The radiopaque boundaries of the vestibule showed on the radiograph so that they could be measured. Statistical analysis showed a recording error of 0.6 mm and an observation error of 0.29 mm, which are within the range of error acceptable for this type of recording technique.", "PMID": 1067407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5596", "title": "Cowden's disease (multiple hamartoma syndrome). Report of a limited mucocutaneous form.", "content": "A case of Cowden's disease has been presented and management considerations documented. Mucocutaneous lesions were the dominant feature of the disease. A rationale for differentiating Cowden's disease from other complex syndromes is considered vital to clinical practice.", "contents": "Cowden's disease (multiple hamartoma syndrome). Report of a limited mucocutaneous form. A case of Cowden's disease has been presented and management considerations documented. Mucocutaneous lesions were the dominant feature of the disease. A rationale for differentiating Cowden's disease from other complex syndromes is considered vital to clinical practice.", "PMID": 1067408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5597", "title": "Clinical reduction of gingivitis through the use of a mouthwash containing two quaternary ammonium compounds.", "content": "A commercially available antimicrobial mouthrinse was evaluated among students in Mexican boarding schools. The application was made daily for 3 months under the direct supervision of the project personnel. The observations indicated that the use of this mouthrinse decreased gingivitis substantially in comparison to the use of a control rinse which consisted of flavored water. It is concluded that this mouthwash, containing the known antimicrobial agents cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide, can be of clinical benefit if conscientiously applied as an adjunct in an oral hygiene regimen of regular toothbrushing with a dentifrice.", "contents": "Clinical reduction of gingivitis through the use of a mouthwash containing two quaternary ammonium compounds. A commercially available antimicrobial mouthrinse was evaluated among students in Mexican boarding schools. The application was made daily for 3 months under the direct supervision of the project personnel. The observations indicated that the use of this mouthrinse decreased gingivitis substantially in comparison to the use of a control rinse which consisted of flavored water. It is concluded that this mouthwash, containing the known antimicrobial agents cetylpyridinium chloride and domiphen bromide, can be of clinical benefit if conscientiously applied as an adjunct in an oral hygiene regimen of regular toothbrushing with a dentifrice.", "PMID": 1067409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5598", "title": "Relationship between the width of the occlusal table and pressures under dentures during function.", "content": "The effect of altering the width of the occlusal table was studied on one edentulous subject. A maxillary denture was designed to accept four interchangeable posterior occlusal segments, differing only in the buccolingual dimension of the occlusal table. The opposing mandibular denture contained pressure transducers that made contact at selected sites along the residual ridge. Pressures developed during function between the denture base and the ridge mucosa were analyzed.", "contents": "Relationship between the width of the occlusal table and pressures under dentures during function. The effect of altering the width of the occlusal table was studied on one edentulous subject. A maxillary denture was designed to accept four interchangeable posterior occlusal segments, differing only in the buccolingual dimension of the occlusal table. The opposing mandibular denture contained pressure transducers that made contact at selected sites along the residual ridge. Pressures developed during function between the denture base and the ridge mucosa were analyzed.", "PMID": 1067414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5599", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a pit and fissure sealant for young adults.", "content": "A BIS-GMA sealant, Nuva-Seal, failed to provide a statistically significant treatment for subjects 17 to 23 years of age. Sealant therapy cannot be considered a cost-effective factor for this age group. Retention of the more visible tinted version of the sealant was inferior to that of the clear commercial variety. This unexpected disparity in retention of the clear and tinted sealants underscores the importance of employing the exact product of interest to the dental profession when conducting the clinical trial.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a pit and fissure sealant for young adults. A BIS-GMA sealant, Nuva-Seal, failed to provide a statistically significant treatment for subjects 17 to 23 years of age. Sealant therapy cannot be considered a cost-effective factor for this age group. Retention of the more visible tinted version of the sealant was inferior to that of the clear commercial variety. This unexpected disparity in retention of the clear and tinted sealants underscores the importance of employing the exact product of interest to the dental profession when conducting the clinical trial.", "PMID": 1067415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5600", "title": "Abrasive wear, tensile strength, and hardness of dental composite resins--is there a relationship?", "content": "The in vitro abrasive wear resistance, tensile strength, and hardness of seven widely used composite restorative resins have been measured. Findings indicate that the values of tensile strength and hardness are not related to the measured abrasion rates. It is apparent that abrasive wear is a complex phenomenon and that materials which have high values for strength and/or hardness do not necessarily have high resistance to abrasive wear.", "contents": "Abrasive wear, tensile strength, and hardness of dental composite resins--is there a relationship? The in vitro abrasive wear resistance, tensile strength, and hardness of seven widely used composite restorative resins have been measured. Findings indicate that the values of tensile strength and hardness are not related to the measured abrasion rates. It is apparent that abrasive wear is a complex phenomenon and that materials which have high values for strength and/or hardness do not necessarily have high resistance to abrasive wear.", "PMID": 1067419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5601", "title": "Tissue reaction to dispersion alloy amalgam.", "content": "Dental amalgam implanted in rat connective tissue is injurious for the first 16 days. At 32 days, the implanted amalgam is tolerated. The increased copper content of Dispersalloy did not evoke a more serious response of the connective tissue than Fine Cut or Spheraloy amalgam.", "contents": "Tissue reaction to dispersion alloy amalgam. Dental amalgam implanted in rat connective tissue is injurious for the first 16 days. At 32 days, the implanted amalgam is tolerated. The increased copper content of Dispersalloy did not evoke a more serious response of the connective tissue than Fine Cut or Spheraloy amalgam.", "PMID": 1067420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5602", "title": "The burnishability of dental casting alloys.", "content": "1. A comparison of Table I with Table IV indicates that all the gold alloys have considerably lower burnishability numbers than are indicated by ADA specification No. 5 for the softened condition. In fact, they are even more burnishable in the hardened condition than specified for Type II alloys. 2. A comparison of Table III with Tables I and II indicates that one of the major advantages of ADA gold alloys is their ease of burnishing. 3. A comparison of Tables III and IV indicates that three of the new alloys (Paliney CB, Albacast, and Alborium) do not meet the burnishability number established from ADA specifications for Type III gold alloys in the softened condition. Moreover, three alloys (Forticast, WLW, and Auralite) probably will require softening heat treatments since their values for conditions of as-cast or hardening heat treatment are much higher than ADA specifications allow for gold alloys. All of these alloys are expected to be either impossible or difficult to burnish in the as-cast state.", "contents": "The burnishability of dental casting alloys. 1. A comparison of Table I with Table IV indicates that all the gold alloys have considerably lower burnishability numbers than are indicated by ADA specification No. 5 for the softened condition. In fact, they are even more burnishable in the hardened condition than specified for Type II alloys. 2. A comparison of Table III with Tables I and II indicates that one of the major advantages of ADA gold alloys is their ease of burnishing. 3. A comparison of Tables III and IV indicates that three of the new alloys (Paliney CB, Albacast, and Alborium) do not meet the burnishability number established from ADA specifications for Type III gold alloys in the softened condition. Moreover, three alloys (Forticast, WLW, and Auralite) probably will require softening heat treatments since their values for conditions of as-cast or hardening heat treatment are much higher than ADA specifications allow for gold alloys. All of these alloys are expected to be either impossible or difficult to burnish in the as-cast state.", "PMID": 1067421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5603", "title": "Open-cast technique for metal molds used in constructing facial prostheses.", "content": "A new (open-cast) technique for the fabrication of metal molds has been presented. Its simplicity relies on the use of gummed asbestos tape as a boxing agent for the investment models. This technique has the following advantages over the \"lost wax\" technique: (1) it requires approximately one-quarter the amount of investment material, (2) it eliminates the use of investing rings or wax patterns, (3) it eliminates the boil-out step for the wax pattern and reduces the total time required to make a metal mold, and (4) it affords a high degree of visibility. The only disadvantage is that the larger prostheses require large amounts of Lino-type metal which is very heavy. However, this has not restricted the use of this technique since these metals cast well and can be easily placed in large ovens. This technique, because of its advantages, offers more efficient use of laboratory time and personnel.", "contents": "Open-cast technique for metal molds used in constructing facial prostheses. A new (open-cast) technique for the fabrication of metal molds has been presented. Its simplicity relies on the use of gummed asbestos tape as a boxing agent for the investment models. This technique has the following advantages over the \"lost wax\" technique: (1) it requires approximately one-quarter the amount of investment material, (2) it eliminates the use of investing rings or wax patterns, (3) it eliminates the boil-out step for the wax pattern and reduces the total time required to make a metal mold, and (4) it affords a high degree of visibility. The only disadvantage is that the larger prostheses require large amounts of Lino-type metal which is very heavy. However, this has not restricted the use of this technique since these metals cast well and can be easily placed in large ovens. This technique, because of its advantages, offers more efficient use of laboratory time and personnel.", "PMID": 1067423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5604", "title": "Posterior bilateral condylar displacement: its diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "One type of condylar displacement (posterior bilateral) was discussed as an etiologic factor in TMJ dysfunction. Joint noise, tenderness on muscle palpation, and acute TMJ pain are all considered signs of TMJ dysfunction. Any joint noise is considered to be an early dysfunctional symptom because of its higher incidence in association with palpable muscle pain or acute TMJ dysfunction. Sometimes the joint noise will immediately precede acute muscle pain and/or fluctuate with the painful symptoms. The treatment of bilateral posterior condyle displacement has been described. The mandibular anterior teeth were shortened and the maxillary posterior occlusion adjusted so that the mandible could be respositioned in an anterior position without increasing the vertical dimension of occlusion. A silver-plated maxillary cast was obtained and mounted on a semiadjustable articulator (Hanau) with a face-bow. The mandibular cast was mounted in the dysfunctional (retruded) centric relation. The articulator was moved into a protrusive position by the amount of anterior correction that is needed to reposition the condyles into the middle of the fossae symmetrically on both sides. The original TMJ radiographs provide the necessary information for this clinical judgment. Acrylic resin was placed in the space created between the condylar sphere and stop on the articulator. An acrylic resin temporary repositioning prosthesis constructed on the metal cast has two functions. It provides a therapeutic trial for the anterior condylar respositioning, and it holds the mandible in the therapeutic position while TMJ radiographs confirm the corrective position of the condyles in the fossae. After a successful 6 to 8 week trial period with remission of symptoms, a gold prosthesis was constructed on the same cast in the same therapeutic position. It remains to be seen whether, after several years, the condylar suspension system changes from a dysfunctional centric relation to a new functional centric relation in which the patient can no longer return to the posterior displaced condylar position in the fossa. Only with painstaking observations, accurate TMJ radiographs, complete documentation, and after-care can a more scientific approach to the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ dysfunctional pain syndrome be achieved.", "contents": "Posterior bilateral condylar displacement: its diagnosis and treatment. One type of condylar displacement (posterior bilateral) was discussed as an etiologic factor in TMJ dysfunction. Joint noise, tenderness on muscle palpation, and acute TMJ pain are all considered signs of TMJ dysfunction. Any joint noise is considered to be an early dysfunctional symptom because of its higher incidence in association with palpable muscle pain or acute TMJ dysfunction. Sometimes the joint noise will immediately precede acute muscle pain and/or fluctuate with the painful symptoms. The treatment of bilateral posterior condyle displacement has been described. The mandibular anterior teeth were shortened and the maxillary posterior occlusion adjusted so that the mandible could be respositioned in an anterior position without increasing the vertical dimension of occlusion. A silver-plated maxillary cast was obtained and mounted on a semiadjustable articulator (Hanau) with a face-bow. The mandibular cast was mounted in the dysfunctional (retruded) centric relation. The articulator was moved into a protrusive position by the amount of anterior correction that is needed to reposition the condyles into the middle of the fossae symmetrically on both sides. The original TMJ radiographs provide the necessary information for this clinical judgment. Acrylic resin was placed in the space created between the condylar sphere and stop on the articulator. An acrylic resin temporary repositioning prosthesis constructed on the metal cast has two functions. It provides a therapeutic trial for the anterior condylar respositioning, and it holds the mandible in the therapeutic position while TMJ radiographs confirm the corrective position of the condyles in the fossae. After a successful 6 to 8 week trial period with remission of symptoms, a gold prosthesis was constructed on the same cast in the same therapeutic position. It remains to be seen whether, after several years, the condylar suspension system changes from a dysfunctional centric relation to a new functional centric relation in which the patient can no longer return to the posterior displaced condylar position in the fossa. Only with painstaking observations, accurate TMJ radiographs, complete documentation, and after-care can a more scientific approach to the diagnosis and treatment of TMJ dysfunctional pain syndrome be achieved.", "PMID": 1067424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5605", "title": "An evaluation of single and combined self-applied fluoride programs in schools.", "content": "1. The combined use of a twice-yearly, self-applied 2.2 percent phosphate fluoride prophylactic paste and a weekly 0.2 percent sodium fluoride mouthrinse resulted in a significantly lower caries prevalence at the same school after two years. 2. The use of a weekly 0.2 percent sodium fluoride mouthrinse alone resulted in a significantly lower caries prevalence among 11 year olds at the same school after two years. 3. The use of a twice-yearly 2.2 percent phosphate fluoride self-applied prophylactic paste did not result in a significant difference in caries prevalence at the same school after two years. 4. The combination of methods appeared to be more effective than either method used alone and the programs were more effective among nonwhites in this population with this type of analysis. 5. A study design which uses cross-sectional data to estimate incidence and to make prevalence comparisons at two different points in time can be useful when an evaluation of the effect of previously tested products is desired in school-based programs.", "contents": "An evaluation of single and combined self-applied fluoride programs in schools. 1. The combined use of a twice-yearly, self-applied 2.2 percent phosphate fluoride prophylactic paste and a weekly 0.2 percent sodium fluoride mouthrinse resulted in a significantly lower caries prevalence at the same school after two years. 2. The use of a weekly 0.2 percent sodium fluoride mouthrinse alone resulted in a significantly lower caries prevalence among 11 year olds at the same school after two years. 3. The use of a twice-yearly 2.2 percent phosphate fluoride self-applied prophylactic paste did not result in a significant difference in caries prevalence at the same school after two years. 4. The combination of methods appeared to be more effective than either method used alone and the programs were more effective among nonwhites in this population with this type of analysis. 5. A study design which uses cross-sectional data to estimate incidence and to make prevalence comparisons at two different points in time can be useful when an evaluation of the effect of previously tested products is desired in school-based programs.", "PMID": 1067428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5606", "title": "Classroom teachers' perceived role in dental health education.", "content": "This investigation utilized mail questionnaires to determine public school teachers' perceived adequacy to teach six dental health topics and responsbility for dental health in the classroom. The majority of public school teachers surveyed in Iowa City and surrounding communities felt adequate to teach dental health topics with two major exceptions: increasing proficiency in brushing and flossing, and understanding the processes and reasons for periodontal disease. More importantly, this study indicates that many teachers do not consider dental health activities to be responsibilities of the public school teacher.", "contents": "Classroom teachers' perceived role in dental health education. This investigation utilized mail questionnaires to determine public school teachers' perceived adequacy to teach six dental health topics and responsbility for dental health in the classroom. The majority of public school teachers surveyed in Iowa City and surrounding communities felt adequate to teach dental health topics with two major exceptions: increasing proficiency in brushing and flossing, and understanding the processes and reasons for periodontal disease. More importantly, this study indicates that many teachers do not consider dental health activities to be responsibilities of the public school teacher.", "PMID": 1067429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5607", "title": "A resurvey of hypertensive patients detected in a dental office screening program.", "content": "In order to ascertain the fate of hypertensive patients who were discovered through the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry Hypertension Screening Program, a telephone survey was conducted whereby the first 128 patients discovered to be hypertensive through the program were interviewed concerning their current state of care. All 128 patients were at least three months postreferral. Patients were asked whether or not they were still under a physician's care; those responding positively were further questioned regarding medications prescribed, medication consumption, and frequency of physician visits. In all, 109 patients were contacted. The 109 patients consisted of 18 patients treated at the hypertension clinic at Medical College of Virginia and 91 patients being treated by private physicians. Of the 18 clinic patients contacted, 17 (94 percent) were still being treated. Of the patients being treated by private physicians 62 (68.1 percent) were still being followed. Of the 109 patients contacted, 79 (72.5 percent) were still under care and 30 (27.5 percent) were no longer under care. Of the patients still under care 56 (71 percent) had been prescribed medicine and only two had discontinued medication. Forty-one patients saw their physician more frequently than every three months; 21 saw their physician every three to four months and 17 saw their physician semiannually or annually. Of the delinquent hypertensives in this study, 72 percent were still under care at the time of survey and of the previously undetected hypertensives 73 percent were still under care. It is concluded that there is still a significant drop-out-rate among hypertensives after refereral and that some void exists in the follow-up of hypertensives. The suggestion is made that the dentist may be able to assist in follow-up and possibly reduce the drop-out-rate.", "contents": "A resurvey of hypertensive patients detected in a dental office screening program. In order to ascertain the fate of hypertensive patients who were discovered through the Medical College of Virginia School of Dentistry Hypertension Screening Program, a telephone survey was conducted whereby the first 128 patients discovered to be hypertensive through the program were interviewed concerning their current state of care. All 128 patients were at least three months postreferral. Patients were asked whether or not they were still under a physician's care; those responding positively were further questioned regarding medications prescribed, medication consumption, and frequency of physician visits. In all, 109 patients were contacted. The 109 patients consisted of 18 patients treated at the hypertension clinic at Medical College of Virginia and 91 patients being treated by private physicians. Of the 18 clinic patients contacted, 17 (94 percent) were still being treated. Of the patients being treated by private physicians 62 (68.1 percent) were still being followed. Of the 109 patients contacted, 79 (72.5 percent) were still under care and 30 (27.5 percent) were no longer under care. Of the patients still under care 56 (71 percent) had been prescribed medicine and only two had discontinued medication. Forty-one patients saw their physician more frequently than every three months; 21 saw their physician every three to four months and 17 saw their physician semiannually or annually. Of the delinquent hypertensives in this study, 72 percent were still under care at the time of survey and of the previously undetected hypertensives 73 percent were still under care. It is concluded that there is still a significant drop-out-rate among hypertensives after refereral and that some void exists in the follow-up of hypertensives. The suggestion is made that the dentist may be able to assist in follow-up and possibly reduce the drop-out-rate.", "PMID": 1067430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5608", "title": "The status of community advisory committees in dental education.", "content": "A questionnaire survey was undertaken to determine how prevalent community advisory committees have become in the nation's dental schools and what types of committees have been formed. Responses were received from 52 (90 percent) of the 58 dental schools. The data revealed the following: 1. Nine schools (17 percent) have developed consumer committees. 2. The number of committee members varies from five to 29. 3. All the committees are composed of consumer members and school representatives, and, in all but one committee, health care providers are represented. 4. Four (44 percent) committees have advisory functions only, while the remaining five (56 percent) play an advisory and policy-making role. 5. No committee planned formal training sessions for their consumer members. 6. Of the 43 schools (83 percent) without such a committee, seven (16 percent) replied they foresee implementing a consumer committee in the future.", "contents": "The status of community advisory committees in dental education. A questionnaire survey was undertaken to determine how prevalent community advisory committees have become in the nation's dental schools and what types of committees have been formed. Responses were received from 52 (90 percent) of the 58 dental schools. The data revealed the following: 1. Nine schools (17 percent) have developed consumer committees. 2. The number of committee members varies from five to 29. 3. All the committees are composed of consumer members and school representatives, and, in all but one committee, health care providers are represented. 4. Four (44 percent) committees have advisory functions only, while the remaining five (56 percent) play an advisory and policy-making role. 5. No committee planned formal training sessions for their consumer members. 6. Of the 43 schools (83 percent) without such a committee, seven (16 percent) replied they foresee implementing a consumer committee in the future.", "PMID": 1067431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5609", "title": "Continuous negative chest-wall pressure. Successful use for severe respiratory distress in an adult.", "content": "Continuous negative pressure (CNP) around the chest-wall and lower parts of the body was used to treat progressively alveolar disease. Therapy with CNP produced a substantial increase in arterial oxygen tension that was sustained and permitted a decrease in oxygen requirements to 40% within 24 hours. There were concomitant decreases in intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt and respiratory frequency. During CNP therapy, no adverse effects on heart rate or blood pressure were detected.", "contents": "Continuous negative chest-wall pressure. Successful use for severe respiratory distress in an adult. Continuous negative pressure (CNP) around the chest-wall and lower parts of the body was used to treat progressively alveolar disease. Therapy with CNP produced a substantial increase in arterial oxygen tension that was sustained and permitted a decrease in oxygen requirements to 40% within 24 hours. There were concomitant decreases in intrapulmonary right-to-left shunt and respiratory frequency. During CNP therapy, no adverse effects on heart rate or blood pressure were detected.", "PMID": 1067453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5610", "title": "Cytotoxic antibody complicating platelet support in acute leukemia. Response to chemotherapy.", "content": "Lymphocytotoxic or thrombocytolytic antibodies were detected in 11 of 25 thrombocytopenic patients receiving repeated platelet transfusions. Platelet survival times were reduced in these patients (half-life [T/2], 32 hours) as compared to patients without antibody (T/2, 51 hours, P less than .05). In one woman with acute myeloblastic leukemia and a potent platelet antibody, combination chemotherapy resulted in a profound decrease in circulating gamma-globulin and concurrent disappearance of the cytotoxic antibody. The survival of transfused platelets in this patient was dramatically improved, and bleeding was controlled.", "contents": "Cytotoxic antibody complicating platelet support in acute leukemia. Response to chemotherapy. Lymphocytotoxic or thrombocytolytic antibodies were detected in 11 of 25 thrombocytopenic patients receiving repeated platelet transfusions. Platelet survival times were reduced in these patients (half-life [T/2], 32 hours) as compared to patients without antibody (T/2, 51 hours, P less than .05). In one woman with acute myeloblastic leukemia and a potent platelet antibody, combination chemotherapy resulted in a profound decrease in circulating gamma-globulin and concurrent disappearance of the cytotoxic antibody. The survival of transfused platelets in this patient was dramatically improved, and bleeding was controlled.", "PMID": 1067454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5611", "title": "The smoking habits of New Zealand doctors: a review after ten years.", "content": "A second survey of New Zealand doctors' smoking habits in 1972 elicited an 83 percent response from 3113 doctors. 38.5 percent had never smoked compared with 23.8 percent in a 1963 survey; 29.2 had given up smoking, and 33.3 percent still smoked. Only 21.3 percent smoked cigarettes compared with 35.3 percent in 1963. There has been a sustantial increase in non-smokers among recent graduates. Both sexes now smoke cigarettes less frequently but pipe and cigar smoking by male doctors has risen sharply. Obstetricians smoke cigarettes more often than other groups of doctors, while pathologists, medical administrators and academics smoke the least. Giving up smoking was not difficult for most former smokers except for the heavy smokers who now make up most of the persistent smoker group.", "contents": "The smoking habits of New Zealand doctors: a review after ten years. A second survey of New Zealand doctors' smoking habits in 1972 elicited an 83 percent response from 3113 doctors. 38.5 percent had never smoked compared with 23.8 percent in a 1963 survey; 29.2 had given up smoking, and 33.3 percent still smoked. Only 21.3 percent smoked cigarettes compared with 35.3 percent in 1963. There has been a sustantial increase in non-smokers among recent graduates. Both sexes now smoke cigarettes less frequently but pipe and cigar smoking by male doctors has risen sharply. Obstetricians smoke cigarettes more often than other groups of doctors, while pathologists, medical administrators and academics smoke the least. Giving up smoking was not difficult for most former smokers except for the heavy smokers who now make up most of the persistent smoker group.", "PMID": 1067482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5612", "title": "A sensitive, rapid radioimmunoassay for angiotensin II.", "content": "A rapid but sensitive radioimmunoassay for the measurement of plasma angiotensin II has been developed. Antiserum to angiotensin II coupled to albumin was raised and boosted by subsequent injections of unconjugated hormone. The antibody was found to react equally with the Val5 and Ileu5 forms of angiotensin II as well as with the hexa and heptapeptide fragments. Only minor cross reactivity with angiotensin I was observed. The minimum amount of angiotensin II that could be reliably measured was 4pg per tube. Because plasma incubates resulted in large and variable losses in sensitivity, an ethanol precipitation step was employed for plasma samples prior to radioimmunoassay. The normal range of venous angiotensin II levels in ambulant volunteers was 20-83pg/ml. Highly significant correlations of plasma angiotensin II with simultaneously drawn samples for renin determination were noted. Venous angiotensin II levels in a number of clinical situations are documented.", "contents": "A sensitive, rapid radioimmunoassay for angiotensin II. A rapid but sensitive radioimmunoassay for the measurement of plasma angiotensin II has been developed. Antiserum to angiotensin II coupled to albumin was raised and boosted by subsequent injections of unconjugated hormone. The antibody was found to react equally with the Val5 and Ileu5 forms of angiotensin II as well as with the hexa and heptapeptide fragments. Only minor cross reactivity with angiotensin I was observed. The minimum amount of angiotensin II that could be reliably measured was 4pg per tube. Because plasma incubates resulted in large and variable losses in sensitivity, an ethanol precipitation step was employed for plasma samples prior to radioimmunoassay. The normal range of venous angiotensin II levels in ambulant volunteers was 20-83pg/ml. Highly significant correlations of plasma angiotensin II with simultaneously drawn samples for renin determination were noted. Venous angiotensin II levels in a number of clinical situations are documented.", "PMID": 1067483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5613", "title": "Geographic patterns of disease.", "content": "The preparation and use of a computerised grid for demonstrating the temporal and spatial distribution of outbreaks of infectious hepatitis is described. Methods of social area and cluster analysis are described and it is suggested that use could be made in New Zealand of these methods of analysis, taking social data obtained from the census and linking it with mortality and morbidity data obtained by geographical reference.", "contents": "Geographic patterns of disease. The preparation and use of a computerised grid for demonstrating the temporal and spatial distribution of outbreaks of infectious hepatitis is described. Methods of social area and cluster analysis are described and it is suggested that use could be made in New Zealand of these methods of analysis, taking social data obtained from the census and linking it with mortality and morbidity data obtained by geographical reference.", "PMID": 1067484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5614", "title": "Eighteen months general practice experience with urban practice nurses.", "content": "Experience working with practice nurses under the present urban practice nurse scheme is described very briefly. Financial matters are touched on briefly, as are points for and against the scheme. The personal conclusions reached with regard to patient acceptance, opportunities to practise a more preventive type of medicine and the relief of excessive pressures on the doctor, appear to make the continuance and extension of the scheme well worthwhile.", "contents": "Eighteen months general practice experience with urban practice nurses. Experience working with practice nurses under the present urban practice nurse scheme is described very briefly. Financial matters are touched on briefly, as are points for and against the scheme. The personal conclusions reached with regard to patient acceptance, opportunities to practise a more preventive type of medicine and the relief of excessive pressures on the doctor, appear to make the continuance and extension of the scheme well worthwhile.", "PMID": 1067485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5615", "title": "The distribution of multiple sclerosis in relation to the dairy industry and milk consumption.", "content": "This report emphasises the striking correlation between the world distribution of dairy production and consumption and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. The irregular distribution of multiple sclerosis has been extensively investigated and many comparative studies of specific variables undertaken. It seems likely that there could be a combination of predisposing or precipitating factors involved in its aetiology, and that some environmental phenomenon plays a part. This report suggests that milk consumption may be a common aetiological factor.", "contents": "The distribution of multiple sclerosis in relation to the dairy industry and milk consumption. This report emphasises the striking correlation between the world distribution of dairy production and consumption and the incidence of multiple sclerosis. The irregular distribution of multiple sclerosis has been extensively investigated and many comparative studies of specific variables undertaken. It seems likely that there could be a combination of predisposing or precipitating factors involved in its aetiology, and that some environmental phenomenon plays a part. This report suggests that milk consumption may be a common aetiological factor.", "PMID": 1067488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5616", "title": "Dialysate calcium levels, dialysis hours and the healing of osteitis fibrosa.", "content": "Unselected patients receiving intermittent haemodialysis at home were examined by hand radiographs to study the progression of osteitis fibrosa. Patients were using Kiil dialysers and Drake-Willock proportioning systems. The calcium phosphorus product was controlled by an adequate dialysis schedule supplemented by aluminum hydroxide gel. Dialysate calcium ranged between 5.7 and 7.3 mg/100 ml depending on the calcium content of local tap water. In 73 percent of patients the osteitis fibrosa improved radiologically and in most patients complete healing occurred. The rate of change was slow. Patients whose bones healed had significantly higher serum and tap water calcium levels than those whose bones deteriorated. There was no significant difference in the serum phosphorus levels in the two groups. Improvement of osteitis fibrosa requires both control of calcium phosphorus product and suppression of the parathyroid gland. Long dialysis hours with a positive calcium balance during dialysis were necessary to achieve the best results.", "contents": "Dialysate calcium levels, dialysis hours and the healing of osteitis fibrosa. Unselected patients receiving intermittent haemodialysis at home were examined by hand radiographs to study the progression of osteitis fibrosa. Patients were using Kiil dialysers and Drake-Willock proportioning systems. The calcium phosphorus product was controlled by an adequate dialysis schedule supplemented by aluminum hydroxide gel. Dialysate calcium ranged between 5.7 and 7.3 mg/100 ml depending on the calcium content of local tap water. In 73 percent of patients the osteitis fibrosa improved radiologically and in most patients complete healing occurred. The rate of change was slow. Patients whose bones healed had significantly higher serum and tap water calcium levels than those whose bones deteriorated. There was no significant difference in the serum phosphorus levels in the two groups. Improvement of osteitis fibrosa requires both control of calcium phosphorus product and suppression of the parathyroid gland. Long dialysis hours with a positive calcium balance during dialysis were necessary to achieve the best results.", "PMID": 1067489}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5617", "title": "Pretibial lacerations.", "content": "Pretibial lacerations are common and cause considerable morbidity, especially for elderly women. Factors predisposing to this injury are discussed and guidelines for management outlined.", "contents": "Pretibial lacerations. Pretibial lacerations are common and cause considerable morbidity, especially for elderly women. Factors predisposing to this injury are discussed and guidelines for management outlined.", "PMID": 1067490}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5618", "title": "Kasabach-Merritt syndrome with terminal gram negative infection.", "content": "A case of giant haemangioma with disseminated intravascular coagulation (Kasabach-Merritt) syndrome) is presented. Death occurred despite therapy and postmortem evidence of clinically unrecognised gram negative bacteraemia was seen.", "contents": "Kasabach-Merritt syndrome with terminal gram negative infection. A case of giant haemangioma with disseminated intravascular coagulation (Kasabach-Merritt) syndrome) is presented. Death occurred despite therapy and postmortem evidence of clinically unrecognised gram negative bacteraemia was seen.", "PMID": 1067491}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5619", "title": "Contraception in general practice.", "content": "A survey of the use of intra-uterine devices and contraception in a country practice has been made. Twenty percent found an IUD unacceptable. The contraceptive pattern of 157 women was analysed and 13.8 percent were using inefficient methods. The possibility of contraceptives being made available on the Drug Tariff is discussed.", "contents": "Contraception in general practice. A survey of the use of intra-uterine devices and contraception in a country practice has been made. Twenty percent found an IUD unacceptable. The contraceptive pattern of 157 women was analysed and 13.8 percent were using inefficient methods. The possibility of contraceptives being made available on the Drug Tariff is discussed.", "PMID": 1067493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5620", "title": "Clomipramine in phobic and obsessional states: preliminary report.", "content": "An uncontrolled trial of clomipramine for phobic and obsessional states is reported. Twenty out of 21 patients benefited.", "contents": "Clomipramine in phobic and obsessional states: preliminary report. An uncontrolled trial of clomipramine for phobic and obsessional states is reported. Twenty out of 21 patients benefited.", "PMID": 1067503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5621", "title": "Developing or normocellular bacterial meningitis.", "content": "Occult, normocellular bacterial meningitis is described in two cases, and additional records of similar cases reviewed. It is considered necessary to perform bacteriological cultures of all cerebrospinal fluids investigated for possible infective conditions even if of normal cell count, biochemistry, and naked eye appearance.", "contents": "Developing or normocellular bacterial meningitis. Occult, normocellular bacterial meningitis is described in two cases, and additional records of similar cases reviewed. It is considered necessary to perform bacteriological cultures of all cerebrospinal fluids investigated for possible infective conditions even if of normal cell count, biochemistry, and naked eye appearance.", "PMID": 1067504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5622", "title": "Gynodaktarin (miconazole nitrate) for vulvovaginal candidiasis.", "content": "A new potent fungicidal preparation, miconazole nitrate 2 percent (Gynodaktarin) was used in 40 patients, both pregnant, with vulvovaginal candidiasis. It was as effective in pregnant as in non-pregnant patients. Retreatment in three cases of recurrence was successful. There were no side effects reported, and the drug was found to be safe for pregnant patients and their offspring.", "contents": "Gynodaktarin (miconazole nitrate) for vulvovaginal candidiasis. A new potent fungicidal preparation, miconazole nitrate 2 percent (Gynodaktarin) was used in 40 patients, both pregnant, with vulvovaginal candidiasis. It was as effective in pregnant as in non-pregnant patients. Retreatment in three cases of recurrence was successful. There were no side effects reported, and the drug was found to be safe for pregnant patients and their offspring.", "PMID": 1067505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5623", "title": "Antimicrobial effect of root canal d\u00e9bridement in teeth with immature root. A clinical and microbiologic study.", "content": "The aim of present investigation was to compare the antibacterial effect of biochemical root canal cleansing in permanent non-vital upper incisors with immature with those with mature root. The material comprised three groups made up of 34, 46 and 28 teeth in which the mechanical cleansing was accompanied by flushing with sterile saline and sodium hypochlorite solutions giving 0.5 or 5.0% active chloride, respectively. Samples were taken in root canals initially after removal of necrotic tissue and after completed cleansing, transferred to solid and liquid media for aerobically and anaerobically and incubated until growth appeared or up to 10 days. The microorganisms were identified by biochemical tests and gas-chromatographic analysis. The antibacterial effect of mechanical cleansing with sterile saline was very low (9%) and limited to the teeth with mature root. The flushing with sodium hypochlorite increased the antibacterial effect to about 25%. No statistical difference was found in the antibacterial effect between flushing with 0.5 % or 5.0% sodium hypochlorite solutions. The antibacterial effect was, however, irrespective of the sodium hypochlorite concentrations, less good in teeth with immature root at the statistically significant 5% level. It was concluded that mechanical cleansing of root canals in teeth with immature root with the instruments now available is inadequate. This inadequacy cannot be compensated for by use of highly concentrated solution, with dissolving effect on necrotic tissue, for flushing. The use of such substances which also have toxic effect on the tissue should be avoided.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effect of root canal d\u00e9bridement in teeth with immature root. A clinical and microbiologic study. The aim of present investigation was to compare the antibacterial effect of biochemical root canal cleansing in permanent non-vital upper incisors with immature with those with mature root. The material comprised three groups made up of 34, 46 and 28 teeth in which the mechanical cleansing was accompanied by flushing with sterile saline and sodium hypochlorite solutions giving 0.5 or 5.0% active chloride, respectively. Samples were taken in root canals initially after removal of necrotic tissue and after completed cleansing, transferred to solid and liquid media for aerobically and anaerobically and incubated until growth appeared or up to 10 days. The microorganisms were identified by biochemical tests and gas-chromatographic analysis. The antibacterial effect of mechanical cleansing with sterile saline was very low (9%) and limited to the teeth with mature root. The flushing with sodium hypochlorite increased the antibacterial effect to about 25%. No statistical difference was found in the antibacterial effect between flushing with 0.5 % or 5.0% sodium hypochlorite solutions. The antibacterial effect was, however, irrespective of the sodium hypochlorite concentrations, less good in teeth with immature root at the statistically significant 5% level. It was concluded that mechanical cleansing of root canals in teeth with immature root with the instruments now available is inadequate. This inadequacy cannot be compensated for by use of highly concentrated solution, with dissolving effect on necrotic tissue, for flushing. The use of such substances which also have toxic effect on the tissue should be avoided.", "PMID": 1067526}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5624", "title": "Fluorine gradients in outermost surface enamel after various forms of topical application of fluorides in vivo.", "content": "Fluorine gradients were analysed in sound facial enamel of 58 pairs of homologous contralateral premolar teeth. A macroscopic stepwise acid etching technique was used to determine the F-concentration to the depths of 40-200 microns. Usually three successive enamel layers (10, 10, and 20 microns) from enamel surface and inwards were removed. Eight pairs of teeth (control group) which had not been subjected to any form of fluoride treatment in the study, were used to assess the difference between teeth extracted at three-week-interval. The F-gradients were almost identical, with only small differences between the teeth. F-concentrations usually decreased from about 900 ppm within the first 10 microns to about 200 ppm at a depth of 40-50 microns. In ten experimental groups (5 pairs of teeth in each group) the F-uptake was studied after various forms of topical application. Contralateral teeth served as control teeth. The highest F-uptake was observed when a fluoride varnish, Duraphat (5% NaF) was applied three times at one weeks' interval. The F-concentrations were about 2000, 900 and 550 ppm, respectively, in the first, second and third enamel layer. The increase in F-concentration in the first enamel layers analysed was significant, but not in the deepest. When testing the effect of paintings procedures with 2% NaF (pH = 7 and 5); 8% SnF2; 5% Na2PO3F; 2% APF-gel (Flura-Gel) in a similar way, a moderate F-uptake was found (100-450 ppm). The uptake of F was limited to the first 10 microns of the enamel. Only 2% NaF (pH = 5) And the APF-gel gave a significant F-uptake within the first layer. Daily mouthwashing procedures during 21 days resulted in insignificant uptake of F when 0.025% and 0.05% NaF solutions were used. Not even rinsing with 0.025% NaF solution for more than 100 days and rinsing with 0.2% NaF solution once a week for three weeks resulted in any significant uptake. The results showed that the F-uptake in vivo from conventional topical application is small and limited to the first few microns of the enamel surface. However, by prolonging the exposure of the enamel surfaces to fluorides in varnishes with high F-concentrations it appears possible to highly raise the F-concentration of the enamel surface and in deeper layers.", "contents": "Fluorine gradients in outermost surface enamel after various forms of topical application of fluorides in vivo. Fluorine gradients were analysed in sound facial enamel of 58 pairs of homologous contralateral premolar teeth. A macroscopic stepwise acid etching technique was used to determine the F-concentration to the depths of 40-200 microns. Usually three successive enamel layers (10, 10, and 20 microns) from enamel surface and inwards were removed. Eight pairs of teeth (control group) which had not been subjected to any form of fluoride treatment in the study, were used to assess the difference between teeth extracted at three-week-interval. The F-gradients were almost identical, with only small differences between the teeth. F-concentrations usually decreased from about 900 ppm within the first 10 microns to about 200 ppm at a depth of 40-50 microns. In ten experimental groups (5 pairs of teeth in each group) the F-uptake was studied after various forms of topical application. Contralateral teeth served as control teeth. The highest F-uptake was observed when a fluoride varnish, Duraphat (5% NaF) was applied three times at one weeks' interval. The F-concentrations were about 2000, 900 and 550 ppm, respectively, in the first, second and third enamel layer. The increase in F-concentration in the first enamel layers analysed was significant, but not in the deepest. When testing the effect of paintings procedures with 2% NaF (pH = 7 and 5); 8% SnF2; 5% Na2PO3F; 2% APF-gel (Flura-Gel) in a similar way, a moderate F-uptake was found (100-450 ppm). The uptake of F was limited to the first 10 microns of the enamel. Only 2% NaF (pH = 5) And the APF-gel gave a significant F-uptake within the first layer. Daily mouthwashing procedures during 21 days resulted in insignificant uptake of F when 0.025% and 0.05% NaF solutions were used. Not even rinsing with 0.025% NaF solution for more than 100 days and rinsing with 0.2% NaF solution once a week for three weeks resulted in any significant uptake. The results showed that the F-uptake in vivo from conventional topical application is small and limited to the first few microns of the enamel surface. However, by prolonging the exposure of the enamel surfaces to fluorides in varnishes with high F-concentrations it appears possible to highly raise the F-concentration of the enamel surface and in deeper layers.", "PMID": 1067527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5625", "title": "A method for reinforcing dental composite restorative materials.", "content": "A method is presented for reinforcing dental composite restorative materials by incorporation of a polymer impregnated porous inorganic component. A method for producing such an inorganic component in the form of a three-dimensional glass fiber network is described. The structure of the network is demonstrated with the aid of scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "A method for reinforcing dental composite restorative materials. A method is presented for reinforcing dental composite restorative materials by incorporation of a polymer impregnated porous inorganic component. A method for producing such an inorganic component in the form of a three-dimensional glass fiber network is described. The structure of the network is demonstrated with the aid of scanning electron microscopy.", "PMID": 1067528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5626", "title": "Clinical trials with bupivacaine in oral surgery.", "content": "Bupivacaine HCL is compared to lidocaine with respect to clinical use in oral surgery. Onset, potency, and duration of anesthesia with it are documented. The major advantage of its use is the long duration of its anesthetic effect, with a very slow return to full sensation, which eases the patient through the early postoperative period.", "contents": "Clinical trials with bupivacaine in oral surgery. Bupivacaine HCL is compared to lidocaine with respect to clinical use in oral surgery. Onset, potency, and duration of anesthesia with it are documented. The major advantage of its use is the long duration of its anesthetic effect, with a very slow return to full sensation, which eases the patient through the early postoperative period.", "PMID": 1067530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5627", "title": "Utilization review: P.S.R.O. and the oral surgeon.", "content": "The P.S.R.O. program is being implemented to improve the quality of care through effective peer review. Effective peer review requires that the oral surgeon must not only detect problems, but analyze causes and develop, implement, and evaluate corrective programs. To actively participate in development of P.S.R.O. criteria for admission, the Department of Oral Surgery at the University of Tennessee Memorial Hospital, Knoxville, conducted a restrospective survey of oral surgery admissions. Utilization review of the oral surgery admissions was conducted to determine the average length of stay and the utilization of the operating room and the ambulatory surgery clinic for patients admitted to the hospital.", "contents": "Utilization review: P.S.R.O. and the oral surgeon. The P.S.R.O. program is being implemented to improve the quality of care through effective peer review. Effective peer review requires that the oral surgeon must not only detect problems, but analyze causes and develop, implement, and evaluate corrective programs. To actively participate in development of P.S.R.O. criteria for admission, the Department of Oral Surgery at the University of Tennessee Memorial Hospital, Knoxville, conducted a restrospective survey of oral surgery admissions. Utilization review of the oral surgery admissions was conducted to determine the average length of stay and the utilization of the operating room and the ambulatory surgery clinic for patients admitted to the hospital.", "PMID": 1067531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5628", "title": "Fibrous dysplasia of the jaws in Nigerians.", "content": "The clinicoradiologic features and surgical treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the jaws in forty-seven Nigerian patients are described. Marked facial deformity and functional disturbances were the main indications for operation. We noticed one case of malignant transformation. It is our opinion that a more-than-usual aggressive excision is indicated in Nigerian patients.", "contents": "Fibrous dysplasia of the jaws in Nigerians. The clinicoradiologic features and surgical treatment of fibrous dysplasia of the jaws in forty-seven Nigerian patients are described. Marked facial deformity and functional disturbances were the main indications for operation. We noticed one case of malignant transformation. It is our opinion that a more-than-usual aggressive excision is indicated in Nigerian patients.", "PMID": 1067532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5629", "title": "Local injection of corticosteroids with vestibuloplasty.", "content": "Triamcinolone acetonide was injected into the mucobuccal fold adjacent to the surgical site where a vestibuloplasty with mucosal grafting had been performed. Macroscopically, the mucobuccal folds of the experimental group were both softer than those of the control animals and exhibited less tendency toward regression in the depth of the vestibule. Microscopic examination revealed qualitative rather than quantitative changes in collagen formation.", "contents": "Local injection of corticosteroids with vestibuloplasty. Triamcinolone acetonide was injected into the mucobuccal fold adjacent to the surgical site where a vestibuloplasty with mucosal grafting had been performed. Macroscopically, the mucobuccal folds of the experimental group were both softer than those of the control animals and exhibited less tendency toward regression in the depth of the vestibule. Microscopic examination revealed qualitative rather than quantitative changes in collagen formation.", "PMID": 1067533}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5630", "title": "Studies on melanocytes. V. The presence of melanocytes in the human dental primordium: an explanation for pigmented lesions of the jaws.", "content": "Melanocytes were observed within the dental lamina or tooth bud in three of eleven Caucasian and in all six Negro fetuses, 12 to 18 weeks of gestation, studied. The presence of these cells in the dental primordium points to a contribution by the neural crest to the formation of the tooth in mammals. The occurrence of melanocytes in the dental anlage may also explain the histogenesis of such pigmented lesions as the melanotic \"progonoma,\" calcigying odontogenic cyst, and the pigmented odontogenic tumor of Richardson.", "contents": "Studies on melanocytes. V. The presence of melanocytes in the human dental primordium: an explanation for pigmented lesions of the jaws. Melanocytes were observed within the dental lamina or tooth bud in three of eleven Caucasian and in all six Negro fetuses, 12 to 18 weeks of gestation, studied. The presence of these cells in the dental primordium points to a contribution by the neural crest to the formation of the tooth in mammals. The occurrence of melanocytes in the dental anlage may also explain the histogenesis of such pigmented lesions as the melanotic \"progonoma,\" calcigying odontogenic cyst, and the pigmented odontogenic tumor of Richardson.", "PMID": 1067535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5631", "title": "Histochemical demonstration of acid hydrolase activity in internal dentinal resorption.", "content": "The enzymes acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.133) and beta-glucuronidase (E.C. 3.2.1.31) have been demonstrated in dentin-resorbing cells by means of histochemistry. Addition of specific enzyme inhibitros revealed that the acid phosphatase of these cells was sensitive to fluride, copper, and m?OLYBDATE BUT RESISTANT TO Tartrate. The same pattern of enzyme activity has previously been found in bone-resorbing cells.", "contents": "Histochemical demonstration of acid hydrolase activity in internal dentinal resorption. The enzymes acid phosphatase (E.C. 3.133) and beta-glucuronidase (E.C. 3.2.1.31) have been demonstrated in dentin-resorbing cells by means of histochemistry. Addition of specific enzyme inhibitros revealed that the acid phosphatase of these cells was sensitive to fluride, copper, and m?OLYBDATE BUT RESISTANT TO Tartrate. The same pattern of enzyme activity has previously been found in bone-resorbing cells.", "PMID": 1067536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5632", "title": "Effects of lowered temperatures on rat pulp and gingivae.", "content": "The histologic appearance of pulp and interdental papilla was observed for 2 months after cryosurgery of dental tissues in the molar region of twelve Colworth-Wistar rats. The reduction in temperature achieved was also calculated from thermocouples in the pulp chamber of freshly killed animals. Reduction to -13 degrees C. in 1 1/2 minutes was followed by destruction of the odontoblast layer and fibrosis of the pulp. Destruction of the epithelium was followed by regeneration and was characterized by a sterile inflammatory reaction. Cryotherapy is suggested to be a useful alternative to standard gingivectomy, especially in patients with blood dyscrasias, and may also be used to treat internal resorption or \"pink spot.\"", "contents": "Effects of lowered temperatures on rat pulp and gingivae. The histologic appearance of pulp and interdental papilla was observed for 2 months after cryosurgery of dental tissues in the molar region of twelve Colworth-Wistar rats. The reduction in temperature achieved was also calculated from thermocouples in the pulp chamber of freshly killed animals. Reduction to -13 degrees C. in 1 1/2 minutes was followed by destruction of the odontoblast layer and fibrosis of the pulp. Destruction of the epithelium was followed by regeneration and was characterized by a sterile inflammatory reaction. Cryotherapy is suggested to be a useful alternative to standard gingivectomy, especially in patients with blood dyscrasias, and may also be used to treat internal resorption or \"pink spot.\"", "PMID": 1067537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5633", "title": "Effects of a warm gutta-percha technique on the lateral periodontium.", "content": "The microanatomy of lateral periodontal tissues was examined after root canal obturation by a warm gutta-percha technique had been accomplished. Inflammatory responses were slight and of shot duration. The use of hot instruments for the condensation of the filling material did not appear to endanger the integrity of the lateral periodontium.", "contents": "Effects of a warm gutta-percha technique on the lateral periodontium. The microanatomy of lateral periodontal tissues was examined after root canal obturation by a warm gutta-percha technique had been accomplished. Inflammatory responses were slight and of shot duration. The use of hot instruments for the condensation of the filling material did not appear to endanger the integrity of the lateral periodontium.", "PMID": 1067538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5634", "title": "Multiple cementomas (periapical cemental dysplasia). Report of a case.", "content": "A case of periapical cemental dysplasia of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in a 48-year-old woman is presented, where the stages of calcification can be well documented.", "contents": "Multiple cementomas (periapical cemental dysplasia). Report of a case. A case of periapical cemental dysplasia of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in a 48-year-old woman is presented, where the stages of calcification can be well documented.", "PMID": 1067539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5635", "title": "Simultaneous production of negative and positive radiographic images.", "content": "A two-film radiographic procedure which simultaneously produces \"white bone\" and \"black bone\" images is described. The white bone image (the negative image) is a conventional radiograph. The black bone image (the positive image) would be used to print radiographic images on photographic paper. This technique should be limited to the examination of inanimate objects because of the large exposure that is necessary.", "contents": "Simultaneous production of negative and positive radiographic images. A two-film radiographic procedure which simultaneously produces \"white bone\" and \"black bone\" images is described. The white bone image (the negative image) is a conventional radiograph. The black bone image (the positive image) would be used to print radiographic images on photographic paper. This technique should be limited to the examination of inanimate objects because of the large exposure that is necessary.", "PMID": 1067540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5636", "title": "Paresthesia and the traumatic bone cyst. Abbreviated case report.", "content": "A case of a traumatic bone cyst is reported because of the unusual nature of the chief complaint. The initial symptom of the disease was mandibular nerve neuropathy with numbness of the left side of the lower lip and chin.", "contents": "Paresthesia and the traumatic bone cyst. Abbreviated case report. A case of a traumatic bone cyst is reported because of the unusual nature of the chief complaint. The initial symptom of the disease was mandibular nerve neuropathy with numbness of the left side of the lower lip and chin.", "PMID": 1067543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5637", "title": "Postanesthetic palatal ulceration.", "content": "An ulceration developed 5 days after the administration of a local anesthetic to the right posterior hard palate. Spontaneous healing did not occur and an incisional biopsy was performed. Uncomplicated healing followed.", "contents": "Postanesthetic palatal ulceration. An ulceration developed 5 days after the administration of a local anesthetic to the right posterior hard palate. Spontaneous healing did not occur and an incisional biopsy was performed. Uncomplicated healing followed.", "PMID": 1067544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5638", "title": "Bilateral lipomas of the tongue.", "content": "Multiple lipomas of the tongue are quite rare and are seldom reported in the literature. Presented herein is the case of a 76-year-old man with four symmetrical asymptomatic bilateral double lipomas of long standing on the tongue.", "contents": "Bilateral lipomas of the tongue. Multiple lipomas of the tongue are quite rare and are seldom reported in the literature. Presented herein is the case of a 76-year-old man with four symmetrical asymptomatic bilateral double lipomas of long standing on the tongue.", "PMID": 1067545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5639", "title": "Cheilitis granulomatosa (Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome).", "content": "An oligosymptomatic manifestation of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is described. The importance of serial sections of the tissue specimen is emphasized. Satisfactory postoperative results are obtained.", "contents": "Cheilitis granulomatosa (Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome). An oligosymptomatic manifestation of the Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome is described. The importance of serial sections of the tissue specimen is emphasized. Satisfactory postoperative results are obtained.", "PMID": 1067546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5640", "title": "Histocompatibility of polyvinyl acetate, an ingredient of chewing gum.", "content": "The histocompatibility of polyvinyl acetate (PVA), an ingredient of chewing gum, was evaluated from both a direct irritant (toxic reaction) and an allergic (antigen-antibody) standpoint. Subcutaneous injections in rats and topical application of hamster pouches were utilized. Polyvinyl acetate was shown to cause a moderate to severe inflammatory reaction when injected subcutaneously, which peaked at day 7 and was minimal at day 42. The histologic appearance of the hamster cheek pouch was not significantly altered by the PVA. Although PVA has been used as a plasticizer in chewing gum, it was not possible to induce any histologic changes in tissues which resembled the specific changes present in atypical gingivostomatitis (plasma-cell gingivostomatitis).", "contents": "Histocompatibility of polyvinyl acetate, an ingredient of chewing gum. The histocompatibility of polyvinyl acetate (PVA), an ingredient of chewing gum, was evaluated from both a direct irritant (toxic reaction) and an allergic (antigen-antibody) standpoint. Subcutaneous injections in rats and topical application of hamster pouches were utilized. Polyvinyl acetate was shown to cause a moderate to severe inflammatory reaction when injected subcutaneously, which peaked at day 7 and was minimal at day 42. The histologic appearance of the hamster cheek pouch was not significantly altered by the PVA. Although PVA has been used as a plasticizer in chewing gum, it was not possible to induce any histologic changes in tissues which resembled the specific changes present in atypical gingivostomatitis (plasma-cell gingivostomatitis).", "PMID": 1067547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5641", "title": "Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa: oral manifestations and dental therapy.", "content": "The oral and dental manifestations of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria were evaluated in seventeen patients with this disorder. Clinical findings were correlated with the electron microscope--documented diagnosis of each variant of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. Significant differences in the dental and oral presentations of each variant indicate the importance of considering these findings in differential diagnosis of the variants and in treatment planning for dental disease in these patients. A rationale for surgical and restorative intervention based on experience with these seventeen patients is presented.", "contents": "Hereditary epidermolysis bullosa: oral manifestations and dental therapy. The oral and dental manifestations of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria were evaluated in seventeen patients with this disorder. Clinical findings were correlated with the electron microscope--documented diagnosis of each variant of epidermolysis bullosa hereditaria. Significant differences in the dental and oral presentations of each variant indicate the importance of considering these findings in differential diagnosis of the variants and in treatment planning for dental disease in these patients. A rationale for surgical and restorative intervention based on experience with these seventeen patients is presented.", "PMID": 1067548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5642", "title": "Compound and complex odontomas.", "content": "One hundred forty-nine cases of odontoma were reviewed: sixty-five cases were accepted from the literature, and eighty-four additional cases were included from the files of the Pathology Department of the Emory University School of Dentistry. The cases were combined and analyzed together. Odontomas are most often diagnosed in the second decade of life. Sixty-five per cent of all odontomas occur in the maxilla. Compound odontomas are more common in the anterior maxilla, whereas complex odontomas occur more frequently in the posterior jaws. A slight predominance in males was seen. The most common presenting symptom was an impacted tooth with retention of deciduous teeth.", "contents": "Compound and complex odontomas. One hundred forty-nine cases of odontoma were reviewed: sixty-five cases were accepted from the literature, and eighty-four additional cases were included from the files of the Pathology Department of the Emory University School of Dentistry. The cases were combined and analyzed together. Odontomas are most often diagnosed in the second decade of life. Sixty-five per cent of all odontomas occur in the maxilla. Compound odontomas are more common in the anterior maxilla, whereas complex odontomas occur more frequently in the posterior jaws. A slight predominance in males was seen. The most common presenting symptom was an impacted tooth with retention of deciduous teeth.", "PMID": 1067549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5643", "title": "Keratonodular tonsillitis.", "content": "Reported is an unusual lesion on the right palatine tonsil in a man with latent primary syphilis. The lesion was white, nodular, firm, and asymptomatic, and histologically had a keratinized surface; it was not caused by primary syphilis or any other known or described entity. The term keratonodular tonsillitis has been coined to designate this lesion of unknown cause or significance.", "contents": "Keratonodular tonsillitis. Reported is an unusual lesion on the right palatine tonsil in a man with latent primary syphilis. The lesion was white, nodular, firm, and asymptomatic, and histologically had a keratinized surface; it was not caused by primary syphilis or any other known or described entity. The term keratonodular tonsillitis has been coined to designate this lesion of unknown cause or significance.", "PMID": 1067550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5644", "title": "The epithelized oral sinus tract.", "content": "Sinus tracts that extended from periapical lesions to the alveolar mucosa were surgically removed and examined microscopically. The results indicate that sinus tracts may be lined with stratified squamous epithelium. More commonly, however, these tracts are lined with granulation tissue.", "contents": "The epithelized oral sinus tract. Sinus tracts that extended from periapical lesions to the alveolar mucosa were surgically removed and examined microscopically. The results indicate that sinus tracts may be lined with stratified squamous epithelium. More commonly, however, these tracts are lined with granulation tissue.", "PMID": 1067551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5645", "title": "Morphologic and enzyme histochemical observations on the pulp of human primary molars 3 to 5 years after formocresol treatment.", "content": "The state of the pulp of twenty-seven primary teeth treated by formocresol pulpotomy (clinically and radiographically successful) was assessed 3 to 5 years after treatment. A wide variation was found in the pulpal condition, from normal pulp tissue to total necrosis. Resorption and apposition of hard tissue were common findings. Five teeth were freeze-sectioned and incubated for histochemical demonstration of oxidative enzymes. The pulps of two teeth were vital; two teeth had necrotic areas subjacent to the amputation paste; and one pulp was totally necrotic. Six teeth were extracted 5 minutes after formocresol pulpotomy and incubated for demonstration of oxidative enzymes. An unstained zone, 1 to 2 mm. deep, was seen in all incubated sections. In conclusion, it seems that the formocresol method should be regarded only as a means to keep primary teeth with pulp exposures functioning for a relativley short period of time.", "contents": "Morphologic and enzyme histochemical observations on the pulp of human primary molars 3 to 5 years after formocresol treatment. The state of the pulp of twenty-seven primary teeth treated by formocresol pulpotomy (clinically and radiographically successful) was assessed 3 to 5 years after treatment. A wide variation was found in the pulpal condition, from normal pulp tissue to total necrosis. Resorption and apposition of hard tissue were common findings. Five teeth were freeze-sectioned and incubated for histochemical demonstration of oxidative enzymes. The pulps of two teeth were vital; two teeth had necrotic areas subjacent to the amputation paste; and one pulp was totally necrotic. Six teeth were extracted 5 minutes after formocresol pulpotomy and incubated for demonstration of oxidative enzymes. An unstained zone, 1 to 2 mm. deep, was seen in all incubated sections. In conclusion, it seems that the formocresol method should be regarded only as a means to keep primary teeth with pulp exposures functioning for a relativley short period of time.", "PMID": 1067552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5646", "title": "Localization of impacted canines with Status-X radiography.", "content": "There are, at present, a number of clinical and radiologic methods available to establish the buccopalatal relationship of an impacted maxillary canine. A new method, employing the Status-X x-ray machine, can now be used. This technique makes use of the fact that the anode of the Status-X machine is considered to have an almost point source of x-radiation. Applying the laws of central projection, an object closer to the focal point will produce a larger image on a film than that produced by an object of equal size but farther away from the focal point. In a recent series of twenty-eight canine transplant procedures, this method was used with great success to establish, preoperatively, the position of the impacted canines.", "contents": "Localization of impacted canines with Status-X radiography. There are, at present, a number of clinical and radiologic methods available to establish the buccopalatal relationship of an impacted maxillary canine. A new method, employing the Status-X x-ray machine, can now be used. This technique makes use of the fact that the anode of the Status-X machine is considered to have an almost point source of x-radiation. Applying the laws of central projection, an object closer to the focal point will produce a larger image on a film than that produced by an object of equal size but farther away from the focal point. In a recent series of twenty-eight canine transplant procedures, this method was used with great success to establish, preoperatively, the position of the impacted canines.", "PMID": 1067553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5647", "title": "Comparison of panoramic radiography and Water's projection in the diagnosis of maxillary sinus disease.", "content": "Pantomograms and Water's views were independently reviewed by two radiologists with regard to detection of maxillary sinus abnormalities. Panoramic radiography was found to be a better radiologic approach than the Water's projection for the detection of cystlike densities in the maxillary sinus. Cloudiness of the maxillary sinus and sclerotic change of adjacent bony structures were better demonstrated on the Water's view. These two techniques supplement each other and both should be used in order to obtain a more accurate diagnosis of maxillary sinus disease.", "contents": "Comparison of panoramic radiography and Water's projection in the diagnosis of maxillary sinus disease. Pantomograms and Water's views were independently reviewed by two radiologists with regard to detection of maxillary sinus abnormalities. Panoramic radiography was found to be a better radiologic approach than the Water's projection for the detection of cystlike densities in the maxillary sinus. Cloudiness of the maxillary sinus and sclerotic change of adjacent bony structures were better demonstrated on the Water's view. These two techniques supplement each other and both should be used in order to obtain a more accurate diagnosis of maxillary sinus disease.", "PMID": 1067554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5648", "title": "T cell leukaemia in the rat: stable marker chromosome in leukaemic cells.", "content": "The karyotype of a transplantable T cell leukaemia which arose originally in a PVG strain rat undergoing chronic internal beta irradiation of the spleen was examined and a marker chromosome was found. Although the leukaemia progressively became more acute during 4 years of continuous passage the marker did not change. Cytogenetic analysis of normal rats given an acute exposure to external irradiation revealed, among other abnormalities, a marked of the same morphology indicating that the original marker was probably radiation induced. This is the first description of a stable marker chromosome in an experimental animal leukaemia.", "contents": "T cell leukaemia in the rat: stable marker chromosome in leukaemic cells. The karyotype of a transplantable T cell leukaemia which arose originally in a PVG strain rat undergoing chronic internal beta irradiation of the spleen was examined and a marker chromosome was found. Although the leukaemia progressively became more acute during 4 years of continuous passage the marker did not change. Cytogenetic analysis of normal rats given an acute exposure to external irradiation revealed, among other abnormalities, a marked of the same morphology indicating that the original marker was probably radiation induced. This is the first description of a stable marker chromosome in an experimental animal leukaemia.", "PMID": 1067558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5649", "title": "Osteosarcoma associated with acromegaly: a case report.", "content": "A case of acromegaly who developed an osteosarcoma is recorded, with persistently raised levels of growth hormone. It is possible that there was some aetiological relationship between the increased rate of bone formation and the development of the osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Osteosarcoma associated with acromegaly: a case report. A case of acromegaly who developed an osteosarcoma is recorded, with persistently raised levels of growth hormone. It is possible that there was some aetiological relationship between the increased rate of bone formation and the development of the osteosarcoma.", "PMID": 1067559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5650", "title": "Barium enema findings in type I hepatorenal glycogen storage disease.", "content": "Four children with Type I hepatorenal glycogen storage have been studied by barium enema. All showed strikingly similar changes of a smooth-walled, slightly narrow but normal length colon without any haustration. The findings simulated colitis but the patients had either mild diarrhea or no gastrointestinal complaints. Small bowel series was normal. Endoscopy and biopsy failed to provide an adequate explanation, there being no evidence of glycogen storage in the biopsy material and the degree of colitis in two patients who were endoscoped was minimal. The explanation for these radiographic findings is not known at present, although they have similarities to the \"cathartic colon syndrome\" described in adults.", "contents": "Barium enema findings in type I hepatorenal glycogen storage disease. Four children with Type I hepatorenal glycogen storage have been studied by barium enema. All showed strikingly similar changes of a smooth-walled, slightly narrow but normal length colon without any haustration. The findings simulated colitis but the patients had either mild diarrhea or no gastrointestinal complaints. Small bowel series was normal. Endoscopy and biopsy failed to provide an adequate explanation, there being no evidence of glycogen storage in the biopsy material and the degree of colitis in two patients who were endoscoped was minimal. The explanation for these radiographic findings is not known at present, although they have similarities to the \"cathartic colon syndrome\" described in adults.", "PMID": 1067560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5651", "title": "[Use of dental hygienists in caries prevention].", "content": "Two caries preventive programs were carried out in the Bergen School Dental Service in order to test various modes of topical application of fluorides and the efficacy of using dental hygienists in the delivery of preventive dental care to school children. In the first program, starting in 1951, A 2% netutral sodium fluoride solution was applied topically four times during one month to one quadrant of the maxillary teeth, the other quadrant serving as control. This series of application was repeated one year later, while the caries registration was followed up until 1956. The results are given in Table 1, comprising 128 children who were 11-12 years old at the start of the study and were still present at the same schools in 1956. A reduction in caries incidence of about 25 per cent was obtained during the five years period. In the second program, beginning in 1963, acid stannous hexafluoride as well as neutral sodium fluoride solutions were used separately in groups of children (7-11 years of age). The total number of children was about 2000. Two groups received four topical applications annually within one month, while in two oher groups the applications were given twice a year. This topical application program was continued for four years. For several reasons pure control groups of children of corresponding age could not be established. Instead the treated groups were compared with children who under supervision brushed their teeth (already from 1964) with 0.5% neutral sodium fluoride solutions five times per year during the school hours. All children received appropriate information and motivation for improved oral hygiene and food habits by the dental hygienists individually in the treated groups and in groups in the comparison group. The results are given in Table 2. The caries reduction obtained per year reached maximally about 40 per cent. This investigation shows that dental hygienists are able to carry out valuable caries preventive work at dental clinics, and it is justified to assign this type of health personnel to separate caries preventive tasks which require little supervision time from the responsible dentists.", "contents": "[Use of dental hygienists in caries prevention]. Two caries preventive programs were carried out in the Bergen School Dental Service in order to test various modes of topical application of fluorides and the efficacy of using dental hygienists in the delivery of preventive dental care to school children. In the first program, starting in 1951, A 2% netutral sodium fluoride solution was applied topically four times during one month to one quadrant of the maxillary teeth, the other quadrant serving as control. This series of application was repeated one year later, while the caries registration was followed up until 1956. The results are given in Table 1, comprising 128 children who were 11-12 years old at the start of the study and were still present at the same schools in 1956. A reduction in caries incidence of about 25 per cent was obtained during the five years period. In the second program, beginning in 1963, acid stannous hexafluoride as well as neutral sodium fluoride solutions were used separately in groups of children (7-11 years of age). The total number of children was about 2000. Two groups received four topical applications annually within one month, while in two oher groups the applications were given twice a year. This topical application program was continued for four years. For several reasons pure control groups of children of corresponding age could not be established. Instead the treated groups were compared with children who under supervision brushed their teeth (already from 1964) with 0.5% neutral sodium fluoride solutions five times per year during the school hours. All children received appropriate information and motivation for improved oral hygiene and food habits by the dental hygienists individually in the treated groups and in groups in the comparison group. The results are given in Table 2. The caries reduction obtained per year reached maximally about 40 per cent. This investigation shows that dental hygienists are able to carry out valuable caries preventive work at dental clinics, and it is justified to assign this type of health personnel to separate caries preventive tasks which require little supervision time from the responsible dentists.", "PMID": 1067580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5652", "title": "[Occurence of dens invaginatus among a group Norwegian children].", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was: 1) to determine radiographically the prevalence of maxillary incisors with invaginations, and of individuals with such teeth in a Norweigian population. 2) to classify the invaginations according to Hallett (1953), 3) to test the findings for sex differences, 4) to determine the concordance between a radiographical and a clinical method for identifying invaginations. Based upon a material of 415 school-children it was found radiographically that approximately 1/8 of the maxillary central incisors and nearly one half of the lateral incisors had invaginations. More than half of the children had one or more invaginated teeth (Table 2). The majority of the invaginations were of class I/III. Only a few were classified as class III (Table 2). The findings are comparable to those of Hallett (1953). Boys had a higher incidence than girls of class III invaginations in lateral incisors. The difference was statistically  significant (5%). The girls had more class I/II invaginations in the central incisors than the boys, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the clinical examination three of four lateral incisors, one of four central incisors and four of five individuals were found to have invaginations. All invaginations found in the radiographic investigation were also registered in the clinical examination.", "contents": "[Occurence of dens invaginatus among a group Norwegian children]. The aim of the present investigation was: 1) to determine radiographically the prevalence of maxillary incisors with invaginations, and of individuals with such teeth in a Norweigian population. 2) to classify the invaginations according to Hallett (1953), 3) to test the findings for sex differences, 4) to determine the concordance between a radiographical and a clinical method for identifying invaginations. Based upon a material of 415 school-children it was found radiographically that approximately 1/8 of the maxillary central incisors and nearly one half of the lateral incisors had invaginations. More than half of the children had one or more invaginated teeth (Table 2). The majority of the invaginations were of class I/III. Only a few were classified as class III (Table 2). The findings are comparable to those of Hallett (1953). Boys had a higher incidence than girls of class III invaginations in lateral incisors. The difference was statistically  significant (5%). The girls had more class I/II invaginations in the central incisors than the boys, but the difference was not statistically significant. In the clinical examination three of four lateral incisors, one of four central incisors and four of five individuals were found to have invaginations. All invaginations found in the radiographic investigation were also registered in the clinical examination.", "PMID": 1067583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5653", "title": "[Toxoplasmosis and chronic myeloid leukemia].", "content": "A patient suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia and used as a donor of leucocytes was found to have toxoplasmosis associated with a high level of IgG without an elevation of IgM which was maintained for several months. This case raises several points for discussion. Toxoplasmosis is a frequent complication of malignant hematological disease, it is often severe with neurological complications in more than half the patients affected. It is often difficult to diagnose. The parasite is arduous to isolate and serology is problematic to interpretate without reference to previous samples. This suggests it would be wise to measure the titre of anti-toxoplasma antibodies as part of the initial investigations of every malignant hemopathy and to repeat the measurements during the evolution of the disease. Any patient showing a high serological titre, even though it is stable and without IgM should be given systematically a specific treatment for toxoplasmosis, for as in the patient presented in this paper, such a serological picture is compatible with an increasing infection. The frequence of high serological titres seems to be greater among patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia than among another people. Then, transfusion of leucocytes of such patients may be the source of parasite transmission; this paper relates one case of post-transfusional toxoplasmosis.", "contents": "[Toxoplasmosis and chronic myeloid leukemia]. A patient suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia and used as a donor of leucocytes was found to have toxoplasmosis associated with a high level of IgG without an elevation of IgM which was maintained for several months. This case raises several points for discussion. Toxoplasmosis is a frequent complication of malignant hematological disease, it is often severe with neurological complications in more than half the patients affected. It is often difficult to diagnose. The parasite is arduous to isolate and serology is problematic to interpretate without reference to previous samples. This suggests it would be wise to measure the titre of anti-toxoplasma antibodies as part of the initial investigations of every malignant hemopathy and to repeat the measurements during the evolution of the disease. Any patient showing a high serological titre, even though it is stable and without IgM should be given systematically a specific treatment for toxoplasmosis, for as in the patient presented in this paper, such a serological picture is compatible with an increasing infection. The frequence of high serological titres seems to be greater among patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia than among another people. Then, transfusion of leucocytes of such patients may be the source of parasite transmission; this paper relates one case of post-transfusional toxoplasmosis.", "PMID": 1067589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5654", "title": "The erythrocytic line in refractory anemia (preleukemia or hemopoietic dysplasia) and myelomonocytic leukemia. II. Some unusual morphologic variants of the polychromatic normoblasts and reticulocytes.", "content": "In a combined scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the red blood cell line in patients with refractory anemia (preleukemia) and myelomonocytic leukemia, certain elements with abundant, convoluted membranes that formed projections over the cell surface were observed. These cells were both normoblasts (nucleated) and reticulocytes (anucleated) and constituted what appeared to be a distinct subpopulation of the red blood cell line. It is possible that in these erythrocytes there is a nucleocytoplasmic asynchronism. We are not certain, however, that they are linked to the leukemic process.", "contents": "The erythrocytic line in refractory anemia (preleukemia or hemopoietic dysplasia) and myelomonocytic leukemia. II. Some unusual morphologic variants of the polychromatic normoblasts and reticulocytes. In a combined scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the red blood cell line in patients with refractory anemia (preleukemia) and myelomonocytic leukemia, certain elements with abundant, convoluted membranes that formed projections over the cell surface were observed. These cells were both normoblasts (nucleated) and reticulocytes (anucleated) and constituted what appeared to be a distinct subpopulation of the red blood cell line. It is possible that in these erythrocytes there is a nucleocytoplasmic asynchronism. We are not certain, however, that they are linked to the leukemic process.", "PMID": 1067590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5655", "title": "[A simple method for the removal of anaesthetic gases with the  Engstr\u00f6m respirator].", "content": "With the Engstr\u00f6m Respirator the waste gases can be removed by using the rebreathing position and by replacing the reservoir-bag with a long widebore tubing.", "contents": "[A simple method for the removal of anaesthetic gases with the  Engstr\u00f6m respirator]. With the Engstr\u00f6m Respirator the waste gases can be removed by using the rebreathing position and by replacing the reservoir-bag with a long widebore tubing.", "PMID": 1067592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5656", "title": "A possible conformation for double-stranded polynucleotides.", "content": "A model is presented for double-stranded polynucleotides which involves side-by-side meshing of the two strands rather than double helical intertwining. The sugar-phosphate backbone has a twisted strip-like character, yet base-pairing of the Watson-Crick type is still possible. Structural features of the basic model are described and coordinates are presented for a representative example. The structure has, on the whole, reasonable sterochemical contacts, and can be shown to produce a fiber diffraction pattern with x-rays not unlike that of the B form of DNA.", "contents": "A possible conformation for double-stranded polynucleotides. A model is presented for double-stranded polynucleotides which involves side-by-side meshing of the two strands rather than double helical intertwining. The sugar-phosphate backbone has a twisted strip-like character, yet base-pairing of the Watson-Crick type is still possible. Structural features of the basic model are described and coordinates are presented for a representative example. The structure has, on the whole, reasonable sterochemical contacts, and can be shown to produce a fiber diffraction pattern with x-rays not unlike that of the B form of DNA.", "PMID": 1067594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5657", "title": "Ultraviolet photoelectron studies of biological purines: the valence electronic structure of adenine.", "content": "The UV photoelectron spectra of adenine, 9-methyladenine, and 6-methylaminopurine contain highly resolved bands arising from the six highest occupied molecular orbitals. The spectra have been analyzed using UV absorption data, photoelectron data from previous studies of heterocyclic compounds, and results from both semi-empirical and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The analysis indicates that the first, third, and fifth photoelectron bands in adenine and the two methyl substituted derivatives arise from pi orbitals. The second, fourth, and sixth bands arise from nitrogen atom lone-pair orbitals. Compared to adenine, the six uppermost orbitals of 9-methyladenine and 6-methylaminopurine have lower ionization potentials. This destabilization of the valence electrons is expected to play an important role in causing the increase in base stacking forces observed in methyl substituted adenines.", "contents": "Ultraviolet photoelectron studies of biological purines: the valence electronic structure of adenine. The UV photoelectron spectra of adenine, 9-methyladenine, and 6-methylaminopurine contain highly resolved bands arising from the six highest occupied molecular orbitals. The spectra have been analyzed using UV absorption data, photoelectron data from previous studies of heterocyclic compounds, and results from both semi-empirical and ab initio molecular orbital calculations. The analysis indicates that the first, third, and fifth photoelectron bands in adenine and the two methyl substituted derivatives arise from pi orbitals. The second, fourth, and sixth bands arise from nitrogen atom lone-pair orbitals. Compared to adenine, the six uppermost orbitals of 9-methyladenine and 6-methylaminopurine have lower ionization potentials. This destabilization of the valence electrons is expected to play an important role in causing the increase in base stacking forces observed in methyl substituted adenines.", "PMID": 1067595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5658", "title": "Lateral hapten mobility and immunochemistry of model membranes.", "content": "A study has been made of the interaction of specific anti-nitroxide (anti-spin label) IgG antibodies, Fab fragments, complement, and liposomes containing dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine plus 0-50 mole % cholesterol, together with various concentrations of a head group spin-labeled phospholipid (0.5-0.01 mole % in the plane of the membrane). The spin-labeled lipid is the amide formed from the reaction of an iodoacetamide spin label, N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)iodoacetamide, with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine. We have reached two conclusions: (i) complement fixation depends on the lateral mobility of the lipid hapten at low hapten concentrations in the plane of the membrane (less than or equal 0.1 mole %) and does not depend strongly on this mobility at high hapten concentrations; (ii) cholesterol may have two distinct effects on complement fixation, one arising from an enhancement of hapten exposure to antibody binding sites and a second due to a modulation of membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Lateral hapten mobility and immunochemistry of model membranes. A study has been made of the interaction of specific anti-nitroxide (anti-spin label) IgG antibodies, Fab fragments, complement, and liposomes containing dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine plus 0-50 mole % cholesterol, together with various concentrations of a head group spin-labeled phospholipid (0.5-0.01 mole % in the plane of the membrane). The spin-labeled lipid is the amide formed from the reaction of an iodoacetamide spin label, N-(1-oxyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)iodoacetamide, with dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine. We have reached two conclusions: (i) complement fixation depends on the lateral mobility of the lipid hapten at low hapten concentrations in the plane of the membrane (less than or equal 0.1 mole %) and does not depend strongly on this mobility at high hapten concentrations; (ii) cholesterol may have two distinct effects on complement fixation, one arising from an enhancement of hapten exposure to antibody binding sites and a second due to a modulation of membrane fluidity.", "PMID": 1067596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5659", "title": "Three dimensional structure of erabutoxin b neurotoxic protein: inhibitor of acetylcholine receptor.", "content": "The three-dimensional structure of erabutoxin b, a neurotoxin in the venom of the sea snake Laticauda semifasciata, has been determined from a 2.75 A resolution electron density map. Erabutoxin b is one of a family of snake venom neurotoxins, all low-molecular-weight proteins, which block neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic membrane. They specifically inhibit the acetylcholine receptor. The molecular shape is that of a shallow elongated saucer with a footed stand formed by the six-membered ring at the COOH-terminal end. The central core of the molecule is an assembly of four disulfide bridges. Three long chain loops emerge as broad fronds from the core region. Approximately 40% of the main chain is organized into a twisted antiparallel beta-pleated sheet of five short strands. In 28 snake venom neurotoxins of established sequence which inhibit the acetylcholine receptor, the four disulfide bridges and seven other residues remain invariant. Three substitution positions conserve residue type. In one wing of the molecule, there is a broad shallow depression which may characterize the reactive site. It is populated by the sevent invariant residues and two of the three type conserved residues. This region is \"anchored\" on the undersurface of the molecule by the hydroxyl group of Ser-9, the remaining conservatively substituted residue.", "contents": "Three dimensional structure of erabutoxin b neurotoxic protein: inhibitor of acetylcholine receptor. The three-dimensional structure of erabutoxin b, a neurotoxin in the venom of the sea snake Laticauda semifasciata, has been determined from a 2.75 A resolution electron density map. Erabutoxin b is one of a family of snake venom neurotoxins, all low-molecular-weight proteins, which block neuromuscular transmission at the postsynaptic membrane. They specifically inhibit the acetylcholine receptor. The molecular shape is that of a shallow elongated saucer with a footed stand formed by the six-membered ring at the COOH-terminal end. The central core of the molecule is an assembly of four disulfide bridges. Three long chain loops emerge as broad fronds from the core region. Approximately 40% of the main chain is organized into a twisted antiparallel beta-pleated sheet of five short strands. In 28 snake venom neurotoxins of established sequence which inhibit the acetylcholine receptor, the four disulfide bridges and seven other residues remain invariant. Three substitution positions conserve residue type. In one wing of the molecule, there is a broad shallow depression which may characterize the reactive site. It is populated by the sevent invariant residues and two of the three type conserved residues. This region is \"anchored\" on the undersurface of the molecule by the hydroxyl group of Ser-9, the remaining conservatively substituted residue.", "PMID": 1067597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5660", "title": "Purification and characterization of initiation factor IF-E3 from rabbit reticulocytes.", "content": "Initiation factor IF-E3 from rabbit reticulocytes was isolated from a high salf extract of ribosomes prepared according to the procedure of Schreier and Staehelin (J. Mol9 Biol, 73, 329-349, 1973). The factor was highly purified from the crude extract by ammonium sulfate fractionation, sucrose gradient centrifugation, salf gradient elution from DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns, and glycerol gradient centrifugation. IF-E3 stimulated cell-free protein synthesis dependent on an exogenous globin mRNA fraction 4- to 5-fold. The factor under nondenaturing conditions behaved as a large multipolypeptide complex, but was separated into 11 major protein components by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The stoichiometry and molecular weights (range: 28,000-140,000) of the IF-E3 proteins were determined. None of the components corresponded to ribosomal proteins found in high salt-washed ribosomes. 14CH3-IF-E3 was prepared by reductive alkylation without detectable loss of its initiation factor activity, and bound stoichiometrically to 40S ribosomal subunits, but not to 60S or 80S ribosomes. 14CH3-IF-E3 isolated from the 40S complex contained only nine of the 11 original protein components.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of initiation factor IF-E3 from rabbit reticulocytes. Initiation factor IF-E3 from rabbit reticulocytes was isolated from a high salf extract of ribosomes prepared according to the procedure of Schreier and Staehelin (J. Mol9 Biol, 73, 329-349, 1973). The factor was highly purified from the crude extract by ammonium sulfate fractionation, sucrose gradient centrifugation, salf gradient elution from DEAE-cellulose and phosphocellulose columns, and glycerol gradient centrifugation. IF-E3 stimulated cell-free protein synthesis dependent on an exogenous globin mRNA fraction 4- to 5-fold. The factor under nondenaturing conditions behaved as a large multipolypeptide complex, but was separated into 11 major protein components by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with urea and sodium dodecyl sulfate. The stoichiometry and molecular weights (range: 28,000-140,000) of the IF-E3 proteins were determined. None of the components corresponded to ribosomal proteins found in high salt-washed ribosomes. 14CH3-IF-E3 was prepared by reductive alkylation without detectable loss of its initiation factor activity, and bound stoichiometrically to 40S ribosomal subunits, but not to 60S or 80S ribosomes. 14CH3-IF-E3 isolated from the 40S complex contained only nine of the 11 original protein components.", "PMID": 1067598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5661", "title": "Model studies of enzymatic NH2-terminal acetylation of porteins with des-Nalpha1-acetyl-alpha-melanotropin as a substrate.", "content": "The present study describes the acetylation by an enzyme present in calf lens of a synthetic tridecapeptide [analogous to alpha-melanotropin (alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone) but lacking the naturally occurring NH2-terminal acetyl group: des-Nalpha1-Ac-alpha-melanotropin]. The reaction is specific for the alpha-amino group of the NH2-terminal amino acid. The minimum length required for the substrate to become acetylated appears to be a sequence of five to eight amino acid residues. Modification of the internal lysine decreases the incorporation of acetate, irrespective of the size of the blocking group.", "contents": "Model studies of enzymatic NH2-terminal acetylation of porteins with des-Nalpha1-acetyl-alpha-melanotropin as a substrate. The present study describes the acetylation by an enzyme present in calf lens of a synthetic tridecapeptide [analogous to alpha-melanotropin (alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone) but lacking the naturally occurring NH2-terminal acetyl group: des-Nalpha1-Ac-alpha-melanotropin]. The reaction is specific for the alpha-amino group of the NH2-terminal amino acid. The minimum length required for the substrate to become acetylated appears to be a sequence of five to eight amino acid residues. Modification of the internal lysine decreases the incorporation of acetate, irrespective of the size of the blocking group.", "PMID": 1067599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5662", "title": "Influenza virus genome consists of eight distinct RNA species.", "content": "The genomic RNA of the avian influenza A virus, fowl plague, was fractionated into eight species by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarose gels containing 6 M urea. The separated 32P-labeled RNA species were characterized by digestion with RNase T1 and fractionation of the resulting oligonucleotides by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; this demonstrated that each species has a distinct nucleotide sequence. A tentative correlation of each genome RNA species with the virus protein that it encodes was made.", "contents": "Influenza virus genome consists of eight distinct RNA species. The genomic RNA of the avian influenza A virus, fowl plague, was fractionated into eight species by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide-agarose gels containing 6 M urea. The separated 32P-labeled RNA species were characterized by digestion with RNase T1 and fractionation of the resulting oligonucleotides by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis; this demonstrated that each species has a distinct nucleotide sequence. A tentative correlation of each genome RNA species with the virus protein that it encodes was made.", "PMID": 1067600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5663", "title": "Initiation of translation directed by 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus in vitro.", "content": "The proteins synthesized in vitro in response to 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus were labeled with formyl-[35S]methionine from initiator tRNA. One protein which comigrated with viral capsid protein was labeled under the direction of 26S RNA, and only one labeled peptide was detected after digestion with trypsin. Further digestion with pronase gave rise to the dipeptide fMet-AsN. Several labeled polypeptides were found in the 42S RNA directed product and these had molecular weights of up to 150,000. However, tryptic digestion of the product yielded only one formylmethionyl-labeled peptide, which had a different mobility from that directed by the 26S RNA. Further digestion with pronase gave a single dipeptide, fMet-Ala. This indicates that nonstructural proteins as large as 150,000 daltons are probably synthesized from one initiation site on the 42S RNA. Translation starting from the internal initiation site on the 42S RNA, which is equivalent to that on the 26S RNA, could not be detected under the conditions used. Internal initiation sites which are similarly inactive have also been detected in other viral RNAs (e.g., brome mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and polyoma 19S RNA) and this suggests that, although eukaryotic mRNAs can contain more than one initiation site for protein synthesis, only the site nearer the 5' terminus is active in vitro.", "contents": "Initiation of translation directed by 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus in vitro. The proteins synthesized in vitro in response to 42S and 26S RNAs from Semliki Forest virus were labeled with formyl-[35S]methionine from initiator tRNA. One protein which comigrated with viral capsid protein was labeled under the direction of 26S RNA, and only one labeled peptide was detected after digestion with trypsin. Further digestion with pronase gave rise to the dipeptide fMet-AsN. Several labeled polypeptides were found in the 42S RNA directed product and these had molecular weights of up to 150,000. However, tryptic digestion of the product yielded only one formylmethionyl-labeled peptide, which had a different mobility from that directed by the 26S RNA. Further digestion with pronase gave a single dipeptide, fMet-Ala. This indicates that nonstructural proteins as large as 150,000 daltons are probably synthesized from one initiation site on the 42S RNA. Translation starting from the internal initiation site on the 42S RNA, which is equivalent to that on the 26S RNA, could not be detected under the conditions used. Internal initiation sites which are similarly inactive have also been detected in other viral RNAs (e.g., brome mosaic virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and polyoma 19S RNA) and this suggests that, although eukaryotic mRNAs can contain more than one initiation site for protein synthesis, only the site nearer the 5' terminus is active in vitro.", "PMID": 1067601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5664", "title": "Organization of DNA in chromatin.", "content": "Conformational changes in DNA that accompany drug intercalation have led us to ask if DNA first bends or \"kinks\" to accept an intercalative drug or dye. Kinking is made possible by altering the normal C2' endo deoxyribose sugar ring puckering in B DNA to a mixed sugar puckering pattern of the type C3' and partially unstacking base-pairs. A kinking scheme such as this would require minimal stereochemical rearrangement and would also involve small energies. This has prompted us to ask more generally if a conformational change such as this could be used by proteins in their interactions with nucleic acids. In this papter we describe an interesting superhelical DNA structure formed by kinking DNA every 10 base-pairs. The structure may be used in the organization of DNA in chromatin.", "contents": "Organization of DNA in chromatin. Conformational changes in DNA that accompany drug intercalation have led us to ask if DNA first bends or \"kinks\" to accept an intercalative drug or dye. Kinking is made possible by altering the normal C2' endo deoxyribose sugar ring puckering in B DNA to a mixed sugar puckering pattern of the type C3' and partially unstacking base-pairs. A kinking scheme such as this would require minimal stereochemical rearrangement and would also involve small energies. This has prompted us to ask more generally if a conformational change such as this could be used by proteins in their interactions with nucleic acids. In this papter we describe an interesting superhelical DNA structure formed by kinking DNA every 10 base-pairs. The structure may be used in the organization of DNA in chromatin.", "PMID": 1067602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5665", "title": "A major species of mammalian messenger RNA lacking a polyadenylate segment.", "content": "Translation of total polysomal RNA from sarcoma 180 ascites cells in a wheat germ cell-free system produces two major polypeptides, A and B, with molecular weights of 50,000 and 45,000, respectively. Fractionation on Millipore filters or on oligo(dT)-cellulose leads to retention of the mRNA specific for protein A in the poly(A)-containing fraction and to accumulation of the B mRNA in the unadsorbed poly(A)-deficient fraction. The mRNA for B sediments at approximately 18 S; it is released as a 50S ribonucleorprotein upon EDTA treatment of polysomes. Its translation is particularly sensitive to an inhibitor present in the polysomal RNA. The poly(A)-deficient mRNA for the 45,000 dalton polypeptide is also present in mouse myeloma MPC-11 cells, where it seems to be localized in membrane-bound polysomes.", "contents": "A major species of mammalian messenger RNA lacking a polyadenylate segment. Translation of total polysomal RNA from sarcoma 180 ascites cells in a wheat germ cell-free system produces two major polypeptides, A and B, with molecular weights of 50,000 and 45,000, respectively. Fractionation on Millipore filters or on oligo(dT)-cellulose leads to retention of the mRNA specific for protein A in the poly(A)-containing fraction and to accumulation of the B mRNA in the unadsorbed poly(A)-deficient fraction. The mRNA for B sediments at approximately 18 S; it is released as a 50S ribonucleorprotein upon EDTA treatment of polysomes. Its translation is particularly sensitive to an inhibitor present in the polysomal RNA. The poly(A)-deficient mRNA for the 45,000 dalton polypeptide is also present in mouse myeloma MPC-11 cells, where it seems to be localized in membrane-bound polysomes.", "PMID": 1067603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5666", "title": "Correlation of degradative rates of proteins with a parameter calculated from amino acid composition and subunit size.", "content": "A parameter is developed which relates the amino acid composition and subunit size of a protein to the degradative rate in vivo. This parameter was calculated for 11 rat liver proteins and a plot versus the half-lives of these proteins is linear and has a coefficient of correlation of -0.96. Evidence is presented which suggests that the density of excess acidic amino acids on the surface of the protein is the most important factor in determining differential turnover.", "contents": "Correlation of degradative rates of proteins with a parameter calculated from amino acid composition and subunit size. A parameter is developed which relates the amino acid composition and subunit size of a protein to the degradative rate in vivo. This parameter was calculated for 11 rat liver proteins and a plot versus the half-lives of these proteins is linear and has a coefficient of correlation of -0.96. Evidence is presented which suggests that the density of excess acidic amino acids on the surface of the protein is the most important factor in determining differential turnover.", "PMID": 1067604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5667", "title": "A gene of bacteriophage T4 whose product prevents true late transcription on cytosine-containing T4 DNA.", "content": "T-even coliphages have 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in their DNA instead of cytosine. In some T4 mutants, the replicated DNA contains cytosine, but then no late gene products are made. We show that the inability to make late gene products with cytosine-containing T4 DNA is due to a T4 gene products. This gene product, while probably nonessential under normal conditions, interacts with an essential part of the transcription apparatus. Mutations in this gene allow viable T4 particles to be made whose DNA has been substituted almost 100% with cytosine.", "contents": "A gene of bacteriophage T4 whose product prevents true late transcription on cytosine-containing T4 DNA. T-even coliphages have 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in their DNA instead of cytosine. In some T4 mutants, the replicated DNA contains cytosine, but then no late gene products are made. We show that the inability to make late gene products with cytosine-containing T4 DNA is due to a T4 gene products. This gene product, while probably nonessential under normal conditions, interacts with an essential part of the transcription apparatus. Mutations in this gene allow viable T4 particles to be made whose DNA has been substituted almost 100% with cytosine.", "PMID": 1067605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5668", "title": "Interferon, double-stranded RNA, and protein phosphorylation.", "content": "We reported earlier that the addition of double-stranded RNA and ATP increases the endonuclease activity more in an extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with an interferon preparation than in a comparable extract from control cells. We report here that the addition of double-stranded RNA to an extract from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with an interferon preparation [or with the interferon inducer poly(I)-poly(C)] promotes the phosphorylation by [gamma-32P]ATP of at least two proteins: P1 (molecular weight of 64,000) and P2 (molecular weight of 37,000). Double-stranded RNA also promotes the phosphorylation of at least one (i.e., P1) of these two proteins in an extract from cells which have not been treated with interferon, but the extent of phosphorylation is much smaller. Double-stranded RNA which has been degraded by RNase III, or DNA, does not promote the phosphorylation.", "contents": "Interferon, double-stranded RNA, and protein phosphorylation. We reported earlier that the addition of double-stranded RNA and ATP increases the endonuclease activity more in an extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with an interferon preparation than in a comparable extract from control cells. We report here that the addition of double-stranded RNA to an extract from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with an interferon preparation [or with the interferon inducer poly(I)-poly(C)] promotes the phosphorylation by [gamma-32P]ATP of at least two proteins: P1 (molecular weight of 64,000) and P2 (molecular weight of 37,000). Double-stranded RNA also promotes the phosphorylation of at least one (i.e., P1) of these two proteins in an extract from cells which have not been treated with interferon, but the extent of phosphorylation is much smaller. Double-stranded RNA which has been degraded by RNase III, or DNA, does not promote the phosphorylation.", "PMID": 1067606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5669", "title": "Preparative fractionation of DNA restriction fragments by reversed phase column chromatography.", "content": "Reversed phase column chromatography on RPC-5 resin was used to fractionate milligram quantities of DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases. Fractionation was on the basis of size, the presence or absence of sticky ends, and at least one as yet undertermined property.", "contents": "Preparative fractionation of DNA restriction fragments by reversed phase column chromatography. Reversed phase column chromatography on RPC-5 resin was used to fractionate milligram quantities of DNA fragments generated by restriction endonucleases. Fractionation was on the basis of size, the presence or absence of sticky ends, and at least one as yet undertermined property.", "PMID": 1067607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5670", "title": "Enzymatic replication of viral and complementary strands of duplex DNA of phage phiX174 proceeds by seprate mechanisms.", "content": "Multiplication of the duplex, circular, phage phiX174DNA (replicative form, RF) in stage II of the replicative life cycle has been observed with a crude enzyme preparation [Eisenberg et al. (1976) Proc, Natl. Acad, Sci. USA 73, 1594-1597]. This stage has now been partially reconstituted with purified proteins and subdivided into two stages: II(+) and II(-). In stage II(+), viral (+) strand synthesis is carried out by four proteins: the phage-induced, cistron A-dependent protein, rep-dependent protein, DNA unwinding protein, and DNA polymerase III holenzyme. In stage II(-), complementary (-) strand synthesis utilizes the product of stage II(+) as template and the multiprotein system previously identified in the stage I synthesis of a complementary strand on the viral DNA template to produce RF. The multiprotein system includes DNA unwinding protein, proteins i and n, dnaB protein, dnaC protein, dnaG protein, and DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. A discussion of these two separate mechanism for synthesis of (+) and (-) strands suggests that they may account for essentially all the replicative stages in the life cycle of phiX174.", "contents": "Enzymatic replication of viral and complementary strands of duplex DNA of phage phiX174 proceeds by seprate mechanisms. Multiplication of the duplex, circular, phage phiX174DNA (replicative form, RF) in stage II of the replicative life cycle has been observed with a crude enzyme preparation [Eisenberg et al. (1976) Proc, Natl. Acad, Sci. USA 73, 1594-1597]. This stage has now been partially reconstituted with purified proteins and subdivided into two stages: II(+) and II(-). In stage II(+), viral (+) strand synthesis is carried out by four proteins: the phage-induced, cistron A-dependent protein, rep-dependent protein, DNA unwinding protein, and DNA polymerase III holenzyme. In stage II(-), complementary (-) strand synthesis utilizes the product of stage II(+) as template and the multiprotein system previously identified in the stage I synthesis of a complementary strand on the viral DNA template to produce RF. The multiprotein system includes DNA unwinding protein, proteins i and n, dnaB protein, dnaC protein, dnaG protein, and DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. A discussion of these two separate mechanism for synthesis of (+) and (-) strands suggests that they may account for essentially all the replicative stages in the life cycle of phiX174.", "PMID": 1067608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5671", "title": "Affinity purification of synthetic peptides.", "content": "A general strategy and a specific tactic for affinity purification of polypeptides synthesized on solid supports are desbribed and demonstrated. The desired peptide chains were distinguished from terminated peptide chains before removal from the support by attachment of an affinity reagnet (cysteinyl-methionine) bearing an affinity group (thiol) and a binding group (carboxylic acid). After cleavage from the synthetic support, the affinity-labeled peptides (Cys-Met-peptides) were bound to an affinity receptor (organomercurial-agarose) and thus separated from terminated peptides and all other peptides lacking the affinity group. The desired synthetic peptide was obtained by separation of the affinity reagent (loss of Cys-Met by cyanogen bromide cleavage). This general affinity purification strategy is independent of the length or amino acid sequence of the desired peptide. After assembly of ribonuclease-(111-124)-tetradecapeptide, using radiolabeled acetic anhudride for termination of uncoupled in termediates, essentially all (greater than 98.5%) of the acetylated delection peptides were removed by employing the organomercurial Cys-Met tactic. Similarly, the purity of crude synthetic histone H4-(1-37)-heptatriacontapeptide was increased six-fold by using this tactic to remove terminated peptides. A related dimeric Cys-Met tactic is outlined for affinity purification of peptides containing internal cysteine and methionine residues.", "contents": "Affinity purification of synthetic peptides. A general strategy and a specific tactic for affinity purification of polypeptides synthesized on solid supports are desbribed and demonstrated. The desired peptide chains were distinguished from terminated peptide chains before removal from the support by attachment of an affinity reagnet (cysteinyl-methionine) bearing an affinity group (thiol) and a binding group (carboxylic acid). After cleavage from the synthetic support, the affinity-labeled peptides (Cys-Met-peptides) were bound to an affinity receptor (organomercurial-agarose) and thus separated from terminated peptides and all other peptides lacking the affinity group. The desired synthetic peptide was obtained by separation of the affinity reagent (loss of Cys-Met by cyanogen bromide cleavage). This general affinity purification strategy is independent of the length or amino acid sequence of the desired peptide. After assembly of ribonuclease-(111-124)-tetradecapeptide, using radiolabeled acetic anhudride for termination of uncoupled in termediates, essentially all (greater than 98.5%) of the acetylated delection peptides were removed by employing the organomercurial Cys-Met tactic. Similarly, the purity of crude synthetic histone H4-(1-37)-heptatriacontapeptide was increased six-fold by using this tactic to remove terminated peptides. A related dimeric Cys-Met tactic is outlined for affinity purification of peptides containing internal cysteine and methionine residues.", "PMID": 1067609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5672", "title": "Tolerance and dependence evoked by an endogenous opiate peptide.", "content": "Incubation of neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells for 12-97 hr with methionine-enkephalin results in an increase in adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] that is mediated by the opiate receptor. The results show that cells become tolerant to, and dependent upon, enkephalin.", "contents": "Tolerance and dependence evoked by an endogenous opiate peptide. Incubation of neuroblastoma X glioma hybrid cells for 12-97 hr with methionine-enkephalin results in an increase in adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] that is mediated by the opiate receptor. The results show that cells become tolerant to, and dependent upon, enkephalin.", "PMID": 1067610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5673", "title": "Insulin effect on the cell cycle: analysis of the kinetics of growth parameters in confluent chick cells.", "content": "Several techniques, including flow microfluorometry, were utilized to study the effect of insulin on the growth of cultured cells. It was demonstrated that chick fibroblasts can be stimulated to synthesize DNA and undergo mitosis after insulin addition. The kinetics of the cell movement through the cell cycle as well as the length of the cycle itself, however, were distinctly different in insulin- and serum-treated cultures. The insulin-treated cells had a shorter G1, an extended S, and a much extended G2 residence time compared to cells treated with serum. A model of growth regulation which includes both primary cultures and cell lines is proposed.", "contents": "Insulin effect on the cell cycle: analysis of the kinetics of growth parameters in confluent chick cells. Several techniques, including flow microfluorometry, were utilized to study the effect of insulin on the growth of cultured cells. It was demonstrated that chick fibroblasts can be stimulated to synthesize DNA and undergo mitosis after insulin addition. The kinetics of the cell movement through the cell cycle as well as the length of the cycle itself, however, were distinctly different in insulin- and serum-treated cultures. The insulin-treated cells had a shorter G1, an extended S, and a much extended G2 residence time compared to cells treated with serum. A model of growth regulation which includes both primary cultures and cell lines is proposed.", "PMID": 1067611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5674", "title": "Amino acids and control of nucleolar size, the activity of RNA polymerase I, and DNA synthesis in liver.", "content": "The volume of nucleolar material per nucleus and the activity of RNA polymerase I (RNA nucleotidyltransferase I) become doubled in the liver cells of rats that are fed for several days a diet that lacks essential amino acids. Omission of methionine from a fully supplemented diet is equivalent to leaving out all the amino acids, and the responses to a deficiency of tryptophan are about 40% as great. Deprivation of one of the remaining essential amino acids gives either small responses or none at all. Supplementation of the methionine-free diet with cystine blocks the nucleolar enlargement and the enhancement of the polymerase activity that would otherwise take place, but the dispensable amino acid does not affect the responses to a deprivation of one of the other essential amino acids. After deprivation of all the essential amino acids or only methionine, hepatocytes make DNA when the rat is fed a meal with protein. A preparatory diet lacking in tryptophan is much less effective; a deficiency in any of the other indispensable compounds tested fails to prepare the liver for DNA synthesis. The results give hope that elucidation of the means by which methionine deprivation affects the nucleolus will also provide information on the regulation of nuclear DNA replication in liver. One attractive possibility is that the amino acid deficiency acts by producing some imbalance in protein metabolism.", "contents": "Amino acids and control of nucleolar size, the activity of RNA polymerase I, and DNA synthesis in liver. The volume of nucleolar material per nucleus and the activity of RNA polymerase I (RNA nucleotidyltransferase I) become doubled in the liver cells of rats that are fed for several days a diet that lacks essential amino acids. Omission of methionine from a fully supplemented diet is equivalent to leaving out all the amino acids, and the responses to a deficiency of tryptophan are about 40% as great. Deprivation of one of the remaining essential amino acids gives either small responses or none at all. Supplementation of the methionine-free diet with cystine blocks the nucleolar enlargement and the enhancement of the polymerase activity that would otherwise take place, but the dispensable amino acid does not affect the responses to a deprivation of one of the other essential amino acids. After deprivation of all the essential amino acids or only methionine, hepatocytes make DNA when the rat is fed a meal with protein. A preparatory diet lacking in tryptophan is much less effective; a deficiency in any of the other indispensable compounds tested fails to prepare the liver for DNA synthesis. The results give hope that elucidation of the means by which methionine deprivation affects the nucleolus will also provide information on the regulation of nuclear DNA replication in liver. One attractive possibility is that the amino acid deficiency acts by producing some imbalance in protein metabolism.", "PMID": 1067612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5675", "title": "Asynchronous synthesis of erythrocyte membrane proteins.", "content": "The synthesis of membrane proteins of the mature mouse erythrocyte is asynchronous. During erythropoiesis, synthesis of the bulk of the spectrin and actin polypeptides is completed before that of the major transmembrane glycoprotein. Synthesis of the glycoprotein ceases before that of several minor proteins found on the inner surface of the red cell membrane, and one of these minor proteins is made predominantly by reticulocytes. These findings were the result of experiments in which a normal mouse was given a single injection of [35S]methionine. The appearance of radioactivity in the membrane proteins of circulating mature erythrocytes was followed. The earliest labeled proteins to emerge into the blood represent those synthesized at the last stages of erythropoiesis.", "contents": "Asynchronous synthesis of erythrocyte membrane proteins. The synthesis of membrane proteins of the mature mouse erythrocyte is asynchronous. During erythropoiesis, synthesis of the bulk of the spectrin and actin polypeptides is completed before that of the major transmembrane glycoprotein. Synthesis of the glycoprotein ceases before that of several minor proteins found on the inner surface of the red cell membrane, and one of these minor proteins is made predominantly by reticulocytes. These findings were the result of experiments in which a normal mouse was given a single injection of [35S]methionine. The appearance of radioactivity in the membrane proteins of circulating mature erythrocytes was followed. The earliest labeled proteins to emerge into the blood represent those synthesized at the last stages of erythropoiesis.", "PMID": 1067613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5676", "title": "Identification of an intracellular precursor to DNA excreted by human lymphocytes.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro synthesize DNA that is excreted into the culture medium. When such cells are pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine during the peak of DNA synthesis on day 3 of culture, then cultured for 3 more days in the absence of isotope, labeled DNA moves slowly into the Hirt supernatant cell fraction from the pellet fraction containing chromosomal DNA,and then into the culture medium. The number of copies of excreted DNA sequences in the Hirt pellet fraction was determined for lymphocytes harvested on days 3,4, and 6 after stimulation and compared to the number found in resting lymphocyte DNA and in placenta DNA. While resting lymphocyte and placenta DNAs contain one to two copies of sequences similar to excreted DNA per haploid genome, stimulated lymphocytes on days 3 and 4 of culture contain 3- to 4-fold more copies; by day 6 of culture, stimulated lymphocytes contain only 1- to 2-fold more copies than resting lymphocytes. Thus, phytohemagglutinin induces lymphocytes to selectively replicate several copies of a limited portion of their genome, copies which are then excreted into the culture medium. As determined by reassociation kinetics analysis, a high-molecular-weight DNA fraction from the Hirt supernatant contains sequences found in excreted DNA. This DNA may represent an intermediate formed prior to release of excreted sequences from the cells.", "contents": "Identification of an intracellular precursor to DNA excreted by human lymphocytes. Phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro synthesize DNA that is excreted into the culture medium. When such cells are pulse-labeled with [3H]thymidine during the peak of DNA synthesis on day 3 of culture, then cultured for 3 more days in the absence of isotope, labeled DNA moves slowly into the Hirt supernatant cell fraction from the pellet fraction containing chromosomal DNA,and then into the culture medium. The number of copies of excreted DNA sequences in the Hirt pellet fraction was determined for lymphocytes harvested on days 3,4, and 6 after stimulation and compared to the number found in resting lymphocyte DNA and in placenta DNA. While resting lymphocyte and placenta DNAs contain one to two copies of sequences similar to excreted DNA per haploid genome, stimulated lymphocytes on days 3 and 4 of culture contain 3- to 4-fold more copies; by day 6 of culture, stimulated lymphocytes contain only 1- to 2-fold more copies than resting lymphocytes. Thus, phytohemagglutinin induces lymphocytes to selectively replicate several copies of a limited portion of their genome, copies which are then excreted into the culture medium. As determined by reassociation kinetics analysis, a high-molecular-weight DNA fraction from the Hirt supernatant contains sequences found in excreted DNA. This DNA may represent an intermediate formed prior to release of excreted sequences from the cells.", "PMID": 1067614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5677", "title": "Temperature dependence of cycloheximide-sensitive phase of circadian cycle in Acetabularia mediterranea.", "content": "The biochemical nature of the circadian regulatory system that controls many cellular activities is still unclear. Recent results obtained from the application of protein synthesis inhibitors to individual Acetabularia cells expressing circadian rhythms of photosynthesis indicate that some protein(s) must be synthesized on 80S ribosomes during a discrete part of each cycle to insure correct time-keeping. A comparative study of the effects of brief cycloheximide treatments on cells investigated at different temperature has revealed that the phase of cycloheximide sensitivity is 4-6 hr longer and occurs about 8 hr later in the cycle when cells are kept at 20 degrees rather than 25 degrees. Temperature is known to influence the function of the circadian regulatory system in Acetabularia, but the effect on frequency is small (Q10 approximately equal to 0.8) due to the existence of a temperature-compensating feature. The large effects of temperature observed here thus favor the interpretation that protein synthesis on 80S ribosomes, while providing an essential component of the circadian timing mechanism, does not itself generate the period of the photosynthesis rhythm.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of cycloheximide-sensitive phase of circadian cycle in Acetabularia mediterranea. The biochemical nature of the circadian regulatory system that controls many cellular activities is still unclear. Recent results obtained from the application of protein synthesis inhibitors to individual Acetabularia cells expressing circadian rhythms of photosynthesis indicate that some protein(s) must be synthesized on 80S ribosomes during a discrete part of each cycle to insure correct time-keeping. A comparative study of the effects of brief cycloheximide treatments on cells investigated at different temperature has revealed that the phase of cycloheximide sensitivity is 4-6 hr longer and occurs about 8 hr later in the cycle when cells are kept at 20 degrees rather than 25 degrees. Temperature is known to influence the function of the circadian regulatory system in Acetabularia, but the effect on frequency is small (Q10 approximately equal to 0.8) due to the existence of a temperature-compensating feature. The large effects of temperature observed here thus favor the interpretation that protein synthesis on 80S ribosomes, while providing an essential component of the circadian timing mechanism, does not itself generate the period of the photosynthesis rhythm.", "PMID": 1067615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5678", "title": "Selective cannibalism in the rotifer asplanchna sieboldi: contact recognition of morphotype and clone.", "content": "Populations of A. sieboldi reproduce primarily by diploid femal parthenogenesis. Females may exhibit a pronounced, nongenetic polymorphism which is controlled by the diet. The cruciform and especially the campanulate morphotypes are larger than the saccate morphotype and are cannibalistic. Direct observations of various predator-prey interactions between the different morphotypes of two taxonomically distinct clones show that the feeding responses of cannibals after actual prey contact are predictable and extremely selective. Companulates from clone B respond regularly to saccate but only rarely to cruciform or campanulate clonemates; the same predators typically respond to cruciforms and campanulates from clone C. Cruciforms from clone C rarely respond to saccate and cruciform clonemates but readily attack all morphotypes from clone B. In contrast, campanulates from clone C show no selectivity. Morphotype- and clone-specific recognition responses, which are mediated by coronal contact chemoreceptors, permit efficient prey discrimination and protection withotu involving prey handling or development of energy-demanding, defensive structures, such as the body-wall outgrowths of the cruciform morphotype. Selective feeding of cannibals may increase the fitness of a clone, both by effecting a more adaptive distribution of its morphotypes and by enhancing its ability to compete directly and indirectly with cooccurring clones. The magnitude of cannibalism in this rotifer may be dependent upon a complex suite of heterogeneous predator-prey interactions and greatly affected by shifting densities and distributions of different clones and female morphotypes.", "contents": "Selective cannibalism in the rotifer asplanchna sieboldi: contact recognition of morphotype and clone. Populations of A. sieboldi reproduce primarily by diploid femal parthenogenesis. Females may exhibit a pronounced, nongenetic polymorphism which is controlled by the diet. The cruciform and especially the campanulate morphotypes are larger than the saccate morphotype and are cannibalistic. Direct observations of various predator-prey interactions between the different morphotypes of two taxonomically distinct clones show that the feeding responses of cannibals after actual prey contact are predictable and extremely selective. Companulates from clone B respond regularly to saccate but only rarely to cruciform or campanulate clonemates; the same predators typically respond to cruciforms and campanulates from clone C. Cruciforms from clone C rarely respond to saccate and cruciform clonemates but readily attack all morphotypes from clone B. In contrast, campanulates from clone C show no selectivity. Morphotype- and clone-specific recognition responses, which are mediated by coronal contact chemoreceptors, permit efficient prey discrimination and protection withotu involving prey handling or development of energy-demanding, defensive structures, such as the body-wall outgrowths of the cruciform morphotype. Selective feeding of cannibals may increase the fitness of a clone, both by effecting a more adaptive distribution of its morphotypes and by enhancing its ability to compete directly and indirectly with cooccurring clones. The magnitude of cannibalism in this rotifer may be dependent upon a complex suite of heterogeneous predator-prey interactions and greatly affected by shifting densities and distributions of different clones and female morphotypes.", "PMID": 1067616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5679", "title": "Abnormalities in the glycosphingolipid content of human Pk and p erythrocytes.", "content": "Erythrocytes of the rare Pk phenotype lack the blood group P antigen, and p erythrocytes lack both P and Pk antigens. On the basis of immunological data we suggested previously that the P and Pk antigens are the glycosphingolipids globoside and trihexosyl ceramide, respectively, and we have now confirmed these designations by chemical analysis of erythrocytes lacking these antigens. The Pk erythrocytes contain only traces of globoside and have a marked excess of trihexosyl ceramide in comparison with normal erythrocytes. The p erythrocytes lack globoside and trihexosyl ceramide and contain an excess of lactosyl ceramide and other complex glycolipids. Our analyses of normal erythrocytes also revealed complex gangliosides with the approximate chromatographic mobilities of GD1b and GT1, and several gangliosides containing N-acetylglucosamine.", "contents": "Abnormalities in the glycosphingolipid content of human Pk and p erythrocytes. Erythrocytes of the rare Pk phenotype lack the blood group P antigen, and p erythrocytes lack both P and Pk antigens. On the basis of immunological data we suggested previously that the P and Pk antigens are the glycosphingolipids globoside and trihexosyl ceramide, respectively, and we have now confirmed these designations by chemical analysis of erythrocytes lacking these antigens. The Pk erythrocytes contain only traces of globoside and have a marked excess of trihexosyl ceramide in comparison with normal erythrocytes. The p erythrocytes lack globoside and trihexosyl ceramide and contain an excess of lactosyl ceramide and other complex glycolipids. Our analyses of normal erythrocytes also revealed complex gangliosides with the approximate chromatographic mobilities of GD1b and GT1, and several gangliosides containing N-acetylglucosamine.", "PMID": 1067617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5680", "title": "Control of the amplification convertase of complement by the plasma protein beta1H.", "content": "An inhibitory activity for an erythrocyte in termediate bearing the properdin (P)-stabilized amplification C3 convertase, PC3bBb, was recognized in whole normal human serum and separated from C3b inactivator by its distinct physicochemical and functional characteristics. The inhibitory activity was found to reside in a protein that was purified to homogeneity and elicited a monospecific antibody in a rabbit. This protein was identified as beta1H and found to have a serum concentration of 516 +/- 89 mug/ml (mean +/- 1 SD). beta1H produced a dose related, first-order loss of convertase function and release of 125I-Bb from the P-stabilized intermediate, indicating a mechanism of action by decay-dissociation of Bb from the complex, PC3bBb. beta1H exhibited only a limited capacity to accelerate decay of C3bBb sites stabilized with C3 nephritic factor or to release 125I-Bb from such sites. Amplification of C3 cleavage by C3bBb may well determine whether initial complement activation by the classical or alternative activating sequence is beneficial or detrimental to the host. Regulation of this amplifying function is now recognized to occur at at least three steps: intrinsic decay which reflects the inherent lability of the C3bBb convertase; extrinsic decay-dissociation of Bb which is mediated by the effect of beta1H; and inactivation of exposed C3b by C3b inactivator. The stabilization of C3bBb by activated properdin minimizes intrinsic decay and protects C3b in the bimolecular complex from C3b inactivator. beta1H restores control of the system by decay-dissociation of the bimolecular complex, therby exposing C3b to C3b inactivator whose irreversible action prevents regeneration of the convertase at that site.", "contents": "Control of the amplification convertase of complement by the plasma protein beta1H. An inhibitory activity for an erythrocyte in termediate bearing the properdin (P)-stabilized amplification C3 convertase, PC3bBb, was recognized in whole normal human serum and separated from C3b inactivator by its distinct physicochemical and functional characteristics. The inhibitory activity was found to reside in a protein that was purified to homogeneity and elicited a monospecific antibody in a rabbit. This protein was identified as beta1H and found to have a serum concentration of 516 +/- 89 mug/ml (mean +/- 1 SD). beta1H produced a dose related, first-order loss of convertase function and release of 125I-Bb from the P-stabilized intermediate, indicating a mechanism of action by decay-dissociation of Bb from the complex, PC3bBb. beta1H exhibited only a limited capacity to accelerate decay of C3bBb sites stabilized with C3 nephritic factor or to release 125I-Bb from such sites. Amplification of C3 cleavage by C3bBb may well determine whether initial complement activation by the classical or alternative activating sequence is beneficial or detrimental to the host. Regulation of this amplifying function is now recognized to occur at at least three steps: intrinsic decay which reflects the inherent lability of the C3bBb convertase; extrinsic decay-dissociation of Bb which is mediated by the effect of beta1H; and inactivation of exposed C3b by C3b inactivator. The stabilization of C3bBb by activated properdin minimizes intrinsic decay and protects C3b in the bimolecular complex from C3b inactivator. beta1H restores control of the system by decay-dissociation of the bimolecular complex, therby exposing C3b to C3b inactivator whose irreversible action prevents regeneration of the convertase at that site.", "PMID": 1067618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5681", "title": "Cell surface antigens of human malignant melanoma: mixed hemadsorption assays for humoral immunity to cultured autologous melanoma cells.", "content": "We studied how frequently patients with malignant melanoma have specific antibody to cell surface antigens of cultured autologous melanoma cells as demonstrated by mixed hemadsorption assays. Of 35 patients studied over periods ranging from 1 to 36 months with Stage II, III, and IV disease, two showed consistent and high titered reactivity against autologous melanoma cells, two showed less consistent and intermediate reactivity, seven showed sporatic, low titered reactivity, and the remainder were consistently negative. A detailed analysis was carried out with the sera of one patient with sufficiently high titer against autologous melanoma cells. By direct tests and by absorption analysis with a variety of melanoma and nonmelanoma cell lines which included autologous fibroblasts, the antigen could not be demonstrated on any cell type other than the autologous melanoma.", "contents": "Cell surface antigens of human malignant melanoma: mixed hemadsorption assays for humoral immunity to cultured autologous melanoma cells. We studied how frequently patients with malignant melanoma have specific antibody to cell surface antigens of cultured autologous melanoma cells as demonstrated by mixed hemadsorption assays. Of 35 patients studied over periods ranging from 1 to 36 months with Stage II, III, and IV disease, two showed consistent and high titered reactivity against autologous melanoma cells, two showed less consistent and intermediate reactivity, seven showed sporatic, low titered reactivity, and the remainder were consistently negative. A detailed analysis was carried out with the sera of one patient with sufficiently high titer against autologous melanoma cells. By direct tests and by absorption analysis with a variety of melanoma and nonmelanoma cell lines which included autologous fibroblasts, the antigen could not be demonstrated on any cell type other than the autologous melanoma.", "PMID": 1067619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5682", "title": "Anaerobic growth of a Rhodopseudomonas species in the dark with carbon monoxide as sole carbon and energy substrate.", "content": "A species of Rhodopseudomonas that grows under strict anaerobic conditions in the dark and requires CO was isolated from lake and pond sediments. Although anaerobic growth in the dark occurs in a chemically defined mineral medium with CO as the only carbon and energy source, growth is stimulated by adding trypticase. Under these conditions, cells exhibit a generation time of 6.7 hr and reach a final concentration of 1 to 3 X 10(9) cells per ml of liquid medium. Resting suspensions of CO-grown cells metabolize about 6.7 mumol of CO per mg of protein in 1 hr and produce equimolar amounts of CO2 and H2 according to the equation CO + H2O leads to CO2 + H2. As predicted by this equation, when cells were suspended in tritium-labeled water containing potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and incubated with pure CO, 3H2 gas was produced at linear rate with a constant specific activity.", "contents": "Anaerobic growth of a Rhodopseudomonas species in the dark with carbon monoxide as sole carbon and energy substrate. A species of Rhodopseudomonas that grows under strict anaerobic conditions in the dark and requires CO was isolated from lake and pond sediments. Although anaerobic growth in the dark occurs in a chemically defined mineral medium with CO as the only carbon and energy source, growth is stimulated by adding trypticase. Under these conditions, cells exhibit a generation time of 6.7 hr and reach a final concentration of 1 to 3 X 10(9) cells per ml of liquid medium. Resting suspensions of CO-grown cells metabolize about 6.7 mumol of CO per mg of protein in 1 hr and produce equimolar amounts of CO2 and H2 according to the equation CO + H2O leads to CO2 + H2. As predicted by this equation, when cells were suspended in tritium-labeled water containing potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and incubated with pure CO, 3H2 gas was produced at linear rate with a constant specific activity.", "PMID": 1067620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5683", "title": "Morphinomimetic activity of synthetic fragments of beta-lipotropin and analogs.", "content": "In the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle bioassay, beta-endorphin, i.e., beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH)-[61-91], has a potency of 450 with confidence limits of 281-966 when Met5-enkephalin is used as a reference standard with a potency of 100. The primary amide and the ethylamide of Met5-enkephalin have potencies statistically overlapping with that of beta-endorphin. The primary amide of alpha-endorphin has twice the potency of the free acid form of alpha-endorphin. An intact NH2-terminal tyrosine is not necessary for full intrinsic activity. The shortest fragment of beta-LPH with morphinomimetic activity is beta-LPH-[61-64].", "contents": "Morphinomimetic activity of synthetic fragments of beta-lipotropin and analogs. In the myenteric plexus-longitudinal muscle bioassay, beta-endorphin, i.e., beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH)-[61-91], has a potency of 450 with confidence limits of 281-966 when Met5-enkephalin is used as a reference standard with a potency of 100. The primary amide and the ethylamide of Met5-enkephalin have potencies statistically overlapping with that of beta-endorphin. The primary amide of alpha-endorphin has twice the potency of the free acid form of alpha-endorphin. An intact NH2-terminal tyrosine is not necessary for full intrinsic activity. The shortest fragment of beta-LPH with morphinomimetic activity is beta-LPH-[61-64].", "PMID": 1067621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5684", "title": "Anesthetic stimulation of insect water receptors.", "content": "Halothane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, in the vapor and liquid phases, stimulate the water receptor of the blowfly Phormia regina. There are three successive phases of response to long-lasting stimulation by halothane: stimulation of the water receptor for the first 19 sec, narcosis for the next 80 sec, and stimulation of all receptors after 80 sec. The behavior of the fly is correlated with these phases. A thirsty fly extends its proboscis and attempts to drink during the first phase, withdraws its proboscis during the second, and extends in a manner characteristic of aversion in the third. A water-satiated fly responds only in the third phase. These results indicate that both the labeled line and the across-fiber hypothesis of sensory coding apply to the blowfly. At the level of sensory transduction the data do not rule out the possibility that streaming potentials are normally involved in stimulation of the water receptor. They are also consistent with a hypothesis that neutral narcotics stimulate the water receptor by facilitating the passage of sodium ions through the dendritic membrane.", "contents": "Anesthetic stimulation of insect water receptors. Halothane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride, in the vapor and liquid phases, stimulate the water receptor of the blowfly Phormia regina. There are three successive phases of response to long-lasting stimulation by halothane: stimulation of the water receptor for the first 19 sec, narcosis for the next 80 sec, and stimulation of all receptors after 80 sec. The behavior of the fly is correlated with these phases. A thirsty fly extends its proboscis and attempts to drink during the first phase, withdraws its proboscis during the second, and extends in a manner characteristic of aversion in the third. A water-satiated fly responds only in the third phase. These results indicate that both the labeled line and the across-fiber hypothesis of sensory coding apply to the blowfly. At the level of sensory transduction the data do not rule out the possibility that streaming potentials are normally involved in stimulation of the water receptor. They are also consistent with a hypothesis that neutral narcotics stimulate the water receptor by facilitating the passage of sodium ions through the dendritic membrane.", "PMID": 1067622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5685", "title": "Isochromosome 17 in a case of chronic erythroleukaemia.", "content": "In a patient with chronic erythroleukaemia in isochromosome 17q was identified in all bone marrow metaphases analyzed. In addition, these cells were characterized by hypodiploidy and the presence of 3 different marker chromosomes. Approximately 50% of dividing cells in the marrow were bizarre-looking polyploids. The identification by Giemsa banding of i(17q) in this case of erythroleukaemia supports the concept that there are common cytogenetic characteristics among malignant myeloproliferative disorders.", "contents": "Isochromosome 17 in a case of chronic erythroleukaemia. In a patient with chronic erythroleukaemia in isochromosome 17q was identified in all bone marrow metaphases analyzed. In addition, these cells were characterized by hypodiploidy and the presence of 3 different marker chromosomes. Approximately 50% of dividing cells in the marrow were bizarre-looking polyploids. The identification by Giemsa banding of i(17q) in this case of erythroleukaemia supports the concept that there are common cytogenetic characteristics among malignant myeloproliferative disorders.", "PMID": 1067654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5686", "title": "Polyploidy of the bone marrow.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 841 patients whose bone marrows were cytogenetically investigated because of verified or suspected haematological disease, 11 patients were found to have at least 10% polyploid bone marrow mitoses. The chromosome numbers varied greatly between the cells of the same patients and between the patients. In 4 cases, the number was nearly or exactly tetraploid and in 1 patient a prevalent octaploid line was seen. Structurally abnormal marker chromosomes were seen in 8 of the patients. A total of 31 bone marrow chromosome counts were performed on a young woman with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia who had had several drug-induced remissions during the 3 1/2 years of disease. The results were related to the clinical findings. On several occasions a clear-cut correlation was noted between high proportions (nearly 100%) of polyploid cells and relapse on the one hand and low proportions (as low as 0%) of polyploids and remission on the other. Of the 11 patients, 2 had chronic myeloid leukaemia, 3 acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, 3 acute myeloid leukaemia and a further 3 some other malignant haematological disorders. We conclude that polyploidy is a feature associated with rare cases of leukaemia and other malignant diseases. It is often a sign of a poor prognosis.", "contents": "Polyploidy of the bone marrow. In a consecutive series of 841 patients whose bone marrows were cytogenetically investigated because of verified or suspected haematological disease, 11 patients were found to have at least 10% polyploid bone marrow mitoses. The chromosome numbers varied greatly between the cells of the same patients and between the patients. In 4 cases, the number was nearly or exactly tetraploid and in 1 patient a prevalent octaploid line was seen. Structurally abnormal marker chromosomes were seen in 8 of the patients. A total of 31 bone marrow chromosome counts were performed on a young woman with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia who had had several drug-induced remissions during the 3 1/2 years of disease. The results were related to the clinical findings. On several occasions a clear-cut correlation was noted between high proportions (nearly 100%) of polyploid cells and relapse on the one hand and low proportions (as low as 0%) of polyploids and remission on the other. Of the 11 patients, 2 had chronic myeloid leukaemia, 3 acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, 3 acute myeloid leukaemia and a further 3 some other malignant haematological disorders. We conclude that polyploidy is a feature associated with rare cases of leukaemia and other malignant diseases. It is often a sign of a poor prognosis.", "PMID": 1067655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5687", "title": "Acute leukemia in adults: comparison of survival between a treated and an untreated group.", "content": "Survival and response to chemotherapy were evaluated in 84 adults with granulocytic leukemia (AGL) and 22 with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Twenty-two of the 84 patients with AGL reveived no chemotherapy (untreated group). The median survival for patients with AGL who achieved complete remission (CR) was 17.1 months, compared to 6.5 months for those who achieved partial remission (PR (p less than 0.05), 2.8 months for those who failed chemotherapy (p less than 0.01), and 2.1 months for the untreated group (p less than 0.01). The median survival for patients with ALL who achieved a CR was 18.2 months, compared to 7.3 months for those who achieved a PR and 7.0 months for those who failed chemotherapy. Of patients with AGL who reveived an adequate trial of chemotherapy, 43% achieved a CR and 16% a PR; 75% of patients with ALL achieved a CR and 13% a PR. Improved survival depends on the induction of a complete or partial remission with the use of aggressive chemotherapy.", "contents": "Acute leukemia in adults: comparison of survival between a treated and an untreated group. Survival and response to chemotherapy were evaluated in 84 adults with granulocytic leukemia (AGL) and 22 with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Twenty-two of the 84 patients with AGL reveived no chemotherapy (untreated group). The median survival for patients with AGL who achieved complete remission (CR) was 17.1 months, compared to 6.5 months for those who achieved partial remission (PR (p less than 0.05), 2.8 months for those who failed chemotherapy (p less than 0.01), and 2.1 months for the untreated group (p less than 0.01). The median survival for patients with ALL who achieved a CR was 18.2 months, compared to 7.3 months for those who achieved a PR and 7.0 months for those who failed chemotherapy. Of patients with AGL who reveived an adequate trial of chemotherapy, 43% achieved a CR and 16% a PR; 75% of patients with ALL achieved a CR and 13% a PR. Improved survival depends on the induction of a complete or partial remission with the use of aggressive chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1067671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5688", "title": "Leukaemia in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Three new cases of Hodgkin's disease terminating in leukaemia are described and the literature is briefly reviewed. The patients developed acute lymphocytic leukaemia, acute eosinophilic leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia, 6 1/4 years, 6 years and 7 months respectively after the initial diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. The 2 patients who developed acute leukaemia had been in complete remission from the Hodgkin's disease and had received no treatment for 5 3/4 and 2 1/2 years respectively. Possible causes for the occurrence of leukaemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease are discussed.", "contents": "Leukaemia in Hodgkin's disease. Three new cases of Hodgkin's disease terminating in leukaemia are described and the literature is briefly reviewed. The patients developed acute lymphocytic leukaemia, acute eosinophilic leukaemia and chronic myeloid leukaemia, 6 1/4 years, 6 years and 7 months respectively after the initial diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. The 2 patients who developed acute leukaemia had been in complete remission from the Hodgkin's disease and had received no treatment for 5 3/4 and 2 1/2 years respectively. Possible causes for the occurrence of leukaemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease are discussed.", "PMID": 1067672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5689", "title": "Studies of lymphocyte-dependent antibodies to leukemia-associated antigens using frozen stored leukemia target cells.", "content": "The ability of frozen stored leukemia blast cells to participate in a lymphocyte-dependent antibody assay (LDA) is demonstrated. Frozen stored acute myelogenous and lymphocytic blast cells retained antigenicity and high viability (larger than or equal to 80%). High titer LDA reactivity against frozen stored leukemic blasts was demonstrated with heterologous (rabbit) and homologous (leukemic patient) antisera. Similarly, we demonstrated the ability of frozen stored peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mediate effectively the destruction of antibody-coated leukemia blast cells stored frozen in liquid nitrogen before use. These findings will facilitate the study of LDA and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human leukemia patients using a completely autogeneic system.", "contents": "Studies of lymphocyte-dependent antibodies to leukemia-associated antigens using frozen stored leukemia target cells. The ability of frozen stored leukemia blast cells to participate in a lymphocyte-dependent antibody assay (LDA) is demonstrated. Frozen stored acute myelogenous and lymphocytic blast cells retained antigenicity and high viability (larger than or equal to 80%). High titer LDA reactivity against frozen stored leukemic blasts was demonstrated with heterologous (rabbit) and homologous (leukemic patient) antisera. Similarly, we demonstrated the ability of frozen stored peripheral blood mononuclear cells to mediate effectively the destruction of antibody-coated leukemia blast cells stored frozen in liquid nitrogen before use. These findings will facilitate the study of LDA and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in human leukemia patients using a completely autogeneic system.", "PMID": 1067679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5690", "title": "[Diagnostic and differential diagnostic considerations in osteopmyelitis].", "content": "A report is drawn up of the available diagnostic procedures in the detection of the different forms of osteomyelitis. Special reference is made to the problems involved in the clinical diagnosis of the mitigated and non-typical forms of haematogenous osteomyelitis which occur more frequently in the present antibiotics era. Early diagnosis of haematogenous osteomyelitis is of the greatest importance, since, in our experience, a cure can only be expected with very early initiation of antibiotic therapy. In regard to the differential diagnosis, abortive manifestations of haematogenous osteomyelitis must be differentiated from rheumatoid arthritic diseases and soft-part inflammations of all kinds, whilst caution must be taken to avoid a mistaken diagnosis of osteosarcoma.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and differential diagnostic considerations in osteopmyelitis]. A report is drawn up of the available diagnostic procedures in the detection of the different forms of osteomyelitis. Special reference is made to the problems involved in the clinical diagnosis of the mitigated and non-typical forms of haematogenous osteomyelitis which occur more frequently in the present antibiotics era. Early diagnosis of haematogenous osteomyelitis is of the greatest importance, since, in our experience, a cure can only be expected with very early initiation of antibiotic therapy. In regard to the differential diagnosis, abortive manifestations of haematogenous osteomyelitis must be differentiated from rheumatoid arthritic diseases and soft-part inflammations of all kinds, whilst caution must be taken to avoid a mistaken diagnosis of osteosarcoma.", "PMID": 1067687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5691", "title": "[Muscular neurotization in the field of reconstructive surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Attention is drawn in a short historical review to muscular neurotization, a surgical procedure described at the turn of the century. This term is applied to the reinnervation of paralyzed muscles by the proliferation of collateral neural axons arising in an adjacent muscle possessing normal function. The physiological basis for this procedure was expounded by eminent muscle physiologists following extensive research. The present experimental investigations on 20 Vietnamese pigs demonstrated that a defective anal sphincter muscle could be rectified by a muscle graft. This spindle-shaped muscle graft became incorporated into the anal and rectosphincteric reflex mechanism by muscular neurotization. Complete--or even parts of--muscles with parallel fibres are better suited for transplantation purposes than entire spindle-shaped or feather-like muscles. Once the edge of the muscle has been reached by the proliferating axons all the cells can be simultaneously supplied with motor end plates in the case of muscles with parallel fibres. On the other hand, the use of spindle-shaped or feather-like muscles with a diagonal arrangement of the fibres entails axon proliferation over relatively large distances to achieve reinnervation of the more distal parts of the muscle with an attendant prolongation of the reinnervation procedure and, frequently, partial loss of muscle viability. In another experiment on Vietnamese pigs the total anal sphincter was excised and replaced by the denervated, but vascular semitendinosus muscle of the right hind limb. When transposed to the pelvic floor musculature the denervated muscle becomes adequately reinnervated by muscular neurotization and at the same time adopts all the properties typical of a sphincteric muscle. The newly-formed sphincter displays changes in its enzyme pattern and becomes capable of continuous tonus; the spinal reflex arc is set up and the transplanted muscle develops characteristic metabolic and contractile properties. In another experimental series the reinnervation of paralyzed extraocular muscles by muscular neurotization was investigated in 10 rabbits. The denervated but still vascular inferior oblique muscle was successfully grafted onto the inferior rectus muscle, with obvious clinical application in future. The clinical application of muscular neurotization in surgical reconstruction is demonstrated in 4 cases, the first being one of facial palsy and the second one of blepharoptosis, whilst muscular neurotization was used in the two last cases to treat anal incontinence due to partial destruction and absence of the sphincter, respectively. In the one case a muscle graft was taken to reconstruct the anal sphincter and in the other case a new sphincter was reconstructed by transposing the denervated gracilis muscle onto the pelvic floor muscle. Both cases were eminently successful with restoration of anal continence and the rectosphincteric reflex mechanisms.", "contents": "[Muscular neurotization in the field of reconstructive surgery (author's transl)]. Attention is drawn in a short historical review to muscular neurotization, a surgical procedure described at the turn of the century. This term is applied to the reinnervation of paralyzed muscles by the proliferation of collateral neural axons arising in an adjacent muscle possessing normal function. The physiological basis for this procedure was expounded by eminent muscle physiologists following extensive research. The present experimental investigations on 20 Vietnamese pigs demonstrated that a defective anal sphincter muscle could be rectified by a muscle graft. This spindle-shaped muscle graft became incorporated into the anal and rectosphincteric reflex mechanism by muscular neurotization. Complete--or even parts of--muscles with parallel fibres are better suited for transplantation purposes than entire spindle-shaped or feather-like muscles. Once the edge of the muscle has been reached by the proliferating axons all the cells can be simultaneously supplied with motor end plates in the case of muscles with parallel fibres. On the other hand, the use of spindle-shaped or feather-like muscles with a diagonal arrangement of the fibres entails axon proliferation over relatively large distances to achieve reinnervation of the more distal parts of the muscle with an attendant prolongation of the reinnervation procedure and, frequently, partial loss of muscle viability. In another experiment on Vietnamese pigs the total anal sphincter was excised and replaced by the denervated, but vascular semitendinosus muscle of the right hind limb. When transposed to the pelvic floor musculature the denervated muscle becomes adequately reinnervated by muscular neurotization and at the same time adopts all the properties typical of a sphincteric muscle. The newly-formed sphincter displays changes in its enzyme pattern and becomes capable of continuous tonus; the spinal reflex arc is set up and the transplanted muscle develops characteristic metabolic and contractile properties. In another experimental series the reinnervation of paralyzed extraocular muscles by muscular neurotization was investigated in 10 rabbits. The denervated but still vascular inferior oblique muscle was successfully grafted onto the inferior rectus muscle, with obvious clinical application in future. The clinical application of muscular neurotization in surgical reconstruction is demonstrated in 4 cases, the first being one of facial palsy and the second one of blepharoptosis, whilst muscular neurotization was used in the two last cases to treat anal incontinence due to partial destruction and absence of the sphincter, respectively. In the one case a muscle graft was taken to reconstruct the anal sphincter and in the other case a new sphincter was reconstructed by transposing the denervated gracilis muscle onto the pelvic floor muscle. Both cases were eminently successful with restoration of anal continence and the rectosphincteric reflex mechanisms.", "PMID": 1067688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5692", "title": "[Tissue adhesion and local haemostasis using fibrinogen, thrombin and clotting factor xiii. (experimental investigations--clinical experience) (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given on experimental investigations and clinical experience in the use of a biological adhesive system. This system consists of highly-concentrated native fibrinogen, thrombin and clotting factor XIII. Experimental tissue adhesion was successfully performed in numerous experiments and with various organs. Local haemostasis was obtained even in cases when other methods failed by sealing off bleeding surfaces with a fibrin layer. The satisfactory results obtained in these experimental investigations were confirmed by the excellent outcome of a clinical trial. Fibrin represents a biological system which is completely absorbable, contrary to the commonly-used synthetic adhesives. Further advantages are its highly adhesive properties, elasticity of consistency and good tissue compatibility.", "contents": "[Tissue adhesion and local haemostasis using fibrinogen, thrombin and clotting factor xiii. (experimental investigations--clinical experience) (author's transl)]. A report is given on experimental investigations and clinical experience in the use of a biological adhesive system. This system consists of highly-concentrated native fibrinogen, thrombin and clotting factor XIII. Experimental tissue adhesion was successfully performed in numerous experiments and with various organs. Local haemostasis was obtained even in cases when other methods failed by sealing off bleeding surfaces with a fibrin layer. The satisfactory results obtained in these experimental investigations were confirmed by the excellent outcome of a clinical trial. Fibrin represents a biological system which is completely absorbable, contrary to the commonly-used synthetic adhesives. Further advantages are its highly adhesive properties, elasticity of consistency and good tissue compatibility.", "PMID": 1067689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5693", "title": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis in intensive care patients].", "content": "132 intensive care patients who did not show symptoms of bacterial infection upon admission were subdivided at random into two groups. 69 patients (37 males, 32 females) were given antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillins or cephalosporins and the remaining 63 patients (37 males, 26 females) did not receive any antibiotic prophylaxis. The average age and the median duration of treatment in the intensive care unit was the same for both groups. 1. Antibiotic prophylaxis neither reduced the infection rate nor the mortality. 2. Pleuropulmonary infections were not influenced in respect to incidence, mortality or time of occurrence by antibiotic prophylaxis. 3. The percentage of patients with gram-negative tracheal flora increased significantly from the third day of antibiotic prophylaxis onwards in comparison with those patients without antibiotic prophylaxis. 4. The incidence of, and mortality attributable to septicaemia was not influenced by antibiotic prophylaxis, but septicaemia in patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis was significantly delayed. From the seventh day on, septicaemia was found more frequently in patients given antibiotic prophylaxis than in patients receiving none. 5. Patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis acquired significantly fewer urinary tract infections. However, from the fifth day on, there was no difference between the two groups in regard to the rate of incidence of significant bacteriuria. 6. Morbidity and mortality from peritonitis was not influenced by antibiotic prophylaxis. 7. The organisms causing infections in patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis mostly belonged to the enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas and candida species which were resistant to the antibiotics given prophylactically. The organisms causing infection in the group not receiving antibiotic prophylaxis were coagulase-positive staphylococci in about 50% of the cases, followed by the enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas species; the resistance patterns towards the tested antibiotics were characteristic of these groups of organisms. 8. Fever proved to be a reliable parameter in establishing the presence or absence of infection. The mean rectal temperature showed a significant difference in medical patients from the second day, in surgical patients from the third day and im polytraumatized patients from the fourth day on, whereas the mean leucocyte counts did not differ significantly in patients with or without infection. 9. Environmental bacteriological studies in the vicinity of the group of patients given antibiotic prophylaxis showed significantly more gram-negative bacteria than in the group without. However, when the groups were subdivided into intubated and non-intubated patients, a significant rise in environmental gram-negative bacteria was found only in intubated patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis, whereas no such influence of antibiotic prophylaxis was apparent in the non-intubated patients...", "contents": "[Antibiotic prophylaxis in intensive care patients]. 132 intensive care patients who did not show symptoms of bacterial infection upon admission were subdivided at random into two groups. 69 patients (37 males, 32 females) were given antibiotic prophylaxis with penicillins or cephalosporins and the remaining 63 patients (37 males, 26 females) did not receive any antibiotic prophylaxis. The average age and the median duration of treatment in the intensive care unit was the same for both groups. 1. Antibiotic prophylaxis neither reduced the infection rate nor the mortality. 2. Pleuropulmonary infections were not influenced in respect to incidence, mortality or time of occurrence by antibiotic prophylaxis. 3. The percentage of patients with gram-negative tracheal flora increased significantly from the third day of antibiotic prophylaxis onwards in comparison with those patients without antibiotic prophylaxis. 4. The incidence of, and mortality attributable to septicaemia was not influenced by antibiotic prophylaxis, but septicaemia in patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis was significantly delayed. From the seventh day on, septicaemia was found more frequently in patients given antibiotic prophylaxis than in patients receiving none. 5. Patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis acquired significantly fewer urinary tract infections. However, from the fifth day on, there was no difference between the two groups in regard to the rate of incidence of significant bacteriuria. 6. Morbidity and mortality from peritonitis was not influenced by antibiotic prophylaxis. 7. The organisms causing infections in patients who received antibiotic prophylaxis mostly belonged to the enterobacteriaceae, pseudomonas and candida species which were resistant to the antibiotics given prophylactically. The organisms causing infection in the group not receiving antibiotic prophylaxis were coagulase-positive staphylococci in about 50% of the cases, followed by the enterobacteriaceae and pseudomonas species; the resistance patterns towards the tested antibiotics were characteristic of these groups of organisms. 8. Fever proved to be a reliable parameter in establishing the presence or absence of infection. The mean rectal temperature showed a significant difference in medical patients from the second day, in surgical patients from the third day and im polytraumatized patients from the fourth day on, whereas the mean leucocyte counts did not differ significantly in patients with or without infection. 9. Environmental bacteriological studies in the vicinity of the group of patients given antibiotic prophylaxis showed significantly more gram-negative bacteria than in the group without. However, when the groups were subdivided into intubated and non-intubated patients, a significant rise in environmental gram-negative bacteria was found only in intubated patients receiving antibiotic prophylaxis, whereas no such influence of antibiotic prophylaxis was apparent in the non-intubated patients...", "PMID": 1067690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5694", "title": "[Functional scintigraphy of the kidneys with 99mtc-pertechnetate (author's transl)].", "content": "Sequential Scintigraphy or Functional Scintigraphy of the kidneys after intravenous injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate using a Gamma-camera yields important information about total and regional blood flow by observation of the radioactive bolus passage through the kidneys. Differential diagnosis between vascular (tumors) and non-vascular (cysts, infarcts, scar tissue) parenchymatous lesions can be established with high accuracy. Simultaneous registration of time-activity histograms for the individual kidney as a region of interest (Functional Scintigraphy) provides, furthermore, the possibility of assessing circulatory function of the investigated organ. The assessment of such time-activity histograms provides an additional accuracy in the evaluation of the Sequential scintigrams. The parameters of these time-activity histograms are discussed in detail. Standardized conditions of injection procedure are a basic requirement. An evaluation of the fraction of cardiac output supplying the individual kidney in comparison to the contralateral side is possible. One of the advantages of the method is the simplicity of its application. It is without discomfort for the patient and without risk apart from the inherent very low radiation dose. It is particulary suited for follow-up studies.", "contents": "[Functional scintigraphy of the kidneys with 99mtc-pertechnetate (author's transl)]. Sequential Scintigraphy or Functional Scintigraphy of the kidneys after intravenous injection of 99mTc-pertechnetate using a Gamma-camera yields important information about total and regional blood flow by observation of the radioactive bolus passage through the kidneys. Differential diagnosis between vascular (tumors) and non-vascular (cysts, infarcts, scar tissue) parenchymatous lesions can be established with high accuracy. Simultaneous registration of time-activity histograms for the individual kidney as a region of interest (Functional Scintigraphy) provides, furthermore, the possibility of assessing circulatory function of the investigated organ. The assessment of such time-activity histograms provides an additional accuracy in the evaluation of the Sequential scintigrams. The parameters of these time-activity histograms are discussed in detail. Standardized conditions of injection procedure are a basic requirement. An evaluation of the fraction of cardiac output supplying the individual kidney in comparison to the contralateral side is possible. One of the advantages of the method is the simplicity of its application. It is without discomfort for the patient and without risk apart from the inherent very low radiation dose. It is particulary suited for follow-up studies.", "PMID": 1067691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5695", "title": "[Radiological anatomical examinations in skulls from anthropological collections (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 114 skulls dating from the Neolithic Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, of Incas and Red Indians, of Asians from North and South China, as well as Negro skulls found in Turkey were radiologically analysed and compared with control skulls of recent origin. The 3 standard X-ray views were taken (postero-anterior, axial and lateral) and appropriate linear and angle measurements were carried out. The resultant 4120 values were compared by variance analysis and the differences between the groups are presented. The differences in linear values may be attributable merely to racial variation; the constancy of the obtained angle measurements is striking. The results were also compared by means of linear regression with measured volume values of the brain skull; it was thereby possible to develop a new formula by means of which the volume of the brain skull can be calculated from the parameter BPH (introduced by the author) and from the distance B with the help of a constant factor. The importance of Radiology in Anthropology is pointed out.", "contents": "[Radiological anatomical examinations in skulls from anthropological collections (author's transl)]. A total of 114 skulls dating from the Neolithic Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, of Incas and Red Indians, of Asians from North and South China, as well as Negro skulls found in Turkey were radiologically analysed and compared with control skulls of recent origin. The 3 standard X-ray views were taken (postero-anterior, axial and lateral) and appropriate linear and angle measurements were carried out. The resultant 4120 values were compared by variance analysis and the differences between the groups are presented. The differences in linear values may be attributable merely to racial variation; the constancy of the obtained angle measurements is striking. The results were also compared by means of linear regression with measured volume values of the brain skull; it was thereby possible to develop a new formula by means of which the volume of the brain skull can be calculated from the parameter BPH (introduced by the author) and from the distance B with the help of a constant factor. The importance of Radiology in Anthropology is pointed out.", "PMID": 1067692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5696", "title": "[Accidental hypothermia--case contribution to the clinical aspects and therapy].", "content": "It is reported on the successful treatment of a 60-year-old female patient with extreme accidental hypothermia (body temperature 24 degrees C). Cardiac and pulmonary complications could be commanded by intensiv-therapeutic measures. As interesting findings at the time of hospitalisation are exhibited the Osborn-wave in the ECG (first description in a clinical case), the alkalosis (pH 7.52) and a good diuresis (60 ml/min). The prognosis of the accidental hypothermia depends on the duration of the chilling, the rapid transfer under control of a physician into an intensive therapy facility, optimal control and therapy of cardio-vascular and respiratory system, the time of re-warming and the previous injuries as well as the concomitant diseases. The time of re-warming is of importance especially in asystolia and in ventricular fibrillation, in order to reach the defibrillation threshold of 26.6 degrees C. The forms of re-warming (combination of inner and outer re-warming) are to be chosen individually and according to the possibilities. They do not play the role expected for the prognosis. A repeated examination of the patient described after 14 months showed normal according to age organic functions without late lesions.", "contents": "[Accidental hypothermia--case contribution to the clinical aspects and therapy]. It is reported on the successful treatment of a 60-year-old female patient with extreme accidental hypothermia (body temperature 24 degrees C). Cardiac and pulmonary complications could be commanded by intensiv-therapeutic measures. As interesting findings at the time of hospitalisation are exhibited the Osborn-wave in the ECG (first description in a clinical case), the alkalosis (pH 7.52) and a good diuresis (60 ml/min). The prognosis of the accidental hypothermia depends on the duration of the chilling, the rapid transfer under control of a physician into an intensive therapy facility, optimal control and therapy of cardio-vascular and respiratory system, the time of re-warming and the previous injuries as well as the concomitant diseases. The time of re-warming is of importance especially in asystolia and in ventricular fibrillation, in order to reach the defibrillation threshold of 26.6 degrees C. The forms of re-warming (combination of inner and outer re-warming) are to be chosen individually and according to the possibilities. They do not play the role expected for the prognosis. A repeated examination of the patient described after 14 months showed normal according to age organic functions without late lesions.", "PMID": 1067695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5697", "title": "[Chronic myelosis].", "content": "After introducing remarks concerning the character of chronic myelosis and epidemiological data the clinical symptomatology and diagnostic criteria including differential diagnosis are discussed. The possibilities of the cytostatic or radiological therapy in the different stages of disease are explained.", "contents": "[Chronic myelosis]. After introducing remarks concerning the character of chronic myelosis and epidemiological data the clinical symptomatology and diagnostic criteria including differential diagnosis are discussed. The possibilities of the cytostatic or radiological therapy in the different stages of disease are explained.", "PMID": 1067696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5698", "title": "[Malignant erythroblastosis].", "content": "In form of a survey the clinical picture of the malignant erythroblastosis is described. Apart from notes concerning the etiology and pathogenesis symptomatology and differential diagnosis are of special importance. The most important morphological and cytochemical changes are demonstrated with the help of micropictures.", "contents": "[Malignant erythroblastosis]. In form of a survey the clinical picture of the malignant erythroblastosis is described. Apart from notes concerning the etiology and pathogenesis symptomatology and differential diagnosis are of special importance. The most important morphological and cytochemical changes are demonstrated with the help of micropictures.", "PMID": 1067697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5699", "title": "Acute cardiovascular responses to radioprotective mixture of cystamine and 5-methoxytryptamine in rats.", "content": "I.p. administration of radioprotective mixture of cystamine (18 mg base/kg) and 5-methoxytryptamine (3 mg base/kg) to anesthetized rats induced the depression of hemodynamics. Decrease of cardiac output, hypotension, bradycardia, increase in peripheral vascular resistance, the escape of plasma from the vascular stream, pronounced diminution of blood flow in the spleen and other tissues were determined. Pharmacological properties of the protective can contribute to its radioprotective efficiency in the whole mammalian organism.", "contents": "Acute cardiovascular responses to radioprotective mixture of cystamine and 5-methoxytryptamine in rats. I.p. administration of radioprotective mixture of cystamine (18 mg base/kg) and 5-methoxytryptamine (3 mg base/kg) to anesthetized rats induced the depression of hemodynamics. Decrease of cardiac output, hypotension, bradycardia, increase in peripheral vascular resistance, the escape of plasma from the vascular stream, pronounced diminution of blood flow in the spleen and other tissues were determined. Pharmacological properties of the protective can contribute to its radioprotective efficiency in the whole mammalian organism.", "PMID": 1067710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5700", "title": "Intra-uterine transfusion in the management of pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization. I. Indications, technique, and complications.", "content": "Intra-uterine transfusion may be a life-saving procedure in severe cases of rhesus isoimmunization. Yet it may be technically difficult and poses a real hazard to the fetus. This material consists of 51 intra-uterine transfusions performed in 34 severe rhesus (anti-D) isoimmunized pregnant women. The selection of patients was based upon an evaluation of the severity of fetal erythroblastosis (past obstetric history, serological and amniotic fluid examinations). The major criterion for selection was the concentration of amniotic fluid bilirubin. The technique employed was based upon a fluoroscopic television control system. The most serious complications were blood-stained amniotic samples in 15% of the amniocenteses and vaginal leaking of amniotic fluid and preterm labour after the performance of the intra-uterine transfusions in 33%.", "contents": "Intra-uterine transfusion in the management of pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization. I. Indications, technique, and complications. Intra-uterine transfusion may be a life-saving procedure in severe cases of rhesus isoimmunization. Yet it may be technically difficult and poses a real hazard to the fetus. This material consists of 51 intra-uterine transfusions performed in 34 severe rhesus (anti-D) isoimmunized pregnant women. The selection of patients was based upon an evaluation of the severity of fetal erythroblastosis (past obstetric history, serological and amniotic fluid examinations). The major criterion for selection was the concentration of amniotic fluid bilirubin. The technique employed was based upon a fluoroscopic television control system. The most serious complications were blood-stained amniotic samples in 15% of the amniocenteses and vaginal leaking of amniotic fluid and preterm labour after the performance of the intra-uterine transfusions in 33%.", "PMID": 1067711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5701", "title": "Intra-uterine transfusion in the management of pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization. II. Results and discussion.", "content": "The results of 51 intra-uterine transfusions in 34 pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization are presented. The survival rate is 56%. Factors influencing the fetal and neonatal mortality are considered, e.g. the gestational age at the initial intra-uterine transfusion, the presence of fetal hydrops, and the interval from the initial intra-uterine transfusion to delivery. The difficulties of the selection procedure are emphasized and it is stated that in some cases intra-uterine transfusion should perhaps not be performed because of a predictable poor fetal prognosis. The significance of accumulating experience is discussed.", "contents": "Intra-uterine transfusion in the management of pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization. II. Results and discussion. The results of 51 intra-uterine transfusions in 34 pregnant women with severe rhesus isoimmunization are presented. The survival rate is 56%. Factors influencing the fetal and neonatal mortality are considered, e.g. the gestational age at the initial intra-uterine transfusion, the presence of fetal hydrops, and the interval from the initial intra-uterine transfusion to delivery. The difficulties of the selection procedure are emphasized and it is stated that in some cases intra-uterine transfusion should perhaps not be performed because of a predictable poor fetal prognosis. The significance of accumulating experience is discussed.", "PMID": 1067712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5702", "title": "A follow-up study of infants who received intra-uterine transfusions because of severe rhesus haemolytic disease.", "content": "The developmental characteristics of infants surviving the neonatal period after the performance of prenatal intra-uterine transfusions because of severe rhesus haemolytic disease were studied in 17 of 19 children, using the revised Denver Developmental Screening Test and a physical-neurological examination. The children ranged in age from 5 to 91 months. Two cases are reported as having retared psychomotor development. No cases of cerebral palsy were found. Among the minor abnormalities were squints, abdominal hernia and enamel defects. The results justify the use of intra-uterine transfusions in appropriately selected fetuses when combined with treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia and respiratory distress during the neonatal period.", "contents": "A follow-up study of infants who received intra-uterine transfusions because of severe rhesus haemolytic disease. The developmental characteristics of infants surviving the neonatal period after the performance of prenatal intra-uterine transfusions because of severe rhesus haemolytic disease were studied in 17 of 19 children, using the revised Denver Developmental Screening Test and a physical-neurological examination. The children ranged in age from 5 to 91 months. Two cases are reported as having retared psychomotor development. No cases of cerebral palsy were found. Among the minor abnormalities were squints, abdominal hernia and enamel defects. The results justify the use of intra-uterine transfusions in appropriately selected fetuses when combined with treatment of hyperbilirubinaemia and respiratory distress during the neonatal period.", "PMID": 1067713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5703", "title": "Psychodiagnostic follow-up of Neovletta -- a new low dose oral contraceptive.", "content": "In 45 somatically healthy women the possible occurrence of psychic effects of a new low dose combined oral contraceptive was studied using different psychodiagnostic test methods. All the participants were previous users of some of the standard combined oral contraceptives, but had discontinued either due to experienced, side-effects, due to fear of such effects or due to other reasons. Four patients dropped out before the end of the six-month-observation period. Women who discontinued previous use of oral contraceptives due to side-effects or due to fear of side-effects exhibited a more pronounced degree of neuroticism compared to those who terminated due to other reasons. Those who experienced side-effects during earlier medication had initially a higher depression score than the two remaining groups suggesting that women's basic psychic nature seems to play an important role in the development of psychic symptoms during oral contraceptive therapy. None of the three groups developed additional signs of depression during treatment. Moreover, no impairment of the sexual function, assessed by a number of parameters, was found. The findings clearly indicate that Neovletta did not cause any psychic disturbance in the patients studied.", "contents": "Psychodiagnostic follow-up of Neovletta -- a new low dose oral contraceptive. In 45 somatically healthy women the possible occurrence of psychic effects of a new low dose combined oral contraceptive was studied using different psychodiagnostic test methods. All the participants were previous users of some of the standard combined oral contraceptives, but had discontinued either due to experienced, side-effects, due to fear of such effects or due to other reasons. Four patients dropped out before the end of the six-month-observation period. Women who discontinued previous use of oral contraceptives due to side-effects or due to fear of side-effects exhibited a more pronounced degree of neuroticism compared to those who terminated due to other reasons. Those who experienced side-effects during earlier medication had initially a higher depression score than the two remaining groups suggesting that women's basic psychic nature seems to play an important role in the development of psychic symptoms during oral contraceptive therapy. None of the three groups developed additional signs of depression during treatment. Moreover, no impairment of the sexual function, assessed by a number of parameters, was found. The findings clearly indicate that Neovletta did not cause any psychic disturbance in the patients studied.", "PMID": 1067714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5704", "title": "Histological evaluation of gingival damage by toothbrushing. An experimental study in dog.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to present an experimental model for a comparative histological evaluation of the effect on gingiva using two different types of bristle material at tooth brushing. Fifteen dogs constituted the material. Two different teeth or groups of teeth were selected on each dog. One tooths was brushed with a nylon brush. The diameter of the bristles was approximately 0.25 mm. The other tooth was brushed with a polytene brush. The diameter of the bristles vary between 0.7 mm at the base of the bristle to 0.25 mm in the near end of the bristle. Manual brushing during 10-60 seconds was carried out in 7 dogs and the other eight dogs were brushed with a mechanical device for 10-30 seconds. A histological evaluation of the relative degree of tissue damages based upon a grading of these damages in terms of a 0-3 point scale was carried out by two independent observers. Wilcoxon's matched-pair signed rank test was applied for a statistical analysis of the result of the histological examination. The conclusion was that the two different types of brushes most likely cause different damages on the gingival tissue and that the polytene brush appeared to cause less tissue damage than the nylon brush.", "contents": "Histological evaluation of gingival damage by toothbrushing. An experimental study in dog. The purpose of the investigation was to present an experimental model for a comparative histological evaluation of the effect on gingiva using two different types of bristle material at tooth brushing. Fifteen dogs constituted the material. Two different teeth or groups of teeth were selected on each dog. One tooths was brushed with a nylon brush. The diameter of the bristles was approximately 0.25 mm. The other tooth was brushed with a polytene brush. The diameter of the bristles vary between 0.7 mm at the base of the bristle to 0.25 mm in the near end of the bristle. Manual brushing during 10-60 seconds was carried out in 7 dogs and the other eight dogs were brushed with a mechanical device for 10-30 seconds. A histological evaluation of the relative degree of tissue damages based upon a grading of these damages in terms of a 0-3 point scale was carried out by two independent observers. Wilcoxon's matched-pair signed rank test was applied for a statistical analysis of the result of the histological examination. The conclusion was that the two different types of brushes most likely cause different damages on the gingival tissue and that the polytene brush appeared to cause less tissue damage than the nylon brush.", "PMID": 1067715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5705", "title": "NMR-analysis of monomers in restorative resins.", "content": "A study on the composition of the resin component of the several brands of composite resin has not been published so far. It was the purpose of the present work to fill out this gap in our knowledge of this important group of restorative materials by analyzing the monomers of the materials as delivered by the manufacturers. 24 brands of restorative resins were investigated by means of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometer at 90 MHz. Spectra were taken of deuterated chloroform solutions of the organic part of the filling materials and compared with spectra of pure monomers that were conceivable constituents of the investigated brands. It was found that the BIS-GMA containing brands all contain at least one other monomer, most often TEDMA, in varying concentrations. The brands with MMA as main component in most cases also contain other monomers.", "contents": "NMR-analysis of monomers in restorative resins. A study on the composition of the resin component of the several brands of composite resin has not been published so far. It was the purpose of the present work to fill out this gap in our knowledge of this important group of restorative materials by analyzing the monomers of the materials as delivered by the manufacturers. 24 brands of restorative resins were investigated by means of a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectrometer at 90 MHz. Spectra were taken of deuterated chloroform solutions of the organic part of the filling materials and compared with spectra of pure monomers that were conceivable constituents of the investigated brands. It was found that the BIS-GMA containing brands all contain at least one other monomer, most often TEDMA, in varying concentrations. The brands with MMA as main component in most cases also contain other monomers.", "PMID": 1067716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5706", "title": "Electron probe microanalysis of secondary carious lesions associated with silver amalgam fillings.", "content": "Secondary caries associated with silver amalgam fillings is characterized by outer lesions and cavity wall lesions. In this study the content of minerals and the penetration of elements from the amalgam into such lesions were analyzed. In sections of 11 teeth including cases of natural secondary caries and experimental in vitro and in vivo lesions around silver amalgam fillings the distribution of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Sn, Cu, Ag and Hg was studied by means of two-dimensional X-ray images, linear scans and point analyses. Dentine wall lesions where microradiographs had shown increased radiopacity relative to intact tissue, exhibited considerably reduced Ca and P values. The outer portion of the radiopaque areas contained 5--8% Zn and Sn, decreasing to less than 0.1% at a varying distance up to 130 mum from the cavity wall. Hg was not detected, nor was Ag, except in one specimen. The increased radiopacity of this zone as observed on microradiographs is, therefore, obviously caused by the presence of Zn and Sn. Zn and Sn had also penetrated into the moderately demineralized enamel lesions, but the concentrations were generally lower than those observed in the dentine.", "contents": "Electron probe microanalysis of secondary carious lesions associated with silver amalgam fillings. Secondary caries associated with silver amalgam fillings is characterized by outer lesions and cavity wall lesions. In this study the content of minerals and the penetration of elements from the amalgam into such lesions were analyzed. In sections of 11 teeth including cases of natural secondary caries and experimental in vitro and in vivo lesions around silver amalgam fillings the distribution of Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Sn, Cu, Ag and Hg was studied by means of two-dimensional X-ray images, linear scans and point analyses. Dentine wall lesions where microradiographs had shown increased radiopacity relative to intact tissue, exhibited considerably reduced Ca and P values. The outer portion of the radiopaque areas contained 5--8% Zn and Sn, decreasing to less than 0.1% at a varying distance up to 130 mum from the cavity wall. Hg was not detected, nor was Ag, except in one specimen. The increased radiopacity of this zone as observed on microradiographs is, therefore, obviously caused by the presence of Zn and Sn. Zn and Sn had also penetrated into the moderately demineralized enamel lesions, but the concentrations were generally lower than those observed in the dentine.", "PMID": 1067717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5707", "title": "A study of intra-examiner error associated with recording of radiographic caries at different diagnostic levels.", "content": "Pairs of posterior bitewing radiographs of forty children 13-15 years of age at the third and fourth examinations of three-year clinical trials were assessed by one examiner for primary caries. Duplicate assessments were carried out in independent sessions, recording simultaneously absence/presence of caries and caries degree, and in the same way for three different diagnostic levels recording only absence/presence of caries. Caries diagnostic inconsistency rate (D.I.R.) in per cent was always lower than 34 and usually below 20; a finding which is in agreement with previously published results. No preference could be expressed for any particular diagnostic level on the basis of the primary caries scores, but recording only relatively advanced lesions tended to give most favourable results for DFS increment scores. The recording of both absence/presence of caries and caries degree simultaneously had a small, but not consistently adverse effect on the D.I.R. and reliability coefficient. As there was no marked difference in examiner error associated with two of the demarcation lines used for recording of caries degree, i.e. half way through enamel and the A.D.J., the scoring codes described here may be suitable for studies of radiographic caries progression.", "contents": "A study of intra-examiner error associated with recording of radiographic caries at different diagnostic levels. Pairs of posterior bitewing radiographs of forty children 13-15 years of age at the third and fourth examinations of three-year clinical trials were assessed by one examiner for primary caries. Duplicate assessments were carried out in independent sessions, recording simultaneously absence/presence of caries and caries degree, and in the same way for three different diagnostic levels recording only absence/presence of caries. Caries diagnostic inconsistency rate (D.I.R.) in per cent was always lower than 34 and usually below 20; a finding which is in agreement with previously published results. No preference could be expressed for any particular diagnostic level on the basis of the primary caries scores, but recording only relatively advanced lesions tended to give most favourable results for DFS increment scores. The recording of both absence/presence of caries and caries degree simultaneously had a small, but not consistently adverse effect on the D.I.R. and reliability coefficient. As there was no marked difference in examiner error associated with two of the demarcation lines used for recording of caries degree, i.e. half way through enamel and the A.D.J., the scoring codes described here may be suitable for studies of radiographic caries progression.", "PMID": 1067718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5708", "title": "Symptoms of functional disturbances of the masticatory system. A comparison of frequencies in a population sample and in a group of patients.", "content": "With the aid of questionnaires symptoms of mandibular dysfunction and some general and oral conditions were studied in a group of previous patients and in a randomly selected population sample. From the two materials answers were obtained from 82 persons (81%) and 1.106 (91%) respectively. The results confirmed that women are heavily overrepresented in patient materials. This differs from the fairly equal sex distribution found in population studies of mandibular dysfunction. The most frequent symptoms of mandibular dysfunction were TMJ-sounds which appeared in 39 and 79% and pain on opening the mouth which appeared in 12 and 42% of the population and patient samples respectively. All symptoms of mandibular dysfunction, headache, clenching of the teeth and unilateral chewing appeared significantly more often in the previous patients, but the number of natural teeth did not differ in the two samples. The general state of health was poorer and general joint -- muscle symptoms were more common in the previous patients as well as in those of the population sample with symptoms of mandibular dysfunction. This finding suggests that functional disturbances of the masticatory system often may be related to impaired general health.", "contents": "Symptoms of functional disturbances of the masticatory system. A comparison of frequencies in a population sample and in a group of patients. With the aid of questionnaires symptoms of mandibular dysfunction and some general and oral conditions were studied in a group of previous patients and in a randomly selected population sample. From the two materials answers were obtained from 82 persons (81%) and 1.106 (91%) respectively. The results confirmed that women are heavily overrepresented in patient materials. This differs from the fairly equal sex distribution found in population studies of mandibular dysfunction. The most frequent symptoms of mandibular dysfunction were TMJ-sounds which appeared in 39 and 79% and pain on opening the mouth which appeared in 12 and 42% of the population and patient samples respectively. All symptoms of mandibular dysfunction, headache, clenching of the teeth and unilateral chewing appeared significantly more often in the previous patients, but the number of natural teeth did not differ in the two samples. The general state of health was poorer and general joint -- muscle symptoms were more common in the previous patients as well as in those of the population sample with symptoms of mandibular dysfunction. This finding suggests that functional disturbances of the masticatory system often may be related to impaired general health.", "PMID": 1067719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5709", "title": "The cusp of Carabelli. Occurrence in first upper molars and evaluation of its heritability.", "content": "In a Finnish rural population 79.0% of 233 persons had the cusp of Carabelli in first upper molars. Of these 20% showed \"positive cusps\" and 59% \"negative cusps\". The occurrence of the structure was bilateral with varying degrees of asymmetry, but if there was no structure on one side of the jaw, the other never showed the cusp. There was no sexual dimorphism either in the occurrence or in the degree of expression of character. Results of the statistical analyses suggested low heritability of the character. However, the dichotomy of having a cusp or not may have genetic basis, but there is large variation in the expression of the \"cusp-genotype\".", "contents": "The cusp of Carabelli. Occurrence in first upper molars and evaluation of its heritability. In a Finnish rural population 79.0% of 233 persons had the cusp of Carabelli in first upper molars. Of these 20% showed \"positive cusps\" and 59% \"negative cusps\". The occurrence of the structure was bilateral with varying degrees of asymmetry, but if there was no structure on one side of the jaw, the other never showed the cusp. There was no sexual dimorphism either in the occurrence or in the degree of expression of character. Results of the statistical analyses suggested low heritability of the character. However, the dichotomy of having a cusp or not may have genetic basis, but there is large variation in the expression of the \"cusp-genotype\".", "PMID": 1067720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5710", "title": "Progression of approximal caries in relation to radiographic scoring codes. A pilot study.", "content": "Forty pairs of posterior bitewing radiographs taken at the third and fourth annual examinations of three-year clinical trials were assessed twice for caries by one examiner in independent recording sessions. Three or four degrees of caries were recorded in order to determine how different scales of measurement affected aproximal caries progression patterns. The use of one degree of enamel caries, instead of two reduced by about half the percentage of lesions which appeared to have progressed during one year. Most lesions seemed to remain unchanged during the 12 months of observation and those which advanced usually progressed across one demarcation line. Reversals of caries diagnosis and regression of lesions to a lower degree of caries contributed least to the pattern of change between the two examinations. It is concluded that the radiographic scoring codes with two degrees of enamel caries give a better picture of caries progression than those with only one.", "contents": "Progression of approximal caries in relation to radiographic scoring codes. A pilot study. Forty pairs of posterior bitewing radiographs taken at the third and fourth annual examinations of three-year clinical trials were assessed twice for caries by one examiner in independent recording sessions. Three or four degrees of caries were recorded in order to determine how different scales of measurement affected aproximal caries progression patterns. The use of one degree of enamel caries, instead of two reduced by about half the percentage of lesions which appeared to have progressed during one year. Most lesions seemed to remain unchanged during the 12 months of observation and those which advanced usually progressed across one demarcation line. Reversals of caries diagnosis and regression of lesions to a lower degree of caries contributed least to the pattern of change between the two examinations. It is concluded that the radiographic scoring codes with two degrees of enamel caries give a better picture of caries progression than those with only one.", "PMID": 1067721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5711", "title": "A biochemical study of aminopeptidases in the palatal mucosa of the rat following tooth extractions.", "content": "Aminopeptidase activities were studied biochemically from the supernatants of the homogenates prepared from the normal and post extraction palatal mucosa of the rat. The determinations were carried out at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days following extraction using N-L-aminoacyl-2-naphthylamines of arginine, glycine, leucine, proline and valine as the substrates. In addition, in the second part of the study the hydrolysis of N-L-aminoacyl-2-naphthylamines of alanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine was tested at 1, 3 and 5 days following extraction. The effect of chloride ions (0.2 M NaCl) on the hydrolysis of arginine and lysine derivatives was also tested. The specific activities of aminopeptidases obtained from the extraction-wound side were compared to those of the control side at each time interval. Tooth extraction caused a considerable reduction in the specific activities of aminopeptidases in the surrounding palatal mucosa immediately after extraction (at 0.5 hr.). The specific activities in the wound tissue remained generally below the control levels for 24 hours and reached their maximum within 5 days following extractions. The highest relative increase was obtained with N-L-valyl-2-naphthylamine. Arginine aminopeptidase was activated by chloride ions on an average 20 per cent more in the wound tissue than the control. This effect can be considered suggestive of the activation of aminopeptidase B in the post extraction palatal mucosa.", "contents": "A biochemical study of aminopeptidases in the palatal mucosa of the rat following tooth extractions. Aminopeptidase activities were studied biochemically from the supernatants of the homogenates prepared from the normal and post extraction palatal mucosa of the rat. The determinations were carried out at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days following extraction using N-L-aminoacyl-2-naphthylamines of arginine, glycine, leucine, proline and valine as the substrates. In addition, in the second part of the study the hydrolysis of N-L-aminoacyl-2-naphthylamines of alanine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tyrosine and valine was tested at 1, 3 and 5 days following extraction. The effect of chloride ions (0.2 M NaCl) on the hydrolysis of arginine and lysine derivatives was also tested. The specific activities of aminopeptidases obtained from the extraction-wound side were compared to those of the control side at each time interval. Tooth extraction caused a considerable reduction in the specific activities of aminopeptidases in the surrounding palatal mucosa immediately after extraction (at 0.5 hr.). The specific activities in the wound tissue remained generally below the control levels for 24 hours and reached their maximum within 5 days following extractions. The highest relative increase was obtained with N-L-valyl-2-naphthylamine. Arginine aminopeptidase was activated by chloride ions on an average 20 per cent more in the wound tissue than the control. This effect can be considered suggestive of the activation of aminopeptidase B in the post extraction palatal mucosa.", "PMID": 1067722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5712", "title": "Growth in width of the frontal bones after fusion of the metopic suture.", "content": "Rat frontal bones reportedly exhibit lateral surface growth many weeks after fusion of the frontal suture. This is histologically confirmed in the present study. The mean width of the cranial vault at the postorbital constriction increased by 10% between the age of 30 and 58 days. The increase must be ascribed to periosteal growth, as the lateral, external surfaces exhibited active growth. External apposition without concomittant internal resorption causes an increase in bone thickness. The cells on the internal surfaces were in a state of rest. The study was based on a limited material; therefore, definite conclusions cannot be drawn.", "contents": "Growth in width of the frontal bones after fusion of the metopic suture. Rat frontal bones reportedly exhibit lateral surface growth many weeks after fusion of the frontal suture. This is histologically confirmed in the present study. The mean width of the cranial vault at the postorbital constriction increased by 10% between the age of 30 and 58 days. The increase must be ascribed to periosteal growth, as the lateral, external surfaces exhibited active growth. External apposition without concomittant internal resorption causes an increase in bone thickness. The cells on the internal surfaces were in a state of rest. The study was based on a limited material; therefore, definite conclusions cannot be drawn.", "PMID": 1067723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5713", "title": "Reaction of the human dental pulp to silver amalgam restorations. The modifying effect of treatment with calcium hydroxide.", "content": "Cavities were prepared in 43 bicuspid teeth using two general categories of cavity depth. In the \"deep\" cavities the bottom was placed in the inner third of the dentin. In the \"intermediate depth\" cavities the bottom was positioned in the middle third of the dentin. The bottom of the cavities was either rubbed with calcium hydroxide, covered with calcium hydroxide, or left unlined before filling according to the wet amalgam technique. The teeth were extracted after 1 week and examined histologically. All cases, except 2 with deep and 1 with intermediate depth rubbed cavities, showed local vascular dilatation in the pulp underneath the cavity. In addition, all teeth with deep unlined cavities showed inflammatory cells as did 1 with an intermediate depth unlined cavity. There were fewer displaced odontoblast nuclei in the dentin in the calcium hydroxide-treated groups. The milder reactions in the rubbed or covered groups are probably due to the restrictive effect by calcium hydroxide on penetration of amalgam components. In the teeth with deep cavities there were only minor differences between the ones which had been rubbed and those which had been covered with calcium hydroxide.", "contents": "Reaction of the human dental pulp to silver amalgam restorations. The modifying effect of treatment with calcium hydroxide. Cavities were prepared in 43 bicuspid teeth using two general categories of cavity depth. In the \"deep\" cavities the bottom was placed in the inner third of the dentin. In the \"intermediate depth\" cavities the bottom was positioned in the middle third of the dentin. The bottom of the cavities was either rubbed with calcium hydroxide, covered with calcium hydroxide, or left unlined before filling according to the wet amalgam technique. The teeth were extracted after 1 week and examined histologically. All cases, except 2 with deep and 1 with intermediate depth rubbed cavities, showed local vascular dilatation in the pulp underneath the cavity. In addition, all teeth with deep unlined cavities showed inflammatory cells as did 1 with an intermediate depth unlined cavity. There were fewer displaced odontoblast nuclei in the dentin in the calcium hydroxide-treated groups. The milder reactions in the rubbed or covered groups are probably due to the restrictive effect by calcium hydroxide on penetration of amalgam components. In the teeth with deep cavities there were only minor differences between the ones which had been rubbed and those which had been covered with calcium hydroxide.", "PMID": 1067724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5714", "title": "Flow and creep of dental amalgam.", "content": "The intention of the study was to assess the differences in results obtained from creep and flow measurements of dental amalgams. Flow registers deformation during setting. Creep denotes the deformation of the set amalgam. The present study did not demonstrate a correlation between flow and creep, and creep is considered a more desirable parameter to include in a standard.", "contents": "Flow and creep of dental amalgam. The intention of the study was to assess the differences in results obtained from creep and flow measurements of dental amalgams. Flow registers deformation during setting. Creep denotes the deformation of the set amalgam. The present study did not demonstrate a correlation between flow and creep, and creep is considered a more desirable parameter to include in a standard.", "PMID": 1067725}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5715", "title": "Effect of a xylitol chewing gum on plaque quantity and quality.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to further investigate the plaque-reducing effect of a xylitol-containing chewing gum. Ninety-six dental students were divided randomly into three groups: a sucrose group (n = 32), a xylitol group (n = 36) and a control group (n = 28), using a sucrose-containing chewing gum, a xylitol-containing chewing gum, or no chewing gum, respectively, during a three-day experimental plaque growth period with restricted oral hygiene. The fresh weight of plaque collected in the xylitol group was 40% lower than in the sucrose group, along with a significantly lower mean plaque index. The use of the xylitol chewing gum induced low invertase-like activity in plaque extra-cellular phase together with low carbohydrate content. These results concur to indicate advantageous effects through the use of a xylitol-containing chewing gum.", "contents": "Effect of a xylitol chewing gum on plaque quantity and quality. The aim of the present study was to further investigate the plaque-reducing effect of a xylitol-containing chewing gum. Ninety-six dental students were divided randomly into three groups: a sucrose group (n = 32), a xylitol group (n = 36) and a control group (n = 28), using a sucrose-containing chewing gum, a xylitol-containing chewing gum, or no chewing gum, respectively, during a three-day experimental plaque growth period with restricted oral hygiene. The fresh weight of plaque collected in the xylitol group was 40% lower than in the sucrose group, along with a significantly lower mean plaque index. The use of the xylitol chewing gum induced low invertase-like activity in plaque extra-cellular phase together with low carbohydrate content. These results concur to indicate advantageous effects through the use of a xylitol-containing chewing gum.", "PMID": 1067726}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5716", "title": "The association between maternal influenza, drug consumption and oral clefts.", "content": "The linkage between potentially teratogenic factors was studied in a material of 599 children with oral clefts and their matched controls. A method based on Yule's Q coefficient describing the degree of association between two dichotomous variables was applied. All factors studied (five groups of drugs taken by the mothers during early pregnancy, maternal influenza and fever) were significantly associated with the birth of children with clefts. The only factor whose association with clefts was explained by linkage to other factors was fever. In addition, the association between clefts and antipyretic analgesics other than salicylates could be partly explained by controlling the intake of salicylates. Although there was a strong association between influenza and consumption of salicylates, the correlation of neither of the two factors with oral clefts could be even partly explained by controlling the other. The method is considered suitable for epidemiological studies of congenital defects.", "contents": "The association between maternal influenza, drug consumption and oral clefts. The linkage between potentially teratogenic factors was studied in a material of 599 children with oral clefts and their matched controls. A method based on Yule's Q coefficient describing the degree of association between two dichotomous variables was applied. All factors studied (five groups of drugs taken by the mothers during early pregnancy, maternal influenza and fever) were significantly associated with the birth of children with clefts. The only factor whose association with clefts was explained by linkage to other factors was fever. In addition, the association between clefts and antipyretic analgesics other than salicylates could be partly explained by controlling the intake of salicylates. Although there was a strong association between influenza and consumption of salicylates, the correlation of neither of the two factors with oral clefts could be even partly explained by controlling the other. The method is considered suitable for epidemiological studies of congenital defects.", "PMID": 1067727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5717", "title": "Turku sugar studies XVIII. Incidence of dental caries in relation to 1-year consumption of xylitol chewing gum.", "content": "A longitudinal study was carried out in order to evaluate the caries incidence as affected by partial substitution of dietary sucrose (S) with xylitol (X), the effects of S- or X-containing chewing gums being compared during one year. The material comprised initially 102 young adults, predominantly dental and medical students, divided randomly into S- and X-groups. During the study 2 subjects were excluded, one due to lack of cooperation, the other not being allowed to enter the assigned S-group due to excessive caries prevalence. The subjects consumed 4.0 chewing gums per day in the S-group and 4.5 in the X-group. The frequency of sucrose intake was 4.2 times per day in the S-group, and 4.9 in the X-group. The caries incidence, assessed independently by clinical and radiographical means, expressed as the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces, was 2.92 in the S-group, and --1.04 in the X-group. The corresponding values, when considering additionally the secondary caries reverals, were 3.76 in the S-group, and 0.33 in the X-group. The caries incidence was also expressed in combined quantitative and qualitative terms by considering in addition to the above parameters, also the changes in lesion size. The caries activity index thus calculated was 4.96 in the S-group, and 0.88 in the X-group. The results show a profound difference in the caries increment rate between the two experimental groups. The findings clearly indicate a therapeutic, caries inhibitory effect of xylitol.", "contents": "Turku sugar studies XVIII. Incidence of dental caries in relation to 1-year consumption of xylitol chewing gum. A longitudinal study was carried out in order to evaluate the caries incidence as affected by partial substitution of dietary sucrose (S) with xylitol (X), the effects of S- or X-containing chewing gums being compared during one year. The material comprised initially 102 young adults, predominantly dental and medical students, divided randomly into S- and X-groups. During the study 2 subjects were excluded, one due to lack of cooperation, the other not being allowed to enter the assigned S-group due to excessive caries prevalence. The subjects consumed 4.0 chewing gums per day in the S-group and 4.5 in the X-group. The frequency of sucrose intake was 4.2 times per day in the S-group, and 4.9 in the X-group. The caries incidence, assessed independently by clinical and radiographical means, expressed as the mean increment of decayed, missed and filled tooth surfaces, was 2.92 in the S-group, and --1.04 in the X-group. The corresponding values, when considering additionally the secondary caries reverals, were 3.76 in the S-group, and 0.33 in the X-group. The caries incidence was also expressed in combined quantitative and qualitative terms by considering in addition to the above parameters, also the changes in lesion size. The caries activity index thus calculated was 4.96 in the S-group, and 0.88 in the X-group. The results show a profound difference in the caries increment rate between the two experimental groups. The findings clearly indicate a therapeutic, caries inhibitory effect of xylitol.", "PMID": 1067728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5718", "title": "Denture stomatitis. A clinical, electron-microscopic, microradiographic and light-microscopic study.", "content": "The present study includes a reexamination of 10 patients who, two years ago received complete upper and lower denture treatment to eliminate an existing denture stomatitis. Clinical healing of the denture stomatitis was obtained only in one patient, whereas the remaining nine patients wtill displayed an obvious denture stomatitis. Biopsies were taken from the palatal mucosa and examined histologically, microradiographically, and by electron microscopy. The results of these examination indicated that, in denture stomatitis there is a reduced thickness of the epithelium, an absence of a stratum corneum, a markedly widened intercellular space, especially in the stratum basale, and an intense infiltration of inflammatory cells, plasma cells and lymphocytes in the connective tissue, as well as in the epithelium. These changes are characteristic features of an inflammatory process, and similar to the changes which occur, for example, in chronic, marginal gingivitis. The composition of the inflammatory infiltrate suggested that, in denture stomatitis, immunological phenomena influence the pattern of the tissue reaction.", "contents": "Denture stomatitis. A clinical, electron-microscopic, microradiographic and light-microscopic study. The present study includes a reexamination of 10 patients who, two years ago received complete upper and lower denture treatment to eliminate an existing denture stomatitis. Clinical healing of the denture stomatitis was obtained only in one patient, whereas the remaining nine patients wtill displayed an obvious denture stomatitis. Biopsies were taken from the palatal mucosa and examined histologically, microradiographically, and by electron microscopy. The results of these examination indicated that, in denture stomatitis there is a reduced thickness of the epithelium, an absence of a stratum corneum, a markedly widened intercellular space, especially in the stratum basale, and an intense infiltration of inflammatory cells, plasma cells and lymphocytes in the connective tissue, as well as in the epithelium. These changes are characteristic features of an inflammatory process, and similar to the changes which occur, for example, in chronic, marginal gingivitis. The composition of the inflammatory infiltrate suggested that, in denture stomatitis, immunological phenomena influence the pattern of the tissue reaction.", "PMID": 1067729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5719", "title": "The content of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in deciduous and permanent human teeth.", "content": "The aim of the study was to compare the uptake of the trace metals lead, cadmium, zinc and copper, in deciduous and permanent teeth. The material consisted of teeth extracted in the Oslo area. The teeth were digested in hydrochloric acid, and analyses were made by differential pulse stripping voltammetry. Similar levels of cadmium and zinc were found in deciduous and permanent teeth. The copper content varied little in deciduous teeth, but in permanent teeth a wide variation in the copper levels was found. The content of lead in deciduous teeth was found to be higher than in permanent teeth.", "contents": "The content of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in deciduous and permanent human teeth. The aim of the study was to compare the uptake of the trace metals lead, cadmium, zinc and copper, in deciduous and permanent teeth. The material consisted of teeth extracted in the Oslo area. The teeth were digested in hydrochloric acid, and analyses were made by differential pulse stripping voltammetry. Similar levels of cadmium and zinc were found in deciduous and permanent teeth. The copper content varied little in deciduous teeth, but in permanent teeth a wide variation in the copper levels was found. The content of lead in deciduous teeth was found to be higher than in permanent teeth.", "PMID": 1067730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5720", "title": "Postnatal development of the human temporomandibular joint. II. A microradiographic study.", "content": "Temporomandibular joint specimens from 22 subjects aged 1 month to 23 years were examined microradiographically. There occurred considerable interindividual variations in mineralization of the joints but nevertheless, systematic changes in mineralization were demonstrated during the periods of development and growth. A continuous compact bony layer formed early in the fossa and tubercle while the outer mineralized layer of the condyle consisted of calcified cartilage. A continuous bony layer around the periphery of the condyle was not fully developed before about 20 years of age. Growth of the articular tubercle was characterized by a spongy appearance of the bony layer over the tuberculum up to the end of puberty. No corresponding growth changes could be seen in the fossa. No mineralized parts could be seen in the disk or the fibrous layers of the articular surfaces.", "contents": "Postnatal development of the human temporomandibular joint. II. A microradiographic study. Temporomandibular joint specimens from 22 subjects aged 1 month to 23 years were examined microradiographically. There occurred considerable interindividual variations in mineralization of the joints but nevertheless, systematic changes in mineralization were demonstrated during the periods of development and growth. A continuous compact bony layer formed early in the fossa and tubercle while the outer mineralized layer of the condyle consisted of calcified cartilage. A continuous bony layer around the periphery of the condyle was not fully developed before about 20 years of age. Growth of the articular tubercle was characterized by a spongy appearance of the bony layer over the tuberculum up to the end of puberty. No corresponding growth changes could be seen in the fossa. No mineralized parts could be seen in the disk or the fibrous layers of the articular surfaces.", "PMID": 1067731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5721", "title": "Serum complement levels in recurrent aphthous ulceration. An intraindividual pilot study of sequential C3, C4 & C1 esterase inhibitor estimations.", "content": "No alterations on different occasions in serum complement levels could be detected in patients suffering from recurrent aphthous stomatitis. General laboratory tests were also normal and these findings are further evaluated in the discussion. It was also found that it is possible to store serum at very low temperature for months and still carry out rather sofisticated laboratory analysis.", "contents": "Serum complement levels in recurrent aphthous ulceration. An intraindividual pilot study of sequential C3, C4 & C1 esterase inhibitor estimations. No alterations on different occasions in serum complement levels could be detected in patients suffering from recurrent aphthous stomatitis. General laboratory tests were also normal and these findings are further evaluated in the discussion. It was also found that it is possible to store serum at very low temperature for months and still carry out rather sofisticated laboratory analysis.", "PMID": 1067732}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5722", "title": "Salicylates in saliva.", "content": "The possible excretion of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid into human whole-mouth saliva was studied after the ingestion of 1.0 g of acetylsalicylic acid in gelatine capsules. In addition, the oral clearance of both salicylates was determined after a sham intake of acetylsalicylic acid in solution. No acetylsalicylic acid was excreted in saliva. The maximum concentration of 1.2 mug/ml of the metabolite, salicylic acid, was excreted after 3 hours. Considerable concentrations of both salicylates were retained from 2 to 3 hours in the mouth after the sham intake of the drug in solution. During the retention period, part of the acetylsalicylic acid was hydrolyzed to salicylic acid. In vitro, at low concentration levels about 50% of salicylic acid was bound to salivary proteins. The degree of binding was dependent on the drug concentration. The reason for the absence of excreted acetylsalicylic acid from the saliva was evidently its hydrolysis in the body. Protein binding in the oral cavity may explain the slow clearance of locally applied salicylates. Retention of salicylates in the mouth after the use of drug solutions or effervescent preparations should be considered in, e.g. evaluations of local analgesic effects or bleeding disorders.", "contents": "Salicylates in saliva. The possible excretion of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylic acid into human whole-mouth saliva was studied after the ingestion of 1.0 g of acetylsalicylic acid in gelatine capsules. In addition, the oral clearance of both salicylates was determined after a sham intake of acetylsalicylic acid in solution. No acetylsalicylic acid was excreted in saliva. The maximum concentration of 1.2 mug/ml of the metabolite, salicylic acid, was excreted after 3 hours. Considerable concentrations of both salicylates were retained from 2 to 3 hours in the mouth after the sham intake of the drug in solution. During the retention period, part of the acetylsalicylic acid was hydrolyzed to salicylic acid. In vitro, at low concentration levels about 50% of salicylic acid was bound to salivary proteins. The degree of binding was dependent on the drug concentration. The reason for the absence of excreted acetylsalicylic acid from the saliva was evidently its hydrolysis in the body. Protein binding in the oral cavity may explain the slow clearance of locally applied salicylates. Retention of salicylates in the mouth after the use of drug solutions or effervescent preparations should be considered in, e.g. evaluations of local analgesic effects or bleeding disorders.", "PMID": 1067733}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5723", "title": "The variation of salivary peroxidase activities in persons of different oral health.", "content": "18 subjects (10 males, 8 females) with considerable differences in oral health conditions were examined regarding the peroxidase activity of oral fluid samples. Subjects with high caries prevalence and/or severe gingivitis displayed a significantly higher peroxidase activity than control subjects. Chromatographic experiments revealed that the increased activity was caused by salivary lactoperoxidase. This elevated activity does not, however, necessarily lead to better oral health because the antibacterial activity of lactoperoxidase also depends on the concentrations of thiocyanate ions and hydrogen peroxide. Hence the specific activity of lactoperoxidase, determined in vitro, is not as such as adequate measure of its antibacterial efficacy.", "contents": "The variation of salivary peroxidase activities in persons of different oral health. 18 subjects (10 males, 8 females) with considerable differences in oral health conditions were examined regarding the peroxidase activity of oral fluid samples. Subjects with high caries prevalence and/or severe gingivitis displayed a significantly higher peroxidase activity than control subjects. Chromatographic experiments revealed that the increased activity was caused by salivary lactoperoxidase. This elevated activity does not, however, necessarily lead to better oral health because the antibacterial activity of lactoperoxidase also depends on the concentrations of thiocyanate ions and hydrogen peroxide. Hence the specific activity of lactoperoxidase, determined in vitro, is not as such as adequate measure of its antibacterial efficacy.", "PMID": 1067734}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5724", "title": "Some perceptual dimensions and acoustical correlates of pathologic voices.", "content": "Perceptual criteria for classifying pathologic voices in comparison with normal voices were studied with the use of the semantic differential technique using 12 pairs of polar-opposite adjectives. The factors extracted from the data by means of the D-method and of the maximum likelihood method were correlated to fundamental frequency, a frequency perturbation quotient, and an amplitude perturbation quotient. The utterances produced by 9 normal and 15 pathologic subjects together with 9 synthesized vowel samples were investigated. The fisrt factor was related to evaluation of voice quality and was also closely related to the amplitude perturbation. The second and the third factors were associated with intensity and fundamental frequency of the stimuli, respectively. Some minor factors other than the three dominant factors were also supposed to be relevant to the distinction of pathologic voices.", "contents": "Some perceptual dimensions and acoustical correlates of pathologic voices. Perceptual criteria for classifying pathologic voices in comparison with normal voices were studied with the use of the semantic differential technique using 12 pairs of polar-opposite adjectives. The factors extracted from the data by means of the D-method and of the maximum likelihood method were correlated to fundamental frequency, a frequency perturbation quotient, and an amplitude perturbation quotient. The utterances produced by 9 normal and 15 pathologic subjects together with 9 synthesized vowel samples were investigated. The fisrt factor was related to evaluation of voice quality and was also closely related to the amplitude perturbation. The second and the third factors were associated with intensity and fundamental frequency of the stimuli, respectively. Some minor factors other than the three dominant factors were also supposed to be relevant to the distinction of pathologic voices.", "PMID": 1067735}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5725", "title": "Sinus arrhythmia in man: influence of tidal volume and oesophageal pressure.", "content": "The effect of tidal volume (VT) and of the intrathoracic pressure (Poes) on the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was studied in healthy subjects. They breathed into a spirometer with a VT of 1, 1.5, and 2 1, at a standardized, slow respiratory rate, 6-min-1 (A). Poes was varied by (B) adding a negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) of 5 cm of water and by (C) intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) at identical VT and respiratory frequency. In separate study (D), intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) was induced by applying negative pressure on the thorax. In A, increasing VT provoked an augmented RSA by a more marked tachycardia as well as bradycardia. On increasing the amplitude of Poes in B, RSA was somewhat more marked due to a lower minimum heart rate. Whem comparing respiratory cycles that had similar Poes but a different VT, the larger VT caused a slight increase in the RSA amplitude due to a more marked deceleration of the heart rate. IPPV almost abolished RSA, whereas INPV did not reduce the arrhythmia. It is concluded that pulmonary stretch reflexes to a minor extent contribute to RSA, whereas the hypothesis of a central nervous origin does not gain support. Cardiovascular reflexes remain the main possible cause of RSA.", "contents": "Sinus arrhythmia in man: influence of tidal volume and oesophageal pressure. The effect of tidal volume (VT) and of the intrathoracic pressure (Poes) on the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was studied in healthy subjects. They breathed into a spirometer with a VT of 1, 1.5, and 2 1, at a standardized, slow respiratory rate, 6-min-1 (A). Poes was varied by (B) adding a negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) of 5 cm of water and by (C) intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) at identical VT and respiratory frequency. In separate study (D), intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) was induced by applying negative pressure on the thorax. In A, increasing VT provoked an augmented RSA by a more marked tachycardia as well as bradycardia. On increasing the amplitude of Poes in B, RSA was somewhat more marked due to a lower minimum heart rate. Whem comparing respiratory cycles that had similar Poes but a different VT, the larger VT caused a slight increase in the RSA amplitude due to a more marked deceleration of the heart rate. IPPV almost abolished RSA, whereas INPV did not reduce the arrhythmia. It is concluded that pulmonary stretch reflexes to a minor extent contribute to RSA, whereas the hypothesis of a central nervous origin does not gain support. Cardiovascular reflexes remain the main possible cause of RSA.", "PMID": 1067736}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5726", "title": "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man: relation to cardiovascular pressures.", "content": "The relationship of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) to the accompanying oscillations of cardiovascular pressure has been studied in five healthy subjects. Tidal volume (VT) of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 1 at the breathing rate of 6 c-min-1 were used as reference. With identical VT oesophageal pressure was varied by negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV). Compared with control, NIP with 1.01 significantly increased RSA, the oscillations of brachial artery pressures (PBA), and the net filling pressures of the ventricles. IPPV did not significantly change the variations of PBA but reduced RSA and the respiratory variations of the right ventricular end-diastolic net pressure. During control breathing and with NIP the acceleration of heart rate during inspiration was associated with rising PBA and rising net filling pressures of both ventricles. The results indicate that RSA may be elicited by cardiovascular reflexes due to changes in venous filling of the heart rather than by the variations in systemic arterial pressure.", "contents": "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man: relation to cardiovascular pressures. The relationship of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) to the accompanying oscillations of cardiovascular pressure has been studied in five healthy subjects. Tidal volume (VT) of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 1 at the breathing rate of 6 c-min-1 were used as reference. With identical VT oesophageal pressure was varied by negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) and intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV). Compared with control, NIP with 1.01 significantly increased RSA, the oscillations of brachial artery pressures (PBA), and the net filling pressures of the ventricles. IPPV did not significantly change the variations of PBA but reduced RSA and the respiratory variations of the right ventricular end-diastolic net pressure. During control breathing and with NIP the acceleration of heart rate during inspiration was associated with rising PBA and rising net filling pressures of both ventricles. The results indicate that RSA may be elicited by cardiovascular reflexes due to changes in venous filling of the heart rather than by the variations in systemic arterial pressure.", "PMID": 1067737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5727", "title": "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man: relation to right ventricular output.", "content": "The respiratory effects on heart rate (HR), right ventricular stroke volume (SV RV) and the pulmonary arterial flow (PAF) have been studied beat-by-beat in seven conscious, healthy subjects. Tidal volumes (VT) of 1.0 and 2.0 liters at a breathing rate of 6 c x min-1 were used as controls. With identical VT and respiratory rate intrathoracic was affected by (A) negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) of 5 cm of water and (B) with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). In the control experiments all subjects exhibited an inspiratory increase in HR (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) as well as in SV RV. With VT of 1.0 liter, NIP augmented the inspiratory increase in SV RV and the respiratory oscillations of PAF. IPPV decreased SV RV and HR during inspiration. It is concluded that NIP and IPPV affect the SV RV and the right heart blood flow. The similar effects on HR and SV RV suggest a causal relationship which might be explained by heart rate regulating reflexes from the heart.", "contents": "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man: relation to right ventricular output. The respiratory effects on heart rate (HR), right ventricular stroke volume (SV RV) and the pulmonary arterial flow (PAF) have been studied beat-by-beat in seven conscious, healthy subjects. Tidal volumes (VT) of 1.0 and 2.0 liters at a breathing rate of 6 c x min-1 were used as controls. With identical VT and respiratory rate intrathoracic was affected by (A) negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) of 5 cm of water and (B) with intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). In the control experiments all subjects exhibited an inspiratory increase in HR (respiratory sinus arrhythmia) as well as in SV RV. With VT of 1.0 liter, NIP augmented the inspiratory increase in SV RV and the respiratory oscillations of PAF. IPPV decreased SV RV and HR during inspiration. It is concluded that NIP and IPPV affect the SV RV and the right heart blood flow. The similar effects on HR and SV RV suggest a causal relationship which might be explained by heart rate regulating reflexes from the heart.", "PMID": 1067738}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5728", "title": "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man: effects of carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation.", "content": "1. The role played by the carotid sinus baroreflex in the genesis of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was studied in nine healthy subjects. The carotid sinus baroreceptors were stimulated by the application of subatmospheric to the neck. 2. Reducing the normal respiratory arterial pressure oscillations and changing the phase between the pressure oscillations and the respiration did not affect the RSA. 3. Stimuli applied during expiration only, augmented the arrhythmia, while inspiratory stimulation was without any effect. 4. It is suggested that changes in the arterial baroreflex set point and/or gain during the respiratory cycle contribute to RSA in man.", "contents": "Respiratory sinus arrhythmia in man: effects of carotid sinus baroreceptor stimulation. 1. The role played by the carotid sinus baroreflex in the genesis of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was studied in nine healthy subjects. The carotid sinus baroreceptors were stimulated by the application of subatmospheric to the neck. 2. Reducing the normal respiratory arterial pressure oscillations and changing the phase between the pressure oscillations and the respiration did not affect the RSA. 3. Stimuli applied during expiration only, augmented the arrhythmia, while inspiratory stimulation was without any effect. 4. It is suggested that changes in the arterial baroreflex set point and/or gain during the respiratory cycle contribute to RSA in man.", "PMID": 1067739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5729", "title": "Marital therapy in groups. A comparative evaluation of behavioral and interactional formats.", "content": "A comparative evaluation was conducted in a community mental health center between two types of brief, marital therapy in groups. The experimental group of four couples was exposed to behavioral methods based on social learning principles. The primary interventions were (1) training the spouses in discriminating and monitoring the occurrence of pleasing events and behaviors; (2) behavioral rehearsal of communication skills using prompting, modelling, feedback, and \"homework\" assignments; and (3) contingency contracting. The comparison group of five couples was led in an interactional format with the leaders encouraging ventilation of feelings, problem-solving through discussion, and mutual support and feedback. Both groups were led by the same three clinicians. Outcome was measured on multiple levels before, during and immediately after treatment. Follow-up assessments were conducted at one, two, and six months after treatment. Response measures included the self report by clients on marital satisfaction; on consumer satisfaction with the treatment experience; on their observations of pleasing behaviors given and received as recorded on wrist counters; and direct observation of client via \"live\" time-sampling and coding of videotapes of problem-solving discussions before and after treatment. Results showed few differences between groups on the self-report measures; however, there were significant improvements by both groups on these measures after treatment which were maintained into the follow-up evaluation. The direct observational data indicated that the members in the behavioral group displayed significantly more positive and mutually supportive verbal and nonverbal behaviors in their interaction as a result of treatment.", "contents": "Marital therapy in groups. A comparative evaluation of behavioral and interactional formats. A comparative evaluation was conducted in a community mental health center between two types of brief, marital therapy in groups. The experimental group of four couples was exposed to behavioral methods based on social learning principles. The primary interventions were (1) training the spouses in discriminating and monitoring the occurrence of pleasing events and behaviors; (2) behavioral rehearsal of communication skills using prompting, modelling, feedback, and \"homework\" assignments; and (3) contingency contracting. The comparison group of five couples was led in an interactional format with the leaders encouraging ventilation of feelings, problem-solving through discussion, and mutual support and feedback. Both groups were led by the same three clinicians. Outcome was measured on multiple levels before, during and immediately after treatment. Follow-up assessments were conducted at one, two, and six months after treatment. Response measures included the self report by clients on marital satisfaction; on consumer satisfaction with the treatment experience; on their observations of pleasing behaviors given and received as recorded on wrist counters; and direct observation of client via \"live\" time-sampling and coding of videotapes of problem-solving discussions before and after treatment. Results showed few differences between groups on the self-report measures; however, there were significant improvements by both groups on these measures after treatment which were maintained into the follow-up evaluation. The direct observational data indicated that the members in the behavioral group displayed significantly more positive and mutually supportive verbal and nonverbal behaviors in their interaction as a result of treatment.", "PMID": 1067742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5730", "title": "Variation of the relative biologic effectiveness with tumor size using accelerated helium ions.", "content": "The RBE of an accelerated helium ion beam was determined on murine osteosarcomas ranging in size from single cells to visibly detectable lung colonies of approximately 1 X 10(-2) mm3. That the RBE increased as tumor size increased provides some biologic basis for the selection of advanced cases of neoplasia for clinical trials using relatively high LET radiation sources.", "contents": "Variation of the relative biologic effectiveness with tumor size using accelerated helium ions. The RBE of an accelerated helium ion beam was determined on murine osteosarcomas ranging in size from single cells to visibly detectable lung colonies of approximately 1 X 10(-2) mm3. That the RBE increased as tumor size increased provides some biologic basis for the selection of advanced cases of neoplasia for clinical trials using relatively high LET radiation sources.", "PMID": 1067744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5731", "title": "Variations in maternal serum zinc during pregnancy and correlation to congenital malformations, dysmaturity, and abnormal parturition.", "content": "Serum zinc concentrations in 234 gravidae showed a gradual fall during the first and second trimesters. From the 25th week of gestation until delivery there is a levelling out of mean zinc values. No correlations between serum zinc, serum HCS, or urinary excretion of oestriol were found. Women with mature infants born by normal delivery showed significantly higher serum zinc during pregnancy than women with abnormal deliveries and/or abnormally developed infants (p less than 0.001). Eight infants showed congenital malformations. Five of the 8 mothers showed the lowest serum zinc concentrations recorded during respective week of pregnancy. A diabetic woman gave birth to an immature infant with multiple skeletal malformations. She showed the lowest serum zinc in the 21st week, and at the same time a very low alkaline phosphatase activity. Her serum proteins and serum HCS were normal. Women with dysmature infants showed significantly lower zinc values during pregnancy (p less than 0.02) than women with mature infants born by normal delivery. Data from studies on zinc metabolism show that there is a requirement of at least 375 mg of zinc during pregnancy in order to meet the demands of normal weight gain. Teenagers, women with multiple pregnancies, women with impaired intestinal absorption due to disease or drugs and in particular women with a low-protein, high-phytate diet seem to risk developing zinc deficiency during pregnancy.", "contents": "Variations in maternal serum zinc during pregnancy and correlation to congenital malformations, dysmaturity, and abnormal parturition. Serum zinc concentrations in 234 gravidae showed a gradual fall during the first and second trimesters. From the 25th week of gestation until delivery there is a levelling out of mean zinc values. No correlations between serum zinc, serum HCS, or urinary excretion of oestriol were found. Women with mature infants born by normal delivery showed significantly higher serum zinc during pregnancy than women with abnormal deliveries and/or abnormally developed infants (p less than 0.001). Eight infants showed congenital malformations. Five of the 8 mothers showed the lowest serum zinc concentrations recorded during respective week of pregnancy. A diabetic woman gave birth to an immature infant with multiple skeletal malformations. She showed the lowest serum zinc in the 21st week, and at the same time a very low alkaline phosphatase activity. Her serum proteins and serum HCS were normal. Women with dysmature infants showed significantly lower zinc values during pregnancy (p less than 0.02) than women with mature infants born by normal delivery. Data from studies on zinc metabolism show that there is a requirement of at least 375 mg of zinc during pregnancy in order to meet the demands of normal weight gain. Teenagers, women with multiple pregnancies, women with impaired intestinal absorption due to disease or drugs and in particular women with a low-protein, high-phytate diet seem to risk developing zinc deficiency during pregnancy.", "PMID": 1067746}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5732", "title": "Zinc deficiency in malabsorption states: a cause of infertility?", "content": "Thirteen patients with malabsorption, 7 women and 5 men, were investigated extensively. All showed low serum zinc concentrations irrespective of the duration of illness and degree of malabsorption. Eleven of the 13 had active coeliac disease. It was suspected that the low serum zinc concentrations reflected a state of zinc deficiency, and this theory was borne out by the fact that no inflammatory reaction, no clear-cut albumin deficiency, and no oestrogen or corticosteroid influence could be demonstrated. All 7 women suffered from infertility, in most of them of long standing. Two showed secondary infertility after pregnancy and abnormal labour resulting in infants with congenital malformations (one case of bilateral congenital dislocation of the hip and one of multiple cardiac anomalies). I have reported similar complications in pregnancies in which the serum zinc was low. One of the infertile women conceived after the institution of gluten-free diet and zinc therapy, but later aborted spontaneously. Investigations on zinc metabolism and intestinal absorption might well prove valuable in otherwise unexplained infertility and could open up a new therapeutic approach.", "contents": "Zinc deficiency in malabsorption states: a cause of infertility? Thirteen patients with malabsorption, 7 women and 5 men, were investigated extensively. All showed low serum zinc concentrations irrespective of the duration of illness and degree of malabsorption. Eleven of the 13 had active coeliac disease. It was suspected that the low serum zinc concentrations reflected a state of zinc deficiency, and this theory was borne out by the fact that no inflammatory reaction, no clear-cut albumin deficiency, and no oestrogen or corticosteroid influence could be demonstrated. All 7 women suffered from infertility, in most of them of long standing. Two showed secondary infertility after pregnancy and abnormal labour resulting in infants with congenital malformations (one case of bilateral congenital dislocation of the hip and one of multiple cardiac anomalies). I have reported similar complications in pregnancies in which the serum zinc was low. One of the infertile women conceived after the institution of gluten-free diet and zinc therapy, but later aborted spontaneously. Investigations on zinc metabolism and intestinal absorption might well prove valuable in otherwise unexplained infertility and could open up a new therapeutic approach.", "PMID": 1067747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5733", "title": "Zinc and copper in pregnancy, correlations to fetal and maternal complications.", "content": "Serum zinc and serum copper concentrations during early pregnancy in 84 consecutive primigravidae were correlated to other haematological factors and were also correlated to complications of labour and/or complications affecting the infant. In women with complications such as abnormal labour or atonic bleeding, serum zinc concentrations were significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) during early pregnancy. Women who gave birth to immature infants also showed significantly lower serum zinc in early pregnancy (p less than 0.01). Women delivered in the 37th week or earlier or in the 43rd week or later showed significantly lower serum zinc during early pregnancy (p less than 0.005) compared to women delivered in the 40th week. One infant showed a congenital heart defect (ventricular septum defect and preductal coarctation of aorta). Her mother showed the lowest serum zinc concentration recorded in the 13th week, but no other abnormal findings. Compared to women with abnormal labours and/or immature infants, mothers with normal deliveries and normal deliveries and normal infants showed significantly higher serum zinc values (p less than 0.001) and significantly lower serum copper concentrations (p less than 0.025) during early pregnancy. A notably high incidence of complications affecting mothers and infants has been recorded among women with low serum zinc. Similarities to effects of experimental zinc deficiency in animals are striking. If a low serum zinc reflects a state of deficiency, and this seems to be the case, zinc deficiency is probably common.", "contents": "Zinc and copper in pregnancy, correlations to fetal and maternal complications. Serum zinc and serum copper concentrations during early pregnancy in 84 consecutive primigravidae were correlated to other haematological factors and were also correlated to complications of labour and/or complications affecting the infant. In women with complications such as abnormal labour or atonic bleeding, serum zinc concentrations were significantly reduced (p less than 0.001) during early pregnancy. Women who gave birth to immature infants also showed significantly lower serum zinc in early pregnancy (p less than 0.01). Women delivered in the 37th week or earlier or in the 43rd week or later showed significantly lower serum zinc during early pregnancy (p less than 0.005) compared to women delivered in the 40th week. One infant showed a congenital heart defect (ventricular septum defect and preductal coarctation of aorta). Her mother showed the lowest serum zinc concentration recorded in the 13th week, but no other abnormal findings. Compared to women with abnormal labours and/or immature infants, mothers with normal deliveries and normal deliveries and normal infants showed significantly higher serum zinc values (p less than 0.001) and significantly lower serum copper concentrations (p less than 0.025) during early pregnancy. A notably high incidence of complications affecting mothers and infants has been recorded among women with low serum zinc. Similarities to effects of experimental zinc deficiency in animals are striking. If a low serum zinc reflects a state of deficiency, and this seems to be the case, zinc deficiency is probably common.", "PMID": 1067748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5734", "title": "Low serum zinc concentrations in pregnancy, results of investigations and treatment.", "content": "Twenty gravidae in whom the serum zinc concentration was less than 11.5 mumol/1 were investigated. Haemoglobin, serum vitamin B-12, serum folate, serum copper, and bone marrow smears were assessed. Thirteen showed haemoglobin concentrations below 110 g/1 and in 7 of them the cause of this anaemia was not found. Histological investigations indicated increased intramedullary cell destruction. Eight women selected at random were referred for further investigation including tests of renal and hepatic function, serum protein analyses, tests of haemolysis, and estimation of zinc and oestriol excretion in urine. The low serum zinc concentrations received no probable explanation other than zinc deficiency. Seven gravidae were treated with 90 mg Zn2+ daily as zinc sulphate by mouth during the latter part of pregnancy. Zinc excretion in urine was low and increased significantly (p less than 0.005) after one week's therapy. The serum zinc also increased (p less than 0.05). Zinc therapy gave no reticulocytosis within 8-12 days. Three women reported spontaneously an improvement in sense of taste. Five of 20 gravidae had dysmature infants. Heavy bleeding occurred at delivery in 6 cases, possibly secondary to impaired uterine contractility. Seven women who received zinc therapy had all normal deliveries, but labour was prolonged in one. No side effects of zinc therapy were noted except for nausea in one case. Further trials of zinc supplementation in larger series of women with low serum zinc concentrations during pregnancy seem to be justified.", "contents": "Low serum zinc concentrations in pregnancy, results of investigations and treatment. Twenty gravidae in whom the serum zinc concentration was less than 11.5 mumol/1 were investigated. Haemoglobin, serum vitamin B-12, serum folate, serum copper, and bone marrow smears were assessed. Thirteen showed haemoglobin concentrations below 110 g/1 and in 7 of them the cause of this anaemia was not found. Histological investigations indicated increased intramedullary cell destruction. Eight women selected at random were referred for further investigation including tests of renal and hepatic function, serum protein analyses, tests of haemolysis, and estimation of zinc and oestriol excretion in urine. The low serum zinc concentrations received no probable explanation other than zinc deficiency. Seven gravidae were treated with 90 mg Zn2+ daily as zinc sulphate by mouth during the latter part of pregnancy. Zinc excretion in urine was low and increased significantly (p less than 0.005) after one week's therapy. The serum zinc also increased (p less than 0.05). Zinc therapy gave no reticulocytosis within 8-12 days. Three women reported spontaneously an improvement in sense of taste. Five of 20 gravidae had dysmature infants. Heavy bleeding occurred at delivery in 6 cases, possibly secondary to impaired uterine contractility. Seven women who received zinc therapy had all normal deliveries, but labour was prolonged in one. No side effects of zinc therapy were noted except for nausea in one case. Further trials of zinc supplementation in larger series of women with low serum zinc concentrations during pregnancy seem to be justified.", "PMID": 1067749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5735", "title": "Refractory anaemia of pregnancy as an expression of zinc deficiency.", "content": "Thirty-three gravidae with anemia in spite of iron and vitamin supplementation were examined, and 31 were found to have low or very low serum zinc concentrations with regard to the week of gestation. Twenty-three of the 33 showed no bone marrow haemosiderin or only traces. Thirty showed moderate or great increase in intracellular cell debris in the bone marrow macrophages, indicating an increase in intramedullary cell destruction. Two women showed low serum vitamin B-12 or folate concentrations and they also showed lowest zinc concentrations recorded in the series. Twelve of the 33 women gave birth to mature infants by normal delivery; 21 developed complications during labour or gave birth to immature, dysmature, or, in one case, malformed infants and/or were not delivered at normal term. Low serum zinc in pregnant women increases maternal morbidity and involves a higher risk to the fetus. It is suggested that an aetiological relationship exists between low serum zinc concentrations and refractory anaemia of pregnancy resulting in increased intramedullary cell destruction. This effect might be aggravated by iron deficiency.", "contents": "Refractory anaemia of pregnancy as an expression of zinc deficiency. Thirty-three gravidae with anemia in spite of iron and vitamin supplementation were examined, and 31 were found to have low or very low serum zinc concentrations with regard to the week of gestation. Twenty-three of the 33 showed no bone marrow haemosiderin or only traces. Thirty showed moderate or great increase in intracellular cell debris in the bone marrow macrophages, indicating an increase in intramedullary cell destruction. Two women showed low serum vitamin B-12 or folate concentrations and they also showed lowest zinc concentrations recorded in the series. Twelve of the 33 women gave birth to mature infants by normal delivery; 21 developed complications during labour or gave birth to immature, dysmature, or, in one case, malformed infants and/or were not delivered at normal term. Low serum zinc in pregnant women increases maternal morbidity and involves a higher risk to the fetus. It is suggested that an aetiological relationship exists between low serum zinc concentrations and refractory anaemia of pregnancy resulting in increased intramedullary cell destruction. This effect might be aggravated by iron deficiency.", "PMID": 1067750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5736", "title": "Type IV glycogen-storage disease. Light-microscopic, electron-microscopic, and enzymatic study.", "content": "The case of a 14-month-old Latin American girl with the diagnosis of Type IV glycogen-storage disease is reported. The diagnosis was reached on the basis of the typical clinical manifestations, the light- and electron-microscopic findings, and the demonstration of absence of the branching enzyme alpha-1,4-glucan:alpha-1,4-glucan 6-glucosyl transferase in the liver and in the cultured skin fibroblasts.", "contents": "Type IV glycogen-storage disease. Light-microscopic, electron-microscopic, and enzymatic study. The case of a 14-month-old Latin American girl with the diagnosis of Type IV glycogen-storage disease is reported. The diagnosis was reached on the basis of the typical clinical manifestations, the light- and electron-microscopic findings, and the demonstration of absence of the branching enzyme alpha-1,4-glucan:alpha-1,4-glucan 6-glucosyl transferase in the liver and in the cultured skin fibroblasts.", "PMID": 1067751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5737", "title": "Hypokalemia associated with antibiotic treatment. Evidence in children with malignant neoplasms.", "content": "A patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed hypokalemia during two separate courses of antibiotic therapy. In a review of 33 children from our institution with various malignant neoplasms, 24 of 48 antibiotic courses were associated with hypokalemia that could not be explained by gastrointestinal fluid losses. Carbenicillin disodium, gentamicin sulfate, and methicillin sodium or nafcillin sodium combination therapy was associated with hypokalemia in 23 of 35 courses in which serum electrolytes were monitored. No correlation between hypokalemia and the stage of the basic disease or the use of antineoplastic agents was found with this antibiotic combination. Our data and a review of the literature suggest that carbenicillin produces hypokalemia through an impermeant anion effect on the renal tubule. Children receiving carbenicillin should be monitored with frequent serum potassium determinations.", "contents": "Hypokalemia associated with antibiotic treatment. Evidence in children with malignant neoplasms. A patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed hypokalemia during two separate courses of antibiotic therapy. In a review of 33 children from our institution with various malignant neoplasms, 24 of 48 antibiotic courses were associated with hypokalemia that could not be explained by gastrointestinal fluid losses. Carbenicillin disodium, gentamicin sulfate, and methicillin sodium or nafcillin sodium combination therapy was associated with hypokalemia in 23 of 35 courses in which serum electrolytes were monitored. No correlation between hypokalemia and the stage of the basic disease or the use of antineoplastic agents was found with this antibiotic combination. Our data and a review of the literature suggest that carbenicillin produces hypokalemia through an impermeant anion effect on the renal tubule. Children receiving carbenicillin should be monitored with frequent serum potassium determinations.", "PMID": 1067752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5738", "title": "Chronic intravascular coagulation associated with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Use of heparin in connection with a surgical procedure.", "content": "A women with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia lived nearly 12 years from the time of diagnosis. During most of this period she received no therapy, and marked cyclic oscillations in the white blood cell count were documented. The last two years of her illness were marked by a hemorrhagic disorder associated with hypofibrinogenemia, thrombocytopenia, increased plasma fibrinopeptide A concentration and markedly elevated serum levels of fibrin degradation products. The coagulation disorder was rapidly reversible on several occasions with heparin therapy. After treatment with heparin and platelet transfusions, the patient underwent successful resection of a large ovarian cyst with excellent hemostasis during the procedure. Postoperatively, the administration of heparin and platelets was discontinued and a large wound hematoma developed. After resumption of therapy with heparin and platelets, the remainder of her postoperative course was uneventful. The literature on the subject is reviewed and tentative guidelines are offered concerning the management of patients with intravascular coagulation who require diagnostic or therapeutic surgical procedures.", "contents": "Chronic intravascular coagulation associated with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Use of heparin in connection with a surgical procedure. A women with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia lived nearly 12 years from the time of diagnosis. During most of this period she received no therapy, and marked cyclic oscillations in the white blood cell count were documented. The last two years of her illness were marked by a hemorrhagic disorder associated with hypofibrinogenemia, thrombocytopenia, increased plasma fibrinopeptide A concentration and markedly elevated serum levels of fibrin degradation products. The coagulation disorder was rapidly reversible on several occasions with heparin therapy. After treatment with heparin and platelet transfusions, the patient underwent successful resection of a large ovarian cyst with excellent hemostasis during the procedure. Postoperatively, the administration of heparin and platelets was discontinued and a large wound hematoma developed. After resumption of therapy with heparin and platelets, the remainder of her postoperative course was uneventful. The literature on the subject is reviewed and tentative guidelines are offered concerning the management of patients with intravascular coagulation who require diagnostic or therapeutic surgical procedures.", "PMID": 1067753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5739", "title": "Optic atrophy following prophylactic chemotherapy and cranial radiation for acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Two patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed progressive optic nerve and chiasmal lesions eight to nine months after the initiation of identical chemotherapy protocols that included intrathecal medication and prophylactic radiation of only 2,400 rads to the central nervous system. Both patients eventually lost all vision despite additional radiotherapy, and there was no evidence of leukemia involving the central nervous system after acute lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed. Optic nerve biopsy in one case showed changes consistent with radiation necrosis.", "contents": "Optic atrophy following prophylactic chemotherapy and cranial radiation for acute lymphocytic leukemia. Two patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia developed progressive optic nerve and chiasmal lesions eight to nine months after the initiation of identical chemotherapy protocols that included intrathecal medication and prophylactic radiation of only 2,400 rads to the central nervous system. Both patients eventually lost all vision despite additional radiotherapy, and there was no evidence of leukemia involving the central nervous system after acute lymphocytic leukemia was diagnosed. Optic nerve biopsy in one case showed changes consistent with radiation necrosis.", "PMID": 1067756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5740", "title": "Bioprogressive therapy as an answer to orthodontic needs. Part II.", "content": "From the foregoing discussions, it may be recognized that a new, lighter, and sequential order of force applications is recommended. Accordingly, in order for the clinician to apply the new technique with the intelligence, he must realize that many biologic factors form the fundamental criteria of its application. We have attempted to examine these factors and place them in their appropriate hierarchy of significance. While edgewise was the background, sufficient departure from traditional edgewise therapy has been made to warrant a new label, \"\"bioprogressive therapy.'' It was so named because of the practice of progressive banding and a planned progression of events in sequential order. Eight steps usually form the frame of reference. Ironically, it can be applied in the very young and in the very old. It is difficult to appreciate these views and practices in the beginning because the method may be difficult to envision on the typodont or as simply a laboratory mechanical exercise due to the fact that cortical bone, growth, and muscle are not present in an artificial medium. In order to fully apply the recommendations of the proponents of this method, mechanical forecasting, physiologic forecasting, and growth forecasting principles are all employed. Even as a simple mechanical regime, however, it rates with or better than any other current multibanded method as a practical and efficient clinical procedure. Size 0.016 by 0.016 inch blue Elgiloy wire is commonly but not exclusively used. Loops or forms are bent in the wire for lighter and more continuous pressures on teeth to be moved. Soldering of auxiliaries has been eliminated, as well as the heat treating of wires. The 0.016 by 0.016 inch to 0.016 by 0.022 inch yellow Elgiloy is used for detailing near the end of treatment. The 0.018 by 0.022 inch is the largest wire employed, and it is used for spanning distances between teeth in the progressive debanding phases. Anchor teeth are stabilized against cortical bone; hence, cortical anchorage. In order to position and control the teeth behind or away from cortical bone or against or away from muscle or to intrude into or extrude away from the bony alveolus, three-plane control is utilized. A limited use of round wire is employed with this technique except for specific isolated conditions in which there is a place for tipping or simple alignment and rotation of teeth. We try to avoid leveling with round wires, for reasons that have been explained. Used as a triple-control technique, the bioprogressive method excels in proper overtreatment and for delivery of anchorage. A continuous arch is broken up into segments so that movements in desired planes of space are not complicated and anchorage can be shifted in favor of the desired move. The technique usually involves orthopedic correction, particularly in the maxilla, when such corrections are needed...", "contents": "Bioprogressive therapy as an answer to orthodontic needs. Part II. From the foregoing discussions, it may be recognized that a new, lighter, and sequential order of force applications is recommended. Accordingly, in order for the clinician to apply the new technique with the intelligence, he must realize that many biologic factors form the fundamental criteria of its application. We have attempted to examine these factors and place them in their appropriate hierarchy of significance. While edgewise was the background, sufficient departure from traditional edgewise therapy has been made to warrant a new label, \"\"bioprogressive therapy.'' It was so named because of the practice of progressive banding and a planned progression of events in sequential order. Eight steps usually form the frame of reference. Ironically, it can be applied in the very young and in the very old. It is difficult to appreciate these views and practices in the beginning because the method may be difficult to envision on the typodont or as simply a laboratory mechanical exercise due to the fact that cortical bone, growth, and muscle are not present in an artificial medium. In order to fully apply the recommendations of the proponents of this method, mechanical forecasting, physiologic forecasting, and growth forecasting principles are all employed. Even as a simple mechanical regime, however, it rates with or better than any other current multibanded method as a practical and efficient clinical procedure. Size 0.016 by 0.016 inch blue Elgiloy wire is commonly but not exclusively used. Loops or forms are bent in the wire for lighter and more continuous pressures on teeth to be moved. Soldering of auxiliaries has been eliminated, as well as the heat treating of wires. The 0.016 by 0.016 inch to 0.016 by 0.022 inch yellow Elgiloy is used for detailing near the end of treatment. The 0.018 by 0.022 inch is the largest wire employed, and it is used for spanning distances between teeth in the progressive debanding phases. Anchor teeth are stabilized against cortical bone; hence, cortical anchorage. In order to position and control the teeth behind or away from cortical bone or against or away from muscle or to intrude into or extrude away from the bony alveolus, three-plane control is utilized. A limited use of round wire is employed with this technique except for specific isolated conditions in which there is a place for tipping or simple alignment and rotation of teeth. We try to avoid leveling with round wires, for reasons that have been explained. Used as a triple-control technique, the bioprogressive method excels in proper overtreatment and for delivery of anchorage. A continuous arch is broken up into segments so that movements in desired planes of space are not complicated and anchorage can be shifted in favor of the desired move. The technique usually involves orthopedic correction, particularly in the maxilla, when such corrections are needed...", "PMID": 1067757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5741", "title": "The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess.", "content": "There is a clinically recognizable facial morphology, the long face syndrome, which has been incompletely described in the literature. On the basis of the clinical summary in thirty-one adults with this syndrome, an analysis of esthetics, skeletal morphology, and occlusion was undertaken. Herein we report on these findings, which confirm that this basic dentofacial deformity is associated with excessive vertical growth of the maxilla. Dental open and closed bite are two variants of the syndrome. An increased mandibular ramus height is associated with the closed-bite group.", "contents": "The long face syndrome: vertical maxillary excess. There is a clinically recognizable facial morphology, the long face syndrome, which has been incompletely described in the literature. On the basis of the clinical summary in thirty-one adults with this syndrome, an analysis of esthetics, skeletal morphology, and occlusion was undertaken. Herein we report on these findings, which confirm that this basic dentofacial deformity is associated with excessive vertical growth of the maxilla. Dental open and closed bite are two variants of the syndrome. An increased mandibular ramus height is associated with the closed-bite group.", "PMID": 1067758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5742", "title": "A subcortical approach to swallow pattern therapy.", "content": "The neuromuscular facilitation technique was experimentally used with tongue-thrust patients in order to examine the results of application of this technique to such a population. Four boys and seven girls with a mean age of 116 months were referred by orthodontists in the greater Detroit area to Children's Hospital of Michigan. Each had previously been diagnosed as manifesting tongue thrust. Brushing, icing, and pressure were applied in a home training program for 6 months. Serial dental models were made at 0,3,6 and 12 months, the latter being used to detect regression 6 months after termination of the therapy regimen. Results are presented to support the contention that neuromuscular facilitation is a useful technique in swallow pattern therapy. Ancillary findings are presented which support the contention that mouth breathing and thumb and finger-sucking precede the onset of tongue thrust.", "contents": "A subcortical approach to swallow pattern therapy. The neuromuscular facilitation technique was experimentally used with tongue-thrust patients in order to examine the results of application of this technique to such a population. Four boys and seven girls with a mean age of 116 months were referred by orthodontists in the greater Detroit area to Children's Hospital of Michigan. Each had previously been diagnosed as manifesting tongue thrust. Brushing, icing, and pressure were applied in a home training program for 6 months. Serial dental models were made at 0,3,6 and 12 months, the latter being used to detect regression 6 months after termination of the therapy regimen. Results are presented to support the contention that neuromuscular facilitation is a useful technique in swallow pattern therapy. Ancillary findings are presented which support the contention that mouth breathing and thumb and finger-sucking precede the onset of tongue thrust.", "PMID": 1067759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5743", "title": "A new humidifier.", "content": "A new heated water-bath humidifier operates on a new basic principle which overcomes the practical disadvantages of existing systems. A heated hose is used to control a temperature drop along the whole length of the delivery line instead of raising the temperature of the gases in the delivery line as in previous systems. Therefore the tank does not have to fully saturate the gases and a simple, totally cleanable design is possible. A temperature sensor at the delivery point controls the hose heater, constituting a rapid response, low thermal inertia system and delivery temperature is displayed on the unit. Compensation for varying gas flows and ambient temperature changes is inherent and the unit is suitable for neonatal/paediatric and adult use without special adjustment. The tank has a separate reservoir chamber which feeds an evaporation chamber via a cleanable float valve, conferring many advantages including clearly visible water levels, easy filling without breaking the circuit and constant compression volume. Full fail-safe alarm systems are incorporated.", "contents": "A new humidifier. A new heated water-bath humidifier operates on a new basic principle which overcomes the practical disadvantages of existing systems. A heated hose is used to control a temperature drop along the whole length of the delivery line instead of raising the temperature of the gases in the delivery line as in previous systems. Therefore the tank does not have to fully saturate the gases and a simple, totally cleanable design is possible. A temperature sensor at the delivery point controls the hose heater, constituting a rapid response, low thermal inertia system and delivery temperature is displayed on the unit. Compensation for varying gas flows and ambient temperature changes is inherent and the unit is suitable for neonatal/paediatric and adult use without special adjustment. The tank has a separate reservoir chamber which feeds an evaporation chamber via a cleanable float valve, conferring many advantages including clearly visible water levels, easy filling without breaking the circuit and constant compression volume. Full fail-safe alarm systems are incorporated.", "PMID": 1067763}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5744", "title": "Surgical orthodontics: maxillary procedures.", "content": "The greatly increased use of maxillary surgery in the last five years has widened the possibilities for correction of dentofacial deformities. The best result in occlusion and esthetics in each situation is the goal that the orthodontist and oral surgeon must keep in mind: working together. While unfortunate side effects can occur, the experience of teams using well-managed orthognathic surgical methods shows a very good success record. The indications and treatment procedures for anterior, posterior and total maxillary osteotomies were discussed. Some of the conditions which can be well-treated are maxillary protrusion and retrusion, anterior deep and open bites, lip imbalance due to dental protrusion or excess vertical dimension, and maxillary asymmetries. The limitations of orthodontic practice without the inclusion of appropriate surgical procedures exclude real help for many of the people who need it most. We must be realistic in evaluating our achievements so that constant improvement is possible.", "contents": "Surgical orthodontics: maxillary procedures. The greatly increased use of maxillary surgery in the last five years has widened the possibilities for correction of dentofacial deformities. The best result in occlusion and esthetics in each situation is the goal that the orthodontist and oral surgeon must keep in mind: working together. While unfortunate side effects can occur, the experience of teams using well-managed orthognathic surgical methods shows a very good success record. The indications and treatment procedures for anterior, posterior and total maxillary osteotomies were discussed. Some of the conditions which can be well-treated are maxillary protrusion and retrusion, anterior deep and open bites, lip imbalance due to dental protrusion or excess vertical dimension, and maxillary asymmetries. The limitations of orthodontic practice without the inclusion of appropriate surgical procedures exclude real help for many of the people who need it most. We must be realistic in evaluating our achievements so that constant improvement is possible.", "PMID": 1067767}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5745", "title": "Three-dimensional analysis of changes in location of crowns and root apices of maxillary central incisors.", "content": "A method has been described for analyzing the direction and extent of movement of root apices and midpoints of the incisal edges of maxillary central incisors. The system permits a detailed examination of the effectiveness of any orthodontic technique in relocating maxillary incisors and is particularly useful in determining the efficacy of \"torquing\" mechanisms.", "contents": "Three-dimensional analysis of changes in location of crowns and root apices of maxillary central incisors. A method has been described for analyzing the direction and extent of movement of root apices and midpoints of the incisal edges of maxillary central incisors. The system permits a detailed examination of the effectiveness of any orthodontic technique in relocating maxillary incisors and is particularly useful in determining the efficacy of \"torquing\" mechanisms.", "PMID": 1067769}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5746", "title": "The use of respirators in patients with complicated myocardial infarction.", "content": "The results of controlled respiration as treatment in 20 patients with complicated myocardial infarction are presented. The clinical indications to this method of treatment included: shock, pulmonary oedema refractory to treatment, recurrent ventricular fibrillation and respirator failure following cardiac arrest. An indication for the use of this method is a drop in PaO2 below 70 mm Hg despite breathing 30% oxygen. Neuroleptanalgesic drugs were administered routinely while the patient was on the respirator. In all cases at least two prognostically unfavourable clinical signs were found. A correlation was observed between the clinical result and hypoxaemia after breathing 100% oxygen.", "contents": "The use of respirators in patients with complicated myocardial infarction. The results of controlled respiration as treatment in 20 patients with complicated myocardial infarction are presented. The clinical indications to this method of treatment included: shock, pulmonary oedema refractory to treatment, recurrent ventricular fibrillation and respirator failure following cardiac arrest. An indication for the use of this method is a drop in PaO2 below 70 mm Hg despite breathing 30% oxygen. Neuroleptanalgesic drugs were administered routinely while the patient was on the respirator. In all cases at least two prognostically unfavourable clinical signs were found. A correlation was observed between the clinical result and hypoxaemia after breathing 100% oxygen.", "PMID": 1067764}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5747", "title": "The effect of cold temperature mixing on the properties of zinc phosphate cement.", "content": "A series of proprietary zinc phosphate cements were evaluated after mixing on glass slabs at three different temperatures, 23 degrees, 6 degrees and -10 degrees C. Working time, setting time, diametral tensile strength, compressive strength and solubility were investigated. From the results of the tests the following conclusions were made: 1) As the temperature of the mixing slab was decreased, the amount of powder required to maintain a constatnt viscosity increased. 2) Compressive, tensile, and solubility values remained constant as the temperature of the mixing slab was decreased provided a consistent viscosity was maintained. 3) Mixing zinc phosphate cement substantially below the dew point is an acceptable practice provided the powder/liquid ratio is modified accordingly. 4) Although the setting time of zinc phosphate cement generally remained constant at temperatures below 6 degrees C, the working time continued to increase at -10 degrees C. 5) Mixing zinc phosphate cemment on a cold mixing slab increases the working time on the glass slab and decreases the setting time in an oral environment. Both of these alterations are clinically beneficial to the orthodontist.", "contents": "The effect of cold temperature mixing on the properties of zinc phosphate cement. A series of proprietary zinc phosphate cements were evaluated after mixing on glass slabs at three different temperatures, 23 degrees, 6 degrees and -10 degrees C. Working time, setting time, diametral tensile strength, compressive strength and solubility were investigated. From the results of the tests the following conclusions were made: 1) As the temperature of the mixing slab was decreased, the amount of powder required to maintain a constatnt viscosity increased. 2) Compressive, tensile, and solubility values remained constant as the temperature of the mixing slab was decreased provided a consistent viscosity was maintained. 3) Mixing zinc phosphate cement substantially below the dew point is an acceptable practice provided the powder/liquid ratio is modified accordingly. 4) Although the setting time of zinc phosphate cement generally remained constant at temperatures below 6 degrees C, the working time continued to increase at -10 degrees C. 5) Mixing zinc phosphate cemment on a cold mixing slab increases the working time on the glass slab and decreases the setting time in an oral environment. Both of these alterations are clinically beneficial to the orthodontist.", "PMID": 1067770}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5748", "title": "The maxillary cuspid and missing lateral incisors: esthetics and occlusion.", "content": "When maxillary cuspids are moved mesially or if they are absent, it may be safe to assume: 1. There is no apparent change in facial contour. 2. The first premolar can serve as an adequate substitute for the cuspid, both functionally and esthetically. 3. If all spaces are closed, occlusal equilibration will usually be necessary to effect acceptable posterior occlusion. Mesiodistal contouring of the cuspids probably accentuates the problem since it seems to exaggerate any tooth size discrepancy which may exist between maxillary and mandibular teeth. 4. Unilateral space closure displays functional deficiencies more frequently on the side of closure. 5. Varying degrees of shade imbalance between the cuspid and central incisor can be expected, and the degree of contrast can be accurately predicted by using the mandibular cuspid as a guide. This is particularly important when the maxillary canines are impacted or unerupted.", "contents": "The maxillary cuspid and missing lateral incisors: esthetics and occlusion. When maxillary cuspids are moved mesially or if they are absent, it may be safe to assume: 1. There is no apparent change in facial contour. 2. The first premolar can serve as an adequate substitute for the cuspid, both functionally and esthetically. 3. If all spaces are closed, occlusal equilibration will usually be necessary to effect acceptable posterior occlusion. Mesiodistal contouring of the cuspids probably accentuates the problem since it seems to exaggerate any tooth size discrepancy which may exist between maxillary and mandibular teeth. 4. Unilateral space closure displays functional deficiencies more frequently on the side of closure. 5. Varying degrees of shade imbalance between the cuspid and central incisor can be expected, and the degree of contrast can be accurately predicted by using the mandibular cuspid as a guide. This is particularly important when the maxillary canines are impacted or unerupted.", "PMID": 1067772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5749", "title": "Facial morphology and activity of temporal and lip muscles during swallowing and chewing.", "content": "The correlations between facial and bite morphology and the activity in the temporal muscle and in the musculature of the lip during swallowing and chewing were studied in 50 girls, aged 9-13 years. The activity was recorded electromyographically by determining the maximal mean voltage amplitude and morphologically by analysis of profile roentgenograms and dental casts. The activity in the lower lip during the swallowing was not correlated with any of the variables of the facial morphology with the exception of the width of the upper dental arch. On the other hand, the activity of the upper lip during swallowing, as in the anterior and posterior portions of the temporal muscle, was correlated with a number of variables used for measuring facial form. The activity was low in girls with a facial shape with anterior inclination of the maxilla and mandible, small face height, and pronounced prognathism. The activity in the upper lip during chewing  varied, as in the lower lip, independently of facial form, while the activity of the temporal muscle during chewing showed the same relation to facial form as during swallowing. The number of chewing cycles required for trituration of the test media (apples and peanuts) was negatively correlated with the number of teeth and with age. This was interpreted as adaptation in such a way that the number of cycles decreased with development of the dentition.", "contents": "Facial morphology and activity of temporal and lip muscles during swallowing and chewing. The correlations between facial and bite morphology and the activity in the temporal muscle and in the musculature of the lip during swallowing and chewing were studied in 50 girls, aged 9-13 years. The activity was recorded electromyographically by determining the maximal mean voltage amplitude and morphologically by analysis of profile roentgenograms and dental casts. The activity in the lower lip during the swallowing was not correlated with any of the variables of the facial morphology with the exception of the width of the upper dental arch. On the other hand, the activity of the upper lip during swallowing, as in the anterior and posterior portions of the temporal muscle, was correlated with a number of variables used for measuring facial form. The activity was low in girls with a facial shape with anterior inclination of the maxilla and mandible, small face height, and pronounced prognathism. The activity in the upper lip during chewing  varied, as in the lower lip, independently of facial form, while the activity of the temporal muscle during chewing showed the same relation to facial form as during swallowing. The number of chewing cycles required for trituration of the test media (apples and peanuts) was negatively correlated with the number of teeth and with age. This was interpreted as adaptation in such a way that the number of cycles decreased with development of the dentition.", "PMID": 1067773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5750", "title": "Abnormalities found on cephalometric radiographs.", "content": "The films of 513 consecutive patients from a private practice were brought to Children's Hospital, Los Angeles for reading in their Radiology Department. Eighteen films, 3.5 percent, were classified as having abnormalities or pathologies present. In addition, there were seven findings labeled as interesting, although normal, because they are usually not present on the lateral head film. The lateral orthodontic cephalometric head film can disclose a variety of pathoses which are significant to the physician. The orthodonitist sholld study the lateral head roentgenogram for nondental abnormalities.", "contents": "Abnormalities found on cephalometric radiographs. The films of 513 consecutive patients from a private practice were brought to Children's Hospital, Los Angeles for reading in their Radiology Department. Eighteen films, 3.5 percent, were classified as having abnormalities or pathologies present. In addition, there were seven findings labeled as interesting, although normal, because they are usually not present on the lateral head film. The lateral orthodontic cephalometric head film can disclose a variety of pathoses which are significant to the physician. The orthodonitist sholld study the lateral head roentgenogram for nondental abnormalities.", "PMID": 1067774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5751", "title": "Iris and anterior chamber involvement in leukemia.", "content": "A case of acute lymphocytic leukemia is described with bilateral ocular involvement, including iris, trabecular meshwork, and anterior chamber. Microscopic findings are correlated with clinical findings. All cases reported to date (5) in the American literature with microscopically confirmed leukemic iris infiltrate have been of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "contents": "Iris and anterior chamber involvement in leukemia. A case of acute lymphocytic leukemia is described with bilateral ocular involvement, including iris, trabecular meshwork, and anterior chamber. Microscopic findings are correlated with clinical findings. All cases reported to date (5) in the American literature with microscopically confirmed leukemic iris infiltrate have been of acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "PMID": 1067782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5752", "title": "Treatment of busulfan-induced pancytopenia.", "content": "A patient with busulfan-induced pancytopenia and recurrent, thrombocytopenic bleeding was treated prophylactically with random-donor platelet transfusions and later with HLA-matched platelets from a sibling. The pancytopenia remitted after five months. The course and alternative modes of therapy of busulfan-induced pancytopenia are discussed. This disorder may be reversible if the patient can be supported through an initial period of severe pancytopenia.", "contents": "Treatment of busulfan-induced pancytopenia. A patient with busulfan-induced pancytopenia and recurrent, thrombocytopenic bleeding was treated prophylactically with random-donor platelet transfusions and later with HLA-matched platelets from a sibling. The pancytopenia remitted after five months. The course and alternative modes of therapy of busulfan-induced pancytopenia are discussed. This disorder may be reversible if the patient can be supported through an initial period of severe pancytopenia.", "PMID": 1067785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5753", "title": "[Changes in membrane proteins in the erythrocytes of patients with hemolymphoblastosis not directly involving the erythroblastic line].", "content": "An analysis of red cell membrane proteins in acute and chronic lymphatic leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, and myeloma was carried out. The electrophoretic pattern after solubilisation in urea or SDS was examined, along with migration on cellulose acetate or acrylamide in different buffers. Protein acid, basic and neutral amino acid percentages were also determined. An increase in low molecular weight and faster anodic migration proteins was noted in the lymphoblastoses, whereas the amino acid spectrum of these proteins showed percent changes in the case of some amino acids, particularly glutamic acid, phosphoserine, lysine and histidine. The alterations observed were compared with those noted previously in other haemoblastoses, congenital haemolytic and anhaemolytic blood diseases, and endoglobular or acquired metabolic defects in a closer assessment of their significance.", "contents": "[Changes in membrane proteins in the erythrocytes of patients with hemolymphoblastosis not directly involving the erythroblastic line]. An analysis of red cell membrane proteins in acute and chronic lymphatic leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease, lymphosarcoma, and myeloma was carried out. The electrophoretic pattern after solubilisation in urea or SDS was examined, along with migration on cellulose acetate or acrylamide in different buffers. Protein acid, basic and neutral amino acid percentages were also determined. An increase in low molecular weight and faster anodic migration proteins was noted in the lymphoblastoses, whereas the amino acid spectrum of these proteins showed percent changes in the case of some amino acids, particularly glutamic acid, phosphoserine, lysine and histidine. The alterations observed were compared with those noted previously in other haemoblastoses, congenital haemolytic and anhaemolytic blood diseases, and endoglobular or acquired metabolic defects in a closer assessment of their significance.", "PMID": 1067786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5754", "title": "Hepatitis B in Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders: georgraphical, age and familial distribution of antigen subtypes and antibody.", "content": "Hepatitis B antigen of subtype ay is prevalent in Australian Aboriginal populations, but only subtype ad was found in Torres Strait Islanders. Both subtypes were found in Caucasion hepatitis patients and blood donors from Brisbane. Antigenaemia in Aborigines was more prevalent in Northern Territory than in Queensland, and in males in all areas, but different age distributions were found in Queensland (maximal over 30 years) and Northern Territory (maximal under 30 years). Family clustering was striking in all populations where genealogies were known. In a limited survey antibody was found to be more common than antigen in all Aboriginal groups, the prevalence increasing with age with a peak at 11 to 30 years. Hepatitis B virus infection was equally common in some areas of high and low arbovirus activity providing some evidence against arthropod transmission of hepatitis B virus in these areas.", "contents": "Hepatitis B in Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders: georgraphical, age and familial distribution of antigen subtypes and antibody. Hepatitis B antigen of subtype ay is prevalent in Australian Aboriginal populations, but only subtype ad was found in Torres Strait Islanders. Both subtypes were found in Caucasion hepatitis patients and blood donors from Brisbane. Antigenaemia in Aborigines was more prevalent in Northern Territory than in Queensland, and in males in all areas, but different age distributions were found in Queensland (maximal over 30 years) and Northern Territory (maximal under 30 years). Family clustering was striking in all populations where genealogies were known. In a limited survey antibody was found to be more common than antigen in all Aboriginal groups, the prevalence increasing with age with a peak at 11 to 30 years. Hepatitis B virus infection was equally common in some areas of high and low arbovirus activity providing some evidence against arthropod transmission of hepatitis B virus in these areas.", "PMID": 1067808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5755", "title": "The effect of rifampicin on liver morphology in tuberculous alcoholics.", "content": "Seventy-nine consecutive patients receiving rifampicin in combination with isoniazid and another drug, were found to have an 8-3% incidence of acute clinical liver disease. Half the patients (36) were advanced alcoholics and almost all cases of hepatitis came from this group. Fifteen of the 36 were thought to have evidence of pre-existing liver disease and were studied by means of serial liver biopsies. Most of those with pre-treatment abnormalities of liver function developed abnormalities in their biopsies, not attributable to alcohol. In one patient active chronic hepatitis is believed to have followed irregularly taken rifampicin. Those patients with both normal pretreatment liver function and biopsies did not develop histological abnormalities. The dangers of irregularly taken self-administered rifampicin are stressed. It is suggested that rifampicin is contraindicated in alcoholics with initial abnormal liver function tests.", "contents": "The effect of rifampicin on liver morphology in tuberculous alcoholics. Seventy-nine consecutive patients receiving rifampicin in combination with isoniazid and another drug, were found to have an 8-3% incidence of acute clinical liver disease. Half the patients (36) were advanced alcoholics and almost all cases of hepatitis came from this group. Fifteen of the 36 were thought to have evidence of pre-existing liver disease and were studied by means of serial liver biopsies. Most of those with pre-treatment abnormalities of liver function developed abnormalities in their biopsies, not attributable to alcohol. In one patient active chronic hepatitis is believed to have followed irregularly taken rifampicin. Those patients with both normal pretreatment liver function and biopsies did not develop histological abnormalities. The dangers of irregularly taken self-administered rifampicin are stressed. It is suggested that rifampicin is contraindicated in alcoholics with initial abnormal liver function tests.", "PMID": 1067809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5756", "title": "Lung function in asymptomatic cigarette smokers--the single breath nitrogen test.", "content": "The modified single breath nitrogen (SBN) test and simple spirometry were used to study the lung function (LF) of 101 asymptomatic, cigarette smoking and 20 non-smoking men aged 18 to 39 years. Abnormal LF was demonstrated in 39% of smokers. An abnormal SBN test was found in 28% of the light and 56% of the heavy smokers but only 3% were spirometrically abnormal. Only one non-smoker had an abnormal SBN test. Closing volume and slope of the alveolar plateau, which are both measured from the SBN test, correlated poorly suggesting that the abnormality caused by smoking may differ among smokers. The SBN test is a simple test which is sensitive enough to detect LF abnormalities in young smokers. The significance of the detected abnormalities in relation to the development of chronic obstructive lung disease is not presently known.", "contents": "Lung function in asymptomatic cigarette smokers--the single breath nitrogen test. The modified single breath nitrogen (SBN) test and simple spirometry were used to study the lung function (LF) of 101 asymptomatic, cigarette smoking and 20 non-smoking men aged 18 to 39 years. Abnormal LF was demonstrated in 39% of smokers. An abnormal SBN test was found in 28% of the light and 56% of the heavy smokers but only 3% were spirometrically abnormal. Only one non-smoker had an abnormal SBN test. Closing volume and slope of the alveolar plateau, which are both measured from the SBN test, correlated poorly suggesting that the abnormality caused by smoking may differ among smokers. The SBN test is a simple test which is sensitive enough to detect LF abnormalities in young smokers. The significance of the detected abnormalities in relation to the development of chronic obstructive lung disease is not presently known.", "PMID": 1067810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5757", "title": "Outpatient screening tests for primary aldosteronism.", "content": "The assessment of basal plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations, and urinary aldosterone excretion has been compared with their values after a suppressive test employing mineralocorticoid induced volume expansion in five patients with primary aldosteronism and in patients with essential hypertension. Reliance upon measurements of basal plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin/aldosterone ratio and urine aldosterone excretion alone proved unsatisfactory for distinguishing patients with primary aldosteronism. However these patients, in contrast to those with essential hypertension, showed elevated values or no decrease in plasma aldosterone concentration following three days treatment with 400 mug fludrocortisone (florinef) daily. It is proposed that the assessment of basal plasma renin activity together with florinef suppression of plasma aldosterone are the most effective and convenient outpatient screening procedures in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism.", "contents": "Outpatient screening tests for primary aldosteronism. The assessment of basal plasma aldosterone and renin concentrations, and urinary aldosterone excretion has been compared with their values after a suppressive test employing mineralocorticoid induced volume expansion in five patients with primary aldosteronism and in patients with essential hypertension. Reliance upon measurements of basal plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma renin/aldosterone ratio and urine aldosterone excretion alone proved unsatisfactory for distinguishing patients with primary aldosteronism. However these patients, in contrast to those with essential hypertension, showed elevated values or no decrease in plasma aldosterone concentration following three days treatment with 400 mug fludrocortisone (florinef) daily. It is proposed that the assessment of basal plasma renin activity together with florinef suppression of plasma aldosterone are the most effective and convenient outpatient screening procedures in the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism.", "PMID": 1067811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5758", "title": "Monitoring immune function during immunosuppressive therapy.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with a variety of connective tissue disorders were studied for the effects of immunosuppressive therapy on non-specific parameters of immune function. Baseline studies prior to therapy showed a frequent incidence of anergy (13%) lymphopenia (31%) and abnormal PHA response (43%). Despite these abnormalities in untreated patients it was possible to show an even higher incidence of anergy (31%), lymphopenia (66%) and abnormal PHA response (77%) following immunosuppressive treatment. The changes in lymphocyte count and PHA response were found to be statistically significant. It was found, paradoxically, that delayed hypersensitivity responses improved following institution of therapy in three patients. Clinical efficacy of immunosuppression correlated with lymphopenia and depressed PHA responses; in particular in the five patients with uncontrolled disease, these parameters were normal. Lymphocyte counts and PHA responses are the most simple and informative procedures to monitor immunosuppression in patients.", "contents": "Monitoring immune function during immunosuppressive therapy. Twenty-nine patients with a variety of connective tissue disorders were studied for the effects of immunosuppressive therapy on non-specific parameters of immune function. Baseline studies prior to therapy showed a frequent incidence of anergy (13%) lymphopenia (31%) and abnormal PHA response (43%). Despite these abnormalities in untreated patients it was possible to show an even higher incidence of anergy (31%), lymphopenia (66%) and abnormal PHA response (77%) following immunosuppressive treatment. The changes in lymphocyte count and PHA response were found to be statistically significant. It was found, paradoxically, that delayed hypersensitivity responses improved following institution of therapy in three patients. Clinical efficacy of immunosuppression correlated with lymphopenia and depressed PHA responses; in particular in the five patients with uncontrolled disease, these parameters were normal. Lymphocyte counts and PHA responses are the most simple and informative procedures to monitor immunosuppression in patients.", "PMID": 1067812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5759", "title": "Analysis of two-category data from small independent samples.", "content": "An exact probability test for the comparison of cure-rate (or any other 2-category response variable) among three treatments is presented in detail; Extension of the method to larger contingency tables is also shown. It is suggested that the exact method should be used if the sample size for a particular investigation is small and/or when the chisquare test gives a probability level near borderline statistical significance.", "contents": "Analysis of two-category data from small independent samples. An exact probability test for the comparison of cure-rate (or any other 2-category response variable) among three treatments is presented in detail; Extension of the method to larger contingency tables is also shown. It is suggested that the exact method should be used if the sample size for a particular investigation is small and/or when the chisquare test gives a probability level near borderline statistical significance.", "PMID": 1067813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5760", "title": "Neonatal brain tissue embolism in the lung.", "content": "A brain tissue embolus was observed in a major pulmonary artery in the right lung, in a neonate who died from intracranial haemorhage 36 hours after delivery. This is the fifth documented case in a neonate and the only one in whom survival had occurred beyond one hour. Brain tissue emboli in the pulmonary circulation occur very rarely; it has been described in adults and children with head injuries. In newborn infants with severe congenital malformations of the central nervous system, brain tissue has been found growing in the lungs; the possibility of this being the result of prenatal brain trauma with embolization has been raised. In newborn infants, pulmonary brain tissue embolism as a result of birth trauma has been reported only very rarely; as far as the authors are aware, only four such cases have been documented. In view of the rarity of this condition, it was thought that the present case merited reporting.", "contents": "Neonatal brain tissue embolism in the lung. A brain tissue embolus was observed in a major pulmonary artery in the right lung, in a neonate who died from intracranial haemorhage 36 hours after delivery. This is the fifth documented case in a neonate and the only one in whom survival had occurred beyond one hour. Brain tissue emboli in the pulmonary circulation occur very rarely; it has been described in adults and children with head injuries. In newborn infants with severe congenital malformations of the central nervous system, brain tissue has been found growing in the lungs; the possibility of this being the result of prenatal brain trauma with embolization has been raised. In newborn infants, pulmonary brain tissue embolism as a result of birth trauma has been reported only very rarely; as far as the authors are aware, only four such cases have been documented. In view of the rarity of this condition, it was thought that the present case merited reporting.", "PMID": 1067814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5761", "title": "Penicillin-induced haemolytic anaemia associated with microangiopathy.", "content": "The development of a penicillin-induced haemolytic anaemia was studied in a patient with microangiopathy following an average daily dose of five million units of penicillin G (total dose 46 million units). It has been proposed that the combination of the benzylpenicilloyl hapten with exposed or altered erythrocyte antigens, induces an autoimmune response. In this particular case, it is suggested that erythrocyte membrane damage has predisposed to immune drug-mediated red cell damage.", "contents": "Penicillin-induced haemolytic anaemia associated with microangiopathy. The development of a penicillin-induced haemolytic anaemia was studied in a patient with microangiopathy following an average daily dose of five million units of penicillin G (total dose 46 million units). It has been proposed that the combination of the benzylpenicilloyl hapten with exposed or altered erythrocyte antigens, induces an autoimmune response. In this particular case, it is suggested that erythrocyte membrane damage has predisposed to immune drug-mediated red cell damage.", "PMID": 1067815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5762", "title": "Meliodosis presenting as encephalitis.", "content": "Meliodosis is an infectious disease caused by Pseudomonas pseudomellei, an organism that is common in South-East Asia, the Caribbean and northern Australia. In the author's case report the disease presented as an encephalitic illness with fever and epileptic fits in a five-year-old Chinese boy. The case illustrates one of the many forms of this illness. The patient, though very ill, made an excellent recovery. The report discusses the manifestations, diagnosis and management of Meliodosis.", "contents": "Meliodosis presenting as encephalitis. Meliodosis is an infectious disease caused by Pseudomonas pseudomellei, an organism that is common in South-East Asia, the Caribbean and northern Australia. In the author's case report the disease presented as an encephalitic illness with fever and epileptic fits in a five-year-old Chinese boy. The case illustrates one of the many forms of this illness. The patient, though very ill, made an excellent recovery. The report discusses the manifestations, diagnosis and management of Meliodosis.", "PMID": 1067816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5763", "title": "Diabetes and associated variables in the South Australian Aboriginal.", "content": "Diabetes of a predominant maturity-onset type has been identified as being up to ten times more prevalent in South Australian Aborigines than in Caucasians. On the evidence provided, nutritional status and obesity are thought to be dominant in the aetiology of the hyperglycaemia, although relative hyperinsulinaemia in full blood Aborigines suggests a significant racial genetic effect. It is suggested on these and other grounds that the diabetic genotype may represent a factor of previous survival advantage to the Aboriginal, now rendered deleterious by urbanization. The degree of hyperglycaemia, and its association with hyperlipidaemia, obesity, retinal arteriovenous changes and abnormal electrocardiographic findings, accentuates the significance of the diabetes, and underlines the serious need for ongoing nutritional education in these communities.", "contents": "Diabetes and associated variables in the South Australian Aboriginal. Diabetes of a predominant maturity-onset type has been identified as being up to ten times more prevalent in South Australian Aborigines than in Caucasians. On the evidence provided, nutritional status and obesity are thought to be dominant in the aetiology of the hyperglycaemia, although relative hyperinsulinaemia in full blood Aborigines suggests a significant racial genetic effect. It is suggested on these and other grounds that the diabetic genotype may represent a factor of previous survival advantage to the Aboriginal, now rendered deleterious by urbanization. The degree of hyperglycaemia, and its association with hyperlipidaemia, obesity, retinal arteriovenous changes and abnormal electrocardiographic findings, accentuates the significance of the diabetes, and underlines the serious need for ongoing nutritional education in these communities.", "PMID": 1067817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5764", "title": "Blood pressures and electrocardiographic findings in the South Australian Aborigines.", "content": "Blood pressure measurements were recorded in 522 adults and 141 10-19 year-old full and part blood Aborigines in five communities. The means for systolic and diastolic blood pressures at 40 years were close to those reported for Europeans, although below this age, values tended to be lower, and above 40 years tended to be higher than those reported in the Tecumseh study. Hypertension, as defined by the Princeton criteria, was present in 29%, more often in the men (1-6 to 1-0), and eight subjects satisfied the criteria for hypertensive heart disease (HHD). 522 electrocardiograms were recorded on adult subjects at five Aboriginal communities and classified according to categories of the Minnesota code. Of the 210 abnormalities observed, minor T wave inversions and minor S-T segment depression were the most commonly encountered, and were more frequent in female subjects. Q wave changes typical of myocardial infarction was found in 5% of the tracings and occurred mainly in older men. If hypertension and certain ECG codes are assumed to be \"risk factors\" for the development of clinical ischaemic heart disease (IHD), the urbanized Aboriginal had a higher prevalence compared with Caucasian subjects of the Busselton study. \"Probable\" and \"suspect\" ECG changes of IHD, although mainly in the older subjects, were found to be associated with hyperglycaemia, as recognised in Western society. It is postulated that urbanized Aborigines are prone to cardiovascular degenerative disease to a similar or possibly larger extent than Caucasians.", "contents": "Blood pressures and electrocardiographic findings in the South Australian Aborigines. Blood pressure measurements were recorded in 522 adults and 141 10-19 year-old full and part blood Aborigines in five communities. The means for systolic and diastolic blood pressures at 40 years were close to those reported for Europeans, although below this age, values tended to be lower, and above 40 years tended to be higher than those reported in the Tecumseh study. Hypertension, as defined by the Princeton criteria, was present in 29%, more often in the men (1-6 to 1-0), and eight subjects satisfied the criteria for hypertensive heart disease (HHD). 522 electrocardiograms were recorded on adult subjects at five Aboriginal communities and classified according to categories of the Minnesota code. Of the 210 abnormalities observed, minor T wave inversions and minor S-T segment depression were the most commonly encountered, and were more frequent in female subjects. Q wave changes typical of myocardial infarction was found in 5% of the tracings and occurred mainly in older men. If hypertension and certain ECG codes are assumed to be \"risk factors\" for the development of clinical ischaemic heart disease (IHD), the urbanized Aboriginal had a higher prevalence compared with Caucasian subjects of the Busselton study. \"Probable\" and \"suspect\" ECG changes of IHD, although mainly in the older subjects, were found to be associated with hyperglycaemia, as recognised in Western society. It is postulated that urbanized Aborigines are prone to cardiovascular degenerative disease to a similar or possibly larger extent than Caucasians.", "PMID": 1067818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5765", "title": "Visual acuity and retinal changes in South Australian Aborigines.", "content": "Eye examinations were carried out a four Aboriginal reserves. Of 361 Aboriginal adults tested, 64 had a visual defect (visual acuity of 6/9 or worse) in each eye, a prevalence of 18%, with an additional 79 (22%) with a similar loss of acuity in one eye only; these were more frequently seen at the urbanized reserve of Koonibba. Only one full blood Aboriginal child within the less urbanized communities had a reduced visual acuity, whereas seven (10%) part blood children at a more urbanized reserve had reduced vision in both eyes, with a further nine (13%) in one eye only, not unlike figures quoted for South Australian school children. Vascular changes in the fundus oculi were observed and occurred more often when hypertension and/or hyperglycaemia were present. They consisted of arteriovenous crossing changes (26%), swelling of the retinal veins (3%) and altered light reflex (41%) and were not infrequently seen in the younger adult (20% of adults under 30 years had AV crossing changes and 46% had widened light streak). Analysis suggests that, although hypertension and hyperglycaemia are related to retinal vascular changes, other factors, as yet unidentified, are present in the Aboriginal population under consideration.", "contents": "Visual acuity and retinal changes in South Australian Aborigines. Eye examinations were carried out a four Aboriginal reserves. Of 361 Aboriginal adults tested, 64 had a visual defect (visual acuity of 6/9 or worse) in each eye, a prevalence of 18%, with an additional 79 (22%) with a similar loss of acuity in one eye only; these were more frequently seen at the urbanized reserve of Koonibba. Only one full blood Aboriginal child within the less urbanized communities had a reduced visual acuity, whereas seven (10%) part blood children at a more urbanized reserve had reduced vision in both eyes, with a further nine (13%) in one eye only, not unlike figures quoted for South Australian school children. Vascular changes in the fundus oculi were observed and occurred more often when hypertension and/or hyperglycaemia were present. They consisted of arteriovenous crossing changes (26%), swelling of the retinal veins (3%) and altered light reflex (41%) and were not infrequently seen in the younger adult (20% of adults under 30 years had AV crossing changes and 46% had widened light streak). Analysis suggests that, although hypertension and hyperglycaemia are related to retinal vascular changes, other factors, as yet unidentified, are present in the Aboriginal population under consideration.", "PMID": 1067819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5766", "title": "Assessment of the value of factor VIII procoagulant and antigen ratio in the diagnosis of carriers of haemophilia.", "content": "The detection rate of carriers of haemophilia was evaluated using the ratio of factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIIIc) to factor VIII antigen (VIIIag). In normals the corelation coefficient of VIIIc to VIIIag was 0.82. In 15 obligatory carriers of haemophilia whose VIIIc and VIIIag levels were studied in the authors' labotatory there was no correlation between VIIIc and VIIIag and the ratio of VIIIc to VIIIag was below the lowest normal value in 12 (80%). In all five obligatory carriers whose VIIIc levels were estimated in the referring institution and VIIIag levels in the authors' laborary the ratio was below the lowest normal value. In 17 sisters of haemophiliacs studied here or referred for estimation of VIIIag only, an abnormal ratio was found in seven. Of 25 mothers of haemophilic children without a family history of haemophilia carriers is close to that expected on theoretical grounds but the interpretation of the results is complicated by the small numbers of patients all of whose studies were performed entirely in the authors' laboratory. In two normal individuals, one of who was on a contraceptive pill, there were no fluctuations of the ratio of VIIIc to VIIIag during the menstrual cycle. In one obligatory carrier with a normal ratio there was also no fluctuation. It is concluded here that a measurement of the ratio of VIIIc to VIIIag is a valuable adjuvant in genetic counselling in haemophilia.", "contents": "Assessment of the value of factor VIII procoagulant and antigen ratio in the diagnosis of carriers of haemophilia. The detection rate of carriers of haemophilia was evaluated using the ratio of factor VIII procoagulant activity (VIIIc) to factor VIII antigen (VIIIag). In normals the corelation coefficient of VIIIc to VIIIag was 0.82. In 15 obligatory carriers of haemophilia whose VIIIc and VIIIag levels were studied in the authors' labotatory there was no correlation between VIIIc and VIIIag and the ratio of VIIIc to VIIIag was below the lowest normal value in 12 (80%). In all five obligatory carriers whose VIIIc levels were estimated in the referring institution and VIIIag levels in the authors' laborary the ratio was below the lowest normal value. In 17 sisters of haemophiliacs studied here or referred for estimation of VIIIag only, an abnormal ratio was found in seven. Of 25 mothers of haemophilic children without a family history of haemophilia carriers is close to that expected on theoretical grounds but the interpretation of the results is complicated by the small numbers of patients all of whose studies were performed entirely in the authors' laboratory. In two normal individuals, one of who was on a contraceptive pill, there were no fluctuations of the ratio of VIIIc to VIIIag during the menstrual cycle. In one obligatory carrier with a normal ratio there was also no fluctuation. It is concluded here that a measurement of the ratio of VIIIc to VIIIag is a valuable adjuvant in genetic counselling in haemophilia.", "PMID": 1067820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5767", "title": "Lithium associated thyroid disease--a report of 14 cases of hypothyroidism and 4 cases of thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "Thyroid function was assessed in 80 patients receiving long-term lithium therapy. Three of the 80 patients were biochemically hypothyroid and a further patient was receiving thyroxine for lithium associated hypothyroidism. A further eight patients had elevated TSH levels and eight patients had subnormal serum triiodothyronine levels. After a 24 month follow up period seven of the 80 patients have developed clinical hypothyroidism. One patient had elevated thyroid parameters and clinical features of mild hyperthyroidism. Additional clinical and laboratory data are included from seven patients with lithium associated hypothyroidism and three patients with lithium associated thyrotoxicosis who were not included in the survey population.", "contents": "Lithium associated thyroid disease--a report of 14 cases of hypothyroidism and 4 cases of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid function was assessed in 80 patients receiving long-term lithium therapy. Three of the 80 patients were biochemically hypothyroid and a further patient was receiving thyroxine for lithium associated hypothyroidism. A further eight patients had elevated TSH levels and eight patients had subnormal serum triiodothyronine levels. After a 24 month follow up period seven of the 80 patients have developed clinical hypothyroidism. One patient had elevated thyroid parameters and clinical features of mild hyperthyroidism. Additional clinical and laboratory data are included from seven patients with lithium associated hypothyroidism and three patients with lithium associated thyrotoxicosis who were not included in the survey population.", "PMID": 1067821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5768", "title": "Hypertension due to renal tuberculosis: assessment by renal vein renin sampling.", "content": "A 36-year-old man with asymptomatic hypertension was shown to have destruction of the right kidney due to renal tuberculosis. The peripheral renin level was normal, but renal vein renin sampling showed predominant renin secretion from the right kidney both in basal samples and after acute stimulation of renin release with intravenous diazoxide. Nephrectomy has resulted in marked reduction of blood pressure without treatment one year after operation. The findings support the predictive value of renal vein renin sampling when hypertension is associated with renal parenchymal disease, even when peripheral renin is normal.", "contents": "Hypertension due to renal tuberculosis: assessment by renal vein renin sampling. A 36-year-old man with asymptomatic hypertension was shown to have destruction of the right kidney due to renal tuberculosis. The peripheral renin level was normal, but renal vein renin sampling showed predominant renin secretion from the right kidney both in basal samples and after acute stimulation of renin release with intravenous diazoxide. Nephrectomy has resulted in marked reduction of blood pressure without treatment one year after operation. The findings support the predictive value of renal vein renin sampling when hypertension is associated with renal parenchymal disease, even when peripheral renin is normal.", "PMID": 1067822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5769", "title": "Relevance of vascular structural and smooth muscle sensitivity changes in hypertension.", "content": "This is a mini-review of the vascular changes that occur in experimental hypertension. Augmented vascular resistance and reactivity appear to be due to an increase both in wall thickness and in vascular smooth muscle sensitivity. The increase in wall thickness is an adaptive change that is secondary to the increase in arterial pressure; the altered smooth muscle sensitivity occurs in the absence of an increase in arterial pressure and hence may initiate the increase in vascular resistance and reactivity of experimental hypertension. Studies of subcellular function indicate that changes in smooth muscle sensitivity may be caused by an increase in cell membrane permeability and an altered handling of calcium by its subcellular sequestering system.", "contents": "Relevance of vascular structural and smooth muscle sensitivity changes in hypertension. This is a mini-review of the vascular changes that occur in experimental hypertension. Augmented vascular resistance and reactivity appear to be due to an increase both in wall thickness and in vascular smooth muscle sensitivity. The increase in wall thickness is an adaptive change that is secondary to the increase in arterial pressure; the altered smooth muscle sensitivity occurs in the absence of an increase in arterial pressure and hence may initiate the increase in vascular resistance and reactivity of experimental hypertension. Studies of subcellular function indicate that changes in smooth muscle sensitivity may be caused by an increase in cell membrane permeability and an altered handling of calcium by its subcellular sequestering system.", "PMID": 1067825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5770", "title": "Use of systolic time intervals in studying hypertension.", "content": "Systolic time intervals were measured in 54 hypertensive patients divided into three groups according to severity of hypertension, variability of blood pressure levels and presence or absence of a hyperkinetic heart. The three groups were: borderline hypertension (BLH), fixed essential hypertension (FEH) and hyperkinetic essential hypertension (HEH). Systolic time intervals (STI) provided information indicating an increased cardioadrenergic drive in BLH and HEH. This was supported by finding that propranolol abolished the increased contractility found at rest in BLH and HEH.", "contents": "Use of systolic time intervals in studying hypertension. Systolic time intervals were measured in 54 hypertensive patients divided into three groups according to severity of hypertension, variability of blood pressure levels and presence or absence of a hyperkinetic heart. The three groups were: borderline hypertension (BLH), fixed essential hypertension (FEH) and hyperkinetic essential hypertension (HEH). Systolic time intervals (STI) provided information indicating an increased cardioadrenergic drive in BLH and HEH. This was supported by finding that propranolol abolished the increased contractility found at rest in BLH and HEH.", "PMID": 1067829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5771", "title": "Possession trance in a semi-urban community in Sri Lanka.", "content": "A survey of possession trance states in a semi-urban population of 7653 identified 37 subjects. The manifestations of the trance, and its course and outcome are outlined. The characteristics of the subjects, including presence of psychiatric disorder, are compared with that of the total population, and significant differences are noted. Four psychodynamic syndromes observed are described with illustrative case vignettes. The functions subserved by possession behaviour are reviewed, and comparisons are drawn between personal possession, ritual possession, and altered states of consciousness in Western society.", "contents": "Possession trance in a semi-urban community in Sri Lanka. A survey of possession trance states in a semi-urban population of 7653 identified 37 subjects. The manifestations of the trance, and its course and outcome are outlined. The characteristics of the subjects, including presence of psychiatric disorder, are compared with that of the total population, and significant differences are noted. Four psychodynamic syndromes observed are described with illustrative case vignettes. The functions subserved by possession behaviour are reviewed, and comparisons are drawn between personal possession, ritual possession, and altered states of consciousness in Western society.", "PMID": 1067830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5772", "title": "Psychological factors as a prediction of success in duodenal ulcer surgery.", "content": "An attempt was made to relate the outcome of surgery to psychosocial factors in an unselected series of 30 male patients with duodenal ulcer. Though statistically significant differences did not emerge on the psychosocial parameters studied, patients with good surgical results were less likely to give histories of preoperative anxiety or depression or to show evidence of these at interview. They also had lower ratings on Hamilton Rating and Deprivation Scales, and were more likely to have hopeful expectations of operation and positive attitudes towards previous medical treatment. Patients with psychiatric illness or psychological deprivation having sugery for chronic duodenal ulceration, can expect almost as good a surgical result as those without these difficulties. They are unlikely to show increased psychiatric morbidity, postoperatively.", "contents": "Psychological factors as a prediction of success in duodenal ulcer surgery. An attempt was made to relate the outcome of surgery to psychosocial factors in an unselected series of 30 male patients with duodenal ulcer. Though statistically significant differences did not emerge on the psychosocial parameters studied, patients with good surgical results were less likely to give histories of preoperative anxiety or depression or to show evidence of these at interview. They also had lower ratings on Hamilton Rating and Deprivation Scales, and were more likely to have hopeful expectations of operation and positive attitudes towards previous medical treatment. Patients with psychiatric illness or psychological deprivation having sugery for chronic duodenal ulceration, can expect almost as good a surgical result as those without these difficulties. They are unlikely to show increased psychiatric morbidity, postoperatively.", "PMID": 1067833}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5773", "title": "Electroencephalographic study of mentally retarded twins.", "content": "The EEGs of twenty-five pairs of twins, one or both of whom were mentally retarded, were studied. The concordance rate for mental retardation in monozygotic twins was higher than that in dizygotic twins. The vast majority of cases of mental retardation were considered to be caused by genotype but some exogenous causes were observed in discordant monozygotic twins. Paroxysmal discharges in the EEG especially those of centrencephalic type were suspected to be bioelectrical expressions of a transmissible cerebral susceptibility which may easily lead to intellectual deterioration by brain damage or epilepsy.", "contents": "Electroencephalographic study of mentally retarded twins. The EEGs of twenty-five pairs of twins, one or both of whom were mentally retarded, were studied. The concordance rate for mental retardation in monozygotic twins was higher than that in dizygotic twins. The vast majority of cases of mental retardation were considered to be caused by genotype but some exogenous causes were observed in discordant monozygotic twins. Paroxysmal discharges in the EEG especially those of centrencephalic type were suspected to be bioelectrical expressions of a transmissible cerebral susceptibility which may easily lead to intellectual deterioration by brain damage or epilepsy.", "PMID": 1067834}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5774", "title": "A mirror image Out-patient study at a depot phenothiazine clinic.", "content": "This Mirror Image Study, at a specialised clinic, has shown a significant reduction in days spent in Hospital. Individual features of the sample include sex and age difference in the sub-groups for dosage, duration of treatment and anti-Parkinsonian medication. Preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis has been reported.", "contents": "A mirror image Out-patient study at a depot phenothiazine clinic. This Mirror Image Study, at a specialised clinic, has shown a significant reduction in days spent in Hospital. Individual features of the sample include sex and age difference in the sub-groups for dosage, duration of treatment and anti-Parkinsonian medication. Preliminary cost-effectiveness analysis has been reported.", "PMID": 1067835}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5775", "title": "Genetics, drug dependence and schizophrenia.", "content": "It has been suggested that drug dependence is a substitute for schizophrenia in young patients and that drug dependence protects them from schizophrenic breakdown. Assuming the correctness of the genetic basis for schizophrenia, it was postulated that persons known to be dependent on heroin would have a higher genetic loading for schizophrenia if the hypothesis was true. An examination of the family backgrounds of 82 drug dependent persons failed to find supporting evidence for the belief that drug dependence is a substitute for schizophrenia in young persons.", "contents": "Genetics, drug dependence and schizophrenia. It has been suggested that drug dependence is a substitute for schizophrenia in young patients and that drug dependence protects them from schizophrenic breakdown. Assuming the correctness of the genetic basis for schizophrenia, it was postulated that persons known to be dependent on heroin would have a higher genetic loading for schizophrenia if the hypothesis was true. An examination of the family backgrounds of 82 drug dependent persons failed to find supporting evidence for the belief that drug dependence is a substitute for schizophrenia in young persons.", "PMID": 1067836}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5776", "title": "An epidemiological study of autistic and psychotic children in the four eastern states of Australia.", "content": "Data on general behavioural and etiological characteristics of a sample of 146 autistic and psychotic children from the four eastern states of Australia are presented. Both inter and intra study comparisons are made with reference to a number of factors considered significant in childhood psychosis. The findings accord with those of similar overseas studies on most factors although methodological and diagnostic differences limit the conclusions. A notable finding was that of an excess of \"organic\" indications in a sub-group of early onset, severly withdrawn \"autistic\" chhildren suggesting that further neurological and EEG testing of autistic children is desirable.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of autistic and psychotic children in the four eastern states of Australia. Data on general behavioural and etiological characteristics of a sample of 146 autistic and psychotic children from the four eastern states of Australia are presented. Both inter and intra study comparisons are made with reference to a number of factors considered significant in childhood psychosis. The findings accord with those of similar overseas studies on most factors although methodological and diagnostic differences limit the conclusions. A notable finding was that of an excess of \"organic\" indications in a sub-group of early onset, severly withdrawn \"autistic\" chhildren suggesting that further neurological and EEG testing of autistic children is desirable.", "PMID": 1067837}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5777", "title": "Potency in psychotherapy.", "content": "This paper defines therapeutic potency in terms of constructive as opposed to destructive intervention. In judging the degree of success in psychotherapy we may use either a medical or a growth model. Whichever criterion is adopted the conclusion stands that potency will be at a maximum whenever the therapist selects the most efficient technique for working with his client regardless of the school which gave birth to it. An eclectic approach views the differences between schools as exaggerated by the use of divergent psychological models and terminology, and sees value in various explanatory concepts such as 'reinforcement' 'conditioning', 'insight' and 'cognitive restructuring'.", "contents": "Potency in psychotherapy. This paper defines therapeutic potency in terms of constructive as opposed to destructive intervention. In judging the degree of success in psychotherapy we may use either a medical or a growth model. Whichever criterion is adopted the conclusion stands that potency will be at a maximum whenever the therapist selects the most efficient technique for working with his client regardless of the school which gave birth to it. An eclectic approach views the differences between schools as exaggerated by the use of divergent psychological models and terminology, and sees value in various explanatory concepts such as 'reinforcement' 'conditioning', 'insight' and 'cognitive restructuring'.", "PMID": 1067838}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5778", "title": "Cultural aspects of delusions: a psychiatric study of Egypt.", "content": "This paper deals with the cultural elements of the delusions of a sample of Egyptian psychiatric patients. After examination of clinical records, interviewing psychiatrists and reviewing literature, the author reaches the conclusion that the content of the patient's delusion varies directly in relation to his social class. For most of the low class men and women, the delusional symptoms, either megalomaniac or persecutory were fantasied in terms of the cultural religious institutions. Middle and upper class patients, however, much more frequently \"secularized\" their restitutive narcissistic and self esteem delusions in terms of science and class conception of power.", "contents": "Cultural aspects of delusions: a psychiatric study of Egypt. This paper deals with the cultural elements of the delusions of a sample of Egyptian psychiatric patients. After examination of clinical records, interviewing psychiatrists and reviewing literature, the author reaches the conclusion that the content of the patient's delusion varies directly in relation to his social class. For most of the low class men and women, the delusional symptoms, either megalomaniac or persecutory were fantasied in terms of the cultural religious institutions. Middle and upper class patients, however, much more frequently \"secularized\" their restitutive narcissistic and self esteem delusions in terms of science and class conception of power.", "PMID": 1067839}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5779", "title": "[Long-term results of intermittent massive therapy (protocol HIM-T.M.I.) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia].", "content": "Long-term results of treatment of 45 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are reported. The maintenance therapy of remission was biweekly MITX in a Control Group (20 patients) and combination of monthly therapy (T.M.I.) oral MTX, 6MP and CP, at very high doses and reinduction with Pred and VCR, every 6 weeks in the Study Group (25 patients). The median duration of remission was 10 and 26 months, respectively. Six patients of the Study Group are still in their first complete hemission for 57 to 95 months (median of 75). CNS leukemic was the initial site of relapse in 55 and 56% of  the groups, respectively, but in the Central Group it took place at 10 month and in the Study Group of median of 22.5 months after remission was achieved. In 16 patients of both groups, TMT prolonged the second remission 5.5 to 7.5 months. The median duration of survival was 17 months (Control Group) and 46 months (Study Group). The difference was due to longer hematologic remissions in the second group. Up to Feburary, 1976, all patients of the Control Group have died and 7 children of the Study Group are alive, one for 76 months but has had several relapses and 6 patients (24%) without evidence of disease from 56 to 96 months after diagnosis (median 77 months) and all are now out of antileukemic treatment from 18 to 48 months (median 31 months). These 6 patients are considered probably cured. Toxicity was more severe in the Study Group but never threatened the patient's life.", "contents": "[Long-term results of intermittent massive therapy (protocol HIM-T.M.I.) in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. Long-term results of treatment of 45 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are reported. The maintenance therapy of remission was biweekly MITX in a Control Group (20 patients) and combination of monthly therapy (T.M.I.) oral MTX, 6MP and CP, at very high doses and reinduction with Pred and VCR, every 6 weeks in the Study Group (25 patients). The median duration of remission was 10 and 26 months, respectively. Six patients of the Study Group are still in their first complete hemission for 57 to 95 months (median of 75). CNS leukemic was the initial site of relapse in 55 and 56% of  the groups, respectively, but in the Central Group it took place at 10 month and in the Study Group of median of 22.5 months after remission was achieved. In 16 patients of both groups, TMT prolonged the second remission 5.5 to 7.5 months. The median duration of survival was 17 months (Control Group) and 46 months (Study Group). The difference was due to longer hematologic remissions in the second group. Up to Feburary, 1976, all patients of the Control Group have died and 7 children of the Study Group are alive, one for 76 months but has had several relapses and 6 patients (24%) without evidence of disease from 56 to 96 months after diagnosis (median 77 months) and all are now out of antileukemic treatment from 18 to 48 months (median 31 months). These 6 patients are considered probably cured. Toxicity was more severe in the Study Group but never threatened the patient's life.", "PMID": 1067842}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5780", "title": "Endomyocardial fibrosis associated with daunorubicin therapy.", "content": "A case of endomyocardial fibrosis in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukaemia treated by daunorubicin is reported. The pathological findings are indistinguishable from tropical endomyocardial fibrosis.", "contents": "Endomyocardial fibrosis associated with daunorubicin therapy. A case of endomyocardial fibrosis in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukaemia treated by daunorubicin is reported. The pathological findings are indistinguishable from tropical endomyocardial fibrosis.", "PMID": 1067858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5781", "title": "Effects of X-rays on vascular function in transplanted tumours and normal tissues in the mouse.", "content": "The effects of X-radiation on the Nembutal-induced redistribution of the cardiac output in two types of transplanted mouse tumours and some normal mouse tissues have been investigated, using rubidium-86 and 125I-human serum albumin. Irradiation causes an increase in 86Rb uptake (relative blood perfusion) by the tumours of anaesthetized mice, but has little or no effect in non-anaesthetized mice. The increase is dose- and time-dependent. Tumour plasma space is not significantly affected by radiation and Nembutal. Muscle blood perfusion is severely decreased in anaesthetized mice and is not affected by radiation, at least within the time limits of the experiments. This means that radiation-induced functional vascular changes in normal and neoplastic tissues follow different time courses. On the basis of the present results, and of the results of other authors, it is argued that irradiation damages the vasculature of tumours in such a way that it becomes more sensitive to changes in systemic blood pressure.", "contents": "Effects of X-rays on vascular function in transplanted tumours and normal tissues in the mouse. The effects of X-radiation on the Nembutal-induced redistribution of the cardiac output in two types of transplanted mouse tumours and some normal mouse tissues have been investigated, using rubidium-86 and 125I-human serum albumin. Irradiation causes an increase in 86Rb uptake (relative blood perfusion) by the tumours of anaesthetized mice, but has little or no effect in non-anaesthetized mice. The increase is dose- and time-dependent. Tumour plasma space is not significantly affected by radiation and Nembutal. Muscle blood perfusion is severely decreased in anaesthetized mice and is not affected by radiation, at least within the time limits of the experiments. This means that radiation-induced functional vascular changes in normal and neoplastic tissues follow different time courses. On the basis of the present results, and of the results of other authors, it is argued that irradiation damages the vasculature of tumours in such a way that it becomes more sensitive to changes in systemic blood pressure.", "PMID": 1067860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5782", "title": "Blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). I. Presentation simulating acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL).", "content": "Seven patients presenting as an acute leukaemia caused difficulty in diagnosis. The lymphoid appearance of the balst cells either initially or during treatment suggested acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL). In each case the Philadelphia chromosome was shown to be present thus suggesting that these cases were examples of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) presenting in blast crisis without a detectable chronic phase. The implications of these findings are discussed and the difficulty in achieving a precise diagnosis in the acute leukaemias is emphasised. Cytogenetic analysis should be carried out whenever the type of acute leukaemia present is of critical importance.", "contents": "Blast crisis of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). I. Presentation simulating acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL). Seven patients presenting as an acute leukaemia caused difficulty in diagnosis. The lymphoid appearance of the balst cells either initially or during treatment suggested acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL). In each case the Philadelphia chromosome was shown to be present thus suggesting that these cases were examples of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) presenting in blast crisis without a detectable chronic phase. The implications of these findings are discussed and the difficulty in achieving a precise diagnosis in the acute leukaemias is emphasised. Cytogenetic analysis should be carried out whenever the type of acute leukaemia present is of critical importance.", "PMID": 1067861}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5783", "title": "Antigenic relationships in calf thymus and human leukemic cell terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase.", "content": "Antibody to purified terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (nucleosidetriphosphate : DNA deoxy-nucleotidylexotransferase, E.C. 2.7.7.31) from calf thymus was prepared in rabbits using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase crosslinked to bovine serum albumin. These antibodies, partially purified by 60% ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, produced one precipitation band with calf thymus terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase on immunodiffusion. This antibody preparation also inhibited the in vitro activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from calf thymus, acute leukemic lymphoblasts and Molt-4 cells but not that of DNA polymerases alpha, beta and psi from these cells", "contents": "Antigenic relationships in calf thymus and human leukemic cell terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase. Antibody to purified terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (nucleosidetriphosphate : DNA deoxy-nucleotidylexotransferase, E.C. 2.7.7.31) from calf thymus was prepared in rabbits using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase crosslinked to bovine serum albumin. These antibodies, partially purified by 60% ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex G-200 column chromatography, produced one precipitation band with calf thymus terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase on immunodiffusion. This antibody preparation also inhibited the in vitro activity of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase from calf thymus, acute leukemic lymphoblasts and Molt-4 cells but not that of DNA polymerases alpha, beta and psi from these cells", "PMID": 1067872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5784", "title": "A mathematical model of the chemotherapeutic treatment of acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "Based on our previous mathematical model of the acute myeloblastic leukemic (AML) state in man, we superimpose a chemotherapeutic drug treatment regimen. Our calculations suggest that small changes in the protocol can have significant effects on the result of treatment. Thus, the optimal period between drug doses is the S-phase interval of the leukemic cells--about 20h--and the greater the number of doses administered in a given course treatment, the longer the rest interval should be before the next course is administered. For a patient with a \"slow\" growing AML cell population, remission can be achieved with one or two courses of treatment, and further suppression of the leukemic population can be achieved with continued courses of treatment. However, for patients with a \"fast\" growing AML cell population, a similar aggressive treatment regimen succeeds in achieving remission status only at the cost of very great toxic effects on the normal neutrophil population and its precursors.", "contents": "A mathematical model of the chemotherapeutic treatment of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Based on our previous mathematical model of the acute myeloblastic leukemic (AML) state in man, we superimpose a chemotherapeutic drug treatment regimen. Our calculations suggest that small changes in the protocol can have significant effects on the result of treatment. Thus, the optimal period between drug doses is the S-phase interval of the leukemic cells--about 20h--and the greater the number of doses administered in a given course treatment, the longer the rest interval should be before the next course is administered. For a patient with a \"slow\" growing AML cell population, remission can be achieved with one or two courses of treatment, and further suppression of the leukemic population can be achieved with continued courses of treatment. However, for patients with a \"fast\" growing AML cell population, a similar aggressive treatment regimen succeeds in achieving remission status only at the cost of very great toxic effects on the normal neutrophil population and its precursors.", "PMID": 1067874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5785", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXI. Cytogenetically unusual cases of leukemia.", "content": "Three male patients with leukemia were found with banding techniques to have unusual cytogenetic pictures in the cells of their marrow, spleen or blood. Case No. 1 (78 yr old) was that of a Ph1-negative CML with a missing Y in the blood (cultured without PHA) and marrow cells. The patient is still alive and responding to therapy. Case No 2 (54 yr old) was considered prior to admission to have either CML or AML, but was shown, in fact, to be in the blastic phase of CML; all the cells in his marrow and spleen were Ph1-positive, but with no evidence of a translocation. Other karyotypic findings (+8, +11, +13, +21) frequently encountered in the blastic phase of CML were present in the cells of this patient. Case No. 3 (50 yr old) with AML was shown to have a Ph1 resulting from a standard translocation, i.e., [t(9;22) (q34;q11)], in a substantial number of the cells in the marrrow and blood (cultured without PHA). The implications of these unusual findings are discussed in relation to the chromosomal pictures usually encountered in these states.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XXI. Cytogenetically unusual cases of leukemia. Three male patients with leukemia were found with banding techniques to have unusual cytogenetic pictures in the cells of their marrow, spleen or blood. Case No. 1 (78 yr old) was that of a Ph1-negative CML with a missing Y in the blood (cultured without PHA) and marrow cells. The patient is still alive and responding to therapy. Case No 2 (54 yr old) was considered prior to admission to have either CML or AML, but was shown, in fact, to be in the blastic phase of CML; all the cells in his marrow and spleen were Ph1-positive, but with no evidence of a translocation. Other karyotypic findings (+8, +11, +13, +21) frequently encountered in the blastic phase of CML were present in the cells of this patient. Case No. 3 (50 yr old) with AML was shown to have a Ph1 resulting from a standard translocation, i.e., [t(9;22) (q34;q11)], in a substantial number of the cells in the marrrow and blood (cultured without PHA). The implications of these unusual findings are discussed in relation to the chromosomal pictures usually encountered in these states.", "PMID": 1067875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5786", "title": "Remission induction in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Use of vincristine and prednisone alone.", "content": "Therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) has been less successful in adults than in children. Many centers treat all adult leukemia with the same regimen. We have used vincristine and prednisone for initial therapy in 14 adults with ALL since 1971 and have followed a treatment regimen developed for childhood ALL for subsequent therapy as well. Complete remissions were attained in 13, and complications and duration of hospitalization were minimized with this nonmyelotoxic regimen. Central nervous system \"prophylactic\" therapy was also well tolerated in these adult patients. However, remission duration and survival in our series were similar to those reported by others. That complete remission can be attained in a high percentage of adult patients with ALL through use of relatively nontoxic treatment demonstrates the importance of selecting out this group of patients from all adults with acute leukemia.", "contents": "Remission induction in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Use of vincristine and prednisone alone. Therapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) has been less successful in adults than in children. Many centers treat all adult leukemia with the same regimen. We have used vincristine and prednisone for initial therapy in 14 adults with ALL since 1971 and have followed a treatment regimen developed for childhood ALL for subsequent therapy as well. Complete remissions were attained in 13, and complications and duration of hospitalization were minimized with this nonmyelotoxic regimen. Central nervous system \"prophylactic\" therapy was also well tolerated in these adult patients. However, remission duration and survival in our series were similar to those reported by others. That complete remission can be attained in a high percentage of adult patients with ALL through use of relatively nontoxic treatment demonstrates the importance of selecting out this group of patients from all adults with acute leukemia.", "PMID": 1067890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5787", "title": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVII. Banding studies in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML).", "content": "Chromosomes were studied in the bone marrow and/or blood cells from 38 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). The initial analysis with conventional Giemsa staining revealed that 16 of the 38 patients with AML studied had chromosomal abnormalities. The cells of these 38 patients (16 with abnormal karyotypes and 22 with normal karyotypes) were re-examined with Q- and G-banding techniques. Twenty-two patients with conventionally stained normal karyotypes did not show any abnormalities, even with banding techniques. Three cases had a common translocation between the long arm of No. 8 and No. 21, i.e., [t(8;21)(q22;q22)], the so-called prototypic karyotype. Two cases had a 45, XX,-21 karyotype; and three cases had trisomy of the long arm of chromosome No. 1. The banding patterns revealed that in two of the three latter cases, the presence of the trisomy of the long arm of No. 1 apparently occurred late in the disease. Therefore, it is possible that the trisomy of the long arm of No. 1 might bear a relationship to selective growth advantage of the leukemic cells in some cases with AML. The presence of extra No. 8 and No. 9 chromosomes and deletion of the long arm of No. 7, frequently reported in several leukemic disorders, were also found in the present cases, but with other chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomes No. 6,No. 15,No. 19,No. 20, and X were not involved in any structural and/or numerical changes. The present data suggest that some chromosomal changes are nonrandom in AML and that further chromosomal studies may lead to a division of AML patients into subgroups on the basis of their karyotypes.", "contents": "Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVII. Banding studies in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). Chromosomes were studied in the bone marrow and/or blood cells from 38 patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML). The initial analysis with conventional Giemsa staining revealed that 16 of the 38 patients with AML studied had chromosomal abnormalities. The cells of these 38 patients (16 with abnormal karyotypes and 22 with normal karyotypes) were re-examined with Q- and G-banding techniques. Twenty-two patients with conventionally stained normal karyotypes did not show any abnormalities, even with banding techniques. Three cases had a common translocation between the long arm of No. 8 and No. 21, i.e., [t(8;21)(q22;q22)], the so-called prototypic karyotype. Two cases had a 45, XX,-21 karyotype; and three cases had trisomy of the long arm of chromosome No. 1. The banding patterns revealed that in two of the three latter cases, the presence of the trisomy of the long arm of No. 1 apparently occurred late in the disease. Therefore, it is possible that the trisomy of the long arm of No. 1 might bear a relationship to selective growth advantage of the leukemic cells in some cases with AML. The presence of extra No. 8 and No. 9 chromosomes and deletion of the long arm of No. 7, frequently reported in several leukemic disorders, were also found in the present cases, but with other chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomes No. 6,No. 15,No. 19,No. 20, and X were not involved in any structural and/or numerical changes. The present data suggest that some chromosomal changes are nonrandom in AML and that further chromosomal studies may lead to a division of AML patients into subgroups on the basis of their karyotypes.", "PMID": 1067891}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5788", "title": "The chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVIII. The missing Y in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML).", "content": "The occurrence of a missing Y chromosome was investigated in the bone marrow cells of male individuals, i.e., 255 controls, 73 with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) and 59 with Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The incidence in controls of individuals with 45,X cells increased with age, particularly after the age of 60. In AML, 45,X metaphases were detected in two patients over 70 years of age, but the leukemia seemed to have involved the 46,XY cells rather than the 45,X cells. Four of the six patients with No. 8-No. 21 translocation and two of the 16 with major karyotypic abnormalities (MAKA) exhibited a missing Y in the leukemic cells in addition to other karyotypic aberrations. Four of the Ph1-positive CML patients exhibited a missing Y in all or nearly all the cells in the bone marrow along with the Ph1. In one patient, additional chromosome abnormalities involved the 46,XY,Ph1 rather than the 45,X,Ph1 cells. The genesis of the missing Y in CML cells may be related to the presence of the Ph1, though apparently the patient's age also plays a role. It is our hypothesis that 45,X or 45,X,Ph1 cells are resistant to the development of further chromosomal abnormalities and, thus, reflect their resistance to being involved in an acute leukemic process.", "contents": "The chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. XVIII. The missing Y in acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) and Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The occurrence of a missing Y chromosome was investigated in the bone marrow cells of male individuals, i.e., 255 controls, 73 with acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) and 59 with Ph1-positive chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML). The incidence in controls of individuals with 45,X cells increased with age, particularly after the age of 60. In AML, 45,X metaphases were detected in two patients over 70 years of age, but the leukemia seemed to have involved the 46,XY cells rather than the 45,X cells. Four of the six patients with No. 8-No. 21 translocation and two of the 16 with major karyotypic abnormalities (MAKA) exhibited a missing Y in the leukemic cells in addition to other karyotypic aberrations. Four of the Ph1-positive CML patients exhibited a missing Y in all or nearly all the cells in the bone marrow along with the Ph1. In one patient, additional chromosome abnormalities involved the 46,XY,Ph1 rather than the 45,X,Ph1 cells. The genesis of the missing Y in CML cells may be related to the presence of the Ph1, though apparently the patient's age also plays a role. It is our hypothesis that 45,X or 45,X,Ph1 cells are resistant to the development of further chromosomal abnormalities and, thus, reflect their resistance to being involved in an acute leukemic process.", "PMID": 1067892}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5789", "title": "Familial acute myelogenous leukemia with associated C-monosomy in two affected members.", "content": "A family is described in which five members, three sibs in one branch and two sib cousins in another, died of acute myelogenous leukemia. C-Monosomy was found in the marrow of two of the sibs. C-deletion aneuploidy has been increasingly reported in conjunction with abnormal myelopoiesis. It is possible that this chromosomal aberration may serve as a useful clinical marker of the emergence of a leukemic state.", "contents": "Familial acute myelogenous leukemia with associated C-monosomy in two affected members. A family is described in which five members, three sibs in one branch and two sib cousins in another, died of acute myelogenous leukemia. C-Monosomy was found in the marrow of two of the sibs. C-deletion aneuploidy has been increasingly reported in conjunction with abnormal myelopoiesis. It is possible that this chromosomal aberration may serve as a useful clinical marker of the emergence of a leukemic state.", "PMID": 1067893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5790", "title": "Malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastic.", "content": "Among the malignant lymphomas of the diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic type, a cytologically distinctive form can be recognized. It is composed of immature lymphoid cells that are indistinguishable from the cells of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although these neoplasms usually have been classified as malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastic type, they contain, in addition to lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes in varying proportions. On the basis of the nuclear morphology, malignant lymphoma of the lymphoblastic type, (MLLB) can be further divided into those with and those without convoluted nuclei. In our series both groups had the following clinical features in common: 1) frequent occurrence in children and adolescents; 2) clinical presentation with mediastinal masses in 50% of cases; 3) a high incidence of bone marrow and perpheral blood involvement during the course of the disease; and 4) rapid progression of the disease with a median survival of 8 months. Our observations indicate that nuclear convolutions are helpful but not essential for the recognition of a clinicopathologic entity which is histologically and cytologically characterized by 1) the immaturity of the lymphoid cells indistinguishable from the lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes of ALL and 2) a high mitotic index. Because of the frequency with which MLLB progresses into ALL, systemic therapy may be indicated even before this progression is hematologically evident. This indicates the need for morphologic recognition of this malignant lymphoma regardless of the presence of nuclear convolution, age of the patient, and site of presentation.", "contents": "Malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastic. Among the malignant lymphomas of the diffuse, poorly differentiated lymphocytic type, a cytologically distinctive form can be recognized. It is composed of immature lymphoid cells that are indistinguishable from the cells of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Although these neoplasms usually have been classified as malignant lymphoma, lymphoblastic type, they contain, in addition to lymphoblasts, prolymphocytes in varying proportions. On the basis of the nuclear morphology, malignant lymphoma of the lymphoblastic type, (MLLB) can be further divided into those with and those without convoluted nuclei. In our series both groups had the following clinical features in common: 1) frequent occurrence in children and adolescents; 2) clinical presentation with mediastinal masses in 50% of cases; 3) a high incidence of bone marrow and perpheral blood involvement during the course of the disease; and 4) rapid progression of the disease with a median survival of 8 months. Our observations indicate that nuclear convolutions are helpful but not essential for the recognition of a clinicopathologic entity which is histologically and cytologically characterized by 1) the immaturity of the lymphoid cells indistinguishable from the lymphoblasts and prolymphocytes of ALL and 2) a high mitotic index. Because of the frequency with which MLLB progresses into ALL, systemic therapy may be indicated even before this progression is hematologically evident. This indicates the need for morphologic recognition of this malignant lymphoma regardless of the presence of nuclear convolution, age of the patient, and site of presentation.", "PMID": 1067894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5791", "title": "Relation of disease stage to humoral and cellular impairment of spleen reticuloendothelial system depression in a rat leukemia.", "content": "In the rat leukemia studied there is an early reversible depression of reticuloendothelial system (RES) function followed by a late-stage secondary depression, culminating in death, associated with an infiltration of leukemic cells into the bone marrow and spleen. In one set of experiments to assess RES function, isolated spleens of nonleukemic rats were perfused with blood from rats in progressively advanced stages of the leukemia. In a reciprocal set of experiments, isolated spleens of rats in comparable stages of the leukemia were perfused with blood from nonleukemic rats. The clearance of 99mTc-sulfur colloid from the blood perfusate was used as a test of RES function. In the first set, clearance was depressed in nonleukemic spleens perfused with blood collected from rats 1 hr after they had been inoculated with tumor cells, and it was more markedly depressed in a late stage of the leukemia 6 days later. Perfusion of nonleukemic spleens with blood from rats in intermediate stages of the leukemia did not depress clearance. In the reciprocal study, clearance was depressed in spleens of rats that were inoculated with tumor cells 1 hr before perfusion with nonleukemic blood. Clearance values were at the control level in spleens of rats in all other stages of the leukemia when calculated on the basis of total spleen weight. When calculated on a unit weight basis, clearance values were lower in the enlarged spleens of rats in advanced stages of the leukemia. The results indicate that impairment of RES clearance of 99mTc-sulfur colloid is associated with alternations in the humoral content of the blood of this leukemic rat. There is indirect evidence to suggest that in the terminal stage of the leukemia an impairment of splenic RES cells to clear 99mTc-sulfur colloid may develop secondarily.", "contents": "Relation of disease stage to humoral and cellular impairment of spleen reticuloendothelial system depression in a rat leukemia. In the rat leukemia studied there is an early reversible depression of reticuloendothelial system (RES) function followed by a late-stage secondary depression, culminating in death, associated with an infiltration of leukemic cells into the bone marrow and spleen. In one set of experiments to assess RES function, isolated spleens of nonleukemic rats were perfused with blood from rats in progressively advanced stages of the leukemia. In a reciprocal set of experiments, isolated spleens of rats in comparable stages of the leukemia were perfused with blood from nonleukemic rats. The clearance of 99mTc-sulfur colloid from the blood perfusate was used as a test of RES function. In the first set, clearance was depressed in nonleukemic spleens perfused with blood collected from rats 1 hr after they had been inoculated with tumor cells, and it was more markedly depressed in a late stage of the leukemia 6 days later. Perfusion of nonleukemic spleens with blood from rats in intermediate stages of the leukemia did not depress clearance. In the reciprocal study, clearance was depressed in spleens of rats that were inoculated with tumor cells 1 hr before perfusion with nonleukemic blood. Clearance values were at the control level in spleens of rats in all other stages of the leukemia when calculated on the basis of total spleen weight. When calculated on a unit weight basis, clearance values were lower in the enlarged spleens of rats in advanced stages of the leukemia. The results indicate that impairment of RES clearance of 99mTc-sulfur colloid is associated with alternations in the humoral content of the blood of this leukemic rat. There is indirect evidence to suggest that in the terminal stage of the leukemia an impairment of splenic RES cells to clear 99mTc-sulfur colloid may develop secondarily.", "PMID": 1067895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5792", "title": "The phenotypes of variant clones of Friend mouse erythroleukemic cells resistant to dimethyl sulfoxide.", "content": "The cloning efficiency of Friend erythroleukemic mouse cells is reduced by approximately 50% at every generation when the cells are continuously grown in the presence of 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Clones of murine erythroleukemic cells, resistant to the effect of the drug, have been selected from a nonmutagenized, hemoglobin (Hb)-inducible clone 745. The variant cells are present in the population with a frequency of 3 X 10(-5) cells. Twelve clones, characterized by different growth rates, have been examined in more detail. All the clones can grow in the continuous presence of 2% DMSO, are noninducible or poorly inducible by the drug, and consist of a homogeneous proerythroblastic cell population and a low number of Hb-synthesizing cells, except for clone R22S in which about 30% of the cells synthesize Hb. All but one (R2102) of the noninducible clones can be induced to synthesize Hb to various degrees by treatment with 1 mM butyric acid for 4 days. One clone (R1Z) forms colonies at a much higher efficiency in 2% DMSO than in nonselective plates, suggesting that it is conditional for DMSO. These and other resistant clones could be useful for the study of the mechanisms of induction of terminal differentiation.", "contents": "The phenotypes of variant clones of Friend mouse erythroleukemic cells resistant to dimethyl sulfoxide. The cloning efficiency of Friend erythroleukemic mouse cells is reduced by approximately 50% at every generation when the cells are continuously grown in the presence of 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Clones of murine erythroleukemic cells, resistant to the effect of the drug, have been selected from a nonmutagenized, hemoglobin (Hb)-inducible clone 745. The variant cells are present in the population with a frequency of 3 X 10(-5) cells. Twelve clones, characterized by different growth rates, have been examined in more detail. All the clones can grow in the continuous presence of 2% DMSO, are noninducible or poorly inducible by the drug, and consist of a homogeneous proerythroblastic cell population and a low number of Hb-synthesizing cells, except for clone R22S in which about 30% of the cells synthesize Hb. All but one (R2102) of the noninducible clones can be induced to synthesize Hb to various degrees by treatment with 1 mM butyric acid for 4 days. One clone (R1Z) forms colonies at a much higher efficiency in 2% DMSO than in nonselective plates, suggesting that it is conditional for DMSO. These and other resistant clones could be useful for the study of the mechanisms of induction of terminal differentiation.", "PMID": 1067896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5793", "title": "Regulation of bone marrow myeloblast proliferation in chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "The in vivo [3H]thymidine-labeling index of bone marrow myeloblasts and myelocytes was determined for 9 hematologically normal individuals and 20 Ph-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in the chronic phase of their disease. The mean labeling index of myeloblasts from CML patients when the white blood cell (WNC) count was lower than 20,000/cu mm (42.4%) was not significantly different from that of normal myeloblasts (49.9). This index was found to be significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased to an average of 20.9% when the WBC count was higher than 40,000/cu mm. The mean labelling index of CML myelocytes was not significantly influenced by the level of WBC. The data presented indicate that such variations in the labeling index of the leukemic myeloblasts represent changes of their proliferative activity related to the level of WBC. It is concluded that the proliferation of CML myeloblasts is sensitive, to a certain degree at least, to the size of the myeloid cell population in the body or a subclass of it.", "contents": "Regulation of bone marrow myeloblast proliferation in chronic myeloid leukemia. The in vivo [3H]thymidine-labeling index of bone marrow myeloblasts and myelocytes was determined for 9 hematologically normal individuals and 20 Ph-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in the chronic phase of their disease. The mean labeling index of myeloblasts from CML patients when the white blood cell (WNC) count was lower than 20,000/cu mm (42.4%) was not significantly different from that of normal myeloblasts (49.9). This index was found to be significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased to an average of 20.9% when the WBC count was higher than 40,000/cu mm. The mean labelling index of CML myelocytes was not significantly influenced by the level of WBC. The data presented indicate that such variations in the labeling index of the leukemic myeloblasts represent changes of their proliferative activity related to the level of WBC. It is concluded that the proliferation of CML myeloblasts is sensitive, to a certain degree at least, to the size of the myeloid cell population in the body or a subclass of it.", "PMID": 1067897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5794", "title": "Rapid and selective induction of erythroleukemia in female Donryu rats by continuous oral administration of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "Three groups of female Donryu rats were given continuously 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea, 400, 200, or 100 mg/liter, in their drinking water. Leukemias developed in 94 of 104 (92%) rats surviving more than 6 experimental weeks. Of the leukemias, the erythroleukemias were induced most frequently, rapidly, and selectively. Other types of leukemias were found in a few rats of the high-dose group and, in some cases, in rats of the low-dose group. Tumors were also induced in the digestive tract, mammary glands, ear duct, and other organs, but their incidences were lower than 24%.", "contents": "Rapid and selective induction of erythroleukemia in female Donryu rats by continuous oral administration of 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea. Three groups of female Donryu rats were given continuously 1-ethyl-1-nitrosourea, 400, 200, or 100 mg/liter, in their drinking water. Leukemias developed in 94 of 104 (92%) rats surviving more than 6 experimental weeks. Of the leukemias, the erythroleukemias were induced most frequently, rapidly, and selectively. Other types of leukemias were found in a few rats of the high-dose group and, in some cases, in rats of the low-dose group. Tumors were also induced in the digestive tract, mammary glands, ear duct, and other organs, but their incidences were lower than 24%.", "PMID": 1067898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5795", "title": "The results of surgical treatment combined with intra-arterial infusion of anti-cancer agents in osteosarcoma.", "content": "Since 1963, regional intra-arterial infusion of anti-cancer agents combined with surgery has been used in the treatment of 56 patients with osteosarcomas. The histologic examination of amputated limbs after prolonged intra-arterial infusion therapy showed remarkable degeneration and necrosis throughout wide areas of tumor tissue. The overall estimated 5-year survival rate improved from 4 to 31.4 per cent. In cases where the infusion period was of more than 3 weeks duration, the estimated 5-year survival rate was 43.8 per cent. The period from operation to pulmonary metastasis was prolonged and the incidence of pulmonary metastasis within the first year was markedly decreased. The use of intra-arterial infusion prior to surgery coupled with postoperative bronchial arterial infusion and systemic chemotherapy improved the prognosis in osteosarcomas.", "contents": "The results of surgical treatment combined with intra-arterial infusion of anti-cancer agents in osteosarcoma. Since 1963, regional intra-arterial infusion of anti-cancer agents combined with surgery has been used in the treatment of 56 patients with osteosarcomas. The histologic examination of amputated limbs after prolonged intra-arterial infusion therapy showed remarkable degeneration and necrosis throughout wide areas of tumor tissue. The overall estimated 5-year survival rate improved from 4 to 31.4 per cent. In cases where the infusion period was of more than 3 weeks duration, the estimated 5-year survival rate was 43.8 per cent. The period from operation to pulmonary metastasis was prolonged and the incidence of pulmonary metastasis within the first year was markedly decreased. The use of intra-arterial infusion prior to surgery coupled with postoperative bronchial arterial infusion and systemic chemotherapy improved the prognosis in osteosarcomas.", "PMID": 1067919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5796", "title": "Primary osteosarcoma of the skull.", "content": "In 33 cases of primary osteosarcoma of the skull in a relatively old age group, the sex ratio and poor prognosis is the same as in osteosarcoma of long bones. However, patients in the second decade of life free of neurologic disease have a better prognosis.", "contents": "Primary osteosarcoma of the skull. In 33 cases of primary osteosarcoma of the skull in a relatively old age group, the sex ratio and poor prognosis is the same as in osteosarcoma of long bones. However, patients in the second decade of life free of neurologic disease have a better prognosis.", "PMID": 1067920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5797", "title": "Spinothalamic fibres, pain conduction and cordotomy.", "content": "Description of four cases of cordotomy for intractable pain in which autopsy could be performed. In two of the cases the lesion had been placed (unintentionally) in the posterior quadrant of the spinal cord with good results as to the abolishing of pain. It is concluded that the conduction of pain and temperature stimuli is not restricted to the anterolateral part of the spinal cord but that this conduction may also take place along fibres in the posterolateral quadrant. A further conclusion is that the results of cordotomy are related to the number of cut fibres.", "contents": "Spinothalamic fibres, pain conduction and cordotomy. Description of four cases of cordotomy for intractable pain in which autopsy could be performed. In two of the cases the lesion had been placed (unintentionally) in the posterior quadrant of the spinal cord with good results as to the abolishing of pain. It is concluded that the conduction of pain and temperature stimuli is not restricted to the anterolateral part of the spinal cord but that this conduction may also take place along fibres in the posterolateral quadrant. A further conclusion is that the results of cordotomy are related to the number of cut fibres.", "PMID": 1067921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5798", "title": "A dynamic study of genotype-environment interaction with egg laying of Tribolium castaneum.", "content": "Within-line family selection was carried out at an optimum (33 degrees C) and two stress temperatures (28 degrees C and 38 degrees C) for increasing egg number laid by virgin females of Tribolium castaneum from the 7th to the 11th day after adult emergence. A control was maintained throughout the experiment. Two replicated lines were selected at each temperature and all selected lines were tested in each of the three environments. Direct and correlated responses to selection in different environments have been analysed in order to study implications of genotype-environment interaction on the selection outcome. Although selection at the optimum environment has been the most effective it did not confer the specialisation needed for performance in stress environments. However, selecting in adverse environments led to a broader range of performance over environments, which in one case (38 degrees C) included the optimum one. The degree of adaptation to adverse environments was mainly determined by the magnitude of the genetic correlation between performances in the adverse and the optimum environments. The evolution of such correlations through selection has also been investigated.", "contents": "A dynamic study of genotype-environment interaction with egg laying of Tribolium castaneum. Within-line family selection was carried out at an optimum (33 degrees C) and two stress temperatures (28 degrees C and 38 degrees C) for increasing egg number laid by virgin females of Tribolium castaneum from the 7th to the 11th day after adult emergence. A control was maintained throughout the experiment. Two replicated lines were selected at each temperature and all selected lines were tested in each of the three environments. Direct and correlated responses to selection in different environments have been analysed in order to study implications of genotype-environment interaction on the selection outcome. Although selection at the optimum environment has been the most effective it did not confer the specialisation needed for performance in stress environments. However, selecting in adverse environments led to a broader range of performance over environments, which in one case (38 degrees C) included the optimum one. The degree of adaptation to adverse environments was mainly determined by the magnitude of the genetic correlation between performances in the adverse and the optimum environments. The evolution of such correlations through selection has also been investigated.", "PMID": 1068109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5799", "title": "Genetic studies on cycloheximide-resistant strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "Cycloheximide-resistant mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were isolated either as spontaneous mutants or after mutagenic treatment with nitrous acid, UV and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Twenty-three spontaneous mutants and 64 induced mutants were analysed genetically. Crosses revealed that at least four loci, designated cyh1, cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 are responsible for resistance. Alleles of cyh1 show good growth on either high (100 mug/ml) or low (40 mug/ml) concentrations of cycloheximide whereas alleles at the cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 loci gorw well on 40 mug/ml but poorly on 100 mug/ml. Some alleles at the cyh2 and cyh3 loci are also temperature sensitive (ts), the ts phenotype being conferred by the same gene as the resistance. In diploids, cyh1 and cyh4 are re-essive to wild type whereas cyh2 and cyh3 are semi-dominant. There was no intragenic complementation between three cyh1 alleles. Cross-resistance to trichodermin and anisomycin was shown by cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 but not cyh1. Most cyh1 alleles, of spontaneous and UV origin only, were cold sensitive (cs) at 14 degrees and some of these were also cycloheximide dependent at the same temperature. It is suggested that the cyh1 and cyh4 genes are involved in ribosome formation or function and the other loci probably affect the uptake of cycloheximide by the cells.", "contents": "Genetic studies on cycloheximide-resistant strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cycloheximide-resistant mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were isolated either as spontaneous mutants or after mutagenic treatment with nitrous acid, UV and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG). Twenty-three spontaneous mutants and 64 induced mutants were analysed genetically. Crosses revealed that at least four loci, designated cyh1, cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 are responsible for resistance. Alleles of cyh1 show good growth on either high (100 mug/ml) or low (40 mug/ml) concentrations of cycloheximide whereas alleles at the cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 loci gorw well on 40 mug/ml but poorly on 100 mug/ml. Some alleles at the cyh2 and cyh3 loci are also temperature sensitive (ts), the ts phenotype being conferred by the same gene as the resistance. In diploids, cyh1 and cyh4 are re-essive to wild type whereas cyh2 and cyh3 are semi-dominant. There was no intragenic complementation between three cyh1 alleles. Cross-resistance to trichodermin and anisomycin was shown by cyh2, cyh3 and cyh4 but not cyh1. Most cyh1 alleles, of spontaneous and UV origin only, were cold sensitive (cs) at 14 degrees and some of these were also cycloheximide dependent at the same temperature. It is suggested that the cyh1 and cyh4 genes are involved in ribosome formation or function and the other loci probably affect the uptake of cycloheximide by the cells.", "PMID": 1068110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5800", "title": "Genetic analysis of enzyme polymorphisms in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa).", "content": "Genetic analysis was performed on five enzyme systems (G3PDH; GPI-A; GPI-B; PGM; MDH-A) in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) collected in spawning condition from the North Sea. Conventional crosses, induced gynogenesis and induced triploidy were performed. The data conclusively demonstrated the inheritance of isozymes by co-dominant alleles at individual loci for each system. No linkage was observed but tests did not include MDH nor the possibility of linkage between G3PDH and GPI-A. Some anomalous segregation ratios were observed, particularly a deficiency of heterozygotes for GPI-A, but the data were largely in conformity with Mendelian expectations. At the PGM locus, five independent anomalous individuals were scored and interpreted as mutations with a mutation rate of 1.1 X 10(-3) per gamete. Recombination with the centromere was assessed and induced triploidy and cross-over values of 41 per cent for PGM, 19 per cent for MDH-A and 9 per cent for GPI-B were derived on the assumption of complete interference. Amongst the parent fish, genotypic and phenotypic frequencies were largely consistent with the expectations of the Hardy-Weinberg Law, and allelic frequencies were not significantly different between year of collection or location of collection ground.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of enzyme polymorphisms in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa). Genetic analysis was performed on five enzyme systems (G3PDH; GPI-A; GPI-B; PGM; MDH-A) in plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) collected in spawning condition from the North Sea. Conventional crosses, induced gynogenesis and induced triploidy were performed. The data conclusively demonstrated the inheritance of isozymes by co-dominant alleles at individual loci for each system. No linkage was observed but tests did not include MDH nor the possibility of linkage between G3PDH and GPI-A. Some anomalous segregation ratios were observed, particularly a deficiency of heterozygotes for GPI-A, but the data were largely in conformity with Mendelian expectations. At the PGM locus, five independent anomalous individuals were scored and interpreted as mutations with a mutation rate of 1.1 X 10(-3) per gamete. Recombination with the centromere was assessed and induced triploidy and cross-over values of 41 per cent for PGM, 19 per cent for MDH-A and 9 per cent for GPI-B were derived on the assumption of complete interference. Amongst the parent fish, genotypic and phenotypic frequencies were largely consistent with the expectations of the Hardy-Weinberg Law, and allelic frequencies were not significantly different between year of collection or location of collection ground.", "PMID": 1068111}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5801", "title": "Supergenes in polymorphic land snails. I. Partula taeniata.", "content": "The general colour of the shell in Partula taeniata is controlled by at least two loci. One of these (C) has a series of six alleles which determine the yellow (Y) and neutral brown (N) series of colours. Alleles for darker colours are dominant to those for lighter colours, but dominance is not always complete. The pink (P) colours are determined by a second locus (P) which modified the expression of the lighter alleles of the C locus. Orangeshell colour segregates with yellow but its allelic relationship is unknown. Colour of the lip is controlled by a locus (L) with pink lip dominant to white lip. The colour of the spire is determined by a locus (S) with dark (N4) spire dominant to light spire. An intermediate spire colour shows the same pattern of inheritance and may represent the effect of another allele. Banding of the shell is dominant to absence of bands, with two loci (B1 and B2) determining the type of banding. An allele at B1 produces the frenata pattern; an allele at B2 produces zonata; together they produce lyra. All the loci for which linkage data are available are linked so strongly that the whole array may be considered a supergene. Self-fertilisation takes place primarily during early reproductive life. About 20 per cent of the young of the first mating of an individual are produced by selfing, but over the whole reproductive span the frequency is only about 2-5 per cent. There is inconclusive evidence for heterozygote advantage of banded individuals.", "contents": "Supergenes in polymorphic land snails. I. Partula taeniata. The general colour of the shell in Partula taeniata is controlled by at least two loci. One of these (C) has a series of six alleles which determine the yellow (Y) and neutral brown (N) series of colours. Alleles for darker colours are dominant to those for lighter colours, but dominance is not always complete. The pink (P) colours are determined by a second locus (P) which modified the expression of the lighter alleles of the C locus. Orangeshell colour segregates with yellow but its allelic relationship is unknown. Colour of the lip is controlled by a locus (L) with pink lip dominant to white lip. The colour of the spire is determined by a locus (S) with dark (N4) spire dominant to light spire. An intermediate spire colour shows the same pattern of inheritance and may represent the effect of another allele. Banding of the shell is dominant to absence of bands, with two loci (B1 and B2) determining the type of banding. An allele at B1 produces the frenata pattern; an allele at B2 produces zonata; together they produce lyra. All the loci for which linkage data are available are linked so strongly that the whole array may be considered a supergene. Self-fertilisation takes place primarily during early reproductive life. About 20 per cent of the young of the first mating of an individual are produced by selfing, but over the whole reproductive span the frequency is only about 2-5 per cent. There is inconclusive evidence for heterozygote advantage of banded individuals.", "PMID": 1068112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5802", "title": "Supergenes in polymorphic land snails. II. Partula suturalis.", "content": "The colour and banding of the shell of Partula suturalis are controlled by a single locus (M) with a series of at least six alleles. MX, giving apex as a homozygote, is dominant to MF1, giving frenata, which is dominant to the other alleles. MF2 is similar to MF1 except in its relation with MA. MF2MA produces bisecta and provides a striking example of a heterozygote that is qualitatively different from both homozygotes for the alleles producing it. MA gives atra as a homozygote and is dominant to MC and MS. MC, giving cestata as a homozygote, is recessive to all except MS. MS, giving strigata, is the universal recessive. It is suggested that the locus may be complex. The direction of coiling of the shell is determined by the H locus with HS (sinistrality) dominant to HD (dextrality). The expression of coiling is delayed by one generation, the maternal genotype determining the phenotype of the offspring. M and H are not linked. Self-fertilisation occurs infrequently and non-randomly.", "contents": "Supergenes in polymorphic land snails. II. Partula suturalis. The colour and banding of the shell of Partula suturalis are controlled by a single locus (M) with a series of at least six alleles. MX, giving apex as a homozygote, is dominant to MF1, giving frenata, which is dominant to the other alleles. MF2 is similar to MF1 except in its relation with MA. MF2MA produces bisecta and provides a striking example of a heterozygote that is qualitatively different from both homozygotes for the alleles producing it. MA gives atra as a homozygote and is dominant to MC and MS. MC, giving cestata as a homozygote, is recessive to all except MS. MS, giving strigata, is the universal recessive. It is suggested that the locus may be complex. The direction of coiling of the shell is determined by the H locus with HS (sinistrality) dominant to HD (dextrality). The expression of coiling is delayed by one generation, the maternal genotype determining the phenotype of the offspring. M and H are not linked. Self-fertilisation occurs infrequently and non-randomly.", "PMID": 1068113}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5803", "title": "Spontaneous recombination in males of Drosophila simulans.", "content": "Spontaneous recombination in males of Drosophila simulans is reported for the first time. Both second-chromosome and third-chromosome male recombination was observed in lines that had been captured from natural populations.", "contents": "Spontaneous recombination in males of Drosophila simulans. Spontaneous recombination in males of Drosophila simulans is reported for the first time. Both second-chromosome and third-chromosome male recombination was observed in lines that had been captured from natural populations.", "PMID": 1068114}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5804", "title": "Bias in the estimation of regression coefficients in the analysis of genotype-environmental interaction.", "content": "Potential bias in estimates of regression coefficients when the environmental index in joint regressional analysis is the mean of all genotypes is examined in relation to assumptions of random and fixed genotypic effects and the error structure of the experiment. A modification is suggested.", "contents": "Bias in the estimation of regression coefficients in the analysis of genotype-environmental interaction. Potential bias in estimates of regression coefficients when the environmental index in joint regressional analysis is the mean of all genotypes is examined in relation to assumptions of random and fixed genotypic effects and the error structure of the experiment. A modification is suggested.", "PMID": 1068115}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5805", "title": "[Segmentation analysis of the oro-dental health of a population of young adults].", "content": "The results of an epidemiological study of the oral conditions in a representative sample of 2000 adult inhabitants of Strasbourg, 16 to 30 years old, have been analyzed by the segmentation method. The gingival conditions were essentially dependent on dental plaque, followed by age, socio-professional status, as well as DMF/S and sex. Dental caries was mainly related to age and then to gingival conditions and sex. The amount of calculus and the socio-professional conditions intervened afterwards. In all conditions, the females had more carious lesions than the males.", "contents": "[Segmentation analysis of the oro-dental health of a population of young adults]. The results of an epidemiological study of the oral conditions in a representative sample of 2000 adult inhabitants of Strasbourg, 16 to 30 years old, have been analyzed by the segmentation method. The gingival conditions were essentially dependent on dental plaque, followed by age, socio-professional status, as well as DMF/S and sex. Dental caries was mainly related to age and then to gingival conditions and sex. The amount of calculus and the socio-professional conditions intervened afterwards. In all conditions, the females had more carious lesions than the males.", "PMID": 1068122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5806", "title": "[Oro-facial behavior of smokers].", "content": "A preliminary study was conducted on twenty patients to study the oro-facial behaviour when smoking a cigarette. Such a study was realized with an electromyograph, an integrator and a magnetoscope which were combined. Two types of smokers were found: \"a correlated\" type for whom time and degree of activity of the different muscles had a tendency to become similar; in the \"dissociated\" type the two preceding parameters had a tendency to move away from each other, at least for certain muscles. Each smoker presented a very stable behavioural motor pattern.", "contents": "[Oro-facial behavior of smokers]. A preliminary study was conducted on twenty patients to study the oro-facial behaviour when smoking a cigarette. Such a study was realized with an electromyograph, an integrator and a magnetoscope which were combined. Two types of smokers were found: \"a correlated\" type for whom time and degree of activity of the different muscles had a tendency to become similar; in the \"dissociated\" type the two preceding parameters had a tendency to move away from each other, at least for certain muscles. Each smoker presented a very stable behavioural motor pattern.", "PMID": 1068123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5807", "title": "Oral Candida, debilitating disease and atrophic lesions of the tongue.", "content": "Central papillary atrophy of the tongue (CPA) was significantly more common in diabetics than in non-diabetic control subjects. Candida species were cultured from 46% of diabetics. The only species insolated from diabetics with atrophic glossitis was Candida albicans. Almost one in five of the diabetics gave positive smears for candidal mycelia. The correlation between atrophic lesions and the finding of candidal mycella in smears was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.01) but a cause-and-effect relationship was not established. Histological examination of a case of diabetic CPA suggest that this may be predisposed by micro-vascular degeneration.", "contents": "Oral Candida, debilitating disease and atrophic lesions of the tongue. Central papillary atrophy of the tongue (CPA) was significantly more common in diabetics than in non-diabetic control subjects. Candida species were cultured from 46% of diabetics. The only species insolated from diabetics with atrophic glossitis was Candida albicans. Almost one in five of the diabetics gave positive smears for candidal mycelia. The correlation between atrophic lesions and the finding of candidal mycella in smears was statistically highly significant (P less than 0.01) but a cause-and-effect relationship was not established. Histological examination of a case of diabetic CPA suggest that this may be predisposed by micro-vascular degeneration.", "PMID": 1068124}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5808", "title": "[Attempt at a comparison of healthy coronal dentin and carious coronal dentin].", "content": "The amino acid composition of normal human coronal dentine has been studied. The amino acid composition of carious coronal dentine was compared to that of the normal coronal dentine. The study was conducted on non demineralized samples. The results lead to a reconsideration of the so-called \"normal dentine\" in relation to different parameters: tooth age, sample location. A precise comparison between normal and carious dentine appears difficult to make.", "contents": "[Attempt at a comparison of healthy coronal dentin and carious coronal dentin]. The amino acid composition of normal human coronal dentine has been studied. The amino acid composition of carious coronal dentine was compared to that of the normal coronal dentine. The study was conducted on non demineralized samples. The results lead to a reconsideration of the so-called \"normal dentine\" in relation to different parameters: tooth age, sample location. A precise comparison between normal and carious dentine appears difficult to make.", "PMID": 1068125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5809", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans of human dental pulp.", "content": "Dental pulps were obtained from sound human permanent molars and premolars. The pulps were treated to remove lipid, protein and nucleic acid and glycosaminoglycans were finally isolated by ethanol precipitation. Electrophoretic examination and CPC-cellulose profiles revealed the presence of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate, chondroitin 4 sulphate and chondroitin 6 sulphate. Hyaluronic acid accounted for only a low percentage of the total glycosaminoglycan content while dermatan sulphate was present in unusually high amounts. Chondroitin 4 and 6 sulphates represented the major glycosaminoglycan fraction.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans of human dental pulp. Dental pulps were obtained from sound human permanent molars and premolars. The pulps were treated to remove lipid, protein and nucleic acid and glycosaminoglycans were finally isolated by ethanol precipitation. Electrophoretic examination and CPC-cellulose profiles revealed the presence of hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulphate, chondroitin 4 sulphate and chondroitin 6 sulphate. Hyaluronic acid accounted for only a low percentage of the total glycosaminoglycan content while dermatan sulphate was present in unusually high amounts. Chondroitin 4 and 6 sulphates represented the major glycosaminoglycan fraction.", "PMID": 1068126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5810", "title": "[Development of the fetal mandible of rats in transplants onto the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos].", "content": "The evolution of mandibles of 15 to 17 days old fetal rats has been studied after transplantation on the chorio-allanto\u00efc membrane of chicken embryos. The histological study of the samples grafts showed a remarkable adaptation of Meckel cartilage to the transplantation medium as well as the continuation of the ossification processes of membranous and endochondral origin. An important thickening of the oral epithelium, accompanied by an increased keratinization appeared in the grafts collected at 17 days \"in utero\". Only one tooth germ could be found in a graft collected at 17 days \"in utero\".", "contents": "[Development of the fetal mandible of rats in transplants onto the chorioallantoic membrane of chick embryos]. The evolution of mandibles of 15 to 17 days old fetal rats has been studied after transplantation on the chorio-allanto\u00efc membrane of chicken embryos. The histological study of the samples grafts showed a remarkable adaptation of Meckel cartilage to the transplantation medium as well as the continuation of the ossification processes of membranous and endochondral origin. An important thickening of the oral epithelium, accompanied by an increased keratinization appeared in the grafts collected at 17 days \"in utero\". Only one tooth germ could be found in a graft collected at 17 days \"in utero\".", "PMID": 1068127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5811", "title": "An experience in dental education in Sweden.", "content": "On the basis of a one-year experience as a visiting professor at the University of Lund School of Dentistry in Malmmo, Sweden, the author discusses dental education in the Swedish system and compares it to its American counterpart. The power and independence of the department chairmen and the absolute dependence on research productivity as the criterion for advancement in the academic hierarchy are pervading influences in Swedish dental education. It is difficult to undertake curriculum study and revision in Sweden and to achieve coordination in the educational program. Research efforts in the Swedish schools are of high quality and are remarkably prolific.", "contents": "An experience in dental education in Sweden. On the basis of a one-year experience as a visiting professor at the University of Lund School of Dentistry in Malmmo, Sweden, the author discusses dental education in the Swedish system and compares it to its American counterpart. The power and independence of the department chairmen and the absolute dependence on research productivity as the criterion for advancement in the academic hierarchy are pervading influences in Swedish dental education. It is difficult to undertake curriculum study and revision in Sweden and to achieve coordination in the educational program. Research efforts in the Swedish schools are of high quality and are remarkably prolific.", "PMID": 1068148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5812", "title": "Factors associated with career choice among women dental students.", "content": "This paper describes factors associated with women's decisions to enter dentistry including timing of decision, external influences, previous dental experience, and dempgraphic characteristics. Analyses comparing data from male students are provided. On the basis of responses from 66% of all women dental students and a systematic comparison sample of men enrolled in 1974, both sexes were found to possess similar values,motivations, and reasons for pursuing dentistry. Male and female dental students differed significantly, however, in time of career decision, factors influencing this decision, work and educational history of parents, and the student's previous dental-related work experience.", "contents": "Factors associated with career choice among women dental students. This paper describes factors associated with women's decisions to enter dentistry including timing of decision, external influences, previous dental experience, and dempgraphic characteristics. Analyses comparing data from male students are provided. On the basis of responses from 66% of all women dental students and a systematic comparison sample of men enrolled in 1974, both sexes were found to possess similar values,motivations, and reasons for pursuing dentistry. Male and female dental students differed significantly, however, in time of career decision, factors influencing this decision, work and educational history of parents, and the student's previous dental-related work experience.", "PMID": 1068149}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5813", "title": "Strong Vocational Interest Blank scores and differential attraction to in individualized curriculum.", "content": "Research suggests that preference for and effectiveness of instructional methods vary with individual differences in personality and motivation. Students who had taken the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) and were completing an individualized course in preclinical dentistry made a hypothetical choice between individualized and traditional curricula. As compared with students preferring the regular option, those preferring the individualized optipn scored higher on interests in scientific, aesthetic-cultural, and adventuresome activities and on motivation for academic achievement and professional specialization. On occupational scales, they were more similar to those in biological science and social service and resembled less those in skilled trades, business and accounting, and sales. The groups did not differ in Dental Aptitude Test scores or grades. Findings from the SVIB and questionnaire data suggest that individualized programs are especially suited to students with high intellectual interests, academic motivation, self-discipline, and organization. Implications for individualized programs are discussed.", "contents": "Strong Vocational Interest Blank scores and differential attraction to in individualized curriculum. Research suggests that preference for and effectiveness of instructional methods vary with individual differences in personality and motivation. Students who had taken the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) and were completing an individualized course in preclinical dentistry made a hypothetical choice between individualized and traditional curricula. As compared with students preferring the regular option, those preferring the individualized optipn scored higher on interests in scientific, aesthetic-cultural, and adventuresome activities and on motivation for academic achievement and professional specialization. On occupational scales, they were more similar to those in biological science and social service and resembled less those in skilled trades, business and accounting, and sales. The groups did not differ in Dental Aptitude Test scores or grades. Findings from the SVIB and questionnaire data suggest that individualized programs are especially suited to students with high intellectual interests, academic motivation, self-discipline, and organization. Implications for individualized programs are discussed.", "PMID": 1068150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5814", "title": "Effect of an extramural program of dental care for the special patient on attitudes of students.", "content": "All too frequently, courses and clinical experiences are introduced in dental education merely becausse they seem to be the popular things to do. Unfortunately, however, just as frequently such experiences are inappropriately planned and developed; they fail to achieve the basic purpose behind their introduction. This study reports such a failure in dental education. A course in dental care for the special patient was hastily and inadequately conceived and implemented. Thecourse did not achieve its objective'in fact, had it been allowed to continuein subsequent years, it could have done more harm than good. The means exist for evaluating whatever id done, and the educator should be willing to accept failure as well as success. The recognition and identification of failure can infact serve a worthwhile purpose, to the advantage of the system, if the elementscontributing to the failure are identified and proper changes are introduced.", "contents": "Effect of an extramural program of dental care for the special patient on attitudes of students. All too frequently, courses and clinical experiences are introduced in dental education merely becausse they seem to be the popular things to do. Unfortunately, however, just as frequently such experiences are inappropriately planned and developed; they fail to achieve the basic purpose behind their introduction. This study reports such a failure in dental education. A course in dental care for the special patient was hastily and inadequately conceived and implemented. Thecourse did not achieve its objective'in fact, had it been allowed to continuein subsequent years, it could have done more harm than good. The means exist for evaluating whatever id done, and the educator should be willing to accept failure as well as success. The recognition and identification of failure can infact serve a worthwhile purpose, to the advantage of the system, if the elementscontributing to the failure are identified and proper changes are introduced.", "PMID": 1068151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5815", "title": "Future role of biomaterials in dentistry and dental education.", "content": "It is possible to make predictions on materials research and on its impact if one understands the background of materials science and appraises the constraints on research and practice. In the past ten years some significant advances have been implemented in dental practice. On the basis of these advances, some very optimistic predictions can be made for the next ten years. However, in some areas, little progress was made, and there are some reasons to believe that this limited success will continue. Planning in research and dental education must be based on realistic appraisals of research productivity.", "contents": "Future role of biomaterials in dentistry and dental education. It is possible to make predictions on materials research and on its impact if one understands the background of materials science and appraises the constraints on research and practice. In the past ten years some significant advances have been implemented in dental practice. On the basis of these advances, some very optimistic predictions can be made for the next ten years. However, in some areas, little progress was made, and there are some reasons to believe that this limited success will continue. Planning in research and dental education must be based on realistic appraisals of research productivity.", "PMID": 1068154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5816", "title": "Perceptual and motor training for the acquisition and retention of psychomotor skills in dental amalgam restorations: class I in the mandibular first molar.", "content": "From a study of 72 dental students during amalgam restoration using four training methods (psychomotor, mental, psychomotor and mental, and conventional)--one method for each 18 students--the following conclusions are drawn: (1) It is economically feasible to develop and utilize self-paced instructions without the aid of instructors for the acquisition of psychomotor skills. (2) Training through self-paced analytical programs results in higher retention of the acquired skills than training through  conventional training methods.", "contents": "Perceptual and motor training for the acquisition and retention of psychomotor skills in dental amalgam restorations: class I in the mandibular first molar. From a study of 72 dental students during amalgam restoration using four training methods (psychomotor, mental, psychomotor and mental, and conventional)--one method for each 18 students--the following conclusions are drawn: (1) It is economically feasible to develop and utilize self-paced instructions without the aid of instructors for the acquisition of psychomotor skills. (2) Training through self-paced analytical programs results in higher retention of the acquired skills than training through  conventional training methods.", "PMID": 1068155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5817", "title": "Peer review of a dental curriculum: how one school did it.", "content": "The Curriculum Committee of the Medical College of Georgia implemented a formal course-by-course review of their entire dental curriculum after first adopting positions with respect to faculty philosophical concerns. The strategy adopted was to evaluate the articulation of the various courses into a coherent whole by using reviewers who taught related courses but were outside the particular department or discipline. In general, findings indicated a satisfactory degree of articulation. Some reviewers reported serendipitous outcomes for themselves as a result of reviewing the courses of others.", "contents": "Peer review of a dental curriculum: how one school did it. The Curriculum Committee of the Medical College of Georgia implemented a formal course-by-course review of their entire dental curriculum after first adopting positions with respect to faculty philosophical concerns. The strategy adopted was to evaluate the articulation of the various courses into a coherent whole by using reviewers who taught related courses but were outside the particular department or discipline. In general, findings indicated a satisfactory degree of articulation. Some reviewers reported serendipitous outcomes for themselves as a result of reviewing the courses of others.", "PMID": 1068156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5818", "title": "Human cardiorespiratory and analgesic effects of intravenous diazepam and local anesthesia.", "content": "The only clinically detectable cardiovascular changes after intravenous diazepam administration are a moderate fall in systolic blood pressure and a rise in pulse rate. But it will produce significant cardiovascular changes, principally the lowering of total peripheral resistance and stroke volume. The drug has a long history of safety but is not totally innocuous. It is suggested that if diazepam is used in combination with methohexital, consideration should be given to the additive effects on total peripheral resistance.", "contents": "Human cardiorespiratory and analgesic effects of intravenous diazepam and local anesthesia. The only clinically detectable cardiovascular changes after intravenous diazepam administration are a moderate fall in systolic blood pressure and a rise in pulse rate. But it will produce significant cardiovascular changes, principally the lowering of total peripheral resistance and stroke volume. The drug has a long history of safety but is not totally innocuous. It is suggested that if diazepam is used in combination with methohexital, consideration should be given to the additive effects on total peripheral resistance.", "PMID": 1068178}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5819", "title": "Patient education on cigarette smoking: the dentist's role.", "content": "Cigarette smoking is a major cause of illness and premature death in our society. Secondhand smoke is a definite irritant to nonsmokers and can, under certain conditions, have potentially serious effects on the nonsmoker's health. Despite the facts, millions of persons continue to smoke. Although no single health professional reaches all smokers, the dentist has a particularly good opportunity to reach his patients who smoke. By advising and couseling, providing helpful literature, creating an environment in which smoking is prohibited, and setting a good example, the dentist can have a singificant part in his patients' education on cigarette smoking. If the dentist's efforts are even partially successful in modifying behavior of the patient who smokes, much illness will be avoided and many lives saved.", "contents": "Patient education on cigarette smoking: the dentist's role. Cigarette smoking is a major cause of illness and premature death in our society. Secondhand smoke is a definite irritant to nonsmokers and can, under certain conditions, have potentially serious effects on the nonsmoker's health. Despite the facts, millions of persons continue to smoke. Although no single health professional reaches all smokers, the dentist has a particularly good opportunity to reach his patients who smoke. By advising and couseling, providing helpful literature, creating an environment in which smoking is prohibited, and setting a good example, the dentist can have a singificant part in his patients' education on cigarette smoking. If the dentist's efforts are even partially successful in modifying behavior of the patient who smokes, much illness will be avoided and many lives saved.", "PMID": 1068179}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5820", "title": "A simulation spatial model of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease through the primary movement of milk.", "content": "A computer model was constructed to mimic the 1967-8 foot-and-mouth epizootic in Shropshire and Cheshire, but the daily spatial distribution of outbreaks was randomized. This pattern of outbreaks was then examined to determine what percentage of outbreaks would fulfil and arbitrary set of criteria for milk-lorry-borne disease, or the primary movement of milk. Some 21% of herds visited subsequent to a 'source farm' were affected, as were 4% of herds visited after any infected herd. The relevance of these results to the true risk of disease through the primary movement of milk off affected farms is discussed.", "contents": "A simulation spatial model of the spread of foot-and-mouth disease through the primary movement of milk. A computer model was constructed to mimic the 1967-8 foot-and-mouth epizootic in Shropshire and Cheshire, but the daily spatial distribution of outbreaks was randomized. This pattern of outbreaks was then examined to determine what percentage of outbreaks would fulfil and arbitrary set of criteria for milk-lorry-borne disease, or the primary movement of milk. Some 21% of herds visited subsequent to a 'source farm' were affected, as were 4% of herds visited after any infected herd. The relevance of these results to the true risk of disease through the primary movement of milk off affected farms is discussed.", "PMID": 1068186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5821", "title": "Some observations on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Canada.", "content": "Between 1961 and 1974, 11934 samples of serum were tested by the Sabin-Feldman Dye test for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Analysis of high-titred sera suggested that a 6-year cycle of high disease prevalence occurred across Canada. In addition, a decline in the percentage of positive reactions each year in the Fall. The suggestion that this decline was due to dry conditions during the summer months was supported by the observation that differences in the prevalence of toxoplasma infection in ten Canadian cities were related to their average summer rainfall. The significance of these observations in relation to the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in this country is discussed. The influence of patient age on the prevalence of infection was also investigated; the results obtained suggested that at least 75% of infants with high antibody titres against T. gondii had obtained these antibodies by placental transfer from their mothers.", "contents": "Some observations on the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in Canada. Between 1961 and 1974, 11934 samples of serum were tested by the Sabin-Feldman Dye test for the presence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Analysis of high-titred sera suggested that a 6-year cycle of high disease prevalence occurred across Canada. In addition, a decline in the percentage of positive reactions each year in the Fall. The suggestion that this decline was due to dry conditions during the summer months was supported by the observation that differences in the prevalence of toxoplasma infection in ten Canadian cities were related to their average summer rainfall. The significance of these observations in relation to the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in this country is discussed. The influence of patient age on the prevalence of infection was also investigated; the results obtained suggested that at least 75% of infants with high antibody titres against T. gondii had obtained these antibodies by placental transfer from their mothers.", "PMID": 1068187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5822", "title": "Latent injury in frozen-thawed bacteriophage T4Bo.", "content": "Two interesting new phenomena have been observed in suspensions of T4Bo bacteriophage which were frozen to temperatures below the eutectic temperature of the salt (sodium chloride) in the suspending medium. Approximately 10% of the phage appeared to survive such a phase change as determined by plaque titre. However, exposure of these survivors to ultrasonic vibration or repeated freezing showed them to be hypersensitive and thus latently injured. The hypersensitivity was lost on incubating the phage at 37 degrees C. for 3 hr. Furthermore, following a eutectic phase change, the surviving phage could be inactivated by rapid cooling to -90 degrees C. followed by slow rewarming. Such inactivation cannot be accounted for by accepted theories of freezing injury.", "contents": "Latent injury in frozen-thawed bacteriophage T4Bo. Two interesting new phenomena have been observed in suspensions of T4Bo bacteriophage which were frozen to temperatures below the eutectic temperature of the salt (sodium chloride) in the suspending medium. Approximately 10% of the phage appeared to survive such a phase change as determined by plaque titre. However, exposure of these survivors to ultrasonic vibration or repeated freezing showed them to be hypersensitive and thus latently injured. The hypersensitivity was lost on incubating the phage at 37 degrees C. for 3 hr. Furthermore, following a eutectic phase change, the surviving phage could be inactivated by rapid cooling to -90 degrees C. followed by slow rewarming. Such inactivation cannot be accounted for by accepted theories of freezing injury.", "PMID": 1068188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5823", "title": "Morphological manifestations of freezing and thawing injury in bacteriophage T4Bo.", "content": "Electron microscopic observation of negatively stained preparations of frozen and thawed suspensions of T4Bo phage clearly separated the morphological changes produced produced by low-temperature salt denaturation from those produced by eutectic phase changes. Salt denaturation caused contraction of tail sheaths. Eutectic phase changes appeared to cause two separate lesions. Firstly the tail sheath was disjointed 18-22 nm. below the collar and the tail core was disjointed at 40-60 nm. below the collar, giving rise to separated heads with a small tail remnant, and separated tails in which the sheath remarkably remained in its extended form. Secondly, tears were seen in the head membranes of particles with collapsed empty heads. In all the experiments the percentage of normal phage particles counted electron-microscopically was close to the percentage of viable phage as determined by plaque assay.", "contents": "Morphological manifestations of freezing and thawing injury in bacteriophage T4Bo. Electron microscopic observation of negatively stained preparations of frozen and thawed suspensions of T4Bo phage clearly separated the morphological changes produced produced by low-temperature salt denaturation from those produced by eutectic phase changes. Salt denaturation caused contraction of tail sheaths. Eutectic phase changes appeared to cause two separate lesions. Firstly the tail sheath was disjointed 18-22 nm. below the collar and the tail core was disjointed at 40-60 nm. below the collar, giving rise to separated heads with a small tail remnant, and separated tails in which the sheath remarkably remained in its extended form. Secondly, tears were seen in the head membranes of particles with collapsed empty heads. In all the experiments the percentage of normal phage particles counted electron-microscopically was close to the percentage of viable phage as determined by plaque assay.", "PMID": 1068189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5824", "title": "Nalidixic acid as a selective agent for the isolation of enterobacteria from river water.", "content": "Enterobacteria are more resistant to nalidixic acid than the majority of other Gram-negative organisms isolated from river water, so allowing their selection on MacConkey agar containing nalidixic aicd. Selection is further improved by anaerobic incubation which, with nalidixic acid, virtually eliminates oxidase-postivie strains such as Pseudomonas or Aeromonas.", "contents": "Nalidixic acid as a selective agent for the isolation of enterobacteria from river water. Enterobacteria are more resistant to nalidixic acid than the majority of other Gram-negative organisms isolated from river water, so allowing their selection on MacConkey agar containing nalidixic aicd. Selection is further improved by anaerobic incubation which, with nalidixic acid, virtually eliminates oxidase-postivie strains such as Pseudomonas or Aeromonas.", "PMID": 1068190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5825", "title": "Salmonellosis in wild mammals.", "content": "One thousand two hundred and sixty-nine freeliving, wild mammals, representative of 16 species from estates in Berkshire, Oxfordshire and Surrey, were examined for the presence of salmonellas. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from 1 and S. dublin from 7 house mice (Mus musculus). There were no isolations from the other species examined. It was concluded that the house-mice infected with S. dublin acquired the organism from experimentally infected cattle. The wild mammal population does not at present appear to constitute a reservior for infection of domestic animals.", "contents": "Salmonellosis in wild mammals. One thousand two hundred and sixty-nine freeliving, wild mammals, representative of 16 species from estates in Berkshire, Oxfordshire and Surrey, were examined for the presence of salmonellas. Salmonella typhimurium was isolated from 1 and S. dublin from 7 house mice (Mus musculus). There were no isolations from the other species examined. It was concluded that the house-mice infected with S. dublin acquired the organism from experimentally infected cattle. The wild mammal population does not at present appear to constitute a reservior for infection of domestic animals.", "PMID": 1068191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5826", "title": "A comparative field trial, conducted without pre-treatment census baiting, of the rodenticides zinc phosphide, thallium sulphate and gophacide against Rattus norvegicus.", "content": "The effectiveness of the single-dose poison treatments of farm rat infestations, analysed by comparing the weights of the post-treatment census bait takes in covariance with the weights of the prebait takes, showed that treatments with 2-5% zinc phosphide, 0-3% thallium sulphate or 0-3% gophacide were equally effective and significantly better than were treatments with 1% zinc phosphide or 0-1% thallium sulphate. The methodology and sensitivity of different analyses are also considered.", "contents": "A comparative field trial, conducted without pre-treatment census baiting, of the rodenticides zinc phosphide, thallium sulphate and gophacide against Rattus norvegicus. The effectiveness of the single-dose poison treatments of farm rat infestations, analysed by comparing the weights of the post-treatment census bait takes in covariance with the weights of the prebait takes, showed that treatments with 2-5% zinc phosphide, 0-3% thallium sulphate or 0-3% gophacide were equally effective and significantly better than were treatments with 1% zinc phosphide or 0-1% thallium sulphate. The methodology and sensitivity of different analyses are also considered.", "PMID": 1068192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5827", "title": "The effect of desert conditions on the reactivity of Libyan schoolchildren to a range of new tuberculins.", "content": "This study was carried out to investigate the effect of desert conditions on the pattern of delayed hypersensitivity to mycobacteria in school children aged 6-10 and 11-18 years. A new range of tuberculins prepared from ultrasonic lysates of living mycobacteria belonging to 12 different species was employed. Three centres were chosen for study, a sea port and two desert towns differing greatly from each other. The results obtained were compared with those of a previous study using the same reagents in Kenya. As expected both the range of mycobacterial species to which the children reacted, the rate of acquisition of specific hypersensitivity with age and the total percentage of children reacting to individual reagents differed from centre to centre. The harsh desert conditions of Ajdabia produced the least, and the proximity of the people's dwellings to those of their farm animals in Kufra produced the most positive reactors to essentially environmental species. The greatest number of reactions to our Tuberculin were found in Benghazi where the cosmopolitan urban conditions probably lead to a high contact with open cases of tuberculosis. As assessed by skin test reactivity, immunization with BCG in Libya was much less effective than in Kenya. The interpretation of the differences between the results from the different test centres and between those for Libya and Kenya are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of desert conditions on the reactivity of Libyan schoolchildren to a range of new tuberculins. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of desert conditions on the pattern of delayed hypersensitivity to mycobacteria in school children aged 6-10 and 11-18 years. A new range of tuberculins prepared from ultrasonic lysates of living mycobacteria belonging to 12 different species was employed. Three centres were chosen for study, a sea port and two desert towns differing greatly from each other. The results obtained were compared with those of a previous study using the same reagents in Kenya. As expected both the range of mycobacterial species to which the children reacted, the rate of acquisition of specific hypersensitivity with age and the total percentage of children reacting to individual reagents differed from centre to centre. The harsh desert conditions of Ajdabia produced the least, and the proximity of the people's dwellings to those of their farm animals in Kufra produced the most positive reactors to essentially environmental species. The greatest number of reactions to our Tuberculin were found in Benghazi where the cosmopolitan urban conditions probably lead to a high contact with open cases of tuberculosis. As assessed by skin test reactivity, immunization with BCG in Libya was much less effective than in Kenya. The interpretation of the differences between the results from the different test centres and between those for Libya and Kenya are discussed.", "PMID": 1068193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5828", "title": "Studies on the 1967--68 foot and mouth disease epidemic: incubation period and herd serial interval.", "content": "The incubation period during this epidemic was studied using both a spectral analysis-cum-filtering method and analysis of case histories. Using spectral analysis, the modal herd serial interval was estimated to be 8--10 days based on the record of the daily number of outbreaks and an adjusted cattler series. The case histories tended to confirm these estimates but indicated that the serial interval varied considerably between species. The filtering method revealed that the herd serial interval apparently changed during the epidemic. For the first 4 weeks the interval was 8 days, while in the latter stages it was about 2 weeks.", "contents": "Studies on the 1967--68 foot and mouth disease epidemic: incubation period and herd serial interval. The incubation period during this epidemic was studied using both a spectral analysis-cum-filtering method and analysis of case histories. Using spectral analysis, the modal herd serial interval was estimated to be 8--10 days based on the record of the daily number of outbreaks and an adjusted cattler series. The case histories tended to confirm these estimates but indicated that the serial interval varied considerably between species. The filtering method revealed that the herd serial interval apparently changed during the epidemic. For the first 4 weeks the interval was 8 days, while in the latter stages it was about 2 weeks.", "PMID": 1068194}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5829", "title": "A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 1. Purification of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins.", "content": "Influenza virus was centrifuged in a KII rotor through a sucrose gradient containing Triton N101, a non-ionic surfactant. The micelles of surfactant formed a band in the gradient. As virus particles passed through the surfactant, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins were stripped from the surface and remained near the surfactant micelles. The residual virus particles sedimented into a denser region of the gradient and were thus separated from the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. Fractions containing the surface antigens were pooled and Triton was removed by phase-separation at the cloud point.", "contents": "A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 1. Purification of haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Influenza virus was centrifuged in a KII rotor through a sucrose gradient containing Triton N101, a non-ionic surfactant. The micelles of surfactant formed a band in the gradient. As virus particles passed through the surfactant, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins were stripped from the surface and remained near the surfactant micelles. The residual virus particles sedimented into a denser region of the gradient and were thus separated from the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase antigens. Fractions containing the surface antigens were pooled and Triton was removed by phase-separation at the cloud point.", "PMID": 1068195}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5830", "title": "A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 2. Pyrogenicity and antigenicity.", "content": "Conventional influenza vaccine containing whole virus particles purified on a zonal centrifuge is pyrogenic and can cause systemic and local adverse side effects. An improved vaccine was therefore prepared which contained only the surface antigens of the virus adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. The antigenicity of this vaccine was compared with conventional vaccine in chickens. Both vaccines induced similar titres of serum haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition antibody. The dose response curves, however, were different. The surface antigens at vaccine strength without aluminium hydroxide were of negligible pyrogenicity in rabbits.", "contents": "A surface antigen influenza vaccine. 2. Pyrogenicity and antigenicity. Conventional influenza vaccine containing whole virus particles purified on a zonal centrifuge is pyrogenic and can cause systemic and local adverse side effects. An improved vaccine was therefore prepared which contained only the surface antigens of the virus adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide. The antigenicity of this vaccine was compared with conventional vaccine in chickens. Both vaccines induced similar titres of serum haemagglutination-inhibition and neuraminidase inhibition antibody. The dose response curves, however, were different. The surface antigens at vaccine strength without aluminium hydroxide were of negligible pyrogenicity in rabbits.", "PMID": 1068196}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5831", "title": "Laboratory characteristics of an attenuated influenza type A (H3N2) virus ('Alice' strain).", "content": "The Alice strain of live attenuated influenza virus was obtained by selection of a gamma inhibitor-resistant strain from a virus recombinant between A/PR/8/34 (HON1) and A/England/42/72 (H3N2). Its behaviour in vitro and in vivo was studied. Three marker systems were investigated: resistance to serum inhibitors, growth capacity at high temperature and low sensitivity to amantadine hydrochloride. In ferrets the strain was found to be attenuated and immunogenic. Passages in man, animals and eggs have not affected its resistance to gamma inhibitors.", "contents": "Laboratory characteristics of an attenuated influenza type A (H3N2) virus ('Alice' strain). The Alice strain of live attenuated influenza virus was obtained by selection of a gamma inhibitor-resistant strain from a virus recombinant between A/PR/8/34 (HON1) and A/England/42/72 (H3N2). Its behaviour in vitro and in vivo was studied. Three marker systems were investigated: resistance to serum inhibitors, growth capacity at high temperature and low sensitivity to amantadine hydrochloride. In ferrets the strain was found to be attenuated and immunogenic. Passages in man, animals and eggs have not affected its resistance to gamma inhibitors.", "PMID": 1068197}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5832", "title": "Coated bedpans: their cleaning and disinfection.", "content": "This paper reports on tests of cleaning and disinfection of stainless steel bedpans which have been coated with either a silicone grease or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The coatings were applied manually using an aerosol spray (silicone grease and PTFE), and by an industrial process (PTFE). Soils used comprised (i) British Standard Soil (B.S., 1966), (ii) human serum albumin labelled with technetium-99m (HSA-Tc), and (iii) a suspension of Streptococcus faecalis in broth. Tests of cleaning and disinfection were carried out in automatic washing and steam disinfector machines. Results show that aerosol spraying impairs the cleaning process but that bedpans coated by the industrial process with PTFE are superior to uncoated bedpans.", "contents": "Coated bedpans: their cleaning and disinfection. This paper reports on tests of cleaning and disinfection of stainless steel bedpans which have been coated with either a silicone grease or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The coatings were applied manually using an aerosol spray (silicone grease and PTFE), and by an industrial process (PTFE). Soils used comprised (i) British Standard Soil (B.S., 1966), (ii) human serum albumin labelled with technetium-99m (HSA-Tc), and (iii) a suspension of Streptococcus faecalis in broth. Tests of cleaning and disinfection were carried out in automatic washing and steam disinfector machines. Results show that aerosol spraying impairs the cleaning process but that bedpans coated by the industrial process with PTFE are superior to uncoated bedpans.", "PMID": 1068198}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5833", "title": "Experimental phycomycosis in mice; examination of the role of acquired immunity in resistance to Absidia ramosa.", "content": "Attempts were made to stimulate acquired immunity to experimental Absidia ramosa infection in mice. Unprotected animals inoculated with large doses of A. ramosa spores frequently developed acute phycomycosis of the central nervous system. Mice previously exposed to sub-lethal doses of spores showed a high resistance to subsequent challenge with A. ramosa. No consistent increase in resistance was observed in mice vaccinated with killed A. ramosa spores, hyphal walls, intracellular mycelial antigens or various combinations of these, with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Antibodies to soluble mycelial antigens were inconsistently present in the sera of mice vaccinated with sub-lethal doses of viable spores. They were generally present in the sera of animals vaccinated with mycelial extracts of hyphal walls but not killed spores. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to A. ramosa mycelial antigens could usually be elicited by intradermal tests in mice exposed to viable spores but irregularly in those vaccinated with non-viable preparations. Positive reactions were also frequently given by older mice not deliberately exposed to A. ramosa. Although mice previously exposed to viable A. ramosa spores were highly resistant to intravenous or intracerebral challenge with this fungus, they were more likely to develop persistent local granulomata on subcutaneous injection of spores than were unvaccinated animals.", "contents": "Experimental phycomycosis in mice; examination of the role of acquired immunity in resistance to Absidia ramosa. Attempts were made to stimulate acquired immunity to experimental Absidia ramosa infection in mice. Unprotected animals inoculated with large doses of A. ramosa spores frequently developed acute phycomycosis of the central nervous system. Mice previously exposed to sub-lethal doses of spores showed a high resistance to subsequent challenge with A. ramosa. No consistent increase in resistance was observed in mice vaccinated with killed A. ramosa spores, hyphal walls, intracellular mycelial antigens or various combinations of these, with Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Antibodies to soluble mycelial antigens were inconsistently present in the sera of mice vaccinated with sub-lethal doses of viable spores. They were generally present in the sera of animals vaccinated with mycelial extracts of hyphal walls but not killed spores. Delayed hypersensitivity reactions to A. ramosa mycelial antigens could usually be elicited by intradermal tests in mice exposed to viable spores but irregularly in those vaccinated with non-viable preparations. Positive reactions were also frequently given by older mice not deliberately exposed to A. ramosa. Although mice previously exposed to viable A. ramosa spores were highly resistant to intravenous or intracerebral challenge with this fungus, they were more likely to develop persistent local granulomata on subcutaneous injection of spores than were unvaccinated animals.", "PMID": 1068199}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5834", "title": "An appraisal of sewage pollution along a section of the Natal coast after the introduction of submarine outfalls.", "content": "A bacteriological survey on the distribution and occurrence of coliforms and pathogenic indicators of pollution within the surf-zone and near-shore waters along a section of the Natal coast before the use of submarine outfalls with reported previously. In that report more than half the beaches in the region were found to be of Class IV or III quality. After the submarine outfalls became operational, ten further sampling runs were made. A considerable improvement in the sea-water quality was apparent, most of the beaches being regarded to Class II or I, notably in the bathing areas.", "contents": "An appraisal of sewage pollution along a section of the Natal coast after the introduction of submarine outfalls. A bacteriological survey on the distribution and occurrence of coliforms and pathogenic indicators of pollution within the surf-zone and near-shore waters along a section of the Natal coast before the use of submarine outfalls with reported previously. In that report more than half the beaches in the region were found to be of Class IV or III quality. After the submarine outfalls became operational, ten further sampling runs were made. A considerable improvement in the sea-water quality was apparent, most of the beaches being regarded to Class II or I, notably in the bathing areas.", "PMID": 1068200}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5835", "title": "Clothing for use in clean-air environments.", "content": "Disposable plastic two-piece suits were compared with conventional cotton suits, gowns, and plastic aprons by nurses in a burns unit. The plastic suits allowed fewer micro-organisms to be dispersed into the environment than the other garments but were less comfortable.", "contents": "Clothing for use in clean-air environments. Disposable plastic two-piece suits were compared with conventional cotton suits, gowns, and plastic aprons by nurses in a burns unit. The plastic suits allowed fewer micro-organisms to be dispersed into the environment than the other garments but were less comfortable.", "PMID": 1068201}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5836", "title": "Activation of the alternative pathway of complement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Sequential studies in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have demonstrated that at diagnosis or relapse there is defective utilization of complement by the alternative pathway. Thus, the sera of 17/18 patients fail to completely consume C3 to C9 when incubated with zymosan or cobra venom factor (CoF). This underutilization is due to a specific inhibitor of C3 activation which has been partially isolated. By remission, the inhibotor disappears and the CoF and zymosan assays return to normal. In addition, serum levels of C3 and factor B are elevated at the time of diagnosis or relapse but fall to below 3 S.D. from the mean in nearly 60 per cent of the cases during induction therapy. Similarly, serum C4 levels which are normal at diagnosis fall to less that 3 S.D. from the mean in 7/12 cases during treatment. Low C3 levels correlate well with factor B values, suggesting that if C3 to C9 are utilized after the inhibitor has been eliminated, such utilization occurs primarily through the alternative pathway. Presumably, as illustrated by the low C4 levels, this activity is mediated by the ampliciation loop of the alternative pathway involving classical pathway generation of C3b.", "contents": "Activation of the alternative pathway of complement in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sequential studies in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia have demonstrated that at diagnosis or relapse there is defective utilization of complement by the alternative pathway. Thus, the sera of 17/18 patients fail to completely consume C3 to C9 when incubated with zymosan or cobra venom factor (CoF). This underutilization is due to a specific inhibitor of C3 activation which has been partially isolated. By remission, the inhibotor disappears and the CoF and zymosan assays return to normal. In addition, serum levels of C3 and factor B are elevated at the time of diagnosis or relapse but fall to below 3 S.D. from the mean in nearly 60 per cent of the cases during induction therapy. Similarly, serum C4 levels which are normal at diagnosis fall to less that 3 S.D. from the mean in 7/12 cases during treatment. Low C3 levels correlate well with factor B values, suggesting that if C3 to C9 are utilized after the inhibitor has been eliminated, such utilization occurs primarily through the alternative pathway. Presumably, as illustrated by the low C4 levels, this activity is mediated by the ampliciation loop of the alternative pathway involving classical pathway generation of C3b.", "PMID": 1068203}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5837", "title": "Acid maltase deficiency (type II glycogenosis). Morphological and biochemical study of a childhood phenotype.", "content": "Pathological and biochemical data are reported on a 4(4)/12-year-old male patient with a severe myopathic disorder, hepatomegaly, recurrent pulmonary infections ending fatally. Combined morphological and enzymatic studies on muscle biopsy led to the diagnosis of acid maltase deficiency (Type II glycogenosis). On post mortem examination, lysosomal glycogen storage is found in skeletal muscles and liver, while heart and central nervous sytem are spared. Both hydrolytic and transferase activities of acid maltase are absent in cultured fibroblasts, heart, liver and postmortem skeletal muscles. That in the biopsied skeletal muscle only, the transferase activity alone is deficient while the hydrolytic function is maintained at low normal levels correlates well with the abnormal structure of the glycogen stored in that muscle. However, these findings on biopsied muscle cannot be reconciled with the absence of both functions and the presence of normal glycogen in other biopsied tissues or in postmortem specimens from the same patient.", "contents": "Acid maltase deficiency (type II glycogenosis). Morphological and biochemical study of a childhood phenotype. Pathological and biochemical data are reported on a 4(4)/12-year-old male patient with a severe myopathic disorder, hepatomegaly, recurrent pulmonary infections ending fatally. Combined morphological and enzymatic studies on muscle biopsy led to the diagnosis of acid maltase deficiency (Type II glycogenosis). On post mortem examination, lysosomal glycogen storage is found in skeletal muscles and liver, while heart and central nervous sytem are spared. Both hydrolytic and transferase activities of acid maltase are absent in cultured fibroblasts, heart, liver and postmortem skeletal muscles. That in the biopsied skeletal muscle only, the transferase activity alone is deficient while the hydrolytic function is maintained at low normal levels correlates well with the abnormal structure of the glycogen stored in that muscle. However, these findings on biopsied muscle cannot be reconciled with the absence of both functions and the presence of normal glycogen in other biopsied tissues or in postmortem specimens from the same patient.", "PMID": 1068222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5838", "title": "Attrition: possible mechanisms of compensation.", "content": "Attrition, or wear of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth, may not only be physiologically normal, but necessary for function. Since occlusal wear must lead to reduction in tooth length, significant dimensional changes in facial morphology are inevitable unless mechanisms exist to compensate for attrition. Secondary dentine formation, alveolar growth, and adaptive changes in the masticatory muscles can provide this compensation, and may be part of a complex system by which an effective level of masticatory function is maintained even when attrition is extreme.", "contents": "Attrition: possible mechanisms of compensation. Attrition, or wear of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth, may not only be physiologically normal, but necessary for function. Since occlusal wear must lead to reduction in tooth length, significant dimensional changes in facial morphology are inevitable unless mechanisms exist to compensate for attrition. Secondary dentine formation, alveolar growth, and adaptive changes in the masticatory muscles can provide this compensation, and may be part of a complex system by which an effective level of masticatory function is maintained even when attrition is extreme.", "PMID": 1068232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5839", "title": "Disturbances in the contraction and co-ordination pattern of the masticatory muscles due to dental restorations. An electromyographic study.", "content": "Recent Swedish publications report that a large number of patients suffer from the mandibular dysfunction syndrome. Some theories assume that this syndrome is the result of a disturbance in blood flow through the maxillary artery. The present authors suggest, that the syndrome is caused by a disturbance in the pattern of contraction of the masticatory muscles. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that the human periodontal membrane contains mechanoreceptors which are able to exert reflex control over the pattern of contraction of the muscles during chewing. If the pattern of stimulation of these receptors is modified following dental restoration, then this could result in a disturbance of the neuromuscular pattern of the masticatory apparatus. In order to test this hypothesis, an electromyographic study was carried out in three volunteers and eight patients. The results of this study support the view that there are receptors in the human periodontal membrane which are able to control the pattern of contraction of the masticatory muscles. The hypothesis that the mandibular dysfunction syndrome is the result of a disturbance in the pattern of contraction of these muscles is pursued further in the discussion.", "contents": "Disturbances in the contraction and co-ordination pattern of the masticatory muscles due to dental restorations. An electromyographic study. Recent Swedish publications report that a large number of patients suffer from the mandibular dysfunction syndrome. Some theories assume that this syndrome is the result of a disturbance in blood flow through the maxillary artery. The present authors suggest, that the syndrome is caused by a disturbance in the pattern of contraction of the masticatory muscles. This hypothesis is based on the assumption that the human periodontal membrane contains mechanoreceptors which are able to exert reflex control over the pattern of contraction of the muscles during chewing. If the pattern of stimulation of these receptors is modified following dental restoration, then this could result in a disturbance of the neuromuscular pattern of the masticatory apparatus. In order to test this hypothesis, an electromyographic study was carried out in three volunteers and eight patients. The results of this study support the view that there are receptors in the human periodontal membrane which are able to control the pattern of contraction of the masticatory muscles. The hypothesis that the mandibular dysfunction syndrome is the result of a disturbance in the pattern of contraction of these muscles is pursued further in the discussion.", "PMID": 1068233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5840", "title": "Characterization of porosity of isostatically pressed and sintered nickel-base powdered metal.", "content": "Characterization of the pore structure of compacted and sintered parts made from a nickel-base powder was accomplished using the mercury porosimetry method. The theoretical density values for the sintered specimens varied from 56.3 to 96.7% which corresponds to a porosity of 43.7 to 3.3%. A maximum interconnecting median pore diameter of 21 mum resulted from a -80/+200 mesh powder compacted at 138 MN/m2 and sintered for 2 h at 1250 degrees C. Photomicrographs of the same sample showed that it had a maximum pore diameter of 200 mum. The interconnected pore volume decreased with decreasing particle size of the powder, increasing compaction pressure, and increasing sintering temperature. Mechanical properties of tensile strength, yield strength, elastic modulus and percentage elongation were correlated with the pore structure. Proper selection of particle size, compaction pressure, sintering times and sintering temperatures should permit parts with controlled porosity characteristics to be produced that possess adequate mechanical properties for application as implants.", "contents": "Characterization of porosity of isostatically pressed and sintered nickel-base powdered metal. Characterization of the pore structure of compacted and sintered parts made from a nickel-base powder was accomplished using the mercury porosimetry method. The theoretical density values for the sintered specimens varied from 56.3 to 96.7% which corresponds to a porosity of 43.7 to 3.3%. A maximum interconnecting median pore diameter of 21 mum resulted from a -80/+200 mesh powder compacted at 138 MN/m2 and sintered for 2 h at 1250 degrees C. Photomicrographs of the same sample showed that it had a maximum pore diameter of 200 mum. The interconnected pore volume decreased with decreasing particle size of the powder, increasing compaction pressure, and increasing sintering temperature. Mechanical properties of tensile strength, yield strength, elastic modulus and percentage elongation were correlated with the pore structure. Proper selection of particle size, compaction pressure, sintering times and sintering temperatures should permit parts with controlled porosity characteristics to be produced that possess adequate mechanical properties for application as implants.", "PMID": 1068234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5841", "title": "Adaptation of amalgams to cavity walls.", "content": "The adaptation of amalgam fillings to the cavity walls has been studied. Cavities were made in human teeth and filled with four different amalgams: (1) amalgam with an expansion of approx. 10 mum/cm after 48 h; (2) amalgam with no dimensional change after 48 h (balanced); (3) amalgam with a contraction of approx. 10 mum/cm after 48 h; and (4) amalgam with a contraction of approx. 20 mum/cm after 48 h. The filling surface and parts of the surrounding enamel were planed, polished and studied under the microscope. The degree of contact between the amalgam and the cavity wall and the number and dimensions of the marginal defects were observed. Fillings made from expanding or balanced amalgams mostly had good contact with the cavity wall, and the marginal defects were small and scattered. Around fillings made from contracting material, a slit formation was observed, and in these areas fractures of both the amalgam and the enamel margins had regularly changed the slit to a V-shaped gap 10-20 mum wide. Greater defects exceeding 50 mum were also frequently observed. The results showed a gradual decrease in the quality of adaptation from fillings made of expanding material to those made of contracting material. It was further shown that the polishing procedure caused fracturing of both the unsupported enamel and amalgam margins thus widening the defects considerably.", "contents": "Adaptation of amalgams to cavity walls. The adaptation of amalgam fillings to the cavity walls has been studied. Cavities were made in human teeth and filled with four different amalgams: (1) amalgam with an expansion of approx. 10 mum/cm after 48 h; (2) amalgam with no dimensional change after 48 h (balanced); (3) amalgam with a contraction of approx. 10 mum/cm after 48 h; and (4) amalgam with a contraction of approx. 20 mum/cm after 48 h. The filling surface and parts of the surrounding enamel were planed, polished and studied under the microscope. The degree of contact between the amalgam and the cavity wall and the number and dimensions of the marginal defects were observed. Fillings made from expanding or balanced amalgams mostly had good contact with the cavity wall, and the marginal defects were small and scattered. Around fillings made from contracting material, a slit formation was observed, and in these areas fractures of both the amalgam and the enamel margins had regularly changed the slit to a V-shaped gap 10-20 mum wide. Greater defects exceeding 50 mum were also frequently observed. The results showed a gradual decrease in the quality of adaptation from fillings made of expanding material to those made of contracting material. It was further shown that the polishing procedure caused fracturing of both the unsupported enamel and amalgam margins thus widening the defects considerably.", "PMID": 1068235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5842", "title": "Periodontal conditions in patients 5 years following insertion of fixed prostheses. Pocket depth and loss of attachment.", "content": "The oral hygiene, gingival condition, pocket depth and loss of attachment were studied during a period of 5 years in a group of patients (114) who had been treated with fixed dental protheses. Eighty-four per cent of the subjects had received periodontal therapy prior to the prosthetic treatment. During the study the subjects participated in an oral hygiene programme. Crown margins were located sub-gingivally, at the gingiva, and supra-gingivally. Initially 65% of the crown margins were sub-gingival compared to 41% 5 years later. When the crown margins were located sub-gingivally there was an increase in Gingival Index scores 2 and 3, in pocket depth, and in loss of attachment compared to a supragingival placement. However, most of the alterations were small.", "contents": "Periodontal conditions in patients 5 years following insertion of fixed prostheses. Pocket depth and loss of attachment. The oral hygiene, gingival condition, pocket depth and loss of attachment were studied during a period of 5 years in a group of patients (114) who had been treated with fixed dental protheses. Eighty-four per cent of the subjects had received periodontal therapy prior to the prosthetic treatment. During the study the subjects participated in an oral hygiene programme. Crown margins were located sub-gingivally, at the gingiva, and supra-gingivally. Initially 65% of the crown margins were sub-gingival compared to 41% 5 years later. When the crown margins were located sub-gingivally there was an increase in Gingival Index scores 2 and 3, in pocket depth, and in loss of attachment compared to a supragingival placement. However, most of the alterations were small.", "PMID": 1068236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5843", "title": "Late results of treatment with partial dentures. An investigation by questionnaire and clinical examination 13 years after treatment.", "content": "Ninety-nine people who were fitted with partial dentures in 1959 were invited to take part in an investigation 13 years later. A questionnaire was answered by fifty-eight, which means a frequency of 81% if allowance is made for an explainable loss. Of the sixty-eight partial dentures in these fifty-eight patients, twenty-three were still being used, fourteen patients had had their original partial dentures replaced by new ones and three by a fixed bridge, while seven had been replaced by complete dentures. Twenty-one were no longer used and had not been replaced. Of the fifty-four patients who originally had a complete upper denture and a partial lower denture, thirty were still available. Following an invitation to take part in a clinical review, twenty-seven (90%) co-operated. Most of the patients were in need of treatment (for caries, periodontitis and/or prosthetic treatment). The periodontal injuries were rarely serious. A correlation was found between good oral hygiene and good results of treatment.", "contents": "Late results of treatment with partial dentures. An investigation by questionnaire and clinical examination 13 years after treatment. Ninety-nine people who were fitted with partial dentures in 1959 were invited to take part in an investigation 13 years later. A questionnaire was answered by fifty-eight, which means a frequency of 81% if allowance is made for an explainable loss. Of the sixty-eight partial dentures in these fifty-eight patients, twenty-three were still being used, fourteen patients had had their original partial dentures replaced by new ones and three by a fixed bridge, while seven had been replaced by complete dentures. Twenty-one were no longer used and had not been replaced. Of the fifty-four patients who originally had a complete upper denture and a partial lower denture, thirty were still available. Following an invitation to take part in a clinical review, twenty-seven (90%) co-operated. Most of the patients were in need of treatment (for caries, periodontitis and/or prosthetic treatment). The periodontal injuries were rarely serious. A correlation was found between good oral hygiene and good results of treatment.", "PMID": 1068237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5844", "title": "Soft lining materials: composition and structure.", "content": "An analysis of five proprietary acrylic soft lining materials revealed that they can be classified into two groups. The first of these groups (Soft Oryl and Coe Soft) resemble the tissue conditioners in composition in that their liquid component contains no monomer. A study of their mechanical properties may reveal that these materials should, in fact, be classified as tissue conditioners. The second group (including Palasiv, Virina and Coe Super Soft) were more conventional acrylic materials which differed in the amount of plasticizer and the type of acrylic monomer used in the liquid component and in the nature of the polymer component.", "contents": "Soft lining materials: composition and structure. An analysis of five proprietary acrylic soft lining materials revealed that they can be classified into two groups. The first of these groups (Soft Oryl and Coe Soft) resemble the tissue conditioners in composition in that their liquid component contains no monomer. A study of their mechanical properties may reveal that these materials should, in fact, be classified as tissue conditioners. The second group (including Palasiv, Virina and Coe Super Soft) were more conventional acrylic materials which differed in the amount of plasticizer and the type of acrylic monomer used in the liquid component and in the nature of the polymer component.", "PMID": 1068238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5845", "title": "Assessment of reliability of cineradiographic recording of temporomandibular joint movements.", "content": "As part of a cineradiographic study of temporomandibular joint movements, the reliability of the apparatus and techniques has been assessed. The areas of concern were the radiographic procedure, tracing apparatus and tracing technique. To assess the accuracy of the radiographic procedure, anatomical and radiographic measurements of mandibular condyles were compared. A range of variation of 0-46--0-8 mm was found, which compared favourably to the only previously published investigation. The use of mechanical devices simulating the fundamentals of mandibular movements suggested that the cineradiographic record showed paths of opening and closing separated more widely than occurred in vivo. The reliability of the tracing apparatus was assessed by calculated misalignments and found to be acceptable. The subjective error in tracing cineradiographic films by a regular observer was investigated by a point location error method. The error was found to be small and within acceptable limits.", "contents": "Assessment of reliability of cineradiographic recording of temporomandibular joint movements. As part of a cineradiographic study of temporomandibular joint movements, the reliability of the apparatus and techniques has been assessed. The areas of concern were the radiographic procedure, tracing apparatus and tracing technique. To assess the accuracy of the radiographic procedure, anatomical and radiographic measurements of mandibular condyles were compared. A range of variation of 0-46--0-8 mm was found, which compared favourably to the only previously published investigation. The use of mechanical devices simulating the fundamentals of mandibular movements suggested that the cineradiographic record showed paths of opening and closing separated more widely than occurred in vivo. The reliability of the tracing apparatus was assessed by calculated misalignments and found to be acceptable. The subjective error in tracing cineradiographic films by a regular observer was investigated by a point location error method. The error was found to be small and within acceptable limits.", "PMID": 1068239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5846", "title": "Some morphological aspects of the meatus acusticus externus in connection with mandibular movements.", "content": "A method is described to measure volumetric variations in the meatus acusticus externus caused by the movements of the mandible. Simultaneous registration of EMG activity and gnatho-sounds demonstrated that after tooth contact a slight decrease in volume, followed by some increase in volume takes place within 20-30 ms. The fast volume changes, during and after tooth contact, seem to be correlated to the speed of closure.", "contents": "Some morphological aspects of the meatus acusticus externus in connection with mandibular movements. A method is described to measure volumetric variations in the meatus acusticus externus caused by the movements of the mandible. Simultaneous registration of EMG activity and gnatho-sounds demonstrated that after tooth contact a slight decrease in volume, followed by some increase in volume takes place within 20-30 ms. The fast volume changes, during and after tooth contact, seem to be correlated to the speed of closure.", "PMID": 1068240}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5847", "title": "Relation between functional disturbances of the masticatory system and some anthropometric, physiological and psychological variables in young Swedish men.", "content": "The relation between functional disturbances of the masticatory system and anthropometric, physiological and psychological variables was studied in 248 Swedish men, aged 18-25 years. No physiological variables and only a few anthropometric variables were found to be correlated with symptoms of functional disorders or to the state of the dentition. Thus, for example, face height was greater in the presence than in the absence of disturbances of the occlusion (mainly occlusal interferences). The psychological variables were found to be most closely correlated with symptoms of functional disorders and the state of the dentition. Men with clinical dysfunction had a lower general level of intelligence than men without. Social adaptation at school was poor in those who reported parafunctions. Men with parafunctions, frequent headache, general muscle and joint symptoms and balancing side interferences had low emotional stability compared with those without such symptoms. Individuals completely free from symptoms of functional disturbances had high emotional stability.", "contents": "Relation between functional disturbances of the masticatory system and some anthropometric, physiological and psychological variables in young Swedish men. The relation between functional disturbances of the masticatory system and anthropometric, physiological and psychological variables was studied in 248 Swedish men, aged 18-25 years. No physiological variables and only a few anthropometric variables were found to be correlated with symptoms of functional disorders or to the state of the dentition. Thus, for example, face height was greater in the presence than in the absence of disturbances of the occlusion (mainly occlusal interferences). The psychological variables were found to be most closely correlated with symptoms of functional disorders and the state of the dentition. Men with clinical dysfunction had a lower general level of intelligence than men without. Social adaptation at school was poor in those who reported parafunctions. Men with parafunctions, frequent headache, general muscle and joint symptoms and balancing side interferences had low emotional stability compared with those without such symptoms. Individuals completely free from symptoms of functional disturbances had high emotional stability.", "PMID": 1068241}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5848", "title": "The effect of anodic polarization on the tensile strength of dental amalgam.", "content": "The effect of corrosion upon dental amalgam was studied by measuring the effect of anodic polarization on its tensile strength. A conventional tensile testing method using dumb-bell shaped specimens deformed along the long axis was employed. The results showed a significant reduction (27%) in the mean tensile strength, due to the anodic polarization of conventional amalgam, whereas the strength of the high Cu-containing Dispersalloy amalgam was unaffected by polarization. When the diametral tensile strengths of polarized and unpolarized conventional amalgam and Dispersalloy specimens were compared (ADA Specification No. 1), no significant difference in strength was observed. These results indicate that the anodic corrosion of gamma2 phase network in the conventional amalgam fillings can be directly attributed to a reduction of tensile strength which would be manifested clinically as marginal breakdown. It appears also that the diametral tensile test is not sufficiently discriminating to allow for an in vitro simulation of clinical properties.", "contents": "The effect of anodic polarization on the tensile strength of dental amalgam. The effect of corrosion upon dental amalgam was studied by measuring the effect of anodic polarization on its tensile strength. A conventional tensile testing method using dumb-bell shaped specimens deformed along the long axis was employed. The results showed a significant reduction (27%) in the mean tensile strength, due to the anodic polarization of conventional amalgam, whereas the strength of the high Cu-containing Dispersalloy amalgam was unaffected by polarization. When the diametral tensile strengths of polarized and unpolarized conventional amalgam and Dispersalloy specimens were compared (ADA Specification No. 1), no significant difference in strength was observed. These results indicate that the anodic corrosion of gamma2 phase network in the conventional amalgam fillings can be directly attributed to a reduction of tensile strength which would be manifested clinically as marginal breakdown. It appears also that the diametral tensile test is not sufficiently discriminating to allow for an in vitro simulation of clinical properties.", "PMID": 1068242}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5849", "title": "Power spectral distribution of the masseter electromyogram from surface electrodes.", "content": "The power spectral distribution of an electromyogram offers a useful presentation of the myoelectric signal at any level of muscle activity. Various factors which may affect this distribution are considered. A computerized method for obtaining the power spectral distribution for masseter and a study of the effect of bite force and electrode position on this is described.", "contents": "Power spectral distribution of the masseter electromyogram from surface electrodes. The power spectral distribution of an electromyogram offers a useful presentation of the myoelectric signal at any level of muscle activity. Various factors which may affect this distribution are considered. A computerized method for obtaining the power spectral distribution for masseter and a study of the effect of bite force and electrode position on this is described.", "PMID": 1068243}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5850", "title": "Cytotoxicity of temporary crown and bridge materials.", "content": "In vitro cytotoxicity of freshly prepared temporary crown and bridge materials was studied using mouse fibroblasts prelabelled with 3H-thymidine grown in shake flask cultures. Cytotoxicity was measured as (1) lack of cell multiplication, (2) stainability with Trypan blue and (3) release of 3H-labelled material to the culture medium. All the materials tested (zinc oxide-eugenol cement (ZOE), Scutan and Sevriton) were cytotoxic in this system, ZOE most strongly. This finding favours the view that the in vitro cytotoxicity of dental materials should not be used alone as a screening test for their biological compatibility under clinical conditions since clinical experience and previous in vivo findings have established that ZOE is biologically well tolerated by the dental tissues.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of temporary crown and bridge materials. In vitro cytotoxicity of freshly prepared temporary crown and bridge materials was studied using mouse fibroblasts prelabelled with 3H-thymidine grown in shake flask cultures. Cytotoxicity was measured as (1) lack of cell multiplication, (2) stainability with Trypan blue and (3) release of 3H-labelled material to the culture medium. All the materials tested (zinc oxide-eugenol cement (ZOE), Scutan and Sevriton) were cytotoxic in this system, ZOE most strongly. This finding favours the view that the in vitro cytotoxicity of dental materials should not be used alone as a screening test for their biological compatibility under clinical conditions since clinical experience and previous in vivo findings have established that ZOE is biologically well tolerated by the dental tissues.", "PMID": 1068244}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5851", "title": "The effect of the bite plane splint on the electromyographic silent period duration.", "content": "An electromyographic study of the masseter and anterior part of the temporalis muscles was performed on ten patients presenting temporomandibular joint dysfunction symptoms. The EMG silent periods (SP) produced in the open-close-clench cycle and jaw-jerk reflex were compared for duration before and after treatment with an occlusal bite splint. Following use of the splint, there was a shortening of SP indicating the possible use of the duration of SP as a diagnostic measurement, and also as an indication of treatment effectiveness.", "contents": "The effect of the bite plane splint on the electromyographic silent period duration. An electromyographic study of the masseter and anterior part of the temporalis muscles was performed on ten patients presenting temporomandibular joint dysfunction symptoms. The EMG silent periods (SP) produced in the open-close-clench cycle and jaw-jerk reflex were compared for duration before and after treatment with an occlusal bite splint. Following use of the splint, there was a shortening of SP indicating the possible use of the duration of SP as a diagnostic measurement, and also as an indication of treatment effectiveness.", "PMID": 1068245}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5852", "title": "The fallacy of facial measurements of occlusal height in edentulous subjects.", "content": "A controlled trial was made using fifteen subjects and making 120 measurements with a caliper gauge between marks disposed on the upper lip and the point of the chin when maxillo-mandibular relationships were altered vertically by known amounts within a range of 6 mm. It was found that mean facial measurements could account for only half of the skeletal movement involved. The variability of soft tissue translation in relation to skeletal movement led to the conclusion that such facial measurements are inappropriate to clinical practice.", "contents": "The fallacy of facial measurements of occlusal height in edentulous subjects. A controlled trial was made using fifteen subjects and making 120 measurements with a caliper gauge between marks disposed on the upper lip and the point of the chin when maxillo-mandibular relationships were altered vertically by known amounts within a range of 6 mm. It was found that mean facial measurements could account for only half of the skeletal movement involved. The variability of soft tissue translation in relation to skeletal movement led to the conclusion that such facial measurements are inappropriate to clinical practice.", "PMID": 1068246}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5853", "title": "The influence of percussion, occlusion and mastication on the occurrence of silent periods in masseter muscle activity.", "content": "The occurrence of silent periods in masseter muscle activity was investigated during percussion of the bony structures of the head and neck, during occlusion of the teeth on surfaces of varying hardness, and during chewing of different food-stuffs. Silent periods were demonstrated on percussion during isometric and isotonic contraction of the masseter muscles and the occurrence of silent periods was influenced by the force of occlusion and by the nature of the surface contacted. Mandibular velocity was investigated during tapping and chewing sequences by ultra-high-speed cinematography, but it was not found possible to identify a critical change in mandibular velocity associated with the occurrence of silent periods. More silent periods were observed during the chewing of hard foods than of soft foods and there were more silent periods near the beginning of chewing sequences than towards the end. Differences in latency and duration of silent periods were observed in relation to artificial changes in the occlusion.", "contents": "The influence of percussion, occlusion and mastication on the occurrence of silent periods in masseter muscle activity. The occurrence of silent periods in masseter muscle activity was investigated during percussion of the bony structures of the head and neck, during occlusion of the teeth on surfaces of varying hardness, and during chewing of different food-stuffs. Silent periods were demonstrated on percussion during isometric and isotonic contraction of the masseter muscles and the occurrence of silent periods was influenced by the force of occlusion and by the nature of the surface contacted. Mandibular velocity was investigated during tapping and chewing sequences by ultra-high-speed cinematography, but it was not found possible to identify a critical change in mandibular velocity associated with the occurrence of silent periods. More silent periods were observed during the chewing of hard foods than of soft foods and there were more silent periods near the beginning of chewing sequences than towards the end. Differences in latency and duration of silent periods were observed in relation to artificial changes in the occlusion.", "PMID": 1068248}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5854", "title": "Metastatic chondrosarcoma to the maxilla: review of the literature and report of case.", "content": "Metastatic tumors to the jaw are relatively uncommon. When they occur, the primary tumor is most likely to be an adenocarcinoma from the breast, lung, or kidney. Metastatic tumors most frequently involve the mandible rather than the maxilla. The route of metastasis is considered hematogenous, although spread via lymphatic channels or the vertebral venous plexus may occur. An unusual instance of primary chondrosarcoma of the scapula metastasizing to the maxilla and to various soft tissue sites from tumor emboli, probably arising from an extensive metastatic lesion of the left atrium of the heart, has been presented.", "contents": "Metastatic chondrosarcoma to the maxilla: review of the literature and report of case. Metastatic tumors to the jaw are relatively uncommon. When they occur, the primary tumor is most likely to be an adenocarcinoma from the breast, lung, or kidney. Metastatic tumors most frequently involve the mandible rather than the maxilla. The route of metastasis is considered hematogenous, although spread via lymphatic channels or the vertebral venous plexus may occur. An unusual instance of primary chondrosarcoma of the scapula metastasizing to the maxilla and to various soft tissue sites from tumor emboli, probably arising from an extensive metastatic lesion of the left atrium of the heart, has been presented.", "PMID": 1068250}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5855", "title": "Mandibular metastasis from carcinoma of the bladder.", "content": "A case of metastasis to the jaw from carcinoma of the bladder is reported. Only one other case has been reported in the past 90 years. The case is also unusual in that the symptoms of the jaw were the first indication that metastasis had occurred.", "contents": "Mandibular metastasis from carcinoma of the bladder. A case of metastasis to the jaw from carcinoma of the bladder is reported. Only one other case has been reported in the past 90 years. The case is also unusual in that the symptoms of the jaw were the first indication that metastasis had occurred.", "PMID": 1068251}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5856", "title": "Angiosarcoma of the maxillary sinus: report of case.", "content": "The third reported case of primary angiosarcoma of the paranasal sinuses is presented. The neoplasm occured in the left maxillary sinus of a 26-year-old white woman. The patient was treated with external irradiation with cobalt of a total dose of 7,000 rads. No evidence of recurrence has been reported.", "contents": "Angiosarcoma of the maxillary sinus: report of case. The third reported case of primary angiosarcoma of the paranasal sinuses is presented. The neoplasm occured in the left maxillary sinus of a 26-year-old white woman. The patient was treated with external irradiation with cobalt of a total dose of 7,000 rads. No evidence of recurrence has been reported.", "PMID": 1068252}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5857", "title": "Ameloblastic fibroma: report of case.", "content": "A 3-year-old girl had a large, painless, radiolucent lesion that involved the right side of the mandible. The lesion extended from the canine region to the condyle and coronoid process. A microscopic diagnosis of ameloblastoma was made by the hospital pathologist. Because it is unusual to find an ameloblastoma in a 3-year-old child and because the extensive surgical procedure that would be necessary to remove an ameloblastoma of this size, further consultation was required. As a result, the lesion was diagnosed as an ameloblastic fibroma and a more conservative surgical procedure was performed. Sixteen months after surgery, radiographic evidence showed complete resolution of the bony surgical defect, with no evidence of recurrence. This case once again points out the necessity for exact diagnosis of similar histologic lesions that may require a different approach in treatment.", "contents": "Ameloblastic fibroma: report of case. A 3-year-old girl had a large, painless, radiolucent lesion that involved the right side of the mandible. The lesion extended from the canine region to the condyle and coronoid process. A microscopic diagnosis of ameloblastoma was made by the hospital pathologist. Because it is unusual to find an ameloblastoma in a 3-year-old child and because the extensive surgical procedure that would be necessary to remove an ameloblastoma of this size, further consultation was required. As a result, the lesion was diagnosed as an ameloblastic fibroma and a more conservative surgical procedure was performed. Sixteen months after surgery, radiographic evidence showed complete resolution of the bony surgical defect, with no evidence of recurrence. This case once again points out the necessity for exact diagnosis of similar histologic lesions that may require a different approach in treatment.", "PMID": 1068253}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5858", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis of dental origin: report of case.", "content": "Although appreciated by most practitioners, the fact that dental infection may be the source of bacteremia without a history of recent dental procedures is occasionally overlooked. The case reported here illustrates what we feel is an example of such a phenomenon. The eradication of the oral foci of infection enhanced the patient's response to therapy and prompted his ultimate recovery.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis of dental origin: report of case. Although appreciated by most practitioners, the fact that dental infection may be the source of bacteremia without a history of recent dental procedures is occasionally overlooked. The case reported here illustrates what we feel is an example of such a phenomenon. The eradication of the oral foci of infection enhanced the patient's response to therapy and prompted his ultimate recovery.", "PMID": 1068255}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5859", "title": "Simplified approach to clinical photography.", "content": "These photographic aids are intended to offer an alternative photographic system to the individual who is initially reluctant or unable to invest in the financial commitment of a more sophisticated system. Actual cost of individual components may be ascertained by comparative shopping.", "contents": "Simplified approach to clinical photography. These photographic aids are intended to offer an alternative photographic system to the individual who is initially reluctant or unable to invest in the financial commitment of a more sophisticated system. Actual cost of individual components may be ascertained by comparative shopping.", "PMID": 1068256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5860", "title": "Fiber optic surgical retractor.", "content": "A ramus retractor with a variable high-intensity light source has been designed. It offers access, direct high-intensity visibility, reliability, compactness, and sterilizability. We have used this modification for the past five years. It has allowed direct visibility and identification of structures in the surgical field without the use of cumbersome overhead surgical lights, headlights, or spotlights.", "contents": "Fiber optic surgical retractor. A ramus retractor with a variable high-intensity light source has been designed. It offers access, direct high-intensity visibility, reliability, compactness, and sterilizability. We have used this modification for the past five years. It has allowed direct visibility and identification of structures in the surgical field without the use of cumbersome overhead surgical lights, headlights, or spotlights.", "PMID": 1068257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5861", "title": "Lipsarcoma of the cheek.", "content": "A case of liposarcoma of the cheek in a 39-year-old man has been presented. This tumor, which is one of the most common malignant tumors of soft tissues in the body generally, is extremely rare in the oral regions. Initial surgical excision in this case was followed closely by a second more extensive local dissection in view of the pronounced tendency of the liposarcoma to infiltrate locally beyond the apparent limits of ite pseudocapsule. Early and adequate surgical intervention is most important in the long-term control of this tumor. Accurate histopathological diagnosis provides important information relative to the prognosis and preferred treatment.", "contents": "Lipsarcoma of the cheek. A case of liposarcoma of the cheek in a 39-year-old man has been presented. This tumor, which is one of the most common malignant tumors of soft tissues in the body generally, is extremely rare in the oral regions. Initial surgical excision in this case was followed closely by a second more extensive local dissection in view of the pronounced tendency of the liposarcoma to infiltrate locally beyond the apparent limits of ite pseudocapsule. Early and adequate surgical intervention is most important in the long-term control of this tumor. Accurate histopathological diagnosis provides important information relative to the prognosis and preferred treatment.", "PMID": 1068258}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5862", "title": "Fractures of the edentulous mandible: the Chalmer J. Lyons Academy study.", "content": "Results of a study show a 20% incidence of nonunion of fractures of atrophic edentulous mandibles. Accurate bony reduction is essential in elderly paatients with thin mandibles. Closed reduction should be tried first as open reduction tends to limit vascular supply to the fracture. Maintenance of periosteal coverage seems advisable if open reduction is necessary. Bone grafting should be considered unless contraindicated because of the patient's age or physical condition. Wire mesh is preferable to bone plates for stability.", "contents": "Fractures of the edentulous mandible: the Chalmer J. Lyons Academy study. Results of a study show a 20% incidence of nonunion of fractures of atrophic edentulous mandibles. Accurate bony reduction is essential in elderly paatients with thin mandibles. Closed reduction should be tried first as open reduction tends to limit vascular supply to the fracture. Maintenance of periosteal coverage seems advisable if open reduction is necessary. Bone grafting should be considered unless contraindicated because of the patient's age or physical condition. Wire mesh is preferable to bone plates for stability.", "PMID": 1068262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5863", "title": "Surgical-orthodontic approach to skeletal class III malocclusion.", "content": "Twenty-nine adult patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were treated by combined surgical-orthodontic management. A thorough analysis enabled us to point out the exact location and degree of the deformity and was of great help in determining the appropriate types of treatment. Corrections were made in 12 patients by the mandibular body ostectomy in the premolar region; the curved oblique osteotomy, in which the ascending ramus was cut obliquely on a curved line from the anterior border of the ramus to the angle, was used for the treatment of the remaining 17 patients. The resulting profile and occlusal improvements were satisfactory, Preoperative orthodontic treatment such as leveling of the dental arches, expansion of the upper dental arch to accommodate the maxilla to the mandible, correction of the upper and lower incisal inclinations, extraction of the premolars to decrease horizontal discrepancy or alignment of malpositioned teeth, and postoperative adjustment were effective in providing definite changes in profile and a stable occlusion-an important factor in the prevention of postoperative relapse.", "contents": "Surgical-orthodontic approach to skeletal class III malocclusion. Twenty-nine adult patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion were treated by combined surgical-orthodontic management. A thorough analysis enabled us to point out the exact location and degree of the deformity and was of great help in determining the appropriate types of treatment. Corrections were made in 12 patients by the mandibular body ostectomy in the premolar region; the curved oblique osteotomy, in which the ascending ramus was cut obliquely on a curved line from the anterior border of the ramus to the angle, was used for the treatment of the remaining 17 patients. The resulting profile and occlusal improvements were satisfactory, Preoperative orthodontic treatment such as leveling of the dental arches, expansion of the upper dental arch to accommodate the maxilla to the mandible, correction of the upper and lower incisal inclinations, extraction of the premolars to decrease horizontal discrepancy or alignment of malpositioned teeth, and postoperative adjustment were effective in providing definite changes in profile and a stable occlusion-an important factor in the prevention of postoperative relapse.", "PMID": 1068263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5864", "title": "Palatal patch-grafts in post areas of subperiosteal implants.", "content": "Transplantation of palatal patch-grafts before insertion of subperiosteal implants can be helpful in producing a better stress-bearing area for a prosthesis. Careful use of the technique assures adequate attached mucosa around the implant posts and reduces the possibility of infection and wound dehiscence.", "contents": "Palatal patch-grafts in post areas of subperiosteal implants. Transplantation of palatal patch-grafts before insertion of subperiosteal implants can be helpful in producing a better stress-bearing area for a prosthesis. Careful use of the technique assures adequate attached mucosa around the implant posts and reduces the possibility of infection and wound dehiscence.", "PMID": 1068264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5865", "title": "Subgingival plaque and loss of attachment in periodontosis as observed in autopsy material.", "content": "Histologic sections from six autopsy cases which from a clinical point of view fitted into the criteria of periodontosis were examined with the aim at evaluating the role of subgingival plaque in the etiology of the loss of attachment in this condition. The following pertinent observations were made: 1. The subgingival plaque in most instances was not calcified to form calculus. 2. The thickness of the subgingival plaque varied between 20 and 200 mu (0.02-0.2 mm). 3. Where loss of attachment had taken place, the distance from the most apical part of the subgingival plaque to the most apical point of the epithelial cuff varied between 0.2 and 1.1 mm; this distance was never found to be more than 1.1 mm. This would indicate a cause and effect relationship, the plaque being the obvious cause. 4. There was very severe chronic inflammation in the soft tissue bordering upon the plaque with resulting collagenolysis. 5. The cellular infiltration and the collagenolysis may be limited to a zone of 1 to 2 mm in the immediate vicinity of the plaque. Between the inflamed area and the surface of the gingivae buccally and lingually there may be a fairly wide zone of healthy tissue which hides the symptoms of inflammation from being observed on a clinical examination. In turn this could leave the clinician with the impression that attachment has been lost and bone resorbed because of degenerative changes. The following conclusions can be made: In these six cases of \"alveolar bone loss vastly out of proportion to what one would expect from the local etiologic factors in the patient at that age\" there was no morphologic evidence that degenerative changes were responsible for the loss of attachment. On the contrary inflammatory changes induced by the subgingval plaque dominated the histopathologic picture.", "contents": "Subgingival plaque and loss of attachment in periodontosis as observed in autopsy material. Histologic sections from six autopsy cases which from a clinical point of view fitted into the criteria of periodontosis were examined with the aim at evaluating the role of subgingival plaque in the etiology of the loss of attachment in this condition. The following pertinent observations were made: 1. The subgingival plaque in most instances was not calcified to form calculus. 2. The thickness of the subgingival plaque varied between 20 and 200 mu (0.02-0.2 mm). 3. Where loss of attachment had taken place, the distance from the most apical part of the subgingival plaque to the most apical point of the epithelial cuff varied between 0.2 and 1.1 mm; this distance was never found to be more than 1.1 mm. This would indicate a cause and effect relationship, the plaque being the obvious cause. 4. There was very severe chronic inflammation in the soft tissue bordering upon the plaque with resulting collagenolysis. 5. The cellular infiltration and the collagenolysis may be limited to a zone of 1 to 2 mm in the immediate vicinity of the plaque. Between the inflamed area and the surface of the gingivae buccally and lingually there may be a fairly wide zone of healthy tissue which hides the symptoms of inflammation from being observed on a clinical examination. In turn this could leave the clinician with the impression that attachment has been lost and bone resorbed because of degenerative changes. The following conclusions can be made: In these six cases of \"alveolar bone loss vastly out of proportion to what one would expect from the local etiologic factors in the patient at that age\" there was no morphologic evidence that degenerative changes were responsible for the loss of attachment. On the contrary inflammatory changes induced by the subgingval plaque dominated the histopathologic picture.", "PMID": 1068270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5866", "title": "Histopathology of periodontal disease in sheep.", "content": "A histological investigation was carried out of the periodontia of young and mature sheep obtained from areas where a periodontal syndrome is endemic in sheep flocks. Observations of the incisor periodontia, which are most commonly affected by the syndrome, revealed no evidence of degenerative or pathological changes of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament or cementum compared with the periodontia of control animals. Minor inflammatory changes of the gingivae, associated with small amounts of a filamentous-type dental plaque, were noted in young animals from areas where the disease is endemic. In mature animals moderate to severe inflammatory periodontal disease with deep pocketing was evident together with dental plaque in the sheep from periodontal disease-prone areas; whereas control specimens showed minimal inflammatory response and dental plaque. It was concluded that periodontal disease in sheep can be described as a localized inflammatory disease initially of the gingivae and later of the deeper periodontal disease.", "contents": "Histopathology of periodontal disease in sheep. A histological investigation was carried out of the periodontia of young and mature sheep obtained from areas where a periodontal syndrome is endemic in sheep flocks. Observations of the incisor periodontia, which are most commonly affected by the syndrome, revealed no evidence of degenerative or pathological changes of alveolar bone, periodontal ligament or cementum compared with the periodontia of control animals. Minor inflammatory changes of the gingivae, associated with small amounts of a filamentous-type dental plaque, were noted in young animals from areas where the disease is endemic. In mature animals moderate to severe inflammatory periodontal disease with deep pocketing was evident together with dental plaque in the sheep from periodontal disease-prone areas; whereas control specimens showed minimal inflammatory response and dental plaque. It was concluded that periodontal disease in sheep can be described as a localized inflammatory disease initially of the gingivae and later of the deeper periodontal disease.", "PMID": 1068271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5867", "title": "The depth of the vestibular fornix in the mandibular anterior region in health.", "content": "Using a radiographic technique, the depth of the vestibular fornix in the lower anterior region was determined for 100 periodontally healthy subjects. The width of attached gingiva was measured clinically. The vestibule in the mandibular anterior region was found to be approximately uniform in depth for each individual from canine to canine, being reduced where there were frenal and muscle attachments. The depth, measured from the gingiva to mucobuccal fold, varied from 2.5 to 11.5 mm; and. measured from the crest of the lip to mucobuccal fold, varied from 10 to 29 mm. The proportion of the vestibule, measured from gingiva to mucobuccal fold, occupied by attached gingiva, varied from a mean of 34% in the canine region, to approximately 60% in the lateral incisor region, and to approximately 55% in the central incisor region. The minimum depth of the vestibule determined was 2.5 mm, and this was associated with a zone of attached gingiva 1 mm wide. Considering that all subjects in this study were periodontally and gingivally healthy, it would appear that satisfactory periodontal and gingival health may be maintained even where the vestibule is shallow.", "contents": "The depth of the vestibular fornix in the mandibular anterior region in health. Using a radiographic technique, the depth of the vestibular fornix in the lower anterior region was determined for 100 periodontally healthy subjects. The width of attached gingiva was measured clinically. The vestibule in the mandibular anterior region was found to be approximately uniform in depth for each individual from canine to canine, being reduced where there were frenal and muscle attachments. The depth, measured from the gingiva to mucobuccal fold, varied from 2.5 to 11.5 mm; and. measured from the crest of the lip to mucobuccal fold, varied from 10 to 29 mm. The proportion of the vestibule, measured from gingiva to mucobuccal fold, occupied by attached gingiva, varied from a mean of 34% in the canine region, to approximately 60% in the lateral incisor region, and to approximately 55% in the central incisor region. The minimum depth of the vestibule determined was 2.5 mm, and this was associated with a zone of attached gingiva 1 mm wide. Considering that all subjects in this study were periodontally and gingivally healthy, it would appear that satisfactory periodontal and gingival health may be maintained even where the vestibule is shallow.", "PMID": 1068272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5868", "title": "Periodontic/orthodontic management of diphenylhydantoin gingival hyperplasia: case report.", "content": "A case report of the periodontic/orthodontic management of a patient with diphenylhydantoin gingival hyperplasia is presented over a 38-month period. The interdependence between the two specialties is discussed along with the rationale for treatment, based upon empirical and available scientific knowledge.", "contents": "Periodontic/orthodontic management of diphenylhydantoin gingival hyperplasia: case report. A case report of the periodontic/orthodontic management of a patient with diphenylhydantoin gingival hyperplasia is presented over a 38-month period. The interdependence between the two specialties is discussed along with the rationale for treatment, based upon empirical and available scientific knowledge.", "PMID": 1068273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5869", "title": "Location of flap margin after suturing.", "content": "Facial and lingual flaps were reflected on 23 patients who required an apically positioned flap procedure. Immediately after suturing, the distance from the flap margin to the crest of the alveolar process was recorded by routine pocket probing techniques. Root coverage was about 2 mm, significantly greater than the coverage previously recommended.", "contents": "Location of flap margin after suturing. Facial and lingual flaps were reflected on 23 patients who required an apically positioned flap procedure. Immediately after suturing, the distance from the flap margin to the crest of the alveolar process was recorded by routine pocket probing techniques. Root coverage was about 2 mm, significantly greater than the coverage previously recommended.", "PMID": 1068276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5870", "title": "Complete dentures and the associated soft tissues.", "content": "Some of the conditions of the soft tissues related to complete dentures encountered during a period of 25 years at a university clinic were presented and discussed from the standpoint of the clinical prosthodontist. During this time, over 1,000 denture patients were treated each year. For some conditions, a method of management was offered with treatment by sound prosthodontic principles rather than unneccessary medication. That denture fabrication involves much more than mere mechanical procedures is an understatement. Complete dentures are foreign objects in the oral cavity that are accepted and tolerated by the tissue to a degree that is surprising. As prosthodontists, we can gain satisfaction from the realization that the incidence of oral cancer due to dentures is less than extremely low. At the same time, we must be ever mindful of the statement by Sheppard and associates. \"Complete dentures are not the innocuous devices we often think they are.\" Every dentist must remember that one of his greatest missions is to serve as a detection agency for cancer. The information discussed indicates (1) the need for careful examination of the mouth, (2) the value of a rest period of 8 hours every day for the supporting tissues, and (3) the importance of regular recall visits for denture patients. Robinson stated that while the dental laboratory technician can be trained to aid the dentist in the fabrication of prosthetic devices, his lack of knowledge of reactions and diseases of the oral tissues limits him to an auxiliary role. Complete prosthodontics is a highly specialized health service that greatly affects the health, welfare, and well-being of the patient. It can be rendered only by the true professional who is educated in the biomedical sciences.", "contents": "Complete dentures and the associated soft tissues. Some of the conditions of the soft tissues related to complete dentures encountered during a period of 25 years at a university clinic were presented and discussed from the standpoint of the clinical prosthodontist. During this time, over 1,000 denture patients were treated each year. For some conditions, a method of management was offered with treatment by sound prosthodontic principles rather than unneccessary medication. That denture fabrication involves much more than mere mechanical procedures is an understatement. Complete dentures are foreign objects in the oral cavity that are accepted and tolerated by the tissue to a degree that is surprising. As prosthodontists, we can gain satisfaction from the realization that the incidence of oral cancer due to dentures is less than extremely low. At the same time, we must be ever mindful of the statement by Sheppard and associates. \"Complete dentures are not the innocuous devices we often think they are.\" Every dentist must remember that one of his greatest missions is to serve as a detection agency for cancer. The information discussed indicates (1) the need for careful examination of the mouth, (2) the value of a rest period of 8 hours every day for the supporting tissues, and (3) the importance of regular recall visits for denture patients. Robinson stated that while the dental laboratory technician can be trained to aid the dentist in the fabrication of prosthetic devices, his lack of knowledge of reactions and diseases of the oral tissues limits him to an auxiliary role. Complete prosthodontics is a highly specialized health service that greatly affects the health, welfare, and well-being of the patient. It can be rendered only by the true professional who is educated in the biomedical sciences.", "PMID": 1068278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5871", "title": "Variations in mandibular rest positions with and without dentures in place.", "content": "As part of a seven-year study concerning variations in denture techniques, seven radiographs were made for 52 patients. Three films of the series were made with dentures in the mouth and the patient at the vertical relation of rest; three films were made with the dentures out of the mouth and the patient at the vertical relation of rest; and one film was made with the patient at the vertical relation of occlusion. Differences were computed using an average of the three films for both groups. It was determined that the vertical relation of rest is affected by the presence of dentures in the mouth. However, this difference was not predictable, since with the dentures out, 25 per cent of the patients showed an increase in vertical relation, 59.6 per cent showed a decrease, and 15.4 per cent showed very little change.", "contents": "Variations in mandibular rest positions with and without dentures in place. As part of a seven-year study concerning variations in denture techniques, seven radiographs were made for 52 patients. Three films of the series were made with dentures in the mouth and the patient at the vertical relation of rest; three films were made with the dentures out of the mouth and the patient at the vertical relation of rest; and one film was made with the patient at the vertical relation of occlusion. Differences were computed using an average of the three films for both groups. It was determined that the vertical relation of rest is affected by the presence of dentures in the mouth. However, this difference was not predictable, since with the dentures out, 25 per cent of the patients showed an increase in vertical relation, 59.6 per cent showed a decrease, and 15.4 per cent showed very little change.", "PMID": 1068279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5872", "title": "The continuing role of the prosthodontist in the treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate.", "content": "The prosthodontist can fill a unique position on the cleft-palate team by aggressive participation in every phase of treatment for the developing child. Neonatal prostheses allow for normal feeding and help to direct proper tongue position. Palatal obturation is essential during all growth and tooth development. When orthodontic treatment is necessary and a pharyngeal extension prosthesis is present, obturation can be maintained with flexible denture liners. Each individual situation will allow utilization of an innovative type of prosthesis.", "contents": "The continuing role of the prosthodontist in the treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate. The prosthodontist can fill a unique position on the cleft-palate team by aggressive participation in every phase of treatment for the developing child. Neonatal prostheses allow for normal feeding and help to direct proper tongue position. Palatal obturation is essential during all growth and tooth development. When orthodontic treatment is necessary and a pharyngeal extension prosthesis is present, obturation can be maintained with flexible denture liners. Each individual situation will allow utilization of an innovative type of prosthesis.", "PMID": 1068281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5873", "title": "Radiation complications in edentulous patients.", "content": "Complete dentures were fabricated for 88 patients following completion of cancericidal doses of radiation therapy to the head and neck regions. All were followed for at least 6 months after delivery. All patients received dentures resting within the radiation field. Three patients developed osteoradionecroses directly attributable to their dentures. These three had been dentulous prior to therapy and had either pre- or posttreatment extractions. Of the 58 patients who had been edentulous prior to therapy, none developed osteoradionecrosis. Five patients developed soft tissue necroses secondary to the use of dentures.", "contents": "Radiation complications in edentulous patients. Complete dentures were fabricated for 88 patients following completion of cancericidal doses of radiation therapy to the head and neck regions. All were followed for at least 6 months after delivery. All patients received dentures resting within the radiation field. Three patients developed osteoradionecroses directly attributable to their dentures. These three had been dentulous prior to therapy and had either pre- or posttreatment extractions. Of the 58 patients who had been edentulous prior to therapy, none developed osteoradionecrosis. Five patients developed soft tissue necroses secondary to the use of dentures.", "PMID": 1068282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5874", "title": "The measurement of jaw movement. Part I.", "content": "A new method of recording the movements of a point on the mandible appears to be a valuable addition to the many means which are available for attempting to fathom the secrets of jaw movements. While in its present form this method does not fully describe any of the movements of the jaws, the over-all patterns recorded may be of significance.", "contents": "The measurement of jaw movement. Part I. A new method of recording the movements of a point on the mandible appears to be a valuable addition to the many means which are available for attempting to fathom the secrets of jaw movements. While in its present form this method does not fully describe any of the movements of the jaws, the over-all patterns recorded may be of significance.", "PMID": 1068283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5875", "title": "A reliable reline-rebase technique.", "content": "A reliable reline-rebase technique is very important to the general dentist. There are many excellent techniques, but this particular one has provided the most consistent results and patient satisfaction. No technique has any value unless a careful treatment plan is followed and technical procedures are performed with skill and concern.", "contents": "A reliable reline-rebase technique. A reliable reline-rebase technique is very important to the general dentist. There are many excellent techniques, but this particular one has provided the most consistent results and patient satisfaction. No technique has any value unless a careful treatment plan is followed and technical procedures are performed with skill and concern.", "PMID": 1068284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5876", "title": "An evaluation of terminal hinge position and neuromuscular position in edentulous patients. Part I. Maxillomandibular recordings.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information about the terminal hinge position (THP) and the neuromuscular position (NMP) in the edentulous population. The difference between the two positions was evaluated anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally to determine horizontal differences and reproducibility between days. In 25 edentulous subjects, five recordings were made at the neuromuscular position with no dentist guidance and five recordings at the terminal hinge position with dentist guidance; on a second day, the recordings were repeated. The differences between positions were evaluated by statistical methods. It was concluded that: (1) there is a discrepancy between the THP and the NMP for all edentulous subjects examined, (2) the NMP is anterior and medial or lateral to the THP, and (3) the NMP is not as reproducible as the THP.", "contents": "An evaluation of terminal hinge position and neuromuscular position in edentulous patients. Part I. Maxillomandibular recordings. The purpose of this investigation was to obtain information about the terminal hinge position (THP) and the neuromuscular position (NMP) in the edentulous population. The difference between the two positions was evaluated anteroposteriorly and mediolaterally to determine horizontal differences and reproducibility between days. In 25 edentulous subjects, five recordings were made at the neuromuscular position with no dentist guidance and five recordings at the terminal hinge position with dentist guidance; on a second day, the recordings were repeated. The differences between positions were evaluated by statistical methods. It was concluded that: (1) there is a discrepancy between the THP and the NMP for all edentulous subjects examined, (2) the NMP is anterior and medial or lateral to the THP, and (3) the NMP is not as reproducible as the THP.", "PMID": 1068285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5877", "title": "A method of transferring mandibular-movement data to computer storage.", "content": "A method was briefly described which photographed engraved blocks of mandibular-movement recordings and transferred the information into computer memory. A photographic platform was designed to allow uniform photographing of the engraved blocks. The photographed information was then projected onto graph paper where it was traced. The traced information, with the centric point labeled, was transferred into computer memory via a Computek 531 tablet. An RMS (root-mean-squared) deviation test was conducted to estimate the reliability of this technique. The maximum deviation (0.363 mm.) was found for z coordinate of the left-side recording. Labeling the centric point in computer memory is very important. This allows careful and detailed study of movements in the area where clinical evaluation is of utmost importance to the dentist. As more data are collected and evaluated, questions related to occlusion, such as tooth stability, effect on periodontal health, relationship to orthodontic success, and the like, may be clarified.", "contents": "A method of transferring mandibular-movement data to computer storage. A method was briefly described which photographed engraved blocks of mandibular-movement recordings and transferred the information into computer memory. A photographic platform was designed to allow uniform photographing of the engraved blocks. The photographed information was then projected onto graph paper where it was traced. The traced information, with the centric point labeled, was transferred into computer memory via a Computek 531 tablet. An RMS (root-mean-squared) deviation test was conducted to estimate the reliability of this technique. The maximum deviation (0.363 mm.) was found for z coordinate of the left-side recording. Labeling the centric point in computer memory is very important. This allows careful and detailed study of movements in the area where clinical evaluation is of utmost importance to the dentist. As more data are collected and evaluated, questions related to occlusion, such as tooth stability, effect on periodontal health, relationship to orthodontic success, and the like, may be clarified.", "PMID": 1068286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5878", "title": "Scanning electron microscope study of the junction between restorations and gingival cavosurface margins.", "content": "This study demonstrates a definite interfacial void between the cervical margins of the tooth preparation and gold inlay, composite resin, and amalgam restorations. In addition, these marginal defects permit plaque formation within them. Furthermore, microleakage may be a complicating factor in this lack of fit. Restorations which may be \"clinically acceptable\" may not, in fact, be ideal because of the properties of the restorative materials. It would seem desirable, therefore, to encourage the development of new restorative materials that will bond to the tooth surface.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope study of the junction between restorations and gingival cavosurface margins. This study demonstrates a definite interfacial void between the cervical margins of the tooth preparation and gold inlay, composite resin, and amalgam restorations. In addition, these marginal defects permit plaque formation within them. Furthermore, microleakage may be a complicating factor in this lack of fit. Restorations which may be \"clinically acceptable\" may not, in fact, be ideal because of the properties of the restorative materials. It would seem desirable, therefore, to encourage the development of new restorative materials that will bond to the tooth surface.", "PMID": 1068287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5879", "title": "An evaluation of techniques for finishing margins of gold inlays.", "content": "The following conclusions on finishing margins of gold inlays were reached: 1. Instruments should be rotated perpendicular to the margin from gold to enamel. 2. Green stones produce rough surfaces that are not easily smoothed by finer instruments. 3. Hand burnishers and rubber points are not effective in producing gross marginal closure. 4. The best instruments for finishing occlusal margins are round steel burs, finishing burs, or white finishing stones. 5. When finishing occlusal margins, it is important to use an instrument small enough to gain access to the depth of grooves and fissures. 6. Proximal preparations made with a secondary flare yield castings with better \"as cast\" and finished margins than those preparations made with a butt joint. 7. The best instruments for finishing proximal margins are flexible paper discs. Usually, one fine sand or fine cuttle discs are necessary. 8. There is an indication that castings made from slightly overwaxed patterns can be finished to produce better margins than those made from patterns waxed exactly to the margins.", "contents": "An evaluation of techniques for finishing margins of gold inlays. The following conclusions on finishing margins of gold inlays were reached: 1. Instruments should be rotated perpendicular to the margin from gold to enamel. 2. Green stones produce rough surfaces that are not easily smoothed by finer instruments. 3. Hand burnishers and rubber points are not effective in producing gross marginal closure. 4. The best instruments for finishing occlusal margins are round steel burs, finishing burs, or white finishing stones. 5. When finishing occlusal margins, it is important to use an instrument small enough to gain access to the depth of grooves and fissures. 6. Proximal preparations made with a secondary flare yield castings with better \"as cast\" and finished margins than those preparations made with a butt joint. 7. The best instruments for finishing proximal margins are flexible paper discs. Usually, one fine sand or fine cuttle discs are necessary. 8. There is an indication that castings made from slightly overwaxed patterns can be finished to produce better margins than those made from patterns waxed exactly to the margins.", "PMID": 1068288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5880", "title": "A review of concepts of silver amalgam retention.", "content": "Retention grooves and undercuts are not advantageous to an amalgam cavity preparation. These mechanical locks do not prevent fracture of the proximal portion in vivo, do not inhibit marginal fracture, are not necessary for retention, and are a factor in the split-tooth syndrome. The tensile stress needed to dislodge the restorations would be impossible to achieve in the oral environment, and therefore, additional retention is not worth the added risk of endangering the integrity of the tooth and the pulp. All factors considered, a properly prepared, conservative Class II Black's type of cavity preparation not only remains the easiest to prepare with conventional instrumentation but also is totally adequate to withstand the stresses of mastication, magnifying the desirable properties of the amalgam restoration.", "contents": "A review of concepts of silver amalgam retention. Retention grooves and undercuts are not advantageous to an amalgam cavity preparation. These mechanical locks do not prevent fracture of the proximal portion in vivo, do not inhibit marginal fracture, are not necessary for retention, and are a factor in the split-tooth syndrome. The tensile stress needed to dislodge the restorations would be impossible to achieve in the oral environment, and therefore, additional retention is not worth the added risk of endangering the integrity of the tooth and the pulp. All factors considered, a properly prepared, conservative Class II Black's type of cavity preparation not only remains the easiest to prepare with conventional instrumentation but also is totally adequate to withstand the stresses of mastication, magnifying the desirable properties of the amalgam restoration.", "PMID": 1068289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5881", "title": "Light-weight RTV silicone for maxillofacial prostheses.", "content": "Weight is a problem in retention of large skin-textured maxillofacial prostheses. The purpose of this investigation was to test the feasibility of mixing foam RTV silicone rubber with conventional RTV silicone rubber to obtain a light-weight material. Various mixtures of foam and conventional silicone rubber were formulated and tested for strength, accuracy of molding, color application, color stability, and texture. A special flask to support the mold was necessary in order to overcome expansion problems associated with gas formation of the foam silicone rubber. The mold required venting to release the gas and to reduce the expansion of the prosthesis in order to maintain accuracy. Molding, accuracy, texture, and color problems were overcome. Reduction of weight proportionate to reduction of tear strength of the material formulated, however, did not allow routine use of mixtures of foam and conventional silicone. When the weight of a prosthesis is critical and excessive and thickness is sufficient to give adequate strength, the foam and conventional silicone mixture can be used.", "contents": "Light-weight RTV silicone for maxillofacial prostheses. Weight is a problem in retention of large skin-textured maxillofacial prostheses. The purpose of this investigation was to test the feasibility of mixing foam RTV silicone rubber with conventional RTV silicone rubber to obtain a light-weight material. Various mixtures of foam and conventional silicone rubber were formulated and tested for strength, accuracy of molding, color application, color stability, and texture. A special flask to support the mold was necessary in order to overcome expansion problems associated with gas formation of the foam silicone rubber. The mold required venting to release the gas and to reduce the expansion of the prosthesis in order to maintain accuracy. Molding, accuracy, texture, and color problems were overcome. Reduction of weight proportionate to reduction of tear strength of the material formulated, however, did not allow routine use of mixtures of foam and conventional silicone. When the weight of a prosthesis is critical and excessive and thickness is sufficient to give adequate strength, the foam and conventional silicone mixture can be used.", "PMID": 1068290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5882", "title": "Titanium endosteal dental implants in the mandibles of beagle dogs: a 2 year study.", "content": "Forty of 44 vented endosteal blade implants were well tolerated by the mandibular tissues of beagle dogs, as demonstrated clinically, radiographically, and histologically. Infection and inflammation were not observed. The epithelium did not invade along the neck of the implants more than 2 mm. below the mandibular crest. After 3 to 6 months, except for increasing density of bone at the metal interface, no distinct pattern of reaction could be discerned histologically. Except for heavy collagenous investment in three dogs, there was no sign of the implants being treated as sterile foreign bodies. In this study, histology did not provide good criteria for evaluating the failure of vented endosteal blade implants. In four implants which failed, the most reliable signs of failure were increased mobility and/or sulcus depth around the neck of the abutments. Radiographic evaluation of implants provided the best means of determining bone resorption. Bone resorption was apparent 3 to 6 months after implantation, did not appear to be progressive, and did not indicate implant failure or impending implant failure in those animals in which it occurred. Radiolucent areas observed in 29 of the specimens contained connective tissue, marrow spaces, thin bone trabeculae, and nonpathologic tissues. Although in some of the dogs stress on implants did not cause failure, there is a need for further experimentation involving vented endosteal blades subjected to occlusal loading.", "contents": "Titanium endosteal dental implants in the mandibles of beagle dogs: a 2 year study. Forty of 44 vented endosteal blade implants were well tolerated by the mandibular tissues of beagle dogs, as demonstrated clinically, radiographically, and histologically. Infection and inflammation were not observed. The epithelium did not invade along the neck of the implants more than 2 mm. below the mandibular crest. After 3 to 6 months, except for increasing density of bone at the metal interface, no distinct pattern of reaction could be discerned histologically. Except for heavy collagenous investment in three dogs, there was no sign of the implants being treated as sterile foreign bodies. In this study, histology did not provide good criteria for evaluating the failure of vented endosteal blade implants. In four implants which failed, the most reliable signs of failure were increased mobility and/or sulcus depth around the neck of the abutments. Radiographic evaluation of implants provided the best means of determining bone resorption. Bone resorption was apparent 3 to 6 months after implantation, did not appear to be progressive, and did not indicate implant failure or impending implant failure in those animals in which it occurred. Radiolucent areas observed in 29 of the specimens contained connective tissue, marrow spaces, thin bone trabeculae, and nonpathologic tissues. Although in some of the dogs stress on implants did not cause failure, there is a need for further experimentation involving vented endosteal blades subjected to occlusal loading.", "PMID": 1068291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5883", "title": "Reflectance spectra of natural and acrylic resin teeth.", "content": "A method has been described for determining the reflectance spectra of teeth at various parts of the tooth surface. The shape and size of the teeth were accounted for by appropriate experimental and mathematical techniques. In all instances where a subtle difference in tooth color was discernible, this difference was also apparent on the corresponding spectra. The spectra of acrylic resin teeth showed characteristic absorption shoulders caused by pigmentation. These shoulders did not appear in the spectra of natural teeth where the reflectivity gradually increased with increasing wavelength. Differences were observed in the colors as well as the spectra of teeth from different shade guides which were marked with the same shade number by the manufacturer. The method may be applied for control of the color quality of artificial teeth as well as the selection of pigments in order to obtain an appropriate shade range and to reduce effects of metamerism.", "contents": "Reflectance spectra of natural and acrylic resin teeth. A method has been described for determining the reflectance spectra of teeth at various parts of the tooth surface. The shape and size of the teeth were accounted for by appropriate experimental and mathematical techniques. In all instances where a subtle difference in tooth color was discernible, this difference was also apparent on the corresponding spectra. The spectra of acrylic resin teeth showed characteristic absorption shoulders caused by pigmentation. These shoulders did not appear in the spectra of natural teeth where the reflectivity gradually increased with increasing wavelength. Differences were observed in the colors as well as the spectra of teeth from different shade guides which were marked with the same shade number by the manufacturer. The method may be applied for control of the color quality of artificial teeth as well as the selection of pigments in order to obtain an appropriate shade range and to reduce effects of metamerism.", "PMID": 1068293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5884", "title": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia and the myeloproliferative diseases during the child-bearing years.", "content": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia and the myeloproliferative diseases may present as asymptomatic elevations of peripheral blood counts or with relatively nonspecific symptoms. Full diagnostic evaluation is necessary to eliminate the many other causes of blood count elevation. Coincidence of a myeloproliferative disease and pregnancy is unusual. The pregnancy has no adverse effect on the course of the mother's hematologic disease. However, the myeloproliferative diseases, especially if uncontrolled, result in increased fetal prematurity and mortality. Treatment of the pregnant patient should be conservative, and cytotoxic therapy should be avoided until at least after the first trimester whenever possible. Busulfan has been the drug most widely used during pregnancy, and it appears not to cause fetal malformations when used alone.", "contents": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia and the myeloproliferative diseases during the child-bearing years. Chronic myelocytic leukemia and the myeloproliferative diseases may present as asymptomatic elevations of peripheral blood counts or with relatively nonspecific symptoms. Full diagnostic evaluation is necessary to eliminate the many other causes of blood count elevation. Coincidence of a myeloproliferative disease and pregnancy is unusual. The pregnancy has no adverse effect on the course of the mother's hematologic disease. However, the myeloproliferative diseases, especially if uncontrolled, result in increased fetal prematurity and mortality. Treatment of the pregnant patient should be conservative, and cytotoxic therapy should be avoided until at least after the first trimester whenever possible. Busulfan has been the drug most widely used during pregnancy, and it appears not to cause fetal malformations when used alone.", "PMID": 1068296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5885", "title": "Microcirculation of the renal papilla of rats under control conditions and after temporary ischemia.", "content": "Blood flow velocities were measured and, with the help of vessel diameters, volume flow rates were calculated in the ascending and descending vasa recta of the renal papilla of young rats using microkymography. Measurements were done under control conditions, and one or three days after temporary ischemia of the kidney (one hr of renal artery occlusion). To test whether the osmolality of the final urine which surrounds the papilla influences the papillary microcirculation, the papillary surface was rinsed with 300 or 1500 mOsm solutions. However, the rinse fluid osmolality had no effect on blood flow. Flow velocity in descending vasa recta(hypertonic rinse fluid) averaged 0.60 +/- 0.04 SEM mm/sec under control conditions, 0.68 +/- 0.08 mm/sec one day after temporary ischemia, and 0.73 +/- 0.04 mm/sec three days after temporary ischemia. The corresponding blood flow rates are 9.3 +/- 1.0, 8.3 +/- 1.2, and 10.5 +/- 1.5 nl/min; these values are not significantly different from each other. Flow rate in the ascending vasa recta was 6.4 +/- 0.6 nl/min under control conditions and 9.3 +/- 1.2 nl/min one day postischemia. The significance increase in ascending vasa recta blood flow after ischemia was probably due to an increase in the permeability of the papillary epithelium. An exact quantitative comparison between blood inflow and outflow from the papilla is not possible at present, because it is not yet clear to what extent the number of ascending vasa recta outnumber the descending vasa recta.", "contents": "Microcirculation of the renal papilla of rats under control conditions and after temporary ischemia. Blood flow velocities were measured and, with the help of vessel diameters, volume flow rates were calculated in the ascending and descending vasa recta of the renal papilla of young rats using microkymography. Measurements were done under control conditions, and one or three days after temporary ischemia of the kidney (one hr of renal artery occlusion). To test whether the osmolality of the final urine which surrounds the papilla influences the papillary microcirculation, the papillary surface was rinsed with 300 or 1500 mOsm solutions. However, the rinse fluid osmolality had no effect on blood flow. Flow velocity in descending vasa recta(hypertonic rinse fluid) averaged 0.60 +/- 0.04 SEM mm/sec under control conditions, 0.68 +/- 0.08 mm/sec one day after temporary ischemia, and 0.73 +/- 0.04 mm/sec three days after temporary ischemia. The corresponding blood flow rates are 9.3 +/- 1.0, 8.3 +/- 1.2, and 10.5 +/- 1.5 nl/min; these values are not significantly different from each other. Flow rate in the ascending vasa recta was 6.4 +/- 0.6 nl/min under control conditions and 9.3 +/- 1.2 nl/min one day postischemia. The significance increase in ascending vasa recta blood flow after ischemia was probably due to an increase in the permeability of the papillary epithelium. An exact quantitative comparison between blood inflow and outflow from the papilla is not possible at present, because it is not yet clear to what extent the number of ascending vasa recta outnumber the descending vasa recta.", "PMID": 1068329}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5886", "title": "Quinsy tonsillectomy.", "content": "The usual treatment for peritonsillar abscess in the United States is incision, drainage and antibiotic therapy followed by tonsillectomy several weeks later. Why this treatment began is not clear but it probably originated from fear of complications which might arise from operating during the acute stage. This therapy requires two hospitalizations and tonsillectomy after previous abscess can be difficult. Tonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess can recur any time after the initial abscess is treated. A series of 50 cases of peri-tonsillar abscesses treated by immediate tonsillectomy is presented and evaluated. The results show this operation has a low morbidity and no significantly greater complication rate than elective tonsellectomy.", "contents": "Quinsy tonsillectomy. The usual treatment for peritonsillar abscess in the United States is incision, drainage and antibiotic therapy followed by tonsillectomy several weeks later. Why this treatment began is not clear but it probably originated from fear of complications which might arise from operating during the acute stage. This therapy requires two hospitalizations and tonsillectomy after previous abscess can be difficult. Tonsillitis or peritonsillar abscess can recur any time after the initial abscess is treated. A series of 50 cases of peri-tonsillar abscesses treated by immediate tonsillectomy is presented and evaluated. The results show this operation has a low morbidity and no significantly greater complication rate than elective tonsellectomy.", "PMID": 1068337}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5887", "title": "Immunotherapy with chemotherapy in the maintenance of remission in acute myeloblastic leukaemia.", "content": "Thirteen patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia or one of its variants in remission have been given maintenance treatment with a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy was given for one week in four, and immunotherapy was given during the intervening three weeks. The immunotherapy consisted of BCG vaccine given by Heaf gun, and snap-frozen pooled allogeneic irradiated leukaemic cells. The median duration of survival was 147 weeks, and the median duration of the first complete remission was 76 weeks. It is difficult to compare these results with other figures reported, but they add to the evidence which suggests that immunotherapy is of value in the maintenance treatment of patients with this disease. Further controlled trials are necessary.", "contents": "Immunotherapy with chemotherapy in the maintenance of remission in acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Thirteen patients with acute myeloblastic leukaemia or one of its variants in remission have been given maintenance treatment with a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Chemotherapy was given for one week in four, and immunotherapy was given during the intervening three weeks. The immunotherapy consisted of BCG vaccine given by Heaf gun, and snap-frozen pooled allogeneic irradiated leukaemic cells. The median duration of survival was 147 weeks, and the median duration of the first complete remission was 76 weeks. It is difficult to compare these results with other figures reported, but they add to the evidence which suggests that immunotherapy is of value in the maintenance treatment of patients with this disease. Further controlled trials are necessary.", "PMID": 1068338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5888", "title": "L-asparaginase reinduction and maintenance therapy in previously treated acute lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Four patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia previously treated with conventional chemotherapy received intramuscular L-asparaginase in combination with other chemotherapy for reinduction and maintenance therapy. These patients received the L-asparaginase for 8, 14, 27, and 34+ months without demonstrating any significant adverse effects. Only 1 of the 4 was clearly resistant to the other chemo-therapy, and 3 of 4 had recurrence of their disease while receiving L-asparaginase. L-asparaginase can be added to reinduction and maintenance regimens of patients resistant to other chemotherapy and is well tolerated for long periods when given intramuscularly weekly with other immunosuppressant agents.", "contents": "L-asparaginase reinduction and maintenance therapy in previously treated acute lymphocytic leukemia. Four patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia previously treated with conventional chemotherapy received intramuscular L-asparaginase in combination with other chemotherapy for reinduction and maintenance therapy. These patients received the L-asparaginase for 8, 14, 27, and 34+ months without demonstrating any significant adverse effects. Only 1 of the 4 was clearly resistant to the other chemo-therapy, and 3 of 4 had recurrence of their disease while receiving L-asparaginase. L-asparaginase can be added to reinduction and maintenance regimens of patients resistant to other chemotherapy and is well tolerated for long periods when given intramuscularly weekly with other immunosuppressant agents.", "PMID": 1068340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5889", "title": "Cytogenetic studies in acute lymphocytic leukemia: special emphasis in long-term survival.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies were performed in 331 patients with ALL diagnosed at the National Institutes of Health between January 1961 and January 1976. Four patients had constitutionally abnormal genotypes, three had Down's syndrome, and one had a D/G translocation. Aneuploidy was observed in the pretreatment bone marrow in 49/115 (42.6%) of this series exhibited several general characteristics: aneuploid cells usually coexist with normal stem cells, hyperdiploidy is predominant and wide ranging aneuploidy clusters around a major cell line. The most common chromosomal group involved in aneuploidy is the G group (p=0.001) and the next most common is the B group (p=0.01). Aneuploidy disappeared after successful achievement of remission, and new clones developed in 12 patients during relapse. Two of the four patients originally thought to have a Ph1 chromosome, on trypsin Giemsa handing were proved to have a 21q- chromosome. A higher incidence of aneuploidy was noted in patients under one year or more than 20 years of age and was also higher in patients with low or elevated WBCs at diagnosis. The appearance of aneuploid cells in the bone marrow at the onset or later in the disease is of no prognostic significance but persistence of these lines and the development of total aneuploidy signals a poor prognosis. Eradication of aneuploid cells is therefore essential for the achievement of a long remission and progress to a permanent cure.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies in acute lymphocytic leukemia: special emphasis in long-term survival. Cytogenetic studies were performed in 331 patients with ALL diagnosed at the National Institutes of Health between January 1961 and January 1976. Four patients had constitutionally abnormal genotypes, three had Down's syndrome, and one had a D/G translocation. Aneuploidy was observed in the pretreatment bone marrow in 49/115 (42.6%) of this series exhibited several general characteristics: aneuploid cells usually coexist with normal stem cells, hyperdiploidy is predominant and wide ranging aneuploidy clusters around a major cell line. The most common chromosomal group involved in aneuploidy is the G group (p=0.001) and the next most common is the B group (p=0.01). Aneuploidy disappeared after successful achievement of remission, and new clones developed in 12 patients during relapse. Two of the four patients originally thought to have a Ph1 chromosome, on trypsin Giemsa handing were proved to have a 21q- chromosome. A higher incidence of aneuploidy was noted in patients under one year or more than 20 years of age and was also higher in patients with low or elevated WBCs at diagnosis. The appearance of aneuploid cells in the bone marrow at the onset or later in the disease is of no prognostic significance but persistence of these lines and the development of total aneuploidy signals a poor prognosis. Eradication of aneuploid cells is therefore essential for the achievement of a long remission and progress to a permanent cure.", "PMID": 1068341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5890", "title": "The toxicity of 90Sr, 226Ra and 239Pu.", "content": "Data now available on the risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer and hereditary disease and radionuclide metabolism suggest that limits on the rates of intake of 90Sr, 226Ra and 239Pu at work, presently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, might be in need of considerable revision one with another and with the limit for uniform exposure of the whole body.", "contents": "The toxicity of 90Sr, 226Ra and 239Pu. Data now available on the risks of radiation-induced fatal cancer and hereditary disease and radionuclide metabolism suggest that limits on the rates of intake of 90Sr, 226Ra and 239Pu at work, presently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection, might be in need of considerable revision one with another and with the limit for uniform exposure of the whole body.", "PMID": 1068342}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5891", "title": "[Diagnostic difficulties in a case of leukemia with radicular symptoms].", "content": "The author describes a 20-year-old patient with leukaemia and with meningoradicular symptoms. The first neurological symptoms developed 2 years after disclosure of haematological changes. Despite treatment with steroids, intrathecal Methotrexate and radiotherapy the patient died 3 years after the diagnosis of leukaemia had been established. Myeloblastic leukaemia was confirmed on autopsy. The importance of early intrathecal Methotrexate treatment is stressed.", "contents": "[Diagnostic difficulties in a case of leukemia with radicular symptoms]. The author describes a 20-year-old patient with leukaemia and with meningoradicular symptoms. The first neurological symptoms developed 2 years after disclosure of haematological changes. Despite treatment with steroids, intrathecal Methotrexate and radiotherapy the patient died 3 years after the diagnosis of leukaemia had been established. Myeloblastic leukaemia was confirmed on autopsy. The importance of early intrathecal Methotrexate treatment is stressed.", "PMID": 1068349}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5892", "title": "[Hydrocortisone in the treatment of painful syndromes of the cervical spine].", "content": "The authors used hydrocortisone POLFA injecting it paravertebrally in painful syndromes of the cervical spine. The clinical material comprised 50 patients divided into groups A and B of 25 patients each. In both groups typical anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents and muscle relaxants were given and physiotherapy was applied. In group B hydrocortisone was given additionally in injections. Better therapeutic effects were obtained using hydrocortisone which alleviated acute pains and shortened considerably the duration of treatment.", "contents": "[Hydrocortisone in the treatment of painful syndromes of the cervical spine]. The authors used hydrocortisone POLFA injecting it paravertebrally in painful syndromes of the cervical spine. The clinical material comprised 50 patients divided into groups A and B of 25 patients each. In both groups typical anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents and muscle relaxants were given and physiotherapy was applied. In group B hydrocortisone was given additionally in injections. Better therapeutic effects were obtained using hydrocortisone which alleviated acute pains and shortened considerably the duration of treatment.", "PMID": 1068350}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5893", "title": "Utilisation of multiple biochemical tests in a large general hospital.", "content": "This report gives an account of the patterns of requesting of multiple biochemical tests in a large general hospital and the frequency of abnormal test results in different hospital departments. There are appreciable differences between some areas in the frequency of requests for multiple testing and in the proportions of abnormal results. If it is assumed that clinicians should be aware of abnormal values and their progress, facilities for multiple testing are desirable and economically justifiable.", "contents": "Utilisation of multiple biochemical tests in a large general hospital. This report gives an account of the patterns of requesting of multiple biochemical tests in a large general hospital and the frequency of abnormal test results in different hospital departments. There are appreciable differences between some areas in the frequency of requests for multiple testing and in the proportions of abnormal results. If it is assumed that clinicians should be aware of abnormal values and their progress, facilities for multiple testing are desirable and economically justifiable.", "PMID": 1068381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5894", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in notified cases of viral hepatitis.", "content": "Eighty-five patients notified to the local medical officer of health as infectious or serum hepatitis during the period 1 September 1974-1 September 1975 were investigated by questionnaire. Serum from 73 cases was tested for the presence of HBsAg. Sixteen cases were notified as serum hepatitis but only 13 were shown to have HBsAg in their serum. Sixty-eight cases were notified as infectious hepatitis and 21 HBsAg positive cases were found amongst the 57 sera tested. Two-thirds of the HBsAg positive cases were not suspected clinically. The epidemiology of hepatitis in Christchurch is discussed and suggestion is made that all notified cases of hepatitis should have blood tested for HBsAg.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen in notified cases of viral hepatitis. Eighty-five patients notified to the local medical officer of health as infectious or serum hepatitis during the period 1 September 1974-1 September 1975 were investigated by questionnaire. Serum from 73 cases was tested for the presence of HBsAg. Sixteen cases were notified as serum hepatitis but only 13 were shown to have HBsAg in their serum. Sixty-eight cases were notified as infectious hepatitis and 21 HBsAg positive cases were found amongst the 57 sera tested. Two-thirds of the HBsAg positive cases were not suspected clinically. The epidemiology of hepatitis in Christchurch is discussed and suggestion is made that all notified cases of hepatitis should have blood tested for HBsAg.", "PMID": 1068382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5895", "title": "The role of vehicle safety glass in eye injuries.", "content": "Despite the introduction of compulsory seat belt legislation, the incidence of eye injuries, and their severity, is greater in Auckland, New Zealand, than in London, Canada. A comparison has been made between Auckland (83 cases) and London (50 cases) in a survey from 1 July 1970, to 31 December 1974. Consideration is given to the fact that New Zealand vehicles are equipped with heat-toughened (tempered) glass, whereas in Canada, vehicles are fitted with laminated windscreens.", "contents": "The role of vehicle safety glass in eye injuries. Despite the introduction of compulsory seat belt legislation, the incidence of eye injuries, and their severity, is greater in Auckland, New Zealand, than in London, Canada. A comparison has been made between Auckland (83 cases) and London (50 cases) in a survey from 1 July 1970, to 31 December 1974. Consideration is given to the fact that New Zealand vehicles are equipped with heat-toughened (tempered) glass, whereas in Canada, vehicles are fitted with laminated windscreens.", "PMID": 1068383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5896", "title": "Creep in amalgam class V restorations.", "content": "The purpose of the investigation was to examine the creep rate in an amalgam Class V restoration. The stresses in a central bucco-lingual plane of a loaded bicuspid with a Class V restoration were computed with aid of the finite element method. When the stresses were known, the creep rate was calculated. The results showed that the creep rate of a load of 150 N varied between 0.6% and 3.5% per 104 s for amalgams with large differences between their viscoelastic behaviors. A gap between the restoration and the cavity margin will thus occur if a tooth is often heavily loaded.", "contents": "Creep in amalgam class V restorations. The purpose of the investigation was to examine the creep rate in an amalgam Class V restoration. The stresses in a central bucco-lingual plane of a loaded bicuspid with a Class V restoration were computed with aid of the finite element method. When the stresses were known, the creep rate was calculated. The results showed that the creep rate of a load of 150 N varied between 0.6% and 3.5% per 104 s for amalgams with large differences between their viscoelastic behaviors. A gap between the restoration and the cavity margin will thus occur if a tooth is often heavily loaded.", "PMID": 1068408}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5897", "title": "Long-term effects of activator (Andresen appliance) treatment. A clinical, biometric, cephalometric roentgenographic and functional analysis.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to analyse the long-term effects of activator treatment on the dental arches and arch relationships, the dento-facial skeleton and the function of the masticatory system. A follow-up study was performed on 112 patients treated 10-20 years previously with activators as the sole orthodontic appliance. In connection with activator treatment extractions of permanent teeth were performed on 66 patients while 46 patients were treated without tooth extractions. The investigation consisted of four separate portions (Parts I-IV).", "contents": "Long-term effects of activator (Andresen appliance) treatment. A clinical, biometric, cephalometric roentgenographic and functional analysis. The purpose of this investigation was to analyse the long-term effects of activator treatment on the dental arches and arch relationships, the dento-facial skeleton and the function of the masticatory system. A follow-up study was performed on 112 patients treated 10-20 years previously with activators as the sole orthodontic appliance. In connection with activator treatment extractions of permanent teeth were performed on 66 patients while 46 patients were treated without tooth extractions. The investigation consisted of four separate portions (Parts I-IV).", "PMID": 1068409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5898", "title": "Immediate vestibuloplasty with fenestrated and intact full-thickness mucosal grafts.", "content": "Intact and fenestrated full-thickness palatal mucosal grafts were placed following immediate vestibuloplasty in ten dogs of mixed breed. Macrscopic and microscopic findings indicated that the fenestrated grafts were as effective as the intact grafts in long-term maintenance of bestibular depth.", "contents": "Immediate vestibuloplasty with fenestrated and intact full-thickness mucosal grafts. Intact and fenestrated full-thickness palatal mucosal grafts were placed following immediate vestibuloplasty in ten dogs of mixed breed. Macrscopic and microscopic findings indicated that the fenestrated grafts were as effective as the intact grafts in long-term maintenance of bestibular depth.", "PMID": 1068410}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5899", "title": "Cardiovascular responses to intraosseous injections of prilocaine containing vasoconstrictors.", "content": "A study of the cardiovascular responses to prilocaine hydrochloride (Citanest) given by intraosseous injection showed that there were no effects related to the absorption of this anesthetic. The presence of epinephrine in concentrations of 1:2000,000 was detected by its rapid absorption and stimulation of the heart rate. The injection of octapressin with prilocaine hydrochloride was usually accompanied by no heart rate or blood pressure changes. However, the heart rate decreased slightly in a few subjects, and this slower heart rate returned to preinjection values within 5 minutes.", "contents": "Cardiovascular responses to intraosseous injections of prilocaine containing vasoconstrictors. A study of the cardiovascular responses to prilocaine hydrochloride (Citanest) given by intraosseous injection showed that there were no effects related to the absorption of this anesthetic. The presence of epinephrine in concentrations of 1:2000,000 was detected by its rapid absorption and stimulation of the heart rate. The injection of octapressin with prilocaine hydrochloride was usually accompanied by no heart rate or blood pressure changes. However, the heart rate decreased slightly in a few subjects, and this slower heart rate returned to preinjection values within 5 minutes.", "PMID": 1068411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5900", "title": "Collagen gel in osseous defects. A preliminary study.", "content": "In a preliminary study, the effects of a biodegradable collagen gel on the healing of osseous defects were examined. Histologic and biochemical observations made on the seventh day after placement revealed that the collagen gel is well tolerated by the recipient and might be an effective stimulator of the formation of reparative bone. However, between the seventh and fourteenth days after placement, the deposition of reparative osseous tissues at the site of implant was significantly retarded. The possible implication of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Collagen gel in osseous defects. A preliminary study. In a preliminary study, the effects of a biodegradable collagen gel on the healing of osseous defects were examined. Histologic and biochemical observations made on the seventh day after placement revealed that the collagen gel is well tolerated by the recipient and might be an effective stimulator of the formation of reparative bone. However, between the seventh and fourteenth days after placement, the deposition of reparative osseous tissues at the site of implant was significantly retarded. The possible implication of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1068413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5901", "title": "Allergic response to stainless steel wire.", "content": "A review of the literature indicates that an allergic response to stainless steel is rare, although nickel is a common allergen and is encountered continually in daily life. An allergic reaction could occur at a most inopportune time. Rational approaches in management of an allergic response to stainless steel appear to be either: (1) wire removal and symptomatic therapy, (2) application of fixation with other substances, or (3) administration of steroids with necessary stainless steel immobilization left in place. The report suggests the need for research to determine the chromium content or chromium-nickel ratio that would eliminate allergic manifestations to the nickel component in wrought or cast base metal dental appliances.", "contents": "Allergic response to stainless steel wire. A review of the literature indicates that an allergic response to stainless steel is rare, although nickel is a common allergen and is encountered continually in daily life. An allergic reaction could occur at a most inopportune time. Rational approaches in management of an allergic response to stainless steel appear to be either: (1) wire removal and symptomatic therapy, (2) application of fixation with other substances, or (3) administration of steroids with necessary stainless steel immobilization left in place. The report suggests the need for research to determine the chromium content or chromium-nickel ratio that would eliminate allergic manifestations to the nickel component in wrought or cast base metal dental appliances.", "PMID": 1068414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5902", "title": "The histologic evaluation of teeth transplanted between weakly disparate, genetically defimed mice.", "content": "Teeth transplanted between inbred lines of mice that differ by strong histocompatibility barriers are promptly rejected. However, when only one weak antigen difference exists between donor and recipient, teeth are known tp survive indefinitely. The purpose of this study was to determine if the histocompatibility barrier could be increased to two weak antigens without inducing a rejection episode. Allografted teeth was examined from 30 to 210 days after transplantation and, contrary to expectations, the teeth were rejected at about 60 days. Thus, all but the weakest of histocompatibility barriers are sufficient to cause the rejection of tooth allotransplants in mice.", "contents": "The histologic evaluation of teeth transplanted between weakly disparate, genetically defimed mice. Teeth transplanted between inbred lines of mice that differ by strong histocompatibility barriers are promptly rejected. However, when only one weak antigen difference exists between donor and recipient, teeth are known tp survive indefinitely. The purpose of this study was to determine if the histocompatibility barrier could be increased to two weak antigens without inducing a rejection episode. Allografted teeth was examined from 30 to 210 days after transplantation and, contrary to expectations, the teeth were rejected at about 60 days. Thus, all but the weakest of histocompatibility barriers are sufficient to cause the rejection of tooth allotransplants in mice.", "PMID": 1068415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5903", "title": "Scrotal tongue and geographic tongue: polygenic and associated traits.", "content": "The familial nature of scrotal and geographic tongue was investigated in parents and siblings of 156 probands having these conditions. The prevalence in parents and siblings was significantly higher than that in the control populations. The prevalence in sibilings from families in which at least one parent was also affected was significantly higher than that in siblings from families in which neither parent was affected. The prevalence of scrotal tongue alone in siblins was similar irrespective of the condition in the proband. The prevalence of geographic tongue alone was highest in siblins of probands having only geographic tongue. A polygenic mode of inheritance with some genes common to both conditions is suggested.", "contents": "Scrotal tongue and geographic tongue: polygenic and associated traits. The familial nature of scrotal and geographic tongue was investigated in parents and siblings of 156 probands having these conditions. The prevalence in parents and siblings was significantly higher than that in the control populations. The prevalence in sibilings from families in which at least one parent was also affected was significantly higher than that in siblings from families in which neither parent was affected. The prevalence of scrotal tongue alone in siblins was similar irrespective of the condition in the proband. The prevalence of geographic tongue alone was highest in siblins of probands having only geographic tongue. A polygenic mode of inheritance with some genes common to both conditions is suggested.", "PMID": 1068416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5904", "title": "Oral acantholytic itching disease responding to dapsone. Dermatitis herpetiformis, pemphigus, or a new disease?", "content": "A patient had a blistering and severely itching disease confined solely to the oral cavity. The histopathologic findings had the features of both pemphigus and dermatitis herpetiformis. There were no gastrointestinal symptoms, no IgA could be found in uninvolved skin, and no intercellular or basement membrane antibodies were present in the serum or epidermis. The disease responded favorable to dapsone (diaminodiphenylsulfone), which could be discontinued after 2 1/2 years. The literature is briefly reviewed, and there is a discussion of whether the patient was suffering from pemphigus or dermatitis herpetiformis. The conclusion is drawn that the diagnosis cannot be established with certainty and that we are perhaps dealing with a new disease. It is stressed that in such aberrant cases a therapeutic trial with dapsone should be made.", "contents": "Oral acantholytic itching disease responding to dapsone. Dermatitis herpetiformis, pemphigus, or a new disease? A patient had a blistering and severely itching disease confined solely to the oral cavity. The histopathologic findings had the features of both pemphigus and dermatitis herpetiformis. There were no gastrointestinal symptoms, no IgA could be found in uninvolved skin, and no intercellular or basement membrane antibodies were present in the serum or epidermis. The disease responded favorable to dapsone (diaminodiphenylsulfone), which could be discontinued after 2 1/2 years. The literature is briefly reviewed, and there is a discussion of whether the patient was suffering from pemphigus or dermatitis herpetiformis. The conclusion is drawn that the diagnosis cannot be established with certainty and that we are perhaps dealing with a new disease. It is stressed that in such aberrant cases a therapeutic trial with dapsone should be made.", "PMID": 1068417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5905", "title": "Electron microscopic changes in rat parotid and submandibular glands subsequent total body irradiation with fast neutrons.", "content": "Female Sprague-Dawley rats wre irradiated with fast neutrons to study the radiobiologic effect on the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Cytologic alternations were seen in the parotid tissues as early as 3 hours after exposure and peaked in both parotid and submandibular glands by the fourth postradiation day. The injury was manifest as damaged and sequestered intracytoplasmic organelles appearing as pleomorphic inclusions. The two types of glandular tissue showed similar morphologic alterations. No injury to blood vessels or other radiosensitive cells could be found.", "contents": "Electron microscopic changes in rat parotid and submandibular glands subsequent total body irradiation with fast neutrons. Female Sprague-Dawley rats wre irradiated with fast neutrons to study the radiobiologic effect on the parotid and submandibular salivary glands. Cytologic alternations were seen in the parotid tissues as early as 3 hours after exposure and peaked in both parotid and submandibular glands by the fourth postradiation day. The injury was manifest as damaged and sequestered intracytoplasmic organelles appearing as pleomorphic inclusions. The two types of glandular tissue showed similar morphologic alterations. No injury to blood vessels or other radiosensitive cells could be found.", "PMID": 1068418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5906", "title": "Report of a kindred with bone lesions and subcutaneous abscesses of unknown etiology.", "content": "This case report concerns a 12-year-old boy who had a 9-year history of mandibular lesions of unknown origin. The mandible showed changes resembling chronic osteomyelitis. The tibia and temporal bone also exhibited radiolucencies. Many subcutaneous abscesses were present. The boy died at the age of 14 years as a result of rupture of the aorta. In his family, there were seven members who had bone lesions and eleven who suffered from skin abscesses.", "contents": "Report of a kindred with bone lesions and subcutaneous abscesses of unknown etiology. This case report concerns a 12-year-old boy who had a 9-year history of mandibular lesions of unknown origin. The mandible showed changes resembling chronic osteomyelitis. The tibia and temporal bone also exhibited radiolucencies. Many subcutaneous abscesses were present. The boy died at the age of 14 years as a result of rupture of the aorta. In his family, there were seven members who had bone lesions and eleven who suffered from skin abscesses.", "PMID": 1068419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5907", "title": "A histopathologic, histobacteriologic, and radiographic study of periapical endodontic surgical specimens.", "content": "Data available on 230 periapical endodontic surgical specimens were studied. It was found that bacteria occurred in the periapical tissue very infrequently. In addition, there was no correlation between the presence of acute inflammatory cells and the presence or absence of pain. Granulomas with epithelium occurred in 61 out of 230 cases, while 14 of these were cysts. Of the 110 cases with radiographic follow-up data, 67 were classified as successful, 40 were uncertain, and 3 were unsuccessful according to a modification of Strindberg's criteria, whereas 107 would have been successes according to the criteria of Bender and Seltzer and their associates. No valid biologic or clinical basis for endodontic therapy as suggested by Bhaskar was found in this material.", "contents": "A histopathologic, histobacteriologic, and radiographic study of periapical endodontic surgical specimens. Data available on 230 periapical endodontic surgical specimens were studied. It was found that bacteria occurred in the periapical tissue very infrequently. In addition, there was no correlation between the presence of acute inflammatory cells and the presence or absence of pain. Granulomas with epithelium occurred in 61 out of 230 cases, while 14 of these were cysts. Of the 110 cases with radiographic follow-up data, 67 were classified as successful, 40 were uncertain, and 3 were unsuccessful according to a modification of Strindberg's criteria, whereas 107 would have been successes according to the criteria of Bender and Seltzer and their associates. No valid biologic or clinical basis for endodontic therapy as suggested by Bhaskar was found in this material.", "PMID": 1068421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5908", "title": "Endodontics and the irradiated patient.", "content": "With increasingly larger numbers of irradiated patients in our population, it seems likely that all denists will eventually be called upon to manage the difficult problems that these patients present. Of otmost concern should be the patient's home care program and the avoidance of osteroradionecrosis. Endodontics and periodontics are the primary areas for preventing or eliminating the infection that threatens osteoradionecrosis. Endodontic treatment must be accomplished with the utmost care and maximum regard for the fragility of the periapical tissues. Pulpally involved teeth should never be left open in an irradiated patient, and extreme care must be taken with the between-visits seal. If one is called upon for preradiation evaluation, routine removal of all molar as well as other compromised teeth should be considered. Attention should be directed to the literature for further advances in the management of irradiated patients.", "contents": "Endodontics and the irradiated patient. With increasingly larger numbers of irradiated patients in our population, it seems likely that all denists will eventually be called upon to manage the difficult problems that these patients present. Of otmost concern should be the patient's home care program and the avoidance of osteroradionecrosis. Endodontics and periodontics are the primary areas for preventing or eliminating the infection that threatens osteoradionecrosis. Endodontic treatment must be accomplished with the utmost care and maximum regard for the fragility of the periapical tissues. Pulpally involved teeth should never be left open in an irradiated patient, and extreme care must be taken with the between-visits seal. If one is called upon for preradiation evaluation, routine removal of all molar as well as other compromised teeth should be considered. Attention should be directed to the literature for further advances in the management of irradiated patients.", "PMID": 1068422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5909", "title": "Dynamic tomography.", "content": "Dynamic tomography is a radiographic procedure that allows details in a thin layer within the patient to be examined. This layer can be moved at will throughout the patient. Thus, details lying in an infinite number of layers can be scrutinized one layer at a time. Eight underexposed radiographs are made under rigid controls. Each film receives one fourth of a normal exposure. The \"in focus\" layer of details is about 0.5 mm. thick. Various future applications of the technique are discussed.", "contents": "Dynamic tomography. Dynamic tomography is a radiographic procedure that allows details in a thin layer within the patient to be examined. This layer can be moved at will throughout the patient. Thus, details lying in an infinite number of layers can be scrutinized one layer at a time. Eight underexposed radiographs are made under rigid controls. Each film receives one fourth of a normal exposure. The \"in focus\" layer of details is about 0.5 mm. thick. Various future applications of the technique are discussed.", "PMID": 1068423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5910", "title": "A radiographic study of nutrient canals.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine the incidence of nutrient canals in a randomly selected population and to correlate the presence of nutrient canals with a variety of factors related to the life of the individual. One hundred sixty patients, 25 years of age or older, having at least six teeth in each arch and requiring a complete-mouth radiographic survey were used. Nutrient canals were found associated with race, high blood pressure, advanced periodontal conditions, multidirectional trabeculae, and small trabecular spaces.", "contents": "A radiographic study of nutrient canals. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the incidence of nutrient canals in a randomly selected population and to correlate the presence of nutrient canals with a variety of factors related to the life of the individual. One hundred sixty patients, 25 years of age or older, having at least six teeth in each arch and requiring a complete-mouth radiographic survey were used. Nutrient canals were found associated with race, high blood pressure, advanced periodontal conditions, multidirectional trabeculae, and small trabecular spaces.", "PMID": 1068424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5911", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: enzymatic detection of a ciliostatic factor.", "content": "The ciliostatic cystic fibrosis (CF) factor has been investigated in order to develop an enzymatic assay for its detection. In saliva, this factor is associated with alpha-amylase. Removal or addition of the factor by dialysis does not affect the alpha-amylase catalytic activity of CF or control (normal) saliva. Crude preparations of the dialyzable factor from CF saliva are ciliostatic. Alpha-Amylase-catalyzed starch hydrolysis from both CF and control saliva was found to be insensitive to hydroxyalkylamine inhibitors so this method could not be used to detect differences in CF and control amylase. Since another carbohydrase, mammalian debranching enzyme, is much more sensitive to inhibition, the effect of the isolated crude factor on this enzyme was determined. The mean values for percentage of inhibition of debranching enzyme activity by fractions obtained from saliva of CF patients, obligate heterozygotes, and control subjects are: 32% (27 samples), 13% (21 samples), and 6% (11 samples), respectively. Fifteen of the CF values exceed the maximum 13% inhibition observed for controls. Indeed, five samples almost completely inhibited debranching enzyme. This inhibitory action provides the basis of an enzymatic assay for the detection of the ciliostatic CF factor.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: enzymatic detection of a ciliostatic factor. The ciliostatic cystic fibrosis (CF) factor has been investigated in order to develop an enzymatic assay for its detection. In saliva, this factor is associated with alpha-amylase. Removal or addition of the factor by dialysis does not affect the alpha-amylase catalytic activity of CF or control (normal) saliva. Crude preparations of the dialyzable factor from CF saliva are ciliostatic. Alpha-Amylase-catalyzed starch hydrolysis from both CF and control saliva was found to be insensitive to hydroxyalkylamine inhibitors so this method could not be used to detect differences in CF and control amylase. Since another carbohydrase, mammalian debranching enzyme, is much more sensitive to inhibition, the effect of the isolated crude factor on this enzyme was determined. The mean values for percentage of inhibition of debranching enzyme activity by fractions obtained from saliva of CF patients, obligate heterozygotes, and control subjects are: 32% (27 samples), 13% (21 samples), and 6% (11 samples), respectively. Fifteen of the CF values exceed the maximum 13% inhibition observed for controls. Indeed, five samples almost completely inhibited debranching enzyme. This inhibitory action provides the basis of an enzymatic assay for the detection of the ciliostatic CF factor.", "PMID": 1068428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5912", "title": "[Some measurements of doses to patients in dental radiography].", "content": "Some measurements of doses to patients by conventional dental radiography and orthopantomography are presented. Doses to the red bone marrow are calculated. The bonemarrow doses by two different exposures, Maxilla incisor and Molar bite-wing, were calculated to 0.4 and 1.0 mrad respectively. The average dose to red bone marrow from a full-mouth examination (10 exposures) was 0.7 mrad/exposure, An orthopantomographic examination involved 2 mrad to the bone marrow. The greatest doses by an orthopantomographic examination were found around the lateral rotational axis, namely 700 mrad. The dose distributions by the two different cone lengths did not differ as much as expected, mainly due to scattered radiation.", "contents": "[Some measurements of doses to patients in dental radiography]. Some measurements of doses to patients by conventional dental radiography and orthopantomography are presented. Doses to the red bone marrow are calculated. The bonemarrow doses by two different exposures, Maxilla incisor and Molar bite-wing, were calculated to 0.4 and 1.0 mrad respectively. The average dose to red bone marrow from a full-mouth examination (10 exposures) was 0.7 mrad/exposure, An orthopantomographic examination involved 2 mrad to the bone marrow. The greatest doses by an orthopantomographic examination were found around the lateral rotational axis, namely 700 mrad. The dose distributions by the two different cone lengths did not differ as much as expected, mainly due to scattered radiation.", "PMID": 1068438}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5913", "title": "[The falls not far from the tree. Occurrence of dental caries among 3 year-old children in relation to their parents' background].", "content": "113 children 3 years of age, living in a rural community in Norway, were examined. 59% of the children were born in 1970 and examined in 1973, the remaining were born in 1971 and examined in 1974. The caries experience was described by caries scores based on 1 point for each decayed tooth and 2 points for each root. 51% of the children were caries-free, 26% had 1-4 caries scores, and 24% had 5 or more caries scores. The dental health of the children born in 1971 was better than that of children born in 1970, a finding which hardly could be ascribed to encreasing use of fluorides only. There was a significant association between the childrens' caries experience and their age at the examination, and particularly with their social background. The treatment pattern and the oral health habits of their parents, which in turn were dependent on social background, had conceivably an early and distinct influence on the dental health of their children.", "contents": "[The falls not far from the tree. Occurrence of dental caries among 3 year-old children in relation to their parents' background]. 113 children 3 years of age, living in a rural community in Norway, were examined. 59% of the children were born in 1970 and examined in 1973, the remaining were born in 1971 and examined in 1974. The caries experience was described by caries scores based on 1 point for each decayed tooth and 2 points for each root. 51% of the children were caries-free, 26% had 1-4 caries scores, and 24% had 5 or more caries scores. The dental health of the children born in 1971 was better than that of children born in 1970, a finding which hardly could be ascribed to encreasing use of fluorides only. There was a significant association between the childrens' caries experience and their age at the examination, and particularly with their social background. The treatment pattern and the oral health habits of their parents, which in turn were dependent on social background, had conceivably an early and distinct influence on the dental health of their children.", "PMID": 1068439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5914", "title": "Nature of O2 and CO binding to metalloporphyrins and heme proteins.", "content": "The O2 vibration of dioxygen adducts of Fe and Co model complexes of alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-tetrapivalamidophenylporphyrin (\"picket fence\" porphyrin, TpivPP) with 1-methylimidazole and 1-tritylimidazole as axial bases are reported, obtained with difference techniques between 16O2, 18O2, 169-18O, and NO with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Assignments of upsilono2 are (O2)Fe(TpivPP) 1-methylimidazole, 1159 cm-1 in Nujol; (O2)Fe(TpivPP) 1-tritylimidazole, 1163 in benzene; (O2)Co(TpivPP) 1-methylimidazole, 1150 in Nujol; (O2)Co(TpivPP) 1-tritylimidazole, 1153 in benzene. Comparisons with other known Fe, Co, Cr, and Ti dioxygen complexes are made, and it is concluded that the bent dioxygen ligand is best viewed as bound superoxide, O2-. The CO affinities of various hemoproteins and model systems are discussed. A correlation between the CO stretching frequency and its binding constant is described. The drastically lowered affinity of hemoproteins for CO compared with unencumbered models is attributed to steric hindrance in the distal binding site, which allows discrimination between the already bent FeIII-O2- and the normally linear FeII-CO systems. If the affinity of hemoproteins in living systems for CO relative to O2 were not decreased, then massive poisoning would result from endogenous CO.", "contents": "Nature of O2 and CO binding to metalloporphyrins and heme proteins. The O2 vibration of dioxygen adducts of Fe and Co model complexes of alpha,alpha,alpha,alpha-tetrapivalamidophenylporphyrin (\"picket fence\" porphyrin, TpivPP) with 1-methylimidazole and 1-tritylimidazole as axial bases are reported, obtained with difference techniques between 16O2, 18O2, 169-18O, and NO with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Assignments of upsilono2 are (O2)Fe(TpivPP) 1-methylimidazole, 1159 cm-1 in Nujol; (O2)Fe(TpivPP) 1-tritylimidazole, 1163 in benzene; (O2)Co(TpivPP) 1-methylimidazole, 1150 in Nujol; (O2)Co(TpivPP) 1-tritylimidazole, 1153 in benzene. Comparisons with other known Fe, Co, Cr, and Ti dioxygen complexes are made, and it is concluded that the bent dioxygen ligand is best viewed as bound superoxide, O2-. The CO affinities of various hemoproteins and model systems are discussed. A correlation between the CO stretching frequency and its binding constant is described. The drastically lowered affinity of hemoproteins for CO compared with unencumbered models is attributed to steric hindrance in the distal binding site, which allows discrimination between the already bent FeIII-O2- and the normally linear FeII-CO systems. If the affinity of hemoproteins in living systems for CO relative to O2 were not decreased, then massive poisoning would result from endogenous CO.", "PMID": 1068445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5915", "title": "Carbon monoxide binding to pentacoordinate mercaptide-heme complexes: kinetic study on models for cytochrome P-450.", "content": "Mercaptide anions form exclusively penta-coordinate heme complexes [RS-heme] in polar and nonpolar solution over a wide range of mercaptide concentration. These complexes have a Soret peak at 408 nm and a formation constant of about 2.5 X 10(4) M(-1), and combine with CO to give a CO-cytochrome P-450 type spectrum. Kinetics of CO binding to mercaptide-heme complexes [RS-heme] have been studied by the flash photolysis method. Characteristic constants for this reaction suggest close similarities between [CH3-(CH2)3-S-heme] and cytochrome P-450. The reaction of alkoxide anion with heme has also been examined but no evidence was found for the existence of the [RO-heme-CO[ species.", "contents": "Carbon monoxide binding to pentacoordinate mercaptide-heme complexes: kinetic study on models for cytochrome P-450. Mercaptide anions form exclusively penta-coordinate heme complexes [RS-heme] in polar and nonpolar solution over a wide range of mercaptide concentration. These complexes have a Soret peak at 408 nm and a formation constant of about 2.5 X 10(4) M(-1), and combine with CO to give a CO-cytochrome P-450 type spectrum. Kinetics of CO binding to mercaptide-heme complexes [RS-heme] have been studied by the flash photolysis method. Characteristic constants for this reaction suggest close similarities between [CH3-(CH2)3-S-heme] and cytochrome P-450. The reaction of alkoxide anion with heme has also been examined but no evidence was found for the existence of the [RO-heme-CO[ species.", "PMID": 1068446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5916", "title": "Ethidium bromide-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 complex in solution: intercalation and sequence specificity of drug binding at the tetranucleotide duplex level.", "content": "The binding of ethidium bromide (EtdBr) to the dC-dG-dC-dG self-complementary duplex has been monitored at the resolvable drug and nucleic acid protons and backbone phosphates at high nucleotide/drug (N/D) ratios by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in aqueous solution. We observe averaged resonances (25 degrees-95 degrees) for the nucleic acid and drug nonexchangeable protons in the presence of excess tetranucleotide (N/D = 24), indicative of rapid exchange relative to the chemical shifts in the free and complexed states. Complex formation results in upfield shifts for the base protons at the terminal and internal base pairs and an increase in the transition midpoint for the duplex-to-strand conversion. We observe upfield chemical shift changes of 1.2 ppm at the Watson-Crick guanine N-1 proton(s) on complex formation (N/D = 24), with slow exchange between (dC-dG-dC-dG)2 and EtdBr-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 relative to this chemical shift difference at-5 degrees. The EtdBr phenanthridine ring protons shift upfield by about 0.9 ppm (H-2, H-4, H-7, H-9) and greater than 0.5 ppm (H-1, H-10) on complex formation, with the chemical shifts versus temperature plots (25 degrees-95 degrees) monitoring the dissociation of the EtdBr-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 structure. These upfield shifts at the exchangeable and nonexchangeable base protons and phenanthridine ring (but not side chain) protons demonstrate intercalation of the phenanthridine ring of EtdBr into the dC-dG-dC-dG duplex in solution. The intercalation model may be supported by the observation of downfield shifts (up to 1ppm) at the internucleotide phosphate(s) of the tetranucleotide duplex on addition of EtdBr at low temperatures. We observe stronger binding of EtdBr to the self-complementary dC-dG-dC-dG (2 dC-dG intercalation sites) and dC-dC-dG-dG (1 dC-dG site) duplexes compared to the dG-dG-dC-dC (no dC-dG sites) as monitored by UV absorbance changes at 480 nm. These studies extend to the tetranucleotide duplex level earlier observations that EtdBr exhibits a selectivity for formation of complexes to dinucleoside monophosphates with a pyrimidine (3'-5') purine sequence in the crystal and in solution. The experimental proton NMR upfield shifts at the phenanthridine protons on formation of the EtdBr-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 complex compare favorably with calculated values (atomic diamagnetic anisotropy and ring current contributions) based on the overlap geometry for EtdBr intercalated into the pyrimidine (3'-5') purine dinucleoside monophosphate duplex in the crystal.", "contents": "Ethidium bromide-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 complex in solution: intercalation and sequence specificity of drug binding at the tetranucleotide duplex level. The binding of ethidium bromide (EtdBr) to the dC-dG-dC-dG self-complementary duplex has been monitored at the resolvable drug and nucleic acid protons and backbone phosphates at high nucleotide/drug (N/D) ratios by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in aqueous solution. We observe averaged resonances (25 degrees-95 degrees) for the nucleic acid and drug nonexchangeable protons in the presence of excess tetranucleotide (N/D = 24), indicative of rapid exchange relative to the chemical shifts in the free and complexed states. Complex formation results in upfield shifts for the base protons at the terminal and internal base pairs and an increase in the transition midpoint for the duplex-to-strand conversion. We observe upfield chemical shift changes of 1.2 ppm at the Watson-Crick guanine N-1 proton(s) on complex formation (N/D = 24), with slow exchange between (dC-dG-dC-dG)2 and EtdBr-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 relative to this chemical shift difference at-5 degrees. The EtdBr phenanthridine ring protons shift upfield by about 0.9 ppm (H-2, H-4, H-7, H-9) and greater than 0.5 ppm (H-1, H-10) on complex formation, with the chemical shifts versus temperature plots (25 degrees-95 degrees) monitoring the dissociation of the EtdBr-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 structure. These upfield shifts at the exchangeable and nonexchangeable base protons and phenanthridine ring (but not side chain) protons demonstrate intercalation of the phenanthridine ring of EtdBr into the dC-dG-dC-dG duplex in solution. The intercalation model may be supported by the observation of downfield shifts (up to 1ppm) at the internucleotide phosphate(s) of the tetranucleotide duplex on addition of EtdBr at low temperatures. We observe stronger binding of EtdBr to the self-complementary dC-dG-dC-dG (2 dC-dG intercalation sites) and dC-dC-dG-dG (1 dC-dG site) duplexes compared to the dG-dG-dC-dC (no dC-dG sites) as monitored by UV absorbance changes at 480 nm. These studies extend to the tetranucleotide duplex level earlier observations that EtdBr exhibits a selectivity for formation of complexes to dinucleoside monophosphates with a pyrimidine (3'-5') purine sequence in the crystal and in solution. The experimental proton NMR upfield shifts at the phenanthridine protons on formation of the EtdBr-(dC-dG-dC-dG)2 complex compare favorably with calculated values (atomic diamagnetic anisotropy and ring current contributions) based on the overlap geometry for EtdBr intercalated into the pyrimidine (3'-5') purine dinucleoside monophosphate duplex in the crystal.", "PMID": 1068447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5917", "title": "A structural model of radiation effects in living cells.", "content": "The chance mechanism of cell damage and of repair in the course of irradiation involves two details familiar to biologists that thus far seem to have been overlooked in mathematical treatment. One of these details is that, generally, the passage of a single \"primary\" radiation particle generates a \"cluster\" of secondaries which can produce \"hits\" that damage the living cell. With high linear energy transfer, each cluster contains very many secondary particles. With low linear energy transfer, the number of secondaries per cluster is generally small. The second overlooked detail of the chance mechanism is concerned with what may be called the time scales of radiation damage and of the subsequent repair. The generation of a cluster of secondary particles and the possible hits occur so rapidly that, for all practical purposes, they may be considered as occurring instantly. On the other hand, the subsequent changes in the damaged cells appear to require measurable amounts of time. The constructed stochastic model embodies these details, the clustering of secondary particles and the time scale difference. The results explain certain details of observed phenomena.", "contents": "A structural model of radiation effects in living cells. The chance mechanism of cell damage and of repair in the course of irradiation involves two details familiar to biologists that thus far seem to have been overlooked in mathematical treatment. One of these details is that, generally, the passage of a single \"primary\" radiation particle generates a \"cluster\" of secondaries which can produce \"hits\" that damage the living cell. With high linear energy transfer, each cluster contains very many secondary particles. With low linear energy transfer, the number of secondaries per cluster is generally small. The second overlooked detail of the chance mechanism is concerned with what may be called the time scales of radiation damage and of the subsequent repair. The generation of a cluster of secondary particles and the possible hits occur so rapidly that, for all practical purposes, they may be considered as occurring instantly. On the other hand, the subsequent changes in the damaged cells appear to require measurable amounts of time. The constructed stochastic model embodies these details, the clustering of secondary particles and the time scale difference. The results explain certain details of observed phenomena.", "PMID": 1068448}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5918", "title": "Dynamic properties of isolated acetylcholine receptor proteins: release of calcium ions caused by acetylcholine binding.", "content": "Interaction of Ca and acetylcholine (AcCh) ions with purified acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) from Torpedo californica and Electrophorus electricus has been investigated in view of these ions' role proposed in bioelectricity. Spectrophotometric Ca titration using murexide as an indicator and an ultrafiltration method with 45Ca show that AcChR proteins have a high binding capacity for Ca ions. Per macromolecule of 260,000 daltons, up to 60 Ca ions can be bound with at least three Ca dissociation constants. A linear inhibition of AcCh binding to AcChR by Ca was observed in the 0.1-1 mM Ca range, indicating competition of AcCh and Ca for AcChR. The addition of AcCh to a Ca-AcChR solution at 1.2 mM Ca causes release of four to six bound Ca ions from AcChR when a maximum of two AcCh ions are bound per 260,000 dalton macromolecule. The subsequent addition of alpha-bungarotoxin causes reuptake of up to six Ca ions by AcChR. These results suggest that the neural activator AcCh and the inhibitor alpha-bungarotoxin induce opposing shifts between different conformational states of isolated AcChR.", "contents": "Dynamic properties of isolated acetylcholine receptor proteins: release of calcium ions caused by acetylcholine binding. Interaction of Ca and acetylcholine (AcCh) ions with purified acetylcholine receptor (AcChR) from Torpedo californica and Electrophorus electricus has been investigated in view of these ions' role proposed in bioelectricity. Spectrophotometric Ca titration using murexide as an indicator and an ultrafiltration method with 45Ca show that AcChR proteins have a high binding capacity for Ca ions. Per macromolecule of 260,000 daltons, up to 60 Ca ions can be bound with at least three Ca dissociation constants. A linear inhibition of AcCh binding to AcChR by Ca was observed in the 0.1-1 mM Ca range, indicating competition of AcCh and Ca for AcChR. The addition of AcCh to a Ca-AcChR solution at 1.2 mM Ca causes release of four to six bound Ca ions from AcChR when a maximum of two AcCh ions are bound per 260,000 dalton macromolecule. The subsequent addition of alpha-bungarotoxin causes reuptake of up to six Ca ions by AcChR. These results suggest that the neural activator AcCh and the inhibitor alpha-bungarotoxin induce opposing shifts between different conformational states of isolated AcChR.", "PMID": 1068449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5919", "title": "Primary structure of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein from bovine bone.", "content": "The amino-acid sequence of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein of bovine bone is presented. The sequence of 43 of the 49 residues was determined automatically on the intact protein and on a tryptic peptide. The remainder was determined by conventional procedures on tryptic and chymotrytic peptides. Residue 9 in the sequence has been identified as 4-hydroxyproline. The protein contains three gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, which are located at positions 17, 21, and 24. The role of these unusual amino acids in the binding interaction between the protein and hydroxyapatite crystals is discussed.", "contents": "Primary structure of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein from bovine bone. The amino-acid sequence of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein of bovine bone is presented. The sequence of 43 of the 49 residues was determined automatically on the intact protein and on a tryptic peptide. The remainder was determined by conventional procedures on tryptic and chymotrytic peptides. Residue 9 in the sequence has been identified as 4-hydroxyproline. The protein contains three gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues, which are located at positions 17, 21, and 24. The role of these unusual amino acids in the binding interaction between the protein and hydroxyapatite crystals is discussed.", "PMID": 1068450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5920", "title": "Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene: conversion of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene to highly mutagenic 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides.", "content": "Metabolites of (+/-)-trans 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene formed by a rat liver microsomes and by a highly purified monoxygenase system were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Four stereoisomeric tetraols of 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, known solvolysis products of the two highly mutagenic stereoisomers of the 9,10-epoxide of the 7,8-dihydrodiol, were identified as products. The ratio of the two highly unstable diol epoxides formed (7 beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, diol epoxide 1; 7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, diol epoxide 2) ranged from about 1.7 to 0.4. The diol epoxides are sufficiently reactive to alkylate phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees. Microsomes, particularly those from control animals, formed a substantial amount of an additional metabolite that appears to be phenolic. In analogy to benzo[a]pyrene, the metabolism of the 7,8-dihydrodiol shows similar induction after pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. Neither diol epoxide appears to be a substrate for epoxide hydrase based on the ratis of tetraols formed in the presence or absence of epoxide hydrase. In view of the known carcinogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide and 7,8-dihydrodiol and of the marked mutagenicity of the stereoisomeric diol epoxides, both of these diol epoxides qualify for consideration as \"ultimate carcinogen(s)\" of benzo[a]pyrene.", "contents": "Metabolism of benzo[a]pyrene: conversion of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene to highly mutagenic 7,8-diol-9,10-epoxides. Metabolites of (+/-)-trans 7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene formed by a rat liver microsomes and by a highly purified monoxygenase system were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Four stereoisomeric tetraols of 7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, known solvolysis products of the two highly mutagenic stereoisomers of the 9,10-epoxide of the 7,8-dihydrodiol, were identified as products. The ratio of the two highly unstable diol epoxides formed (7 beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9beta,10beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, diol epoxide 1; 7beta,8alpha-dihydroxy-9alpha,10alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene, diol epoxide 2) ranged from about 1.7 to 0.4. The diol epoxides are sufficiently reactive to alkylate phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees. Microsomes, particularly those from control animals, formed a substantial amount of an additional metabolite that appears to be phenolic. In analogy to benzo[a]pyrene, the metabolism of the 7,8-dihydrodiol shows similar induction after pretreatment of rats with phenobarbital or 3-methylcholanthrene. Neither diol epoxide appears to be a substrate for epoxide hydrase based on the ratis of tetraols formed in the presence or absence of epoxide hydrase. In view of the known carcinogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide and 7,8-dihydrodiol and of the marked mutagenicity of the stereoisomeric diol epoxides, both of these diol epoxides qualify for consideration as \"ultimate carcinogen(s)\" of benzo[a]pyrene.", "PMID": 1068451}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5921", "title": "A possible explanation for the nuclease limit digestion pattern of chromatin.", "content": "The general pattern of DNA fragments in the limit digest of nuclease-treated chromatin could arise from a single, unique nuclease-susceptible site per nucleosome. If DNA binds to the histone core of the nucleosome along a circularly re-entrant path, the location of the DNA entrance and exit can occur at any of a number of distinct sites. This very specific type of heterogeneity together with the natural 10-fold periodicity of DNA B can account for the observed digestion pattern. Such a general picture of the nucleosome structure could also easily explain how nucleosomes might move along the DNA. This type of structure should be easy to distinguish experimentally form more conventional explanations of the origin of the limit digest pattern of chromatin.", "contents": "A possible explanation for the nuclease limit digestion pattern of chromatin. The general pattern of DNA fragments in the limit digest of nuclease-treated chromatin could arise from a single, unique nuclease-susceptible site per nucleosome. If DNA binds to the histone core of the nucleosome along a circularly re-entrant path, the location of the DNA entrance and exit can occur at any of a number of distinct sites. This very specific type of heterogeneity together with the natural 10-fold periodicity of DNA B can account for the observed digestion pattern. Such a general picture of the nucleosome structure could also easily explain how nucleosomes might move along the DNA. This type of structure should be easy to distinguish experimentally form more conventional explanations of the origin of the limit digest pattern of chromatin.", "PMID": 1068452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5922", "title": "Methods for identification of recombinants of phage lambda.", "content": "Two methods are described which allow the screening of a large number of phage plaques for a specific DNA sequence carried by the phage or a specific antigen produced within the phage plaque. These methods were set up with lambda and lambdalac phages. Phage plaques were transferred onto nitrocellulose filters by desiccation in 0.1 M NaOH, and the lac sequence was detected by hybridization to radioactive lac mRNA. Beta-Galactosidase was detected by reaction with anti-beta-galactosidase immune serum included in the soft agar of the titration plates; the precipitate thus formed was revealed by means of enzyme-coupled antibodies and in situ coloration. These methods are potentially useful for the identification of lambda transducers, including those which are generated by in vitro recombination with eukaryotic DNA.", "contents": "Methods for identification of recombinants of phage lambda. Two methods are described which allow the screening of a large number of phage plaques for a specific DNA sequence carried by the phage or a specific antigen produced within the phage plaque. These methods were set up with lambda and lambdalac phages. Phage plaques were transferred onto nitrocellulose filters by desiccation in 0.1 M NaOH, and the lac sequence was detected by hybridization to radioactive lac mRNA. Beta-Galactosidase was detected by reaction with anti-beta-galactosidase immune serum included in the soft agar of the titration plates; the precipitate thus formed was revealed by means of enzyme-coupled antibodies and in situ coloration. These methods are potentially useful for the identification of lambda transducers, including those which are generated by in vitro recombination with eukaryotic DNA.", "PMID": 1068453}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5923", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of equine renal metallothionein-1B.", "content": "The amino-acid sequence of a metallothionein is reported. Metallothionein is a widely distributed, extremely cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight protein containing large amounts of cadmium and/or zinc. Metallothionein-1B is one of the two prinicipal variants occurring in equine kidney cortex. The single-chain protein contains 61 amino acids and has the composition Cys20 Ser8Lys7Arg1Ala7Gly5Val3Asp2Asn1-Glu1Gln2Pro2Thr1Met1(Cd + Zn)7. Its amino-terminal residue is N-acetylmethionine. The sequence shows distinct clustering of the twenty cysteinyl residues into seven groups separated by stretches of at least three other residues. Within these groups the cysteines occur seven times in alternating Cys-X-Cys sequences and three times each in Cys-Cys and Cys-X-X-Cys sequences, where X is an amino acid other than cysteine. Another unique feature is the close association of serine and the basic amino acids with cysteine, as manifested by the occurrence of seven Ser-Cys, four Cys-Lys, one Cys-Arg, and three Lys-Cys sequences. These findings are in agreement with the previous suggestion that metallothionein has structurally defined metal-binding sites, most of which contain three cysteinyl residues as the principal metal-binding ligands. The charge difference between the metal-free and the metal-containing protein is consistent with the formation of negatively charged trimercaptide complexes with cadmium and/or zinc ions. The possible additional involvement of serine and the basic amino acids in metal binding is discussed.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of equine renal metallothionein-1B. The amino-acid sequence of a metallothionein is reported. Metallothionein is a widely distributed, extremely cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight protein containing large amounts of cadmium and/or zinc. Metallothionein-1B is one of the two prinicipal variants occurring in equine kidney cortex. The single-chain protein contains 61 amino acids and has the composition Cys20 Ser8Lys7Arg1Ala7Gly5Val3Asp2Asn1-Glu1Gln2Pro2Thr1Met1(Cd + Zn)7. Its amino-terminal residue is N-acetylmethionine. The sequence shows distinct clustering of the twenty cysteinyl residues into seven groups separated by stretches of at least three other residues. Within these groups the cysteines occur seven times in alternating Cys-X-Cys sequences and three times each in Cys-Cys and Cys-X-X-Cys sequences, where X is an amino acid other than cysteine. Another unique feature is the close association of serine and the basic amino acids with cysteine, as manifested by the occurrence of seven Ser-Cys, four Cys-Lys, one Cys-Arg, and three Lys-Cys sequences. These findings are in agreement with the previous suggestion that metallothionein has structurally defined metal-binding sites, most of which contain three cysteinyl residues as the principal metal-binding ligands. The charge difference between the metal-free and the metal-containing protein is consistent with the formation of negatively charged trimercaptide complexes with cadmium and/or zinc ions. The possible additional involvement of serine and the basic amino acids in metal binding is discussed.", "PMID": 1068454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5924", "title": "Amplification of moderately repetitive DNA sequences during chick cartilage differentiation.", "content": "A 5-bromo-2'-[3H]deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) probe was isolated to analyze DNAs obtained from various chick tissues and cell types. [3H]BrdUrd-substituted DNA, prepared from limb bud cultures, was sheared and freed from palindromic DNA. Nonradioactive DNA was prepared from embryonic liver, undifferentiated limb bud mesenchyme, sternal cartilage, differentiated limb bud cultures, and BrdUrd-blocked cultures, and was sheared. These DNAs were used in 100-fold excess to drive the reassociation of the [3H]-BrdUrd-DNA probe. Purified mature cartilage DNAs of embryonic sternae or differentiated limb bud cultures drove the reassociation of the probe approximately two times faster than did DNA from liver, undifferentiated limb bud, or BrdUrd-blocked cells. These data indicate that cartilage DNA contains a greater number of sequences complementary to the BrdUrd probe than do DNAs of noncartilage or undifferentiated precartilage cells. Calculations determined an average substitution of 10% of thymidine residues by BrdUrd in purified probe, whereas CsCl density gradients of unsheared probe revealed radioactive peaks of greater than 20% substitution. The BrdUrd appears to be clustered in the genome.", "contents": "Amplification of moderately repetitive DNA sequences during chick cartilage differentiation. A 5-bromo-2'-[3H]deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) probe was isolated to analyze DNAs obtained from various chick tissues and cell types. [3H]BrdUrd-substituted DNA, prepared from limb bud cultures, was sheared and freed from palindromic DNA. Nonradioactive DNA was prepared from embryonic liver, undifferentiated limb bud mesenchyme, sternal cartilage, differentiated limb bud cultures, and BrdUrd-blocked cultures, and was sheared. These DNAs were used in 100-fold excess to drive the reassociation of the [3H]-BrdUrd-DNA probe. Purified mature cartilage DNAs of embryonic sternae or differentiated limb bud cultures drove the reassociation of the probe approximately two times faster than did DNA from liver, undifferentiated limb bud, or BrdUrd-blocked cells. These data indicate that cartilage DNA contains a greater number of sequences complementary to the BrdUrd probe than do DNAs of noncartilage or undifferentiated precartilage cells. Calculations determined an average substitution of 10% of thymidine residues by BrdUrd in purified probe, whereas CsCl density gradients of unsheared probe revealed radioactive peaks of greater than 20% substitution. The BrdUrd appears to be clustered in the genome.", "PMID": 1068455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5925", "title": "Stimulation of hepatic glycogen synthesis by amino acids.", "content": "Hepatocytes isolated from livers of fasted rats form little glycogen from glucose or lactate at concentrations below 20 mM. Glycogen is formed in substantial quantities at a glucose concentration of 60 mM. In the presence of 10 mM glucose, 20-30% as much glycogen as glucose is formed from fructose, sorbitol, or dihydroxyacetone. The addition of either glutamine, alanine, or asparagine stimulates the formation of glycogen from lactate 10- to 40-fold. The formation of glucose and glycogen is then about equal, and glycogen deposition in hepatocytes is similar to rates attained in vivo after fasted rats are refed. The amino acids stimulate 1.5- to 2-fold glycogen synthesis from fructose, and 2- to 4-fold synthesis from dihyDROXYACETONE. Ammonium chloride is about one-half as effective as amino acids in stimulating glycogen synthesis when glucose with lactate are substrates. It increased glycogen synthesis 25-50% from fructose but inhibited synthesis from dihydroxyacetone plus glucose.", "contents": "Stimulation of hepatic glycogen synthesis by amino acids. Hepatocytes isolated from livers of fasted rats form little glycogen from glucose or lactate at concentrations below 20 mM. Glycogen is formed in substantial quantities at a glucose concentration of 60 mM. In the presence of 10 mM glucose, 20-30% as much glycogen as glucose is formed from fructose, sorbitol, or dihydroxyacetone. The addition of either glutamine, alanine, or asparagine stimulates the formation of glycogen from lactate 10- to 40-fold. The formation of glucose and glycogen is then about equal, and glycogen deposition in hepatocytes is similar to rates attained in vivo after fasted rats are refed. The amino acids stimulate 1.5- to 2-fold glycogen synthesis from fructose, and 2- to 4-fold synthesis from dihyDROXYACETONE. Ammonium chloride is about one-half as effective as amino acids in stimulating glycogen synthesis when glucose with lactate are substrates. It increased glycogen synthesis 25-50% from fructose but inhibited synthesis from dihydroxyacetone plus glucose.", "PMID": 1068456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5926", "title": "Nature of conformational changes in poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] in the premelting region.", "content": "The conformation of the synthetic DNA, poly-[d(A-T)-d(A-T)], has been investigated both in the solid state and in dilute aqueous solutions at different temperatures below its melting point. The change of the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] solutions with decreasing temperatures from just below the melting point to 0 degrees involves a specific decrease of the intensity of the 262 nm CD band. This conformational change has been assigned to a gradual and partial transition from the B to C form, on the basis of the following results: (i) By the use of infrared dichroism measurements on oriented films we have defined humidity and salt conditions under which B and C forms of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T](Li+) are stable. In addition, we find that ammonium salts induce the C form of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] even at high relative humidity. (ii) CD studies of the films of the lithium salt of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] under the same conditions have given CD spectra corresponding to the B and C forms of this polynucleotide. In addition, the CD spectrum of the ammonium salt of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] in solution approaches that of the C form in films. (iii) The conformational change of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] as a function of temperature can be entirely explained on the basis of changes in the double-stranded base-paired structure. Our data rule out hydrogen bond breaking and unstacking or \"breathing\" as an explanation of the premelting changes. Curves of the continuous variation of CD(epsilon at 262 nm) as a function of temperature (from 0 degrees to the melting zone) show similar slopes in the presence of different agents stabilizing the double-stranded structure, such as Mg++, or at different salt concentration (KCl), indicating that the nature of the process is independent of ionic strength. Some specific effects were observed in the influence of certain neutral salts; ammonium induces the C form whereas magnesium favors the B form. CD data give direct evidence that a DNA like poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] need not change conformation upon transition from a dilute aqueous solution to a highly hydrated (film/gel) solid state. The change of conformation begins only at a defined partial dehydration.", "contents": "Nature of conformational changes in poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] in the premelting region. The conformation of the synthetic DNA, poly-[d(A-T)-d(A-T)], has been investigated both in the solid state and in dilute aqueous solutions at different temperatures below its melting point. The change of the circular dichroism (CD) spectra of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] solutions with decreasing temperatures from just below the melting point to 0 degrees involves a specific decrease of the intensity of the 262 nm CD band. This conformational change has been assigned to a gradual and partial transition from the B to C form, on the basis of the following results: (i) By the use of infrared dichroism measurements on oriented films we have defined humidity and salt conditions under which B and C forms of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T](Li+) are stable. In addition, we find that ammonium salts induce the C form of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] even at high relative humidity. (ii) CD studies of the films of the lithium salt of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] under the same conditions have given CD spectra corresponding to the B and C forms of this polynucleotide. In addition, the CD spectrum of the ammonium salt of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] in solution approaches that of the C form in films. (iii) The conformational change of poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] as a function of temperature can be entirely explained on the basis of changes in the double-stranded base-paired structure. Our data rule out hydrogen bond breaking and unstacking or \"breathing\" as an explanation of the premelting changes. Curves of the continuous variation of CD(epsilon at 262 nm) as a function of temperature (from 0 degrees to the melting zone) show similar slopes in the presence of different agents stabilizing the double-stranded structure, such as Mg++, or at different salt concentration (KCl), indicating that the nature of the process is independent of ionic strength. Some specific effects were observed in the influence of certain neutral salts; ammonium induces the C form whereas magnesium favors the B form. CD data give direct evidence that a DNA like poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] need not change conformation upon transition from a dilute aqueous solution to a highly hydrated (film/gel) solid state. The change of conformation begins only at a defined partial dehydration.", "PMID": 1068457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5927", "title": "Identification of nonhistone chromatin proteins in chromatin subunits.", "content": "Rat liver chromatin was digested by micrococcal nuclease. More than 80% of the enzyme-digested chromatin could be recovered after centrifugation. Treatment with sodium deoxycholate and Triton X-100 at concentrations of 0.5% in the final chromatin suspension gave a higher recovery. Chromatin subunits were fractionated on a 5-30% linear sucrose density gradient. Approximately 35% of the chromatin subunits could be recovered from the gradient. Chromatin subunits and their DNA fragments were identified by gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The presence of nonhistone chromatin proteins (NHCP) in chromatin subunits was demonstrated by the following criteria: (i) Quantitative analysis showed that the mass ratio of histone to NHCP, in the presence or absence of detergents, was 1:0,25 or 1:0.1, respectively. (ii) After the removal of acid-soluble protein from the subunits, it was found that most of the phenol-soluble NHCP were similar to total chromatin NHCP. However, four major fractions of these phenol-soluble NHCP were found to be enriched in the subunits as identified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (iii) Experiments using an exchange of isotope-labeled and nonlabeled chromatin showed that NHCP were tightly bound to the chromatin subunits.", "contents": "Identification of nonhistone chromatin proteins in chromatin subunits. Rat liver chromatin was digested by micrococcal nuclease. More than 80% of the enzyme-digested chromatin could be recovered after centrifugation. Treatment with sodium deoxycholate and Triton X-100 at concentrations of 0.5% in the final chromatin suspension gave a higher recovery. Chromatin subunits were fractionated on a 5-30% linear sucrose density gradient. Approximately 35% of the chromatin subunits could be recovered from the gradient. Chromatin subunits and their DNA fragments were identified by gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The presence of nonhistone chromatin proteins (NHCP) in chromatin subunits was demonstrated by the following criteria: (i) Quantitative analysis showed that the mass ratio of histone to NHCP, in the presence or absence of detergents, was 1:0,25 or 1:0.1, respectively. (ii) After the removal of acid-soluble protein from the subunits, it was found that most of the phenol-soluble NHCP were similar to total chromatin NHCP. However, four major fractions of these phenol-soluble NHCP were found to be enriched in the subunits as identified by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. (iii) Experiments using an exchange of isotope-labeled and nonlabeled chromatin showed that NHCP were tightly bound to the chromatin subunits.", "PMID": 1068458}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5928", "title": "Choleragen-mediated release of trapped glucose from liposomes containing ganglioside GM1.", "content": "125I-Labeled choleragen was bound to liposomes containing galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GM1), but not in large amounts to ganglioside-free liposomes nor to those containing N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide (GM3), N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GM2), or N-acetylneuraminylgalactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GD1a). Choleragen released trapped glucose only from GM1-liposomes. This choleragen-induced glucose release from GM1-liposomes was relatively rapid for the first few minutes, then continued more slowly. The amount of glucose released from liposomes in 30 min was dependent on both the GM1 content and choleragen concentration. Prior incubation of GM1-liposomes with anti-GM1 antiserum prevented the choleragen-dependent release of trapped glucose. After incubation of GM1-liposomes with choleragen, addition of anticholeragen antibodies and complement led to more extensive glucose release. Under these latter conditions a much smaller glucose release was observed also from liposomes containing GM1 or N-acetylneuraminylgalactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide in the absence of choleragen. These releases were attributed to naturally-occurring antiganglioside antibodies in the antiserum and complement. Ganglioside-free liposomes did not release glucose in response to anticholeragen and complement. It appears that choleragen in the absence of other proteins binds specifically to liposomes containing GM1 and can induce permeability changes.", "contents": "Choleragen-mediated release of trapped glucose from liposomes containing ganglioside GM1. 125I-Labeled choleragen was bound to liposomes containing galactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GM1), but not in large amounts to ganglioside-free liposomes nor to those containing N-acetylneuraminylgalactosylglucosylceramide (GM3), N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GM2), or N-acetylneuraminylgalactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide (GD1a). Choleragen released trapped glucose only from GM1-liposomes. This choleragen-induced glucose release from GM1-liposomes was relatively rapid for the first few minutes, then continued more slowly. The amount of glucose released from liposomes in 30 min was dependent on both the GM1 content and choleragen concentration. Prior incubation of GM1-liposomes with anti-GM1 antiserum prevented the choleragen-dependent release of trapped glucose. After incubation of GM1-liposomes with choleragen, addition of anticholeragen antibodies and complement led to more extensive glucose release. Under these latter conditions a much smaller glucose release was observed also from liposomes containing GM1 or N-acetylneuraminylgalactosyl-N-acetylgalactosaminyl-(N-acetylneuraminyl)-galactosylglucosylceramide in the absence of choleragen. These releases were attributed to naturally-occurring antiganglioside antibodies in the antiserum and complement. Ganglioside-free liposomes did not release glucose in response to anticholeragen and complement. It appears that choleragen in the absence of other proteins binds specifically to liposomes containing GM1 and can induce permeability changes.", "PMID": 1068459}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5929", "title": "Absence of low-molecular-weight alpha crystallin in nuclear region of old human lenses.", "content": "Examination of old human lenses indicates that low-molecular-weight alpha crystallin is not present in the inner 30-40%, the nucleus, of the lens. The remainder of such lenses, the periphery, contains normal levels of this protein. This finding is in marked contrast to observations in young lenses, where a large quantity of this protein is found throughout the tissue.", "contents": "Absence of low-molecular-weight alpha crystallin in nuclear region of old human lenses. Examination of old human lenses indicates that low-molecular-weight alpha crystallin is not present in the inner 30-40%, the nucleus, of the lens. The remainder of such lenses, the periphery, contains normal levels of this protein. This finding is in marked contrast to observations in young lenses, where a large quantity of this protein is found throughout the tissue.", "PMID": 1068460}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5930", "title": "Evidence for an intermediate with a single-strand break in the reaction catalyzed by the DNA untwisting enzyme.", "content": "The DNA untwisting enzyme relaxes covalently closed circylar DNAs by the sequential breaking (nicking) and closure of one strand of the duplex. The use of highly purified enzyme from rat liver nuclei at very high protein concentrations has permitted the detection of the nicked intermediate in the reaction. The nicking of closed circular simian virus 40 DNA was measured by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation or by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl gradients containing propidium diiodide. The following observations support the hypothesis that the nicked DNA represents an intermediate in the untwisting reaction. The extent of nicking does not increase with time. Nicking is observed in the range of salt concentrations where the enzyme is active (0.01-0.25 M KCl), but is not observed at 0.50 Mkdl, where enzyme activity is undetectable. The nicked DNA that is generated during the reaction carried out in low salt rapidly disappears if the KCl concentration is raised to 0.50 M. At constant enzyme concentration, the number of nicks in the reaction mixture is independent of DNA concentration in the range from 3 to 14 mug/ml. The addition of an excess of unlabeled DNA to a reaction initially containing labeled nicked DNA partially chases the label from the nicked intermediate into covalently closed circular DNA.", "contents": "Evidence for an intermediate with a single-strand break in the reaction catalyzed by the DNA untwisting enzyme. The DNA untwisting enzyme relaxes covalently closed circylar DNAs by the sequential breaking (nicking) and closure of one strand of the duplex. The use of highly purified enzyme from rat liver nuclei at very high protein concentrations has permitted the detection of the nicked intermediate in the reaction. The nicking of closed circular simian virus 40 DNA was measured by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation or by equilibrium centrifugation in CsCl gradients containing propidium diiodide. The following observations support the hypothesis that the nicked DNA represents an intermediate in the untwisting reaction. The extent of nicking does not increase with time. Nicking is observed in the range of salt concentrations where the enzyme is active (0.01-0.25 M KCl), but is not observed at 0.50 Mkdl, where enzyme activity is undetectable. The nicked DNA that is generated during the reaction carried out in low salt rapidly disappears if the KCl concentration is raised to 0.50 M. At constant enzyme concentration, the number of nicks in the reaction mixture is independent of DNA concentration in the range from 3 to 14 mug/ml. The addition of an excess of unlabeled DNA to a reaction initially containing labeled nicked DNA partially chases the label from the nicked intermediate into covalently closed circular DNA.", "PMID": 1068461}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5931", "title": "On the mechanism of delayed inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-defecient rabbit reticulocyte lysates.", "content": "In the absence of added hemin, protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate declines abruptly (shuts off) after about 5 min at 30 degrees. In these studies we have examined the basis for the lag period preceding shut-off. The initiation factor that binds Met-tRNAf, previously shown to be rate-limiting in inhibited, heme-deficient lysates, is found to be used stoichiometrically in the presence of excess inhibitor. We suggest that a principal effect of the inhibitor is to impair the recycling of the Met-tRNAf-binding factor; the lag period is attributable largely to the presence of a pool of excess Met-tRNAf-binding factor, which, once used in initiation, cannot be recycled because of the action of the inhibitor.", "contents": "On the mechanism of delayed inhibition of protein synthesis in heme-defecient rabbit reticulocyte lysates. In the absence of added hemin, protein synthesis in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate declines abruptly (shuts off) after about 5 min at 30 degrees. In these studies we have examined the basis for the lag period preceding shut-off. The initiation factor that binds Met-tRNAf, previously shown to be rate-limiting in inhibited, heme-deficient lysates, is found to be used stoichiometrically in the presence of excess inhibitor. We suggest that a principal effect of the inhibitor is to impair the recycling of the Met-tRNAf-binding factor; the lag period is attributable largely to the presence of a pool of excess Met-tRNAf-binding factor, which, once used in initiation, cannot be recycled because of the action of the inhibitor.", "PMID": 1068462}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5932", "title": "Mapping of in vivo messenger RNAs for bacteriophage phiX-174.", "content": "In vivo messenger RNA for bacteriophage phiX174 was fractionated in agarose gels into a number of discrete species ranging in size from 0.23 X 10(6) to 2.3 X 10(6) daltons. These RNA species were eluted from the gels and hybridized to specific fragments derived from phiX-174 replicative form DNA by cleavage with restriction enzymes. A map of the orientation of in vivo messenger RNAs with respect to the bacteriophage genetic map was constructed. This map indicated that initiation of messenger RNA occurred before gene B, gene C or D, and probably before gene A and that termination occurred after genes E, F, G, and H. Termination of transcription at any particular site appeared not to be entirely effective such that a number of overlapping transcripts with the same 5'-terminus was observed. Messenger RNA for gene A seemed to be relatively unstable.", "contents": "Mapping of in vivo messenger RNAs for bacteriophage phiX-174. In vivo messenger RNA for bacteriophage phiX174 was fractionated in agarose gels into a number of discrete species ranging in size from 0.23 X 10(6) to 2.3 X 10(6) daltons. These RNA species were eluted from the gels and hybridized to specific fragments derived from phiX-174 replicative form DNA by cleavage with restriction enzymes. A map of the orientation of in vivo messenger RNAs with respect to the bacteriophage genetic map was constructed. This map indicated that initiation of messenger RNA occurred before gene B, gene C or D, and probably before gene A and that termination occurred after genes E, F, G, and H. Termination of transcription at any particular site appeared not to be entirely effective such that a number of overlapping transcripts with the same 5'-terminus was observed. Messenger RNA for gene A seemed to be relatively unstable.", "PMID": 1068463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5933", "title": "Restriction assay for integrative recombination of bacteriophage lambda DNA in vitro: requirement for closed circular DNA substrate.", "content": "A novel assay has been developed for in vitro genetic recombination of DNA. Substrate and product DNAs are cleaved with a restriction endonuclease and the resulting fragments are separated by electrophoresis in agarose gels. The substrate DNA has been chosen so that the recombination to be studied deletes a segment of DNA. The remaining DNA gives rise to a unique restriciton fragment, as does the DNA segment that has been removed. The method provides a convenient and physical, rather than genetic, assessment of the conversion of parental to recombinant DNA. This method has been applied to an in vitro system that carries out integrative recombination of bacteriophage lambda. We find that, different molecular forms of DNA tested, closed circular DNA is the only efficient substrate. Linear DNA and three kinds of circular DNA containing interruptions are at best very poor substrates. The implications of this surprising result are discussed. In addition, we show that the in vitro recombination system completes the breaking and rejoining steps of recombination. No stable DNA intermediates involving chiasmata or broken end structures are found.", "contents": "Restriction assay for integrative recombination of bacteriophage lambda DNA in vitro: requirement for closed circular DNA substrate. A novel assay has been developed for in vitro genetic recombination of DNA. Substrate and product DNAs are cleaved with a restriction endonuclease and the resulting fragments are separated by electrophoresis in agarose gels. The substrate DNA has been chosen so that the recombination to be studied deletes a segment of DNA. The remaining DNA gives rise to a unique restriciton fragment, as does the DNA segment that has been removed. The method provides a convenient and physical, rather than genetic, assessment of the conversion of parental to recombinant DNA. This method has been applied to an in vitro system that carries out integrative recombination of bacteriophage lambda. We find that, different molecular forms of DNA tested, closed circular DNA is the only efficient substrate. Linear DNA and three kinds of circular DNA containing interruptions are at best very poor substrates. The implications of this surprising result are discussed. In addition, we show that the in vitro recombination system completes the breaking and rejoining steps of recombination. No stable DNA intermediates involving chiasmata or broken end structures are found.", "PMID": 1068464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5934", "title": "Glycosylation of hemoglobin in vitro: affinity labeling of hemoglobin by glucose-6-phosphate.", "content": "To determine the mechanism for the formation of hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) in vivo, we incubated human hemoglobin with glucose and metabolites of glucose. [14C]Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) reacted readily with deoxyhemoglobin, and formed a covalent linkage. The reaction rate was considerably reduced in the presence of carbon monoxide or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). Purified G6P hemoglobin had a lowered oxygen affinity and decreased reactivity with 2,3-DPG compared to Hb A. G6P behaved as a 2,3-DPG analog and reacted specifically at the NH2-terminal amino group of the beta chain. In contrast, the interaction of hemoglobin with glucose was much slower, and was unaffected by carbon monoxide or 2,3-DPG. Neither glucose-1-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, nor fructose-1,6-diphosphate formed a reaction product with hemoglobin. G6P behaves as an affinity label with the phosphate group forming electrostatic bonds at the 2,3-DPG binding site and the aldehvde group reacting with the NH2-terminal amino group of the beta chain. Thus, G6P hemoglobin may be an intermediate in the conversion of Hb A to Hb A1c.", "contents": "Glycosylation of hemoglobin in vitro: affinity labeling of hemoglobin by glucose-6-phosphate. To determine the mechanism for the formation of hemoglobin A1c (Hb A1c) in vivo, we incubated human hemoglobin with glucose and metabolites of glucose. [14C]Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) reacted readily with deoxyhemoglobin, and formed a covalent linkage. The reaction rate was considerably reduced in the presence of carbon monoxide or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG). Purified G6P hemoglobin had a lowered oxygen affinity and decreased reactivity with 2,3-DPG compared to Hb A. G6P behaved as a 2,3-DPG analog and reacted specifically at the NH2-terminal amino group of the beta chain. In contrast, the interaction of hemoglobin with glucose was much slower, and was unaffected by carbon monoxide or 2,3-DPG. Neither glucose-1-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, nor fructose-1,6-diphosphate formed a reaction product with hemoglobin. G6P behaves as an affinity label with the phosphate group forming electrostatic bonds at the 2,3-DPG binding site and the aldehvde group reacting with the NH2-terminal amino group of the beta chain. Thus, G6P hemoglobin may be an intermediate in the conversion of Hb A to Hb A1c.", "PMID": 1068465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5935", "title": "Kinetic evidence for hapten-induced conformational transition in immunoglobin MOPC 460.", "content": "The kinetics of hapten binding to the homogeneous immunoglobulin A secreted by the murine plasmacytoma MOPC 460 was investigated by the chemical relaxation method. Two distinct relaxation times were observed in the binding equilibrium with three different haptens. A detailed concentration dependence analysis of relaxation times and amplitudes was performed with the hapten epsilon-N(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-lysine (Dnp-Lys). The results support a mechanism in which two interconvertible conformational states of the protein bind the hapten with different association constants. Hapten binding shifts the equilibrium towards the better binding state. These observations form kinetic evidence for a conformational transition induced in the immunoglobulin by ligand binding to its antigen binding site, and are in line with the allosteric hypothesis for the initiation of physiological functions by antigen-antibody association.", "contents": "Kinetic evidence for hapten-induced conformational transition in immunoglobin MOPC 460. The kinetics of hapten binding to the homogeneous immunoglobulin A secreted by the murine plasmacytoma MOPC 460 was investigated by the chemical relaxation method. Two distinct relaxation times were observed in the binding equilibrium with three different haptens. A detailed concentration dependence analysis of relaxation times and amplitudes was performed with the hapten epsilon-N(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-lysine (Dnp-Lys). The results support a mechanism in which two interconvertible conformational states of the protein bind the hapten with different association constants. Hapten binding shifts the equilibrium towards the better binding state. These observations form kinetic evidence for a conformational transition induced in the immunoglobulin by ligand binding to its antigen binding site, and are in line with the allosteric hypothesis for the initiation of physiological functions by antigen-antibody association.", "PMID": 1068466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5936", "title": "Temperature dependence of the four ionic processes of spike electrogenesis in eel electroplaques.", "content": "Spike electrogenesis of eel electroplaques involves four ionic processes which are controlled by the membrane potential. A threshold depolarization causes normally closed Na permselective channels to open (Na-activation) and normally open K channels to close (K-inactivation). The Na channels then close (Na-inactivation), and as the spike is terminated, the K channels reopen (K-reactivation). The temperature dependence of these four processes has been examined in the present work. Opening of the Na channels and closure and reopening of the K-channels are either effectively instantaneous or are relatively independent of temperature in the range of at least 5 degrees to 22 degrees. Closure of the Na-channels has a Q10 (increase in rate of reaction for each 10 degrees increase in temperature) of about 9, and activation energy (Ea) of this reaction is about 31.5 kcal/mole (132 kJ/mole).", "contents": "Temperature dependence of the four ionic processes of spike electrogenesis in eel electroplaques. Spike electrogenesis of eel electroplaques involves four ionic processes which are controlled by the membrane potential. A threshold depolarization causes normally closed Na permselective channels to open (Na-activation) and normally open K channels to close (K-inactivation). The Na channels then close (Na-inactivation), and as the spike is terminated, the K channels reopen (K-reactivation). The temperature dependence of these four processes has been examined in the present work. Opening of the Na channels and closure and reopening of the K-channels are either effectively instantaneous or are relatively independent of temperature in the range of at least 5 degrees to 22 degrees. Closure of the Na-channels has a Q10 (increase in rate of reaction for each 10 degrees increase in temperature) of about 9, and activation energy (Ea) of this reaction is about 31.5 kcal/mole (132 kJ/mole).", "PMID": 1068467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5937", "title": "Calorimetric studies of the in vitro polymerization of brain tubulin.", "content": "The enthalpy change for chain propagation in the polymerization of bovine tubulin has been studied directly by stopped-flow microcalorimetry at 17 degrees and 25 degrees, and found to be 0 +/- 1 kcal per mol of 6S tubulin dimer at both temperatures. Substantial heat evolution with a half-time of decay of approximately 1 hr was observed w-en tubulin was injected into the calorimeter. This heat was shown to result from contamination of the tublin by small amounts of some material from the crude brain homogenate from which the tubulin was prepared, and to be totally unconnected with microtubule assembly. Model calculations of nucleated polymerization processes reveal that the van't Hoff enthalpy calculated from the temperature dependence of the critical polymerization concentration is a complicated function of the separate enthalpy changes for nucleation and chain propagation. The published values of this quantity for tubulin probably pertain primarily to the nucleation process. It is shown that our observation of a propagation enthalpy change of vanishingly small size is not necessarily inconsistent with the reported van't Hoff enthalpies.", "contents": "Calorimetric studies of the in vitro polymerization of brain tubulin. The enthalpy change for chain propagation in the polymerization of bovine tubulin has been studied directly by stopped-flow microcalorimetry at 17 degrees and 25 degrees, and found to be 0 +/- 1 kcal per mol of 6S tubulin dimer at both temperatures. Substantial heat evolution with a half-time of decay of approximately 1 hr was observed w-en tubulin was injected into the calorimeter. This heat was shown to result from contamination of the tublin by small amounts of some material from the crude brain homogenate from which the tubulin was prepared, and to be totally unconnected with microtubule assembly. Model calculations of nucleated polymerization processes reveal that the van't Hoff enthalpy calculated from the temperature dependence of the critical polymerization concentration is a complicated function of the separate enthalpy changes for nucleation and chain propagation. The published values of this quantity for tubulin probably pertain primarily to the nucleation process. It is shown that our observation of a propagation enthalpy change of vanishingly small size is not necessarily inconsistent with the reported van't Hoff enthalpies.", "PMID": 1068468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5938", "title": "Correlation between tumor induction and the large external transformation sensitive protein on the cell surface.", "content": "The distribution on the cell surface of the large external LETS protein that is transformation sensitive of normal, transformed and tumorigenic cells was examined by immunofluorescent staining. A correlation was established between the expression of fibril-like LETS protein and the oncogenic capabilities of a series of adenovirus-transformed cell lines. In cells expressing a transformed phenotype in vitro, LETS protein is only detected in cell-cell contact areas, wheras in \"untransformed\" cells LETS protein is distributed over the cell surface. Transformed cells capable of inducing invasive tumors, and the cells of established tumor lines, have low or undetectable levels of LETS protein, as measured by this method. The results indicate that LETS protein has a role in cell-cell adhesion and that reduced expression of this protein at the cell surface is related to the oncogenic phenotype. This relationship has been established for experimentally induced and spontaneous tumors.", "contents": "Correlation between tumor induction and the large external transformation sensitive protein on the cell surface. The distribution on the cell surface of the large external LETS protein that is transformation sensitive of normal, transformed and tumorigenic cells was examined by immunofluorescent staining. A correlation was established between the expression of fibril-like LETS protein and the oncogenic capabilities of a series of adenovirus-transformed cell lines. In cells expressing a transformed phenotype in vitro, LETS protein is only detected in cell-cell contact areas, wheras in \"untransformed\" cells LETS protein is distributed over the cell surface. Transformed cells capable of inducing invasive tumors, and the cells of established tumor lines, have low or undetectable levels of LETS protein, as measured by this method. The results indicate that LETS protein has a role in cell-cell adhesion and that reduced expression of this protein at the cell surface is related to the oncogenic phenotype. This relationship has been established for experimentally induced and spontaneous tumors.", "PMID": 1068469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5939", "title": "The relationship between in vitro cellular aging and in vivo human age.", "content": "Differences between early and late passage cell cultures on the organelle and macromolecular levels have been attributed to cellular \"aging\". However, concern has been expressed over whether changes in diploid cell populations after serial passage in vitro accurately reflect human cellular aging in vivo. Studies were therefore undertaken to determine if significant differences would be observed in the in vitro lifespans of skin fibroblast cultures from old and young normal, non-hospitalized volunteers and to examine if parameters that change with in vitro \"aging\" are altered as a function of age in vivo. Statistically signigificant (P less than 0.05) decreases were found in the rate of fibroblast migration, onset of cell culture senescence, in vitro lifespan, cell population replication rate, and cell number at confluency of fibroblast cultures derived from the old donor group when compared to parallel cultures from young donors. No significant differences were observed in modal cell volumes and cellular macromolecular contents. The differences observed in cell cultures from old and young donors were quantitatively and qualitatively distinct from those cellular alterations observed in early and late passage WI-38 cells (in vitro \"aging\"). Therefore, although early and late passage cultures of human diploid cells may provide an important cell system for examining loss of replicative potential, fibroblast cultures derived from old and young human donors may be a more appropriate model system for studying human cellular aging.", "contents": "The relationship between in vitro cellular aging and in vivo human age. Differences between early and late passage cell cultures on the organelle and macromolecular levels have been attributed to cellular \"aging\". However, concern has been expressed over whether changes in diploid cell populations after serial passage in vitro accurately reflect human cellular aging in vivo. Studies were therefore undertaken to determine if significant differences would be observed in the in vitro lifespans of skin fibroblast cultures from old and young normal, non-hospitalized volunteers and to examine if parameters that change with in vitro \"aging\" are altered as a function of age in vivo. Statistically signigificant (P less than 0.05) decreases were found in the rate of fibroblast migration, onset of cell culture senescence, in vitro lifespan, cell population replication rate, and cell number at confluency of fibroblast cultures derived from the old donor group when compared to parallel cultures from young donors. No significant differences were observed in modal cell volumes and cellular macromolecular contents. The differences observed in cell cultures from old and young donors were quantitatively and qualitatively distinct from those cellular alterations observed in early and late passage WI-38 cells (in vitro \"aging\"). Therefore, although early and late passage cultures of human diploid cells may provide an important cell system for examining loss of replicative potential, fibroblast cultures derived from old and young human donors may be a more appropriate model system for studying human cellular aging.", "PMID": 1068470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5940", "title": "Hormonal stimulation of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes.", "content": "Adult rat hepatocytes have been previously isolated and maintained in monolayer culture, but attempts to stimulate DNA synthesis have been unsuccessful. Hormonal conditions are now described which induce DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes from partially hepatectomized rats. DNA synthesis was determined autoradiographically by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into nuclei of morphologically distinct hepatocytes. Insulin (4-4000 nM) or epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml) alone caused significant increases in the labeling index. The two hormones together acted synergistically to produce labeling indices of 35-50% on the third day of culture, compared with 2-7% in control cultures. The addition of glucagon (400 nM) further increased the labeling indes. Dexamethasone (80 ng/ml) inhibited DNA synthesis but, under certain conditions, enhanced cell attachment. Growth hormone and triiodothyronine had no significant effect on DNA synthesis. The mixture of epidermal growth factor, insulin, and glucagon also stimulated incorporation of [3H]thymidine into phenol-extracted DNA. Although DNA synthesis was stimulated, cell division occurred infrequently. These data suggest a prominent role for epidermal growth factor in promoting hepatic DNA synthesis by acting in concert with insulin and glucagon.", "contents": "Hormonal stimulation of DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. Adult rat hepatocytes have been previously isolated and maintained in monolayer culture, but attempts to stimulate DNA synthesis have been unsuccessful. Hormonal conditions are now described which induce DNA synthesis in cultured hepatocytes from partially hepatectomized rats. DNA synthesis was determined autoradiographically by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into nuclei of morphologically distinct hepatocytes. Insulin (4-4000 nM) or epidermal growth factor (10 ng/ml) alone caused significant increases in the labeling index. The two hormones together acted synergistically to produce labeling indices of 35-50% on the third day of culture, compared with 2-7% in control cultures. The addition of glucagon (400 nM) further increased the labeling indes. Dexamethasone (80 ng/ml) inhibited DNA synthesis but, under certain conditions, enhanced cell attachment. Growth hormone and triiodothyronine had no significant effect on DNA synthesis. The mixture of epidermal growth factor, insulin, and glucagon also stimulated incorporation of [3H]thymidine into phenol-extracted DNA. Although DNA synthesis was stimulated, cell division occurred infrequently. These data suggest a prominent role for epidermal growth factor in promoting hepatic DNA synthesis by acting in concert with insulin and glucagon.", "PMID": 1068471}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5941", "title": "Isolation of retina-specific cell-aggregating factor from membranes of embryonic neural retina tissue.", "content": "There is increasing evidence that developmental associations among embryonic cells are mediated by specific components of the cell surface. Earlier work has indicated that such components are extruded into the medium of primary monolayer cultures of embryonic cells, and that they represent the active constituents of the tissue-spedific cell-aggregating factors isolated fro- the supernatant medium of such cultures. We presently report that tissue-specific cell-aggregating factors can be obtained directly from embryonic tissues, and describe the isolation and partial purification of retina-spedific factor from a cell-membrane preparation derived from retina tissue of the chick embryo. Extraction of the purified membrane preparation with 1-butanol yielded an activity in the aqueous phase which resides in a protein probably a glycoprotein, with an estimated molecular weight of 50,000 in solution. This material could be obtained from retinas of embryos not older than 13 days, and only pre-13-day cells responded to its cell-aggregating activity. By these characteristics, this membrane-derived retina factor closely resembles the retina cell-aggregating glycoprotein previously purified from the supernatant medium of retina cell cultures. It is of special interest that the cell-aggregating protein is obtainable from cellular membranes during those stages of development when retina cells are most actively engaged in histological organization. Work in progress indicates that, by the procedures described herein, tissue-specific cell-aggregating factors can also be obtained from membrane preparations of other embryonic tissues.", "contents": "Isolation of retina-specific cell-aggregating factor from membranes of embryonic neural retina tissue. There is increasing evidence that developmental associations among embryonic cells are mediated by specific components of the cell surface. Earlier work has indicated that such components are extruded into the medium of primary monolayer cultures of embryonic cells, and that they represent the active constituents of the tissue-spedific cell-aggregating factors isolated fro- the supernatant medium of such cultures. We presently report that tissue-specific cell-aggregating factors can be obtained directly from embryonic tissues, and describe the isolation and partial purification of retina-spedific factor from a cell-membrane preparation derived from retina tissue of the chick embryo. Extraction of the purified membrane preparation with 1-butanol yielded an activity in the aqueous phase which resides in a protein probably a glycoprotein, with an estimated molecular weight of 50,000 in solution. This material could be obtained from retinas of embryos not older than 13 days, and only pre-13-day cells responded to its cell-aggregating activity. By these characteristics, this membrane-derived retina factor closely resembles the retina cell-aggregating glycoprotein previously purified from the supernatant medium of retina cell cultures. It is of special interest that the cell-aggregating protein is obtainable from cellular membranes during those stages of development when retina cells are most actively engaged in histological organization. Work in progress indicates that, by the procedures described herein, tissue-specific cell-aggregating factors can also be obtained from membrane preparations of other embryonic tissues.", "PMID": 1068472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5942", "title": "A potassium ionophore (valinomycin) inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by its effects on the cell membrane.", "content": "Valinomycin is a depsipeptide antibiotic which selectively translocates potassium across biologic membranes. This potassium ionophore was observed to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blastogenesis and proliferation in human lymphocytes. The effect was not due to toxicity to the cells, nor appeared to be due to the effects of valinomycin as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect on phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes was prevented by increasing the potassium concentration of the external media. These results suggest that the interaction of mitogens with specific receptors at the cell membrane may involve mechanisms affecting cation fluxes and membrane potential. These ionic events may play a role in the transduction of membrane signals for lymphocyte stimulation.", "contents": "A potassium ionophore (valinomycin) inhibits lymphocyte proliferation by its effects on the cell membrane. Valinomycin is a depsipeptide antibiotic which selectively translocates potassium across biologic membranes. This potassium ionophore was observed to inhibit phytohemagglutinin-stimulated blastogenesis and proliferation in human lymphocytes. The effect was not due to toxicity to the cells, nor appeared to be due to the effects of valinomycin as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect on phytohemagglutinin stimulated lymphocytes was prevented by increasing the potassium concentration of the external media. These results suggest that the interaction of mitogens with specific receptors at the cell membrane may involve mechanisms affecting cation fluxes and membrane potential. These ionic events may play a role in the transduction of membrane signals for lymphocyte stimulation.", "PMID": 1068473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5943", "title": "Distribution of calcitonin-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity along the rabbit kidney tubule.", "content": "The adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphatelyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] sensitivity to salmon calcitonin in 11 different segments of the rabbit nephron was investigated using a micromethod for enzyme activity measurements in samples, each containing a single piece of tubule. The required segments were isolated by microdissection from collagenase-treated rabbit kidneys. The results were expressed as femtomoles of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate formed per mm of tubular length per 30 min of incubation time. In the presence of 0.1 mug/ml of synthetic salmon calcitonin, it was found that eight segments exhibited no hormonal sensitivity whereas maximal responses were induced in three segments, the \"bright\" portion of the distal convoluted tubule, the cortical and the medullary portions of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (stimulated over control activity ratios were 32, 11, and27). The very high sensitivity to calcitonin of the adenylate cyclase contained in these three segments (0.01 ng/ml of salmon calcitonin inducing a 2-fold stimulation; half-miximal stimulation corresponding to about 0.3 ng/ml of salmon calcitonin) suggests that the distal convoluted tubule, as well as th cortical and medullary portions of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle represent physiological target structures of calcitonin action within the kidney.", "contents": "Distribution of calcitonin-sensitive adenylate cyclase activity along the rabbit kidney tubule. The adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphatelyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] sensitivity to salmon calcitonin in 11 different segments of the rabbit nephron was investigated using a micromethod for enzyme activity measurements in samples, each containing a single piece of tubule. The required segments were isolated by microdissection from collagenase-treated rabbit kidneys. The results were expressed as femtomoles of adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate formed per mm of tubular length per 30 min of incubation time. In the presence of 0.1 mug/ml of synthetic salmon calcitonin, it was found that eight segments exhibited no hormonal sensitivity whereas maximal responses were induced in three segments, the \"bright\" portion of the distal convoluted tubule, the cortical and the medullary portions of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (stimulated over control activity ratios were 32, 11, and27). The very high sensitivity to calcitonin of the adenylate cyclase contained in these three segments (0.01 ng/ml of salmon calcitonin inducing a 2-fold stimulation; half-miximal stimulation corresponding to about 0.3 ng/ml of salmon calcitonin) suggests that the distal convoluted tubule, as well as th cortical and medullary portions of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle represent physiological target structures of calcitonin action within the kidney.", "PMID": 1068474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5944", "title": "Structural heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA molecules within the genus Drosophila.", "content": "We have determined by electron microscopy the molecular weight of circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules from 39 species representing 13 groups of five subgenera of the genus Drosophila. mtDNA molecules of all species examined, other than members of the melanogaster group, had, with one exception, molecular weights in the rather narrow range 9.90 X 10(6). The one exception was D. robusta, which had a molecular weight of 10.61 X 10(6). In contrast, mtDNA molecules from species within the melanogaster group had molecular weights covering the considerably greater range 9.92 X 10(6) to 12.35 X 10(6). Applying the electron microscope denaturation mapping technique of Inman to mtDNA molecules of eight species of the melanogaster group, we found each of them to contain a region [presumably rich in adenine and thymine (A+T)] which denatured at a specific temperature (40 degrees) at which most of the remainder of the molecule remained undenatured. The size of the A+T-rich region was constant for mtDNA molecules of a species, but varied from 0.62 X 10(6) to 3.41 X 10(6) for mtDNA molecules of different species. It was demonstrated that the differences in molecular weights of the A+T-rich regions can almost completely account for the differences in total molecular weights of the mtDNA molecules from species of the melanogaster group.", "contents": "Structural heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA molecules within the genus Drosophila. We have determined by electron microscopy the molecular weight of circular mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) molecules from 39 species representing 13 groups of five subgenera of the genus Drosophila. mtDNA molecules of all species examined, other than members of the melanogaster group, had, with one exception, molecular weights in the rather narrow range 9.90 X 10(6). The one exception was D. robusta, which had a molecular weight of 10.61 X 10(6). In contrast, mtDNA molecules from species within the melanogaster group had molecular weights covering the considerably greater range 9.92 X 10(6) to 12.35 X 10(6). Applying the electron microscope denaturation mapping technique of Inman to mtDNA molecules of eight species of the melanogaster group, we found each of them to contain a region [presumably rich in adenine and thymine (A+T)] which denatured at a specific temperature (40 degrees) at which most of the remainder of the molecule remained undenatured. The size of the A+T-rich region was constant for mtDNA molecules of a species, but varied from 0.62 X 10(6) to 3.41 X 10(6) for mtDNA molecules of different species. It was demonstrated that the differences in molecular weights of the A+T-rich regions can almost completely account for the differences in total molecular weights of the mtDNA molecules from species of the melanogaster group.", "PMID": 1068475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5945", "title": "Trimodality in the proportion of hemoglobin G Philadelphia in heterozygotes: evidence for heterogeneity in the number of human alpha chain loci.", "content": "The extent of variability in the number of human hemoglobin (Hb) alpha chain loci has not yet been conclusively determined. There is evidence that in some populations individuals may possess two alpha-chain loci, while in other populations only one locus is present. Electrophoresis of peripheral blood from 53 heterozygotes for Hb G Philadelphia (alpha 68 Asn leads to Lys) revealed that the proportion of Hb G is trimodally distributed, with modes at approximately 20, 30, and 40% Hb G. Familial, hematologic, and statistical studies suggest that hte proportion of Hb G is not random but is genetically controlled and inversely correlated with mean cell volume. Two alternative genetic models are proposed to explain these findings: one assums alpha-thalassemia, while the other postulates variability in the number of alpha-chain loci in the American Black population. Biosynthetic studies of blood from 15 subjects revealed balanced synthesis of alpha and beta globin chains in heterozygotes from all three classes, strongly supporting variable gene dosage rather than alpha-thalassemia as the mechanism underlying the observed trimodality in the proportion of Hb G. Incompatibilities between out results and current concepts of alpha-thalassemia are discussed in the context of differences between Black compared with Oriental and Italian forms of Hb H disease.", "contents": "Trimodality in the proportion of hemoglobin G Philadelphia in heterozygotes: evidence for heterogeneity in the number of human alpha chain loci. The extent of variability in the number of human hemoglobin (Hb) alpha chain loci has not yet been conclusively determined. There is evidence that in some populations individuals may possess two alpha-chain loci, while in other populations only one locus is present. Electrophoresis of peripheral blood from 53 heterozygotes for Hb G Philadelphia (alpha 68 Asn leads to Lys) revealed that the proportion of Hb G is trimodally distributed, with modes at approximately 20, 30, and 40% Hb G. Familial, hematologic, and statistical studies suggest that hte proportion of Hb G is not random but is genetically controlled and inversely correlated with mean cell volume. Two alternative genetic models are proposed to explain these findings: one assums alpha-thalassemia, while the other postulates variability in the number of alpha-chain loci in the American Black population. Biosynthetic studies of blood from 15 subjects revealed balanced synthesis of alpha and beta globin chains in heterozygotes from all three classes, strongly supporting variable gene dosage rather than alpha-thalassemia as the mechanism underlying the observed trimodality in the proportion of Hb G. Incompatibilities between out results and current concepts of alpha-thalassemia are discussed in the context of differences between Black compared with Oriental and Italian forms of Hb H disease.", "PMID": 1068476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5946", "title": "Genetically determined protein polymorphism in the rabbit nervous system.", "content": "One of the polypeptides (H1) of the rabbit nervous system occurs in an altered form (H2) in some rabbits. The electrophoretic mobility of H2 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels is about 6% greater than that of H1, suggesting that the two polypeptides differ in molecular weight by about 10,000. The alteration is genetically determined since (i) rabbit phenotypes corresponding to all possible genotypes (H1H1, H1H2, H2H2) were present in an outbred population of rabbits, (ii) the frequency of the phenotype corresponding to the heterozygous genotype (H1H2) was smaller in partially inbred rabbit populations than in outbred populations, and (iii) all of the individuals examined from two partially inbred strains (WH/J and X/J) were of the phenotype that would be expected if they were homozygous (H2H2) for the rare allele of the gene. Preliminary evidence indicates that this polymorphic polypeptide is most abundant in the white matter of the nervous systems of several mammalian species, and is distributed with buffers of low ionic strength and centrifuged at 100,000 Xg.", "contents": "Genetically determined protein polymorphism in the rabbit nervous system. One of the polypeptides (H1) of the rabbit nervous system occurs in an altered form (H2) in some rabbits. The electrophoretic mobility of H2 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels is about 6% greater than that of H1, suggesting that the two polypeptides differ in molecular weight by about 10,000. The alteration is genetically determined since (i) rabbit phenotypes corresponding to all possible genotypes (H1H1, H1H2, H2H2) were present in an outbred population of rabbits, (ii) the frequency of the phenotype corresponding to the heterozygous genotype (H1H2) was smaller in partially inbred rabbit populations than in outbred populations, and (iii) all of the individuals examined from two partially inbred strains (WH/J and X/J) were of the phenotype that would be expected if they were homozygous (H2H2) for the rare allele of the gene. Preliminary evidence indicates that this polymorphic polypeptide is most abundant in the white matter of the nervous systems of several mammalian species, and is distributed with buffers of low ionic strength and centrifuged at 100,000 Xg.", "PMID": 1068477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5947", "title": "Sex ratio, sex change, and natural selection.", "content": "We describe the analogy between the theory of natural selection on sex ratio in newborn gonochores (which will not change sex), and on the age of sex change in sequential hermaphrodites (which are all born into one sex and change to the other later on). We also discuss the conditions under which natural selection favors sequential hermaphrodites over gonochores and vice versa. We show that, in a nearly stable population of nearly constant age composition, selection favors a rare mutant if it increases the prospective reproduction of its newborn bearers that are (or while they are) members of one sex by a percentage exceeding the percentage loss to the other sex.", "contents": "Sex ratio, sex change, and natural selection. We describe the analogy between the theory of natural selection on sex ratio in newborn gonochores (which will not change sex), and on the age of sex change in sequential hermaphrodites (which are all born into one sex and change to the other later on). We also discuss the conditions under which natural selection favors sequential hermaphrodites over gonochores and vice versa. We show that, in a nearly stable population of nearly constant age composition, selection favors a rare mutant if it increases the prospective reproduction of its newborn bearers that are (or while they are) members of one sex by a percentage exceeding the percentage loss to the other sex.", "PMID": 1068478}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5948", "title": "Structural studies on protein products of murine chromosome 17: partial amino acid sequence of an H-2Kb molecule.", "content": "By use of single internal radiolabels, 17 of the NH2-terminal 27 amino acids of the murine H-2Kb molecule have been assigned. When the amino acid sequence is compared to that of the murine H-2Kk molecule, there is a minimum of six amino acid differences in 19 positions. This high degree of structural diversity confirms, at the level of amino acid sequence, the known polymorphism of the murine H-2 complex. Significant primary str-ctural homology is evident when the murine H-2Kk and H-2Kb sequences are compared to the recently reported partial amino acid sequences of human transplantation antigens. There is modest homology with beta2-mictoglobulin and immunoglobulins, but the available sequence information is insufficient for a satisfactory evaluation of its significance.", "contents": "Structural studies on protein products of murine chromosome 17: partial amino acid sequence of an H-2Kb molecule. By use of single internal radiolabels, 17 of the NH2-terminal 27 amino acids of the murine H-2Kb molecule have been assigned. When the amino acid sequence is compared to that of the murine H-2Kk molecule, there is a minimum of six amino acid differences in 19 positions. This high degree of structural diversity confirms, at the level of amino acid sequence, the known polymorphism of the murine H-2 complex. Significant primary str-ctural homology is evident when the murine H-2Kk and H-2Kb sequences are compared to the recently reported partial amino acid sequences of human transplantation antigens. There is modest homology with beta2-mictoglobulin and immunoglobulins, but the available sequence information is insufficient for a satisfactory evaluation of its significance.", "PMID": 1068479}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5949", "title": "Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer.", "content": "Ascorbic acid metabolism is associated with a number of mechanisms known to be involved in host resistance to malignant disease. Cancer patients are significantly depleted of ascorbic acid, and in our opinion this demonstrable biochemical characteristic indicates a substantially increased requirement and utilization of this substance to potentiate these various host resistance factors. The results of a clinical trial are presented in which 100 terminal cancer patients were given supplemental ascorbate as part of their routine management. Their progress is compared to that of 1000 similar patients treated identically, but who received no supplemental ascorbate. The mean survival time is more than 4.2 times as great for the ascorbate subjects (more than 210 days) as for the controls (50 days). Analysis of the survival-time curves indicates that deaths occur for about 90% of the ascorbate-treated patients at one-third the rate for the controls and that the other 10% have a much greater survival time, averaging more than 20 times that for the controls. The results clearly indicate that this simple and safe form of medication is of definite value in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer.", "contents": "Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. Ascorbic acid metabolism is associated with a number of mechanisms known to be involved in host resistance to malignant disease. Cancer patients are significantly depleted of ascorbic acid, and in our opinion this demonstrable biochemical characteristic indicates a substantially increased requirement and utilization of this substance to potentiate these various host resistance factors. The results of a clinical trial are presented in which 100 terminal cancer patients were given supplemental ascorbate as part of their routine management. Their progress is compared to that of 1000 similar patients treated identically, but who received no supplemental ascorbate. The mean survival time is more than 4.2 times as great for the ascorbate subjects (more than 210 days) as for the controls (50 days). Analysis of the survival-time curves indicates that deaths occur for about 90% of the ascorbate-treated patients at one-third the rate for the controls and that the other 10% have a much greater survival time, averaging more than 20 times that for the controls. The results clearly indicate that this simple and safe form of medication is of definite value in the treatment of patients with advanced cancer.", "PMID": 1068480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5950", "title": "Electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis of normal and leukemic human lymphocytes.", "content": "A comparative study of the elemental content of normal and leukemic cells was undertaken on a few subjects, using electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis. Phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, calcium, copper, and zinc were detected in intracellular loci. The concentration of some of the above elements appeared to be disease related. In leukemic lymphocytes, the nuclear zinc was significantly lower than that recorded in normal lymphocytes, while the phosphorus was only moderately decreased. This suggests a faulty zinc uptake or binding in leukemic cells. The possible consequences of intracellular zinc deficiency are discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis of normal and leukemic human lymphocytes. A comparative study of the elemental content of normal and leukemic cells was undertaken on a few subjects, using electron microscopic x-ray microanalysis. Phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, calcium, copper, and zinc were detected in intracellular loci. The concentration of some of the above elements appeared to be disease related. In leukemic lymphocytes, the nuclear zinc was significantly lower than that recorded in normal lymphocytes, while the phosphorus was only moderately decreased. This suggests a faulty zinc uptake or binding in leukemic cells. The possible consequences of intracellular zinc deficiency are discussed.", "PMID": 1068481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5951", "title": "Vitamin A-containing lipocytes and formation of type III collagen in liver injury.", "content": "Hepatocellular necrosis in carbon tetracholride-induced injury of rats is associated with an accumulation of lipocytes (perisinusoidal cells or Ito cells) containing fat droplets and giving vitamin A fluorescence. In the subsequent formation of connective tissue septa, transitional cells having morphologic characteristics of lipocytes and fibroblasts are abundant and are associated with the appearance of type III collage-. The features suggest that the lipocyte is the precursor of the fibroblasts responsible for parenchymal fibrillogenesis and under these conditions forms type III collagen. The process is a postulated link between hepatocellular necrosis and fibrosis.", "contents": "Vitamin A-containing lipocytes and formation of type III collagen in liver injury. Hepatocellular necrosis in carbon tetracholride-induced injury of rats is associated with an accumulation of lipocytes (perisinusoidal cells or Ito cells) containing fat droplets and giving vitamin A fluorescence. In the subsequent formation of connective tissue septa, transitional cells having morphologic characteristics of lipocytes and fibroblasts are abundant and are associated with the appearance of type III collage-. The features suggest that the lipocyte is the precursor of the fibroblasts responsible for parenchymal fibrillogenesis and under these conditions forms type III collagen. The process is a postulated link between hepatocellular necrosis and fibrosis.", "PMID": 1068482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5952", "title": "An oscillatory neuronal circuit generating a locomotory rhythm.", "content": "A quartet of interconnected interneurons whose periodic activity appears to generate the traveling body wave of the swimming leech has been identified on each side of segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord of Hirudo medicinalis. Theoretical analysis and electronic analog models of the identified intra- and interganglionic synaptic connections of the segmentally iterated interneurons showed that they form an oscillatory network with cycle period and intra-and intersegmental phase relations appropriate for the swimming movement.", "contents": "An oscillatory neuronal circuit generating a locomotory rhythm. A quartet of interconnected interneurons whose periodic activity appears to generate the traveling body wave of the swimming leech has been identified on each side of segmental ganglia of the ventral nerve cord of Hirudo medicinalis. Theoretical analysis and electronic analog models of the identified intra- and interganglionic synaptic connections of the segmentally iterated interneurons showed that they form an oscillatory network with cycle period and intra-and intersegmental phase relations appropriate for the swimming movement.", "PMID": 1068483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5953", "title": "RNase sensitivity of an anterior morphogenetic determinant in an insect egg (Smittia sp., Chironomidae, Diptera).", "content": "In chironomid midges, the development of head and thorax in the embryo requires the function of cytoplasmic determinants localized near the anterior pole of the egg. Experimental inactivation of these determinants causes a dramatic switch in the developmental program of the embryo. Instead of the normal segment pattern, the aberrant pattern \"double abdomen\" is formed. Head, thorax, and anterior abdominal segments are then replaced by an additional set of posterior abdominal segments joined in mirror image symmetry to the original abdomen. Such double abdomens have been produced, with a maximum yield of 29%, by application of RNase (ribonuclease I, ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22) to the anterior pole region of the egg. This was achieved by microinjection or puncturing the eggs during submersion in RNase. Control experiments with inactive RNase S fragments reliably proved that double abdomen formation resulted from RNase activity. Neither application of other enzymes to the anterior pole region nor application of RNase to other egg regions produced double abdomens in significant yields. The effects of RNase concentration and stage of development were determined. The data from these and earlier experiments are compatible with the idea that stored cytoplasmic RNP particles act as anterior determinants. Similarities to genetically caused switches in developmental pathways (homeotic mutations) are discussed.", "contents": "RNase sensitivity of an anterior morphogenetic determinant in an insect egg (Smittia sp., Chironomidae, Diptera). In chironomid midges, the development of head and thorax in the embryo requires the function of cytoplasmic determinants localized near the anterior pole of the egg. Experimental inactivation of these determinants causes a dramatic switch in the developmental program of the embryo. Instead of the normal segment pattern, the aberrant pattern \"double abdomen\" is formed. Head, thorax, and anterior abdominal segments are then replaced by an additional set of posterior abdominal segments joined in mirror image symmetry to the original abdomen. Such double abdomens have been produced, with a maximum yield of 29%, by application of RNase (ribonuclease I, ribonucleate 3'-pyrimidino-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.22) to the anterior pole region of the egg. This was achieved by microinjection or puncturing the eggs during submersion in RNase. Control experiments with inactive RNase S fragments reliably proved that double abdomen formation resulted from RNase activity. Neither application of other enzymes to the anterior pole region nor application of RNase to other egg regions produced double abdomens in significant yields. The effects of RNase concentration and stage of development were determined. The data from these and earlier experiments are compatible with the idea that stored cytoplasmic RNP particles act as anterior determinants. Similarities to genetically caused switches in developmental pathways (homeotic mutations) are discussed.", "PMID": 1068484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5954", "title": "The caecilian ear: further observations.", "content": "The structure of the ear is examined in two species of caecilians, Ichthyophis glutinosus and I. orthoplicatus, and the sensitivity to aerial sounds is assessed in terms of the electrical potentials of the cochlea. The results are in general agreement with previous reports on other caecilian species.", "contents": "The caecilian ear: further observations. The structure of the ear is examined in two species of caecilians, Ichthyophis glutinosus and I. orthoplicatus, and the sensitivity to aerial sounds is assessed in terms of the electrical potentials of the cochlea. The results are in general agreement with previous reports on other caecilian species.", "PMID": 1068485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5955", "title": "[The tensile strength of amalgam after 15 minutes].", "content": "The authors are mainly interested in the investigation of the tensile strength of a setting amalgam acquired after 15 minutes after the end of the trituration. Knowledge about this property is of interest because generally this moment corresponds with the time that a patient is asked to put the amalgam restoration into contact with the antagonist tooth. In two series of experiments eight commercial amalgam alloys, two different trituration techniques (hand and Silamat mixing machine) as well as two condensation techniques (hand and Bergendal vibrator) were tested. The reslts reveal that the tensile strengths of the different treatment combinations of amalgams prepared from Dispersalloy are significantly much higher than the minimum value of 2 MN/m2 which is required by the new stipulations of the A.D.A. specification n degrees 1. Some amalgams do not satisfy this requirement. Although the influence of the trituration technique as well as that of the condensation technique turns out to be significant, apparently the influence of the amalgam alloy is of much greater importance.", "contents": "[The tensile strength of amalgam after 15 minutes]. The authors are mainly interested in the investigation of the tensile strength of a setting amalgam acquired after 15 minutes after the end of the trituration. Knowledge about this property is of interest because generally this moment corresponds with the time that a patient is asked to put the amalgam restoration into contact with the antagonist tooth. In two series of experiments eight commercial amalgam alloys, two different trituration techniques (hand and Silamat mixing machine) as well as two condensation techniques (hand and Bergendal vibrator) were tested. The reslts reveal that the tensile strengths of the different treatment combinations of amalgams prepared from Dispersalloy are significantly much higher than the minimum value of 2 MN/m2 which is required by the new stipulations of the A.D.A. specification n degrees 1. Some amalgams do not satisfy this requirement. Although the influence of the trituration technique as well as that of the condensation technique turns out to be significant, apparently the influence of the amalgam alloy is of much greater importance.", "PMID": 1068493}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5956", "title": "[Radiation therapy and chemotherapy of primary malignant tumors of the bone (author's transl)].", "content": "In recent years, cytostatic chemotherapy has been added to the treatment of primary malignant bone tumors. Long-term results are not yet available. Since many of these tumors metastasize through the blood stream, the prognosis has been poor. Now a general improvement in the total number of cures is expected. In osteogenic sarcoma, amputation or exarticulation of the involved extremities is most frequently suggested; one can, however, continue to use preoperative radiotherapy. After 3 or at the most 6 months, amputation is carried out if the patient is free of metastases. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be carried out in every case. The side effects in the irradiated area, however, are considerably increased and, as a result, immediate amputation will become more and more popular. Irradiation of the primary tumor plays a decisive role in Ewing's sarcoma, surgical removal of the tumor does not require radicality at all costs. In reticulosarcoma of the bone, surgical intervention is limited to a biopsy because of high radiosensitivity. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be carried out in every case since a generalization is to be expected in 30% of the patients. The indications for \"prophylactic\" radiotherapy of the lung and the neurocranium were discussed.", "contents": "[Radiation therapy and chemotherapy of primary malignant tumors of the bone (author's transl)]. In recent years, cytostatic chemotherapy has been added to the treatment of primary malignant bone tumors. Long-term results are not yet available. Since many of these tumors metastasize through the blood stream, the prognosis has been poor. Now a general improvement in the total number of cures is expected. In osteogenic sarcoma, amputation or exarticulation of the involved extremities is most frequently suggested; one can, however, continue to use preoperative radiotherapy. After 3 or at the most 6 months, amputation is carried out if the patient is free of metastases. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be carried out in every case. The side effects in the irradiated area, however, are considerably increased and, as a result, immediate amputation will become more and more popular. Irradiation of the primary tumor plays a decisive role in Ewing's sarcoma, surgical removal of the tumor does not require radicality at all costs. In reticulosarcoma of the bone, surgical intervention is limited to a biopsy because of high radiosensitivity. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be carried out in every case since a generalization is to be expected in 30% of the patients. The indications for \"prophylactic\" radiotherapy of the lung and the neurocranium were discussed.", "PMID": 1068500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5957", "title": "Polarized light microscopy of enamel structure in incisors from newborn infants.", "content": "Enamel structure in human primary incisors was histologically examined in order to compare the observations with those from recent studies on incipient carious and fluorosed enamel. Ground sections from mandibular incisors of five full-term human infants were examined in polarized light using aqueous media (water, Thoulet's media), alcohols with different refractive indices, and quinoline. Imbibition graphs were made along traverses from the amelodentinal junction (ADJ) to the enamel surface. Quantitative assessments of the birefringence in different media along the traverses indicated a change in the relative volumes of crystallites and surrounding medium with a continuous growth of crystallites toward the ADJ. The influence of organic material is discussed in relation to the differences in calculated form birefringence observed within the specimens. When examined in quinoline, a 30-40-mum-thick surface zone appeared distinct positively birefringent, indicating that the outermost enamel reacted as a molecular sieve. Because of the lower content of minerals the interpretation of this zone differed from that of similar \"dark zones\" observed in carious and fluorosed enamel.", "contents": "Polarized light microscopy of enamel structure in incisors from newborn infants. Enamel structure in human primary incisors was histologically examined in order to compare the observations with those from recent studies on incipient carious and fluorosed enamel. Ground sections from mandibular incisors of five full-term human infants were examined in polarized light using aqueous media (water, Thoulet's media), alcohols with different refractive indices, and quinoline. Imbibition graphs were made along traverses from the amelodentinal junction (ADJ) to the enamel surface. Quantitative assessments of the birefringence in different media along the traverses indicated a change in the relative volumes of crystallites and surrounding medium with a continuous growth of crystallites toward the ADJ. The influence of organic material is discussed in relation to the differences in calculated form birefringence observed within the specimens. When examined in quinoline, a 30-40-mum-thick surface zone appeared distinct positively birefringent, indicating that the outermost enamel reacted as a molecular sieve. Because of the lower content of minerals the interpretation of this zone differed from that of similar \"dark zones\" observed in carious and fluorosed enamel.", "PMID": 1068501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5958", "title": "Fluoride reactions with dental enamel following different forms of fluoride supply.", "content": "The reactions with dental enamel of NaF as tablets dissolved in different beverages or supplied with NaCl, simulating domestic salt fluoridation, were studied in tests with enamel surfaces and enamel powder. It was confirmed that powdered enamel can react quite differently from enamel surfaces under certain conditions. Enamel surfaces took up much more fluoride (F) from orange juice than from water or milk, and neither the low pH nor the citrate content of the juice increased the formation of unstable CaF2 in the enamel, as judged from a KOH leaching test. The F uptake by enamel surfaces from 0.25 mM NaF in 175 mM NaCl, corresponding to a dish prepared with salt containing 500 parts/106 F, was about 80% greater than from the same NaF concentration in water. This NaCl concentration did not increase the formation of CaF2 in the enamel, as judged from the KOH test, while 350 mM NaCl caused a moderate increase. The investigations support the administration of NaF tablets with orange juice and plans for domestic salt fluoridation.", "contents": "Fluoride reactions with dental enamel following different forms of fluoride supply. The reactions with dental enamel of NaF as tablets dissolved in different beverages or supplied with NaCl, simulating domestic salt fluoridation, were studied in tests with enamel surfaces and enamel powder. It was confirmed that powdered enamel can react quite differently from enamel surfaces under certain conditions. Enamel surfaces took up much more fluoride (F) from orange juice than from water or milk, and neither the low pH nor the citrate content of the juice increased the formation of unstable CaF2 in the enamel, as judged from a KOH leaching test. The F uptake by enamel surfaces from 0.25 mM NaF in 175 mM NaCl, corresponding to a dish prepared with salt containing 500 parts/106 F, was about 80% greater than from the same NaF concentration in water. This NaCl concentration did not increase the formation of CaF2 in the enamel, as judged from the KOH test, while 350 mM NaCl caused a moderate increase. The investigations support the administration of NaF tablets with orange juice and plans for domestic salt fluoridation.", "PMID": 1068502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5959", "title": "In vivo uptake of fluoride by surface enamel of cleaned and plaque-covered teeth.", "content": "Utilizing a newly developed biopsy method, the F uptake in the outer 3 mum of enamel from a single topical application of neutral NaF or amine F solution was tested on cleaned and plaque-covered premolars in 12- to 14-year-old children. Cleaned teeth treated with neutral NaF acquired only insignificant amounts of F. The presence of plaque seemed to enhance the deposition of F in surface enamel. The findings were discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms of action of topically applied fluorides. Topical treatments with amine F increased surface enamel F considerably more than the NaF. The F uptake was similar in cleaned and plaque-covered teeth. It was suggested that the usually performed plaque-removing procedures prior to topical F applications are superfluous and may even be disadvantageous.", "contents": "In vivo uptake of fluoride by surface enamel of cleaned and plaque-covered teeth. Utilizing a newly developed biopsy method, the F uptake in the outer 3 mum of enamel from a single topical application of neutral NaF or amine F solution was tested on cleaned and plaque-covered premolars in 12- to 14-year-old children. Cleaned teeth treated with neutral NaF acquired only insignificant amounts of F. The presence of plaque seemed to enhance the deposition of F in surface enamel. The findings were discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms of action of topically applied fluorides. Topical treatments with amine F increased surface enamel F considerably more than the NaF. The F uptake was similar in cleaned and plaque-covered teeth. It was suggested that the usually performed plaque-removing procedures prior to topical F applications are superfluous and may even be disadvantageous.", "PMID": 1068503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5960", "title": "Effect of fluoride on protein and collagen biosynthesis in rabbit dental pulp in vitro.", "content": "The time course for incorporation of KC-proline into various fractions of rabbit dental pulp in vitro has been measured. In the TCA-soluble precursor pool a steady state level of activity was indicated upon incubation after 3 h, whereas incorporation into protein and 14C-hydroxyproline, i.e. collagen formation, increased linearly for 9 h, leveling off upon further incubation. A lag period of about 3 h was indicated for the appearance of high molecular weight 14C-activity, including 14C-hydroxyproline, in the medium, increasing linearly from 3 h to the end of the incubation period (22 h). In this system, fluoride exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect. At 5.3 mM fluoride the uptake of 14C-proline into the TCA-soluble pool was inhibited by about 50%, and the incorporation into protein and the subsequent conversion to hydroxyproline by about 90 and 60%, respectively. Release of collagen, i.e. 14C-hydroxyproline-containing material, seemed to be the process most sensitive to fluoride; it was inhibited by about 50% at the lowest concentration (1.3 mM) tested.", "contents": "Effect of fluoride on protein and collagen biosynthesis in rabbit dental pulp in vitro. The time course for incorporation of KC-proline into various fractions of rabbit dental pulp in vitro has been measured. In the TCA-soluble precursor pool a steady state level of activity was indicated upon incubation after 3 h, whereas incorporation into protein and 14C-hydroxyproline, i.e. collagen formation, increased linearly for 9 h, leveling off upon further incubation. A lag period of about 3 h was indicated for the appearance of high molecular weight 14C-activity, including 14C-hydroxyproline, in the medium, increasing linearly from 3 h to the end of the incubation period (22 h). In this system, fluoride exhibited a dose-dependent inhibitory effect. At 5.3 mM fluoride the uptake of 14C-proline into the TCA-soluble pool was inhibited by about 50%, and the incorporation into protein and the subsequent conversion to hydroxyproline by about 90 and 60%, respectively. Release of collagen, i.e. 14C-hydroxyproline-containing material, seemed to be the process most sensitive to fluoride; it was inhibited by about 50% at the lowest concentration (1.3 mM) tested.", "PMID": 1068504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5961", "title": "Influence of maturation status and tooth type of permanent teeth upon electrometric and thermal pulp testing.", "content": "The threshold values of developing teeth were determined for two commonly used electrometric pulp testers (Siemens Sirotest and Bofors Pulp Tester) and a new thermal test based on carbon dioxide snow (Odontotest). The teeth examined were divided into 7 stages according to maturation status. This study showed that teeth in Stages 3-5, i.e. until completion of root formation, show an increased electrometric threshold value. The Siemens tester appeared to be equal to the Bofors tester with regard to reliability. The Odontotest was the most reliable method examined, giving a consistent positive response in all examined teeth.", "contents": "Influence of maturation status and tooth type of permanent teeth upon electrometric and thermal pulp testing. The threshold values of developing teeth were determined for two commonly used electrometric pulp testers (Siemens Sirotest and Bofors Pulp Tester) and a new thermal test based on carbon dioxide snow (Odontotest). The teeth examined were divided into 7 stages according to maturation status. This study showed that teeth in Stages 3-5, i.e. until completion of root formation, show an increased electrometric threshold value. The Siemens tester appeared to be equal to the Bofors tester with regard to reliability. The Odontotest was the most reliable method examined, giving a consistent positive response in all examined teeth.", "PMID": 1068505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5962", "title": "Influence of splints and temporary crowns upon electric and thermal pulp-testing procedures.", "content": "The influence of different splints and temporary crowns upon the reliability of electric and thermal pulp-testing procedures was examined in 10 patients with vital maxillary central incisors and 10 patients with vital maxillary central incisors and 10 patients with unilateral pulp necrosis of a central incisor. The pulp-testing procedures were: (1) Bofors Pulp Tester, (2) Siemens Sirotest, (3) heated guttapercha, (4) ice, and (5) carbon dioxide snow (Odontotest). The splints or temporary crowns were: (1) silver cap splint, (2) acrylic cap splint, (3) Hawley orthodontic plate, (4) Saur's arch bar, (5) orthodontic bands, (6) stainless steel crown, and (7) stainless steel crown with labial surface removed. A reliable electrometric pulp response could only be elicited if the pulp tester was applied directly upon enamel and preferably upon the incisal edge. In this instance metal splints or partial steel crowns applied to the tooth had no effect on the pain threshold. A false positive reaction in case of pulp necrosis was only elicited when the electrode was placed directly upon metal which contacted neighboring vital teeth. The use of ice and heated guttapercha appeared to be of limited value, due to inconsistent pulp responses. Carbon dioxide snow gave a reliable response, unless applied on the incisal edge.", "contents": "Influence of splints and temporary crowns upon electric and thermal pulp-testing procedures. The influence of different splints and temporary crowns upon the reliability of electric and thermal pulp-testing procedures was examined in 10 patients with vital maxillary central incisors and 10 patients with vital maxillary central incisors and 10 patients with unilateral pulp necrosis of a central incisor. The pulp-testing procedures were: (1) Bofors Pulp Tester, (2) Siemens Sirotest, (3) heated guttapercha, (4) ice, and (5) carbon dioxide snow (Odontotest). The splints or temporary crowns were: (1) silver cap splint, (2) acrylic cap splint, (3) Hawley orthodontic plate, (4) Saur's arch bar, (5) orthodontic bands, (6) stainless steel crown, and (7) stainless steel crown with labial surface removed. A reliable electrometric pulp response could only be elicited if the pulp tester was applied directly upon enamel and preferably upon the incisal edge. In this instance metal splints or partial steel crowns applied to the tooth had no effect on the pain threshold. A false positive reaction in case of pulp necrosis was only elicited when the electrode was placed directly upon metal which contacted neighboring vital teeth. The use of ice and heated guttapercha appeared to be of limited value, due to inconsistent pulp responses. Carbon dioxide snow gave a reliable response, unless applied on the incisal edge.", "PMID": 1068506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5963", "title": "Intraoral spread of the antimicrobial effect of a chlorhexidine gel.", "content": "The aim of the study was to determine the range of the antimicrobial effect of Hibitane Dental Gel (ICI, Macclesfield, England), containing 1% chlorhexidine, when used as a dentifrice while brushing. A standard toothpaste with no claim for antibacterial activity (Pepsodent) was used as a control. Twenty-four dental students brushed their teeth during two 4-day periods using the closed mouth technique, i.e. they kept their teeth tightly clenched and brushed only the facial tooth surfaces twice daily. Before and after each test period the lingual and linguomesial surfaces of the mandibular teeth were scored for clearly visible plaque. The facially applied chlorhexidine gel had no more effect on plaque growth lingually than the standard toothpaste which was used as control. The lack of effect of the gel was suggested to be due to an insufficient spread and penetration capacity of its antimicrobial component.", "contents": "Intraoral spread of the antimicrobial effect of a chlorhexidine gel. The aim of the study was to determine the range of the antimicrobial effect of Hibitane Dental Gel (ICI, Macclesfield, England), containing 1% chlorhexidine, when used as a dentifrice while brushing. A standard toothpaste with no claim for antibacterial activity (Pepsodent) was used as a control. Twenty-four dental students brushed their teeth during two 4-day periods using the closed mouth technique, i.e. they kept their teeth tightly clenched and brushed only the facial tooth surfaces twice daily. Before and after each test period the lingual and linguomesial surfaces of the mandibular teeth were scored for clearly visible plaque. The facially applied chlorhexidine gel had no more effect on plaque growth lingually than the standard toothpaste which was used as control. The lack of effect of the gel was suggested to be due to an insufficient spread and penetration capacity of its antimicrobial component.", "PMID": 1068507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5964", "title": "Mandibular kinesthesia in fatigue of human jaw muscles.", "content": "Fatigue was developed by four human subjects after negative work, and by two subjects after negative/positive work by the jaw muscles. Another four subjects did not develop fatigue subsequent to muscular exercise. In subjects with fatigue, the ability to perceive and/or produce repetitively a predetermined mandibular posture, i.e. mandibular kinesthesia, was impaired by about 285%. It is suggested that the distorted kinesthesia resulted from either a fatigue-induced failure of, or a fatigue-induced persistence of, jaw muscle fibers to contract, which in turn led to distorting flows of afferent impulses from muscles spindles and/or tendon organs.", "contents": "Mandibular kinesthesia in fatigue of human jaw muscles. Fatigue was developed by four human subjects after negative work, and by two subjects after negative/positive work by the jaw muscles. Another four subjects did not develop fatigue subsequent to muscular exercise. In subjects with fatigue, the ability to perceive and/or produce repetitively a predetermined mandibular posture, i.e. mandibular kinesthesia, was impaired by about 285%. It is suggested that the distorted kinesthesia resulted from either a fatigue-induced failure of, or a fatigue-induced persistence of, jaw muscle fibers to contract, which in turn led to distorting flows of afferent impulses from muscles spindles and/or tendon organs.", "PMID": 1068508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5965", "title": "Facial pain in negative and positive work of human jaw muscles.", "content": "Ten healthy human male subjects with a mean age of 21 years performed negative and negative/positive work with the jaw muscles for about 21 min. The average amount of negative work was 13.3 kgm, while that of negative/positive work was 48.5 kgm. Eight subjects developed either spontaneous or provoked facial pain subsequent to the exercise. No positive correlations were demonstrated between the total number of facial pain sites and the amounts of work and power of the muscles, nor between the number of pain sites and the speed of mandibular movement. It is suggested that the appearance of facial pain was associated with the pre-experimental strength and conditioning of the jaw muscles.", "contents": "Facial pain in negative and positive work of human jaw muscles. Ten healthy human male subjects with a mean age of 21 years performed negative and negative/positive work with the jaw muscles for about 21 min. The average amount of negative work was 13.3 kgm, while that of negative/positive work was 48.5 kgm. Eight subjects developed either spontaneous or provoked facial pain subsequent to the exercise. No positive correlations were demonstrated between the total number of facial pain sites and the amounts of work and power of the muscles, nor between the number of pain sites and the speed of mandibular movement. It is suggested that the appearance of facial pain was associated with the pre-experimental strength and conditioning of the jaw muscles.", "PMID": 1068509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5966", "title": "On the solubility of zinc in the gamma-phase of the silver-mercury system.", "content": "By measuring lattice constants of a number of Ag-Hg-Zn alloys with gamma-phase structure, it has been shown that apart from a possible two-phase field there exists a continuous solid solution between gamma (Ag-Hg) and gamma (Ag-Zn). A correlation between the Zn-content in the gamma 1 phase in set dental silver amalgam and the Zn-content in the corresponding alloy has been determined.", "contents": "On the solubility of zinc in the gamma-phase of the silver-mercury system. By measuring lattice constants of a number of Ag-Hg-Zn alloys with gamma-phase structure, it has been shown that apart from a possible two-phase field there exists a continuous solid solution between gamma (Ag-Hg) and gamma (Ag-Zn). A correlation between the Zn-content in the gamma 1 phase in set dental silver amalgam and the Zn-content in the corresponding alloy has been determined.", "PMID": 1068510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5967", "title": "The effect of vincristine on dentinogenesis in the rat incisor.", "content": "A preliminary report on the histomorphologic effects of vincristine on rat incisor dentinogenesis is presented. Niche-like areas of osteodentin and a faint incremental line in the dentin were the main derangements observed after single injections of the drug. The severity of the lesions was dose-dependent.", "contents": "The effect of vincristine on dentinogenesis in the rat incisor. A preliminary report on the histomorphologic effects of vincristine on rat incisor dentinogenesis is presented. Niche-like areas of osteodentin and a faint incremental line in the dentin were the main derangements observed after single injections of the drug. The severity of the lesions was dose-dependent.", "PMID": 1068511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5968", "title": "Allergy tests against formaldehyde, cresol, and eugenol in children with formocresol pulpotomized primary teeth.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-eight children in the age range 5-14 years with formocresol pulpotomized teeth were tested for sensitivity againist formaldehyde, eugenol, and cresol using the patch test. The number of treated teeth on each child varied from one to six and the time between the pulpotomy and patch test varied from 2 months to 8 years. None of the children showed positive results.", "contents": "Allergy tests against formaldehyde, cresol, and eugenol in children with formocresol pulpotomized primary teeth. One hundred and twenty-eight children in the age range 5-14 years with formocresol pulpotomized teeth were tested for sensitivity againist formaldehyde, eugenol, and cresol using the patch test. The number of treated teeth on each child varied from one to six and the time between the pulpotomy and patch test varied from 2 months to 8 years. None of the children showed positive results.", "PMID": 1068512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5969", "title": "Fluoride release from a fluoride-containing amalgam and two luting cements.", "content": "The release of fluoride from an amalgam and two luting cements, silicophosphate and polycarboxylate, was studied by shaking test specimens in a solution with hydroxyapatite, and measuring the fluoride taken up by the apatite. The initial release was significant for all three materials. After 1 week the amalgam released only minor amounts of fluoride, whereas the cements continued to liberate fluoride during the 5-week observation time to the same extent as silicates in earlier studies.", "contents": "Fluoride release from a fluoride-containing amalgam and two luting cements. The release of fluoride from an amalgam and two luting cements, silicophosphate and polycarboxylate, was studied by shaking test specimens in a solution with hydroxyapatite, and measuring the fluoride taken up by the apatite. The initial release was significant for all three materials. After 1 week the amalgam released only minor amounts of fluoride, whereas the cements continued to liberate fluoride during the 5-week observation time to the same extent as silicates in earlier studies.", "PMID": 1068513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5970", "title": "Change in Ig expression of a human lymphoblastoid line during long-term culture.", "content": "A human lymphoblastoid line, in continuous culture for over 3 years, showed changes in Ig expression with time. The following pattern of events was suggested by studies of Ig synthesis and secretion performed at intervals. In a mass culture containing a heterogeneous cell population, Ig expression may shift because of selection acting on the different phenotypes. In human lymphoblastoid lines there may be a tendency for selection to favor IgMchi-producing cells. In clones, including those that synthesize multiple H chains, substantial determinism for Ig expression is present.", "contents": "Change in Ig expression of a human lymphoblastoid line during long-term culture. A human lymphoblastoid line, in continuous culture for over 3 years, showed changes in Ig expression with time. The following pattern of events was suggested by studies of Ig synthesis and secretion performed at intervals. In a mass culture containing a heterogeneous cell population, Ig expression may shift because of selection acting on the different phenotypes. In human lymphoblastoid lines there may be a tendency for selection to favor IgMchi-producing cells. In clones, including those that synthesize multiple H chains, substantial determinism for Ig expression is present.", "PMID": 1068514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5971", "title": "Pharmacokinetic study of ketoprofen (19.583 R.P.) in man using the tritiated compound.", "content": "Ketoprofen (19.583 R. P., Profenid N. D., Orudis) labelled with tritium was administered orally to 4 patients (3 men - 1 woman) at a dose of 150 mg (therapeutic dose) with a radioactivity of approximately 500 muCi. Tritiated ketoprofen capsules, which disintegrated in the stomach, were administered in particle size of the same order as in the clinical trial material. The ketoprofen plasma levels and the quantities of the compound excreted in the urine and faeces were measured for 5 days after the administration of the capsules. Ketoprofen is absorbed rapidly and its plasma levels, which vary from patient to patient, can be comparatively high (9 to 21.3 mg/l), but these levels fall rapidly by 2 or 3 half-lives. Ketoprofen and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine (approximately 85% of the radioactivity administered is excreted within 5 days) and to a very limited extent in the faeces (within 5 days: approximately 1 to 8% of the radioactivity administered). Thus the evaluation of the radioactivity shows that the compound and its metabolites are almost completely excreted by the 5th day after administration. The ketoprofen urinary excretion rate is fairly closely correlated with the disappearance of the compound from the plasma. Overall measurements of the compound in the plasma and urine show that ketoprofen undergoes a relatively significant degree of metabolic transformation in man since, on an average, approximately 55% of the administered compound is recovered as metabolites from urine samples. In faeces, the relative significance of the transformation into lipo-soluble metabolites and water-soluble substances suggests that the metabolic transformation has a bacterial origin which varies in different individuals. The parameters of the pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen and its metabolism show no differences between the sexes in the cases studied.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic study of ketoprofen (19.583 R.P.) in man using the tritiated compound. Ketoprofen (19.583 R. P., Profenid N. D., Orudis) labelled with tritium was administered orally to 4 patients (3 men - 1 woman) at a dose of 150 mg (therapeutic dose) with a radioactivity of approximately 500 muCi. Tritiated ketoprofen capsules, which disintegrated in the stomach, were administered in particle size of the same order as in the clinical trial material. The ketoprofen plasma levels and the quantities of the compound excreted in the urine and faeces were measured for 5 days after the administration of the capsules. Ketoprofen is absorbed rapidly and its plasma levels, which vary from patient to patient, can be comparatively high (9 to 21.3 mg/l), but these levels fall rapidly by 2 or 3 half-lives. Ketoprofen and its metabolites are excreted mainly in the urine (approximately 85% of the radioactivity administered is excreted within 5 days) and to a very limited extent in the faeces (within 5 days: approximately 1 to 8% of the radioactivity administered). Thus the evaluation of the radioactivity shows that the compound and its metabolites are almost completely excreted by the 5th day after administration. The ketoprofen urinary excretion rate is fairly closely correlated with the disappearance of the compound from the plasma. Overall measurements of the compound in the plasma and urine show that ketoprofen undergoes a relatively significant degree of metabolic transformation in man since, on an average, approximately 55% of the administered compound is recovered as metabolites from urine samples. In faeces, the relative significance of the transformation into lipo-soluble metabolites and water-soluble substances suggests that the metabolic transformation has a bacterial origin which varies in different individuals. The parameters of the pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen and its metabolism show no differences between the sexes in the cases studied.", "PMID": 1068515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5972", "title": "The pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in man during and after repeated oral dosing (50 mg q.i.d.) with Orudis.", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen were studied in 5 healthy male volunteers after the oral administration of Orudis as a single dose (50 mg) and during, and after a 24-day repeated dosing regimen (50 mg q.i.d.). Levels of ketoprofen in plasma and urine and of conjugated ketoprofen in urine were measured after extraction, by a gas-liquid chromatographic method, which involved the use of a structurally similar internal standard. The minimum level of detection of the method was 40 ng ketoprofen/ml of plasma or 20 ng ketoprofen/ml of urine. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained following a single oral dose, were comparable with those obtained in previous studies with human subjects from Britain, America and France. Repeated oral administration of a therapeutically effective dose of Orudis (50 mg q.i.d.), resulted in the rapid attainment of a plateau plasma level of ketoprofen, which was maintained throughout the course of dosing. Ketoprofen plasma levels and urinary clearance after the final dose of the 24-day repeated oral dosing regimen, were more variable and generally lower than those found following a single oral dose. However, the early plasma half-lives for the two experiments were similar. It was concluded that in the initial stages of repeated dosing a reduction in ketoprofen absorption, compared to that found after a single oral dose, occurred, and resulted in lower plasma levels of drug.", "contents": "The pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in man during and after repeated oral dosing (50 mg q.i.d.) with Orudis. The pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen were studied in 5 healthy male volunteers after the oral administration of Orudis as a single dose (50 mg) and during, and after a 24-day repeated dosing regimen (50 mg q.i.d.). Levels of ketoprofen in plasma and urine and of conjugated ketoprofen in urine were measured after extraction, by a gas-liquid chromatographic method, which involved the use of a structurally similar internal standard. The minimum level of detection of the method was 40 ng ketoprofen/ml of plasma or 20 ng ketoprofen/ml of urine. The pharmacokinetic parameters obtained following a single oral dose, were comparable with those obtained in previous studies with human subjects from Britain, America and France. Repeated oral administration of a therapeutically effective dose of Orudis (50 mg q.i.d.), resulted in the rapid attainment of a plateau plasma level of ketoprofen, which was maintained throughout the course of dosing. Ketoprofen plasma levels and urinary clearance after the final dose of the 24-day repeated oral dosing regimen, were more variable and generally lower than those found following a single oral dose. However, the early plasma half-lives for the two experiments were similar. It was concluded that in the initial stages of repeated dosing a reduction in ketoprofen absorption, compared to that found after a single oral dose, occurred, and resulted in lower plasma levels of drug.", "PMID": 1068516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5973", "title": "Ophthalmic screening of patients receiving ketoprofen or flurbiprofen medication for inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with inflammatory and degenerative arthritis, who had been treated with either ketoprofen and flurbiprofen, for a period of up to twenty-four months, were examined for evidence of ocular toxicity. A practical method for examining the ocular structures and assessing visual function is described. A number of ophthalmic abnormalities were noted but these were related to previous or present eye disease or degeneration. It was considered that no ocular toxic sideeffects could be attributed to either drug during the period of treatment.", "contents": "Ophthalmic screening of patients receiving ketoprofen or flurbiprofen medication for inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases. Twenty-seven patients with inflammatory and degenerative arthritis, who had been treated with either ketoprofen and flurbiprofen, for a period of up to twenty-four months, were examined for evidence of ocular toxicity. A practical method for examining the ocular structures and assessing visual function is described. A number of ophthalmic abnormalities were noted but these were related to previous or present eye disease or degeneration. It was considered that no ocular toxic sideeffects could be attributed to either drug during the period of treatment.", "PMID": 1068517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5974", "title": "[Biophysical and ultrastructural aspects of an implant-bone interface].", "content": "The study of the interface between implant and bone suggests that the ideal material should not be chosen the most inert, but on the contrary among materials apt to provoke the formation of a connective layer between bone and implant. Certain ceramic materials have these required properties.", "contents": "[Biophysical and ultrastructural aspects of an implant-bone interface]. The study of the interface between implant and bone suggests that the ideal material should not be chosen the most inert, but on the contrary among materials apt to provoke the formation of a connective layer between bone and implant. Certain ceramic materials have these required properties.", "PMID": 1068518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5975", "title": "[Biomechanical apsects of implantation in bone].", "content": "Bone in the adult shows a continuous adaptation to the actual influence of applied stress by a combination of apposition and resorption. Little is known about this process around dental implants. It is only resorption which is known to be in relation with micromovements between bone and implant. Thus, the formation of connective tissue around implants is explained. The mechanical stress upon this connective tissue leads to the formation if fibres which recall the system of suspension of the teeth.", "contents": "[Biomechanical apsects of implantation in bone]. Bone in the adult shows a continuous adaptation to the actual influence of applied stress by a combination of apposition and resorption. Little is known about this process around dental implants. It is only resorption which is known to be in relation with micromovements between bone and implant. Thus, the formation of connective tissue around implants is explained. The mechanical stress upon this connective tissue leads to the formation if fibres which recall the system of suspension of the teeth.", "PMID": 1068519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5976", "title": "[What ensures the success of implants?].", "content": "A definition is given on the standard circumstances necessary to ensure success of dental implants over a longer period of time: -A proper indication is based upon all anatomical, radiological, medical and psychological factors. -The technique of implantation must be as atraumatic as possible. -The prosthetic work must be constructed after principles of occlusion relative to the temporomandibular articulation. -At the site of the implant abutments, the principles of periodontal prophylaxis apply. Sufficient attached gingiva and optimal oral hygiene are paramount to success. The results with 94 implants, of which 90.5% are worn without complications show that it is possible to achieve success when considering the above-mentioned rules.", "contents": "[What ensures the success of implants?]. A definition is given on the standard circumstances necessary to ensure success of dental implants over a longer period of time: -A proper indication is based upon all anatomical, radiological, medical and psychological factors. -The technique of implantation must be as atraumatic as possible. -The prosthetic work must be constructed after principles of occlusion relative to the temporomandibular articulation. -At the site of the implant abutments, the principles of periodontal prophylaxis apply. Sufficient attached gingiva and optimal oral hygiene are paramount to success. The results with 94 implants, of which 90.5% are worn without complications show that it is possible to achieve success when considering the above-mentioned rules.", "PMID": 1068520}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5977", "title": "[Dynamic compression implant--principles, technic and results].", "content": "The basis for the development for a dynamic compression implant (DCI) is the axiome of the mechanically induced bone reaction. Only if the implant is absolutely stable against the bone can an adaptive apposition and transformation be induced. T obtain such stability is the real problem. Transversal, sagittal and vertical forces act upon the implant and the structure of the maxillary and mandibular bone is sometimes unsuited to the purpose. The present concept for the required stability is based upon adaptive friction and a compressive factor as well as upon equalizing the differences of elasticity between bone tissue and metal. The technical procedure is described and illustrated. It should be an established requirement to obtain a minimum of 10 years duration in order to have an effective rate of success. The rate of intact implants after 5 years is encouraging the continuance of the experiments.", "contents": "[Dynamic compression implant--principles, technic and results]. The basis for the development for a dynamic compression implant (DCI) is the axiome of the mechanically induced bone reaction. Only if the implant is absolutely stable against the bone can an adaptive apposition and transformation be induced. T obtain such stability is the real problem. Transversal, sagittal and vertical forces act upon the implant and the structure of the maxillary and mandibular bone is sometimes unsuited to the purpose. The present concept for the required stability is based upon adaptive friction and a compressive factor as well as upon equalizing the differences of elasticity between bone tissue and metal. The technical procedure is described and illustrated. It should be an established requirement to obtain a minimum of 10 years duration in order to have an effective rate of success. The rate of intact implants after 5 years is encouraging the continuance of the experiments.", "PMID": 1068521}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5978", "title": "[Materials-testing research on hard and high strength dental plasters].", "content": "Types of III and IV dental plasters (ADA specifications No. 25) are used for making working models for clinical and laboratory purposes. 14 plaster products of these two types were examined for their physical properties and compared to the specifications, namely of setting time, volume changes, resistance to pressure and accuracy of detail. Additionally the values of surface hardness, bending strength and resistance to scraping were examined. Accordingly, three products were attributed to special stone (specification No IV): Duricap red (predosed capsule), Glastone, and Vel Mix Stone.", "contents": "[Materials-testing research on hard and high strength dental plasters]. Types of III and IV dental plasters (ADA specifications No. 25) are used for making working models for clinical and laboratory purposes. 14 plaster products of these two types were examined for their physical properties and compared to the specifications, namely of setting time, volume changes, resistance to pressure and accuracy of detail. Additionally the values of surface hardness, bending strength and resistance to scraping were examined. Accordingly, three products were attributed to special stone (specification No IV): Duricap red (predosed capsule), Glastone, and Vel Mix Stone.", "PMID": 1068522}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5979", "title": "Cytomorphological determinants of prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of children.", "content": "In children with ALL, the appearance of leukemic cells in stained spreads can be useful in predicting outcome of the disease. Cell size and nucleolar size and prominence are the two criteria, detectable on Romanowsky-stained bone marrow spreads, which permit such prediction. In a series of 93 children with ALL, 48 \"poor risk\" patients were detected. More than 1% of the bone marrow blast cells of these patients exceeded in diameter twice the diameter of nearby red blood cells, and, on average, more than one nucleolus was visible in every two leukemic cells. The survival of these 48 patients (estimated median 18 mo) was significantly worse (p = 0.0036) than that of the other 45 patients (estimated median over 5 yr). Analysis of the series with respect to other risk factors (age, leukocytosis at diagnosis) revealed the cytomorphological risk to be independent of the other two. Comparison of this method with others which have been used suggests that the proposed method may be more reproducible (capable of being learned) than others because it relies on specific characteristics rather than on total recognition of a \"cell type,\" and that it may select a higher proportion of \"poor risk\" patients than other methods. PAS-positivity may be a useful additional criterion.", "contents": "Cytomorphological determinants of prognosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of children. In children with ALL, the appearance of leukemic cells in stained spreads can be useful in predicting outcome of the disease. Cell size and nucleolar size and prominence are the two criteria, detectable on Romanowsky-stained bone marrow spreads, which permit such prediction. In a series of 93 children with ALL, 48 \"poor risk\" patients were detected. More than 1% of the bone marrow blast cells of these patients exceeded in diameter twice the diameter of nearby red blood cells, and, on average, more than one nucleolus was visible in every two leukemic cells. The survival of these 48 patients (estimated median 18 mo) was significantly worse (p = 0.0036) than that of the other 45 patients (estimated median over 5 yr). Analysis of the series with respect to other risk factors (age, leukocytosis at diagnosis) revealed the cytomorphological risk to be independent of the other two. Comparison of this method with others which have been used suggests that the proposed method may be more reproducible (capable of being learned) than others because it relies on specific characteristics rather than on total recognition of a \"cell type,\" and that it may select a higher proportion of \"poor risk\" patients than other methods. PAS-positivity may be a useful additional criterion.", "PMID": 1068527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5980", "title": "Cytogenetic heterogeneity of the acute leukemias.", "content": "Cytogenetic abnormalities have been found in approximately 50% of all patients with acute leukemia. Although no chromosomal abnormalities have been found which are characteristic of a specific cell type, patients with AML and DiGuglielmo's syndrome more frequently have hypodiploid chromosome numbers, while patients with ALL seldom have hypodiploid numbers of chromosomes and may actually exhibit an extreme degree of hyperdiploidy in the leukemic cells. Chromosome analysis may be helpful in characterizing patients with preleukemia and DiGuglielmo's syndrome, and aneuploidy may correlate with shortened survival in these conditions. Although data so far available are conflicting concerning the relationship of aneuploidy to response to therapy in patients with acute leukemia, it is possible that as improved therapeutic regimens become available for the treatment of acute leukemia, more sophisticated cytogenetic analysis may be helpful in predicting survival and response to therapy.", "contents": "Cytogenetic heterogeneity of the acute leukemias. Cytogenetic abnormalities have been found in approximately 50% of all patients with acute leukemia. Although no chromosomal abnormalities have been found which are characteristic of a specific cell type, patients with AML and DiGuglielmo's syndrome more frequently have hypodiploid chromosome numbers, while patients with ALL seldom have hypodiploid numbers of chromosomes and may actually exhibit an extreme degree of hyperdiploidy in the leukemic cells. Chromosome analysis may be helpful in characterizing patients with preleukemia and DiGuglielmo's syndrome, and aneuploidy may correlate with shortened survival in these conditions. Although data so far available are conflicting concerning the relationship of aneuploidy to response to therapy in patients with acute leukemia, it is possible that as improved therapeutic regimens become available for the treatment of acute leukemia, more sophisticated cytogenetic analysis may be helpful in predicting survival and response to therapy.", "PMID": 1068528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5981", "title": "The pathogenesis and clinical patterns of blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia.", "content": "Blast crisis terminates the life of the majority (approximately 80%) of patients with CML. The time of its onset appears to be a random phenomenon, varying from a probable coincidence occurrence with the onset of CML to more than a decade after onset of the chronic phase. In most patients the diagnosis is obvious as very immature cells are found to be the predominant cell in blood and marrow. However, in some, the onset is fairly subtle and the diagnosis of the syndrome will be dependent upon ancillary clinical and laboratory clues supplementing morphologic appearance of the blood and bone marrow. The same spectrum of morphological cell types is observed in blast crisis as is observed in acute myeloid leukemia. The predominant cells usually are myeloblasts and promyelocytes but may be immature monocytes, myelomonocytes, proerythroblasts, or immature megakaryocytes. These and other findings imply that the defect resides in the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. It is possible, but by no means proven, that lymphoblastic conversion also may occur. Therapy of blast crisis is quite unsatisfactory but clearly is of benefit in some patients.", "contents": "The pathogenesis and clinical patterns of blastic crisis of chronic myeloid leukemia. Blast crisis terminates the life of the majority (approximately 80%) of patients with CML. The time of its onset appears to be a random phenomenon, varying from a probable coincidence occurrence with the onset of CML to more than a decade after onset of the chronic phase. In most patients the diagnosis is obvious as very immature cells are found to be the predominant cell in blood and marrow. However, in some, the onset is fairly subtle and the diagnosis of the syndrome will be dependent upon ancillary clinical and laboratory clues supplementing morphologic appearance of the blood and bone marrow. The same spectrum of morphological cell types is observed in blast crisis as is observed in acute myeloid leukemia. The predominant cells usually are myeloblasts and promyelocytes but may be immature monocytes, myelomonocytes, proerythroblasts, or immature megakaryocytes. These and other findings imply that the defect resides in the pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. It is possible, but by no means proven, that lymphoblastic conversion also may occur. Therapy of blast crisis is quite unsatisfactory but clearly is of benefit in some patients.", "PMID": 1068530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5982", "title": "Acute erythroid leukemia after cyclophosphamide therapy for multiple myeloma: report of two cases.", "content": "The diagnosis of multiple myeloma was made in two white men, aged 55 and 59 years. They were treated with cyclophosphamide for 98 and 44 months respectively. Patient 1 also received a nine-month course of combined therapy with melphalan, procarbazine, and prednisone. Both developed acute erythroid leukemia, 98 and 71 months after the original diagnosis of myeloma, and died of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cardiac arrest. Patient 1 developed squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with recurrence, and Patient 2 developed anaplastic carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Palliative radiation therapy was given. The development of erythroid leukemia plus carcinoma in these two men suggests mutagenic change secondary to cyclophosphamide therapy.", "contents": "Acute erythroid leukemia after cyclophosphamide therapy for multiple myeloma: report of two cases. The diagnosis of multiple myeloma was made in two white men, aged 55 and 59 years. They were treated with cyclophosphamide for 98 and 44 months respectively. Patient 1 also received a nine-month course of combined therapy with melphalan, procarbazine, and prednisone. Both developed acute erythroid leukemia, 98 and 71 months after the original diagnosis of myeloma, and died of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cardiac arrest. Patient 1 developed squamous cell carcinoma of the skin with recurrence, and Patient 2 developed anaplastic carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Palliative radiation therapy was given. The development of erythroid leukemia plus carcinoma in these two men suggests mutagenic change secondary to cyclophosphamide therapy.", "PMID": 1068531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5983", "title": "Malignancies in blood-forming organs following diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: a review.", "content": "Ionizing radiation used for diagnosis or therapy has been associated with an increased incidence of malignancies of blood-forming organs. The increased incidence of hematopoietic malignancies following exposure to ionizing radiation obtained in the course of occupation, diagnosis and therapy of disease, or as a weapon of war is documented. The natural occurrence and the induced progression to acute leukemia of polycythemia rubra vera, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, Di Guglielmo's disease, and reticuloendothelial malignancies are discussed. The status of transplantation and immunodeficiency states and their relationship to acute leukemia is reviewed. Finally, drugs, toxins, and the use of cytotoxic radiomimetic agents for nonmalignant purposes are shown to lead to the development of acute leukemia. Background information relevant to the  proper use of future diagnostic and therapeutic modalities is provided.", "contents": "Malignancies in blood-forming organs following diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: a review. Ionizing radiation used for diagnosis or therapy has been associated with an increased incidence of malignancies of blood-forming organs. The increased incidence of hematopoietic malignancies following exposure to ionizing radiation obtained in the course of occupation, diagnosis and therapy of disease, or as a weapon of war is documented. The natural occurrence and the induced progression to acute leukemia of polycythemia rubra vera, Hodgkin's disease, multiple myeloma, Di Guglielmo's disease, and reticuloendothelial malignancies are discussed. The status of transplantation and immunodeficiency states and their relationship to acute leukemia is reviewed. Finally, drugs, toxins, and the use of cytotoxic radiomimetic agents for nonmalignant purposes are shown to lead to the development of acute leukemia. Background information relevant to the  proper use of future diagnostic and therapeutic modalities is provided.", "PMID": 1068532}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5984", "title": "Anorexia and weight loss in the portacaval-shunted pig.", "content": "The pig shows a marked response to end-to-side portacaval shunt. Survival is short and levels of alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol fall. This study was designed to determine the role of the reduced food intake which follows the operation upon these results. In pair-fed, sham-operated pigs, survival was short and levels of alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol also fell. Sham-operated animals fed normally did not show this response. Reduced appetite has been recorded in many experimental animals after portacaval shunt, but the cause remains to be elucidated. Encephalopathy, bacteremia, peptic ulceration, or hormonal imbalance could be implicated. Similar alteration in appetite and weight loss have not been observed in children who have been treated by portacaval shunt for glycogen storage disease or hypercholesterolemia; however, the underlying metabolic disorder or the species difference may be a contributory cause.", "contents": "Anorexia and weight loss in the portacaval-shunted pig. The pig shows a marked response to end-to-side portacaval shunt. Survival is short and levels of alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol fall. This study was designed to determine the role of the reduced food intake which follows the operation upon these results. In pair-fed, sham-operated pigs, survival was short and levels of alkaline phosphatase and cholesterol also fell. Sham-operated animals fed normally did not show this response. Reduced appetite has been recorded in many experimental animals after portacaval shunt, but the cause remains to be elucidated. Encephalopathy, bacteremia, peptic ulceration, or hormonal imbalance could be implicated. Similar alteration in appetite and weight loss have not been observed in children who have been treated by portacaval shunt for glycogen storage disease or hypercholesterolemia; however, the underlying metabolic disorder or the species difference may be a contributory cause.", "PMID": 1068535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5985", "title": "Hemodynamic changes in rats after radioprotective combination of cystamine administered subcutaneously and 5-methoxytryptamine injected intramuscularly.", "content": "Administration of cystamine (20 mg base/kg s.c.) and 5-methoxytryptamine (10 mg base/kg i.m.) with 12 minutes delay to anesthetized rats induced the depression of whole cardiovascular system, hemoconcentration and great blood flow decrease in the radiosensitive tissues. Distributionof lowered cardiac output preferred the fractions to brain, heart, liver and lungs. Hemodynamic responses to protective combination may participate in its radioprotective action.", "contents": "Hemodynamic changes in rats after radioprotective combination of cystamine administered subcutaneously and 5-methoxytryptamine injected intramuscularly. Administration of cystamine (20 mg base/kg s.c.) and 5-methoxytryptamine (10 mg base/kg i.m.) with 12 minutes delay to anesthetized rats induced the depression of whole cardiovascular system, hemoconcentration and great blood flow decrease in the radiosensitive tissues. Distributionof lowered cardiac output preferred the fractions to brain, heart, liver and lungs. Hemodynamic responses to protective combination may participate in its radioprotective action.", "PMID": 1068566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5986", "title": "[Infrared-spectroscopic studies of the carbonate apatite structure of dental hard tissues].", "content": "Samples of enamel, dentine and cementum were calcined at temperatures of 500 degrees C, 800 degrees C and 1000 degrees C. The infrared spectra recorded at these temperatures were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. With increasing temperature, the conversion of the primarily present carbonate apatite into hydroxyapatite increased. At 800 degrees C, a hydroxyapatite proportion of 83% was found. At that, the thermal treatment produced in the dentine an increase in the degree of crystallization from 62% to 100%.", "contents": "[Infrared-spectroscopic studies of the carbonate apatite structure of dental hard tissues]. Samples of enamel, dentine and cementum were calcined at temperatures of 500 degrees C, 800 degrees C and 1000 degrees C. The infrared spectra recorded at these temperatures were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. With increasing temperature, the conversion of the primarily present carbonate apatite into hydroxyapatite increased. At 800 degrees C, a hydroxyapatite proportion of 83% was found. At that, the thermal treatment produced in the dentine an increase in the degree of crystallization from 62% to 100%.", "PMID": 1068567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5987", "title": "[Evaluation of filling therapy of the lateral teeth and recommendations for the practice].", "content": "This paper deals with the caries intensity in the region of the lateral teeth and the present state-of-the-art of the filling therapy as evidenced by late results of silver-tin amalgam fillings and inlays. Various possibilities of quality improvement are discussed, and recommendations are given for practice.", "contents": "[Evaluation of filling therapy of the lateral teeth and recommendations for the practice]. This paper deals with the caries intensity in the region of the lateral teeth and the present state-of-the-art of the filling therapy as evidenced by late results of silver-tin amalgam fillings and inlays. Various possibilities of quality improvement are discussed, and recommendations are given for practice.", "PMID": 1068568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5988", "title": "[Longitudinal studies on the inhibition of caries by amine fluoride within the framework of guided and supervised oral hygiene actions].", "content": "In a 3-year, 4-year and 5-year studies, the authors tested clinically and radiographically the caries-inhibiting efficiency of topically applied amine fluoride in defined groups (fluoride group with Elmex fluid and Elmex tooth-paste for unsupervised dental and oral hygiene at home, placebo group and control group). After the fifth study year, the caries increment in the children who were 11 years of age at this time had decreased by 30.6% (DMF/T index) and 32.1% (DMF/S index).", "contents": "[Longitudinal studies on the inhibition of caries by amine fluoride within the framework of guided and supervised oral hygiene actions]. In a 3-year, 4-year and 5-year studies, the authors tested clinically and radiographically the caries-inhibiting efficiency of topically applied amine fluoride in defined groups (fluoride group with Elmex fluid and Elmex tooth-paste for unsupervised dental and oral hygiene at home, placebo group and control group). After the fifth study year, the caries increment in the children who were 11 years of age at this time had decreased by 30.6% (DMF/T index) and 32.1% (DMF/S index).", "PMID": 1068569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5989", "title": "[Simultaneous treatment of anomalies during manafement of fractures in the maxillofacial region].", "content": "Any schematism in choosing an operating technique is inappropriate in the surgical treatment of anomalies alone. This is all the more true in case of concomitant facial bone fractures which require all sorts of combinations and variations of the known procedures. None of the 13 patients who had presented during the years 1969-1973 with a maxillofacial fracture and an anomaly was subjected to the same kind of operation (with regard to osteotomy and ostectomy). An asymmetrical approach had to be adopted in almost any case to accomodate to the precautions required in the surgical treatment of the anomaly as well as to the demands on fracture management.", "contents": "[Simultaneous treatment of anomalies during manafement of fractures in the maxillofacial region]. Any schematism in choosing an operating technique is inappropriate in the surgical treatment of anomalies alone. This is all the more true in case of concomitant facial bone fractures which require all sorts of combinations and variations of the known procedures. None of the 13 patients who had presented during the years 1969-1973 with a maxillofacial fracture and an anomaly was subjected to the same kind of operation (with regard to osteotomy and ostectomy). An asymmetrical approach had to be adopted in almost any case to accomodate to the precautions required in the surgical treatment of the anomaly as well as to the demands on fracture management.", "PMID": 1068570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5990", "title": "[Survey of dental drug prescriptions].", "content": "6665 prescriptions written out by stomatologists of a large town within three months were analysed with the aid of commercially available slotted cards for which a special hole-saving code had been established. There were differences between the prescriptions from the different fields of stomatological activity (policlinic, privately conducted practice, university clinic) as to contents, which is probably due to their differing tasks. Selected problems, e.g., the prescriptions for personal use (the proportion of which was 12%) and the prescriptions of analgesics were discussed in detail. The results obtained were compared with previous literature reports.", "contents": "[Survey of dental drug prescriptions]. 6665 prescriptions written out by stomatologists of a large town within three months were analysed with the aid of commercially available slotted cards for which a special hole-saving code had been established. There were differences between the prescriptions from the different fields of stomatological activity (policlinic, privately conducted practice, university clinic) as to contents, which is probably due to their differing tasks. Selected problems, e.g., the prescriptions for personal use (the proportion of which was 12%) and the prescriptions of analgesics were discussed in detail. The results obtained were compared with previous literature reports.", "PMID": 1068571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5991", "title": "[Analysis of loss of working hours in a dental department].", "content": "The economical use of the societal working capacity, which is substantially influenced by the loss of working hours, requires a time study. The loss of working hours was analysed for three professional groups in a stomatological service in 1973.", "contents": "[Analysis of loss of working hours in a dental department]. The economical use of the societal working capacity, which is substantially influenced by the loss of working hours, requires a time study. The loss of working hours was analysed for three professional groups in a stomatological service in 1973.", "PMID": 1068572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5992", "title": "[Experimental studies on the effects of various dosages and working temperatures on the flow behavior and the elastic characteristics of a normally flowing silicone casting investment].", "content": "The main purpose of the present paper was to study the elastic properties of silicone impression material containing an overdose or underdose of hardener as a function of the time elapsed from the start of the mix. Additional measurements of the quasi-viscosity as a function of dosage and mixing temperature were performed to cover the plasto-elastic transitional phase after mixing. The experimental conditions have been established according to the results from previous processing tests. Overdosage as well as underdosage of the hardener caused (according to its extent) marked or in part considerable deterioration of the elastic properties. The differences from normodosed material decreased with the time elapsed from the start of the mix. Having discussed his observations from the viewpoint of materials science, the author draws conclusions as to the processing of silicone impression material and to the differential indication of alginate and silicon materials for one-stage impression.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the effects of various dosages and working temperatures on the flow behavior and the elastic characteristics of a normally flowing silicone casting investment]. The main purpose of the present paper was to study the elastic properties of silicone impression material containing an overdose or underdose of hardener as a function of the time elapsed from the start of the mix. Additional measurements of the quasi-viscosity as a function of dosage and mixing temperature were performed to cover the plasto-elastic transitional phase after mixing. The experimental conditions have been established according to the results from previous processing tests. Overdosage as well as underdosage of the hardener caused (according to its extent) marked or in part considerable deterioration of the elastic properties. The differences from normodosed material decreased with the time elapsed from the start of the mix. Having discussed his observations from the viewpoint of materials science, the author draws conclusions as to the processing of silicone impression material and to the differential indication of alginate and silicon materials for one-stage impression.", "PMID": 1068573}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5993", "title": "[Improvement in the radiographic interpretation in acute osteomyelitis of the jaw by means of the densitron].", "content": "As the acute stages of jaw osteomyelitis are not visible on the normal radiograph, the author used the Densitron to convert into colour elements the gray-values of the the radiograph. The Densitron picture discloses the beginning of the loosening of the bone structure already in stages when not any peculiarity is revealed by the normal radiograph. The Densitron is a valuable tool for establishing objectively the early diagnosis of acute stage of osteomyelitis (so far mainly based on anamnestic indications and clinical manifestations), which is of importance to purpose-oriented early treatment.", "contents": "[Improvement in the radiographic interpretation in acute osteomyelitis of the jaw by means of the densitron]. As the acute stages of jaw osteomyelitis are not visible on the normal radiograph, the author used the Densitron to convert into colour elements the gray-values of the the radiograph. The Densitron picture discloses the beginning of the loosening of the bone structure already in stages when not any peculiarity is revealed by the normal radiograph. The Densitron is a valuable tool for establishing objectively the early diagnosis of acute stage of osteomyelitis (so far mainly based on anamnestic indications and clinical manifestations), which is of importance to purpose-oriented early treatment.", "PMID": 1068574}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5994", "title": "[Topical treatment of maxillary sinusitis. Preliminary report].", "content": "The representation of fundamental ideas is followed by the description of a new instillation preparation for the local treatment of sinusitis. The sterile filling material contains chloramphenicol, sulphanilamide and prednisolone in an organic, absorbable carrier substance based on gelatin. The indication, the technique of application and the results obtained up to now are mentioned. An average of 2.4 instillations was sufficient to achieve healing in 78.5% of the patients. Spontaneous closure of a great perforation occurred in some cases. It is emphasized that the surgical intervention nevertheless remains an integral part of sinusitis therapy and that the results obtained up to now should be corroborated by a greater number of cases and additional investigations.", "contents": "[Topical treatment of maxillary sinusitis. Preliminary report]. The representation of fundamental ideas is followed by the description of a new instillation preparation for the local treatment of sinusitis. The sterile filling material contains chloramphenicol, sulphanilamide and prednisolone in an organic, absorbable carrier substance based on gelatin. The indication, the technique of application and the results obtained up to now are mentioned. An average of 2.4 instillations was sufficient to achieve healing in 78.5% of the patients. Spontaneous closure of a great perforation occurred in some cases. It is emphasized that the surgical intervention nevertheless remains an integral part of sinusitis therapy and that the results obtained up to now should be corroborated by a greater number of cases and additional investigations.", "PMID": 1068575}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5995", "title": "[The use of cartilage and tissue adhesives for the treatment of surgical-stomatological diseases in old age].", "content": "The authors used lyophilized cartilage in plate, bar, chip or powder form in elderly patients. The transplant was also utilized in managing defects resulting from the removal of jaw cysts, bone tumours, etc. Furthermore, the authors treated bone defects of the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and of the hard palate as well as oro-antral perforations, infected wounds of the soft tissues and inflammatory bone processes. The patients in question had been treated in the surgical service during the years 1959--1975. The authors observed in elderly patients pathological alterations of the capillaries, haemorrhagic tendency and impairment of the blood-clotting mechanism. Furthermore, they found that the granulation tissue was of poor quality. In these cases they used cartilaginous tissue in powder form which promotes the formation of granulation tissue well supplied with blood. In the patients mentioned, the authors also utilized surgical adhesive, namely after tooth extractions and in managing their complications.", "contents": "[The use of cartilage and tissue adhesives for the treatment of surgical-stomatological diseases in old age]. The authors used lyophilized cartilage in plate, bar, chip or powder form in elderly patients. The transplant was also utilized in managing defects resulting from the removal of jaw cysts, bone tumours, etc. Furthermore, the authors treated bone defects of the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and of the hard palate as well as oro-antral perforations, infected wounds of the soft tissues and inflammatory bone processes. The patients in question had been treated in the surgical service during the years 1959--1975. The authors observed in elderly patients pathological alterations of the capillaries, haemorrhagic tendency and impairment of the blood-clotting mechanism. Furthermore, they found that the granulation tissue was of poor quality. In these cases they used cartilaginous tissue in powder form which promotes the formation of granulation tissue well supplied with blood. In the patients mentioned, the authors also utilized surgical adhesive, namely after tooth extractions and in managing their complications.", "PMID": 1068576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5996", "title": "[Use of ear adapters in cases of cartilage malformations of the outer ear].", "content": "The author describes a malformation of the cartilage of the external auditory meatus. This malformation might be repaired by a surgical intervention. The patient in question needed prosthetic treatment. The resultant problems are dealt with, and a solution is suggested.", "contents": "[Use of ear adapters in cases of cartilage malformations of the outer ear]. The author describes a malformation of the cartilage of the external auditory meatus. This malformation might be repaired by a surgical intervention. The patient in question needed prosthetic treatment. The resultant problems are dealt with, and a solution is suggested.", "PMID": 1068577}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5997", "title": "[Experiences with the use of the double crown system. 2. The overlay prosthesis].", "content": "The results obtained by the authors permit the conclusion that cover dentures within the telescoping system cannot be considered profitable owing to loosening of the abutment teeth, irreparable injuries to the marginal periodontium and relatively considerable repair requirements. The injuries observed are so aggravating that the aesthetically pleasant designing of these prostheses, their relatively low laboratory fees and the possible saving of metal do not justify their use.", "contents": "[Experiences with the use of the double crown system. 2. The overlay prosthesis]. The results obtained by the authors permit the conclusion that cover dentures within the telescoping system cannot be considered profitable owing to loosening of the abutment teeth, irreparable injuries to the marginal periodontium and relatively considerable repair requirements. The injuries observed are so aggravating that the aesthetically pleasant designing of these prostheses, their relatively low laboratory fees and the possible saving of metal do not justify their use.", "PMID": 1068578}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5998", "title": "[Disinfection and sterilization in stomatologic practice from the viewpoint of the district health inspection].", "content": "Disinfection and sterilization measures are of paramount importance in the prevention of iatrogenic infections in the medical consulting-room. They are parts of the hygiene schedule in the office. The disinfection and sterilization measures are largely determined by law. Their securing is incumbent on the head of the respective institution. The control of this securing devolves on the State Hygiene Inspectorate. With regard to the stomatological work place, special conditions arise in enforcing observance of the legal provisions. The author tries to compile some of these conditions from the viewpoint of a district hygiene inspectorate.", "contents": "[Disinfection and sterilization in stomatologic practice from the viewpoint of the district health inspection]. Disinfection and sterilization measures are of paramount importance in the prevention of iatrogenic infections in the medical consulting-room. They are parts of the hygiene schedule in the office. The disinfection and sterilization measures are largely determined by law. Their securing is incumbent on the head of the respective institution. The control of this securing devolves on the State Hygiene Inspectorate. With regard to the stomatological work place, special conditions arise in enforcing observance of the legal provisions. The author tries to compile some of these conditions from the viewpoint of a district hygiene inspectorate.", "PMID": 1068581}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_5999", "title": "Hemolytic transfusion reactions caused by failure of commercial antiglobulin reagents to detect complement.", "content": "Two definite acute hemolytic transfusion reactions occurred in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic crisis. Both suspect units were entirely compatible by routine crossmatch using commercial antiblobulin sera. However, both units were clearly incompatible using our own specific anti-C3 antiserum in the antiglobulin reaction phase of the crossmatch. Subsequently it was possible to predict in vivo compatibility using our anti-C3 antiserum in vitro. This case adds new evidence for the inadequacy of anticomplement activity in commercial antisera.", "contents": "Hemolytic transfusion reactions caused by failure of commercial antiglobulin reagents to detect complement. Two definite acute hemolytic transfusion reactions occurred in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic crisis. Both suspect units were entirely compatible by routine crossmatch using commercial antiblobulin sera. However, both units were clearly incompatible using our own specific anti-C3 antiserum in the antiglobulin reaction phase of the crossmatch. Subsequently it was possible to predict in vivo compatibility using our anti-C3 antiserum in vitro. This case adds new evidence for the inadequacy of anticomplement activity in commercial antisera.", "PMID": 1068582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6000", "title": "[Experimental investigations of muscle transplants in correction of congenital diaphragmatic defects (author's transl)].", "content": "Rives muscle plasty using a pediculate flap of the latissimus dorsi muscle is an approved method for correction of large congenital diaphragmatic defects. To study morphology and function of the transplanted muscle flap 10 beagle dogs were operated upon bilaterally in two stages. Thus a total of 20 muscle transplants was evaluated. A standard Rives plasty was performed, emg electrodes were inserted into the diaphragm as well as into the muscle transplant. The surgical procedure was tolerated very well, there was no operative mortality. The period of observation varied between 18 and 48 weeks, the average being 30 weeks. Postoperatively there was no electric activity found in the muscle transplants, whereas the diaphragm showed its characteristic interference pattern during inspiration. In 5 cases, however, action potentials appeared in the muscle flap after 12 to 16 weeks. They had the semblance of fibrillation potentials and short sharp waves and were considered to be preceding reinnervation potentials, which occured 24 to 32 weeks postoperatively in these cases. In 2 cases the emg findings were inconstant, in the residual 13 cases there was no electrical activity in the muscle transplant during all the observation time. The emg findings corresponded to the histological postmortem findings. These showed in altogether 6 cases numerous intact muscle fibres as well as nerve trunks with neurites, especially in the neighbourhood of the diaphragm. In the middle of the flap and even more near the thoracic wall the number of intact muscle fibres decreased. Thus a partial reinnervation due to muscular neurotization starting from the diaphragmatic margin was assumed in these cases. In the rest of the flaps the muscles were largely atrophic and showed considerable lipomatosis, only minor fibrosis and never a distinct scar formation. Therefore, the flaps represented living tissue with intact vascularization and functionally good adaptability. Reinnervation, observed in some cases, is not the main factor for the good clinical results obtained with Rives muscle plasty, but can improve adaptability and elasticity of the transplant considerably. According to the lack of scar formation and the preponderance of fatty tissue an increase of the transplant considerably. According to the lack of scar formation and the preponderance of fatty tissue an increase of the transplants size during growth seems possible. Thus Rives muscle plasty using a flap of the latissimus dorsi muscle to cover large congenital diaphragmatic defects seems morphologically as well as functionally superior to other procedures especially those using plastic material.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations of muscle transplants in correction of congenital diaphragmatic defects (author's transl)]. Rives muscle plasty using a pediculate flap of the latissimus dorsi muscle is an approved method for correction of large congenital diaphragmatic defects. To study morphology and function of the transplanted muscle flap 10 beagle dogs were operated upon bilaterally in two stages. Thus a total of 20 muscle transplants was evaluated. A standard Rives plasty was performed, emg electrodes were inserted into the diaphragm as well as into the muscle transplant. The surgical procedure was tolerated very well, there was no operative mortality. The period of observation varied between 18 and 48 weeks, the average being 30 weeks. Postoperatively there was no electric activity found in the muscle transplants, whereas the diaphragm showed its characteristic interference pattern during inspiration. In 5 cases, however, action potentials appeared in the muscle flap after 12 to 16 weeks. They had the semblance of fibrillation potentials and short sharp waves and were considered to be preceding reinnervation potentials, which occured 24 to 32 weeks postoperatively in these cases. In 2 cases the emg findings were inconstant, in the residual 13 cases there was no electrical activity in the muscle transplant during all the observation time. The emg findings corresponded to the histological postmortem findings. These showed in altogether 6 cases numerous intact muscle fibres as well as nerve trunks with neurites, especially in the neighbourhood of the diaphragm. In the middle of the flap and even more near the thoracic wall the number of intact muscle fibres decreased. Thus a partial reinnervation due to muscular neurotization starting from the diaphragmatic margin was assumed in these cases. In the rest of the flaps the muscles were largely atrophic and showed considerable lipomatosis, only minor fibrosis and never a distinct scar formation. Therefore, the flaps represented living tissue with intact vascularization and functionally good adaptability. Reinnervation, observed in some cases, is not the main factor for the good clinical results obtained with Rives muscle plasty, but can improve adaptability and elasticity of the transplant considerably. According to the lack of scar formation and the preponderance of fatty tissue an increase of the transplant considerably. According to the lack of scar formation and the preponderance of fatty tissue an increase of the transplants size during growth seems possible. Thus Rives muscle plasty using a flap of the latissimus dorsi muscle to cover large congenital diaphragmatic defects seems morphologically as well as functionally superior to other procedures especially those using plastic material.", "PMID": 1068597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6001", "title": "[Sound spectrographic investigations of heart sounds and murmurs and of the sounds produced by artificial valves (author's transl)].", "content": "The normal heart sounds, murmurs, opening and closing sounds of aortic and mitral valve prostheses were recorded on a tape in order to obtain the highest frequencies which were recordable on the chest wall. Sections of these tapes were analyzed in terms of contour sonagrams. For this purpose six groups were formed and investigated: group I comprised persons without cardiovascular diseases, group II patients with mitral valve failure, group III patients with aortic valve failure, group IV patients with congenital heart disease, group V patients with Starr-Edwards aortic valve prostheses (model 1260) and group VI patients with various mitral valve prostheses. In each of these groups the highest recordable frequencies were measured. The peak frequencies varied widely in regard to frequency range in a comparison of the six groups. The maximum was reached at about 8000 c.p.s. in the case of the sounds of prosthetic valves. Furthermore, sound level examinations of the normal first and second heart sounds, as well as of the opening and closing sounds of the aortic valve prostheses were performed. The highest sound level of all of these sounds was found to lie within the low frequency range of 40 to 100 c.p.s. The results of both the measurements of the peak frequencies and of the maximal sound level were discussed on the basis of the presently accepted theories on the mechanism of heart sounds and murmurs.", "contents": "[Sound spectrographic investigations of heart sounds and murmurs and of the sounds produced by artificial valves (author's transl)]. The normal heart sounds, murmurs, opening and closing sounds of aortic and mitral valve prostheses were recorded on a tape in order to obtain the highest frequencies which were recordable on the chest wall. Sections of these tapes were analyzed in terms of contour sonagrams. For this purpose six groups were formed and investigated: group I comprised persons without cardiovascular diseases, group II patients with mitral valve failure, group III patients with aortic valve failure, group IV patients with congenital heart disease, group V patients with Starr-Edwards aortic valve prostheses (model 1260) and group VI patients with various mitral valve prostheses. In each of these groups the highest recordable frequencies were measured. The peak frequencies varied widely in regard to frequency range in a comparison of the six groups. The maximum was reached at about 8000 c.p.s. in the case of the sounds of prosthetic valves. Furthermore, sound level examinations of the normal first and second heart sounds, as well as of the opening and closing sounds of the aortic valve prostheses were performed. The highest sound level of all of these sounds was found to lie within the low frequency range of 40 to 100 c.p.s. The results of both the measurements of the peak frequencies and of the maximal sound level were discussed on the basis of the presently accepted theories on the mechanism of heart sounds and murmurs.", "PMID": 1068598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6002", "title": "Hiatal hernia. Follow-up of a ten-year material.", "content": "A clinical study of 70 patients with hernia hiatus oesophagi (59 sliding hernias, 11 paraoesophageal), of whom 22 had received primary surgery, 33 medical treatment and 15 with no discomfort from the hernia had no primary treatment at all. None of the patients in any of these groups had undergone an operation later. A follow-up examination in 1972-73 was achieved in 43 of the 70 patients (16 of those with surgery, 18 with medical treatment and 9 with no treatment); 6 of the others did not attend the follow-up and 21 had died. Of the 16 operated patients, 8 stated they were free from discomfort and 8 that they had improved (7 of the latter only after additional medical treatment). Of the 18 patients who had received only medical treatment, 8 stated that they were free from discomfort (2 of them not until the medication had been changed), 6 that they had improved, 2 had noted no improvement, and 2 a deterioration even though their medication had been changed. Of the 9 untreated patients, 4 stated that they still had no discomfort and 5 that discomfort had materialised later; subsequent medical treatment had eliminated the discomfort in 2 of the later and produced an improvement in 2 more; the 5th patient had not reacted to medical treatment - the follow-up disclosed an inoperable gastric carcinoma.", "contents": "Hiatal hernia. Follow-up of a ten-year material. A clinical study of 70 patients with hernia hiatus oesophagi (59 sliding hernias, 11 paraoesophageal), of whom 22 had received primary surgery, 33 medical treatment and 15 with no discomfort from the hernia had no primary treatment at all. None of the patients in any of these groups had undergone an operation later. A follow-up examination in 1972-73 was achieved in 43 of the 70 patients (16 of those with surgery, 18 with medical treatment and 9 with no treatment); 6 of the others did not attend the follow-up and 21 had died. Of the 16 operated patients, 8 stated they were free from discomfort and 8 that they had improved (7 of the latter only after additional medical treatment). Of the 18 patients who had received only medical treatment, 8 stated that they were free from discomfort (2 of them not until the medication had been changed), 6 that they had improved, 2 had noted no improvement, and 2 a deterioration even though their medication had been changed. Of the 9 untreated patients, 4 stated that they still had no discomfort and 5 that discomfort had materialised later; subsequent medical treatment had eliminated the discomfort in 2 of the later and produced an improvement in 2 more; the 5th patient had not reacted to medical treatment - the follow-up disclosed an inoperable gastric carcinoma.", "PMID": 1068613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6003", "title": "Bronchial brushing during fiberoptic bronchoscopy for the cytodiagnosis of lung cancer: comparison with sputum and bronchial washings.", "content": "In a study of 50 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma in which brushings and washings during fiberoptic bronchoscopy, as well as sputum cytopathologic examinations were performed in the same patients, accuracy rates were respectively: 76 per cent, 76 per cent and 56 per cent. The main cytologic differences setting brush apart from wash and sputum specimens referred to the arrangement of tumor cells as well as the distribution of chromatin within their nuclei. These differences appeared related to cell degeneration which was minimal in brush materials and maximum in sputum specimens. Only six cases were assigned a different cell type of bronchogenic carcinoma when brush cytopathologic diagnoses were compared with results obtained by biopsy or lobectomy specimens. Our findings are consistent with the view that the brush technique is very accurate for the cytodiagnosis of lung cancer and becomes also rather specific once cytologic characteristics of the fresher samples obtained become familiar to the cytopathologist. Non-observance of the special characteristics of these better preserved cellular samples is the major pitfall as to diagnosing, cell typing and judging degree of differentiation of bronchogenic carcinoma in brush cytology specimens.", "contents": "Bronchial brushing during fiberoptic bronchoscopy for the cytodiagnosis of lung cancer: comparison with sputum and bronchial washings. In a study of 50 cases of bronchogenic carcinoma in which brushings and washings during fiberoptic bronchoscopy, as well as sputum cytopathologic examinations were performed in the same patients, accuracy rates were respectively: 76 per cent, 76 per cent and 56 per cent. The main cytologic differences setting brush apart from wash and sputum specimens referred to the arrangement of tumor cells as well as the distribution of chromatin within their nuclei. These differences appeared related to cell degeneration which was minimal in brush materials and maximum in sputum specimens. Only six cases were assigned a different cell type of bronchogenic carcinoma when brush cytopathologic diagnoses were compared with results obtained by biopsy or lobectomy specimens. Our findings are consistent with the view that the brush technique is very accurate for the cytodiagnosis of lung cancer and becomes also rather specific once cytologic characteristics of the fresher samples obtained become familiar to the cytopathologist. Non-observance of the special characteristics of these better preserved cellular samples is the major pitfall as to diagnosing, cell typing and judging degree of differentiation of bronchogenic carcinoma in brush cytology specimens.", "PMID": 1068615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6004", "title": "Pale nodular nuclei-diagnostic of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas?", "content": "Malignant cells with an unusual and striking appearance are described in a series of cases with carcinoma of the pancreas. It is suggested that the pale nodular nuclei seen in these cases may be of diagnostic value.", "contents": "Pale nodular nuclei-diagnostic of adenocarcinoma of the pancreas? Malignant cells with an unusual and striking appearance are described in a series of cases with carcinoma of the pancreas. It is suggested that the pale nodular nuclei seen in these cases may be of diagnostic value.", "PMID": 1068616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6005", "title": "Statistical criteria for the cytology of gastric cancer a proposal of distance index.", "content": "The concept and term of Distance Index, a complex ratio of cell, nucleus and nucleolus has been previously reported by the author. Twenty were sampled from thirty-four advanced cancers, twenty-one early cancers and six benign atypical lesions for this stochastical diagnostics. Distance Index was proved to have better diagnostic value in separatings the gastric cancer and the benign epithelium than the nuclear cell ratio and the nucleolar cell ratio. It has been found that the value of the constant K is most suitable at 130.", "contents": "Statistical criteria for the cytology of gastric cancer a proposal of distance index. The concept and term of Distance Index, a complex ratio of cell, nucleus and nucleolus has been previously reported by the author. Twenty were sampled from thirty-four advanced cancers, twenty-one early cancers and six benign atypical lesions for this stochastical diagnostics. Distance Index was proved to have better diagnostic value in separatings the gastric cancer and the benign epithelium than the nuclear cell ratio and the nucleolar cell ratio. It has been found that the value of the constant K is most suitable at 130.", "PMID": 1068617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6006", "title": "The prognostic value of the aspiration biopsy smear in mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The prognostic significance of various morphologic factors (size of nuclei, nucleoli, mitotic frequency, naked carcinoma nuclei, nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, size of cell clusters, necrotic matter, mucoid matter, and lymphocytes) was studied in aspiration biopsy smears from 494 carcinomas of the breast. A multivariate analysis of clinical and cytologic variables was performed with regard to five-and ten-year survival.", "contents": "The prognostic value of the aspiration biopsy smear in mammary carcinoma. The prognostic significance of various morphologic factors (size of nuclei, nucleoli, mitotic frequency, naked carcinoma nuclei, nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio, size of cell clusters, necrotic matter, mucoid matter, and lymphocytes) was studied in aspiration biopsy smears from 494 carcinomas of the breast. A multivariate analysis of clinical and cytologic variables was performed with regard to five-and ten-year survival.", "PMID": 1068618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6007", "title": "[Dynamical study of cerebrospinal fluid at the spinal level during isotopic cisternography. 74 cases].", "content": "Physiology teaches that in addition ot be basic areas of C.S.F. resorption in the region of the cerebrum, supplementary zones exist situated in particular at the coverings of the spinal nerves. The aim of this study was a quantitative and dynamic analysis of spinal flow in 74 subjects, 64 of whom had clinical signs of communicating hydrocephalus. In certain of them, classical examinations provided no precise indications as to the appropriate neurosurgical procedure. Study of the dynamics and resorption of the C.S.F. in the spine would appear to provide new elements in assessment prior to the decision to insert a ventriculo-atrial valve.", "contents": "[Dynamical study of cerebrospinal fluid at the spinal level during isotopic cisternography. 74 cases]. Physiology teaches that in addition ot be basic areas of C.S.F. resorption in the region of the cerebrum, supplementary zones exist situated in particular at the coverings of the spinal nerves. The aim of this study was a quantitative and dynamic analysis of spinal flow in 74 subjects, 64 of whom had clinical signs of communicating hydrocephalus. In certain of them, classical examinations provided no precise indications as to the appropriate neurosurgical procedure. Study of the dynamics and resorption of the C.S.F. in the spine would appear to provide new elements in assessment prior to the decision to insert a ventriculo-atrial valve.", "PMID": 1068623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6008", "title": "[Peritoneal irrigation-dialysis as a complement to the treatment of systemic acute peritonitis].", "content": "A series of 30 cases of post-operative peritoneal irrigation dialysis for generalised peritonitis. In the light of peritoneal physiology, details are given of the technique for insertion of the peritoneal drains as well as the composition of the dialysate. In addition to its mechanical role, continuous lavage of this type is useful in restoring and maintaining water and electrolyte balance, the limitations of which are described, together with a direct anti-infectious action and temperature equilibration. P.I.D. seems to be associated with a considerable reduction in mortality from acute generalised peritonitis (1 case out of 30). It also limits morbidity, since only 5 minor complications were seen. The simplicity and harmlessness of the method makes it possible to widen, without major reservations, the scope of therapeutic solution to the problem of acute generalised peritonitis.", "contents": "[Peritoneal irrigation-dialysis as a complement to the treatment of systemic acute peritonitis]. A series of 30 cases of post-operative peritoneal irrigation dialysis for generalised peritonitis. In the light of peritoneal physiology, details are given of the technique for insertion of the peritoneal drains as well as the composition of the dialysate. In addition to its mechanical role, continuous lavage of this type is useful in restoring and maintaining water and electrolyte balance, the limitations of which are described, together with a direct anti-infectious action and temperature equilibration. P.I.D. seems to be associated with a considerable reduction in mortality from acute generalised peritonitis (1 case out of 30). It also limits morbidity, since only 5 minor complications were seen. The simplicity and harmlessness of the method makes it possible to widen, without major reservations, the scope of therapeutic solution to the problem of acute generalised peritonitis.", "PMID": 1068624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6009", "title": "[Association of monoclonal gammopathy with chronic glomerulonephritis and autoimmune hyperlipemia. Course of disease during therapy].", "content": "A case of benign monoclonal gammapathy associated with an auto-immune hyperlipidaemia and a chronic glomerulopathy is reported. Extraction of the monoclonal immunoglobulin made it possible to demonstrate its anti-lipoprotein antibody activity. Parallel changes in serum lipid levels and monoclonal immunoglobulin levels under the influence of melphalan confirmed the direction relationship between the lipid and protein disorders. The pathogenesis of the glomerulopathy and of the massive and prolonged activation of the classical complement pathway is more difficult to affirm. It is nevertheless possible that the renal involvement is due to an auto-immune complex disease.", "contents": "[Association of monoclonal gammopathy with chronic glomerulonephritis and autoimmune hyperlipemia. Course of disease during therapy]. A case of benign monoclonal gammapathy associated with an auto-immune hyperlipidaemia and a chronic glomerulopathy is reported. Extraction of the monoclonal immunoglobulin made it possible to demonstrate its anti-lipoprotein antibody activity. Parallel changes in serum lipid levels and monoclonal immunoglobulin levels under the influence of melphalan confirmed the direction relationship between the lipid and protein disorders. The pathogenesis of the glomerulopathy and of the massive and prolonged activation of the classical complement pathway is more difficult to affirm. It is nevertheless possible that the renal involvement is due to an auto-immune complex disease.", "PMID": 1068625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6010", "title": "Effect of repeated bloodletting on the incidence of 2,7-FAA-induced rat leukemia.", "content": "The oral administration of N,N'-2,7-fuorenylenebisacetamide (2,7-FAA) induced leukemia, especially mature granulocytic leukemia, in rats. 2,7-FAA was administered to the rats of the Wistar strain and a small amount of bloodletting was repeated for a long period. The incidence of leukemia and mature granulocytic leukemia became elevated by bloodletting. The induction of mature granulocytic leukemia might be increased by the promotion of granulopoiesis which had been suppressed by 2,7-FAA.", "contents": "Effect of repeated bloodletting on the incidence of 2,7-FAA-induced rat leukemia. The oral administration of N,N'-2,7-fuorenylenebisacetamide (2,7-FAA) induced leukemia, especially mature granulocytic leukemia, in rats. 2,7-FAA was administered to the rats of the Wistar strain and a small amount of bloodletting was repeated for a long period. The incidence of leukemia and mature granulocytic leukemia became elevated by bloodletting. The induction of mature granulocytic leukemia might be increased by the promotion of granulopoiesis which had been suppressed by 2,7-FAA.", "PMID": 1068628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6011", "title": "Evidence for glucocorticoid receptor in human leukocytes.", "content": "The glucocorticoid uptake in vitro by human periferal leukocytes was studied. The uptake showed 2 main components, one saturable and one non-saturable. The saturable component was compared with the uptake by the specific glucocorticoid receptor in rabbit granulocytes. The similarities with the rabbit receptor in structural specificity, time course of uptake at 37 degrees C, sensitivity to metabolic inhibition by PCMS and the physiological concentration for half saturation indicate that the saturable component corresponds to a specific glucocorticoid receptor. Cells from chronic lymphatic leukemia and chronic myeloic leukemia were also studied. Only the former had a saturable glucocorticoid uptake.", "contents": "Evidence for glucocorticoid receptor in human leukocytes. The glucocorticoid uptake in vitro by human periferal leukocytes was studied. The uptake showed 2 main components, one saturable and one non-saturable. The saturable component was compared with the uptake by the specific glucocorticoid receptor in rabbit granulocytes. The similarities with the rabbit receptor in structural specificity, time course of uptake at 37 degrees C, sensitivity to metabolic inhibition by PCMS and the physiological concentration for half saturation indicate that the saturable component corresponds to a specific glucocorticoid receptor. Cells from chronic lymphatic leukemia and chronic myeloic leukemia were also studied. Only the former had a saturable glucocorticoid uptake.", "PMID": 1068630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6012", "title": "A biodifferential system of face-bow mechanics.", "content": "A review of the literature, both scientific and commercial, did not demonstrate the separation of the inner and outer bows into a biodifferential interchangeable system. The prime design idea, to separate the inner and outer bows, increased versatility and yielded a multiple appliance with a greater range of use and safety. The joint couple systems could be adapted to fulfill the criteria cited in the literature during preliminary treatment (deciduous dentition), partial treatment, full-banded treatment, and retention. The biodifferential design was compatible with most mechanical orthodontic appliances and systems currently used. The three joint designs presented and the three inner bow lock devices fulfilled the parameters expected from the normal use of the present face-bow in necessary strength, stability, and use. Further, the use of a joint couple between the inner and outer bows expanded the versatility of the face-bow into a biodifferential system and allowed for an easily manageable and orderly change of forces, vectors, sizes, and shapes requiring little chair time and minimum instruction to the patient. The inner bow could be used as an intraoral appliance for bumpers, shields, and oral screens. These easily made, preformed, interlocking parts could be marked or color coded as to type and size and keyed, grooved, and designed to prevent inverted interlocking of parts. The inner bow could be tied in, as an aid in patient cooperation, or the inner and outer bows could be pinned or ligated together to prevent separation. One of the most important factors of the biodifferential system is protection of the patient from severe trauma to the eyes, face, and mouth due to misuse or accident, as has occurred in the one-piece face-bow. The biodifferential system fulfills the five criteria of the investigation: (1) a system of interchangeable, interlocking joint parts, (2) safety and dependability, (3) easy changes in force, vectors, and moments, (4) enhanced patient cooperation, and (5) oral hygiene.", "contents": "A biodifferential system of face-bow mechanics. A review of the literature, both scientific and commercial, did not demonstrate the separation of the inner and outer bows into a biodifferential interchangeable system. The prime design idea, to separate the inner and outer bows, increased versatility and yielded a multiple appliance with a greater range of use and safety. The joint couple systems could be adapted to fulfill the criteria cited in the literature during preliminary treatment (deciduous dentition), partial treatment, full-banded treatment, and retention. The biodifferential design was compatible with most mechanical orthodontic appliances and systems currently used. The three joint designs presented and the three inner bow lock devices fulfilled the parameters expected from the normal use of the present face-bow in necessary strength, stability, and use. Further, the use of a joint couple between the inner and outer bows expanded the versatility of the face-bow into a biodifferential system and allowed for an easily manageable and orderly change of forces, vectors, sizes, and shapes requiring little chair time and minimum instruction to the patient. The inner bow could be used as an intraoral appliance for bumpers, shields, and oral screens. These easily made, preformed, interlocking parts could be marked or color coded as to type and size and keyed, grooved, and designed to prevent inverted interlocking of parts. The inner bow could be tied in, as an aid in patient cooperation, or the inner and outer bows could be pinned or ligated together to prevent separation. One of the most important factors of the biodifferential system is protection of the patient from severe trauma to the eyes, face, and mouth due to misuse or accident, as has occurred in the one-piece face-bow. The biodifferential system fulfills the five criteria of the investigation: (1) a system of interchangeable, interlocking joint parts, (2) safety and dependability, (3) easy changes in force, vectors, and moments, (4) enhanced patient cooperation, and (5) oral hygiene.", "PMID": 1068634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6013", "title": "Centers of rotation for combined vertical and transverse tooth movements.", "content": "For purely transverse orthodontic tooth movements, the center of rotation is defined as that point on the long axis or its extension which remains stationary during the movement and around which the rotational component of the tooth displacement takes place. For tooth movements having both vertical and transverse components, no point on the long-axis line remains fixed in space. The two-dimensional theory proposed herein suggests the more general definition of the center of rotation as that point on the long-axis line which displaced the shortest distance during the tooth movement. The center of rotation can be located for the combined transverse and vertical tooth displacement. It is found to move along a path coincident with a segment of a line in a position depicting the tooth angulation midway through the movement. Formulas, which can be used in conjunction with a composite pre- and post-displacement cephalometric tracing, are presented herein to define the center-of-rotation location for such tooth movements.", "contents": "Centers of rotation for combined vertical and transverse tooth movements. For purely transverse orthodontic tooth movements, the center of rotation is defined as that point on the long axis or its extension which remains stationary during the movement and around which the rotational component of the tooth displacement takes place. For tooth movements having both vertical and transverse components, no point on the long-axis line remains fixed in space. The two-dimensional theory proposed herein suggests the more general definition of the center of rotation as that point on the long-axis line which displaced the shortest distance during the tooth movement. The center of rotation can be located for the combined transverse and vertical tooth displacement. It is found to move along a path coincident with a segment of a line in a position depicting the tooth angulation midway through the movement. Formulas, which can be used in conjunction with a composite pre- and post-displacement cephalometric tracing, are presented herein to define the center-of-rotation location for such tooth movements.", "PMID": 1068636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6014", "title": "A comparative study of condenser humidifiers.", "content": "Three currently available condenser humidifiers were studied to assess their ability to conserve water loss and to measure the resistance imposed by the apparatus. The value and possible effectiveness of these devices in clinical practice is discussed.", "contents": "A comparative study of condenser humidifiers. Three currently available condenser humidifiers were studied to assess their ability to conserve water loss and to measure the resistance imposed by the apparatus. The value and possible effectiveness of these devices in clinical practice is discussed.", "PMID": 1068640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6015", "title": "Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy of acute leukemia. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two adult male patients with acute leukemia developed a fatal Budd-Chiari-like illness while receiving 6-thioguanine. Both had previously received cytosine arabinoside. Antemortem and postmortem specimens of liver showed changes characteristic of toxic veno-occlusive disease. Similar findings have been described after ingestion of certain plant alkaloids and after treatment with arsphenamine, urethane, and ionizing radiation to the liver. We are unaware of any published reports of veno-occlusive disease of the liver after treatment with either 6-thioguanine or cytosine arabinoside. Although 6-thioguanine was most likely responsible for this syndrome, it is not possible to eliminate cytosine arabinoside as the causative agent. Since both drugs are occasionally used for benign conditions, physicians should be aware of this possible complication.", "contents": "Veno-occlusive disease of the liver after chemotherapy of acute leukemia. Report of two cases. Two adult male patients with acute leukemia developed a fatal Budd-Chiari-like illness while receiving 6-thioguanine. Both had previously received cytosine arabinoside. Antemortem and postmortem specimens of liver showed changes characteristic of toxic veno-occlusive disease. Similar findings have been described after ingestion of certain plant alkaloids and after treatment with arsphenamine, urethane, and ionizing radiation to the liver. We are unaware of any published reports of veno-occlusive disease of the liver after treatment with either 6-thioguanine or cytosine arabinoside. Although 6-thioguanine was most likely responsible for this syndrome, it is not possible to eliminate cytosine arabinoside as the causative agent. Since both drugs are occasionally used for benign conditions, physicians should be aware of this possible complication.", "PMID": 1068643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6016", "title": "Staphylococcal bacteremia in a \"Germ-free\" unit.", "content": "The rate of carriage and infections due to strains of Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated in adults with acute leukemia in isolators characterized by laminar air flow and barrier isolation. Patients were randomly given antimicrobial prophylaxis with oral nonabsorbed antibiotics and a nasal antibiotic ointment. In four years S aureus was isolated from the nostrils or other sites in 36 patients. Persistent isolation was noted in 24 patients. Suppression of gut flora was associated with a higher carriage rate of S aureus. Five episodes of bacteremia due to S aureus occurred at the nadir of leukopenia induced by chemotherapy. Death occurred within five days in the three patients whose peripheral white blood cell count did not rise. Patient isolation and suppression of gut flora helped reduce infections due to Pseudomonas sp and fungi, but S aureus emerged as a life-threatening pathogen.", "contents": "Staphylococcal bacteremia in a \"Germ-free\" unit. The rate of carriage and infections due to strains of Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated in adults with acute leukemia in isolators characterized by laminar air flow and barrier isolation. Patients were randomly given antimicrobial prophylaxis with oral nonabsorbed antibiotics and a nasal antibiotic ointment. In four years S aureus was isolated from the nostrils or other sites in 36 patients. Persistent isolation was noted in 24 patients. Suppression of gut flora was associated with a higher carriage rate of S aureus. Five episodes of bacteremia due to S aureus occurred at the nadir of leukopenia induced by chemotherapy. Death occurred within five days in the three patients whose peripheral white blood cell count did not rise. Patient isolation and suppression of gut flora helped reduce infections due to Pseudomonas sp and fungi, but S aureus emerged as a life-threatening pathogen.", "PMID": 1068646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6017", "title": "Cigarette smoking and the microbial flora of the mouth.", "content": "A range of selective media was used to culture the microbial flora of the dental plaque, tongue and palate, The subjects were five young men who smoked more than twenty cigarettes a day and four who did not smoke. Neisseriae were less numerous on the mucosal surfaces of the smokers.", "contents": "Cigarette smoking and the microbial flora of the mouth. A range of selective media was used to culture the microbial flora of the dental plaque, tongue and palate, The subjects were five young men who smoked more than twenty cigarettes a day and four who did not smoke. Neisseriae were less numerous on the mucosal surfaces of the smokers.", "PMID": 1068665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6018", "title": "Free full thickness mucosal grafts in the mouth.", "content": "Examples of full thickness mucosal grafts used in sulcoplasty and the closure of defects in the tongue and cheek following tumour ablation are shown and the techniques in their use are demonstrated. The problems and advantages in this are considered.", "contents": "Free full thickness mucosal grafts in the mouth. Examples of full thickness mucosal grafts used in sulcoplasty and the closure of defects in the tongue and cheek following tumour ablation are shown and the techniques in their use are demonstrated. The problems and advantages in this are considered.", "PMID": 1068666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6019", "title": "Parotid saliva acid phosphatase in health and disease.", "content": "Acid phosphatase levels in serum from 5 patients with prostatic carcinoma were diagnostically higher than those from 5 patients who had undergone prostatectomy. The levels for saliva when compared with those from normal subjects for stimulated (314) and unstimulated (50) salivas could not serve as an index of serum concentration.", "contents": "Parotid saliva acid phosphatase in health and disease. Acid phosphatase levels in serum from 5 patients with prostatic carcinoma were diagnostically higher than those from 5 patients who had undergone prostatectomy. The levels for saliva when compared with those from normal subjects for stimulated (314) and unstimulated (50) salivas could not serve as an index of serum concentration.", "PMID": 1068668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6020", "title": "Correlation between streptococci of human dental plaques and dental caries.", "content": "Plaque samples from 27 buccal tooth surfaces were obtained with sterile McCall curettes from available third molars. Bacteriological sampling and biochemical tests were carried out to identify four groups of streptococci, i.e. Str. mutans, Str. spp., Str. sanguis and Str. mitis. Clinical examinations carried out 6 months after the dental scrapings were taken showed a strong positive correlation between detectable lesions and Str. mutans.", "contents": "Correlation between streptococci of human dental plaques and dental caries. Plaque samples from 27 buccal tooth surfaces were obtained with sterile McCall curettes from available third molars. Bacteriological sampling and biochemical tests were carried out to identify four groups of streptococci, i.e. Str. mutans, Str. spp., Str. sanguis and Str. mitis. Clinical examinations carried out 6 months after the dental scrapings were taken showed a strong positive correlation between detectable lesions and Str. mutans.", "PMID": 1068669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6021", "title": "The effect of treatment provided by dentists and therapists in the South Australian school dental service. The second report.", "content": "A survey of over 2,000 second year high school students at 13 South Australian schools indicated that those who had received school dental care at primary school had fewer carious teeth and, in some respects, better oral hygiene habits. Whilst they were better informed on dental subjects than were control students, fewer had attended a private dentist since leaving primary school.", "contents": "The effect of treatment provided by dentists and therapists in the South Australian school dental service. The second report. A survey of over 2,000 second year high school students at 13 South Australian schools indicated that those who had received school dental care at primary school had fewer carious teeth and, in some respects, better oral hygiene habits. Whilst they were better informed on dental subjects than were control students, fewer had attended a private dentist since leaving primary school.", "PMID": 1068670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6022", "title": "The rate of development of strength in base forming materials for dental amalgam.", "content": "Eleven base forming materials used under amalgam restorations were examined for the rate of development of their compressive and tensile strengths. Materials from three categories were compared. Under in vitro conditions of testing, it was found that, immediately after a state of clinical set had been reached, the quick-setting zinc oxide-eugenol materials possessed strengths significantly greater than the calcium hydroxide cements but significantly weaker than the zinc phosphate cements. Calcium hydroxide cements possessed the lowest compressive strength to tensile strength ratio and modified zinc oxide-eugenol materials the highest.", "contents": "The rate of development of strength in base forming materials for dental amalgam. Eleven base forming materials used under amalgam restorations were examined for the rate of development of their compressive and tensile strengths. Materials from three categories were compared. Under in vitro conditions of testing, it was found that, immediately after a state of clinical set had been reached, the quick-setting zinc oxide-eugenol materials possessed strengths significantly greater than the calcium hydroxide cements but significantly weaker than the zinc phosphate cements. Calcium hydroxide cements possessed the lowest compressive strength to tensile strength ratio and modified zinc oxide-eugenol materials the highest.", "PMID": 1068671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6023", "title": "Improvement in the properties of gypsum casts by polymer impregnation.", "content": "It is known that porous solids such as Portland cement, concrete, and ceramic tile bodies can be strengthened by polymer impregnation. The solid material is infiltrated with a liquid monomer, which is then polymerized in situ. In the present investigation, it has been found that this process is effective for strengthening gypsum casts prepared from ordinary laboratory plaster. Impregnation with poly(methyl methacrylate) confers marked improvements in tensile and compressive strength and abrasion resistance. The process would be particularly applicable to the preservation of study casts for record purposes.", "contents": "Improvement in the properties of gypsum casts by polymer impregnation. It is known that porous solids such as Portland cement, concrete, and ceramic tile bodies can be strengthened by polymer impregnation. The solid material is infiltrated with a liquid monomer, which is then polymerized in situ. In the present investigation, it has been found that this process is effective for strengthening gypsum casts prepared from ordinary laboratory plaster. Impregnation with poly(methyl methacrylate) confers marked improvements in tensile and compressive strength and abrasion resistance. The process would be particularly applicable to the preservation of study casts for record purposes.", "PMID": 1068672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6024", "title": "Dentine hypersensitivity.", "content": "Reports received from 32 dentists on the effect of a complex mixture of calcium sucrose phosphate and calcium orthophosphate used as a gel, toothpaste, or slurry in relieving pain in hypersensitive dentine show, in 137 patients, complete relief in 112. It was found that in 54 patients the prior use of stannous fluoride prophylactic paste was beneficial.", "contents": "Dentine hypersensitivity. Reports received from 32 dentists on the effect of a complex mixture of calcium sucrose phosphate and calcium orthophosphate used as a gel, toothpaste, or slurry in relieving pain in hypersensitive dentine show, in 137 patients, complete relief in 112. It was found that in 54 patients the prior use of stannous fluoride prophylactic paste was beneficial.", "PMID": 1068673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6025", "title": "The effects of manipulative variables on base forming materials for amalgam restorations.", "content": "The influence of several manipulative variables on the compressive and tensile strengths of eight base forming materials has been investigated. The most important manipulative variable from the point of view of influencing the development of strength was found to be the powder-liquid ratio. In particular, thicker mixes produced greater early strengths. The setting time of each material was found to be influenced more by the temperature during setting than the ambient temperature or presence of moisture.", "contents": "The effects of manipulative variables on base forming materials for amalgam restorations. The influence of several manipulative variables on the compressive and tensile strengths of eight base forming materials has been investigated. The most important manipulative variable from the point of view of influencing the development of strength was found to be the powder-liquid ratio. In particular, thicker mixes produced greater early strengths. The setting time of each material was found to be influenced more by the temperature during setting than the ambient temperature or presence of moisture.", "PMID": 1068682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6026", "title": "Laboratory effectiveness of different types of fluoride compounds.", "content": "The enamel solubility reducing characteristics of four fluorides -- sodium fluoride (NaF), acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), stannous fluoride (SnF2), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F), each prepared to contain 1.23 per cent F are evaluated. Initial solubility reduction by SnF2, 81.7 per cent was significantly (P less than .01) higher than that of 76.9 per cent provided by APF, however, after repeated exposure to acid etches the protection by APF became significantly (P less than .01) higher than that derived from SnF2. The durability of protection provided by SnF2 after overnight washing, was significantly (P less than .01) higher than that of APF. Results for NaF and MFP were significantly (P less than .01) lower than those of either APF or SnF2 at any point in the experiment.", "contents": "Laboratory effectiveness of different types of fluoride compounds. The enamel solubility reducing characteristics of four fluorides -- sodium fluoride (NaF), acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF), stannous fluoride (SnF2), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F), each prepared to contain 1.23 per cent F are evaluated. Initial solubility reduction by SnF2, 81.7 per cent was significantly (P less than .01) higher than that of 76.9 per cent provided by APF, however, after repeated exposure to acid etches the protection by APF became significantly (P less than .01) higher than that derived from SnF2. The durability of protection provided by SnF2 after overnight washing, was significantly (P less than .01) higher than that of APF. Results for NaF and MFP were significantly (P less than .01) lower than those of either APF or SnF2 at any point in the experiment.", "PMID": 1068684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6027", "title": "Pathophysiology of occlusal balance.", "content": "Functional disturbances of the masticatory system reflect a failure in the adaptive capacity of the individual to excessive structural and functional demands. Formerly, a particular type of articulation, balanced occlusion, was thought necessary for maintaining the health of the dental apparatus. Over the years the concept of stability of occlusion has evolved, however controversy still exists as to where stable tooth contact is made, centric occlusion of centric jaw relation. In order to express biological adaptability within the normal masticatory system, harmony at the anatomical median occlusal position is suggested as the prerequisite of a physiologically balanced occlusion.", "contents": "Pathophysiology of occlusal balance. Functional disturbances of the masticatory system reflect a failure in the adaptive capacity of the individual to excessive structural and functional demands. Formerly, a particular type of articulation, balanced occlusion, was thought necessary for maintaining the health of the dental apparatus. Over the years the concept of stability of occlusion has evolved, however controversy still exists as to where stable tooth contact is made, centric occlusion of centric jaw relation. In order to express biological adaptability within the normal masticatory system, harmony at the anatomical median occlusal position is suggested as the prerequisite of a physiologically balanced occlusion.", "PMID": 1068685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6028", "title": "A comparitive study of the healing of wounds made by scalpel and electrosurgery in rabbits.", "content": "A study in the rabbit of the healing of wounds made by electrosurgery and scalpel showed less damage to the tissues arose with the scalpel and healing was more advanced at 24 and 48 hours. More extensive bleeding occurred when electrosurgery was used on the tongue. At 72 hours extensive fibrous tissue was seen but infiltration with inflammatory cells was heavier where electrosurgery was used. Epithelium had covered all wounds at seven days but basal cell layers were not complete and papillae had not reappeared on the tongue.", "contents": "A comparitive study of the healing of wounds made by scalpel and electrosurgery in rabbits. A study in the rabbit of the healing of wounds made by electrosurgery and scalpel showed less damage to the tissues arose with the scalpel and healing was more advanced at 24 and 48 hours. More extensive bleeding occurred when electrosurgery was used on the tongue. At 72 hours extensive fibrous tissue was seen but infiltration with inflammatory cells was heavier where electrosurgery was used. Epithelium had covered all wounds at seven days but basal cell layers were not complete and papillae had not reappeared on the tongue.", "PMID": 1068686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6029", "title": "The clinical effectiveness of a disposable aspirating syringe.", "content": "In 18 per cent of mandibular block injections and 2 per cent of maxillary infiltrations blood appeared in the carpule aspiration. In 500 mandibular block injections when an aspirating syringe was used in 250, only 0.7 per cent patients suffered toxic side effects compared with 5 per cent when a conventional non-aspirating syringe was used.", "contents": "The clinical effectiveness of a disposable aspirating syringe. In 18 per cent of mandibular block injections and 2 per cent of maxillary infiltrations blood appeared in the carpule aspiration. In 500 mandibular block injections when an aspirating syringe was used in 250, only 0.7 per cent patients suffered toxic side effects compared with 5 per cent when a conventional non-aspirating syringe was used.", "PMID": 1068687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6030", "title": "Variability of the nasion-subnasal, subnasalgnathion, and bizygomatic distances of individuals of 6, 7, 11, and 15 years of age and their importance in the determination of the vertical dimension.", "content": "A study of the cephalometric points which represent the height and width of the face was undertaken in the city of Piracicaba on 576 boys and girls aged 6, 7, 11, and 15 years. Analysis of the data shows that the measurements increased progressively and proportionately with age and the importance of the cephalometric points in the determination of the vertical dimension in occlusion.", "contents": "Variability of the nasion-subnasal, subnasalgnathion, and bizygomatic distances of individuals of 6, 7, 11, and 15 years of age and their importance in the determination of the vertical dimension. A study of the cephalometric points which represent the height and width of the face was undertaken in the city of Piracicaba on 576 boys and girls aged 6, 7, 11, and 15 years. Analysis of the data shows that the measurements increased progressively and proportionately with age and the importance of the cephalometric points in the determination of the vertical dimension in occlusion.", "PMID": 1068688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6031", "title": "Human leukaemic cells. Determination of trace elements in nucleic acids and histones by neutron-activation analyses.", "content": "Trace metals were measured by neutron-activation analyses in purified nucleic acids and histone(s) of lymphocytes from patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia or infectious mononucleosis and from normal donor DNA isolated from lymphocytes of a patient with infectious mononucleosis and a normal donor showed a high a high content of Cr2+, Sb2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+, whereas DNA of lymphoblasts from a patient with acute lymphocytic leukaemia had a lower content of these trace metals, but the Co2+ content was 20-fold higher than in DNA or normal donor lymphocytic cells. Total histones from leukaemic cells had higher contents of most of the trace metals except for Zn2+, which was present in lesser concentration than in histones from normal donor lymphocytic cells. Lysine-rich (F1) histones showed lower contents of Cr2+, Sb2+ and Co2+, whereas arginine-rich (F3) histones had significantly higher contents of these trace metals. These observations may be of interest in that F3 histones more effectively inhibit RNA synthesis in human lymphocytic cells than do other species of histones.", "contents": "Human leukaemic cells. Determination of trace elements in nucleic acids and histones by neutron-activation analyses. Trace metals were measured by neutron-activation analyses in purified nucleic acids and histone(s) of lymphocytes from patients with acute lymphocytic leukaemia or infectious mononucleosis and from normal donor DNA isolated from lymphocytes of a patient with infectious mononucleosis and a normal donor showed a high a high content of Cr2+, Sb2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+, whereas DNA of lymphoblasts from a patient with acute lymphocytic leukaemia had a lower content of these trace metals, but the Co2+ content was 20-fold higher than in DNA or normal donor lymphocytic cells. Total histones from leukaemic cells had higher contents of most of the trace metals except for Zn2+, which was present in lesser concentration than in histones from normal donor lymphocytic cells. Lysine-rich (F1) histones showed lower contents of Cr2+, Sb2+ and Co2+, whereas arginine-rich (F3) histones had significantly higher contents of these trace metals. These observations may be of interest in that F3 histones more effectively inhibit RNA synthesis in human lymphocytic cells than do other species of histones.", "PMID": 1068692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6032", "title": "Studies with the folate binding protein in chronic granulocytic leukaemia cells. I. Synthesis and release of binder by cells in short-term culture.", "content": "Chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) cells which contained a high concentration of unsaturated folate binding protein were incubated in suspension culture for a period of 5 h. Cell samples were periodically assayed for binder and these demonstrated active synthesis which was inhibited by puromycin, cyclo heximide, N-ethylmaleimide, and by incubation at 4 degrees C, but not by actinomycin D. Folate binding activity could also be demonstrated in the culture medium and this increased with the duration of incubation. This release of binder was inhibited by culturing the cells at 4 degrees C and by the addition of N-ethylmaleimide, but not by actinomycin D, puromycin, or cycloheximide. When the pre- and post-culture cell lysates were saturated with tritiated folic acid ([3H]PteGlu) and subjected to chromatography on DEAE-agrarose, approximately half of the bound folate eluted with 0.001 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.0 and the other half  eluted with 0.2 M buffer at pH 7.2. The culture medium and plasma from this patient with CGL was well as serum from two normal subjects saturated with [3H]PteGlu and similarly chromatographed contained primarily the acidic binder and much less of the binder eluting with the low molarity buffer. Since a folate binding protein immunochemically similar to the binder in CGL cells has been identified in the serum of non-leukaemic subjects, these experiments suggest that the source of circulating folate binding protein may be the immature granulocyte.", "contents": "Studies with the folate binding protein in chronic granulocytic leukaemia cells. I. Synthesis and release of binder by cells in short-term culture. Chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) cells which contained a high concentration of unsaturated folate binding protein were incubated in suspension culture for a period of 5 h. Cell samples were periodically assayed for binder and these demonstrated active synthesis which was inhibited by puromycin, cyclo heximide, N-ethylmaleimide, and by incubation at 4 degrees C, but not by actinomycin D. Folate binding activity could also be demonstrated in the culture medium and this increased with the duration of incubation. This release of binder was inhibited by culturing the cells at 4 degrees C and by the addition of N-ethylmaleimide, but not by actinomycin D, puromycin, or cycloheximide. When the pre- and post-culture cell lysates were saturated with tritiated folic acid ([3H]PteGlu) and subjected to chromatography on DEAE-agrarose, approximately half of the bound folate eluted with 0.001 M phosphate buffer at pH 6.0 and the other half  eluted with 0.2 M buffer at pH 7.2. The culture medium and plasma from this patient with CGL was well as serum from two normal subjects saturated with [3H]PteGlu and similarly chromatographed contained primarily the acidic binder and much less of the binder eluting with the low molarity buffer. Since a folate binding protein immunochemically similar to the binder in CGL cells has been identified in the serum of non-leukaemic subjects, these experiments suggest that the source of circulating folate binding protein may be the immature granulocyte.", "PMID": 1068709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6033", "title": "Treatment of residual neoplastic disease in solid tumours.", "content": "Contemporary clinical research is actively engaged at the conquest of residual neoplastic disease. The preliminary results of combined treatment modalities for osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, breast cancer, malignant melanoma and Hodgkin's disease have shown a significant decrease in the incidence of distant metastases. In some neoplasias the decreased relapse rate was associated to improved survival. Since the problem of long-term carcinogenesis does exist, the use of prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy, at present moment, is best limited to patients at high risk of early relapse when treated only with local or local-regional modalities.", "contents": "Treatment of residual neoplastic disease in solid tumours. Contemporary clinical research is actively engaged at the conquest of residual neoplastic disease. The preliminary results of combined treatment modalities for osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, breast cancer, malignant melanoma and Hodgkin's disease have shown a significant decrease in the incidence of distant metastases. In some neoplasias the decreased relapse rate was associated to improved survival. Since the problem of long-term carcinogenesis does exist, the use of prolonged adjuvant chemotherapy, at present moment, is best limited to patients at high risk of early relapse when treated only with local or local-regional modalities.", "PMID": 1068717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6034", "title": "Measurement and reduction of occupational exposure to inhaled anaesthetics.", "content": "The occupational exposure of hospital staff to inhaled anaesthetics was investigated using a personal sampling device that provides a measure of the average concentrations breathed by a person over a period of time, as distinct from the spot sampling in the general environment. The anaesthetist's average exposure to nitrous oxide and halothane during complete operating sessions was twice that expected from simple dilution of the escaping gases by the operating room ventilation. The sampling technique was also used to evaluate the effect of (1) redirection of the waste gas outflow; (2) active scavenging connected to the piped vacuum system. Short-period studies under controlled conditions in the operating theatres and anaesthesia induction rooms showed that the anaesthetist's exposure could be reduced two- or fourfold by redirecting the outflow and another four- to sixfold by active scavenging. Exposures during complete operating sessions were reduced two- to seven-fold by scavenging.", "contents": "Measurement and reduction of occupational exposure to inhaled anaesthetics. The occupational exposure of hospital staff to inhaled anaesthetics was investigated using a personal sampling device that provides a measure of the average concentrations breathed by a person over a period of time, as distinct from the spot sampling in the general environment. The anaesthetist's average exposure to nitrous oxide and halothane during complete operating sessions was twice that expected from simple dilution of the escaping gases by the operating room ventilation. The sampling technique was also used to evaluate the effect of (1) redirection of the waste gas outflow; (2) active scavenging connected to the piped vacuum system. Short-period studies under controlled conditions in the operating theatres and anaesthesia induction rooms showed that the anaesthetist's exposure could be reduced two- or fourfold by redirecting the outflow and another four- to sixfold by active scavenging. Exposures during complete operating sessions were reduced two- to seven-fold by scavenging.", "PMID": 1068737}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6035", "title": "Clinico-pathologic correlation of liver damage in patients treated with 6-mercaptopurine and Adriamycin.", "content": "Eleven adults with refractory leukemia treated with a combination of 6-mercaptopurine and Adriamycin developed hepatic dysfunction manifested by elevations of serum total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Liver tissue obtained at necropsy showed intrahepatic cholestasis (eight cases), hepatocellular necrosis (ten cases), leukemic infiltration (two cases), and fatty change (nine cases). Neither this frequency nor severity of hepatocellular destruction has hitherto been associated with 6-mercaptopurine at the dose levels used in this study, nor has Adriamycin previously been found to be hepatotoxic. It is postulated that Adriamycin potentiated the hepatotoxicity of 6-mercaptopurine in these patients.", "contents": "Clinico-pathologic correlation of liver damage in patients treated with 6-mercaptopurine and Adriamycin. Eleven adults with refractory leukemia treated with a combination of 6-mercaptopurine and Adriamycin developed hepatic dysfunction manifested by elevations of serum total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Liver tissue obtained at necropsy showed intrahepatic cholestasis (eight cases), hepatocellular necrosis (ten cases), leukemic infiltration (two cases), and fatty change (nine cases). Neither this frequency nor severity of hepatocellular destruction has hitherto been associated with 6-mercaptopurine at the dose levels used in this study, nor has Adriamycin previously been found to be hepatotoxic. It is postulated that Adriamycin potentiated the hepatotoxicity of 6-mercaptopurine in these patients.", "PMID": 1068739}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6036", "title": "Cyclophosphamide therapy and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.", "content": "Intersitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis developed in a 72-year-old man during therapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. After extensive investigations, including an open lung biopsy, cyclophosphamide appeared to be the cause of the pulmonary disease. Complete disappearance of tachypnea and the pulmonary infiltrates occurred after the discontinuation of cyclophosphamide and the institution of prednisone therapy. We concluded that the diffuse pulmonary disease in this patient was a result of cyclophosphamide therapy. The clinical and pathologic findings in this case and a review of the literature of cyclophosphamide pulmonary toxicity are reported.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide therapy and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. Intersitial pneumonia and pulmonary fibrosis developed in a 72-year-old man during therapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine, and prednisone. After extensive investigations, including an open lung biopsy, cyclophosphamide appeared to be the cause of the pulmonary disease. Complete disappearance of tachypnea and the pulmonary infiltrates occurred after the discontinuation of cyclophosphamide and the institution of prednisone therapy. We concluded that the diffuse pulmonary disease in this patient was a result of cyclophosphamide therapy. The clinical and pathologic findings in this case and a review of the literature of cyclophosphamide pulmonary toxicity are reported.", "PMID": 1068740}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6037", "title": "Chemoimmunotherapy for maintenance in acute myeloblastic leukemia.", "content": "Of 30 adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia, 14 achieved complete remission. Eight of these were given chemoimmunotherapy for maintenance. The immunotherapy consisted of intradermal pooled allogeneic leukemic cells (snap-frozen irradiated) and BCG vaccine given by Heaf gun, given twice in 4 weeks. The chemotherapy was given for 1 week in 4 weeks. The median duration of remission in these eight patients was 115+ weeks and the median duration of survival was 147+ weeks. The other six patients who were given chemotherapy only for maintenance had a median duration of remission of 15 weeks and a median survival of 52 weeks. The two groups cannot be compared properly, however, as allocation of patients was not random, and the chemotherapy differed significantly.", "contents": "Chemoimmunotherapy for maintenance in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Of 30 adult patients with acute myeloblastic leukemia, 14 achieved complete remission. Eight of these were given chemoimmunotherapy for maintenance. The immunotherapy consisted of intradermal pooled allogeneic leukemic cells (snap-frozen irradiated) and BCG vaccine given by Heaf gun, given twice in 4 weeks. The chemotherapy was given for 1 week in 4 weeks. The median duration of remission in these eight patients was 115+ weeks and the median duration of survival was 147+ weeks. The other six patients who were given chemotherapy only for maintenance had a median duration of remission of 15 weeks and a median survival of 52 weeks. The two groups cannot be compared properly, however, as allocation of patients was not random, and the chemotherapy differed significantly.", "PMID": 1068741}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6038", "title": "Philadelphia chromosome in acute leukemia: case report.", "content": "A case report of serial chromosome studies on a child presumed to have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is presented. Hematologic remission was achieved after 3 weeks and maintained until death 63 weeks later. The classic Philadelphia chromosome translocation was found, both at diagnosis and throughout the course of the disease, in a proportion of cells from PHA-stimulated blood cultures. The finding is related to other reports of Philadelphia-positive clones in ALL, as well as those in chronic myeloid leukemia and its acute transformation, and other myeloproliferative disorders. The origin of the Philadelphia chromosome in this case is considered in the light of current stem cell theory, and its relevance to lymphocytic neoplasia is discussed. We believe that the finding of a Ph1-positive clone in a cell line morphologically indistinguishable from normal lymphocytes in a case of acute leukemia is unique.", "contents": "Philadelphia chromosome in acute leukemia: case report. A case report of serial chromosome studies on a child presumed to have acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is presented. Hematologic remission was achieved after 3 weeks and maintained until death 63 weeks later. The classic Philadelphia chromosome translocation was found, both at diagnosis and throughout the course of the disease, in a proportion of cells from PHA-stimulated blood cultures. The finding is related to other reports of Philadelphia-positive clones in ALL, as well as those in chronic myeloid leukemia and its acute transformation, and other myeloproliferative disorders. The origin of the Philadelphia chromosome in this case is considered in the light of current stem cell theory, and its relevance to lymphocytic neoplasia is discussed. We believe that the finding of a Ph1-positive clone in a cell line morphologically indistinguishable from normal lymphocytes in a case of acute leukemia is unique.", "PMID": 1068742}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6039", "title": "Leukemic ophthalmopathy in children.", "content": "Abnormalities of the eye were detected in 52 of 657 children (9%) suffering from acute leukemia. The treatment for leukemia was single agent chemotherapy administered sequentially. \"Prophylactic\" treatment of the central nervous system was not administered. Major manifestations of leukemic ophthalmopathy comprised retinal hemorrhage (in 19) and infiltration of the optic nerve, retina, iris or orbit (29). The ophthalmopathy was treated by topical dexamethasone and radiation therapy. Concurrent bone marrow relapse occurred in most patients. Twenty-seven of 29 patients whose cerebrospinal fluid was examined before or at the time of the onset of leukemic ophthalmopathy demonstrated meningeal leukemia. In contrast, this complication has not been observed in recent patients who received \"prophylactic\" treatment for meningeal leukemia. Leukemic invasion of the eye should receive appropriate recognition; the posterior pole should be included in the treatment of the central nervous system as a pharmacologic sanctuary.", "contents": "Leukemic ophthalmopathy in children. Abnormalities of the eye were detected in 52 of 657 children (9%) suffering from acute leukemia. The treatment for leukemia was single agent chemotherapy administered sequentially. \"Prophylactic\" treatment of the central nervous system was not administered. Major manifestations of leukemic ophthalmopathy comprised retinal hemorrhage (in 19) and infiltration of the optic nerve, retina, iris or orbit (29). The ophthalmopathy was treated by topical dexamethasone and radiation therapy. Concurrent bone marrow relapse occurred in most patients. Twenty-seven of 29 patients whose cerebrospinal fluid was examined before or at the time of the onset of leukemic ophthalmopathy demonstrated meningeal leukemia. In contrast, this complication has not been observed in recent patients who received \"prophylactic\" treatment for meningeal leukemia. Leukemic invasion of the eye should receive appropriate recognition; the posterior pole should be included in the treatment of the central nervous system as a pharmacologic sanctuary.", "PMID": 1068743}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6040", "title": "Fungal infection of muscle in acute leukemia.", "content": "A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and granulocytopenia developed fever and diffuse muscle pain and weakness while under therapy. Blood cultures grew Candida Krusei and autopsy showed diffuse muscle fungal infestation.", "contents": "Fungal infection of muscle in acute leukemia. A patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and granulocytopenia developed fever and diffuse muscle pain and weakness while under therapy. Blood cultures grew Candida Krusei and autopsy showed diffuse muscle fungal infestation.", "PMID": 1068744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6041", "title": "Rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes. III. Studies in patients with primary immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disorders.", "content": "Rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes and other cell-surface markers were examined on lymphocytes from patients with a variety of primary immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disorders. Mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells and lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins were regularly absent in patients with Bruton type agammaglobulinaemia, immunodeficiency and thymoma syndrome and severe combined immunodeficiency disease. However, they were present in normal or low numbers in patients with common variable immunodeficiency, selective IgA deficiency and ataxis telangiectasia. Lymphocytes from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides made no or few rosettes with mouse erythrocytes. Increased numbers of mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells were present in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. The significance of the mouse erythrocyte rosette as a B-cell marker in the analysis of primary immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disorders is discussed.", "contents": "Rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes. III. Studies in patients with primary immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disorders. Rosette formation with mouse erythrocytes and other cell-surface markers were examined on lymphocytes from patients with a variety of primary immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disorders. Mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells and lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulins were regularly absent in patients with Bruton type agammaglobulinaemia, immunodeficiency and thymoma syndrome and severe combined immunodeficiency disease. However, they were present in normal or low numbers in patients with common variable immunodeficiency, selective IgA deficiency and ataxis telangiectasia. Lymphocytes from patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Sezary syndrome and mycosis fungoides made no or few rosettes with mouse erythrocytes. Increased numbers of mouse erythrocyte rosette-forming cells were present in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinaemia. The significance of the mouse erythrocyte rosette as a B-cell marker in the analysis of primary immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disorders is discussed.", "PMID": 1068759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6042", "title": "[Technic and results of surgical tongue reduction].", "content": "The results of 53 surgical tongue reductions using a new line of incision are reported. Follow-ups were made in 31 of the cases. Hardly any unfavorable results are to be expected from this operation as far as postoperative shape of the tongue, mobility, taste, sensitivity, and speech are concerned. The positive effect on disturbed speech is especially worth mentioning.", "contents": "[Technic and results of surgical tongue reduction]. The results of 53 surgical tongue reductions using a new line of incision are reported. Follow-ups were made in 31 of the cases. Hardly any unfavorable results are to be expected from this operation as far as postoperative shape of the tongue, mobility, taste, sensitivity, and speech are concerned. The positive effect on disturbed speech is especially worth mentioning.", "PMID": 1068781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6043", "title": "[Differential diagnosis and therapy of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis].", "content": "It is often very difficult to differentiate between chronic osteomyelitis and osteogenic sarcoma which present rather similar clinical and radiological findings. In cases of doubt, the diagnosis must be confirmed by a biopsy. As therapy of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis, active surgery becomes more and more important.", "contents": "[Differential diagnosis and therapy of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis]. It is often very difficult to differentiate between chronic osteomyelitis and osteogenic sarcoma which present rather similar clinical and radiological findings. In cases of doubt, the diagnosis must be confirmed by a biopsy. As therapy of chronic mandibular osteomyelitis, active surgery becomes more and more important.", "PMID": 1068782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6044", "title": "[The nasopharynx in jaw compression--craniometric and rhinologic data].", "content": "113 patients-7 to 29 years old-of the orthodontic department of the School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, were studied. 51 patients had a high SN-MP angle (a long face) and 62 a low SN-MP angle (a broad face). As compared to the broad-faced group the probands with a long face showed, on the average, a narrower palatal arch, a more posteriorly postitioned hard palate, a smaller nasopharynx (measured in the sagittal plane), and more frequent nasopharyngeal problems. According to our statistical evaluation, a narrower maxillary dental arch and clinical apparent adenoid hypertrophy do not appear to be connected to each other in a cause-and-effect relationship. They rather seem to be two independent symptoms found frequently, though not necessarily in combination with each other, in persons with a long face.", "contents": "[The nasopharynx in jaw compression--craniometric and rhinologic data]. 113 patients-7 to 29 years old-of the orthodontic department of the School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, were studied. 51 patients had a high SN-MP angle (a long face) and 62 a low SN-MP angle (a broad face). As compared to the broad-faced group the probands with a long face showed, on the average, a narrower palatal arch, a more posteriorly postitioned hard palate, a smaller nasopharynx (measured in the sagittal plane), and more frequent nasopharyngeal problems. According to our statistical evaluation, a narrower maxillary dental arch and clinical apparent adenoid hypertrophy do not appear to be connected to each other in a cause-and-effect relationship. They rather seem to be two independent symptoms found frequently, though not necessarily in combination with each other, in persons with a long face.", "PMID": 1068783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6045", "title": "[Biometric evaluation of clinical temporomandibular joint data, illustrated on the example of the mastication side].", "content": "By means of a special form developed by the authors and covering 535 clinical temporo-mandibular joint data, frequency and relation analyses were carried out in 80 patients at our outpatient clinic. In a biometric evaluation the relation between joint pain, joint noises and side of mastication is presented in cross-reference tables, and briefly discussed.", "contents": "[Biometric evaluation of clinical temporomandibular joint data, illustrated on the example of the mastication side]. By means of a special form developed by the authors and covering 535 clinical temporo-mandibular joint data, frequency and relation analyses were carried out in 80 patients at our outpatient clinic. In a biometric evaluation the relation between joint pain, joint noises and side of mastication is presented in cross-reference tables, and briefly discussed.", "PMID": 1068784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6046", "title": "[Comparative studies on the incidence of caries in 10-year-old schoolchildren from Kiel and Landskrona (Sweden)].", "content": "Comparative clinical studies on the caries incidence of 10-year-old school children in Kiel and Landskrona (Sweden) showed after statistical evaluation that the Landskrona children had lesser DF surfaces than the Kiel children. A comparison of incidence broken up into separate D and F surfaces showed that the Kiel children had more D surfaces, while the children of Landskrona had more F surfaces. The connection between caries incidence and prophylactic measures is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the incidence of caries in 10-year-old schoolchildren from Kiel and Landskrona (Sweden)]. Comparative clinical studies on the caries incidence of 10-year-old school children in Kiel and Landskrona (Sweden) showed after statistical evaluation that the Landskrona children had lesser DF surfaces than the Kiel children. A comparison of incidence broken up into separate D and F surfaces showed that the Kiel children had more D surfaces, while the children of Landskrona had more F surfaces. The connection between caries incidence and prophylactic measures is discussed.", "PMID": 1068786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6047", "title": "[Diurnal differences in the effectiveness of an analgesic].", "content": "At different times of the day, the effect of an analgesic was systematically tested on healthy teeth by using a cold stimulus. The measure of the analgetic effect was the alteration of pain threshold measured by means of the minimum cold application time. In addition to the already known spontaneous variations in pain tolerance at the various times of the day, it was found that in the evening the effect of an analgesic is reduced and begins more slowly.", "contents": "[Diurnal differences in the effectiveness of an analgesic]. At different times of the day, the effect of an analgesic was systematically tested on healthy teeth by using a cold stimulus. The measure of the analgetic effect was the alteration of pain threshold measured by means of the minimum cold application time. In addition to the already known spontaneous variations in pain tolerance at the various times of the day, it was found that in the evening the effect of an analgesic is reduced and begins more slowly.", "PMID": 1068787}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6048", "title": "[Sealing dental enamel by means of photopolymerisable adhesives under exposure lasers light].", "content": "Electronmicroscopic examinations - analogous to those of the previous investigation [4] - suggest a relatively good interlocking of the adhesive with the conditioned dental enamel. In the demineralized microsections, clear differences are found among the strands of resin, in the light microscope. While they reach a length of 10 to 20 mum after UV light polymerisation, they become 100 to 200 mum long after exposure to laser light. First advantages resulting from these experiments are explained and critically discussed.", "contents": "[Sealing dental enamel by means of photopolymerisable adhesives under exposure lasers light]. Electronmicroscopic examinations - analogous to those of the previous investigation [4] - suggest a relatively good interlocking of the adhesive with the conditioned dental enamel. In the demineralized microsections, clear differences are found among the strands of resin, in the light microscope. While they reach a length of 10 to 20 mum after UV light polymerisation, they become 100 to 200 mum long after exposure to laser light. First advantages resulting from these experiments are explained and critically discussed.", "PMID": 1068790}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6049", "title": "[Reproductibility of plaque formation in the dento-gingival region (2)].", "content": "In 3 subjects with clinically healthy, physio-morphologic gingiva, the time factor in plaque growth was studied in 6 tests. Plaque was highly reproducible with regard to its surface dimensions and location. This holds true of both types of subject, those tending to form great amounts and those tending to form small amounts of plaque. The multi-causal process of plaque genesis is demonstrated in the tested mandibular region by the differences in plaque extent between the central and lateral incisors on the one hand and the canines on the other. The more a proband trends to form plaque, the bigger this difference is.", "contents": "[Reproductibility of plaque formation in the dento-gingival region (2)]. In 3 subjects with clinically healthy, physio-morphologic gingiva, the time factor in plaque growth was studied in 6 tests. Plaque was highly reproducible with regard to its surface dimensions and location. This holds true of both types of subject, those tending to form great amounts and those tending to form small amounts of plaque. The multi-causal process of plaque genesis is demonstrated in the tested mandibular region by the differences in plaque extent between the central and lateral incisors on the one hand and the canines on the other. The more a proband trends to form plaque, the bigger this difference is.", "PMID": 1068792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6050", "title": "[Dental caries in Southern Morocco. The role of socio-economic, ecological, racial geographic and nutritional factors].", "content": "1,376 male inhabitants of 15 towns in Southern Marocco were studied. The caries incidence were found to be higher than expected in view of their stage of civilization and the remoteness of the area. Two factors were found to be the reason for the advanced caries incidence: the high sugar intake, mainly used to sweeten the often drunk tea, and the wide-spread date as the most important food. A negative correlation was found between fluoride content of the water and caries, but the negative influence of date consumption was stronger than the positive influence of fluoride.", "contents": "[Dental caries in Southern Morocco. The role of socio-economic, ecological, racial geographic and nutritional factors]. 1,376 male inhabitants of 15 towns in Southern Marocco were studied. The caries incidence were found to be higher than expected in view of their stage of civilization and the remoteness of the area. Two factors were found to be the reason for the advanced caries incidence: the high sugar intake, mainly used to sweeten the often drunk tea, and the wide-spread date as the most important food. A negative correlation was found between fluoride content of the water and caries, but the negative influence of date consumption was stronger than the positive influence of fluoride.", "PMID": 1068793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6051", "title": "[Masticatory force--mastication pressure--loading capacity].", "content": "The loading capacity of teeth is determined by various factors. Apart from size and quality of the surfaces to which force is transmitted, the shape of the root and how far it is inserted are especially important. It was found that primarily teeth with cylindrical roots can accept greater masticatory forces than teeth with tapered roots and react to a considerably smaller extent if the root is not deeply inserted. If the force applies outside the longitudinal axis running through the center of gravity, the loading capacity decreases with increasing distance.", "contents": "[Masticatory force--mastication pressure--loading capacity]. The loading capacity of teeth is determined by various factors. Apart from size and quality of the surfaces to which force is transmitted, the shape of the root and how far it is inserted are especially important. It was found that primarily teeth with cylindrical roots can accept greater masticatory forces than teeth with tapered roots and react to a considerably smaller extent if the root is not deeply inserted. If the force applies outside the longitudinal axis running through the center of gravity, the loading capacity decreases with increasing distance.", "PMID": 1068795}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6052", "title": "[Testing of knowledge in the field of prosthetics].", "content": "At four dental schools of the Federal Republic of Germany, a joint test concerning knowledge in the field of prosthetics was carried out with 222 students and staff participating. Evaluation of the 76 multiple-choice questions showed that, on the whole, there are only small differences in knowledge from dental school. The questions permit a good differentiation between well and poorly informed participants.", "contents": "[Testing of knowledge in the field of prosthetics]. At four dental schools of the Federal Republic of Germany, a joint test concerning knowledge in the field of prosthetics was carried out with 222 students and staff participating. Evaluation of the 76 multiple-choice questions showed that, on the whole, there are only small differences in knowledge from dental school. The questions permit a good differentiation between well and poorly informed participants.", "PMID": 1068796}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6053", "title": "[Prospects of surgical treatment in hydantoin-induced gingival hyperplasia].", "content": "During the past 20 years, gingivectomies were carried out in 100 out-patients of the maxillo-facial clinic of the Heidelberg university hospitals because of intensive gingival hyperplasia. 57% of the patients were epileptics who had been hydantoin-containing preparations. Follow-ups were made in 41 patients. The group of epileptics was critically compared with that of non-epileptics. In addition to the rate of recurrences, especially oral hygiene, existing bite abnormalities and the degree of mental retardation were considered. It was surprising that the number of recurrences did not drop when the hydantoin containing preparation was postoperatively discontinued. Even in edentulous regions of the jaws of two patients, recurrences of considerable size were found.", "contents": "[Prospects of surgical treatment in hydantoin-induced gingival hyperplasia]. During the past 20 years, gingivectomies were carried out in 100 out-patients of the maxillo-facial clinic of the Heidelberg university hospitals because of intensive gingival hyperplasia. 57% of the patients were epileptics who had been hydantoin-containing preparations. Follow-ups were made in 41 patients. The group of epileptics was critically compared with that of non-epileptics. In addition to the rate of recurrences, especially oral hygiene, existing bite abnormalities and the degree of mental retardation were considered. It was surprising that the number of recurrences did not drop when the hydantoin containing preparation was postoperatively discontinued. Even in edentulous regions of the jaws of two patients, recurrences of considerable size were found.", "PMID": 1068797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6054", "title": "Recent developments in alloys for dental amalgams: their properties and proper use.", "content": "Since the development more than ten years ago of a new type of amalgam alloy that will react with mercury without forming the unfavourable gamma2 (Sn7-8Hg) phase, several new alloy brands with a similar reaction pattern have been presented. This new generation of amalgam alloy is called non-gamma2 alloy as distinct from the conventional alloys. Three of the new alloys studied contain approximately three volume percent gamma2 and should be classified as modified concentional amalgams. The non-gamma2 amalgams may be characterized in the following way: (1) instead of gamma2 they contain a reaction product of copper and tin (Cu6Sn5), the so-called eta1 phase. (2) They are significantly more resistant to corrosion than the conventional amalgams but do in time produce sufficient solid corrosion products to seal the micro-fissures between filling and cavity walls. (3) When corroding, they do not release metallic mercury, and the solid corrosion products formed and precipitated on the free surface of the fillings seem relatively little resistant to the organic acids of the plaque. (4) Most of them have relatively low creep and tensile strength, but high compressive strength. (5) Clinically the non-gamma2 amalgams are remarkable for superior marginal integrity and, seemingly, also for improved persistence of surface lustre.", "contents": "Recent developments in alloys for dental amalgams: their properties and proper use. Since the development more than ten years ago of a new type of amalgam alloy that will react with mercury without forming the unfavourable gamma2 (Sn7-8Hg) phase, several new alloy brands with a similar reaction pattern have been presented. This new generation of amalgam alloy is called non-gamma2 alloy as distinct from the conventional alloys. Three of the new alloys studied contain approximately three volume percent gamma2 and should be classified as modified concentional amalgams. The non-gamma2 amalgams may be characterized in the following way: (1) instead of gamma2 they contain a reaction product of copper and tin (Cu6Sn5), the so-called eta1 phase. (2) They are significantly more resistant to corrosion than the conventional amalgams but do in time produce sufficient solid corrosion products to seal the micro-fissures between filling and cavity walls. (3) When corroding, they do not release metallic mercury, and the solid corrosion products formed and precipitated on the free surface of the fillings seem relatively little resistant to the organic acids of the plaque. (4) Most of them have relatively low creep and tensile strength, but high compressive strength. (5) Clinically the non-gamma2 amalgams are remarkable for superior marginal integrity and, seemingly, also for improved persistence of surface lustre.", "PMID": 1068976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6055", "title": "Exfoliative cytologic examinations in the early diagnosis of oral cancer.", "content": "Oral cytology-in spite of the wide extension of the use of cytologic diagnostic methods in various branches of medicine was and is the subject of many controversies. Opinions concerning the reliability of oral exfoliative cytology differ but all agree upon one point, oral cytology is not a substitute for biopsy. The main value of oral exfoliative cytology seems to lie in the diagnosis of malignant tumours, but differs according to the stages of progression of the disease. Comparison of cytological and histological results in oral carcinomas according to various authors gave a false negative rate of between 0 and 31 per cent. Advanced oral carcinomas already arouse suspicion at clinical examination and indicate the need for a biopsy. Therefore, in spite of the frequent ulceration increasing the effectiveness of cytodiagnostics, the importance of exfoliative cytology in advanced tumours is diminished. Exfoliative cytology may act as an important diagnostic aid in early oral carcinomas with ulcerated surfaces, even in some clinically unsuspected cases malignancy can be detected. In multiple or extensive lesions the selection of the most suitable site for the biopsy is possible. In leukoplakia the effectiveness of cytology is still more subject to dispute, the rate of false negatives is reported as high as to 63-9 per cent. However, when taking the clinical type of leukoplakia into consideration, the erosive leukoplakias which are known to be more inclined to become malignant showed a 76-6 per cent reliability of cytodiagnosis.", "contents": "Exfoliative cytologic examinations in the early diagnosis of oral cancer. Oral cytology-in spite of the wide extension of the use of cytologic diagnostic methods in various branches of medicine was and is the subject of many controversies. Opinions concerning the reliability of oral exfoliative cytology differ but all agree upon one point, oral cytology is not a substitute for biopsy. The main value of oral exfoliative cytology seems to lie in the diagnosis of malignant tumours, but differs according to the stages of progression of the disease. Comparison of cytological and histological results in oral carcinomas according to various authors gave a false negative rate of between 0 and 31 per cent. Advanced oral carcinomas already arouse suspicion at clinical examination and indicate the need for a biopsy. Therefore, in spite of the frequent ulceration increasing the effectiveness of cytodiagnostics, the importance of exfoliative cytology in advanced tumours is diminished. Exfoliative cytology may act as an important diagnostic aid in early oral carcinomas with ulcerated surfaces, even in some clinically unsuspected cases malignancy can be detected. In multiple or extensive lesions the selection of the most suitable site for the biopsy is possible. In leukoplakia the effectiveness of cytology is still more subject to dispute, the rate of false negatives is reported as high as to 63-9 per cent. However, when taking the clinical type of leukoplakia into consideration, the erosive leukoplakias which are known to be more inclined to become malignant showed a 76-6 per cent reliability of cytodiagnosis.", "PMID": 1068977}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6056", "title": "Corticosteroids in diseases of the oral mucosa.", "content": "The introduction of corticosteroids into oral medicine heralded a therapeutic advance, and substantial benefits have occurred from their use. Three topical steroids are being used currently in oral diseases, i.e. hydrocortisone hemisuccinate, triamcinolone in Orabase 0-1 per cent and betamethasone valerate 0-1 mg. The efficacy of these agents can be increased markedly if they are administered during the prodromal phase of ulceration, i.e. when lymphocyte activity is at its maximum. Therapeutic doses of all of them can be exceeded three times without impairing adrenal function. Nevertheless some of these preparations, as exemplified by topical medication, induced an unfortunate acute pseudomembranous candidiasis without any alteration in the plasma cortisol level. The routine examination and treatment of ulcers in the mouth should be a careful exercise helped by a good light source and a tongue spatula. Oral lesions affecting the soft tissues may be often difficult to diagnose, because of the rapid occurrence of secondary changes, such as maceration from moisture, abrasion by food and teeth, perhaps, and the existence of erosions and ulcerations from ruptured vesicles or bullae. Thus, diagnosis will depend not only on the grouping and distribution of lesion, but also on its subsequent behaviour. In some cases too there will be associated changes in the facial skin or elsewhere in the body.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in diseases of the oral mucosa. The introduction of corticosteroids into oral medicine heralded a therapeutic advance, and substantial benefits have occurred from their use. Three topical steroids are being used currently in oral diseases, i.e. hydrocortisone hemisuccinate, triamcinolone in Orabase 0-1 per cent and betamethasone valerate 0-1 mg. The efficacy of these agents can be increased markedly if they are administered during the prodromal phase of ulceration, i.e. when lymphocyte activity is at its maximum. Therapeutic doses of all of them can be exceeded three times without impairing adrenal function. Nevertheless some of these preparations, as exemplified by topical medication, induced an unfortunate acute pseudomembranous candidiasis without any alteration in the plasma cortisol level. The routine examination and treatment of ulcers in the mouth should be a careful exercise helped by a good light source and a tongue spatula. Oral lesions affecting the soft tissues may be often difficult to diagnose, because of the rapid occurrence of secondary changes, such as maceration from moisture, abrasion by food and teeth, perhaps, and the existence of erosions and ulcerations from ruptured vesicles or bullae. Thus, diagnosis will depend not only on the grouping and distribution of lesion, but also on its subsequent behaviour. In some cases too there will be associated changes in the facial skin or elsewhere in the body.", "PMID": 1068978}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6057", "title": "Dental manpower needs in a developing community: a critical analysis of the West African scene.", "content": "Research findings from various countries in West Africa clearly indicate that over 94 per cent of the adult population above 40 years of age suffer from periodontal disease in various degrees of severity. Those living in rural areas in West Africa, where dental health care services are not yet available, suffer more from this common disease. With progressive urbanization and changes in diet and eating habits, consumption of refined sugars is rising steeply (Table II) and dental caries has become a serious problem particularly in children from high socioeconomic homes. In Nigeria, DMF of 4-3 in the female and 3-9 in the male has been reported. There is general paucity of all cadres of dental manpower in all areas in West Africa. Dentist: population ratios range from 1 : 111,000 in Senegal to 1 : 1,935,000 in Tchad Republic (Table I). In Senegal, Ghana and Nigeria, Dental schools have been established and attempts are being made to meet the pressing need for dental manpower by the expansion of existing treatment centres and training institutions and the establishment of new ones (Table IV & V). Emphasis is laid on preventive dental health care programmes and the formal training of dental auxiliary personnel: Dental Therapists, Dental Hygienists, Dental Technicians and Dental Surgery Assistants, is taking place in Nigeria and Senegal. Dental Nurses/Therapists and Dental Hygienists if adequately trained in sufficient numbers can play an all-important role in the delivery of dental care and the execution of preventive programmes in the vast rural areas in the developing countries of West Africa with a population of over 122 million people.", "contents": "Dental manpower needs in a developing community: a critical analysis of the West African scene. Research findings from various countries in West Africa clearly indicate that over 94 per cent of the adult population above 40 years of age suffer from periodontal disease in various degrees of severity. Those living in rural areas in West Africa, where dental health care services are not yet available, suffer more from this common disease. With progressive urbanization and changes in diet and eating habits, consumption of refined sugars is rising steeply (Table II) and dental caries has become a serious problem particularly in children from high socioeconomic homes. In Nigeria, DMF of 4-3 in the female and 3-9 in the male has been reported. There is general paucity of all cadres of dental manpower in all areas in West Africa. Dentist: population ratios range from 1 : 111,000 in Senegal to 1 : 1,935,000 in Tchad Republic (Table I). In Senegal, Ghana and Nigeria, Dental schools have been established and attempts are being made to meet the pressing need for dental manpower by the expansion of existing treatment centres and training institutions and the establishment of new ones (Table IV & V). Emphasis is laid on preventive dental health care programmes and the formal training of dental auxiliary personnel: Dental Therapists, Dental Hygienists, Dental Technicians and Dental Surgery Assistants, is taking place in Nigeria and Senegal. Dental Nurses/Therapists and Dental Hygienists if adequately trained in sufficient numbers can play an all-important role in the delivery of dental care and the execution of preventive programmes in the vast rural areas in the developing countries of West Africa with a population of over 122 million people.", "PMID": 1068979}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6058", "title": "What a public health planner wants from a periodontal assessment.", "content": "Despite certain shortcomings, the assessment of caries using the DMF system of scoring is relatively simple, reproducible and provides some indication of treatment needs and the success of the treatment measures provided. No such index is yet in existence which will give similar information about the much more complicated disease processes involved in periodontal disease. Early attempts to introduce suitable indices included the PI index PMA and OHI indices with their modifications. These indices have performed best in assessing disease status but gave little or no information about treatment needs, treatment achievement or failure. WHO attempted to simplify the indices so that they could be scored on a present or absent basis, but clinical trials revealed the impossibility of maintaining comparability even on this level. Subsequent refinement of the procedure has produced improvements in the system including the recording of five categories of treatment needs, namely special oral hygiene instruction, prophylaxis and oral hygiene, instruction, periodontal therapy without extraction of teeth and periodontal therapy with extraction of some or all teeth. The system is described in the second edition of the WHO manual on Oral Health Surveys. There is still need for epidemiologists to further refine the criteria of periodontal disease and to identify the significance of the various signs of gingival and periodontal pathology.", "contents": "What a public health planner wants from a periodontal assessment. Despite certain shortcomings, the assessment of caries using the DMF system of scoring is relatively simple, reproducible and provides some indication of treatment needs and the success of the treatment measures provided. No such index is yet in existence which will give similar information about the much more complicated disease processes involved in periodontal disease. Early attempts to introduce suitable indices included the PI index PMA and OHI indices with their modifications. These indices have performed best in assessing disease status but gave little or no information about treatment needs, treatment achievement or failure. WHO attempted to simplify the indices so that they could be scored on a present or absent basis, but clinical trials revealed the impossibility of maintaining comparability even on this level. Subsequent refinement of the procedure has produced improvements in the system including the recording of five categories of treatment needs, namely special oral hygiene instruction, prophylaxis and oral hygiene, instruction, periodontal therapy without extraction of teeth and periodontal therapy with extraction of some or all teeth. The system is described in the second edition of the WHO manual on Oral Health Surveys. There is still need for epidemiologists to further refine the criteria of periodontal disease and to identify the significance of the various signs of gingival and periodontal pathology.", "PMID": 1068980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6059", "title": "A practical approach to orthodontic treatment for the adult patient.", "content": "The possibilities of treating malocclusions in adults are discussed and four cases of orthodontic treatment undergone by adults are described. Proper treatment can bring about improvements in most cases but it is neither necessary nor advisable to attempt a complete correction of all irregularities.", "contents": "A practical approach to orthodontic treatment for the adult patient. The possibilities of treating malocclusions in adults are discussed and four cases of orthodontic treatment undergone by adults are described. Proper treatment can bring about improvements in most cases but it is neither necessary nor advisable to attempt a complete correction of all irregularities.", "PMID": 1068995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6060", "title": "The effect of two commercial antibacterial mouthrinses on plaque growth in vivo.", "content": "An experimental study was designed to compare the claimed antibacterial effect of Betadine and Blend-a-med Fluid with the known plaque growth inhibiting effect of a 0.2% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine digluconate (Hibitane). Before the test perios for 5 days. During the following week they cleaned their teeth mechanically with toothbrush and toothpicks. For the third week the students were divided into three experimental groups. Following closely the manufacturers' recommendations, one group rinsed their mouths four times daily with 10 ml of Betadine, one group every 2 hours with a glassful of water containing 5-8 drops of Blend-a-med Fluid, and the control group twice daily with 10 ml of the 0.2% chlorhexidine solution. Mechanical cleaning of the teeth was not allowed during the experimental week. The Plaque Index scorings decreased significantly from the end of the no-hygiene to the end of the mechanical cleaning period. During the experimental period a further decrease of the mean P1I scores returned to the level recorded after the no-hygiene period. As neither Betadine nor Blend-a-med Fluid proved able to prevent plaque growth in vivo, there seems to be no indication for their use in treatment of gingivitis.", "contents": "The effect of two commercial antibacterial mouthrinses on plaque growth in vivo. An experimental study was designed to compare the claimed antibacterial effect of Betadine and Blend-a-med Fluid with the known plaque growth inhibiting effect of a 0.2% aqueous solution of chlorhexidine digluconate (Hibitane). Before the test perios for 5 days. During the following week they cleaned their teeth mechanically with toothbrush and toothpicks. For the third week the students were divided into three experimental groups. Following closely the manufacturers' recommendations, one group rinsed their mouths four times daily with 10 ml of Betadine, one group every 2 hours with a glassful of water containing 5-8 drops of Blend-a-med Fluid, and the control group twice daily with 10 ml of the 0.2% chlorhexidine solution. Mechanical cleaning of the teeth was not allowed during the experimental week. The Plaque Index scorings decreased significantly from the end of the no-hygiene to the end of the mechanical cleaning period. During the experimental period a further decrease of the mean P1I scores returned to the level recorded after the no-hygiene period. As neither Betadine nor Blend-a-med Fluid proved able to prevent plaque growth in vivo, there seems to be no indication for their use in treatment of gingivitis.", "PMID": 1069010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6061", "title": "The possible pathogenesis of gingival recession. A histological study of induced recession in the rat.", "content": "Stages in the pathogenesis of gingival recession were observed in rats in which pocketing had been induced by replacement of natural incisors with dental implants. Suitable conditions were thus created on the palatal aspect of the implant sockets for recession to occur. The recession process was examined at intervals by taking transverse serial sections. In the epithelial and connective tissues deep to the receding margin, morphological changes were seen which apparently lead to cleft formation and recession. These appeared to be associated with mononuclear cell infiltration of the connective tissue. The study suggests that gingival recession involves a localized inflammatory process which causes breakdown of connective tissue and leads to proliferation of the epithelium into the site of connective tissue destruction. Proliferation of the epithelial cells into the connective tissue brings about a subsidence of the epithelial surface, which is manifest clinically as recession.", "contents": "The possible pathogenesis of gingival recession. A histological study of induced recession in the rat. Stages in the pathogenesis of gingival recession were observed in rats in which pocketing had been induced by replacement of natural incisors with dental implants. Suitable conditions were thus created on the palatal aspect of the implant sockets for recession to occur. The recession process was examined at intervals by taking transverse serial sections. In the epithelial and connective tissues deep to the receding margin, morphological changes were seen which apparently lead to cleft formation and recession. These appeared to be associated with mononuclear cell infiltration of the connective tissue. The study suggests that gingival recession involves a localized inflammatory process which causes breakdown of connective tissue and leads to proliferation of the epithelium into the site of connective tissue destruction. Proliferation of the epithelial cells into the connective tissue brings about a subsidence of the epithelial surface, which is manifest clinically as recession.", "PMID": 1069011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6062", "title": "The healing potential of the periodontal tissues following different techniques of periodontal surgery in plaque-free dentitions. A 2-year clinical study.", "content": "A clinical trial was undertaken to study the healing capacity of the periodontal tissues following different modes of periodontal surgery in patients whose oral hygiene was professionally maintained at an optimal level. Fifty patients, distributed into five groups, participated in the study. Following an initial examination and presurgical treatment, the various patient groups were subjected to one of the following surgical procedures: 1) the apically repositioned flap operation including elimination of bony defects, 2) the apically repositioned flap operation including curettage of the bony defects but without removal of bone, 3) the \"Widman flap\" technique including elimination of bony defects, 4) the \"Widman flap\" technique including curettage of the bony defects but without removal of bone, 5) gingivectomy including curettage of the bony defects but without removal of bone. After surgery, all patients received oral hygiene instruction and professional cleaning of the teeth once every 2 weeks during a 2-year period. The results showed that periodontal disease can be cured and further destruction of the periodontal tissues avoided irrespective of the surgical technique utilized for pocket elimination. Different surgical techniques, however, promoted varying degrees of regeneration of the supporting tissues. The most favourable healing was obtained when resection of bone was avoided and when complete coverage of the alveolar bone was ensured.", "contents": "The healing potential of the periodontal tissues following different techniques of periodontal surgery in plaque-free dentitions. A 2-year clinical study. A clinical trial was undertaken to study the healing capacity of the periodontal tissues following different modes of periodontal surgery in patients whose oral hygiene was professionally maintained at an optimal level. Fifty patients, distributed into five groups, participated in the study. Following an initial examination and presurgical treatment, the various patient groups were subjected to one of the following surgical procedures: 1) the apically repositioned flap operation including elimination of bony defects, 2) the apically repositioned flap operation including curettage of the bony defects but without removal of bone, 3) the \"Widman flap\" technique including elimination of bony defects, 4) the \"Widman flap\" technique including curettage of the bony defects but without removal of bone, 5) gingivectomy including curettage of the bony defects but without removal of bone. After surgery, all patients received oral hygiene instruction and professional cleaning of the teeth once every 2 weeks during a 2-year period. The results showed that periodontal disease can be cured and further destruction of the periodontal tissues avoided irrespective of the surgical technique utilized for pocket elimination. Different surgical techniques, however, promoted varying degrees of regeneration of the supporting tissues. The most favourable healing was obtained when resection of bone was avoided and when complete coverage of the alveolar bone was ensured.", "PMID": 1069012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6063", "title": "Free grafts of palatal mucosa on the lingual aspect of the mandible. A report of two cases.", "content": "The importance of an adequate amount of keratinized and attached gingiva to maintain gingival health has been stressed by several authors (Friedman & Levine 1964, Lang & L\u00f6e 1972, Bernimoulin & M\u00fchlemann 1973) and though the rationale for increasing the width of the gingiva applies equally well to both the lingual and the vestibular surfaces, only one report of a graft on the lingual aspect of the mandible in dentate patients has been found in the literature (Goldman & Cohen 1973). The object of this report is to describe the indications, the surgical procedure devised and the results obtained in two patients.", "contents": "Free grafts of palatal mucosa on the lingual aspect of the mandible. A report of two cases. The importance of an adequate amount of keratinized and attached gingiva to maintain gingival health has been stressed by several authors (Friedman & Levine 1964, Lang & L\u00f6e 1972, Bernimoulin & M\u00fchlemann 1973) and though the rationale for increasing the width of the gingiva applies equally well to both the lingual and the vestibular surfaces, only one report of a graft on the lingual aspect of the mandible in dentate patients has been found in the literature (Goldman & Cohen 1973). The object of this report is to describe the indications, the surgical procedure devised and the results obtained in two patients.", "PMID": 1069013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6064", "title": "Skills analysis of a class I amalgam restoration in a mandibular right first molar.", "content": "1. Students changed their body position 32% more often than instructors during amalgam condensation. 2. Experienced instructors used 38% fewer strokes than students to condense the amalgam. 3. On the average, instructors used 65% less time per condensation stroke than students. This was not due to ability to move the instrument more quickly, since both students and instructors had similar minimum stroke times, but rather to the fact that instructors performed slowly less often. 4. The upstroke during condensation required nearly the same time for both students and instructors (an eight percent difference). It was the downstroke that was greatly different (a 96% difference). 5. Instructors repeated condensation strokes 22% more often than students, working more systematically with less \"jumping around\" in the cavity. 6. The total number of carving strokes was not related to experience. 7. Students repeated carving strokes more often than instructors. 8. Students and instructors tended to use the same length of strokes in carving. 9. There was a noticeable difference between instructors and students in the method used to grasp the instruments.", "contents": "Skills analysis of a class I amalgam restoration in a mandibular right first molar. 1. Students changed their body position 32% more often than instructors during amalgam condensation. 2. Experienced instructors used 38% fewer strokes than students to condense the amalgam. 3. On the average, instructors used 65% less time per condensation stroke than students. This was not due to ability to move the instrument more quickly, since both students and instructors had similar minimum stroke times, but rather to the fact that instructors performed slowly less often. 4. The upstroke during condensation required nearly the same time for both students and instructors (an eight percent difference). It was the downstroke that was greatly different (a 96% difference). 5. Instructors repeated condensation strokes 22% more often than students, working more systematically with less \"jumping around\" in the cavity. 6. The total number of carving strokes was not related to experience. 7. Students repeated carving strokes more often than instructors. 8. Students and instructors tended to use the same length of strokes in carving. 9. There was a noticeable difference between instructors and students in the method used to grasp the instruments.", "PMID": 1069023}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6065", "title": "Cell-mediated destruction of human leukemic cells by MHC identical lymphocytes: requirement for a proliferative trigger in vitro.", "content": "These experiments have investigated cellular mechanisms involved in the generation of cellular immune responses to human acute leukemic blasts. Because normal human lymphocytes are not able to recognize immunologically, in vitro, lymphocytes from MHC identical siblings, the present studies have examined the in vitro proliferative and cytotoxic responses of normal lymphocytes to MHC identical AML and ALL blasts. In those cases where acute leukemic cells were unable to induce a proliferative response by MHC identical lymphocytes, the generation of effective anti-leukemic cytotoxicity required the addition of unrelated stimulating cells to the sensitization culture. In contrast, leukemic blasts that induced a proliferative response by MHC identical lymphocytes were also able to stimulate anti-leukemic cytotoxicity. This could be augmented by the addition of unrelated stimulating cells to the sensitization culture. The specificity of anti-leukemic cell cytotoxicity was demonstrated in all instances by simultaneous testing of putative killer cells on 51Cr leukemic blasts as well as 51Cr-labeled MHC identical phytohemagglutinin blasts or normal lymphocytes. Simultaneous sensitization to MHC identical leukemic blasts and unrelated stimulating lymphocytes did not invariably generate anti-leukemic cytotoxicity even when allogeneic cytotoxicity was observed; the absence of demonstrable suppressor activity in these nonreactive combinations suggested that some individuals may be specifically immunoincompetent, and thereby unable to generate effective anti-leukemic CML.", "contents": "Cell-mediated destruction of human leukemic cells by MHC identical lymphocytes: requirement for a proliferative trigger in vitro. These experiments have investigated cellular mechanisms involved in the generation of cellular immune responses to human acute leukemic blasts. Because normal human lymphocytes are not able to recognize immunologically, in vitro, lymphocytes from MHC identical siblings, the present studies have examined the in vitro proliferative and cytotoxic responses of normal lymphocytes to MHC identical AML and ALL blasts. In those cases where acute leukemic cells were unable to induce a proliferative response by MHC identical lymphocytes, the generation of effective anti-leukemic cytotoxicity required the addition of unrelated stimulating cells to the sensitization culture. In contrast, leukemic blasts that induced a proliferative response by MHC identical lymphocytes were also able to stimulate anti-leukemic cytotoxicity. This could be augmented by the addition of unrelated stimulating cells to the sensitization culture. The specificity of anti-leukemic cell cytotoxicity was demonstrated in all instances by simultaneous testing of putative killer cells on 51Cr leukemic blasts as well as 51Cr-labeled MHC identical phytohemagglutinin blasts or normal lymphocytes. Simultaneous sensitization to MHC identical leukemic blasts and unrelated stimulating lymphocytes did not invariably generate anti-leukemic cytotoxicity even when allogeneic cytotoxicity was observed; the absence of demonstrable suppressor activity in these nonreactive combinations suggested that some individuals may be specifically immunoincompetent, and thereby unable to generate effective anti-leukemic CML.", "PMID": 1069027}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6066", "title": "[Studies on alumina ceramics for dentistry--sinterable alumina for core material-- (author's transl)].", "content": "This study has been performed to introduce the industrial alumina ceramics having superior physico-chemical properties and desirable color for human tooth into dental field. The following results have been obtained through a series of experiments: 1) Effects of sintering of pure alumina powder were promoted more remarkably by adding a couple of additive together than by adding each, independently. 2) By adding a couple of additive, Li2O-Nb2O5 or MgO-Nb2O5, the effect of sintering was higly promoted, and tooth colored specimen was obtained. 3) At the alumina specimen sintered with 0.125 mol% of Nb2O5, a few initial shrinkage was seen and the process was followed by slowly increasing shrinkage through a rapid rate of heating. This suggested that a rapid heating was possible to be tried by using above additives. 4). The alumina ceramics with a couple of MgO-Nb2O5 prepared by heating at 1500 degrees C for 100 min., showed maximum bending strength of 42 kg/mm2 and 92.3 of R.A. hardness, which are rather higher value among other alumina ceramics. Though the luminosity might be too higher, chromaticity was as same as that of tooth shade.", "contents": "[Studies on alumina ceramics for dentistry--sinterable alumina for core material-- (author's transl)]. This study has been performed to introduce the industrial alumina ceramics having superior physico-chemical properties and desirable color for human tooth into dental field. The following results have been obtained through a series of experiments: 1) Effects of sintering of pure alumina powder were promoted more remarkably by adding a couple of additive together than by adding each, independently. 2) By adding a couple of additive, Li2O-Nb2O5 or MgO-Nb2O5, the effect of sintering was higly promoted, and tooth colored specimen was obtained. 3) At the alumina specimen sintered with 0.125 mol% of Nb2O5, a few initial shrinkage was seen and the process was followed by slowly increasing shrinkage through a rapid rate of heating. This suggested that a rapid heating was possible to be tried by using above additives. 4). The alumina ceramics with a couple of MgO-Nb2O5 prepared by heating at 1500 degrees C for 100 min., showed maximum bending strength of 42 kg/mm2 and 92.3 of R.A. hardness, which are rather higher value among other alumina ceramics. Though the luminosity might be too higher, chromaticity was as same as that of tooth shade.", "PMID": 1069031}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6067", "title": "[Studies on the strength and the cutting performance of dental canal reamer. (I) Strength properties of raw materials of dental canal reamer and these standard (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulp canal reamers have been widely used for dental treatments of the root of teeth. The work's accuracy and cutting capability of these instruments are treated by the standarization of JIS and ADA etc. Especially Japanese industrial standarization (JIS) treated the dimensions of the configurations, materials and ability of dental canal reamers. But there is no report of the studies on the work and fracture strength of these dental instruments. So, this paper makes a report on these problems, which are the measurements of the diameter of the bite tips, are concerned the strength of the raw materials of dental canal reamers and are compared with the standarization (JIS) of these instruments. Test of the raw materials of reamers are tensile properties and are measured the strength and elasticity of these materials. And phase of fracture of these materials are investigated with the scanning electric microscope and the fracture modes are compared with the tensile strength properties.", "contents": "[Studies on the strength and the cutting performance of dental canal reamer. (I) Strength properties of raw materials of dental canal reamer and these standard (author's transl)]. Pulp canal reamers have been widely used for dental treatments of the root of teeth. The work's accuracy and cutting capability of these instruments are treated by the standarization of JIS and ADA etc. Especially Japanese industrial standarization (JIS) treated the dimensions of the configurations, materials and ability of dental canal reamers. But there is no report of the studies on the work and fracture strength of these dental instruments. So, this paper makes a report on these problems, which are the measurements of the diameter of the bite tips, are concerned the strength of the raw materials of dental canal reamers and are compared with the standarization (JIS) of these instruments. Test of the raw materials of reamers are tensile properties and are measured the strength and elasticity of these materials. And phase of fracture of these materials are investigated with the scanning electric microscope and the fracture modes are compared with the tensile strength properties.", "PMID": 1069032}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6068", "title": "[Studies on the strength and the cutting performance of dental canal reamer. (II). Torsional strength and tip diameter of dental canal reamers (author's transl)].", "content": "Strength of pulp canal reamers are important problems for cutting treatments of the root of tooth at the dental regions. Reamers have been used as cutting tools by the twisting movements, and then, fracture of reamers are especially caused by the shearing stress at the bite tips. So, this paper treated the shear strength of dental canal reamers, which are torsional strength and twisting rigidity of these cutting instruments. And we made the torsional apparatus for cutting and twisting tests, and tested the torsional strength of raw materials and pulp canal reamers. Type of reamer's configuration are treated by Japanese industrial standard (JIS) and these properties are readjusted with dimensions of diameter of reamers. Shear strength of reamers are 120 approximately 140 kg/mm2 and strength of straight bar with taper are about two times of that of reamers which are about 40 kg/mm2 (except reamer's number 1, 2). Scattering of value of strength and torsional angle of these reamers are examined and showed the range of scattering of these properties. Effectiveness of torsional angle on the fracture properties are considered on the clinical treatments and treated the safety of fracture of these reamers.", "contents": "[Studies on the strength and the cutting performance of dental canal reamer. (II). Torsional strength and tip diameter of dental canal reamers (author's transl)]. Strength of pulp canal reamers are important problems for cutting treatments of the root of tooth at the dental regions. Reamers have been used as cutting tools by the twisting movements, and then, fracture of reamers are especially caused by the shearing stress at the bite tips. So, this paper treated the shear strength of dental canal reamers, which are torsional strength and twisting rigidity of these cutting instruments. And we made the torsional apparatus for cutting and twisting tests, and tested the torsional strength of raw materials and pulp canal reamers. Type of reamer's configuration are treated by Japanese industrial standard (JIS) and these properties are readjusted with dimensions of diameter of reamers. Shear strength of reamers are 120 approximately 140 kg/mm2 and strength of straight bar with taper are about two times of that of reamers which are about 40 kg/mm2 (except reamer's number 1, 2). Scattering of value of strength and torsional angle of these reamers are examined and showed the range of scattering of these properties. Effectiveness of torsional angle on the fracture properties are considered on the clinical treatments and treated the safety of fracture of these reamers.", "PMID": 1069033}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6069", "title": "[On deformation of Au-Pt alloys caused by heat treatment (I) (author's transl)].", "content": "We made fifteen kinds of Au-Pt alloy each of which contain 69% gold. We measured the changes of hardness, the deformations of these alloys caused by heat treatment and also the thermal expanison coefficient of these alloys. The results were as follows. 1. The hardness of these alloys as they were cast almost the same as that of those, hardened by heat treatment. 2. The hardest alloy, as cast or hardened by heat treatment, contained 5% platinum, 20% copper and 5% silver. 3. The ability of these alloys to be hardened and softened by heat treatment was strengthened as the amount of platinum decreased and equally as the amount of copper increased. 4. The deformation of these alloys caused by heat treatment decreased as the amount of platinum increased and equally as the amount of copper decreased. 5. The deformation caused by heat treatment of these alloys which were caset by using phosphate-bonded investment was smaller than those of those alloys were cast by using gypsum investment. 6. The thermal expansion (100 degrees C approximately 400 degrees C) of these alloys as cast was larger than that of the alloys which were heated by softening treatment. The thermal-expansion-coefficient and temperature curves of these alloys as they were cast, were at 350 degrees C in the respective maximum point. On the other hand, the thermal-expansion-coefficient and temperature curves of the alloys which were heated by softening treatment, were at 175 degrees C in the respective minimum point.", "contents": "[On deformation of Au-Pt alloys caused by heat treatment (I) (author's transl)]. We made fifteen kinds of Au-Pt alloy each of which contain 69% gold. We measured the changes of hardness, the deformations of these alloys caused by heat treatment and also the thermal expanison coefficient of these alloys. The results were as follows. 1. The hardness of these alloys as they were cast almost the same as that of those, hardened by heat treatment. 2. The hardest alloy, as cast or hardened by heat treatment, contained 5% platinum, 20% copper and 5% silver. 3. The ability of these alloys to be hardened and softened by heat treatment was strengthened as the amount of platinum decreased and equally as the amount of copper increased. 4. The deformation of these alloys caused by heat treatment decreased as the amount of platinum increased and equally as the amount of copper decreased. 5. The deformation caused by heat treatment of these alloys which were caset by using phosphate-bonded investment was smaller than those of those alloys were cast by using gypsum investment. 6. The thermal expansion (100 degrees C approximately 400 degrees C) of these alloys as cast was larger than that of the alloys which were heated by softening treatment. The thermal-expansion-coefficient and temperature curves of these alloys as they were cast, were at 350 degrees C in the respective maximum point. On the other hand, the thermal-expansion-coefficient and temperature curves of the alloys which were heated by softening treatment, were at 175 degrees C in the respective minimum point.", "PMID": 1069034}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6070", "title": "[Studies on the application of apatite to dental materials. (I) --Apatite ceramics-- (author's transl)].", "content": "Apatite ceramics is composed of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] sintered at high temperature. It is known that hydroxyapatite is the main component of bone and tooth minerals. There are two synthetic methods for the apatite powder. One is so called wet synthetic method: Synthesis by the reaction of Ca++ and PO4--- in the aqueous solution of approximately pH 7.0, the other is dry method: Synthesis by the solid state reaction at high temperature. The apatite powder stable below 1400 degrees C was prepared by the latter method in this work. After passing through a sieve, this powder was cold-pressed and then sintered at 1000 degrees C to 1300 degrees C in air. Biological apatite powders were also perpared as a reference. It was found that any apatite ceramics having porosity in the range of 5 to 50% could be obtained under the various sintering conditions. Compressive strength of these apatite ceramics increased with the reduction of the porosity, and those with porosity less than 20% were more than 100 kg/cm2. Vickers hardness was measured. This result showed the same tendency as that of compressibility. Hardness of the apatite ceramics with 90% relative density was almost the same or more as that of enamel. Solubility of the synthetic apatite powder in distilled water and aqueous solution of lactic acid (pH 4.0) was nearly the same as biological apatites. The dissolution rate decreased with the reduction of porosity of the ceramics. It was certified that hot pressing technique was extremely effective to obtain high density ceramics (more than 95% of density) and thus low parosity apatite ceramics. From the facts as described above, it is understood that sintered pure hydroxy-apatite is an excellent ceramics of high mechanical strength.", "contents": "[Studies on the application of apatite to dental materials. (I) --Apatite ceramics-- (author's transl)]. Apatite ceramics is composed of hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] sintered at high temperature. It is known that hydroxyapatite is the main component of bone and tooth minerals. There are two synthetic methods for the apatite powder. One is so called wet synthetic method: Synthesis by the reaction of Ca++ and PO4--- in the aqueous solution of approximately pH 7.0, the other is dry method: Synthesis by the solid state reaction at high temperature. The apatite powder stable below 1400 degrees C was prepared by the latter method in this work. After passing through a sieve, this powder was cold-pressed and then sintered at 1000 degrees C to 1300 degrees C in air. Biological apatite powders were also perpared as a reference. It was found that any apatite ceramics having porosity in the range of 5 to 50% could be obtained under the various sintering conditions. Compressive strength of these apatite ceramics increased with the reduction of the porosity, and those with porosity less than 20% were more than 100 kg/cm2. Vickers hardness was measured. This result showed the same tendency as that of compressibility. Hardness of the apatite ceramics with 90% relative density was almost the same or more as that of enamel. Solubility of the synthetic apatite powder in distilled water and aqueous solution of lactic acid (pH 4.0) was nearly the same as biological apatites. The dissolution rate decreased with the reduction of porosity of the ceramics. It was certified that hot pressing technique was extremely effective to obtain high density ceramics (more than 95% of density) and thus low parosity apatite ceramics. From the facts as described above, it is understood that sintered pure hydroxy-apatite is an excellent ceramics of high mechanical strength.", "PMID": 1069035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6071", "title": "[The viscosity of Thiokol impression material during gelation (author's transl)].", "content": "Viscosity behavior of the impression materials is important property which determines the pressure and its distribution to be exerted on oral soft tissues in relation to the tray design and impression technique. The impression material, however, react to gel so fast to measure the viscosity during the reaction that it is still not completely elucidated. It would be able to seize the viscosity behavior of Thiokol impression material during the gelation unequivocally by retarding the oxidative condensation reaction using weak oxidative, lead monoxide. Based on the equal reactivity of SH groups of Thiokol liquid polymer there is no difference in statistic molecular weight distribution at any degree of the reaction between with lead monoxide and with the other oxidatives now in practical use. The viscosity measurement of the mixture of Thiokol LP-2, lead monoxide, and di-butyl phthalate was performed at the rates of shear ranged from 10(1.5) to 10(3.9) sec-1 at 20 degrees C. The viscosity of the mixture progressively increases after spatulation of the materials but yield value does not appear for the time being before setting, that is, the infinite network forming via the pendant SH groups could not take place until the most of SH groups were consumed, attributed to low concentration of poly-functional prepolymer in the liquid polymer. At early stages of the reaciton the viscosity behavior is approximately Newtonian at lower rates of shear and pseudplastic at higher rates of shear. As the reaction proceeds it becomes pseudplastic even at lower rates of shear.", "contents": "[The viscosity of Thiokol impression material during gelation (author's transl)]. Viscosity behavior of the impression materials is important property which determines the pressure and its distribution to be exerted on oral soft tissues in relation to the tray design and impression technique. The impression material, however, react to gel so fast to measure the viscosity during the reaction that it is still not completely elucidated. It would be able to seize the viscosity behavior of Thiokol impression material during the gelation unequivocally by retarding the oxidative condensation reaction using weak oxidative, lead monoxide. Based on the equal reactivity of SH groups of Thiokol liquid polymer there is no difference in statistic molecular weight distribution at any degree of the reaction between with lead monoxide and with the other oxidatives now in practical use. The viscosity measurement of the mixture of Thiokol LP-2, lead monoxide, and di-butyl phthalate was performed at the rates of shear ranged from 10(1.5) to 10(3.9) sec-1 at 20 degrees C. The viscosity of the mixture progressively increases after spatulation of the materials but yield value does not appear for the time being before setting, that is, the infinite network forming via the pendant SH groups could not take place until the most of SH groups were consumed, attributed to low concentration of poly-functional prepolymer in the liquid polymer. At early stages of the reaciton the viscosity behavior is approximately Newtonian at lower rates of shear and pseudplastic at higher rates of shear. As the reaction proceeds it becomes pseudplastic even at lower rates of shear.", "PMID": 1069036}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6072", "title": "[A pattern analysis of stress-strain curves for Ag alloys. (Part 1) On stress-strain curves for Ag-Cu alloys (author's transl)].", "content": "Mechanical properties of the dental metals have been estimated from the value of tensile strength, yield point, elastic limit, elongation and so on. But when applying these values to practical dental problems, they are often find to be not available enough. And recently the electoronic computer has been developed and widyly used in various fields, so the author tried to analyze true stress-true strain curves for alloys as pattern by the computer. The flow curves in the region of uniform plastic deformation was expressed by the Hollomon model, sigma=FepsilonN, and in this paper, Ag-Cu alloys were studied in various contents and heat treatments. Results obtained are as follows [1] Theoretically, the equations should hold between experimental values--epsilonT, ST and calculated values --N, F(F/e)N, that is epsilonT=N, and ST=F(N/e)N. In the case of Ag-Cu alloys, these relations agree well with the theoretical equations. In other words, the shape of true stress-true strain curves for Ag-Cu alloys almost coincide with the theoretical approximate curves, sigma=FepsilonN. [2] Strain hardening exponent N is very dependent on the micro structures of Ag-Cu alloys, but plastic coefficient F is independent of the micro structures. Coefficient F is directly proportional to sigma T. [3] The relationship of F to N can be expressed by equation of F=R(N+1)/NN+1. This equation may be described to be another form of the strain energy equation. Therefore parameter R is dependent on the strain energy. And the plots by computer agreed well with the experimental values.", "contents": "[A pattern analysis of stress-strain curves for Ag alloys. (Part 1) On stress-strain curves for Ag-Cu alloys (author's transl)]. Mechanical properties of the dental metals have been estimated from the value of tensile strength, yield point, elastic limit, elongation and so on. But when applying these values to practical dental problems, they are often find to be not available enough. And recently the electoronic computer has been developed and widyly used in various fields, so the author tried to analyze true stress-true strain curves for alloys as pattern by the computer. The flow curves in the region of uniform plastic deformation was expressed by the Hollomon model, sigma=FepsilonN, and in this paper, Ag-Cu alloys were studied in various contents and heat treatments. Results obtained are as follows [1] Theoretically, the equations should hold between experimental values--epsilonT, ST and calculated values --N, F(F/e)N, that is epsilonT=N, and ST=F(N/e)N. In the case of Ag-Cu alloys, these relations agree well with the theoretical equations. In other words, the shape of true stress-true strain curves for Ag-Cu alloys almost coincide with the theoretical approximate curves, sigma=FepsilonN. [2] Strain hardening exponent N is very dependent on the micro structures of Ag-Cu alloys, but plastic coefficient F is independent of the micro structures. Coefficient F is directly proportional to sigma T. [3] The relationship of F to N can be expressed by equation of F=R(N+1)/NN+1. This equation may be described to be another form of the strain energy equation. Therefore parameter R is dependent on the strain energy. And the plots by computer agreed well with the experimental values.", "PMID": 1069037}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6073", "title": "[Fundamental studies of precious alloys for porcelain fusing. (2) Deformation of Au-Pt-Pd ternary alloys on porcelain firing (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to compare the deformation of the castings in the firing process with the results of the previous paper, 1/10-tapered ring type thimble crowns were prepared using nine Au-Pt-Pd ternary alloys of the same composition as in the previous paper. The deformation in the firing process was determined by the shoulder gap change measurement. Conclusions are summarized as follows. 1) The correlation between the thermal expansion hysteresis H and the shoulder gap change K is highly significant (r= 0.96, phie=7),and it can be represented by the following equation: K(mm)=0.15 + 1.22 H(%) 2) The gap change increases with increase of Pt content. 3) Most of the deformation occurs in degassing treatment, while in the other firing process the deformation scarcely occurs.", "contents": "[Fundamental studies of precious alloys for porcelain fusing. (2) Deformation of Au-Pt-Pd ternary alloys on porcelain firing (author's transl)]. In order to compare the deformation of the castings in the firing process with the results of the previous paper, 1/10-tapered ring type thimble crowns were prepared using nine Au-Pt-Pd ternary alloys of the same composition as in the previous paper. The deformation in the firing process was determined by the shoulder gap change measurement. Conclusions are summarized as follows. 1) The correlation between the thermal expansion hysteresis H and the shoulder gap change K is highly significant (r= 0.96, phie=7),and it can be represented by the following equation: K(mm)=0.15 + 1.22 H(%) 2) The gap change increases with increase of Pt content. 3) Most of the deformation occurs in degassing treatment, while in the other firing process the deformation scarcely occurs.", "PMID": 1069038}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6074", "title": "High cervical commissural myelotomy in the treatment of pain.", "content": "High cervical myelotomy was carried out on 10 patients. Commissurotomy was performed at the C1-3 level by a combined procedure of deep electrocogulation and sharp splitting of the posterior columns. The immediate results were excellent in all patients, but relapse of pain took place shortly in six of them; there was apparently no relation with the location of pain. No long-term favourable results were observed in this series. Only three patients exhibited a well-defined band of mild hypalgesia from C2 to T 10 dermatome, but it lasted for only three to four weeks. Transient lower or four limb ataxia was observed in seven patients. Different pain conducting systems seem to be affected by commissural myelotomy, but not to a sufficient extent to give permanent or long-lasting relief of pain. The indications for high cervical myelotomy are very limited: this procedure should be considered only in patients with unilateral or bilateral arm and/or upper chest pain, respiratory impairment, and short life expectancy.", "contents": "High cervical commissural myelotomy in the treatment of pain. High cervical myelotomy was carried out on 10 patients. Commissurotomy was performed at the C1-3 level by a combined procedure of deep electrocogulation and sharp splitting of the posterior columns. The immediate results were excellent in all patients, but relapse of pain took place shortly in six of them; there was apparently no relation with the location of pain. No long-term favourable results were observed in this series. Only three patients exhibited a well-defined band of mild hypalgesia from C2 to T 10 dermatome, but it lasted for only three to four weeks. Transient lower or four limb ataxia was observed in seven patients. Different pain conducting systems seem to be affected by commissural myelotomy, but not to a sufficient extent to give permanent or long-lasting relief of pain. The indications for high cervical myelotomy are very limited: this procedure should be considered only in patients with unilateral or bilateral arm and/or upper chest pain, respiratory impairment, and short life expectancy.", "PMID": 1069098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6075", "title": "Interpretation of aspiration tests in local anesthetic injections.", "content": "Three young adult laboratory rabbits were anesthetized with a barbiturate and their abdominal cavities were surgically opened to expose a variety of blood vessels. A number of veins and arteries were penetrated with 25- and 27-gauge needles attached to standard dental aspirating cartridge-type syringes. Aspiration tests were performed and the results were recorded. No differences in the performance of aspiration were detected with the two gauges of needles. Where the aperture of the needle lay unobstructed and wholly within a vein greater than 1.5 mm in diameter or within any artery, it was impossible not to aspirate blood even with a peer technique. In certain circumstances, false-negative and misleading positive readings are possible. Recommendations for a clinically reliable aspirating technique have been given and four grades of positive result described. Absolutely infallible interpretation of results is impossible but, provided the aspirating technique itself is sound, intelligent evaluation of observed effects should result in very few errors of interpretation.", "contents": "Interpretation of aspiration tests in local anesthetic injections. Three young adult laboratory rabbits were anesthetized with a barbiturate and their abdominal cavities were surgically opened to expose a variety of blood vessels. A number of veins and arteries were penetrated with 25- and 27-gauge needles attached to standard dental aspirating cartridge-type syringes. Aspiration tests were performed and the results were recorded. No differences in the performance of aspiration were detected with the two gauges of needles. Where the aperture of the needle lay unobstructed and wholly within a vein greater than 1.5 mm in diameter or within any artery, it was impossible not to aspirate blood even with a peer technique. In certain circumstances, false-negative and misleading positive readings are possible. Recommendations for a clinically reliable aspirating technique have been given and four grades of positive result described. Absolutely infallible interpretation of results is impossible but, provided the aspirating technique itself is sound, intelligent evaluation of observed effects should result in very few errors of interpretation.", "PMID": 1069106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6076", "title": "Cardiorespiratory effects of outpatient anesthesia for oral surgery: trichloroethylene-halothane.", "content": "The cardiorespiratory effects of trichloroethylene supplementation of nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, with simultaneous use of halothane at induction as needed, were studied in outpatient oral surgery patients undergoing dental extractions under general anesthesia. The technique produced no deleterious cardiovascular effects that could be attributed to the combined use of these agents. Elevations of blood pressure, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance indicated light anesthesia. The versatility of halothane combined with the absence of nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic breakdown products of trichloroethylene provides a satisfactory technique for outpatient oral surgery. The agents appear pharmacologically complimentary in that halothane lacks analgesic properties and postoperative shivering occurs, while induction with trichloroethylene is slow and tachypnea is a problem.", "contents": "Cardiorespiratory effects of outpatient anesthesia for oral surgery: trichloroethylene-halothane. The cardiorespiratory effects of trichloroethylene supplementation of nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, with simultaneous use of halothane at induction as needed, were studied in outpatient oral surgery patients undergoing dental extractions under general anesthesia. The technique produced no deleterious cardiovascular effects that could be attributed to the combined use of these agents. Elevations of blood pressure, stroke volume, and peripheral resistance indicated light anesthesia. The versatility of halothane combined with the absence of nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic breakdown products of trichloroethylene provides a satisfactory technique for outpatient oral surgery. The agents appear pharmacologically complimentary in that halothane lacks analgesic properties and postoperative shivering occurs, while induction with trichloroethylene is slow and tachypnea is a problem.", "PMID": 1069107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6077", "title": "Comparison of a microcrystalline collagen preparation and gelatin foam in extraction wounds.", "content": "A microcrystalline collagen preparation and a gelatin foam were compared relative to their effects on hemostasis and healing in molar extraction sockets in cats. The agents were essentially equivalent in both hemostasis and the inflammatory response that accompanied healing. Healing was slightly retarded in comparison to that seen in untreated control sockets in a previous study. It appears likely that the inflammatory response was caused by oral contamination, which is unavoidable in this type of procedure, rather than by the agents themselves.", "contents": "Comparison of a microcrystalline collagen preparation and gelatin foam in extraction wounds. A microcrystalline collagen preparation and a gelatin foam were compared relative to their effects on hemostasis and healing in molar extraction sockets in cats. The agents were essentially equivalent in both hemostasis and the inflammatory response that accompanied healing. Healing was slightly retarded in comparison to that seen in untreated control sockets in a previous study. It appears likely that the inflammatory response was caused by oral contamination, which is unavoidable in this type of procedure, rather than by the agents themselves.", "PMID": 1069108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6078", "title": "Histological studies of the effects of subperiosteally implanted sulfathiazole.", "content": "The use of implanted sulfathiazole to obliterate undercut alveolar ridges has given good results. The mechanism whereby this drug effects this change has been investigated with dogs as experimental models. It was found that a fibroplastic proliferation occurred that was possibly due to an irritative stimulus on the periosteum.", "contents": "Histological studies of the effects of subperiosteally implanted sulfathiazole. The use of implanted sulfathiazole to obliterate undercut alveolar ridges has given good results. The mechanism whereby this drug effects this change has been investigated with dogs as experimental models. It was found that a fibroplastic proliferation occurred that was possibly due to an irritative stimulus on the periosteum.", "PMID": 1069109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6079", "title": "Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in intraoral orthognathic surgery.", "content": "To assess the effect of prophylactic use of antibiotics on the incidence of postoperative wound infection in intraoral orthognathic surgery, a group of 98 patients was classified in antibiotic and nonantibiotic subgroups. Antibiotic prophylaxis was used in 35 cases and was not used in 63 cases. The overall incidence of infection was 11.4% and 11.1%, respectively. The type of surgery performed made apparent but not statistically significant differences in the incidence of infection. Alveolar surgery patients had a 14.2% incidence with antibiotics and 4.7% incidence without antibiotics, while sagittal osteotomy patients had 8.3% and 26.3%, respectively. The infections that occurred were minor, easily treated, and did not result in any compromise in the predicted outcome of the surgical result. On the basis of the data gathered in this study, we conclude that antibiotic prophylaxis is contraindicated in alveolar surgery, and should not be used routinely in sagittal osteotomies.", "contents": "Efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis in intraoral orthognathic surgery. To assess the effect of prophylactic use of antibiotics on the incidence of postoperative wound infection in intraoral orthognathic surgery, a group of 98 patients was classified in antibiotic and nonantibiotic subgroups. Antibiotic prophylaxis was used in 35 cases and was not used in 63 cases. The overall incidence of infection was 11.4% and 11.1%, respectively. The type of surgery performed made apparent but not statistically significant differences in the incidence of infection. Alveolar surgery patients had a 14.2% incidence with antibiotics and 4.7% incidence without antibiotics, while sagittal osteotomy patients had 8.3% and 26.3%, respectively. The infections that occurred were minor, easily treated, and did not result in any compromise in the predicted outcome of the surgical result. On the basis of the data gathered in this study, we conclude that antibiotic prophylaxis is contraindicated in alveolar surgery, and should not be used routinely in sagittal osteotomies.", "PMID": 1069110}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6080", "title": "Lack of tearing after Le Fort I osteotomy.", "content": "An unusual complication of lack of tearing after a Le Fort type I osteotomy for maxillary retrusion has been presented. A definite cause for the complication can only be postulated. The possibilities of this problem occurring may be prevented by more delicate use of osteotomes in the separation of the pterygoid plates.", "contents": "Lack of tearing after Le Fort I osteotomy. An unusual complication of lack of tearing after a Le Fort type I osteotomy for maxillary retrusion has been presented. A definite cause for the complication can only be postulated. The possibilities of this problem occurring may be prevented by more delicate use of osteotomes in the separation of the pterygoid plates.", "PMID": 1069112}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6081", "title": "Desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible in a 3-year-old child.", "content": "A 3-year-old white girl was seen because of an enlarging mass in the left side of the mandible. The mass was 10 cm in diameter and the entire left hemimandible was involved. Examination of tissue after incisional biopsy showed desmoplastic fibroma. Surgical removal of the tumor required a hemimandibulectomy. The mandible was replaced immediately with a stainless steel mesh prosthesis with an acrylic condyle. A year later, there was no evidence of recurrence. Though the mesh became exposed in one area, we believe that esthetics and function were best served by its use.", "contents": "Desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible in a 3-year-old child. A 3-year-old white girl was seen because of an enlarging mass in the left side of the mandible. The mass was 10 cm in diameter and the entire left hemimandible was involved. Examination of tissue after incisional biopsy showed desmoplastic fibroma. Surgical removal of the tumor required a hemimandibulectomy. The mandible was replaced immediately with a stainless steel mesh prosthesis with an acrylic condyle. A year later, there was no evidence of recurrence. Though the mesh became exposed in one area, we believe that esthetics and function were best served by its use.", "PMID": 1069119}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6082", "title": "A quantitative measurement of bacteremia and its relationship to plaque control.", "content": "Despite the improvement in the patients' oral hygiene, there was no significant decrease in the frequency of bacteremia. There was no significant difference in bacteremia between brushing, flossing, or deplaquing either before or after initial periodontal preparation and plaque control in 21 healthy subjects. Utilizing more sophisticated bacteriologic techniques for the cultivation of obligate anaerobes, a relatively high frequency of anaerobic bacteremia was found.", "contents": "A quantitative measurement of bacteremia and its relationship to plaque control. Despite the improvement in the patients' oral hygiene, there was no significant decrease in the frequency of bacteremia. There was no significant difference in bacteremia between brushing, flossing, or deplaquing either before or after initial periodontal preparation and plaque control in 21 healthy subjects. Utilizing more sophisticated bacteriologic techniques for the cultivation of obligate anaerobes, a relatively high frequency of anaerobic bacteremia was found.", "PMID": 1069120}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6083", "title": "A clinical study of healing in humans following the excisional new attachment procedure.", "content": "The excisional new attachment procedure was used to treat 75 suprabony pockets on 32 teeth in 9 patients. One-year postoperative measurements demonstrated an overall mean pocket reduction from 4.7 mm to 2.0 mm, of which 2.1 mm (77%) was new attachment and 0.6 mm was recession. Average amount of new attachment and percentage of new attachment were greatest on the midlingual surfaces of the teeth treated in this study. The results of this study showed the excisional new attachment procedure to be a simple, effective, and predictable procedure for achieving pocket elimination by means of a clinical new attachment of the gingival tissues in suprabony pockets.", "contents": "A clinical study of healing in humans following the excisional new attachment procedure. The excisional new attachment procedure was used to treat 75 suprabony pockets on 32 teeth in 9 patients. One-year postoperative measurements demonstrated an overall mean pocket reduction from 4.7 mm to 2.0 mm, of which 2.1 mm (77%) was new attachment and 0.6 mm was recession. Average amount of new attachment and percentage of new attachment were greatest on the midlingual surfaces of the teeth treated in this study. The results of this study showed the excisional new attachment procedure to be a simple, effective, and predictable procedure for achieving pocket elimination by means of a clinical new attachment of the gingival tissues in suprabony pockets.", "PMID": 1069122}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6084", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations of osteoclastic alveolar bone resorption in rats monoinfected with Actinomyces naeslundii.", "content": "Alveolar bone destruction in rats monoinfected with Actinomyces naeslundii proceeds via osteoclastic resorption. The osteoclastic activity is discontinuous, i.e. short periods of vigorous osteoclastic activity are followed by longer periods of inactivity during which the alveolar crest may be covered with osteoblastic cells or in many cases devoid of bone cells. The net effect in the monoinfected rats is rapid bone loss. Periods of osteoclastic activity were associated with dense inflammatory infiltration of the interdental tissue, ulceration of col epithelium and the presence of large adherent plaques of Actinomyces. Ultrastructural examination revealed uninuclear as well as multinuclear osteoclasts. These cells contained numerous mitochondria, abundant Golgi apparatuses, and well developed ruffled borders indicating that they were physiologically active in bone resorption.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations of osteoclastic alveolar bone resorption in rats monoinfected with Actinomyces naeslundii. Alveolar bone destruction in rats monoinfected with Actinomyces naeslundii proceeds via osteoclastic resorption. The osteoclastic activity is discontinuous, i.e. short periods of vigorous osteoclastic activity are followed by longer periods of inactivity during which the alveolar crest may be covered with osteoblastic cells or in many cases devoid of bone cells. The net effect in the monoinfected rats is rapid bone loss. Periods of osteoclastic activity were associated with dense inflammatory infiltration of the interdental tissue, ulceration of col epithelium and the presence of large adherent plaques of Actinomyces. Ultrastructural examination revealed uninuclear as well as multinuclear osteoclasts. These cells contained numerous mitochondria, abundant Golgi apparatuses, and well developed ruffled borders indicating that they were physiologically active in bone resorption.", "PMID": 1069123}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6085", "title": "Microstructure of amalgam surfaces.", "content": "The polished amalgam surface was smoother than the burnished and the carved surfaces. The burnished surface was smoother than the carved surface. The granular structures on the burnished amalgam surface were found to be of tin-mercury alloy. Polishing appears to be the best finishing technique for amalgam restorations, and there is no substitute for it.", "contents": "Microstructure of amalgam surfaces. The polished amalgam surface was smoother than the burnished and the carved surfaces. The burnished surface was smoother than the carved surface. The granular structures on the burnished amalgam surface were found to be of tin-mercury alloy. Polishing appears to be the best finishing technique for amalgam restorations, and there is no substitute for it.", "PMID": 1069125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6086", "title": "A magnetically retained interim maxillary obturator.", "content": "A technique has been presented for the fabrication of a sectional interim maxillary obturator with retention augmented by a magnet. A tonogram revealed a 32 per cent decrease in hypernasality during speech when the prosthesis was worn (Fig. 12). The positive locking and continuous retentive quality of the prosthesis provided by the magnet permitted normal speech and mastication as well as an improved psychologic state during a very trying rehabilitation period.", "contents": "A magnetically retained interim maxillary obturator. A technique has been presented for the fabrication of a sectional interim maxillary obturator with retention augmented by a magnet. A tonogram revealed a 32 per cent decrease in hypernasality during speech when the prosthesis was worn (Fig. 12). The positive locking and continuous retentive quality of the prosthesis provided by the magnet permitted normal speech and mastication as well as an improved psychologic state during a very trying rehabilitation period.", "PMID": 1069127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6087", "title": "The remodeling of the edentulous mandible.", "content": "In a sample of mandibles having complete or nearly complete loss of dentition, the left half of each mandible was serially sectioned. The entire perimeter of each section was analyzed for the distribution of resorptive and depository periosteal surfaces, and from this information, the fields of remodeling were mapped for the mandible as a whole. The most common patterns of combined resorption-deposition and the range of variations were then determined. The over-all distribution of remodeling fields in the edentulous mandible differs markedly from that in the young, growing mandible. In most of the edentulous specimens, the surface of the basal bone on both the medial and lateral sides of the corpus is of a depository nature. The overlying alveolar regions on both the lingual and buccal sides, however, are characteristically resorptive. Significantly, the placement of the reversal line between the alveolar resorptive and the basal depository areas is much lower (i.e., at the level of the mental foramen) on the buccal side. Except for its inferior part, the lateral side of the ramus tends to be largely resorptive in character, and the posterior half of the lingual side also tends to be resorptive. Unlike the child's mandible, the posterior border of the ramus is resorptive, and the posteroanterior dimension of the ramus (not the whole mandible) becomes reduced and narrowed in conjunction with resorption along the anterior border. However, the amount removed from the anterior ramus is actually added to the dimension of the corpus, which becomes longer. Further, removal from the posterior ramus border does not affect the over-all length of the mandible unless condylar reduction is also involved. Also, over-all arch length is not decreased, because the surface of the mental protuberance is retained as a depository type of field (or at least does not become actively resorptive). The corpus-ramus angle (not gonial angle) is increased in the antegonial region. Because of the opening of this angle, over-all mandibular length as well as arch length is increased. In about half of the specimens, arch width was not decreased, because the lateral side of the corpus is usually of a depository nature. Notching of the anterior side of the condylar neck and the inferior part of the anterior ramus border is associated with resorptive fields in these regions, changes that are presumed to be a consequence of pressure contacts made with the articular tubercle and the maxillary tuberosity, respectively, in conjunction with a forward rotation of the whole mandible. The inferior direction of corpus realignment relative to the basal part of the ramus also increases the notching effect in the antegonial region, an effect augmented by the presence of the resorptive field in the notch itself. Certain specific variations commonly occur in several major regions of the mandible on both the lateral and medial sides...", "contents": "The remodeling of the edentulous mandible. In a sample of mandibles having complete or nearly complete loss of dentition, the left half of each mandible was serially sectioned. The entire perimeter of each section was analyzed for the distribution of resorptive and depository periosteal surfaces, and from this information, the fields of remodeling were mapped for the mandible as a whole. The most common patterns of combined resorption-deposition and the range of variations were then determined. The over-all distribution of remodeling fields in the edentulous mandible differs markedly from that in the young, growing mandible. In most of the edentulous specimens, the surface of the basal bone on both the medial and lateral sides of the corpus is of a depository nature. The overlying alveolar regions on both the lingual and buccal sides, however, are characteristically resorptive. Significantly, the placement of the reversal line between the alveolar resorptive and the basal depository areas is much lower (i.e., at the level of the mental foramen) on the buccal side. Except for its inferior part, the lateral side of the ramus tends to be largely resorptive in character, and the posterior half of the lingual side also tends to be resorptive. Unlike the child's mandible, the posterior border of the ramus is resorptive, and the posteroanterior dimension of the ramus (not the whole mandible) becomes reduced and narrowed in conjunction with resorption along the anterior border. However, the amount removed from the anterior ramus is actually added to the dimension of the corpus, which becomes longer. Further, removal from the posterior ramus border does not affect the over-all length of the mandible unless condylar reduction is also involved. Also, over-all arch length is not decreased, because the surface of the mental protuberance is retained as a depository type of field (or at least does not become actively resorptive). The corpus-ramus angle (not gonial angle) is increased in the antegonial region. Because of the opening of this angle, over-all mandibular length as well as arch length is increased. In about half of the specimens, arch width was not decreased, because the lateral side of the corpus is usually of a depository nature. Notching of the anterior side of the condylar neck and the inferior part of the anterior ramus border is associated with resorptive fields in these regions, changes that are presumed to be a consequence of pressure contacts made with the articular tubercle and the maxillary tuberosity, respectively, in conjunction with a forward rotation of the whole mandible. The inferior direction of corpus realignment relative to the basal part of the ramus also increases the notching effect in the antegonial region, an effect augmented by the presence of the resorptive field in the notch itself. Certain specific variations commonly occur in several major regions of the mandible on both the lateral and medial sides...", "PMID": 1069128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6088", "title": "Cytotoxicity of antisera to a myelogenous leukemia cell line with the Philadelphia chromosome.", "content": "Rabbit antisera to myelogenous leukemia (ML) cells were raised; ML cells from line K-562 that has the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome were used as antigen. Antibodydependent, complement-mediated cytotoxicity was demonstrated by the trypan blue test and Cr release assay for cultured ML cells, whereas no cytotoxicity was demonstrated for cells from B (SB) and T (MOLT 4) lymphoblastoid cell lines. The antisera showed no cross-reactivity for normal human peripheral leukocytes or purified granulocytes. A low level (less than 8%) of cytotoxicity was directed against cell membrane associated fetal bovine serum proteins. Absorption of the immune serum with normal human bone marrow cells of first trimester human whole embryo cells reduced the cytotoxic titer to a similar extent; this suggested the possibility of crossreactivity between ML cells and fetal antigen(s). However, the ML antigen(s) was unrelated to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), since absorption with CEA had no effect on the serum cytotoxic titer. The anti-ML sera were cytotoxic for cells taken from 10 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and from 3 with acute myelogenous leukemia. In contrast, the leukocytes of 1 of 4 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and 3 of 7 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia shared similar antigenic determinants as demonstrated by cytotoxicity tests. The significance of the cross-reactivity of some lymphatic and ML cells may be the result of the use of rabbit sera that did not distinguish antigens common to both granulocytic and lymphocytic cells, or it may reflect an \"immature\" or \"blastic\" antigen present on many leukemia cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of antisera to a myelogenous leukemia cell line with the Philadelphia chromosome. Rabbit antisera to myelogenous leukemia (ML) cells were raised; ML cells from line K-562 that has the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome were used as antigen. Antibodydependent, complement-mediated cytotoxicity was demonstrated by the trypan blue test and Cr release assay for cultured ML cells, whereas no cytotoxicity was demonstrated for cells from B (SB) and T (MOLT 4) lymphoblastoid cell lines. The antisera showed no cross-reactivity for normal human peripheral leukocytes or purified granulocytes. A low level (less than 8%) of cytotoxicity was directed against cell membrane associated fetal bovine serum proteins. Absorption of the immune serum with normal human bone marrow cells of first trimester human whole embryo cells reduced the cytotoxic titer to a similar extent; this suggested the possibility of crossreactivity between ML cells and fetal antigen(s). However, the ML antigen(s) was unrelated to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), since absorption with CEA had no effect on the serum cytotoxic titer. The anti-ML sera were cytotoxic for cells taken from 10 patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia and from 3 with acute myelogenous leukemia. In contrast, the leukocytes of 1 of 4 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia, and 3 of 7 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia shared similar antigenic determinants as demonstrated by cytotoxicity tests. The significance of the cross-reactivity of some lymphatic and ML cells may be the result of the use of rabbit sera that did not distinguish antigens common to both granulocytic and lymphocytic cells, or it may reflect an \"immature\" or \"blastic\" antigen present on many leukemia cells.", "PMID": 1069137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6089", "title": "The spleen in Friend leukemia. I. Prolonged survival of leukemic mice after autoimplantation of spleen tissue.", "content": "Friend virus infection of susceptible mice led rapidly to fulminant erythroleukemia and death. Subcutaneous implantation of leukemia spleen bits into splenectomized normal animals led to their early death from Friend leukemia. In contrast, bits of leukemic spleen implanted sc into splenectomized leukemic mice prolonged the survival of these animals. Concomitant with this survival was a reversal of the virus-induced immunosuppression and an increase in the levels of circulating, neutralizing, antivirus activity. This marked difference in response to leukemic spleen implants by leukemic as compared to normal mice reflected previous contact of the former with Friend Virus. Our studies indicated that the Friend virus-infected mouse mounted a resistance to the virus infection, which under certain conditions is capable of reversing the disease process.", "contents": "The spleen in Friend leukemia. I. Prolonged survival of leukemic mice after autoimplantation of spleen tissue. Friend virus infection of susceptible mice led rapidly to fulminant erythroleukemia and death. Subcutaneous implantation of leukemia spleen bits into splenectomized normal animals led to their early death from Friend leukemia. In contrast, bits of leukemic spleen implanted sc into splenectomized leukemic mice prolonged the survival of these animals. Concomitant with this survival was a reversal of the virus-induced immunosuppression and an increase in the levels of circulating, neutralizing, antivirus activity. This marked difference in response to leukemic spleen implants by leukemic as compared to normal mice reflected previous contact of the former with Friend Virus. Our studies indicated that the Friend virus-infected mouse mounted a resistance to the virus infection, which under certain conditions is capable of reversing the disease process.", "PMID": 1069138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6090", "title": "The spleen in Friend leukemia. II. Nonleukemic nature of spleen stroma.", "content": "Pieces of Friend leukemic spleens implanted sc into mice regenerated into normal-appearing spleens if animals were protected against the leukemia. In unimmunized animals, the implant regenerated normally, but was subsequently infiltrated by leukemia cells. This leukemia cell infiltration required at least 30% stromal regeneration of the implant. The hematopoietic regeneration was primarily a repopulation with cells from the host animal, not with cells indigenous to the donor spleen. The development of the implant, whether normal or leukemic, was retarded by the presence of the host spleen, whether leukemic or normal. These studies strongly suggested that the stromal cells of the spleen are not directly involved in the virus-induced leukemic process but acted as supporting structure for the malignant cells.", "contents": "The spleen in Friend leukemia. II. Nonleukemic nature of spleen stroma. Pieces of Friend leukemic spleens implanted sc into mice regenerated into normal-appearing spleens if animals were protected against the leukemia. In unimmunized animals, the implant regenerated normally, but was subsequently infiltrated by leukemia cells. This leukemia cell infiltration required at least 30% stromal regeneration of the implant. The hematopoietic regeneration was primarily a repopulation with cells from the host animal, not with cells indigenous to the donor spleen. The development of the implant, whether normal or leukemic, was retarded by the presence of the host spleen, whether leukemic or normal. These studies strongly suggested that the stromal cells of the spleen are not directly involved in the virus-induced leukemic process but acted as supporting structure for the malignant cells.", "PMID": 1069139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6091", "title": "Pancreatic carcinoma as a sequel to therapy of lymphoma.", "content": "Development of a carcinoma in the pancreas of a young man who had five years previously undergone intensive radiotherapy and subsequent chemotherapy for treatment of a lymphoma suggests that induction of the second neoplasm occurred as the result of the therapy of the first. While definite proof of causality is lacking, a review of recent literature strongly suggests that the association noted in the patient described is more than serendipitous. Increased usage of high-dose radiotherapy, particularly in conjunction with chemotherapy, may be directly related, and it is imperative that such an association be kept in mind when such patients are seen in follow-up.", "contents": "Pancreatic carcinoma as a sequel to therapy of lymphoma. Development of a carcinoma in the pancreas of a young man who had five years previously undergone intensive radiotherapy and subsequent chemotherapy for treatment of a lymphoma suggests that induction of the second neoplasm occurred as the result of the therapy of the first. While definite proof of causality is lacking, a review of recent literature strongly suggests that the association noted in the patient described is more than serendipitous. Increased usage of high-dose radiotherapy, particularly in conjunction with chemotherapy, may be directly related, and it is imperative that such an association be kept in mind when such patients are seen in follow-up.", "PMID": 1069180}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6092", "title": "[Percutaneous chordotomy].", "content": "The authors review 134 cases of percutaneous cervical chordotomy in 95 patients; 86 patients suffered from malignant tumors, while the pain was caused by benign growths in only 9 cases. The immediate postoperative findings are compared with the clinical results of the follow-up medical examination. Chronological and numerical data follow on permanent sucesses and recurrence rates. The author's own morbidity and mortality rates are contrasted with those if other authors, and compared with the risk involved in open chordotomy.", "contents": "[Percutaneous chordotomy]. The authors review 134 cases of percutaneous cervical chordotomy in 95 patients; 86 patients suffered from malignant tumors, while the pain was caused by benign growths in only 9 cases. The immediate postoperative findings are compared with the clinical results of the follow-up medical examination. Chronological and numerical data follow on permanent sucesses and recurrence rates. The author's own morbidity and mortality rates are contrasted with those if other authors, and compared with the risk involved in open chordotomy.", "PMID": 1069181}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6093", "title": "[Open spinal operations (anterolateral chordotomy and commissural myelotomy) in modern treatment of pain (author's transl)].", "content": "The only significant open pain operations on the spinal cord itself that are routinely in use nowadays are anterolateral chordotomy and commissural myelotomy. Open thoracic chordotomy is still inidcated in cases of malignant growth in the lower body, to be sure of avoiding further neurological involvement in the upper region. Open cervical chordotomy, on the other hand, is now only indicated after unsuccessful percutaneous chordotomy and neurostimulation technics. Commissural myelotomy is still used in specific cases  in specialized clinics. Despite advances in knowledge and more modern methods, the open operations still cannot be anondoned.", "contents": "[Open spinal operations (anterolateral chordotomy and commissural myelotomy) in modern treatment of pain (author's transl)]. The only significant open pain operations on the spinal cord itself that are routinely in use nowadays are anterolateral chordotomy and commissural myelotomy. Open thoracic chordotomy is still inidcated in cases of malignant growth in the lower body, to be sure of avoiding further neurological involvement in the upper region. Open cervical chordotomy, on the other hand, is now only indicated after unsuccessful percutaneous chordotomy and neurostimulation technics. Commissural myelotomy is still used in specific cases  in specialized clinics. Despite advances in knowledge and more modern methods, the open operations still cannot be anondoned.", "PMID": 1069182}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6094", "title": "[Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in adults. Apropos of 3 personal cases].", "content": "Three cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia are discussed and compared with the most recent data of the literature. The cytomorphological and cytochemical aspects of the disease as well as the therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia in adults. Apropos of 3 personal cases]. Three cases of chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia are discussed and compared with the most recent data of the literature. The cytomorphological and cytochemical aspects of the disease as well as the therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 1069187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6095", "title": "External pterygoid myotomy for recurrent mandibular dislocation. Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "Dislocation of the temporomandibular joint is a condition that requires immediate attention. Several conservative methods are effective in the treatment of the acute episode, but surgical treatment is indicated for chronic dislocation. Many, sometimes conflicting, procedures have been proposed for the surgical treatment of chronic dislocation. Comprehensive review and analysis of the literature reveals that this confusion is generated by a poor understanding of the etiology of chronic dislocation. External pterygoid myotomy is recommended as the surgical treatment of choice since it eliminates the forces responsible for pulling the mandible into the dislocated position. A case is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure.", "contents": "External pterygoid myotomy for recurrent mandibular dislocation. Review of the literature and report of a case. Dislocation of the temporomandibular joint is a condition that requires immediate attention. Several conservative methods are effective in the treatment of the acute episode, but surgical treatment is indicated for chronic dislocation. Many, sometimes conflicting, procedures have been proposed for the surgical treatment of chronic dislocation. Comprehensive review and analysis of the literature reveals that this confusion is generated by a poor understanding of the etiology of chronic dislocation. External pterygoid myotomy is recommended as the surgical treatment of choice since it eliminates the forces responsible for pulling the mandible into the dislocated position. A case is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this procedure.", "PMID": 1069214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6096", "title": "Mural odontogenic epithelial proliferations within the wall of a dentigerous cyst: their significance.", "content": "A case of a dentigerous cyst with proliferating odontogenic epithelium in a 5-year-old black boy is presented. A controversy exists in the histologic diagnosis and surgical treatment of this lesion. The accuracy of the pathologic diagnosis is imperative, as it will determine to a great extent the surgical modality of treatment.", "contents": "Mural odontogenic epithelial proliferations within the wall of a dentigerous cyst: their significance. A case of a dentigerous cyst with proliferating odontogenic epithelium in a 5-year-old black boy is presented. A controversy exists in the histologic diagnosis and surgical treatment of this lesion. The accuracy of the pathologic diagnosis is imperative, as it will determine to a great extent the surgical modality of treatment.", "PMID": 1069215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6097", "title": "Radionuclide bone imaging in the surgical treatment planning of odontogenic keratocysts.", "content": "Locally aggressive benign lesions of the jaws, such as odontogenic keratocysts and ameloblastomas, require complete excision in view of the high incidence of recurrence after incomplete surgical removal. Because of the limitations of conventional radiology as the sole technique for determining the extent of these lesions, the use of 99m-technetium-labeled bone-imaging agents is suggested. This method of defining the location of surgical margins is based on the agent's sensitivity as an indicator of subtle changes in bone metabolism. A case of an unusually large recurrent odontogenic keratocyst is presented in which the planning of the surgical procedure was predicated on the results of a bone scan of the jaws in addition to conventional radiology. This diagnostic procedure, especially when used in conjunction with conventional radiology, appears to be of considerable value in defining the extent of a variety of oral-maxillofacial bony lesions.", "contents": "Radionuclide bone imaging in the surgical treatment planning of odontogenic keratocysts. Locally aggressive benign lesions of the jaws, such as odontogenic keratocysts and ameloblastomas, require complete excision in view of the high incidence of recurrence after incomplete surgical removal. Because of the limitations of conventional radiology as the sole technique for determining the extent of these lesions, the use of 99m-technetium-labeled bone-imaging agents is suggested. This method of defining the location of surgical margins is based on the agent's sensitivity as an indicator of subtle changes in bone metabolism. A case of an unusually large recurrent odontogenic keratocyst is presented in which the planning of the surgical procedure was predicated on the results of a bone scan of the jaws in addition to conventional radiology. This diagnostic procedure, especially when used in conjunction with conventional radiology, appears to be of considerable value in defining the extent of a variety of oral-maxillofacial bony lesions.", "PMID": 1069216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6098", "title": "Sarcoidosis with mandibular involvement. Report of a case.", "content": "A case of mandibular involvement in sarcoidosis is presented. The diagnosis was based on positive chest roentgenograms, involvement of superficial and mediastinal lymph nodes of epithelioid tubercles, negative tuberculin test, and negative results of an examination with respect to tubercle bacilli. Mandibular involvement was diagnosed tentatively roentgenographically and verified by histopathologic examination. The mandibular lesion was treated surgically, and the defect healed uneventfully after less than 1 year. Almost complete normalization of the pulmonary lesions had taken place after 2 years.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis with mandibular involvement. Report of a case. A case of mandibular involvement in sarcoidosis is presented. The diagnosis was based on positive chest roentgenograms, involvement of superficial and mediastinal lymph nodes of epithelioid tubercles, negative tuberculin test, and negative results of an examination with respect to tubercle bacilli. Mandibular involvement was diagnosed tentatively roentgenographically and verified by histopathologic examination. The mandibular lesion was treated surgically, and the defect healed uneventfully after less than 1 year. Almost complete normalization of the pulmonary lesions had taken place after 2 years.", "PMID": 1069217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6099", "title": "Congenital neutropenia. Report of a case and a biorationale for dental management.", "content": "Congenital neutropenia is characterized by a marked decrease in or lack of circulating PMN's in children with no prior history of drug intake. The neutropenia is persistent and the clinical course is one of early onset of severe, recurrent, and eventually fatal infections. Bone marrow studies show a maturation arrest of neutrophilic precursors. Because of their greatly increased susceptibility to infection, patients with congenital neutropenia present a difficult dental management problem. A case of congenital neutropenia has been presented, as well as a biorationale for dental treatment. On the basis of reports in the literature, the following recommendations for the management of patients with congenital neutropenia are made: 1. The prevention and control of infection and the interception of dental disease before surgical intervention becomes necessary should be the overriding considerations in the management of patients with congenital neutropenia. 2. The carious breakdown of teeth should be prevented by the daily application of a 0.4 per cent stannous fluoride gel in addition to oral hygiene and limitation of sucrose intake. 3. Periodontal therapy should be palliative only, since alveolar bone loss is progressive despite frequent oral hygiene instruction and prophylaxis. The goal of periodontal therapy for patients with congenital neutropenia should therefore be a decrease in gingival inflammation to make the patient's mouth more comfortable and to slow down alveolar bone loss. Periodontal surgery is contraindicated. 4. Bacteremia and subsequent septicemia should be prevented since a minor infection can become life threatening in patients with congenital neutropenia. The patient should rinse for 30 seconds and the gingival sulci should be irrigated with a phenolated antiseptic mouthwash prior to all dental manipulations of the soft tissue. This will significantly reduce the incidence of bacteremia. 5. Surgery should be avoided if at all possible because of the high risk of post-operative infection. All surgery sholld be performed in the hospital, and the patient should be given antibiotics as determined by his physician. Primary closure should be done with fine polyglycolic acid sutures to reduce the chance of infection. If postoperative infection can be prevented, wound healing will progress normally despite the complete absence of PMN's.", "contents": "Congenital neutropenia. Report of a case and a biorationale for dental management. Congenital neutropenia is characterized by a marked decrease in or lack of circulating PMN's in children with no prior history of drug intake. The neutropenia is persistent and the clinical course is one of early onset of severe, recurrent, and eventually fatal infections. Bone marrow studies show a maturation arrest of neutrophilic precursors. Because of their greatly increased susceptibility to infection, patients with congenital neutropenia present a difficult dental management problem. A case of congenital neutropenia has been presented, as well as a biorationale for dental treatment. On the basis of reports in the literature, the following recommendations for the management of patients with congenital neutropenia are made: 1. The prevention and control of infection and the interception of dental disease before surgical intervention becomes necessary should be the overriding considerations in the management of patients with congenital neutropenia. 2. The carious breakdown of teeth should be prevented by the daily application of a 0.4 per cent stannous fluoride gel in addition to oral hygiene and limitation of sucrose intake. 3. Periodontal therapy should be palliative only, since alveolar bone loss is progressive despite frequent oral hygiene instruction and prophylaxis. The goal of periodontal therapy for patients with congenital neutropenia should therefore be a decrease in gingival inflammation to make the patient's mouth more comfortable and to slow down alveolar bone loss. Periodontal surgery is contraindicated. 4. Bacteremia and subsequent septicemia should be prevented since a minor infection can become life threatening in patients with congenital neutropenia. The patient should rinse for 30 seconds and the gingival sulci should be irrigated with a phenolated antiseptic mouthwash prior to all dental manipulations of the soft tissue. This will significantly reduce the incidence of bacteremia. 5. Surgery should be avoided if at all possible because of the high risk of post-operative infection. All surgery sholld be performed in the hospital, and the patient should be given antibiotics as determined by his physician. Primary closure should be done with fine polyglycolic acid sutures to reduce the chance of infection. If postoperative infection can be prevented, wound healing will progress normally despite the complete absence of PMN's.", "PMID": 1069218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6100", "title": "Salivary IgA and serum IgG and IgA in recurrent aphthous stomatitis.", "content": "Salivary flow rate and sIgA were measured in twenty-one patients suffering from recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Out of this group ten volunteered for continuous study. In these patients salivary IgA and serum IgA and IgG were measured every 3 days for 3 weeks. All parameters were in the physiologic range of healthy people. No correlation with the clinical condition of the patients was found.", "contents": "Salivary IgA and serum IgG and IgA in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Salivary flow rate and sIgA were measured in twenty-one patients suffering from recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Out of this group ten volunteered for continuous study. In these patients salivary IgA and serum IgA and IgG were measured every 3 days for 3 weeks. All parameters were in the physiologic range of healthy people. No correlation with the clinical condition of the patients was found.", "PMID": 1069219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6101", "title": "Occurrence of epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia. Analysis and follow-up study of 12 cases.", "content": "The histologic material of 500 leukoplakia patients was analyzed in order to define the characteristics of epithelial dysplasia and to correlate the findings with the clinical data. Epithelial dysplasia was found in 120 cases (24 per cent) and was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The occurrence of dysplasia was highest in the group of erosive leukoplakias. The majority of the severe dysplasias were found on the tongue and lips. Follow-up studies on sixty-eight leukoplakia patients with histologic dysplasia revealed carcinoma in nine cases (13.2 per cent) during the mean observation period of 6.3 years. Leukoplakias of the tongue showed the highest incidence of malignant change.", "contents": "Occurrence of epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia. Analysis and follow-up study of 12 cases. The histologic material of 500 leukoplakia patients was analyzed in order to define the characteristics of epithelial dysplasia and to correlate the findings with the clinical data. Epithelial dysplasia was found in 120 cases (24 per cent) and was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. The occurrence of dysplasia was highest in the group of erosive leukoplakias. The majority of the severe dysplasias were found on the tongue and lips. Follow-up studies on sixty-eight leukoplakia patients with histologic dysplasia revealed carcinoma in nine cases (13.2 per cent) during the mean observation period of 6.3 years. Leukoplakias of the tongue showed the highest incidence of malignant change.", "PMID": 1069220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6102", "title": "Atypical benign migratory glossitis. Report of a case with histologic and electron microscopic evaluations.", "content": "A case of benign migratory glossitis atypically confined to only one side of the tongue is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by repeated histopathologic evaluation. Electron microscopic studies revealed a striking intimacy between sensory nerve processes and the basal lamina of the lingual epithelium.", "contents": "Atypical benign migratory glossitis. Report of a case with histologic and electron microscopic evaluations. A case of benign migratory glossitis atypically confined to only one side of the tongue is presented. The diagnosis was confirmed by repeated histopathologic evaluation. Electron microscopic studies revealed a striking intimacy between sensory nerve processes and the basal lamina of the lingual epithelium.", "PMID": 1069222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6103", "title": "Recurrent \"non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with gingival enlargement. Report of a case.", "content": "A 66-year-old white woman with recurrent \"non-Hodgkin's lymphoma\" is discussed. Her initial manifestation of recurrent disease was gingival enlargement. We reviewed the oral manifestations of lymphoma and discussed the course of this patient's disease, with particular attention to the local treatment of the gingival enlargement.", "contents": "Recurrent \"non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting with gingival enlargement. Report of a case. A 66-year-old white woman with recurrent \"non-Hodgkin's lymphoma\" is discussed. Her initial manifestation of recurrent disease was gingival enlargement. We reviewed the oral manifestations of lymphoma and discussed the course of this patient's disease, with particular attention to the local treatment of the gingival enlargement.", "PMID": 1069223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6104", "title": "The investigation of microleakage in root canal therapy. An electrochemical technique.", "content": "An electrochemical technique employing zero-resistance ammetry is described for evaluating the quantity, rate, and areas permeated in the canal system of a root-filled tooth by 1 per cent potassium chloride. Single-rooted extracted teeth were root-filled by a vertical condensation gutta-percha technique. The teeth were coated from the cementoenamel junction to 3 mm. from the apex with a stopping-off medium, so that the apical foramen and the accessory canals in the area would play a role, but not the lateral canals in the gingival area. The teeth were placed in a potassium chloride solution. When the potassium chloride permeated the apical seal and reached a mild steel rod placed through the occlusal access opening extending 2 mm. into the coronal end aspect of the canal, corrosion of the steel was established and was measured for quantity and rate. This technique suggests the possibility of another pathway for tissue fluid to effect coronal dentinal discoloration. The technique also suggests a quantitative means of measuring apical sealing procedures.", "contents": "The investigation of microleakage in root canal therapy. An electrochemical technique. An electrochemical technique employing zero-resistance ammetry is described for evaluating the quantity, rate, and areas permeated in the canal system of a root-filled tooth by 1 per cent potassium chloride. Single-rooted extracted teeth were root-filled by a vertical condensation gutta-percha technique. The teeth were coated from the cementoenamel junction to 3 mm. from the apex with a stopping-off medium, so that the apical foramen and the accessory canals in the area would play a role, but not the lateral canals in the gingival area. The teeth were placed in a potassium chloride solution. When the potassium chloride permeated the apical seal and reached a mild steel rod placed through the occlusal access opening extending 2 mm. into the coronal end aspect of the canal, corrosion of the steel was established and was measured for quantity and rate. This technique suggests the possibility of another pathway for tissue fluid to effect coronal dentinal discoloration. The technique also suggests a quantitative means of measuring apical sealing procedures.", "PMID": 1069224}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6105", "title": "A statistical analysis of anaerobic versus aerobic culturing in endodontic therapy.", "content": "Asymptomatic teeth were cultured at four specific stages of endodontic therapy, yielding 148 paired samples. Half of the samples were incubated anaerobically with the use of a new medium, and half were incubated aerobically with the use of a commonly employed endodontic medium. The former proved to be significantly more sensitive in supporting microbial growth from root canals. The results indicate that an aerobic culturing technique alone is not sufficient to reflect the microbiologic status of the canal system.", "contents": "A statistical analysis of anaerobic versus aerobic culturing in endodontic therapy. Asymptomatic teeth were cultured at four specific stages of endodontic therapy, yielding 148 paired samples. Half of the samples were incubated anaerobically with the use of a new medium, and half were incubated aerobically with the use of a commonly employed endodontic medium. The former proved to be significantly more sensitive in supporting microbial growth from root canals. The results indicate that an aerobic culturing technique alone is not sufficient to reflect the microbiologic status of the canal system.", "PMID": 1069225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6106", "title": "Tomographic evaluation of 100 patients with temporomandibular joint symptoms.", "content": "In this study the temporomandibular joints of 100 patients were examined radiographically. While the results leave many unanswered questions, studies of this type do contribute to an increase in the knowledge of this complex structure. It is anticipated that polycycloidal tomography will provide even greater knowledge of the bony components of the TMJ. More accurate, objective radiographic evidence will unquestionably allow us to approach subjective clinical evidence with greater confidence in relating these factors to diagnosis. Dentistry must recognize that the newer and more sophisticated methods must be utilized to evaluate pathologic changes or disease entities, such as temporomandibular joint dysfunction. A health profession must be provided with maximum information for total diagnosis.", "contents": "Tomographic evaluation of 100 patients with temporomandibular joint symptoms. In this study the temporomandibular joints of 100 patients were examined radiographically. While the results leave many unanswered questions, studies of this type do contribute to an increase in the knowledge of this complex structure. It is anticipated that polycycloidal tomography will provide even greater knowledge of the bony components of the TMJ. More accurate, objective radiographic evidence will unquestionably allow us to approach subjective clinical evidence with greater confidence in relating these factors to diagnosis. Dentistry must recognize that the newer and more sophisticated methods must be utilized to evaluate pathologic changes or disease entities, such as temporomandibular joint dysfunction. A health profession must be provided with maximum information for total diagnosis.", "PMID": 1069226}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6107", "title": "Localization of objects in the anterior areas with a single Panorex radiograph.", "content": "Impacted objects in the anterior dental region can be localized in a labial-palatal direction with a single Panorex film. Clark's rule is applied to the two views of the anterior area obtained. The technique is verified by means of a dry skull with lead markers in known positions, and two clinical cases are reported.", "contents": "Localization of objects in the anterior areas with a single Panorex radiograph. Impacted objects in the anterior dental region can be localized in a labial-palatal direction with a single Panorex film. Clark's rule is applied to the two views of the anterior area obtained. The technique is verified by means of a dry skull with lead markers in known positions, and two clinical cases are reported.", "PMID": 1069227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6108", "title": "Construction of a hybrid col E1 plasmid carrying the gene for bacteriophage lambda repressor.", "content": "A biologically active hybrid DNA molecule was constructed from plasmid Col E1 and the Eco R1 fragment of lambda DNA containing the gene for lambda repressor. The presence of this gene in the hybrid molecule was demonstrated genetically. The hybrid plasmid contains two closely located targets for restriction endonuclease Hind 111 in the integrated fragment. Thus, the plasmid may be used as a vector not only for Eco R1 fragments but also for Hind 111 fragments.", "contents": "Construction of a hybrid col E1 plasmid carrying the gene for bacteriophage lambda repressor. A biologically active hybrid DNA molecule was constructed from plasmid Col E1 and the Eco R1 fragment of lambda DNA containing the gene for lambda repressor. The presence of this gene in the hybrid molecule was demonstrated genetically. The hybrid plasmid contains two closely located targets for restriction endonuclease Hind 111 in the integrated fragment. Thus, the plasmid may be used as a vector not only for Eco R1 fragments but also for Hind 111 fragments.", "PMID": 1069256}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6109", "title": "Integration of eukaryotic genes for 5S RNA and histone proteins into a phage lambda receptor.", "content": "Highly purified HindIII restriction fragments of Xenopus laevis 5S DNA and of Psammechinus miliaris histone DNA have been covalently inserted into a derivative of phage lambda. This phage, genetically constructed by Murray et al. (1), contains only a single target for HindIII in the cI gene. Viable hybrid molecules were detected as clear plaque-forming phage after transfection of E. coli, the vast majority of which were shown by hybridization to be recombinants of the desired type. The lambdaSam7 mutation has been introduced into one hybrid phage containing histone DNA, thereby substantially increasing the yield of recombinant DNA.", "contents": "Integration of eukaryotic genes for 5S RNA and histone proteins into a phage lambda receptor. Highly purified HindIII restriction fragments of Xenopus laevis 5S DNA and of Psammechinus miliaris histone DNA have been covalently inserted into a derivative of phage lambda. This phage, genetically constructed by Murray et al. (1), contains only a single target for HindIII in the cI gene. Viable hybrid molecules were detected as clear plaque-forming phage after transfection of E. coli, the vast majority of which were shown by hybridization to be recombinants of the desired type. The lambdaSam7 mutation has been introduced into one hybrid phage containing histone DNA, thereby substantially increasing the yield of recombinant DNA.", "PMID": 1069257}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6110", "title": "Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of alpha-endorphin and gamma-endorphin, two peptides of hypothalamic-hypophysial origin with morphinomimetic activity.", "content": "The isolation and primary structure of two peptides with morphinomimetic activity, obtained from an extract of porcine hypothalamus-neurohypophysis, are described. The amino acid sequence of the two peptides, named alpha-endorphin and gamma-endophin, was determined by mass spectrometry and danxyl-Edman methods to be H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-OH and H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-OH, respectively. These correspond to the amino acid sequences present between residues 61 and 76 and residues 61 and 77 of the various beta-lipotropins. A third peptide also obtained in pure form in these studies was found to be an unstable salt of alpha-endorphin.", "contents": "Isolation, primary structure, and synthesis of alpha-endorphin and gamma-endorphin, two peptides of hypothalamic-hypophysial origin with morphinomimetic activity. The isolation and primary structure of two peptides with morphinomimetic activity, obtained from an extract of porcine hypothalamus-neurohypophysis, are described. The amino acid sequence of the two peptides, named alpha-endorphin and gamma-endophin, was determined by mass spectrometry and danxyl-Edman methods to be H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-OH and H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-OH, respectively. These correspond to the amino acid sequences present between residues 61 and 76 and residues 61 and 77 of the various beta-lipotropins. A third peptide also obtained in pure form in these studies was found to be an unstable salt of alpha-endorphin.", "PMID": 1069261}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6111", "title": "Dependence of interferon induction on nucleic acid conformation.", "content": "UV and circular dichroism characteristics of duplex analogs belonging to the (A)n-(U)n and (I)n-(C)n series were determined to assign qualitatively the nature of conformational differences caused by 5-pyrimidine and c7 purine substitutions in such duplexes. Evidence is presented which shows that 5-pyrimidine substitution by bromine or methyl changes the duplex conformation of both series in a similar way, if at all. A c7 substitution in the purine ring affects the duplex conformation of the members in the same series similarly, but the conformational change appears to be different for the two series. To wit, it is proposed that in the duplexes the effect of the change (A)n leads to (c7A)n is an increase of the positive base tilt, whereas the change (I)n leads to (c7I)n causes a decrease where (c7A)n is poly (7-deazaadenylic acid) and (c7I)n is poly(7-deazainosinic acid), respectively. Poly(5-bromocytidylic acid) (br5C)n proved to be useful as  a sensor strand for the intepretation of the spectroscopic data. The circular dichroism findings correlate well with observations made earlier on the interferon inducing ability for such duplexes, namely, duplexes based on the (c7A)n are inactive as interferon inducers, whereas duplexes based on (c7I)n are potent inducers. Furthermore, a 5-pyrimidine substitution does not substantially affect the interferon inducing ability, unless the thermal stability of the analog becomes critical, as in the case of (A)n-(br5U)n. Thus, this study provides the first evidence to link the interferon-inducing ability of a nucleic acid to a defined physical parameter of double helix, and reinforces the concept that interferon induction is dependent on the recognition of a particular spatial and steric organization of a double-stranded RNA.", "contents": "Dependence of interferon induction on nucleic acid conformation. UV and circular dichroism characteristics of duplex analogs belonging to the (A)n-(U)n and (I)n-(C)n series were determined to assign qualitatively the nature of conformational differences caused by 5-pyrimidine and c7 purine substitutions in such duplexes. Evidence is presented which shows that 5-pyrimidine substitution by bromine or methyl changes the duplex conformation of both series in a similar way, if at all. A c7 substitution in the purine ring affects the duplex conformation of the members in the same series similarly, but the conformational change appears to be different for the two series. To wit, it is proposed that in the duplexes the effect of the change (A)n leads to (c7A)n is an increase of the positive base tilt, whereas the change (I)n leads to (c7I)n causes a decrease where (c7A)n is poly (7-deazaadenylic acid) and (c7I)n is poly(7-deazainosinic acid), respectively. Poly(5-bromocytidylic acid) (br5C)n proved to be useful as  a sensor strand for the intepretation of the spectroscopic data. The circular dichroism findings correlate well with observations made earlier on the interferon inducing ability for such duplexes, namely, duplexes based on the (c7A)n are inactive as interferon inducers, whereas duplexes based on (c7I)n are potent inducers. Furthermore, a 5-pyrimidine substitution does not substantially affect the interferon inducing ability, unless the thermal stability of the analog becomes critical, as in the case of (A)n-(br5U)n. Thus, this study provides the first evidence to link the interferon-inducing ability of a nucleic acid to a defined physical parameter of double helix, and reinforces the concept that interferon induction is dependent on the recognition of a particular spatial and steric organization of a double-stranded RNA.", "PMID": 1069262}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6112", "title": "Role of subunit interfaces in the allosteric mechanism of hemoglobin.", "content": "We calculate the surface area buried in subunit interfaces of human deoxyhemoglobin and of horse methemoglobin. A larger surface area is buried in deoxy- than in methemoglobin as a result of tertiary and quaternary structure changes. In both molecules the dimer-dimer interface is closepacked. This implies that hydrophobicity stabilizes the deoxystructure, the free energy spent in keeping the subunits in a low-affinity conformation being compensated by hydrophobic free energy due to the smaller surface area accessible to solvent.", "contents": "Role of subunit interfaces in the allosteric mechanism of hemoglobin. We calculate the surface area buried in subunit interfaces of human deoxyhemoglobin and of horse methemoglobin. A larger surface area is buried in deoxy- than in methemoglobin as a result of tertiary and quaternary structure changes. In both molecules the dimer-dimer interface is closepacked. This implies that hydrophobicity stabilizes the deoxystructure, the free energy spent in keeping the subunits in a low-affinity conformation being compensated by hydrophobic free energy due to the smaller surface area accessible to solvent.", "PMID": 1069263}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6113", "title": "Resonance enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering.", "content": "Resonance enhancement of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering due to the proximity of the laser frequencies to an electronic transition has been demonstrated for dilute solutions of diphenyloctatetrane in benzene. The Raman contribution to the third order susceptibility is shown to be complex near an electronic resonance and the resulting features of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectra are discussed in detail. This work represents one step in the demonstration that the high signal to noise ratio, fluorescence rejection, and low average power levels of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering experiment can be used to advantage in Raman studies of dilute solutions and materials of biological interest.", "contents": "Resonance enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Resonance enhancement of coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering due to the proximity of the laser frequencies to an electronic transition has been demonstrated for dilute solutions of diphenyloctatetrane in benzene. The Raman contribution to the third order susceptibility is shown to be complex near an electronic resonance and the resulting features of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectra are discussed in detail. This work represents one step in the demonstration that the high signal to noise ratio, fluorescence rejection, and low average power levels of the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering experiment can be used to advantage in Raman studies of dilute solutions and materials of biological interest.", "PMID": 1069264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6114", "title": "Crystal structure of a complex between lumiflavin and 2,6-diamino-9-ethylpurine: a flavin adenine dinucleotide model exhibiting charge-transfer interactions.", "content": "The x-ray structure of the deep red crystalline complex lumiflavin-2,6-diamino-9-ethylpurine has been determined. The flavin and adenine derivatives form hydrogen-bonded base pairs of the Watson-Crick type. The molecules in the crystal also associate via extensively overlapped flavin/adenine and flavin/flavin stacking interactions in which there are several contacts that are closer than van der Waals distances. This, together with the red color of the crystals, is indicative of the formation of a charge-transfer complex.", "contents": "Crystal structure of a complex between lumiflavin and 2,6-diamino-9-ethylpurine: a flavin adenine dinucleotide model exhibiting charge-transfer interactions. The x-ray structure of the deep red crystalline complex lumiflavin-2,6-diamino-9-ethylpurine has been determined. The flavin and adenine derivatives form hydrogen-bonded base pairs of the Watson-Crick type. The molecules in the crystal also associate via extensively overlapped flavin/adenine and flavin/flavin stacking interactions in which there are several contacts that are closer than van der Waals distances. This, together with the red color of the crystals, is indicative of the formation of a charge-transfer complex.", "PMID": 1069265}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6115", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance description of molecular motion and phase separations of cholesterol in lecithin dispersions.", "content": "Proton-enhanced 13C nuclear magnetic resonance is used to obtain signals from labeled cholesterols in lecithin dispersions. The [26-(13)C]cholesterol resonance indicates that the aliphatic tail of the molecule undergoes reorientation fast enough to average completely the chemical shift anisotropy. In contrast, [4-(13)C]cholesterol signals are characteristic of limited anisotropic reorientation. The resonances from the 4 position are sensitive to the temperature-concentration phase diagram. A phase boundary is observed at about 20 mole percent cholesterol.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance description of molecular motion and phase separations of cholesterol in lecithin dispersions. Proton-enhanced 13C nuclear magnetic resonance is used to obtain signals from labeled cholesterols in lecithin dispersions. The [26-(13)C]cholesterol resonance indicates that the aliphatic tail of the molecule undergoes reorientation fast enough to average completely the chemical shift anisotropy. In contrast, [4-(13)C]cholesterol signals are characteristic of limited anisotropic reorientation. The resonances from the 4 position are sensitive to the temperature-concentration phase diagram. A phase boundary is observed at about 20 mole percent cholesterol.", "PMID": 1069266}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6116", "title": "Role of proteolytic enzymes in biological regulation (a review).", "content": "Many enzymes, hormones, and other physiologically active proteins are synthesized as inactive precursors (zymogens) that are subsequently converted to the active form by the selective enzymatic cleavage (limited proteolysis) of peptide bonds. The ultimate agency of activating enzymatic function is limited proteolysis, either in a single activation step or in a consecutive series (cascade). The specificity of each activation reaction is determined by the complementarity of the zymogen substrate and the active site of the attacking protease. The sequence of consecutive activation reactions is regulated by the specificity of each enzyme, whereas the degree of amplification of the initial stimulus is determined by the efficiency of each activating step. Zymogen activation produces a prompt and irreversible response to a physiological stimulus, and is capable of initiating new physiological functions. Typical examples are the precesses of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, complement activation, hormone production, metamorphosis, fertilazation, supra-molecular assembly, and digestion. The zymogens of the pancreatic serine proteases, in particular, have served as models for detailed studies of the nature of the molecular changes that are involved in the dramatic increase in enzymatic activity that ensues upon limited proteolysis of the zymogen.", "contents": "Role of proteolytic enzymes in biological regulation (a review). Many enzymes, hormones, and other physiologically active proteins are synthesized as inactive precursors (zymogens) that are subsequently converted to the active form by the selective enzymatic cleavage (limited proteolysis) of peptide bonds. The ultimate agency of activating enzymatic function is limited proteolysis, either in a single activation step or in a consecutive series (cascade). The specificity of each activation reaction is determined by the complementarity of the zymogen substrate and the active site of the attacking protease. The sequence of consecutive activation reactions is regulated by the specificity of each enzyme, whereas the degree of amplification of the initial stimulus is determined by the efficiency of each activating step. Zymogen activation produces a prompt and irreversible response to a physiological stimulus, and is capable of initiating new physiological functions. Typical examples are the precesses of blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, complement activation, hormone production, metamorphosis, fertilazation, supra-molecular assembly, and digestion. The zymogens of the pancreatic serine proteases, in particular, have served as models for detailed studies of the nature of the molecular changes that are involved in the dramatic increase in enzymatic activity that ensues upon limited proteolysis of the zymogen.", "PMID": 1069267}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6117", "title": "Synthesis and activities of neurotensin, and its acid and amide analogs: possible natural occurrence of [Gln4]-neurotensin.", "content": "It was considered, a priori, that the isolation of the tridecapeptide, neurotensin, might have inadvertently sllowed the hydrolysis of either the [Gln4]- or the [Leu13-NH2]-moieties. Neurotensin and its three acid and amide analogs, i.e., [Gln4]-neurotensin, neurotensin-NH2, and [Gln4]-neurotensin-NH2 were synthesized. Neurotensin and [Gln4]-neurotensin were indistinguishable by the hypotensive assay, hyperglycemic assay, contraction of the ileum, and radioimmunoassay. Neurotensin-NH2 and [Gln4]-neurotensin-NH2 showed less than 1% of these neurotensin activities. Present information does not elucidate whether the glutamic acid residue in position 4 of neurotensin in situ is present as Glu4 or as Gln4. At high levels, neurotensin released the luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and thyrotropin; [Gln4]-neurotensin-NH2 released thyrotropin, and [Gln4]-neurotensin released luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, but these activities do not appear biologically significant.", "contents": "Synthesis and activities of neurotensin, and its acid and amide analogs: possible natural occurrence of [Gln4]-neurotensin. It was considered, a priori, that the isolation of the tridecapeptide, neurotensin, might have inadvertently sllowed the hydrolysis of either the [Gln4]- or the [Leu13-NH2]-moieties. Neurotensin and its three acid and amide analogs, i.e., [Gln4]-neurotensin, neurotensin-NH2, and [Gln4]-neurotensin-NH2 were synthesized. Neurotensin and [Gln4]-neurotensin were indistinguishable by the hypotensive assay, hyperglycemic assay, contraction of the ileum, and radioimmunoassay. Neurotensin-NH2 and [Gln4]-neurotensin-NH2 showed less than 1% of these neurotensin activities. Present information does not elucidate whether the glutamic acid residue in position 4 of neurotensin in situ is present as Glu4 or as Gln4. At high levels, neurotensin released the luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, and thyrotropin; [Gln4]-neurotensin-NH2 released thyrotropin, and [Gln4]-neurotensin released luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone, but these activities do not appear biologically significant.", "PMID": 1069268}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6118", "title": "Viroids are single-stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures.", "content": "Viroids are uncoated infectious RNA molecules pathogenic to certain higher plants. Four different highly purified viroids were studied. By ultracentrifugation, thermal denaturation, electron microscopy, and end group analysis the following features were established: (i) the molecular weight of cucumber pale fruit viroid from tomato is 110,000, of citrus exocortis viroid from Gynura 119,000, of citrus exocortis viroid from tomato 119,000 and of potato spindle tuber viroid from tomato 127,000. (ii) Viroids are single-stranded molecules. (iii) Virods exhibit high thermal stability, cooperativity, and self-complementarity resulting in a rod-like native structure. (iv) Viroids are covalently closed circular RNA molecules.", "contents": "Viroids are single-stranded covalently closed circular RNA molecules existing as highly base-paired rod-like structures. Viroids are uncoated infectious RNA molecules pathogenic to certain higher plants. Four different highly purified viroids were studied. By ultracentrifugation, thermal denaturation, electron microscopy, and end group analysis the following features were established: (i) the molecular weight of cucumber pale fruit viroid from tomato is 110,000, of citrus exocortis viroid from Gynura 119,000, of citrus exocortis viroid from tomato 119,000 and of potato spindle tuber viroid from tomato 127,000. (ii) Viroids are single-stranded molecules. (iii) Virods exhibit high thermal stability, cooperativity, and self-complementarity resulting in a rod-like native structure. (iv) Viroids are covalently closed circular RNA molecules.", "PMID": 1069269}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6119", "title": "Investigation of phase transitions of lipids and lipid mixtures by sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry.", "content": "High sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry is applied to the study of the thermotropic behavior of mixtures of synthetic phospholipids in multilamellar aqueous suspensions. The systems dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and  dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine-distearoylphosphatidylcholine, although definitely nonideal, exhibit essentially complete miscibility in both gel and liquid crystalline states, while the system dilauroylphosphatidylcholine-distearoylphosphatidylcholine is monotectic with lateral phase separation in the gel state. Comparison of the observed transition curves with theoretical curves calculated from the calorimetrically determined phase diagrams supports a literal interpretation of the phase diagrams.", "contents": "Investigation of phase transitions of lipids and lipid mixtures by sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. High sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry is applied to the study of the thermotropic behavior of mixtures of synthetic phospholipids in multilamellar aqueous suspensions. The systems dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and  dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine-distearoylphosphatidylcholine, although definitely nonideal, exhibit essentially complete miscibility in both gel and liquid crystalline states, while the system dilauroylphosphatidylcholine-distearoylphosphatidylcholine is monotectic with lateral phase separation in the gel state. Comparison of the observed transition curves with theoretical curves calculated from the calorimetrically determined phase diagrams supports a literal interpretation of the phase diagrams.", "PMID": 1069270}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6120", "title": "(+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo (a)pyrene: a potent skin carcinogen when applied topically to mice.", "content": "(+/-)-trans-7,8-Dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]-pyrene, a known metabolite of benzo [a]pyrene, has been tested for carcinogenic activity on mouse skin by topical application of 0.15 or 0.30 mumol every 2 weeks for 60 weeks. At the low dose (0.15 mumol), the compound was equipotent to the parent hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene, and considerably more potent than its metabolic precursor, benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide, in eliciting tumors, as determined by both the onset of tumors and the total number of animals developing carcinomas. Application of 7,8-epoxy-,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (0.30 mumol every 2 weeks), a compound related to the carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide but with the double bond removed from the 9,10-position of the molecule, did not elicit any tumors. The above results indicate that the (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene is a more proximate carcinogen than benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide and that the carcinogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide and (+/-)trans-7,8-digydrobenzo[a]pyrene may be due to metabolic conversion of these compounds to the highly reactive and mutagenic stereoisomers of 7,8-digydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene.", "contents": "(+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo (a)pyrene: a potent skin carcinogen when applied topically to mice. (+/-)-trans-7,8-Dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]-pyrene, a known metabolite of benzo [a]pyrene, has been tested for carcinogenic activity on mouse skin by topical application of 0.15 or 0.30 mumol every 2 weeks for 60 weeks. At the low dose (0.15 mumol), the compound was equipotent to the parent hydrocarbon, benzo[a]pyrene, and considerably more potent than its metabolic precursor, benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide, in eliciting tumors, as determined by both the onset of tumors and the total number of animals developing carcinomas. Application of 7,8-epoxy-,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene (0.30 mumol every 2 weeks), a compound related to the carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide but with the double bond removed from the 9,10-position of the molecule, did not elicit any tumors. The above results indicate that the (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene is a more proximate carcinogen than benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide and that the carcinogenicity of benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-oxide and (+/-)trans-7,8-digydrobenzo[a]pyrene may be due to metabolic conversion of these compounds to the highly reactive and mutagenic stereoisomers of 7,8-digydroxy-9,10-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene.", "PMID": 1069271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6121", "title": "Mechanism of action of carboxypeptidase A in ester hydrolysis.", "content": "The reaction of carboxypeptidase A (peptidyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase; EC 3.4.12.2) with the specific ester substrate O-(trans-p-chlorocinnamoyl)-L-beta-phenyllactate has been investigated in the temperature range 25 degrees to -40 degrees with use of organic-aqueous cosolvent mixtures. In the subzero temperature range the hydrolysis reaction is characterized by a biphasic decrease in absorbance specific for the substrate. The kinetic data can be unambigously analyzed as two consecutive first-order reactions with formation of a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate. Deacylation of the covalent intermediate is shown to be rate-limiting in the subzero temperature range, and near -60 degrees it is sufficiently stable for spectral characterization. Consideration of the structure of the active site and of the catalytically functional residues of the enzyme leads to the conclusion that the intermediate is a mixed anhydride in which the gamma-carboxylate of glutamate-270 is acylated by the substrate. The temperature dependence of the rate constants of the acylation and deacylation steps explains why the intermediate of this enzyme-catalyzed reaction is observed only at low temperatures.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of carboxypeptidase A in ester hydrolysis. The reaction of carboxypeptidase A (peptidyl-L-amino-acid hydrolase; EC 3.4.12.2) with the specific ester substrate O-(trans-p-chlorocinnamoyl)-L-beta-phenyllactate has been investigated in the temperature range 25 degrees to -40 degrees with use of organic-aqueous cosolvent mixtures. In the subzero temperature range the hydrolysis reaction is characterized by a biphasic decrease in absorbance specific for the substrate. The kinetic data can be unambigously analyzed as two consecutive first-order reactions with formation of a covalent acyl-enzyme intermediate. Deacylation of the covalent intermediate is shown to be rate-limiting in the subzero temperature range, and near -60 degrees it is sufficiently stable for spectral characterization. Consideration of the structure of the active site and of the catalytically functional residues of the enzyme leads to the conclusion that the intermediate is a mixed anhydride in which the gamma-carboxylate of glutamate-270 is acylated by the substrate. The temperature dependence of the rate constants of the acylation and deacylation steps explains why the intermediate of this enzyme-catalyzed reaction is observed only at low temperatures.", "PMID": 1069272}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6122", "title": "Reconstitution of intramembrane particles in recombinants of erythrocyte protein band 3 and lipid: effects of spectrin-actin association.", "content": "The integral membrane protein Band 3 of the human erythrocyte, either purified or in a crude Triton X-100 extract of ghosts, was combined with egg lecithin in a cholate solution. During dialysis to remove cholate, lipid bilayer vesicles formed in which Band 3 existed as a dimer and in which intramembrane particles indistinguishable from those in the native membrane were exposed by freeze-fracturing. The recombinant vesicles were stable in both high and low salt concentrations, sedimented at a density that increased in prportion to their protein content, and bound spectrin-actin extracted from erythrocyte ghosts. When spectrin-actin was associated with the vesicles, the behavior of the recombinant intramembrane particles simulated that of the erythrocyte ghost intramembrane particles: they were dispersed at pH 7.6 and aggregrated at pH 5-5.5. Thus, some of the characteristics of the native membrane have been reconstituted in the recombinant.", "contents": "Reconstitution of intramembrane particles in recombinants of erythrocyte protein band 3 and lipid: effects of spectrin-actin association. The integral membrane protein Band 3 of the human erythrocyte, either purified or in a crude Triton X-100 extract of ghosts, was combined with egg lecithin in a cholate solution. During dialysis to remove cholate, lipid bilayer vesicles formed in which Band 3 existed as a dimer and in which intramembrane particles indistinguishable from those in the native membrane were exposed by freeze-fracturing. The recombinant vesicles were stable in both high and low salt concentrations, sedimented at a density that increased in prportion to their protein content, and bound spectrin-actin extracted from erythrocyte ghosts. When spectrin-actin was associated with the vesicles, the behavior of the recombinant intramembrane particles simulated that of the erythrocyte ghost intramembrane particles: they were dispersed at pH 7.6 and aggregrated at pH 5-5.5. Thus, some of the characteristics of the native membrane have been reconstituted in the recombinant.", "PMID": 1069273}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6123", "title": "Photoreceptor pigment that induces differentiation in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "An extract of small molecules (molecular weight less than 500) of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum undergoes a shift in ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum upon illumination. This illumination also confers on the extract the ability to induce sporulation when injected into a starved, unilluminated slime mold. The spectral shift and appearance of the sporulation-inducing activity both occur regardless of whether the illumination is carried out on an intact slime mold or on the plasmodium-free extract itself. Thin-layer chromatography resolves the slime mold extract into four major visible fractions. One of these has high sporulation-inducing activity after illumination in vitro.", "contents": "Photoreceptor pigment that induces differentiation in the slime mold Physarum polycephalum. An extract of small molecules (molecular weight less than 500) of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum undergoes a shift in ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum upon illumination. This illumination also confers on the extract the ability to induce sporulation when injected into a starved, unilluminated slime mold. The spectral shift and appearance of the sporulation-inducing activity both occur regardless of whether the illumination is carried out on an intact slime mold or on the plasmodium-free extract itself. Thin-layer chromatography resolves the slime mold extract into four major visible fractions. One of these has high sporulation-inducing activity after illumination in vitro.", "PMID": 1069274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6124", "title": "A plasmid cloning vehicle allowing regulated expression of eukaryotic DNA in bacteria.", "content": "We have constructed a plasmid cloning vehicle in which transcription of inserted heterologous DNA fragments can be regulated by a defined bacterial operator and promoter. The lambda plac 5 EcoRIDNA fragment containing the operator, promoter, and beta-galactosidase gene of the lactose operon was linked to the ColE1 derivative plasmid pSF2124, creating a plasmid designated pBGP100, pBGP100 contains one EcoRI site at the lac DNA/pSF2124 DNA junction and another at the lambda DAN/pSF2124 DNA junction. We deleted the latter EcoRI site to generate a plasmid (pBGP120) retaining a single EcoRI site at the lac DNA/nSF2124 DNA junction. To determine whether DNA introduced at the EcoRI site of pBGP120 was expressed under lactose control, we inserted the EcoRI fragment containing 28S ribosomal DNA of Xenopus laevis, creating the hybrid plasmid pBGP123. RNA-DNA hybridization of pulse-labeled RNA from cells containing pBGP123 showed that induction of the lac operon increases the percentage of labeled RNA complementary to Xenopus 28S DNA about 9-fold. This vehicle may be of use for production of eukaryotic gene products in bacteria.", "contents": "A plasmid cloning vehicle allowing regulated expression of eukaryotic DNA in bacteria. We have constructed a plasmid cloning vehicle in which transcription of inserted heterologous DNA fragments can be regulated by a defined bacterial operator and promoter. The lambda plac 5 EcoRIDNA fragment containing the operator, promoter, and beta-galactosidase gene of the lactose operon was linked to the ColE1 derivative plasmid pSF2124, creating a plasmid designated pBGP100, pBGP100 contains one EcoRI site at the lac DNA/pSF2124 DNA junction and another at the lambda DAN/pSF2124 DNA junction. We deleted the latter EcoRI site to generate a plasmid (pBGP120) retaining a single EcoRI site at the lac DNA/nSF2124 DNA junction. To determine whether DNA introduced at the EcoRI site of pBGP120 was expressed under lactose control, we inserted the EcoRI fragment containing 28S ribosomal DNA of Xenopus laevis, creating the hybrid plasmid pBGP123. RNA-DNA hybridization of pulse-labeled RNA from cells containing pBGP123 showed that induction of the lac operon increases the percentage of labeled RNA complementary to Xenopus 28S DNA about 9-fold. This vehicle may be of use for production of eukaryotic gene products in bacteria.", "PMID": 1069275}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6125", "title": "5-bromodeoxyuridine-DNA strand symmetry and the repair of photolytic breaks in Chinese hamster cell chromosomes.", "content": "Experiments described in this report quantiate the black light sensitivities of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells containing BrdUrd-DNA of defined composition. Cesium chloride equilibrium gradient centrifugation provides estimates both of the percent thymidine replacement by BrdUrd and of the symmetry (unifilar versus bifilar) of BrdUrd incorporation into the chromosomal DNA duplexes. Radiation damage to BrdUrd-substituted CHL cell DNA and its repair in situ also have been assessed by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation. We observe that animal cell sensitivities to visible light (300-400 nm wavelength) depend markedly upon the symmetries of BrdUrd-substitution within the cells Dna. Cells that contain only unifilar BrdUrd-DNA are resistant to black light, whereas cells that contain bifilar BrdUrd-DNA are extremely photosensitive. The former cell populations repair single-stranded  nicks (breaks in phosphodiester bonds) in their DNA within 24 hr of irradiation; the latter cell populations, however, are not able to repair light-induced, double-stranded breaks in their DNA.", "contents": "5-bromodeoxyuridine-DNA strand symmetry and the repair of photolytic breaks in Chinese hamster cell chromosomes. Experiments described in this report quantiate the black light sensitivities of Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells containing BrdUrd-DNA of defined composition. Cesium chloride equilibrium gradient centrifugation provides estimates both of the percent thymidine replacement by BrdUrd and of the symmetry (unifilar versus bifilar) of BrdUrd incorporation into the chromosomal DNA duplexes. Radiation damage to BrdUrd-substituted CHL cell DNA and its repair in situ also have been assessed by alkaline sucrose gradient sedimentation. We observe that animal cell sensitivities to visible light (300-400 nm wavelength) depend markedly upon the symmetries of BrdUrd-substitution within the cells Dna. Cells that contain only unifilar BrdUrd-DNA are resistant to black light, whereas cells that contain bifilar BrdUrd-DNA are extremely photosensitive. The former cell populations repair single-stranded  nicks (breaks in phosphodiester bonds) in their DNA within 24 hr of irradiation; the latter cell populations, however, are not able to repair light-induced, double-stranded breaks in their DNA.", "PMID": 1069276}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6126", "title": "DNA methylation in adenovirus, adenovirus-transformed cells, and host cells.", "content": "DNAs of adenovirus type 2 and type 12 contain low amounts of methylated bases (0.01 and 0.02% N6-methyl-adenine per adenine, if any, and 0.04 and 0.06% 5-methylcytosine per cytosine for type 2 and type 12, respectively), whereas the DNA of the mammalian host cells contains much more 5-methylcytosine (3.57% for human KB cells). The DNA of hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 contains 3.11 and 3.14% 5-methycytosine (HA12/7 and T627 cells, respectively), whereas the DNA from untransformed hamster cells (BHK21 cells) contains 2.22% 5-methylcytosine. In the DNA of human and hamster cells, little, if any, N6-methyladenine was detected. Methylation of DNA was determined by a sensitive method based on two consecutive steps of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of the radioactively labeled DNA bases. By this procedure the detection limits of 5-methylcytosine and N6-methyladenine could be lowered to 0.01% per main base.", "contents": "DNA methylation in adenovirus, adenovirus-transformed cells, and host cells. DNAs of adenovirus type 2 and type 12 contain low amounts of methylated bases (0.01 and 0.02% N6-methyl-adenine per adenine, if any, and 0.04 and 0.06% 5-methylcytosine per cytosine for type 2 and type 12, respectively), whereas the DNA of the mammalian host cells contains much more 5-methylcytosine (3.57% for human KB cells). The DNA of hamster cells transformed by adenovirus type 12 contains 3.11 and 3.14% 5-methycytosine (HA12/7 and T627 cells, respectively), whereas the DNA from untransformed hamster cells (BHK21 cells) contains 2.22% 5-methylcytosine. In the DNA of human and hamster cells, little, if any, N6-methyladenine was detected. Methylation of DNA was determined by a sensitive method based on two consecutive steps of two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography of the radioactively labeled DNA bases. By this procedure the detection limits of 5-methylcytosine and N6-methyladenine could be lowered to 0.01% per main base.", "PMID": 1069277}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6127", "title": "Activation of chromatin by acetylation of histone side chains.", "content": "The ability of calf thymus chromatin to support DNA-dependent RNA synthesis is markedly increased by modification of the histones with acetic anhydride. The extent of chemical acetylation of histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 required for the increase of template activity of the chromatin is within that which can be achieved enzymatically in the cell. The evidence suggests that the acetylation of histone side chains stimulates the rate of chain elongation during transcription of chromatin.", "contents": "Activation of chromatin by acetylation of histone side chains. The ability of calf thymus chromatin to support DNA-dependent RNA synthesis is markedly increased by modification of the histones with acetic anhydride. The extent of chemical acetylation of histones H2a, H2b, H3, and H4 required for the increase of template activity of the chromatin is within that which can be achieved enzymatically in the cell. The evidence suggests that the acetylation of histone side chains stimulates the rate of chain elongation during transcription of chromatin.", "PMID": 1069278}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6128", "title": "Selective digestion of transcriptionally active ovalbumin genes from oviduct nuclei.", "content": "Analysis of the DNA of isolated nucleosomes suggests that virtually all genomic DNA sequences are organized in this basic chromatin subunit. In this report, we demonstrate that although histones reside on the transcriptionally active ovalbumin genes in the oviduct, the organization of proteins about this gene renders it highly sensitive to deoxyribonuclease I (deoxyribonucleate 5'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.5). Treatment of oviduct nuclei from the laying hen with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I results in the preferential digestion of over 70% of the ovalbumin sequences when only 10% of the total nuclear DNA has been solubilized. Treatment of liver nuclei does not reveal selective sensitivity of these genes to DNase I. Furthermore, regions of DNA not actively transcribed, such as the endogenous leukosis virus genes in the oviduct, are not selectively degraded by this enzyme. Similar digestions with micrococcal nuclease, however, reveal no specific digestion of transcriptionally active chromatin. These data confirm the observations of H. Weintraub and M. Groudine [(1976) Science 193, 848-856] and suggest we are dealing with an aspect of structure that may be necessary to permit transcription of the chromatin complex.", "contents": "Selective digestion of transcriptionally active ovalbumin genes from oviduct nuclei. Analysis of the DNA of isolated nucleosomes suggests that virtually all genomic DNA sequences are organized in this basic chromatin subunit. In this report, we demonstrate that although histones reside on the transcriptionally active ovalbumin genes in the oviduct, the organization of proteins about this gene renders it highly sensitive to deoxyribonuclease I (deoxyribonucleate 5'-oligonucleotidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.5). Treatment of oviduct nuclei from the laying hen with pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I results in the preferential digestion of over 70% of the ovalbumin sequences when only 10% of the total nuclear DNA has been solubilized. Treatment of liver nuclei does not reveal selective sensitivity of these genes to DNase I. Furthermore, regions of DNA not actively transcribed, such as the endogenous leukosis virus genes in the oviduct, are not selectively degraded by this enzyme. Similar digestions with micrococcal nuclease, however, reveal no specific digestion of transcriptionally active chromatin. These data confirm the observations of H. Weintraub and M. Groudine [(1976) Science 193, 848-856] and suggest we are dealing with an aspect of structure that may be necessary to permit transcription of the chromatin complex.", "PMID": 1069279}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6129", "title": "A method for the modulation of membrane fluidity: homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of phospholipids and phospholipids and phospholipid-water model biomembranes.", "content": "The fatty acids associated with phospholipids of cell membranes, and particularly their degree of unsaturation, contribute to the fluidity of their structure and hance determine many of their biological properties. We describe a technique for modulating membrane fluidity which consists of hydrogenating the unsaturated double bonds of membrane phospholipids. This has been accomplished using a homogeneous catalyst. The process has been applied to phospholipids in organic solvents, to phospholipids dispersed as multibilayers in aqueous systems, and also to sonicated preparations of phospholipids arranged as single bilayer vesicles. Preliminary experiments have also been performed with biological membranes. These results indicate that the process of homogeneous catalysis for the modulation of lipid fluidity of biological cell membranes may have considerable future biological and biochemical application.", "contents": "A method for the modulation of membrane fluidity: homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of phospholipids and phospholipids and phospholipid-water model biomembranes. The fatty acids associated with phospholipids of cell membranes, and particularly their degree of unsaturation, contribute to the fluidity of their structure and hance determine many of their biological properties. We describe a technique for modulating membrane fluidity which consists of hydrogenating the unsaturated double bonds of membrane phospholipids. This has been accomplished using a homogeneous catalyst. The process has been applied to phospholipids in organic solvents, to phospholipids dispersed as multibilayers in aqueous systems, and also to sonicated preparations of phospholipids arranged as single bilayer vesicles. Preliminary experiments have also been performed with biological membranes. These results indicate that the process of homogeneous catalysis for the modulation of lipid fluidity of biological cell membranes may have considerable future biological and biochemical application.", "PMID": 1069280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6130", "title": "Changes in levels of cellular retinol- and retinoic-acid-binding proteins of liver and lung during perinatal development of rat.", "content": "Cellular retinol-binding protein and cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein, canditates for mediating the action of vitamin A, were found to be present in tissues of the fetal rat. Cellular retinol-binding proteins were still present in most tissues of the adult, but the retinoic-acid-binding protein was not detected in some, including lung, liver, intestine, and kidney. During perinatal development of lung the level of cellular retinol-binding protein remained relatively constant while the level of the cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein peaked at 10 days postnatally, then declined. It was not detectable in lung tissue from 21-day-old rats. In liver, however, the retinoic-acid-binding protein was not detectable later than 5 days postnatally, while the level of the cellular retinol-binding proteinrose sharply near birth, declining only after 21 days to the lower adult levels. The variations observed in the levels of the two binding proteins suggest different and changing requirements for retinol and retinoic acid in organ development and maturation.", "contents": "Changes in levels of cellular retinol- and retinoic-acid-binding proteins of liver and lung during perinatal development of rat. Cellular retinol-binding protein and cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein, canditates for mediating the action of vitamin A, were found to be present in tissues of the fetal rat. Cellular retinol-binding proteins were still present in most tissues of the adult, but the retinoic-acid-binding protein was not detected in some, including lung, liver, intestine, and kidney. During perinatal development of lung the level of cellular retinol-binding protein remained relatively constant while the level of the cellular retinoic-acid-binding protein peaked at 10 days postnatally, then declined. It was not detectable in lung tissue from 21-day-old rats. In liver, however, the retinoic-acid-binding protein was not detectable later than 5 days postnatally, while the level of the cellular retinol-binding proteinrose sharply near birth, declining only after 21 days to the lower adult levels. The variations observed in the levels of the two binding proteins suggest different and changing requirements for retinol and retinoic acid in organ development and maturation.", "PMID": 1069281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6131", "title": "Presence of diadenosine 5',5''' -P1, P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) in mamalian cells in levels varying widely with proliferative activity of the tissue: a possible positive \"pleiotypic activator\".", "content": "An accurate assay of diadenosine 5',5'''- P1,P4-tetraphosphate [A(5') pppp(5')A], which was shown to be formed in vitro in the backreaction of the amino acid activation step, has been developed in various cell lines in culture and in normal mouse liver or hepatoma in vivo. Use of radioactive labeling of acid-soluble nucleotides to high specific activity  followed by chromatographic separation techniques yielded levels of Ap4A varying from 5 to 0.05 muM (from 30 pmol/mg of protein to 0.15 pmol), depending on the doubling time of the cell line or the proliferative state of the cells. The levels of Ap4A incells is inversely related to their doubling time, varying from 0.1  X 10(-4) of the cellular ATP levels in slowly growing cells to 20 X 10(-4) of the ATP levels of cells with rapid doubling times. The steady-state levels of ATP of different cell lines, although showing some fluctuations, are not related to the doubling time of the cells. Arrest of cellular proliferation by serum deprivation or amino acid starvation, which does not alter the cellular ATP levels more than 2-fold, does nevertheless cause a decrease of 30 to 50-fold in the Ap4A levels. Inhibition of protein synthesis by pactamycin or puromycin, or inhibition of DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea, leads to a more dramatic decrease of 50 to 100-fold in intracellular Ap4A levels. The metabolic lability of Ap4A is also demonstrated by its rapid depletion after decreases in the ATP/ADP ratio. The possibility of Ap4A being a metabolic \"signal nucleotide\" that is formed at the onset of protein synthesis and is active in positive growth regulation (positive pleiotypic activation) is discussed.", "contents": "Presence of diadenosine 5',5''' -P1, P4-tetraphosphate (Ap4A) in mamalian cells in levels varying widely with proliferative activity of the tissue: a possible positive \"pleiotypic activator\". An accurate assay of diadenosine 5',5'''- P1,P4-tetraphosphate [A(5') pppp(5')A], which was shown to be formed in vitro in the backreaction of the amino acid activation step, has been developed in various cell lines in culture and in normal mouse liver or hepatoma in vivo. Use of radioactive labeling of acid-soluble nucleotides to high specific activity  followed by chromatographic separation techniques yielded levels of Ap4A varying from 5 to 0.05 muM (from 30 pmol/mg of protein to 0.15 pmol), depending on the doubling time of the cell line or the proliferative state of the cells. The levels of Ap4A incells is inversely related to their doubling time, varying from 0.1  X 10(-4) of the cellular ATP levels in slowly growing cells to 20 X 10(-4) of the ATP levels of cells with rapid doubling times. The steady-state levels of ATP of different cell lines, although showing some fluctuations, are not related to the doubling time of the cells. Arrest of cellular proliferation by serum deprivation or amino acid starvation, which does not alter the cellular ATP levels more than 2-fold, does nevertheless cause a decrease of 30 to 50-fold in the Ap4A levels. Inhibition of protein synthesis by pactamycin or puromycin, or inhibition of DNA synthesis by hydroxyurea, leads to a more dramatic decrease of 50 to 100-fold in intracellular Ap4A levels. The metabolic lability of Ap4A is also demonstrated by its rapid depletion after decreases in the ATP/ADP ratio. The possibility of Ap4A being a metabolic \"signal nucleotide\" that is formed at the onset of protein synthesis and is active in positive growth regulation (positive pleiotypic activation) is discussed.", "PMID": 1069282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6132", "title": "Colicin E2 is DNA endonuclease.", "content": "Colicin E2 purified by conventional methods contains a tightly bound low-molecular-weight protein, as has been found with purified colicin E3 [Jakes,N.&Zinder,N.D.(1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 3380-3384]. Such E2 preparations do not cause DNA cleavage in vitro. After separation from the low-molecular-weight protein, colicin E2 retained the original in vivo killing activity, and in addition showed a high activity in vitro in cleaving various DNA molecules, such as a ColE1 hybrid plasmid and DNAs from Escherichia coli, lambda phage, chiX174 phage, and simian virus 40. The low-molecular-weight protein (\"E2-immunity protein\") specifically prevented this in vitro DNA cleavage reaction, i.e., had an \"immunity function.\" The results demonstrate that colicin E2 itself is a DNA endonuclease and explain the in vivo effects caused by E2 in sensitive cells as well as the mechanism of immunity in E2-colicinogenic cells.", "contents": "Colicin E2 is DNA endonuclease. Colicin E2 purified by conventional methods contains a tightly bound low-molecular-weight protein, as has been found with purified colicin E3 [Jakes,N.&Zinder,N.D.(1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71, 3380-3384]. Such E2 preparations do not cause DNA cleavage in vitro. After separation from the low-molecular-weight protein, colicin E2 retained the original in vivo killing activity, and in addition showed a high activity in vitro in cleaving various DNA molecules, such as a ColE1 hybrid plasmid and DNAs from Escherichia coli, lambda phage, chiX174 phage, and simian virus 40. The low-molecular-weight protein (\"E2-immunity protein\") specifically prevented this in vitro DNA cleavage reaction, i.e., had an \"immunity function.\" The results demonstrate that colicin E2 itself is a DNA endonuclease and explain the in vivo effects caused by E2 in sensitive cells as well as the mechanism of immunity in E2-colicinogenic cells.", "PMID": 1069283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6133", "title": "Dynamic properties of isolated acetylcholine receptor protein: kinetics of the binding of acetylcholine and Ca ions.", "content": "Kinetic and thermodynamic constants for elementary steps associated with the interaction of acetylcholine (AcCh) and Ca with isolated AcCh receptor from Torpedo californica have been determined by chemical relaxation spectrometry. Murexide as used as a Ca indicator to monitor changes in Ca bound to the AcCh receptor. In the presence of AcCh this technique permits an indirect monitoring of AcCh binding, because the AcCh and the Ca binding reactions are competitively coupled. A temperature-jump perturbation in the Camurexide-AcCh receptor system induces a spectrum of relaxation processes characterized by at least three relaxation times: tau1 = 5 (+/-1) msec; tau2 = 35 (+/-5) msec; and tau3 = 300 (+/-30) msec. In the presence of AcCh, the Ca relaxation spectrum is altered in a characteristic way. A formalism is developed to describe the normal mode relaxation times of the coupled reaction system in terms of total concentrations of both AcCh and receptor binding sites. The analysis also allows one to determine the stoichiometry of the reactions involved or to estimate a molecular weight of the AcCh receptor. The kinetic data suggest that the reaction of AcCh with receptor proceeds in at least two steps. The rate constant of the association of AcCh with receptor was found to be 2.4(+/-0.5) X 10(7) M-1 sec-1 at 23.5 degrees, 0.1 M NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5. Reaction schemes consistent with the present kinetic data are discussed in terms of physiocochemical model that accounts for the rapid transient conductivity changes in excitable membranes during nerve and muscle excitation.", "contents": "Dynamic properties of isolated acetylcholine receptor protein: kinetics of the binding of acetylcholine and Ca ions. Kinetic and thermodynamic constants for elementary steps associated with the interaction of acetylcholine (AcCh) and Ca with isolated AcCh receptor from Torpedo californica have been determined by chemical relaxation spectrometry. Murexide as used as a Ca indicator to monitor changes in Ca bound to the AcCh receptor. In the presence of AcCh this technique permits an indirect monitoring of AcCh binding, because the AcCh and the Ca binding reactions are competitively coupled. A temperature-jump perturbation in the Camurexide-AcCh receptor system induces a spectrum of relaxation processes characterized by at least three relaxation times: tau1 = 5 (+/-1) msec; tau2 = 35 (+/-5) msec; and tau3 = 300 (+/-30) msec. In the presence of AcCh, the Ca relaxation spectrum is altered in a characteristic way. A formalism is developed to describe the normal mode relaxation times of the coupled reaction system in terms of total concentrations of both AcCh and receptor binding sites. The analysis also allows one to determine the stoichiometry of the reactions involved or to estimate a molecular weight of the AcCh receptor. The kinetic data suggest that the reaction of AcCh with receptor proceeds in at least two steps. The rate constant of the association of AcCh with receptor was found to be 2.4(+/-0.5) X 10(7) M-1 sec-1 at 23.5 degrees, 0.1 M NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5. Reaction schemes consistent with the present kinetic data are discussed in terms of physiocochemical model that accounts for the rapid transient conductivity changes in excitable membranes during nerve and muscle excitation.", "PMID": 1069284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6134", "title": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of general anesthetics with 1,2-dihexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine bilayer.", "content": "Sonicated 1,2-dihexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine forms liposomes. Studies by Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance of the interaction of these bilayers with some general anesthetics, i.e., chloroform, halothane, methoxyflurane, and enflurane, show that the addition of a  general anesthetic to the liposomes and raising the temperature have a similar effect in cuasing the fluidization of the bilayer. General anesthetics act on the hydrophilic site (choline group) in clinical concentrations and then diffuse into the hydrophobic region with the addition of larger amount of anesthetics. There is evidence that the lecithin choline groups are involved in the interaction with protein and that the general anesthetics change the conformation of some polypeptides and proteins. We conclude that the general anesthetics, by increasing the motion of positively charged choline groups and negatively charged groups in protein, weaken the Coulomb-type interaction and cause the liprotein conformational changes.", "contents": "Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the interaction of general anesthetics with 1,2-dihexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine bilayer. Sonicated 1,2-dihexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine forms liposomes. Studies by Fourier transform proton magnetic resonance of the interaction of these bilayers with some general anesthetics, i.e., chloroform, halothane, methoxyflurane, and enflurane, show that the addition of a  general anesthetic to the liposomes and raising the temperature have a similar effect in cuasing the fluidization of the bilayer. General anesthetics act on the hydrophilic site (choline group) in clinical concentrations and then diffuse into the hydrophobic region with the addition of larger amount of anesthetics. There is evidence that the lecithin choline groups are involved in the interaction with protein and that the general anesthetics change the conformation of some polypeptides and proteins. We conclude that the general anesthetics, by increasing the motion of positively charged choline groups and negatively charged groups in protein, weaken the Coulomb-type interaction and cause the liprotein conformational changes.", "PMID": 1069285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6135", "title": "Analogue solution for electrical capacity of membrane-covered cubes in cubic array at high concentration.", "content": "Earlier measurements have shown that the equations derived for the resistance of suspension of spheres apply up to a volume concentration of 100% for close-packing forms. They have also shown, by a resistance-capacitance analogue, that they apply for the capacity of a close-packing of membrane-covered square cylinders in square array, approximating muscle and nerve. The present work is an extension of the two-dimensional to a three-dimensional array of membrane-covered cubes in a cubic array. It is found by measurements of a three-dimensional electrolytic analogue that the capacitance is indeed expressed by an extension of the analytic solution at low concentrations up to 100% volume concentration of the membrane-covered form, such as epithelial tissues. There is thus at least one example each of two-and three-dimensional forms which conform to the low concentration analysis up to 100% volume and so give a basis for the extensions to other and more complicated forms to complete a survey to work begun by Fricke in 1923.", "contents": "Analogue solution for electrical capacity of membrane-covered cubes in cubic array at high concentration. Earlier measurements have shown that the equations derived for the resistance of suspension of spheres apply up to a volume concentration of 100% for close-packing forms. They have also shown, by a resistance-capacitance analogue, that they apply for the capacity of a close-packing of membrane-covered square cylinders in square array, approximating muscle and nerve. The present work is an extension of the two-dimensional to a three-dimensional array of membrane-covered cubes in a cubic array. It is found by measurements of a three-dimensional electrolytic analogue that the capacitance is indeed expressed by an extension of the analytic solution at low concentrations up to 100% volume concentration of the membrane-covered form, such as epithelial tissues. There is thus at least one example each of two-and three-dimensional forms which conform to the low concentration analysis up to 100% volume and so give a basis for the extensions to other and more complicated forms to complete a survey to work begun by Fricke in 1923.", "PMID": 1069286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6136", "title": "Quantized generation time in mammalian cells as an expression of the cellular clock.", "content": "The distribution of possible generation times in mammalian cells does not appear to be continous within the limits of range for each cell type; rather, generation time is quantized in multiples of 3-4 hr. Synchronous cultures of Chinese hamster V79 cells were prepared using manual and automated methods to select and stage mitotic cells. Using synchronous cultures and time-lapse video tape microscopy, it was possible to show that generation times within a population of mitotically selected cells normally disperse in a quantized fashion, with intervals of 3-4 hr occurring between bursts in division. In addition, at temperatures above 37 degrees, V79 cells have a 7.5-8.5 hr modal cell cycle, while at temperatures from 36.5 degrees to 33.5 degrees the modal cell cycle is 11-12 hr long. A survey of the synchrony literature reveals that the tendency to preferred generation times holds between cell lines. The distribution of modal generation times from a variety of different cell types forms a series with a similar interval but with a greater range of values than that observed here for V79 cells. To satisfy the published data and the work presented here, I propose a subcycle, Gq, which has a traverse time equal to the period of the clock. The period appears to be fixed at close to the same value in all mammalian somatic cells. The timekeeping mechanism appears to be temperature compensated, since the time required to traverse Gq is constant at temperatures between 34 degrees and 39 degrees. It is suggested that cell cycle time increases at lower temperatures, lower serum concentration, and high cell densitite because the number of rounds of traverse through Gq increases.", "contents": "Quantized generation time in mammalian cells as an expression of the cellular clock. The distribution of possible generation times in mammalian cells does not appear to be continous within the limits of range for each cell type; rather, generation time is quantized in multiples of 3-4 hr. Synchronous cultures of Chinese hamster V79 cells were prepared using manual and automated methods to select and stage mitotic cells. Using synchronous cultures and time-lapse video tape microscopy, it was possible to show that generation times within a population of mitotically selected cells normally disperse in a quantized fashion, with intervals of 3-4 hr occurring between bursts in division. In addition, at temperatures above 37 degrees, V79 cells have a 7.5-8.5 hr modal cell cycle, while at temperatures from 36.5 degrees to 33.5 degrees the modal cell cycle is 11-12 hr long. A survey of the synchrony literature reveals that the tendency to preferred generation times holds between cell lines. The distribution of modal generation times from a variety of different cell types forms a series with a similar interval but with a greater range of values than that observed here for V79 cells. To satisfy the published data and the work presented here, I propose a subcycle, Gq, which has a traverse time equal to the period of the clock. The period appears to be fixed at close to the same value in all mammalian somatic cells. The timekeeping mechanism appears to be temperature compensated, since the time required to traverse Gq is constant at temperatures between 34 degrees and 39 degrees. It is suggested that cell cycle time increases at lower temperatures, lower serum concentration, and high cell densitite because the number of rounds of traverse through Gq increases.", "PMID": 1069287}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6137", "title": "Collagen fibrillogenesis: intermediate aggregates and suprafibrillar order.", "content": "Polymerization of collagen in vitro has been studied with the electron microscope at early time points of fibril assembly. We have found morphologically distinct stages of aggregation, which we suggest represent successive steps in fibril formation. Linear growth of the fibril appears to occur by the tandem addition of aggregates to each other and subsequently to the ends of a subfibril; lateral growth occurs by the entwining, like a rope, of these subfibrils. Fibrillogenesis is also accompanied by extensive development of suprafibrillar order in which various patterns of parallel, spiral, and orthogonal sets of fibrils were frequently observed.", "contents": "Collagen fibrillogenesis: intermediate aggregates and suprafibrillar order. Polymerization of collagen in vitro has been studied with the electron microscope at early time points of fibril assembly. We have found morphologically distinct stages of aggregation, which we suggest represent successive steps in fibril formation. Linear growth of the fibril appears to occur by the tandem addition of aggregates to each other and subsequently to the ends of a subfibril; lateral growth occurs by the entwining, like a rope, of these subfibrils. Fibrillogenesis is also accompanied by extensive development of suprafibrillar order in which various patterns of parallel, spiral, and orthogonal sets of fibrils were frequently observed.", "PMID": 1069288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6138", "title": "Actin-like filaments amd membrane rearrangement in oxyntic cells.", "content": "The secretory pole of vertebrate oxyntic cells possesses two distinct membrane systems: the apical plasma membrane which presents numerous infoldings, microvilli and processes, and a complex tubulovesicular system located in close proximity to the plasma membrane. These two membrane systems are generally believed to be interconvertible in relation to the functional state of the cell. To determine the role that filaments may play in the interconversion process, the secretory pole of rat and toad oxyntic cells was examined by electron microscopy under conditions designed to demonstrate filamentous structures, i.e., slight cellular swelling and incubation with heavy meromyosin. Filaments 50-80 A in diameter are present in close association with the plasma membrane to which they are connected by regularly spaced bridges. Heavy meroxyosin-treated material reveals \"decorated\" filaments in topographically corresponding locations. No filaments are seen in association with membranes of the tubulovesicular system. These findings suggest that association with actin-like filaments is a step in the translocation of membranes from the tubulovesicular system to the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Actin-like filaments amd membrane rearrangement in oxyntic cells. The secretory pole of vertebrate oxyntic cells possesses two distinct membrane systems: the apical plasma membrane which presents numerous infoldings, microvilli and processes, and a complex tubulovesicular system located in close proximity to the plasma membrane. These two membrane systems are generally believed to be interconvertible in relation to the functional state of the cell. To determine the role that filaments may play in the interconversion process, the secretory pole of rat and toad oxyntic cells was examined by electron microscopy under conditions designed to demonstrate filamentous structures, i.e., slight cellular swelling and incubation with heavy meromyosin. Filaments 50-80 A in diameter are present in close association with the plasma membrane to which they are connected by regularly spaced bridges. Heavy meroxyosin-treated material reveals \"decorated\" filaments in topographically corresponding locations. No filaments are seen in association with membranes of the tubulovesicular system. These findings suggest that association with actin-like filaments is a step in the translocation of membranes from the tubulovesicular system to the plasma membrane.", "PMID": 1069289}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6139", "title": "Simultaneous synthesis of types I and III collagen by fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "Specific antibodies against types I and III collagens and procollagens were used to localize these proteins in cultured human cells. These studies indicate that the same cell makes both proteins. No type III procollagen synthesis was observed in cells from two patients with two patients with the Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome.", "contents": "Simultaneous synthesis of types I and III collagen by fibroblasts in culture. Specific antibodies against types I and III collagens and procollagens were used to localize these proteins in cultured human cells. These studies indicate that the same cell makes both proteins. No type III procollagen synthesis was observed in cells from two patients with two patients with the Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome.", "PMID": 1069290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6140", "title": "Tissue interaction in androgen response of embryonic mammary rudiment of mouse: identification of target tissue for testosterone.", "content": "In the androgen response of the embryonic mammary rudiment of the mouse, both gland epithelium and surrounding mesenchyme are visibly involved. The question whether this is due to a direct action of testosterone on both tissues was investigated in experimental combination of mammary epithelium and mammary mesenchyme, derived either from normal or from androgen-insensitive (XTfm/Y) embryos. A typical androgen response occurred in combinations of androgen-insensitive epithelium with normal mesenchyme, whereas all combinations of normal epithelium with androgen-insensitive mesenchyme failed to respond. It is therefore concluded that only the mesenchyme of the mammary rudiment is the target tissue for testosterone, and that all changes in the gland epithelium, including its necrosis, are secondarily caused by testosterone-activated mesenchymal cells.", "contents": "Tissue interaction in androgen response of embryonic mammary rudiment of mouse: identification of target tissue for testosterone. In the androgen response of the embryonic mammary rudiment of the mouse, both gland epithelium and surrounding mesenchyme are visibly involved. The question whether this is due to a direct action of testosterone on both tissues was investigated in experimental combination of mammary epithelium and mammary mesenchyme, derived either from normal or from androgen-insensitive (XTfm/Y) embryos. A typical androgen response occurred in combinations of androgen-insensitive epithelium with normal mesenchyme, whereas all combinations of normal epithelium with androgen-insensitive mesenchyme failed to respond. It is therefore concluded that only the mesenchyme of the mammary rudiment is the target tissue for testosterone, and that all changes in the gland epithelium, including its necrosis, are secondarily caused by testosterone-activated mesenchymal cells.", "PMID": 1069291}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6141", "title": "Subcellualr distribution of protein carboxymethylase and its endogenous substrates in the adrenal medulla: possible role in excitation-secretion coupling.", "content": "Protein carboxymethylase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) transfers a methyl group from S-adenoxyl-L-methionine to carboxyl side chains of proteins to form labile protein-methyl esters which, thus, neutralize negative charges. This enzyme was examined for its possible participation in excitation-secretion coupling in the adrenal medulla. Protein carboxymethylase has a specific activity several times higher in the adrenal medulla than in the adrenal cortex; also, the medulla has a higher concentration of methyl-acceptor proteins. In the adrenal medulla, 97% of the enzyme was localized in the cytosol. Of the various subcellular fractions of the medulla, the catecholamine-containing chromaffin vesicles had the highest concentrations of substrat(s) for protein carboxymethylase. Carboxymethylation of proteins in intact chromaffin vesicles results in stripping of methylated protein(s) from the membranes. Thus, protein carboxymethylase appears to be involved in the neutralization of charges on the surface of chromaffin vesicles and in the release of surface proteins; both phenomena are likely to be required for exocytosis.", "contents": "Subcellualr distribution of protein carboxymethylase and its endogenous substrates in the adrenal medulla: possible role in excitation-secretion coupling. Protein carboxymethylase (S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protein O-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.24) transfers a methyl group from S-adenoxyl-L-methionine to carboxyl side chains of proteins to form labile protein-methyl esters which, thus, neutralize negative charges. This enzyme was examined for its possible participation in excitation-secretion coupling in the adrenal medulla. Protein carboxymethylase has a specific activity several times higher in the adrenal medulla than in the adrenal cortex; also, the medulla has a higher concentration of methyl-acceptor proteins. In the adrenal medulla, 97% of the enzyme was localized in the cytosol. Of the various subcellular fractions of the medulla, the catecholamine-containing chromaffin vesicles had the highest concentrations of substrat(s) for protein carboxymethylase. Carboxymethylation of proteins in intact chromaffin vesicles results in stripping of methylated protein(s) from the membranes. Thus, protein carboxymethylase appears to be involved in the neutralization of charges on the surface of chromaffin vesicles and in the release of surface proteins; both phenomena are likely to be required for exocytosis.", "PMID": 1069292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6142", "title": "Tubulin requires tau for growth onto microtubule initiating sites.", "content": "Tubulin purified by phosphocellulose chromatography and free of accessory proteins will not form microtubules in the absence or presence of microtubule initiating sites (flagellar microtubules). The capacity for growth onto pre-existing \"seeds\" can be restored by the addition of small quantities of partially purified tau protein. Larger quantities restore the capacity for spontaneous assembly. These results suggest that tubulin requires tau for both initiation and growth of microtubules and that tau is incorporated into the microtubule throughout its length.", "contents": "Tubulin requires tau for growth onto microtubule initiating sites. Tubulin purified by phosphocellulose chromatography and free of accessory proteins will not form microtubules in the absence or presence of microtubule initiating sites (flagellar microtubules). The capacity for growth onto pre-existing \"seeds\" can be restored by the addition of small quantities of partially purified tau protein. Larger quantities restore the capacity for spontaneous assembly. These results suggest that tubulin requires tau for both initiation and growth of microtubules and that tau is incorporated into the microtubule throughout its length.", "PMID": 1069293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6143", "title": "Clustering and endocytosis of membrane receptors can be induced in mature erythrocytes of neonatal but not adult humans.", "content": "Concanavalin A (Con A) is taken up by endocytosis in mature erythrocytes of newborn humans but not in adult red cells. Thin sections of neonatal cells incubated with ferritin-conjugated Con A at 37 degrees show ferritin clusters on invaginations at the surface and in intracellular vesicles, but such invaginations and vesicles are absent with adult cells. The endocytosis induced by ferritin-conjugated Con A is inhibited at 0 degrees, and by methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside at 37 degrees. Succinylation of Con A, which is known to convert it from the tetrameric to dimeric form, renders Con A inactive in cell agglutination and endocytotic vesicle formation, presumably by reducing the number of oligosaccharide chains simultaneously bound by a single Con A molecule. Ferritin-conjugated succinyl Con A binds to neonatal erythrocytes but does not induce endocytosis; if, however, antibodies to ferritin are now added, endocytosis occurs. These results are consistent with a greater lateral mobility of at least a fraction of Con A recptors in the membrane of the intact neonatal erythrocyte compared to the adult. The results also support the hypothesis that the clustering of receptors is obligatory for endocytosis to occur. No discernible difference was found in the sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel patterns of the membrane proteins of the neonatal and adult cells.", "contents": "Clustering and endocytosis of membrane receptors can be induced in mature erythrocytes of neonatal but not adult humans. Concanavalin A (Con A) is taken up by endocytosis in mature erythrocytes of newborn humans but not in adult red cells. Thin sections of neonatal cells incubated with ferritin-conjugated Con A at 37 degrees show ferritin clusters on invaginations at the surface and in intracellular vesicles, but such invaginations and vesicles are absent with adult cells. The endocytosis induced by ferritin-conjugated Con A is inhibited at 0 degrees, and by methyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside at 37 degrees. Succinylation of Con A, which is known to convert it from the tetrameric to dimeric form, renders Con A inactive in cell agglutination and endocytotic vesicle formation, presumably by reducing the number of oligosaccharide chains simultaneously bound by a single Con A molecule. Ferritin-conjugated succinyl Con A binds to neonatal erythrocytes but does not induce endocytosis; if, however, antibodies to ferritin are now added, endocytosis occurs. These results are consistent with a greater lateral mobility of at least a fraction of Con A recptors in the membrane of the intact neonatal erythrocyte compared to the adult. The results also support the hypothesis that the clustering of receptors is obligatory for endocytosis to occur. No discernible difference was found in the sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel patterns of the membrane proteins of the neonatal and adult cells.", "PMID": 1069294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6144", "title": "Embryonal carcinoma antigen and the T/t locus of the mouse.", "content": "The presence of the F9 antigen and of four other antigens related to the T/t locus of the mouse was investigated by immunofluorescence on preimplantation embryos. In morulae heterozygous for any of these t haplotypes, both the appropriate t antigen and the F9 antigen are expressed. The F9 antigen segregates among the progeny of crosses producing embryos homozygous for some (tw32 and tw5) but not for other haplotypes. It is concluded that (i) whatever the time of action of a t haplotype, its corresponding antigen is expressed during cleavage and (ii) the F9 antigen is specified by a gene(s) in the region of the T/t locus.", "contents": "Embryonal carcinoma antigen and the T/t locus of the mouse. The presence of the F9 antigen and of four other antigens related to the T/t locus of the mouse was investigated by immunofluorescence on preimplantation embryos. In morulae heterozygous for any of these t haplotypes, both the appropriate t antigen and the F9 antigen are expressed. The F9 antigen segregates among the progeny of crosses producing embryos homozygous for some (tw32 and tw5) but not for other haplotypes. It is concluded that (i) whatever the time of action of a t haplotype, its corresponding antigen is expressed during cleavage and (ii) the F9 antigen is specified by a gene(s) in the region of the T/t locus.", "PMID": 1069295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6145", "title": "Active cell edge and movements of concanavalin A receptors of the surface of epithelial and fibroblastic cells.", "content": "Movements of the receptors of concanavalin A on various parts of the surfaces of substrate-attached cells were compared. Cultured mouse embryo cells of several types were used: epithelial kidney cells and normal and transformed fibroblasts. Initial distribution of receptors was random on the cells of all types. Binding of concanavalin A induced patching of its receptors on all the cell parts. In contrast, directional centripetal movement of receptors was observed only on the surface of certain cell parts, namely, only the surface of peripheral lamellar cytoplasm was cleared of the receptors. Clearing was always initiated in the zone of lamellar cytoplasm located near active cell edges. In epithelial sheets, clearing was not observed on the surface of central cells that had no lamellar cytoplasm. Concanavalin A receptors on the cleared areas of cell surface were gradually restored after the end of incubation. It is suggested that anchoring of the patches of membrane receptors by cortical microfilaments is possible only on the surface of pseudopods and of lamellar cytoplasm but not on the surface of other cell parts. Besides receptor movements, this hypothesis may be explain differences in the adhesive properties of various parts of the cell surface.", "contents": "Active cell edge and movements of concanavalin A receptors of the surface of epithelial and fibroblastic cells. Movements of the receptors of concanavalin A on various parts of the surfaces of substrate-attached cells were compared. Cultured mouse embryo cells of several types were used: epithelial kidney cells and normal and transformed fibroblasts. Initial distribution of receptors was random on the cells of all types. Binding of concanavalin A induced patching of its receptors on all the cell parts. In contrast, directional centripetal movement of receptors was observed only on the surface of certain cell parts, namely, only the surface of peripheral lamellar cytoplasm was cleared of the receptors. Clearing was always initiated in the zone of lamellar cytoplasm located near active cell edges. In epithelial sheets, clearing was not observed on the surface of central cells that had no lamellar cytoplasm. Concanavalin A receptors on the cleared areas of cell surface were gradually restored after the end of incubation. It is suggested that anchoring of the patches of membrane receptors by cortical microfilaments is possible only on the surface of pseudopods and of lamellar cytoplasm but not on the surface of other cell parts. Besides receptor movements, this hypothesis may be explain differences in the adhesive properties of various parts of the cell surface.", "PMID": 1069296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6146", "title": "Differential labeling of the cell surface of single ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro.", "content": "Cationic ferritin binds in a time and concentration dependent manner to all surfaces of ciliary ganglion neurons in culture except \"mounds\" and \"veils\". In chase experiments, bound ferritin clears from the cells surfaces and forms larger and larger patches, even at low temperatures. Binding of cationic ferritin is inhibited by poly-L-lysine, potentiated by poly-L-glutamate, and not affected by neruaminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18), hyaluronidase (hyaluronoglucosidase, hyaluronate 4-glycanhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.35), or chondroitin ABC lyase (EC 4.2.2.4).", "contents": "Differential labeling of the cell surface of single ciliary ganglion neurons in vitro. Cationic ferritin binds in a time and concentration dependent manner to all surfaces of ciliary ganglion neurons in culture except \"mounds\" and \"veils\". In chase experiments, bound ferritin clears from the cells surfaces and forms larger and larger patches, even at low temperatures. Binding of cationic ferritin is inhibited by poly-L-lysine, potentiated by poly-L-glutamate, and not affected by neruaminidase (acylneuraminyl hydrolase, EC 3.2.1.18), hyaluronidase (hyaluronoglucosidase, hyaluronate 4-glycanhydrolase, EC 3.2.1.35), or chondroitin ABC lyase (EC 4.2.2.4).", "PMID": 1069297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6147", "title": "Survival of fetal rat pancreases frozen to -78 and -196 degrees.", "content": "Transplantation of pancreases may have clinical utility in the treatment of diabetes, for it has been shown that chemically induced diabetes in rats can be reversed by the transplantation of greater than or equal to four syngeneic fetal pancreases. Allogeneic transplants produce serious immunological problems, but the problems could be ameliorated if tissue-typed organs could be stored in the frozen state. Unfortunately, nearly all attempts to freeze organs have failed. Nevertheless, recent developments in the physical-chemical analysis of freezing injury and its successful application to the freezing of mammalian embryos encouraged us to attempt the freezing of 16 1/2- to 17 1/2-day intact fetal pancreases. The analysis indicated that to achieve success pancreases would have to be cooled less than 1 degree/min and diluted extremely slowly after thawing. Experiments with embryos and red cells indicated that high survivals might require high concentrations of protective solutes and slow warming. These predictions were accurate. After freezing to -78 or -196 degrees and thawing under optimal conditions, the fetal pancreases synthesized 80-100% as much protein as unfrozen controls and they yielded viable allografts. Optimal conditions included suspension in 2 M dimethylsulfoxide, freezing at 0.3 degrees/min, and slow dilution to preclude osmotic shock.", "contents": "Survival of fetal rat pancreases frozen to -78 and -196 degrees. Transplantation of pancreases may have clinical utility in the treatment of diabetes, for it has been shown that chemically induced diabetes in rats can be reversed by the transplantation of greater than or equal to four syngeneic fetal pancreases. Allogeneic transplants produce serious immunological problems, but the problems could be ameliorated if tissue-typed organs could be stored in the frozen state. Unfortunately, nearly all attempts to freeze organs have failed. Nevertheless, recent developments in the physical-chemical analysis of freezing injury and its successful application to the freezing of mammalian embryos encouraged us to attempt the freezing of 16 1/2- to 17 1/2-day intact fetal pancreases. The analysis indicated that to achieve success pancreases would have to be cooled less than 1 degree/min and diluted extremely slowly after thawing. Experiments with embryos and red cells indicated that high survivals might require high concentrations of protective solutes and slow warming. These predictions were accurate. After freezing to -78 or -196 degrees and thawing under optimal conditions, the fetal pancreases synthesized 80-100% as much protein as unfrozen controls and they yielded viable allografts. Optimal conditions included suspension in 2 M dimethylsulfoxide, freezing at 0.3 degrees/min, and slow dilution to preclude osmotic shock.", "PMID": 1069298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6148", "title": "Growth of human diploid fibroblasts in the absence of glucose utilization.", "content": "Normal human diploid fibroblasts were able to undergo one to two cell divisions without glucose utilization in Eagle's minimum essential medium plus 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum if the medium was supplemented with hypoxanthine, thymidine, and uridine (supplemented medium termed HTU-MEM). Under these conditions, the added purine and pyrimidines were required for nucleic acid synthesis, as shown by the inability of Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts to grow in HTU-MEM. Normal human diploid fibroblasts continued to produce lactate in HTU-MEM, but at a greatly reduced rate. Since cells grew in HTU-MEM without glucose utilization, the probable energy and carbon source was glutamine, which is present in relatively high concentration. Furthermore, the rate of glutamine utilization per cell division was 2-fold greater in HTU-MEM than in medium with 5.5 mM glucose. These results suggest that glutamine can be a major energy source for cells grown in vitro.", "contents": "Growth of human diploid fibroblasts in the absence of glucose utilization. Normal human diploid fibroblasts were able to undergo one to two cell divisions without glucose utilization in Eagle's minimum essential medium plus 10% dialyzed fetal calf serum if the medium was supplemented with hypoxanthine, thymidine, and uridine (supplemented medium termed HTU-MEM). Under these conditions, the added purine and pyrimidines were required for nucleic acid synthesis, as shown by the inability of Lesch-Nyhan fibroblasts to grow in HTU-MEM. Normal human diploid fibroblasts continued to produce lactate in HTU-MEM, but at a greatly reduced rate. Since cells grew in HTU-MEM without glucose utilization, the probable energy and carbon source was glutamine, which is present in relatively high concentration. Furthermore, the rate of glutamine utilization per cell division was 2-fold greater in HTU-MEM than in medium with 5.5 mM glucose. These results suggest that glutamine can be a major energy source for cells grown in vitro.", "PMID": 1069299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6149", "title": "Direct method for detection and characterization of cell surface receptors for insulin by means of 125I-labeled autoantibodies against the insulin receptor.", "content": "Autoantibodies directed against the cell surface receptors for insulin are found in some patients with extreme insulin resistance. These antibodies specifically inhibit the binding of insulin to its receptor. A purified IgG fraction from one patient's plasma was labeled with 125I. The 125I-labeled antireceptor antibody, which initially represented about 0.3% of the total 125I-IgG, was enriched by selective adsorption and subsequent elution from cells rich in insulin receptors. The 125I-antireceptor antibody bound to cells and the binding was inhibited by whole plasma and purified IgG from this patient, as well as whole plasma from another patient with autoantibodies to the insulin receptor. Insulins that differed 300-fold in biological potency and affinity inhibited binding of 125I-antireceptor antibody in direct proportion to their ability to bind to the insulin receptor. The binding of 125I-antireceptor antibody was closely correlated with the binding of 125I-insulin over a wide range of receptor concentrations on different cell types. Experimentally induced reduction of the insulin receptor concentration was associated with parallel decreases in the binding of 125I-antireceptor antibody and 125I-insulin. The preparation of 125I-antireceptor antibody with a high specific activity by cytoadsorption and elution has provided a sensitive method for the detection of receptors and autoantibodies to cell surface components.", "contents": "Direct method for detection and characterization of cell surface receptors for insulin by means of 125I-labeled autoantibodies against the insulin receptor. Autoantibodies directed against the cell surface receptors for insulin are found in some patients with extreme insulin resistance. These antibodies specifically inhibit the binding of insulin to its receptor. A purified IgG fraction from one patient's plasma was labeled with 125I. The 125I-labeled antireceptor antibody, which initially represented about 0.3% of the total 125I-IgG, was enriched by selective adsorption and subsequent elution from cells rich in insulin receptors. The 125I-antireceptor antibody bound to cells and the binding was inhibited by whole plasma and purified IgG from this patient, as well as whole plasma from another patient with autoantibodies to the insulin receptor. Insulins that differed 300-fold in biological potency and affinity inhibited binding of 125I-antireceptor antibody in direct proportion to their ability to bind to the insulin receptor. The binding of 125I-antireceptor antibody was closely correlated with the binding of 125I-insulin over a wide range of receptor concentrations on different cell types. Experimentally induced reduction of the insulin receptor concentration was associated with parallel decreases in the binding of 125I-antireceptor antibody and 125I-insulin. The preparation of 125I-antireceptor antibody with a high specific activity by cytoadsorption and elution has provided a sensitive method for the detection of receptors and autoantibodies to cell surface components.", "PMID": 1069300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6150", "title": "Clonal growth of bovine vascular endothelial cells: fibroblast growth factor as a survival agent.", "content": "Bovine vascular endothelial cells do not grow when cultured at low density unless fibroblast growth factor is included in the culture medium. When endothelial cells obtained from the intimal surface of fetal and adult aortas were seeded at low density (8 cells per cm2), they formed small colonies of large, irregular, vacuolated cells. At very low density (0.3 cells per cm2) they did not survive. The addition of fibroblast growth factor to endothelial cells maintained at such low densities resulted in the formation of vigorously growing colonies of small, uniform cells. Electron microscopy showed that the cultured endothelial cells had the fine structure characteristics of endothelial cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII) antigen in the cells. Our results demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor permits the survival of endothelial cells plated at extremely low cell density. With the use of fibroblast growth factor, endothelial cell clones are easily produced.", "contents": "Clonal growth of bovine vascular endothelial cells: fibroblast growth factor as a survival agent. Bovine vascular endothelial cells do not grow when cultured at low density unless fibroblast growth factor is included in the culture medium. When endothelial cells obtained from the intimal surface of fetal and adult aortas were seeded at low density (8 cells per cm2), they formed small colonies of large, irregular, vacuolated cells. At very low density (0.3 cells per cm2) they did not survive. The addition of fibroblast growth factor to endothelial cells maintained at such low densities resulted in the formation of vigorously growing colonies of small, uniform cells. Electron microscopy showed that the cultured endothelial cells had the fine structure characteristics of endothelial cells. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed antihemophilic factor (Factor VIII) antigen in the cells. Our results demonstrated that fibroblast growth factor permits the survival of endothelial cells plated at extremely low cell density. With the use of fibroblast growth factor, endothelial cell clones are easily produced.", "PMID": 1069301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6151", "title": "Superstructure of linear duplex DNA.", "content": "The superstructure of a covalently closed circular DNA (of bacteriophage PM 2) was compared by electron microscopy with that of a linear duplex DNA (of bacteriophage T7) when ionic strength and benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride concentration were varied. In parallel studies the sedimentation behavior of these DNAs was studied by analytical ultracentrifugation, but for technical reasons these had to be without benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride. By combining the information from the two methods one has to conclude that with increasing ionic strength the linear duplex T7 DNA spontaneously forms a structure similar to that of the superhelical structure of closed circular PM 2 DNA. The superstructure is destroyed under premelting conditions and in the presence of an excess of ethidium bromide.", "contents": "Superstructure of linear duplex DNA. The superstructure of a covalently closed circular DNA (of bacteriophage PM 2) was compared by electron microscopy with that of a linear duplex DNA (of bacteriophage T7) when ionic strength and benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride concentration were varied. In parallel studies the sedimentation behavior of these DNAs was studied by analytical ultracentrifugation, but for technical reasons these had to be without benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride. By combining the information from the two methods one has to conclude that with increasing ionic strength the linear duplex T7 DNA spontaneously forms a structure similar to that of the superhelical structure of closed circular PM 2 DNA. The superstructure is destroyed under premelting conditions and in the presence of an excess of ethidium bromide.", "PMID": 1069302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6152", "title": "Repair tracts in mismatched DNA heteroduplexes.", "content": "Heteroduplexes with mismatches at four sites were constructed from separated strands of lambda DNA and used to transfect Escherichia coli under recombinationless conditions. The output phages from 967 single cells in one experiment and 1016 in another were analyzed to determine the pattern of mismatch repair. A wide range of repair frequencies was found among the mismatches studied. Repair involving two or more close sites in the same heteroduplex occurs much more often on thesamestrandthanonopposite strands. Analysis of the pattern of repair suggeststhat repair tracts initiate at mismatches, propagate preferentially in the 5'leads to 3' direction, and extend an average distance of ca 3000 nucleotides.", "contents": "Repair tracts in mismatched DNA heteroduplexes. Heteroduplexes with mismatches at four sites were constructed from separated strands of lambda DNA and used to transfect Escherichia coli under recombinationless conditions. The output phages from 967 single cells in one experiment and 1016 in another were analyzed to determine the pattern of mismatch repair. A wide range of repair frequencies was found among the mismatches studied. Repair involving two or more close sites in the same heteroduplex occurs much more often on thesamestrandthanonopposite strands. Analysis of the pattern of repair suggeststhat repair tracts initiate at mismatches, propagate preferentially in the 5'leads to 3' direction, and extend an average distance of ca 3000 nucleotides.", "PMID": 1069303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6153", "title": "Allelic heterogeneity within allozymes separated by electrophoresis in Drosophila pseudoobscura.", "content": "Electrophoretic separation of esterase-5 allozymes of Drosophila pseudoobscura in gels of different acrylamide concentrations and in different buffer systems has revealed the existence of six different alleles within the most frequent class, esterase-5(1.00), and three alleles in the other most frequent class, esterase-5(1.07). Two of the alleles affect subunit binding. Esterase-5 allozyme classes based on electrophoresis in 5% acrylamide gels are therefore highly heterogeneous.", "contents": "Allelic heterogeneity within allozymes separated by electrophoresis in Drosophila pseudoobscura. Electrophoretic separation of esterase-5 allozymes of Drosophila pseudoobscura in gels of different acrylamide concentrations and in different buffer systems has revealed the existence of six different alleles within the most frequent class, esterase-5(1.00), and three alleles in the other most frequent class, esterase-5(1.07). Two of the alleles affect subunit binding. Esterase-5 allozyme classes based on electrophoresis in 5% acrylamide gels are therefore highly heterogeneous.", "PMID": 1069304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6154", "title": "Heat mutagenesis in bacteriophage T4: the transversion pathway.", "content": "Heat induces transversions (as well as transitions) at G-C base pairs in bacteriophage T4. The target base for transversions is guanine,which is converted to a product which is sometimes replicated and transcribed as a pyrimidine.A model for this process is proposed in which the deoxyguanosine glycosidic bond migrates from N9 to N2: the resulting deoxyneoguanosine may pair with normal guanine to produce G-C leads to C-G transversions.", "contents": "Heat mutagenesis in bacteriophage T4: the transversion pathway. Heat induces transversions (as well as transitions) at G-C base pairs in bacteriophage T4. The target base for transversions is guanine,which is converted to a product which is sometimes replicated and transcribed as a pyrimidine.A model for this process is proposed in which the deoxyguanosine glycosidic bond migrates from N9 to N2: the resulting deoxyneoguanosine may pair with normal guanine to produce G-C leads to C-G transversions.", "PMID": 1069305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6155", "title": "Infinite allele model with varying mutation rate.", "content": "Available data suggest that the variation in mutation rate among protein loci follows the gamma distribution. Thus, taking into account this variation, formulae are developed for the distribution of allele frequencies, mean and variance of heterozygosity, expected number of alleles, proportion of polymorphic loci, and genetic distance. These formulae should be more appropriate for the analysis of gene frequency data for protein loci than equivalent formulae with constant mutation rate.", "contents": "Infinite allele model with varying mutation rate. Available data suggest that the variation in mutation rate among protein loci follows the gamma distribution. Thus, taking into account this variation, formulae are developed for the distribution of allele frequencies, mean and variance of heterozygosity, expected number of alleles, proportion of polymorphic loci, and genetic distance. These formulae should be more appropriate for the analysis of gene frequency data for protein loci than equivalent formulae with constant mutation rate.", "PMID": 1069306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6156", "title": "Construction of plasmids carrying the cI gene of bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "By techniques of recombination in vitro, we have constructed a plasmid bearing the repressor gene (cI) of bacteriophage lambda fused to the promoter of the lac operon. Strains carrying this plasmid overproduce lambda repressor. This functional cI gene was reconstituted by joining DNA fragments bearing different parts of that gene. Flush end fusion techniques, involving no sequence overlap, were necessary for the construction; in certain cases, the abutting of the DNA molecules bearing ends generated by different restriction endonucleases creates a sequence at the junction which is recognized by one of the restriction endonucleases.", "contents": "Construction of plasmids carrying the cI gene of bacteriophage lambda. By techniques of recombination in vitro, we have constructed a plasmid bearing the repressor gene (cI) of bacteriophage lambda fused to the promoter of the lac operon. Strains carrying this plasmid overproduce lambda repressor. This functional cI gene was reconstituted by joining DNA fragments bearing different parts of that gene. Flush end fusion techniques, involving no sequence overlap, were necessary for the construction; in certain cases, the abutting of the DNA molecules bearing ends generated by different restriction endonucleases creates a sequence at the junction which is recognized by one of the restriction endonucleases.", "PMID": 1069307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6157", "title": "Identification of prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen as a complex in human plasma.", "content": "Prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen were found associated in normal human plasma at a molecular weight of 285,000 as assessed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The molecular weight of prekallikrein in plasma that is deficient in high-molecular-weight kininogen was 115,000. This prekallikrein could be isolated at a molecular weight of 285,000 after plasma deficient in high-molecular-weight kininogen was combined with plasma that is congenitally deficient in prekallikrein. Addition of purified 125I-labeled prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen to the respective deficient plasma yielded a shift in the molecular weight of prekallikrein, and complex formation could be demonstrated by incubating prekallikrein with high-molecular weight kininogen. This study demonstrates that prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen are physically associated in plasma as a noncovalently linked complex and may therefore be adsorbed together during surface activation of Hageman factor. The complex is disrupted when these proteins are isolated by ion exchange chromatography.", "contents": "Identification of prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen as a complex in human plasma. Prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen were found associated in normal human plasma at a molecular weight of 285,000 as assessed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. The molecular weight of prekallikrein in plasma that is deficient in high-molecular-weight kininogen was 115,000. This prekallikrein could be isolated at a molecular weight of 285,000 after plasma deficient in high-molecular-weight kininogen was combined with plasma that is congenitally deficient in prekallikrein. Addition of purified 125I-labeled prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen to the respective deficient plasma yielded a shift in the molecular weight of prekallikrein, and complex formation could be demonstrated by incubating prekallikrein with high-molecular weight kininogen. This study demonstrates that prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen are physically associated in plasma as a noncovalently linked complex and may therefore be adsorbed together during surface activation of Hageman factor. The complex is disrupted when these proteins are isolated by ion exchange chromatography.", "PMID": 1069308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6158", "title": "Dichloromethane as an antisickling agent in sickle cell hemoglobin.", "content": "Microscopic studies of red cells from homozygous sickle cell patients show that dichloromethane does prevent sickle cell formation in vitro and does cause reversion of sickled cells to normal after exposure to dichloromethane. X-ray structural analysis of human deoxyhemoglobin crystals exposed to dichloromethane shows four unique binding sites. Arguments are presented to suggest that the binding site close to tryptophan 14alpha prevents the formation of helical polymers, i.e., prevent sickling.", "contents": "Dichloromethane as an antisickling agent in sickle cell hemoglobin. Microscopic studies of red cells from homozygous sickle cell patients show that dichloromethane does prevent sickle cell formation in vitro and does cause reversion of sickled cells to normal after exposure to dichloromethane. X-ray structural analysis of human deoxyhemoglobin crystals exposed to dichloromethane shows four unique binding sites. Arguments are presented to suggest that the binding site close to tryptophan 14alpha prevents the formation of helical polymers, i.e., prevent sickling.", "PMID": 1069309}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6159", "title": "Protein cleavage during virus assembly: a novel specificity of assembly dependent cleavage in bacteriophage T4.", "content": "Cleavage of precursor proteins occurs during assembly of numerous viruses. Seven bacteriophage T4 head-related proteins areknown to be cleaved during morphogenesis. Sequences surrounding the cleavage sites in T4 head precursors P23 and IPIII are reported here. We previously determined the sequences of precursor and processed forms of IPII and IPI. Cleavage occurs at a glutamyl-alanyl bond in each protein. By comparison of sequences around five cleaved and four uncleaved Glu-Ala bonds in head precursors, it appears that cleavage is limited to the Thr or Ala, and X2 to hydrophilic residues. The results suggest the viral-induced assembly protease recognizes and cleaves an extended primary structure in the structurally dissimilar precursors.", "contents": "Protein cleavage during virus assembly: a novel specificity of assembly dependent cleavage in bacteriophage T4. Cleavage of precursor proteins occurs during assembly of numerous viruses. Seven bacteriophage T4 head-related proteins areknown to be cleaved during morphogenesis. Sequences surrounding the cleavage sites in T4 head precursors P23 and IPIII are reported here. We previously determined the sequences of precursor and processed forms of IPII and IPI. Cleavage occurs at a glutamyl-alanyl bond in each protein. By comparison of sequences around five cleaved and four uncleaved Glu-Ala bonds in head precursors, it appears that cleavage is limited to the Thr or Ala, and X2 to hydrophilic residues. The results suggest the viral-induced assembly protease recognizes and cleaves an extended primary structure in the structurally dissimilar precursors.", "PMID": 1069310}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6160", "title": "Rat sympathetic neurons and cardiac myocytes developing in microcultures: correlation of the fine structure of endings with neurotransmitter function in single neurons.", "content": "Microcultures containing single sympathetic principal neurons and small numbers of dissociated heart myocytes were prepared from newborn rats. After the transmitter properties of the neuron were studied by electrophysiological experiments, the microculture was examined with the electron microscope. Single neurons of either putative cholinergic or putative adrenergic character made morphological synapses on themselves (autapses), although only cholinargic autapses were detected electrophysiologically. Numerous axonal varicosities were present adjacent to the myocytes but no synaptic specializations were evident. After permanganate fixation to localize endogenous norepinephrine, the endings of neurons which appeared to secrete catecholamines contained many small granular vesicles, while the endings of neurons which appeared to secrete acetylcholine contained none. The endings of neurons which apparently secreted both catecholamines and acetylcholine contained only occasional small granular vesicles.", "contents": "Rat sympathetic neurons and cardiac myocytes developing in microcultures: correlation of the fine structure of endings with neurotransmitter function in single neurons. Microcultures containing single sympathetic principal neurons and small numbers of dissociated heart myocytes were prepared from newborn rats. After the transmitter properties of the neuron were studied by electrophysiological experiments, the microculture was examined with the electron microscope. Single neurons of either putative cholinergic or putative adrenergic character made morphological synapses on themselves (autapses), although only cholinargic autapses were detected electrophysiologically. Numerous axonal varicosities were present adjacent to the myocytes but no synaptic specializations were evident. After permanganate fixation to localize endogenous norepinephrine, the endings of neurons which appeared to secrete catecholamines contained many small granular vesicles, while the endings of neurons which appeared to secrete acetylcholine contained none. The endings of neurons which apparently secreted both catecholamines and acetylcholine contained only occasional small granular vesicles.", "PMID": 1069311}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6161", "title": "Renal CO2 production from glutamine and lactate as a function of arterial perfusion pressure in dog.", "content": "The energy cost of renal function in the intact kidney of the dog was assessed at a series of arterial perfusion pressures. Pressure was varied by partially inflating a balloon at the tip of a catheter positioned in the aorta above the origins of the renal arteries. Either L-[U-14C]-lactate was infused intravenously in tracer amounts throughout each experiment. Total renal CO2 production and 14CO2 production from each isotope permitted assessment of total renal oxidative metabolism and the proportions derived from the two major substrates of the kidney. Stepwise inflation of the aortic balloon progressively lowered glomerular filtration rate, renal blood inflow, filtered and consequently reabsorbed Na+, total renal CO2 production, and 14CO2 derived from glutamine and lactate. The percent of total CO2 derived from lactate decreased more or less in proportion to the decrease in percent of total CO2 produced. Results were consistent with the view that reabsorption of sodium is the major energy sink of the kidney. They suggest that the oxidation of glutamine supplies energy for tubular transport and basal demands such as synthesis of hormones and maintenance of structure, whereas the oxidation of lactate supplies energy mainly for transport activities.", "contents": "Renal CO2 production from glutamine and lactate as a function of arterial perfusion pressure in dog. The energy cost of renal function in the intact kidney of the dog was assessed at a series of arterial perfusion pressures. Pressure was varied by partially inflating a balloon at the tip of a catheter positioned in the aorta above the origins of the renal arteries. Either L-[U-14C]-lactate was infused intravenously in tracer amounts throughout each experiment. Total renal CO2 production and 14CO2 production from each isotope permitted assessment of total renal oxidative metabolism and the proportions derived from the two major substrates of the kidney. Stepwise inflation of the aortic balloon progressively lowered glomerular filtration rate, renal blood inflow, filtered and consequently reabsorbed Na+, total renal CO2 production, and 14CO2 derived from glutamine and lactate. The percent of total CO2 derived from lactate decreased more or less in proportion to the decrease in percent of total CO2 produced. Results were consistent with the view that reabsorption of sodium is the major energy sink of the kidney. They suggest that the oxidation of glutamine supplies energy for tubular transport and basal demands such as synthesis of hormones and maintenance of structure, whereas the oxidation of lactate supplies energy mainly for transport activities.", "PMID": 1069312}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6162", "title": "Ear and hearing in Sphenodon punctatus.", "content": "Observations on Sphenodon punctatus have revealed new features of the anatomy of the ear,and measurements in a living specimen by means of cochlear potentials show the form and level of this ear's performance in sound reception. For an animal lacking an external ear opening and a functional tympanic membrane, the sensitivity of from 100-900 Hz is surprisingly good in low tones with peak response around 200-400 Hz. The inner ear is well developed, with a tectorial membrane connected to a tectorial plate that extends throughout the cochlea. The best region of sensitivity agrees well with the main frequency components of the animal's vocalizations.", "contents": "Ear and hearing in Sphenodon punctatus. Observations on Sphenodon punctatus have revealed new features of the anatomy of the ear,and measurements in a living specimen by means of cochlear potentials show the form and level of this ear's performance in sound reception. For an animal lacking an external ear opening and a functional tympanic membrane, the sensitivity of from 100-900 Hz is surprisingly good in low tones with peak response around 200-400 Hz. The inner ear is well developed, with a tectorial membrane connected to a tectorial plate that extends throughout the cochlea. The best region of sensitivity agrees well with the main frequency components of the animal's vocalizations.", "PMID": 1069313}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6163", "title": "[Altered states of consciousness induced by N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)].", "content": "In a controlled study on 38 volunteers the effects of 250 mcg/kg N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) i.m. were assessed. 26 subjects received DMT and 12 placebo. The altered states of consciousness and the somatic changes were measured by several questionnaires administered after the experiment. In spite of the low dose as compared to previous studies significant differences to placebo were found in the following syndromes of altered states of consciousness: visual hallucinations rep. illusions, impairment of memory and attention, changes of body image, depersonalization syndrome, derealization syndrome, euphoric state, anxious-depressive state and delusion. The somatic side effects were mainly subjective respiratory troubles, dizziness and weakness.", "contents": "[Altered states of consciousness induced by N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT)]. In a controlled study on 38 volunteers the effects of 250 mcg/kg N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) i.m. were assessed. 26 subjects received DMT and 12 placebo. The altered states of consciousness and the somatic changes were measured by several questionnaires administered after the experiment. In spite of the low dose as compared to previous studies significant differences to placebo were found in the following syndromes of altered states of consciousness: visual hallucinations rep. illusions, impairment of memory and attention, changes of body image, depersonalization syndrome, derealization syndrome, euphoric state, anxious-depressive state and delusion. The somatic side effects were mainly subjective respiratory troubles, dizziness and weakness.", "PMID": 1069314}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6164", "title": "Motilin-induced electrical activity in the canine gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Myoelectric activity induced by a synthetic analogue of the duodenal polypeptide motilin, was studied in isolated vascular-perfused canine duodenum and stomach, and in conscious dogs with serosal electrodes implanted in the stomach and the small intestine. In the isolated preparation, the duodenum was found to be four times as sensitive as the antrum to the polypeptide, showing a dose-dependent increase in spike activity within two minutes after administration of the polypeptide. By contrast, in the conscious fasted animal, the only response to motilin, above a threshold dose, was the interpolation of a premature migrating myoelectric complex in the spontaneous interdigestive sequence, appearing fifteen to twenty minutes after the start of infusion. Since the essential difference between the ex vivo and the intact intestine was the preservation of efferent and afferent nervous connections in the latter, it seems that in the conscious animal, the response to exogenous motilin is modulated by the innervation of the intestine, or, alternatively, motilin interacts with the centre controlling the pattern of motor activity in the small intestine rather than directly with smooth muscle. The latter hypothesis is supported by the observation that motilin had no effect on the motor activity of the small intestine during the infusion of pentagastrin which abolishes spontaneous migrating myoelectric complexes.", "contents": "Motilin-induced electrical activity in the canine gastrointestinal tract. Myoelectric activity induced by a synthetic analogue of the duodenal polypeptide motilin, was studied in isolated vascular-perfused canine duodenum and stomach, and in conscious dogs with serosal electrodes implanted in the stomach and the small intestine. In the isolated preparation, the duodenum was found to be four times as sensitive as the antrum to the polypeptide, showing a dose-dependent increase in spike activity within two minutes after administration of the polypeptide. By contrast, in the conscious fasted animal, the only response to motilin, above a threshold dose, was the interpolation of a premature migrating myoelectric complex in the spontaneous interdigestive sequence, appearing fifteen to twenty minutes after the start of infusion. Since the essential difference between the ex vivo and the intact intestine was the preservation of efferent and afferent nervous connections in the latter, it seems that in the conscious animal, the response to exogenous motilin is modulated by the innervation of the intestine, or, alternatively, motilin interacts with the centre controlling the pattern of motor activity in the small intestine rather than directly with smooth muscle. The latter hypothesis is supported by the observation that motilin had no effect on the motor activity of the small intestine during the infusion of pentagastrin which abolishes spontaneous migrating myoelectric complexes.", "PMID": 1069360}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6165", "title": "Syntheses of motilin analogues.", "content": "According to a first suggestion for the primary structure of the gastrointestinal hormone motilin, two analogues containing norleucine and leucine instead of methionine in the sequence position 13 (primarily called 13-norleucine and 13-leucine-motilin) have been synthesized. Both synthetic peptides were biologically active in equivalence to the natural product. A correction of the proposed amino acid sequence became necessary after rechecking the results by comparison with the synthetic materials. The two analogues must therefore correctly be named 13-norleucine-14-desamidomotilin and 13-leucine-14-desamido-motilin.", "contents": "Syntheses of motilin analogues. According to a first suggestion for the primary structure of the gastrointestinal hormone motilin, two analogues containing norleucine and leucine instead of methionine in the sequence position 13 (primarily called 13-norleucine and 13-leucine-motilin) have been synthesized. Both synthetic peptides were biologically active in equivalence to the natural product. A correction of the proposed amino acid sequence became necessary after rechecking the results by comparison with the synthetic materials. The two analogues must therefore correctly be named 13-norleucine-14-desamidomotilin and 13-leucine-14-desamido-motilin.", "PMID": 1069361}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6166", "title": "Potentiation between 13-Nle-motilin and acetylcholine on rabbit pyloric muscle in vitro.", "content": "The interaction of 13-nle-motilin-a synthetic analogue of the natural polypeptide-with acetylcholine was studied on rabbit isolated pyloric sphincter in vitro. Adding subthreshold doses of 13-nle-motilin reduced the calculated acetylcholine dose for half maximal contraction from 3.68 to 1.33 X 10(-6) g/ml and increased the calculated maximal response by 15.3%. Thus 13-nle-motilin caused potentiation of the acetylcholine response. Since 13-nle-motilin induced increase of endogenous acetylcholine levels could be excluded, a direct action of motilin on or in the smooth muscle cell is suggested. The results are compatible with the view that in vivo subthreshold doses of motilin may affect cholinergic driven pyloric motor activity.", "contents": "Potentiation between 13-Nle-motilin and acetylcholine on rabbit pyloric muscle in vitro. The interaction of 13-nle-motilin-a synthetic analogue of the natural polypeptide-with acetylcholine was studied on rabbit isolated pyloric sphincter in vitro. Adding subthreshold doses of 13-nle-motilin reduced the calculated acetylcholine dose for half maximal contraction from 3.68 to 1.33 X 10(-6) g/ml and increased the calculated maximal response by 15.3%. Thus 13-nle-motilin caused potentiation of the acetylcholine response. Since 13-nle-motilin induced increase of endogenous acetylcholine levels could be excluded, a direct action of motilin on or in the smooth muscle cell is suggested. The results are compatible with the view that in vivo subthreshold doses of motilin may affect cholinergic driven pyloric motor activity.", "PMID": 1069362}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6167", "title": "Measurement of human plasma motilin.", "content": "A specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for human plasma motilin. No cross reaction was seen with other gut hormones and only a single major peak of motilin immunoreactivity was found in plasma and gut extracts after gel chromatography. The motilin content of the human duodenum was 165.7+/-15.9 pmol/g wet weight and jejunum 37.5+/-2.8 pmol/g with negligible amounts in the rest of the gut. Fasting plasma motilin concentrations in 100 healthy subjects ranged from less than 5 to 300 pmol/l (mean 72 pmol/l).", "contents": "Measurement of human plasma motilin. A specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for human plasma motilin. No cross reaction was seen with other gut hormones and only a single major peak of motilin immunoreactivity was found in plasma and gut extracts after gel chromatography. The motilin content of the human duodenum was 165.7+/-15.9 pmol/g wet weight and jejunum 37.5+/-2.8 pmol/g with negligible amounts in the rest of the gut. Fasting plasma motilin concentrations in 100 healthy subjects ranged from less than 5 to 300 pmol/l (mean 72 pmol/l).", "PMID": 1069363}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6168", "title": "Release of motilin in man.", "content": "The effects on motilin release of various stimuli including an ordinary hospital lunch and ingestion of equicaloric amounts of protein (steamed cod), fat (double cream), or carbohydrate (glucose solution), and intraduodenal instillation of acid (0.1M HCl) and alkali (0.3M tris buffer, pH 10.2) have been investigated in healthy volunteers. Duodenal acidification resulted in a 90% rise of plasma motilin while after intraduodenal instillation of alkali motilin fell. No significant change was seen after a normal hospital lunch and the protein meal, and a small fall was observed after glucose. By contrast, after ingestion of 60 g fat motilin showed a peak increase of 65% at 30 minutes and was still significantly elevated at 60 minutes. Exogenous motilin has been reported to delay gastric emptying and this is also seen after duodenal acidification and fat ingestion. We conclude that motilin may be released physiologically by these stimuli and mediate their effects on gastric emptying in man.", "contents": "Release of motilin in man. The effects on motilin release of various stimuli including an ordinary hospital lunch and ingestion of equicaloric amounts of protein (steamed cod), fat (double cream), or carbohydrate (glucose solution), and intraduodenal instillation of acid (0.1M HCl) and alkali (0.3M tris buffer, pH 10.2) have been investigated in healthy volunteers. Duodenal acidification resulted in a 90% rise of plasma motilin while after intraduodenal instillation of alkali motilin fell. No significant change was seen after a normal hospital lunch and the protein meal, and a small fall was observed after glucose. By contrast, after ingestion of 60 g fat motilin showed a peak increase of 65% at 30 minutes and was still significantly elevated at 60 minutes. Exogenous motilin has been reported to delay gastric emptying and this is also seen after duodenal acidification and fat ingestion. We conclude that motilin may be released physiologically by these stimuli and mediate their effects on gastric emptying in man.", "PMID": 1069364}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6169", "title": "Motilin effects on gastrointestinal motility and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in dogs.", "content": "Natural porcine motilin induces phasic contractions of the lower esophageal sphincter in dogs. These contractions are related to gastric contractions, which have the characteristics of interdigestive-motility patterns. Duodenal alkalinization produces an insignificant LES pressure increase after 5 minutes. No effect of motilin was observed when using isolated canine muscle strips.", "contents": "Motilin effects on gastrointestinal motility and lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure in dogs. Natural porcine motilin induces phasic contractions of the lower esophageal sphincter in dogs. These contractions are related to gastric contractions, which have the characteristics of interdigestive-motility patterns. Duodenal alkalinization produces an insignificant LES pressure increase after 5 minutes. No effect of motilin was observed when using isolated canine muscle strips.", "PMID": 1069365}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6170", "title": "Intravenous 13-Nle-motilin increases the human lower esophageal sphincter pressure.", "content": "To elucidate whether, in principle, motilin could serve a role in LESP regulation, the effects of 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-m)-synthetic analogue of motilin and biologically just as active as the natural polypeptide-on LESP were investigated in normal subjects. LESP was monitored with the continual withdrawal method. Sets of tests: (1) i.v. pulse doses of 13-nle-m (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mug/kg) were given to 6 subjects in random order on different days, (2) i.v. bolus injections of 0.6 mug/kg pentagastrin were given to elicit maximal LES contractions, (3) i.v. infusions of 13-nle-m (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mug/kg-h; doses doubling every 30 min) were used in 7 individuals, and (4) the effect of atropine infusion of 13-nle-m-stimulated LESP was studied in 6 subjects. (1) Graded i.v. pulse doses of 13-nle-m caused LESP to increase dose-dependently with maximum pressures exceeding basal levels by about 160% (p less than 0.01). After each bolus injection, peak values were achieved within 1-2 min followed by a steady decrease in LESP. (2) Maximum response to 0.4 mug/kg 13-nle-m was about 65% of that to 0.6 mug/kg pentagastrin. (3) i.v. infusions of varying doses of 13-nle-m caused a significant and dose-dependent increase in average LESP. (4) The stimulating effect of an i.v. pulse dose of 0.1 mug/kg 13-nle-m on LESP could be suppressed by concomitant atropine. the human LES is responsive, indeed, to exogenous motilin.", "contents": "Intravenous 13-Nle-motilin increases the human lower esophageal sphincter pressure. To elucidate whether, in principle, motilin could serve a role in LESP regulation, the effects of 13-norleucine-motilin (13-nle-m)-synthetic analogue of motilin and biologically just as active as the natural polypeptide-on LESP were investigated in normal subjects. LESP was monitored with the continual withdrawal method. Sets of tests: (1) i.v. pulse doses of 13-nle-m (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mug/kg) were given to 6 subjects in random order on different days, (2) i.v. bolus injections of 0.6 mug/kg pentagastrin were given to elicit maximal LES contractions, (3) i.v. infusions of 13-nle-m (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mug/kg-h; doses doubling every 30 min) were used in 7 individuals, and (4) the effect of atropine infusion of 13-nle-m-stimulated LESP was studied in 6 subjects. (1) Graded i.v. pulse doses of 13-nle-m caused LESP to increase dose-dependently with maximum pressures exceeding basal levels by about 160% (p less than 0.01). After each bolus injection, peak values were achieved within 1-2 min followed by a steady decrease in LESP. (2) Maximum response to 0.4 mug/kg 13-nle-m was about 65% of that to 0.6 mug/kg pentagastrin. (3) i.v. infusions of varying doses of 13-nle-m caused a significant and dose-dependent increase in average LESP. (4) The stimulating effect of an i.v. pulse dose of 0.1 mug/kg 13-nle-m on LESP could be suppressed by concomitant atropine. the human LES is responsive, indeed, to exogenous motilin.", "PMID": 1069366}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6171", "title": "Effect of 13-Nle-motilin on small intestinal transit time in healthy subjects.", "content": "In 6 female subjects without gastrointestinal diseases, 13-norleucine motilin (13-Nle-M) synthetic and biological analogue of the duodenal polypeptide, motilin, caused acceleration of intestinal transit time. Intravenous infusion of 0.4 mug/kg-h of 13-Nle-M reduced mean transit time by 50 percent. No side effects occurred during infusion of the polypeptide. Radiographic appearance of small intestinal peristalsis and mucosal relief was not influenced by 13-Nle-M.", "contents": "Effect of 13-Nle-motilin on small intestinal transit time in healthy subjects. In 6 female subjects without gastrointestinal diseases, 13-norleucine motilin (13-Nle-M) synthetic and biological analogue of the duodenal polypeptide, motilin, caused acceleration of intestinal transit time. Intravenous infusion of 0.4 mug/kg-h of 13-Nle-M reduced mean transit time by 50 percent. No side effects occurred during infusion of the polypeptide. Radiographic appearance of small intestinal peristalsis and mucosal relief was not influenced by 13-Nle-M.", "PMID": 1069367}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6172", "title": "Motilin-induced mechanical activity in the canine alimentary tract.", "content": "Gastrointestinal contractile activity from the lower esophageal sphincter to the terminal ileum in the conscious dogs was continuously recorded on a multi-channel polygraph for several weeks by means of chronically implanted strain gage force transducers. It was found that the 24-hour gastrointestinal motor activity consisted of the two different major patterns; the digestive and interdigestive patterns. The interdigestive motor activity was characterized by a cyclic recurring, caudad-moving band of strong contractions interrupted by long lasting motor quiescence. When one band of strong contractions reached the distal ileum, another developed in the LES, stomach and duodenum again and propagated in a caudad-direction. Such recycling episodes repeatedly occurred until the next meal. After ingestion of food, gastrointestinal motor activity was continous and such characteristic interdigestive patterns were not observed. Synthetic motilin, 0.1-2.7 mug/kg/hr, was assayed for its motor stimulating activity in the both states. In the digestive state, an i.v. infusion of motlin had no influence upon the motor activity even if the dose was increased up to 6.0 mug/kg/hr. On the other hand, when motilin was infused during the interdigestive state, it induced a pattern precisely like the naturally-occurring interdigestive contractions. Not only the naturally-occurring contractions but also motilin-induced contractions were strongly inhibited by the ingestion of food or an i.v. infusion of pentagastrin (0.2-1.8 mug/kg/hr). Duodenal acidification (0.1 N HC1, 3-16 ml/kg/hr) in the interdigestive state disturbed or inhibited the regular cycle of the natural contractions but was counteracted by exogenous i.v. infusion of motilin. These findings strongly suggest the view that the interdigestive gastrointestinal motor activity is at least in part regulated by circulating motilin concentration in the blood, however, its cyclic recurring, caudad propagating mechanism may be controlled in part by the nervous system. Motilin is the only substance known to be active during the interdigestive state and therefore may be called the interdigestive hormone.", "contents": "Motilin-induced mechanical activity in the canine alimentary tract. Gastrointestinal contractile activity from the lower esophageal sphincter to the terminal ileum in the conscious dogs was continuously recorded on a multi-channel polygraph for several weeks by means of chronically implanted strain gage force transducers. It was found that the 24-hour gastrointestinal motor activity consisted of the two different major patterns; the digestive and interdigestive patterns. The interdigestive motor activity was characterized by a cyclic recurring, caudad-moving band of strong contractions interrupted by long lasting motor quiescence. When one band of strong contractions reached the distal ileum, another developed in the LES, stomach and duodenum again and propagated in a caudad-direction. Such recycling episodes repeatedly occurred until the next meal. After ingestion of food, gastrointestinal motor activity was continous and such characteristic interdigestive patterns were not observed. Synthetic motilin, 0.1-2.7 mug/kg/hr, was assayed for its motor stimulating activity in the both states. In the digestive state, an i.v. infusion of motlin had no influence upon the motor activity even if the dose was increased up to 6.0 mug/kg/hr. On the other hand, when motilin was infused during the interdigestive state, it induced a pattern precisely like the naturally-occurring interdigestive contractions. Not only the naturally-occurring contractions but also motilin-induced contractions were strongly inhibited by the ingestion of food or an i.v. infusion of pentagastrin (0.2-1.8 mug/kg/hr). Duodenal acidification (0.1 N HC1, 3-16 ml/kg/hr) in the interdigestive state disturbed or inhibited the regular cycle of the natural contractions but was counteracted by exogenous i.v. infusion of motilin. These findings strongly suggest the view that the interdigestive gastrointestinal motor activity is at least in part regulated by circulating motilin concentration in the blood, however, its cyclic recurring, caudad propagating mechanism may be controlled in part by the nervous system. Motilin is the only substance known to be active during the interdigestive state and therefore may be called the interdigestive hormone.", "PMID": 1069368}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6173", "title": "[Human non-epithelial tumors in \"nude\" mice: morphology and growth characteristics].", "content": "Morphology and growth characteristics of an osteosarcoma and a glioblastoma are described after direct transplantation in nude (thymusless) mice. In osteosarcoma neither characteristic had changed after 14 months' observation. In contrast, some of the glioblastoma transplants (22 months' observation) showed dedifferentiation of morphology and grew faster than others derived from the same biopsy. The possible reasons for the different growth pattern of the two tumors are discussed.", "contents": "[Human non-epithelial tumors in \"nude\" mice: morphology and growth characteristics]. Morphology and growth characteristics of an osteosarcoma and a glioblastoma are described after direct transplantation in nude (thymusless) mice. In osteosarcoma neither characteristic had changed after 14 months' observation. In contrast, some of the glioblastoma transplants (22 months' observation) showed dedifferentiation of morphology and grew faster than others derived from the same biopsy. The possible reasons for the different growth pattern of the two tumors are discussed.", "PMID": 1069370}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6174", "title": "Meningitis caused by Rhodotorula.", "content": "A case of rhodotorula meningitis in a 21 year old male compromised with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is reported. The yeast was identified as Rhodotorula rubra (Demme) Lodder.", "contents": "Meningitis caused by Rhodotorula. A case of rhodotorula meningitis in a 21 year old male compromised with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is reported. The yeast was identified as Rhodotorula rubra (Demme) Lodder.", "PMID": 1069381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6175", "title": "[Autologous cartilage grafts for rhinoplasties in patients with clefts].", "content": "Almost any forms of complete clefts require a rhinoplasty in spite of good primary results with modern methods of operation in the labial region. The final correction is performed after the fifteenth year of life. The existent supporting tissue is often inadequate and will yield no optimal result if local reconstruction alone is performed. Transplantation of autologous cartilage to the side of the nose and to the columella may compensate for the deficit, the columella cartilage chip permitting to erect the nose, which gives favorable aesthetic and functional results. Consequently, rhinoplasty is recommended for certain unilateral complete clefts and in any case for bilateral complete clefts.", "contents": "[Autologous cartilage grafts for rhinoplasties in patients with clefts]. Almost any forms of complete clefts require a rhinoplasty in spite of good primary results with modern methods of operation in the labial region. The final correction is performed after the fifteenth year of life. The existent supporting tissue is often inadequate and will yield no optimal result if local reconstruction alone is performed. Transplantation of autologous cartilage to the side of the nose and to the columella may compensate for the deficit, the columella cartilage chip permitting to erect the nose, which gives favorable aesthetic and functional results. Consequently, rhinoplasty is recommended for certain unilateral complete clefts and in any case for bilateral complete clefts.", "PMID": 1069382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6176", "title": "[Results in the treatment of lateral middle face fractures].", "content": "During 1960-1973, 90 patients with lateral midface fractures were treated at the Rostock University Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology. 68 patients underwent a clinical and radiographic follow-up examination. The intra-antral operation methods had yielded better results than the extra-oral treatments. To reduce late sequelae which are observed also in patients for whom a surgical approach had not been indicated, the authors recommend an exact diagnostic evaluation of the lateral midface fractures and a close interdisciplinary co-operation of the oral surgeon and the ophthalmologist.", "contents": "[Results in the treatment of lateral middle face fractures]. During 1960-1973, 90 patients with lateral midface fractures were treated at the Rostock University Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology. 68 patients underwent a clinical and radiographic follow-up examination. The intra-antral operation methods had yielded better results than the extra-oral treatments. To reduce late sequelae which are observed also in patients for whom a surgical approach had not been indicated, the authors recommend an exact diagnostic evaluation of the lateral midface fractures and a close interdisciplinary co-operation of the oral surgeon and the ophthalmologist.", "PMID": 1069383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6177", "title": "[Experiences with linear and multi-dimensional tomography and zonography in the radiodiagnosis of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "A Multigraph 2 served to compare linear and elliptic tomography with linear and circular zonography as to their diagnostic values in the examination of the temporomandibular joint. The contrasts and the blurring effects of the different forms of layers are studied with regard to the appreciation of the structures and contours of the joint-forming components. The linear zonography is considered the method of choice, mainly because it gives sharp contrasts.", "contents": "[Experiences with linear and multi-dimensional tomography and zonography in the radiodiagnosis of the temporomandibular joint]. A Multigraph 2 served to compare linear and elliptic tomography with linear and circular zonography as to their diagnostic values in the examination of the temporomandibular joint. The contrasts and the blurring effects of the different forms of layers are studied with regard to the appreciation of the structures and contours of the joint-forming components. The linear zonography is considered the method of choice, mainly because it gives sharp contrasts.", "PMID": 1069384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6178", "title": "[Indications for treatment of mandibular fractures in the adult].", "content": "From the many kinds of treatment which are indicated in the literature, the authors selected for presentation those methods which have proved useful at the Rostock University Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology, during many years, in managing mandibular fractures, their indications being precisely established. The therapeutical measures still centre on conservative methods, modern operation techniques being optimal complements. If surgical management of the fracture is necessary, a stable osteosynthesis technique should be used on principle, condylar process fractures being excepted.", "contents": "[Indications for treatment of mandibular fractures in the adult]. From the many kinds of treatment which are indicated in the literature, the authors selected for presentation those methods which have proved useful at the Rostock University Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology, during many years, in managing mandibular fractures, their indications being precisely established. The therapeutical measures still centre on conservative methods, modern operation techniques being optimal complements. If surgical management of the fracture is necessary, a stable osteosynthesis technique should be used on principle, condylar process fractures being excepted.", "PMID": 1069385}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6179", "title": "[Group treatment of children with speech disorders].", "content": "Group instruction of children with speech disorders due to clefts has certain advantages over individual instruction. These advantages ares presented from the viewpoint of logopaedia and corroborated by experience with 77 children treated up to now. More rapid and better speech rehabilitation associated with a decrease in indication for speech-improving surgical interventions are the outstanding results of group instruction. It comprises early instruction, rehabilitative logopaedia (courses and individual instruction) and after-care with directives for the parents, and concerns the age groups 0-3, 3-6 (7) and 6 (7)-18 years.", "contents": "[Group treatment of children with speech disorders]. Group instruction of children with speech disorders due to clefts has certain advantages over individual instruction. These advantages ares presented from the viewpoint of logopaedia and corroborated by experience with 77 children treated up to now. More rapid and better speech rehabilitation associated with a decrease in indication for speech-improving surgical interventions are the outstanding results of group instruction. It comprises early instruction, rehabilitative logopaedia (courses and individual instruction) and after-care with directives for the parents, and concerns the age groups 0-3, 3-6 (7) and 6 (7)-18 years.", "PMID": 1069386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6180", "title": "[Diagnosis of temporomandibular joint diseases in the ambulatory practice].", "content": "The temporomandibular joints of 977 students of the Rostock University were examined clinically and radiographically. Objective findings (laterodeviation of the mandible, crackling noises of the joint, radiographic changes of the position of the condyle) were frequently obtained, whereas subjective complaints (arthralgia, crackling noises of the joint) were rare. Only the occurrence of both symptom complexes requires an exact diagnosis and therapy of the temporomandibular joint disease after optimal oral rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of temporomandibular joint diseases in the ambulatory practice]. The temporomandibular joints of 977 students of the Rostock University were examined clinically and radiographically. Objective findings (laterodeviation of the mandible, crackling noises of the joint, radiographic changes of the position of the condyle) were frequently obtained, whereas subjective complaints (arthralgia, crackling noises of the joint) were rare. Only the occurrence of both symptom complexes requires an exact diagnosis and therapy of the temporomandibular joint disease after optimal oral rehabilitation.", "PMID": 1069387}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6181", "title": "[Epithetic treatment of facial defects].", "content": "The author deals with the aetiology and location of facial defects treated prosthetically during 1974-1975. Treatment methods currently used at the Rostock University Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology are presented with special regard to constructions developed in this clinic. The importance of the choice of an appropriate material and of the possibility of secure anchoring is pointed to. In spite of certain disadvantages which should not be underrated, facial prostheses have proved useful for temporary treatment and also for definite treatment", "contents": "[Epithetic treatment of facial defects]. The author deals with the aetiology and location of facial defects treated prosthetically during 1974-1975. Treatment methods currently used at the Rostock University Clinic and Policlinic of Stomatology are presented with special regard to constructions developed in this clinic. The importance of the choice of an appropriate material and of the possibility of secure anchoring is pointed to. In spite of certain disadvantages which should not be underrated, facial prostheses have proved useful for temporary treatment and also for definite treatment", "PMID": 1069388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6182", "title": "[Correlations between chronic liver diseases and periodontal diseases with special reference to animal experiments].", "content": "The purpose of the present paper was to investigate possible relationships between chronic liver diseases and marginal periodontal diseases, using clinical and radiographic methods as well as animal experiments. The periodontal conditions of 100 patients with histologically confirmed chronic hepatopathies were compared with those in a control group of same size. The results of these studies testify unequivocally to unfavourable conditions in the group of hepatopaths. This finding is corroborated and complemented by subsequent animal experiments. The difference in the extent and intensity of the periodontal alterations between a group of Wistar rats with experimentally induced hepatopathies and a control group was statistically significant. These results permit the conclusion that an aetiologic relation between chronic hepatopathies and marginal periodontal diseases may be assumed.", "contents": "[Correlations between chronic liver diseases and periodontal diseases with special reference to animal experiments]. The purpose of the present paper was to investigate possible relationships between chronic liver diseases and marginal periodontal diseases, using clinical and radiographic methods as well as animal experiments. The periodontal conditions of 100 patients with histologically confirmed chronic hepatopathies were compared with those in a control group of same size. The results of these studies testify unequivocally to unfavourable conditions in the group of hepatopaths. This finding is corroborated and complemented by subsequent animal experiments. The difference in the extent and intensity of the periodontal alterations between a group of Wistar rats with experimentally induced hepatopathies and a control group was statistically significant. These results permit the conclusion that an aetiologic relation between chronic hepatopathies and marginal periodontal diseases may be assumed.", "PMID": 1069389}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6183", "title": "[Tooth supporting structure and its importance for the regular development of the dentition and resulting therapeutic recommendations for practice].", "content": "The authors emphasize the importance of the supporting area to the regular development of the dentition and describe possibilities for preserving the deciduous teeth until the physiological change to the permanent dentition occurs. The change to the permanent dentition should be guided by a competent evaluation of space supply and space need to avoid expensive orthodontic measures. The supporting area analysis according to Moyers has been used with success to estimate whether the space in the supporting area will be sufficient for the permanent teeth.", "contents": "[Tooth supporting structure and its importance for the regular development of the dentition and resulting therapeutic recommendations for practice]. The authors emphasize the importance of the supporting area to the regular development of the dentition and describe possibilities for preserving the deciduous teeth until the physiological change to the permanent dentition occurs. The change to the permanent dentition should be guided by a competent evaluation of space supply and space need to avoid expensive orthodontic measures. The supporting area analysis according to Moyers has been used with success to estimate whether the space in the supporting area will be sufficient for the permanent teeth.", "PMID": 1069390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6184", "title": "[Timing of the orthodontic treatment in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "There is now a general concensus of opinion that the specific care of patients with congenital clefts should be performed in the framework of their rehabilitation in large centres. The values of timely and competent care is deduced from results obtained from 100 orthodontic patients. In cleft patients orthodontic treatment must begin several years earlier than in patients without clefts.", "contents": "[Timing of the orthodontic treatment in patients with cleft lip and cleft palate]. There is now a general concensus of opinion that the specific care of patients with congenital clefts should be performed in the framework of their rehabilitation in large centres. The values of timely and competent care is deduced from results obtained from 100 orthodontic patients. In cleft patients orthodontic treatment must begin several years earlier than in patients without clefts.", "PMID": 1069391}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6185", "title": "[Working time analysis in conservative dentistry (dental filling therapy)].", "content": "The purpose of the present paper was to determine the time required for filling therapy. The authors deal briefly with the subdivision of time adopted for the present study. Conclusions as to planning in dental practice may be drawn from the results obtained only if values determined by different dentists are available for comparison.", "contents": "[Working time analysis in conservative dentistry (dental filling therapy)]. The purpose of the present paper was to determine the time required for filling therapy. The authors deal briefly with the subdivision of time adopted for the present study. Conclusions as to planning in dental practice may be drawn from the results obtained only if values determined by different dentists are available for comparison.", "PMID": 1069392}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6186", "title": "[Epidemiologic studies. I. Secondary caries in tooth areas restored by silver-tin-amalgam, silicate cement or inlays].", "content": "On the basis of epidemiologic studies on 10 106 sugjects from the population of the town of Rostock, the authors deal with the frequency of filled tooth areas and their affection by secondary caries with special regard to filling materials (silver-tin amalgam, silicate cement, inlay). The low frequency of secondary caries in tooth areas restored by means of inlays is noteworthy. Finally, the authors give recommendations for practice.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic studies. I. Secondary caries in tooth areas restored by silver-tin-amalgam, silicate cement or inlays]. On the basis of epidemiologic studies on 10 106 sugjects from the population of the town of Rostock, the authors deal with the frequency of filled tooth areas and their affection by secondary caries with special regard to filling materials (silver-tin amalgam, silicate cement, inlay). The low frequency of secondary caries in tooth areas restored by means of inlays is noteworthy. Finally, the authors give recommendations for practice.", "PMID": 1069393}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6187", "title": "Further observations on canine spirocercosis in Kenya.", "content": "The close association of the parasite Spirocerca lupi with oesophageal sarcomas suggests aetiological involvement of S lupi. Further investigations may yield results of significance with respect to comparative oncology. This paper records detailed observations made over an 11 year period, on the incidence and pathological variations of S lupi infections in Kenya.", "contents": "Further observations on canine spirocercosis in Kenya. The close association of the parasite Spirocerca lupi with oesophageal sarcomas suggests aetiological involvement of S lupi. Further investigations may yield results of significance with respect to comparative oncology. This paper records detailed observations made over an 11 year period, on the incidence and pathological variations of S lupi infections in Kenya.", "PMID": 1069399}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6188", "title": "[Humoral immunity in human sarcomas].", "content": "Studies on humoral immunity were performed in sarcoma patients before, during and after the treatment. Cytotoxic test was carried on with target cells of human mesenchymoma stable line. The activity of serum and its immunoglobulin fractions in 15 patients with soft tissue sarcoma and in 10 patients with congenital sarcoma was studied. It was found that 19S fraction of patient's blood serum contains cytotoxic antibodies. 7S fraction was permanently inactive. The whole serum was cytoloxic before the treatment in 8 of 12 patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Among 20 healthy donors only 3 were active. There was revealed a possibility of strong specific binding of 19S immunoglobulins (and more rarely of 7S immunoglobulins) with target-cells surface. It evidences the capacity of immunoglobulins to render not only cytotoxic action but also presumably, a blocking effect. Irradiation treatment in doses of 1800-9000 rad fail to diminish the cytotoxic activity of the whole serum and its 19S fraction.", "contents": "[Humoral immunity in human sarcomas]. Studies on humoral immunity were performed in sarcoma patients before, during and after the treatment. Cytotoxic test was carried on with target cells of human mesenchymoma stable line. The activity of serum and its immunoglobulin fractions in 15 patients with soft tissue sarcoma and in 10 patients with congenital sarcoma was studied. It was found that 19S fraction of patient's blood serum contains cytotoxic antibodies. 7S fraction was permanently inactive. The whole serum was cytoloxic before the treatment in 8 of 12 patients with soft tissue sarcoma. Among 20 healthy donors only 3 were active. There was revealed a possibility of strong specific binding of 19S immunoglobulins (and more rarely of 7S immunoglobulins) with target-cells surface. It evidences the capacity of immunoglobulins to render not only cytotoxic action but also presumably, a blocking effect. Irradiation treatment in doses of 1800-9000 rad fail to diminish the cytotoxic activity of the whole serum and its 19S fraction.", "PMID": 1069401}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6189", "title": "[Hereditary predisposition to oncological diseases in leukemia patients].", "content": "Study on the genealogy of 671 patients with hemoblastosis has evidenced a more frequent incidence of malignant neoplasms in the families of patients with chronic lympholeucosis, erythremia and lymphogranulomatosis compared with the families of practically healthy persons. Whereas this regularity is not revealed in the families of patients with acute forms of leucosis and chronic myeloleucosis.", "contents": "[Hereditary predisposition to oncological diseases in leukemia patients]. Study on the genealogy of 671 patients with hemoblastosis has evidenced a more frequent incidence of malignant neoplasms in the families of patients with chronic lympholeucosis, erythremia and lymphogranulomatosis compared with the families of practically healthy persons. Whereas this regularity is not revealed in the families of patients with acute forms of leucosis and chronic myeloleucosis.", "PMID": 1069402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6190", "title": "[Hepatitis-B-surface-antibodies (detection, incidence, clinical importance)].", "content": "The AusRIA 2 test has been modified for HBs antibody detection. This technique is about 7 to 8 dilution steps more sensitive for antibody detection than the IPE. Using this modified radioimmunological technique investigations have been carried out on blood donors, patients with acute and chronic liver disease and on haemophiliacs. An HBs antibody incidence of 11% was found among voluntary blood donors. Intensive clinical investigation of blood donors positive for HBs antibodies by IPE demonstrated that the Serum GOT was elevated in 11% of cases and the liver biopsy showed histological changes of different severity in 16 out of 22 cases. Investigation of 22 cases of acute HBs antigen-positive hepatitis confirmed that nearly all the patients developed HBs antibodies within 10 weeks following the disappearance of HBs antigen. The HBs antibodies persist over years. The appearance of HBs antibodies after an acute HBs antigen-negative hepatitis can be taken as an indication of a hepatitis-B virus infection also in these cases. Among 22 HBs antigen-negative chronic hepatitis cases, HBs antibodies were detectable in 52%. Sera of 111 patients with HBs antigen-negative liver cirrhosis of varying aetiology showed HBs antibodies in 29.7% of cases. The incidence was higher in males. HBs antibodies were found in 98% of patients with haemophilia. These results reveal new aspects with regard to the importance of the hepatitis-B viurs, especially in chronic liver disease. Apart from a description of the newly-developed HBs antibody test and a discussion of the results obtained using this technique, a survey is given of the importance of HBs antibody determination by means of sensitive methods for clinical and epidemiological purposes.", "contents": "[Hepatitis-B-surface-antibodies (detection, incidence, clinical importance)]. The AusRIA 2 test has been modified for HBs antibody detection. This technique is about 7 to 8 dilution steps more sensitive for antibody detection than the IPE. Using this modified radioimmunological technique investigations have been carried out on blood donors, patients with acute and chronic liver disease and on haemophiliacs. An HBs antibody incidence of 11% was found among voluntary blood donors. Intensive clinical investigation of blood donors positive for HBs antibodies by IPE demonstrated that the Serum GOT was elevated in 11% of cases and the liver biopsy showed histological changes of different severity in 16 out of 22 cases. Investigation of 22 cases of acute HBs antigen-positive hepatitis confirmed that nearly all the patients developed HBs antibodies within 10 weeks following the disappearance of HBs antigen. The HBs antibodies persist over years. The appearance of HBs antibodies after an acute HBs antigen-negative hepatitis can be taken as an indication of a hepatitis-B virus infection also in these cases. Among 22 HBs antigen-negative chronic hepatitis cases, HBs antibodies were detectable in 52%. Sera of 111 patients with HBs antigen-negative liver cirrhosis of varying aetiology showed HBs antibodies in 29.7% of cases. The incidence was higher in males. HBs antibodies were found in 98% of patients with haemophilia. These results reveal new aspects with regard to the importance of the hepatitis-B viurs, especially in chronic liver disease. Apart from a description of the newly-developed HBs antibody test and a discussion of the results obtained using this technique, a survey is given of the importance of HBs antibody determination by means of sensitive methods for clinical and epidemiological purposes.", "PMID": 1069404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6191", "title": "[Impedance cardiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Determination of cardiac output by impedance cardiography exhibited perfect agreement with determinations performed by the Fick principle (r = 0.905; p less than 0.001); the measurements were carried out on 11 patients without valvular disease, 15 patients with mitral stenosis, 5 patients with aortic stenosis and 4 patients with combined aortic valvular disease. Impedance cardiography tends to give an underestimate of the cardiac output in patients with mitral insufficiency (N = 7) and in cases with combined mitral valvular disease (N = 9); in patients suffering from aortic insufficiency (N = 6), combined valvular disease (N = 5) and left to right shunts (N = 10) the cardiac output is often overestimated. Impedance cardiography is also suitable for determination of the cardiac output under exercise testing conditions up to submaximum ranges. This was demonstrated on 30 well-trained sportsmen, in a comperison and oxygen consumption testing (r = 0.937; p less than 0.001). Zo impedance does not change in healthy persons during exercise testing. Pharmacological investigations can be performed using impedance cardiography; a reduction in pressure values in pulmonary hypertension was demonstrated under the influence of nitroprusside. The stroke volume of a single cardiac revolution was, more over, measured in 12 patients with implanted pacemakers. P-ST intervals were 70--200 msec. The increase in cardiac output by 33% indifies the opinion that in certain cases, especially in young people, atrial synchronous pacemaker systems should be tried, despite the reported pitfalls and lack of success to date.", "contents": "[Impedance cardiography (author's transl)]. Determination of cardiac output by impedance cardiography exhibited perfect agreement with determinations performed by the Fick principle (r = 0.905; p less than 0.001); the measurements were carried out on 11 patients without valvular disease, 15 patients with mitral stenosis, 5 patients with aortic stenosis and 4 patients with combined aortic valvular disease. Impedance cardiography tends to give an underestimate of the cardiac output in patients with mitral insufficiency (N = 7) and in cases with combined mitral valvular disease (N = 9); in patients suffering from aortic insufficiency (N = 6), combined valvular disease (N = 5) and left to right shunts (N = 10) the cardiac output is often overestimated. Impedance cardiography is also suitable for determination of the cardiac output under exercise testing conditions up to submaximum ranges. This was demonstrated on 30 well-trained sportsmen, in a comperison and oxygen consumption testing (r = 0.937; p less than 0.001). Zo impedance does not change in healthy persons during exercise testing. Pharmacological investigations can be performed using impedance cardiography; a reduction in pressure values in pulmonary hypertension was demonstrated under the influence of nitroprusside. The stroke volume of a single cardiac revolution was, more over, measured in 12 patients with implanted pacemakers. P-ST intervals were 70--200 msec. The increase in cardiac output by 33% indifies the opinion that in certain cases, especially in young people, atrial synchronous pacemaker systems should be tried, despite the reported pitfalls and lack of success to date.", "PMID": 1069405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6192", "title": "[Cytoid bodies in human skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Cytoid bodies represent ovoid, round or polygonal, approximately cellsized structures. In human skin such bodies may occur under normal as well as under pathological conditions. A number of heterogenous materials contribute to the morphogenesis of cytoid bodies, but in sections of human skin prepared for routine histology, different groups of cytoid bodies can not always be distinguished from each other. However, such a differentiation is necessary, if their presence is to be utilized as a diagnostic parameter or interpreted as a sign of physiological or pathological events in the dermoepidermal junction area. The object of the present studies was to (i) characterize the different groups of cytoid bodies by histological, histochemical, immunological and electron microscopical techniques, (ii) elucidate their nature, origin and morphogenesis and (iii) determine their significance in the histology of the skin. The following results were obtained: (1) Elastic globes can easily be identified by their bright autofluorescence and their affinity for elastin stains. Electron microscopically they exhibit a mixture of amorphous, granular and filamentous material, thus showing simlarities with elastic fibers. They are regularly found in normal skin of the extremities and the face but usually are absent on the trunk. Therefore their demonstration may be of importance in forensic medicine by allowing a better determination of the origin of isolated skin pieces. (2) Russel bodies may show gross variations in their histological, histochemical and ultrastructural properties. They contain different amounts of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and immunoglobulins. These variable component result in a polymorphous structure. Russel bodies are produced by plasma cells and can frequently be found in skin infiltrates with a predominant admixture of this cell type. Their presence may be correlated with an increased local production of immunoglobulins, but their differentiation from other cytoid bodies and fungal elements is also of importance. (3) Civatte bodies are also eosinophil, PAS-positive and exhibit a typical fibrillar ultrastructure. They may be localised intraepidermally as well as in the upper corium. Although most frequently ecountered in lichen planus they may also be found in numerous other dermatoses and even in clinically normal skin. As indicated by their characteristics, they originate from epidermal keratinocytes and probably represent a morphological substrate of \"apoptosis\". (4) Amyloid is identified by the green birefringence of Congo red stained sections and by the more irregular arrangement of the individual filaments under the electron microscope. Cytoid aggregates of amyloid in the skin occur mainly in lichen amyloidosus and macular amyloidosis. Their presence should prompt further investigations of the patient for other signs of amyloidosis. (5) Fibrin in the form of cytoid clumps and clusters can frequently and specifically be demonstrated in skin diseases by immunofluorescence...", "contents": "[Cytoid bodies in human skin (author's transl)]. Cytoid bodies represent ovoid, round or polygonal, approximately cellsized structures. In human skin such bodies may occur under normal as well as under pathological conditions. A number of heterogenous materials contribute to the morphogenesis of cytoid bodies, but in sections of human skin prepared for routine histology, different groups of cytoid bodies can not always be distinguished from each other. However, such a differentiation is necessary, if their presence is to be utilized as a diagnostic parameter or interpreted as a sign of physiological or pathological events in the dermoepidermal junction area. The object of the present studies was to (i) characterize the different groups of cytoid bodies by histological, histochemical, immunological and electron microscopical techniques, (ii) elucidate their nature, origin and morphogenesis and (iii) determine their significance in the histology of the skin. The following results were obtained: (1) Elastic globes can easily be identified by their bright autofluorescence and their affinity for elastin stains. Electron microscopically they exhibit a mixture of amorphous, granular and filamentous material, thus showing simlarities with elastic fibers. They are regularly found in normal skin of the extremities and the face but usually are absent on the trunk. Therefore their demonstration may be of importance in forensic medicine by allowing a better determination of the origin of isolated skin pieces. (2) Russel bodies may show gross variations in their histological, histochemical and ultrastructural properties. They contain different amounts of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and immunoglobulins. These variable component result in a polymorphous structure. Russel bodies are produced by plasma cells and can frequently be found in skin infiltrates with a predominant admixture of this cell type. Their presence may be correlated with an increased local production of immunoglobulins, but their differentiation from other cytoid bodies and fungal elements is also of importance. (3) Civatte bodies are also eosinophil, PAS-positive and exhibit a typical fibrillar ultrastructure. They may be localised intraepidermally as well as in the upper corium. Although most frequently ecountered in lichen planus they may also be found in numerous other dermatoses and even in clinically normal skin. As indicated by their characteristics, they originate from epidermal keratinocytes and probably represent a morphological substrate of \"apoptosis\". (4) Amyloid is identified by the green birefringence of Congo red stained sections and by the more irregular arrangement of the individual filaments under the electron microscope. Cytoid aggregates of amyloid in the skin occur mainly in lichen amyloidosus and macular amyloidosis. Their presence should prompt further investigations of the patient for other signs of amyloidosis. (5) Fibrin in the form of cytoid clumps and clusters can frequently and specifically be demonstrated in skin diseases by immunofluorescence...", "PMID": 1069406}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6193", "title": "[Perduodenal Sphincterotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of immaculate surgical technique conventional transduodenal sphincterotomy is attended by a non-lethal complication rate of about 5.8% and a mortality rate of about 4.5%, the most frequent cause being dehiscence of the duodenal suture. The primary and secondary pathogenesis hereof is explained by the particular predisposition duodenal laceration on account of its special anatomy and operative vulnerability. Bearing these facts in mind, the method of so-called perduodenal sphincterotomy (p. sph.) seemed to offer more promising results for the following reasons: 1. Splitting of the sphincter through a minute incision in the duodenum (stab incision with a tenotome). 2. The advantage of primary closure of the cystic duct in the transcystic approach with medium-sized probes for the splitting. Experimental evidence shows the cystic duct to be very resistent towards dilation and rupture, especially in the presence of inflammatory processes. From 1967 to 1973 in 1441 cases of gall-bladder surgery p. sph. was performed 374 times and transduodenal sphincterotomy only 121 times. The statistic evaluation of the outcome of both methods showed significantly better results with p. sph. with regard to the incidence of postoperative non-lethal complications and duration of hospitalization. Assessment of non-lethal postoperative mortality and follow-up studies on 79% of the operated patients over a period from 3 to 9 years showed that the results of both methods were equal. In our experience the p. sph. is not only advisable when sphincterotomy is generally indicated, but also in the following special situations: a) as so-called \"emergency papillotomy\" in poor-risk patients; b) if the transduodenal approach is impossible awing to technical difficulties (poor accessibility, low site of the papilla); c) if the indication for papilotomy is dubious it can be chosen as the less dangerous method; d) for reoperation on the sphincter. On account of its prevailing advantages this new method for repairing papillary drainage is practicable as a routine method in sphincteric surgery.", "contents": "[Perduodenal Sphincterotomy (author's transl)]. In spite of immaculate surgical technique conventional transduodenal sphincterotomy is attended by a non-lethal complication rate of about 5.8% and a mortality rate of about 4.5%, the most frequent cause being dehiscence of the duodenal suture. The primary and secondary pathogenesis hereof is explained by the particular predisposition duodenal laceration on account of its special anatomy and operative vulnerability. Bearing these facts in mind, the method of so-called perduodenal sphincterotomy (p. sph.) seemed to offer more promising results for the following reasons: 1. Splitting of the sphincter through a minute incision in the duodenum (stab incision with a tenotome). 2. The advantage of primary closure of the cystic duct in the transcystic approach with medium-sized probes for the splitting. Experimental evidence shows the cystic duct to be very resistent towards dilation and rupture, especially in the presence of inflammatory processes. From 1967 to 1973 in 1441 cases of gall-bladder surgery p. sph. was performed 374 times and transduodenal sphincterotomy only 121 times. The statistic evaluation of the outcome of both methods showed significantly better results with p. sph. with regard to the incidence of postoperative non-lethal complications and duration of hospitalization. Assessment of non-lethal postoperative mortality and follow-up studies on 79% of the operated patients over a period from 3 to 9 years showed that the results of both methods were equal. In our experience the p. sph. is not only advisable when sphincterotomy is generally indicated, but also in the following special situations: a) as so-called \"emergency papillotomy\" in poor-risk patients; b) if the transduodenal approach is impossible awing to technical difficulties (poor accessibility, low site of the papilla); c) if the indication for papilotomy is dubious it can be chosen as the less dangerous method; d) for reoperation on the sphincter. On account of its prevailing advantages this new method for repairing papillary drainage is practicable as a routine method in sphincteric surgery.", "PMID": 1069407}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6194", "title": "Critical closing pressure or yield shear stress as the cause of disturbed peripheral circulation?", "content": "Rheological obstruction is possible on the basis of the known physical properties of blood. The angioarchitectonic arrangement of the mammalian microvasculature makes it especially susceptible to rheological obstruction. This is a price to be paid for the high efficacy and minituarisation which ameliorates the function under physiological conditions. Whenever blood looses its unique fluidity and assumes quasi conventional flow properties of a suspension, obstruction of the microvessels occurs: 1) when the blood perfuses vessels of the appropriate design under pressure insufficient to desaggregate, or deform the cells, or 2) when abnormal interaction between blood cells and cell wall occurs. In these respects, organ-specific differences also have to be taken into consideration; organs in which there are many venules are more susceptible than those with long capillaries: this facts will certainly have to be taken into account when discussing differences between skin and muscle perfusion.", "contents": "Critical closing pressure or yield shear stress as the cause of disturbed peripheral circulation? Rheological obstruction is possible on the basis of the known physical properties of blood. The angioarchitectonic arrangement of the mammalian microvasculature makes it especially susceptible to rheological obstruction. This is a price to be paid for the high efficacy and minituarisation which ameliorates the function under physiological conditions. Whenever blood looses its unique fluidity and assumes quasi conventional flow properties of a suspension, obstruction of the microvessels occurs: 1) when the blood perfuses vessels of the appropriate design under pressure insufficient to desaggregate, or deform the cells, or 2) when abnormal interaction between blood cells and cell wall occurs. In these respects, organ-specific differences also have to be taken into consideration; organs in which there are many venules are more susceptible than those with long capillaries: this facts will certainly have to be taken into account when discussing differences between skin and muscle perfusion.", "PMID": 1069426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6195", "title": "Vibration-induced changes in vascular tone.", "content": "Longitudinal mechanical vibrations in sonic range (10-100 Hz) and of moderate amplitude (50-500) considerably reduce the contractile force of smooth muscle as well as striated muscle. Experiments elucidating the mechanism behind this effect are described. The inhibition of the contractile force is probably due to a direct interference with the action of the contractile proteins. Vibrations are supposed to increase the rate with which the interfilamentary crosslinks are broken. Thereby the number of established crosslinks is reduced and thus the force. Finally a hypothesis concerning the possible role fo this phenomenon in the pathogenesis of vibration induced Raynaud syndrome is forwarded.", "contents": "Vibration-induced changes in vascular tone. Longitudinal mechanical vibrations in sonic range (10-100 Hz) and of moderate amplitude (50-500) considerably reduce the contractile force of smooth muscle as well as striated muscle. Experiments elucidating the mechanism behind this effect are described. The inhibition of the contractile force is probably due to a direct interference with the action of the contractile proteins. Vibrations are supposed to increase the rate with which the interfilamentary crosslinks are broken. Thereby the number of established crosslinks is reduced and thus the force. Finally a hypothesis concerning the possible role fo this phenomenon in the pathogenesis of vibration induced Raynaud syndrome is forwarded.", "PMID": 1069427}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6196", "title": "Finger blood flow in healthy subjects of different age and sex and in patients with primary Raynaud's disease.", "content": "Finger blood flow measured at rest and after 3 minutes of circulatory arrest by strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in a group of 13 healthy young men than in a group of 12 healthy young women. The flow values in 13 women in the meopause reached almost the level found in men. Hormonal factors might explain these differences. Between the group of the healthy young women and the 12 patients with Raynaud's disease there were only gradual differences in finger blood flow. Peak flow after 3 minutes of circulatory arrest was significantly lower in the patients (p less than 0.05). Whereas flow at rest showed only a tendency to lower values (mean room temperature 24 degrees C). The spontaneous and cold induced vasopastic attacks characterized by a decrease in finger volume and by very low or not measurable finger flow.", "contents": "Finger blood flow in healthy subjects of different age and sex and in patients with primary Raynaud's disease. Finger blood flow measured at rest and after 3 minutes of circulatory arrest by strain gauge venous occlusion plethysmography was significantly higher (p less than 0.001) in a group of 13 healthy young men than in a group of 12 healthy young women. The flow values in 13 women in the meopause reached almost the level found in men. Hormonal factors might explain these differences. Between the group of the healthy young women and the 12 patients with Raynaud's disease there were only gradual differences in finger blood flow. Peak flow after 3 minutes of circulatory arrest was significantly lower in the patients (p less than 0.05). Whereas flow at rest showed only a tendency to lower values (mean room temperature 24 degrees C). The spontaneous and cold induced vasopastic attacks characterized by a decrease in finger volume and by very low or not measurable finger flow.", "PMID": 1069432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6197", "title": "Fluorescein angiography especially of the upper extremities.", "content": "The technique used in sequential fluorescein angiography of the upper extremities is described. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method are exemplified and discussed in regard to its applicability in diagnosis of organic arterial obliterations, e.g. in Raynaud's phenomenon as well as to its usefulness in evaluation of reconstructive arterial surgery and medical treatment with respectively thrombolytic (Brinase, Astra) and microhaemorheologic agents (Venoruton, Zyma; Arwin, Knoll) or those with an influence on systemic haemodynamic factors as in induced hypertension. The importance of standardized experimental conditions is emphasized, particularly with reference to vasodilatation. The method represents a new possibility of obtaining clinically a functional over-all information on the nutritional blood flow of rather extensive skin areas. Also, it can illustrate the interaction between macro- and microcirculation. Segmental macrovascular occlusions without concomitant damage of the corresponding terminal vascular area mainly cause a prolongation of the fluorescence appearance time. Obstruction of the microvascular blood flow reveals itself as more definite changes in the fluorescence pattern of the affected skin areas.", "contents": "Fluorescein angiography especially of the upper extremities. The technique used in sequential fluorescein angiography of the upper extremities is described. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method are exemplified and discussed in regard to its applicability in diagnosis of organic arterial obliterations, e.g. in Raynaud's phenomenon as well as to its usefulness in evaluation of reconstructive arterial surgery and medical treatment with respectively thrombolytic (Brinase, Astra) and microhaemorheologic agents (Venoruton, Zyma; Arwin, Knoll) or those with an influence on systemic haemodynamic factors as in induced hypertension. The importance of standardized experimental conditions is emphasized, particularly with reference to vasodilatation. The method represents a new possibility of obtaining clinically a functional over-all information on the nutritional blood flow of rather extensive skin areas. Also, it can illustrate the interaction between macro- and microcirculation. Segmental macrovascular occlusions without concomitant damage of the corresponding terminal vascular area mainly cause a prolongation of the fluorescence appearance time. Obstruction of the microvascular blood flow reveals itself as more definite changes in the fluorescence pattern of the affected skin areas.", "PMID": 1069437}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6198", "title": "Effect of nicotine on isolated human blood vessels.", "content": "The action of nicotine was studied in isolated human vascular strip preparations using isometric recording of tension. Nicotine per se did not elicit any significant changes of smooth muscle tone. The effect of noradrenaline and direct smooth muscle stimulation, however, was enhanced. This action presumably is not dependent upon an adrenergic nervous mechanism, as in the intact organism but seems to be dependent upon a direct smooth muscle stimulation in itself not sufficiently strong to induce a contraction but leading to facilitated stimulation and propagation of the response.", "contents": "Effect of nicotine on isolated human blood vessels. The action of nicotine was studied in isolated human vascular strip preparations using isometric recording of tension. Nicotine per se did not elicit any significant changes of smooth muscle tone. The effect of noradrenaline and direct smooth muscle stimulation, however, was enhanced. This action presumably is not dependent upon an adrenergic nervous mechanism, as in the intact organism but seems to be dependent upon a direct smooth muscle stimulation in itself not sufficiently strong to induce a contraction but leading to facilitated stimulation and propagation of the response.", "PMID": 1069439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6199", "title": "Stenosing arteritis of the subclavian-axillary arteries (polymyalgia rheumatica sive arteritica).", "content": "According to recent investigations a stenosing arteritis of the subclavian-axillary arteries almost always is only one localization and an extreme variant of a systemic vascular disease, affecting aorta and large arteries, by pathologists called giant-cell arteritis or non-syphilitic aortitis and arteritis. The clinical manifestation of this disease process is often limited to a \"painful shoulder syndrome\".", "contents": "Stenosing arteritis of the subclavian-axillary arteries (polymyalgia rheumatica sive arteritica). According to recent investigations a stenosing arteritis of the subclavian-axillary arteries almost always is only one localization and an extreme variant of a systemic vascular disease, affecting aorta and large arteries, by pathologists called giant-cell arteritis or non-syphilitic aortitis and arteritis. The clinical manifestation of this disease process is often limited to a \"painful shoulder syndrome\".", "PMID": 1069442}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6200", "title": "Treatment of patients with secondary Raynaud's syndrome.", "content": "Treatment of secondary Raynaud's disease must be a treatment of the impaired microcirculation in the ischemic tissue. It can be performed in 3 ways: 1) By treating the vasospastic component 2) By reconstruction of occlusions or stenosis in the greater arteries 3) By improvement of the flow properties of blood. While the first two types of treatment often give unsatisfactory results, a new rheological therapy using Ancrod seems to be successful. This drug, a purified fraction from a snake venom lowers the fibrinogen concentration in blood therapy improving the flow properties of blood and plasma. In 5 patients suffering from severe secondary Raynaud's disease Ancrod was injected subcutaneously for a 2-4 week period. Some days after starting the treatment, the ischemic pain was reduced and finally disappeared. The beneficial effect continued even after ending the treatment. The mode of action of this new drug has been discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of patients with secondary Raynaud's syndrome. Treatment of secondary Raynaud's disease must be a treatment of the impaired microcirculation in the ischemic tissue. It can be performed in 3 ways: 1) By treating the vasospastic component 2) By reconstruction of occlusions or stenosis in the greater arteries 3) By improvement of the flow properties of blood. While the first two types of treatment often give unsatisfactory results, a new rheological therapy using Ancrod seems to be successful. This drug, a purified fraction from a snake venom lowers the fibrinogen concentration in blood therapy improving the flow properties of blood and plasma. In 5 patients suffering from severe secondary Raynaud's disease Ancrod was injected subcutaneously for a 2-4 week period. Some days after starting the treatment, the ischemic pain was reduced and finally disappeared. The beneficial effect continued even after ending the treatment. The mode of action of this new drug has been discussed.", "PMID": 1069443}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6201", "title": "Fibroxanthosarcoma of the uterine cervix: cytopathologic and histopathologic manifestations.", "content": "A case of fibroxanthosarcoma of the uterine cervix is reported with its cytopathologic manifestations. The cellular features of two cell populations characterized by atypical cells of fibroblastic and histiocytic types, suggests the correct diagnosis. The possibility of uterine sarcoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of bizarre and unusual cytologic findings.", "contents": "Fibroxanthosarcoma of the uterine cervix: cytopathologic and histopathologic manifestations. A case of fibroxanthosarcoma of the uterine cervix is reported with its cytopathologic manifestations. The cellular features of two cell populations characterized by atypical cells of fibroblastic and histiocytic types, suggests the correct diagnosis. The possibility of uterine sarcoma must be considered in the differential diagnosis of bizarre and unusual cytologic findings.", "PMID": 1069444}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6202", "title": "Condylomatous lesions of the cervix and vagina. I. Cytologic patterns.", "content": "Condylomatous lesions, although readily diagnosed on the vulva, are often missed in the vagina and on the cervix by clinical examination alone. The lesions are, however, quite common and may be misdiagnosed as mild dysplasia by cytology, colposcopy and even tissue examination. Condylomatous lesions are presently diagnosed on cytologic evidence in nearly two per cent of asymptomatic patients screened in our program and followed-up by colposcopy and tissue examination, when indicated. The cytologic presentation of these lesions is quite characteristic. The main features are seen in squamous cells: enlargement, bi- or multinucleation, hyperchromasia, peri-nuclear clearing, amphophilia and dyskeratotic changes. Our present experience indicates that a large number of lesions previously classed as mild dysplasias actually represent various stages of condylomatous lesions. When these stages of viral changes are removed from the group of dysplasias, the remaining cases become of much greater significance as the early stages of evolution of carcinomata of the cervix.", "contents": "Condylomatous lesions of the cervix and vagina. I. Cytologic patterns. Condylomatous lesions, although readily diagnosed on the vulva, are often missed in the vagina and on the cervix by clinical examination alone. The lesions are, however, quite common and may be misdiagnosed as mild dysplasia by cytology, colposcopy and even tissue examination. Condylomatous lesions are presently diagnosed on cytologic evidence in nearly two per cent of asymptomatic patients screened in our program and followed-up by colposcopy and tissue examination, when indicated. The cytologic presentation of these lesions is quite characteristic. The main features are seen in squamous cells: enlargement, bi- or multinucleation, hyperchromasia, peri-nuclear clearing, amphophilia and dyskeratotic changes. Our present experience indicates that a large number of lesions previously classed as mild dysplasias actually represent various stages of condylomatous lesions. When these stages of viral changes are removed from the group of dysplasias, the remaining cases become of much greater significance as the early stages of evolution of carcinomata of the cervix.", "PMID": 1069445}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6203", "title": "The role of cytology in the detection of malignant lymphoma of the uterine cervix.", "content": "The success of cytologic examination in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the cervix is at present limited. The generally accepted cytologic criteria for the identification of malignant lymphoma may have to be applied with caution when examining material obtained by abrasive technique; the diagnosis should not be entirely excluded, even in the presence of cell aggregates.", "contents": "The role of cytology in the detection of malignant lymphoma of the uterine cervix. The success of cytologic examination in the diagnosis of malignant lymphoma of the cervix is at present limited. The generally accepted cytologic criteria for the identification of malignant lymphoma may have to be applied with caution when examining material obtained by abrasive technique; the diagnosis should not be entirely excluded, even in the presence of cell aggregates.", "PMID": 1069446}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6204", "title": "Sputum cytology of metastatic carcinoma of the lung.", "content": "The cytopathology of 47 cases of metastatic carcinoma of the lung and of 28 cases of recurrent or metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma is reviewed. The diagnostic yield was better for recurrent than for metastatic carcinoma but overall was comparable to that of primary bronchogenic carcinomas. The metastatic tumors were located in all areas of the lung and included single as well as multiple lesions. The positive yield did not differ significantly in relation to any of the pathologic features but was somewhat higher if the metastases were large and centrally located. A definite differentiation of the metastatic tumors, usually adenocarcinomas, from new primary bronchogenic carcinomas is often possible particularly if the cytopathology can be compared with that of the primary lesion. Specific cytologic features include the relative lack of cohesion and the formation of columns in metastatic breast carcinomas, the formation of larger cohesive well circumscribed nodules composed of tall columnar cells in metastatic colon carcinomas, clear cell features in some metastatic adenocarcinomas of the kidney, and the small cell size and uniform, regular nuclear features in the often cytologically well differentiated metastatic carcinomas of the prostate.", "contents": "Sputum cytology of metastatic carcinoma of the lung. The cytopathology of 47 cases of metastatic carcinoma of the lung and of 28 cases of recurrent or metastatic bronchogenic carcinoma is reviewed. The diagnostic yield was better for recurrent than for metastatic carcinoma but overall was comparable to that of primary bronchogenic carcinomas. The metastatic tumors were located in all areas of the lung and included single as well as multiple lesions. The positive yield did not differ significantly in relation to any of the pathologic features but was somewhat higher if the metastases were large and centrally located. A definite differentiation of the metastatic tumors, usually adenocarcinomas, from new primary bronchogenic carcinomas is often possible particularly if the cytopathology can be compared with that of the primary lesion. Specific cytologic features include the relative lack of cohesion and the formation of columns in metastatic breast carcinomas, the formation of larger cohesive well circumscribed nodules composed of tall columnar cells in metastatic colon carcinomas, clear cell features in some metastatic adenocarcinomas of the kidney, and the small cell size and uniform, regular nuclear features in the often cytologically well differentiated metastatic carcinomas of the prostate.", "PMID": 1069447}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6205", "title": "Relation between cell composition of pleural effusions in patients with pulmonary carcinomas and their clinical courses.", "content": "1) Cancer cells of the effusions were decreased by chemotherapy, but this did not always indicate a good clinical course. 2) When the clinical condition was fairly good, the percentage of lymphocytes predominated in the pleural effusion. 3) When the clinical conditions became rather critical, there was an increase in the number of macrophage. 4) The cytologic findings were observed prior to the time the clinical symptoms became manifest. 5) The percentage of lymphocytes and macrophages in pleural effusions was not related to the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood.", "contents": "Relation between cell composition of pleural effusions in patients with pulmonary carcinomas and their clinical courses. 1) Cancer cells of the effusions were decreased by chemotherapy, but this did not always indicate a good clinical course. 2) When the clinical condition was fairly good, the percentage of lymphocytes predominated in the pleural effusion. 3) When the clinical conditions became rather critical, there was an increase in the number of macrophage. 4) The cytologic findings were observed prior to the time the clinical symptoms became manifest. 5) The percentage of lymphocytes and macrophages in pleural effusions was not related to the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes in peripheral blood.", "PMID": 1069449}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6206", "title": "Characterization of mononuclear phagocytes in human CSF using membrane markers.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate those membrane receptor sites on mononuclear phagocytes of human CSF which provide additional evidence for their monocytic origin and function. Using a heterologous system, sheep red blood cells were coated with IgG- and IgM-fraction of the anti-Forssman-antiserum of rabbits. In another series of experiments, sheep red blood cells were additionally sensitized with fresh human serum as a source of complement. The possible inhibitory effect of human IgG on the uptake of red cell antibody complexes was tested. Washed and pretreated sheep red cells were added to different fresh CSF specimens from patients, whose CSF exhibited no conspicious biochemical, serologic or cytologic alterations. The percentage of phagocytizing mononuclear phagocytes was evaluated. When the particular IgG EA reagent described was utilized, most of the mononuclear phagocytes consistently exhibited the IgG- and complement-receptor activity which selectively characterizes blood monocytes and related cells.", "contents": "Characterization of mononuclear phagocytes in human CSF using membrane markers. The purpose of this investigation was to demonstrate those membrane receptor sites on mononuclear phagocytes of human CSF which provide additional evidence for their monocytic origin and function. Using a heterologous system, sheep red blood cells were coated with IgG- and IgM-fraction of the anti-Forssman-antiserum of rabbits. In another series of experiments, sheep red blood cells were additionally sensitized with fresh human serum as a source of complement. The possible inhibitory effect of human IgG on the uptake of red cell antibody complexes was tested. Washed and pretreated sheep red cells were added to different fresh CSF specimens from patients, whose CSF exhibited no conspicious biochemical, serologic or cytologic alterations. The percentage of phagocytizing mononuclear phagocytes was evaluated. When the particular IgG EA reagent described was utilized, most of the mononuclear phagocytes consistently exhibited the IgG- and complement-receptor activity which selectively characterizes blood monocytes and related cells.", "PMID": 1069450}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6207", "title": "Morphology and DNA content of endometrial cancer nuclei under progestogen treatment.", "content": "Twelve endometrial cancers have been observed before and during progestogen treatment. Eight were well-differentiated and displayed an objective response. It was essentially characterized by a volumetric reduction of the nucleus and the disappearance of tetraploid nuclei. The DNA content remained diploid or near-diploid. Reduction of nuclear non DNA proteins under hormonal treatment is suggested.", "contents": "Morphology and DNA content of endometrial cancer nuclei under progestogen treatment. Twelve endometrial cancers have been observed before and during progestogen treatment. Eight were well-differentiated and displayed an objective response. It was essentially characterized by a volumetric reduction of the nucleus and the disappearance of tetraploid nuclei. The DNA content remained diploid or near-diploid. Reduction of nuclear non DNA proteins under hormonal treatment is suggested.", "PMID": 1069452}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6208", "title": "The influence of the internal compliance of a respirator on the alveolar gas distribution.", "content": "The occurrence of intrapulmonary redistribution \"pendelluft\" during the plateau phase of a respirator, with and without internal compliance, was studied in a lung-model which simulated an obstructive inhomogeneity. Internal compliance was achieved by adding a flask, with a variable volume, to the patient circuit of a respirator which had a low compressible volume (Engstr\u00f6m Care System ECS 2000, Junger Instrument AB, Sweden). The amount of redistributed volume was found to be dependent upon the internal compliance. Without additional compressible volume, the ventilator produced up to 18% redistribution which under all conditions could be brought below the 1% level when an internal compliance was introduced. A highly significant correlation between the amount of redistributed volume (pendelluft) and the discharge time-constant of the plateau (taupl = CI (RI + Rtr) could be established. The results of mathematical consideration gained from an electrical analogue coincided with our experimental findings. From this, some consequences could be derived for the design of an internal compliance for use with a respirator.", "contents": "The influence of the internal compliance of a respirator on the alveolar gas distribution. The occurrence of intrapulmonary redistribution \"pendelluft\" during the plateau phase of a respirator, with and without internal compliance, was studied in a lung-model which simulated an obstructive inhomogeneity. Internal compliance was achieved by adding a flask, with a variable volume, to the patient circuit of a respirator which had a low compressible volume (Engstr\u00f6m Care System ECS 2000, Junger Instrument AB, Sweden). The amount of redistributed volume was found to be dependent upon the internal compliance. Without additional compressible volume, the ventilator produced up to 18% redistribution which under all conditions could be brought below the 1% level when an internal compliance was introduced. A highly significant correlation between the amount of redistributed volume (pendelluft) and the discharge time-constant of the plateau (taupl = CI (RI + Rtr) could be established. The results of mathematical consideration gained from an electrical analogue coincided with our experimental findings. From this, some consequences could be derived for the design of an internal compliance for use with a respirator.", "PMID": 1069456}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6209", "title": "Monolayer cell cultures as target cells for the study of lymphocyte cytotoxicity in cancer patients.", "content": "Lymphocytotoxicity using S3-Hela target cells has been studied in 20 cancer patients treated with ionizing radiation (head and neck, lung and breast cancers). Monolayer cultures of Hela cells were marked with radioactive 51 Chromium and cultured with non stimulated or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes. This study shows a spontaneous decrease of lymphocytotoxicity in cancer patients as compared with normal subjects and an immunodepressive effect of radiotherapy. We observe a significant decrease of lymphocytotoxicity for either stimulated or non-stimulated lymphocytes at the end of radiation treatment. Moreover one month after completion of radiotherapy a possible repair of a lymphocytoxicity seems to be related with a short-term (6 months) good prognosis.", "contents": "Monolayer cell cultures as target cells for the study of lymphocyte cytotoxicity in cancer patients. Lymphocytotoxicity using S3-Hela target cells has been studied in 20 cancer patients treated with ionizing radiation (head and neck, lung and breast cancers). Monolayer cultures of Hela cells were marked with radioactive 51 Chromium and cultured with non stimulated or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated lymphocytes. This study shows a spontaneous decrease of lymphocytotoxicity in cancer patients as compared with normal subjects and an immunodepressive effect of radiotherapy. We observe a significant decrease of lymphocytotoxicity for either stimulated or non-stimulated lymphocytes at the end of radiation treatment. Moreover one month after completion of radiotherapy a possible repair of a lymphocytoxicity seems to be related with a short-term (6 months) good prognosis.", "PMID": 1069454}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6210", "title": "[Adrenal function in chronic myeloid leukemia].", "content": "Adrenal function was studied in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia treated in the past or presently with Busulphan. Adrenocortical function was determined by means of 24-hour profile of 11-hydroxysteroids (11-OHCS) in plasma, and urinary 24-hour 17 hydrocorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and 17-ketosteroids (17-KS). The adrenomedullary function was determined measuring VMA level in 24-hour urine. In most patients normal 24-hour 11-OHCS profiles and 24-levels of 17-OHCS, 17-KS and VMA. Only in some cases these levels were raised. This rise was observed more frequently in patients with blastic crisis of myeloid leukaemia which may indicate that the adrenal reserve was maintained in these patients. The investigations failed to show that the disease itself or Busulphan treatment impaired adrenal function. The possibility of a direct effect of Busulphan on melanin metabolism in the organism is discussed.", "contents": "[Adrenal function in chronic myeloid leukemia]. Adrenal function was studied in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia treated in the past or presently with Busulphan. Adrenocortical function was determined by means of 24-hour profile of 11-hydroxysteroids (11-OHCS) in plasma, and urinary 24-hour 17 hydrocorticosteroids (17-OHCS) and 17-ketosteroids (17-KS). The adrenomedullary function was determined measuring VMA level in 24-hour urine. In most patients normal 24-hour 11-OHCS profiles and 24-levels of 17-OHCS, 17-KS and VMA. Only in some cases these levels were raised. This rise was observed more frequently in patients with blastic crisis of myeloid leukaemia which may indicate that the adrenal reserve was maintained in these patients. The investigations failed to show that the disease itself or Busulphan treatment impaired adrenal function. The possibility of a direct effect of Busulphan on melanin metabolism in the organism is discussed.", "PMID": 1069455}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6211", "title": "An autopsy case of type II glycogenosis.", "content": "An autopsy case of Type II glycogenosis was reported with detailed description of ultrastructural findings. In addition to two typical patterns of glycogen deposition, membrane-bound lysosomal glycogen and membrane-free cytoplasmic glycogen, we observed numerous vacuolar structures in liver cells and a large deposition of nomogeneous materials between fragmented myocardial fibrils. These findings were briefly discussed in this manuscript.", "contents": "An autopsy case of type II glycogenosis. An autopsy case of Type II glycogenosis was reported with detailed description of ultrastructural findings. In addition to two typical patterns of glycogen deposition, membrane-bound lysosomal glycogen and membrane-free cytoplasmic glycogen, we observed numerous vacuolar structures in liver cells and a large deposition of nomogeneous materials between fragmented myocardial fibrils. These findings were briefly discussed in this manuscript.", "PMID": 1069472}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6212", "title": "Long-term cytogenetic studies in acute leukemia of children; the nature of relapse.", "content": "Sequential long-term cytogenetic studies in 71 children with acute leukemia were designed to investigate the nature of relapse after prolonged remission. In the overwhelming majority of the cases the findings suggested clonal identity of the leukemic cell population in relapse with that studied at the onset of the disease, notwithstanding considerable karyotypic instability in almost half of the patients. In a small minority an independent origin of the relapse clone could not be excluded on cytogenetic grounds but was considered unlikely, since mechanisms capable of accounting for the changes observed in these patients could be demonstrated in other cases. The persistence of diploid leukemic cells in the presence of an aneuploid subclone was demonstrated in the relapse bone marrow and/or spinal fluid in all active phases of the disease. On this basis the conversion from an aneuploid to a predominantly or exclusively diploid karyotype could be visualized, and a new model of clonal evolution, involving repetitive formation of abnormal karyotypes from a surviving diploid clone could be suggested.", "contents": "Long-term cytogenetic studies in acute leukemia of children; the nature of relapse. Sequential long-term cytogenetic studies in 71 children with acute leukemia were designed to investigate the nature of relapse after prolonged remission. In the overwhelming majority of the cases the findings suggested clonal identity of the leukemic cell population in relapse with that studied at the onset of the disease, notwithstanding considerable karyotypic instability in almost half of the patients. In a small minority an independent origin of the relapse clone could not be excluded on cytogenetic grounds but was considered unlikely, since mechanisms capable of accounting for the changes observed in these patients could be demonstrated in other cases. The persistence of diploid leukemic cells in the presence of an aneuploid subclone was demonstrated in the relapse bone marrow and/or spinal fluid in all active phases of the disease. On this basis the conversion from an aneuploid to a predominantly or exclusively diploid karyotype could be visualized, and a new model of clonal evolution, involving repetitive formation of abnormal karyotypes from a surviving diploid clone could be suggested.", "PMID": 1069473}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6213", "title": "IMFRA (intermittent intrathecal methotrexate and fractional radiation) plus chemotherapy in childhood leukemia.", "content": "A protocol for the prophylaxis of CNS leukemia was devised involving intermittent low-dosage radiation of the craniospinal axis combined with single intrathecal injections of MTX. The retionale for this protocol was the timing of first CNS relapses in patients not receiving prophylaxis which suggests that leukemic colonization of the CNS is not restricted to the initial stage of the disease and that periodic measures might be advantageous. The low dosage of radiation was chosen because it is well tolerated and has been found temporaily effective in overt CNS relapse. The two series of patients were comparable as to various parameters. Results after three years of observation were comparable to those obtained by other with a single initial course of high-dose radiation, with an expected 50% uninterrupted complete 5-year remission. On the basis of 30 months follow up in 26 patients, the therapy is well tolerated. An increase in morbidity due to infections in remission was not associated with a higher mortality.", "contents": "IMFRA (intermittent intrathecal methotrexate and fractional radiation) plus chemotherapy in childhood leukemia. A protocol for the prophylaxis of CNS leukemia was devised involving intermittent low-dosage radiation of the craniospinal axis combined with single intrathecal injections of MTX. The retionale for this protocol was the timing of first CNS relapses in patients not receiving prophylaxis which suggests that leukemic colonization of the CNS is not restricted to the initial stage of the disease and that periodic measures might be advantageous. The low dosage of radiation was chosen because it is well tolerated and has been found temporaily effective in overt CNS relapse. The two series of patients were comparable as to various parameters. Results after three years of observation were comparable to those obtained by other with a single initial course of high-dose radiation, with an expected 50% uninterrupted complete 5-year remission. On the basis of 30 months follow up in 26 patients, the therapy is well tolerated. An increase in morbidity due to infections in remission was not associated with a higher mortality.", "PMID": 1069474}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6214", "title": "Chemotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children.", "content": "Between 1969-1973, 75 consecutive children under the age of 15 years with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with a multiple-drug regimen (L-2). Prophylaxis for meningeal leukemia was limited to the repeated intrathecal injections of methotrexate. Seventy-four patients achieved remission; the duration of remissions could be evaluated only for 70. Relapse terminated complete remission within 1-54 months in 21 children. Four of these relapses were confined to the central nervous system. Forty-nine patients continue in complete remission from 23 to 63 months. Chemotherapy has been discontinued in 29 children, and 25 of these remain without evidence of recurrence for 2-27 months posttreatment.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children. Between 1969-1973, 75 consecutive children under the age of 15 years with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were treated with a multiple-drug regimen (L-2). Prophylaxis for meningeal leukemia was limited to the repeated intrathecal injections of methotrexate. Seventy-four patients achieved remission; the duration of remissions could be evaluated only for 70. Relapse terminated complete remission within 1-54 months in 21 children. Four of these relapses were confined to the central nervous system. Forty-nine patients continue in complete remission from 23 to 63 months. Chemotherapy has been discontinued in 29 children, and 25 of these remain without evidence of recurrence for 2-27 months posttreatment.", "PMID": 1069475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6215", "title": "Bilateral interstitial pneumonia in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "Of 148 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 34 had bilateral interstitial pneumonia (BIP). Their records were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the incidence of this pneumonia and delineate the various etiologic factors involved. All but 1 were in remission; 82% of the episodes occurred within the first 6 months, the majority of these occurring during the first 3 months of diagnosis of ALL; 16 were receiving methotrexate (MTX), and 14 were receiving combination chemotherapy with vincristine, prednisone and 6-mercaptopurine (6-Mp) and 4 were on no systemic therapy. Thirty patients with 35 episodes recovered within an average period of 18 days, including clearance of radiologic findings; 4 died. Four had open lung biopsies without complications. There was a single case of pneumocystis carinii infection diagnosed postmortem. Laboratory data and histopathologic findings (of 4 biopsies and 3 remaining autopsies) were suggestive of a viral etiology. The incidence of BIP in ALL at Children's Hospital of Michigan is 22.9% with a mortality rate of 10.3%. The incidence of pneumocystis carinii infection appeared to be low. Hypersensitivity to MTX was not substantiated.", "contents": "Bilateral interstitial pneumonia in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Of 148 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 34 had bilateral interstitial pneumonia (BIP). Their records were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the incidence of this pneumonia and delineate the various etiologic factors involved. All but 1 were in remission; 82% of the episodes occurred within the first 6 months, the majority of these occurring during the first 3 months of diagnosis of ALL; 16 were receiving methotrexate (MTX), and 14 were receiving combination chemotherapy with vincristine, prednisone and 6-mercaptopurine (6-Mp) and 4 were on no systemic therapy. Thirty patients with 35 episodes recovered within an average period of 18 days, including clearance of radiologic findings; 4 died. Four had open lung biopsies without complications. There was a single case of pneumocystis carinii infection diagnosed postmortem. Laboratory data and histopathologic findings (of 4 biopsies and 3 remaining autopsies) were suggestive of a viral etiology. The incidence of BIP in ALL at Children's Hospital of Michigan is 22.9% with a mortality rate of 10.3%. The incidence of pneumocystis carinii infection appeared to be low. Hypersensitivity to MTX was not substantiated.", "PMID": 1069476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6216", "title": "The human spleen as revealed by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "The three-dimensional world of the spleen was explored by scanning electron microscopy on both arterially perfused and nonperfused specimens, as well as on plastic corrosion casts of splenic vasculatures. Of 25 spleens studied, 18 were examples of hypersplenism. These were contrasted to 7 essentially normal spleens taken from children being staged for treatment of Hodgkin's disease whose spleens proved to be uninvolved in the pathologic process. Splenic sinuses in all 25 spleens were typified by a degree of porosity. RBC were caught in the act of entering sinuses from splenic cords. These sinus windows thus represent one end of an \"open\" circulation pathway. In casts of microvasculature, direct arteriovenous connections were demonstrated, thus establishing an anatomical basis for an often disputed \"closed\" circulation pathway. Spleens from 7 patients with hereditary spherocytosis had a super abundance of red pulp. Splenic cords were thickened and crowded with spherocytes, many of which presented slightly wrinkled membranes, as were also noted on the peripheral blood RBC. It is possible that these membrane features are unique for HS and reflect the intrinsic membrane abnormality in protein composition. The 7 spleens from chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura had white pulp as the predominant region. Germinal centers were frequent. Lymphocytes and plasma cells with well-developed microvilli were suggestive that release of antiplatelet antibody might be occurring in white pulp. Platelets were especially notable in peripheral white pulp and marginal zones. Platelet clumps were observed, generally adjacent to spleenic macrophages.", "contents": "The human spleen as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. The three-dimensional world of the spleen was explored by scanning electron microscopy on both arterially perfused and nonperfused specimens, as well as on plastic corrosion casts of splenic vasculatures. Of 25 spleens studied, 18 were examples of hypersplenism. These were contrasted to 7 essentially normal spleens taken from children being staged for treatment of Hodgkin's disease whose spleens proved to be uninvolved in the pathologic process. Splenic sinuses in all 25 spleens were typified by a degree of porosity. RBC were caught in the act of entering sinuses from splenic cords. These sinus windows thus represent one end of an \"open\" circulation pathway. In casts of microvasculature, direct arteriovenous connections were demonstrated, thus establishing an anatomical basis for an often disputed \"closed\" circulation pathway. Spleens from 7 patients with hereditary spherocytosis had a super abundance of red pulp. Splenic cords were thickened and crowded with spherocytes, many of which presented slightly wrinkled membranes, as were also noted on the peripheral blood RBC. It is possible that these membrane features are unique for HS and reflect the intrinsic membrane abnormality in protein composition. The 7 spleens from chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura had white pulp as the predominant region. Germinal centers were frequent. Lymphocytes and plasma cells with well-developed microvilli were suggestive that release of antiplatelet antibody might be occurring in white pulp. Platelets were especially notable in peripheral white pulp and marginal zones. Platelet clumps were observed, generally adjacent to spleenic macrophages.", "PMID": 1069477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6217", "title": "The reliability of head film measurements. 3. Tracing superimposition.", "content": "The superimposition of tracings from lateral skull x-ray films taken at different timepoints is an important method for assessing developmental and treatment changes through time. The usefulness of the data derived is, however, limited by the fact that the physical act of superimposing tracings is performed with some error. The magnitudes of error for superimpositions on different \"planes\" have not been amenable to quantitation by previously available methods. Using newly developed computer-aided techniques, we have been able to quantitate both the primary errors of tracing superimposition and the associated secondary landmark displacements for four conventionally employed anatomic reference \"planes\". For each reference \"plane,\" twenty-five independent film pairs were examined independently by each of four judges. Therefore, 100 acts of tracing superimposition were available for each reference \"plane.\" Output data are presented which appear to support the conclusion that measurement errors in tracing superimposition are a consequential factor affecting the confidence which should be placed in head film comparisons, particularly with regard to individual cases. Some consequences of this conclusion with respect to growth prediction and to the evaluation of treatment effects are considered.", "contents": "The reliability of head film measurements. 3. Tracing superimposition. The superimposition of tracings from lateral skull x-ray films taken at different timepoints is an important method for assessing developmental and treatment changes through time. The usefulness of the data derived is, however, limited by the fact that the physical act of superimposing tracings is performed with some error. The magnitudes of error for superimpositions on different \"planes\" have not been amenable to quantitation by previously available methods. Using newly developed computer-aided techniques, we have been able to quantitate both the primary errors of tracing superimposition and the associated secondary landmark displacements for four conventionally employed anatomic reference \"planes\". For each reference \"plane,\" twenty-five independent film pairs were examined independently by each of four judges. Therefore, 100 acts of tracing superimposition were available for each reference \"plane.\" Output data are presented which appear to support the conclusion that measurement errors in tracing superimposition are a consequential factor affecting the confidence which should be placed in head film comparisons, particularly with regard to individual cases. Some consequences of this conclusion with respect to growth prediction and to the evaluation of treatment effects are considered.", "PMID": 1069480}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6218", "title": "The influence of transseptal fibers on incisor position and diastema formation.", "content": "Transseptal fibers are a part of the gingival group of fibers of the periodontal membrane, and they are very tough and resistant. They form a chain from tooth to tooth which, provided that it remains intact and is sufficiently strong to resist displacing muscular pressures, will preserve the contacts between the teeth throughout the arch. If the continuity of the chain is interrupted, the balance of the forces acting upon the teeth on either side of the break is upset and considerable displacements can occur. Maxillary median diastemas are classified as \"simple\" or \"persistent\" according to their etiology, and an operation to clear the upper midline suture of transeptal fibers is described as an essential part of the treatment of persistent upper median diastema.", "contents": "The influence of transseptal fibers on incisor position and diastema formation. Transseptal fibers are a part of the gingival group of fibers of the periodontal membrane, and they are very tough and resistant. They form a chain from tooth to tooth which, provided that it remains intact and is sufficiently strong to resist displacing muscular pressures, will preserve the contacts between the teeth throughout the arch. If the continuity of the chain is interrupted, the balance of the forces acting upon the teeth on either side of the break is upset and considerable displacements can occur. Maxillary median diastemas are classified as \"simple\" or \"persistent\" according to their etiology, and an operation to clear the upper midline suture of transeptal fibers is described as an essential part of the treatment of persistent upper median diastema.", "PMID": 1069481}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6219", "title": "Superior repositioning of the maxilla: stability and soft tissue osseous relations.", "content": "The skeletal stability and soft-tissue changes associated with superior repositioning of the maxilla by Le Fort I osteotomy or simultaneous anterior and posterior maxillary osteotomies was studied in thirty patients by means of a computerized craniofacial model. Excellent skeletal stability was demonstrated 14 months postoperatively. Postsurgically, the reduction in lower face height and amount of maxillary incisor exposure resulted in improved facial balance. The use of a computerized osseous and soft-tissue craniofacial model has added a new dimension to evaluation of surgical changes associated with correction of dentofacial and craniofacial deformities.", "contents": "Superior repositioning of the maxilla: stability and soft tissue osseous relations. The skeletal stability and soft-tissue changes associated with superior repositioning of the maxilla by Le Fort I osteotomy or simultaneous anterior and posterior maxillary osteotomies was studied in thirty patients by means of a computerized craniofacial model. Excellent skeletal stability was demonstrated 14 months postoperatively. Postsurgically, the reduction in lower face height and amount of maxillary incisor exposure resulted in improved facial balance. The use of a computerized osseous and soft-tissue craniofacial model has added a new dimension to evaluation of surgical changes associated with correction of dentofacial and craniofacial deformities.", "PMID": 1069482}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6220", "title": "Inherent cellular radiosensitivity of human tumors of varying clinical curability.", "content": "It is well known that radiation therapy can be successfully used to cure or control some types of human tumors, while consistently failing in others. This has been ascribed to several factors including differences in the intrinsic sensitivity of the tumor cells and in their ability to recover from radiation damage. In this study, human tumor cells from an osteogenic sarcoma, a glioblastoma, and two medulloblastomas, as well as cells from human skin, were established in tissue culture, and the in vitrox x-ray survival and DNA repair parameters determined. No significant differences in either clonogenic survival or DNA strand rejoining ability could be detected among these human tumors or skin cells, despite the wide variability in their radiocurability in vivo. In addition, skin cell strains derived from patients exhibiting markedly sensitive or resistant skin reactions during fractionated radiotherapy showed no differences in survival characteristics from normal controls. It is therefore suggested that the wide range of radiocurabilities seen among various human tumors cannot be explained on the basis of inherent cellular factors responsible for the survival of tumor cells after x-irradiation.", "contents": "Inherent cellular radiosensitivity of human tumors of varying clinical curability. It is well known that radiation therapy can be successfully used to cure or control some types of human tumors, while consistently failing in others. This has been ascribed to several factors including differences in the intrinsic sensitivity of the tumor cells and in their ability to recover from radiation damage. In this study, human tumor cells from an osteogenic sarcoma, a glioblastoma, and two medulloblastomas, as well as cells from human skin, were established in tissue culture, and the in vitrox x-ray survival and DNA repair parameters determined. No significant differences in either clonogenic survival or DNA strand rejoining ability could be detected among these human tumors or skin cells, despite the wide variability in their radiocurability in vivo. In addition, skin cell strains derived from patients exhibiting markedly sensitive or resistant skin reactions during fractionated radiotherapy showed no differences in survival characteristics from normal controls. It is therefore suggested that the wide range of radiocurabilities seen among various human tumors cannot be explained on the basis of inherent cellular factors responsible for the survival of tumor cells after x-irradiation.", "PMID": 1069484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6221", "title": "Advantages of infant ventilators over adapted adult ventilators in pediatrics.", "content": "A lung simulator with variable compliance and resistance components was used to evaluate the dynamic compliance of the Bournes, Babybird, and Pediatric Emerson postoperative ventilators. With increase in airway pressure from combined changes in compliance and resistance, the internal compliance of the Bournes was lowest and the internal compliance of the Emerson was highest. With low constant airway resistance (50 cm/L/sec), the Babybird exhibited tidal volume losses similar to those of the Bournes in the face of decreased lung compliance. With constant lung compliance (10 ml/cm H2O) and increasing airway resistance, the Babybird had marked volume losses at higher volumes. Under all simulated conditions, internal compliance of the Emerson, although large, was relatively constant and the Bournes had the smallest internal compliance.", "contents": "Advantages of infant ventilators over adapted adult ventilators in pediatrics. A lung simulator with variable compliance and resistance components was used to evaluate the dynamic compliance of the Bournes, Babybird, and Pediatric Emerson postoperative ventilators. With increase in airway pressure from combined changes in compliance and resistance, the internal compliance of the Bournes was lowest and the internal compliance of the Emerson was highest. With low constant airway resistance (50 cm/L/sec), the Babybird exhibited tidal volume losses similar to those of the Bournes in the face of decreased lung compliance. With constant lung compliance (10 ml/cm H2O) and increasing airway resistance, the Babybird had marked volume losses at higher volumes. Under all simulated conditions, internal compliance of the Emerson, although large, was relatively constant and the Bournes had the smallest internal compliance.", "PMID": 1069488}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6222", "title": "Cancer experience among coke by-product workers.", "content": "This paper presents the site-specific cancer mortality, 1953-1966, for men employed in by-product coke plants in Allegheny County, Pa. Approximate relative risks, which take into account race, age, and calendar years of follow-up, have been calculated for various work areas of the coke plant. The major findings are: 1. As indicated previously by Lloyd and Redmond, men with five or more years at the coke ovens have an excess risk of dying from lung cancer and kidney cancer. 2. Cancers of the digestive system are significantly elevated in nonoven workers. Cancers of two sites, the colon and pancreas, account for the total excess in cancers of the digestive system. 3. Cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx appear high in nonoven workers, although the number of deaths involved is small. These observations clearly indicate the need to consider nonoven as well as oven workers when evaluating cancer hazards in the coke plant.", "contents": "Cancer experience among coke by-product workers. This paper presents the site-specific cancer mortality, 1953-1966, for men employed in by-product coke plants in Allegheny County, Pa. Approximate relative risks, which take into account race, age, and calendar years of follow-up, have been calculated for various work areas of the coke plant. The major findings are: 1. As indicated previously by Lloyd and Redmond, men with five or more years at the coke ovens have an excess risk of dying from lung cancer and kidney cancer. 2. Cancers of the digestive system are significantly elevated in nonoven workers. Cancers of two sites, the colon and pancreas, account for the total excess in cancers of the digestive system. 3. Cancers of the buccal cavity and pharynx appear high in nonoven workers, although the number of deaths involved is small. These observations clearly indicate the need to consider nonoven as well as oven workers when evaluating cancer hazards in the coke plant.", "PMID": 1069492}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6223", "title": "Cancer mortality among rubber workers: an epidemiologic study.", "content": "Several previous epidemiologic studies of the rubber industry--an industry that uses many chemicals--have identified excess mortality from certain specific cancers. In this study, four cohorts of active and retired workers, at four major rubber-tire plants, were identified historically and followed for the ten-year period from 1964 to 1973. The cancer mortality of these four population was compared, separately and combined, with that of the general community. For all cancers combined, there was a slight excess above the expected number of deaths, whereas for some specific cancers (stomach, colon, prostate, and neoplasms of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system) there was a marked excess of deaths. Proportional mortality analysis at other small plants revealed similar excesses for these cancers, and some excess for lung, bladder, and CNS cancers. Analysis of detailed individual work histories reveals an association of certain cancers with specific job exposures; in particular, lymphatic leukemia and solvent exposure, and lung cancer and curing-room exposure. For both bladder cancer and stomach cancer, preliminary analyses indicate an association with groups of jobs in adjacent production stages (handling and mixing raw ingredients, and processing the \"green\" precured rubber, respectively). Further analytic studies are currently under way to identify groups of rubber workers at increased risk of other specific cancers.", "contents": "Cancer mortality among rubber workers: an epidemiologic study. Several previous epidemiologic studies of the rubber industry--an industry that uses many chemicals--have identified excess mortality from certain specific cancers. In this study, four cohorts of active and retired workers, at four major rubber-tire plants, were identified historically and followed for the ten-year period from 1964 to 1973. The cancer mortality of these four population was compared, separately and combined, with that of the general community. For all cancers combined, there was a slight excess above the expected number of deaths, whereas for some specific cancers (stomach, colon, prostate, and neoplasms of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system) there was a marked excess of deaths. Proportional mortality analysis at other small plants revealed similar excesses for these cancers, and some excess for lung, bladder, and CNS cancers. Analysis of detailed individual work histories reveals an association of certain cancers with specific job exposures; in particular, lymphatic leukemia and solvent exposure, and lung cancer and curing-room exposure. For both bladder cancer and stomach cancer, preliminary analyses indicate an association with groups of jobs in adjacent production stages (handling and mixing raw ingredients, and processing the \"green\" precured rubber, respectively). Further analytic studies are currently under way to identify groups of rubber workers at increased risk of other specific cancers.", "PMID": 1069494}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6224", "title": "Case study 1: asbestos--the TLV approach.", "content": "A review of the control of carcinogenic exposures using the TLV approach presents a prospect of limited effectiveness. With asbestos, as with any carcinogen, no threshold is known below which no health effect may be manifest. At best, we have only limited dose-response information at levels much above those of practical concern. In the case of asbestos, current exposures can only be described crudely at any level of exposure, and health effects are only known for past high, but ill-defined, exposures. Limited information exists on the effects of synergistic interactions with other materials. The current U.S. TLV, based on data concerned with occurrence of asbestosis, has not been evaluated with regard to possible effectiveness in the prevention of asbestos cancer. Yet cancer is the heart of the asbestos-hazard problem. Finally, enforcement of the existing TLV, especially for asbestos has been limited, frequently absent, and often ineffective. Workers are exposed in many situations to levels much above the current standard. As discouraging as this picture may seem, a TLV can be useful for stimulating the development and application of engineering-control procedures. The application of these procedures, however, must be specified and mandated in future standards to lower worker exposures to the minimum commensurate with existing technology. As technology is developed that makes lower exposure levels possible in a large part of the industry, TLVs should be reduced to take advantage of that technology.", "contents": "Case study 1: asbestos--the TLV approach. A review of the control of carcinogenic exposures using the TLV approach presents a prospect of limited effectiveness. With asbestos, as with any carcinogen, no threshold is known below which no health effect may be manifest. At best, we have only limited dose-response information at levels much above those of practical concern. In the case of asbestos, current exposures can only be described crudely at any level of exposure, and health effects are only known for past high, but ill-defined, exposures. Limited information exists on the effects of synergistic interactions with other materials. The current U.S. TLV, based on data concerned with occurrence of asbestosis, has not been evaluated with regard to possible effectiveness in the prevention of asbestos cancer. Yet cancer is the heart of the asbestos-hazard problem. Finally, enforcement of the existing TLV, especially for asbestos has been limited, frequently absent, and often ineffective. Workers are exposed in many situations to levels much above the current standard. As discouraging as this picture may seem, a TLV can be useful for stimulating the development and application of engineering-control procedures. The application of these procedures, however, must be specified and mandated in future standards to lower worker exposures to the minimum commensurate with existing technology. As technology is developed that makes lower exposure levels possible in a large part of the industry, TLVs should be reduced to take advantage of that technology.", "PMID": 1069498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6225", "title": "Inorganic arsenic--ambient level approach to the control of occupational cancerigenic exposures.", "content": "In 1820 the first malignancies ascribed as due to occupational arsenic exposure were reported as scrotal cancers among smelters. A century later the causal relationship between chronic occupational, environmental or medical arsenical exposure and skin carcinogenesis was firmly established. From 1948 to 1975, nine out of eleven epidemiological studies have shown, initially or upon review, significant excess mortality from respiratory cancer among diverse occupations exposed to various inorganic arsenicals. Two of the nine studies have shown concommitant, significant excess mortality from lymphatic cancer, and another, from skin cancer. Additionally, two such studies have revealed a dose-response relationship between arsenical exposure and lung carcinogenesis. In the first, reported in 1969, the relationship was semi-quantitative, with a possible interactive role by sulfur dioxide or other contaminants. The other demonstrated a dose-response which was quantitative for arsenic per se. Upon our reinterpretation, this dose-response also demonstrated an increased lung cancer mortality risk apparently at arsenic concentrations above 1 mug/M3, calculated as the 8-hour TWA daily exposure over a 40-year working life. However, these and related data do not reveal a definite no-effect exposure level. Thus, in the absence of data documenting a cancerigenically safe level of occupational exposure and because of the environmental ubiquity of arsenic, the conclusion is drawn that the arsenic body burden of workers should not be occupationally increased above that produced by the ambient level.", "contents": "Inorganic arsenic--ambient level approach to the control of occupational cancerigenic exposures. In 1820 the first malignancies ascribed as due to occupational arsenic exposure were reported as scrotal cancers among smelters. A century later the causal relationship between chronic occupational, environmental or medical arsenical exposure and skin carcinogenesis was firmly established. From 1948 to 1975, nine out of eleven epidemiological studies have shown, initially or upon review, significant excess mortality from respiratory cancer among diverse occupations exposed to various inorganic arsenicals. Two of the nine studies have shown concommitant, significant excess mortality from lymphatic cancer, and another, from skin cancer. Additionally, two such studies have revealed a dose-response relationship between arsenical exposure and lung carcinogenesis. In the first, reported in 1969, the relationship was semi-quantitative, with a possible interactive role by sulfur dioxide or other contaminants. The other demonstrated a dose-response which was quantitative for arsenic per se. Upon our reinterpretation, this dose-response also demonstrated an increased lung cancer mortality risk apparently at arsenic concentrations above 1 mug/M3, calculated as the 8-hour TWA daily exposure over a 40-year working life. However, these and related data do not reveal a definite no-effect exposure level. Thus, in the absence of data documenting a cancerigenically safe level of occupational exposure and because of the environmental ubiquity of arsenic, the conclusion is drawn that the arsenic body burden of workers should not be occupationally increased above that produced by the ambient level.", "PMID": 1069501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6226", "title": "Cancer mortality patterns in the lead industry.", "content": "The mortality of 7,032 men employed for one or more years in lead production facilities (\"smelters\") or battery plants was observed over a 23-year period, 1947-1970. There were 1,267 certified deaths. Lead absorption in many members of the cohort was known to have been greatly in excess of accepted standards. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for all causes was 107 for smelter workers and 99 for battery plant workers. Deaths from malignant neoplasms were somewhat elevated in both groups, the SMR being 133 for smelter workers and 111 for battery plants. The excesses arose largely from tumors of the digestive organs and the respiratory system. Only three deaths are attributed to malignant renal tumors and seven to tumors of the central nervous system. The latter findings were of interest in view of the experimental production of renal tumors in rats and mice by the injection or oral administration of very large doses of lead salts, and the report by one group of investigators of gliomas in rats fed lead subacetate. Studies are continuing to characterize more fully the exposure of the above lead workers to substances other than lead. Additional follow-up of the cohort is also contemplated.", "contents": "Cancer mortality patterns in the lead industry. The mortality of 7,032 men employed for one or more years in lead production facilities (\"smelters\") or battery plants was observed over a 23-year period, 1947-1970. There were 1,267 certified deaths. Lead absorption in many members of the cohort was known to have been greatly in excess of accepted standards. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for all causes was 107 for smelter workers and 99 for battery plant workers. Deaths from malignant neoplasms were somewhat elevated in both groups, the SMR being 133 for smelter workers and 111 for battery plants. The excesses arose largely from tumors of the digestive organs and the respiratory system. Only three deaths are attributed to malignant renal tumors and seven to tumors of the central nervous system. The latter findings were of interest in view of the experimental production of renal tumors in rats and mice by the injection or oral administration of very large doses of lead salts, and the report by one group of investigators of gliomas in rats fed lead subacetate. Studies are continuing to characterize more fully the exposure of the above lead workers to substances other than lead. Additional follow-up of the cohort is also contemplated.", "PMID": 1069512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6227", "title": "Metal-material workers and lung cancer in Japan.", "content": "The distribution by occupation of 39,255 lung cancer deaths in eight years, from 1960 to 1967, was analyzed. An age-standardized comparison of actual deaths and expected deaths revealed that cancer of the lung had tendency to occur with a significantly higher frequency in (1) metal material workers (Obs., 232; Exp., 176.5), and (2) workers in mining and quarrying occupations (Obs., 151; Exp., 127.9). By similar analysis, farmers, miners, and metal-material workers were noted as high-risk occupations for stomach cancer and clerical workers, and farmers were noted as such for leukemia. The value of occupational cancer in monitoring by such a simple analysis was stressed (see Figure 1).", "contents": "Metal-material workers and lung cancer in Japan. The distribution by occupation of 39,255 lung cancer deaths in eight years, from 1960 to 1967, was analyzed. An age-standardized comparison of actual deaths and expected deaths revealed that cancer of the lung had tendency to occur with a significantly higher frequency in (1) metal material workers (Obs., 232; Exp., 176.5), and (2) workers in mining and quarrying occupations (Obs., 151; Exp., 127.9). By similar analysis, farmers, miners, and metal-material workers were noted as high-risk occupations for stomach cancer and clerical workers, and farmers were noted as such for leukemia. The value of occupational cancer in monitoring by such a simple analysis was stressed (see Figure 1).", "PMID": 1069513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6228", "title": "Respiratory disease mortality among uranium miners.", "content": "A mortality analysis of a group of white and Indian uranium miners was done by a life-table method. A significant excess of respiratory cancer among both whites and Indians was found. Nonmalignant respiratory disease deaths among the whites are approaching cancer in importance as a cause of death, probably as a result of diffuse parenchymal radiation damage. Exposure-response curves for nonsmokers are linear for both respiratory cancer and \"other respiratory disease.\" Cigaret smoking elevates and distorts that curve. Light cigaret smokers appear to be most vulnerable to lung parenchymal damage. The predominant histologic cancer among nonsmokers is small-cell undifferntiated, just as it is among cigaret smokers.", "contents": "Respiratory disease mortality among uranium miners. A mortality analysis of a group of white and Indian uranium miners was done by a life-table method. A significant excess of respiratory cancer among both whites and Indians was found. Nonmalignant respiratory disease deaths among the whites are approaching cancer in importance as a cause of death, probably as a result of diffuse parenchymal radiation damage. Exposure-response curves for nonsmokers are linear for both respiratory cancer and \"other respiratory disease.\" Cigaret smoking elevates and distorts that curve. Light cigaret smokers appear to be most vulnerable to lung parenchymal damage. The predominant histologic cancer among nonsmokers is small-cell undifferntiated, just as it is among cigaret smokers.", "PMID": 1069515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6229", "title": "Occupational carcinogenesis. High-risk industrial groups: identification, education, and surveillance. Tyler Asbestos Workers Program.", "content": "It is concluded that sputum cytopathology is an excellent, simple, noninvasive, painless, and inexpensive means for early detection of malignant and premalignant lesions of the lung, and that no special techniques are necessary for the identification of ferruginous bodies.", "contents": "Occupational carcinogenesis. High-risk industrial groups: identification, education, and surveillance. Tyler Asbestos Workers Program. It is concluded that sputum cytopathology is an excellent, simple, noninvasive, painless, and inexpensive means for early detection of malignant and premalignant lesions of the lung, and that no special techniques are necessary for the identification of ferruginous bodies.", "PMID": 1069524}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6230", "title": "The IARC program on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man.", "content": "The International Agency for Research on Cancer has initiated a program to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. This program is centered on the production of monographs on individual chemicals, consisting of data on use and production, carcinogenicity in experimental animals, epidemiological studies and case reports, and other biological data such as metabolism and mutagenicity, and ending with a balanced evaluation of all the data made by an international group of experts. Chemicals to be surveyed for the preparation of monographs have so far been selected among those for which some evidence or suspicion of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and/or man exists and for which human exposure is known to occur. Of the 196 compounds already evaluated, 17 have been found to be associated with cancer in man. Ninety-four compounds were definitely carcinogenic in experimental animals, and 41 were shown to have a limited carcinogenic effect in experimental animals. A number of the chemicals found to be carcinogenic in experimental animals are produced in very large quantities. The type of exposure to the 17 chemicals found carcinogenic to man was occupational for fourteen, medicinal for two, and dietary for one.", "contents": "The IARC program on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has initiated a program to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to man. This program is centered on the production of monographs on individual chemicals, consisting of data on use and production, carcinogenicity in experimental animals, epidemiological studies and case reports, and other biological data such as metabolism and mutagenicity, and ending with a balanced evaluation of all the data made by an international group of experts. Chemicals to be surveyed for the preparation of monographs have so far been selected among those for which some evidence or suspicion of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and/or man exists and for which human exposure is known to occur. Of the 196 compounds already evaluated, 17 have been found to be associated with cancer in man. Ninety-four compounds were definitely carcinogenic in experimental animals, and 41 were shown to have a limited carcinogenic effect in experimental animals. A number of the chemicals found to be carcinogenic in experimental animals are produced in very large quantities. The type of exposure to the 17 chemicals found carcinogenic to man was occupational for fourteen, medicinal for two, and dietary for one.", "PMID": 1069530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6231", "title": "Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin contact immunotherapy of local and metastatic deposits of rat tumors.", "content": "Adjuvant contact therapy with BCG can be used to control tumor deposits at local subcutaneous sites and at other sites, particularly pulmonary metastases and pleural tumor growths. This treatment method is generally quantitatively more effective than general immunostimulation, or active immunotherapy that employs vaccines of adjuvant and tumor cells. Furthermore, this treatment is effective in hosts that lack full immunocompetence, making it still feasible in immunosuppressed patients. The current evidence indicates that local activation of host macrophages is probably the essential effector mechanism of adjuvant contact therapy.", "contents": "Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin contact immunotherapy of local and metastatic deposits of rat tumors. Adjuvant contact therapy with BCG can be used to control tumor deposits at local subcutaneous sites and at other sites, particularly pulmonary metastases and pleural tumor growths. This treatment method is generally quantitatively more effective than general immunostimulation, or active immunotherapy that employs vaccines of adjuvant and tumor cells. Furthermore, this treatment is effective in hosts that lack full immunocompetence, making it still feasible in immunosuppressed patients. The current evidence indicates that local activation of host macrophages is probably the essential effector mechanism of adjuvant contact therapy.", "PMID": 1069545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6232", "title": "Immunotherapy of cancer patients with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin: summary of four years of experience in Japan.", "content": "Active immunotherapy with living BCG was conducted on 98 patients with various types of cancer. The candidates for this therapy were patients with residual or inoperable cancer of the colorectum, liver, breast, biliary tract, lung, and other organs with a follow-up of 4-58 months. Eleven of the 98 (11%) were able to survive for as long as 37-58 months (mean survival time 42.5 months) because of this treatment and are still living. Another 11 patients are also alive more than 24 months after starting treatment. Thirty-seven patients, however, succumbed within 12 months despite BCG immunotherapy. On the other hand, 37 patients in the control group, who shared the same clinical status and did not receive BCG therapy during this period, underwent unhappy courses for 2-12 months (mean survival time 8.7 months). The pretreatment immunoresponsiveness of these 98 patients was suppressed, as measured by the following immunologic parameters: T-cell subpopulation in the peripheral blood, stimulation index of PHA, and skin tests to DNCB, KLH, PPD, and PHA. All of these parameters improved shortly after initiation of BCG injections in 22 patients who survived more than 24 months. In contrast, in patients who died within 12 months, immunoresponsiveness remained suppressed throughout the course. This result has suggested that there was an apparent correlation between the effectiveness of BCG and immunoresponsiveness. In addition, a good correlation was observed between the duration of inflammatory reactions at BCG injection sites and clinical prognoses. Moreover, it was shown that a relatively high amount of BCG (20-80 mg as an initial dosage) and repeated injections of living BCG were necessary to obtain a sufficient enhancing effect on the immunocompetency of these late-stage cancer patients. The most conventional criterion used to determine an optimal time for booster injections of BCG was measurement of the PPD-evoked skin reaction at the BCG injection site, that is, Koch's phenomenon. When a marked flare-up reaction of more than 2.5 X 2.5 cm in size was observed, the effect of BCG was considered to be continuing, and no additional booster injection was needed. The mean interval between the first and second BCG injections was 6.2+/-1.1 months in patients who survived more than 2 years. In contrast, the duration of this reaction was only transient in ineffective cases. The most frequent side effects of this therapy were fever and malaise; these complications occurred in 62% of the cases. No severe side effects, such as dissemination, anaphylactic shock, or granulomatous hepatitis, have been experienced throughout this study, even in patients to whom a total dosage of more than 200 mg of living BCG were injected.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of cancer patients with Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin: summary of four years of experience in Japan. Active immunotherapy with living BCG was conducted on 98 patients with various types of cancer. The candidates for this therapy were patients with residual or inoperable cancer of the colorectum, liver, breast, biliary tract, lung, and other organs with a follow-up of 4-58 months. Eleven of the 98 (11%) were able to survive for as long as 37-58 months (mean survival time 42.5 months) because of this treatment and are still living. Another 11 patients are also alive more than 24 months after starting treatment. Thirty-seven patients, however, succumbed within 12 months despite BCG immunotherapy. On the other hand, 37 patients in the control group, who shared the same clinical status and did not receive BCG therapy during this period, underwent unhappy courses for 2-12 months (mean survival time 8.7 months). The pretreatment immunoresponsiveness of these 98 patients was suppressed, as measured by the following immunologic parameters: T-cell subpopulation in the peripheral blood, stimulation index of PHA, and skin tests to DNCB, KLH, PPD, and PHA. All of these parameters improved shortly after initiation of BCG injections in 22 patients who survived more than 24 months. In contrast, in patients who died within 12 months, immunoresponsiveness remained suppressed throughout the course. This result has suggested that there was an apparent correlation between the effectiveness of BCG and immunoresponsiveness. In addition, a good correlation was observed between the duration of inflammatory reactions at BCG injection sites and clinical prognoses. Moreover, it was shown that a relatively high amount of BCG (20-80 mg as an initial dosage) and repeated injections of living BCG were necessary to obtain a sufficient enhancing effect on the immunocompetency of these late-stage cancer patients. The most conventional criterion used to determine an optimal time for booster injections of BCG was measurement of the PPD-evoked skin reaction at the BCG injection site, that is, Koch's phenomenon. When a marked flare-up reaction of more than 2.5 X 2.5 cm in size was observed, the effect of BCG was considered to be continuing, and no additional booster injection was needed. The mean interval between the first and second BCG injections was 6.2+/-1.1 months in patients who survived more than 2 years. In contrast, the duration of this reaction was only transient in ineffective cases. The most frequent side effects of this therapy were fever and malaise; these complications occurred in 62% of the cases. No severe side effects, such as dissemination, anaphylactic shock, or granulomatous hepatitis, have been experienced throughout this study, even in patients to whom a total dosage of more than 200 mg of living BCG were injected.", "PMID": 1069547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6233", "title": "Therapeutic effectiveness of neuraminidase-treated tumor cells as an immunogen in man and experimental animals with leukemia.", "content": "The immunogenicity of leukemia L1210 in DBA/2 Ha and 6C3HED lymphosarcoma tumor cells in C3H/f mice was significantly increased after treatment with V. cholerae neuraminidase. DBA/2 Ha and C3H/f mice repeatedly immunized with neuraminidase-treated tumor cells rejected subsequent challenge of 10(7) or 10(6) untreated tumor cells, respectively. Based on the 51Cr microcytotoxicity assay, both strains of mice showed strong complement-dependent antibody titers and cell-mediated immunity. Sera and splenic lymphocytes from immunized C3H/f mice neutralized the tumorigenicity of 6C3HED lymphosarcoma and protected the recipient C3H/f mice against the disease. Immune lymphocytes pretreated with anti-theta sera lost their ability to neutralize the tumorigenicity of lymphosarcoma, and they failed to be stimulated by T-cell mitogens. We studied the effectiveness of chemoimmunotherapy in DBA/2 Ha mice with leukemia L1210. A single near optimal dose of BCNU 2 days after implantation of 10(6) tumor cells increased the survival time. A single immunization with 2 X 10(7) neuraminidase-treated L1210 tumor cells 4 days after cytoreductive therapy increased survival and resulted in cures for 50% of  animals. Immunization of mice with neuraminidase-treated tumor cells and MER produced indefinite survival in a larger percentage of mice than did either treatment alone. AKR mice with spontaneous leukemia treated with combination chemotherapy sustained an 180% increase in life-span. Combination chemotherapy plus immunization with neuraminidase-treated syngeneic or allogeneic (Gross virus-induced) E2G leukemia cells were highly effective in prolonging the life-span of the immunized leukemic AKR mice. The experimental data led to clinical trials in acute myelocytic leukemia with neuraminidase-treated a-logeneic myeloblasts. Patients with acute myelocytic leukemia were randomized into two groups after remission induction. The median remission duration of patients on sustaining chemotherapy alone was 19 weeks (8 patients), whereas six of nine patients who received neuraminidase-treated allogeneic myeloblasts remain in remission 79-132 weeks. Statistical analysis of the remission duration and survival of patients who received chemoimmunotherapy versus the control group shows highly significant differences.", "contents": "Therapeutic effectiveness of neuraminidase-treated tumor cells as an immunogen in man and experimental animals with leukemia. The immunogenicity of leukemia L1210 in DBA/2 Ha and 6C3HED lymphosarcoma tumor cells in C3H/f mice was significantly increased after treatment with V. cholerae neuraminidase. DBA/2 Ha and C3H/f mice repeatedly immunized with neuraminidase-treated tumor cells rejected subsequent challenge of 10(7) or 10(6) untreated tumor cells, respectively. Based on the 51Cr microcytotoxicity assay, both strains of mice showed strong complement-dependent antibody titers and cell-mediated immunity. Sera and splenic lymphocytes from immunized C3H/f mice neutralized the tumorigenicity of 6C3HED lymphosarcoma and protected the recipient C3H/f mice against the disease. Immune lymphocytes pretreated with anti-theta sera lost their ability to neutralize the tumorigenicity of lymphosarcoma, and they failed to be stimulated by T-cell mitogens. We studied the effectiveness of chemoimmunotherapy in DBA/2 Ha mice with leukemia L1210. A single near optimal dose of BCNU 2 days after implantation of 10(6) tumor cells increased the survival time. A single immunization with 2 X 10(7) neuraminidase-treated L1210 tumor cells 4 days after cytoreductive therapy increased survival and resulted in cures for 50% of  animals. Immunization of mice with neuraminidase-treated tumor cells and MER produced indefinite survival in a larger percentage of mice than did either treatment alone. AKR mice with spontaneous leukemia treated with combination chemotherapy sustained an 180% increase in life-span. Combination chemotherapy plus immunization with neuraminidase-treated syngeneic or allogeneic (Gross virus-induced) E2G leukemia cells were highly effective in prolonging the life-span of the immunized leukemic AKR mice. The experimental data led to clinical trials in acute myelocytic leukemia with neuraminidase-treated a-logeneic myeloblasts. Patients with acute myelocytic leukemia were randomized into two groups after remission induction. The median remission duration of patients on sustaining chemotherapy alone was 19 weeks (8 patients), whereas six of nine patients who received neuraminidase-treated allogeneic myeloblasts remain in remission 79-132 weeks. Statistical analysis of the remission duration and survival of patients who received chemoimmunotherapy versus the control group shows highly significant differences.", "PMID": 1069551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6234", "title": "Active specific immunotherapy of human solid tumors.", "content": "Active specific immunotherapy of human solid tumors by use of enzyme altered cells appears to be a feasible approach. Our initial results, we believe, warrant continued effort in this area. There seem to be no adverse clinical effects to such treatment. In vitro assay methods, to document enhanced immunity, must be included in any immunotherapy program. Equally importantly, such test methods should be expanded for the earliest detection of adverse effects, such as blocking during the course of immunotherapy. The role of immunotherapy must be that of adjuvant treatment, and its only applicability will be in that role.", "contents": "Active specific immunotherapy of human solid tumors. Active specific immunotherapy of human solid tumors by use of enzyme altered cells appears to be a feasible approach. Our initial results, we believe, warrant continued effort in this area. There seem to be no adverse clinical effects to such treatment. In vitro assay methods, to document enhanced immunity, must be included in any immunotherapy program. Equally importantly, such test methods should be expanded for the earliest detection of adverse effects, such as blocking during the course of immunotherapy. The role of immunotherapy must be that of adjuvant treatment, and its only applicability will be in that role.", "PMID": 1069552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6235", "title": "Adjuvant immunotherapy in bronchogenic carcinoma.", "content": "Ten patients with locally far advanced bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with autologous tumor vaccine after a radical surgical resection. Three of 10 patients treated with tumor vaccine are alive (median survival of 26 months) whereas all nine patients in the control group are dead (median survival of 6.5 months). Active immunotherapy adjunct to radical surgery appeared to improve cellular immunity of the treated patients in the postoperative period, and the migration inhibition test indicated sensitization of treated patients against their tumor.", "contents": "Adjuvant immunotherapy in bronchogenic carcinoma. Ten patients with locally far advanced bronchogenic carcinoma were treated with autologous tumor vaccine after a radical surgical resection. Three of 10 patients treated with tumor vaccine are alive (median survival of 26 months) whereas all nine patients in the control group are dead (median survival of 6.5 months). Active immunotherapy adjunct to radical surgery appeared to improve cellular immunity of the treated patients in the postoperative period, and the migration inhibition test indicated sensitization of treated patients against their tumor.", "PMID": 1069554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6236", "title": "Immunotherapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia: effects of different vaccination schedules.", "content": "In a clinical trial of immunotherapy in chronic myelocytic leukemia, 62 patients received repeated intradermal injections of BCG-cultured cell mixtures, while 16 were vaccinated with BCG alone. The lymphoblastoid cell lines used for vaccination were established from blood of patients with advanced myeloid leukemia and were reactive with \"specific\" primate antisera against myeloid leukemic cells. Both sensitization to target cell antigens and substantial general increases in delayed hypersensitivity responses were recorded among immunized patients. Major immunologic complications (hypersensitivity and \"autoimmune\" phenomena) were observed in 10 patients. These complications were attributable to the BCG content of vaccines, and their incidence correlated with intensity of immunologic stimulation. Data from cases in which intermittent busulfan therapy was used provided suggestive evidence that immunotherapy (either with BCG-cell mixtures or with BCG alone) prolonged unmaintained remissions in one-third of the patients. Among 48 \"good-risk\" patients, there was an inverse correlation between intensity of immunologic stimulation and survival. The survival of 18 patients who received the most intensive vaccination schedule was identical to that of controls. Survival of the other 30 patients was significantly better (p = 0.03), with an increase of 2 years in median survival. Survival of 30 poor-risk patients (24, most intensive vaccination schedule) was identical to that of controls. We conclude that immunologic stimulation may produce worthwhile prolongation of life in CML but that overly aggressive schedules of immunotherapy abrogate this effect. Our experience raises the question whether results in other clinical trials of immunotherapy may have been adversely affected by excessive frequency or dosage of immunologic stimulants.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia: effects of different vaccination schedules. In a clinical trial of immunotherapy in chronic myelocytic leukemia, 62 patients received repeated intradermal injections of BCG-cultured cell mixtures, while 16 were vaccinated with BCG alone. The lymphoblastoid cell lines used for vaccination were established from blood of patients with advanced myeloid leukemia and were reactive with \"specific\" primate antisera against myeloid leukemic cells. Both sensitization to target cell antigens and substantial general increases in delayed hypersensitivity responses were recorded among immunized patients. Major immunologic complications (hypersensitivity and \"autoimmune\" phenomena) were observed in 10 patients. These complications were attributable to the BCG content of vaccines, and their incidence correlated with intensity of immunologic stimulation. Data from cases in which intermittent busulfan therapy was used provided suggestive evidence that immunotherapy (either with BCG-cell mixtures or with BCG alone) prolonged unmaintained remissions in one-third of the patients. Among 48 \"good-risk\" patients, there was an inverse correlation between intensity of immunologic stimulation and survival. The survival of 18 patients who received the most intensive vaccination schedule was identical to that of controls. Survival of the other 30 patients was significantly better (p = 0.03), with an increase of 2 years in median survival. Survival of 30 poor-risk patients (24, most intensive vaccination schedule) was identical to that of controls. We conclude that immunologic stimulation may produce worthwhile prolongation of life in CML but that overly aggressive schedules of immunotherapy abrogate this effect. Our experience raises the question whether results in other clinical trials of immunotherapy may have been adversely affected by excessive frequency or dosage of immunologic stimulants.", "PMID": 1069556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6237", "title": "Immunotherapy of osteosarcoma patients with virus-modified tumor cells.", "content": "Twelve patients 11-20 years of age with recurrent osteosarcoma were immunized with either autologous or allogeneic tumor cells infected with influenza virus, strain B/Michigan or A/Port Chalmers. Six patients received only the vaccine, and the remaining six patients continued to receive methotrexate chemotherapy. The main objectives of this study were to determine if immunizations were toxic, if antibodies developed to the influenza virus antigen component of the vaccine, if this vaccine increased tumor-specific cellular and humoral immunity, and if the increase in immune response could be correlated with clinical course and prognosis. In all 12 cases, toxicity was negligible, and immunizations boosted antibody titers to both tumor cell and influenza virus antigens. However, in four of the six patients with advanced disease who received immunotherapy only, the vaccine did not stimulate mixed lymphocytes nor did it increase cell-mediated immunity. By contrast, five of six patients with minimal disease who continued methotrexate therapy developed cellular and humoral immunity in response to both allogeneic and autologous tumor cells. Although no clear-cut relationship between responses to the tumor cell vaccine and clinical course and prognosis could be demonstrated, three of the six patients with minimal disease have survived for 7-8 months after the first vaccination, without progression of disease. This study demonstrates that plasma membrane preparations derived from different lines of virus-infected osteosarcoma tumor cells will elicit an antibody response in patients with drug-resistant progressive osteogenic sarcoma.", "contents": "Immunotherapy of osteosarcoma patients with virus-modified tumor cells. Twelve patients 11-20 years of age with recurrent osteosarcoma were immunized with either autologous or allogeneic tumor cells infected with influenza virus, strain B/Michigan or A/Port Chalmers. Six patients received only the vaccine, and the remaining six patients continued to receive methotrexate chemotherapy. The main objectives of this study were to determine if immunizations were toxic, if antibodies developed to the influenza virus antigen component of the vaccine, if this vaccine increased tumor-specific cellular and humoral immunity, and if the increase in immune response could be correlated with clinical course and prognosis. In all 12 cases, toxicity was negligible, and immunizations boosted antibody titers to both tumor cell and influenza virus antigens. However, in four of the six patients with advanced disease who received immunotherapy only, the vaccine did not stimulate mixed lymphocytes nor did it increase cell-mediated immunity. By contrast, five of six patients with minimal disease who continued methotrexate therapy developed cellular and humoral immunity in response to both allogeneic and autologous tumor cells. Although no clear-cut relationship between responses to the tumor cell vaccine and clinical course and prognosis could be demonstrated, three of the six patients with minimal disease have survived for 7-8 months after the first vaccination, without progression of disease. This study demonstrates that plasma membrane preparations derived from different lines of virus-infected osteosarcoma tumor cells will elicit an antibody response in patients with drug-resistant progressive osteogenic sarcoma.", "PMID": 1069558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6238", "title": "Preparation and therapeutic potential of rabbit antisera with \"directed\" specificities for mouse leukemias.", "content": "Several immunization regimens for preparation of ALK-NABS were compared. One series of eight intravenous injections spaced over 5 weeks gave an ALK-NABS with potency and specificity that could be bettered only slightly by a second series of four injections spaced over 2 weeks, whereas a third series of injections was deleterious. Use of late immune antisplenocyte NABS for such immunizations produced ALK-NABS reagents with the highest in vitro specificity to leukemia cells relative to splenocytes after absorption, whereas early immune antisplenocyte NABS gave ALK-NABS with the highest antileukemia specificity relative to thymocytes. Therapy experiments with leukemias L1210 and BW-A showed increased survival times for isogeneic mice injected intraperitoneally with 10(3) (L1210 only), 10(4), and 10(5) (higher significance for L1210) cells, when ALK-NABS was given intraperitoneally in high dose on 4 or 5 successive days starting 1 day after inoculation of leukemia cells. In additional experiments with 10(5) cells given intraperitoneally, lower doses of ALK-NABS were progressively more effective with L1210 leukemia, producing some survivors without any apparent toxicity from the antiserum. In contrast, a similar experiment with leukemia BW-A was entirely negative. Addition of guinea pig serum to already excessive amounts of antiserum was not helpful.", "contents": "Preparation and therapeutic potential of rabbit antisera with \"directed\" specificities for mouse leukemias. Several immunization regimens for preparation of ALK-NABS were compared. One series of eight intravenous injections spaced over 5 weeks gave an ALK-NABS with potency and specificity that could be bettered only slightly by a second series of four injections spaced over 2 weeks, whereas a third series of injections was deleterious. Use of late immune antisplenocyte NABS for such immunizations produced ALK-NABS reagents with the highest in vitro specificity to leukemia cells relative to splenocytes after absorption, whereas early immune antisplenocyte NABS gave ALK-NABS with the highest antileukemia specificity relative to thymocytes. Therapy experiments with leukemias L1210 and BW-A showed increased survival times for isogeneic mice injected intraperitoneally with 10(3) (L1210 only), 10(4), and 10(5) (higher significance for L1210) cells, when ALK-NABS was given intraperitoneally in high dose on 4 or 5 successive days starting 1 day after inoculation of leukemia cells. In additional experiments with 10(5) cells given intraperitoneally, lower doses of ALK-NABS were progressively more effective with L1210 leukemia, producing some survivors without any apparent toxicity from the antiserum. In contrast, a similar experiment with leukemia BW-A was entirely negative. Addition of guinea pig serum to already excessive amounts of antiserum was not helpful.", "PMID": 1069565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6239", "title": "Discussion paper: protective immunity in leukemic mice treated with specific \"immunogenic\" RNA.", "content": "Mice were actively immunized against Friend leukemia virus tumorigenesis by vaccination with cell-free homogenates derived from infected splenocytes emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Adoptive immunity was also achieved by transferring splenocytes from actively immunized donor animals intravenously into syngeneic recipient animals challenged with the virus. Furthermore, RNA-rich extracts derived from spleens of actively immunized donor animals were capable of transferring immunity to FLV leukemia when injected into recipient animals challenged with the virus. The \"immune RNA,\" when incubated with normal splenocytes in vitro, followed by washing, resulted in a cell population that also induced adoptive immunity after transfer to normal animals challenged with virus either before, simultaneously with, or after injection of the treated splenocytes. RNase, but not DNase or other enzymes, inactivated the biologie activity of the protective RNA from immune donors. In addition, isogeneic mouse serum that contained neutralizing antibody to FLV also inhibited the protective effect of the specific RNA; sera from control mice immunized with unrelated antigens failed to neutralize the specific RNA. These results indicate that an RNA extract that contains a virus-associated or -induced antigen is formed in the spleens of actively immunized animals and possesses the ability to either directly induce protective immunity in recipient animals challenged with virus or, indirectly, to convert normal splenocytes in vitro to adoptively confer immunity to similar recipients. Further investigations concerning the mechanism by which such immunogenic RNA functions in vivo and in vitro, as well as the physicochemical nature of the RNA complex, especially that portion associated with the tumor virus-associated antigen, are needed.", "contents": "Discussion paper: protective immunity in leukemic mice treated with specific \"immunogenic\" RNA. Mice were actively immunized against Friend leukemia virus tumorigenesis by vaccination with cell-free homogenates derived from infected splenocytes emulsified in Freund's adjuvant. Adoptive immunity was also achieved by transferring splenocytes from actively immunized donor animals intravenously into syngeneic recipient animals challenged with the virus. Furthermore, RNA-rich extracts derived from spleens of actively immunized donor animals were capable of transferring immunity to FLV leukemia when injected into recipient animals challenged with the virus. The \"immune RNA,\" when incubated with normal splenocytes in vitro, followed by washing, resulted in a cell population that also induced adoptive immunity after transfer to normal animals challenged with virus either before, simultaneously with, or after injection of the treated splenocytes. RNase, but not DNase or other enzymes, inactivated the biologie activity of the protective RNA from immune donors. In addition, isogeneic mouse serum that contained neutralizing antibody to FLV also inhibited the protective effect of the specific RNA; sera from control mice immunized with unrelated antigens failed to neutralize the specific RNA. These results indicate that an RNA extract that contains a virus-associated or -induced antigen is formed in the spleens of actively immunized animals and possesses the ability to either directly induce protective immunity in recipient animals challenged with virus or, indirectly, to convert normal splenocytes in vitro to adoptively confer immunity to similar recipients. Further investigations concerning the mechanism by which such immunogenic RNA functions in vivo and in vitro, as well as the physicochemical nature of the RNA complex, especially that portion associated with the tumor virus-associated antigen, are needed.", "PMID": 1069568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6240", "title": "Acute renal failure and gout as presenting features of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "A leukaemic child is described who presented with renal failure and gout attributable to hyperuricaemia before the leukaemia could be diagnosed.", "contents": "Acute renal failure and gout as presenting features of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. A leukaemic child is described who presented with renal failure and gout attributable to hyperuricaemia before the leukaemia could be diagnosed.", "PMID": 1069569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6241", "title": "Primary intimal sarcoma of pulmonary valve and trunk with osteogenic sarcomatous elements. Report of a case considered to be pulmonary embolus.", "content": "A 49-year-old woman had a six-week history of increasing shortness of breath and fatigue. X-ray films and pulmonary scans showed multiple areas of emboli, especially in the right lung. Treatment with heparin was unsuccessful, and although a repeat scan showed only slight changes, the patient's condition deteriorated. Acute pulmonary edema and ventricular tachycardia preceded her death. Autopsy revealed a primary intimal sarcoma with osteogenic elements arising in the posterior leaflet of the pulmonary valve and obstructing the main pulmonary artery and its right branch.", "contents": "Primary intimal sarcoma of pulmonary valve and trunk with osteogenic sarcomatous elements. Report of a case considered to be pulmonary embolus. A 49-year-old woman had a six-week history of increasing shortness of breath and fatigue. X-ray films and pulmonary scans showed multiple areas of emboli, especially in the right lung. Treatment with heparin was unsuccessful, and although a repeat scan showed only slight changes, the patient's condition deteriorated. Acute pulmonary edema and ventricular tachycardia preceded her death. Autopsy revealed a primary intimal sarcoma with osteogenic elements arising in the posterior leaflet of the pulmonary valve and obstructing the main pulmonary artery and its right branch.", "PMID": 1069572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6242", "title": "In vitro correlates of clinical response to methotrexate in actue leukaemia and Burkitt's lymphoma.", "content": "The response of drug-resistant patients with acute leukaemia and Burkitt's lymphoma to treatment with a 24 h infusion of methotrexate (MTX) followed, in some cases,by cytosine arabinoside was correlated with in vitro measurements of total intracellular MTX, exchangeable intracellular MTX, and suppressibility of deoxyuridine (UdR) incorporation in isolated marrow blast cells at extracellular MTX concentrations of 10(-8)M, 10(-7)M, 10(-6)M and 10(-5)M. Total intracellular MTX levels and exchangeable intracellular MTX levels were not significantly different in responding or non-responding patients at any MTX concentration, but increased four-fold for every ten-fold concentration increment studied. Extracellular MTX levels in excess of 10(-7)M appeared necessary to allow accumulation of exchangeable intracellular MTX. UdR incorporation at 10(-6)M and 10(-5)M differed significantly between responding and non-responding patients, with responders having less than 20% of control values and non-responders having greater than 40% of control values. Further, increasing the extracellular MTX concentration from 10(-6)M to 10(-5)M produced no significant decrease in UdR incorporation in either group. The therapeutic implications of this apparent threshold are discussed.", "contents": "In vitro correlates of clinical response to methotrexate in actue leukaemia and Burkitt's lymphoma. The response of drug-resistant patients with acute leukaemia and Burkitt's lymphoma to treatment with a 24 h infusion of methotrexate (MTX) followed, in some cases,by cytosine arabinoside was correlated with in vitro measurements of total intracellular MTX, exchangeable intracellular MTX, and suppressibility of deoxyuridine (UdR) incorporation in isolated marrow blast cells at extracellular MTX concentrations of 10(-8)M, 10(-7)M, 10(-6)M and 10(-5)M. Total intracellular MTX levels and exchangeable intracellular MTX levels were not significantly different in responding or non-responding patients at any MTX concentration, but increased four-fold for every ten-fold concentration increment studied. Extracellular MTX levels in excess of 10(-7)M appeared necessary to allow accumulation of exchangeable intracellular MTX. UdR incorporation at 10(-6)M and 10(-5)M differed significantly between responding and non-responding patients, with responders having less than 20% of control values and non-responders having greater than 40% of control values. Further, increasing the extracellular MTX concentration from 10(-6)M to 10(-5)M produced no significant decrease in UdR incorporation in either group. The therapeutic implications of this apparent threshold are discussed.", "PMID": 1069591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6243", "title": "Cell volume measurements in acute leukaemia: method and value for diagnosis and prognosis.", "content": "Cell volume was measured using a Coulter counter in 42 cases of adult acute leukaemia, before any therapy. In every patient, the distribution was log-normal. A breakdown of the results with regard to the cell-type gives the following informations: The mean modal volume (M.M.V.) differs significantly from one type of leukaemia to another: the cell size in the myeloblastic type is larger than in the lymphoblastic, and smaller than in the monoblastic and myelomonocytic types. The dispersion of cell volumes, for a single patient, is low in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, wider in myeloblastic cases and is even larger in myelo-monocytic patients. In 9 of the 10 acute myelo-monocytic leukaemias studied, the existence of two populations was shown by a double peak. Once relapse occurs, the cell volumes seem greater than during the first phase of the disease, at least in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. No correlation has been found between the mean modal volumes and the labeling index, after incorporation of 3H-TdR.", "contents": "Cell volume measurements in acute leukaemia: method and value for diagnosis and prognosis. Cell volume was measured using a Coulter counter in 42 cases of adult acute leukaemia, before any therapy. In every patient, the distribution was log-normal. A breakdown of the results with regard to the cell-type gives the following informations: The mean modal volume (M.M.V.) differs significantly from one type of leukaemia to another: the cell size in the myeloblastic type is larger than in the lymphoblastic, and smaller than in the monoblastic and myelomonocytic types. The dispersion of cell volumes, for a single patient, is low in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, wider in myeloblastic cases and is even larger in myelo-monocytic patients. In 9 of the 10 acute myelo-monocytic leukaemias studied, the existence of two populations was shown by a double peak. Once relapse occurs, the cell volumes seem greater than during the first phase of the disease, at least in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. No correlation has been found between the mean modal volumes and the labeling index, after incorporation of 3H-TdR.", "PMID": 1069593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6244", "title": "Specific xenogenous antiserum to cells of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blastic crisis.", "content": "The antiserum was obtained from horses immunized with cells from patients with blastic crisis of CML and completely absorbed with normal white blood cells (WBC). The absorbed antiserum remained cytotoxic to blast cells from nearly half of the patients in blastic crisis and did not react with WBC from patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) in its chronic phase as well as with cells of human normal bone marrow or fetal liver.", "contents": "Specific xenogenous antiserum to cells of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) in blastic crisis. The antiserum was obtained from horses immunized with cells from patients with blastic crisis of CML and completely absorbed with normal white blood cells (WBC). The absorbed antiserum remained cytotoxic to blast cells from nearly half of the patients in blastic crisis and did not react with WBC from patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), Acute Lymphoid Leukemia (ALL), Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia (CLL) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) in its chronic phase as well as with cells of human normal bone marrow or fetal liver.", "PMID": 1069594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6245", "title": "Chemo-immunotherapy versus chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Preliminary results.", "content": "Since November 1974, 44 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, in first remission were randomized between chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus BCG. There were 8 relapses and 7 deaths with chemotherapy, 7 relapses and 3 deaths with chemotherapy plus BCG. The survival of both groups is not, at the time, significantly different.", "contents": "Chemo-immunotherapy versus chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Preliminary results. Since November 1974, 44 patients with acute myeloid leukemia, in first remission were randomized between chemotherapy alone and chemotherapy plus BCG. There were 8 relapses and 7 deaths with chemotherapy, 7 relapses and 3 deaths with chemotherapy plus BCG. The survival of both groups is not, at the time, significantly different.", "PMID": 1069595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6246", "title": "A simplified in vitro classification for prognosis in adult acute leukemia: the application of in vitro results in remission-predictive models.", "content": "Previous classification in vitro of adult acute leukemia incorporating morphology has been complex and difficult to understand. We have devised a simplified classification based solely on leuekemic proliferation in vitro. Seventy-six patients with adult acute leukemia previously untreated were included in this study and received identical chemotherapy. Three groups were recognized. The complete remission rate was 76% in the 21 patients with no leukemic growth in vitro (Group 1), 75% in 36 patients with leukemic cell growth but aggregates of 20 cells or less (Group 2), and only 21% in the 15 patients with aggregates of greater than 20 (Group 3). There was a highly significant difference in complete remission rates between Group 3 and the other two groups (p less than 0.001). Linear logistic regression analysis demonstrated the independence of the growth in vitro from other prognostic variables. A predictive model utilizing the in vitro result more accurately predicted for remission, both retrospectively and prospectively, than a model constructed with presently known prognostic parameters. The cause of death in failures suggested that this system detects resistance to the chemotherapy.", "contents": "A simplified in vitro classification for prognosis in adult acute leukemia: the application of in vitro results in remission-predictive models. Previous classification in vitro of adult acute leukemia incorporating morphology has been complex and difficult to understand. We have devised a simplified classification based solely on leuekemic proliferation in vitro. Seventy-six patients with adult acute leukemia previously untreated were included in this study and received identical chemotherapy. Three groups were recognized. The complete remission rate was 76% in the 21 patients with no leukemic growth in vitro (Group 1), 75% in 36 patients with leukemic cell growth but aggregates of 20 cells or less (Group 2), and only 21% in the 15 patients with aggregates of greater than 20 (Group 3). There was a highly significant difference in complete remission rates between Group 3 and the other two groups (p less than 0.001). Linear logistic regression analysis demonstrated the independence of the growth in vitro from other prognostic variables. A predictive model utilizing the in vitro result more accurately predicted for remission, both retrospectively and prospectively, than a model constructed with presently known prognostic parameters. The cause of death in failures suggested that this system detects resistance to the chemotherapy.", "PMID": 1069596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6247", "title": "A case of chronic granulocytic leukemia in a dog.", "content": "A case of chronic granulocytic leukemia was diagnosed in a ten year old miniature poodle and was observed for four and one half years. Methods of diagnosis and characteristic features are described. A persistent granulocytosis with a preponderance of mature forms and the absence of a detectable underlying pyogenic process were key diagnostic features which enabled distinction of this neoplastic process from acute granylocytic leukemia and a leukemoid reaction. Other features included dysplastic granulocytes in various developmental stages, marginal anemia and hyperplastic bone marrow (myeloid elements). No blast crisis occurred. This dog was euthanatized in August 1975.", "contents": "A case of chronic granulocytic leukemia in a dog. A case of chronic granulocytic leukemia was diagnosed in a ten year old miniature poodle and was observed for four and one half years. Methods of diagnosis and characteristic features are described. A persistent granulocytosis with a preponderance of mature forms and the absence of a detectable underlying pyogenic process were key diagnostic features which enabled distinction of this neoplastic process from acute granylocytic leukemia and a leukemoid reaction. Other features included dysplastic granulocytes in various developmental stages, marginal anemia and hyperplastic bone marrow (myeloid elements). No blast crisis occurred. This dog was euthanatized in August 1975.", "PMID": 1069601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6248", "title": "Erythroleukemia-like syndrome due to busulfan toxicity in polycythemia vera.", "content": "Over a 19-year period, a patient with polycythemia vera who had undergone a splenectomy received six courses of busulfan for recurrent thrombocytosis. The total dose of busulfan given for the sixth course was greater than that used for the previous ones. Severe pancytopenia followed, which persisted for 4 months. During this period there was marked erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow with striking dyserythropoiesis; PAS-positive red cell precursors, as well as moderate numbers of circulating normoblasts and evidence of chronic and acute hemolysis, were present. All of these findings reverted to normal without therapy, and the polycythemic state eventually recurred. These events are interpreted as an unusual marrow reaction following busulfan overdosage rather than a transient erythroleukemia.", "contents": "Erythroleukemia-like syndrome due to busulfan toxicity in polycythemia vera. Over a 19-year period, a patient with polycythemia vera who had undergone a splenectomy received six courses of busulfan for recurrent thrombocytosis. The total dose of busulfan given for the sixth course was greater than that used for the previous ones. Severe pancytopenia followed, which persisted for 4 months. During this period there was marked erythroid hyperplasia in the bone marrow with striking dyserythropoiesis; PAS-positive red cell precursors, as well as moderate numbers of circulating normoblasts and evidence of chronic and acute hemolysis, were present. All of these findings reverted to normal without therapy, and the polycythemic state eventually recurred. These events are interpreted as an unusual marrow reaction following busulfan overdosage rather than a transient erythroleukemia.", "PMID": 1069602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6249", "title": "Telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma.", "content": "Of approximately 1,999 cases of osteogenic sarcomas at the Mayo Clinic, 25 were diagnosed as telangiectatic osteogenic sarcomas. Of the 25 patients involved, 16 were males and 9 were females, and their ages ranged from 6 to 49 years. Six patients had had pathologic fracture. The lesions were typically located centrally and usually in the distal femur or proximal humerus and roentgenographically were large and purely lytic with destruction of cortex. Grossly, the lesions were cystic and contained clotted blood. Histologically, cystic spaces that contained blood were lined with anaplastic spindle cells and benign giant cells; sometimes, there were so few malignant cells that diagnosis was difficult. Usually, fine, lacelike osteoid was present. Of the 25 patients, 23 have died of metastatic disease, and another has developed pulmonary metastasis 11 months after amputation. Only one patient has survived for more than five years; however, he has developed pneumothorax. Data from this series suggest that the outlook in telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma is more bleak than in conventional osteosarcoma.", "contents": "Telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma. Of approximately 1,999 cases of osteogenic sarcomas at the Mayo Clinic, 25 were diagnosed as telangiectatic osteogenic sarcomas. Of the 25 patients involved, 16 were males and 9 were females, and their ages ranged from 6 to 49 years. Six patients had had pathologic fracture. The lesions were typically located centrally and usually in the distal femur or proximal humerus and roentgenographically were large and purely lytic with destruction of cortex. Grossly, the lesions were cystic and contained clotted blood. Histologically, cystic spaces that contained blood were lined with anaplastic spindle cells and benign giant cells; sometimes, there were so few malignant cells that diagnosis was difficult. Usually, fine, lacelike osteoid was present. Of the 25 patients, 23 have died of metastatic disease, and another has developed pulmonary metastasis 11 months after amputation. Only one patient has survived for more than five years; however, he has developed pneumothorax. Data from this series suggest that the outlook in telangiectatic osteogenic sarcoma is more bleak than in conventional osteosarcoma.", "PMID": 1069603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6250", "title": "Occurrence of acute leukemia in females in a genetically isolated population.", "content": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was found in six young females in a genetically isolated Syrian Jewish Community in Brooklyn, N.Y. over a 15-year period. This represents a frequency 30 times greater than the expected rate. In this community the frequency of first cousin marriages is estimated to be seven percent. Three cases were related on their maternal side, the parents of a fourth case were themselves related as were both sets of grandparents of a fifth case. In two families a history of infertility was present. On average, fathers of the cases were 5.5 years older at birth of the cases than a matched sample of community controls and 7.2 years older than a matched sample of non-community controls. The high frequency of consanguinity and the older age of the fathers may increase risk to acute leukemia for young girls in this community.", "contents": "Occurrence of acute leukemia in females in a genetically isolated population. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia was found in six young females in a genetically isolated Syrian Jewish Community in Brooklyn, N.Y. over a 15-year period. This represents a frequency 30 times greater than the expected rate. In this community the frequency of first cousin marriages is estimated to be seven percent. Three cases were related on their maternal side, the parents of a fourth case were themselves related as were both sets of grandparents of a fifth case. In two families a history of infertility was present. On average, fathers of the cases were 5.5 years older at birth of the cases than a matched sample of community controls and 7.2 years older than a matched sample of non-community controls. The high frequency of consanguinity and the older age of the fathers may increase risk to acute leukemia for young girls in this community.", "PMID": 1069604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6251", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "The simultaneous occurrence of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (NLPD) and acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) was confirmed by the histologic examination of lymph node section, peripheral blood, and bone marrow. This association in the absence of previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy has not been previously documented. There have been six previous case reports of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphocytic lymphoma who, during treatment with alkylating agents or radiotherapy, developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These methods of therapy may have had a leukemogenic role in such patients. The possible relationship between these two diseases is discussed.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myelomonocytic leukemia. The simultaneous occurrence of nodular poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma (NLPD) and acute myelomonocytic leukemia (AMML) was confirmed by the histologic examination of lymph node section, peripheral blood, and bone marrow. This association in the absence of previous chemotherapy or radiotherapy has not been previously documented. There have been six previous case reports of patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphocytic lymphoma who, during treatment with alkylating agents or radiotherapy, developed acute myeloid leukemia (AML). These methods of therapy may have had a leukemogenic role in such patients. The possible relationship between these two diseases is discussed.", "PMID": 1069605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6252", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine in vitro on granulocytic progenitor cells.", "content": "We have utilized an in vitro clonogenic assay of mouse and human marrow granulocytic progenitor cells to determine the cytotoxic effects on granulopoiesis of the chemotherapeutic agents 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and 6-thioguanine. Concentration- and time-dependent decrements to plateau levels of granulocytic colony-forming capacity occurred. The sequence of drug administration was important and synergistic cytotoxicity was noted when certain schedules of ara-C and 6-thioguanine combinations were used. Endotoxin-stimulated colony-forming cells had increased sensitivity to the in vitro ara-C exposure. High or intermittent doses of ara-C demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity when short exposure times (1 to 8 hr) were utilized, whereas low doses were markedly cytotoxic with prolonged exposure (10 days). Normal and leukemic human colony-forming cells had similar susceptibility to the cytotoxic effects of ara-C. Exposure of granulocytic precursors to these drugs in vitro produced effects similar to those previously reported with in vivo drug administration. These techniques appear applicable for providing improved screening models to evaluate chemotherapeutic regimens for clinical use.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and 6-thioguanine in vitro on granulocytic progenitor cells. We have utilized an in vitro clonogenic assay of mouse and human marrow granulocytic progenitor cells to determine the cytotoxic effects on granulopoiesis of the chemotherapeutic agents 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) and 6-thioguanine. Concentration- and time-dependent decrements to plateau levels of granulocytic colony-forming capacity occurred. The sequence of drug administration was important and synergistic cytotoxicity was noted when certain schedules of ara-C and 6-thioguanine combinations were used. Endotoxin-stimulated colony-forming cells had increased sensitivity to the in vitro ara-C exposure. High or intermittent doses of ara-C demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity when short exposure times (1 to 8 hr) were utilized, whereas low doses were markedly cytotoxic with prolonged exposure (10 days). Normal and leukemic human colony-forming cells had similar susceptibility to the cytotoxic effects of ara-C. Exposure of granulocytic precursors to these drugs in vitro produced effects similar to those previously reported with in vivo drug administration. These techniques appear applicable for providing improved screening models to evaluate chemotherapeutic regimens for clinical use.", "PMID": 1069606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6253", "title": "Accumulation of giant heterogeneous RNA molecules in acute myeloid leukemia blast cells.", "content": "Time course and \"chase\" experiments showed that, after incubation of acute myeloid leukemia blast cells with a labeled RNA precursor, a large proportion of radioactivity remained associated with RNA molecules larger than 45 S even after several hr. Double-labeling experiments with [5-3H]uridine and [methyl-14C]methionine indicated that unmethylated giant heterogeneous RNA larger than 45 S is processed much more slowly than the 45 S ribosomal precursor, so that relatively large amounts of fairly stable RNA of the former class accumulate in the cell. The measurement of labeled giant heterogeneous RNA molecules bound to polyuridylate-fiberglass filters showed that molecules carrying polyadenylate segments seemingly turn over faster than those lacking polyadenylate.", "contents": "Accumulation of giant heterogeneous RNA molecules in acute myeloid leukemia blast cells. Time course and \"chase\" experiments showed that, after incubation of acute myeloid leukemia blast cells with a labeled RNA precursor, a large proportion of radioactivity remained associated with RNA molecules larger than 45 S even after several hr. Double-labeling experiments with [5-3H]uridine and [methyl-14C]methionine indicated that unmethylated giant heterogeneous RNA larger than 45 S is processed much more slowly than the 45 S ribosomal precursor, so that relatively large amounts of fairly stable RNA of the former class accumulate in the cell. The measurement of labeled giant heterogeneous RNA molecules bound to polyuridylate-fiberglass filters showed that molecules carrying polyadenylate segments seemingly turn over faster than those lacking polyadenylate.", "PMID": 1069607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6254", "title": "Randomized clinical comparison of daunorubicin (NSC-82151) alone with a combination of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878), 6-thioguanine (NSC-752), and pyrimethamine (NSC-3061) for the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Sixty-six newly diagnosed patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia received either daunorubicin alone or a combination of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-thioguanine, and pyrimethamine for remission-induction therapy. The two treatment groups were comparable with respect to the two major prognostic factors in this disease, which were age and presence or absence of infection on admission. The two therapies produced similar results with respect to CR rate and median survival results. Single-agent therapy was associated with less frequent utilization of hospital inpatient facilities and fewer platelet transfusions. The four-drug combination did not decrease the incidence of meningeal leukemia. Patients who achieved CR were treated with two half-dose consolidation courses of the successful remission-induction regimen. Subsequently, all patients received cyclophosphamide and guanazole monthly for maintenance therapy. Median durations of remission for both induction-treatment groups were similar (6.8 and 5.6 mos). The therapeutic results with the single agent in this study were not inferior to those obtained with the drug combination tested, as well as most other previously reported combinations of antileukemic drugs.", "contents": "Randomized clinical comparison of daunorubicin (NSC-82151) alone with a combination of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside (NSC-63878), 6-thioguanine (NSC-752), and pyrimethamine (NSC-3061) for the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. Sixty-six newly diagnosed patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia received either daunorubicin alone or a combination of daunorubicin, cytosine arabinoside, 6-thioguanine, and pyrimethamine for remission-induction therapy. The two treatment groups were comparable with respect to the two major prognostic factors in this disease, which were age and presence or absence of infection on admission. The two therapies produced similar results with respect to CR rate and median survival results. Single-agent therapy was associated with less frequent utilization of hospital inpatient facilities and fewer platelet transfusions. The four-drug combination did not decrease the incidence of meningeal leukemia. Patients who achieved CR were treated with two half-dose consolidation courses of the successful remission-induction regimen. Subsequently, all patients received cyclophosphamide and guanazole monthly for maintenance therapy. Median durations of remission for both induction-treatment groups were similar (6.8 and 5.6 mos). The therapeutic results with the single agent in this study were not inferior to those obtained with the drug combination tested, as well as most other previously reported combinations of antileukemic drugs.", "PMID": 1069608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6255", "title": "Dental insurance and equity of access to dental services.", "content": "The first-year consequences of national dental insurance, introduced in Sweden in 1974, are examined here from the point of view of social justice. The concept of equity of access in medical care is discussed. In a local survey, a comparison is made between use of dental services in 1972, 1973, and 1974. The results indicate that the fewer people visited the dentist after the implementation of the insurance than before. Other evidence supports this conclusion. People traditionally considered to be underprivileged as to dental care were compared with other people. One underprivileged group, edentulous persons, received more treatment after the insurance was instituted than before.", "contents": "Dental insurance and equity of access to dental services. The first-year consequences of national dental insurance, introduced in Sweden in 1974, are examined here from the point of view of social justice. The concept of equity of access in medical care is discussed. In a local survey, a comparison is made between use of dental services in 1972, 1973, and 1974. The results indicate that the fewer people visited the dentist after the implementation of the insurance than before. Other evidence supports this conclusion. People traditionally considered to be underprivileged as to dental care were compared with other people. One underprivileged group, edentulous persons, received more treatment after the insurance was instituted than before.", "PMID": 1069610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6256", "title": "Utilization of dental services in the adult Danish population 1975.", "content": "Lack of information on the dental behavior of adults in Denmark has become a major problem in the national planning of dental services. The purpose of this study was to establish the pattern of utilization of dental services among adult Danes (aged 15 and above). A three-stage cluster sampling design covering the total adult population of Denmark was used to draw a representative sample comprising 1,600 persons. Household interviews by trained interviewers were carried out. Of the adults interviewed, 58% reported yearly dental visits the last 5 years, 32% had not seen a dentist or only when in pain, and 10% went irregularly. Differences according to place of living, age, sex, occupation and school dental care were found. 63% of those who had seen a dentist reported bad teeth or were edentulous with or without dentures. 10% reported fear, 9% had good teeth and 5% reported economic difficulties. The most frequent treatments at the latest dental visit were cleaning and filling for the regular patients and extractions and dentures for the nonregular patients. A multiple classification analysis revealed that the number of teeth was the strongest predictor for dental services, with the following predictors in descending order: age, occupation, place of living, economy, sex and school dental care. These variables could explain 58% of the variation in utilization.", "contents": "Utilization of dental services in the adult Danish population 1975. Lack of information on the dental behavior of adults in Denmark has become a major problem in the national planning of dental services. The purpose of this study was to establish the pattern of utilization of dental services among adult Danes (aged 15 and above). A three-stage cluster sampling design covering the total adult population of Denmark was used to draw a representative sample comprising 1,600 persons. Household interviews by trained interviewers were carried out. Of the adults interviewed, 58% reported yearly dental visits the last 5 years, 32% had not seen a dentist or only when in pain, and 10% went irregularly. Differences according to place of living, age, sex, occupation and school dental care were found. 63% of those who had seen a dentist reported bad teeth or were edentulous with or without dentures. 10% reported fear, 9% had good teeth and 5% reported economic difficulties. The most frequent treatments at the latest dental visit were cleaning and filling for the regular patients and extractions and dentures for the nonregular patients. A multiple classification analysis revealed that the number of teeth was the strongest predictor for dental services, with the following predictors in descending order: age, occupation, place of living, economy, sex and school dental care. These variables could explain 58% of the variation in utilization.", "PMID": 1069611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6257", "title": "Testing the internal and external validity of a simplified dental caries index on an adult population.", "content": "This analysis of a caries index, proposed in 1966 to WHO as a simplified method of measurement, as tested on a 16- to 45-year-old population who were seeking dental care at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry revealed several weaknesses associated with the index. An analysis of the external validity of this index, a comparison with subjects' DMFS scores, revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.71. Although the index purports to measure the prevalence and severity of dental caries by dividing the dentition into five zones representing increasing severity of dental caries experience, an analysis of this index's internal validity, i.e. whether these five zones truly represent a rank-order scale of severity, revealed misclassification rates of from 21% for the total population up to 44% for a subgroup. When zones were recombined to reduce the misclassification rates, the descriptive capabilities of the index were greatly reduced as most subjects were then classified in only one or two of the zones.", "contents": "Testing the internal and external validity of a simplified dental caries index on an adult population. This analysis of a caries index, proposed in 1966 to WHO as a simplified method of measurement, as tested on a 16- to 45-year-old population who were seeking dental care at the University of Minnesota School of Dentistry revealed several weaknesses associated with the index. An analysis of the external validity of this index, a comparison with subjects' DMFS scores, revealed a correlation coefficient of 0.71. Although the index purports to measure the prevalence and severity of dental caries by dividing the dentition into five zones representing increasing severity of dental caries experience, an analysis of this index's internal validity, i.e. whether these five zones truly represent a rank-order scale of severity, revealed misclassification rates of from 21% for the total population up to 44% for a subgroup. When zones were recombined to reduce the misclassification rates, the descriptive capabilities of the index were greatly reduced as most subjects were then classified in only one or two of the zones.", "PMID": 1069612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6258", "title": "The effect of various plaque control measures on gingivitis and caries in schoolchildren.", "content": "The aims of the present study were (1) to analyze the separate effects on plaque, caries, and gingivitis of several measures (oral hygiene instruction, professional tooth cleaning with mechanical instruments, topical application of sodium monofluorophosphate - MFP) which have been incorporated in a prophylactic treatment program, described by AXELSSON & LINDHE1, and (2) to prevent caries and gingivitis by applying the combined treatment but replacing the professional mechanical tooth cleaning with chemical cleaning using a chlorhexidine-containing gel. 164 children, 13-14 years old, divided into four groups, participated in a 2-year trial. All participants were recalled once every 2nd week for preventive treatment provided by dental nurses. During the 1st year Group 3 and 4 received prophylactic treatment identical to that described by AXELSSON & LINDHE1. During the 2nd year the professional tooth cleaning was omitted but oral hygiene instruction was given every 2nd week. During the 1st year Groups 1 and 2 were treated with 0.5% chlorhexidine but during the 2nd year they were subjected to professional tooth cleaning with mechanical instruments. Throughout the trial Groups 1 and 3 rinsed once every 2nd week with a 2% MFP solution. The results showed that by oral hygiene instruction and frequently repeated professional tooth cleanings it was possible to substantially reduce the frequency of gingivitis and prevent caries. When this treatment was used, mouthrinsings with 2% MFP had no additional effect on caries. The substitution of the mechanical cleaning procedure with topical application of a 0.5% chlorhexidine gel failed to (1) remove supragingival plaque accumulations, (2) reduce the frequency of gingivitis, and (3) retard the rate of caries development. The data also revealed that interdental cleaning with mechanical instruments was of decisive importance in the prevention of approximal surface caries.", "contents": "The effect of various plaque control measures on gingivitis and caries in schoolchildren. The aims of the present study were (1) to analyze the separate effects on plaque, caries, and gingivitis of several measures (oral hygiene instruction, professional tooth cleaning with mechanical instruments, topical application of sodium monofluorophosphate - MFP) which have been incorporated in a prophylactic treatment program, described by AXELSSON & LINDHE1, and (2) to prevent caries and gingivitis by applying the combined treatment but replacing the professional mechanical tooth cleaning with chemical cleaning using a chlorhexidine-containing gel. 164 children, 13-14 years old, divided into four groups, participated in a 2-year trial. All participants were recalled once every 2nd week for preventive treatment provided by dental nurses. During the 1st year Group 3 and 4 received prophylactic treatment identical to that described by AXELSSON & LINDHE1. During the 2nd year the professional tooth cleaning was omitted but oral hygiene instruction was given every 2nd week. During the 1st year Groups 1 and 2 were treated with 0.5% chlorhexidine but during the 2nd year they were subjected to professional tooth cleaning with mechanical instruments. Throughout the trial Groups 1 and 3 rinsed once every 2nd week with a 2% MFP solution. The results showed that by oral hygiene instruction and frequently repeated professional tooth cleanings it was possible to substantially reduce the frequency of gingivitis and prevent caries. When this treatment was used, mouthrinsings with 2% MFP had no additional effect on caries. The substitution of the mechanical cleaning procedure with topical application of a 0.5% chlorhexidine gel failed to (1) remove supragingival plaque accumulations, (2) reduce the frequency of gingivitis, and (3) retard the rate of caries development. The data also revealed that interdental cleaning with mechanical instruments was of decisive importance in the prevention of approximal surface caries.", "PMID": 1069613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6259", "title": "Effect on caries experience of lifetime residents after 10 years of fluoridation in Townsville, Australia.", "content": "An oral health survey was conducted in the tropical city of Townsville 10 years after its water supply was fluoridated to a level of 0.7 parts/106. The results of the calibration of examiners prior to the survey are presented. Checks on the consistency and comparability of the results obtained by each examiner during the survey show that the results are reliable and reproducible. Dental caries experience of both primary and permanent teeth was found to be significantly lower in Townsville than in 16 non-fluoridated towns. Comparisons are also made between the prevalence of caries in Townsville and four naturally fluoridated towns.", "contents": "Effect on caries experience of lifetime residents after 10 years of fluoridation in Townsville, Australia. An oral health survey was conducted in the tropical city of Townsville 10 years after its water supply was fluoridated to a level of 0.7 parts/106. The results of the calibration of examiners prior to the survey are presented. Checks on the consistency and comparability of the results obtained by each examiner during the survey show that the results are reliable and reproducible. Dental caries experience of both primary and permanent teeth was found to be significantly lower in Townsville than in 16 non-fluoridated towns. Comparisons are also made between the prevalence of caries in Townsville and four naturally fluoridated towns.", "PMID": 1069614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6260", "title": "A comparative radiographic investigation of caries prevalence in Danish schoolchildren.", "content": "In order to assess the prevalence of untreated caries in two groups of Danish 7th grade (13- to 14-year-old) school children in a blind study, a radiographic investigation was carried out. Only half of the children (394) had received regular school dental care during their years of attendance of primary school; the other children (368) had not. A bitewing radiograph of the right side of the mouth of each child was taken, employing a standardized technique. The radiographs were read without the examiner knowing the group identity of the radiographs. The criteria for discarding poor radiographs, teeth, and tooth surfaces are described. Some of the radiographic results are compared with the clinical caries score of the same group. Most of the radiographs without untreated caries were found among those of the children who received school dental service. Uncertainty of method in connection with radiographic investigation is discussed.", "contents": "A comparative radiographic investigation of caries prevalence in Danish schoolchildren. In order to assess the prevalence of untreated caries in two groups of Danish 7th grade (13- to 14-year-old) school children in a blind study, a radiographic investigation was carried out. Only half of the children (394) had received regular school dental care during their years of attendance of primary school; the other children (368) had not. A bitewing radiograph of the right side of the mouth of each child was taken, employing a standardized technique. The radiographs were read without the examiner knowing the group identity of the radiographs. The criteria for discarding poor radiographs, teeth, and tooth surfaces are described. Some of the radiographic results are compared with the clinical caries score of the same group. Most of the radiographs without untreated caries were found among those of the children who received school dental service. Uncertainty of method in connection with radiographic investigation is discussed.", "PMID": 1069615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6261", "title": "[Radiation exposure and radiation protection in radiodiagnosis of the temporomandibular joint].", "content": "There are considerable differences in the various methods of taking x-rays of the temporo-mandibular joint as far as skin exposure to radiation is concerned. Our own measurements revealed doses ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 rem. The values were especially high when using the method of PARMA. Therefore the question is raised whether, considering the provisions of the radiology regulations, there are any cases in which this way to demonstrate the temporomandibular joint is still indicated. As to the measured gonadal doses ranging between 0.02 and 0.18 mrem, no essential differences in the indications of the various methods need to be considered.", "contents": "[Radiation exposure and radiation protection in radiodiagnosis of the temporomandibular joint]. There are considerable differences in the various methods of taking x-rays of the temporo-mandibular joint as far as skin exposure to radiation is concerned. Our own measurements revealed doses ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 rem. The values were especially high when using the method of PARMA. Therefore the question is raised whether, considering the provisions of the radiology regulations, there are any cases in which this way to demonstrate the temporomandibular joint is still indicated. As to the measured gonadal doses ranging between 0.02 and 0.18 mrem, no essential differences in the indications of the various methods need to be considered.", "PMID": 1069631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6262", "title": "[Metric recording of color changes in filling materials].", "content": "A new test arrangement for metric recording of color changes is described. Its usability is demonstrated by measurements made in test specimens of composite filling materials. Measurable differences were observed with both the original color and \"yellowing\" after irradiation. The color changes are visible with the naked eye, but objective comparison is possible by metric determination only.", "contents": "[Metric recording of color changes in filling materials]. A new test arrangement for metric recording of color changes is described. Its usability is demonstrated by measurements made in test specimens of composite filling materials. Measurable differences were observed with both the original color and \"yellowing\" after irradiation. The color changes are visible with the naked eye, but objective comparison is possible by metric determination only.", "PMID": 1069633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6263", "title": "[Comparative studies on the cytotoxic effect of composite filling materials and silicate cement].", "content": "The biologic compatibility of two composite materials (Cosmic, Epstic) based on Bowen's resin and two silicate cements (Frontasil, Silicap) and theirs components were assessed in cell culture. The compounds eluated from the material specimens under physiological conditions affected monolayer cultures of rat fibroblasts and rat epithelial cells (linr RL-19). Silicate cement eluate brings about death of cells due to high concentration of H-ions. Neutralized eluate of freshly prepared Cosmic, Estic and Frontasil caused the same cell damage which was less pronounced following Silicap eluate. The toxicity was markedly reduced following use of an eluate material which had a setting time of 24 hours. After the 2nd and 3rd elution of same specimen the cytoxicity was noticeably weakened, however, it was still demonstrable. The patterns of injury were different following composite material and silicate cement. All tested components soluted in Eagle medium have an irritating effect on the cultivated cells.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the cytotoxic effect of composite filling materials and silicate cement]. The biologic compatibility of two composite materials (Cosmic, Epstic) based on Bowen's resin and two silicate cements (Frontasil, Silicap) and theirs components were assessed in cell culture. The compounds eluated from the material specimens under physiological conditions affected monolayer cultures of rat fibroblasts and rat epithelial cells (linr RL-19). Silicate cement eluate brings about death of cells due to high concentration of H-ions. Neutralized eluate of freshly prepared Cosmic, Estic and Frontasil caused the same cell damage which was less pronounced following Silicap eluate. The toxicity was markedly reduced following use of an eluate material which had a setting time of 24 hours. After the 2nd and 3rd elution of same specimen the cytoxicity was noticeably weakened, however, it was still demonstrable. The patterns of injury were different following composite material and silicate cement. All tested components soluted in Eagle medium have an irritating effect on the cultivated cells.", "PMID": 1069634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6264", "title": "[Compression of amalgam specimens under various loads].", "content": "To test the behavior of amalgam fillings under masticatory load, 72 cylindrical amalgam specimens (d=5mm, h=10mm) were exposed to alternating loads changing from zero pressure to a pressure of 10 N/mm2. The tests were made in a conventional and four silver amalgams rich in copper, in water baths of 30 degrees, 37 degrees, 50 degrees, and 60 degrees C. Compression of the specimens results, which increases proportionally to the cube root of the number of alternating loads and with rising temperature. The compression lies between 0.3 per cent to 5 per cent of the original length after 10,000 alternating loads, depending on amalgam and temperature. Compressive strength increased under alternating load.", "contents": "[Compression of amalgam specimens under various loads]. To test the behavior of amalgam fillings under masticatory load, 72 cylindrical amalgam specimens (d=5mm, h=10mm) were exposed to alternating loads changing from zero pressure to a pressure of 10 N/mm2. The tests were made in a conventional and four silver amalgams rich in copper, in water baths of 30 degrees, 37 degrees, 50 degrees, and 60 degrees C. Compression of the specimens results, which increases proportionally to the cube root of the number of alternating loads and with rising temperature. The compression lies between 0.3 per cent to 5 per cent of the original length after 10,000 alternating loads, depending on amalgam and temperature. Compressive strength increased under alternating load.", "PMID": 1069636}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6265", "title": "[Therapeutic possibilities in the changing dentition in generalized developmental disorders of the hard substance, ultrastructurally diagnosed I].", "content": "Three 5 to 14-year old patients with generalized developmental disturbances of dental hard substance--clinical diagnosis: dentinogenesis imperfecta--are used as examples of age-specific therapy groups in order to demonstrate the various courses of therapy. Early therapy of permanent teeth consists of treating enamel defects with UV hardening resin of the Nuva system. To evaluate adhesion of dental hard substances to resin, it is proposed to use adhesive matrices.", "contents": "[Therapeutic possibilities in the changing dentition in generalized developmental disorders of the hard substance, ultrastructurally diagnosed I]. Three 5 to 14-year old patients with generalized developmental disturbances of dental hard substance--clinical diagnosis: dentinogenesis imperfecta--are used as examples of age-specific therapy groups in order to demonstrate the various courses of therapy. Early therapy of permanent teeth consists of treating enamel defects with UV hardening resin of the Nuva system. To evaluate adhesion of dental hard substances to resin, it is proposed to use adhesive matrices.", "PMID": 1069637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6266", "title": "Radiographic features of bone in several strains of laboratory mice and of their tumours induced by bone-seeking radionuclides.", "content": "The natural radiographic appearance of the various bones of the skeleton are described for several strains of laboratory mice. The Harwell substrains of CBA, A and 101 are generally similar and become osteoporotic on ageing. Harwell C57BL have similar, but more delicately chiseled, bones. Harwell C3H mice have bones with stouter cortices and may show osteosclerosis on ageing. CF1 females (donated by Dr M. Finkel) showed osteosclerosis and osteophytic outgrowths when aged. NMRI mice (donated by Dr A. Luz) appeared larger than the pure-strain Harwell mice. In general, mouse bones are simple tubular structures with an ivory cortex and a marrow cavity. Cancellous trabecular bone is scanty, even in vertebrae, flat bones and the metaphyses of long bones. Bone-seeking radionuclides administered to mice lead to skeletal tumours: (a) osteosarcomata, which are commonly radio-opaque to a variable degree owing to calcified tumour bone, but which may be osteolytic, (b) primitive mesenchymal (angio-) sarcomata which are non-osteogenic and osteolytic, (c) fibrosarcomata--which also are osteolytic--and to local or general lymphomata from irradiation of parental cells in bone marrow, but no special radiological features have been found associated with these last-named tumours.", "contents": "Radiographic features of bone in several strains of laboratory mice and of their tumours induced by bone-seeking radionuclides. The natural radiographic appearance of the various bones of the skeleton are described for several strains of laboratory mice. The Harwell substrains of CBA, A and 101 are generally similar and become osteoporotic on ageing. Harwell C57BL have similar, but more delicately chiseled, bones. Harwell C3H mice have bones with stouter cortices and may show osteosclerosis on ageing. CF1 females (donated by Dr M. Finkel) showed osteosclerosis and osteophytic outgrowths when aged. NMRI mice (donated by Dr A. Luz) appeared larger than the pure-strain Harwell mice. In general, mouse bones are simple tubular structures with an ivory cortex and a marrow cavity. Cancellous trabecular bone is scanty, even in vertebrae, flat bones and the metaphyses of long bones. Bone-seeking radionuclides administered to mice lead to skeletal tumours: (a) osteosarcomata, which are commonly radio-opaque to a variable degree owing to calcified tumour bone, but which may be osteolytic, (b) primitive mesenchymal (angio-) sarcomata which are non-osteogenic and osteolytic, (c) fibrosarcomata--which also are osteolytic--and to local or general lymphomata from irradiation of parental cells in bone marrow, but no special radiological features have been found associated with these last-named tumours.", "PMID": 1069700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6267", "title": "[Evolution of the pulp chamber and pseudodentin in the selachians the Brazilian coast (suborder Galeoidea). Morphological study].", "content": "The author made a morphological study of Selachii (Suborder Galeoidae) of the Brazil coast using ground sections. Dental structures undergo modifications as one studies species of different evolutionary stages. The lower Selachii have an osteodentine nucleus which suffer alterations until it disappears leaving a pulp chamber in its place. The layer of pseudodentine shows modification too. It consists of pseudodentine in lower Selachii but its modifications are such that in higher Selachii (Sphyrnidae, for instance) one may suppose it is made of orthodentine. Based on these and other published data the author concludes that the degree of evolution of the pulp chamber and pseudodentine allows the establishment, with great probability, of the phylogenitic position of the Selachii within the Galeoidea Suborder.", "contents": "[Evolution of the pulp chamber and pseudodentin in the selachians the Brazilian coast (suborder Galeoidea). Morphological study]. The author made a morphological study of Selachii (Suborder Galeoidae) of the Brazil coast using ground sections. Dental structures undergo modifications as one studies species of different evolutionary stages. The lower Selachii have an osteodentine nucleus which suffer alterations until it disappears leaving a pulp chamber in its place. The layer of pseudodentine shows modification too. It consists of pseudodentine in lower Selachii but its modifications are such that in higher Selachii (Sphyrnidae, for instance) one may suppose it is made of orthodentine. Based on these and other published data the author concludes that the degree of evolution of the pulp chamber and pseudodentine allows the establishment, with great probability, of the phylogenitic position of the Selachii within the Galeoidea Suborder.", "PMID": 1069727}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6268", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the alveolodental ligament of the rat].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of periodontal ligaments of adult rat molars showed that the predominant cellular element consisted of fibroblasts and fibrocytes. These cells were responsible for the elaboration of the collagen precursors and for their destruction as was demonstrated by the presence of ellipsoidal intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing collagen. The abundance of microfilaments and microtubules as well as the presence of intermediary and tight junctions and nexus between the cell processes seemed to indicate that these cells are contractile and motile. Other cell types were intrequent. The ligament presented a high density of collagen fibrils grouped in bundles. Oxytalan fibrils were also observed. The blood capillaries showed mainly a continuous endothelium. Numerous myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibrils, as well as nerve endings and mechano-receptors were identified.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the alveolodental ligament of the rat]. The ultrastructural study of periodontal ligaments of adult rat molars showed that the predominant cellular element consisted of fibroblasts and fibrocytes. These cells were responsible for the elaboration of the collagen precursors and for their destruction as was demonstrated by the presence of ellipsoidal intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing collagen. The abundance of microfilaments and microtubules as well as the presence of intermediary and tight junctions and nexus between the cell processes seemed to indicate that these cells are contractile and motile. Other cell types were intrequent. The ligament presented a high density of collagen fibrils grouped in bundles. Oxytalan fibrils were also observed. The blood capillaries showed mainly a continuous endothelium. Numerous myelinated and non-myelinated nerve fibrils, as well as nerve endings and mechano-receptors were identified.", "PMID": 1069728}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6269", "title": "[Bacterial accumulation on silicate and composite materials].", "content": "It was shown in a previous study that more plaque accumulates on composite filling materials than on silicate cement and amalgam. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the accumulation of Streptococcus mutans on silicate cement and on composite material by scanning electron microscopy. Whether the adhesion was dependent on the presence of sucrose was also tested. Round disks, 6 mm in diameter, were made from the two materials. The disks were submerged in media with and without sucrose and inoculated with S. mutans OMZ 176. The disks were removed after 1 or 30 minutes, rinsed in saline and prepared for SEM. Along the diameter of each disk pictures were taken at similar intervals. From a total of 48 pictures from each material 18 pictures were selected at random and the number of microorganisms counted. The results indicated that bacteria initially adhered to both silicate and composite in about the same number. The presence of sucrose did not influence the initial adsorption. After 30 minutes bacteria were scarcely found on silicate, whereas large clumps of bacteria were attached to the composite. Sucrose increased bacterial accumulation on composites but did not affect the adherence to silicate cement.", "contents": "[Bacterial accumulation on silicate and composite materials]. It was shown in a previous study that more plaque accumulates on composite filling materials than on silicate cement and amalgam. The purpose of the present investigation was to compare the accumulation of Streptococcus mutans on silicate cement and on composite material by scanning electron microscopy. Whether the adhesion was dependent on the presence of sucrose was also tested. Round disks, 6 mm in diameter, were made from the two materials. The disks were submerged in media with and without sucrose and inoculated with S. mutans OMZ 176. The disks were removed after 1 or 30 minutes, rinsed in saline and prepared for SEM. Along the diameter of each disk pictures were taken at similar intervals. From a total of 48 pictures from each material 18 pictures were selected at random and the number of microorganisms counted. The results indicated that bacteria initially adhered to both silicate and composite in about the same number. The presence of sucrose did not influence the initial adsorption. After 30 minutes bacteria were scarcely found on silicate, whereas large clumps of bacteria were attached to the composite. Sucrose increased bacterial accumulation on composites but did not affect the adherence to silicate cement.", "PMID": 1069729}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6270", "title": "[Topographic distribution of mitosis in the lower incisor and 1st molar in the mouse embryo].", "content": "The analysis of serial frontal sections of lower mandibular arches of 14 to 18 days old mice embryos allowed the study of the pattern of mitosis in the incisor and the first molar. A very clear dissociation between the values of the mitotic index of the internal and external dental epithelia was observed. The high mitotic activity of the inner dental epithelium was considered as playing a very important role during the growth of these teeth.", "contents": "[Topographic distribution of mitosis in the lower incisor and 1st molar in the mouse embryo]. The analysis of serial frontal sections of lower mandibular arches of 14 to 18 days old mice embryos allowed the study of the pattern of mitosis in the incisor and the first molar. A very clear dissociation between the values of the mitotic index of the internal and external dental epithelia was observed. The high mitotic activity of the inner dental epithelium was considered as playing a very important role during the growth of these teeth.", "PMID": 1069730}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6271", "title": "Tongue fissures. A classification and comparative prevalence study among 825 European Caucasian and 605 Xhosa Negro school children.", "content": "Six distinct patterns of tongue fissuring have been observed: plication, central longitudinal fissuring, double fissures, transverse fissures arising from a central fissure (type \"A\"), transverse fissures without a central fissure (type \"B\") and lateral longitudinal fissures. Some tongues exhibited more than one pattern. There was a significant correlation between double fissures and central longitudinal fissuring (P less than 0.002) but not between other forms of fissuring. No significant relationship was found between the occurrence of atrophic lesions and the prese-ce of fissuring. Significant differences were found between the prevalences in Xhosa and Europeans for central longitudinal fissuring, double fissures and both types of transverse fissures but not for plication. No significant differences were found between males and females and in the age distribution for those with and those without each type of fissuring. It is suggested that most tongue fissuring seen in children should be considered variations in normal anatomy rather than an abnormality.", "contents": "Tongue fissures. A classification and comparative prevalence study among 825 European Caucasian and 605 Xhosa Negro school children. Six distinct patterns of tongue fissuring have been observed: plication, central longitudinal fissuring, double fissures, transverse fissures arising from a central fissure (type \"A\"), transverse fissures without a central fissure (type \"B\") and lateral longitudinal fissures. Some tongues exhibited more than one pattern. There was a significant correlation between double fissures and central longitudinal fissuring (P less than 0.002) but not between other forms of fissuring. No significant relationship was found between the occurrence of atrophic lesions and the prese-ce of fissuring. Significant differences were found between the prevalences in Xhosa and Europeans for central longitudinal fissuring, double fissures and both types of transverse fissures but not for plication. No significant differences were found between males and females and in the age distribution for those with and those without each type of fissuring. It is suggested that most tongue fissuring seen in children should be considered variations in normal anatomy rather than an abnormality.", "PMID": 1069731}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6272", "title": "Influence of amalgam, alloy, and Hg on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans: III. Effect of specimen age and composition.", "content": "We will now summarize the conclusions from parts I, II and III of this study. A test procedure has been developed that provides a simple, quick, and nondestructive means of monitoring the in vitro growth of S mutans in the presence of amalgams and alloys. The spectrophotometric readings are related in a simple way to growth expressed as dry weight of bacteria and metabolic products. Results are expressed as growth relative to controls which represent bacteria growing under identical conditions but not in contact with metals. The %RA60 value that represents growth after 60 hours relative to controls is used as a measure of growth in the presence of alloys or amalgams. Spherical, fine cut, and dispersion alloys were studied as well as amalgams prepared from these alloys. The dispersion alloy inhibits growth less than the spherical alloy which in turn inhibits growth less than the fine cut alloy. The results for amalgams prepared from the alloys are reversed. At an aging time of two hours, dispersion alloy amalgams inhibit growth more than spherical alloy amalgams and fine cut alloy amalgams. Aging time of amalgams greatly influences the growth inhibition. Immediately after trituration growth is inhibited, but this inhibition is lost with aging. Different types of amalgams seem to lose growth inhibition at different rates. Hg composition in the range of 48 to 52% seems to have little effect on growth inhibition. It remains for clinical studies, which are concerned with the incidence of secondary caries associated with amalgams, to demonstrate that the age and nature of the amalgam are significant.", "contents": "Influence of amalgam, alloy, and Hg on the in vitro growth of Streptococcus mutans: III. Effect of specimen age and composition. We will now summarize the conclusions from parts I, II and III of this study. A test procedure has been developed that provides a simple, quick, and nondestructive means of monitoring the in vitro growth of S mutans in the presence of amalgams and alloys. The spectrophotometric readings are related in a simple way to growth expressed as dry weight of bacteria and metabolic products. Results are expressed as growth relative to controls which represent bacteria growing under identical conditions but not in contact with metals. The %RA60 value that represents growth after 60 hours relative to controls is used as a measure of growth in the presence of alloys or amalgams. Spherical, fine cut, and dispersion alloys were studied as well as amalgams prepared from these alloys. The dispersion alloy inhibits growth less than the spherical alloy which in turn inhibits growth less than the fine cut alloy. The results for amalgams prepared from the alloys are reversed. At an aging time of two hours, dispersion alloy amalgams inhibit growth more than spherical alloy amalgams and fine cut alloy amalgams. Aging time of amalgams greatly influences the growth inhibition. Immediately after trituration growth is inhibited, but this inhibition is lost with aging. Different types of amalgams seem to lose growth inhibition at different rates. Hg composition in the range of 48 to 52% seems to have little effect on growth inhibition. It remains for clinical studies, which are concerned with the incidence of secondary caries associated with amalgams, to demonstrate that the age and nature of the amalgam are significant.", "PMID": 1069747}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6273", "title": "Finite element stress analysis of the crowns of normal and restored teeth.", "content": "Stress distributions are presented for a normal and a restored mandibular second premolar under masticatory-type forces. These were obtained using the finite element method of stress analysis applied to two-dimensional models. The effect of the relative stiffness of the materials is examined in each instance.", "contents": "Finite element stress analysis of the crowns of normal and restored teeth. Stress distributions are presented for a normal and a restored mandibular second premolar under masticatory-type forces. These were obtained using the finite element method of stress analysis applied to two-dimensional models. The effect of the relative stiffness of the materials is examined in each instance.", "PMID": 1069748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6274", "title": "Microprobe analysis of a Au-containing alloy and its amalgam.", "content": "Under near-equilibrium conditions, an alloy ingot containing approximately 64% Ag, 26% Sn, and 10% Au was found by X-ray diffraction to consist of large grains demonstrating the gamma (Ag-Sn) structure. Microprobe analysis of these grains showed a 64.2% Ag, 25.3% Sn, and 10.5% Au composition with very small amounts of AuSn2 and AuSn4 segregated at the grain boundaries. When this alloy is manufactured in the form of rapidly colled spherical particles, X-ray diffraction shows both beta (Ag-Sn) and gamma (Ag-Sn) structures with Au substituting for Ag, and microprobe analysis demonstrates a segregation of small high Sn, high Au areas having a AuSn2 composition. When Hg is mixed with these spherical particles, gamma1, some gamma2, and Sn-Au phases (AuSn2 and AuSn4) form. The Au that combines with Sn seems to come from the beta or gamma phases rather than from the Sn-Au segregations in the alloy. The small amount of the gamma2 phase that is initially formed apparently disappears after a short period of time although there is some question as to whether a very small amount may still remain. The Ag-Hg hase (gamma1) is essentially the same as found in conventional amalgams as is the small amount of gamma2 initially formed. Furthermore, a nonequilibrium state seems to be necessary for the early and possibly complete elimination of gamma2. In the as-cast condition, after a period of time at 37 C, A Ag-Hg-Sn phase (beta1) is formed that is similar to that found in conventional amalgams that serve as restorations in the mouth for a period of time. However, in the 135-annealed amalgam, no beta1 appears.", "contents": "Microprobe analysis of a Au-containing alloy and its amalgam. Under near-equilibrium conditions, an alloy ingot containing approximately 64% Ag, 26% Sn, and 10% Au was found by X-ray diffraction to consist of large grains demonstrating the gamma (Ag-Sn) structure. Microprobe analysis of these grains showed a 64.2% Ag, 25.3% Sn, and 10.5% Au composition with very small amounts of AuSn2 and AuSn4 segregated at the grain boundaries. When this alloy is manufactured in the form of rapidly colled spherical particles, X-ray diffraction shows both beta (Ag-Sn) and gamma (Ag-Sn) structures with Au substituting for Ag, and microprobe analysis demonstrates a segregation of small high Sn, high Au areas having a AuSn2 composition. When Hg is mixed with these spherical particles, gamma1, some gamma2, and Sn-Au phases (AuSn2 and AuSn4) form. The Au that combines with Sn seems to come from the beta or gamma phases rather than from the Sn-Au segregations in the alloy. The small amount of the gamma2 phase that is initially formed apparently disappears after a short period of time although there is some question as to whether a very small amount may still remain. The Ag-Hg hase (gamma1) is essentially the same as found in conventional amalgams as is the small amount of gamma2 initially formed. Furthermore, a nonequilibrium state seems to be necessary for the early and possibly complete elimination of gamma2. In the as-cast condition, after a period of time at 37 C, A Ag-Hg-Sn phase (beta1) is formed that is similar to that found in conventional amalgams that serve as restorations in the mouth for a period of time. However, in the 135-annealed amalgam, no beta1 appears.", "PMID": 1069749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6275", "title": "Optical method for articulator comparison and study of occlusal determinants.", "content": "A method of articulator comparison and a technique demonstrating the effects of three occlusal determinants were demonstrated and proved successful. The techniques used could be used in dental research circumstances and in dental schools as a means to study the determinants of occlusion.", "contents": "Optical method for articulator comparison and study of occlusal determinants. A method of articulator comparison and a technique demonstrating the effects of three occlusal determinants were demonstrated and proved successful. The techniques used could be used in dental research circumstances and in dental schools as a means to study the determinants of occlusion.", "PMID": 1069750}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6276", "title": "Erythrocyte velocity in vascular networks of young noninflamed dog gingiva.", "content": "Measurements of erythrocyte velocity in vascular networks of noninflamed gingiva of deciduous canines of four young dogs were obtained using vital microscopy and high-speed cinephotomicrography. Mean erythrocyte velocity in small gingival vessels was 1.59 +/- 0.29 mm/sec. Differences in erythrocyte velocity of vessels comprising a gingival microcirculation and of vessels within different gingival samples were not significant.", "contents": "Erythrocyte velocity in vascular networks of young noninflamed dog gingiva. Measurements of erythrocyte velocity in vascular networks of noninflamed gingiva of deciduous canines of four young dogs were obtained using vital microscopy and high-speed cinephotomicrography. Mean erythrocyte velocity in small gingival vessels was 1.59 +/- 0.29 mm/sec. Differences in erythrocyte velocity of vessels comprising a gingival microcirculation and of vessels within different gingival samples were not significant.", "PMID": 1069751}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6277", "title": "Surface properties of hydroxyapatite: I. The effect of various inorganic ions on the electrophoretic behavior.", "content": "The zeta potential of hydroxyapatite (HA) at a constant pH depends on the type of acid used. Fluoride ions increase the charge density and make the surface less prone to attack by acid or alkali. Sn2+ and Th4+ ionic complexes with fluoride ions and increase the uptake of fluoride by HA.", "contents": "Surface properties of hydroxyapatite: I. The effect of various inorganic ions on the electrophoretic behavior. The zeta potential of hydroxyapatite (HA) at a constant pH depends on the type of acid used. Fluoride ions increase the charge density and make the surface less prone to attack by acid or alkali. Sn2+ and Th4+ ionic complexes with fluoride ions and increase the uptake of fluoride by HA.", "PMID": 1069753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6278", "title": "Effects of dietary fats on the fatty acid composition of enamel and dentinal lipids of rabbit molars.", "content": "The effect of dietary fats such as butter, lard, cottonseed oil, and hydrogenated cottonseed oil on the fatty acid composition of enamel and dentin lipids of rabbit molars was studied. The enamel and dentin of molars of all of the rabbits contained a variety of fatty acids, palmitic, stearic, oliec, linoleic, and eicosapentaenoic being the major ones. Enamal lipids were more unsaturated than dentinal lipids in all of the groups. A significant difference was noticed in the fatty acid composition of both the enamel and dentin between these four groups of rabbits. Linoleic acid content was highest in both the enamel and dentin lipids of rabbits fed cottonseed oil. There was no marked difference in the saturated-unsaturated fatty acid ratio in both the enamel and dentin among rabbits fed cottonseed oil, lard, and butter. It is concluded that tooth lipids are responsive to diets and are in direct equilibrium with dietary components.", "contents": "Effects of dietary fats on the fatty acid composition of enamel and dentinal lipids of rabbit molars. The effect of dietary fats such as butter, lard, cottonseed oil, and hydrogenated cottonseed oil on the fatty acid composition of enamel and dentin lipids of rabbit molars was studied. The enamel and dentin of molars of all of the rabbits contained a variety of fatty acids, palmitic, stearic, oliec, linoleic, and eicosapentaenoic being the major ones. Enamal lipids were more unsaturated than dentinal lipids in all of the groups. A significant difference was noticed in the fatty acid composition of both the enamel and dentin between these four groups of rabbits. Linoleic acid content was highest in both the enamel and dentin lipids of rabbits fed cottonseed oil. There was no marked difference in the saturated-unsaturated fatty acid ratio in both the enamel and dentin among rabbits fed cottonseed oil, lard, and butter. It is concluded that tooth lipids are responsive to diets and are in direct equilibrium with dietary components.", "PMID": 1069752}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6279", "title": "Magnesium in bone mineral: an in vitro study.", "content": "The solubility of magnesium in bone mineral from control and magnesium-dificient rats receiving varying fluoride intakes was assessed. Evidence for the existence of a fluoride-related pool of skeletal magnesium possessing a diminished solubility was obtained.", "contents": "Magnesium in bone mineral: an in vitro study. The solubility of magnesium in bone mineral from control and magnesium-dificient rats receiving varying fluoride intakes was assessed. Evidence for the existence of a fluoride-related pool of skeletal magnesium possessing a diminished solubility was obtained.", "PMID": 1069754}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6280", "title": "Calcification of membranes isolated from Bacterionema matruchotii.", "content": "Lytic cultures of Bacterionema matruchotii were found to release vesicular membranes into the medium which could be obtained virtually free of other cell structures by differential centrifugation. Suspension of the membrane fraction in a metastable calcium phosphate solution resulted in the formation of both amorphous mineral and hydroxyapatite. Examination by electron microscopy showed that mineralization was associated with the membrane bilayers. The results provide further evidence that calcification of B matruchotii is related to intracytoplasmic membranes.", "contents": "Calcification of membranes isolated from Bacterionema matruchotii. Lytic cultures of Bacterionema matruchotii were found to release vesicular membranes into the medium which could be obtained virtually free of other cell structures by differential centrifugation. Suspension of the membrane fraction in a metastable calcium phosphate solution resulted in the formation of both amorphous mineral and hydroxyapatite. Examination by electron microscopy showed that mineralization was associated with the membrane bilayers. The results provide further evidence that calcification of B matruchotii is related to intracytoplasmic membranes.", "PMID": 1069755}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6281", "title": "Enhancement of the antiplaque value of antibacterial agents by enamel conditioning methods: III. Animal results.", "content": "A 1:1 water-paste slurry of a placebo and several experimental dentifrices was swabbed daily for six weeks on the teeth of albino rats, and the plaque collected on the teeth was measured in vivo first before the treatments began and one, two, three, and six weeks after. The results indicate that adding a suitable antimicrobial agent to a placebo dentifrice markedly reduced plaque accumulations on the teeth brushed with that product. When an enamel-conditioning vehicle was used instead of the placebo, the antiplaque effectiveness increased severalfold. It was concluded from the two first articles of this series 1,2 that adding antibacterial agents to enamel-conditioning systems resulted in the incorporation of the antimicrobial compound into enamel treated with these systems, and that enamel treated in such a fashion acquired marked antibacterial properties of its own. The data reported in this article support a third conclusion, namely, that the enamel-conditioning-antibacterial systems have a considerable antiplaque effect in laboratory rats.", "contents": "Enhancement of the antiplaque value of antibacterial agents by enamel conditioning methods: III. Animal results. A 1:1 water-paste slurry of a placebo and several experimental dentifrices was swabbed daily for six weeks on the teeth of albino rats, and the plaque collected on the teeth was measured in vivo first before the treatments began and one, two, three, and six weeks after. The results indicate that adding a suitable antimicrobial agent to a placebo dentifrice markedly reduced plaque accumulations on the teeth brushed with that product. When an enamel-conditioning vehicle was used instead of the placebo, the antiplaque effectiveness increased severalfold. It was concluded from the two first articles of this series 1,2 that adding antibacterial agents to enamel-conditioning systems resulted in the incorporation of the antimicrobial compound into enamel treated with these systems, and that enamel treated in such a fashion acquired marked antibacterial properties of its own. The data reported in this article support a third conclusion, namely, that the enamel-conditioning-antibacterial systems have a considerable antiplaque effect in laboratory rats.", "PMID": 1069756}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6282", "title": "Cariostatic activity of calcium glycerophosphate in hamsters: topical vs dietary administration.", "content": "Two experiments were conducted to determine if calcium glycerophosphate administered continuously in a diet or intermittently as a single daily topical application to teeth had an anticaries potential in young hamsters that were fed a cariogenic diet. The hamsters were inoculated with a caries-conductive streptococcal strain. Within the 60-day experimental period, results of these evaluations indicated calcium glycerophosphate significantly reduces caries when fed in the diet at levels of 1% and higher, and significantly reduces caries when applied topically at levels of 2% and higher. There were no observable differences in plaque formation among treatments.", "contents": "Cariostatic activity of calcium glycerophosphate in hamsters: topical vs dietary administration. Two experiments were conducted to determine if calcium glycerophosphate administered continuously in a diet or intermittently as a single daily topical application to teeth had an anticaries potential in young hamsters that were fed a cariogenic diet. The hamsters were inoculated with a caries-conductive streptococcal strain. Within the 60-day experimental period, results of these evaluations indicated calcium glycerophosphate significantly reduces caries when fed in the diet at levels of 1% and higher, and significantly reduces caries when applied topically at levels of 2% and higher. There were no observable differences in plaque formation among treatments.", "PMID": 1069757}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6283", "title": "Identification of the cultivable bacteria in dental plaque from the beagle dog.", "content": "Fifteen different genera of microorganisms were isolated from the 27-month-old plaque of two beagle dogs. They were as follows: Pseudomonas, Proteus, Neisseria, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Nocardia, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Microbacterium, Brevibacterium, Arthrobacter, and Kurthia. The dog plaque was characterized by a low number of streptococci and the presence of several noncarbohydrate-fermenting organisms.", "contents": "Identification of the cultivable bacteria in dental plaque from the beagle dog. Fifteen different genera of microorganisms were isolated from the 27-month-old plaque of two beagle dogs. They were as follows: Pseudomonas, Proteus, Neisseria, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, Nocardia, Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Micrococcus, Microbacterium, Brevibacterium, Arthrobacter, and Kurthia. The dog plaque was characterized by a low number of streptococci and the presence of several noncarbohydrate-fermenting organisms.", "PMID": 1069758}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6284", "title": "Caries experience in deciduous and permanent dentition of the same individuals.", "content": "Caries of the permanent first molars of 5-year-old children was found to be associated with caries of their diciduous teeth. The sample consisted of 220 children whose permanent first molars had erupted. They were selected out of 965 children who were a representative sample of children attending compulsory kindergartens in Jerusalem, 1971.", "contents": "Caries experience in deciduous and permanent dentition of the same individuals. Caries of the permanent first molars of 5-year-old children was found to be associated with caries of their diciduous teeth. The sample consisted of 220 children whose permanent first molars had erupted. They were selected out of 965 children who were a representative sample of children attending compulsory kindergartens in Jerusalem, 1971.", "PMID": 1069760}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6285", "title": "Analysis of the dextranase activity produced by an oral strain of Bacteroides ochraceus.", "content": "An anaerobic, gram-negative, dextranase-producing filamentous bacterium isolated from human dental plaque has been identified as a strain of Bacteroides ochraceus. The inducible intracellular dextran-degrading activities produced by this microoranism can be fractionated into endohydrolytic and exohydrolytic enzymes with distinct pH optima. These enzymes reduce the apparent rate of glucan production from sucrose by the dextransucrase produced by Streptococcus mutans and consequently may influence the in vivo production of polysaccharides involved in plaque accumulation and metabolism.", "contents": "Analysis of the dextranase activity produced by an oral strain of Bacteroides ochraceus. An anaerobic, gram-negative, dextranase-producing filamentous bacterium isolated from human dental plaque has been identified as a strain of Bacteroides ochraceus. The inducible intracellular dextran-degrading activities produced by this microoranism can be fractionated into endohydrolytic and exohydrolytic enzymes with distinct pH optima. These enzymes reduce the apparent rate of glucan production from sucrose by the dextransucrase produced by Streptococcus mutans and consequently may influence the in vivo production of polysaccharides involved in plaque accumulation and metabolism.", "PMID": 1069759}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6286", "title": "Examiner standardization for caries studies.", "content": "Examiners in clinical control programs customarily undergo an intensive period of training to standardize their interpretation of diagnostic criteria. Data are presented summarizing examiner error rates in calibration examinations and reversal rates in a field study.", "contents": "Examiner standardization for caries studies. Examiners in clinical control programs customarily undergo an intensive period of training to standardize their interpretation of diagnostic criteria. Data are presented summarizing examiner error rates in calibration examinations and reversal rates in a field study.", "PMID": 1069772}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6287", "title": "Estimating examiner consistency with DMFS measures.", "content": "Within- and between-examiner reliability estimates were considered for standardization data. However, within-examiner stability was demonstrated to be the important measure of examiner consistency in the clinical trial because it directly affects the precision of the study. Finally, an argument is also made against the use of reversal rates in the assessment of examiner consistency.", "contents": "Estimating examiner consistency with DMFS measures. Within- and between-examiner reliability estimates were considered for standardization data. However, within-examiner stability was demonstrated to be the important measure of examiner consistency in the clinical trial because it directly affects the precision of the study. Finally, an argument is also made against the use of reversal rates in the assessment of examiner consistency.", "PMID": 1069773}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6288", "title": "Evaluation of a simplified caries index for use by the US Army Dental Corps.", "content": "The evaluation of a simplified caries index was undertaken to determine the validity and reliability of the index when applied to a military population. Although certain internal assumptions of this simplified caries index were not upheld, the index did rank order the populations by severity of caries experience when compared to the DMFS index. High interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability scores were demonstrated.", "contents": "Evaluation of a simplified caries index for use by the US Army Dental Corps. The evaluation of a simplified caries index was undertaken to determine the validity and reliability of the index when applied to a military population. Although certain internal assumptions of this simplified caries index were not upheld, the index did rank order the populations by severity of caries experience when compared to the DMFS index. High interexaminer and intraexaminer reliability scores were demonstrated.", "PMID": 1069774}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6289", "title": "Standardization of value profiles of dental students and dental faculty.", "content": "This study used the Allport-Vernon, Lindzey1,2 Study of Values to establish standardized norms for dental populations, and examined the relationship among freshmen, seniors, and full-time and part-time faculty. The normative data indicate that there is a similarity in general patterns for all groups. The dental student population sampled have higher scores on aesthetic and social values than their counterparts ten years ago.", "contents": "Standardization of value profiles of dental students and dental faculty. This study used the Allport-Vernon, Lindzey1,2 Study of Values to establish standardized norms for dental populations, and examined the relationship among freshmen, seniors, and full-time and part-time faculty. The normative data indicate that there is a similarity in general patterns for all groups. The dental student population sampled have higher scores on aesthetic and social values than their counterparts ten years ago.", "PMID": 1069775}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6290", "title": "Dental caries experience in the deciduous dentition of rural Guatemalan children ages 6 months to 7 years.", "content": "A study of 528 Guatemalan children indicated that caries prevalence in the deciduous dentition was twice as great as but in the permanent dentition was similar to that for US white children. This is a repeated observation for children of some preindustrial societies. Caries experience was significantly greater in boys. Until 4 years of age, caries attack was greater in the anterior segment of the oral cavity; linear enamel hypoplasia was a predisposing factor.", "contents": "Dental caries experience in the deciduous dentition of rural Guatemalan children ages 6 months to 7 years. A study of 528 Guatemalan children indicated that caries prevalence in the deciduous dentition was twice as great as but in the permanent dentition was similar to that for US white children. This is a repeated observation for children of some preindustrial societies. Caries experience was significantly greater in boys. Until 4 years of age, caries attack was greater in the anterior segment of the oral cavity; linear enamel hypoplasia was a predisposing factor.", "PMID": 1069776}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6291", "title": "Videotape modeling of the child dental patient.", "content": "One week before their first dental visit, 36- to 60-month-old children were shown a videotape to model their behavior in the dental situation. The behavior was then rated for three visits. The children who had been modeled did not behave significantly better than either children who had no previous contact with the dental setting or children who had visited the reception room one week before their first dental visit.", "contents": "Videotape modeling of the child dental patient. One week before their first dental visit, 36- to 60-month-old children were shown a videotape to model their behavior in the dental situation. The behavior was then rated for three visits. The children who had been modeled did not behave significantly better than either children who had no previous contact with the dental setting or children who had visited the reception room one week before their first dental visit.", "PMID": 1069777}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6292", "title": "A new abrasive applicator for human enamel biopsy procedures.", "content": "Experiments were performed that demonstrated that the felt cylinder usually used to obtain abrasive biopsy specimens did not uniformly remove enamel from rounded or irregular enamel surfaces in the window area. A foam-silicone rubber laminate was developed to replace the felt cylinder. This resulted in greater uniformity of abrasion over the enamel surface within the biopsy window area and better operator handling characteristics.", "contents": "A new abrasive applicator for human enamel biopsy procedures. Experiments were performed that demonstrated that the felt cylinder usually used to obtain abrasive biopsy specimens did not uniformly remove enamel from rounded or irregular enamel surfaces in the window area. A foam-silicone rubber laminate was developed to replace the felt cylinder. This resulted in greater uniformity of abrasion over the enamel surface within the biopsy window area and better operator handling characteristics.", "PMID": 1069778}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6293", "title": "Measurement in vitro of enamel abrasion by dentifrice.", "content": "An in vitro method of measuring the abrasivities of dentifrices and abrasive powders on human dental enamel has been developed. The method, based on a proven dentin abrasivity method, records, in absolute terms, the abrasive effects of brushing flat, nonirradiated, enamel specimens beneath an aqueous slurry of the test material with the use of a surface profile meter.", "contents": "Measurement in vitro of enamel abrasion by dentifrice. An in vitro method of measuring the abrasivities of dentifrices and abrasive powders on human dental enamel has been developed. The method, based on a proven dentin abrasivity method, records, in absolute terms, the abrasive effects of brushing flat, nonirradiated, enamel specimens beneath an aqueous slurry of the test material with the use of a surface profile meter.", "PMID": 1069779}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6294", "title": "Fluoride deposition in human enamel in vivo from professionally applied fluoride prophylaxis paste.", "content": "Deciduous teeth were collected from children who received professional prophylaxis with an acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) or placebo paste and were analyzed to determine fluoride uptake. Enamel fluoride level was increased by the APF paste approximately 300 ppm at a depth of 2.5 micrometers during the first month after the prophylaxis was administered, after which it returned to pretreatment levels.", "contents": "Fluoride deposition in human enamel in vivo from professionally applied fluoride prophylaxis paste. Deciduous teeth were collected from children who received professional prophylaxis with an acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) or placebo paste and were analyzed to determine fluoride uptake. Enamel fluoride level was increased by the APF paste approximately 300 ppm at a depth of 2.5 micrometers during the first month after the prophylaxis was administered, after which it returned to pretreatment levels.", "PMID": 1069780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6295", "title": "Ion probe study of fluorine gradients in outermost layers of human enamel.", "content": "F concentrations in the outermost layers of human tooth enamel were studied with the aid of a secondary ion microanalyzer. Concentration profiles were recorded in continuous sputtering analysis from the surface down to a depth of about 0.3 micrometer. Samples previously subjected to topical fluoride treatment were compared with reference specimens. In some samples, the results were compared with those obtained at greater depths by macroscopic etching analysis.", "contents": "Ion probe study of fluorine gradients in outermost layers of human enamel. F concentrations in the outermost layers of human tooth enamel were studied with the aid of a secondary ion microanalyzer. Concentration profiles were recorded in continuous sputtering analysis from the surface down to a depth of about 0.3 micrometer. Samples previously subjected to topical fluoride treatment were compared with reference specimens. In some samples, the results were compared with those obtained at greater depths by macroscopic etching analysis.", "PMID": 1069781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6296", "title": "Oral health of patients with cystic fibrosis and their siblings.", "content": "Caries prevalence, oral hygiene index, submandibular gland hypertrophy, occlusion, dental hypoplasia, and staining of permanent teeth were evaluated in 63 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who were maintained on a regimen of broad-spectrum antibiotics and oral pancreatin, and the findings were compared with those of their near-aged siblings. Gland hypertrophy and dental staining were increased in patients with CF whereas caries was significantly decreased. No other significant differences were found.", "contents": "Oral health of patients with cystic fibrosis and their siblings. Caries prevalence, oral hygiene index, submandibular gland hypertrophy, occlusion, dental hypoplasia, and staining of permanent teeth were evaluated in 63 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who were maintained on a regimen of broad-spectrum antibiotics and oral pancreatin, and the findings were compared with those of their near-aged siblings. Gland hypertrophy and dental staining were increased in patients with CF whereas caries was significantly decreased. No other significant differences were found.", "PMID": 1069782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6297", "title": "Formation of calcium phosphates in saliva and dental plaque.", "content": "This is an X-ray diffraction study of the mineral phases in saliva and early dental plaque. The salivas studied came from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), those with asthma, and heavy and light calculus formers. One-week old plaque was studied from individuals who are heavy, moderate, and light calculus formers.", "contents": "Formation of calcium phosphates in saliva and dental plaque. This is an X-ray diffraction study of the mineral phases in saliva and early dental plaque. The salivas studied came from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), those with asthma, and heavy and light calculus formers. One-week old plaque was studied from individuals who are heavy, moderate, and light calculus formers.", "PMID": 1069783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6298", "title": "Utilization of auxiliaries and attitudes of dentists toward the delegation of duties.", "content": "Employment of auxiliaries by dentists is high and duties performed by those auxiliaries vary. The auxiliaries' years of experience prior to their present job is low, but tenure in the job is not as low since over 30% have been employed five years or more. Regardless of the category of dentists being considered (type of practice, year of graduation, employment of auxiliaries), the great majority of dentists (over 95%) do not think cutting soft or hard tissue should be delegated. Beyond these two procedures, however, the tables show considerable variation in attitude toward delegation when year of graduation and employment of auxiliaries are considered. Other procedures that a substantial portion of the profession does not believe should be delegated are administering local anesthetic agents; placing and finishing resins, composites, and silicate restorations; placing amalgam restorations; and carving and finishing amalgam restorations. The impact of these attitudes on delivery of care should be directed particularly toward the attitudinal differences occasioned by graduation year and employment of auxiliaries, since the proportion of graduates shifts regularly and employment of auxiliaries is increasing.", "contents": "Utilization of auxiliaries and attitudes of dentists toward the delegation of duties. Employment of auxiliaries by dentists is high and duties performed by those auxiliaries vary. The auxiliaries' years of experience prior to their present job is low, but tenure in the job is not as low since over 30% have been employed five years or more. Regardless of the category of dentists being considered (type of practice, year of graduation, employment of auxiliaries), the great majority of dentists (over 95%) do not think cutting soft or hard tissue should be delegated. Beyond these two procedures, however, the tables show considerable variation in attitude toward delegation when year of graduation and employment of auxiliaries are considered. Other procedures that a substantial portion of the profession does not believe should be delegated are administering local anesthetic agents; placing and finishing resins, composites, and silicate restorations; placing amalgam restorations; and carving and finishing amalgam restorations. The impact of these attitudes on delivery of care should be directed particularly toward the attitudinal differences occasioned by graduation year and employment of auxiliaries, since the proportion of graduates shifts regularly and employment of auxiliaries is increasing.", "PMID": 1069792}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6299", "title": "Comparison of interproximal carious lesion detection in panoramic and standard intraoral radiography.", "content": "Panoramic radiographs used alone were ineffective diagnostic aids in the detection of early interproximal carious lesions, particularly enamel lesions. The best radiographic survey in terms of numbers of enamel interproximal carious lesions detected was the combination of periapical plus posterior bitewing radiographs. For interproximal lesions extending through the enamel and into the dentin, all combinations except panoramic radiographs used alone showed comparable usefulness. For lesions involving the enamel and dentin, and extending half way or more from the dentinoenamel junction to the pulp, there generally were no significant differences between any of the combinations.", "contents": "Comparison of interproximal carious lesion detection in panoramic and standard intraoral radiography. Panoramic radiographs used alone were ineffective diagnostic aids in the detection of early interproximal carious lesions, particularly enamel lesions. The best radiographic survey in terms of numbers of enamel interproximal carious lesions detected was the combination of periapical plus posterior bitewing radiographs. For interproximal lesions extending through the enamel and into the dentin, all combinations except panoramic radiographs used alone showed comparable usefulness. For lesions involving the enamel and dentin, and extending half way or more from the dentinoenamel junction to the pulp, there generally were no significant differences between any of the combinations.", "PMID": 1069793}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6300", "title": "Considerations in dental treatment of children with ectodermal dysplasia.", "content": "Characteristics of ectodermal dysplasia and agammaglobulinemia have been presented and a case in a 6 1/2-year-old boy having both genetic diseases is reported. The child had been mocked by his peers at school. A maxillary overlay denture and mandibular cast denture were constructed using a Baker bar and cast gold thimble crowns. The parents reported that the patients personality changed favorably after dental treatment was completed. He is now 13 years of age, has had his dentures replaced once, and enjous a rather active life with the aid of antibiotics and supplemental globulins.", "contents": "Considerations in dental treatment of children with ectodermal dysplasia. Characteristics of ectodermal dysplasia and agammaglobulinemia have been presented and a case in a 6 1/2-year-old boy having both genetic diseases is reported. The child had been mocked by his peers at school. A maxillary overlay denture and mandibular cast denture were constructed using a Baker bar and cast gold thimble crowns. The parents reported that the patients personality changed favorably after dental treatment was completed. He is now 13 years of age, has had his dentures replaced once, and enjous a rather active life with the aid of antibiotics and supplemental globulins.", "PMID": 1069794}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6301", "title": "Urinary infection in children in general practice: a laboratory view.", "content": "Children with urinary infection present at first to their general practitioners; paediatricians to whom they may be referred must assess the validity of the bacteriological diagnosis made at that time. With this in mind an analysis has been made of the laboratory findings in 2204 mid-stream urine specimens from 1586 children between the ages of two and 12 years examined at the request of their general practitioners during the course of one year. The contamination rate was shown to be low; 8% of the specimens from boys and 19% of those from girls showed definite infection, and the ratio of infections in boys to girls was 1:4. There was a considerable difference in the infecting organisms in the sexes. Analysis of the reasons for sending the specimens revealed that a high percentage of children who complained of urinary symptoms did not have infection. Of the children complaining of enuresis only there was a significantly greater incidence of infection in girls than in boys. In the absence of any large studies of urinary infection in domiciliary practice, data from a laboratory which serves many practitioners can contribute to knowledge of the disease.", "contents": "Urinary infection in children in general practice: a laboratory view. Children with urinary infection present at first to their general practitioners; paediatricians to whom they may be referred must assess the validity of the bacteriological diagnosis made at that time. With this in mind an analysis has been made of the laboratory findings in 2204 mid-stream urine specimens from 1586 children between the ages of two and 12 years examined at the request of their general practitioners during the course of one year. The contamination rate was shown to be low; 8% of the specimens from boys and 19% of those from girls showed definite infection, and the ratio of infections in boys to girls was 1:4. There was a considerable difference in the infecting organisms in the sexes. Analysis of the reasons for sending the specimens revealed that a high percentage of children who complained of urinary symptoms did not have infection. Of the children complaining of enuresis only there was a significantly greater incidence of infection in girls than in boys. In the absence of any large studies of urinary infection in domiciliary practice, data from a laboratory which serves many practitioners can contribute to knowledge of the disease.", "PMID": 1069809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6302", "title": "Epidemiological studies on the 1967-1968 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic: the reporting of suspected disease.", "content": "From an analysis of the telephone reports in ten FMD Control Centres in the West Midlands, the veterinary officers' reports on each outbreak, the farm patrol reports and the daily number of outbreaks announced on the 17.50 h B.B.C. T.V. News, it would appear that the reporting of suspected outbreaks was indirectly related to the local disease activity. Private veterinary practitioners reported older cases of FMD at the beginning and end of the epidemic than in the middle.", "contents": "Epidemiological studies on the 1967-1968 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic: the reporting of suspected disease. From an analysis of the telephone reports in ten FMD Control Centres in the West Midlands, the veterinary officers' reports on each outbreak, the farm patrol reports and the daily number of outbreaks announced on the 17.50 h B.B.C. T.V. News, it would appear that the reporting of suspected outbreaks was indirectly related to the local disease activity. Private veterinary practitioners reported older cases of FMD at the beginning and end of the epidemic than in the middle.", "PMID": 1069810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6303", "title": "Neonatal infection due to Salmonella worthington transmitted by a delivery-room suction apparatus.", "content": "An outbreak of diarrhoea due to Salmonella worthington in five newborn babies, 5 weeks after a similar outbreak in 13 babies for which no cause had been found, occurred in the nursery of a maternity ward. The source of infection was traced to the contaminated rubber tubing of a mechanical suction apparatus. S. worthington was isolated from the rubber tubing and the Y connexion of the suction apparatus from which all the five infected babies had received suction. Reflux of contaminated amniotic fluid into the sterile catheter connected to the apparatus some time before use could have been the means of introducing the infected material to the oropharynx of the newborn babies, and amniotic fluid, acting as a good medium to support the growth of S. worthington, might be responsible for the long-lasting contamination.", "contents": "Neonatal infection due to Salmonella worthington transmitted by a delivery-room suction apparatus. An outbreak of diarrhoea due to Salmonella worthington in five newborn babies, 5 weeks after a similar outbreak in 13 babies for which no cause had been found, occurred in the nursery of a maternity ward. The source of infection was traced to the contaminated rubber tubing of a mechanical suction apparatus. S. worthington was isolated from the rubber tubing and the Y connexion of the suction apparatus from which all the five infected babies had received suction. Reflux of contaminated amniotic fluid into the sterile catheter connected to the apparatus some time before use could have been the means of introducing the infected material to the oropharynx of the newborn babies, and amniotic fluid, acting as a good medium to support the growth of S. worthington, might be responsible for the long-lasting contamination.", "PMID": 1069811}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6304", "title": "The size of airborne dust particles precipitating bronchospasm in house dust sensitive children.", "content": "We have assessed the effect of house-cleaning procedures on changes in airborne dust and bacteria counts and correlated these with respiratory function tests in 14 children with bronchial asthma who were known to have developed attacks at home, and who had positive skin tests to house dust and the house-dust mite. We have demonstrated that after cleaning procedures a positive and statistically significant correlation exists between the increase in the numbers of small particles, 2 mum. and less in diameter, in the environment, and reduction in mean peak flow. This indicates that particles of this size penetrate the bronchial tree and are the causative factor in the genesis of bronchospasm.", "contents": "The size of airborne dust particles precipitating bronchospasm in house dust sensitive children. We have assessed the effect of house-cleaning procedures on changes in airborne dust and bacteria counts and correlated these with respiratory function tests in 14 children with bronchial asthma who were known to have developed attacks at home, and who had positive skin tests to house dust and the house-dust mite. We have demonstrated that after cleaning procedures a positive and statistically significant correlation exists between the increase in the numbers of small particles, 2 mum. and less in diameter, in the environment, and reduction in mean peak flow. This indicates that particles of this size penetrate the bronchial tree and are the causative factor in the genesis of bronchospasm.", "PMID": 1069812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6305", "title": "WRL 105 strain live attenuated influenza vaccine; comparison of one and two dose schedules.", "content": "Haemagglutinating inhibiting antibody (HAI) responses were determined and clinical reactions recorded in 162 adult volunteers who received either 1 or 2 intranasal doses of 10(7-0) EID50 WRL 105 strain live influenza vaccine or placebo. After administration of a single dose of vaccine significant antibody responses were obtained in 69 (70%) of 98 volunteers with initial antibody titres of less than or equal to 1/20. Of the 70 volunteers who received a second dose of vaccine, 62 provided a further post-vaccination sample of serum, and only 3 (4-8%), who had not responded to the first dose of vaccine, produced a significant antibody response. Local, upper respiratory and constitutional symptoms were recorded more frequently after the administration of a first dose of vaccine than after placebo or a second dose of vaccine. The symptoms were of a minor nature except in one volunteer who, after the first dose of vaccine, developed influenzal symptoms followed by bronchitis.", "contents": "WRL 105 strain live attenuated influenza vaccine; comparison of one and two dose schedules. Haemagglutinating inhibiting antibody (HAI) responses were determined and clinical reactions recorded in 162 adult volunteers who received either 1 or 2 intranasal doses of 10(7-0) EID50 WRL 105 strain live influenza vaccine or placebo. After administration of a single dose of vaccine significant antibody responses were obtained in 69 (70%) of 98 volunteers with initial antibody titres of less than or equal to 1/20. Of the 70 volunteers who received a second dose of vaccine, 62 provided a further post-vaccination sample of serum, and only 3 (4-8%), who had not responded to the first dose of vaccine, produced a significant antibody response. Local, upper respiratory and constitutional symptoms were recorded more frequently after the administration of a first dose of vaccine than after placebo or a second dose of vaccine. The symptoms were of a minor nature except in one volunteer who, after the first dose of vaccine, developed influenzal symptoms followed by bronchitis.", "PMID": 1069813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6306", "title": "Isolation of salmonellas from sewage-polluted river water using selenite F and Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate.", "content": "Selenite F broth and a modified Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth were investigated using sewage-polluted natural water as inocula. The modification of the tetrathionate medium was necessary as commercial alternatives would not allow multiplication of small numbers of salmonellas. The wide range of molar concentrations in different tetrathionate broths was emphasized. Selenite F broth was more efficient than Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth, in our hands, with the material tested. Direct inoculation of the enrichment media was used. Each of the two media examined had a bias towards selection of certain serotypes. If possible, both enrichment broths should be used to obtain maximum information.", "contents": "Isolation of salmonellas from sewage-polluted river water using selenite F and Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate. Selenite F broth and a modified Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth were investigated using sewage-polluted natural water as inocula. The modification of the tetrathionate medium was necessary as commercial alternatives would not allow multiplication of small numbers of salmonellas. The wide range of molar concentrations in different tetrathionate broths was emphasized. Selenite F broth was more efficient than Muller-Kauffmann tetrathionate broth, in our hands, with the material tested. Direct inoculation of the enrichment media was used. Each of the two media examined had a bias towards selection of certain serotypes. If possible, both enrichment broths should be used to obtain maximum information.", "PMID": 1069814}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6307", "title": "Salmonella crossness--a new serotype containing a new comatic (O) antigen, 67.", "content": "A new salmonella subgenus I serotype is described. Strein C.S. 1608/73, serotype 67:R:1, 2, was isolated from activated sewage sludge and was assigned the name S. crossness. The serotype is biochemically atypical in its ability to utilize sucrose and this ability appears to be controlled by a transferable plasmid.", "contents": "Salmonella crossness--a new serotype containing a new comatic (O) antigen, 67. A new salmonella subgenus I serotype is described. Strein C.S. 1608/73, serotype 67:R:1, 2, was isolated from activated sewage sludge and was assigned the name S. crossness. The serotype is biochemically atypical in its ability to utilize sucrose and this ability appears to be controlled by a transferable plasmid.", "PMID": 1069815}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6308", "title": "Quality control of the isolation rate of pathogens in medical microbiology laboratories.", "content": "Two statistical analyses are suggested to compare the success rates in isolating and identifying pathogenic organisms from specimens achieved by different laboratories participating in a quality control scheme. An example is given in which the analyses are applied to 25 laboratories that received 30 simulated specimens.", "contents": "Quality control of the isolation rate of pathogens in medical microbiology laboratories. Two statistical analyses are suggested to compare the success rates in isolating and identifying pathogenic organisms from specimens achieved by different laboratories participating in a quality control scheme. An example is given in which the analyses are applied to 25 laboratories that received 30 simulated specimens.", "PMID": 1069816}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6309", "title": "The treatment of soil infested with the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura.", "content": "The soil fumigants methyl bromide, chloropircrin and Basamid or mixtures of  Basamid and chloropicrin proved to be of no use in filling T. trichiura ova in soil. However, on untreated plots the eggs died at a rate such than only 20% of the ova remained viable after 18 months.", "contents": "The treatment of soil infested with the human whipworm, Trichuris trichiura. The soil fumigants methyl bromide, chloropircrin and Basamid or mixtures of  Basamid and chloropicrin proved to be of no use in filling T. trichiura ova in soil. However, on untreated plots the eggs died at a rate such than only 20% of the ova remained viable after 18 months.", "PMID": 1069817}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6310", "title": "A comparison of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants admitted to hospital with acute respiratory infections.", "content": "Among 741 children under 5 years admitted to hospital with respiratory infections during two winters, infection with influenza A virus was diagnosed in 70 (9%), with influenza B virus in 8 (1%), and with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 259 (35%). Both influenza virus and RSV infections were diagnosed most frequently in children under the age of one year, and diagnosed more frequently in males than females. Influenza illnesses were more severe in boys than girls. Both infections occurred more often, but were not more severe, in children from a conurbation than in those from 'rural' areas. Convulsions were the cause of 36% of admissions with influenza A infections, but were rare in RSV infections. Bronchiolitis was the reason for 39% of admissions with RSV infections, but was rare in influenza infections. It is suggested that infants admitted to hospital are a good source of influenza virus strains for monitoring antigenic variation.", "contents": "A comparison of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus infections among infants admitted to hospital with acute respiratory infections. Among 741 children under 5 years admitted to hospital with respiratory infections during two winters, infection with influenza A virus was diagnosed in 70 (9%), with influenza B virus in 8 (1%), and with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in 259 (35%). Both influenza virus and RSV infections were diagnosed most frequently in children under the age of one year, and diagnosed more frequently in males than females. Influenza illnesses were more severe in boys than girls. Both infections occurred more often, but were not more severe, in children from a conurbation than in those from 'rural' areas. Convulsions were the cause of 36% of admissions with influenza A infections, but were rare in RSV infections. Bronchiolitis was the reason for 39% of admissions with RSV infections, but was rare in influenza infections. It is suggested that infants admitted to hospital are a good source of influenza virus strains for monitoring antigenic variation.", "PMID": 1069818}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6311", "title": "The effect of cigarette smoking on susceptibility to epidemic influenza and on serological responses to live attenuated and killed subunit influenza vaccines.", "content": "The effects of cigarette smoking on the incidence of epidemic influenza and on the serological response to influenza vaccination with killed subunit and live attenuated vaccines have been investigated during comparative vaccine trials in Western Australia. It was found that cigarette smokers with no pre-epidemic haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody (titres of less than or equal to 12) were significantly more susceptible to epidemic influenza than non-smokers. Smokers were no more susceptible however, if they had possessed detectable pre-epidemic HI antibody. A significantly higher proportion of smokers sero-converted after receiving the live virus vaccine than their non-smoking counterparts, but this could not be correlated with pre-vaccination HI antibody titres. The longevity of the immune response to the subunit vaccine was severely depressed 50 weeks post-vaccination in smokers who had possessed little or no immunity before vaccination (titres of less than or equal to 12). This antiboyd deficit was not observed in live virus vaccines or subunit vaccinees with pre-vaccination HI antibody (titres of greater than or equal to 24). Post-vaccinal symptoms were similar regardless of vaccine group or smoking history.", "contents": "The effect of cigarette smoking on susceptibility to epidemic influenza and on serological responses to live attenuated and killed subunit influenza vaccines. The effects of cigarette smoking on the incidence of epidemic influenza and on the serological response to influenza vaccination with killed subunit and live attenuated vaccines have been investigated during comparative vaccine trials in Western Australia. It was found that cigarette smokers with no pre-epidemic haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody (titres of less than or equal to 12) were significantly more susceptible to epidemic influenza than non-smokers. Smokers were no more susceptible however, if they had possessed detectable pre-epidemic HI antibody. A significantly higher proportion of smokers sero-converted after receiving the live virus vaccine than their non-smoking counterparts, but this could not be correlated with pre-vaccination HI antibody titres. The longevity of the immune response to the subunit vaccine was severely depressed 50 weeks post-vaccination in smokers who had possessed little or no immunity before vaccination (titres of less than or equal to 12). This antiboyd deficit was not observed in live virus vaccines or subunit vaccinees with pre-vaccination HI antibody (titres of greater than or equal to 24). Post-vaccinal symptoms were similar regardless of vaccine group or smoking history.", "PMID": 1069819}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6312", "title": "Laboratory evaluation of WBA 8119 as a rodenticide for use against warfarin-resistant and non-resistant rats and mice.", "content": "Feeding tests were carried out in the laboratory to evaluate WBA 8119 as a potential new rodenticide against wild common rats (Rattus norvegicus), ship rats (R. rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus). The results obtained are compared with data previously obtained for difenacoum, another member of the same series of 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants. With warfarin-resistnat and non-resistant common rats, complete kills were obtained using a concentration of 0-0005% for 2 days, or 0-001% for 1 day: a 1-day test at 0-0005% killed 6 out of 10 and 17 out of 20 of the two types respectively. At 0-0005% complete kills of resistant ship rats were obtained after 2 days exposure and of resistant house mice after 1 day, but at 0-002% for 2 days there was some survival. Non-resistant ship rats and house mice were all killed after 2 days feeding on 0-002% bait. In 2-day palatability tests, R. norvegicus showed no significant aversion to the poison at 0-002% and 100% mortality was obtained. The poison was significantly unpalatable to R. rattus at 0-005% and to M. musculus at 0-005% and 0-002%, although with the last species these concentrations gave complete kills. It is concluded that WBA 8119 has greater activity than other known anticoagulants against the three commensal species examined. The laboratory results suggest that concentrations between 0-0005% and 0-002% would be suitable for field use against common rats, and between 0-002% and 0-005% for ship rats and house mice.", "contents": "Laboratory evaluation of WBA 8119 as a rodenticide for use against warfarin-resistant and non-resistant rats and mice. Feeding tests were carried out in the laboratory to evaluate WBA 8119 as a potential new rodenticide against wild common rats (Rattus norvegicus), ship rats (R. rattus) and house mice (Mus musculus). The results obtained are compared with data previously obtained for difenacoum, another member of the same series of 4-hydroxycoumarin anticoagulants. With warfarin-resistnat and non-resistant common rats, complete kills were obtained using a concentration of 0-0005% for 2 days, or 0-001% for 1 day: a 1-day test at 0-0005% killed 6 out of 10 and 17 out of 20 of the two types respectively. At 0-0005% complete kills of resistant ship rats were obtained after 2 days exposure and of resistant house mice after 1 day, but at 0-002% for 2 days there was some survival. Non-resistant ship rats and house mice were all killed after 2 days feeding on 0-002% bait. In 2-day palatability tests, R. norvegicus showed no significant aversion to the poison at 0-002% and 100% mortality was obtained. The poison was significantly unpalatable to R. rattus at 0-005% and to M. musculus at 0-005% and 0-002%, although with the last species these concentrations gave complete kills. It is concluded that WBA 8119 has greater activity than other known anticoagulants against the three commensal species examined. The laboratory results suggest that concentrations between 0-0005% and 0-002% would be suitable for field use against common rats, and between 0-002% and 0-005% for ship rats and house mice.", "PMID": 1069820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6313", "title": "Trials of the anticoagulant rodenticide WBA 8119 against confined colonies of warfarin-resistant house mice (Mus musculus L.).", "content": "The efficacy of the newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide WBA 8119 was evaluated against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) using individual and family groups of warfarin-resistant animals. WBA 8119 at 0-002%, 0-005% and 0-01% in pinhead oatmeal bait gave complete kills of mice in 'no-choice' feeding tests carried out in cages and small pens. In replicated 21-day treatments on families of mice confined in larger pens conditioned to feeding on plain foods, the overall mortalities obtained using the three formulated poison baits were 71/72, 62/63 and 57/57 respectively. The results of the WBA 8119 toxicity tests are considered in relation to previous findings on other anticoagulant rodenticides, particularly difenacoum. In equivalents tests, WBA 8119 performed better than difenacoum. The data thus suport the laboratory findings that WBA 8119 is the most active anticoagulant so far tested for the control of warfarin-resistant house mice.", "contents": "Trials of the anticoagulant rodenticide WBA 8119 against confined colonies of warfarin-resistant house mice (Mus musculus L.). The efficacy of the newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide WBA 8119 was evaluated against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) using individual and family groups of warfarin-resistant animals. WBA 8119 at 0-002%, 0-005% and 0-01% in pinhead oatmeal bait gave complete kills of mice in 'no-choice' feeding tests carried out in cages and small pens. In replicated 21-day treatments on families of mice confined in larger pens conditioned to feeding on plain foods, the overall mortalities obtained using the three formulated poison baits were 71/72, 62/63 and 57/57 respectively. The results of the WBA 8119 toxicity tests are considered in relation to previous findings on other anticoagulant rodenticides, particularly difenacoum. In equivalents tests, WBA 8119 performed better than difenacoum. The data thus suport the laboratory findings that WBA 8119 is the most active anticoagulant so far tested for the control of warfarin-resistant house mice.", "PMID": 1069821}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6314", "title": "Trials of the anticoagulants rodenticide WBA 8119 against confined colonies of warfarin-resistant house mice (Mus musculus L.).", "content": "The efficacy of the newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide WBA 8119 was evaluated against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) using individual and family groups of warfarin-resistant animals. WBA 8119 at 0-002%, 0-005% and 0-01% in pinhead oatmeal bait gave complete kills of mice in 'no-choice' feeding tests carried out in cages and small pens. In replicated 21-day treatments on families of mice confined in larger pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods, the overall mortalities obtained using the three formulated poison baits were 71/72, 62/63 and 57/57 respectively. The results of the WBA 8119 toxicity tests are considered in relation to previous findings on other anticoagulant rodenticides, particularly difenacoum. In equivalent tests, WBA 8119 performed better than difenacoum. The data thus support the laboratory findings that WBA 8119 is the most active anticoagulant so far tested for the control of warfarin-resistant house mice.", "contents": "Trials of the anticoagulants rodenticide WBA 8119 against confined colonies of warfarin-resistant house mice (Mus musculus L.). The efficacy of the newly developed anticoagulant rodenticide WBA 8119 was evaluated against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.) using individual and family groups of warfarin-resistant animals. WBA 8119 at 0-002%, 0-005% and 0-01% in pinhead oatmeal bait gave complete kills of mice in 'no-choice' feeding tests carried out in cages and small pens. In replicated 21-day treatments on families of mice confined in larger pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods, the overall mortalities obtained using the three formulated poison baits were 71/72, 62/63 and 57/57 respectively. The results of the WBA 8119 toxicity tests are considered in relation to previous findings on other anticoagulant rodenticides, particularly difenacoum. In equivalent tests, WBA 8119 performed better than difenacoum. The data thus support the laboratory findings that WBA 8119 is the most active anticoagulant so far tested for the control of warfarin-resistant house mice.", "PMID": 1069822}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6315", "title": "[Studies on high temperature oxidation of noble metal alloys for dental use (I). Formation of oxide layers and oxidation rate (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight commercial and two experimental alloys were examined. The cast specimens were polished metallographically and oxidized at 700 degrees and 800 degrees C in air. An electron probe X-ray microanalyser and a microthermobalance were employed to investigate the oxidation behavior of the alloys. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The copper in the alloys was selectively oxidized and the scales formed on the alloys consisted of two layers, CuO overlying Cu2O. 2. The oxide particles in the internal oxidation zone (subscale) on the alloys containing only Cu as the base metal were Cu2O and on the alloys containing Zn, Cd, and Ni with Cu were ZnO, CdO, and NiO, respectively. 3. The size of the ZnO and CdO particles in the subscale increased with the penetration into the specimen. 4. The ZnO particles in the metal-subscale interface showed preferential precipitation at the grain boundaries. 5. When the oxide particles in the subscale did not develop remarkably, the oxidation rate at constant temperature conformed with the parabolic law. 6. In the 18 carat gold alloy, the oxidation rate at 800 degrees C was about 10 times that at 700 degrees C. 7. Owing to preferential oxidation of the Cu in the alloys, Cu concentration in the outer layer of the metal decreased remarkably and Au, Pt, Ag and Pd concentration increased.", "contents": "[Studies on high temperature oxidation of noble metal alloys for dental use (I). Formation of oxide layers and oxidation rate (author's transl)]. Eight commercial and two experimental alloys were examined. The cast specimens were polished metallographically and oxidized at 700 degrees and 800 degrees C in air. An electron probe X-ray microanalyser and a microthermobalance were employed to investigate the oxidation behavior of the alloys. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The copper in the alloys was selectively oxidized and the scales formed on the alloys consisted of two layers, CuO overlying Cu2O. 2. The oxide particles in the internal oxidation zone (subscale) on the alloys containing only Cu as the base metal were Cu2O and on the alloys containing Zn, Cd, and Ni with Cu were ZnO, CdO, and NiO, respectively. 3. The size of the ZnO and CdO particles in the subscale increased with the penetration into the specimen. 4. The ZnO particles in the metal-subscale interface showed preferential precipitation at the grain boundaries. 5. When the oxide particles in the subscale did not develop remarkably, the oxidation rate at constant temperature conformed with the parabolic law. 6. In the 18 carat gold alloy, the oxidation rate at 800 degrees C was about 10 times that at 700 degrees C. 7. Owing to preferential oxidation of the Cu in the alloys, Cu concentration in the outer layer of the metal decreased remarkably and Au, Pt, Ag and Pd concentration increased.", "PMID": 1069823}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6316", "title": "[Studies on high temperature oxidation of noble metal alloys for dental use. (II) Effects of high temperature oxidation on casting (author's transl)].", "content": "The specimens which were cast from commercial alloys were polished metallographically and then oxidized at 800 degrees C for 1 hour in air. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The reduction rate of Cu aginast the original Cu amount in the alloy is given by the following equation: (see article) where S is surface area of the casting, KW is oxidation rate constant, t is time, Wc is weight of the casting, Ccu is weight percent of Cu, and n is between 1 and 2. 2. Owing to decrease of the Cu concentration in the outer layer of the alloy, the age-hardening did not appear in that layer. 3. Reflexibility of the polished surface of alloys became lower than that of the matrix due to precipitation of the oxide particles. 4. Hardness numbers of the internal oxidation zone (oxide particles, ZnO) decreased to 1/2 of the matrix. 5. The surface roughness of specimens after pickling was affected by the shape of oxide particles in the internal oxidation zone and varied with the different commercial alloys. 6. The dimensional change of casting due to oxidation is given by the following equation: (see article) where sigmacu is density of copper, KW is oxidation rate constant, t is time and n is between 1 and 2.", "contents": "[Studies on high temperature oxidation of noble metal alloys for dental use. (II) Effects of high temperature oxidation on casting (author's transl)]. The specimens which were cast from commercial alloys were polished metallographically and then oxidized at 800 degrees C for 1 hour in air. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The reduction rate of Cu aginast the original Cu amount in the alloy is given by the following equation: (see article) where S is surface area of the casting, KW is oxidation rate constant, t is time, Wc is weight of the casting, Ccu is weight percent of Cu, and n is between 1 and 2. 2. Owing to decrease of the Cu concentration in the outer layer of the alloy, the age-hardening did not appear in that layer. 3. Reflexibility of the polished surface of alloys became lower than that of the matrix due to precipitation of the oxide particles. 4. Hardness numbers of the internal oxidation zone (oxide particles, ZnO) decreased to 1/2 of the matrix. 5. The surface roughness of specimens after pickling was affected by the shape of oxide particles in the internal oxidation zone and varied with the different commercial alloys. 6. The dimensional change of casting due to oxidation is given by the following equation: (see article) where sigmacu is density of copper, KW is oxidation rate constant, t is time and n is between 1 and 2.", "PMID": 1069824}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6317", "title": "[Studies on high temperature oxidation of noble metal alloys for dental use. (III) On high temperature oxidation resistance of noble metal alloys by adding small amounts of alloying elements. (author's transl)].", "content": "The previous report pointed out the undesirable effects of high temperature oxidation on the casting. The influence of small separate additions of Zn, Mg, Si, Be and Al on the high temperature oxidation of the noble metal alloys was examined. These alloying elements were chosen because their oxide have a high electrical resistivity and they have much higher affinity for oxygen than Cu. The casting were oxidized at 700 degrees C for 1 hour in air. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The Cu oxides are not observed on the as-cast surface of noble metal alloys containing small amounts of Zn, Mg, Si, Be, and Al. The castings have gold- or silver-colored surface. 2. After heating of the unpolished and polished castings, the additions of Si, Be and Al are effective in preventing oxidation of Cu in the 18 carats gold alloys. Especially the golden surface is obtained by adding Be and Al. But there is no oxidation-resistance on the polished castings in the alloys containing Zn and Mg. 3. The zinc oxide film formed on the as-cast specimen is effective in preventing of oxidation Cu in 18 carats gold alloys. 4. It seems that the addition of Al is most available in dental application.", "contents": "[Studies on high temperature oxidation of noble metal alloys for dental use. (III) On high temperature oxidation resistance of noble metal alloys by adding small amounts of alloying elements. (author's transl)]. The previous report pointed out the undesirable effects of high temperature oxidation on the casting. The influence of small separate additions of Zn, Mg, Si, Be and Al on the high temperature oxidation of the noble metal alloys was examined. These alloying elements were chosen because their oxide have a high electrical resistivity and they have much higher affinity for oxygen than Cu. The casting were oxidized at 700 degrees C for 1 hour in air. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The Cu oxides are not observed on the as-cast surface of noble metal alloys containing small amounts of Zn, Mg, Si, Be, and Al. The castings have gold- or silver-colored surface. 2. After heating of the unpolished and polished castings, the additions of Si, Be and Al are effective in preventing oxidation of Cu in the 18 carats gold alloys. Especially the golden surface is obtained by adding Be and Al. But there is no oxidation-resistance on the polished castings in the alloys containing Zn and Mg. 3. The zinc oxide film formed on the as-cast specimen is effective in preventing of oxidation Cu in 18 carats gold alloys. 4. It seems that the addition of Al is most available in dental application.", "PMID": 1069825}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6318", "title": "[Studies on the strength and the cutting performance of dental canal reamer. (III) Cutting performance and torsional fracture (author's transl)].", "content": "Characteristics of cutting torque and fracture strength of pulp canal reamers are important problems as for the severity used at many of dental cutting tools. And it is the most difficult problems that reamers are cutting tools to be used for magnification of root canals. So, this paper makes a report on the measurements of reamer's section and dimension of the under hole, which are required for cutting test, and on the safety of characteristics of dental canal reamers. Diameter of under hole are determined by the relationship of reamer's section. And these results of measurements are compared with the Japanese Industrial Standard values and we discussed the probabilities of the clearance of these dimensions. Cutting torque of reamers are measured with twisting test machine of our making. Concerning the safety of fractures, we apply the theoretical analysis for the fracture to torque of bite tips and estimated the fracture torque of cutting section of reamers. And probablity of twisting fracture of reamers are existed about from one half to one-fifth values for the dental reamers of practical used.", "contents": "[Studies on the strength and the cutting performance of dental canal reamer. (III) Cutting performance and torsional fracture (author's transl)]. Characteristics of cutting torque and fracture strength of pulp canal reamers are important problems as for the severity used at many of dental cutting tools. And it is the most difficult problems that reamers are cutting tools to be used for magnification of root canals. So, this paper makes a report on the measurements of reamer's section and dimension of the under hole, which are required for cutting test, and on the safety of characteristics of dental canal reamers. Diameter of under hole are determined by the relationship of reamer's section. And these results of measurements are compared with the Japanese Industrial Standard values and we discussed the probabilities of the clearance of these dimensions. Cutting torque of reamers are measured with twisting test machine of our making. Concerning the safety of fractures, we apply the theoretical analysis for the fracture to torque of bite tips and estimated the fracture torque of cutting section of reamers. And probablity of twisting fracture of reamers are existed about from one half to one-fifth values for the dental reamers of practical used.", "PMID": 1069826}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6319", "title": "[Age-hardening of minor amounts of iron added Au-10% Pt alloy (Part II) (author's transl)].", "content": "The aging process has been studied by 0.09, 0.28 and 0.48 wt% iron added gold-10 wt% platinum alloys. The results obtained are as follows: (1) From the isochronal and isothermal aging, the electrical resistances decreased in proportion to increasing of iron. These decreases are occured to be ordered of iron and platinum. (2) The electrical resistances in the isochronal aging curves are minimized at limited temperature of 600 degrees approximately 680 degrees C, and the growth of nodules would be saturated at this temperature. (3) The apparent activation energies of aging process of Au-Pt-Fe alloys (0.09, 0.28 and 0.48 wt% Fe) were in the range of about 37 approximately 44 Kcal/mole. (4) In the results of the images atructure of nodules was lamella of fcc FePt3 phase and Au-Pt solid solution phase.", "contents": "[Age-hardening of minor amounts of iron added Au-10% Pt alloy (Part II) (author's transl)]. The aging process has been studied by 0.09, 0.28 and 0.48 wt% iron added gold-10 wt% platinum alloys. The results obtained are as follows: (1) From the isochronal and isothermal aging, the electrical resistances decreased in proportion to increasing of iron. These decreases are occured to be ordered of iron and platinum. (2) The electrical resistances in the isochronal aging curves are minimized at limited temperature of 600 degrees approximately 680 degrees C, and the growth of nodules would be saturated at this temperature. (3) The apparent activation energies of aging process of Au-Pt-Fe alloys (0.09, 0.28 and 0.48 wt% Fe) were in the range of about 37 approximately 44 Kcal/mole. (4) In the results of the images atructure of nodules was lamella of fcc FePt3 phase and Au-Pt solid solution phase.", "PMID": 1069827}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6320", "title": "Studies on the relationship between FSH and germ cells: evidence for selective suppression of FSH by testicular extracts.", "content": "The evidence supporting the relationship between the seminiferous epithelium and circulating FSH levels has been reviewed and provides support for the concept that the testis produces a factor capable of specifically controlling FSH concentrations. Detailed quantitative histological studies of the seminiferous epithelium have demonstrated a highly significant inverse relationship between the number of spermatogonia per tubule cross-section and serum FSH levels in men with testicular disorders.", "contents": "Studies on the relationship between FSH and germ cells: evidence for selective suppression of FSH by testicular extracts. The evidence supporting the relationship between the seminiferous epithelium and circulating FSH levels has been reviewed and provides support for the concept that the testis produces a factor capable of specifically controlling FSH concentrations. Detailed quantitative histological studies of the seminiferous epithelium have demonstrated a highly significant inverse relationship between the number of spermatogonia per tubule cross-section and serum FSH levels in men with testicular disorders.", "PMID": 1069847}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6321", "title": "Secretion and role of androgen-binding proteins in the testis and epididymis.", "content": "The Sertoli cell appears to be a target cell for both FSH and androgen. FSH stimulates the Sertoli cell to produce an androgen-binding protein (ABP) which may serve to increase the accumulation of androgen in the seminiferous tubular epithelium and make it available for binding by intracellular androgen receptors. This might be one way by which FSH enhances the action of androgen on spermatogenesis. Androgen acts on the Sertoli cell to increase its response to FSH resulting in increased production of ABP and of other substances which exert trophic effects on spermatogenesis.", "contents": "Secretion and role of androgen-binding proteins in the testis and epididymis. The Sertoli cell appears to be a target cell for both FSH and androgen. FSH stimulates the Sertoli cell to produce an androgen-binding protein (ABP) which may serve to increase the accumulation of androgen in the seminiferous tubular epithelium and make it available for binding by intracellular androgen receptors. This might be one way by which FSH enhances the action of androgen on spermatogenesis. Androgen acts on the Sertoli cell to increase its response to FSH resulting in increased production of ABP and of other substances which exert trophic effects on spermatogenesis.", "PMID": 1069850}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6322", "title": "Retreat from death?", "content": "The case of Terry Jenkins, a 15-year-old boy, who was found to have a sarcoma of bone, was discussed on television under the title of 'Inside Medicine'. The discussion revolved, not so much on the clinical details of the case or even of cancer of bone in a young person, as on the emotional disturbance that followed when the boy's mother refused to allow her son to be told about the nature of his illness or the proposed treatment. With hindsight, as is made clear in the discussion, the case should have been handled quite differently, with the general practitioner acting as the lynch pin and a psychiatrist and a social worker being brought into the emotional 'treatment' of the boy and his mother. As it was the boy was so disturbed about what he had guessed about his condition that he attempted suicide: fortunately he was rescued in time, and Terry is now stable, working, and mobile on his artificial leg.", "contents": "Retreat from death? The case of Terry Jenkins, a 15-year-old boy, who was found to have a sarcoma of bone, was discussed on television under the title of 'Inside Medicine'. The discussion revolved, not so much on the clinical details of the case or even of cancer of bone in a young person, as on the emotional disturbance that followed when the boy's mother refused to allow her son to be told about the nature of his illness or the proposed treatment. With hindsight, as is made clear in the discussion, the case should have been handled quite differently, with the general practitioner acting as the lynch pin and a psychiatrist and a social worker being brought into the emotional 'treatment' of the boy and his mother. As it was the boy was so disturbed about what he had guessed about his condition that he attempted suicide: fortunately he was rescued in time, and Terry is now stable, working, and mobile on his artificial leg.", "PMID": 1069852}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6323", "title": "In vitro studies on the enhancement of Rauscher virus-induced erythroblastosis by complete Freund's adjuvant in BALB/c mice.", "content": "Inoculation of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into BALB/c mice either before or after infection with Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MuLV-R) led to an acceleration of the disease as determined by spleen weight. Treatment with CFA also induced a higher number of spleen erythroblast foci and, in the bone marrow, erythropoietin-independent cells that produced erythroid colonies in vitro. CFA induced in the bone marrow not only an increase in myeloid progenitor cells that can produce colonies in agar, but an ever larger increase in the number of erythroid colony-forming cells. Virus-induced erythroblastosis was probably enhanced by CFA due to the production of many target cells. The more primitive burst-forming cell, which produced large colonies of erythroid cells after 10 days in culture, was also physiologically transformed in MuLV-R-infected mice; bursts could be formed by cells of such animals in the absence of erythropoietin.", "contents": "In vitro studies on the enhancement of Rauscher virus-induced erythroblastosis by complete Freund's adjuvant in BALB/c mice. Inoculation of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) into BALB/c mice either before or after infection with Rauscher murine leukemia virus (MuLV-R) led to an acceleration of the disease as determined by spleen weight. Treatment with CFA also induced a higher number of spleen erythroblast foci and, in the bone marrow, erythropoietin-independent cells that produced erythroid colonies in vitro. CFA induced in the bone marrow not only an increase in myeloid progenitor cells that can produce colonies in agar, but an ever larger increase in the number of erythroid colony-forming cells. Virus-induced erythroblastosis was probably enhanced by CFA due to the production of many target cells. The more primitive burst-forming cell, which produced large colonies of erythroid cells after 10 days in culture, was also physiologically transformed in MuLV-R-infected mice; bursts could be formed by cells of such animals in the absence of erythropoietin.", "PMID": 1069856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6324", "title": "Monitoring of murine osteosarcoma by serial alkaline phosphatase determinations.", "content": "To establish that alkaline phosphatase (AP) was released by osteosarcoma cells, we measured this enzyme in C3H/HeJ mice with im-implanted osteosarcoma and in in vitro cultures of neoplastic cells subjected to short-term incubation. We found that 10(5) osteosarcoma cells synthesized a significant amount of AP in vitro in 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. A good correlation existed between pulmonary metastatic tumors and the AP values. Serum AP measurements indicated approximate sizes of disseminated and localized tumors, but could not monitor early localized tumors.", "contents": "Monitoring of murine osteosarcoma by serial alkaline phosphatase determinations. To establish that alkaline phosphatase (AP) was released by osteosarcoma cells, we measured this enzyme in C3H/HeJ mice with im-implanted osteosarcoma and in in vitro cultures of neoplastic cells subjected to short-term incubation. We found that 10(5) osteosarcoma cells synthesized a significant amount of AP in vitro in 30 minutes at 37 degrees C. A good correlation existed between pulmonary metastatic tumors and the AP values. Serum AP measurements indicated approximate sizes of disseminated and localized tumors, but could not monitor early localized tumors.", "PMID": 1069857}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6325", "title": "Friend spleen focus-forming virus production in vitro by a nonerythroid cell line.", "content": "We developed a cell line (IS) that continuously produced both Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) and XC plaque-forming virus in vitro. The line was derived from the enlarged spleen of an inbred SIM mouse previously infected with a polycythemic strain of Friend leukemia virus in vivo. Friend SFFV titers of 10(4) spleen focus-forming units/ml of culture medium were maintained for more than 200 cell generations. The virus from IS cells induced the splenomegaly and high hematocrit typical of Friend virus-induced erythroid disease in SIM mice. Cells of the IS line were adherent and phagocytic and had a low saturation density. They produced no tumors after being injected sc into normal syngeneic hosts and no spleen colonies after being injected iv into supralethally irradiated hosts. IS cells did not have the character of erythroid cells: They did not contain detectable heme as measured by benzidine-peroxide reagent, did not contain globin mRNA in detectable amounts, and did not produce erythroid colonies in plasma culture in the absence or presence of erythropoietin. According to these criteria, growth in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide did not stimulate erythroid differentiation of IS cells. We concluded that Friend SFFV can infect nonerythroid spleen cells but that replication of the virus was not obligatorily coupled to expression of genes associated with the erythroid phenotype.", "contents": "Friend spleen focus-forming virus production in vitro by a nonerythroid cell line. We developed a cell line (IS) that continuously produced both Friend spleen focus-forming virus (SFFV) and XC plaque-forming virus in vitro. The line was derived from the enlarged spleen of an inbred SIM mouse previously infected with a polycythemic strain of Friend leukemia virus in vivo. Friend SFFV titers of 10(4) spleen focus-forming units/ml of culture medium were maintained for more than 200 cell generations. The virus from IS cells induced the splenomegaly and high hematocrit typical of Friend virus-induced erythroid disease in SIM mice. Cells of the IS line were adherent and phagocytic and had a low saturation density. They produced no tumors after being injected sc into normal syngeneic hosts and no spleen colonies after being injected iv into supralethally irradiated hosts. IS cells did not have the character of erythroid cells: They did not contain detectable heme as measured by benzidine-peroxide reagent, did not contain globin mRNA in detectable amounts, and did not produce erythroid colonies in plasma culture in the absence or presence of erythropoietin. According to these criteria, growth in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide did not stimulate erythroid differentiation of IS cells. We concluded that Friend SFFV can infect nonerythroid spleen cells but that replication of the virus was not obligatorily coupled to expression of genes associated with the erythroid phenotype.", "PMID": 1069858}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6326", "title": "Ssytemic effects of intravenous polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid in man.", "content": "To investigate the systemic, clinical and laboratory effects of iv polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly I-poly C), 32 doses of poly I-poly C were administered to 22 patients. Doses between 1 and 10 mg/kg induced the formation of serum interferon (IF) and fever. Whereas a direct relationship was seen between the poly I-poly C dose and fever, serum IF levels were not significantly changed by increasing the dose of poly I-poly C over a log range from 1 to 10 mg/kg. Transient abnormalities were noted in liver function tests in 4 of 13 patients who received greater than 6.0 mg/kg. Other laboratory changes were confined to an increase in the absolute granulocyte count that paralleled fever development and abnormalities in coagulation parameters of 1 patient. In vitro lymphocyte DNA synthesis in response to mitogens was transiently impaired at times corresponding to serum IF appearance. These studies have established dose levels of poly I-poly C that can be safely administered to man with minimal toxicity and result in IF induction.", "contents": "Ssytemic effects of intravenous polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid in man. To investigate the systemic, clinical and laboratory effects of iv polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (poly I-poly C), 32 doses of poly I-poly C were administered to 22 patients. Doses between 1 and 10 mg/kg induced the formation of serum interferon (IF) and fever. Whereas a direct relationship was seen between the poly I-poly C dose and fever, serum IF levels were not significantly changed by increasing the dose of poly I-poly C over a log range from 1 to 10 mg/kg. Transient abnormalities were noted in liver function tests in 4 of 13 patients who received greater than 6.0 mg/kg. Other laboratory changes were confined to an increase in the absolute granulocyte count that paralleled fever development and abnormalities in coagulation parameters of 1 patient. In vitro lymphocyte DNA synthesis in response to mitogens was transiently impaired at times corresponding to serum IF appearance. These studies have established dose levels of poly I-poly C that can be safely administered to man with minimal toxicity and result in IF induction.", "PMID": 1069859}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6327", "title": "Occurrence of spontaneous tumors in the germfree F344 rat.", "content": "The incidence of spontaneously occurring neoplasms was observed over 10 years in a colony of germfree F344 rats (78 males and 102 females) representing 10 generations of inbredding. Leukemia was the most common neoplasm (25.6% of males, 36% of females) followed by mammary tumors (11.5% of males, 19.6% of females). Various other tumors developed in 9% of the males and 5% of the females. The overall incidence of spontaneous tumors was comparable to that reported for conventional rats of different strains. This was particularly true of leukemia for which the most data were available. However, for unknown reasons, significantly fewer solid tumors were observed in germfree than in conventional male rats.", "contents": "Occurrence of spontaneous tumors in the germfree F344 rat. The incidence of spontaneously occurring neoplasms was observed over 10 years in a colony of germfree F344 rats (78 males and 102 females) representing 10 generations of inbredding. Leukemia was the most common neoplasm (25.6% of males, 36% of females) followed by mammary tumors (11.5% of males, 19.6% of females). Various other tumors developed in 9% of the males and 5% of the females. The overall incidence of spontaneous tumors was comparable to that reported for conventional rats of different strains. This was particularly true of leukemia for which the most data were available. However, for unknown reasons, significantly fewer solid tumors were observed in germfree than in conventional male rats.", "PMID": 1069860}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6328", "title": "Immunocompetence and prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: combination of two different maintenance therapies.", "content": "Intensive chemotherapy in patients with leukemia produced immunosuppression. The level of immunocompetence correlates with prognosis. The immunological function of 29 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in complete remission and on 2 different maintenance therapies was evaluated and compared with 16 normal children (Group A). Sixteen children (Group B) with ALL received 6 mercaptopurine (6MP) daily and methotrexate (MTX) twice a week, and 13 children (Group C) received 6MP and MTX weekly for maintenance. There was depression of both cellular immunity, measured by the number of T cells and skin tests, and humoral immunity, measured by number of B cells, primary antibody production to typhoid vaccine, and levels of immunoglobulins. However, continuous maintenance therapy (Group B) produced significantly more severe immunosuppression of cellular immunity than the intermittent therapy (Group C). Humoral immunity was equally depressed in both groups of leukemia patients, but was less altered than cellular immunity. Concomitantly, patients with intermittent maintenance chemotherapy had less hematologic depression, fewer episodes of infection, and fewer died in complete remission. Patients of both groups with higher levels of immunocompetence had better prognosis with longer duration of complete remission than patients with severe immunosuppression. Out of 6 patients with \"favorable immunocompetence\" only 1 relapsed at 7 months and the other 5 remain in complete remission from 8 to 31 months. Among 23 leukemic patients with \"unfavorable immunocompetence,\" 15 relapsed and 8 remain in complete remission from 9 to 26 months.", "contents": "Immunocompetence and prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: combination of two different maintenance therapies. Intensive chemotherapy in patients with leukemia produced immunosuppression. The level of immunocompetence correlates with prognosis. The immunological function of 29 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in complete remission and on 2 different maintenance therapies was evaluated and compared with 16 normal children (Group A). Sixteen children (Group B) with ALL received 6 mercaptopurine (6MP) daily and methotrexate (MTX) twice a week, and 13 children (Group C) received 6MP and MTX weekly for maintenance. There was depression of both cellular immunity, measured by the number of T cells and skin tests, and humoral immunity, measured by number of B cells, primary antibody production to typhoid vaccine, and levels of immunoglobulins. However, continuous maintenance therapy (Group B) produced significantly more severe immunosuppression of cellular immunity than the intermittent therapy (Group C). Humoral immunity was equally depressed in both groups of leukemia patients, but was less altered than cellular immunity. Concomitantly, patients with intermittent maintenance chemotherapy had less hematologic depression, fewer episodes of infection, and fewer died in complete remission. Patients of both groups with higher levels of immunocompetence had better prognosis with longer duration of complete remission than patients with severe immunosuppression. Out of 6 patients with \"favorable immunocompetence\" only 1 relapsed at 7 months and the other 5 remain in complete remission from 8 to 31 months. Among 23 leukemic patients with \"unfavorable immunocompetence,\" 15 relapsed and 8 remain in complete remission from 9 to 26 months.", "PMID": 1069898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6329", "title": "Emphysematous gastritis in a leukemic child.", "content": "Emphysematous gastritis associated with gram-negative sepsis is described in a leukemic child on chemotherapy and steroids. Bubbly-appearing air and thickening of the gastric wall were radiographically demonstrated. This is analogous to the demonstration of air within the thickened bowel wall in necrotizing enterocolitis, which is not unusual in seriously ill leukemic children. Gastric involvement has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Emphysematous gastritis in a leukemic child. Emphysematous gastritis associated with gram-negative sepsis is described in a leukemic child on chemotherapy and steroids. Bubbly-appearing air and thickening of the gastric wall were radiographically demonstrated. This is analogous to the demonstration of air within the thickened bowel wall in necrotizing enterocolitis, which is not unusual in seriously ill leukemic children. Gastric involvement has not been previously reported.", "PMID": 1069899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6330", "title": "[First aid to patients with multiple facial injuries].", "content": "The first aid techniques available for treating patients with multiple face traumas are reviewed: first aid proper (mouth-to-mouth respiration, mouth-to-nose respiration and external heart massage); picking up the patient (radio-TV link between ambulance and Resuscitation Department); transport (rationally planned ambulance with expert in resuscitation aboard); reception area (with radio-TV link, the Resuscitation physicianc can alert staff in the ward to which the patient should be admitted).", "contents": "[First aid to patients with multiple facial injuries]. The first aid techniques available for treating patients with multiple face traumas are reviewed: first aid proper (mouth-to-mouth respiration, mouth-to-nose respiration and external heart massage); picking up the patient (radio-TV link between ambulance and Resuscitation Department); transport (rationally planned ambulance with expert in resuscitation aboard); reception area (with radio-TV link, the Resuscitation physicianc can alert staff in the ward to which the patient should be admitted).", "PMID": 1069902}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6331", "title": "[Local-regional dental anesthesia without vasoconstrictors].", "content": "Since Braun in 1905 first associated adrenalin with Einhorn's novocaine (procaine) to augment anaesthetic action, many attempts have been made to replace this vasoconstrictor because of the often severe inconveniences it can cause (cardiovasculopathic, arteriosclerotic, etc.). Reduction in dosimetry is recalled in brief: 1-corbasil; vasopressin; nor-adrenalin. It is personally considered that none of these measures ever successfully replaced adrenalin, nor did they prove to be so harmless as was originally believed. Finally, the refinement of biochemical research enabled more powerful and less toxic locoregional anaesthetics to be marketed and these provided ideal anaesthesia without vasoconstrictors. Pure carbocaine has been personally used exclusively for more than four years, with the two-fold advantage of practically completely avoiding any general inconvenience, particularly in cardionephrotics, diabetics, etc. and, in plexic (or terminal) injections, avoiding the threat of ischaemia which is the most frequent cause of alveolitis and of secondary haemorrhage. This locoregional anaesthetic without vasoconstrictor is therefore recommended, while the vast majority of clinics continue to use anaesthetics associated wtih non-indispensable and dangerous vasoconstrictors.", "contents": "[Local-regional dental anesthesia without vasoconstrictors]. Since Braun in 1905 first associated adrenalin with Einhorn's novocaine (procaine) to augment anaesthetic action, many attempts have been made to replace this vasoconstrictor because of the often severe inconveniences it can cause (cardiovasculopathic, arteriosclerotic, etc.). Reduction in dosimetry is recalled in brief: 1-corbasil; vasopressin; nor-adrenalin. It is personally considered that none of these measures ever successfully replaced adrenalin, nor did they prove to be so harmless as was originally believed. Finally, the refinement of biochemical research enabled more powerful and less toxic locoregional anaesthetics to be marketed and these provided ideal anaesthesia without vasoconstrictors. Pure carbocaine has been personally used exclusively for more than four years, with the two-fold advantage of practically completely avoiding any general inconvenience, particularly in cardionephrotics, diabetics, etc. and, in plexic (or terminal) injections, avoiding the threat of ischaemia which is the most frequent cause of alveolitis and of secondary haemorrhage. This locoregional anaesthetic without vasoconstrictor is therefore recommended, while the vast majority of clinics continue to use anaesthetics associated wtih non-indispensable and dangerous vasoconstrictors.", "PMID": 1069903}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6332", "title": "[Diftalone in the prevention and therapy of inflammatory complications of dental surgery].", "content": "The capacity of diphthalone to prevent  postoperative inflammation was evaluated in 46 patients who had undergone dental surgery. The drug was always administered at a dose of 1000 mg/die for 5-7 days using two different therapeutic schedules, the before and after the operation in 23 patients and only afterwards in the other half. Results were satisfactory although the most evident benefits were obtained with the first schedule, namely when treatment was commenced two days prior to operation. Tolerance was good.", "contents": "[Diftalone in the prevention and therapy of inflammatory complications of dental surgery]. The capacity of diphthalone to prevent  postoperative inflammation was evaluated in 46 patients who had undergone dental surgery. The drug was always administered at a dose of 1000 mg/die for 5-7 days using two different therapeutic schedules, the before and after the operation in 23 patients and only afterwards in the other half. Results were satisfactory although the most evident benefits were obtained with the first schedule, namely when treatment was commenced two days prior to operation. Tolerance was good.", "PMID": 1069905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6333", "title": "[Clinical considerations on the use of CI 585 (ketalar) in pediatric odonto-stomatology].", "content": "Three years' experience with ketamin in paediatric odontostomatology is reported. A comparison is made between the disadvantages and advantages of this anaesthetic by comparison with fluothane.", "contents": "[Clinical considerations on the use of CI 585 (ketalar) in pediatric odonto-stomatology]. Three years' experience with ketamin in paediatric odontostomatology is reported. A comparison is made between the disadvantages and advantages of this anaesthetic by comparison with fluothane.", "PMID": 1069906}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6334", "title": "Partial denaturation mapping of cloned histone DNA from the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris.", "content": "A cloned 5.6-kb DNA repeat unit of Psammechinus miliaris containing all five histone coding sequences of known order and polarity has been shown to fall clearly into a low melting and a high melting half by thermal denaturation. The topoligies of the DNA sequences thus defined were determined by partial denaturation mapping in the electron microscope to gain further insight into the distribution of spacers and genes within histone DNA.", "contents": "Partial denaturation mapping of cloned histone DNA from the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris. A cloned 5.6-kb DNA repeat unit of Psammechinus miliaris containing all five histone coding sequences of known order and polarity has been shown to fall clearly into a low melting and a high melting half by thermal denaturation. The topoligies of the DNA sequences thus defined were determined by partial denaturation mapping in the electron microscope to gain further insight into the distribution of spacers and genes within histone DNA.", "PMID": 1069909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6335", "title": "[Controlled gradual lengthening of the mandible after osteotomy].", "content": "The procedures used to correct large discrepancies in the length of the mandibular body are described and experimental results are reported. The technique is realized using an orthodontic applicance that permits the progressive lengthening, after osteotomy of the mandibular body and also retains the approximation of the resected mandibular segments. Two dogs were used for the experimentation, achieving mandibular body lengthening of 5 and 15 millimeters. The bone neoformation was studied hystologically by means of microradiography and tetracyclines induced fluorescence. The surgical technique was carried out without damage to the mandibular nerve. The hystological examination shows no conspicous alteration of the nerve fibres.", "contents": "[Controlled gradual lengthening of the mandible after osteotomy]. The procedures used to correct large discrepancies in the length of the mandibular body are described and experimental results are reported. The technique is realized using an orthodontic applicance that permits the progressive lengthening, after osteotomy of the mandibular body and also retains the approximation of the resected mandibular segments. Two dogs were used for the experimentation, achieving mandibular body lengthening of 5 and 15 millimeters. The bone neoformation was studied hystologically by means of microradiography and tetracyclines induced fluorescence. The surgical technique was carried out without damage to the mandibular nerve. The hystological examination shows no conspicous alteration of the nerve fibres.", "PMID": 1069907}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6336", "title": "[A familial strain of amelogenesis imperfecta hypoplastic type with dominant x-linked heredity].", "content": "Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta in members of four generations of a Campanian family is described. The females were  affected to a lesser degree. A dominant X-linked mutation was apparently involved. The different forms of amelogenesis imperfecta are described in the light of their anatomical, clinical and radiological pictures and their transmission modalities. Suitable corrective treatment is required to offset the damage to masticatory function, and associated psychological and emotional consequences, especially in female subjects.", "contents": "[A familial strain of amelogenesis imperfecta hypoplastic type with dominant x-linked heredity]. Hypoplastic amelogenesis imperfecta in members of four generations of a Campanian family is described. The females were  affected to a lesser degree. A dominant X-linked mutation was apparently involved. The different forms of amelogenesis imperfecta are described in the light of their anatomical, clinical and radiological pictures and their transmission modalities. Suitable corrective treatment is required to offset the damage to masticatory function, and associated psychological and emotional consequences, especially in female subjects.", "PMID": 1069908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6337", "title": "Unusual encephalitic illnesses in a child with acute leukaemia in remission: possible role of measles virus and Toxoplasma gondii.", "content": "We report a girl who developed an encephalitic illness with visual loss after two years treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The visual loss was found to be due to bilateral macular degeneration. She later developed radiological evidence of intracranial calcification and temporal lobe epilepsy. A second episode of encephalitis occurred when she had been off all antileukaemic treatment for three years and this left her with a right hemiparesis. Investigation suggested involvement with both measles virus and Toxoplasma gondii as a cause for these illnesses.", "contents": "Unusual encephalitic illnesses in a child with acute leukaemia in remission: possible role of measles virus and Toxoplasma gondii. We report a girl who developed an encephalitic illness with visual loss after two years treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The visual loss was found to be due to bilateral macular degeneration. She later developed radiological evidence of intracranial calcification and temporal lobe epilepsy. A second episode of encephalitis occurred when she had been off all antileukaemic treatment for three years and this left her with a right hemiparesis. Investigation suggested involvement with both measles virus and Toxoplasma gondii as a cause for these illnesses.", "PMID": 1069915}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6338", "title": "Digoxin poisoning: case report.", "content": "Digoxin overdose leading to toxicity causes a variety of symptoms ranging from cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and central nervous system effects. Toxicity occurs at a serum level of 3.0ng/ml. The value of phenytoin sodium in treatment of digoxin toxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Digoxin poisoning: case report. Digoxin overdose leading to toxicity causes a variety of symptoms ranging from cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and central nervous system effects. Toxicity occurs at a serum level of 3.0ng/ml. The value of phenytoin sodium in treatment of digoxin toxicity is discussed.", "PMID": 1069916}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6339", "title": "Treatment success in alcoholism.", "content": "Two hundred and sixty-two male and 51 female alcoholics treated in 1971 were followed up for two years: 71 percent of the sample were contacted: 43.5 percent males were abstinent or improved: 56.7 percent of the females were abstinent or improved. Treatment success was co-related with being married, being in the upper socio-economic groupings, and staying for the full 12 week inpatient course. Repeated failure in treatment was associated with being single, of low socio-economic status, and with one previous admission for alcoholism. It is suggested that the main factor in the increasing prevalence of alcohol problems in the general population is the relative cheapness of liquor.", "contents": "Treatment success in alcoholism. Two hundred and sixty-two male and 51 female alcoholics treated in 1971 were followed up for two years: 71 percent of the sample were contacted: 43.5 percent males were abstinent or improved: 56.7 percent of the females were abstinent or improved. Treatment success was co-related with being married, being in the upper socio-economic groupings, and staying for the full 12 week inpatient course. Repeated failure in treatment was associated with being single, of low socio-economic status, and with one previous admission for alcoholism. It is suggested that the main factor in the increasing prevalence of alcohol problems in the general population is the relative cheapness of liquor.", "PMID": 1069919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6340", "title": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity.", "content": "Failure of conservative methods of control of gross obesity has led to the adoption of surgical measures. The operation of intestinal bypass, may be associated with the number of unpleasant complications. As a result there has been recent interest in the operation of gastric bypass involving an 80 to 90 percent gastric exclusion procedure. We report on the results of our first 19 patients undergoing this operation, a six to 15 month follow-up. The early results would suggest that gastric bypass in the treatment of morbid obesity is likely to prove superior to the various forms of intestinal bypass.", "contents": "Gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Failure of conservative methods of control of gross obesity has led to the adoption of surgical measures. The operation of intestinal bypass, may be associated with the number of unpleasant complications. As a result there has been recent interest in the operation of gastric bypass involving an 80 to 90 percent gastric exclusion procedure. We report on the results of our first 19 patients undergoing this operation, a six to 15 month follow-up. The early results would suggest that gastric bypass in the treatment of morbid obesity is likely to prove superior to the various forms of intestinal bypass.", "PMID": 1069920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6341", "title": "Objective respiratory screening among Dunedin public servants.", "content": "The results of a questionnaire concerning respiratory symptoms in Dunedin public servants have been reported earlier (de Hamel, O'Donnell, 1972). This report is of the results of spirometry in the same population. Fifty-five percent of 1079 men and 59 percent of the 310 women with normal mass miniature chest x-rays showed an FEV 1.0 below the predicted value, but in only 9 percent of each sex was the FEV 1.0 less than 80 percent of predicted. Bronchitic symptoms and a history of regular cigarette smoking were associated with an impaired FEV 1.0. The FEV 1.0 was normal in many giving a history of the bronchitic symptoms cough, phelgm or wheezing. The FEV 1.0 of overweight men was not significantly different from the other men. Attention is drawn to the high frequency of chronic bronchitis in the population and the correlation of this with moderate and heavy cigarette smoking. The questionnaire disclosed more abnormality within the population than did the spirometrey. They may complement one another when effort is being directed at health education.", "contents": "Objective respiratory screening among Dunedin public servants. The results of a questionnaire concerning respiratory symptoms in Dunedin public servants have been reported earlier (de Hamel, O'Donnell, 1972). This report is of the results of spirometry in the same population. Fifty-five percent of 1079 men and 59 percent of the 310 women with normal mass miniature chest x-rays showed an FEV 1.0 below the predicted value, but in only 9 percent of each sex was the FEV 1.0 less than 80 percent of predicted. Bronchitic symptoms and a history of regular cigarette smoking were associated with an impaired FEV 1.0. The FEV 1.0 was normal in many giving a history of the bronchitic symptoms cough, phelgm or wheezing. The FEV 1.0 of overweight men was not significantly different from the other men. Attention is drawn to the high frequency of chronic bronchitis in the population and the correlation of this with moderate and heavy cigarette smoking. The questionnaire disclosed more abnormality within the population than did the spirometrey. They may complement one another when effort is being directed at health education.", "PMID": 1069921}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6342", "title": "The need to train anaesthetists in New Zealand.", "content": "A survey of New Zealand public hospitals undertaken at the end of 1974 shows that the country is training half the number of anaesthetists to maintain the public hospital-based anaesthetic services. There is a need to develop and expand training programmes for anaesthetists. New graduates can be assured that there are career prospects in the specialty.", "contents": "The need to train anaesthetists in New Zealand. A survey of New Zealand public hospitals undertaken at the end of 1974 shows that the country is training half the number of anaesthetists to maintain the public hospital-based anaesthetic services. There is a need to develop and expand training programmes for anaesthetists. New graduates can be assured that there are career prospects in the specialty.", "PMID": 1069923}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6343", "title": "Comparison of a slow release formulation of oxprenolol with conventional oxprenolol in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "Patients with moderate to severe hypertension were studied during a 12-week period, during which they were given a slow release formulation of oxprenolol once daily, in a dosage equal to their previous total daily dose of oxprenolol given in divided doses. There were no systematic differences between blood pressures at the beginning and end of the 12-week period. The once-daily dosage was well tolerated and was preferred by the patients. This regime offers advantages in terms of patient compliance with lifelong therapy in what is usually a symptomless condition.", "contents": "Comparison of a slow release formulation of oxprenolol with conventional oxprenolol in the treatment of hypertension. Patients with moderate to severe hypertension were studied during a 12-week period, during which they were given a slow release formulation of oxprenolol once daily, in a dosage equal to their previous total daily dose of oxprenolol given in divided doses. There were no systematic differences between blood pressures at the beginning and end of the 12-week period. The once-daily dosage was well tolerated and was preferred by the patients. This regime offers advantages in terms of patient compliance with lifelong therapy in what is usually a symptomless condition.", "PMID": 1069924}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6344", "title": "An assessment of the need for vaccination amongst junior medical staff.", "content": "This study was set up to determine the susceptibility of junior medical staff to communicable infectious diseases. Thirteen female and 39 male staff were investigated. Antibodies to morbilli, varicella zoster, toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, mumps and rubella were determined. Hepatitis B surface antigen tests were also carried out. Twelve males were susceptible to mumps and 10 were subsequently vaccinated. No side effects were noted. Three of five females susceptible to rubella requested vaccination and all showed an antibody response without early or delayed side effects. The desirability of offering vaccinations to susceptible adult staff is discussed.", "contents": "An assessment of the need for vaccination amongst junior medical staff. This study was set up to determine the susceptibility of junior medical staff to communicable infectious diseases. Thirteen female and 39 male staff were investigated. Antibodies to morbilli, varicella zoster, toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B, mumps and rubella were determined. Hepatitis B surface antigen tests were also carried out. Twelve males were susceptible to mumps and 10 were subsequently vaccinated. No side effects were noted. Three of five females susceptible to rubella requested vaccination and all showed an antibody response without early or delayed side effects. The desirability of offering vaccinations to susceptible adult staff is discussed.", "PMID": 1069926}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6345", "title": "Are 24-hour urine collections necessary for the measurement of steroid excretion rates?", "content": "In the assessment of ovarian activity, testicular response in human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and placental and fetal viability during pregnancy, measurements made on small samples of urine may be used to monitor changes in 24h steroid output; the collection of 24h urine specimens is not necessary. For women, 24h output approximately 10 R (R, steroid/creatinine in small urine samples; concentrations expressed in SI units of amount). For men, 24h output approximately 14 R.", "contents": "Are 24-hour urine collections necessary for the measurement of steroid excretion rates? In the assessment of ovarian activity, testicular response in human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and placental and fetal viability during pregnancy, measurements made on small samples of urine may be used to monitor changes in 24h steroid output; the collection of 24h urine specimens is not necessary. For women, 24h output approximately 10 R (R, steroid/creatinine in small urine samples; concentrations expressed in SI units of amount). For men, 24h output approximately 14 R.", "PMID": 1069927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6346", "title": "Deep vein thrombosis after femoropopliteal bypass grafting with observations on the incidence of complications following the use of dextran 70.", "content": "Radiological thrombosis was demonstrated on six occasions in the leg veins in 66 patients following the placement of 71 femoropopliteal bypass grafts. All patients received dextran 70 as prophylaxis postoperatively. The incidence was similar for grafts with the lower anastomosis either above or below the knee joint. No predisposing factors to venous thrombosis were apparent other than blood dyscrasias. A further group of patients who had arterial reconstructive procedures were examined to determine the incidence of the complications of bleeding and heart failure which might be attributed to the routine use of dextran 70. The incidence of complications in this larger group indicates that the routine use of dextran 70 is not a significant factor in their occurrence in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Deep vein thrombosis after femoropopliteal bypass grafting with observations on the incidence of complications following the use of dextran 70. Radiological thrombosis was demonstrated on six occasions in the leg veins in 66 patients following the placement of 71 femoropopliteal bypass grafts. All patients received dextran 70 as prophylaxis postoperatively. The incidence was similar for grafts with the lower anastomosis either above or below the knee joint. No predisposing factors to venous thrombosis were apparent other than blood dyscrasias. A further group of patients who had arterial reconstructive procedures were examined to determine the incidence of the complications of bleeding and heart failure which might be attributed to the routine use of dextran 70. The incidence of complications in this larger group indicates that the routine use of dextran 70 is not a significant factor in their occurrence in the postoperative period.", "PMID": 1069934}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6347", "title": "Re-instatement of regular defecation routines in a four-year-old boy.", "content": "A four-and-a-half year old boy was withholding faeces for up to eight days. A programme of positive reinforcement contingent upon his being placed on the toilet according to a schedule was introduced. An operant technique of immediate, positive reinforcement was utilised to reward bowel movements. Results indicate that the reinstatement of a two-daily routine of defection was achieved after 48 days. The programme was introduced and maintained by the child's mother with no outside intervention in the routine.", "contents": "Re-instatement of regular defecation routines in a four-year-old boy. A four-and-a-half year old boy was withholding faeces for up to eight days. A programme of positive reinforcement contingent upon his being placed on the toilet according to a schedule was introduced. An operant technique of immediate, positive reinforcement was utilised to reward bowel movements. Results indicate that the reinstatement of a two-daily routine of defection was achieved after 48 days. The programme was introduced and maintained by the child's mother with no outside intervention in the routine.", "PMID": 1069935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6348", "title": "The reduction of soiling behaviour in an 11-year-old boy with the parent as therapist.", "content": "An 11-year-old boy who had soiled daily for six years since entering school had threatened to commit suicide. Following an initial assessment, a parent was trained to monitor an experimental procedure that effectively reduced soiling to a level where the only occurrence noted in two months resulted from a bout of diarrhoea.", "contents": "The reduction of soiling behaviour in an 11-year-old boy with the parent as therapist. An 11-year-old boy who had soiled daily for six years since entering school had threatened to commit suicide. Following an initial assessment, a parent was trained to monitor an experimental procedure that effectively reduced soiling to a level where the only occurrence noted in two months resulted from a bout of diarrhoea.", "PMID": 1069936}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6349", "title": "Medical students design their ideal medical school.", "content": "New Zealand medical students were asked to design the ideal medical school. The areas they marked for change included candidate selection, curriculum, teaching standards and methods of assessment. They suggested ways of making medical training a more personal, broader and better integrated experience. The rigid division between pre-clinical and clinical studies was criticised as were time-wasting lectures and rapid-fire lecturers. The students' recommendations were similar to many which have appeared in the literature of medical education.", "contents": "Medical students design their ideal medical school. New Zealand medical students were asked to design the ideal medical school. The areas they marked for change included candidate selection, curriculum, teaching standards and methods of assessment. They suggested ways of making medical training a more personal, broader and better integrated experience. The rigid division between pre-clinical and clinical studies was criticised as were time-wasting lectures and rapid-fire lecturers. The students' recommendations were similar to many which have appeared in the literature of medical education.", "PMID": 1069937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6350", "title": "Lead poisoning caused by glazed pottery: case report.", "content": "A case of severe lead poisoning is described. This was caused by the ingestion of fruit drink prepared and stored in lead-glazed jugs. Results of tests to measure the extractability of lead from the jugs are given.", "contents": "Lead poisoning caused by glazed pottery: case report. A case of severe lead poisoning is described. This was caused by the ingestion of fruit drink prepared and stored in lead-glazed jugs. Results of tests to measure the extractability of lead from the jugs are given.", "PMID": 1069941}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6351", "title": "Thoracic and arterial pressures, blood flow and syncope.", "content": "The relationship between elevation of the thoracic pressure and the thoracic volume and blood pressure was investigated in man. Raising the thoracic pressure produced an increasing hypotension and ultimately fainting. Cine-radiography showed a reduction in heart size while the high thoracic pressure was maintained.", "contents": "Thoracic and arterial pressures, blood flow and syncope. The relationship between elevation of the thoracic pressure and the thoracic volume and blood pressure was investigated in man. Raising the thoracic pressure produced an increasing hypotension and ultimately fainting. Cine-radiography showed a reduction in heart size while the high thoracic pressure was maintained.", "PMID": 1069942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6352", "title": "Thermoregulation during mild exercise.", "content": "A comparison was made of the thermoregulatory effects of wearing black or white clothing during exercise under radiant heating. For subjects in black clothing the skin temperature was higher than with white but the rectal temperature and heart rate were lower.", "contents": "Thermoregulation during mild exercise. A comparison was made of the thermoregulatory effects of wearing black or white clothing during exercise under radiant heating. For subjects in black clothing the skin temperature was higher than with white but the rectal temperature and heart rate were lower.", "PMID": 1069943}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6353", "title": "Blood volume and exercise in dogs.", "content": "The plasma volume and haematocrit ratio were examined in dogs during exercise. The plasma volume increased after exercise and persisted for 10 minutes on its cessation. There was a 14 percent increase in the haematocrit ratio.", "contents": "Blood volume and exercise in dogs. The plasma volume and haematocrit ratio were examined in dogs during exercise. The plasma volume increased after exercise and persisted for 10 minutes on its cessation. There was a 14 percent increase in the haematocrit ratio.", "PMID": 1069944}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6354", "title": "Osteopathy due to methotrexate.", "content": "Two children with ALL receiving long-term therapy with methotrexate (50 mg/week i.v.) developed severe osteoporosis accompanied by swelling of the joints, gait disturbances and fractures after minimal trauma. Bone scans 85Sr disclosed a decreased input and increased turnover of calcium especially in the most used bones. The data of the calcium phosphorus metabolism are within the normal range. The minimal changes in the biopsy material of the iliac crest may be due to little mechanical use so that this part of the skeleton is not much affected by the osteoporosis. Since the controls receiving the same therapy did not have signs of such severe osteoporosis it is assumed that an additional, till unknown factor may play an additional role in this kind of methotrexate side effect.", "contents": "Osteopathy due to methotrexate. Two children with ALL receiving long-term therapy with methotrexate (50 mg/week i.v.) developed severe osteoporosis accompanied by swelling of the joints, gait disturbances and fractures after minimal trauma. Bone scans 85Sr disclosed a decreased input and increased turnover of calcium especially in the most used bones. The data of the calcium phosphorus metabolism are within the normal range. The minimal changes in the biopsy material of the iliac crest may be due to little mechanical use so that this part of the skeleton is not much affected by the osteoporosis. Since the controls receiving the same therapy did not have signs of such severe osteoporosis it is assumed that an additional, till unknown factor may play an additional role in this kind of methotrexate side effect.", "PMID": 1069959}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6355", "title": "Prediction of relapse and remission in AML by marrow culture criteria.", "content": "Bone marrow culture studies in semi-solid agar have been performed on 250 patients presenting with acute myeloid leukemia. The detection of a spectrum of qualitative defects in the proliferation, differentiation and biophysical characteristics of leukemic colony forming cells (CFU-c) has permitted a detailed analysis of the relapse-remission status based on transition from qualitatively abnormal cell growth in vitro to a normal pattern of proliferation and differentiation. Changes in vitro generally preceded clinical or morphological evidence of the onset of relapse or remission and serve as a valuable additional parameter in monitoring clinical status. Marked cyclic changes in CFU-c incidence appeared to characterize the remission phase of AML and were frequently associated with fluctuations in marrow blast cell count which can lead to mis-diagnosis of incipient relapse. Detection of qualitative defect in marrow culture serves to distinguish patients with preleukemic disorders at high risk of termination in acute myeloid leukemia from patients with clinically similar disease who have not undergone further progression over a 2-4 year period of observation.", "contents": "Prediction of relapse and remission in AML by marrow culture criteria. Bone marrow culture studies in semi-solid agar have been performed on 250 patients presenting with acute myeloid leukemia. The detection of a spectrum of qualitative defects in the proliferation, differentiation and biophysical characteristics of leukemic colony forming cells (CFU-c) has permitted a detailed analysis of the relapse-remission status based on transition from qualitatively abnormal cell growth in vitro to a normal pattern of proliferation and differentiation. Changes in vitro generally preceded clinical or morphological evidence of the onset of relapse or remission and serve as a valuable additional parameter in monitoring clinical status. Marked cyclic changes in CFU-c incidence appeared to characterize the remission phase of AML and were frequently associated with fluctuations in marrow blast cell count which can lead to mis-diagnosis of incipient relapse. Detection of qualitative defect in marrow culture serves to distinguish patients with preleukemic disorders at high risk of termination in acute myeloid leukemia from patients with clinically similar disease who have not undergone further progression over a 2-4 year period of observation.", "PMID": 1069970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6356", "title": "Significance of PHA induced clonogenic cells in chronic myeloid leukemia and early acute myeloid leukemia.", "content": "A technique for cloning myeloblastic leukemic cells in semi-solid agar, after prior PHA stimulation, was studied in all phases of chronic myeloid leukemia. Phytohemagglutinin responsive cells were found in blast crisis and accelerated phase. In a small number of patients in the benign phase of their disease, colony growth with PHA was detected. A group of patients with early acute leukemia was also examined by this technique. The incidence of PHA colonies appeared to correlate with the progression of the disease. The potential application of this assay for early detection of leukemic clones and possible prediction of the rapidity of progression of the leukemic process is discussed.", "contents": "Significance of PHA induced clonogenic cells in chronic myeloid leukemia and early acute myeloid leukemia. A technique for cloning myeloblastic leukemic cells in semi-solid agar, after prior PHA stimulation, was studied in all phases of chronic myeloid leukemia. Phytohemagglutinin responsive cells were found in blast crisis and accelerated phase. In a small number of patients in the benign phase of their disease, colony growth with PHA was detected. A group of patients with early acute leukemia was also examined by this technique. The incidence of PHA colonies appeared to correlate with the progression of the disease. The potential application of this assay for early detection of leukemic clones and possible prediction of the rapidity of progression of the leukemic process is discussed.", "PMID": 1069971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6357", "title": "Comparative electron-microscopic study of the erythrocytic line in refractory anemia (preleukemia) and myelomonocytic leukemia.", "content": "The bone marrow erythrocytic precursors of 12 patients with refractory anemia (preleukemia) or myelomonocytic leukemia were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The results were tabulated in a semiquantitative manner and a comparison was established between the two main diagnostic groups. The following results are reported. 1. Similar nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities of the normoblasts were observed in preleukemia and leukemia. 2. A nuclear lesion consisting of nuclear clefts and blebs was demonstrated in at least some of the normoblasts in all of the patients. Although not specific, this finding appears to be a new contribution in the field of preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. 3. Iron overload, including the presence of pathologic sideroblasts, is common to both preleukemia and leukemia.", "contents": "Comparative electron-microscopic study of the erythrocytic line in refractory anemia (preleukemia) and myelomonocytic leukemia. The bone marrow erythrocytic precursors of 12 patients with refractory anemia (preleukemia) or myelomonocytic leukemia were studied by transmission electron microscopy. The results were tabulated in a semiquantitative manner and a comparison was established between the two main diagnostic groups. The following results are reported. 1. Similar nuclear and cytoplasmic abnormalities of the normoblasts were observed in preleukemia and leukemia. 2. A nuclear lesion consisting of nuclear clefts and blebs was demonstrated in at least some of the normoblasts in all of the patients. Although not specific, this finding appears to be a new contribution in the field of preleukemia and myelomonocytic leukemia. 3. Iron overload, including the presence of pathologic sideroblasts, is common to both preleukemia and leukemia.", "PMID": 1069972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6358", "title": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia after immunodepressive therapy for primary nonmalignant disease.", "content": "Three patients treated with immunodepressive chemotherapy over a period of 43, 60, 38 months respectively, for primary nonmalignant disease, developed AML after cessation of chemotherapy. During the months preceding the AML outbreak, there were hematologic changes with seemed to reveal a preleukemic state. Our 3 patients, and 8 previously published cases, making a total of 11 patients, developed AML after chemical immunodepression for reasons which were neither hematologic nor neoplastic.", "contents": "Acute myeloblastic leukemia after immunodepressive therapy for primary nonmalignant disease. Three patients treated with immunodepressive chemotherapy over a period of 43, 60, 38 months respectively, for primary nonmalignant disease, developed AML after cessation of chemotherapy. During the months preceding the AML outbreak, there were hematologic changes with seemed to reveal a preleukemic state. Our 3 patients, and 8 previously published cases, making a total of 11 patients, developed AML after chemical immunodepression for reasons which were neither hematologic nor neoplastic.", "PMID": 1069973}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6359", "title": "Preleukemia: does it exist?", "content": "In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), many of the remaining normal-appearing cells exhibit various abnormalities. An interpretation is that these cells are descendants of leukemic cells which have succeeded in overcoming the major final differentiation block that exists in AML. Direct evidence is quoted that red cell precursors in AML are of leukemic descent and it is claimed that the target cell of AML is the pluripotent stem cell. Next, evidence has been compiled that all three cell lines (red cell, n. granulocytes, platelets) exhibit qualitative defects in \"prelukemia.\" Hence it is postulated that preleukemia per se doses not exist but that preleukemic states which with a rather high frequency sooner or later end in overt AML are actually true leukemias that, however, differentiate reasonably well. Another way of phrasing it is that preleukemic states are AMLs that present in partial and sometimes long-lasting remission, which only after months to years lose their differentiation ability and then are classified as AML.", "contents": "Preleukemia: does it exist? In acute myeloid leukemia (AML), many of the remaining normal-appearing cells exhibit various abnormalities. An interpretation is that these cells are descendants of leukemic cells which have succeeded in overcoming the major final differentiation block that exists in AML. Direct evidence is quoted that red cell precursors in AML are of leukemic descent and it is claimed that the target cell of AML is the pluripotent stem cell. Next, evidence has been compiled that all three cell lines (red cell, n. granulocytes, platelets) exhibit qualitative defects in \"prelukemia.\" Hence it is postulated that preleukemia per se doses not exist but that preleukemic states which with a rather high frequency sooner or later end in overt AML are actually true leukemias that, however, differentiate reasonably well. Another way of phrasing it is that preleukemic states are AMLs that present in partial and sometimes long-lasting remission, which only after months to years lose their differentiation ability and then are classified as AML.", "PMID": 1069974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6360", "title": "Theoretical studies of the conformational properties of ribavirin.", "content": "One of the factors required for the antiviral activity of the synthetic nucleoside, ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), is the ability of the molecule to adopt the substrate conformation specified by the enzyme for which it is a competitive inhibitor, inosine 5'-phosphate dehydrogenase (IMP:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.14). The calculated glycosidic minimum for ribavirin is the high syn conformation, which is in agreement with experimental determinations of the molecule's solution conformation. The similarity in solution between the conformation of the active ribavirin molecule and the conformation of its inactive 5-methyl and 5-chloro derivatives indicate that some other substrate conformation is specified by the enzyme. The high anti conformation, found by these calculations to be close in energy to the high syn minimum, is postulated to be the active conformation required by the enzyme. The inactivity of the 5-methyl and 5-chloro derivatives is attributed to the much greater stability of these derivatives in the inactive high syn conformation.", "contents": "Theoretical studies of the conformational properties of ribavirin. One of the factors required for the antiviral activity of the synthetic nucleoside, ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide), is the ability of the molecule to adopt the substrate conformation specified by the enzyme for which it is a competitive inhibitor, inosine 5'-phosphate dehydrogenase (IMP:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.1.14). The calculated glycosidic minimum for ribavirin is the high syn conformation, which is in agreement with experimental determinations of the molecule's solution conformation. The similarity in solution between the conformation of the active ribavirin molecule and the conformation of its inactive 5-methyl and 5-chloro derivatives indicate that some other substrate conformation is specified by the enzyme. The high anti conformation, found by these calculations to be close in energy to the high syn minimum, is postulated to be the active conformation required by the enzyme. The inactivity of the 5-methyl and 5-chloro derivatives is attributed to the much greater stability of these derivatives in the inactive high syn conformation.", "PMID": 1069980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6361", "title": "Prediction of three-dimensional structures of enzyme-substrate and enzyme-inhibitor complexes of lysozyme.", "content": "Conformational energy calculations were used to predict the three-dimensional structures of enzyme-substrate and enzyme-inhibitor complexes of lysozyme. A global search method, involving the use of a disaccharide fragment molecule, was used initially to determine all favorable binding regions at the active site. It is shown that the binding of a series of (nonfragmented) oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine is highly specific. The results show further that (a) the enzyme recognizes only one backbone conformation of the oligomer, corresponding to a left-handed helix, and (b) for saccharides containing two or more N-acetylglucosamine residues, two residues bind preferentially to the C and D sites. The calculations also suggest that the chair form of N-acetylglucosamine can bind to the D region. The saccharide residues of tetra-N-acetylglucosamine bind to the A-B-C-D sites, with the residues at the A-B-C sites having essentially the same conformation and orientation as those in the x-ray structure of tetra-N-acetylglucosamine-delta-lactone bound to lysozyme.", "contents": "Prediction of three-dimensional structures of enzyme-substrate and enzyme-inhibitor complexes of lysozyme. Conformational energy calculations were used to predict the three-dimensional structures of enzyme-substrate and enzyme-inhibitor complexes of lysozyme. A global search method, involving the use of a disaccharide fragment molecule, was used initially to determine all favorable binding regions at the active site. It is shown that the binding of a series of (nonfragmented) oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine is highly specific. The results show further that (a) the enzyme recognizes only one backbone conformation of the oligomer, corresponding to a left-handed helix, and (b) for saccharides containing two or more N-acetylglucosamine residues, two residues bind preferentially to the C and D sites. The calculations also suggest that the chair form of N-acetylglucosamine can bind to the D region. The saccharide residues of tetra-N-acetylglucosamine bind to the A-B-C-D sites, with the residues at the A-B-C sites having essentially the same conformation and orientation as those in the x-ray structure of tetra-N-acetylglucosamine-delta-lactone bound to lysozyme.", "PMID": 1069981}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6362", "title": "Modeling the resonance Raman spectrum of a metarhodopsin: implications for the color of visual pigments.", "content": "Resonance Raman spectra of an invertebrate rhodopsin are reported. The spectrum of squid acid metarhodopsin is compared with the spectra of model compounds of the retinylidene chromophore in the all-trans conformation. Correlations made between acid metarhodopsin and these crystalline model compounds with known x-ray structures indicate that the chromophore in this intermediate is an all-trans protonated Schiff base. The data suggest a mechanism for the red shift in rhodopsin.", "contents": "Modeling the resonance Raman spectrum of a metarhodopsin: implications for the color of visual pigments. Resonance Raman spectra of an invertebrate rhodopsin are reported. The spectrum of squid acid metarhodopsin is compared with the spectra of model compounds of the retinylidene chromophore in the all-trans conformation. Correlations made between acid metarhodopsin and these crystalline model compounds with known x-ray structures indicate that the chromophore in this intermediate is an all-trans protonated Schiff base. The data suggest a mechanism for the red shift in rhodopsin.", "PMID": 1069982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6363", "title": "Free acid, anion, alkali, and alkaline earth complexes of lasalocid a (X537A) in methanol: structural and kinetic studies at the monomer level.", "content": "We report below on nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of the structure and exchange kinetics for the free acid, anion, sodium complex, and barium complex of the ionophore lasalocid A (X537A) in methanol solution. A comparison between the proton and carbon longitudinal relaxation times of lasalocid in nonpolar and polar solvents demonstrates that the free acid (HX) is a monomer in methanol solution. Parallel proton and carbon relaxation measurements demonstrate that the anion (X-), sodium complex (NaX), and barium complex (BaX+) are also monomeric in methanol solution. These results are in contrast to the Na2X2 dimer and the BaX2-H20 dimer observed in crystals and in nonpolar (cyclohexane and methylene chloride) solutions. Large downfield shifts on complex formation (X- to NaX and BaX+) are detected for protons located on the polar face of the ionophore with their C-H bonds directed towards and proximal to the metal ion. The exchange of lasalocid anion between free (X-) and complexed (BaX+) states in methanol can be monitored from the temperature-dependent line shapes of the proton resonances at superconducting fields. The exchange rates are independent of the reactant concentrations and are characteristic of a rate-determining dissociation of BaX+ in methanol solution with activation parameters delta H++ = 6.5 kcal mol-1 (25 degrees) and delta S++ = -20.0 cal mol-1 degree -1 (1 cal = 4.184 J). The rate constants for dissociation and formation of BaX+ complex in methanol, 25 degrees, are 5.2 X 10(3) sec-1 and 1.5 X 10(10) M-1 sec-1, respectively. These studies were extended to derive the activation parameters for the exchange of lasalocid anion between BaX+ and NaX and between BaX+ and HX in methanol, while the exchange among HX, X-, and NaX is too rapid to be monitored on the time scale of nuclear magnetic resonance.", "contents": "Free acid, anion, alkali, and alkaline earth complexes of lasalocid a (X537A) in methanol: structural and kinetic studies at the monomer level. We report below on nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of the structure and exchange kinetics for the free acid, anion, sodium complex, and barium complex of the ionophore lasalocid A (X537A) in methanol solution. A comparison between the proton and carbon longitudinal relaxation times of lasalocid in nonpolar and polar solvents demonstrates that the free acid (HX) is a monomer in methanol solution. Parallel proton and carbon relaxation measurements demonstrate that the anion (X-), sodium complex (NaX), and barium complex (BaX+) are also monomeric in methanol solution. These results are in contrast to the Na2X2 dimer and the BaX2-H20 dimer observed in crystals and in nonpolar (cyclohexane and methylene chloride) solutions. Large downfield shifts on complex formation (X- to NaX and BaX+) are detected for protons located on the polar face of the ionophore with their C-H bonds directed towards and proximal to the metal ion. The exchange of lasalocid anion between free (X-) and complexed (BaX+) states in methanol can be monitored from the temperature-dependent line shapes of the proton resonances at superconducting fields. The exchange rates are independent of the reactant concentrations and are characteristic of a rate-determining dissociation of BaX+ in methanol solution with activation parameters delta H++ = 6.5 kcal mol-1 (25 degrees) and delta S++ = -20.0 cal mol-1 degree -1 (1 cal = 4.184 J). The rate constants for dissociation and formation of BaX+ complex in methanol, 25 degrees, are 5.2 X 10(3) sec-1 and 1.5 X 10(10) M-1 sec-1, respectively. These studies were extended to derive the activation parameters for the exchange of lasalocid anion between BaX+ and NaX and between BaX+ and HX in methanol, while the exchange among HX, X-, and NaX is too rapid to be monitored on the time scale of nuclear magnetic resonance.", "PMID": 1069983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6364", "title": "Structural characterization of a bridged 99Tc-Sn-dimethylglyoxime complex: implications for the chemistry of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals prepared by the Sn (II) reduction of pertechnetate.", "content": "Reduction of pertechnetate by tin(II) in the presence of dimethylglyoxime is shown, by single crystal x-ray analysis, to yield a technetium-tin-dimethylglyoxime complex in which tin and technetium are intimately connected by a triple bridging arrangement. One bridge consists of a single oxygen atom and it is hypothesized that this bridge arises from the inner sphere reduction of technetium by tin(II), the electrons being transferred through a technetium \"yl\" oxygen which eventually becomes the bridging atom. Two additional bridges arise from two dimethylglyoxime ligands that function as bidentate nitrogen donors towards Tc and monodentate oxygen donors towards Sn. The tin atom can thus be viewed as providing a three-pronged \"cap\" on one end of the Tc-dimethylglyoxime complex. The additional coordination sites around Tc are occupied by the two nitrogens of a third dimethylglyoxime ligand, making the Tc seven-coordinate. The additional coordination sites around Sn are occupied by three chloride anions, giving the Sn a fac octahedral coordination environment. From indirect evidence the oxidation states of tin and technetium are tentatively assigned to be IV and V, respectively. Since most 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals are synthesized by the tin(II) reduction of pertechnetate, it is likely that the Sn-O-Tc linkage described in this work is an important feature of the chemistry of these species. This linkage also provides a ready rationale for the close association of tin and technetium observed in many 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals.", "contents": "Structural characterization of a bridged 99Tc-Sn-dimethylglyoxime complex: implications for the chemistry of 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals prepared by the Sn (II) reduction of pertechnetate. Reduction of pertechnetate by tin(II) in the presence of dimethylglyoxime is shown, by single crystal x-ray analysis, to yield a technetium-tin-dimethylglyoxime complex in which tin and technetium are intimately connected by a triple bridging arrangement. One bridge consists of a single oxygen atom and it is hypothesized that this bridge arises from the inner sphere reduction of technetium by tin(II), the electrons being transferred through a technetium \"yl\" oxygen which eventually becomes the bridging atom. Two additional bridges arise from two dimethylglyoxime ligands that function as bidentate nitrogen donors towards Tc and monodentate oxygen donors towards Sn. The tin atom can thus be viewed as providing a three-pronged \"cap\" on one end of the Tc-dimethylglyoxime complex. The additional coordination sites around Tc are occupied by the two nitrogens of a third dimethylglyoxime ligand, making the Tc seven-coordinate. The additional coordination sites around Sn are occupied by three chloride anions, giving the Sn a fac octahedral coordination environment. From indirect evidence the oxidation states of tin and technetium are tentatively assigned to be IV and V, respectively. Since most 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals are synthesized by the tin(II) reduction of pertechnetate, it is likely that the Sn-O-Tc linkage described in this work is an important feature of the chemistry of these species. This linkage also provides a ready rationale for the close association of tin and technetium observed in many 99mTc-radiopharmaceuticals.", "PMID": 1069984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6365", "title": "Segment-long-spacing aggregates and isolation of COOH-terminal peptides from type I procollagen.", "content": "Type I procollagen secreted by matrix-free cells from chick embryo tendons was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Electron microscopy of segment-long-spacing aggregates of the procollagen demonstrated the presence of both NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal extensions not found in collagen. The procollagen was digested with bacterial collagenase and the COOH-terminal fragments were isolated by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Analysis of tryptic peptides demonstrated that the COOH-terminal extensions on the pro alpha 1 and pro alpha 2 chains had different primary structures.", "contents": "Segment-long-spacing aggregates and isolation of COOH-terminal peptides from type I procollagen. Type I procollagen secreted by matrix-free cells from chick embryo tendons was purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Electron microscopy of segment-long-spacing aggregates of the procollagen demonstrated the presence of both NH2-terminal and COOH-terminal extensions not found in collagen. The procollagen was digested with bacterial collagenase and the COOH-terminal fragments were isolated by gel filtration and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Analysis of tryptic peptides demonstrated that the COOH-terminal extensions on the pro alpha 1 and pro alpha 2 chains had different primary structures.", "PMID": 1069985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6366", "title": "Immunological characterization of the subunit of the 100 A filaments from muscle cells.", "content": "We report the immunological characterization of the subunit of the intermediate sized (100 A) filaments from muscle cells. The protein as isolated from smooth muscle (chicken gizzard) has an apparent molecular weight of 50,000. It is insoluble in buffers that solubilize myosin and the majority of actin, but becomes soluble in the presence of urea. Under a variety of experimental conditions, that include the presence of 8 M urea, this new protein comigrates with actin during purification studies. The two proteins can be separated from each other by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and antibodies have been elicited against the 50,000 dalton protein purified by using this technique. These antibodies crossreact with the partially purified protein in urea, but show no detectable cross reaction with actin or myosin. Indirect immunofluorescence reveals that in skeletal muscle this protein is found in close association with the Z lines of the sarcomeres and extends between the Z lines of adjacent myofibrils; it is also associated with filamentous structures that run along the length of a muscle fiber both in close association with the plasma membrane and between myofibrils at the level of their Z lines. In heart muscle, the protein shows the same distribution as in skeletal muscle. In addition, it is found intimately associated with intercalated disks and areas of membrane interaction between laterally associated heart muscle cells. The immunofluorescent localization to the subunit of the 100 A filaments suggests that in muscle cells this molecule may serve to link actin filaments at the level of the Z line (or intercalated disk) with the muscle plasma membrane. We believe that it functions in muscle primarily as a three dimensional matrix which interconnects individual myofibrils to one another and to the plasma membrane at the level of their Z lines. In this manner, this molecule may provide a framework that mechanically integrates all the contractile myofilaments during the contraction and relaxation of muscle. As a means of indicating its linking role in muscle, we have termed the protein desmin (from the Greek delta epsilon sigma mu os = link, bond).", "contents": "Immunological characterization of the subunit of the 100 A filaments from muscle cells. We report the immunological characterization of the subunit of the intermediate sized (100 A) filaments from muscle cells. The protein as isolated from smooth muscle (chicken gizzard) has an apparent molecular weight of 50,000. It is insoluble in buffers that solubilize myosin and the majority of actin, but becomes soluble in the presence of urea. Under a variety of experimental conditions, that include the presence of 8 M urea, this new protein comigrates with actin during purification studies. The two proteins can be separated from each other by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and antibodies have been elicited against the 50,000 dalton protein purified by using this technique. These antibodies crossreact with the partially purified protein in urea, but show no detectable cross reaction with actin or myosin. Indirect immunofluorescence reveals that in skeletal muscle this protein is found in close association with the Z lines of the sarcomeres and extends between the Z lines of adjacent myofibrils; it is also associated with filamentous structures that run along the length of a muscle fiber both in close association with the plasma membrane and between myofibrils at the level of their Z lines. In heart muscle, the protein shows the same distribution as in skeletal muscle. In addition, it is found intimately associated with intercalated disks and areas of membrane interaction between laterally associated heart muscle cells. The immunofluorescent localization to the subunit of the 100 A filaments suggests that in muscle cells this molecule may serve to link actin filaments at the level of the Z line (or intercalated disk) with the muscle plasma membrane. We believe that it functions in muscle primarily as a three dimensional matrix which interconnects individual myofibrils to one another and to the plasma membrane at the level of their Z lines. In this manner, this molecule may provide a framework that mechanically integrates all the contractile myofilaments during the contraction and relaxation of muscle. As a means of indicating its linking role in muscle, we have termed the protein desmin (from the Greek delta epsilon sigma mu os = link, bond).", "PMID": 1069986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6367", "title": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: purification and initial characterization of the cyclic 3':5'-AMP independent protein kinase of the heme-regulated translational inhibitor.", "content": "The heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) has been purified 4800-fold. On electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel, the purified HRI showed one major polypeptide band. The purified HRI inhibits protein synthesis in lysates containing optimal levels of hemin with inhibition kinetics which parallel those observed in heme-deficiency. Data are presented which are consistent with an enzymatic function of HRI in the inhibition of protein synthesis. The HRI is an adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate independent protein kinase which phosphorylates the small subunit (38,000) but not the large subunits (52,000 and 50,000) of the initiation factor which forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP. This evidence supports the hypothesis that inhibition of protein synthesis by HRI involves the phosphorylation of the initiation factor. These findings are discussed in relation to various models for the regulation of protein kinase activity by heme. (see article).", "contents": "Regulation of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates: purification and initial characterization of the cyclic 3':5'-AMP independent protein kinase of the heme-regulated translational inhibitor. The heme-regulated translational inhibitor (HRI) has been purified 4800-fold. On electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel, the purified HRI showed one major polypeptide band. The purified HRI inhibits protein synthesis in lysates containing optimal levels of hemin with inhibition kinetics which parallel those observed in heme-deficiency. Data are presented which are consistent with an enzymatic function of HRI in the inhibition of protein synthesis. The HRI is an adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate independent protein kinase which phosphorylates the small subunit (38,000) but not the large subunits (52,000 and 50,000) of the initiation factor which forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAf and GTP. This evidence supports the hypothesis that inhibition of protein synthesis by HRI involves the phosphorylation of the initiation factor. These findings are discussed in relation to various models for the regulation of protein kinase activity by heme. (see article).", "PMID": 1069987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6368", "title": "DNA unwinding component of the nonhistone chromatin proteins.", "content": "A subclass of nonhistone chromatin proteins from rat liver, previously shown to exhibit high affinity for DNA, has been fractionated by single-stranded DNA-agarose affinity chromatography. The protein fraction that bound to DNA-agarose in 0.19 M NaCl-buffer and was eluted with 2 M NaCl-buffer is enriched for a protein component of approximately 20,000 daltons and exhibits preferential binding to denatured DNA. This nonhistone protein fraction specific for single strands binds to DNA in a non-species-specific manner, and causes helix-coil transition of synthetic poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] at 25 degrees, as indicated by the increase in absorbance of ultraviolet light at 260 nm. The observed hyperchromicity does not result from any nuclease activity in the protein fraction, because addition of Mg+2 results in partial hypochromic shift, and the protein/DNA complex is retained by nitrocellulose filters.", "contents": "DNA unwinding component of the nonhistone chromatin proteins. A subclass of nonhistone chromatin proteins from rat liver, previously shown to exhibit high affinity for DNA, has been fractionated by single-stranded DNA-agarose affinity chromatography. The protein fraction that bound to DNA-agarose in 0.19 M NaCl-buffer and was eluted with 2 M NaCl-buffer is enriched for a protein component of approximately 20,000 daltons and exhibits preferential binding to denatured DNA. This nonhistone protein fraction specific for single strands binds to DNA in a non-species-specific manner, and causes helix-coil transition of synthetic poly[d(A-T)-d(A-T)] at 25 degrees, as indicated by the increase in absorbance of ultraviolet light at 260 nm. The observed hyperchromicity does not result from any nuclease activity in the protein fraction, because addition of Mg+2 results in partial hypochromic shift, and the protein/DNA complex is retained by nitrocellulose filters.", "PMID": 1069988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6369", "title": "Interactions of heterologous nitrogenase components that generate catalytically inactive complexes.", "content": "A unique method is described for inhibiting nitrogenase. When Clostridium pasteurianum nitrogenase is assayed in the presence of the Mo-Fe protein of Azotobacter vinelandii, all the characteristic activities of nitrogenase are inhibited. C. pasteurianum nitrogenase is unaffected by the Fe protein of A. vinelandii. The Fe protein, but not the Mo-Fe protein of C. pasteurianum, inhibits A. vinelandii nitrogenase. Both inhibitions described result from the formation of an inactive complex of A. vinelandii Mo-Fe protein and C. pasteurianum Fe protein. Complex formation requires active components, as oxygen-denatured proteins are ineffective. The results for titration of components of the complex against each other and kinetic data each indicate that the inactive complex consists of two molecules of C. pasteurianum Fe protein per molecule of A. vinelandii Mo-Fe protein. The results of kinetic experiments suggest that the Fe protein from each organism competes for the same site(s) on the A. vinelandii Mo-Fe protein. The Fe protein of C. pasteurianum will form an active or an inactive complex with the Mo-Fe proteins from six different organisms. Inhibition by nitrogenase components that form inactive complexes provides numeroius ways to study the mechanism of nitrogenase action.", "contents": "Interactions of heterologous nitrogenase components that generate catalytically inactive complexes. A unique method is described for inhibiting nitrogenase. When Clostridium pasteurianum nitrogenase is assayed in the presence of the Mo-Fe protein of Azotobacter vinelandii, all the characteristic activities of nitrogenase are inhibited. C. pasteurianum nitrogenase is unaffected by the Fe protein of A. vinelandii. The Fe protein, but not the Mo-Fe protein of C. pasteurianum, inhibits A. vinelandii nitrogenase. Both inhibitions described result from the formation of an inactive complex of A. vinelandii Mo-Fe protein and C. pasteurianum Fe protein. Complex formation requires active components, as oxygen-denatured proteins are ineffective. The results for titration of components of the complex against each other and kinetic data each indicate that the inactive complex consists of two molecules of C. pasteurianum Fe protein per molecule of A. vinelandii Mo-Fe protein. The results of kinetic experiments suggest that the Fe protein from each organism competes for the same site(s) on the A. vinelandii Mo-Fe protein. The Fe protein of C. pasteurianum will form an active or an inactive complex with the Mo-Fe proteins from six different organisms. Inhibition by nitrogenase components that form inactive complexes provides numeroius ways to study the mechanism of nitrogenase action.", "PMID": 1069989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6370", "title": "Amino-terminal sequences of two polypeptides from human serum with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth-promoting activities: evidence for structural homology with insulin B chain.", "content": "The amino-terminal sequences of two polypeptides with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth-promoting activities (NSILA I and II), isolated from human serum, were determined. Of the first 31 residues, 22 are identical in NSILA I and II. Moreover, a striking structural similarity was found between NSILA and insulin B chain: 47 and 57% of residues 1-30 in NSILA I are identical to those in insulin B chain from man and tuna fish, respectively. This high degree of sequence identity is presented as evidence for homology and thus for a common evolutionary origin of insulin and NSILA. Based on these results and on these results and on biological properties of NSILA described earlier, a new designation for NSILA is proposed: insulin-like growth factor (IGF).", "contents": "Amino-terminal sequences of two polypeptides from human serum with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth-promoting activities: evidence for structural homology with insulin B chain. The amino-terminal sequences of two polypeptides with nonsuppressible insulin-like and cell-growth-promoting activities (NSILA I and II), isolated from human serum, were determined. Of the first 31 residues, 22 are identical in NSILA I and II. Moreover, a striking structural similarity was found between NSILA and insulin B chain: 47 and 57% of residues 1-30 in NSILA I are identical to those in insulin B chain from man and tuna fish, respectively. This high degree of sequence identity is presented as evidence for homology and thus for a common evolutionary origin of insulin and NSILA. Based on these results and on these results and on biological properties of NSILA described earlier, a new designation for NSILA is proposed: insulin-like growth factor (IGF).", "PMID": 1069990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6371", "title": "Brain tubulin polymerization in the absence of \"microtubule-associated proteins\".", "content": "Pure tubulin dimer, purified by phosphecellulose chromatography to remove microtubule associated proteins, can be assembled into microtubules in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. The surfaces of such microtubules are devoid of filamentous material. The reaction is rapid and strongly dependent on protein concentration. No microtubule formation occurs from the purified tubulin when dimethyl sulfoxide is omitted.", "contents": "Brain tubulin polymerization in the absence of \"microtubule-associated proteins\". Pure tubulin dimer, purified by phosphecellulose chromatography to remove microtubule associated proteins, can be assembled into microtubules in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide. The surfaces of such microtubules are devoid of filamentous material. The reaction is rapid and strongly dependent on protein concentration. No microtubule formation occurs from the purified tubulin when dimethyl sulfoxide is omitted.", "PMID": 1069991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6372", "title": "Histones H3 and H4 interact with the ends of nucleosome DNA.", "content": "Isolated HeLa cell nucleosomes (core particles) were labeled at the 5'-termini of their DNA with 32P using [gamma-32P]ATP and polynucleotide kne by sequential methylation, depurination, Schiff base formation, and reduction with sodium borhydride. After digestion of the noncrosslinked DNA by DNase I and venom phosphodiesterase, histones were separated by gel electrophoresis and those crosslinked to the 5'-termini were identified by 32P-autoradiography. Histones H3 and H4 occur with equeal frequency as the nearest protein neighbors to the end of the DNA in nucleosomes. Histone arrangements within the core particle compatible with these results are discussed.", "contents": "Histones H3 and H4 interact with the ends of nucleosome DNA. Isolated HeLa cell nucleosomes (core particles) were labeled at the 5'-termini of their DNA with 32P using [gamma-32P]ATP and polynucleotide kne by sequential methylation, depurination, Schiff base formation, and reduction with sodium borhydride. After digestion of the noncrosslinked DNA by DNase I and venom phosphodiesterase, histones were separated by gel electrophoresis and those crosslinked to the 5'-termini were identified by 32P-autoradiography. Histones H3 and H4 occur with equeal frequency as the nearest protein neighbors to the end of the DNA in nucleosomes. Histone arrangements within the core particle compatible with these results are discussed.", "PMID": 1069992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6373", "title": "Coupling of catecholamine receptor from one cell with adenylate cyclase from another cell by cell fusion.", "content": "The experiments test the hypothesis that beta-adrenergic receptor is an independent unit that can be transferred from one adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4-6-1-1[ system to another. Turkey erythrocytes in which the catalytic activity of adenylate cyclase had been inactivated by N-ethylmaleimide or by heat contributed the beta-adrenergic receptor. Friend erythroleukemia cells (F cells) that possessed no measurable beta-adrenergic receptor contributed the adenylate cyclase. The erythrocytes in which the enzyme had been inactivated were fused with the F cells by Sendai virus. The cell ghosts of the fused preparation demonstrated adenylate cyclase activity which was strikingly enhanced by isoproterenol. Controls of fusion of F cells with each other or with human erythrocytes failed to show a response to isoproterenol. It was therefore concluded that the beta-adrenergic receptor of the turkey erythrocytes must have become functionally coupled to the adenylate cyclase of the mouse F cells. Activation by isoproterenol was demonstrable within a few minutes after fusion, and inhibitors of protein synthesis had no effect. Thus, coupling must have occurred between the preexisting components. The findings suggest that it may be possible in the future to confer on cells that possess an adenylate cyclase system new hormonal responses by inserting a receptor into their cell membrane. It is proposed that the procedure of massive heterologous cell fusion, as used in the present study, can be used to analyze the function of other cell membrane components.", "contents": "Coupling of catecholamine receptor from one cell with adenylate cyclase from another cell by cell fusion. The experiments test the hypothesis that beta-adrenergic receptor is an independent unit that can be transferred from one adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4-6-1-1[ system to another. Turkey erythrocytes in which the catalytic activity of adenylate cyclase had been inactivated by N-ethylmaleimide or by heat contributed the beta-adrenergic receptor. Friend erythroleukemia cells (F cells) that possessed no measurable beta-adrenergic receptor contributed the adenylate cyclase. The erythrocytes in which the enzyme had been inactivated were fused with the F cells by Sendai virus. The cell ghosts of the fused preparation demonstrated adenylate cyclase activity which was strikingly enhanced by isoproterenol. Controls of fusion of F cells with each other or with human erythrocytes failed to show a response to isoproterenol. It was therefore concluded that the beta-adrenergic receptor of the turkey erythrocytes must have become functionally coupled to the adenylate cyclase of the mouse F cells. Activation by isoproterenol was demonstrable within a few minutes after fusion, and inhibitors of protein synthesis had no effect. Thus, coupling must have occurred between the preexisting components. The findings suggest that it may be possible in the future to confer on cells that possess an adenylate cyclase system new hormonal responses by inserting a receptor into their cell membrane. It is proposed that the procedure of massive heterologous cell fusion, as used in the present study, can be used to analyze the function of other cell membrane components.", "PMID": 1069993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6374", "title": "Synthesis of type II collagen in vitro by embryonic chick neural retina tissue.", "content": "Collagen produced by chick neural retina tissue in vitro has the properties of type II collagen. Isolated neural retina tissue from stage 29-32 chick embryos incorporated [14C]glycine and [3H]proline into collagen consisting of alpha1 chains and a higher molecular weight species. The peptides produced by cyanogen bromide digestion of the collagen are identical to those from authentic type II collagen from cartilage in charge properties, as determined by carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography, and size distribution, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Synthesis of type II collagen in vitro by embryonic chick neural retina tissue. Collagen produced by chick neural retina tissue in vitro has the properties of type II collagen. Isolated neural retina tissue from stage 29-32 chick embryos incorporated [14C]glycine and [3H]proline into collagen consisting of alpha1 chains and a higher molecular weight species. The peptides produced by cyanogen bromide digestion of the collagen are identical to those from authentic type II collagen from cartilage in charge properties, as determined by carboxymethyl-cellulose chromatography, and size distribution, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "PMID": 1069994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6375", "title": "Steady-state kinetic formalism applied to multienzyme complexes, oxidative phosphorylation, and interacting enzymes.", "content": "A kinetic formalism, quite generally valid for free energy transducing, steady-state, macromolecular systems in biology, is applied here to multienzyme complexes, oxidative phosphorylation, and interacting enzymes. Systems of this type, comprising several interacting subunits, each with its own discrete set of states, present no new features in principle. Hence, they may be handled by the earlier kinetic formalism without modification. However, the kinetic diagram can become quite complicated because the state of each subunit (enzyme) must be specified in order to specify any one state of the system (complex) as a whole. Cycles, forces, fluxes, free energy levels, and state probabilities are considered.", "contents": "Steady-state kinetic formalism applied to multienzyme complexes, oxidative phosphorylation, and interacting enzymes. A kinetic formalism, quite generally valid for free energy transducing, steady-state, macromolecular systems in biology, is applied here to multienzyme complexes, oxidative phosphorylation, and interacting enzymes. Systems of this type, comprising several interacting subunits, each with its own discrete set of states, present no new features in principle. Hence, they may be handled by the earlier kinetic formalism without modification. However, the kinetic diagram can become quite complicated because the state of each subunit (enzyme) must be specified in order to specify any one state of the system (complex) as a whole. Cycles, forces, fluxes, free energy levels, and state probabilities are considered.", "PMID": 1069995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6376", "title": "Translation of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA in vitro: a closed and an open coat protein cistron.", "content": "Sucrose gradient centrifugation of heat-denatured RNA of turnip yellow mosaic virus permitted the isolation of five RNA classes with molecular weights ranging from 2.0 to 0.25 X 10(6). The infectivity was shown to be confined to an RNA molecule of molecular weight 2.0 X 10(6). No significant increase in infectivity was obtained by combination of the latter RNA with the RNA classes of smaller size. Translation in vitro of the RNAs of different size classes in a wheat germ cell-free system revealed that the infectious RNA (molecular weight 2.0 X 10(6) does not promote the synthesis of the coat protein of turnip yellow mosaic virus. Efficient production of this coat protein was found exclusively when the smallest RNA class (molecular weight 250,000) was used as a messenger. It is concluded that RNA molecules of turnip yellow mosaic virus of molecular weight 2.0 X 10(6) contain a closed coat protein cistron and that RNA molecules of molecular weight about 2 to 3 X 10(5) with an open coat protein cistron can be isolated from the virions.", "contents": "Translation of turnip yellow mosaic virus RNA in vitro: a closed and an open coat protein cistron. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of heat-denatured RNA of turnip yellow mosaic virus permitted the isolation of five RNA classes with molecular weights ranging from 2.0 to 0.25 X 10(6). The infectivity was shown to be confined to an RNA molecule of molecular weight 2.0 X 10(6). No significant increase in infectivity was obtained by combination of the latter RNA with the RNA classes of smaller size. Translation in vitro of the RNAs of different size classes in a wheat germ cell-free system revealed that the infectious RNA (molecular weight 2.0 X 10(6) does not promote the synthesis of the coat protein of turnip yellow mosaic virus. Efficient production of this coat protein was found exclusively when the smallest RNA class (molecular weight 250,000) was used as a messenger. It is concluded that RNA molecules of turnip yellow mosaic virus of molecular weight 2.0 X 10(6) contain a closed coat protein cistron and that RNA molecules of molecular weight about 2 to 3 X 10(5) with an open coat protein cistron can be isolated from the virions.", "PMID": 1069996}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6377", "title": "Changes in cellular glycoproteins after transformation: identification of specific glycoproteins and antigens in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels.", "content": "The glycoproteins of whole cells have been analyzed by direct application of radio-iodinated lectins to sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, followed by autoradiography. By use of lectins with different carbohydrate specificities, different sets of glycoproteins have been visualized. The most prominent lectin-binding band in many gels is thelarge, external, transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein. Major glycoprotein differences are revealed when normal and virus-transformed cells are compared. Certain differences, however, are also seen when the glycoproteins are compared from two separately derived simian virus 40 transformants of 3T3 cells, suggesting a degree of clonal variation between these lines that may not relate to transformation. A complementary technique is used to detect specific antigens in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels by direct application of iodinated antibodies. An antiserum specific for the LETS protein is used to identify this antigen in the gels of both normal and transformed cells.", "contents": "Changes in cellular glycoproteins after transformation: identification of specific glycoproteins and antigens in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels. The glycoproteins of whole cells have been analyzed by direct application of radio-iodinated lectins to sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, followed by autoradiography. By use of lectins with different carbohydrate specificities, different sets of glycoproteins have been visualized. The most prominent lectin-binding band in many gels is thelarge, external, transformation-sensitive (LETS) protein. Major glycoprotein differences are revealed when normal and virus-transformed cells are compared. Certain differences, however, are also seen when the glycoproteins are compared from two separately derived simian virus 40 transformants of 3T3 cells, suggesting a degree of clonal variation between these lines that may not relate to transformation. A complementary technique is used to detect specific antigens in sodium dodecyl sulfate gels by direct application of iodinated antibodies. An antiserum specific for the LETS protein is used to identify this antigen in the gels of both normal and transformed cells.", "PMID": 1069997}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6378", "title": "Photoaffinity site-specific covalent labeling of human corticosteroid-binding globulin.", "content": "A method was developed for the synthesis of high-specific-activity 21-diazo-21-[6,7-(3)H]deoxycorticosterone, an analog of corticosterone. This analog was used as a photoaffinity label of a high affinity steroid-binding protein, human corticosteroid-binding globulin. Based on direct binding studies and crosscompetition experiments, this diazo derivative exhibited the requisite affinity (within a factor of 1.5 times that of corticosterone) and site specificity to qualify as an affinity labeling legand. Irradiation of corticosteroid-binding globulin with the 21-diazo derivative resulted in irreversible binding to corticosteroid-binding globulin, identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specificity of covalent binding to corticosteroid-binding globulin was established by competition analysis with various steroids. Irreversibility of photodependent binding was shown by persistence of the complex on electrophoresis (in contrast to the noncovalently linked complex), and resistance to exchange with corticosterone or pregnanediol and to solvent extraction. Site specificity of covalent binding was inferred from the effects of a scavenger, Tris-HC1, and fluorescence quenching of a neighboring tryptophan.", "contents": "Photoaffinity site-specific covalent labeling of human corticosteroid-binding globulin. A method was developed for the synthesis of high-specific-activity 21-diazo-21-[6,7-(3)H]deoxycorticosterone, an analog of corticosterone. This analog was used as a photoaffinity label of a high affinity steroid-binding protein, human corticosteroid-binding globulin. Based on direct binding studies and crosscompetition experiments, this diazo derivative exhibited the requisite affinity (within a factor of 1.5 times that of corticosterone) and site specificity to qualify as an affinity labeling legand. Irradiation of corticosteroid-binding globulin with the 21-diazo derivative resulted in irreversible binding to corticosteroid-binding globulin, identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Specificity of covalent binding to corticosteroid-binding globulin was established by competition analysis with various steroids. Irreversibility of photodependent binding was shown by persistence of the complex on electrophoresis (in contrast to the noncovalently linked complex), and resistance to exchange with corticosterone or pregnanediol and to solvent extraction. Site specificity of covalent binding was inferred from the effects of a scavenger, Tris-HC1, and fluorescence quenching of a neighboring tryptophan.", "PMID": 1069998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6379", "title": "Modification of adenylate cyclase activity in LM cells by manipulation of the membrane phospholipid composition in vivo.", "content": "Adenylate cyclase [atp pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing): EC 4.6.4.4] activities were examined in mouse LM cell (fibroblast) membranes that were supplemented with ethanolamine and/or fatty acids. The supplements were incorporated into the plasma membrane phospholipids in significant amounts. Fatty acid supplementations had distinct effects as compared to polar head group supplementations. All lipid supplementations increased basal adenylate cyclase activity relative to control cells grown in choline-containing medium. Double supplementation with ethanolamine and linoleate increased the specific activity of adenylate cyclase up to 4-fold. Activity in the presence of fluoride was unaffected by ethanolamine supplementation, but was increased by fatty acid supplementation. In contrast, prostaglandin E1 stimulation was 4.2-fold in controls and ethanolamine and/or elaidate supplements, 6-fold in choline plus linoleate supplements, and 3.1-fold in ethanolamine plus linoleate supplements. Differences in activity could not be ascribed to changes in membrane protein composition in supplemented cells, and could be abolished by detergent solublization. Fluidity of the supplemented membranes was monitored by fluorescence polarization, and no correlation was observed between membrane viscosity and adenylate cyclase activity or hormone stimulation. These results emphasize the importance of the membrane lipid phase for this enzyme.", "contents": "Modification of adenylate cyclase activity in LM cells by manipulation of the membrane phospholipid composition in vivo. Adenylate cyclase [atp pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing): EC 4.6.4.4] activities were examined in mouse LM cell (fibroblast) membranes that were supplemented with ethanolamine and/or fatty acids. The supplements were incorporated into the plasma membrane phospholipids in significant amounts. Fatty acid supplementations had distinct effects as compared to polar head group supplementations. All lipid supplementations increased basal adenylate cyclase activity relative to control cells grown in choline-containing medium. Double supplementation with ethanolamine and linoleate increased the specific activity of adenylate cyclase up to 4-fold. Activity in the presence of fluoride was unaffected by ethanolamine supplementation, but was increased by fatty acid supplementation. In contrast, prostaglandin E1 stimulation was 4.2-fold in controls and ethanolamine and/or elaidate supplements, 6-fold in choline plus linoleate supplements, and 3.1-fold in ethanolamine plus linoleate supplements. Differences in activity could not be ascribed to changes in membrane protein composition in supplemented cells, and could be abolished by detergent solublization. Fluidity of the supplemented membranes was monitored by fluorescence polarization, and no correlation was observed between membrane viscosity and adenylate cyclase activity or hormone stimulation. These results emphasize the importance of the membrane lipid phase for this enzyme.", "PMID": 1069999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6380", "title": "Rate of quaternary structure change in hemoglobin measured by modulated excitation.", "content": "Using a novel technique of modulated photo-dissociation of carbon monoxide from hemoglobin, we have obtained the rates for conversion between the two quaternary states, R, and T, at 3-fold ligation. Our measurements at pH 7 and 22 degrees give rates of 780 +/- 40 sec-1 for going from R to T, and 2500 +/- 200 sec-1 from T to R. This yields an equilibrium constant of 0.31 +/- 0.04, which is in good agreement with previous estimates. The degree of agreement between this equilibrium constant and that predicted from the allosteric model provides a new, quantitative test of the allosteric description. A sequential model for the change in structure was found incompatible with the data, even if kinetic subunit inequivalence was assumed. The technique described here is quite general and can be used as long as the system under investigation can be repetitively excited in a regime in which it responds linearly to the excitation.", "contents": "Rate of quaternary structure change in hemoglobin measured by modulated excitation. Using a novel technique of modulated photo-dissociation of carbon monoxide from hemoglobin, we have obtained the rates for conversion between the two quaternary states, R, and T, at 3-fold ligation. Our measurements at pH 7 and 22 degrees give rates of 780 +/- 40 sec-1 for going from R to T, and 2500 +/- 200 sec-1 from T to R. This yields an equilibrium constant of 0.31 +/- 0.04, which is in good agreement with previous estimates. The degree of agreement between this equilibrium constant and that predicted from the allosteric model provides a new, quantitative test of the allosteric description. A sequential model for the change in structure was found incompatible with the data, even if kinetic subunit inequivalence was assumed. The technique described here is quite general and can be used as long as the system under investigation can be repetitively excited in a regime in which it responds linearly to the excitation.", "PMID": 1070000}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6381", "title": "Innervation of heart cells in culture by an endogenous source of cholinergic neurons.", "content": "Hearts of embryonic mice 9 days in utero were found to have an endogenous source of cholinergic neurons which can survive in dispersed cell cultures. These neurons are electrically excitable, have ultrastructural characteristics of cholinergic embryonic neurons, and functionally innervate heart cells in culture. The nature of the innervation described is muscarinic cholinergic.", "contents": "Innervation of heart cells in culture by an endogenous source of cholinergic neurons. Hearts of embryonic mice 9 days in utero were found to have an endogenous source of cholinergic neurons which can survive in dispersed cell cultures. These neurons are electrically excitable, have ultrastructural characteristics of cholinergic embryonic neurons, and functionally innervate heart cells in culture. The nature of the innervation described is muscarinic cholinergic.", "PMID": 1070001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6382", "title": "Vertical displacement of membrane proteins mediated by changes in microviscosity.", "content": "Membrane proteins of intact human erythrocytes were labeled with two fluorescent sulfhydryl reagents. The tagged cells were then subjected to simultaneous liposome treatments for either depletion or enrichment of membrane cholesterol content. Cholesterol depletion, which reduces membrane microviscosity, was followed by a series of fluorescence changes all indicating masking of the membrane proteins. Conversely increasing the membrane microviscosity by cholesterol enrichment resulted in an appreciable increase of the protein exposure to the aqueous surrounding. These findings strongly suggest that membrane proteins may be vertically displaced upon changes in lipid fluidity, a mechanism that may play a significant role in modulation of antigens and receptors in vivo.", "contents": "Vertical displacement of membrane proteins mediated by changes in microviscosity. Membrane proteins of intact human erythrocytes were labeled with two fluorescent sulfhydryl reagents. The tagged cells were then subjected to simultaneous liposome treatments for either depletion or enrichment of membrane cholesterol content. Cholesterol depletion, which reduces membrane microviscosity, was followed by a series of fluorescence changes all indicating masking of the membrane proteins. Conversely increasing the membrane microviscosity by cholesterol enrichment resulted in an appreciable increase of the protein exposure to the aqueous surrounding. These findings strongly suggest that membrane proteins may be vertically displaced upon changes in lipid fluidity, a mechanism that may play a significant role in modulation of antigens and receptors in vivo.", "PMID": 1070002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6383", "title": "Expression of human and suppression of mouse nucleolus organizer activity in mouse-human somatic cell hybrids.", "content": "Most mouse-human somatic cell hybrids show preferential loss of human chromosomes, absence of human 28S ribosomal RNA, and suppression of human nucleolus organizer activity, as visualized by the Ag-AS silver histochemical stain. In contrast, the mouse-human hybrids studied here show preferential loss of mouse chromosomes. The hybrids were made by fusion of HT-1080-6TG human fibrosarcoma cells with BALB/c mouse peritoneal macrophages or strain 129 mouse teratocarcinoma cells. The Ag-AS staining method shows nucleolus organizer activity of chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 (rarely), and 22 in the human parent and chromosomes 12, 15, 16 (rarely), and 18 in  the BALB/c mouse parent. In the hybrid cells the human nucleolus organizer regions are active, as shown by Ag-AS staining and involvement in \"satellite association.\" The mouse nucleolus organizer regions are not stained by the Ag-AS method even though mouse chromosomes 12, 15, and 18 are present in the BALB/c hybrids and at least one copy of each mouse chromosome is present in the teratocarcinoma-derived hybrids. Thus, in these mouse-human hybrids, unlike those that lose human chromosomes, only human nucleolus organizer activity is expressed, and mouse nucleolus organizer activity is suppressed.", "contents": "Expression of human and suppression of mouse nucleolus organizer activity in mouse-human somatic cell hybrids. Most mouse-human somatic cell hybrids show preferential loss of human chromosomes, absence of human 28S ribosomal RNA, and suppression of human nucleolus organizer activity, as visualized by the Ag-AS silver histochemical stain. In contrast, the mouse-human hybrids studied here show preferential loss of mouse chromosomes. The hybrids were made by fusion of HT-1080-6TG human fibrosarcoma cells with BALB/c mouse peritoneal macrophages or strain 129 mouse teratocarcinoma cells. The Ag-AS staining method shows nucleolus organizer activity of chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 (rarely), and 22 in the human parent and chromosomes 12, 15, 16 (rarely), and 18 in  the BALB/c mouse parent. In the hybrid cells the human nucleolus organizer regions are active, as shown by Ag-AS staining and involvement in \"satellite association.\" The mouse nucleolus organizer regions are not stained by the Ag-AS method even though mouse chromosomes 12, 15, and 18 are present in the BALB/c hybrids and at least one copy of each mouse chromosome is present in the teratocarcinoma-derived hybrids. Thus, in these mouse-human hybrids, unlike those that lose human chromosomes, only human nucleolus organizer activity is expressed, and mouse nucleolus organizer activity is suppressed.", "PMID": 1070003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6384", "title": "Hormone responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture: effect of insulin.", "content": "The mechanisms of steroid and peptide hormone action in human breast cancer are poorly understood. We have previously characterized a cell line of human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture that possesses various steroid hormone receptors and responses, providing a model for the study of steroid hormone action. The present studies describe a human breast cancer in vitro that responds to physiologie concentrations of insulin with an increased rate of macromolecular synthesis and growth. Thymidine and uridine incorporation in cells in serum-free medium are stimulated by 10(-11) M insulin and are maximal with 10(-8) M. Leucine incorporation is stimulated by 5 X 10(-11) M insulin and is maximal with 10(-9) M. Significant stimulation of uridine and leucine incorporation is evident by 3 hr and maximal by 10 hr. A 10-hr lag period exists for insulin stimulation of thymidine incorporation, which is maximal form 14 to 24 hr. The effect of 10(-8) M insulin on macromolecular synthesis is accompanied by a 69% increase above controls in the number of cells after 24 hr. The effect on macromolecular synthesis is observed in glucose-free medium. Insulin's effect on protein synthesis is not blocked by inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin D. Glucocorticoids partially inhibit the action of insulin in these cells. This system provides a model for studying insulin action, and suggests that some human breast cancer may show growth regulation by insulin.", "contents": "Hormone responsive human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture: effect of insulin. The mechanisms of steroid and peptide hormone action in human breast cancer are poorly understood. We have previously characterized a cell line of human breast cancer in long-term tissue culture that possesses various steroid hormone receptors and responses, providing a model for the study of steroid hormone action. The present studies describe a human breast cancer in vitro that responds to physiologie concentrations of insulin with an increased rate of macromolecular synthesis and growth. Thymidine and uridine incorporation in cells in serum-free medium are stimulated by 10(-11) M insulin and are maximal with 10(-8) M. Leucine incorporation is stimulated by 5 X 10(-11) M insulin and is maximal with 10(-9) M. Significant stimulation of uridine and leucine incorporation is evident by 3 hr and maximal by 10 hr. A 10-hr lag period exists for insulin stimulation of thymidine incorporation, which is maximal form 14 to 24 hr. The effect of 10(-8) M insulin on macromolecular synthesis is accompanied by a 69% increase above controls in the number of cells after 24 hr. The effect on macromolecular synthesis is observed in glucose-free medium. Insulin's effect on protein synthesis is not blocked by inhibition of RNA synthesis with actinomycin D. Glucocorticoids partially inhibit the action of insulin in these cells. This system provides a model for studying insulin action, and suggests that some human breast cancer may show growth regulation by insulin.", "PMID": 1070004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6385", "title": "Cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum: visualization of the site of synthesis and direct measurement of the in vivo process.", "content": "In vivo synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum was monitored by darkfield light microscopy. Cellulose is synthesized in the form of a ribbon projecting from the pole of the bacterial rod. The ribbon elongates at a rate of 2 mum min-1. The ribbon consists of approximately 46 microfibrils which average 1.6 X 5.8 nm in cross section. The observed microfibrillar elongation rate corresponds to 470 amol of glucose/cell per hr assimilated into cellulose. Electron microscopy of the process using negative staining, sectioning, and freeze-etching indicated the presence of approximately 50 individual synthetic sites organized in a row along the longitudinal axis of the bacterial rod and in close association with the outer envelope. The process of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter is compared with that in eukaryotic plant cells.", "contents": "Cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum: visualization of the site of synthesis and direct measurement of the in vivo process. In vivo synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum was monitored by darkfield light microscopy. Cellulose is synthesized in the form of a ribbon projecting from the pole of the bacterial rod. The ribbon elongates at a rate of 2 mum min-1. The ribbon consists of approximately 46 microfibrils which average 1.6 X 5.8 nm in cross section. The observed microfibrillar elongation rate corresponds to 470 amol of glucose/cell per hr assimilated into cellulose. Electron microscopy of the process using negative staining, sectioning, and freeze-etching indicated the presence of approximately 50 individual synthetic sites organized in a row along the longitudinal axis of the bacterial rod and in close association with the outer envelope. The process of cellulose synthesis in Acetobacter is compared with that in eukaryotic plant cells.", "PMID": 1070005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6386", "title": "Structure and transformation of chitin synthetase particles (chitosomes) during microfibril synthesis in vitro.", "content": "The fine structure of isolated chitin synthetase (UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:chitin 4-beta-acetamido-deoxyglucosyltransferase; EC 2-4-1-16) particles (chitosomes) from Mucor rouxii and the elaboration of chitin microfibrils were studied by electron microscopy. Chitosomes are spheroidal, but often polymorphic, structures, mostly 40-70 nm in diameter. Their appearance after negative staining varies. Some reveal internal granular structure enclosed by a shell measuring 6-12 nm thick; others do not show internal structure but have a pronounced depression of the external surface. In thin sections, isolated chitosomes appear as microvesicular structures with a tripartite shell 6.5-7.0 nm thick. Morphologically similar structures can be seen in intact cells of M. rouxii. Isolated chitosomes undergo a seemingly irreversible series of transformations when substrate and activators are added. The internal structure changes, and a coiled microfibril (fibroid) appears inside the chitosome. The shell of the chitosome is opened or shed, and an extended microfibril arises from the fibroid particle. During prolonged incubation, the fibroid coils become less common and extended microfibrils appear thicker. We regard the chitosome as the cytoplasmic container and conveyor of chitin synthetase en route to its destination at the cell surface. Isolated chitosomes are well suited for integrated ultrastructural-biochemical studies of microfibril biogenesis in vitro.", "contents": "Structure and transformation of chitin synthetase particles (chitosomes) during microfibril synthesis in vitro. The fine structure of isolated chitin synthetase (UDP-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose:chitin 4-beta-acetamido-deoxyglucosyltransferase; EC 2-4-1-16) particles (chitosomes) from Mucor rouxii and the elaboration of chitin microfibrils were studied by electron microscopy. Chitosomes are spheroidal, but often polymorphic, structures, mostly 40-70 nm in diameter. Their appearance after negative staining varies. Some reveal internal granular structure enclosed by a shell measuring 6-12 nm thick; others do not show internal structure but have a pronounced depression of the external surface. In thin sections, isolated chitosomes appear as microvesicular structures with a tripartite shell 6.5-7.0 nm thick. Morphologically similar structures can be seen in intact cells of M. rouxii. Isolated chitosomes undergo a seemingly irreversible series of transformations when substrate and activators are added. The internal structure changes, and a coiled microfibril (fibroid) appears inside the chitosome. The shell of the chitosome is opened or shed, and an extended microfibril arises from the fibroid particle. During prolonged incubation, the fibroid coils become less common and extended microfibrils appear thicker. We regard the chitosome as the cytoplasmic container and conveyor of chitin synthetase en route to its destination at the cell surface. Isolated chitosomes are well suited for integrated ultrastructural-biochemical studies of microfibril biogenesis in vitro.", "PMID": 1070006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6387", "title": "Concanavalin-A-induced transmembrane linkage of concanavalin A surface receptors to intracellular myosin-containing filaments.", "content": "With normal rat kidney cells in monolayer culture, we have studied the distribution on the cell surface of receptors for concanavalin A, and the distribution of the smooth muscle myosin-like protein inside the same cell, using specific fluorescence microscopic methods. The concanavalin A receptors were initially uniformly dispersed over the cell surface, but 20 min after the addition of concanavalin A at 37 degrees, the receptors showed a variety of nonuniform surface distributions, including extended parallel linear arrays. These arrays of receptors were found to be superimposed on the linear arrays of the intracellular myosin-containing filaments, indicating that a transmembrane linkage of the receptors and the filaments had occurred. This linkage required a lateral redistribution of concanavalin A receptors, since it did not occur with succinylated concanavalin A, but was subsequently induced if the cells that had been reacted with succinylated concanavalin A were then treated with antibodies to concanavalin A. The redistributions of concanavalin A receptors on the surfaces of these normal rat kidney cells, however, were much less extensive than the patching that was induced on the surfaces of the same cells infected with, and transformed by, Rous sarcoma virus.", "contents": "Concanavalin-A-induced transmembrane linkage of concanavalin A surface receptors to intracellular myosin-containing filaments. With normal rat kidney cells in monolayer culture, we have studied the distribution on the cell surface of receptors for concanavalin A, and the distribution of the smooth muscle myosin-like protein inside the same cell, using specific fluorescence microscopic methods. The concanavalin A receptors were initially uniformly dispersed over the cell surface, but 20 min after the addition of concanavalin A at 37 degrees, the receptors showed a variety of nonuniform surface distributions, including extended parallel linear arrays. These arrays of receptors were found to be superimposed on the linear arrays of the intracellular myosin-containing filaments, indicating that a transmembrane linkage of the receptors and the filaments had occurred. This linkage required a lateral redistribution of concanavalin A receptors, since it did not occur with succinylated concanavalin A, but was subsequently induced if the cells that had been reacted with succinylated concanavalin A were then treated with antibodies to concanavalin A. The redistributions of concanavalin A receptors on the surfaces of these normal rat kidney cells, however, were much less extensive than the patching that was induced on the surfaces of the same cells infected with, and transformed by, Rous sarcoma virus.", "PMID": 1070007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6388", "title": "Possible role of nucleus-membrane interaction in capping of surface membrane receptors.", "content": "Interaction of multivalent ligands and cell surface receptors can induce redistribution of these receptors to form patches and caps. In this study, we have investigated the role of nucleus-membrane interaction in the capping of membrane components. Mouse L cells and leukemia EL4 cells were enucleated with the aid of cytochalasin B, yielding cytoplasts and karyoplasts. Capping of surface receptors was induced by allo- and hetero-immune sera followed by fluorescein-conjugated antiglobulin serum, or by the plant lectin concanavalin A. Capping could easily be induced in intact cells, but virtually no capping was detected in the nucleus-free cytoplasts. Interestingly, karyoplasts, which posses cell-membrane components but very little cytoplasm, could be easily induced to cap their surface antigens. Hence, cap formation of membrane components seems not to be an autonomous membrane process. The data suggest that interaction of surface membranes and inner cell components associated with the nucleus is involved in the movement of surface membrane receptors.", "contents": "Possible role of nucleus-membrane interaction in capping of surface membrane receptors. Interaction of multivalent ligands and cell surface receptors can induce redistribution of these receptors to form patches and caps. In this study, we have investigated the role of nucleus-membrane interaction in the capping of membrane components. Mouse L cells and leukemia EL4 cells were enucleated with the aid of cytochalasin B, yielding cytoplasts and karyoplasts. Capping of surface receptors was induced by allo- and hetero-immune sera followed by fluorescein-conjugated antiglobulin serum, or by the plant lectin concanavalin A. Capping could easily be induced in intact cells, but virtually no capping was detected in the nucleus-free cytoplasts. Interestingly, karyoplasts, which posses cell-membrane components but very little cytoplasm, could be easily induced to cap their surface antigens. Hence, cap formation of membrane components seems not to be an autonomous membrane process. The data suggest that interaction of surface membranes and inner cell components associated with the nucleus is involved in the movement of surface membrane receptors.", "PMID": 1070008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6389", "title": "Studies of human myasthenia gravis: electrophysiological and ultrastructural evidence compatible with antibody attachment to acetylcholine receptor complex.", "content": "Neuromuscular junctions from patients with early onset and chronic myasthenia gravis were examined by electrophysiological and ultrastructural techniques. Acetylcholine (AcCh) sensitivities were reduced by 34-63% in early onset myasthenia and 60-80% in chronic myasthenia. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that virtually all junctional folds of the early onset patients were intact but that the AcCh-receptor-rich crests of these folds were uniformly covered by an attached layer of 30 X 70 A particles arranged in small tufts or rosettes. In chronic myasthenic endplates, however, junctional fold crests were destroyed, apparently being replaced by vesicular membrane debris similarly labeled by tufts of 30 X 70 A particles. Thus, the initial reduction in junctional AcCh sensitivity observed in early onset myasthenia gravis may be attributed at least in part to in situ masking or inactivation of AcCh receptors, whereas the marked decrease in AcCh sensitivity observed in the chronic myasthenic patient may represent a combination of two factors: (a) in situ masking of AcCh receptors and (b) destruction of the receptor-containing crests of the junctional folds. These observations are compatible with an autoimmune etiology of myasthenia gravis initially involving an apparent antibody attachment to one or more components of the functional AcCh receptor complex, followed by systematic destruction and removal of junctional folds by both humoral and cell-mediated autoimmune responses.", "contents": "Studies of human myasthenia gravis: electrophysiological and ultrastructural evidence compatible with antibody attachment to acetylcholine receptor complex. Neuromuscular junctions from patients with early onset and chronic myasthenia gravis were examined by electrophysiological and ultrastructural techniques. Acetylcholine (AcCh) sensitivities were reduced by 34-63% in early onset myasthenia and 60-80% in chronic myasthenia. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that virtually all junctional folds of the early onset patients were intact but that the AcCh-receptor-rich crests of these folds were uniformly covered by an attached layer of 30 X 70 A particles arranged in small tufts or rosettes. In chronic myasthenic endplates, however, junctional fold crests were destroyed, apparently being replaced by vesicular membrane debris similarly labeled by tufts of 30 X 70 A particles. Thus, the initial reduction in junctional AcCh sensitivity observed in early onset myasthenia gravis may be attributed at least in part to in situ masking or inactivation of AcCh receptors, whereas the marked decrease in AcCh sensitivity observed in the chronic myasthenic patient may represent a combination of two factors: (a) in situ masking of AcCh receptors and (b) destruction of the receptor-containing crests of the junctional folds. These observations are compatible with an autoimmune etiology of myasthenia gravis initially involving an apparent antibody attachment to one or more components of the functional AcCh receptor complex, followed by systematic destruction and removal of junctional folds by both humoral and cell-mediated autoimmune responses.", "PMID": 1070009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6390", "title": "Lateral motion of fluorescently labeled acetylcholine receptors in membranes of developing muscle fibers.", "content": "We have made direct, quantitative measurements of the lateral motion and age-dependent distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) on the surface of rat myotubes in primary culture. AChR were fluorescently marked with tetramethylrhodamine-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin and AChR lateral motion was measured by the fluoresence photobleaching recovery technique. We found two coexisting distinct classes of AChR: (i) mobile, uniformly distributed AChR that appear on all myotubes shortly after fusion from myoblasts; and (ii) immobile, dense, highly granular AChR in patches of 10-60 mum size that appear shortly after fusion and disappear after myotubes have become extensively interconnected. In addition, evidence of turnover of AChR labeled with tetramethylrhodamine-alpha-bungarotoxin is seen in the gradual internalization of surface fluorescence within 36 hr after labeling. The relevance of these results to an understanding of the membrane dynamics and localization of muscle AChR is discussed.", "contents": "Lateral motion of fluorescently labeled acetylcholine receptors in membranes of developing muscle fibers. We have made direct, quantitative measurements of the lateral motion and age-dependent distribution of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) on the surface of rat myotubes in primary culture. AChR were fluorescently marked with tetramethylrhodamine-labeled alpha-bungarotoxin and AChR lateral motion was measured by the fluoresence photobleaching recovery technique. We found two coexisting distinct classes of AChR: (i) mobile, uniformly distributed AChR that appear on all myotubes shortly after fusion from myoblasts; and (ii) immobile, dense, highly granular AChR in patches of 10-60 mum size that appear shortly after fusion and disappear after myotubes have become extensively interconnected. In addition, evidence of turnover of AChR labeled with tetramethylrhodamine-alpha-bungarotoxin is seen in the gradual internalization of surface fluorescence within 36 hr after labeling. The relevance of these results to an understanding of the membrane dynamics and localization of muscle AChR is discussed.", "PMID": 1070010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6391", "title": "Snythesis of polypeptides with the properties of myosin light chains direct by RNA extracted from muscle cultures.", "content": "Polyadenylylated RNA, extracted from differentiating primary cultures of rat muscle and the myogenic cell line L8, directs the synthesis of polypeptides in the wheat germ cell-free system which comigrate with myosin light chains under several electrophoretic conditions. The peptides also associate specifically with heavy myosin subunits during dissociation-reassociation treatment. Intact cells of primary skeletal muscle cultrues and of the myogenic line synthesize predominantly two ligh chains. RNA extracted from primary muscle cultures directs the synthesis of a third polypeptide in the cell-free system, similar to the third light chain found in myosin extracted from adult rat thigh muscle. Products of cell-free systems directly by RNA extracted from fibroblasts, reticulocytes, and myeloma cells did not contain detectable amounts of similar polypeptides.", "contents": "Snythesis of polypeptides with the properties of myosin light chains direct by RNA extracted from muscle cultures. Polyadenylylated RNA, extracted from differentiating primary cultures of rat muscle and the myogenic cell line L8, directs the synthesis of polypeptides in the wheat germ cell-free system which comigrate with myosin light chains under several electrophoretic conditions. The peptides also associate specifically with heavy myosin subunits during dissociation-reassociation treatment. Intact cells of primary skeletal muscle cultrues and of the myogenic line synthesize predominantly two ligh chains. RNA extracted from primary muscle cultures directs the synthesis of a third polypeptide in the cell-free system, similar to the third light chain found in myosin extracted from adult rat thigh muscle. Products of cell-free systems directly by RNA extracted from fibroblasts, reticulocytes, and myeloma cells did not contain detectable amounts of similar polypeptides.", "PMID": 1070011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6392", "title": "Group selections among laboratory populations of Tribolium.", "content": "Selection at the population level or group selection is defined as genetic change that is brought about or maintained by the differential extinction and/or proliferation of populations. Group selection for both increased and decreased adult population size was carried out among laboratory populations of Tribolium castaneum at 37-day intervals. The effect of individual selection within populations on adult population size was evaluated in an additional control series of populations. The response in the group selection treatments occurred rapidly, within three or four generations, and was large in magnitude, at times differing from the controls by over 200%. This response to selection at the populational level occurred despite strong individual selection which caused a decline in the mean size of the control populations from over 200 adults to near 50 adults in nine 37-day intervals. \"Assay\" experiments indicated that selective changes in fecundity, developmental time, body weight, and cannibalism rates were responsible in part for the observed treatment differences in adult population size. These findings have implications in terms of speciation in organisms whose range is composed of many partially isolated local populations.", "contents": "Group selections among laboratory populations of Tribolium. Selection at the population level or group selection is defined as genetic change that is brought about or maintained by the differential extinction and/or proliferation of populations. Group selection for both increased and decreased adult population size was carried out among laboratory populations of Tribolium castaneum at 37-day intervals. The effect of individual selection within populations on adult population size was evaluated in an additional control series of populations. The response in the group selection treatments occurred rapidly, within three or four generations, and was large in magnitude, at times differing from the controls by over 200%. This response to selection at the populational level occurred despite strong individual selection which caused a decline in the mean size of the control populations from over 200 adults to near 50 adults in nine 37-day intervals. \"Assay\" experiments indicated that selective changes in fecundity, developmental time, body weight, and cannibalism rates were responsible in part for the observed treatment differences in adult population size. These findings have implications in terms of speciation in organisms whose range is composed of many partially isolated local populations.", "PMID": 1070012}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6393", "title": "Single burst study of rec- and red-mediated recombination in bacteriophage lambda.", "content": "Single bursts from three-point crosses of bacteriophage lambda were analyzed for recombination of markers several thousand nucleotide pairs apart. Single recombination, mediated by the rec system of Escherichia coli, is usually reciprocal. Double recombinants are also significantly correlated in single bursts, although the correlation is weaker than for reciprocal singles. Reciprocity is not found in crosses mediated by the lambda red system. With respect to certain other paraments of recombination, the two systems appear to be alike. Double recombinants usually result from one event, not from two independent single recombinations, and their average clone size is about half that of single recombinants. The results are discussed in terms of current molecular models of recombination.", "contents": "Single burst study of rec- and red-mediated recombination in bacteriophage lambda. Single bursts from three-point crosses of bacteriophage lambda were analyzed for recombination of markers several thousand nucleotide pairs apart. Single recombination, mediated by the rec system of Escherichia coli, is usually reciprocal. Double recombinants are also significantly correlated in single bursts, although the correlation is weaker than for reciprocal singles. Reciprocity is not found in crosses mediated by the lambda red system. With respect to certain other paraments of recombination, the two systems appear to be alike. Double recombinants usually result from one event, not from two independent single recombinations, and their average clone size is about half that of single recombinants. The results are discussed in terms of current molecular models of recombination.", "PMID": 1070013}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6394", "title": "Assignment of a locus required for flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase expression to human chromosome 2.", "content": "Hybrid clones segregating human chromosomes were prepared by fusing mouse RAG cells to fresh human bone marrow cells and tested for the mixed-function oxygenase [flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase; RH, reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating); EC 1.14.14.1] arylhydrocarbon hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Neither constitutive nor induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was detected in parental RAG cells. Induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was expressed in 4 out of 12 primary and 12 out of 19 secondary hybrid clones examined. Constitutive hydroxylase activity was detectable in 9 of the 15 inducible clones. All of the hybrid clones that exhibited constitutive hydroxylase activity were also inducible. There was a positive correlation between constitutive and induced hydroxylase activities although the absolute levels of the enzyme showed a wide range between different clones. Isozyme analysis performed on 12 primary and 19 secondary hybrid clones showed that aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was concordant with the expression of the human isozymes malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42), previously assigned to human chromosome 2. Isozyme markers for 19 other human chromosomes segregated independently from aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. The results suggest that the gene(s) required for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity are located on human chromosome 2.", "contents": "Assignment of a locus required for flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase expression to human chromosome 2. Hybrid clones segregating human chromosomes were prepared by fusing mouse RAG cells to fresh human bone marrow cells and tested for the mixed-function oxygenase [flavoprotein-linked monooxygenase; RH, reduced-flavoprotein:oxygen oxidoreductase (RH-hydroxylating); EC 1.14.14.1] arylhydrocarbon hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Neither constitutive nor induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was detected in parental RAG cells. Induced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase was expressed in 4 out of 12 primary and 12 out of 19 secondary hybrid clones examined. Constitutive hydroxylase activity was detectable in 9 of the 15 inducible clones. All of the hybrid clones that exhibited constitutive hydroxylase activity were also inducible. There was a positive correlation between constitutive and induced hydroxylase activities although the absolute levels of the enzyme showed a wide range between different clones. Isozyme analysis performed on 12 primary and 19 secondary hybrid clones showed that aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity was concordant with the expression of the human isozymes malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42), previously assigned to human chromosome 2. Isozyme markers for 19 other human chromosomes segregated independently from aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity. The results suggest that the gene(s) required for aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity are located on human chromosome 2.", "PMID": 1070014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6395", "title": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine: prevention by forms of coenzyme Q of the inhibition by adriamycin of coenzyme Q10-enzymes in mitochondria of the myocardium.", "content": "Adriamycin inhibits the succinoxidase system and the NADH-oxidase system. Both of the intact mitocondrial enzymes and the pentane-extracted preparations are inhibited. The inhibition can be prevented by a molar ratio of coenzyme to adriamycin of 3:1 for coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), 5:1 for coenzyme Q7, and 5:1 for coenzyme Q4. Prevention of inhibition was observed in the decreasing order of coenzyme Q10 greater than coenzyme Q7 greater than H6 coenzyme Q4 greater than coenzyme Q4. Adriamycinone was three times more inhibitory than adriamycin, which is compatible with a less polar fragment necessary to inhibit the lipoidal coenzyme Q10. Daunomycinone was not inhibitory at a concentration at which adriamycinone is effective, indicating that the hydroxyl group of the latter could be binding at the receptor, since it should not influence electron transfer or rings B and C.", "contents": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine: prevention by forms of coenzyme Q of the inhibition by adriamycin of coenzyme Q10-enzymes in mitochondria of the myocardium. Adriamycin inhibits the succinoxidase system and the NADH-oxidase system. Both of the intact mitocondrial enzymes and the pentane-extracted preparations are inhibited. The inhibition can be prevented by a molar ratio of coenzyme to adriamycin of 3:1 for coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone), 5:1 for coenzyme Q7, and 5:1 for coenzyme Q4. Prevention of inhibition was observed in the decreasing order of coenzyme Q10 greater than coenzyme Q7 greater than H6 coenzyme Q4 greater than coenzyme Q4. Adriamycinone was three times more inhibitory than adriamycin, which is compatible with a less polar fragment necessary to inhibit the lipoidal coenzyme Q10. Daunomycinone was not inhibitory at a concentration at which adriamycinone is effective, indicating that the hydroxyl group of the latter could be binding at the receptor, since it should not influence electron transfer or rings B and C.", "PMID": 1070015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6396", "title": "Do highly oncogenic group A human adenoviruses cause human cancer? Analysis of human tumors for adenovirus 12 transforming DNA sequences.", "content": "Adenovirus 12 (Ad12) (Huie) (highly oncogenic group A) readily induces tumors in newborn rodents. Since Ad12 is isolated from human fecal samples, we investigated whether it plays a role in the etiology of human gastrointestinal cancer. If Ad12 is a causal agent of human cancer, then human tumors should contain Ad12 transforming genes, as indicated by studies of cells transformed in vitro and in vivo by oncogenic viruses. Ad12 DNA and the Ad12 transforming restriction fragment (EcoRI-C fragment, left 16% of the viral genome) were labeled in vitro to 10(7) to 4 X 10(8) cpm/mug by the nick translation reaction of DNA polymerase of Escherichia coli. The fidelity and sensitivity of these probes were established by (i) analysis of DNA from Ad12-transformed cells and from hamsters with tumors induced by Ad12, (ii) reconstruction experiments with added Ad12 DNA and EcoRI restriction fragments, and (iii) comparison of annealing characteristics with Ad12 probes labeled in vivo. With Ad12 [3H]DNA as probe, no viral DNA sequences were detected in 18 normal gastrointestinal tissues and 34 gastrointestinal tumors, including cancers of the colon, rectum, small intestine, and stomach, under conditions that would detect 0.1 copy of the Ad12 genome per tumor cell. Similar analyses of Ad12-transformed hamster cells and Ad12 primary hamster tumors indicated 6-18 copies per cell of over 90% of the viral genome. With the Ad12 EcoRI-C transforming fragment as probe, no hybridization was detected with 32 human gastrointestinal tumors and five normal tissues; this result excludes 1-2% of the Ad12 genome per tumor cell. Our date are strong evidence that Ad12 is not a major cause of human gastrointestinal cancer. The Ad12 transforming EcoRI-C fragment hybridized (50-68% efficiency) with other Ad12 isolates and with Ad18 and 31 (members of oncogenic group A), but not at all with 28 other human Ad serotypes (manuscript in preparation). Thus other group A members probably are also not involved in human gastrointestinal cancer. No viral DNA sequences were detected in 12 normal lungs and 22 lung tumors, suggesting that respiratory cancer does not involve an Ad12 etiology.", "contents": "Do highly oncogenic group A human adenoviruses cause human cancer? Analysis of human tumors for adenovirus 12 transforming DNA sequences. Adenovirus 12 (Ad12) (Huie) (highly oncogenic group A) readily induces tumors in newborn rodents. Since Ad12 is isolated from human fecal samples, we investigated whether it plays a role in the etiology of human gastrointestinal cancer. If Ad12 is a causal agent of human cancer, then human tumors should contain Ad12 transforming genes, as indicated by studies of cells transformed in vitro and in vivo by oncogenic viruses. Ad12 DNA and the Ad12 transforming restriction fragment (EcoRI-C fragment, left 16% of the viral genome) were labeled in vitro to 10(7) to 4 X 10(8) cpm/mug by the nick translation reaction of DNA polymerase of Escherichia coli. The fidelity and sensitivity of these probes were established by (i) analysis of DNA from Ad12-transformed cells and from hamsters with tumors induced by Ad12, (ii) reconstruction experiments with added Ad12 DNA and EcoRI restriction fragments, and (iii) comparison of annealing characteristics with Ad12 probes labeled in vivo. With Ad12 [3H]DNA as probe, no viral DNA sequences were detected in 18 normal gastrointestinal tissues and 34 gastrointestinal tumors, including cancers of the colon, rectum, small intestine, and stomach, under conditions that would detect 0.1 copy of the Ad12 genome per tumor cell. Similar analyses of Ad12-transformed hamster cells and Ad12 primary hamster tumors indicated 6-18 copies per cell of over 90% of the viral genome. With the Ad12 EcoRI-C transforming fragment as probe, no hybridization was detected with 32 human gastrointestinal tumors and five normal tissues; this result excludes 1-2% of the Ad12 genome per tumor cell. Our date are strong evidence that Ad12 is not a major cause of human gastrointestinal cancer. The Ad12 transforming EcoRI-C fragment hybridized (50-68% efficiency) with other Ad12 isolates and with Ad18 and 31 (members of oncogenic group A), but not at all with 28 other human Ad serotypes (manuscript in preparation). Thus other group A members probably are also not involved in human gastrointestinal cancer. No viral DNA sequences were detected in 12 normal lungs and 22 lung tumors, suggesting that respiratory cancer does not involve an Ad12 etiology.", "PMID": 1070016}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6397", "title": "Enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher's disease: a rapid, high-yield method for purification of glucocerebrosidase.", "content": "Gaucher's disease is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (glucosylceramidase; D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.45); this disorder has been a leading candidate for enzyme replacement trials. A rapid, high-yield method for purification of glucocerebrosidase has been developed. Detergent extraction of human placenta was followed by salt fractionation, concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, organic solvent precipitation, and affinity chromatography on phosphatidylserine-agarose; the total yield is 60% with 6000-fold purification. Purified glucocerebrosidase has been administered intravenously to a volunteer Gaucher's patient on two separate occasions. For the first injection, the enzyme was entrapped in resealed erythrocytes; for the second injection, the enzyme was given without any carrier. The enzyme infusions caused no untoward effects.", "contents": "Enzyme replacement therapy in Gaucher's disease: a rapid, high-yield method for purification of glucocerebrosidase. Gaucher's disease is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (glucosylceramidase; D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.45); this disorder has been a leading candidate for enzyme replacement trials. A rapid, high-yield method for purification of glucocerebrosidase has been developed. Detergent extraction of human placenta was followed by salt fractionation, concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, organic solvent precipitation, and affinity chromatography on phosphatidylserine-agarose; the total yield is 60% with 6000-fold purification. Purified glucocerebrosidase has been administered intravenously to a volunteer Gaucher's patient on two separate occasions. For the first injection, the enzyme was entrapped in resealed erythrocytes; for the second injection, the enzyme was given without any carrier. The enzyme infusions caused no untoward effects.", "PMID": 1070017}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6398", "title": "Opiate and stimulus-produced analgesia: functional anatomy of a medullospinal pathway.", "content": "Neurons in ventromedial medulla, including the nucleus raphe magnus, project to trigeminal nucleus caudalis and, via the dorsolateral funiculus, to spinal dorsal horn. The terminals of this descending system are in loci containing cells responsive to noxious stimuli. Electrical stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus selectively inhibits spinal dorsal horn neurons that respond to noxious stimuli. These neurons are located near the anatomically demonstrated terminals of this descending system. Dorsolateral funiculus lesions block this descending inhibition of spinal neurons as well as the analgesic action of morphine. This evidence supports the hypothesis that this neuron population mediates the analgesia produced by opiates and electrical stimulation of certain diencephalic and brainstem sites.", "contents": "Opiate and stimulus-produced analgesia: functional anatomy of a medullospinal pathway. Neurons in ventromedial medulla, including the nucleus raphe magnus, project to trigeminal nucleus caudalis and, via the dorsolateral funiculus, to spinal dorsal horn. The terminals of this descending system are in loci containing cells responsive to noxious stimuli. Electrical stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus selectively inhibits spinal dorsal horn neurons that respond to noxious stimuli. These neurons are located near the anatomically demonstrated terminals of this descending system. Dorsolateral funiculus lesions block this descending inhibition of spinal neurons as well as the analgesic action of morphine. This evidence supports the hypothesis that this neuron population mediates the analgesia produced by opiates and electrical stimulation of certain diencephalic and brainstem sites.", "PMID": 1070018}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6399", "title": "Force-velocity characteristics for calcium-activated mammalian slow-twitch and fast-twitch skeletal fibers from the guinea pig.", "content": "Twitch fiber bundles from a slow (soleus) and a fast (extensor digitorum longus) mammalian muscle after mild chemical treatment were activated with calcium and relaxed in calcium-free solution. Like the electrically activated whole muscles, the force-velocity relationship was such that, at each relative load, the steady speed of shortening for the fast fibers was about two times greater than that for the slow twitch fibers. The duration of pre-steady motion in the two types of fibers was the same. The data provide direct evidence that the difference in the shortening characteristics of the two types of fibers is due to differences in their cross-bridge properties.", "contents": "Force-velocity characteristics for calcium-activated mammalian slow-twitch and fast-twitch skeletal fibers from the guinea pig. Twitch fiber bundles from a slow (soleus) and a fast (extensor digitorum longus) mammalian muscle after mild chemical treatment were activated with calcium and relaxed in calcium-free solution. Like the electrically activated whole muscles, the force-velocity relationship was such that, at each relative load, the steady speed of shortening for the fast fibers was about two times greater than that for the slow twitch fibers. The duration of pre-steady motion in the two types of fibers was the same. The data provide direct evidence that the difference in the shortening characteristics of the two types of fibers is due to differences in their cross-bridge properties.", "PMID": 1070019}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6400", "title": "Direct determination of surface tension in the lung.", "content": "We have used the spreading behavior of small drops of several fluorocarbon fluids and silicone oil on air-liquid interfaces to measure the surface tension of lungs in situ. The test fluids were calibrated in a surface balance at 37 degrees on monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. At particular surface tensions characteristic of each fluid used, an increase in the tension of 1 mN/m or less caused the droplets to spread reversibly from a sphere to a lens shape. Using micropipettes we placed such droplets on the alveolar surfaces of excised rat lungs held at functional residual capacity and 37 degrees and found that the surface tension remained below 9 mN/m for at least 30 min. The surface tension-volume relationship was linear for tensions ranging from 9 to 20 mN/m.", "contents": "Direct determination of surface tension in the lung. We have used the spreading behavior of small drops of several fluorocarbon fluids and silicone oil on air-liquid interfaces to measure the surface tension of lungs in situ. The test fluids were calibrated in a surface balance at 37 degrees on monolayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. At particular surface tensions characteristic of each fluid used, an increase in the tension of 1 mN/m or less caused the droplets to spread reversibly from a sphere to a lens shape. Using micropipettes we placed such droplets on the alveolar surfaces of excised rat lungs held at functional residual capacity and 37 degrees and found that the surface tension remained below 9 mN/m for at least 30 min. The surface tension-volume relationship was linear for tensions ranging from 9 to 20 mN/m.", "PMID": 1070020}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6401", "title": "Effects of deuterium oxide on mechano-sensory receptor.", "content": "In the crayfish stretch receptor organ, a total substitution of D2O for H2O in the bathing solution produced a decrease in the amplitude of the receptor potential to a level of 34% of the control. The electrical resistance of the receptor neuron was slightly increased by the D2O substitution. The input capacitance of the neuron was unchanged. The viscoelastic properties of the receptor muscle were not altered by D2O. Thus, we conclude that D2O has an inhibitory effect on the transduction process which links the deformation of the dendrites with the permeability increase that is responsible for the receptor potential.", "contents": "Effects of deuterium oxide on mechano-sensory receptor. In the crayfish stretch receptor organ, a total substitution of D2O for H2O in the bathing solution produced a decrease in the amplitude of the receptor potential to a level of 34% of the control. The electrical resistance of the receptor neuron was slightly increased by the D2O substitution. The input capacitance of the neuron was unchanged. The viscoelastic properties of the receptor muscle were not altered by D2O. Thus, we conclude that D2O has an inhibitory effect on the transduction process which links the deformation of the dendrites with the permeability increase that is responsible for the receptor potential.", "PMID": 1070021}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6402", "title": "Diabetogenic peptide from human growth hormone: partial purification from peptic digest and long-term action in ob/ob mice.", "content": "Studies in female ob/ob mice demonstrated diabetogenic properties of human growth hormone (somatotropin) and of a fragment generated therefrom by controlled digestion with pepsin; both the fragment and parent growth hormone produce long-term effects on carbohydrate metabolism; in acute glucose tolerance tests, only the fragment is active. Two nonacidic diabetogenic fractions have been separated from inactive fractions by chromatography on Bio-Gel P-6 followed by ion exchange chromatography at pH 4.3 and gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-2 and/or Sephadex G25; these active fractions exhibited multiple NH2-terminal (Lys, Phe, Leu, and Tyr). Fraction CD has these characteristics: (i) It induces glucose intolerance in fasting female ob/ob mice when injected subcutaneously in a divided dose, 15 min before and concurrently with glucose; mice injected with sufficient peptide exhibit elevated fasting glucose levels as long as 7 months after a single glucose tolerance test. (ii) It is a peptide smaller than that reported to stimulate body growth, but larger than somatostatin. This peptide, as reported earlier, does not crossreact with antiserum to human growth hormone in radioimmunoassay.", "contents": "Diabetogenic peptide from human growth hormone: partial purification from peptic digest and long-term action in ob/ob mice. Studies in female ob/ob mice demonstrated diabetogenic properties of human growth hormone (somatotropin) and of a fragment generated therefrom by controlled digestion with pepsin; both the fragment and parent growth hormone produce long-term effects on carbohydrate metabolism; in acute glucose tolerance tests, only the fragment is active. Two nonacidic diabetogenic fractions have been separated from inactive fractions by chromatography on Bio-Gel P-6 followed by ion exchange chromatography at pH 4.3 and gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-2 and/or Sephadex G25; these active fractions exhibited multiple NH2-terminal (Lys, Phe, Leu, and Tyr). Fraction CD has these characteristics: (i) It induces glucose intolerance in fasting female ob/ob mice when injected subcutaneously in a divided dose, 15 min before and concurrently with glucose; mice injected with sufficient peptide exhibit elevated fasting glucose levels as long as 7 months after a single glucose tolerance test. (ii) It is a peptide smaller than that reported to stimulate body growth, but larger than somatostatin. This peptide, as reported earlier, does not crossreact with antiserum to human growth hormone in radioimmunoassay.", "PMID": 1070022}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6403", "title": "Urinary dimethyltryptamine and psychiatric symptomatology and classification.", "content": "The excretion of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was studied amongst 122 recently admitted psychiatric patients and 20 normal subjects. DMT was detected in the urine of 47% of those diagnosed by their psychiatrists as schizophrenic, 38% of those with other non-affective psychoses, 13% of those with affective psychoses, 19% of those with neurotic and personality disorders and 5% of normal subjects. Ninety-nine patients were interviewed in a semi-standardized fashion, and also categorized according to a variety of operational definitions of the psychoses. The operational definitions failed to reveal any group significantly more correlated with urinary DMT than a hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia, but a discriminant function analysis of symptomatology could be used to define a group of 21 patients of whom 15 (71%) excreted detectable DMT. There was a general relationship between psychotic symptoms and urinary DMT, but specifically schizophrenic symptoms did not appear to be major determinants of DMT excretion.", "contents": "Urinary dimethyltryptamine and psychiatric symptomatology and classification. The excretion of dimethyltryptamine (DMT) was studied amongst 122 recently admitted psychiatric patients and 20 normal subjects. DMT was detected in the urine of 47% of those diagnosed by their psychiatrists as schizophrenic, 38% of those with other non-affective psychoses, 13% of those with affective psychoses, 19% of those with neurotic and personality disorders and 5% of normal subjects. Ninety-nine patients were interviewed in a semi-standardized fashion, and also categorized according to a variety of operational definitions of the psychoses. The operational definitions failed to reveal any group significantly more correlated with urinary DMT than a hospital diagnosis of schizophrenia, but a discriminant function analysis of symptomatology could be used to define a group of 21 patients of whom 15 (71%) excreted detectable DMT. There was a general relationship between psychotic symptoms and urinary DMT, but specifically schizophrenic symptoms did not appear to be major determinants of DMT excretion.", "PMID": 1070024}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6404", "title": "Quantitative cytochemistry of glycogen in blood cells. Methods and clinical application.", "content": "Quantitative glycogen determinations can be made in single blood and bone marrow cells, using microspectrophotometry or microfluorometry after staining with variants of the periodic acid--Schiff (PAS) reaction. These PAS variant reactions generally do not indicate the presence of non-glycogen PAS-positive substances, known to be prevalent in various hematopoietic cells, possibly due to masking of reactive groups. The specificity of the reaction in blood cells was ascertained by alpha-amylase digestion, which removed more than 95% of the PAS-positive material. Calibration of the PAS reaction was undertaken with a microdroplet model of pure leukocyte glycogen. The glycogen amounts in the droplets were determined by microinterferometry, the droplets were stained with a variant PAS reaction, and the total extinction of the reaction product in the stained droplets was determined by microspectrophotometry. The extinction coefficient (k) was obtained from the equation k equals Etot divided by M where (Etot) is the total extinction as determined by microspectrophotometry and (M) the dry glycogen amount as determined by microinterferometry. The microinterferometric dry mass determinations were calibrated by X-ray absorption in order to obtain the absolute amounts of glycogen. For practical purposes a reference system was made of normal neutrophil leukocytes. The glycogen content in the reference neutrophils was first determined with the micromodel. These neutrophils, now with a known glycogen amount, were stained with the PAS reagents and measured microspectrophotometrically in parallel with cells containing an unknown glycogen amount. Alternatively, the staining was made with a fluorescent PAS reaction, and the glycogen content determined by microfluorometry. Both methods appeared suitable for determining the glycogen content of blood cells from patients with various diseases, though the microfluorometric method was preferable for measurements of small amounts of inhomogeneously distributed glycogen. The mean glycogen content of normal neutrophil leukocytes was found to be 13.6 times 10(-12) g. The content was increased in infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tonisillitis, as well as in polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis, while low amounts were found in untreated chronic myelocytic leukemia. In chronic myelocytic leukemia in remission, the glycogen content of mature neutrophils had completely normalized. Erythroblasts normally do not contain detectable amounts of glycogen. However, in certain diseases such as beta-thalassemia and Di Guglielomo's syndrome, appreciable amounts of glycogen accumulate in the erythropoietic precursor cells. In beta-thalassemia this was associated with an arrest in the proliferation of early polychromatic erythroblasts, which accumulate glycogen in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In all these diseases quantitative glycogen determinations in the blood cells have diagnostic importance.", "contents": "Quantitative cytochemistry of glycogen in blood cells. Methods and clinical application. Quantitative glycogen determinations can be made in single blood and bone marrow cells, using microspectrophotometry or microfluorometry after staining with variants of the periodic acid--Schiff (PAS) reaction. These PAS variant reactions generally do not indicate the presence of non-glycogen PAS-positive substances, known to be prevalent in various hematopoietic cells, possibly due to masking of reactive groups. The specificity of the reaction in blood cells was ascertained by alpha-amylase digestion, which removed more than 95% of the PAS-positive material. Calibration of the PAS reaction was undertaken with a microdroplet model of pure leukocyte glycogen. The glycogen amounts in the droplets were determined by microinterferometry, the droplets were stained with a variant PAS reaction, and the total extinction of the reaction product in the stained droplets was determined by microspectrophotometry. The extinction coefficient (k) was obtained from the equation k equals Etot divided by M where (Etot) is the total extinction as determined by microspectrophotometry and (M) the dry glycogen amount as determined by microinterferometry. The microinterferometric dry mass determinations were calibrated by X-ray absorption in order to obtain the absolute amounts of glycogen. For practical purposes a reference system was made of normal neutrophil leukocytes. The glycogen content in the reference neutrophils was first determined with the micromodel. These neutrophils, now with a known glycogen amount, were stained with the PAS reagents and measured microspectrophotometrically in parallel with cells containing an unknown glycogen amount. Alternatively, the staining was made with a fluorescent PAS reaction, and the glycogen content determined by microfluorometry. Both methods appeared suitable for determining the glycogen content of blood cells from patients with various diseases, though the microfluorometric method was preferable for measurements of small amounts of inhomogeneously distributed glycogen. The mean glycogen content of normal neutrophil leukocytes was found to be 13.6 times 10(-12) g. The content was increased in infectious diseases such as pneumonia and tonisillitis, as well as in polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis, while low amounts were found in untreated chronic myelocytic leukemia. In chronic myelocytic leukemia in remission, the glycogen content of mature neutrophils had completely normalized. Erythroblasts normally do not contain detectable amounts of glycogen. However, in certain diseases such as beta-thalassemia and Di Guglielomo's syndrome, appreciable amounts of glycogen accumulate in the erythropoietic precursor cells. In beta-thalassemia this was associated with an arrest in the proliferation of early polychromatic erythroblasts, which accumulate glycogen in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. In all these diseases quantitative glycogen determinations in the blood cells have diagnostic importance.", "PMID": 1070052}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6405", "title": "[Resistance to traction forces in different brands of amalgam].", "content": "In a previous study the initial tensile strength of several dental amalgams after 15 minutes has been investigated. The present study scrutinized a large number of dental amalgams for the tensile strength after 15 minutes up to 60 minutes. All the dental amalgam specimens used in this study were prepared according to A.D.A. specification no. 1. The results obtained from this study show that out of the twenty three dental amalgams only approximately the half conformed to the minimum value of 2.0 MN/m2 as required for the tensile strength after 15 minutes by A.D.A. specification no. 1. Contrary to the results obtained by other investigators, the dental amalgam obtained from the spherical type of alloys does not acquire a superior initial strength in comparison with those from the conventional types of amalgam alloys. In this study the new dental amalgam alloy Indiloy (n.z.) (Shofu Corporation, Japan) demonstrated a superior tensile strength for all the testing times. If the tensile strength after 15 minutes is taken as a selection criterion, the five best alloys in this investigation are Indiloy (n.z.), Optalloy II, Micro II, Revalloy and Cavex SF. If the previous study is considered likewise. Dispersalloy (fast setting form) should be taken into account as well.", "contents": "[Resistance to traction forces in different brands of amalgam]. In a previous study the initial tensile strength of several dental amalgams after 15 minutes has been investigated. The present study scrutinized a large number of dental amalgams for the tensile strength after 15 minutes up to 60 minutes. All the dental amalgam specimens used in this study were prepared according to A.D.A. specification no. 1. The results obtained from this study show that out of the twenty three dental amalgams only approximately the half conformed to the minimum value of 2.0 MN/m2 as required for the tensile strength after 15 minutes by A.D.A. specification no. 1. Contrary to the results obtained by other investigators, the dental amalgam obtained from the spherical type of alloys does not acquire a superior initial strength in comparison with those from the conventional types of amalgam alloys. In this study the new dental amalgam alloy Indiloy (n.z.) (Shofu Corporation, Japan) demonstrated a superior tensile strength for all the testing times. If the tensile strength after 15 minutes is taken as a selection criterion, the five best alloys in this investigation are Indiloy (n.z.), Optalloy II, Micro II, Revalloy and Cavex SF. If the previous study is considered likewise. Dispersalloy (fast setting form) should be taken into account as well.", "PMID": 1070057}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6406", "title": "Morphological characterisation of adult acute leukaemia in short-term liquid culture.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes from 31 out of 48 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia grew in short-term liquid culture. Two distinct types of growth occurred. The first type was dimorphic with supernatant free-floating (\"non-sticker\") cells and, in addition, a plastic/glass adherent, trypsin resistant, phagocytic population (\"stickers\"). The second type which occurred less frequently than the first consisted almost entirely of free-floating \"non-sticker\" cells. Although patients with this second type of growth pattern almost invariably had AML, 44% of AML's produced monocytoid \"sticker\" cells in culture. Cells from the majority of patients with ALL did not grow in culture.", "contents": "Morphological characterisation of adult acute leukaemia in short-term liquid culture. Peripheral blood leukocytes from 31 out of 48 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia grew in short-term liquid culture. Two distinct types of growth occurred. The first type was dimorphic with supernatant free-floating (\"non-sticker\") cells and, in addition, a plastic/glass adherent, trypsin resistant, phagocytic population (\"stickers\"). The second type which occurred less frequently than the first consisted almost entirely of free-floating \"non-sticker\" cells. Although patients with this second type of growth pattern almost invariably had AML, 44% of AML's produced monocytoid \"sticker\" cells in culture. Cells from the majority of patients with ALL did not grow in culture.", "PMID": 1070063}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6407", "title": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: biochemical approaches.", "content": "Haloperidol, a dopamine receptor blocking agent, is the most effective therapy for Tourette's syndrome. In five patients with Tourette's syndrome, we found in the CSF an elevated probenecid-induced accumulation of HVA, the major metabolite of dopamine. This supports the hypothesis that Tourette symptoms are related to an increased firing of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system; haloperidol relieves these symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors. Some similarities of Tourette's syndrome to Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome prompted us to compare these two disorders, obtaining data from a large number of Tourette patients. In a questionnaire completed by 114 patients with Tourette's syndrome, the incidence of self-destructive behavior was 43%, a family history of gout or hyperuricemia was present in 27%, and 11% had a family history of Tourette's syndrome or tics. We propose that Tourette's syndrome could be a genetic disorder of purine metabolism which may result in neurotransmitter abnormalities such as an increased brain dopamine turnover.", "contents": "Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: biochemical approaches. Haloperidol, a dopamine receptor blocking agent, is the most effective therapy for Tourette's syndrome. In five patients with Tourette's syndrome, we found in the CSF an elevated probenecid-induced accumulation of HVA, the major metabolite of dopamine. This supports the hypothesis that Tourette symptoms are related to an increased firing of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system; haloperidol relieves these symptoms by blocking dopamine receptors. Some similarities of Tourette's syndrome to Lesch-Nyhan's syndrome prompted us to compare these two disorders, obtaining data from a large number of Tourette patients. In a questionnaire completed by 114 patients with Tourette's syndrome, the incidence of self-destructive behavior was 43%, a family history of gout or hyperuricemia was present in 27%, and 11% had a family history of Tourette's syndrome or tics. We propose that Tourette's syndrome could be a genetic disorder of purine metabolism which may result in neurotransmitter abnormalities such as an increased brain dopamine turnover.", "PMID": 1070064}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6408", "title": "[Functional anatomy and terminal tubules of Stensen's duct].", "content": "The dynamic anatomy of STENSEN's duct is somewhat different from what is usually accepted. GUERRIER, COURBIER and FRANCHEBOIS had indeed admitted that the buccinator msucle acted as a passive sphincter, without however mentioning the presence of terminal siphons and canalar valvules and without drawing particular attention to their dynamic relationship. This duct should not be considered inert, as part of a theoretical bayonet-like pathway which is more topographical than functional: the buccinator muscle and STENSEN's duct with its valvules and terminal siphons should be considered together as forming the real salivation apparatus.", "contents": "[Functional anatomy and terminal tubules of Stensen's duct]. The dynamic anatomy of STENSEN's duct is somewhat different from what is usually accepted. GUERRIER, COURBIER and FRANCHEBOIS had indeed admitted that the buccinator msucle acted as a passive sphincter, without however mentioning the presence of terminal siphons and canalar valvules and without drawing particular attention to their dynamic relationship. This duct should not be considered inert, as part of a theoretical bayonet-like pathway which is more topographical than functional: the buccinator muscle and STENSEN's duct with its valvules and terminal siphons should be considered together as forming the real salivation apparatus.", "PMID": 1070084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6409", "title": "[A salivary cyst and parotitis].", "content": "The authors describe a case of upper left genital tumefaction whose development was protracted caused by a cystic lesions of the masseteric lobule of the left parotid gland with a background of parotiditis. It was cured by total parotidectomy with conservation of the facial nerve. Pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic conclusions are deduced.", "contents": "[A salivary cyst and parotitis]. The authors describe a case of upper left genital tumefaction whose development was protracted caused by a cystic lesions of the masseteric lobule of the left parotid gland with a background of parotiditis. It was cured by total parotidectomy with conservation of the facial nerve. Pathogenetic, clinical and therapeutic conclusions are deduced.", "PMID": 1070085}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6410", "title": "[Effect of insulin on the development of the tooth germ in mice].", "content": "After recalling the interactions affecting dental differentiation, the authors analyze the effects of various concentrations in insulin on dental rudiments cultivated in vitro. They found: an oedema causing histological lesions, no anticipation of cell differentiation or stimulation of collagen secretion, a decrease in mitotic activity but stimulation of thymidine 3H incorporation after short contact times.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin on the development of the tooth germ in mice]. After recalling the interactions affecting dental differentiation, the authors analyze the effects of various concentrations in insulin on dental rudiments cultivated in vitro. They found: an oedema causing histological lesions, no anticipation of cell differentiation or stimulation of collagen secretion, a decrease in mitotic activity but stimulation of thymidine 3H incorporation after short contact times.", "PMID": 1070087}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6411", "title": "[The temporomandibular joint in the newborn infant. Oto-meniscal relations].", "content": "Although they are anatomically immature at the time of birth, the temporomandibular joints are able to ensure efficient suction due to the branchial blastema interposed between the two articular nuclei. This conjunctive formation is the principal factor in the constitution of the meniscus and its frena, the articular surfaces, the capsule and the ligaments. This constitutes not only an embryological but also a functional entity. The joint runs the risk of paying heavily for this functional availability, by its relationship with the ear-drum which is a potentially infectious cavity. In fact, at birth there is still evidence of the original branchial continuum between the unknit tympanal and squamosal in the shape of the posterior meniscal frenum, the conjunctivo-vascular isthmus which puts the vascularization of the mucosa of the ear-drum in communication with the very rich vascularization of the neonatal temporo-mandibular articulation. Therefore, 1/3 of the so-called congenital temporo-mandibular ankyloses, apparently without cause, could probably be explained by the otomeniscal relationship existing in the new-born baby and continuing during the first few months of life in the atmosphere in the form of a conjunctivo-vascular link.", "contents": "[The temporomandibular joint in the newborn infant. Oto-meniscal relations]. Although they are anatomically immature at the time of birth, the temporomandibular joints are able to ensure efficient suction due to the branchial blastema interposed between the two articular nuclei. This conjunctive formation is the principal factor in the constitution of the meniscus and its frena, the articular surfaces, the capsule and the ligaments. This constitutes not only an embryological but also a functional entity. The joint runs the risk of paying heavily for this functional availability, by its relationship with the ear-drum which is a potentially infectious cavity. In fact, at birth there is still evidence of the original branchial continuum between the unknit tympanal and squamosal in the shape of the posterior meniscal frenum, the conjunctivo-vascular isthmus which puts the vascularization of the mucosa of the ear-drum in communication with the very rich vascularization of the neonatal temporo-mandibular articulation. Therefore, 1/3 of the so-called congenital temporo-mandibular ankyloses, apparently without cause, could probably be explained by the otomeniscal relationship existing in the new-born baby and continuing during the first few months of life in the atmosphere in the form of a conjunctivo-vascular link.", "PMID": 1070088}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6412", "title": "[10 years of maxillofacial traumatology in a hospital center].", "content": "The authors describe 315 cases of total maxillo-facial fracture and the conclusions to be drawn from them: --Endobuccal and orthopaedic surgical treatment under general anaesthetic, the osteosynthetic material being perfectly well tolerated: less than 3% having to be removed. --Treatment requiring a careful pre-operative radio-clinical assessment which can never be adequately carried out in an emergency, therefore treatment is delayed (5th and 8th days) except in cases of special emergency (wounds). --Delayed sequelae, bearing in mind the often spectacular lesions, are relatively rare.", "contents": "[10 years of maxillofacial traumatology in a hospital center]. The authors describe 315 cases of total maxillo-facial fracture and the conclusions to be drawn from them: --Endobuccal and orthopaedic surgical treatment under general anaesthetic, the osteosynthetic material being perfectly well tolerated: less than 3% having to be removed. --Treatment requiring a careful pre-operative radio-clinical assessment which can never be adequately carried out in an emergency, therefore treatment is delayed (5th and 8th days) except in cases of special emergency (wounds). --Delayed sequelae, bearing in mind the often spectacular lesions, are relatively rare.", "PMID": 1070089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6413", "title": "[Microscopic anatomy and muscle architecture of the commissure of the lips in the newborn infant and the adult].", "content": "The muscular structure of the commissura of the buccal orifice in humans confers on it a special significance. It consists of two layers each apparently having a well-defined function. Deep layer. Quite distinct at the embryonic stage, it develops rapidly in the new-born. It consists of the internal orbicular muscle, or Poirier's sphincter oris, and the two buccinator muscles. This layer, of functional importance for digestion, is formed by a central sphincter surrounded by two cavitary muscles. In the new-born, it forms a real suction apparatus. From this point of view, the internal orbicular and the two buccinator muscles are the equivalent respectively of the circular and longitudinal fibres of the muscular digestive tunic. This layer is more cavitary and sphincteral than platysmal. Superficial layer. Platysmal, muscular it is dependent on the cephalic superficial fascia, it is mimetic. This layer is made up of platysmal muscles converging on the commissura. The labial muscular network of the platysmal muscles forms the external orbicular. This layer, which is rudimentary in the new-born, develops during growth alongside relationships (mimic-phonation). It appears complete in adults. Facial superposition and commissural fusion of the deep and superficial layers confer a dual function of the buccal orifice: --digestive by means of the deep sphinctero-cavitary layer, --mimetic by means of the superficial platysmal layer. Wilst growth is taking place, the digestive layer in fact assumes mimetic function and the platysmal layer may intervene at will in the functioning of the digestive sphincter. The commissura labiorum is the anatomical site at which the cutaneous and digestive coats converge. Briefly, the buccal orifice is a digestive sphincter complete with mimetic function. Has not the face become a cortical organ in the course of evolution?", "contents": "[Microscopic anatomy and muscle architecture of the commissure of the lips in the newborn infant and the adult]. The muscular structure of the commissura of the buccal orifice in humans confers on it a special significance. It consists of two layers each apparently having a well-defined function. Deep layer. Quite distinct at the embryonic stage, it develops rapidly in the new-born. It consists of the internal orbicular muscle, or Poirier's sphincter oris, and the two buccinator muscles. This layer, of functional importance for digestion, is formed by a central sphincter surrounded by two cavitary muscles. In the new-born, it forms a real suction apparatus. From this point of view, the internal orbicular and the two buccinator muscles are the equivalent respectively of the circular and longitudinal fibres of the muscular digestive tunic. This layer is more cavitary and sphincteral than platysmal. Superficial layer. Platysmal, muscular it is dependent on the cephalic superficial fascia, it is mimetic. This layer is made up of platysmal muscles converging on the commissura. The labial muscular network of the platysmal muscles forms the external orbicular. This layer, which is rudimentary in the new-born, develops during growth alongside relationships (mimic-phonation). It appears complete in adults. Facial superposition and commissural fusion of the deep and superficial layers confer a dual function of the buccal orifice: --digestive by means of the deep sphinctero-cavitary layer, --mimetic by means of the superficial platysmal layer. Wilst growth is taking place, the digestive layer in fact assumes mimetic function and the platysmal layer may intervene at will in the functioning of the digestive sphincter. The commissura labiorum is the anatomical site at which the cutaneous and digestive coats converge. Briefly, the buccal orifice is a digestive sphincter complete with mimetic function. Has not the face become a cortical organ in the course of evolution?", "PMID": 1070092}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6414", "title": "[Influence of the soft palate on tongue statics and mandibular growth. Therapeutic conclusions].", "content": "The soft palate has a major influence on mandibulo-lingual statics. Thus in the case of congenital cleft palate, there is in general glossoptosis with mandibular retrognathia. Conversely, palatal shortening may be associated with functional mandibular prognathia which it is possible to correct by urano-staphylo-pharyn-goplasty, if carried out sufficiently early. In many cases of mandibular prognathia the soft palate has a special shape and orientation. The problem is to know whether this appearance is secondary to the dysmorphosis or partially responsible for it.", "contents": "[Influence of the soft palate on tongue statics and mandibular growth. Therapeutic conclusions]. The soft palate has a major influence on mandibulo-lingual statics. Thus in the case of congenital cleft palate, there is in general glossoptosis with mandibular retrognathia. Conversely, palatal shortening may be associated with functional mandibular prognathia which it is possible to correct by urano-staphylo-pharyn-goplasty, if carried out sufficiently early. In many cases of mandibular prognathia the soft palate has a special shape and orientation. The problem is to know whether this appearance is secondary to the dysmorphosis or partially responsible for it.", "PMID": 1070095}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6415", "title": "[Permanent jaw constriction of extra-articular origin].", "content": "The authors describe a new case of permanent constriction of extra-articular osseous origin. They consider the classical distinction between constrictions due to traumatism and those due to malformation (O. Jacob's disease) debatable, for this malformation is usually secondary to traumatism. They also think that the osteoma responsible for constriction may be considered a localisation of neurogenic para-osteoarthropathies.", "contents": "[Permanent jaw constriction of extra-articular origin]. The authors describe a new case of permanent constriction of extra-articular osseous origin. They consider the classical distinction between constrictions due to traumatism and those due to malformation (O. Jacob's disease) debatable, for this malformation is usually secondary to traumatism. They also think that the osteoma responsible for constriction may be considered a localisation of neurogenic para-osteoarthropathies.", "PMID": 1070096}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6416", "title": "[Inclusions of salivary gland tissue in the mandible, various locations, pathogenesis].", "content": "In connection with three cases of their own, the authors recall the radiological signs of this entity isolated by Stafne in 1942. They demonstrate that this picture of the mandibular angle or of the premolar area is quite characteristic and suggestive and usually makes diagnosis possible. They show that the inclusion is always of normal salivary glands corresponding to the gland opposite the cavity: sub-maxillary for the angle, sublingual for the premolar area. They prefer the pathogenetic theory that it is an error in development during embryogenesis of the pelvi-lingual sulcus and of sub-maxillary and sublingual gland formation.", "contents": "[Inclusions of salivary gland tissue in the mandible, various locations, pathogenesis]. In connection with three cases of their own, the authors recall the radiological signs of this entity isolated by Stafne in 1942. They demonstrate that this picture of the mandibular angle or of the premolar area is quite characteristic and suggestive and usually makes diagnosis possible. They show that the inclusion is always of normal salivary glands corresponding to the gland opposite the cavity: sub-maxillary for the angle, sublingual for the premolar area. They prefer the pathogenetic theory that it is an error in development during embryogenesis of the pelvi-lingual sulcus and of sub-maxillary and sublingual gland formation.", "PMID": 1070097}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6417", "title": "[Bacteremia following tooth extractions].", "content": "A study was made of the incidence and nature of bacteremia occuring after extractions in a group of 189 patients hospitalised in the maxillo-facial surfery department of Iassy. The figure of 65.5% positive blood cultures demonstrates the particular role of dental extraction in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis. Antibiotic sensitivity studies of streptococci, the bacteria isolated most frequently, showed their remarkable sensitivity to penicillin and erythromycin (95.9%) and their remarkable resistance to streptomycin (83.8%). This would indicate penicillin to be the antibiotic of choice in the treatment of post-extraction bacteraemia, replaced by erythromycin in individuals allergic to penicillin. Study of the relationship between the incidence of bacteraemia and the number of teeth extracted indicates the possibility of grouping several extractions at the same session, thereby reducing the period of administration of antibiotics as a \"cover\". As far as the type of anaesthesia, local or general, was concerned, the higher level of post-extractional bacteraemia in patients who had received a general anaesthetic suggests that loco-regional anaesthesia should be the method of choice.", "contents": "[Bacteremia following tooth extractions]. A study was made of the incidence and nature of bacteremia occuring after extractions in a group of 189 patients hospitalised in the maxillo-facial surfery department of Iassy. The figure of 65.5% positive blood cultures demonstrates the particular role of dental extraction in the pathogenesis of bacterial endocarditis. Antibiotic sensitivity studies of streptococci, the bacteria isolated most frequently, showed their remarkable sensitivity to penicillin and erythromycin (95.9%) and their remarkable resistance to streptomycin (83.8%). This would indicate penicillin to be the antibiotic of choice in the treatment of post-extraction bacteraemia, replaced by erythromycin in individuals allergic to penicillin. Study of the relationship between the incidence of bacteraemia and the number of teeth extracted indicates the possibility of grouping several extractions at the same session, thereby reducing the period of administration of antibiotics as a \"cover\". As far as the type of anaesthesia, local or general, was concerned, the higher level of post-extractional bacteraemia in patients who had received a general anaesthetic suggests that loco-regional anaesthesia should be the method of choice.", "PMID": 1070098}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6418", "title": "[Comparative clinico-histologic study of metastatic adenopathies in cancer of the lip].", "content": "The authors studied the correlation between clinical examination and histological findings in lymph node metastasis in 256 patients suffering from carcinoma of the lip. According to the clinical stage, the following were encountered: a) 84 cases of nodes without any clinical changes (32.8%); b) 140 cases of nodes larger than normal, but mobile (54.6%); c) 32 cases of fixed nodes (12.6%). Lymph node dissection was carried out in 210 patients and histological examination revealed: --in group (a) 61 patients operated): lymph node involvement in 8.9% of cases; --in group (b) (120 cases operated): lymph node involvement in 30% of cases; --in group (c) (29 patients operated): lymph node involvement confirmed in 86.2% of cases. In conclusion, only histological examination provides definite information regarding lymph node involvement, confirming or contradicting pre-operative clinical findings.", "contents": "[Comparative clinico-histologic study of metastatic adenopathies in cancer of the lip]. The authors studied the correlation between clinical examination and histological findings in lymph node metastasis in 256 patients suffering from carcinoma of the lip. According to the clinical stage, the following were encountered: a) 84 cases of nodes without any clinical changes (32.8%); b) 140 cases of nodes larger than normal, but mobile (54.6%); c) 32 cases of fixed nodes (12.6%). Lymph node dissection was carried out in 210 patients and histological examination revealed: --in group (a) 61 patients operated): lymph node involvement in 8.9% of cases; --in group (b) (120 cases operated): lymph node involvement in 30% of cases; --in group (c) (29 patients operated): lymph node involvement confirmed in 86.2% of cases. In conclusion, only histological examination provides definite information regarding lymph node involvement, confirming or contradicting pre-operative clinical findings.", "PMID": 1070099}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6419", "title": "[Etiologic problems posed by cervicofacial cellulitis].", "content": "A diffusing and lingering cellulitis is followed two months later by a right coxitis. Recovery of the coxitis and of the cellulitis is obtained by the antituberculous treatment. Authors demonstrate the possibility of the tuberculous etiology of the cellulitis.", "contents": "[Etiologic problems posed by cervicofacial cellulitis]. A diffusing and lingering cellulitis is followed two months later by a right coxitis. Recovery of the coxitis and of the cellulitis is obtained by the antituberculous treatment. Authors demonstrate the possibility of the tuberculous etiology of the cellulitis.", "PMID": 1070101}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6420", "title": "[Traumatic intracranial penetration of the mandibular condyle].", "content": "The authors report a case of severe multiple trauma in which, as a result of the large number of complex injuries together with necessary therapeutic measures, the intra-cranial penetration of the mandibular condyle was unnoticed during the first months following the accident. They emphasize the discordance between the anatomical lesions and their clinical manifestations. Thus a complete radiological examination is necessary at a secondary stage in order to detect such lesions which, by contrast to that which might be supposed, are not obvious clinically. As far as treatment is concerned, rather than resorting to orthopaedic menoeuvres with imprecise traction and which, in any case, fail to resolve the entire problem. the authors recommend a combined maxillo-facial neurosurgical operation.", "contents": "[Traumatic intracranial penetration of the mandibular condyle]. The authors report a case of severe multiple trauma in which, as a result of the large number of complex injuries together with necessary therapeutic measures, the intra-cranial penetration of the mandibular condyle was unnoticed during the first months following the accident. They emphasize the discordance between the anatomical lesions and their clinical manifestations. Thus a complete radiological examination is necessary at a secondary stage in order to detect such lesions which, by contrast to that which might be supposed, are not obvious clinically. As far as treatment is concerned, rather than resorting to orthopaedic menoeuvres with imprecise traction and which, in any case, fail to resolve the entire problem. the authors recommend a combined maxillo-facial neurosurgical operation.", "PMID": 1070102}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6421", "title": "[The phantom mandible].", "content": "The authors report a case of \"phanton mandible\" (phantom bone, disappearing bone, massive osteolysis affecting the mandible), describing the clinical colrse and radiological appearance of the condition. From a diagnosis of non-specific osteitis of the premolar region, they observed their patient until there was virtually total disappearance of the osseous structure of the mandible. Studying the world literature, they have collected 11 cases of the disorder involving the mandible, and, in some cases, the facial skeleton. They distinguish this condition from senile atrophy of the mandible and, after histological study, feel that it is not possible to classify this case in the context of Gorham's disease: in fact, haemangiomatosis was proved histologically in only three of the eleven cases described in the facial area.", "contents": "[The phantom mandible]. The authors report a case of \"phanton mandible\" (phantom bone, disappearing bone, massive osteolysis affecting the mandible), describing the clinical colrse and radiological appearance of the condition. From a diagnosis of non-specific osteitis of the premolar region, they observed their patient until there was virtually total disappearance of the osseous structure of the mandible. Studying the world literature, they have collected 11 cases of the disorder involving the mandible, and, in some cases, the facial skeleton. They distinguish this condition from senile atrophy of the mandible and, after histological study, feel that it is not possible to classify this case in the context of Gorham's disease: in fact, haemangiomatosis was proved histologically in only three of the eleven cases described in the facial area.", "PMID": 1070103}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6422", "title": "[Multiple injuries and multiple methods of resuscitation].", "content": "The aim of treatment in the trauma patient is the surgical repair of all traumatic lesions in as short a time as possible, using standard techniques and at the same time if possible. Such surgical intervention may rarely be essential for survival (internal haemorrhage, extradural haematoma), but is almost always an essential factor in the functional and aesthetic result obtained. Thus everything should be combined to fulfill this objective. Picking up of the injured, resuscitation at the site of the accidentation and the quality and appropriate orientation of transport are of obvious importance from this standpoint and it is easy to understand that first efforts must lie here.", "contents": "[Multiple injuries and multiple methods of resuscitation]. The aim of treatment in the trauma patient is the surgical repair of all traumatic lesions in as short a time as possible, using standard techniques and at the same time if possible. Such surgical intervention may rarely be essential for survival (internal haemorrhage, extradural haematoma), but is almost always an essential factor in the functional and aesthetic result obtained. Thus everything should be combined to fulfill this objective. Picking up of the injured, resuscitation at the site of the accidentation and the quality and appropriate orientation of transport are of obvious importance from this standpoint and it is easy to understand that first efforts must lie here.", "PMID": 1070104}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6423", "title": "[EEG and craniofacial injuries].", "content": "The number of cases studied was too small to be really representative of the role of the E.E.G. in the assessment of cranio-facial trauma cases. The following points may nevertheless be stressed: -The usefulness of negative findings. The E.E.G. may be used to confirm that a purely facial impact, or one without any severe cranial involvement, has only minor or quite negligeable cerebral repercussions. -The presence of significant E.E.G. changes indicates marked cerebral involvement. The nature of the latter (contusion, haematoma etc.) cannot be determined by the E.E.G. alone but any obvious localising signs (e.g. severe frontal deterioration) should indicate the possibility of a lesion requiring urgent neurosurgical treatment. In particular, sub-frontal extra-dural haematomas are associated with abnormalities clearly localised in the fronto-polar regions (R. Vigouroux et al., 1962). Apart from such specific collections, the type of damage described in operative reports easily explains the major disturbances in the frontal tracing which are almost invariably encountered. -The value of an early E.E.G. examination and of repeated studies. The first record gives an indication of the cerebral \"state\" and of possible \"functional\" disturbances which may exist later after the accident. Above all, it represents a valuable prognostic indication, in particular in patients who are in coma, precisely reflecting the depth of the latter and its potential reversibility. The course and progress of initial abnormalities is also an element in prognosis. In our patients, it was surprising to note the ease with which certain initial major disturbances resolved. However the persistence of minor alterations should lead to reserve with regard to the recovery of complete cerebral integrity and such subjects should be carefully followed up.", "contents": "[EEG and craniofacial injuries]. The number of cases studied was too small to be really representative of the role of the E.E.G. in the assessment of cranio-facial trauma cases. The following points may nevertheless be stressed: -The usefulness of negative findings. The E.E.G. may be used to confirm that a purely facial impact, or one without any severe cranial involvement, has only minor or quite negligeable cerebral repercussions. -The presence of significant E.E.G. changes indicates marked cerebral involvement. The nature of the latter (contusion, haematoma etc.) cannot be determined by the E.E.G. alone but any obvious localising signs (e.g. severe frontal deterioration) should indicate the possibility of a lesion requiring urgent neurosurgical treatment. In particular, sub-frontal extra-dural haematomas are associated with abnormalities clearly localised in the fronto-polar regions (R. Vigouroux et al., 1962). Apart from such specific collections, the type of damage described in operative reports easily explains the major disturbances in the frontal tracing which are almost invariably encountered. -The value of an early E.E.G. examination and of repeated studies. The first record gives an indication of the cerebral \"state\" and of possible \"functional\" disturbances which may exist later after the accident. Above all, it represents a valuable prognostic indication, in particular in patients who are in coma, precisely reflecting the depth of the latter and its potential reversibility. The course and progress of initial abnormalities is also an element in prognosis. In our patients, it was surprising to note the ease with which certain initial major disturbances resolved. However the persistence of minor alterations should lead to reserve with regard to the recovery of complete cerebral integrity and such subjects should be carefully followed up.", "PMID": 1070105}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6424", "title": "[Neurosurgical indications in craniofacial injuries].", "content": "The cerebral complications of cranio-facial trauma require urgent neurosurgical assessment and intervention. Apart from such cases, the cooperation of the neurosurgeon is also necessary when the anterior part of the base of the skull must be explored. This may be necessary either in the presence of a cerebrospinal fluid leak with rhinorrhoea or because the reduction and fixation of orbito-facial fractures requires an intracranial approach. Early treatment, at the same time, of all cranial, basal and orbito-facial lesions is recommended.", "contents": "[Neurosurgical indications in craniofacial injuries]. The cerebral complications of cranio-facial trauma require urgent neurosurgical assessment and intervention. Apart from such cases, the cooperation of the neurosurgeon is also necessary when the anterior part of the base of the skull must be explored. This may be necessary either in the presence of a cerebrospinal fluid leak with rhinorrhoea or because the reduction and fixation of orbito-facial fractures requires an intracranial approach. Early treatment, at the same time, of all cranial, basal and orbito-facial lesions is recommended.", "PMID": 1070107}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6425", "title": "[Echography and cerebral gammagraphy in craniofacial injuries].", "content": "The authors review the aid provided and sometimes essential nature of echographic and isotopic studies in cranio-facial trauma when seeking neurological complications -in particular intracranial haematomas and cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. They describe the principles of each of these technics, their indications, performance and limitations. These examinations are simple, rapid and perfectly harmless but must be carried out in specialised departments, which limits their use.", "contents": "[Echography and cerebral gammagraphy in craniofacial injuries]. The authors review the aid provided and sometimes essential nature of echographic and isotopic studies in cranio-facial trauma when seeking neurological complications -in particular intracranial haematomas and cerebrospinal fluid fistulas. They describe the principles of each of these technics, their indications, performance and limitations. These examinations are simple, rapid and perfectly harmless but must be carried out in specialised departments, which limits their use.", "PMID": 1070106}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6426", "title": "[2 cases of malphigian epithelioma of the parotid gland].", "content": "The authors describe two cases of squamous cell carcinomata. Neither the localisation on the anterior border, neither the evolution seems common. A histochemical and electronmicroscopical investigation of different fragments achieves their study.", "contents": "[2 cases of malphigian epithelioma of the parotid gland]. The authors describe two cases of squamous cell carcinomata. Neither the localisation on the anterior border, neither the evolution seems common. A histochemical and electronmicroscopical investigation of different fragments achieves their study.", "PMID": 1070109}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6427", "title": "[The frontomaxillary suture. Theoretical bases and general principles of the application of postero-anterior extraoral forces to the orthopedic mask].", "content": "Each maxilla is joined to the frontal bone by a veritable fronto-maxillary sutural joint which, in the young subject, permits sliding movements. During growth, the maxilla orients itself in relation to the mechanical effects of the various structures which surround it. The location, below the frontal sinus, of this joint endows it with special properties of resistance and change in position of orientation. These anatomico-functional peculiarities explain certain results obtained by classical heavy antero-posterior of postero-anterior extra-oral forces.", "contents": "[The frontomaxillary suture. Theoretical bases and general principles of the application of postero-anterior extraoral forces to the orthopedic mask]. Each maxilla is joined to the frontal bone by a veritable fronto-maxillary sutural joint which, in the young subject, permits sliding movements. During growth, the maxilla orients itself in relation to the mechanical effects of the various structures which surround it. The location, below the frontal sinus, of this joint endows it with special properties of resistance and change in position of orientation. These anatomico-functional peculiarities explain certain results obtained by classical heavy antero-posterior of postero-anterior extra-oral forces.", "PMID": 1070108}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6428", "title": "Differentiation of odontogenic tissues in organ culture.", "content": "Molar tooth germs from 17-d-old mouse embryos were cultivated in a Trowell-type culture, and different culture media were tested for their ability to support enamel formation. The medium which allowed secretion of considerable amounts of enamel matrix by ameloblasts consisted of BGJb medium supplemented with 20% horse serum, 10% chick embryo extract and 0.9 mM ascorbic acid. At the onset of culture the teeth were in the early bell stage. After 2 weeks of cultivation both odontoblasts and ameloblasts had differentiated, and considerable amounts of predentin and enamel matrix had been secreted. Similar development was also seen in teeth which had been enzymatically separated into the mesenchymal dental papilla and epithelial enamal organ and subsequently recombined in vitro. This method allows good differentiation of odontogenic tissues, and is considered suitable for further studies of tissue interactions in the tooth rudiment.", "contents": "Differentiation of odontogenic tissues in organ culture. Molar tooth germs from 17-d-old mouse embryos were cultivated in a Trowell-type culture, and different culture media were tested for their ability to support enamel formation. The medium which allowed secretion of considerable amounts of enamel matrix by ameloblasts consisted of BGJb medium supplemented with 20% horse serum, 10% chick embryo extract and 0.9 mM ascorbic acid. At the onset of culture the teeth were in the early bell stage. After 2 weeks of cultivation both odontoblasts and ameloblasts had differentiated, and considerable amounts of predentin and enamel matrix had been secreted. Similar development was also seen in teeth which had been enzymatically separated into the mesenchymal dental papilla and epithelial enamal organ and subsequently recombined in vitro. This method allows good differentiation of odontogenic tissues, and is considered suitable for further studies of tissue interactions in the tooth rudiment.", "PMID": 1070125}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6429", "title": "Changes in the water permeability of palatal mucosa after complete denture treatment.", "content": "The water permeability of the human palatal mucosa has been studied in 12 persons with 1 year of full maxillary denture experience and 10 persons without dentures. Transmucosal water transport rates were studied gravimetrically with the use of solutesaturated discs of filter paper in contact with the mucosa, in accordance with earlier described procedures (KAABER 1973a, b). The inflow of water through clinically healthy mucosa was at the same level in both groups. After use of a 1.10 mol sucrose solution a significant increase in the inflow was observed in the denture wearers group, which suggested an increased amount of osmolytes in the mucosal surface. Two denture wearers with a slightly inflamed mucosal surface showed an increased inflow after use of water and a corresponding strong outflow after use of the sucrose solution, indicating a partial loss of the mucosal barrier function.", "contents": "Changes in the water permeability of palatal mucosa after complete denture treatment. The water permeability of the human palatal mucosa has been studied in 12 persons with 1 year of full maxillary denture experience and 10 persons without dentures. Transmucosal water transport rates were studied gravimetrically with the use of solutesaturated discs of filter paper in contact with the mucosa, in accordance with earlier described procedures (KAABER 1973a, b). The inflow of water through clinically healthy mucosa was at the same level in both groups. After use of a 1.10 mol sucrose solution a significant increase in the inflow was observed in the denture wearers group, which suggested an increased amount of osmolytes in the mucosal surface. Two denture wearers with a slightly inflamed mucosal surface showed an increased inflow after use of water and a corresponding strong outflow after use of the sucrose solution, indicating a partial loss of the mucosal barrier function.", "PMID": 1070126}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6430", "title": "Less dental caries among secretors than among non-secretors of blood group substance.", "content": "Salivary mucins can aggregate oral bacteria and also constituents of pellicle and plaque. A,B, and H blood group antigens are present on the mucins of secretors only. These mucins have also been shown to contain more carbohydrate than non-secretor mucins. The aim of the present study was to relate these genetically determined differences in mucin composition to caries prevalence. Data on blood group, secretor status, and caries prevalence were collected from 69 dental students. In all blood groups, the average caries prevalence was lower for secretors than for non-secretors. The difference was more pronounced for smooth surface than for total surface prevalence. The secretors of blood group mucin A had the lowest caries prevalence. The results would be consistent with an impact of the mucin composition upon the caries prevalence, and possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Less dental caries among secretors than among non-secretors of blood group substance. Salivary mucins can aggregate oral bacteria and also constituents of pellicle and plaque. A,B, and H blood group antigens are present on the mucins of secretors only. These mucins have also been shown to contain more carbohydrate than non-secretor mucins. The aim of the present study was to relate these genetically determined differences in mucin composition to caries prevalence. Data on blood group, secretor status, and caries prevalence were collected from 69 dental students. In all blood groups, the average caries prevalence was lower for secretors than for non-secretors. The difference was more pronounced for smooth surface than for total surface prevalence. The secretors of blood group mucin A had the lowest caries prevalence. The results would be consistent with an impact of the mucin composition upon the caries prevalence, and possible mechanisms are discussed.", "PMID": 1070127}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6431", "title": "Root caries: distribution and uptake of elements in lesions adjacent to silicate or amalgam restorations.", "content": "In carious lesions adjacent to silicate or amalgam restorations outer lesions of the cementum showed the same content and distribution of Ca, P, Mg, and S as did primary lesions in this area, but differed from these in having an increased content of Zn, Al, and probably F (silicate cases) and Zn, Sn, and Cu (amalgam cases). The cementum walls showed an uptake of ions largely similar to that previously described in dentinal walls.", "contents": "Root caries: distribution and uptake of elements in lesions adjacent to silicate or amalgam restorations. In carious lesions adjacent to silicate or amalgam restorations outer lesions of the cementum showed the same content and distribution of Ca, P, Mg, and S as did primary lesions in this area, but differed from these in having an increased content of Zn, Al, and probably F (silicate cases) and Zn, Sn, and Cu (amalgam cases). The cementum walls showed an uptake of ions largely similar to that previously described in dentinal walls.", "PMID": 1070128}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6432", "title": "Relative effects of sucrolytic enzymes in human dental plaque.", "content": "The relative effects in human dental plaque material from the three main extracellular sucrolytic enzymes from bacterial origin, invertase, dextransucrase and levansucrase, have been investigated by means of quantitative determination of products with sucrose as the substrate. Twenty young men having carious lesions and harboring plaque material on the tooth surfaces, were selected. One gram (wet weight) of plaque material was obtained and divided in five samples, 0.2 g each, for different investigations and controls. Twice as much fructan as glucan was found in plaque. Invertase activity was found to dominate sucrolysis within plaque with 99.67% of the total activity.", "contents": "Relative effects of sucrolytic enzymes in human dental plaque. The relative effects in human dental plaque material from the three main extracellular sucrolytic enzymes from bacterial origin, invertase, dextransucrase and levansucrase, have been investigated by means of quantitative determination of products with sucrose as the substrate. Twenty young men having carious lesions and harboring plaque material on the tooth surfaces, were selected. One gram (wet weight) of plaque material was obtained and divided in five samples, 0.2 g each, for different investigations and controls. Twice as much fructan as glucan was found in plaque. Invertase activity was found to dominate sucrolysis within plaque with 99.67% of the total activity.", "PMID": 1070129}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6433", "title": "Permeability and fluoride release of lining materials containing amine fluorides.", "content": "The addition of amine fluorides to a copal recin (Copalite) and a chlorine caoutchouc varnish (Pergut S-40) has been studied. The permeability of Copalite films was only slightly increased whereas the excellent film-forming qualities of Pergut S-40 were destroyed by the addition of fluorides. A high fluoride release was found initially from test films of the materials but within 2-3 weeks a decrease to very low fluoride levels was observed.", "contents": "Permeability and fluoride release of lining materials containing amine fluorides. The addition of amine fluorides to a copal recin (Copalite) and a chlorine caoutchouc varnish (Pergut S-40) has been studied. The permeability of Copalite films was only slightly increased whereas the excellent film-forming qualities of Pergut S-40 were destroyed by the addition of fluorides. A high fluoride release was found initially from test films of the materials but within 2-3 weeks a decrease to very low fluoride levels was observed.", "PMID": 1070130}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6434", "title": "Fluoride uptake from restorative dental materials by human enamel.", "content": "The purpose of the study was to determine the uptake in vitro of fluoride from restorative materials by tooth enamel and whether prior etching of the enamel causes a change of uptake. The outermost layer of the labial surface of extracted canines was removed by grinding and the enamel was covered with five different fluoride-containing materials; a silicate, a composite resin, an amalgam, a silicophosphate, and a polycarboxylate luting cement. The material was either removed immediately or after storing the tooth in distilled water. The fluoride content was determined using a sensitive physical method based on the 19F (p,alpha gamma) 16 O reaction. In addition, the fluoride content of enamel after etching for different periods of time and of etched enamel which had been in contact with silicate cement was determined. The mean fluoride content of uncovered interior enamel was 226 parts/10(6). All materials, except the composite, increased clearly the fluoride content of the underlyaing enamal. Etching of interior enamel also increased the fluoride values. No difference could be shown in fluoride uptake from silicate and composite resin between etched and unetched enamel.", "contents": "Fluoride uptake from restorative dental materials by human enamel. The purpose of the study was to determine the uptake in vitro of fluoride from restorative materials by tooth enamel and whether prior etching of the enamel causes a change of uptake. The outermost layer of the labial surface of extracted canines was removed by grinding and the enamel was covered with five different fluoride-containing materials; a silicate, a composite resin, an amalgam, a silicophosphate, and a polycarboxylate luting cement. The material was either removed immediately or after storing the tooth in distilled water. The fluoride content was determined using a sensitive physical method based on the 19F (p,alpha gamma) 16 O reaction. In addition, the fluoride content of enamel after etching for different periods of time and of etched enamel which had been in contact with silicate cement was determined. The mean fluoride content of uncovered interior enamel was 226 parts/10(6). All materials, except the composite, increased clearly the fluoride content of the underlyaing enamal. Etching of interior enamel also increased the fluoride values. No difference could be shown in fluoride uptake from silicate and composite resin between etched and unetched enamel.", "PMID": 1070131}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6435", "title": "An infrared spectroscopic study of sealants.", "content": "The aim of this work was to determine the quantity of remaining unreacted methacrylate groups in polymerized dental sealants. Eight brands of sealants were investigated by means of a grating infrared spectrophotometer. The infrared absorbance measurements were made before polymerization and repeated after the sealants had been polymerized at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The quantities of remaining unreacted methacrylate groups were determined and the data expressed as percentages of the total amount of methacrylate groups in the unpolymerized materials. The results demonstrate that commercially available sealants exhibit different degrees of conversion 24 h after the start of polymerization. The quantities of remaining methacrylate groups after polymerization under conditions comparable with optimal clinical conditions range from approximately 15% to approximately 35% in the different brands.", "contents": "An infrared spectroscopic study of sealants. The aim of this work was to determine the quantity of remaining unreacted methacrylate groups in polymerized dental sealants. Eight brands of sealants were investigated by means of a grating infrared spectrophotometer. The infrared absorbance measurements were made before polymerization and repeated after the sealants had been polymerized at 37 degrees C for 24 h. The quantities of remaining unreacted methacrylate groups were determined and the data expressed as percentages of the total amount of methacrylate groups in the unpolymerized materials. The results demonstrate that commercially available sealants exhibit different degrees of conversion 24 h after the start of polymerization. The quantities of remaining methacrylate groups after polymerization under conditions comparable with optimal clinical conditions range from approximately 15% to approximately 35% in the different brands.", "PMID": 1070132}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6436", "title": "Evaluation of fissure sealing with a diluted composite sealant and an UV-light polymerized sealant after 36 months' observation.", "content": "The idea of fissure sealing has found wide acceptance in caries prevention. The present investigation was initiated to evaluate the retention of a diluted composite material used as a fissure sealant, compared with the retention of an UV-light polymerized sealant. After an observation period of 3 years, it seems justified to assume that a diluted composite sealant is a fully acceptable alternative to an UV-light polymerized sealant, and the former material seemed to have some advantages: a simpler polymerization procedure, an apparently better wear  resistance due to ceramic filler particles, and an easier recognition because of a slight discoloration.", "contents": "Evaluation of fissure sealing with a diluted composite sealant and an UV-light polymerized sealant after 36 months' observation. The idea of fissure sealing has found wide acceptance in caries prevention. The present investigation was initiated to evaluate the retention of a diluted composite material used as a fissure sealant, compared with the retention of an UV-light polymerized sealant. After an observation period of 3 years, it seems justified to assume that a diluted composite sealant is a fully acceptable alternative to an UV-light polymerized sealant, and the former material seemed to have some advantages: a simpler polymerization procedure, an apparently better wear  resistance due to ceramic filler particles, and an easier recognition because of a slight discoloration.", "PMID": 1070133}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6437", "title": "Lipids in the walls and contents of jaw cysts.", "content": "The amount and composition of lipid in 129 walls of jaw cyst and 18 pieces of cyst contents was determined by thin-layer chromatography. The proportions of the fractions (i.e. phospholipid, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, free fatty acids) were compared with corresponding values (collected from the literature) from the superficial layers of normal and atherosclerotic aortas. The amounts of total lipid and of the fractions were comparable. Concomitant with an increasing amount of lipid, there was a rise in the ratio: total cholesterol/phospholipid. In the aortic lesions this increase of cholesterol was due to a rise in the fraction of cholesteryl ester. In the cyst material, the increase was due to a rise in the free cholesterol. A possible explanation is discussed.", "contents": "Lipids in the walls and contents of jaw cysts. The amount and composition of lipid in 129 walls of jaw cyst and 18 pieces of cyst contents was determined by thin-layer chromatography. The proportions of the fractions (i.e. phospholipid, free cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, triglyceride, free fatty acids) were compared with corresponding values (collected from the literature) from the superficial layers of normal and atherosclerotic aortas. The amounts of total lipid and of the fractions were comparable. Concomitant with an increasing amount of lipid, there was a rise in the ratio: total cholesterol/phospholipid. In the aortic lesions this increase of cholesterol was due to a rise in the fraction of cholesteryl ester. In the cyst material, the increase was due to a rise in the free cholesterol. A possible explanation is discussed.", "PMID": 1070134}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6438", "title": "Lysozyme activity and flow rate of mixed saliva in children, adolescents and adults.", "content": "Reports of lysozyme activity in mixed saliva differ greatly from lysozyme determination in pure form. In this study lysozyme activity of mixed saliva was determined by turbidimetric method in healthy children, adolescents, and adults, 111 subjects altogether. The salivary flow rate was estimated. The lysozyme activity of mixed saliva in 24 children was 129.4 +/- 42.4, in 21 adolescents 160.9 +/- 58.2, and in 66 adults 165.7 +/- 36.7 (mug/ml hen's egg white lysozyme). The flow rate of mixed saliva was similar in different groups. No statistically significant linear dependence between saliva lysozyme and flow rate was found. The lysozyme activities obtained correspond with the results of saliva lysozyme in pure form.", "contents": "Lysozyme activity and flow rate of mixed saliva in children, adolescents and adults. Reports of lysozyme activity in mixed saliva differ greatly from lysozyme determination in pure form. In this study lysozyme activity of mixed saliva was determined by turbidimetric method in healthy children, adolescents, and adults, 111 subjects altogether. The salivary flow rate was estimated. The lysozyme activity of mixed saliva in 24 children was 129.4 +/- 42.4, in 21 adolescents 160.9 +/- 58.2, and in 66 adults 165.7 +/- 36.7 (mug/ml hen's egg white lysozyme). The flow rate of mixed saliva was similar in different groups. No statistically significant linear dependence between saliva lysozyme and flow rate was found. The lysozyme activities obtained correspond with the results of saliva lysozyme in pure form.", "PMID": 1070135}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6439", "title": "Leukocytes in the edentulous mouth.", "content": "Oral leukocytes were estimated in 55 edentulous persons wearing dentures by sequential mouthrinses. Forty-four subjects had clinically healthy-looking mouths and 11 had parital mild inflammation under the dentures. Leukocytes were found in the mouths of all subjects. The migratory rate in 30 sec in 44 subjects was 0.283 +/0 0.082 X 10(6) and in 11 subjects 0.570 +/- 0.147. The difference between the two groups was highly significant, P less than 0.001. The cell counts of the healthy edentulous mouth are comparable with the healthy dentulous mouth. The unexpected results raise the question of the origin of leukocytes in the edentulous mouth.", "contents": "Leukocytes in the edentulous mouth. Oral leukocytes were estimated in 55 edentulous persons wearing dentures by sequential mouthrinses. Forty-four subjects had clinically healthy-looking mouths and 11 had parital mild inflammation under the dentures. Leukocytes were found in the mouths of all subjects. The migratory rate in 30 sec in 44 subjects was 0.283 +/0 0.082 X 10(6) and in 11 subjects 0.570 +/- 0.147. The difference between the two groups was highly significant, P less than 0.001. The cell counts of the healthy edentulous mouth are comparable with the healthy dentulous mouth. The unexpected results raise the question of the origin of leukocytes in the edentulous mouth.", "PMID": 1070136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6440", "title": "Elastic properties of resin-based filling materials.", "content": "Some aspects of the viscoelastic behavior of resin-based filling materials have been studied by the use of a bending test. The specimens, designed as cantilever beams were loaded for 30 sec and then unloaded. The tests were performed at 1/2 h, 1 h, 3h, 24 h, and 1 week after mixing of the materials. The strains were measured by electric strain gauges cemented to the tensile side of the beam. Six products were tested, five of them composites. Different brands of materials showed considerable variation in degree of viscoelastic behavior. The value for elastic after-effect decreased markedly with time, reaching a fairly constant value at 24 h. Elastic moduli showed a similar increase and the stiffest materials exhibited the least elastic after-effect.", "contents": "Elastic properties of resin-based filling materials. Some aspects of the viscoelastic behavior of resin-based filling materials have been studied by the use of a bending test. The specimens, designed as cantilever beams were loaded for 30 sec and then unloaded. The tests were performed at 1/2 h, 1 h, 3h, 24 h, and 1 week after mixing of the materials. The strains were measured by electric strain gauges cemented to the tensile side of the beam. Six products were tested, five of them composites. Different brands of materials showed considerable variation in degree of viscoelastic behavior. The value for elastic after-effect decreased markedly with time, reaching a fairly constant value at 24 h. Elastic moduli showed a similar increase and the stiffest materials exhibited the least elastic after-effect.", "PMID": 1070137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6441", "title": "Marginal fracture of dental amalgams.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the marginal fracture of different amalgams, using a semiclinical method which facilitates standardization and minimizes the observation time, in 10 patients receiving complete dentures. Cavities were cut occlusally in acrylic premolars and molars. The margin was then beveled to 45 degrees with a cone-shaped diamond. Two dispersion-strengthened amalgams and one conventional amalgam were used in each mouth. The cavities of each quadrant were filled with the same amalgam. Thus, conventional amalgam fillings were always placed in opposing quadrants to those filled with a dispersion-strengthened amalgam. The degree of marginal fracture was evaluated from the prints (magnification X 5-7) by five dentists separately and blindly. After 6 months' service, severe marginal fracturing was frequently seen.", "contents": "Marginal fracture of dental amalgams. The purpose of this study was to determine the marginal fracture of different amalgams, using a semiclinical method which facilitates standardization and minimizes the observation time, in 10 patients receiving complete dentures. Cavities were cut occlusally in acrylic premolars and molars. The margin was then beveled to 45 degrees with a cone-shaped diamond. Two dispersion-strengthened amalgams and one conventional amalgam were used in each mouth. The cavities of each quadrant were filled with the same amalgam. Thus, conventional amalgam fillings were always placed in opposing quadrants to those filled with a dispersion-strengthened amalgam. The degree of marginal fracture was evaluated from the prints (magnification X 5-7) by five dentists separately and blindly. After 6 months' service, severe marginal fracturing was frequently seen.", "PMID": 1070138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6442", "title": "Opinions among Norweigian dentists on specialization and/or general practice.", "content": "Three special areas of dental practice are recognized by the Norwegian Dental Association: oral surgery, orthodontics, and periodontics. A representative, nationwide sample comprising 50 dentists in Norway was surveyed through personal interviews concerning opinions about specialists and further specialization. Two dentists in the sample were specialists, the remaining general practitioners. Two-thirds of this group thought that the specialization of dentistry would continue. Only 11 dentists, however, considered this development to be desirable. Every second stated nevertheless that there was a shortage of specialists, particularly orthodonists, in the district where they practice. Most respondents had good experiences cooperating with specialists but they were against astablishing new specialities; they were concerned about their own scope of acitivity. Some pointed out that it requires greater skill and ability to be a solo general practitioner in a rural district than to be an urban, centrally located specialist. However, only 13 dentists considered it right to make general practice a \"specialty\".", "contents": "Opinions among Norweigian dentists on specialization and/or general practice. Three special areas of dental practice are recognized by the Norwegian Dental Association: oral surgery, orthodontics, and periodontics. A representative, nationwide sample comprising 50 dentists in Norway was surveyed through personal interviews concerning opinions about specialists and further specialization. Two dentists in the sample were specialists, the remaining general practitioners. Two-thirds of this group thought that the specialization of dentistry would continue. Only 11 dentists, however, considered this development to be desirable. Every second stated nevertheless that there was a shortage of specialists, particularly orthodonists, in the district where they practice. Most respondents had good experiences cooperating with specialists but they were against astablishing new specialities; they were concerned about their own scope of acitivity. Some pointed out that it requires greater skill and ability to be a solo general practitioner in a rural district than to be an urban, centrally located specialist. However, only 13 dentists considered it right to make general practice a \"specialty\".", "PMID": 1070139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6443", "title": "Classification of written examinations in dental education in Norway according to educational aims.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to assess to what extent retention of factual knowledge or higher cognitive abilities, such as analytical/critical evaluation, were required by the students in the written examinations in clinical departments of dental schools in Norway in 1973-1975. A modified version of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives was used to classify the examination questions. Most of the questions were covered by the teaching program and concerned factural knowledge. When clinical examinations included a complete patient history and/or radiographs, judgment of the available information was demanded from the students. A great number of minor questions usually represented a lower taxonomic level than the use of a few essay questions.", "contents": "Classification of written examinations in dental education in Norway according to educational aims. The purpose of the present study was to assess to what extent retention of factual knowledge or higher cognitive abilities, such as analytical/critical evaluation, were required by the students in the written examinations in clinical departments of dental schools in Norway in 1973-1975. A modified version of Bloom's taxonomy of educational objectives was used to classify the examination questions. Most of the questions were covered by the teaching program and concerned factural knowledge. When clinical examinations included a complete patient history and/or radiographs, judgment of the available information was demanded from the students. A great number of minor questions usually represented a lower taxonomic level than the use of a few essay questions.", "PMID": 1070140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6444", "title": "The morphology of dyserythropoiesis in a patient with acute erythroleukaemia associated with multiple myeloma.", "content": "A patient with multiple myeloma in whom acute erythroleukaemia developed 5 years following treatment with irradiation and melphalan is reported. Immunoglobulin synthesis and immunofluorescence investigations provided evidence that the blast cells in the peripheral blood did not belong to the plasma cell series; ultrastructure examination demonstrated their myeloid origin. Chromosomally abnormal cells were observed in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Light-and electron microscopy of erythropoiesis in this case showed distinct features of dyserythropoiesis, similar to those described in other entities. The erythroid cell abnormalities are discussed in the light of their being either indications of malignancy or of a reactive process.", "contents": "The morphology of dyserythropoiesis in a patient with acute erythroleukaemia associated with multiple myeloma. A patient with multiple myeloma in whom acute erythroleukaemia developed 5 years following treatment with irradiation and melphalan is reported. Immunoglobulin synthesis and immunofluorescence investigations provided evidence that the blast cells in the peripheral blood did not belong to the plasma cell series; ultrastructure examination demonstrated their myeloid origin. Chromosomally abnormal cells were observed in both the bone marrow and peripheral blood. Light-and electron microscopy of erythropoiesis in this case showed distinct features of dyserythropoiesis, similar to those described in other entities. The erythroid cell abnormalities are discussed in the light of their being either indications of malignancy or of a reactive process.", "PMID": 1070141}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6445", "title": "The antianabolic effect of tetracyclines in a consecutive clinical series.", "content": "In a series of 58 tetracycline-treated patients from an intensive care unit 33 patients were given oxytetracycline and 25 patients were given doxycycline. In 50 of the patients the serum creatinine level never exceeded 2 mg/100 ml. The serum urea/creatinine ratio was repeatedly determined in all patients. The oxytetracycline group displayed significantly higher mean values for this ratio during treatment than the doxycycline group. This was interpreted as a probable antianabolic effect due to the oxytetracycline therapy.", "contents": "The antianabolic effect of tetracyclines in a consecutive clinical series. In a series of 58 tetracycline-treated patients from an intensive care unit 33 patients were given oxytetracycline and 25 patients were given doxycycline. In 50 of the patients the serum creatinine level never exceeded 2 mg/100 ml. The serum urea/creatinine ratio was repeatedly determined in all patients. The oxytetracycline group displayed significantly higher mean values for this ratio during treatment than the doxycycline group. This was interpreted as a probable antianabolic effect due to the oxytetracycline therapy.", "PMID": 1070142}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6446", "title": "The penetration of doxycycline into CSF.", "content": "After single oral or intravenous doses of doxycycline the concentrations found in the spinal fluid did not exceed 0.1 mcg/ml. Daily oral administration for 2-10 days gave a level in the spinal fluid of 0.1-0.76 mcg/ml. The mean value, 0.37 mcg/ml, corresponded to 14% of the concentrations found in serum. Further studies of the penetration of doxycycline in patients with a damaged blood-brain barrier should be performed before doxycycline can be recommended for the treatment of CNS-infections.", "contents": "The penetration of doxycycline into CSF. After single oral or intravenous doses of doxycycline the concentrations found in the spinal fluid did not exceed 0.1 mcg/ml. Daily oral administration for 2-10 days gave a level in the spinal fluid of 0.1-0.76 mcg/ml. The mean value, 0.37 mcg/ml, corresponded to 14% of the concentrations found in serum. Further studies of the penetration of doxycycline in patients with a damaged blood-brain barrier should be performed before doxycycline can be recommended for the treatment of CNS-infections.", "PMID": 1070143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6447", "title": "Studies on the excretion of doxycycline in patients with ileostomies.", "content": "The excretion of doxycycline was studied in patients with ileostomies after intravenous administration of the drug. The intestinal excretion, measured by bioassay, was of the same magnitude as reported in normal human beings when similar methods have been used. If the main part of a dose of doxycycline is secreted and bound in the intestine, this study suggests that the large bowel is not important for this binding.", "contents": "Studies on the excretion of doxycycline in patients with ileostomies. The excretion of doxycycline was studied in patients with ileostomies after intravenous administration of the drug. The intestinal excretion, measured by bioassay, was of the same magnitude as reported in normal human beings when similar methods have been used. If the main part of a dose of doxycycline is secreted and bound in the intestine, this study suggests that the large bowel is not important for this binding.", "PMID": 1070144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6448", "title": "The elimination of tritiated doxycycline in normal subjects and in patients with severely impaired renal function.", "content": "Tritiated doxycycline was administered to four normals, four patients with renal failure interdialysis, and three patients in renal failure who were not on dialysis. Elimination was followed by collection of urine and feces up to eight days. It was demonstrated that renal failure reduced the urinary excretion of doxycycline. In normal individuals the total of 86% of the radioactivity was eliminated in five days, half in the urine and half in the feces. In patients, with renal failure on dialysis, 32% of the radioactivity was eliminated in that time, 9.3% in the urine and 23% in the feces. In renal failure patients not on dialysis 49% was eliminated in that time, 4% in the urine and 45% in the feces; when followed up to eight days a total of almost 70% of the radioactivity was eliminated and the increase elimination was accounted for by fecal elimination such that 64% was eliminated in the feces and 5% in the urine. The disappearance from the plasma compartment in all three groups was similar. Thus, although the plasma half-life of doxycycline is not significantly prolonged in renal failure, it appears likely that the drug is taken up into a compartment from which it may slowly be eliminated and when followed for a continual period of time a significant percentage can be recovered from the feces. There remains however, up to 30% of the administered dose which was not recovered and it must be assumed that a significant per cent of doxycycline would accumulate in a compartment, as yet unidentified, in patients with renal failure.", "contents": "The elimination of tritiated doxycycline in normal subjects and in patients with severely impaired renal function. Tritiated doxycycline was administered to four normals, four patients with renal failure interdialysis, and three patients in renal failure who were not on dialysis. Elimination was followed by collection of urine and feces up to eight days. It was demonstrated that renal failure reduced the urinary excretion of doxycycline. In normal individuals the total of 86% of the radioactivity was eliminated in five days, half in the urine and half in the feces. In patients, with renal failure on dialysis, 32% of the radioactivity was eliminated in that time, 9.3% in the urine and 23% in the feces. In renal failure patients not on dialysis 49% was eliminated in that time, 4% in the urine and 45% in the feces; when followed up to eight days a total of almost 70% of the radioactivity was eliminated and the increase elimination was accounted for by fecal elimination such that 64% was eliminated in the feces and 5% in the urine. The disappearance from the plasma compartment in all three groups was similar. Thus, although the plasma half-life of doxycycline is not significantly prolonged in renal failure, it appears likely that the drug is taken up into a compartment from which it may slowly be eliminated and when followed for a continual period of time a significant percentage can be recovered from the feces. There remains however, up to 30% of the administered dose which was not recovered and it must be assumed that a significant per cent of doxycycline would accumulate in a compartment, as yet unidentified, in patients with renal failure.", "PMID": 1070145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6449", "title": "Concentrations of doxycycline in human seminal plasma.", "content": "Single oral doses of 200 mg doxycycline was given to 16 healthy test subjects. The concentrations of the drug were measured in blood plasma and seminal plasma and related to the zinc content. Measurable concentrations of doxycycline were obtained in seminal plasma one to two hours after drug intake. The maximum level was reached after 4 to 6 hours and measurable concentrations were recorded in both blood plasma and seminal plasma after 24 hours. This means that measurable concentrations were maintained during almost the entire dose interval. In split ejaculate experiments it was shown that doxycycline is excreted mainly through the prostate gland. The mean concentration ratio for \"prostatic fluid\" vs. blood plasma in healthy volunteers was about 0.6. Indirect evidence is presented that the concentrations in the fluids from the accessory genital glands are higher if patients with prostatitis are given daily doses of 100 mg doxycycline.", "contents": "Concentrations of doxycycline in human seminal plasma. Single oral doses of 200 mg doxycycline was given to 16 healthy test subjects. The concentrations of the drug were measured in blood plasma and seminal plasma and related to the zinc content. Measurable concentrations of doxycycline were obtained in seminal plasma one to two hours after drug intake. The maximum level was reached after 4 to 6 hours and measurable concentrations were recorded in both blood plasma and seminal plasma after 24 hours. This means that measurable concentrations were maintained during almost the entire dose interval. In split ejaculate experiments it was shown that doxycycline is excreted mainly through the prostate gland. The mean concentration ratio for \"prostatic fluid\" vs. blood plasma in healthy volunteers was about 0.6. Indirect evidence is presented that the concentrations in the fluids from the accessory genital glands are higher if patients with prostatitis are given daily doses of 100 mg doxycycline.", "PMID": 1070146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6450", "title": "Tetracyclines, doxycycline and calcified tissues.", "content": "The use of radioactive isotope techniques has led to a thorough re-assessment of our knowledge of bone histology. It is known that tetracyclines faithfully follow the pattern of calcium metabolism in the body. Fluorescence microscopy, after double labeling with tetracyclines and alizarin red S, is very useful for collection of qualitative and quantitative data on compact and spongy bone remodeling. Two illustrations are presented which demonstrate how oxytetracycline and doxycycline administered in therapeutic doses to growing dogs, become deposited in the dentine. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Tetracyclines, doxycycline and calcified tissues. The use of radioactive isotope techniques has led to a thorough re-assessment of our knowledge of bone histology. It is known that tetracyclines faithfully follow the pattern of calcium metabolism in the body. Fluorescence microscopy, after double labeling with tetracyclines and alizarin red S, is very useful for collection of qualitative and quantitative data on compact and spongy bone remodeling. Two illustrations are presented which demonstrate how oxytetracycline and doxycycline administered in therapeutic doses to growing dogs, become deposited in the dentine. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "PMID": 1070147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6451", "title": "A computerized study of bacterial resistance patterns (1971-1974). A preliminary report.", "content": "In an effort to provide information concerning the bacterial sensitivities in the Dordrecht area, continuing surveys are performed on the laboratory results. In 1974 information was presented on the bacterial sensitivities and resistance patterns during the period between 1968 and 1970. It has now been possible to study data from 1971 to 1974. Approximately 4000 sensitivity reports were surveyed--1000 from each year. A transfer sheet which could be entered into a computer was filled in for each patient who had a bacterial isolate and an antibiotic sensitivity test. This report gives the results of the survey. It is concluded that specific antibiotic testing must be performed. As an example more strains are sensitive to doxycycline than to tetracycline.", "contents": "A computerized study of bacterial resistance patterns (1971-1974). A preliminary report. In an effort to provide information concerning the bacterial sensitivities in the Dordrecht area, continuing surveys are performed on the laboratory results. In 1974 information was presented on the bacterial sensitivities and resistance patterns during the period between 1968 and 1970. It has now been possible to study data from 1971 to 1974. Approximately 4000 sensitivity reports were surveyed--1000 from each year. A transfer sheet which could be entered into a computer was filled in for each patient who had a bacterial isolate and an antibiotic sensitivity test. This report gives the results of the survey. It is concluded that specific antibiotic testing must be performed. As an example more strains are sensitive to doxycycline than to tetracycline.", "PMID": 1070148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6452", "title": "Bacteriological findings in sinusitis (1963-1975).", "content": "Two different studies were performed in order to determine the role of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in sinusitis. Aerobes: A retrospective study of 331 cases of all types of sinusitis (from 1963 till 1975) showed an increasing occurrence of Haemophilus influenzae during the last three years. Only in the acute sinusitis is Streptococcus pneumoniae more frequently found than Haemophilus influenzae, which exhibits the highest occurrence in chronic and undeterminable cases. We found cultures with pathogenic aerobes in 64% of the acute and 56% of the chronic cases of sinusitis. Anaerobes: A prospective study of 100 sinus secretions from 66 patients with paranasal sinusitis showed the great importance of anaerobes; they were present in 33% of samples, pure anaerobic cultures in 12% and mixed aerobic-anaerobic in 21%. Peptostreptococcus sp. showed the highest occurrence (15%). Anaerobic sinusitis is more frequent in unilateral cases. The presence of anaerobes is not dependent on the patient's age or the duration of the sinusitis. In 76% the anaerobes disappeared after the initial antral irrigation.", "contents": "Bacteriological findings in sinusitis (1963-1975). Two different studies were performed in order to determine the role of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in sinusitis. Aerobes: A retrospective study of 331 cases of all types of sinusitis (from 1963 till 1975) showed an increasing occurrence of Haemophilus influenzae during the last three years. Only in the acute sinusitis is Streptococcus pneumoniae more frequently found than Haemophilus influenzae, which exhibits the highest occurrence in chronic and undeterminable cases. We found cultures with pathogenic aerobes in 64% of the acute and 56% of the chronic cases of sinusitis. Anaerobes: A prospective study of 100 sinus secretions from 66 patients with paranasal sinusitis showed the great importance of anaerobes; they were present in 33% of samples, pure anaerobic cultures in 12% and mixed aerobic-anaerobic in 21%. Peptostreptococcus sp. showed the highest occurrence (15%). Anaerobic sinusitis is more frequent in unilateral cases. The presence of anaerobes is not dependent on the patient's age or the duration of the sinusitis. In 76% the anaerobes disappeared after the initial antral irrigation.", "PMID": 1070150}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6453", "title": "Isolation of Chlamydia in acute salpingitis.", "content": "In 22 patients with acute salpingitis, verified by laparoscopy, samples for attempted isolation of bacteria, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia were drawn from aspirates and cervical smears. CF-antibodies to Chlamydia were measured to acute and convalescent phase sera. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from tubal secretions in two patients and Mycoplasmas in one patient. In two patients Chlamydia were recovered from the Fallopian tube. The serological investigation indicated Chlamydia infection in 6 patients.", "contents": "Isolation of Chlamydia in acute salpingitis. In 22 patients with acute salpingitis, verified by laparoscopy, samples for attempted isolation of bacteria, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia were drawn from aspirates and cervical smears. CF-antibodies to Chlamydia were measured to acute and convalescent phase sera. Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from tubal secretions in two patients and Mycoplasmas in one patient. In two patients Chlamydia were recovered from the Fallopian tube. The serological investigation indicated Chlamydia infection in 6 patients.", "PMID": 1070151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6454", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of rabbit synovitis induced by autologous IgG fragments. II. Infiltrating cells in the sublining layer.", "content": "The synovial sublining layer of rabbits with synovitis induced by intra-articular injection of cathepsin D digested autologous IgG fragments (Fab2) has been examined under the electron microscope. Twelve or more injections of autologous Fab2 led to chronic synovitis with dense mononuclear cell infiltrates containing lymphocytes, blastic cells, plasma cells and macrophages. In the infiltrates there was evidence that the lymphocytes had been activated prior to transformation into mature plasma cells. Indirect evidence suggests that T lymphocyte activation also occurred in these infiltrates. Cellular contacts between macrophages and lymphocytes or plasma cells as well as between M cells and lymphocytes were demonstrated. These contacts are tentatively interpreted as a feature of ongoing immune processes in the synovium.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of rabbit synovitis induced by autologous IgG fragments. II. Infiltrating cells in the sublining layer. The synovial sublining layer of rabbits with synovitis induced by intra-articular injection of cathepsin D digested autologous IgG fragments (Fab2) has been examined under the electron microscope. Twelve or more injections of autologous Fab2 led to chronic synovitis with dense mononuclear cell infiltrates containing lymphocytes, blastic cells, plasma cells and macrophages. In the infiltrates there was evidence that the lymphocytes had been activated prior to transformation into mature plasma cells. Indirect evidence suggests that T lymphocyte activation also occurred in these infiltrates. Cellular contacts between macrophages and lymphocytes or plasma cells as well as between M cells and lymphocytes were demonstrated. These contacts are tentatively interpreted as a feature of ongoing immune processes in the synovium.", "PMID": 1070152}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6455", "title": "Ultrastructural studies of rabbit synovitis induced by autologous IgG fragments. I. Proliferation of the lining cells.", "content": "The synovial lining cells of rabbits with experimental synovitis induced by intra-articular injection of cathepsin D-digested autologous IgG fragments (Fab2) have been subjected to electronmicroscopic study. From 3 to 50 such injections resulted in hyperplasia of the lining layer with an increase in the numbers of phagocytic and synthetic cells. Morphologically the phagocytes were classified into monocyte-like cells, mature and immature phagocytes, and epitheloid=like cells, indicating that synovial M cells may originate from blood monocytes that differentiate in situ like the monocytes in other tissues. The finding of \"undifferentiated\" (mesenchymal), transitional and mature synthetic cells in the lining layer suggests that synovial F cells are derived from the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells persisting in the synovial membrane in postnatal life. In the animals with synovitis, the synthetic cells were found to undergo mitosis but not the phagocytic cells. It is concluded that the hyperplasia of the lining layer is due to two distinct processes, namely invasion by precursors of M cells (monocytes) and local proliferation of F cells. As far as immune reactions involved in the synovitis are concerned, the possible roles played by lysosomal substances in these two processes are also discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies of rabbit synovitis induced by autologous IgG fragments. I. Proliferation of the lining cells. The synovial lining cells of rabbits with experimental synovitis induced by intra-articular injection of cathepsin D-digested autologous IgG fragments (Fab2) have been subjected to electronmicroscopic study. From 3 to 50 such injections resulted in hyperplasia of the lining layer with an increase in the numbers of phagocytic and synthetic cells. Morphologically the phagocytes were classified into monocyte-like cells, mature and immature phagocytes, and epitheloid=like cells, indicating that synovial M cells may originate from blood monocytes that differentiate in situ like the monocytes in other tissues. The finding of \"undifferentiated\" (mesenchymal), transitional and mature synthetic cells in the lining layer suggests that synovial F cells are derived from the undifferentiated mesenchymal cells persisting in the synovial membrane in postnatal life. In the animals with synovitis, the synthetic cells were found to undergo mitosis but not the phagocytic cells. It is concluded that the hyperplasia of the lining layer is due to two distinct processes, namely invasion by precursors of M cells (monocytes) and local proliferation of F cells. As far as immune reactions involved in the synovitis are concerned, the possible roles played by lysosomal substances in these two processes are also discussed.", "PMID": 1070153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6456", "title": "[The treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia during the first recurrence by means of a new cytostatic combination].", "content": "Fifteen patients with acute myeloic leukemia in the first relapse following initial therapy were treated with a combination of adriamycin, vincristine, 6-thioguanine and the new podophyllotoxin derivative VP 16-213. Complete remission was obtained in 3 cases and partial remission in 3 further patients. The combination was generally well tolerated. These preliminary results are compared with those available in the relatively meagre literature. The study is being continued.", "contents": "[The treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia during the first recurrence by means of a new cytostatic combination]. Fifteen patients with acute myeloic leukemia in the first relapse following initial therapy were treated with a combination of adriamycin, vincristine, 6-thioguanine and the new podophyllotoxin derivative VP 16-213. Complete remission was obtained in 3 cases and partial remission in 3 further patients. The combination was generally well tolerated. These preliminary results are compared with those available in the relatively meagre literature. The study is being continued.", "PMID": 1070154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6457", "title": "[Immunologic aspects of granulocyte transfusions].", "content": "Immunologic problems appear to have a fundamental bearing on the survival of transfused white blood cells. Detailed study of HLA and non-HLA antigens of granulocytes and a systematic search for transfusion-induced antibodies make it possible to evaluate the respective importance of the different antigenic systems. This should lead to better clinical tolerance and optimum therapeutic effectiveness of granulocyte transfusions.", "contents": "[Immunologic aspects of granulocyte transfusions]. Immunologic problems appear to have a fundamental bearing on the survival of transfused white blood cells. Detailed study of HLA and non-HLA antigens of granulocytes and a systematic search for transfusion-induced antibodies make it possible to evaluate the respective importance of the different antigenic systems. This should lead to better clinical tolerance and optimum therapeutic effectiveness of granulocyte transfusions.", "PMID": 1070155}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6458", "title": "[Circulating immune complexes in human leukemias].", "content": "Occurrence of immune complexes in leukemia has been investigated by the 125I-Clq-binding test. A highly significant serum Clq-binding activity (Clq-BA) was demonstrated in 37% of patients with acute myelocytic leukemia, in 23% of patients with acute lymphocyte leukemia,and in 32% of those in blastic crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia. Such a high Clq-BA is found only in 13% of cases with chronic leukemia. Incidence of increased serum Clq-BA is significantly higher during the blastic stage of leukemia than in complete remission. There is no correlation between the elevated Clq-BA and infections complicating acute leukemia, or with the chemotherapy given to the patients. The Clq-binding material exhibits properties similar to those of immune complexes.", "contents": "[Circulating immune complexes in human leukemias]. Occurrence of immune complexes in leukemia has been investigated by the 125I-Clq-binding test. A highly significant serum Clq-binding activity (Clq-BA) was demonstrated in 37% of patients with acute myelocytic leukemia, in 23% of patients with acute lymphocyte leukemia,and in 32% of those in blastic crisis of chronic myelocytic leukemia. Such a high Clq-BA is found only in 13% of cases with chronic leukemia. Incidence of increased serum Clq-BA is significantly higher during the blastic stage of leukemia than in complete remission. There is no correlation between the elevated Clq-BA and infections complicating acute leukemia, or with the chemotherapy given to the patients. The Clq-binding material exhibits properties similar to those of immune complexes.", "PMID": 1070156}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6459", "title": "[Triple Philadelphia chromosome during blastic crisis of a chronic myelocytic leukemia].", "content": "The blastic phase of a Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is often characterized by hyperdiploidy and sometimes by the presence of a double Ph1, suggesting a pattern of clonal evoluation. In the case reported here, the caryotype at the time of diagnosis in 1970 was 46, XY, Ph1. In 1975, after a blastic evolution followed by a drug-induced hematologic remission, cytogenetic studies revealed a chromosomal mosaic: 47, XY, 2 Ph1 and 51, XY, 3 Ph1, 3 C, the clone with 3 Ph1 representing approximately 20% of the mitotic cells. Furthermore, with the Giemsa banding technique, it was possible to identify the 3 supplementary C chromosomes of the 51 chromosomes clone, as being an 8, a 9 and 9 q + respectively. This observation illustrates the succession of chromosomal anomalies occurring during the evolution of CML with, in this case, the unusual appearance of a clone with 3 Ph1.", "contents": "[Triple Philadelphia chromosome during blastic crisis of a chronic myelocytic leukemia]. The blastic phase of a Ph1-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is often characterized by hyperdiploidy and sometimes by the presence of a double Ph1, suggesting a pattern of clonal evoluation. In the case reported here, the caryotype at the time of diagnosis in 1970 was 46, XY, Ph1. In 1975, after a blastic evolution followed by a drug-induced hematologic remission, cytogenetic studies revealed a chromosomal mosaic: 47, XY, 2 Ph1 and 51, XY, 3 Ph1, 3 C, the clone with 3 Ph1 representing approximately 20% of the mitotic cells. Furthermore, with the Giemsa banding technique, it was possible to identify the 3 supplementary C chromosomes of the 51 chromosomes clone, as being an 8, a 9 and 9 q + respectively. This observation illustrates the succession of chromosomal anomalies occurring during the evolution of CML with, in this case, the unusual appearance of a clone with 3 Ph1.", "PMID": 1070157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6460", "title": "Chronic myeloid leukaemia in South African blacks.", "content": "A study on 25 South African Black patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), who were followed for 3 1/2 years, is reported. The Ph chromosome was found in 19 of 20 patients studied. Males predominated in a ratio of 2,5:1. Several unusual clinical features were encountered: significant lymphadenopathy, congestive cardiac failure and skin lesions. Patients with lymphadenopathy responded to busulphan therapy no differently from patients without lymphadenopathy. Nine patients had congestive cardiac failure, and in 7 of these a cause could not be found. Three untreated patients became pregnant, indicating that CML per se does not cause infertility. The haematological measurements were similar to those of previous reports; however, the marked splenomegaly suggests that South African Black patients present themselves for treatment rather late in the disease. The median survival time of 34 months is similar to that of previous reports of larger series from other parts of the world.", "contents": "Chronic myeloid leukaemia in South African blacks. A study on 25 South African Black patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML), who were followed for 3 1/2 years, is reported. The Ph chromosome was found in 19 of 20 patients studied. Males predominated in a ratio of 2,5:1. Several unusual clinical features were encountered: significant lymphadenopathy, congestive cardiac failure and skin lesions. Patients with lymphadenopathy responded to busulphan therapy no differently from patients without lymphadenopathy. Nine patients had congestive cardiac failure, and in 7 of these a cause could not be found. Three untreated patients became pregnant, indicating that CML per se does not cause infertility. The haematological measurements were similar to those of previous reports; however, the marked splenomegaly suggests that South African Black patients present themselves for treatment rather late in the disease. The median survival time of 34 months is similar to that of previous reports of larger series from other parts of the world.", "PMID": 1070165}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6461", "title": "Intracerebellar chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma): a neurosurgical complication of acute myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "A discrete intracerebellar mass of myeloblasts was found in a 26-year-old woman with acute myelocytic leukemia in remission. This chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma) was treated successfully by surgical extirpation. An aggressive neurosurgical role seems appropriate in handling central nervous system leukemic nodules in view of the improved patient survival created by current chemotherapy regimens.", "contents": "Intracerebellar chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma): a neurosurgical complication of acute myelocytic leukemia. A discrete intracerebellar mass of myeloblasts was found in a 26-year-old woman with acute myelocytic leukemia in remission. This chloroma (granulocytic sarcoma) was treated successfully by surgical extirpation. An aggressive neurosurgical role seems appropriate in handling central nervous system leukemic nodules in view of the improved patient survival created by current chemotherapy regimens.", "PMID": 1070167}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6462", "title": "[The diffusion constant for water in dentin in extracted healthy juvenile teeth].", "content": "The authors point to the diffusion processes in dental hard tissues and describe a personal method for determining the diffusion constant in dentine. The diffusion constant in the dentine of permanent teeth from adolescents is 0.74 - 10(-2) cm2/d, measured by means of radioactively labelled water. The necessity for further studies is emphasized.", "contents": "[The diffusion constant for water in dentin in extracted healthy juvenile teeth]. The authors point to the diffusion processes in dental hard tissues and describe a personal method for determining the diffusion constant in dentine. The diffusion constant in the dentine of permanent teeth from adolescents is 0.74 - 10(-2) cm2/d, measured by means of radioactively labelled water. The necessity for further studies is emphasized.", "PMID": 1070186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6463", "title": "[Determination of the time of mineralization of the dental hard substances in rabbits].", "content": "On the basis of radiographic studies on animals (rabbits), the authors determined the beginning of bone and dental hard tissue calcification. First signs of ossification were observed on the 17th day after copulation, whereas the calcification of the incisors began only on the 19th day after copulation.", "contents": "[Determination of the time of mineralization of the dental hard substances in rabbits]. On the basis of radiographic studies on animals (rabbits), the authors determined the beginning of bone and dental hard tissue calcification. First signs of ossification were observed on the 17th day after copulation, whereas the calcification of the incisors began only on the 19th day after copulation.", "PMID": 1070187}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6464", "title": "[Filling therapy with special reference to experimental studies on model-cast inlays].", "content": "By way of introduction, the authors report the results from clinical and radiographic examination of teeth with inlays restorations. In view of further corroboration of the clinical results with modelcast inlays, the authors measured the marginal adaptation of inlays made of Goplat 203 and Sena 65, respectively. The difference in the average marginal adaptation between Goplat 203 and Sena 65 is insignificant, amounting to 3.6 mum in favour of the gold alloy, which permits to recommend Sena as a casting alloy for posterior teeth.", "contents": "[Filling therapy with special reference to experimental studies on model-cast inlays]. By way of introduction, the authors report the results from clinical and radiographic examination of teeth with inlays restorations. In view of further corroboration of the clinical results with modelcast inlays, the authors measured the marginal adaptation of inlays made of Goplat 203 and Sena 65, respectively. The difference in the average marginal adaptation between Goplat 203 and Sena 65 is insignificant, amounting to 3.6 mum in favour of the gold alloy, which permits to recommend Sena as a casting alloy for posterior teeth.", "PMID": 1070188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6465", "title": "[Possibilities of in vivo identification of various types of fissures in human teeth].", "content": "In consideration of the fact that the results from the visual appreciation of the fissures in freshly extracted teeth agree with the findings from thin sections of the same teeth, the authors developed a stereomicroscopic method for assessing in vivo the occlusal surfaces of human teeth. The great percentage of accurate assessments of wide fissures obtained with this method permits to recommend it. Narrow fissures may be ascertained by exclusion.", "contents": "[Possibilities of in vivo identification of various types of fissures in human teeth]. In consideration of the fact that the results from the visual appreciation of the fissures in freshly extracted teeth agree with the findings from thin sections of the same teeth, the authors developed a stereomicroscopic method for assessing in vivo the occlusal surfaces of human teeth. The great percentage of accurate assessments of wide fissures obtained with this method permits to recommend it. Narrow fissures may be ascertained by exclusion.", "PMID": 1070189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6466", "title": "[In vivo measurements of gingival thickness].", "content": "The substantiation of periodontal changes and the evacuation of their course must always involve exact measurements. Up to now the thickness of the gingiva and its dimensional changes have been neglected in most studies though such data may be very revealing in assessing the tissue. The author designed a device which permits to measure the recession of the gingiva with an accuracy of 1/10 mm and to determine exactly the thickness of the gingiva. The thickness of the gingiva was measured in a group of patients undergoing an oral irrigation cure. An initial soft-tissue reaction (in which the opening of terminal vessels and swelling processes seems to prevail over the flooding-out of oedemas) is followed by a small reduction in gingival thickness (presumably associated with the flooding-out of oedemas). The results so far obtained correspond to the clinical, stomatoscopical and bioptical observations.", "contents": "[In vivo measurements of gingival thickness]. The substantiation of periodontal changes and the evacuation of their course must always involve exact measurements. Up to now the thickness of the gingiva and its dimensional changes have been neglected in most studies though such data may be very revealing in assessing the tissue. The author designed a device which permits to measure the recession of the gingiva with an accuracy of 1/10 mm and to determine exactly the thickness of the gingiva. The thickness of the gingiva was measured in a group of patients undergoing an oral irrigation cure. An initial soft-tissue reaction (in which the opening of terminal vessels and swelling processes seems to prevail over the flooding-out of oedemas) is followed by a small reduction in gingival thickness (presumably associated with the flooding-out of oedemas). The results so far obtained correspond to the clinical, stomatoscopical and bioptical observations.", "PMID": 1070190}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6467", "title": "[Results and consequences of clinical-radiological follow-up studies of root canal treated teeth. 2. Dependence of the results on age, degree of root canal obturation and devitalizing drugs. Conclusions for the dental practice].", "content": "The authors report of the follow-up examination of root-canal treatments performed at the Policlinic of Conservative Stomatology of the Karl Marx University of Leipzig in 1967, in which 499 teeth were assessed using severe criteria. The results obtained from the various diagnostic groups depended on the age and the degree of root-filling. Of the root-canal treatment techniques employed, devitalization by means of arsenic showed the highest failure rate. Conclusions relevant to stomatological practice are drawn from the results presented in the two parts of this study.", "contents": "[Results and consequences of clinical-radiological follow-up studies of root canal treated teeth. 2. Dependence of the results on age, degree of root canal obturation and devitalizing drugs. Conclusions for the dental practice]. The authors report of the follow-up examination of root-canal treatments performed at the Policlinic of Conservative Stomatology of the Karl Marx University of Leipzig in 1967, in which 499 teeth were assessed using severe criteria. The results obtained from the various diagnostic groups depended on the age and the degree of root-filling. Of the root-canal treatment techniques employed, devitalization by means of arsenic showed the highest failure rate. Conclusions relevant to stomatological practice are drawn from the results presented in the two parts of this study.", "PMID": 1070191}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6468", "title": "[Anxiety and stress in dental practice. 2. Results of studies in children].", "content": "The stressor effects of various dental procedures were studied in 85 children. In the group of children undergoing extractions, the highest average values for pulse rate and blood pressure were observed right before anaesthesia. Stress reactions occurring in filling therapy were, on an average, almost as frequent and as severe than those due to extractions. \"Anxious\" children responded to dental procedures more frequently with increased 11-OHCS excretion in the urine than \"indifferent\" children, but there was no significant difference in adrenocortical activity.", "contents": "[Anxiety and stress in dental practice. 2. Results of studies in children]. The stressor effects of various dental procedures were studied in 85 children. In the group of children undergoing extractions, the highest average values for pulse rate and blood pressure were observed right before anaesthesia. Stress reactions occurring in filling therapy were, on an average, almost as frequent and as severe than those due to extractions. \"Anxious\" children responded to dental procedures more frequently with increased 11-OHCS excretion in the urine than \"indifferent\" children, but there was no significant difference in adrenocortical activity.", "PMID": 1070192}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6469", "title": "[Report on experiences in the planning and introduction of health educational and caries preventive measures].", "content": "The author deals with the organization and execution of a program of health-educational and caries-protective measures which concentrates upon nursery and primary classes. Propagation and great efficiency are aimed at not only by the collective work of all the members of the personnel of the stomatological facility but also by the co-operation with many societal forces.", "contents": "[Report on experiences in the planning and introduction of health educational and caries preventive measures]. The author deals with the organization and execution of a program of health-educational and caries-protective measures which concentrates upon nursery and primary classes. Propagation and great efficiency are aimed at not only by the collective work of all the members of the personnel of the stomatological facility but also by the co-operation with many societal forces.", "PMID": 1070193}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6470", "title": "Is congenital fibre type disproportion a true myopathy?", "content": "The authors report a case of congenital fibre type disproportion in a 32-month-old male patient. A pathogenetic role of alcohol (\"fetal alcohol syndrome\") could be discussed here because the mother drank daily large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy. Histochemical features undistinguishable from those reported in congenital fibre type disproportion were also observed in two cases of globoid cell leucodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) and in one case of infantile acid maltase deficiency (Pompe's disease). Morphometric studies confirmed this analogy. The occurrence of a similar fibre type disproportion in conditions so completely different from each other casts doubts as to the specificity of these histoenzymatic features. It is suggested that at least some cases of congenital fibre type disproportion could result from a maturational insufficiency of type I motor neurons or from a damage brought to the Schwann cells.", "contents": "Is congenital fibre type disproportion a true myopathy? The authors report a case of congenital fibre type disproportion in a 32-month-old male patient. A pathogenetic role of alcohol (\"fetal alcohol syndrome\") could be discussed here because the mother drank daily large quantities of alcohol during pregnancy. Histochemical features undistinguishable from those reported in congenital fibre type disproportion were also observed in two cases of globoid cell leucodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) and in one case of infantile acid maltase deficiency (Pompe's disease). Morphometric studies confirmed this analogy. The occurrence of a similar fibre type disproportion in conditions so completely different from each other casts doubts as to the specificity of these histoenzymatic features. It is suggested that at least some cases of congenital fibre type disproportion could result from a maturational insufficiency of type I motor neurons or from a damage brought to the Schwann cells.", "PMID": 1070214}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6471", "title": "Turku sugar studies. VII. Principal biochemical findings on whole saliva and plaque.", "content": "Plaque and whole saliva samples of the subjects of the Turku sugar studies were analyzed for several enzymes and biochemical compounds. Strict xylitol diet maintained throughout the study a 50% lower quantity of plaque than the sucrose of fructose diets. Decreased plaque and whole saliva lactate concentration, diminished activity of salivary amylase, and reduced hydrolysis rate of sucrose in plaque and whole saliva were observed in relation to xylitol consumption. The xylitol diet also reduced the ratio of glucose to proteins in plaque. On the other hand, increased activity in plaque of alpha- and beta-glycosidases (against p- and o-nitrophenyl derivatives), fucosidase and aspartate transaminase, as well as increased activity of proteinases and lactoperoxidase in saliva were found in connection with xylitol consumption. The fructose diet caused less clear differences when compared to sucrose, but the experiments indicated a selectivity of the effects of dietary carbohydrates on the biochemistry of whole saliva, plaque and salivary glands. The results contribute in explaining the cariostatic effects of xylitol and the lower coriogenicity of fructose when compared to sucrose.", "contents": "Turku sugar studies. VII. Principal biochemical findings on whole saliva and plaque. Plaque and whole saliva samples of the subjects of the Turku sugar studies were analyzed for several enzymes and biochemical compounds. Strict xylitol diet maintained throughout the study a 50% lower quantity of plaque than the sucrose of fructose diets. Decreased plaque and whole saliva lactate concentration, diminished activity of salivary amylase, and reduced hydrolysis rate of sucrose in plaque and whole saliva were observed in relation to xylitol consumption. The xylitol diet also reduced the ratio of glucose to proteins in plaque. On the other hand, increased activity in plaque of alpha- and beta-glycosidases (against p- and o-nitrophenyl derivatives), fucosidase and aspartate transaminase, as well as increased activity of proteinases and lactoperoxidase in saliva were found in connection with xylitol consumption. The fructose diet caused less clear differences when compared to sucrose, but the experiments indicated a selectivity of the effects of dietary carbohydrates on the biochemistry of whole saliva, plaque and salivary glands. The results contribute in explaining the cariostatic effects of xylitol and the lower coriogenicity of fructose when compared to sucrose.", "PMID": 1070215}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6472", "title": "Turku sugar studies. VIII. Principal microbiological findings.", "content": "The possible qualitative and/or quantitative alterations in the proportions of cultivable groups of oral microorganisms were analysed during a clinical trial involving the consumption of fructose (F) or xylitol (X) in comparison to sucrose (S). Supragingival plaque samples and paraffin-stimulated saliva were collected from 115 subjects. The samples were dispersed by sonication, diluted stepwise, plated on blood sugar, Mac Leod agar, Mac Concey agar, Rogosa S.L. agar, and Sabouraud agar plates and incubated anerobically and/or aerobically. The number of the total colony forming units (CFU) on blood agar plates in anaerobic incubation was about 1-3 X 10(9)/ml saliva and 1-4 X 10(8)/mg plaque and in aerobic respectively 5-18 X 10(8)/ml saliva and 10(8)/mg plaque. The total CFU on Mac Leod agar was of a similar order of magnitude. The variation between subjects and consecutive determinations was of a similar order of magnitude. The variation between subjects and consecutive determinations was relatively large. The arithmetic mean of the total CFU on Mac Concey agar was about 1-5 X 10(5)/ml saliva, on Rogosa S.L. agar 6-130 X 10(3)/ml saliva and on Sabouraud about 1-2 X 10(3)ml saliva, all in aerobic incubations. Replacement of dietary sucrose with xylitol did not affect the proportion of major microbial categories in saliva or dental plaque. The percentage of typical streptococcal colonies on blood agar was of a similar order of magnitude (about 60-70%) during the diets. The arithmetic and geometric means of the total CFU values on Rogosa and Sabouraud agar plates were significantly lower in the X-group than in the S- or F-groups after a diet period of some months. It was thought that the reason for the reduction of acidogenic and aciduric oral flora in the X-group was partly due to the fact that xylitol is generally not metabolized by these microorganisms.", "contents": "Turku sugar studies. VIII. Principal microbiological findings. The possible qualitative and/or quantitative alterations in the proportions of cultivable groups of oral microorganisms were analysed during a clinical trial involving the consumption of fructose (F) or xylitol (X) in comparison to sucrose (S). Supragingival plaque samples and paraffin-stimulated saliva were collected from 115 subjects. The samples were dispersed by sonication, diluted stepwise, plated on blood sugar, Mac Leod agar, Mac Concey agar, Rogosa S.L. agar, and Sabouraud agar plates and incubated anerobically and/or aerobically. The number of the total colony forming units (CFU) on blood agar plates in anaerobic incubation was about 1-3 X 10(9)/ml saliva and 1-4 X 10(8)/mg plaque and in aerobic respectively 5-18 X 10(8)/ml saliva and 10(8)/mg plaque. The total CFU on Mac Leod agar was of a similar order of magnitude. The variation between subjects and consecutive determinations was of a similar order of magnitude. The variation between subjects and consecutive determinations was relatively large. The arithmetic mean of the total CFU on Mac Concey agar was about 1-5 X 10(5)/ml saliva, on Rogosa S.L. agar 6-130 X 10(3)/ml saliva and on Sabouraud about 1-2 X 10(3)ml saliva, all in aerobic incubations. Replacement of dietary sucrose with xylitol did not affect the proportion of major microbial categories in saliva or dental plaque. The percentage of typical streptococcal colonies on blood agar was of a similar order of magnitude (about 60-70%) during the diets. The arithmetic and geometric means of the total CFU values on Rogosa and Sabouraud agar plates were significantly lower in the X-group than in the S- or F-groups after a diet period of some months. It was thought that the reason for the reduction of acidogenic and aciduric oral flora in the X-group was partly due to the fact that xylitol is generally not metabolized by these microorganisms.", "PMID": 1070216}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6473", "title": "Influence of steroid hormones on the carcinogenicity of 90Sr.", "content": "Groups of female CBA-mice were given 90Sr (14.8 kBq/g-0.4muCi/g--bodyweight) alone or in combination with polyestrodiolphosphate, methylprednisolone or nortestosterone, respectively. When 90Sr was given in the first combination, the frequency of osteosarcomas was significantly increased whereas the tumour latency time was decreased compared to mice given 90Sr alone. In combination with nortestosterone such effects were not found, whereas the combination 90Sr + methylprednisolone resulted in a strong reduction of the osteosarcoma incidence and a prolonged tumour latency time. The latter experiment was repeated in a larger experiment whereby the results were confirmed.", "contents": "Influence of steroid hormones on the carcinogenicity of 90Sr. Groups of female CBA-mice were given 90Sr (14.8 kBq/g-0.4muCi/g--bodyweight) alone or in combination with polyestrodiolphosphate, methylprednisolone or nortestosterone, respectively. When 90Sr was given in the first combination, the frequency of osteosarcomas was significantly increased whereas the tumour latency time was decreased compared to mice given 90Sr alone. In combination with nortestosterone such effects were not found, whereas the combination 90Sr + methylprednisolone resulted in a strong reduction of the osteosarcoma incidence and a prolonged tumour latency time. The latter experiment was repeated in a larger experiment whereby the results were confirmed.", "PMID": 1070217}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6474", "title": "Pacemaker wires and electrodes. A follow-up study.", "content": "In 362 patients on permanent pacing, a follow up with regard to pacemaker electrode function time and connection to pulse-generators has been carried out. In 12 patients Elema epicardial electrode were used with an average function time of 3.8 years. 232 Elema EMT 588 endocardial electrodes were used in 216 patients. Average observation time for the electrodes was 3.3 years. Sixty-eight electrodes have been followed for more than 5 years. Early electrode complications comprise 10 per cent of displacements before implantation of the pulse-generator and another 6 per cent of electrode displacements within the first 3 months after implantation. Eleven per cent of the electrodes had to be corrected due to high threshold value before implantation and another 6 per cent during the first 3 months after implanattion of pulse-generator. On hundred and fifty-five unipolar electrodes of the types Cordis, Medtronic, Elema EMT 282, and Stanium were implanted in 149 patients. Average observation time for the electrodes were 1.2 years. During the first 3 months after pacemaker implant 7 per cent of the electrodes were dislocated, 5 per cent failed due to high threshold value. Three perforations of the right ventricle occurred, without serious complications. Late complications i.e. after 3 months, for EMT 588 electrode included 4 per cent electrode dislocations, 4.5 per cent failure due to high threshold, 3 cases of wire break and 4 defects in the insulation. Many of the late electrode complications were probably caused by replacement operations for pulse-generators. The most frequent late complications for the conventional unipolar electrode was wire break which occurred in 5 cases.", "contents": "Pacemaker wires and electrodes. A follow-up study. In 362 patients on permanent pacing, a follow up with regard to pacemaker electrode function time and connection to pulse-generators has been carried out. In 12 patients Elema epicardial electrode were used with an average function time of 3.8 years. 232 Elema EMT 588 endocardial electrodes were used in 216 patients. Average observation time for the electrodes was 3.3 years. Sixty-eight electrodes have been followed for more than 5 years. Early electrode complications comprise 10 per cent of displacements before implantation of the pulse-generator and another 6 per cent of electrode displacements within the first 3 months after implantation. Eleven per cent of the electrodes had to be corrected due to high threshold value before implantation and another 6 per cent during the first 3 months after implanattion of pulse-generator. On hundred and fifty-five unipolar electrodes of the types Cordis, Medtronic, Elema EMT 282, and Stanium were implanted in 149 patients. Average observation time for the electrodes were 1.2 years. During the first 3 months after pacemaker implant 7 per cent of the electrodes were dislocated, 5 per cent failed due to high threshold value. Three perforations of the right ventricle occurred, without serious complications. Late complications i.e. after 3 months, for EMT 588 electrode included 4 per cent electrode dislocations, 4.5 per cent failure due to high threshold, 3 cases of wire break and 4 defects in the insulation. Many of the late electrode complications were probably caused by replacement operations for pulse-generators. The most frequent late complications for the conventional unipolar electrode was wire break which occurred in 5 cases.", "PMID": 1070218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6475", "title": "Complications with permanent endocardial electrode systems.", "content": "The different complications of endocardial electrode systems in 185 patients during the last seven years are discussed. The surgical technique for the now routinely used cephalic route is described. The choice of anaesthesia is discussed. In the last 39 implantations there  have not been any displacements or retractions. Of the total number of patients only 3 required replacement of endocardial by myocardial electrodes. This was caused by unstable position and high stimulation threshold. Fracture of the electrode occurred in 4 cases. Stimulation of the diaphragm occurred in 10%, displacement and retraction of the electrodes in 6,5% and heart penetration or perforation in 3,8% of the patients. There was one death from cardiac tamponade due to electrode perforation of the right ventricle. One case had irreversible brain damage due to prolonged asystole during pulse generator replacement. Unimportant wound infections and haematomas occurred in 5 patients and phlebitis in 3 patients. More or less serious electrode complications have been seen in 56 of the 185 patients, 18 patients having more than one complication.", "contents": "Complications with permanent endocardial electrode systems. The different complications of endocardial electrode systems in 185 patients during the last seven years are discussed. The surgical technique for the now routinely used cephalic route is described. The choice of anaesthesia is discussed. In the last 39 implantations there  have not been any displacements or retractions. Of the total number of patients only 3 required replacement of endocardial by myocardial electrodes. This was caused by unstable position and high stimulation threshold. Fracture of the electrode occurred in 4 cases. Stimulation of the diaphragm occurred in 10%, displacement and retraction of the electrodes in 6,5% and heart penetration or perforation in 3,8% of the patients. There was one death from cardiac tamponade due to electrode perforation of the right ventricle. One case had irreversible brain damage due to prolonged asystole during pulse generator replacement. Unimportant wound infections and haematomas occurred in 5 patients and phlebitis in 3 patients. More or less serious electrode complications have been seen in 56 of the 185 patients, 18 patients having more than one complication.", "PMID": 1070219}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6476", "title": "Displacement of endocardial pacemaker electrodes. A comparison between Elema 588 B and Chardack 5818.", "content": "The implantation of a permanent pacemaker has been carried out on 159 patients suffering from Adams-Stokes seizures. Elema 588 B electrodes were implanted in 119 patients and Chardack 5818 electrodes in 40 patients. The two types of electrodes differ with regard to both the implantation technique and weight and thickness. No difference was found in the incidence of electrode displacement or survival between the two groups, similarly the experience of the physician with regard to implantation had no influence on the frequency of displacement. Displacement on the other hand occurred significantly more frequently in those patients suffering from heart disease demonstrable by x-ray examination.", "contents": "Displacement of endocardial pacemaker electrodes. A comparison between Elema 588 B and Chardack 5818. The implantation of a permanent pacemaker has been carried out on 159 patients suffering from Adams-Stokes seizures. Elema 588 B electrodes were implanted in 119 patients and Chardack 5818 electrodes in 40 patients. The two types of electrodes differ with regard to both the implantation technique and weight and thickness. No difference was found in the incidence of electrode displacement or survival between the two groups, similarly the experience of the physician with regard to implantation had no influence on the frequency of displacement. Displacement on the other hand occurred significantly more frequently in those patients suffering from heart disease demonstrable by x-ray examination.", "PMID": 1070220}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6477", "title": "Permanent pacemaker treatment at Gentofte hospital. A follow-up study with special reference to transvenous electrode complications, generator longevity and control procedures.", "content": "Results of a follow-up study of 125 patients treated with permanent pacemakers at Gentofte Hospital during the years 1962--1973 are presented. Complications with endocardial electrodes are reported and longevity curves of pacemaker units are given. The series shows a high frequency of electrode displacement in the first three months and battery exhaustion from the 18th to the 42nd month. The appearance of complications correlates with the frequences of check-up intervals. In order to predict pacing failure due to battery exhaustion, there would seem to be some merit in carrying out an oscilloscopic display of the pulse artifact in addition to the usual measurement of pulse frequency. The aim of this retrospective report is, by analysing a pacemaker series for sudden eletrode failures and battery longevity, to comment on the value of check-up procedures in an outpatient pacemaker clinic.", "contents": "Permanent pacemaker treatment at Gentofte hospital. A follow-up study with special reference to transvenous electrode complications, generator longevity and control procedures. Results of a follow-up study of 125 patients treated with permanent pacemakers at Gentofte Hospital during the years 1962--1973 are presented. Complications with endocardial electrodes are reported and longevity curves of pacemaker units are given. The series shows a high frequency of electrode displacement in the first three months and battery exhaustion from the 18th to the 42nd month. The appearance of complications correlates with the frequences of check-up intervals. In order to predict pacing failure due to battery exhaustion, there would seem to be some merit in carrying out an oscilloscopic display of the pulse artifact in addition to the usual measurement of pulse frequency. The aim of this retrospective report is, by analysing a pacemaker series for sudden eletrode failures and battery longevity, to comment on the value of check-up procedures in an outpatient pacemaker clinic.", "PMID": 1070221}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6478", "title": "Complications of transvenous and transtboracic electrodes.", "content": "Electrode complications in a series of 220 patients are presented. At the primary pacemaker implantation, 114 patients received transvenous and 106 transthoracic electrodes. For the transvenous technique the Elema unipolar electrode (EMT 588 and 588 B) was used exclusively and for the transthoracic technique an epicardial disc electrode (EMT 567) was used in 64 per cent and myocardial electrodes (Vitatron MIP 125, Medtronic 5814 and 6913) in 36 per cent. The material was followed up for an average of three years (from 2 to 10 years). The dislocation frequency of transvenous electrodes was 10.4 per cent/patient-year, as 21 per cent of the electrodes became dislodged. Of the electrode dislocations, forty per cent occurred within the first post-implantation month. Exit block at stimulation with transthoracic electrodes was seen in 8.1 per cent/patient-year. Infections were more common with the transvenous than with the other types of electrodes. The myocardial electrode was significantly (p less than 0.05) more reliable than the transvenous electrode during the follow-up evaluated in terms of uncomplicated function time of the primary electrode. As in Helsinki both endocardial and myocardial-epicardial pacemaker electrodes have been used it seems to be of interest to report the results from our pacemaker material.", "contents": "Complications of transvenous and transtboracic electrodes. Electrode complications in a series of 220 patients are presented. At the primary pacemaker implantation, 114 patients received transvenous and 106 transthoracic electrodes. For the transvenous technique the Elema unipolar electrode (EMT 588 and 588 B) was used exclusively and for the transthoracic technique an epicardial disc electrode (EMT 567) was used in 64 per cent and myocardial electrodes (Vitatron MIP 125, Medtronic 5814 and 6913) in 36 per cent. The material was followed up for an average of three years (from 2 to 10 years). The dislocation frequency of transvenous electrodes was 10.4 per cent/patient-year, as 21 per cent of the electrodes became dislodged. Of the electrode dislocations, forty per cent occurred within the first post-implantation month. Exit block at stimulation with transthoracic electrodes was seen in 8.1 per cent/patient-year. Infections were more common with the transvenous than with the other types of electrodes. The myocardial electrode was significantly (p less than 0.05) more reliable than the transvenous electrode during the follow-up evaluated in terms of uncomplicated function time of the primary electrode. As in Helsinki both endocardial and myocardial-epicardial pacemaker electrodes have been used it seems to be of interest to report the results from our pacemaker material.", "PMID": 1070222}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6479", "title": "Experiences with a new myocardial electrode for permanent cardiac pacing.", "content": "The first experiences with a new myocardial sutureless screw-in electrode for cardiac pacing are reported. A brief description of the technique is given. The electrode can be inserted quickly and safely under direct vision through a small anterior thoracotomy using a special inserter tool. The heart can be brought under pacemaker control in less than 5 minutes. The technique was employed in 15 patients. Results to date are promising and it is suggested that this method should be resorted to in cases of unstable pacing or recurrent dislocation of an endocardial lead, or when there are difficulties in the proper positioning of an electrode transvenously. In Sweden endocardial electrodes for transvenous insertion predominate. In many countries, especially the U.S.A., there is extensive experience of epi- or myocardial pacing leads (2, 4, 5). Some authors consider epicardial pacemakers safer than endocardial pacemakers for permanent cardiac pacing (8). We have observed defective or unstable pacing with endocardial electrode in a high proportion of patients in our series early after the implantation and even after many years of perfect pacing. When there are problems with an endocardial lead an epi- or myocardial electrode can be used. This paper reports experiences with a new sutureless myocardial electrode (Medtronic model 6917).", "contents": "Experiences with a new myocardial electrode for permanent cardiac pacing. The first experiences with a new myocardial sutureless screw-in electrode for cardiac pacing are reported. A brief description of the technique is given. The electrode can be inserted quickly and safely under direct vision through a small anterior thoracotomy using a special inserter tool. The heart can be brought under pacemaker control in less than 5 minutes. The technique was employed in 15 patients. Results to date are promising and it is suggested that this method should be resorted to in cases of unstable pacing or recurrent dislocation of an endocardial lead, or when there are difficulties in the proper positioning of an electrode transvenously. In Sweden endocardial electrodes for transvenous insertion predominate. In many countries, especially the U.S.A., there is extensive experience of epi- or myocardial pacing leads (2, 4, 5). Some authors consider epicardial pacemakers safer than endocardial pacemakers for permanent cardiac pacing (8). We have observed defective or unstable pacing with endocardial electrode in a high proportion of patients in our series early after the implantation and even after many years of perfect pacing. When there are problems with an endocardial lead an epi- or myocardial electrode can be used. This paper reports experiences with a new sutureless myocardial electrode (Medtronic model 6917).", "PMID": 1070223}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6480", "title": "Complications from the pacemaker pocket. Prophylaxis, treatment and results.", "content": "281 patients who had permanent pacemaker implanted between 1961--73 have been checked at 4 month intervals over a period of 1 to 13 years. Complications from the pacemaker pocket comprises haematoma, skin necrosis, infection of the pocket, allergic reaction to the pulse generator, pacemaker twiddlers syndrome, and muscle contractions. The causes for and treatment of 11 cases with haematoma, skin necrosis or infection are dealt with in detail.", "contents": "Complications from the pacemaker pocket. Prophylaxis, treatment and results. 281 patients who had permanent pacemaker implanted between 1961--73 have been checked at 4 month intervals over a period of 1 to 13 years. Complications from the pacemaker pocket comprises haematoma, skin necrosis, infection of the pocket, allergic reaction to the pulse generator, pacemaker twiddlers syndrome, and muscle contractions. The causes for and treatment of 11 cases with haematoma, skin necrosis or infection are dealt with in detail.", "PMID": 1070225}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6481", "title": "Routine pacemaker control, and selective replacement of pulse generators. A cost/benefit analysis.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty patients with permanent pacemaker have been followed up with routine pacemaker controls in a pacemaker clinic for a 21 months period 1/3-73 to 1/1-75. Ninety-five pulsegenerators were replaced. Sixty-two of the replacements were due to impending battery exhaustion, nine elective and 24 for other reasons. Signs discovered by the patients led to replacements in 21 cases for impending battery exhaustion and in 17 cases for other reasons. Forty-one replacements for impending battery exhaustion and 7 other replacements followed a scheduled visit to the pacemaker clinic. The selective replacement policy resulted in an average gain of pulsegenerator lifetime of 6.5 months, compared to a 24 minths elective replacement policy. Increased safety is obtained by routine control of pacemaker patients in a pacemaker clinic.", "contents": "Routine pacemaker control, and selective replacement of pulse generators. A cost/benefit analysis. Two hundred and fifty patients with permanent pacemaker have been followed up with routine pacemaker controls in a pacemaker clinic for a 21 months period 1/3-73 to 1/1-75. Ninety-five pulsegenerators were replaced. Sixty-two of the replacements were due to impending battery exhaustion, nine elective and 24 for other reasons. Signs discovered by the patients led to replacements in 21 cases for impending battery exhaustion and in 17 cases for other reasons. Forty-one replacements for impending battery exhaustion and 7 other replacements followed a scheduled visit to the pacemaker clinic. The selective replacement policy resulted in an average gain of pulsegenerator lifetime of 6.5 months, compared to a 24 minths elective replacement policy. Increased safety is obtained by routine control of pacemaker patients in a pacemaker clinic.", "PMID": 1070227}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6482", "title": "The value of an oscilloscope in routine checking of pacemakers.", "content": "An evaluation has been made of the usefulness of the oscilloscope at routine check-ups of cardiac pacemakers. Measurements of 100 consecutive implanted pacemakers, obtained after their removal have been compared with changes in rate and changes in impulse duration and amplitude obtained at previous routine controls. Other changes in pacemaker characteristics have also been evaluated. Eight faulty pacemakers were found. Six had a decreased voltage, none however, less than 3.5 volts. Five of them had shown a decrease in rate by at least 7 impulses per minute, while in one QRS-synchronized pacemaker the synchronizing circuit did not function. In one pacemaker the stimulating rate had increased with 20 impulses while in one P-synchronized pacemaker the delay time had decreased. In 6 patients a significant decrease of the impulse amplitude was noticed without fall in voltage or electronic failure and in 3 others no decrease of the impulse duration was noticed in spite of decreased voltage at check after explantation. The present study therefore indicates that, at routine check-ups of the presently analyzed pacemakers with voltage depending stimulation rate, an analysis of the latter gives satisfactory information of pacemaker function and can be used instead of oscilloscope test, eventually in combination with electronic measurements of impulse duration.", "contents": "The value of an oscilloscope in routine checking of pacemakers. An evaluation has been made of the usefulness of the oscilloscope at routine check-ups of cardiac pacemakers. Measurements of 100 consecutive implanted pacemakers, obtained after their removal have been compared with changes in rate and changes in impulse duration and amplitude obtained at previous routine controls. Other changes in pacemaker characteristics have also been evaluated. Eight faulty pacemakers were found. Six had a decreased voltage, none however, less than 3.5 volts. Five of them had shown a decrease in rate by at least 7 impulses per minute, while in one QRS-synchronized pacemaker the synchronizing circuit did not function. In one pacemaker the stimulating rate had increased with 20 impulses while in one P-synchronized pacemaker the delay time had decreased. In 6 patients a significant decrease of the impulse amplitude was noticed without fall in voltage or electronic failure and in 3 others no decrease of the impulse duration was noticed in spite of decreased voltage at check after explantation. The present study therefore indicates that, at routine check-ups of the presently analyzed pacemakers with voltage depending stimulation rate, an analysis of the latter gives satisfactory information of pacemaker function and can be used instead of oscilloscope test, eventually in combination with electronic measurements of impulse duration.", "PMID": 1070228}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6483", "title": "Permanent endocardial pacing. An analysis of 90 patients.", "content": "Primary results and follow-up observations in 90 patients with permanent endocardial pacing--covering the period from 1970 to June 1974--are reported. The primary mortality was 3% (3/90), and mortality 4% (4/90). Electrode complications were the most common problem and occurred in 20% implantations. Early or late dislocation of the electrode tip was seen in 12%. With the improved technique is was possible to decrease it significantly through the period. The mean battery life time of Siemens-Elema pacemakers was 26 months. 10% of the failed batteries were replaced urgently. So far the rather high frequency of electrode complications diminishes the advantages of the pacemaker treatment.", "contents": "Permanent endocardial pacing. An analysis of 90 patients. Primary results and follow-up observations in 90 patients with permanent endocardial pacing--covering the period from 1970 to June 1974--are reported. The primary mortality was 3% (3/90), and mortality 4% (4/90). Electrode complications were the most common problem and occurred in 20% implantations. Early or late dislocation of the electrode tip was seen in 12%. With the improved technique is was possible to decrease it significantly through the period. The mean battery life time of Siemens-Elema pacemakers was 26 months. 10% of the failed batteries were replaced urgently. So far the rather high frequency of electrode complications diminishes the advantages of the pacemaker treatment.", "PMID": 1070229}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6484", "title": "ECG telemetry for pacemaker check-up.", "content": "Experience from 1 000 ECG transmissions by telephone for check-up of pacemaker patients is reported. The method and its indications are described. The quality of the ECG is usually good, but sometimes there are unsuccessful transmissions, and the technical problems are discussed. An adequate analysis of cardiac pacing function could always be made. Furthermore, valuable information of different types of arrhythmia was gained on several occasions.", "contents": "ECG telemetry for pacemaker check-up. Experience from 1 000 ECG transmissions by telephone for check-up of pacemaker patients is reported. The method and its indications are described. The quality of the ECG is usually good, but sometimes there are unsuccessful transmissions, and the technical problems are discussed. An adequate analysis of cardiac pacing function could always be made. Furthermore, valuable information of different types of arrhythmia was gained on several occasions.", "PMID": 1070230}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6485", "title": "Disturbance in rhythm in 2 patients with a permanent pacemaker and two endocardial electrodes.", "content": "Rhythm disturbances are described in 2 patients with an implanted permanent pacemaker. Both patients had nonfunctioning electrodes retained after previous complications. It was possible to observe, in both patients, during fluoroscopic examination that the electrodes occasionally touched each other. The etiology of the rhythm disturbances are discussed on the basis of the technical specifications of the pace makers. The interpretation of rhythm disturbances in patients with implanted pacemakers presents special problems. Disturbances in rhythm can be spontaneous and have no relation to, but possibly modified, by the implanted pacemaker. However, the rhythm disturbances can also result from the technical specifications of the implanted pacemaker or from defects in the same. The following case histories disturbances in rhythm in two patients, who both had 2 endocardial electrodes of which only one was connected to the implanted pacemaker.", "contents": "Disturbance in rhythm in 2 patients with a permanent pacemaker and two endocardial electrodes. Rhythm disturbances are described in 2 patients with an implanted permanent pacemaker. Both patients had nonfunctioning electrodes retained after previous complications. It was possible to observe, in both patients, during fluoroscopic examination that the electrodes occasionally touched each other. The etiology of the rhythm disturbances are discussed on the basis of the technical specifications of the pace makers. The interpretation of rhythm disturbances in patients with implanted pacemakers presents special problems. Disturbances in rhythm can be spontaneous and have no relation to, but possibly modified, by the implanted pacemaker. However, the rhythm disturbances can also result from the technical specifications of the implanted pacemaker or from defects in the same. The following case histories disturbances in rhythm in two patients, who both had 2 endocardial electrodes of which only one was connected to the implanted pacemaker.", "PMID": 1070232}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6486", "title": "Interference with cardiac pacemaker function.", "content": "A survey is given of the factors affecting cardiac pacemaker function. Whereas it was earlier considered that external interference was a frequent cause of a pacemaker failure, more recent studies indicate that this is of minor importance. It would appear that failure of pacemaker function due to changes in the QRS-complex, i.e. voltage change, intraventricular conduction defects and frequency changes, intraventricular conduction defects and frequency changes, are more important. A lesser known cause of failure in demand function is the inhibition which arises from skeletal muscle postentials. This appears to be a major problem in some types of pacemaker. Manufacturing defects are unavoidable, and it can still be assumed that electronic component defects may develop in 1 of 1000 pulse generators. Cases with the problem of early run-away pacemaker are still being reported and two such cases are discussed. In one of the patients the run-away phenomenon was intermittent, and was accompanied by a variation in run-away frequency. This possibility should thus always be taken into consideration in a pacemaker patient presenting with snycope. In a patient with a QRS-inhibited pacemaker a double stimulation phenomanen has been observed.", "contents": "Interference with cardiac pacemaker function. A survey is given of the factors affecting cardiac pacemaker function. Whereas it was earlier considered that external interference was a frequent cause of a pacemaker failure, more recent studies indicate that this is of minor importance. It would appear that failure of pacemaker function due to changes in the QRS-complex, i.e. voltage change, intraventricular conduction defects and frequency changes, intraventricular conduction defects and frequency changes, are more important. A lesser known cause of failure in demand function is the inhibition which arises from skeletal muscle postentials. This appears to be a major problem in some types of pacemaker. Manufacturing defects are unavoidable, and it can still be assumed that electronic component defects may develop in 1 of 1000 pulse generators. Cases with the problem of early run-away pacemaker are still being reported and two such cases are discussed. In one of the patients the run-away phenomenon was intermittent, and was accompanied by a variation in run-away frequency. This possibility should thus always be taken into consideration in a pacemaker patient presenting with snycope. In a patient with a QRS-inhibited pacemaker a double stimulation phenomanen has been observed.", "PMID": 1070234}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6487", "title": "Myelotoxicity of vincristine-prednisone therapy in treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic transformation.", "content": "Therapy with vincristine and prednisone (VP) has produced remissions in 30% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast transformation (CML-BT). The possibility that therapy with VP can adversely affect the production of mature granulocytes in this setting has not been appreciated, as these drugs are generally considered free of myelotoxicity. In this report we review eight courses of VP administered to three patients with CML-BT. Granulocytopenia developed following all five courses in which granulocyte counts were normal prior to therapy; granulocytopenia worsened in two of three courses in patients who were granulocytopenic prior to therapy. Progressive leukemia in the marrow was excluded as a cause of granulocytopenia. It is important to recognize that VP therapy rather than disease progression may be a cause of granulocytopenia in CML-BT.", "contents": "Myelotoxicity of vincristine-prednisone therapy in treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia in blastic transformation. Therapy with vincristine and prednisone (VP) has produced remissions in 30% of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast transformation (CML-BT). The possibility that therapy with VP can adversely affect the production of mature granulocytes in this setting has not been appreciated, as these drugs are generally considered free of myelotoxicity. In this report we review eight courses of VP administered to three patients with CML-BT. Granulocytopenia developed following all five courses in which granulocyte counts were normal prior to therapy; granulocytopenia worsened in two of three courses in patients who were granulocytopenic prior to therapy. Progressive leukemia in the marrow was excluded as a cause of granulocytopenia. It is important to recognize that VP therapy rather than disease progression may be a cause of granulocytopenia in CML-BT.", "PMID": 1070235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6488", "title": "Significance of macrorheology and microrheology in atherogenesis.", "content": "Atheromatous lesions represent a disturbance of homeostasis in the arterial wall, where the rates of uptake and production of atherogenic materials exceed the rates of egress and metabolic removal. The pressure and flow in the arterial system generate circumferential stress in the wall and shear stress on the wall. The magnitude and distribution of these stresses are affected by local vascular geometry and microrheologic behavior of blood. Circumferential stress is borne primarily by the media and adventitia, and shear stress has a greater influence on the endothelial cells, which form the principal barrier to transport of macromolecules into the arterial wall. Shear stress, turbulence, and longitudinal stretch cause an increase of macromolecular uptake by arterial wall, especially when the mechanical disturbances are periodic. These effects may be explained by an enhanced diffusion of plasmalemmal vesicles in the endothelial cells. Such short-term effects of rheologic factors should be considered together with their long-term influences on the structure and function of the arterial wall in order to elucidate the role of rheology in atherogenesis.", "contents": "Significance of macrorheology and microrheology in atherogenesis. Atheromatous lesions represent a disturbance of homeostasis in the arterial wall, where the rates of uptake and production of atherogenic materials exceed the rates of egress and metabolic removal. The pressure and flow in the arterial system generate circumferential stress in the wall and shear stress on the wall. The magnitude and distribution of these stresses are affected by local vascular geometry and microrheologic behavior of blood. Circumferential stress is borne primarily by the media and adventitia, and shear stress has a greater influence on the endothelial cells, which form the principal barrier to transport of macromolecules into the arterial wall. Shear stress, turbulence, and longitudinal stretch cause an increase of macromolecular uptake by arterial wall, especially when the mechanical disturbances are periodic. These effects may be explained by an enhanced diffusion of plasmalemmal vesicles in the endothelial cells. Such short-term effects of rheologic factors should be considered together with their long-term influences on the structure and function of the arterial wall in order to elucidate the role of rheology in atherogenesis.", "PMID": 1070264}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6489", "title": "Conditions of flow at interfaces with flexible walls.", "content": "It is shown that the presence of highly deformable surface layers of low elastic modulus produce effects in flow that tend to reduce throughout. This phenomenon seems to be due to the generation of surface waves and a corresponding fluid zone into which these waves are also partially propagated. Experiments are summarized that are consistent with this point of view. The implications for arterial and other blood flow are discussed.", "contents": "Conditions of flow at interfaces with flexible walls. It is shown that the presence of highly deformable surface layers of low elastic modulus produce effects in flow that tend to reduce throughout. This phenomenon seems to be due to the generation of surface waves and a corresponding fluid zone into which these waves are also partially propagated. Experiments are summarized that are consistent with this point of view. The implications for arterial and other blood flow are discussed.", "PMID": 1070271}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6490", "title": "Metabolic influences in experimental thrombosis.", "content": "Studies presented in this report demonstrate that intravascular coagulation and thrombosis in the whole animal can be greatly influenced by noncoagulation factors, such as metabolic, endocrinologic, and nutritional states. Injection of a partially purified human serum procoagulant fraction produced no significant clotting abnormalities in normal fed rats; however, injection of an identical preparation in fasted, diabetic, and obese rats produced hypercoagulability of blood, thrombosis, and hemorrhage. Glucose injection in fasted rats and insulin injection in diabetic rats reversed their susceptibility to thrombosis. The concentrations of serum free fatty acids were shown to be elevated in the susceptible animals; however, they returned to normal in fasted and diabetic rats after injections of glucose and insulin, respectively. Infusion of free fatty acid-albumin preparations in normal fed rats rendered the animals susceptible to thrombosis when challenged with the serum procoagulant fraction.", "contents": "Metabolic influences in experimental thrombosis. Studies presented in this report demonstrate that intravascular coagulation and thrombosis in the whole animal can be greatly influenced by noncoagulation factors, such as metabolic, endocrinologic, and nutritional states. Injection of a partially purified human serum procoagulant fraction produced no significant clotting abnormalities in normal fed rats; however, injection of an identical preparation in fasted, diabetic, and obese rats produced hypercoagulability of blood, thrombosis, and hemorrhage. Glucose injection in fasted rats and insulin injection in diabetic rats reversed their susceptibility to thrombosis. The concentrations of serum free fatty acids were shown to be elevated in the susceptible animals; however, they returned to normal in fasted and diabetic rats after injections of glucose and insulin, respectively. Infusion of free fatty acid-albumin preparations in normal fed rats rendered the animals susceptible to thrombosis when challenged with the serum procoagulant fraction.", "PMID": 1070274}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6491", "title": "Bone marrow: its contribution to heme catabolism.", "content": "Heme oxygenase (HO) and biliverdin reductase (BR), the two NADPH-dependent enzymes involved in the degradation of hemoglobin and its derivatives, were measured in bone marrow aspirates from 5 hematologically normal persons, 4 patients with chronic leucemia (CL), 11 patients with acute leucemia (AL), 8 patients with refractory sideroblastic anemia (RA), 7 patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IA), 5 patients with hemolytic anemia (HA), and 7 patients with secondary anemia (SA) to determine the enzymatic capacity of the bone marrow in different hematologic disorders for heme catabolism. HO activity in the bone marrow of normal persons was 0.42 +/- 0.28 (SD) nmoles bilirubin/10 mg protein/min; in CL, 2.15 +/- 1.34; in AL, 0.39 +/- 0.25; in RA, 0.58 +/- 0.37; in IA, 0.41 +/- 0.28; in HA, 2.56 +/- 1.40; and in SA, 1.72 +/- 1.06. BR activity, respectively, was in normal persons 8.7 +/- 2.4 (SD) nmoles bilirubin/10 mg protein/min; in CL, 13.6 +/- 9.1; in AL, 3.8 +/- 3.1 in RA, 5.1 +/- 2.7; in IA, 5.5 +/- 3.7; in HA, 17.0 +/- 7.2; and in SA, 10.5 +/- 4.2. On the basis of these findings it seems evident that both oxygenase and biliverdin reductase activities of the bone marrow are capable of adaptive regulation. The physiologic role of bone marrow in heme catabolism seems to be of significant importance.", "contents": "Bone marrow: its contribution to heme catabolism. Heme oxygenase (HO) and biliverdin reductase (BR), the two NADPH-dependent enzymes involved in the degradation of hemoglobin and its derivatives, were measured in bone marrow aspirates from 5 hematologically normal persons, 4 patients with chronic leucemia (CL), 11 patients with acute leucemia (AL), 8 patients with refractory sideroblastic anemia (RA), 7 patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IA), 5 patients with hemolytic anemia (HA), and 7 patients with secondary anemia (SA) to determine the enzymatic capacity of the bone marrow in different hematologic disorders for heme catabolism. HO activity in the bone marrow of normal persons was 0.42 +/- 0.28 (SD) nmoles bilirubin/10 mg protein/min; in CL, 2.15 +/- 1.34; in AL, 0.39 +/- 0.25; in RA, 0.58 +/- 0.37; in IA, 0.41 +/- 0.28; in HA, 2.56 +/- 1.40; and in SA, 1.72 +/- 1.06. BR activity, respectively, was in normal persons 8.7 +/- 2.4 (SD) nmoles bilirubin/10 mg protein/min; in CL, 13.6 +/- 9.1; in AL, 3.8 +/- 3.1 in RA, 5.1 +/- 2.7; in IA, 5.5 +/- 3.7; in HA, 17.0 +/- 7.2; and in SA, 10.5 +/- 4.2. On the basis of these findings it seems evident that both oxygenase and biliverdin reductase activities of the bone marrow are capable of adaptive regulation. The physiologic role of bone marrow in heme catabolism seems to be of significant importance.", "PMID": 1070284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6492", "title": "[Phospho-hexo-isomerase deficiency].", "content": "Hematologic, genetic and biochemical data of two patients suffering from glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency are described. In one of them a generalized deficiency could be demonstrated. The molecular instability of the deficient enzyme results in early inactivation. Its consequences for carbohydrate metabolism are exposed. Besides a non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia, a hepatic glycogenosis could be observed. Our patients are compared to litterature.", "contents": "[Phospho-hexo-isomerase deficiency]. Hematologic, genetic and biochemical data of two patients suffering from glucosephosphate isomerase deficiency are described. In one of them a generalized deficiency could be demonstrated. The molecular instability of the deficient enzyme results in early inactivation. Its consequences for carbohydrate metabolism are exposed. Besides a non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia, a hepatic glycogenosis could be observed. Our patients are compared to litterature.", "PMID": 1070290}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6493", "title": "Erythroid differentiation and the cell cycle: some implications from murine foetal and erythroleukemic cells.", "content": "On the basis of observations with (1) erythropoietin induced erythroid differentiation of foetal mouse liver proerythroblasts and (2) chemically induced expression of the erythroid program in MELC, it appears that DNA replication plays a critical role in the transition to haemoglobin formation. Erythropoietin acts selectively on proerythroblasts to stimulate first housekeeping RNA species (rRNA, tRNA), then cell proliferation and differentiation. In erythro-leukemia cells expression of the erythroid program is induced by a variety of polar compounds. DNA synthesis appears requisite to this transition to haemoglobin formation, The molecular site of action of inducing compounds is not established but it is suggested that one critical effect is on the structure of chromatin which occurs during DNA replication and results in the transcription of the erythropoietic gene program.", "contents": "Erythroid differentiation and the cell cycle: some implications from murine foetal and erythroleukemic cells. On the basis of observations with (1) erythropoietin induced erythroid differentiation of foetal mouse liver proerythroblasts and (2) chemically induced expression of the erythroid program in MELC, it appears that DNA replication plays a critical role in the transition to haemoglobin formation. Erythropoietin acts selectively on proerythroblasts to stimulate first housekeeping RNA species (rRNA, tRNA), then cell proliferation and differentiation. In erythro-leukemia cells expression of the erythroid program is induced by a variety of polar compounds. DNA synthesis appears requisite to this transition to haemoglobin formation, The molecular site of action of inducing compounds is not established but it is suggested that one critical effect is on the structure of chromatin which occurs during DNA replication and results in the transcription of the erythropoietic gene program.", "PMID": 1070288}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6494", "title": "Pelvic exenteration for advanced pelvic malignancies.", "content": "Our experience of 76 pelvic exenterations for advanced pelvic malignancies is presented, with emphasis on the results and complications. The overall operative mortality rate of 14% is acceptable, and a five-year survival rate of 20% has been achieved. The procedure has a definite role to play in the management of advanced but otherwise localized pelvic malignancies.", "contents": "Pelvic exenteration for advanced pelvic malignancies. Our experience of 76 pelvic exenterations for advanced pelvic malignancies is presented, with emphasis on the results and complications. The overall operative mortality rate of 14% is acceptable, and a five-year survival rate of 20% has been achieved. The procedure has a definite role to play in the management of advanced but otherwise localized pelvic malignancies.", "PMID": 1070292}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6495", "title": "Traumatic retroperitoneal rupture of the duodenum.", "content": "A report of six cases of retroperitoneal rupture of the duodenum is presented. A high index of suspicion is necessary to enable early diagnosis to be made and appropriate treatment carried out. Early treatment will prevent the extremely rare, but at present uniformly fatal complication of gas gangrene. Plain X-ray and Gastrografin studies may help to elucidate the situation in particular cases, but are no substitute for repeated careful abdominal examination. It is suggested that large doses of penicillin be employed where possible in the management of these cases, in addition to such antibiotic therapy as may be expected to be effective against the usual Gram-negative bowel flora.", "contents": "Traumatic retroperitoneal rupture of the duodenum. A report of six cases of retroperitoneal rupture of the duodenum is presented. A high index of suspicion is necessary to enable early diagnosis to be made and appropriate treatment carried out. Early treatment will prevent the extremely rare, but at present uniformly fatal complication of gas gangrene. Plain X-ray and Gastrografin studies may help to elucidate the situation in particular cases, but are no substitute for repeated careful abdominal examination. It is suggested that large doses of penicillin be employed where possible in the management of these cases, in addition to such antibiotic therapy as may be expected to be effective against the usual Gram-negative bowel flora.", "PMID": 1070293}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6496", "title": "Bile duct injuries from non-penetrating abdominal trauma in childhood.", "content": "Bile duct injuries from non-penetrating abdominal trauma are uncommon, but when unrecognized cause serious morbidity and significant mortality. To elucidate the problem three cases encountered over a 15-year period in the Manchester Children's Hospitals are reported, together with a review of the literature.", "contents": "Bile duct injuries from non-penetrating abdominal trauma in childhood. Bile duct injuries from non-penetrating abdominal trauma are uncommon, but when unrecognized cause serious morbidity and significant mortality. To elucidate the problem three cases encountered over a 15-year period in the Manchester Children's Hospitals are reported, together with a review of the literature.", "PMID": 1070294}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6497", "title": "The surgical treatment of congenital coronary to pulmonary artery fistula.", "content": "Six patients with coronary to pulmonary artery fistula underwent surgical treatment between January 1973 and August 1975. All fistula terminated in the main pulmonary artery just distal to the pulmonary valve. Two patients had severe coronary artery disease associated with the fistula. In all patients, the fistula was over-sewn from within the pulmonary artery in addition to ligation to the fistulous vessel on the surface of the pulmonary artery or heart, cardiopulmonary bypass being employed. Two patients underwent concomitant aortocoronary artery saphenous vein bypass for occlusive coronary artery disease. Follow-up data revealed that three patients were free of symptoms and two were improved, while one was lost to follow-up.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of congenital coronary to pulmonary artery fistula. Six patients with coronary to pulmonary artery fistula underwent surgical treatment between January 1973 and August 1975. All fistula terminated in the main pulmonary artery just distal to the pulmonary valve. Two patients had severe coronary artery disease associated with the fistula. In all patients, the fistula was over-sewn from within the pulmonary artery in addition to ligation to the fistulous vessel on the surface of the pulmonary artery or heart, cardiopulmonary bypass being employed. Two patients underwent concomitant aortocoronary artery saphenous vein bypass for occlusive coronary artery disease. Follow-up data revealed that three patients were free of symptoms and two were improved, while one was lost to follow-up.", "PMID": 1070295}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6498", "title": "Mesothelioma in an agricultural community of India: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "Mesothelioma is an uncommon neoplastic condition. Its association with asbestos exposure is well established, but it occurs even in non-industrial workers, and naturally there must be some other factors in its aetiology than asbestos exposure. In this report, five patients with primary mesothelioma, all belonging to a rural agricultural community with no chance of any asbestos exposure, have been documented. There was one common interesting observation, in that all five patients were associated with sugar-cane farming or an allied trade. Whether this observation is coincidental or has any aetiological bearing on mesothelioma needs further investigation. Its histopathological features, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed, with a brief review of the literature.", "contents": "Mesothelioma in an agricultural community of India: a clinicopathological study. Mesothelioma is an uncommon neoplastic condition. Its association with asbestos exposure is well established, but it occurs even in non-industrial workers, and naturally there must be some other factors in its aetiology than asbestos exposure. In this report, five patients with primary mesothelioma, all belonging to a rural agricultural community with no chance of any asbestos exposure, have been documented. There was one common interesting observation, in that all five patients were associated with sugar-cane farming or an allied trade. Whether this observation is coincidental or has any aetiological bearing on mesothelioma needs further investigation. Its histopathological features, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed, with a brief review of the literature.", "PMID": 1070296}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6499", "title": "Traumatic dislocation of the hip joint in children.", "content": "Between 1949 and 1972, 24 children under the age of 16 years were admitted to Middlemore Hospital with traumatic dislocation of a hip. Half of these were between 12 and 15 years of age, and there was a predominance of boys in the ratio of 7:1. A survey of these children supports the view that the hip joint of a child becomes dislocated more readily than that of an adult.", "contents": "Traumatic dislocation of the hip joint in children. Between 1949 and 1972, 24 children under the age of 16 years were admitted to Middlemore Hospital with traumatic dislocation of a hip. Half of these were between 12 and 15 years of age, and there was a predominance of boys in the ratio of 7:1. A survey of these children supports the view that the hip joint of a child becomes dislocated more readily than that of an adult.", "PMID": 1070297}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6500", "title": "Fracture of the odontoid process.", "content": "A review of 26 cases of odontoid fractures has been carried out. Late diagnosis and consequent delay in treatment were found to be important causes of non-union. Myelopathy in odontoid fractures is of two types. One type is that present immediately after injury, while the other is delayed. In treatment of long-standing cases, only fusion without posterior decompression should be done. If the latter procedure is carried out, it can produce medullospinal haematomyelia with respiratory arrest and tetraplegia. In the performance of atlanto-axial fusion, the technique of bone grafting and the use of thick wires need emphasis.", "contents": "Fracture of the odontoid process. A review of 26 cases of odontoid fractures has been carried out. Late diagnosis and consequent delay in treatment were found to be important causes of non-union. Myelopathy in odontoid fractures is of two types. One type is that present immediately after injury, while the other is delayed. In treatment of long-standing cases, only fusion without posterior decompression should be done. If the latter procedure is carried out, it can produce medullospinal haematomyelia with respiratory arrest and tetraplegia. In the performance of atlanto-axial fusion, the technique of bone grafting and the use of thick wires need emphasis.", "PMID": 1070298}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6501", "title": "The treatment of priapism by cavernosospongiosal shunt: results of operation in five patients.", "content": "The cavernosospongiosal shunt operation is an effective method of treatment of priapism. Experience with five cases has led the writers to suggest early operation, avoidance of needle aspiration and the use of steroids.", "contents": "The treatment of priapism by cavernosospongiosal shunt: results of operation in five patients. The cavernosospongiosal shunt operation is an effective method of treatment of priapism. Experience with five cases has led the writers to suggest early operation, avoidance of needle aspiration and the use of steroids.", "PMID": 1070299}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6502", "title": "Post-cholecystectomy wound morbidity: the influence of electrosurgery.", "content": "The wound morbidity patterns following elective cholecystectomy were reviewed in 235 patients. The method used to divide the musculo-aponeurotic layers of the abdominal wall did not influence the overall wound morbidity rate. There was, however, a disproportionate number of males with wound morbidity following an electrosurgical incision. The explanation may be related to the increased rectus muscle mass in males.", "contents": "Post-cholecystectomy wound morbidity: the influence of electrosurgery. The wound morbidity patterns following elective cholecystectomy were reviewed in 235 patients. The method used to divide the musculo-aponeurotic layers of the abdominal wall did not influence the overall wound morbidity rate. There was, however, a disproportionate number of males with wound morbidity following an electrosurgical incision. The explanation may be related to the increased rectus muscle mass in males.", "PMID": 1070300}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6503", "title": "Giant intracranial epidermoid tumour: a singular pearl?", "content": "The chronic benign course and occasional gigantic size of posterior fossa epidermoids are illustrated by a case report, and the features of these tumours are reviewed.", "contents": "Giant intracranial epidermoid tumour: a singular pearl? The chronic benign course and occasional gigantic size of posterior fossa epidermoids are illustrated by a case report, and the features of these tumours are reviewed.", "PMID": 1070301}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6504", "title": "Urgent aortic valve replacement in disseminated gonococcaemia associated with sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and fistula formation.", "content": "A patient with aortic valve disruption due to gonococcal endocarditis and associated with a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and fistula into the right ventricle is described. The rarity of this combination of conditions and the place of surgery in their management are discussed.", "contents": "Urgent aortic valve replacement in disseminated gonococcaemia associated with sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and fistula formation. A patient with aortic valve disruption due to gonococcal endocarditis and associated with a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm and fistula into the right ventricle is described. The rarity of this combination of conditions and the place of surgery in their management are discussed.", "PMID": 1070302}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6505", "title": "Volvulus of the transverse colon: a postoperative complication of truncal vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy.", "content": "An instance of volvulus of the transverse colon in the postoperative period following truncal vagotomy and anterior gastrojejunostomy is reported. The clinical features of volvulus of the transverse colon are sudden onset of abdominal colic, distension and vomiting. A plain X-ray film of the abdomen is diagnostic. Laparotomy is recommended, followed by untwisting alone, or untwisting and colostomy when the bowel is viable, or resection with a transverse  colostomy and mucous fistula as a first stage when the bowel is gangrenous.", "contents": "Volvulus of the transverse colon: a postoperative complication of truncal vagotomy and gastrojejunostomy. An instance of volvulus of the transverse colon in the postoperative period following truncal vagotomy and anterior gastrojejunostomy is reported. The clinical features of volvulus of the transverse colon are sudden onset of abdominal colic, distension and vomiting. A plain X-ray film of the abdomen is diagnostic. Laparotomy is recommended, followed by untwisting alone, or untwisting and colostomy when the bowel is viable, or resection with a transverse  colostomy and mucous fistula as a first stage when the bowel is gangrenous.", "PMID": 1070303}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6506", "title": "Advanced intraabdominal pregnancy: case report with a brief review of the literature.", "content": "We here present a case of advanced intraabdominal pregnancy diagnosed at laparotomy. A brief review of the literature is included, with special reference to the problems of diagnosis and of management of the placenta.", "contents": "Advanced intraabdominal pregnancy: case report with a brief review of the literature. We here present a case of advanced intraabdominal pregnancy diagnosed at laparotomy. A brief review of the literature is included, with special reference to the problems of diagnosis and of management of the placenta.", "PMID": 1070304}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6507", "title": "A prospective trial of povodone iodine solution in the prevention of wound sepsis.", "content": "In a prospective blind trial in patients undergoing intraabdominal surgery, instillation of povodone iodine (PVI) solution into the wound failed to reduce the incidence of wound sepsis.", "contents": "A prospective trial of povodone iodine solution in the prevention of wound sepsis. In a prospective blind trial in patients undergoing intraabdominal surgery, instillation of povodone iodine (PVI) solution into the wound failed to reduce the incidence of wound sepsis.", "PMID": 1070305}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6508", "title": "Systeme international d'unites (s.i. units).", "content": "The metric system is now used in most countries for expressing measurements in the health care field. The original metric system based on lenght (centimetre), mass (gramme) and time (second) has proved inadequate. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures, which has the ultimate responsibility for standarization of measlring systems, has revised and extended the metric system, through a series of general conferences on weights and measures, to the systeme International d'Unites (S.I.). This is now the internationally accepted language for measurements throughout science and industry.", "contents": "Systeme international d'unites (s.i. units). The metric system is now used in most countries for expressing measurements in the health care field. The original metric system based on lenght (centimetre), mass (gramme) and time (second) has proved inadequate. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures, which has the ultimate responsibility for standarization of measlring systems, has revised and extended the metric system, through a series of general conferences on weights and measures, to the systeme International d'Unites (S.I.). This is now the internationally accepted language for measurements throughout science and industry.", "PMID": 1070306}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6509", "title": "Quality control in the Part I F.R.A.C.S. examination.", "content": "The conduct of College examinations has seemed a mystery to many candidates. Both candidates and supervisors of training have echoed this concern with the R.A.C.S. new Part 1 examination. This paper describes the work of the Board of Examiners of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and the procedures by which the new Part 1 examination is constructed, administered, analysed and refined. It sets out how the examination has been developed into an educational instrument to provide feedback to candidates, to teachers and to examiners, so that each can improve his performance. In addition, the Board has acquired data from each candidate on his learning opportunities, and from each candidate's mentor on various performance characteristics of the candidate.", "contents": "Quality control in the Part I F.R.A.C.S. examination. The conduct of College examinations has seemed a mystery to many candidates. Both candidates and supervisors of training have echoed this concern with the R.A.C.S. new Part 1 examination. This paper describes the work of the Board of Examiners of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons and the procedures by which the new Part 1 examination is constructed, administered, analysed and refined. It sets out how the examination has been developed into an educational instrument to provide feedback to candidates, to teachers and to examiners, so that each can improve his performance. In addition, the Board has acquired data from each candidate on his learning opportunities, and from each candidate's mentor on various performance characteristics of the candidate.", "PMID": 1070307}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6510", "title": "An analysis of the results of the Part 1. Examination for the F.R.A.C.S.", "content": "An analysis of the results of the candidates undertaking the Part 1 F.R.A.C.S. examination between February 1973 and February 1975 inclusive is presented. Particular attention is paid to those who failed the examination at the first attempt, and their subsequent progress has been related to their performance at this time. The analysis forms the basis for the information which is now given to unsuccessful candidates and their clinical supervisors.", "contents": "An analysis of the results of the Part 1. Examination for the F.R.A.C.S. An analysis of the results of the candidates undertaking the Part 1 F.R.A.C.S. examination between February 1973 and February 1975 inclusive is presented. Particular attention is paid to those who failed the examination at the first attempt, and their subsequent progress has been related to their performance at this time. The analysis forms the basis for the information which is now given to unsuccessful candidates and their clinical supervisors.", "PMID": 1070308}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6511", "title": "[Long-term results of multiple sequential treatment (protocol HIM-T.S.M) of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia].", "content": "The long-term results of treatment of 32 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, treated with protocol HIM-TSM, are reported. Induction therapy with prednisone and vincristine, gave 94% of complete remissions. Only 25 patients were evaluable for the maintenance therapy study. They reveived two courses of cyclic intensive chemotherapy with seven drugs (methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, prednisone, vincristine, intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortine, daunomycin and citosine-arabinoside) at high doses and thereafter, cyclic MTX 6MP and CP and periodic VCR and Pred. Median duration of complete remission was 28 months and 40% of the patients had initial relapse in central nervous system (median time of presentation of CNS relapse was 25 months). On Feb., 1976, 56% of the children are alive but 24% of them have had at least one relapse and now, are again in remission. Eight cases (32%) have never relapsed, from 42 to 58 months after remission was obtained (median of 46 months) and they are now off any antileukemic therapy for 11 to 22 months (median of 16 months). These long-term results are compared with those obtained with a previously reported protocol (HIM-TMI). No significant progresses were seen in the Protocol HIM-TSM, but both studies showed very good results for this country. More intensive systemic chemotherapy and CNS prophylaxis are needed. This has been taken into account in a more recent study (Protocol HIM-06) and the preliminary results are encouraging. Fourteen patients from these studies and several other children, all of them with more than 42 months of continuous remission and off therapy, have in our experience, a high chance of being cured.", "contents": "[Long-term results of multiple sequential treatment (protocol HIM-T.S.M) of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. The long-term results of treatment of 32 children with acute lymphocytic leukemia, treated with protocol HIM-TSM, are reported. Induction therapy with prednisone and vincristine, gave 94% of complete remissions. Only 25 patients were evaluable for the maintenance therapy study. They reveived two courses of cyclic intensive chemotherapy with seven drugs (methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, cyclophosphamide, prednisone, vincristine, intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortine, daunomycin and citosine-arabinoside) at high doses and thereafter, cyclic MTX 6MP and CP and periodic VCR and Pred. Median duration of complete remission was 28 months and 40% of the patients had initial relapse in central nervous system (median time of presentation of CNS relapse was 25 months). On Feb., 1976, 56% of the children are alive but 24% of them have had at least one relapse and now, are again in remission. Eight cases (32%) have never relapsed, from 42 to 58 months after remission was obtained (median of 46 months) and they are now off any antileukemic therapy for 11 to 22 months (median of 16 months). These long-term results are compared with those obtained with a previously reported protocol (HIM-TMI). No significant progresses were seen in the Protocol HIM-TSM, but both studies showed very good results for this country. More intensive systemic chemotherapy and CNS prophylaxis are needed. This has been taken into account in a more recent study (Protocol HIM-06) and the preliminary results are encouraging. Fourteen patients from these studies and several other children, all of them with more than 42 months of continuous remission and off therapy, have in our experience, a high chance of being cured.", "PMID": 1070319}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6512", "title": "Chondrosarcoma of the mandibular condyle. Report of a case with special reference to radiographic features.", "content": "A case of chondrosarcoma of the mandibular condyle is described. With carefully taken tomographs, a diagnosis of chondrosarcoma of the mandibular condyle can be made with some degree of certainty, on radiological evidence alone. Chondrosarcomata of the mandibular condyle may manifest with the typical symptoms of the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Tumours of the condyle can reach a large size without producing clinically obvious swellings. The literature pertaining to chondrosarcoma of the mandibular condyle is reviewed.", "contents": "Chondrosarcoma of the mandibular condyle. Report of a case with special reference to radiographic features. A case of chondrosarcoma of the mandibular condyle is described. With carefully taken tomographs, a diagnosis of chondrosarcoma of the mandibular condyle can be made with some degree of certainty, on radiological evidence alone. Chondrosarcomata of the mandibular condyle may manifest with the typical symptoms of the temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome. Tumours of the condyle can reach a large size without producing clinically obvious swellings. The literature pertaining to chondrosarcoma of the mandibular condyle is reviewed.", "PMID": 1070334}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6513", "title": "Oral swelling in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "A case is reported of a 69-year-old female with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome who presented with a problem of interest to the oral surgeon. The clinical features and cryosurgical management of a rare cause of palatal swelling are described. The confusion that exists in the literature concerning the nomenclature of chronic inflammatory salivary gland lesions is discussed.", "contents": "Oral swelling in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. A case is reported of a 69-year-old female with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome who presented with a problem of interest to the oral surgeon. The clinical features and cryosurgical management of a rare cause of palatal swelling are described. The confusion that exists in the literature concerning the nomenclature of chronic inflammatory salivary gland lesions is discussed.", "PMID": 1070338}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6514", "title": "The CRST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia).", "content": "The CRST syndrome is defined, and its relation to systemic sclerosis described. The literature referring to the condition is reviewed and a further case reported. Clinical and diagnostic features of the telangiectasia are emphasised, particularly in comparison with those of the similar condition, hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "contents": "The CRST syndrome (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia). The CRST syndrome is defined, and its relation to systemic sclerosis described. The literature referring to the condition is reviewed and a further case reported. Clinical and diagnostic features of the telangiectasia are emphasised, particularly in comparison with those of the similar condition, hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia.", "PMID": 1070339}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6515", "title": "Sterilisation of teeth for homogenous transplantation.", "content": "Sterilisation of teeth for homogenous transplantation has been successfully achieved by combined ultrasonic waves and immersion in 6 per cent hydrogen peroxide. This combined treatment was found to have no harmful effect on the tooth integrity as indicated by enamel solubility, hardness, root canal seal and tooth size and weight. It is suggested the method offers the possibility of storing teeth in a \"tooth bank\".", "contents": "Sterilisation of teeth for homogenous transplantation. Sterilisation of teeth for homogenous transplantation has been successfully achieved by combined ultrasonic waves and immersion in 6 per cent hydrogen peroxide. This combined treatment was found to have no harmful effect on the tooth integrity as indicated by enamel solubility, hardness, root canal seal and tooth size and weight. It is suggested the method offers the possibility of storing teeth in a \"tooth bank\".", "PMID": 1070340}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6516", "title": "Surgical anatomy of the ascending ramus of the mandible.", "content": "A study of identifying the position of the lingula of the mandible on the external surface is described. The study was undertaken in an attempt to avoid damage to the inferior dental neurovascular bundle during operative procedures on the ascending ramus.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of the ascending ramus of the mandible. A study of identifying the position of the lingula of the mandible on the external surface is described. The study was undertaken in an attempt to avoid damage to the inferior dental neurovascular bundle during operative procedures on the ascending ramus.", "PMID": 1070341}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6517", "title": "Horner'sy syndrome and its significance in the management of head and neck trauma.", "content": "The history, mechanism and aetiology of Horner'sy Syndrome is presented and the pharmacology of the pupil is discussed. The case reported is a rare combination of Horner's Syndrome in a patient who sustained bilateral fractures of the mandible and a chest injury. It is emphasised that the miotic changes in Horner's Syndrome, in combination with head injuries can lead to confusion in diagnosis and the potential anaesthetic hazards and their influence on the management of the facial injury are outlined.", "contents": "Horner'sy syndrome and its significance in the management of head and neck trauma. The history, mechanism and aetiology of Horner'sy Syndrome is presented and the pharmacology of the pupil is discussed. The case reported is a rare combination of Horner's Syndrome in a patient who sustained bilateral fractures of the mandible and a chest injury. It is emphasised that the miotic changes in Horner's Syndrome, in combination with head injuries can lead to confusion in diagnosis and the potential anaesthetic hazards and their influence on the management of the facial injury are outlined.", "PMID": 1070343}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6518", "title": "Cortically induced masticatory rhythm and its modification by tonic peripheral inputs in immolbilized cats.", "content": "Repetitive cortical stimulation induced rhythmical masticatory jaw movement and masseteric nerve activity in cats with the spinal cord sectioned at the C2 level. Jaw depression alone did not induce any rhythmical jaw movement, but it turned the irregular jaw movement evoked by subthreshold cortical stimulation into the regular jaw movement as evoked by suprathreshold cortical stimulation. The cortically induced rhythmical masseseteric nerve activity could be induced even in immobilized condition and after cerebellectomy, although the rhythmical nerve activity was depressed in amplitude and the rhythm became slower than before immobilization. Tonic jaw depression after immobilization facilitated the tonic activity in the masseteric nerve and also induced a remarkable increase in the amplitude of the cortically evoked rhythmical nerve activity and a slight acceleration of the rhythm, leading to the same masticatory rhythm as before immobilization. It was concluded (1) that the cortically induced masticatory rhythm in cats is basically generated centrally and (2) that the tonic inputs from the muscle spindle in the jaw-closing muscles participate in the rhythm formation by supplying tonic excitatory inputs mainly to the jaw-closer motoneuron and also to the central rhythm generator.", "contents": "Cortically induced masticatory rhythm and its modification by tonic peripheral inputs in immolbilized cats. Repetitive cortical stimulation induced rhythmical masticatory jaw movement and masseteric nerve activity in cats with the spinal cord sectioned at the C2 level. Jaw depression alone did not induce any rhythmical jaw movement, but it turned the irregular jaw movement evoked by subthreshold cortical stimulation into the regular jaw movement as evoked by suprathreshold cortical stimulation. The cortically induced rhythmical masseseteric nerve activity could be induced even in immobilized condition and after cerebellectomy, although the rhythmical nerve activity was depressed in amplitude and the rhythm became slower than before immobilization. Tonic jaw depression after immobilization facilitated the tonic activity in the masseteric nerve and also induced a remarkable increase in the amplitude of the cortically evoked rhythmical nerve activity and a slight acceleration of the rhythm, leading to the same masticatory rhythm as before immobilization. It was concluded (1) that the cortically induced masticatory rhythm in cats is basically generated centrally and (2) that the tonic inputs from the muscle spindle in the jaw-closing muscles participate in the rhythm formation by supplying tonic excitatory inputs mainly to the jaw-closer motoneuron and also to the central rhythm generator.", "PMID": 1070411}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6519", "title": "Histological studies on early changes of the hamster gingival epithelium by N-nitrosomethylurea.", "content": "The effect of repeated intragastric administration of N-nitrosomethylurea on the molar gingival epithelium of the hamster was investigated both higtologically and histoautoradiographically. Thickening and downward proliferation of the gingival epithelium were evident from the second month of the treatment, in the attachment epithelium and interdental epithelium. Subsequently, the apical part of the crevicular epithelium, epithelium of the oral  aspect of the gingiva, and the marginal crevicular epithelium thickened. About three months after the beginning of the administration, thickening, hyperkeratosis, and downward proliferation of the gingival epithelium were widespreas and proliferated epithelial cell nests were parakeratotic, often assuming a structure of keratotic cyst, which invaded the periodontium, accompanied with compressive resorption of the alveolar bone and involvement of bone marrows. Cellular atypia appeared three months after the first treatment, occasionally suggesting early  malignancy. Epithelial proliferation was generally not accompanied with any distinct inflammatory change. In the autoradiographic analysis, it was clearly noticed that labeled cells had increased in each epithelial zone before the histological changes became evident- The results of the present experiment were discussed in reference to the pathogenesis of gingival carcinoma.", "contents": "Histological studies on early changes of the hamster gingival epithelium by N-nitrosomethylurea. The effect of repeated intragastric administration of N-nitrosomethylurea on the molar gingival epithelium of the hamster was investigated both higtologically and histoautoradiographically. Thickening and downward proliferation of the gingival epithelium were evident from the second month of the treatment, in the attachment epithelium and interdental epithelium. Subsequently, the apical part of the crevicular epithelium, epithelium of the oral  aspect of the gingiva, and the marginal crevicular epithelium thickened. About three months after the beginning of the administration, thickening, hyperkeratosis, and downward proliferation of the gingival epithelium were widespreas and proliferated epithelial cell nests were parakeratotic, often assuming a structure of keratotic cyst, which invaded the periodontium, accompanied with compressive resorption of the alveolar bone and involvement of bone marrows. Cellular atypia appeared three months after the first treatment, occasionally suggesting early  malignancy. Epithelial proliferation was generally not accompanied with any distinct inflammatory change. In the autoradiographic analysis, it was clearly noticed that labeled cells had increased in each epithelial zone before the histological changes became evident- The results of the present experiment were discussed in reference to the pathogenesis of gingival carcinoma.", "PMID": 1070413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6520", "title": "Aseptic bone necrosis in Japanese divers.", "content": "Medical examination was performed on the divers in Ohura for 7 years from 1969 to 1972. Aseptic bone necrosis was found in 268 of 450 divers (59.5%). Men with over 5 years of experience in diving were highly affected (more than 54.4%). These bone lesions were found most frequently in the proximal end of the femur and the humerus. There was a significantly higher incidence of bone lesions in the men who dived over 30 meters. In the group of men with one or more bone lesions, 73.1% were known to have been treated for bends. The bone, once exposed to a certain compression of air, would have a tendency to develop bone lesions even after cessation of diving. Type A2 (linear opacity) led to the structural failure of the joint surface of the femur and the humerus. Histopathological study was carried out on the sections of bone obtained from three autopsy cases and four operated cases. Formation of air bubbles in the bone marrow cavity seemed to be the most important as the cause for the occurrence of aseptic bone necrosis, and local circulatory disturbance might be the most responsible for the progression of the bone lesion.", "contents": "Aseptic bone necrosis in Japanese divers. Medical examination was performed on the divers in Ohura for 7 years from 1969 to 1972. Aseptic bone necrosis was found in 268 of 450 divers (59.5%). Men with over 5 years of experience in diving were highly affected (more than 54.4%). These bone lesions were found most frequently in the proximal end of the femur and the humerus. There was a significantly higher incidence of bone lesions in the men who dived over 30 meters. In the group of men with one or more bone lesions, 73.1% were known to have been treated for bends. The bone, once exposed to a certain compression of air, would have a tendency to develop bone lesions even after cessation of diving. Type A2 (linear opacity) led to the structural failure of the joint surface of the femur and the humerus. Histopathological study was carried out on the sections of bone obtained from three autopsy cases and four operated cases. Formation of air bubbles in the bone marrow cavity seemed to be the most important as the cause for the occurrence of aseptic bone necrosis, and local circulatory disturbance might be the most responsible for the progression of the bone lesion.", "PMID": 1070414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6521", "title": "Cleavage lines in the facial skin of Japanese cadavers.", "content": "Since Langer published his work on the cleavage lines of the skin in 1861, many Japanese and foreign authors have referred to Langer's lines as the most appropriate guides for skin incisions giving minimum scarring after heelings, but it has recently been suggested that the cleavage lines of Langer do not constitute a suitable guide for making an incision. Furthermore, comparison with directions of the lines described in the published textbooks has shown some discrepancies in detail among these descriptions, especially in the face. Therefore, Japanese cleavage lines were examined in the facial region of seven male and four female Japanese cadavers, and the following results were obtained. 1) Forehead: The long axes of the cleavage lines tend to run transversely as a whole. 2) Eyelids: The lines run, drawing a concentric loops, aroung the eye-fissures. 3) Lips: The main direction of the lines on the upper lip is radial upwardly, and the lines radiate downward on the lower lip.", "contents": "Cleavage lines in the facial skin of Japanese cadavers. Since Langer published his work on the cleavage lines of the skin in 1861, many Japanese and foreign authors have referred to Langer's lines as the most appropriate guides for skin incisions giving minimum scarring after heelings, but it has recently been suggested that the cleavage lines of Langer do not constitute a suitable guide for making an incision. Furthermore, comparison with directions of the lines described in the published textbooks has shown some discrepancies in detail among these descriptions, especially in the face. Therefore, Japanese cleavage lines were examined in the facial region of seven male and four female Japanese cadavers, and the following results were obtained. 1) Forehead: The long axes of the cleavage lines tend to run transversely as a whole. 2) Eyelids: The lines run, drawing a concentric loops, aroung the eye-fissures. 3) Lips: The main direction of the lines on the upper lip is radial upwardly, and the lines radiate downward on the lower lip.", "PMID": 1070415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6522", "title": "The safety assessment in the dog of a charcoal haemoperfusion column.", "content": "1. The safety of a carbon haemoperfusion column, Haemocol, has been studies in beagle dogs. 2. only minor changes in physiology, haematology and plasma chemistry were detected, except those associated with an improvement in clinical status. 3. It is concluded that haemoperfusion through this column is a safe and simple procedure, which merits evaluation in the treatment of severe drug overdose in man.", "contents": "The safety assessment in the dog of a charcoal haemoperfusion column. 1. The safety of a carbon haemoperfusion column, Haemocol, has been studies in beagle dogs. 2. only minor changes in physiology, haematology and plasma chemistry were detected, except those associated with an improvement in clinical status. 3. It is concluded that haemoperfusion through this column is a safe and simple procedure, which merits evaluation in the treatment of severe drug overdose in man.", "PMID": 1070417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6523", "title": "The specificity of antisera for the radioimmunoassay of arginine-vasopressin in human plasma and urine during water loading and dehydration.", "content": "1. Rabbit antisera against arginine-vasopressin (AVP) were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity in a radioimmunoassay based on the extraction of AVP from plasma and urine on to Florisil. 2. Comparison of the immunoreactivity of AVP with analogues showed that one antiserum (R2) reacted principally with the hexapeptide ring and another (R4) bound to the tripeptide tail and was reactive with some reduction and hydrolytic products of the native peptide. 3. The minimum amount of AVP measurable in the radioimmunoassay was 1 pg. The extraction of AVP from plasma and urine gave a recovery of 93 per cent (sd 5 per cent). A plasma sample repeatedly assayed with R2 gave a value of 1.4 ng/1 (sd 0.2, n=12). 4. The antiserum specific for the hexapeptide ring (R2) showed that in normal subjects AVP concentration ranged from 3.2 +/- 2.52 ng/1 after dehydration to 0.16 +/- 0.1 ng/1 after water loading.", "contents": "The specificity of antisera for the radioimmunoassay of arginine-vasopressin in human plasma and urine during water loading and dehydration. 1. Rabbit antisera against arginine-vasopressin (AVP) were evaluated for sensitivity and specificity in a radioimmunoassay based on the extraction of AVP from plasma and urine on to Florisil. 2. Comparison of the immunoreactivity of AVP with analogues showed that one antiserum (R2) reacted principally with the hexapeptide ring and another (R4) bound to the tripeptide tail and was reactive with some reduction and hydrolytic products of the native peptide. 3. The minimum amount of AVP measurable in the radioimmunoassay was 1 pg. The extraction of AVP from plasma and urine gave a recovery of 93 per cent (sd 5 per cent). A plasma sample repeatedly assayed with R2 gave a value of 1.4 ng/1 (sd 0.2, n=12). 4. The antiserum specific for the hexapeptide ring (R2) showed that in normal subjects AVP concentration ranged from 3.2 +/- 2.52 ng/1 after dehydration to 0.16 +/- 0.1 ng/1 after water loading.", "PMID": 1070418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6524", "title": "Diminished albumin binding of zinc in serum of pregnant women.", "content": "1. Distribution of zinc between the metalloprotein alpha 2-macroglobulin and albumin was determined in samples of serum obtained from twenty-three women in their third trimester of pregnancy and eighteen women who were not pregnant. 2. The decrease observed in total serum zinc in the group of pregnant women could be accounted for in large part by a decreased concentration of albumin-bound zinc. 3. The concentration of serum albumin was lower in the pregnant women, thus hypoalbuminaemia, which is often invoked to explain hypozincaemia in pathological situations, may in part account for hypozincaemia in pregnancy. 4. The affinity of albumin for zinc added to serum from pregnant women was less than that of albumin from non-pregnant women. This was determined by competition experiments between albumin and glycine for zinc. Decreased affinity of serum albumin for zinc may also contribute to the hypozincaemia associated with pregnancy.", "contents": "Diminished albumin binding of zinc in serum of pregnant women. 1. Distribution of zinc between the metalloprotein alpha 2-macroglobulin and albumin was determined in samples of serum obtained from twenty-three women in their third trimester of pregnancy and eighteen women who were not pregnant. 2. The decrease observed in total serum zinc in the group of pregnant women could be accounted for in large part by a decreased concentration of albumin-bound zinc. 3. The concentration of serum albumin was lower in the pregnant women, thus hypoalbuminaemia, which is often invoked to explain hypozincaemia in pathological situations, may in part account for hypozincaemia in pregnancy. 4. The affinity of albumin for zinc added to serum from pregnant women was less than that of albumin from non-pregnant women. This was determined by competition experiments between albumin and glycine for zinc. Decreased affinity of serum albumin for zinc may also contribute to the hypozincaemia associated with pregnancy.", "PMID": 1070419}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6525", "title": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of jejunal biopsy specimens: methodology and characterization of the organelles in normal tissue.", "content": "1. Portions of closed jejunal biopsies were gently homogenized in isotonic sucrose or sorbitol and centrifuged at 800 g for 10 min to prepare a cell extract. 2. The extract was fractionated in a single-step procedure by isopycnic centrifugation on a continuous sucrose or sorbitol density gradient with the Beaufay automatic zonal rotor. 3. The subcellular organelles were located in the density gradient by assay of marker enzymes and previously unassigned enzymes were localized to particular organelles. 4. The following organelles were characterized by their modal equilibrium densities in sucrose density gradients: brush borders (1.21), peroxisomes (1.18), mitochondria (1.16), endoplasmic reticulum (1.16), basal-lateral membranes (1.12). At least three distinct populations of lysosomes with different modal densities and enzyme content were demonstrated. 5. This analytical fraction technique can be used to study the subcellular pathology of human jejunum.", "contents": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of jejunal biopsy specimens: methodology and characterization of the organelles in normal tissue. 1. Portions of closed jejunal biopsies were gently homogenized in isotonic sucrose or sorbitol and centrifuged at 800 g for 10 min to prepare a cell extract. 2. The extract was fractionated in a single-step procedure by isopycnic centrifugation on a continuous sucrose or sorbitol density gradient with the Beaufay automatic zonal rotor. 3. The subcellular organelles were located in the density gradient by assay of marker enzymes and previously unassigned enzymes were localized to particular organelles. 4. The following organelles were characterized by their modal equilibrium densities in sucrose density gradients: brush borders (1.21), peroxisomes (1.18), mitochondria (1.16), endoplasmic reticulum (1.16), basal-lateral membranes (1.12). At least three distinct populations of lysosomes with different modal densities and enzyme content were demonstrated. 5. This analytical fraction technique can be used to study the subcellular pathology of human jejunum.", "PMID": 1070420}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6526", "title": "Regulation of breathing during exercise in normal subjects and in chronic lung disease.", "content": "1. The breathing pattern in normal subjects during exercise was compared with that in patients with obstructive and restrictive lung defects. 2. In most normal women and patients with obstructive or restrictive lung disease, as the frequency of breathing increased both inspiratory and expiratory duration fell. However, in most normal men (74 per cent) inspiratory duration did not fall as ventilation increased. 3. Women breathed faster than men, and both obstructed and restricted patients breathed faster than normal subjects. 4. The airflow patterns in normal men and women were similar, but most patients with restrictive or obstructive lung disease showed an approximately exponential fall in flow during expiration.", "contents": "Regulation of breathing during exercise in normal subjects and in chronic lung disease. 1. The breathing pattern in normal subjects during exercise was compared with that in patients with obstructive and restrictive lung defects. 2. In most normal women and patients with obstructive or restrictive lung disease, as the frequency of breathing increased both inspiratory and expiratory duration fell. However, in most normal men (74 per cent) inspiratory duration did not fall as ventilation increased. 3. Women breathed faster than men, and both obstructed and restricted patients breathed faster than normal subjects. 4. The airflow patterns in normal men and women were similar, but most patients with restrictive or obstructive lung disease showed an approximately exponential fall in flow during expiration.", "PMID": 1070421}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6527", "title": "Distribution of blood flow in the hypothermic (27 degrees C) dog kidney.", "content": "1. Renal function was measured in seven normo thermic (38 degrees C) and seven hypothermic (27 degrees C) dogs. 2. The glomerular filtration rate was 60 per cent lower in the hypothermic animals, and the renal blood flow as 51 per cent lower. The intrarenal distribution of blood flow was measured by the uptake of 86Rb from the blood into different regions of the kidney. Hypothermia reduced flow by 34 per cent in the outer cortex, 72 per cent in the inner cortex, 61 per cent in the outer medulla and 69 per cent in the inner medulla. 3. Radioautography indicated a high blood flow to an area of the outer medulla of hypothermic kidneys, which may indicate medullary blood flow \"shunting\". 4. The results have been discussed in relation to a number of clinical and experimental observations.", "contents": "Distribution of blood flow in the hypothermic (27 degrees C) dog kidney. 1. Renal function was measured in seven normo thermic (38 degrees C) and seven hypothermic (27 degrees C) dogs. 2. The glomerular filtration rate was 60 per cent lower in the hypothermic animals, and the renal blood flow as 51 per cent lower. The intrarenal distribution of blood flow was measured by the uptake of 86Rb from the blood into different regions of the kidney. Hypothermia reduced flow by 34 per cent in the outer cortex, 72 per cent in the inner cortex, 61 per cent in the outer medulla and 69 per cent in the inner medulla. 3. Radioautography indicated a high blood flow to an area of the outer medulla of hypothermic kidneys, which may indicate medullary blood flow \"shunting\". 4. The results have been discussed in relation to a number of clinical and experimental observations.", "PMID": 1070422}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6528", "title": "Influence of severe potassium depletion and subsequent repletion with potassium on muscle electrolytes, metabolites and amino acids in man.", "content": "1. Two women with severe hypokalaemic alkalosis were investigated by means of muscle biopsy before and at the end of 2 and 3 weeks respectively of intense therapy with potassium chloride. 2. The muscle biopsy material was analysed for water, electrolytes, adenine nucleotides, phosphocreatine, free creatine, pyruvate, lactate, glycogen and free amino acids. The extra- and intra-cellular distribution of water, electrolytes and amino acids was calculated by the chloride method. 3. Both patients showed a marked loss of intracellular potassium and an increase in intracellular sodium concentration. The muscle magnesium content was also slightly decreased. After repletion with potassium chloride, muscle sodium and potassium became normal. 4. The contents of creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate and pyruvate were within normal limits, but the phosphocreatine/total creatine ratio was reduced. After repletion, a small change in the apparent creatine-phosphokinase equilibrium had occurred, suggesting a minor increase in intracellular pH. 5. The concentrations of the basic amino acids, lysine, arginine and ornithine were increased far above normal. The intracellular accumulation of arginine was much higher than the increase in lysine concentration and histidine concentration was normal. This differs from findings in potassium-depleted rats, where the intracellular lysine concentration is much higher than arginine concentration and histidine is high as well. After potassium repletion the intracellular concentration of ornithine, lysine and arginine became normal in one case and decreased considerable in the other. An increased intracellular concentration of glutamate and glutamine was also observed after potassium repletion.", "contents": "Influence of severe potassium depletion and subsequent repletion with potassium on muscle electrolytes, metabolites and amino acids in man. 1. Two women with severe hypokalaemic alkalosis were investigated by means of muscle biopsy before and at the end of 2 and 3 weeks respectively of intense therapy with potassium chloride. 2. The muscle biopsy material was analysed for water, electrolytes, adenine nucleotides, phosphocreatine, free creatine, pyruvate, lactate, glycogen and free amino acids. The extra- and intra-cellular distribution of water, electrolytes and amino acids was calculated by the chloride method. 3. Both patients showed a marked loss of intracellular potassium and an increase in intracellular sodium concentration. The muscle magnesium content was also slightly decreased. After repletion with potassium chloride, muscle sodium and potassium became normal. 4. The contents of creatine phosphate, ATP, ADP, AMP, lactate and pyruvate were within normal limits, but the phosphocreatine/total creatine ratio was reduced. After repletion, a small change in the apparent creatine-phosphokinase equilibrium had occurred, suggesting a minor increase in intracellular pH. 5. The concentrations of the basic amino acids, lysine, arginine and ornithine were increased far above normal. The intracellular accumulation of arginine was much higher than the increase in lysine concentration and histidine concentration was normal. This differs from findings in potassium-depleted rats, where the intracellular lysine concentration is much higher than arginine concentration and histidine is high as well. After potassium repletion the intracellular concentration of ornithine, lysine and arginine became normal in one case and decreased considerable in the other. An increased intracellular concentration of glutamate and glutamine was also observed after potassium repletion.", "PMID": 1070423}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6529", "title": "The role of small intestine and kidney in bromosulphthalein conjugation.", "content": "1. The roles of the kidney and the small intestine in the conjugation of bromosulphthalein have been compared with that of the liver. 2. Studies with homogenates indicated that the liver has a higher bromosulphthalein-glutathione-conjugating activity than the intestine and kidney. The reduced glutathione content of the liver is greater than that of the small intestine and kidneys, which contain comparable amounts. 3. Experiments in vitro with tissue slices confirmed that the three organ are able to extract significant amount of bromosulphthalein. In carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic necrosis the uptake and conjugation of the dye by the liver were reduced but were increased in the kidney and unchanged in the small intestine. 4. After an intravenous injection of bromosulphthalein, the percentages conjugated in the liver, kidney and gut were similar.", "contents": "The role of small intestine and kidney in bromosulphthalein conjugation. 1. The roles of the kidney and the small intestine in the conjugation of bromosulphthalein have been compared with that of the liver. 2. Studies with homogenates indicated that the liver has a higher bromosulphthalein-glutathione-conjugating activity than the intestine and kidney. The reduced glutathione content of the liver is greater than that of the small intestine and kidneys, which contain comparable amounts. 3. Experiments in vitro with tissue slices confirmed that the three organ are able to extract significant amount of bromosulphthalein. In carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic necrosis the uptake and conjugation of the dye by the liver were reduced but were increased in the kidney and unchanged in the small intestine. 4. After an intravenous injection of bromosulphthalein, the percentages conjugated in the liver, kidney and gut were similar.", "PMID": 1070424}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6530", "title": "A competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D.", "content": "1. We describe a modified competive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which does not require the prior separation of vitamin D from 25-hydroxyvitamin D. 2. Bovine albumin was used in the buffer, at a concentration of 1mg/ml, as a protein stabilizer and lipid solubilizer. Bovine albumin from different manufactures produced very different non-specific binding of 25-(3H)hydroxycholecalciferol (ranging from 3.3 per cent to 58.9 per cent). 3. The mean concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in sera from normal children in Johannesburg was 76.75 +/- 24.75 mumol/ml (30.7 +/- 9.9 ng/ml).", "contents": "A competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D. 1. We describe a modified competive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which does not require the prior separation of vitamin D from 25-hydroxyvitamin D. 2. Bovine albumin was used in the buffer, at a concentration of 1mg/ml, as a protein stabilizer and lipid solubilizer. Bovine albumin from different manufactures produced very different non-specific binding of 25-(3H)hydroxycholecalciferol (ranging from 3.3 per cent to 58.9 per cent). 3. The mean concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in sera from normal children in Johannesburg was 76.75 +/- 24.75 mumol/ml (30.7 +/- 9.9 ng/ml).", "PMID": 1070425}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6531", "title": "Self-paced walking as a method for exercise testing in elderly and young men.", "content": "1. An exercise test has been developed which is suitable for elderly or frail subjects. It is based on free walking at three different speeds on a level indoor course of 256m. The subject sets his own pace in accord with simple instructions. 2. Twenty-four elderly men and ten young men took part in the study. 3. The time and number of paces taken to cover two sections of 100m within the course were used to establish that the subjects walked steadily. Walking speed, pace frequency and stride length were then calculated. 4. Heart rate was obtained with body-borne tape recorders and related to the walking speed. The heart rate at a standard walking speed could then be obtained by interpolation. This is an assessment of the cardiovascular response to exercise (physical condition). The variation on repeating the test was +/-5 per cent and there was no significant difference between the two age groups. 5. The assessment was found to correlate moderately well with a conventional assessment of physical condition based on oxygen uptake from tests on a bicycle ergometer. 6. The test could also be used as a performance index since walking speed was characteristic for the subject. The younger group walked significantly faster than the older group. As a performance index the test is therefor sensitive to age differences.", "contents": "Self-paced walking as a method for exercise testing in elderly and young men. 1. An exercise test has been developed which is suitable for elderly or frail subjects. It is based on free walking at three different speeds on a level indoor course of 256m. The subject sets his own pace in accord with simple instructions. 2. Twenty-four elderly men and ten young men took part in the study. 3. The time and number of paces taken to cover two sections of 100m within the course were used to establish that the subjects walked steadily. Walking speed, pace frequency and stride length were then calculated. 4. Heart rate was obtained with body-borne tape recorders and related to the walking speed. The heart rate at a standard walking speed could then be obtained by interpolation. This is an assessment of the cardiovascular response to exercise (physical condition). The variation on repeating the test was +/-5 per cent and there was no significant difference between the two age groups. 5. The assessment was found to correlate moderately well with a conventional assessment of physical condition based on oxygen uptake from tests on a bicycle ergometer. 6. The test could also be used as a performance index since walking speed was characteristic for the subject. The younger group walked significantly faster than the older group. As a performance index the test is therefor sensitive to age differences.", "PMID": 1070426}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6532", "title": "Erythroid cell differentiation.", "content": "We have reviewed erythroid cell differentiation from two points of view: 1) differences between fetal and adult human red cells with particular reference to alterations which can occur in the normal pattern of erythroid cell development during the course of leukemia; 2) beochemical events which occur during erythroid cell maturation, as a model system for the study of the control of gene expression. During the course of many leukemias there is the synthesis of red cells containing fetal hemoglobin. In most cases this phenomenon is limited to a small population or clone of red cells and probably represents a nonspecific response of the bone marrow to a hematologic stress. However, in juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia and, in rare cases of erythroleukemia, there is a major reversion to fetal erythropoiesis, with progressive increase in fetal hemoglobin levels and synthesis of red cells which contain not only fetal hemoglobin but have a true fetal pattern of protein synthesis affecting proteins other than Hb F, namely Hb A2, carbonic anhydrase and the membrane antigens i and I. In this case, the fetal erythropoiesis may be a more specific manifestation of the leukemic process and may be related to the phenomenon of fetal protein synthesis (alpha-fetoprotein of carcinoembryonic antigen) observed in other types of neoplasia. Further information on the etiology and pathogenesis of abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation in the leukemias can be obtained by the study of experimental systems permitting the investigation of the regulation of gene expression in differentiating mammalian cells. Maturing erythroid cells provide a promising system for such investigations for many reasons: differentiating erythroid cells can be obtained relatively free of other cell types; a large amount of a well characterized product, hemoglobin, is synthesized; techniques are now available that permit isolation of erythroid precursors at different stages of differentiation (5-8); and finally, highly sensitive methods of measuring globin mRNA levels by DNA-RNA hybridization are currently available (13, 26, 27). We have used such techniques to measure levels of globin mRNA in separated populations of murine erythroid cells at different stages of maturation. These studies demonstrated a correlation between globin mRNA content and degree of morphological maturation. In the least well differentiated cells, however, there appeared to be a disproportionate amount of mRNA for the level of hemoglobin synthesis in these cells. These results suggest the presence of some translational control of globin mRNA in the early stages of erythroid development, although the major control of globin gene expression in this system seems to be at the transcriptional level...", "contents": "Erythroid cell differentiation. We have reviewed erythroid cell differentiation from two points of view: 1) differences between fetal and adult human red cells with particular reference to alterations which can occur in the normal pattern of erythroid cell development during the course of leukemia; 2) beochemical events which occur during erythroid cell maturation, as a model system for the study of the control of gene expression. During the course of many leukemias there is the synthesis of red cells containing fetal hemoglobin. In most cases this phenomenon is limited to a small population or clone of red cells and probably represents a nonspecific response of the bone marrow to a hematologic stress. However, in juvenile chronic myeloid leukemia and, in rare cases of erythroleukemia, there is a major reversion to fetal erythropoiesis, with progressive increase in fetal hemoglobin levels and synthesis of red cells which contain not only fetal hemoglobin but have a true fetal pattern of protein synthesis affecting proteins other than Hb F, namely Hb A2, carbonic anhydrase and the membrane antigens i and I. In this case, the fetal erythropoiesis may be a more specific manifestation of the leukemic process and may be related to the phenomenon of fetal protein synthesis (alpha-fetoprotein of carcinoembryonic antigen) observed in other types of neoplasia. Further information on the etiology and pathogenesis of abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation in the leukemias can be obtained by the study of experimental systems permitting the investigation of the regulation of gene expression in differentiating mammalian cells. Maturing erythroid cells provide a promising system for such investigations for many reasons: differentiating erythroid cells can be obtained relatively free of other cell types; a large amount of a well characterized product, hemoglobin, is synthesized; techniques are now available that permit isolation of erythroid precursors at different stages of differentiation (5-8); and finally, highly sensitive methods of measuring globin mRNA levels by DNA-RNA hybridization are currently available (13, 26, 27). We have used such techniques to measure levels of globin mRNA in separated populations of murine erythroid cells at different stages of maturation. These studies demonstrated a correlation between globin mRNA content and degree of morphological maturation. In the least well differentiated cells, however, there appeared to be a disproportionate amount of mRNA for the level of hemoglobin synthesis in these cells. These results suggest the presence of some translational control of globin mRNA in the early stages of erythroid development, although the major control of globin gene expression in this system seems to be at the transcriptional level...", "PMID": 1070457}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6533", "title": "Proliferative behavior of hemopoietic cells in preleukemia and overt leukemia observed in one patient.", "content": "Hemopoietic cell proliferation was studied in a patient suffering from preleukemia characterized by peripheral pancytopenia and hypercellular bone marrow with ineffective erythropoiesis. Two years later when overt acute myelogenous leukemia had developed the study was repeated. The kinetics of proliferation were investigated by a new method which allows evaluation of the rate and time of DNA synthesis in individual morphologically defined cells. Erythropoiesis was found ineffective to the same degree in both stages of disease. The rate of erythroid cell proliferation, however, was reduced in overt leukemia only. The myeloid system showed a grossly reduced production rate of myeloblasts in preleukemia whilst the same parameter was strongly increased in leukemia. This high production rate of myeloblasts in overt leukemia was interpreted as indication of a far-reaching self-maintenance of the myeloblast pool in this stage of disease. The proliferative activity of the individual myeloblasts was reduced already in preleukemia, and even more so in leukemia. In order to explain the amplification of the myeloblast pool with the onset of overt leukemia a change in the mode of myeloblast divisions is assumed. For this a transition from steady state to some degree of exponential growth gives the most plausible explanation.", "contents": "Proliferative behavior of hemopoietic cells in preleukemia and overt leukemia observed in one patient. Hemopoietic cell proliferation was studied in a patient suffering from preleukemia characterized by peripheral pancytopenia and hypercellular bone marrow with ineffective erythropoiesis. Two years later when overt acute myelogenous leukemia had developed the study was repeated. The kinetics of proliferation were investigated by a new method which allows evaluation of the rate and time of DNA synthesis in individual morphologically defined cells. Erythropoiesis was found ineffective to the same degree in both stages of disease. The rate of erythroid cell proliferation, however, was reduced in overt leukemia only. The myeloid system showed a grossly reduced production rate of myeloblasts in preleukemia whilst the same parameter was strongly increased in leukemia. This high production rate of myeloblasts in overt leukemia was interpreted as indication of a far-reaching self-maintenance of the myeloblast pool in this stage of disease. The proliferative activity of the individual myeloblasts was reduced already in preleukemia, and even more so in leukemia. In order to explain the amplification of the myeloblast pool with the onset of overt leukemia a change in the mode of myeloblast divisions is assumed. For this a transition from steady state to some degree of exponential growth gives the most plausible explanation.", "PMID": 1070463}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6534", "title": "Leukemic anaplasias reflecting physiologic cytogenesis of myeloid system.", "content": "Naphthol AS-D chloroacetatesterase activity in peripheral blood granulocytes is confined to neutrophils which are all positive and to a minor part of monocytes. Its occurance in eosinophils  and basophils indicate a myeloproliferative disease. This chemical property can reliably be applied to separate neoplastic from reactive forms of quantitative and qualitative leukocyte alterations. The developmental line of this specific myeloid cellular attribut has been presented to elucidate its diagnostic significance and its validity as proof for existence of a common promyelocyte from which neutrophils, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils originate.", "contents": "Leukemic anaplasias reflecting physiologic cytogenesis of myeloid system. Naphthol AS-D chloroacetatesterase activity in peripheral blood granulocytes is confined to neutrophils which are all positive and to a minor part of monocytes. Its occurance in eosinophils  and basophils indicate a myeloproliferative disease. This chemical property can reliably be applied to separate neoplastic from reactive forms of quantitative and qualitative leukocyte alterations. The developmental line of this specific myeloid cellular attribut has been presented to elucidate its diagnostic significance and its validity as proof for existence of a common promyelocyte from which neutrophils, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils originate.", "PMID": 1070464}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6535", "title": "Immunological follow-up of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "In different treatment groups of children with acute lymphatic leukaemia and undifferentiated leukaemia, the lymphocyte count and a number of immunologic parameters were examined during the various stages of treatment. These parameters were related to the type of chemotherapy as well as the stages of treatment. This paper deals with the values of lymphocyte counts, of gamma globulin, IgG, IgM and IgA and the results of the DNCB skin tests, as a parameter for cellular immunity. IgG determined by acetate sheet electrophoresis showed no significnat change, while its significant reduction was shown during the periods of prophylactic reinduction with vincristine in the Pinkel VII scheme, The IgM level was significantly raised in the initial stage before treatment and in all periods of treatment both in the Pinkel VII group and in an earlier therapeutic group treated with methotrexate every two weeks and vincristine pulses every six weeks. IgA was raised in both groups before treatment but significantly reduced during the phases of maintenance and reinduction. About 50% of the P VII cases had negative DNCB skin tests during maintenance therapy, while all long-term survivors in the earlier methotrexate group had a positive skin test.", "contents": "Immunological follow-up of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In different treatment groups of children with acute lymphatic leukaemia and undifferentiated leukaemia, the lymphocyte count and a number of immunologic parameters were examined during the various stages of treatment. These parameters were related to the type of chemotherapy as well as the stages of treatment. This paper deals with the values of lymphocyte counts, of gamma globulin, IgG, IgM and IgA and the results of the DNCB skin tests, as a parameter for cellular immunity. IgG determined by acetate sheet electrophoresis showed no significnat change, while its significant reduction was shown during the periods of prophylactic reinduction with vincristine in the Pinkel VII scheme, The IgM level was significantly raised in the initial stage before treatment and in all periods of treatment both in the Pinkel VII group and in an earlier therapeutic group treated with methotrexate every two weeks and vincristine pulses every six weeks. IgA was raised in both groups before treatment but significantly reduced during the phases of maintenance and reinduction. About 50% of the P VII cases had negative DNCB skin tests during maintenance therapy, while all long-term survivors in the earlier methotrexate group had a positive skin test.", "PMID": 1070465}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6536", "title": "The effect of immunotherapy on survival of patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia after relapse.", "content": "A randomized controlled clinical trial for the use of immunotherapy for maintaining patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia has been conducted involving 52 patients. All patients received short pulsed maintenance chemotherapy but 30 of the patients received additional immunotherapy consisting of BCG and irradiated allogeneic myeloblastic leukaemia cells. Of the 22 patients who received chemotherapy alone, 19 died with a medium survival of 39 weeks, whereas 20 of the 30 patients who received chemotherapy plus immunotherapy died with an estimated median survival of 74 weeks. The value for the significance of the difference in death rates of patients was less than .01. The main effect of this immunotherapy was, however, due to a prolongation of survival after the patients had relapsed; the median survival for the immunotherapy patients being 23 weeks compared with only 11 weeks for the chemotherapy alone patients (p less than .005). The overall results also show that there was a slight prolongation of first remission in patients who received immunotherapy with a median duration of 44 weeks compared with 27 weeks for patients who received only chemotherapy. The possible mechanisms of action of this form of immunotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of immunotherapy on survival of patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia after relapse. A randomized controlled clinical trial for the use of immunotherapy for maintaining patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia has been conducted involving 52 patients. All patients received short pulsed maintenance chemotherapy but 30 of the patients received additional immunotherapy consisting of BCG and irradiated allogeneic myeloblastic leukaemia cells. Of the 22 patients who received chemotherapy alone, 19 died with a medium survival of 39 weeks, whereas 20 of the 30 patients who received chemotherapy plus immunotherapy died with an estimated median survival of 74 weeks. The value for the significance of the difference in death rates of patients was less than .01. The main effect of this immunotherapy was, however, due to a prolongation of survival after the patients had relapsed; the median survival for the immunotherapy patients being 23 weeks compared with only 11 weeks for the chemotherapy alone patients (p less than .005). The overall results also show that there was a slight prolongation of first remission in patients who received immunotherapy with a median duration of 44 weeks compared with 27 weeks for patients who received only chemotherapy. The possible mechanisms of action of this form of immunotherapy are discussed.", "PMID": 1070466}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6537", "title": "Therapeutic results: report of the Hungarian children's leukaemia study group.", "content": "In Hungary, the morbidity of leukaemia in children aged 0 to 15 years is 3.6/100,000. The rate of complete remission was 88.5% in ALL and 57.1% in AML. The most important factors limiting survival were infections acquired during induction therapy in 91.3% and during Co irradiation in 66.3% of the patients.", "contents": "Therapeutic results: report of the Hungarian children's leukaemia study group. In Hungary, the morbidity of leukaemia in children aged 0 to 15 years is 3.6/100,000. The rate of complete remission was 88.5% in ALL and 57.1% in AML. The most important factors limiting survival were infections acquired during induction therapy in 91.3% and during Co irradiation in 66.3% of the patients.", "PMID": 1070467}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6538", "title": "Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.", "content": "In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the combination prednisone-vincristine induces more than 85% complete remissions. L-asparaginase which was used in complete remissions, seemed to increase their duration. Actually the best maintenance treatment consists in the combination of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate interrupted by reinductions. In other respects C.N.S. prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate and craniospinal irradiation is necessary. The well-known prognostic factors are: age, leucocytosis, tumoral syndrome, and cytological type: 216 cases of long remission have been observed. One group of these patients was treated by old methods: this represents 0.8 to 1% of the material, while 20% were treated by recent protocols with reinductions (20%).", "contents": "Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. In acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the combination prednisone-vincristine induces more than 85% complete remissions. L-asparaginase which was used in complete remissions, seemed to increase their duration. Actually the best maintenance treatment consists in the combination of 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate interrupted by reinductions. In other respects C.N.S. prophylaxis with intrathecal methotrexate and craniospinal irradiation is necessary. The well-known prognostic factors are: age, leucocytosis, tumoral syndrome, and cytological type: 216 cases of long remission have been observed. One group of these patients was treated by old methods: this represents 0.8 to 1% of the material, while 20% were treated by recent protocols with reinductions (20%).", "PMID": 1070468}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6539", "title": "Combination chemotherapy in adults with acute leukaemia.", "content": "Ten patients with ALL and 35 with AML received combination chemotherapy at out Institute during the period 1972 - 1975. Patients with ALL were treated according to the L-2 protocol, those with AML according to the L-2, MRC 5/A, MRC 5/B and TRAP protocols. Nine of the 10 patients with ALL entered complete remission, and median survival time of these patients was 9.2 months. Four of the 35 patients with AML achieved complete, 13 partial remission. Median survival in this group was 4 months. Infection and bleeding represented the most frequent and severe forms of complication. Bleeding was well controlled by the administration of platelet concentrates, but infections were often lethal. The poor results were probably due to the high incidence of severe infections.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy in adults with acute leukaemia. Ten patients with ALL and 35 with AML received combination chemotherapy at out Institute during the period 1972 - 1975. Patients with ALL were treated according to the L-2 protocol, those with AML according to the L-2, MRC 5/A, MRC 5/B and TRAP protocols. Nine of the 10 patients with ALL entered complete remission, and median survival time of these patients was 9.2 months. Four of the 35 patients with AML achieved complete, 13 partial remission. Median survival in this group was 4 months. Infection and bleeding represented the most frequent and severe forms of complication. Bleeding was well controlled by the administration of platelet concentrates, but infections were often lethal. The poor results were probably due to the high incidence of severe infections.", "PMID": 1070469}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6540", "title": "Comparative observations in the treatment of acute leukaemia.", "content": "The results of treatment of 84 acute leukaemia patients during a 15-year period are reported. Sixty-three of the patients suffered from acute myeloid leukaemia, 14 had blastic crisis of chronic leukaemia and 7 had acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Administration of prednisolone + purinethol, prednisolone + vincristine, and prednisolone + vincristine + purinethol combinations resulted in partial remission. The best results were achieved with the combination ARA-C + thioguanine + prednisolone, which produced complete remission in 2 out of 8 cases. One patient was refractory to this treatment.", "contents": "Comparative observations in the treatment of acute leukaemia. The results of treatment of 84 acute leukaemia patients during a 15-year period are reported. Sixty-three of the patients suffered from acute myeloid leukaemia, 14 had blastic crisis of chronic leukaemia and 7 had acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Administration of prednisolone + purinethol, prednisolone + vincristine, and prednisolone + vincristine + purinethol combinations resulted in partial remission. The best results were achieved with the combination ARA-C + thioguanine + prednisolone, which produced complete remission in 2 out of 8 cases. One patient was refractory to this treatment.", "PMID": 1070470}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6541", "title": "Enzyme polymorphism in feral, outbred and inbred rats (Rattus norvegicus).", "content": "Polymorphism at 25 loci coding for liver enzymes was studied in two feral, three outbred and three inbred rat strains by starch gel electrophoresis. No variation was found at 14 loci, and a low degree of polymorphism was detected at three. Eight loci were polymorphic in more than one population. The average degree of heterozygosity per locus per individual feral rat was 0-07. The degrees of heterozygosity observed in the outbred and inbred strains were lower, from 0-006 to 0-012. Contrary to expectation, the inbred strains were neither monomorphic nor appreciably less heterozygous than the outbred ones. The heterozygosity of the inbred strains was primarily due to two polymorphic loci, G-3-pdh and alpha-Gpdh. The reason for this polymorphism is probably the superior homeostasis of the heterozygotes.", "contents": "Enzyme polymorphism in feral, outbred and inbred rats (Rattus norvegicus). Polymorphism at 25 loci coding for liver enzymes was studied in two feral, three outbred and three inbred rat strains by starch gel electrophoresis. No variation was found at 14 loci, and a low degree of polymorphism was detected at three. Eight loci were polymorphic in more than one population. The average degree of heterozygosity per locus per individual feral rat was 0-07. The degrees of heterozygosity observed in the outbred and inbred strains were lower, from 0-006 to 0-012. Contrary to expectation, the inbred strains were neither monomorphic nor appreciably less heterozygous than the outbred ones. The heterozygosity of the inbred strains was primarily due to two polymorphic loci, G-3-pdh and alpha-Gpdh. The reason for this polymorphism is probably the superior homeostasis of the heterozygotes.", "PMID": 1070483}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6542", "title": "Ribosomal DNA content and bobbed phenotype in Drosophila hydei.", "content": "The number of ribosomal RNA genes in different Drosophila hydei stocks has been determined by filter saturation hybridisation experiments. It has been shown that there is no marked correlation between the average rRNA gene number per cell in the whole animal and the bobbed phenotype when Y chromosomal nucleolar organisers are present.", "contents": "Ribosomal DNA content and bobbed phenotype in Drosophila hydei. The number of ribosomal RNA genes in different Drosophila hydei stocks has been determined by filter saturation hybridisation experiments. It has been shown that there is no marked correlation between the average rRNA gene number per cell in the whole animal and the bobbed phenotype when Y chromosomal nucleolar organisers are present.", "PMID": 1070484}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6543", "title": "Variation in a natural population of Schizophyllum commune. Variation within the extreme isolates for growth rate.", "content": "Two extreme dikaryotic idolates chosen from a large sample of a localised population of Schizophyllum commune exhibited a considerable amount of genetical variation for growth rate at the near ambient temperature of 20 degrees C and at the higher temperature of 30 degrees C. The potential variation within these extreme isolates were greater than the variation observed in the whole sample. Regression analysis of the variation in growth rate of the dikaryotic progeny of the extreme isolates on that of their component monokaryons showed that the nature of gene action was not the same in these two stages of the life cycle. The simple additive-dominance model of gene action was adequate to explain the variation in growth rate in both of the extreme isolates at both of the temperatures. The small deviations from this model could be accounted for by unequal gene frequencies due to small sample size although a low incidence of non-allelic interactions could not be rule out. Directional dominance for growth rate was detected in both isolates at the more normal temperature and it was opposing in direction in the two isolates. In the slow growing isolate the dominance was for faster growth and in the fast growing isolate it was for slower growth. This is expected for a character which displays overall ambi-directional dominance if isolates with more extreme growth rates than those recovered in the population sample are eliminated by stabilising selection. The dominance is temperature dependent being ambi-directional in both isolates at the higher temperature. Environmental heterogeneity, the buffering effects of directional dominance and genotype-environment interactions and opposing selective forces operating on the monokaryotic and dikaryotic stages of the life cycle are possible contributory factors to the considerable free and potential variability displayed in this small, localised population.", "contents": "Variation in a natural population of Schizophyllum commune. Variation within the extreme isolates for growth rate. Two extreme dikaryotic idolates chosen from a large sample of a localised population of Schizophyllum commune exhibited a considerable amount of genetical variation for growth rate at the near ambient temperature of 20 degrees C and at the higher temperature of 30 degrees C. The potential variation within these extreme isolates were greater than the variation observed in the whole sample. Regression analysis of the variation in growth rate of the dikaryotic progeny of the extreme isolates on that of their component monokaryons showed that the nature of gene action was not the same in these two stages of the life cycle. The simple additive-dominance model of gene action was adequate to explain the variation in growth rate in both of the extreme isolates at both of the temperatures. The small deviations from this model could be accounted for by unequal gene frequencies due to small sample size although a low incidence of non-allelic interactions could not be rule out. Directional dominance for growth rate was detected in both isolates at the more normal temperature and it was opposing in direction in the two isolates. In the slow growing isolate the dominance was for faster growth and in the fast growing isolate it was for slower growth. This is expected for a character which displays overall ambi-directional dominance if isolates with more extreme growth rates than those recovered in the population sample are eliminated by stabilising selection. The dominance is temperature dependent being ambi-directional in both isolates at the higher temperature. Environmental heterogeneity, the buffering effects of directional dominance and genotype-environment interactions and opposing selective forces operating on the monokaryotic and dikaryotic stages of the life cycle are possible contributory factors to the considerable free and potential variability displayed in this small, localised population.", "PMID": 1070485}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6544", "title": "Unique multiple sex chromosomes of the tree mouse Vandeleuria o. oleracea: identification of X1 and X2.", "content": "The tree mouse Vandeleuria o. oleracea has an odd diploid chromosome complement (2n = 29 female/male) accompanied by a unique multiple sex-chromosome mechanism (X1X2Ymale/X1X1X2female). In the present paper the sex chromosomes have been identified unequivocally with the help of G-banding and DNA replication patterns which confirm our earlier suggestion that the X1 is smaller in size than the simple mammalian X, and also that the combined sizes of the X1 and X2 (3-8 and 1-7 per cent respectively) approximate to the size of the conservative mammalian X (5 per cent). It is proposed that the mammalian X has attained a minimum functional size so that further reduction is not tolerated.", "contents": "Unique multiple sex chromosomes of the tree mouse Vandeleuria o. oleracea: identification of X1 and X2. The tree mouse Vandeleuria o. oleracea has an odd diploid chromosome complement (2n = 29 female/male) accompanied by a unique multiple sex-chromosome mechanism (X1X2Ymale/X1X1X2female). In the present paper the sex chromosomes have been identified unequivocally with the help of G-banding and DNA replication patterns which confirm our earlier suggestion that the X1 is smaller in size than the simple mammalian X, and also that the combined sizes of the X1 and X2 (3-8 and 1-7 per cent respectively) approximate to the size of the conservative mammalian X (5 per cent). It is proposed that the mammalian X has attained a minimum functional size so that further reduction is not tolerated.", "PMID": 1070486}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6545", "title": "Affinity chromatographic purification of human lysozyme, with special reference to human leukemia lysozyme.", "content": "Lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was purified from human tears, serum, and urine of acute monocytic leukemia patients, renal disease patients, and residents in cadmium-polluted areas of Tsushima Island using an affinity adsorbent containing lysozyme-lysate of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls as the ligand. By means of this procedure, leukemia lysozyme was purified 100- to 200-fold with an activity recovery of 80%. It was crystallized at pH 10. This purified preparation appeared homogeneous in disc electrophoresis and showed a specific activity 2.5-fold higher than that of crystalline lysozyme from hen egg-white. Tear lysozyme was also purified to a nearly homogeneous state while the enzymes from normal serum and urine of a nephrosis patient and of residents in cadmium-polluted area were still disc electrophoretically heterogeneous and showed low specific activity as compared with purified leukemia lysozyme.", "contents": "Affinity chromatographic purification of human lysozyme, with special reference to human leukemia lysozyme. Lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17] was purified from human tears, serum, and urine of acute monocytic leukemia patients, renal disease patients, and residents in cadmium-polluted areas of Tsushima Island using an affinity adsorbent containing lysozyme-lysate of Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls as the ligand. By means of this procedure, leukemia lysozyme was purified 100- to 200-fold with an activity recovery of 80%. It was crystallized at pH 10. This purified preparation appeared homogeneous in disc electrophoresis and showed a specific activity 2.5-fold higher than that of crystalline lysozyme from hen egg-white. Tear lysozyme was also purified to a nearly homogeneous state while the enzymes from normal serum and urine of a nephrosis patient and of residents in cadmium-polluted area were still disc electrophoretically heterogeneous and showed low specific activity as compared with purified leukemia lysozyme.", "PMID": 1070487}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6546", "title": "The anatomy of the external palpebral ligament in man.", "content": "The correct anatomy of the external palpebral ligament is demonstrated, based on microscopic studies. An analogy to the structures of the internal palpebral ligament is found.", "contents": "The anatomy of the external palpebral ligament in man. The correct anatomy of the external palpebral ligament is demonstrated, based on microscopic studies. An analogy to the structures of the internal palpebral ligament is found.", "PMID": 1070498}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6547", "title": "Traumatology of the maxillo-facial region in childhood: (statistical evaluation of 210 cases in the last 13 years).", "content": "A statistical study of fractures occurring in children with injuries of the head neck admitted to the clinic for Maxillo-Facial and Plastic Surgery of the Face, D\u00fcsseldorf, during the past 13 years is presented. The 210 cases were evaluated according to age, sex, frequency of occurrence, type, localisation and cause of injury, as well as therapy and average duration of treatment.", "contents": "Traumatology of the maxillo-facial region in childhood: (statistical evaluation of 210 cases in the last 13 years). A statistical study of fractures occurring in children with injuries of the head neck admitted to the clinic for Maxillo-Facial and Plastic Surgery of the Face, D\u00fcsseldorf, during the past 13 years is presented. The 210 cases were evaluated according to age, sex, frequency of occurrence, type, localisation and cause of injury, as well as therapy and average duration of treatment.", "PMID": 1070499}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6548", "title": "Transosseous wiring in the treatment of condylar fractures of the mandible.", "content": "During 1973-1975, 27 patients with condylar fractures at the lower or middle level were operated on via the submandibular approach; 5 patients were under 14 years of age. The condyles were medially dislocated or severely displaced, leading to malocclusion. Various kinds of transosseous wirings were used and the mean time of intermaxillary fixation was 22.6 days. The follow-up study of the 27 patients was made on average 11.6 months after the operation. Postoperatively the mouth opening averaged 41.5 mm. There was a slight deviation of the chin (mean 2mm) to the operated side in half the cases. Lateral excursions were within normal limits. Slight motor weakness in the lower lip on the operated side was noted in 3 cases and mild pain in the operated joint in 8 cases. A radiograph revealed some shortening of the condyle in most cases, and some kind of angulation, mostly posterior, in half the cases. No tendency to ankylosis was found and totally normal and symmetric function of the joints was noted in 24 cases. In the light of the results of this follow-up study the method presented, which is not a very easy one, seems to be useful.", "contents": "Transosseous wiring in the treatment of condylar fractures of the mandible. During 1973-1975, 27 patients with condylar fractures at the lower or middle level were operated on via the submandibular approach; 5 patients were under 14 years of age. The condyles were medially dislocated or severely displaced, leading to malocclusion. Various kinds of transosseous wirings were used and the mean time of intermaxillary fixation was 22.6 days. The follow-up study of the 27 patients was made on average 11.6 months after the operation. Postoperatively the mouth opening averaged 41.5 mm. There was a slight deviation of the chin (mean 2mm) to the operated side in half the cases. Lateral excursions were within normal limits. Slight motor weakness in the lower lip on the operated side was noted in 3 cases and mild pain in the operated joint in 8 cases. A radiograph revealed some shortening of the condyle in most cases, and some kind of angulation, mostly posterior, in half the cases. No tendency to ankylosis was found and totally normal and symmetric function of the joints was noted in 24 cases. In the light of the results of this follow-up study the method presented, which is not a very easy one, seems to be useful.", "PMID": 1070500}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6549", "title": "Multiple and total mandibular alveolar osteotomy.", "content": "Surgical movement of teeth by alveolar osteotomy is described as a method of restoring occlusion. The use and advantages of metal \"cap\" splints is considered in the treatment of multiple and total segmental osteotomies of the mandibular alveolus.", "contents": "Multiple and total mandibular alveolar osteotomy. Surgical movement of teeth by alveolar osteotomy is described as a method of restoring occlusion. The use and advantages of metal \"cap\" splints is considered in the treatment of multiple and total segmental osteotomies of the mandibular alveolus.", "PMID": 1070501}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6550", "title": "A variation in the vertical osteotomy of the rami for correction of retrognathism: preliminary report.", "content": "A new method for the surgical correction of mandibular retrognathism is proposed. With this method, the ascending ramus is osteotomized vertically from an extra-oral incision. The condylar segment is then inserted in a step, which has been cut in the mandibular segment, so that the mandible is fixed in its new advanced position. This step-like support of the segments obviates the tendency to relapse. This surgical procedure is a modification of the technique for vertical osteotomy of the ascending ramus described by Robinson (1957) for the correction of retrognathism.", "contents": "A variation in the vertical osteotomy of the rami for correction of retrognathism: preliminary report. A new method for the surgical correction of mandibular retrognathism is proposed. With this method, the ascending ramus is osteotomized vertically from an extra-oral incision. The condylar segment is then inserted in a step, which has been cut in the mandibular segment, so that the mandible is fixed in its new advanced position. This step-like support of the segments obviates the tendency to relapse. This surgical procedure is a modification of the technique for vertical osteotomy of the ascending ramus described by Robinson (1957) for the correction of retrognathism.", "PMID": 1070502}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6551", "title": "The bucket-handle flap for closing fistulae around the premaxilla.", "content": "A hithero unpublished vestibular flap for closure of oro-nasal fistulae in cleft patients is reported. 5 cases have been operated on with this technique so far. The surgical technique as well as possible complications and disadvantages are described.", "contents": "The bucket-handle flap for closing fistulae around the premaxilla. A hithero unpublished vestibular flap for closure of oro-nasal fistulae in cleft patients is reported. 5 cases have been operated on with this technique so far. The surgical technique as well as possible complications and disadvantages are described.", "PMID": 1070503}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6552", "title": "Animation of facial palsy in Moebius syndrome by means of a circumoral sling: case report.", "content": "The case of a 3-year-old female is reported whose condition was diagnosed as congenital, complete paralysis of the right facial nerve in 1962; and a short time later more specifically described as Moebius syndrome. In 1971, a circumoral fascial sling was inserted in preparation for a masseter muscle transfer. Voluntary movement on the right side of her mouth was noted following surgery and continued to improve, making facial actions more symmetrical. This function has remained stable during a five year follow-up. Although the mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is postulated that the presence of the sling may have presented the subclinically active muscles a force to work against or perhaps the surgery may have liberated those muscles from adjacent fibrous tissue.", "contents": "Animation of facial palsy in Moebius syndrome by means of a circumoral sling: case report. The case of a 3-year-old female is reported whose condition was diagnosed as congenital, complete paralysis of the right facial nerve in 1962; and a short time later more specifically described as Moebius syndrome. In 1971, a circumoral fascial sling was inserted in preparation for a masseter muscle transfer. Voluntary movement on the right side of her mouth was noted following surgery and continued to improve, making facial actions more symmetrical. This function has remained stable during a five year follow-up. Although the mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is postulated that the presence of the sling may have presented the subclinically active muscles a force to work against or perhaps the surgery may have liberated those muscles from adjacent fibrous tissue.", "PMID": 1070504}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6553", "title": "Trismus resulting from central nervous system lesion.", "content": "Three cases of unusual trismus are reported, occurring in patients with lesions of the central nervous system. On the basis of the clinical and electromyographical findings and observation of the course of the trismus this is interpreted as a symptom of a lesion of the brain stem, causing a dis-synergism of the masticatory muscles.", "contents": "Trismus resulting from central nervous system lesion. Three cases of unusual trismus are reported, occurring in patients with lesions of the central nervous system. On the basis of the clinical and electromyographical findings and observation of the course of the trismus this is interpreted as a symptom of a lesion of the brain stem, causing a dis-synergism of the masticatory muscles.", "PMID": 1070505}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6554", "title": "Clinical classification and staging in oral cancer.", "content": "The literature regarding TNM-classification and staging as applied to oral cancer is reviewed and the shortcomings of the various systems are discussed. A new system for the classification and staging of carcinomata of the oral cavity is described. This system includes recording the site of the lesion (S) and the pathology (P) in addition to the conventional TNM criteria. The new system for staging involves the summation of arithmetic discriminants attached to each of the variables S, T, N, M and P. This system is more simple to use and is able to predict a more accurate prognosis for the patient.", "contents": "Clinical classification and staging in oral cancer. The literature regarding TNM-classification and staging as applied to oral cancer is reviewed and the shortcomings of the various systems are discussed. A new system for the classification and staging of carcinomata of the oral cavity is described. This system includes recording the site of the lesion (S) and the pathology (P) in addition to the conventional TNM criteria. The new system for staging involves the summation of arithmetic discriminants attached to each of the variables S, T, N, M and P. This system is more simple to use and is able to predict a more accurate prognosis for the patient.", "PMID": 1070506}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6555", "title": "TNM-classification of carcinomas of the oral cavity-efficacy of clinically available data (TN).", "content": "Using adequate number of cases, the influence of the spread of primary tumour and the degree of regional metastasis on prognosis were investigated. Assuming a practicable classification as a prerequisite for clinico-therapeutic cancer research, experience has shown that the assessment of the spread of primary tumour alone does not suffice for the establishment of comparable homogenous data. The investigation on the importance of the degree of regional metastasis has shown, above all, that the percentage of N3-metastasis within the T-groups contributes essentially to the fact that these show a marked difference in their prognosis. It would therefore appear necessary also to examine the importance of other clinically accessible data in the assessment of prognosis. Only then could we be in a position to judge whether, and to what extent a clinically practicable classification and integration into special groups is possible on the basis of clinically available data. The inclusion of more clinics in the joint investigation is encouraged.", "contents": "TNM-classification of carcinomas of the oral cavity-efficacy of clinically available data (TN). Using adequate number of cases, the influence of the spread of primary tumour and the degree of regional metastasis on prognosis were investigated. Assuming a practicable classification as a prerequisite for clinico-therapeutic cancer research, experience has shown that the assessment of the spread of primary tumour alone does not suffice for the establishment of comparable homogenous data. The investigation on the importance of the degree of regional metastasis has shown, above all, that the percentage of N3-metastasis within the T-groups contributes essentially to the fact that these show a marked difference in their prognosis. It would therefore appear necessary also to examine the importance of other clinically accessible data in the assessment of prognosis. Only then could we be in a position to judge whether, and to what extent a clinically practicable classification and integration into special groups is possible on the basis of clinically available data. The inclusion of more clinics in the joint investigation is encouraged.", "PMID": 1070507}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6556", "title": "Desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible: case report.", "content": "This report describes the case of a 2-year-old girl with desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible, with swelling in the region of the mandibular angle which had been wrongly diagnosed several times. A biopsy was interpreted as showing a low-grade fibrosarcoma. The patient then received treatment with cytotoxic drugs, and later a mandibular hemi-resection was performed. The postoperative diagnosis was Jaff\u00e9's desmoplastic fibroma (non-osteogenic). The age of the patient, the rapid development of the tumour and the accompanying pain suggested a sarcoma, and the first pathological examination seemed to provide confirmation. The post-operative course was very favorable, and the patient is considered to clinically cured, after one year.", "contents": "Desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible: case report. This report describes the case of a 2-year-old girl with desmoplastic fibroma of the mandible, with swelling in the region of the mandibular angle which had been wrongly diagnosed several times. A biopsy was interpreted as showing a low-grade fibrosarcoma. The patient then received treatment with cytotoxic drugs, and later a mandibular hemi-resection was performed. The postoperative diagnosis was Jaff\u00e9's desmoplastic fibroma (non-osteogenic). The age of the patient, the rapid development of the tumour and the accompanying pain suggested a sarcoma, and the first pathological examination seemed to provide confirmation. The post-operative course was very favorable, and the patient is considered to clinically cured, after one year.", "PMID": 1070508}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6557", "title": "Angiolipoma of the hard palate: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of a large angiolipoma of the hard palate is presented. This constitutes a new site for this type of tumour.", "contents": "Angiolipoma of the hard palate: a case report and review of the literature. A case of a large angiolipoma of the hard palate is presented. This constitutes a new site for this type of tumour.", "PMID": 1070509}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6558", "title": "Bilateral aplasia of the nose: a case report.", "content": "After presenting a case of bilateral agenesis of the nose, and description of normal morphogenesis of the face, an explanation for the malformation is sought. The comparison of non-existent, rudimentarily preformed and existing elements with normal facial morphogenesis leads to the assumption of an incomplete formation of the frontal process, which has led to a hypoplasia of the secondary processes (nasal processes). The reason is advanced for abandoning the construction of a functioning nose and the reconstruction of the external nose is described.", "contents": "Bilateral aplasia of the nose: a case report. After presenting a case of bilateral agenesis of the nose, and description of normal morphogenesis of the face, an explanation for the malformation is sought. The comparison of non-existent, rudimentarily preformed and existing elements with normal facial morphogenesis leads to the assumption of an incomplete formation of the frontal process, which has led to a hypoplasia of the secondary processes (nasal processes). The reason is advanced for abandoning the construction of a functioning nose and the reconstruction of the external nose is described.", "PMID": 1070510}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6559", "title": "Thromboelastographic changes in carcinoma: an animal model.", "content": "The dynamics of blood clotting using a thrombelastogram (TEG) are depicted after the injection of V2 carcinoma cells or control heterologous peritoneal exudates in New Zealand hares. Changes in the TEG configurations of native blood samples vs. celite activated samples run simultaneously provide a qualitative assessment of the presence of carcinoma.", "contents": "Thromboelastographic changes in carcinoma: an animal model. The dynamics of blood clotting using a thrombelastogram (TEG) are depicted after the injection of V2 carcinoma cells or control heterologous peritoneal exudates in New Zealand hares. Changes in the TEG configurations of native blood samples vs. celite activated samples run simultaneously provide a qualitative assessment of the presence of carcinoma.", "PMID": 1070511}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6560", "title": "Adenosine aminohydrolase from human spleen: partial purification and some kinetic properties.", "content": "Adenosine aminohydrolase from human spleen was purified 120 fold. In pH 7.3 phosphate buffer at 37 degrees, this enzyme preparation deaminated adenosine and arabinosyladenine (ara-A) with apparent values for the Michaelis constant of 40 muM and 90 muM respectively. The products of both deamination reactions, i.e., inosine and arabinosylhypoxanthine, were competitive inhibitors with Ki equal to 710 muM and 60 muM, respectively. N6-benzyladenosine and 2'-deoxy-N6-benzyladenosine were competitive inhibitors. The former was better able to inhibit ara-A than adenosine deamination, while the latter was equivalent in inhibiting deamination of these two substrates. Evidence for a naturally occurring adenosine aminohydrolase inhibitor in spleen was presented. It is suggested that benzyladenosine and deoxybenzyladenosine might potentiate ara-A chemotherapy of neoplasms and metastates in the spleen and other hemic cells.", "contents": "Adenosine aminohydrolase from human spleen: partial purification and some kinetic properties. Adenosine aminohydrolase from human spleen was purified 120 fold. In pH 7.3 phosphate buffer at 37 degrees, this enzyme preparation deaminated adenosine and arabinosyladenine (ara-A) with apparent values for the Michaelis constant of 40 muM and 90 muM respectively. The products of both deamination reactions, i.e., inosine and arabinosylhypoxanthine, were competitive inhibitors with Ki equal to 710 muM and 60 muM, respectively. N6-benzyladenosine and 2'-deoxy-N6-benzyladenosine were competitive inhibitors. The former was better able to inhibit ara-A than adenosine deamination, while the latter was equivalent in inhibiting deamination of these two substrates. Evidence for a naturally occurring adenosine aminohydrolase inhibitor in spleen was presented. It is suggested that benzyladenosine and deoxybenzyladenosine might potentiate ara-A chemotherapy of neoplasms and metastates in the spleen and other hemic cells.", "PMID": 1070512}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6561", "title": "Protective effect of allopurinol on bronchiolar constriction induced by histamine.", "content": "In order to examine the protective effect of allopurinol on experimental asthma produced by histamine aerosol in guinea pigs, allopurinol was administered intraperitoneally resulting in a significant prolongation of survival times. Significant elevation of blood ATP levels was shown in guinea pigs pretreated with allopurinol compared to the control guinea pigs. It is thought that this beneficial effect prevents the loss of functional purine base.", "contents": "Protective effect of allopurinol on bronchiolar constriction induced by histamine. In order to examine the protective effect of allopurinol on experimental asthma produced by histamine aerosol in guinea pigs, allopurinol was administered intraperitoneally resulting in a significant prolongation of survival times. Significant elevation of blood ATP levels was shown in guinea pigs pretreated with allopurinol compared to the control guinea pigs. It is thought that this beneficial effect prevents the loss of functional purine base.", "PMID": 1070513}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6562", "title": "Thymidine and uridine degradation by nucleosidases of cultured human lymphoblastoid cells.", "content": "Cultured human lymphoblastoid cells of different lines elaborate rapidly pyrimidine-specific nucleosides when incubated as a dense population in a serum-containing milieu. No appreciable changes in viability or morphology were detected in the time required for maximal enzyme production. These nucleosidases degraded thymidine, uridine and cytidine; adenosine and guanosine were not catabolized. Cell viability and proliferation were not affected by these heat-labile and ultraviolet-sensitive enzymes. Products arising from nucleosidase degradation of radiolabeled pyrimidines, which were separated and identified by paper chromatography, were not incorporated by DNA- and RNA-synthesizing lymphoid or nonlymphoid cells.", "contents": "Thymidine and uridine degradation by nucleosidases of cultured human lymphoblastoid cells. Cultured human lymphoblastoid cells of different lines elaborate rapidly pyrimidine-specific nucleosides when incubated as a dense population in a serum-containing milieu. No appreciable changes in viability or morphology were detected in the time required for maximal enzyme production. These nucleosidases degraded thymidine, uridine and cytidine; adenosine and guanosine were not catabolized. Cell viability and proliferation were not affected by these heat-labile and ultraviolet-sensitive enzymes. Products arising from nucleosidase degradation of radiolabeled pyrimidines, which were separated and identified by paper chromatography, were not incorporated by DNA- and RNA-synthesizing lymphoid or nonlymphoid cells.", "PMID": 1070514}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6563", "title": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. XI. Studies on coenzyme Q and diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The activity of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q10 reductase from 120 diabetic patients was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) and the per cent deficiency was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than that of the controls. The diabetes of 37 patients was controlled by diet; the enzyme activity was lower (P less than 0.001) and the deficiency was higher (P less than 0.02) than for controls. In decreasing effectiveness, Dymelor, Glyburide, Phenformin and Tolazamide inhibited the COQ10-enzyme, NADH-oxidase. Tolbutamide, Glypizide, and Chlorpropamide were noninhibitory to succinoxidase and NADH-oxidase. Patients receiving Tolazamide and Phenformin showed a higher incidence (P less than 0.001 to P less than 0.05) of COQ10-deficiency than patients controlled by diet or normal controls. Certain diabetic patients controlled by diet may have a deficiency of COQ10 which may be enhanced by the inhibition by certain commonly used antidiabetic drugs of COQ10-enzymes. A deficiency of COQ10 in the pancreas could impair bioenergetics, the generation of ATP, and the biosynthesis of insulin.", "contents": "Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. XI. Studies on coenzyme Q and diabetes mellitus. The activity of the succinate dehydrogenase-coenzyme Q10 reductase from 120 diabetic patients was significantly lower (P less than 0.001) and the per cent deficiency was significantly higher (P less than 0.001) than that of the controls. The diabetes of 37 patients was controlled by diet; the enzyme activity was lower (P less than 0.001) and the deficiency was higher (P less than 0.02) than for controls. In decreasing effectiveness, Dymelor, Glyburide, Phenformin and Tolazamide inhibited the COQ10-enzyme, NADH-oxidase. Tolbutamide, Glypizide, and Chlorpropamide were noninhibitory to succinoxidase and NADH-oxidase. Patients receiving Tolazamide and Phenformin showed a higher incidence (P less than 0.001 to P less than 0.05) of COQ10-deficiency than patients controlled by diet or normal controls. Certain diabetic patients controlled by diet may have a deficiency of COQ10 which may be enhanced by the inhibition by certain commonly used antidiabetic drugs of COQ10-enzymes. A deficiency of COQ10 in the pancreas could impair bioenergetics, the generation of ATP, and the biosynthesis of insulin.", "PMID": 1070515}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6564", "title": "Diuretics in malignant effusions and edemas of generalized cancer.", "content": "Forty patients with generalized cancer complicated by water and electrolyte retention were treated with \"medium\" and \"large\" doses of furosemide and bumetanide with 35% and 40% objective positive response, respectively. A smaller percentage of patients benefited from these diuretics, mainly in the quality of their lives. Peaks\" of diuresis lasting a few days were observed in positive diuretic response. It is therefore concluded that diuretics may be more effective in malignant conditions if administered in a \"high-dose pulse\" therapeutic schedule.", "contents": "Diuretics in malignant effusions and edemas of generalized cancer. Forty patients with generalized cancer complicated by water and electrolyte retention were treated with \"medium\" and \"large\" doses of furosemide and bumetanide with 35% and 40% objective positive response, respectively. A smaller percentage of patients benefited from these diuretics, mainly in the quality of their lives. Peaks\" of diuresis lasting a few days were observed in positive diuretic response. It is therefore concluded that diuretics may be more effective in malignant conditions if administered in a \"high-dose pulse\" therapeutic schedule.", "PMID": 1070516}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6565", "title": "The effects of single administration of an antitumor platinum compound on ornithine decarboxylase activity in certain tissues of mice bearing L1210 leukemia.", "content": "A single dose of cis-dichloro(dipyridine)platinum(II) (cis-PPC), when given to BDF1 mice bearing 1-day-old L1210 leukemia, suppressed the increase of spleen and liver ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity which occurs concomitantly with development of the leukemia. The inhibition of ODC, the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis, appeared to correlate with the prolonged chemotherapeutic efficacy of a single dose of the platinum complex. These observations suggest an additional mechanism by which platinum complexes express their antitumor actions and, in addition, support the view that polyamine synthesis and excretion patterns can be used as predictors of chemotherapeutic response.", "contents": "The effects of single administration of an antitumor platinum compound on ornithine decarboxylase activity in certain tissues of mice bearing L1210 leukemia. A single dose of cis-dichloro(dipyridine)platinum(II) (cis-PPC), when given to BDF1 mice bearing 1-day-old L1210 leukemia, suppressed the increase of spleen and liver ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity which occurs concomitantly with development of the leukemia. The inhibition of ODC, the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine synthesis, appeared to correlate with the prolonged chemotherapeutic efficacy of a single dose of the platinum complex. These observations suggest an additional mechanism by which platinum complexes express their antitumor actions and, in addition, support the view that polyamine synthesis and excretion patterns can be used as predictors of chemotherapeutic response.", "PMID": 1070517}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6566", "title": "Regulation of resistance to various toxicants by PCN (pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile) and thyroxine.", "content": "In rats, PCN (the most potent catatoxic steroid known to date) at the usual dose level powerfully inhibited the toxicity of antazoline, carbamazepine, cocaine, guanethidine, ibuprofen, ketamine, LSD, nembutal and reserpine, whereas (except in the case of nembutal) thyroxine sensitized the animals to intoxication with these same compounds. Even much lower doses of PCN or thyroxine exerted similar but weaker effects. PCN-induced resistance to the various substrates was generally not altered by concurrent administration of thyroxine but in a few cases its protective action was partially or totally inhibited, depending upon the respective dose levels of both compounds.", "contents": "Regulation of resistance to various toxicants by PCN (pregnenolone-16alpha-carbonitrile) and thyroxine. In rats, PCN (the most potent catatoxic steroid known to date) at the usual dose level powerfully inhibited the toxicity of antazoline, carbamazepine, cocaine, guanethidine, ibuprofen, ketamine, LSD, nembutal and reserpine, whereas (except in the case of nembutal) thyroxine sensitized the animals to intoxication with these same compounds. Even much lower doses of PCN or thyroxine exerted similar but weaker effects. PCN-induced resistance to the various substrates was generally not altered by concurrent administration of thyroxine but in a few cases its protective action was partially or totally inhibited, depending upon the respective dose levels of both compounds.", "PMID": 1070518}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6567", "title": "Three hour hemodialysis with double coil dialyzer.", "content": "Blood urea nitrogen and weight reduction can be accomplished in renal failure by doubling the surface area of the standard dialysis coils. This results in a reduction of time on the machine, drugs and personnel utilization.", "contents": "Three hour hemodialysis with double coil dialyzer. Blood urea nitrogen and weight reduction can be accomplished in renal failure by doubling the surface area of the standard dialysis coils. This results in a reduction of time on the machine, drugs and personnel utilization.", "PMID": 1070519}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6568", "title": "Anatomical aspects of implantation.", "content": "Although there is a fascinating variety of morphological relationships at different stages of implantation in various species, some common patterns can be discerned. The position within the uterus where blastocysts are found after transport is the end result of the activity of the uterine musculature, the endometrical conformation, and the size and shape of the blastocyst. Blastocysts of some species are situated in the approximate position where they will implant for an appreciable period of time. Apposition, brought about by blastocyst swelling or uterine lumincal closure, is the necessary prerequisite for the initiation of adhesion. Adhesion per se is progressive and involves the surface coats of the trophoblast and uterine luminal epithelial cells. It maybe thought to include such events as the development of adhesive factor(s) on the trophoblast and the local deletion of some of the uterine coat constituents. When adhesion is followed by invasion of the uterine mucosa, the trophoblast adheres closely to the uterine epithelial cells, sharing junctional complexes with healthy cells, and engulfing displaced or surrounded cells.", "contents": "Anatomical aspects of implantation. Although there is a fascinating variety of morphological relationships at different stages of implantation in various species, some common patterns can be discerned. The position within the uterus where blastocysts are found after transport is the end result of the activity of the uterine musculature, the endometrical conformation, and the size and shape of the blastocyst. Blastocysts of some species are situated in the approximate position where they will implant for an appreciable period of time. Apposition, brought about by blastocyst swelling or uterine lumincal closure, is the necessary prerequisite for the initiation of adhesion. Adhesion per se is progressive and involves the surface coats of the trophoblast and uterine luminal epithelial cells. It maybe thought to include such events as the development of adhesive factor(s) on the trophoblast and the local deletion of some of the uterine coat constituents. When adhesion is followed by invasion of the uterine mucosa, the trophoblast adheres closely to the uterine epithelial cells, sharing junctional complexes with healthy cells, and engulfing displaced or surrounded cells.", "PMID": 1070530}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6569", "title": "[Restrictions on opening of the mouth caused by extra-articular inflammation].", "content": "Recent views concerning the physiopathological aspects of restrictions on opening of the mouth attributable to extra-articular inflammation are examined. Stress is laid on the importance of psychological factors related to joint function and various organs and apparatuses that interferere with such function by reflex action via the brain. Instances of extra-articular inflammation limiting opening of the mouth are listed, with particular reference to primary and secondary myositis and myositis ossificans. Inflammation may also supervene in osteodysplasia, granuloxanthomatous hyperdysplasia of the maxillary bones, while opening of the mouth may be restricted by fibrosis of the muscles used in mastication due to protracted immobilisation, as in ankylosis of the T.M.A. Lastly, the way in which inflammation accompanying diseases of the salivary glands, dysembryoplasia, and jaw and mouth cavity neoplasia may prevent proper opening of the mouth is explained.", "contents": "[Restrictions on opening of the mouth caused by extra-articular inflammation]. Recent views concerning the physiopathological aspects of restrictions on opening of the mouth attributable to extra-articular inflammation are examined. Stress is laid on the importance of psychological factors related to joint function and various organs and apparatuses that interferere with such function by reflex action via the brain. Instances of extra-articular inflammation limiting opening of the mouth are listed, with particular reference to primary and secondary myositis and myositis ossificans. Inflammation may also supervene in osteodysplasia, granuloxanthomatous hyperdysplasia of the maxillary bones, while opening of the mouth may be restricted by fibrosis of the muscles used in mastication due to protracted immobilisation, as in ankylosis of the T.M.A. Lastly, the way in which inflammation accompanying diseases of the salivary glands, dysembryoplasia, and jaw and mouth cavity neoplasia may prevent proper opening of the mouth is explained.", "PMID": 1070569}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6570", "title": "[Variability and correlations of missing and decayed teeth in Sicillian adolescent grouped by age and sex].", "content": "Overall and individual tooth morbidity were assessed in relation to mouth section, age and sex in 1,761 poor Sicilian adolescents aged 14 to 20 yr with decayed teeth or teeth extracted for decay. Statistical assessment of the findings in the upper and lower arch was undertaken in a search for related differences (increases or decreases) in the number of decayed or extracted teeth in each arch. The dependence on differences between one area and another on the variables considered was also examined in terms of their statistical significance. No sex-based difference emerged. The frequency of decay or extraction was usually a function of position. Both the upper and lower right or left 6th teeth (i.e. those in the middle position) were most commonly affected in males and females. Use was thus made of Vianelli's index in determination of the statistical asymmetry of teeth decayed or extracted on either side of the 6th.", "contents": "[Variability and correlations of missing and decayed teeth in Sicillian adolescent grouped by age and sex]. Overall and individual tooth morbidity were assessed in relation to mouth section, age and sex in 1,761 poor Sicilian adolescents aged 14 to 20 yr with decayed teeth or teeth extracted for decay. Statistical assessment of the findings in the upper and lower arch was undertaken in a search for related differences (increases or decreases) in the number of decayed or extracted teeth in each arch. The dependence on differences between one area and another on the variables considered was also examined in terms of their statistical significance. No sex-based difference emerged. The frequency of decay or extraction was usually a function of position. Both the upper and lower right or left 6th teeth (i.e. those in the middle position) were most commonly affected in males and females. Use was thus made of Vianelli's index in determination of the statistical asymmetry of teeth decayed or extracted on either side of the 6th.", "PMID": 1070570}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6571", "title": "[Applications of the ETCH technic and orthodontic brackets in some clinical cases].", "content": "The Authors shawed how the sealants having a resin base that can establish with tooth surfaces treated with acid, a sound connection among these and orthodontic brackets, originally used in orthodontic treatment, can also be used for fixation of fractures. The case described concern seven patients with a fracture of maxillaries. It was demonstrated that such a procedure was easy to execute for the operator and did not give any trouble to the patient. The results obtained were satisfactory.", "contents": "[Applications of the ETCH technic and orthodontic brackets in some clinical cases]. The Authors shawed how the sealants having a resin base that can establish with tooth surfaces treated with acid, a sound connection among these and orthodontic brackets, originally used in orthodontic treatment, can also be used for fixation of fractures. The case described concern seven patients with a fracture of maxillaries. It was demonstrated that such a procedure was easy to execute for the operator and did not give any trouble to the patient. The results obtained were satisfactory.", "PMID": 1070571}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6572", "title": "[Histogenesis of adamantinomas].", "content": "Following some general remarks on the histogenesis of adamantinomas, the results of histological research on the periodontal tissues, the walls of dental cysts and 21 cases of adamantinomas are reported. Results back up the hypothesis that adamantinoma-like tumours may derive from epithelial residue in the periodontal tissue in the wall of dental cysts and from cystic epithelium itself. It is also shown that the basal stratum of the oral epithelium may give rise to adamantionoma-like tumours which could be regarded as adamantine baseliomas rather than as odontogenous adamantinomas proper.", "contents": "[Histogenesis of adamantinomas]. Following some general remarks on the histogenesis of adamantinomas, the results of histological research on the periodontal tissues, the walls of dental cysts and 21 cases of adamantinomas are reported. Results back up the hypothesis that adamantinoma-like tumours may derive from epithelial residue in the periodontal tissue in the wall of dental cysts and from cystic epithelium itself. It is also shown that the basal stratum of the oral epithelium may give rise to adamantionoma-like tumours which could be regarded as adamantine baseliomas rather than as odontogenous adamantinomas proper.", "PMID": 1070572}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6573", "title": "[Percutaneous cervical chordotomy].", "content": "On the base of 52 percutaneous and 25 open cervical cordotomies, the technique, results and complications of the former are described in detail. The comparaisons of the results and complications shows that both methods are equals. 92,5% of excellent and good early results by percutaneous and 96% by open cordotomy were obtained. The longterm results of about 60% of good results for both methods are concordant to the litterature. Percutaneous cordotomy seems to give more stable analgesic levels. The complications and their mechanisms are discussed in detail and the dangers of high cervical cordotomies, even unilaterals, are outlined. The special risks of bilateral operations in which mortality is twice as high are shown. It is concluded that percutaneous cordotomy is as effective and secure as the open procedures but less aggressive. By this method even poor-risk patients can be treated. The fact that one is limited to a high cervical level represents a real disadvantage, so that classic techniques still have their indications.", "contents": "[Percutaneous cervical chordotomy]. On the base of 52 percutaneous and 25 open cervical cordotomies, the technique, results and complications of the former are described in detail. The comparaisons of the results and complications shows that both methods are equals. 92,5% of excellent and good early results by percutaneous and 96% by open cordotomy were obtained. The longterm results of about 60% of good results for both methods are concordant to the litterature. Percutaneous cordotomy seems to give more stable analgesic levels. The complications and their mechanisms are discussed in detail and the dangers of high cervical cordotomies, even unilaterals, are outlined. The special risks of bilateral operations in which mortality is twice as high are shown. It is concluded that percutaneous cordotomy is as effective and secure as the open procedures but less aggressive. By this method even poor-risk patients can be treated. The fact that one is limited to a high cervical level represents a real disadvantage, so that classic techniques still have their indications.", "PMID": 1070576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6574", "title": "Sensitivity of 941 beta haemolytic streptococci to antibacterial drugs.", "content": "Nine hundred and forty-one strains of beta haemolytic streptococci were Lancefield grouped and their antibiotic sensitivities tested by the agar plate diluting technique to penicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline and sulphafurazole. All the strains tested were sensitive to two units per ml or less of penicillin. This MIC is higher than that reported in other surveys and indicates increasing resistance of these organisms to penicillin. All the strains tested were sensitive to two mug/ml or less of erythromycin. Fifty percent of all strains were resistant to tetracycline and sulphafurazole.", "contents": "Sensitivity of 941 beta haemolytic streptococci to antibacterial drugs. Nine hundred and forty-one strains of beta haemolytic streptococci were Lancefield grouped and their antibiotic sensitivities tested by the agar plate diluting technique to penicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin, tetracycline and sulphafurazole. All the strains tested were sensitive to two units per ml or less of penicillin. This MIC is higher than that reported in other surveys and indicates increasing resistance of these organisms to penicillin. All the strains tested were sensitive to two mug/ml or less of erythromycin. Fifty percent of all strains were resistant to tetracycline and sulphafurazole.", "PMID": 1070586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6575", "title": "Rheumatic fever in New Zealand: the Waiora College survey design and response rate.", "content": "The outline organisation of a health survey of a secondary school is presented. The aims of the survey were primarilary to provide population data on rheumatic fever in a high incidence area, and to further knowledge of the distribution of risk factors for coronary heart disease in New Zealand adolescents. Ninety-six and a half percent coverage of the target group was achieved; non-responders were characterised from hospital and school records as being predominantly rural with greater early childhood hospital experience than respondents. The sample was considered to be representative of the adolescent population of the area.", "contents": "Rheumatic fever in New Zealand: the Waiora College survey design and response rate. The outline organisation of a health survey of a secondary school is presented. The aims of the survey were primarilary to provide population data on rheumatic fever in a high incidence area, and to further knowledge of the distribution of risk factors for coronary heart disease in New Zealand adolescents. Ninety-six and a half percent coverage of the target group was achieved; non-responders were characterised from hospital and school records as being predominantly rural with greater early childhood hospital experience than respondents. The sample was considered to be representative of the adolescent population of the area.", "PMID": 1070587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6576", "title": "One year's rheumatic fever from one general practice in Wairoa, Hawke's Bay.", "content": "Sixteen cases of rheumatic fever from one general practice are described and the indication for prophylactic penicillin is discussed.", "contents": "One year's rheumatic fever from one general practice in Wairoa, Hawke's Bay. Sixteen cases of rheumatic fever from one general practice are described and the indication for prophylactic penicillin is discussed.", "PMID": 1070588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6577", "title": "Successful bismuth (De-Nol) therapy for gastric ulcer.", "content": "Fourteen patients with chronic gastric ulcer were treated with a bismuth preparation (De-Nol) on an outpatient basis. The healing rates were good as with hospital admission and better than a control group of outpatients.", "contents": "Successful bismuth (De-Nol) therapy for gastric ulcer. Fourteen patients with chronic gastric ulcer were treated with a bismuth preparation (De-Nol) on an outpatient basis. The healing rates were good as with hospital admission and better than a control group of outpatients.", "PMID": 1070589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6578", "title": "Survey of ophthalmic surgery in North Canterbury and Westland (1970-1975).", "content": "The major ophthalmic operations performed in the Christchurch hospitals over five years are listed. This gives the incidence of ophthalmic conditions requiring surgery in a mainly European Community. The results should be useful for planners and epidemiologists in this and others countries.", "contents": "Survey of ophthalmic surgery in North Canterbury and Westland (1970-1975). The major ophthalmic operations performed in the Christchurch hospitals over five years are listed. This gives the incidence of ophthalmic conditions requiring surgery in a mainly European Community. The results should be useful for planners and epidemiologists in this and others countries.", "PMID": 1070590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6579", "title": "Report on five and a half years of the Cancer Detection Centre, Aukland Division, Cancer Society of New Zealand.", "content": "An account is given of the setting up of a cancer detection centre at Auckland. In the first five-and-a-half years 3001 patients were examined. Forty-two cancers were detected and 1056 patients had non-malignant medical diseases.", "contents": "Report on five and a half years of the Cancer Detection Centre, Aukland Division, Cancer Society of New Zealand. An account is given of the setting up of a cancer detection centre at Auckland. In the first five-and-a-half years 3001 patients were examined. Forty-two cancers were detected and 1056 patients had non-malignant medical diseases.", "PMID": 1070591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6580", "title": "The effect of an occlusal interference on the masticatory system. An experimental investigation.", "content": "An experimental short term study on the effect of an occlusal interference on the path of closure of the mandible was carried out on 8 persons. The interference consisted of a gold inlay placed unilaterally in one of the mandibular first molars. Clinical and electromyographic studies revealed functional disturbances or pain in all subjects. The masticatory musculature was tender to palpation and showed coordinational disturbances; the TMJ showed tenderness to palpation, clicking and irregular movements and the interfering teeth periodontal tenderness.", "contents": "The effect of an occlusal interference on the masticatory system. An experimental investigation. An experimental short term study on the effect of an occlusal interference on the path of closure of the mandible was carried out on 8 persons. The interference consisted of a gold inlay placed unilaterally in one of the mandibular first molars. Clinical and electromyographic studies revealed functional disturbances or pain in all subjects. The masticatory musculature was tender to palpation and showed coordinational disturbances; the TMJ showed tenderness to palpation, clicking and irregular movements and the interfering teeth periodontal tenderness.", "PMID": 1070629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6581", "title": "Motor pause frequency in the masseter muscle in relation to food texture.", "content": "EMG activity was recorded from the masseter muscles of 10 naturally dentate subjects during the chewing of hazelnuts, peanuts, Optosil and chewing gum. The frequency of motor pauses (10-50 ms long) in the EMG patterns was found to be related to the textural properties of the test food. It was also found that the frequency varied for different parts of the chewing sequence, being significantly higher initially than in the last part of the chewing sequence. Motor pauses of this length, however, were absent from many of the EMG patterns. It is concluded that these motor pauses are signs of certain events during chewing but are probably not part of any basic reflex necessary for the neurophysiological regulation of chewing.", "contents": "Motor pause frequency in the masseter muscle in relation to food texture. EMG activity was recorded from the masseter muscles of 10 naturally dentate subjects during the chewing of hazelnuts, peanuts, Optosil and chewing gum. The frequency of motor pauses (10-50 ms long) in the EMG patterns was found to be related to the textural properties of the test food. It was also found that the frequency varied for different parts of the chewing sequence, being significantly higher initially than in the last part of the chewing sequence. Motor pauses of this length, however, were absent from many of the EMG patterns. It is concluded that these motor pauses are signs of certain events during chewing but are probably not part of any basic reflex necessary for the neurophysiological regulation of chewing.", "PMID": 1070630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6582", "title": "The influence of carbon content on the mechanical properties in a cast dental Co-Cr alloy.", "content": "By varying the amount of acetylen in acetylene-oxygen flames Co-Cr test pieces with a varying carbon content were produced. The hardness, yield point for 0.05 per cent, 0.1 per cent and 0.2 per cent tensile strength and elongation were determined for these test-pieces. The results showed that hardness, yield points and tensile strength increased with increased carbon content, whereas the elongation lessened. The clinical importance of the altered mechanical properties due to increased carbon content in the Co-Cr alloy under study was discussed.", "contents": "The influence of carbon content on the mechanical properties in a cast dental Co-Cr alloy. By varying the amount of acetylen in acetylene-oxygen flames Co-Cr test pieces with a varying carbon content were produced. The hardness, yield point for 0.05 per cent, 0.1 per cent and 0.2 per cent tensile strength and elongation were determined for these test-pieces. The results showed that hardness, yield points and tensile strength increased with increased carbon content, whereas the elongation lessened. The clinical importance of the altered mechanical properties due to increased carbon content in the Co-Cr alloy under study was discussed.", "PMID": 1070631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6583", "title": "The influence of different heat treatments on a dental Co-Cr alloy.", "content": "The change in microstructure and hardness in a cast Co-Cr alloy (type A) with a carbon content of 0.45% was studied both when the alloy was aged at temperatures between 600 degree C and 1200 degrees C and when it was isothermically heat-treated at temperatures between 800 degrees C and 1000 degrees C after solubility treatment at 1200 degrees C. Furthermore, studies were undertaken on how aging at 800 degrees C, solubility treatment at 1200 degrees C and isothermal heat treatment at 800 degrees C after solubility treatment at 1200 degrees C affected the mechanical properties. The results showed that both aging and isothermal heat treatment could change both microstructure and hardness. The changes in the mechanical properties by heat-treatment, however, did not improve the usefulness of the alloy in dentistry, principally because the elongation was reduced. The change in microstructure explained the change in hardness and in mechanical properties. It was interesting to note that the properties of a Co-Cr alloy were not affected by heat-treatment at temperatures below 600 degrees C. This means that addition of gold alloys, which are soldered to a base of Co-Cr, can be both homogenised and/or hardened without affecting the properties of the Co-Cr alloy.", "contents": "The influence of different heat treatments on a dental Co-Cr alloy. The change in microstructure and hardness in a cast Co-Cr alloy (type A) with a carbon content of 0.45% was studied both when the alloy was aged at temperatures between 600 degree C and 1200 degrees C and when it was isothermically heat-treated at temperatures between 800 degrees C and 1000 degrees C after solubility treatment at 1200 degrees C. Furthermore, studies were undertaken on how aging at 800 degrees C, solubility treatment at 1200 degrees C and isothermal heat treatment at 800 degrees C after solubility treatment at 1200 degrees C affected the mechanical properties. The results showed that both aging and isothermal heat treatment could change both microstructure and hardness. The changes in the mechanical properties by heat-treatment, however, did not improve the usefulness of the alloy in dentistry, principally because the elongation was reduced. The change in microstructure explained the change in hardness and in mechanical properties. It was interesting to note that the properties of a Co-Cr alloy were not affected by heat-treatment at temperatures below 600 degrees C. This means that addition of gold alloys, which are soldered to a base of Co-Cr, can be both homogenised and/or hardened without affecting the properties of the Co-Cr alloy.", "PMID": 1070632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6584", "title": "Studies on short-term application of drugs to Eimeria tenella in tissue culture.", "content": "The anticoccidial action of 6 drugs was studied by treating cell cultures with drug for 24 h after inoculation of the cultures with sporozoites of Eimeria tenella. A monitoring technique was used to confirm that the drug was being removed. Only monensin was shown to be coccidiocidal. Amprolium, lasalocid, methyl benzoquate, nicarbazin and robenidine were coccidiostatic at their minimum effective doses. Misleading coccidiocidal effects were observed when higher concentrations of methyl benzoquate, nicarbazin or robenidene were used.", "contents": "Studies on short-term application of drugs to Eimeria tenella in tissue culture. The anticoccidial action of 6 drugs was studied by treating cell cultures with drug for 24 h after inoculation of the cultures with sporozoites of Eimeria tenella. A monitoring technique was used to confirm that the drug was being removed. Only monensin was shown to be coccidiocidal. Amprolium, lasalocid, methyl benzoquate, nicarbazin and robenidine were coccidiostatic at their minimum effective doses. Misleading coccidiocidal effects were observed when higher concentrations of methyl benzoquate, nicarbazin or robenidene were used.", "PMID": 1070675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6585", "title": "[New chromosome abnormality in chronic myeloid leukemia].", "content": "A case of chronic myelogenous leukemia with myelofibrosis and failure to respond to busulfan therapy has been reported. An abnormal clone with a rearrangement of four chromosomes, 46, XX, t(1;9) (q21; q24), t(6;22) (q26;q11) was observed. The possible significance of these chromosome abnormalities which are different from the t(9;22) translocation in C.M.L. is discussed.", "contents": "[New chromosome abnormality in chronic myeloid leukemia]. A case of chronic myelogenous leukemia with myelofibrosis and failure to respond to busulfan therapy has been reported. An abnormal clone with a rearrangement of four chromosomes, 46, XX, t(1;9) (q21; q24), t(6;22) (q26;q11) was observed. The possible significance of these chromosome abnormalities which are different from the t(9;22) translocation in C.M.L. is discussed.", "PMID": 1070709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6586", "title": "[Membrane glycoproteins and platelet protein glycosylation in chronic myeloid leukemia].", "content": "SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized whole platelets and isolated platelet membranes from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) as compared to the normal platelet-Schiff-stained glycoproteins (GP) (noted GP I, II, III of app. MW 155, 130 and 100.10(3) daltons, respectively), showed the following modifications: the decrease of GP I; the presence of the GP II and GP IIx doublet; the moderate and variable decrease of the GP III; the increase of the platelet glycolipid. No significant differences were detectable on the polypeptide patterns from CML platelets in respect to the normal 20-25 protein constituents. Using a radio-isotopic method it has been measured as an elevated catalytic transfer of the galactosyl and N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues from nucl\u00e9otide 14C sugar derivatives onto the endogenous acceptors of platelets from CML. The results obtained suggested that CML platelets with recognized abnormal functions, have modifications at the level of the macromolecular surface glycoprotein constituents and/or changes of the glycoconjugates reactive structures involved in the devopment of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction as also in the transfer reaction of the sugar residues.", "contents": "[Membrane glycoproteins and platelet protein glycosylation in chronic myeloid leukemia]. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of solubilized whole platelets and isolated platelet membranes from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) as compared to the normal platelet-Schiff-stained glycoproteins (GP) (noted GP I, II, III of app. MW 155, 130 and 100.10(3) daltons, respectively), showed the following modifications: the decrease of GP I; the presence of the GP II and GP IIx doublet; the moderate and variable decrease of the GP III; the increase of the platelet glycolipid. No significant differences were detectable on the polypeptide patterns from CML platelets in respect to the normal 20-25 protein constituents. Using a radio-isotopic method it has been measured as an elevated catalytic transfer of the galactosyl and N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues from nucl\u00e9otide 14C sugar derivatives onto the endogenous acceptors of platelets from CML. The results obtained suggested that CML platelets with recognized abnormal functions, have modifications at the level of the macromolecular surface glycoprotein constituents and/or changes of the glycoconjugates reactive structures involved in the devopment of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction as also in the transfer reaction of the sugar residues.", "PMID": 1070710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6587", "title": "The WHO classification of bone tumors.", "content": "The WHO scheme of classification of bone tumors is based on histologic criteria. It simply lists the main types of primary bone tumors; knowledge of histogenesis or of tumor origin is implied only for certain groups of lesions. This international agreement on nomenclature and classification of bone tumors would greatly aid comparative population studies on bone tumors in different parts of the world.", "contents": "The WHO classification of bone tumors. The WHO scheme of classification of bone tumors is based on histologic criteria. It simply lists the main types of primary bone tumors; knowledge of histogenesis or of tumor origin is implied only for certain groups of lesions. This international agreement on nomenclature and classification of bone tumors would greatly aid comparative population studies on bone tumors in different parts of the world.", "PMID": 1070715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6588", "title": "Primary malignancy, secondary malignancy and semimalignancy of bone tumors.", "content": "1. Bone tumors in contrast to tumors in soft tissue, show a wide variety of clinical behavior qualified by the expressions semimalignancy, low grade of malignancy, sarcomatous degeneration and primarily benign bone tumors and bone lesions. 2. The term semimalignancy is characterized by local invasive and destructive tumor growth with a tendency to recur locally but no hematogeneous spreading. Semimalignancy requires wide en-bloc resection of amputation. 3. The term low grade malignancy is used to describe a tumor of very slow growth and with very late metastasis. Low-grade malignancy requires resection with careful preservation of functional structures. 4. The term secondary malignancy means the sarcomatous degeneration of a primarily benign lesion or bone tumor. This transformation is enhanced by irradiation and probably by acceleration of the normal turnover of bone tissue. In Paget's disease sarcomatous degeneration is to be expected in 2 percent of cases and in fibrous dysplasia in 0.5 percent of cases. 5. Sarcomatous degeneration of bone infarcts is rare, but an increase is to be expected due to an increased frequency of bone infarcts caused by long-term treatment with cortisone. 6. Primary bone tumors and recurrences show the same structure and cytology. In a minority of cases the recurrences are less differentiated; in a very few cases the recurrences are more highly differentiated and have a better prognosis than the initial lesion.", "contents": "Primary malignancy, secondary malignancy and semimalignancy of bone tumors. 1. Bone tumors in contrast to tumors in soft tissue, show a wide variety of clinical behavior qualified by the expressions semimalignancy, low grade of malignancy, sarcomatous degeneration and primarily benign bone tumors and bone lesions. 2. The term semimalignancy is characterized by local invasive and destructive tumor growth with a tendency to recur locally but no hematogeneous spreading. Semimalignancy requires wide en-bloc resection of amputation. 3. The term low grade malignancy is used to describe a tumor of very slow growth and with very late metastasis. Low-grade malignancy requires resection with careful preservation of functional structures. 4. The term secondary malignancy means the sarcomatous degeneration of a primarily benign lesion or bone tumor. This transformation is enhanced by irradiation and probably by acceleration of the normal turnover of bone tissue. In Paget's disease sarcomatous degeneration is to be expected in 2 percent of cases and in fibrous dysplasia in 0.5 percent of cases. 5. Sarcomatous degeneration of bone infarcts is rare, but an increase is to be expected due to an increased frequency of bone infarcts caused by long-term treatment with cortisone. 6. Primary bone tumors and recurrences show the same structure and cytology. In a minority of cases the recurrences are less differentiated; in a very few cases the recurrences are more highly differentiated and have a better prognosis than the initial lesion.", "PMID": 1070716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6589", "title": "Common errors made by pathologists in the diagnosis of bone tumors.", "content": "The pathologist must obtain X-rays before attempting to make a diagnosis in a bone tumor. Errors are made with both benign and malignant lesions associated with calluses. Infection may stimulate a malignant bone tumor radiographically and pathologically. Secondary aneurysmal bone cyst may dominate the radiographic and pathologic findings and obscure the primary diagnosis. Osteoblastomas are becoming increasingly difficult to diagnose. The question of whether such an entity can become malignant has not been resolved. Cartilagenous tumors are often difficult to diagnose and the pathologist must not only rely on histologic findings, but in particular pay attention to the radiographic pattern which is often diagnostic. Accuracy of diagnosis in Ewing's sarcoma is essential because the treatment now can result in a cure rate of almost 40%. Certain lesions such as lymphoma or osteosarcoma can mimic this tumor. To re-emphasize the problem, the pathologist must have all the clinical information before attempting a diagnosis of a bone tumor and without the pertinent X-ray, errors are almost inevitable.", "contents": "Common errors made by pathologists in the diagnosis of bone tumors. The pathologist must obtain X-rays before attempting to make a diagnosis in a bone tumor. Errors are made with both benign and malignant lesions associated with calluses. Infection may stimulate a malignant bone tumor radiographically and pathologically. Secondary aneurysmal bone cyst may dominate the radiographic and pathologic findings and obscure the primary diagnosis. Osteoblastomas are becoming increasingly difficult to diagnose. The question of whether such an entity can become malignant has not been resolved. Cartilagenous tumors are often difficult to diagnose and the pathologist must not only rely on histologic findings, but in particular pay attention to the radiographic pattern which is often diagnostic. Accuracy of diagnosis in Ewing's sarcoma is essential because the treatment now can result in a cure rate of almost 40%. Certain lesions such as lymphoma or osteosarcoma can mimic this tumor. To re-emphasize the problem, the pathologist must have all the clinical information before attempting a diagnosis of a bone tumor and without the pertinent X-ray, errors are almost inevitable.", "PMID": 1070717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6590", "title": "Aspiration (puncture of needle) biopsy in bone lesions.", "content": "In certain bone tumor cases bone puncture is more profitable than sample excision. Whenever necessary we are using both methods in our practice. The results of 7165 puncutre biopsies are presented. A definite diagnosis by needle biopsy could be established in 771 tumors, including 254 myelomas and 174 osteogenic sarcomas. The aspiration or needle biopsy will require some experience not only on the part of the pathologist, but also of the surgeon. The pathologist must be sufficiently familiar with the clinical and radiographic evidence before interpreting the cytologic or the histopathologic specimen.", "contents": "Aspiration (puncture of needle) biopsy in bone lesions. In certain bone tumor cases bone puncture is more profitable than sample excision. Whenever necessary we are using both methods in our practice. The results of 7165 puncutre biopsies are presented. A definite diagnosis by needle biopsy could be established in 771 tumors, including 254 myelomas and 174 osteogenic sarcomas. The aspiration or needle biopsy will require some experience not only on the part of the pathologist, but also of the surgeon. The pathologist must be sufficiently familiar with the clinical and radiographic evidence before interpreting the cytologic or the histopathologic specimen.", "PMID": 1070718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6591", "title": "Histochemical and electron-microscopic aspects of bone tumor diagnosis.", "content": "In recent years, histochemistry and electron microscopy have been applied more and more to the investigation of bone tumors. The contributions and limitations of these methods in differential diagnosis are discussed. The levels of glycosaminoglycans in cartilaginous tumors display distinct differences between slow- and fast-growing types. All cartilaginous tumors are poor in phosphatase activity. Demonstration of these enzymes at acid and alkaline pH in bone-forming conditions reveals differences between benign and malignant tumors. Osteosarcomas display a rich activity of both phosphatases in bone-forming and in bone-free regions. Acid phosphatase may play a r\u00f4le in the breakdown of the host tissue infiltrated by the tumor. Electron microscopy of bone tumors has brought out some interesting findings. In fibrous dysplasia a particular kind of very fine fibrillar structures was observed besides the regular collagen fibrils. This may indicate retardation of collagen maturation. Cell organelles in benign and malignant bone tumors usually differ quantitatively. They resemble active fibroblasts. In bone- and in cartilage-forming tumors we observed large quantities of microfilaments in the cytoplasm. Nuclear indentations and invaginations probably indicate increased nuclear activity. The intense acid phosphatase activity demonstrated histochemically seems inconsistent with the low number of lysosomes in the cytoplasm of osteosarcoma cells, but other organelles (Golgi apparatus and vesicles) may also contain the enzyme. Virus-like particles have not been observed in human osteosarcomas up to now. Other authors have observed a correlation between the number of cell organelles and the grade of differentiation, but this was not detected in our sample of benign and malignant cartilaginous tumors. Histochemistry and electron microscopy of bone tumors are still in the early stage of material gathering. Some histochemical findings, however, can already be used as diagnostic tools.", "contents": "Histochemical and electron-microscopic aspects of bone tumor diagnosis. In recent years, histochemistry and electron microscopy have been applied more and more to the investigation of bone tumors. The contributions and limitations of these methods in differential diagnosis are discussed. The levels of glycosaminoglycans in cartilaginous tumors display distinct differences between slow- and fast-growing types. All cartilaginous tumors are poor in phosphatase activity. Demonstration of these enzymes at acid and alkaline pH in bone-forming conditions reveals differences between benign and malignant tumors. Osteosarcomas display a rich activity of both phosphatases in bone-forming and in bone-free regions. Acid phosphatase may play a r\u00f4le in the breakdown of the host tissue infiltrated by the tumor. Electron microscopy of bone tumors has brought out some interesting findings. In fibrous dysplasia a particular kind of very fine fibrillar structures was observed besides the regular collagen fibrils. This may indicate retardation of collagen maturation. Cell organelles in benign and malignant bone tumors usually differ quantitatively. They resemble active fibroblasts. In bone- and in cartilage-forming tumors we observed large quantities of microfilaments in the cytoplasm. Nuclear indentations and invaginations probably indicate increased nuclear activity. The intense acid phosphatase activity demonstrated histochemically seems inconsistent with the low number of lysosomes in the cytoplasm of osteosarcoma cells, but other organelles (Golgi apparatus and vesicles) may also contain the enzyme. Virus-like particles have not been observed in human osteosarcomas up to now. Other authors have observed a correlation between the number of cell organelles and the grade of differentiation, but this was not detected in our sample of benign and malignant cartilaginous tumors. Histochemistry and electron microscopy of bone tumors are still in the early stage of material gathering. Some histochemical findings, however, can already be used as diagnostic tools.", "PMID": 1070719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6592", "title": "Bone tumors induced by inhalation of 238PuO2 in dogs.", "content": "Plutonium-238, an alpha-emitting radionuclide, is used as a heat source in thermoeleltric power generators such as have been employed on lunar expeditions of communications satellites and in cardiac pacemakers. It has an 86.4 year half-life and emits 5.5 MeV alpha particles. Beagle dogs were given single 10-30 minute exposures to 238PuO2 aerosols to study the long-term translocation of plutonium and biological effects. Dogs with a terminal body burden ranging from 7-260 muCi were euthanized due to respiratory insufficiency related to plutonium-induced pneumonitis during the first 3 years after exposure. Nine of the 11 dogs euthanized during the 4-6 year postexposure period had osteosarcomas. The terminal plutonium body burden in the tumor-bearing dogs ranged from 0.5-2.6 muCi with 30-55% of the plutonium in the skeleton. Experiments are in progress to further define the dose-effect relationship of inhaled 238PuO2 and investigate the mechanisms of plutonium-induced neoplasia.", "contents": "Bone tumors induced by inhalation of 238PuO2 in dogs. Plutonium-238, an alpha-emitting radionuclide, is used as a heat source in thermoeleltric power generators such as have been employed on lunar expeditions of communications satellites and in cardiac pacemakers. It has an 86.4 year half-life and emits 5.5 MeV alpha particles. Beagle dogs were given single 10-30 minute exposures to 238PuO2 aerosols to study the long-term translocation of plutonium and biological effects. Dogs with a terminal body burden ranging from 7-260 muCi were euthanized due to respiratory insufficiency related to plutonium-induced pneumonitis during the first 3 years after exposure. Nine of the 11 dogs euthanized during the 4-6 year postexposure period had osteosarcomas. The terminal plutonium body burden in the tumor-bearing dogs ranged from 0.5-2.6 muCi with 30-55% of the plutonium in the skeleton. Experiments are in progress to further define the dose-effect relationship of inhaled 238PuO2 and investigate the mechanisms of plutonium-induced neoplasia.", "PMID": 1070720}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6593", "title": "The immune-status in patients with bone and soft-tissue sarcomas.", "content": "The immunologic status of 50 sarcoma patients was established. It was possible to apply the DNCB test and the recall antigen test in most cases during the course of the illness. The PHA stimulation of the lymphocytes and their cytotoxicity on homologous sarcoma cell lines were also correlated with the course of the illness. Nonspecific tests related neither to each other nor to the development of the illness while the tumor-specific cytotoxicity test correlated closely with the course of the disease.", "contents": "The immune-status in patients with bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. The immunologic status of 50 sarcoma patients was established. It was possible to apply the DNCB test and the recall antigen test in most cases during the course of the illness. The PHA stimulation of the lymphocytes and their cytotoxicity on homologous sarcoma cell lines were also correlated with the course of the illness. Nonspecific tests related neither to each other nor to the development of the illness while the tumor-specific cytotoxicity test correlated closely with the course of the disease.", "PMID": 1070721}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6594", "title": "The treatment of malignant bone tumors by conservative surgery.", "content": "The indications for local radical en-bloc resection are discussed. The preoperative work-up and the aspects to be considered before surgery are detailed, and specific diseases, operations, and experences are illustrated.", "contents": "The treatment of malignant bone tumors by conservative surgery. The indications for local radical en-bloc resection are discussed. The preoperative work-up and the aspects to be considered before surgery are detailed, and specific diseases, operations, and experences are illustrated.", "PMID": 1070722}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6595", "title": "Experimental induction of bone tumors by short-lived bone-seeking radionuclides.", "content": "Single and repeated applications of 224Ra and single applications of 227Th to more than 600 female NMRI mice 3 - 4 weeks old, and to male NMRI mice have led to a high rate of osteosarcomas. Tumor incidence is dose-related. 227Th is more carcinogenic than 224Ra which induced the highest tumor incidence of 60% after a single injection of 5 muCi per Kg body weight or more. Repeated injections of 224Ra to female mice yielded a tumor incidence of up to 92%. Most of these osteosarcomas consist of well-differentiated bone-forming osteoplastic tissue. Half of the tumors occurred in the spine, particularly in the lumbar region. In protraction experiments, multifocal osteosarcomas have been observed. Less than 10% of the mice with osteosarcoma had developed metastases in lung, spleen, liver, and kidney. The possible mechanisms of the protraction effect are discussed.", "contents": "Experimental induction of bone tumors by short-lived bone-seeking radionuclides. Single and repeated applications of 224Ra and single applications of 227Th to more than 600 female NMRI mice 3 - 4 weeks old, and to male NMRI mice have led to a high rate of osteosarcomas. Tumor incidence is dose-related. 227Th is more carcinogenic than 224Ra which induced the highest tumor incidence of 60% after a single injection of 5 muCi per Kg body weight or more. Repeated injections of 224Ra to female mice yielded a tumor incidence of up to 92%. Most of these osteosarcomas consist of well-differentiated bone-forming osteoplastic tissue. Half of the tumors occurred in the spine, particularly in the lumbar region. In protraction experiments, multifocal osteosarcomas have been observed. Less than 10% of the mice with osteosarcoma had developed metastases in lung, spleen, liver, and kidney. The possible mechanisms of the protraction effect are discussed.", "PMID": 1070723}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6596", "title": "Etiology of childhood bone cancer: epidemiologic observations.", "content": "In dogs, osteosarcoma is markedly more frequent in giant breeds than in small ones. Ewing's tumor rarely occurs in species other than man. In children, both osteosarcoma dne Ewing's tumor appear to be related to the rate of bone growth. Nonradiogenic osteosarcoma occurs excessively in persons with the heritable form of retinoblastoma, and in certain malformation syndromes, some of which are known to be genetically induced. Osteosarcoma may also be of the heritable type when it is multicentric or aggregates in families. The neoplasm may occur excessively in certain families with specific cancers not involving bone. By contrast, the only evidence of a genetic influence on Ewing's tumor is its near-absence among blacks in the United States and in Africa. The only exogenous agent known to induce osteosarcoma (but not Ewing's tumor) in man is ionizing radiation in substantial doses. There is no epidemiologic evidence for the virus etiology of bone cancer in man. Despite the epidemiologic differences between osteosarcoma and Ewing's tumor, both histologic types occasionally occur in different portions of the same neoplasm.", "contents": "Etiology of childhood bone cancer: epidemiologic observations. In dogs, osteosarcoma is markedly more frequent in giant breeds than in small ones. Ewing's tumor rarely occurs in species other than man. In children, both osteosarcoma dne Ewing's tumor appear to be related to the rate of bone growth. Nonradiogenic osteosarcoma occurs excessively in persons with the heritable form of retinoblastoma, and in certain malformation syndromes, some of which are known to be genetically induced. Osteosarcoma may also be of the heritable type when it is multicentric or aggregates in families. The neoplasm may occur excessively in certain families with specific cancers not involving bone. By contrast, the only evidence of a genetic influence on Ewing's tumor is its near-absence among blacks in the United States and in Africa. The only exogenous agent known to induce osteosarcoma (but not Ewing's tumor) in man is ionizing radiation in substantial doses. There is no epidemiologic evidence for the virus etiology of bone cancer in man. Despite the epidemiologic differences between osteosarcoma and Ewing's tumor, both histologic types occasionally occur in different portions of the same neoplasm.", "PMID": 1070724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6597", "title": "Effect of rib cage or abdomen compression at iso-lung volume on breathing pattern.", "content": "In anesthetized rabbits a small compression of the rib cage (RC) caused a marked increase of breathing frequency (f), a marked reduction of expiratory duration (Te), a reduction of inspiratory duration (Ti) and tidal volume (VT), while an equal decrease of lung volume produced by abdominal compression(AC) caused a smaller increase of f and no change of Ti, and a slight increase of VT. Similar results occurred when normal end-expiratory volume was maintained during compression. The phenomena disappeared after bilateral vagotomy, whereas persisted after cordotomy in T1. Similar results occurred in dogs (with the exception that VT decreased during AC), whereas in cats only RC increased f by shortening Te. RC caused a marked increase of discharge in 11 out of 19 irritant receptor fibers, whereas AC caused an increase only in 2. In most of the pulmonary stretch receptor fibers the change of activity produced by compression paralleled the lung volume change. The effects of vagal cooling on Ti, Te and the VT-Ti relationship with and without compression suggest irritant receptors as responsible for the different ventilatory pattern during RC and AC.", "contents": "Effect of rib cage or abdomen compression at iso-lung volume on breathing pattern. In anesthetized rabbits a small compression of the rib cage (RC) caused a marked increase of breathing frequency (f), a marked reduction of expiratory duration (Te), a reduction of inspiratory duration (Ti) and tidal volume (VT), while an equal decrease of lung volume produced by abdominal compression(AC) caused a smaller increase of f and no change of Ti, and a slight increase of VT. Similar results occurred when normal end-expiratory volume was maintained during compression. The phenomena disappeared after bilateral vagotomy, whereas persisted after cordotomy in T1. Similar results occurred in dogs (with the exception that VT decreased during AC), whereas in cats only RC increased f by shortening Te. RC caused a marked increase of discharge in 11 out of 19 irritant receptor fibers, whereas AC caused an increase only in 2. In most of the pulmonary stretch receptor fibers the change of activity produced by compression paralleled the lung volume change. The effects of vagal cooling on Ti, Te and the VT-Ti relationship with and without compression suggest irritant receptors as responsible for the different ventilatory pattern during RC and AC.", "PMID": 1070768}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6598", "title": "Effect of vagotomy on the response of gastric myoelectrical activity to glucagon and food.", "content": "The myoelectrical activity of the gastric antrum was measured in 13 patients using intraluminal suction electrodes. In 3 patients with intact vagi, intravenous injection of glucagon 5 mug/kg and 10 mug/kg resulted in periods of increased frequency of gastric slow waves and also periods of inhibition. These findings persisted after highly selective vagotomy (7 patients) and were abolished by truncal vagotomy (3 patients). In each of 4 dogs, six silver/silver chloride electrodes implanted under the serosa were used to record the myoelectrical activity of the stomach and duodenum and its response to a meal of 450 gm of meat. Coordination of bursts of spike activity superimposed on the slow waves was significantly diminished after truncal vagotomy but not after highly selective vagotomy. These results confirm that changes in myoelectrical activity after vagotomy are related to the extent of vagal denervation.", "contents": "Effect of vagotomy on the response of gastric myoelectrical activity to glucagon and food. The myoelectrical activity of the gastric antrum was measured in 13 patients using intraluminal suction electrodes. In 3 patients with intact vagi, intravenous injection of glucagon 5 mug/kg and 10 mug/kg resulted in periods of increased frequency of gastric slow waves and also periods of inhibition. These findings persisted after highly selective vagotomy (7 patients) and were abolished by truncal vagotomy (3 patients). In each of 4 dogs, six silver/silver chloride electrodes implanted under the serosa were used to record the myoelectrical activity of the stomach and duodenum and its response to a meal of 450 gm of meat. Coordination of bursts of spike activity superimposed on the slow waves was significantly diminished after truncal vagotomy but not after highly selective vagotomy. These results confirm that changes in myoelectrical activity after vagotomy are related to the extent of vagal denervation.", "PMID": 1070797}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6599", "title": "[The development of the perfectly adapted MOD composite filling material with tight marginal fitting in vitro findings].", "content": "Class II Adhesive Restorations have been realized with composites under laboratory conditions. They show a perfect marginal adaptation and no microleakage at the tooth/restoration interface. These properties were obtained a) with a new cavity preparation, b) by application of a low viscosity sealant prior to the placement of the bulk of the composite material. The Adhesive Restoration compared favorably with conventionally prepared restorations. Nevertheless, enamel conditioning with acid and the use of a low viscosity sealant in conventionally prepared class II cavities resulted also in some improvement of marginal adaptation.", "contents": "[The development of the perfectly adapted MOD composite filling material with tight marginal fitting in vitro findings]. Class II Adhesive Restorations have been realized with composites under laboratory conditions. They show a perfect marginal adaptation and no microleakage at the tooth/restoration interface. These properties were obtained a) with a new cavity preparation, b) by application of a low viscosity sealant prior to the placement of the bulk of the composite material. The Adhesive Restoration compared favorably with conventionally prepared restorations. Nevertheless, enamel conditioning with acid and the use of a low viscosity sealant in conventionally prepared class II cavities resulted also in some improvement of marginal adaptation.", "PMID": 1070802}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6600", "title": "[Cracks in the dental enamel caused by sensitivity testing with CO2 snow and dichloro-difluoromethane--a comparative in vivo study].", "content": "With the aid of permeating dye and standardized fluorescence UV-photography, the reaction of subjects and enamel to the application of two pulp vitality testing methods (frozen carbon dioxide and Frigen -pellets) was examined. The enamel lamella system, the diffusion of temperature changes through the tooth crown and the thermodynamic pattern of enamel and dentine are described in detail. Structural changes of enamel as well as the subject's reaction times to a cold stimulus during the vitality tests are documented and the data are compared. Frigen caused less enamel changes than did frozen carbon dioxide. The subject's reaction times were similar for both methods. There were no differences between the methods with regard to the number of reopened, extended and newly created enamel fissures. However, the length, width and depth of these fissures proved to be less pronounced for Frigen than for carbon dioxide. Clinical implications of the results are discussed.", "contents": "[Cracks in the dental enamel caused by sensitivity testing with CO2 snow and dichloro-difluoromethane--a comparative in vivo study]. With the aid of permeating dye and standardized fluorescence UV-photography, the reaction of subjects and enamel to the application of two pulp vitality testing methods (frozen carbon dioxide and Frigen -pellets) was examined. The enamel lamella system, the diffusion of temperature changes through the tooth crown and the thermodynamic pattern of enamel and dentine are described in detail. Structural changes of enamel as well as the subject's reaction times to a cold stimulus during the vitality tests are documented and the data are compared. Frigen caused less enamel changes than did frozen carbon dioxide. The subject's reaction times were similar for both methods. There were no differences between the methods with regard to the number of reopened, extended and newly created enamel fissures. However, the length, width and depth of these fissures proved to be less pronounced for Frigen than for carbon dioxide. Clinical implications of the results are discussed.", "PMID": 1070803}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6601", "title": "[Dental hygiene indices for dental practice (methods and experiences)].", "content": "An oral hygiene recording sheet for clinical practices with a dental hygienist is described. The recording sheets allow an easy and clear survey of the present oral hygiene status as well as progress or negligence in the performance of oral hygiene procedures. Several oral hygiene indices are described, three of which are recommended for routine examinations: The plaque index of Silness/L\u00f6e, the sulcus bleeding index of M\u00fchlemann/Son and the calculus surface index of Ennever et al. The experience of a 3-year use of the oral hygiene recording sheets is described.", "contents": "[Dental hygiene indices for dental practice (methods and experiences)]. An oral hygiene recording sheet for clinical practices with a dental hygienist is described. The recording sheets allow an easy and clear survey of the present oral hygiene status as well as progress or negligence in the performance of oral hygiene procedures. Several oral hygiene indices are described, three of which are recommended for routine examinations: The plaque index of Silness/L\u00f6e, the sulcus bleeding index of M\u00fchlemann/Son and the calculus surface index of Ennever et al. The experience of a 3-year use of the oral hygiene recording sheets is described.", "PMID": 1070805}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6602", "title": "[Peridontal conditions in a group of Tibetans].", "content": "The possible role of race in periodontal disease has not been thoroughly investigated. As a basis for further discussion regarding this problem, the periodontal status of a group of Tibetans consisting of 38 children and 88 adults was investigated. The parameters evaluated were as follows: in the children the Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI) and in the adults the modified Periodontal Disease Index (PDI). The results of this study showed that 13 children were free of gingivitis. The PDI was between 3,77 and 4,00 for the 18--19-years old and between 4,72 and 4,90 for the ones over 19 years. Since the PDI values were relative high and the gingival crevice depths were relatively low one can conclude that gingival recession accounts for the major portion of the PDI score.", "contents": "[Peridontal conditions in a group of Tibetans]. The possible role of race in periodontal disease has not been thoroughly investigated. As a basis for further discussion regarding this problem, the periodontal status of a group of Tibetans consisting of 38 children and 88 adults was investigated. The parameters evaluated were as follows: in the children the Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI) and in the adults the modified Periodontal Disease Index (PDI). The results of this study showed that 13 children were free of gingivitis. The PDI was between 3,77 and 4,00 for the 18--19-years old and between 4,72 and 4,90 for the ones over 19 years. Since the PDI values were relative high and the gingival crevice depths were relatively low one can conclude that gingival recession accounts for the major portion of the PDI score.", "PMID": 1070806}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6603", "title": "[Intraligamentary anesthesia with the \"Peripress\" syringe].", "content": "The authors have been using for some time the intraligamentary anaesthesia with the Peripress syringe in their own practices. They consider this syringe as an instrument for efficient and rational working and as an improvement of the local anaesthesia techniques. After specifying the instruments they describe in all detail the injection technique which allows all current work on teeth like extractions, cavity preparation and stumps for crowns, endodontic treatments requiring anaesthesia, all this without loss of waiting time. The intraligamentary anaesthesia does not cause any secondary troubles if carefully applied. It causes very little pain if at all. It allows to start dental work immediately after infiltration and avoids block anaesthesia for current dental work. Patients are favourable to the method. They prefer this type of anaesthesia.", "contents": "[Intraligamentary anesthesia with the \"Peripress\" syringe]. The authors have been using for some time the intraligamentary anaesthesia with the Peripress syringe in their own practices. They consider this syringe as an instrument for efficient and rational working and as an improvement of the local anaesthesia techniques. After specifying the instruments they describe in all detail the injection technique which allows all current work on teeth like extractions, cavity preparation and stumps for crowns, endodontic treatments requiring anaesthesia, all this without loss of waiting time. The intraligamentary anaesthesia does not cause any secondary troubles if carefully applied. It causes very little pain if at all. It allows to start dental work immediately after infiltration and avoids block anaesthesia for current dental work. Patients are favourable to the method. They prefer this type of anaesthesia.", "PMID": 1070807}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6604", "title": "[A new local anesthetic for dentistry. Current research following a literature review].", "content": "A new local anaesthetic from the Thiophen series is described from literature and from clinical experience. It has several advantages over the currently used anaesthetics.", "contents": "[A new local anesthetic for dentistry. Current research following a literature review]. A new local anaesthetic from the Thiophen series is described from literature and from clinical experience. It has several advantages over the currently used anaesthetics.", "PMID": 1070808}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6605", "title": "[The masticatory muscle synchronizer. Guided functional therapy of myoarthropathies of the tempors-mandibular joint].", "content": "In the myoarthropathies of the masticatory organ, psychic factors, often coupled with occlusal disturbances, have a trigger function. If the psychic factors prevail, the disturbances of the occlusion as etiologic factors diminish or are totally absent. In such patients, we often find fronto-lateral bruxism without any premature contacts in evidence. A guided functional therapy is introduced. With the so-called synchronator for masticatory muscles, a backfeed programming of the dysfunctional mandibular motion pattern is provoked into the normal neuromuscular harmony. This is done by obtaining centric relation and by blocking the fronto-lateral parafunctional pattern by rebuilding measures.", "contents": "[The masticatory muscle synchronizer. Guided functional therapy of myoarthropathies of the tempors-mandibular joint]. In the myoarthropathies of the masticatory organ, psychic factors, often coupled with occlusal disturbances, have a trigger function. If the psychic factors prevail, the disturbances of the occlusion as etiologic factors diminish or are totally absent. In such patients, we often find fronto-lateral bruxism without any premature contacts in evidence. A guided functional therapy is introduced. With the so-called synchronator for masticatory muscles, a backfeed programming of the dysfunctional mandibular motion pattern is provoked into the normal neuromuscular harmony. This is done by obtaining centric relation and by blocking the fronto-lateral parafunctional pattern by rebuilding measures.", "PMID": 1070809}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6606", "title": "[A standard projection for temporomandibular joint radiographs in oblique lateral projection].", "content": "A standard projection for temporomandibular joint radiographs in oblique lateral transcranial projection was determined by a clinical method. The individualized projections from 1644 TMJ radiographs, made with a fluoroscopic examination unit with image intensifier, were evaluated in a pilot study. A mean projection 20 degree cranial eccentric and 12 degree dorsal eccentric resulted. Reference planes were the Camper plane and the middle frontal plane. This projection, corrected in 22 degree/10 degree, was studied in a clinical study in order to test the readability of the radiographs of 100 temporomandibular joints. The readability of these radiographs was compared with that of radiographs obtained with an individualized projection. 81 radiographs out of 100 were well or very well readable, 7 were limitedly readable and 12 were unreadable. The number of radiographs in these last two categories could not be reduced by an individual angulation of the x-ray beam. Therefore anatomical reasons have to be considered to be responsible for the insufficient readability of these TMJ radiographs. This projection avoided superposition of the petrous portion of the temporal bone without giving an extreme view of the lateral slope of the condyle. From the evaluation of the 100 individualized projections resulted a mean projection 21 degree/10 degrees, which confirmed the projection 22 degrees/10 degrees used in this study. The projection 21-22 degrees/10 degrees turned out to be a most favourable projection for the dental office to make TMJ radiographs in connection with the diagnosis of the occlusion in patients with TMJ disorders.", "contents": "[A standard projection for temporomandibular joint radiographs in oblique lateral projection]. A standard projection for temporomandibular joint radiographs in oblique lateral transcranial projection was determined by a clinical method. The individualized projections from 1644 TMJ radiographs, made with a fluoroscopic examination unit with image intensifier, were evaluated in a pilot study. A mean projection 20 degree cranial eccentric and 12 degree dorsal eccentric resulted. Reference planes were the Camper plane and the middle frontal plane. This projection, corrected in 22 degree/10 degree, was studied in a clinical study in order to test the readability of the radiographs of 100 temporomandibular joints. The readability of these radiographs was compared with that of radiographs obtained with an individualized projection. 81 radiographs out of 100 were well or very well readable, 7 were limitedly readable and 12 were unreadable. The number of radiographs in these last two categories could not be reduced by an individual angulation of the x-ray beam. Therefore anatomical reasons have to be considered to be responsible for the insufficient readability of these TMJ radiographs. This projection avoided superposition of the petrous portion of the temporal bone without giving an extreme view of the lateral slope of the condyle. From the evaluation of the 100 individualized projections resulted a mean projection 21 degree/10 degrees, which confirmed the projection 22 degrees/10 degrees used in this study. The projection 21-22 degrees/10 degrees turned out to be a most favourable projection for the dental office to make TMJ radiographs in connection with the diagnosis of the occlusion in patients with TMJ disorders.", "PMID": 1070810}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6607", "title": "[Long-term experiences with marsupialization of large mandibular cysts into the oral vestibulum].", "content": "After a few remarks on the indication for marsupialisation and the choice of therapy, the treatment of large mandibular cysts as practised in the Zurich Clinic is described. 53 cases were all marsupialized into the oral vestibulum. Postoperative healing was without complications in 49 cases, while 3 cases showed delayed healing and in one case, an undislocated fracture occurred from trauma. Postoperative treatment with a vaselinated iodoform gauze lasted between 3 and 5 weeks. Postoperative discomfort was described as mild by the patients. Bone regeneration was good, as shown by late controls of 48 surgically treated cysts: 42% did not show any dip in the bone, in 54% a slight dip, unnoticeable by the patient remained and only in 4% cases the recess disturbed as a food trap. These encouraging results have established marsupialisation as a most useful method, preferable to cystectomy because of the absence of complications and of the necessity of bone transplantation. The method should be limited however to the horizontal ramus. Extensive cysts of the ascending ramus are operated by another method.", "contents": "[Long-term experiences with marsupialization of large mandibular cysts into the oral vestibulum]. After a few remarks on the indication for marsupialisation and the choice of therapy, the treatment of large mandibular cysts as practised in the Zurich Clinic is described. 53 cases were all marsupialized into the oral vestibulum. Postoperative healing was without complications in 49 cases, while 3 cases showed delayed healing and in one case, an undislocated fracture occurred from trauma. Postoperative treatment with a vaselinated iodoform gauze lasted between 3 and 5 weeks. Postoperative discomfort was described as mild by the patients. Bone regeneration was good, as shown by late controls of 48 surgically treated cysts: 42% did not show any dip in the bone, in 54% a slight dip, unnoticeable by the patient remained and only in 4% cases the recess disturbed as a food trap. These encouraging results have established marsupialisation as a most useful method, preferable to cystectomy because of the absence of complications and of the necessity of bone transplantation. The method should be limited however to the horizontal ramus. Extensive cysts of the ascending ramus are operated by another method.", "PMID": 1070812}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6608", "title": "[Economic aspects of organized and supervised oral hygiene drives].", "content": "The caries reduction of 1.8 tooth surfaces (32,1%) after 5 years of an oral hygiene action using amine fluoride corresponds to a reduction in working time of 0.62 hours; or, on a working time per child basis, to 2.89 hours. The cost of one local application is 0.60 M; 21.60 M must be spent per annum and child. Expressed in terms of working hours, this corresponds to 11.76 M per hour, which is very low in comparison with figures from other countries. It is shown that oral hygiene actions using amine fluoride, supervised by a dental nurse, are collective measures that are economically justifiable.", "contents": "[Economic aspects of organized and supervised oral hygiene drives]. The caries reduction of 1.8 tooth surfaces (32,1%) after 5 years of an oral hygiene action using amine fluoride corresponds to a reduction in working time of 0.62 hours; or, on a working time per child basis, to 2.89 hours. The cost of one local application is 0.60 M; 21.60 M must be spent per annum and child. Expressed in terms of working hours, this corresponds to 11.76 M per hour, which is very low in comparison with figures from other countries. It is shown that oral hygiene actions using amine fluoride, supervised by a dental nurse, are collective measures that are economically justifiable.", "PMID": 1070820}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6609", "title": "[Clinical and radiological studies on the distribution of caries on the various milk molar surfaces in children aged 1-7 years].", "content": "The present paper deals with the results of clinical and radiographic examinations of 1996 children from nurseries and nursery schools, performed for the purpose of disclosing the caries experience of the deciduous molars and of their surfaces (subdivided into occlusal, mesial and distal surfaces) with regard to age. In the children from nurseries, caries was mainly experienced by the occlusal surfaces. In the children from nursery schools, caries occurred both occlusally and proximally. As to the first deciduous molars, caries was experienced more often distally (35.9%) than mesially (11.7%). The reverse held true for the second deciduous molars (distally, 7.0%; mesially, 31.7%).", "contents": "[Clinical and radiological studies on the distribution of caries on the various milk molar surfaces in children aged 1-7 years]. The present paper deals with the results of clinical and radiographic examinations of 1996 children from nurseries and nursery schools, performed for the purpose of disclosing the caries experience of the deciduous molars and of their surfaces (subdivided into occlusal, mesial and distal surfaces) with regard to age. In the children from nurseries, caries was mainly experienced by the occlusal surfaces. In the children from nursery schools, caries occurred both occlusally and proximally. As to the first deciduous molars, caries was experienced more often distally (35.9%) than mesially (11.7%). The reverse held true for the second deciduous molars (distally, 7.0%; mesially, 31.7%).", "PMID": 1070829}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6610", "title": "[The most frequent mistakes in intraoral radiography].", "content": "The authors analysed 2000 intra-oral radiographs that had been taken, using the bisecting technique according to the isometry rule of Cieszynski/Dieck, at an institution being typical of the ambulatory public health service during a period of 5 months. 602 (30.1%) faulty radiographs were detected. The classification of the faulty radiographs showed that 395 (65.6%) were caused by errors in projection; 116 (19.3%), by errors in the dark-room; 59 (9.8%), by errors in exposure; and 32 (5.3%), by defective equipment. Defects in the film material used in the present study were not observed. The relatively high rate of faults calls for improvements of the programs for the education and the advanced training of stomatologists and stomatological nurses, and for improvement of the radiographic technique.", "contents": "[The most frequent mistakes in intraoral radiography]. The authors analysed 2000 intra-oral radiographs that had been taken, using the bisecting technique according to the isometry rule of Cieszynski/Dieck, at an institution being typical of the ambulatory public health service during a period of 5 months. 602 (30.1%) faulty radiographs were detected. The classification of the faulty radiographs showed that 395 (65.6%) were caused by errors in projection; 116 (19.3%), by errors in the dark-room; 59 (9.8%), by errors in exposure; and 32 (5.3%), by defective equipment. Defects in the film material used in the present study were not observed. The relatively high rate of faults calls for improvements of the programs for the education and the advanced training of stomatologists and stomatological nurses, and for improvement of the radiographic technique.", "PMID": 1070830}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6611", "title": "[Radiographic findings in clinically edentulous sections of alveolar processes].", "content": "In the absence of symptoms indicative of pathological processes in the region of clinically edentulous alveolar processes, primary radiographic examination is sometimes omitted. For this reason, the authors report the results from the evaluation of the radiographs of 2177 patients with clinically edentulous alveolar processes. 320 (14.7%) positive findings were obtained from 278 patients. The great number of positive findings justifies the demand for careful radiographic examination also in case of clinically edentulous alveolar processes prior to the planning of any stomatological treatment.", "contents": "[Radiographic findings in clinically edentulous sections of alveolar processes]. In the absence of symptoms indicative of pathological processes in the region of clinically edentulous alveolar processes, primary radiographic examination is sometimes omitted. For this reason, the authors report the results from the evaluation of the radiographs of 2177 patients with clinically edentulous alveolar processes. 320 (14.7%) positive findings were obtained from 278 patients. The great number of positive findings justifies the demand for careful radiographic examination also in case of clinically edentulous alveolar processes prior to the planning of any stomatological treatment.", "PMID": 1070831}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6612", "title": "[Problems of radiographic documentation].", "content": "This paper aims at describing the present situation in the field of radiograph documentation such as is typical of some clinics in the GDR. Furthermore, a suggestion is given that involves the possibility of reducing all sizes of radiographs (especially those greater than dental radiographs) to the size of 10 X 10 and of mounting their copies on punched cards (window principle). These copies can be enlarged and presented on a monitor. Other techniques such as video tape storing are not dealt with.", "contents": "[Problems of radiographic documentation]. This paper aims at describing the present situation in the field of radiograph documentation such as is typical of some clinics in the GDR. Furthermore, a suggestion is given that involves the possibility of reducing all sizes of radiographs (especially those greater than dental radiographs) to the size of 10 X 10 and of mounting their copies on punched cards (window principle). These copies can be enlarged and presented on a monitor. Other techniques such as video tape storing are not dealt with.", "PMID": 1070832}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6613", "title": "Clinically silent anterior uveitis in secondary syphilis.", "content": "1 In a series of twenty patients with secondary syphilis, ten showed signs of overt or subclinical iritis alone. Nine showed signs of purely subclinical iritis. 2 Nineteen were Caucasian men and the one woman was an unmarried Caribbean nurse. 3 Of the nineteen men, fourteen were homosexuals. 4 All received adequate anti-syphilitic treatment as soon as the diagnosis was made, and all ocular signs of inflammation disappeared within 14 days.", "contents": "Clinically silent anterior uveitis in secondary syphilis. 1 In a series of twenty patients with secondary syphilis, ten showed signs of overt or subclinical iritis alone. Nine showed signs of purely subclinical iritis. 2 Nineteen were Caucasian men and the one woman was an unmarried Caribbean nurse. 3 Of the nineteen men, fourteen were homosexuals. 4 All received adequate anti-syphilitic treatment as soon as the diagnosis was made, and all ocular signs of inflammation disappeared within 14 days.", "PMID": 1070845}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6614", "title": "Uveitis and intraocular lenses.", "content": "Discs of polymethylmethacrylate containing 0-5 per cent. unpolymerized monomer were heated to create increasing concentrations of unpolymerized fragments up to 3-7 per cent. These fragments were then studied in tissue culture and in the anterior chambers of rabbits. No toxicity was evident in culture nor was there a difference in anterior segment response to the discs containing various concentrations of monomer. It would appear that the inflammatory response after implantation is predominantly mechanical in origin.", "contents": "Uveitis and intraocular lenses. Discs of polymethylmethacrylate containing 0-5 per cent. unpolymerized monomer were heated to create increasing concentrations of unpolymerized fragments up to 3-7 per cent. These fragments were then studied in tissue culture and in the anterior chambers of rabbits. No toxicity was evident in culture nor was there a difference in anterior segment response to the discs containing various concentrations of monomer. It would appear that the inflammatory response after implantation is predominantly mechanical in origin.", "PMID": 1070849}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6615", "title": "Survey of the first-degree relatives of glaucoma patients.", "content": "Family histories were taken from 124 index patients, who had presented with either angle-closure or open angle glaucoma to the University Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester, between 1967 and 1972. Their first-degree relatives numbered 886, i.e. siblings, offspring and parents. Relatives were contacted by post and asked to attend for eye examination. Out of a total of 886 relatives, only 187 relatives were actually examined. The reasons for this low attendance rate are discussed; e.g. 423 relatives had already died.", "contents": "Survey of the first-degree relatives of glaucoma patients. Family histories were taken from 124 index patients, who had presented with either angle-closure or open angle glaucoma to the University Department of Ophthalmology, Manchester, between 1967 and 1972. Their first-degree relatives numbered 886, i.e. siblings, offspring and parents. Relatives were contacted by post and asked to attend for eye examination. Out of a total of 886 relatives, only 187 relatives were actually examined. The reasons for this low attendance rate are discussed; e.g. 423 relatives had already died.", "PMID": 1070856}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6616", "title": "Preliminary experience with lid magnets for paralytic lagophthalmos.", "content": "Between February, 1974, and mid-December, 1975, 43 patients with paralytic facial palsy were operated upon with lid magnets, according to a method first devised by M\u00fchlbauer and others (1973). When 37 patients were re-examined 3 months to 2 years post-operatively, 27 had both magnets in situ functioning well. In nine patients one or both magnets had been removed because of return of 7th nerve function. Including our information about those patients not available for re-examination, the method has definitely failed in only four. Cosmetically and functionally the results are subjectively as well as objectively encouraging and appear superior to a lateral tarsorrhaphy.", "contents": "Preliminary experience with lid magnets for paralytic lagophthalmos. Between February, 1974, and mid-December, 1975, 43 patients with paralytic facial palsy were operated upon with lid magnets, according to a method first devised by M\u00fchlbauer and others (1973). When 37 patients were re-examined 3 months to 2 years post-operatively, 27 had both magnets in situ functioning well. In nine patients one or both magnets had been removed because of return of 7th nerve function. Including our information about those patients not available for re-examination, the method has definitely failed in only four. Cosmetically and functionally the results are subjectively as well as objectively encouraging and appear superior to a lateral tarsorrhaphy.", "PMID": 1070862}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6617", "title": "Proplast implant in Tenon's capsule after excision of the eye.", "content": "Hitherto implants used after enucleation have generally been extruded because of infection or tissue rejection. Proplast, an inert alloplastic material prepared from a combination of Teflon fluorocarbon polymer and vitreous carbon fibres, is a grey felt-like material which, when wholly implanted, is invaded by fibrous tissue and not rejected. Hemispherical implants of Proplast have been used in sixteen cases, no rejection has occurred to date (18 months), and movement of the implant has been good. At operation, the obliques are sutured posterior to the implant so as to hold it forwards and increase movement. The rectus muscles are sutured anterior to the implant in cruciate fashion. Tenon's capsule and the conjunctiva are closed separately.", "contents": "Proplast implant in Tenon's capsule after excision of the eye. Hitherto implants used after enucleation have generally been extruded because of infection or tissue rejection. Proplast, an inert alloplastic material prepared from a combination of Teflon fluorocarbon polymer and vitreous carbon fibres, is a grey felt-like material which, when wholly implanted, is invaded by fibrous tissue and not rejected. Hemispherical implants of Proplast have been used in sixteen cases, no rejection has occurred to date (18 months), and movement of the implant has been good. At operation, the obliques are sutured posterior to the implant so as to hold it forwards and increase movement. The rectus muscles are sutured anterior to the implant in cruciate fashion. Tenon's capsule and the conjunctiva are closed separately.", "PMID": 1070863}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6618", "title": "Vascular changes after retinal branch vein occlusion.", "content": "I have described the vascular changes after retinal branch vein occlusion and have shown progressive changes both in the large retinal vessels and in the capillary bed. The capillary reactions are comparable to those seen in central retinal vein occlusion. Retinal oedema due to capillary dilatation and leakage occurs in both conditions but, whereas this is generalized in central retinal vein occlusion, local changes occur in branch vein occlusion. Capillary closure also occurs in both conditions, but the neovascular response differs. In branch vein occlusion significant new vessel formation is restricted to the retina leading to recurrent vitreous haemorrhage. This contrasts with central retinal vein occlusion in which thrombotic glaucoma due to predominantly anterior segment neovascularization is the most serious cause of visual loss.", "contents": "Vascular changes after retinal branch vein occlusion. I have described the vascular changes after retinal branch vein occlusion and have shown progressive changes both in the large retinal vessels and in the capillary bed. The capillary reactions are comparable to those seen in central retinal vein occlusion. Retinal oedema due to capillary dilatation and leakage occurs in both conditions but, whereas this is generalized in central retinal vein occlusion, local changes occur in branch vein occlusion. Capillary closure also occurs in both conditions, but the neovascular response differs. In branch vein occlusion significant new vessel formation is restricted to the retina leading to recurrent vitreous haemorrhage. This contrasts with central retinal vein occlusion in which thrombotic glaucoma due to predominantly anterior segment neovascularization is the most serious cause of visual loss.", "PMID": 1070869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6619", "title": "Morgagnian cataract.", "content": "It appears that morgagnian cataract is a special form of cortico-nuclear cataract. It is assumed that the process of fibre dissolution which is encountered in cortical cataract in general is speeded up and occurs en masse in morgagnian cataract. Enzymatic degradation of membrane and crystallin fibre components could then occur to produce liquefaction of the fibres and resorption of the cortical fluid. Factors responsible for the resistance of the nucleus to this process have been discussed. The high levels of calcium in the capsule and nucleus in this form of cataract could be due to the precipitation of calcium orthophosphate in the capsule and of calcium oxalate in the nucleus.", "contents": "Morgagnian cataract. It appears that morgagnian cataract is a special form of cortico-nuclear cataract. It is assumed that the process of fibre dissolution which is encountered in cortical cataract in general is speeded up and occurs en masse in morgagnian cataract. Enzymatic degradation of membrane and crystallin fibre components could then occur to produce liquefaction of the fibres and resorption of the cortical fluid. Factors responsible for the resistance of the nucleus to this process have been discussed. The high levels of calcium in the capsule and nucleus in this form of cataract could be due to the precipitation of calcium orthophosphate in the capsule and of calcium oxalate in the nucleus.", "PMID": 1070881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6620", "title": "Equatorial giant tears affected by massive vitreous retraction.", "content": "Giant equatorial tears are frequently affected by massive vitreous retraction and the signs of this are easy to see. Liquid silicone is indicated at the stage of immobilization of giant tears complicated by massive vitreous retraction, and the use of this material is justified, for its properties allow the solution of the difficult problems presented by these tears; lastly, there is no evidence that liquid silicone is in any way harmful to the human retina.", "contents": "Equatorial giant tears affected by massive vitreous retraction. Giant equatorial tears are frequently affected by massive vitreous retraction and the signs of this are easy to see. Liquid silicone is indicated at the stage of immobilization of giant tears complicated by massive vitreous retraction, and the use of this material is justified, for its properties allow the solution of the difficult problems presented by these tears; lastly, there is no evidence that liquid silicone is in any way harmful to the human retina.", "PMID": 1070884}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6621", "title": "Continuous infusion of the conjunctival sac with pilocarpine in normal subjects and in patients with chronic glaucoma.", "content": "(1) A drug solution can be infused into the conjunctival sac by a simple method that does not cause overflow of solution. (2) At near neutral pH, pilocarpine infused at 1 mug/min was as effective as a single dose of 125 mug as a pupilloconstrictor in normal subjects. (3) At near neutral pH, pilocarpine infused at 10 mug/min was as effective as a single dose of 1 mg as an ocular hypotensive in cases of chronic simple glaucoma. (4) The infusion system described could find application in those situations in which it is essential to maintain a known and constant concentration of drug in the conjunctival sac.", "contents": "Continuous infusion of the conjunctival sac with pilocarpine in normal subjects and in patients with chronic glaucoma. (1) A drug solution can be infused into the conjunctival sac by a simple method that does not cause overflow of solution. (2) At near neutral pH, pilocarpine infused at 1 mug/min was as effective as a single dose of 125 mug as a pupilloconstrictor in normal subjects. (3) At near neutral pH, pilocarpine infused at 10 mug/min was as effective as a single dose of 1 mg as an ocular hypotensive in cases of chronic simple glaucoma. (4) The infusion system described could find application in those situations in which it is essential to maintain a known and constant concentration of drug in the conjunctival sac.", "PMID": 1070886}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6622", "title": "Continuous infusion of the conjunctival sac with chloramphenicol in preoperative cataract patients.", "content": "(1) Administration of a drug solution to the conjunctival sac by means of continuous infusion through a fine-bore silicone elastomer tube has been shown to be a simple and practical method in hospital inpatients. The use of a body-borne clockwork-driven syringe ram allows the patient to be ambulant. (2) The use of continuous infusion reduces the nursing supervision required compared with repeated administration of drops. (3) Further work will be needed to established the optimum concentration of chloramphenicol needed to equal that achieved by repeated instillations. (4) The flow rate of the infusion producing no overflow, particularly in elderly patients, is likely to be less than 0-01 ml/min.", "contents": "Continuous infusion of the conjunctival sac with chloramphenicol in preoperative cataract patients. (1) Administration of a drug solution to the conjunctival sac by means of continuous infusion through a fine-bore silicone elastomer tube has been shown to be a simple and practical method in hospital inpatients. The use of a body-borne clockwork-driven syringe ram allows the patient to be ambulant. (2) The use of continuous infusion reduces the nursing supervision required compared with repeated administration of drops. (3) Further work will be needed to established the optimum concentration of chloramphenicol needed to equal that achieved by repeated instillations. (4) The flow rate of the infusion producing no overflow, particularly in elderly patients, is likely to be less than 0-01 ml/min.", "PMID": 1070887}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6623", "title": "Peripheral argon laser iridectomy in narrow-angle glaucoma.", "content": "Gas argon laser peripheral iridectomy was attempted as an alternative to surgical peripheral iridectomy in the treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma and the prophylactic treatment of fellow eyes. Success was achieved in eyes with a blue iris if sufficient energy was given to achieve a permanent red reflex. Reasons for failure in eyes with a heavily pigmented iris are discussed. The procedure must be greatly improved before surgical peripheral iridectomy is superseded as the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Peripheral argon laser iridectomy in narrow-angle glaucoma. Gas argon laser peripheral iridectomy was attempted as an alternative to surgical peripheral iridectomy in the treatment of acute angle-closure glaucoma and the prophylactic treatment of fellow eyes. Success was achieved in eyes with a blue iris if sufficient energy was given to achieve a permanent red reflex. Reasons for failure in eyes with a heavily pigmented iris are discussed. The procedure must be greatly improved before surgical peripheral iridectomy is superseded as the treatment of choice.", "PMID": 1070890}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6624", "title": "Changes in composition and metabolic activity of the skeletal parts of the extremity of the adult rat following resection of the sciatic nerve.", "content": "Resection of the sciatic nerve in adult male rats resulted in characteristic changes of the bone mass and the percentage composition of the tibia and the femur of the denervated leg. These changes were studied for a period of 1 to 16 weeks after the denervation. The tibia of the denervated leg underwent a significant decrease in bone mass, a significant increase of its percentage water and organic contents, and a significant decrease of its percentage ash content. The specific activity of the tibia showed irregular development with no significant slope. The femur of the denervated leg also underwent a significant decrease in bone mass and a significant decrease of its percentage ash content, while differences in percentage water and organic contents showed no significant slope. The specific activity of the femur showed a positive linear regression with negative values initially and positive at the end of the experiment.", "contents": "Changes in composition and metabolic activity of the skeletal parts of the extremity of the adult rat following resection of the sciatic nerve. Resection of the sciatic nerve in adult male rats resulted in characteristic changes of the bone mass and the percentage composition of the tibia and the femur of the denervated leg. These changes were studied for a period of 1 to 16 weeks after the denervation. The tibia of the denervated leg underwent a significant decrease in bone mass, a significant increase of its percentage water and organic contents, and a significant decrease of its percentage ash content. The specific activity of the tibia showed irregular development with no significant slope. The femur of the denervated leg also underwent a significant decrease in bone mass and a significant decrease of its percentage ash content, while differences in percentage water and organic contents showed no significant slope. The specific activity of the femur showed a positive linear regression with negative values initially and positive at the end of the experiment.", "PMID": 1070893}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6625", "title": "Changes in composition and metabolic activity of the skeletal parts of the extremity of the adult rat following immobilisation in a plaster cast.", "content": "Immobilisation of the one hind leg in adult male rats was followed by characteristic changes of the bone mass and the percentage composition of the tibia and the femur of the immobilised leg. These changes were studied during an immobilisation period of 1 to 24 weeks. The tibia of the immobilised leg showed significant loss of bone mass expressed as a decrease of its organic and ash weights as compared with the tibia of the non-immobilised leg. There was a significant increase of its percentage water content and significant decrease of its organic and its ash contents. The specific activity of the tibia was increased throughout but the increase was independent of time. The observed changes in bone mass and in percentage composition of the femur of the immobilised leg were almost identical with those of the immobilised tibia. The specific activity of the femur showed a positive almost linear regression. There were observations indicating that the skeletal changes recorded for the tibia were progressive during the period of observation. The changes noted in the femur seemed to be stabilised or even somewhat declining towards the end of the experiment.", "contents": "Changes in composition and metabolic activity of the skeletal parts of the extremity of the adult rat following immobilisation in a plaster cast. Immobilisation of the one hind leg in adult male rats was followed by characteristic changes of the bone mass and the percentage composition of the tibia and the femur of the immobilised leg. These changes were studied during an immobilisation period of 1 to 24 weeks. The tibia of the immobilised leg showed significant loss of bone mass expressed as a decrease of its organic and ash weights as compared with the tibia of the non-immobilised leg. There was a significant increase of its percentage water content and significant decrease of its organic and its ash contents. The specific activity of the tibia was increased throughout but the increase was independent of time. The observed changes in bone mass and in percentage composition of the femur of the immobilised leg were almost identical with those of the immobilised tibia. The specific activity of the femur showed a positive almost linear regression. There were observations indicating that the skeletal changes recorded for the tibia were progressive during the period of observation. The changes noted in the femur seemed to be stabilised or even somewhat declining towards the end of the experiment.", "PMID": 1070894}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6626", "title": "Chemical composition of the skeletal parts of the extremity of the adult rat following below-knee amputation and immobilisation in a plaster cast.", "content": "The chemical composition, i.e. ash and calcium contents and organic, hydroxyproline, and hexosamine contents of the acetone-dried diaphyseal cortical bone powder of the tibias and the femurs, was studied in adult rats after a) below-knee amputation and b) immobilisation of the one hind leg in a plaster cast. There were no significant differences in the chemical composition of the chemical composition of the bones of the treated extremity as compared with the corresponding bones from the non-treated control leg, either at different times after the amputation and immobilisation, respectively, or when all obtained values from each bone were tested together. The percentage hydroxyproline content of the tibia was found to be significantly higher than that of the femur in both extremities, both in the amputation and in the immobilisation experiment. The pro mille hexosamine content of the tibia, on the other hand, was significantly lower than that of the femur in both extremeities in the immobilisation experiment.", "contents": "Chemical composition of the skeletal parts of the extremity of the adult rat following below-knee amputation and immobilisation in a plaster cast. The chemical composition, i.e. ash and calcium contents and organic, hydroxyproline, and hexosamine contents of the acetone-dried diaphyseal cortical bone powder of the tibias and the femurs, was studied in adult rats after a) below-knee amputation and b) immobilisation of the one hind leg in a plaster cast. There were no significant differences in the chemical composition of the chemical composition of the bones of the treated extremity as compared with the corresponding bones from the non-treated control leg, either at different times after the amputation and immobilisation, respectively, or when all obtained values from each bone were tested together. The percentage hydroxyproline content of the tibia was found to be significantly higher than that of the femur in both extremities, both in the amputation and in the immobilisation experiment. The pro mille hexosamine content of the tibia, on the other hand, was significantly lower than that of the femur in both extremeities in the immobilisation experiment.", "PMID": 1070895}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6627", "title": "Studies on the volume and the activity of the parathyroid glands in osteoporosis of disuse in the adult rat.", "content": "Inactivity of the right hind leg was brought about in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by a) immobilisation in a plaster cast and b) by resection of the sciatic nerve. Determinations of the volume and the activity of the parathyroid glands by morphological methods showed that the parathyroids were, on the whole, not affected by the treatment. Some significant differences observed in some examined parameters should, however, suggest hypofunction of the glands. The serum-calcium level was significantly higher in the treated than in the control rats in the first experiment. No significant differences in serum calcium between treated and control animals were observed in the second experiment. These observations were considered to indicate that the development of localised osteoporosis in these two forms of inactivity did not depend on hyperactivity of the parathyroids. The observed differences in serum-calcium content between the two experiments may suggest that localised osteoporosis in the two cases developed through different pathomechanisms.", "contents": "Studies on the volume and the activity of the parathyroid glands in osteoporosis of disuse in the adult rat. Inactivity of the right hind leg was brought about in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by a) immobilisation in a plaster cast and b) by resection of the sciatic nerve. Determinations of the volume and the activity of the parathyroid glands by morphological methods showed that the parathyroids were, on the whole, not affected by the treatment. Some significant differences observed in some examined parameters should, however, suggest hypofunction of the glands. The serum-calcium level was significantly higher in the treated than in the control rats in the first experiment. No significant differences in serum calcium between treated and control animals were observed in the second experiment. These observations were considered to indicate that the development of localised osteoporosis in these two forms of inactivity did not depend on hyperactivity of the parathyroids. The observed differences in serum-calcium content between the two experiments may suggest that localised osteoporosis in the two cases developed through different pathomechanisms.", "PMID": 1070896}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6628", "title": "The effect of remobilisation on the extremity of the adult rat after short-term immobilisation in a plaster cast.", "content": "The one hind leg of adult male rats was immobilised for 4 weeks in a plaster cast. The cast was then removed and the leg was subsequently remobilised for 4 and 16 weeks respectively. Studies of the skeletal mass of the femur and the tibia from the immobilised leg showed that after 4 weeks of remobilisation there were still clear signs of osteoporotic changes of the bones as compared with the corresponding bones from control non-immobilised rats. After 16 weeks of remobilisation there were no esteoporotic changes detectable by the methods used.", "contents": "The effect of remobilisation on the extremity of the adult rat after short-term immobilisation in a plaster cast. The one hind leg of adult male rats was immobilised for 4 weeks in a plaster cast. The cast was then removed and the leg was subsequently remobilised for 4 and 16 weeks respectively. Studies of the skeletal mass of the femur and the tibia from the immobilised leg showed that after 4 weeks of remobilisation there were still clear signs of osteoporotic changes of the bones as compared with the corresponding bones from control non-immobilised rats. After 16 weeks of remobilisation there were no esteoporotic changes detectable by the methods used.", "PMID": 1070897}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6629", "title": "Changes in composition and metabolic activity of the skeletal parts of the extremity of the adult rat following below-knee amputation.", "content": "Below-knee amputation in adult male rats resulted in characteristic quantitative and qualitative changes of the tibia stump and of the femur in the amputated leg. These changes were followed for periods of 1 to 32 weeks after the amputation. The femur of the amputated leg underwent a significant reduction of its total bone mass and a significant decrease of its percentage ash content, whereas its percentage water and organic contents increased significantly. The bone specific activity was initially decreased and began to increase after the 10th week post surgery with a positive linear regression. The amputated tibia underwent a significant, though declining, increase of its percentage water and organic contents and a likewise significant decrease of its percentage ash content. The specific activity of the amputated tibia was significantly higher than that of the tibia from the non-amputated leg, the difference showing a negative linear regression. The specific activity of the femur was decreased initially and increased later on.", "contents": "Changes in composition and metabolic activity of the skeletal parts of the extremity of the adult rat following below-knee amputation. Below-knee amputation in adult male rats resulted in characteristic quantitative and qualitative changes of the tibia stump and of the femur in the amputated leg. These changes were followed for periods of 1 to 32 weeks after the amputation. The femur of the amputated leg underwent a significant reduction of its total bone mass and a significant decrease of its percentage ash content, whereas its percentage water and organic contents increased significantly. The bone specific activity was initially decreased and began to increase after the 10th week post surgery with a positive linear regression. The amputated tibia underwent a significant, though declining, increase of its percentage water and organic contents and a likewise significant decrease of its percentage ash content. The specific activity of the amputated tibia was significantly higher than that of the tibia from the non-amputated leg, the difference showing a negative linear regression. The specific activity of the femur was decreased initially and increased later on.", "PMID": 1070898}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6630", "title": "Mobile intensive care unit. Present conception and realisation.", "content": "A new Mobile Intensive Care Unit has been put in use at the \"Service 900\" of the Ministry of Health in Belgium. Its size was decided to enable efficient treatment of one patient. The type of suspension was chosen to give the patient adequate protection against untoward effects of travelling sickness. Radio-communication with the control center and hospital is ensured. The O2 supply-system provides an autonomy of 11 hours. Besides an electric distribution of 12 V. DC, a 220 V. AC is also available.", "contents": "Mobile intensive care unit. Present conception and realisation. A new Mobile Intensive Care Unit has been put in use at the \"Service 900\" of the Ministry of Health in Belgium. Its size was decided to enable efficient treatment of one patient. The type of suspension was chosen to give the patient adequate protection against untoward effects of travelling sickness. Radio-communication with the control center and hospital is ensured. The O2 supply-system provides an autonomy of 11 hours. Besides an electric distribution of 12 V. DC, a 220 V. AC is also available.", "PMID": 1070899}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6631", "title": "Turku sugar studies XI. Effects of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on glucose, lipid and urate metabolism.", "content": "The effect of chronic consumption of sucrose, xylitol and fructose on lipid, carbohydrate and urate metabolism was studied in conjunction with a clinical trial on the effects of these sugars on dental caries. No consistent differences were found in serum triglycerides, glucose, insulin, urate, lactate, or pyruvate concentrations or in the urinary excretion of urate between the groups using sucrose, fructose or xylitol as the dietary sweetener. Serum cholesterol tended to be lower in the fructose than in the xylitol group, but the difference disappeared when subjects with initial high serum cholesterol in the baseline examination were excluded from the calculations. The results suggest that the effects of peroral fructose and xylitol on the metabolic parameters studied in this investigation do not differ from that of sucrose.", "contents": "Turku sugar studies XI. Effects of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on glucose, lipid and urate metabolism. The effect of chronic consumption of sucrose, xylitol and fructose on lipid, carbohydrate and urate metabolism was studied in conjunction with a clinical trial on the effects of these sugars on dental caries. No consistent differences were found in serum triglycerides, glucose, insulin, urate, lactate, or pyruvate concentrations or in the urinary excretion of urate between the groups using sucrose, fructose or xylitol as the dietary sweetener. Serum cholesterol tended to be lower in the fructose than in the xylitol group, but the difference disappeared when subjects with initial high serum cholesterol in the baseline examination were excluded from the calculations. The results suggest that the effects of peroral fructose and xylitol on the metabolic parameters studied in this investigation do not differ from that of sucrose.", "PMID": 1070904}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6632", "title": "Turku sugar studies XIII. Effect of the diet on certain clinico-chemical values of serum.", "content": "Pooled and individual serum samples of subjects on long-term sucrose, xylitol and fructose diets were analyzed for Ca, Mg, K, Na inorganic phosphate, bilirubin, ascorbate, alkaline and acid phosphatase, amylase, transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, and amino acids. Most serum samples were obtained from the last phases of the two-year dietary regimen. Significant differences between the three experimental groups were not found with regard to any of the compounds or enzymes studied. Almost significant differences were observed for amylase which was lower in the xylitol and the fructose groups than in the sucrose group, all these values being within the normal range. The results indicate that xylitol and fructose do not induce significant changes in liver function tests, nor in serum level of electrolytes, ascorbate or serum enzymes when their oral administration takes place in the same scale as that of sucrose.", "contents": "Turku sugar studies XIII. Effect of the diet on certain clinico-chemical values of serum. Pooled and individual serum samples of subjects on long-term sucrose, xylitol and fructose diets were analyzed for Ca, Mg, K, Na inorganic phosphate, bilirubin, ascorbate, alkaline and acid phosphatase, amylase, transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, and amino acids. Most serum samples were obtained from the last phases of the two-year dietary regimen. Significant differences between the three experimental groups were not found with regard to any of the compounds or enzymes studied. Almost significant differences were observed for amylase which was lower in the xylitol and the fructose groups than in the sucrose group, all these values being within the normal range. The results indicate that xylitol and fructose do not induce significant changes in liver function tests, nor in serum level of electrolytes, ascorbate or serum enzymes when their oral administration takes place in the same scale as that of sucrose.", "PMID": 1070905}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6633", "title": "Familial nephropathy associated with hepatic type of glycogen storage disease.", "content": "The female patient was diagnosed as having Von Gierke's disease at 14 years of age, based on clinical manifestations, laboratory examination and liver biopsy. At 19 years of age she had uremia and died from its deterioration at 24 years of age. The parents were consanguineous, and a 27-year-old sister is presently hospitalized for renal insufficiency with hepatomegaly. On autopsy, the patient's kidneys were highly contracted and contained a number of small cysts, mainly in the medulla. Histological examination indicated periglomerular fibrosis, glomerular hyalinization, tubular atrophy or cystic dilatation and intersitial fibrosis with round cell infiltration. These findings correspond to Fanconi's familial juvenile nephronophthisis, except for age. The liver was markedly enlarged and indicated severe, glycogen deposits, but the kidney did not contain glycogen deposits. It can, therefore, be presumed that the renal lesions were not a secondary consequence of long-term glycogen deposits but that renal and hepatic lesions were associated with each other.", "contents": "Familial nephropathy associated with hepatic type of glycogen storage disease. The female patient was diagnosed as having Von Gierke's disease at 14 years of age, based on clinical manifestations, laboratory examination and liver biopsy. At 19 years of age she had uremia and died from its deterioration at 24 years of age. The parents were consanguineous, and a 27-year-old sister is presently hospitalized for renal insufficiency with hepatomegaly. On autopsy, the patient's kidneys were highly contracted and contained a number of small cysts, mainly in the medulla. Histological examination indicated periglomerular fibrosis, glomerular hyalinization, tubular atrophy or cystic dilatation and intersitial fibrosis with round cell infiltration. These findings correspond to Fanconi's familial juvenile nephronophthisis, except for age. The liver was markedly enlarged and indicated severe, glycogen deposits, but the kidney did not contain glycogen deposits. It can, therefore, be presumed that the renal lesions were not a secondary consequence of long-term glycogen deposits but that renal and hepatic lesions were associated with each other.", "PMID": 1070908}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6634", "title": "Respiratory failure in pregnancy.", "content": "A case of respiratory failure in pregnancy associated with old poliomyelitis is presented and the available methods of treatment described.", "contents": "Respiratory failure in pregnancy. A case of respiratory failure in pregnancy associated with old poliomyelitis is presented and the available methods of treatment described.", "PMID": 1070919}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6635", "title": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation with \"Manley\" ventilators.", "content": "A method is described whereby gas powered, minute volume divider, ventilators may be adapted to provide intermittent mandatory ventilation.", "contents": "Intermittent mandatory ventilation with \"Manley\" ventilators. A method is described whereby gas powered, minute volume divider, ventilators may be adapted to provide intermittent mandatory ventilation.", "PMID": 1070920}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6636", "title": "[Acute monoblastic leukemia. Clinical and therapeutic aspects in 20 cases].", "content": "Twenty cases of acute monoblastic leukemia are studied according to definite criterias: cytology, cytochemical staining, lysozyme production. The study points out the tumoral characters: hematodermy, gingivitis, central nervous system leukemia and the lack of important bone marrow incompetence. 47 per cent of complete remissions are obtained with daunorubicin, aracytin combination therapy. Other useful chemical agents, and prospects for maintenance therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Acute monoblastic leukemia. Clinical and therapeutic aspects in 20 cases]. Twenty cases of acute monoblastic leukemia are studied according to definite criterias: cytology, cytochemical staining, lysozyme production. The study points out the tumoral characters: hematodermy, gingivitis, central nervous system leukemia and the lack of important bone marrow incompetence. 47 per cent of complete remissions are obtained with daunorubicin, aracytin combination therapy. Other useful chemical agents, and prospects for maintenance therapy are discussed.", "PMID": 1070928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6637", "title": "Brain architecture and mechanisms that underlie language: an information-processing analysis.", "content": "A neural network model for naming visual objects and their attributes, and understanding certain simple types of sentences has been presented. The model is based on neural processes rather than linguistic or symbolic constructs. The following are the major structural features of the model: 1. Memory stores are associative networks that perform an analysis of their inputs in real time. This analysis converts the input pattern into a \"recognition pattern\" that depends on the specific stored information and its location in the store. 2. The naming store is an analyzer network that converts the sensory encoding of a sentence into a \"sentence pattern\". The sentence pattern is obtained by averaging the recognition signals from several memory locations in the naming store. Because of the organization of words in the naming store, sentence patterns are an encoding of the structure of the sentences. 3. The sentence store is an associative memory store that recognizes sentence patterns and associates with each one an \"instruction sequence\" or \"program\" that specifies how the system should respond to the sentence. It is the enabling of access to this \"program\" that constitutes \"understanding.\" Sentences are understood in real time, without the explicit grammatical analysis that is usual in sentence-understanding systems. Understanding a sentence involves two functionally distinct processes: (1) associating with its sentence pattern an instruction sequence that specifices what to do in order to generate an appropriate response to the sentence matching that pattern: for example, to look in the visual field for an object, determine its location, and so on, and (2) analysis of the tokens in the sentence that indicate specific attributes or entities to look for or determine.", "contents": "Brain architecture and mechanisms that underlie language: an information-processing analysis. A neural network model for naming visual objects and their attributes, and understanding certain simple types of sentences has been presented. The model is based on neural processes rather than linguistic or symbolic constructs. The following are the major structural features of the model: 1. Memory stores are associative networks that perform an analysis of their inputs in real time. This analysis converts the input pattern into a \"recognition pattern\" that depends on the specific stored information and its location in the store. 2. The naming store is an analyzer network that converts the sensory encoding of a sentence into a \"sentence pattern\". The sentence pattern is obtained by averaging the recognition signals from several memory locations in the naming store. Because of the organization of words in the naming store, sentence patterns are an encoding of the structure of the sentences. 3. The sentence store is an associative memory store that recognizes sentence patterns and associates with each one an \"instruction sequence\" or \"program\" that specifies how the system should respond to the sentence. It is the enabling of access to this \"program\" that constitutes \"understanding.\" Sentences are understood in real time, without the explicit grammatical analysis that is usual in sentence-understanding systems. Understanding a sentence involves two functionally distinct processes: (1) associating with its sentence pattern an instruction sequence that specifices what to do in order to generate an appropriate response to the sentence matching that pattern: for example, to look in the visual field for an object, determine its location, and so on, and (2) analysis of the tokens in the sentence that indicate specific attributes or entities to look for or determine.", "PMID": 1070929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6638", "title": "Two faces of sign: iconic and abstract.", "content": "In this paper, we show that the total range of the communication system of the deaf is considerably enriched but at the same time rendered more difficult to analyze, because pantomime and other spontaneous nonsign representations occur in the same mode as regular ASL signs in deaf discourse. We note that the rarification of what was originally nonsign depiction is clearly an important source of regular ASL signs. We show that criteria can be established that would distinguish the clear cases of pantomime from the regular ASL signs. Nonetheless, there remain a sizable number of regular ASL signs which, although they are neither pantomimic nor otherwise freely mimetic, still appear to retain an iconic cast. We show that very few ASL signs are actually transparent; that is, a nonsigner cannot guess the meaning of a sign in the absence of further information. On the other hand, many signs are iconic in the sence that nonsigners, when given the sign and its meaning, show considerable agreement in how the two are related. More important in terms of language and its users is the significance of iconicity for deaf signers themselves. This paper shows that while in special circumstances the deaf do play on iconic elements of certain signs for special effects, iconicity plays no observable role in the coding of signs in short-term memory. The abstract formational parameters definitely dominate. We further note that it is the abstract system and not purely iconic aspects that have determined observed historical changes in the form of ASL signs. We interpret this as indicating the deeper structural significance of the abstract formational level. Finally, we show that very widespread and productive grammatical processes, especially suited for a visual-gestural language, override the iconic aspects of signs also at the synchronic structural level.", "contents": "Two faces of sign: iconic and abstract. In this paper, we show that the total range of the communication system of the deaf is considerably enriched but at the same time rendered more difficult to analyze, because pantomime and other spontaneous nonsign representations occur in the same mode as regular ASL signs in deaf discourse. We note that the rarification of what was originally nonsign depiction is clearly an important source of regular ASL signs. We show that criteria can be established that would distinguish the clear cases of pantomime from the regular ASL signs. Nonetheless, there remain a sizable number of regular ASL signs which, although they are neither pantomimic nor otherwise freely mimetic, still appear to retain an iconic cast. We show that very few ASL signs are actually transparent; that is, a nonsigner cannot guess the meaning of a sign in the absence of further information. On the other hand, many signs are iconic in the sence that nonsigners, when given the sign and its meaning, show considerable agreement in how the two are related. More important in terms of language and its users is the significance of iconicity for deaf signers themselves. This paper shows that while in special circumstances the deaf do play on iconic elements of certain signs for special effects, iconicity plays no observable role in the coding of signs in short-term memory. The abstract formational parameters definitely dominate. We further note that it is the abstract system and not purely iconic aspects that have determined observed historical changes in the form of ASL signs. We interpret this as indicating the deeper structural significance of the abstract formational level. Finally, we show that very widespread and productive grammatical processes, especially suited for a visual-gestural language, override the iconic aspects of signs also at the synchronic structural level.", "PMID": 1070935}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6639", "title": "Cerebral asymmetry: changes in factors affecting its development.", "content": "The present study offered further support for the notion that hemispheric differences are present during early infancy. Moreover, in addition to finding evidences are present during early infancy. Moreover, in addition to finding evidence of electrophysiological differences between male and female infants, discrete components of the AEP response were identified and isolated that were responsive to specific aspects of the acoustic stimuli. Information concerning temporal differences in the processing of these elements was also obtained.", "contents": "Cerebral asymmetry: changes in factors affecting its development. The present study offered further support for the notion that hemispheric differences are present during early infancy. Moreover, in addition to finding evidences are present during early infancy. Moreover, in addition to finding evidence of electrophysiological differences between male and female infants, discrete components of the AEP response were identified and isolated that were responsive to specific aspects of the acoustic stimuli. Information concerning temporal differences in the processing of these elements was also obtained.", "PMID": 1070942}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6640", "title": "[Comparison of altered states of consciousness induced by the hallucinogens (--)-delta9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (author's transl)].", "content": "The study compares altered states of consciousness induced by the hallucinogens (--)delta9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) using two placebo control groups. A total of 24 subjects received 250 mug delta9-THC p.o./kg body weight and 26 subjects were treated with 250 mug DMT i.m./kg. Placebo was given to 24 subjects. The effects were assessed by a questionnaire administered following the experimental conditions. Questionnaire items were combined into the following eight scales according to their content and several cirteria of the theory of mental testing: visual hallucinations (illusions), auditory hallucinations (illusions), impairment of memory and attention, depersonalization syndrome, deprealization syndrome, changes of body image, euphoric state and anxious-depressive state. The two hallucinogen groups differed significantly from placebo on all eight scales. No difference, however, between delta9-THC and DMT was significant. On the scale \"optical hallucinations (illusions)\" a tendency that DMT might have stronger effects than delta9-THC was found. Methodological problems of comparing different hallucinogens are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparison of altered states of consciousness induced by the hallucinogens (--)-delta9-trans-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) (author's transl)]. The study compares altered states of consciousness induced by the hallucinogens (--)delta9-trans-Tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) and N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) using two placebo control groups. A total of 24 subjects received 250 mug delta9-THC p.o./kg body weight and 26 subjects were treated with 250 mug DMT i.m./kg. Placebo was given to 24 subjects. The effects were assessed by a questionnaire administered following the experimental conditions. Questionnaire items were combined into the following eight scales according to their content and several cirteria of the theory of mental testing: visual hallucinations (illusions), auditory hallucinations (illusions), impairment of memory and attention, depersonalization syndrome, deprealization syndrome, changes of body image, euphoric state and anxious-depressive state. The two hallucinogen groups differed significantly from placebo on all eight scales. No difference, however, between delta9-THC and DMT was significant. On the scale \"optical hallucinations (illusions)\" a tendency that DMT might have stronger effects than delta9-THC was found. Methodological problems of comparing different hallucinogens are discussed.", "PMID": 1070948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6641", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of cell elements and interstitial substance of osteogenic carcinoma].", "content": "The electron-microscopy investigation of osteogenic sarcomas of the osteoplastic type made it possible to identify 4 types of cells with a various ultrastructure. The cells of osteogenic sarcoma retain the ultrastructural specificity of skeletogenous cells and some features of tissue organization. This confirms once more the statement that osteogenic sarcoma is a derivative of the precursor of skeletogenous cells which underwent a tumour transformation.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of cell elements and interstitial substance of osteogenic carcinoma]. The electron-microscopy investigation of osteogenic sarcomas of the osteoplastic type made it possible to identify 4 types of cells with a various ultrastructure. The cells of osteogenic sarcoma retain the ultrastructural specificity of skeletogenous cells and some features of tissue organization. This confirms once more the statement that osteogenic sarcoma is a derivative of the precursor of skeletogenous cells which underwent a tumour transformation.", "PMID": 1070950}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6642", "title": "The effects of tobacco smoking on oral and dental tissues.", "content": "An attempt has been made in this paper to review the clinical problem of the effects of tobacco smoking on oral and dental tissues. Clinicians are alerted to the magnitude of the problem and to its serious sequelae. An appeal is made for clinicians to disseminate preventive information, to exercise increased clinical vigilance and to consider the management of suspected neoplastic lesions as emergency situations.", "contents": "The effects of tobacco smoking on oral and dental tissues. An attempt has been made in this paper to review the clinical problem of the effects of tobacco smoking on oral and dental tissues. Clinicians are alerted to the magnitude of the problem and to its serious sequelae. An appeal is made for clinicians to disseminate preventive information, to exercise increased clinical vigilance and to consider the management of suspected neoplastic lesions as emergency situations.", "PMID": 1070961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6643", "title": "A community dental health project. II. Modification of Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque by self applied Snf2-ZrSiO4 prophylactic paste, and its relationship to dental caries.", "content": "The incidence of Streptococcus mutans in the dental plaque of primary school children was reduced significantly following the group self application of SnF2-ZrSiO4 paste. This confirmed earlier reports of the effect of topical fluoride therapy on Str. mutans in plaque.", "contents": "A community dental health project. II. Modification of Streptococcus mutans in dental plaque by self applied Snf2-ZrSiO4 prophylactic paste, and its relationship to dental caries. The incidence of Streptococcus mutans in the dental plaque of primary school children was reduced significantly following the group self application of SnF2-ZrSiO4 paste. This confirmed earlier reports of the effect of topical fluoride therapy on Str. mutans in plaque.", "PMID": 1070963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6644", "title": "A simulated clinical appraisal of base materials for amalgam restorations.", "content": "Eight materials were placed as bases on the pulpal surface of cavities prepared in extracted teeth. Seven minutes after mixing of the material commenced, amalgam was condensed on to the lined cavity. The restored teeth were sectioned subsequently for microscopic examination. The results suggested that all uniformly mixed, carefully placed base forming materials that have reached the state of \"clinical set\" are able to withstand loads applied during amalgam condensation irrespective of their strength.", "contents": "A simulated clinical appraisal of base materials for amalgam restorations. Eight materials were placed as bases on the pulpal surface of cavities prepared in extracted teeth. Seven minutes after mixing of the material commenced, amalgam was condensed on to the lined cavity. The restored teeth were sectioned subsequently for microscopic examination. The results suggested that all uniformly mixed, carefully placed base forming materials that have reached the state of \"clinical set\" are able to withstand loads applied during amalgam condensation irrespective of their strength.", "PMID": 1070964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6645", "title": "Groote Eylandt studies. 2. Fluoridation of a small domestic water supply, C.M.S. Angurugu mission, Groote Eylandt, N.T., Australia. 1973-1974.", "content": "A system is described for fluoridation of a small community water supply. The design of the equipment is presented in relation to the requirements of a particular isolated region and in a basis for application to other similar areas. The problems found during the establishment of this system and their solution can be valuable as a guide for other communities.", "contents": "Groote Eylandt studies. 2. Fluoridation of a small domestic water supply, C.M.S. Angurugu mission, Groote Eylandt, N.T., Australia. 1973-1974. A system is described for fluoridation of a small community water supply. The design of the equipment is presented in relation to the requirements of a particular isolated region and in a basis for application to other similar areas. The problems found during the establishment of this system and their solution can be valuable as a guide for other communities.", "PMID": 1070965}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6646", "title": "Direction of the mental canal in human mandibles.", "content": "The direction of the mental canal was calculated in the horizontal and vertical planes with a view to aiding anaesthetic techniques. Based on our data, it is advisable to give the following approximate inclinations to the needle when penetrating the mental canal in anaesthetic procedures: 55 degrees postero-anteriorly in relation to a horizontal plane and 40 degrees latero-medially in relation to a horizontal line tangent to the body of the mandible at the level of the mental foramen.", "contents": "Direction of the mental canal in human mandibles. The direction of the mental canal was calculated in the horizontal and vertical planes with a view to aiding anaesthetic techniques. Based on our data, it is advisable to give the following approximate inclinations to the needle when penetrating the mental canal in anaesthetic procedures: 55 degrees postero-anteriorly in relation to a horizontal plane and 40 degrees latero-medially in relation to a horizontal line tangent to the body of the mandible at the level of the mental foramen.", "PMID": 1070967}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6647", "title": "Assessment of the status of endodontically treated teeth in patients with cardiovascular abnormality.", "content": "The accuracy of conventional methods of assessing the periradicular tissues, especially important in the case of a patient with cardiovascular abnormality, is questioned. The results of histological assessment in 81 teeth are reported. The ideal of a biological obturation of the root canal is emphasized.", "contents": "Assessment of the status of endodontically treated teeth in patients with cardiovascular abnormality. The accuracy of conventional methods of assessing the periradicular tissues, especially important in the case of a patient with cardiovascular abnormality, is questioned. The results of histological assessment in 81 teeth are reported. The ideal of a biological obturation of the root canal is emphasized.", "PMID": 1070968}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6648", "title": "Dental survey of students at the Australian National University -- 1972.", "content": "A sample of 422 students at the Australian National University was examined in 1972. Results for the 302 full-time student sample were considered significant and are presented in this report. The students were found to have a relatively low (for Australia) DMFT of 13.8, Oral Hygiene Index of 0.9 and Periodontal Index of 0.75. Seventy-two percent of students had attended a dentist within the previous year and F/DMFT ratio was 76 percent. Estimates of time and costs of treatment needs are presented.", "contents": "Dental survey of students at the Australian National University -- 1972. A sample of 422 students at the Australian National University was examined in 1972. Results for the 302 full-time student sample were considered significant and are presented in this report. The students were found to have a relatively low (for Australia) DMFT of 13.8, Oral Hygiene Index of 0.9 and Periodontal Index of 0.75. Seventy-two percent of students had attended a dentist within the previous year and F/DMFT ratio was 76 percent. Estimates of time and costs of treatment needs are presented.", "PMID": 1070970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6649", "title": "Loss of upper permanent central incisor teeth. Case report.", "content": "A case is reported in which elastic bands caused irreversible periodontal destruction around upper central incisor teeth. Every practitioner should be aware of the hazards associated with the use of elastic bands in minor tooth movement.", "contents": "Loss of upper permanent central incisor teeth. Case report. A case is reported in which elastic bands caused irreversible periodontal destruction around upper central incisor teeth. Every practitioner should be aware of the hazards associated with the use of elastic bands in minor tooth movement.", "PMID": 1070971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6650", "title": "The potential role of bacteria and their antigens in periodontal disease.", "content": "The inflammatory changes typical of periodontal disease are believed to involve immunological reactions, with bacteria being a potential source of the antigens inducing these reactions, with bacteria being a potential source of the antigens inducing these reactions. Various investigators have studied the ability of specific organisms to induce tissue changes in experimental animals, while others have examined human sera and tissues for the presence of antibodies reacting with particular organisms or their isolated antigens. The significance of these results is assessed, particularly with respect to the problem of antibody cross-reactivity. The antigens that could be involved in periodontal disease are discussed in terms of the difference in structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells, with attention being drawn to those components that could occur extracellularly and thus diffuse into oral tissues. The antigen most studied is the lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin of Gram-negative cells which, through the mediation of complement, is a potential inflammatory agent.", "contents": "The potential role of bacteria and their antigens in periodontal disease. The inflammatory changes typical of periodontal disease are believed to involve immunological reactions, with bacteria being a potential source of the antigens inducing these reactions, with bacteria being a potential source of the antigens inducing these reactions. Various investigators have studied the ability of specific organisms to induce tissue changes in experimental animals, while others have examined human sera and tissues for the presence of antibodies reacting with particular organisms or their isolated antigens. The significance of these results is assessed, particularly with respect to the problem of antibody cross-reactivity. The antigens that could be involved in periodontal disease are discussed in terms of the difference in structure of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells, with attention being drawn to those components that could occur extracellularly and thus diffuse into oral tissues. The antigen most studied is the lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin of Gram-negative cells which, through the mediation of complement, is a potential inflammatory agent.", "PMID": 1070972}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6651", "title": "Premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa.", "content": "The term premalignant lesion is defined and an explanation of the logical use of the term leukoplakia is given. The more common premalignant lesions of the mouth are described. Known and suspected aetiological factors in the development of oral carcinoma are discussed. It is emphasised that oral squamous cell carcinoma is, very largely a preventable disease. Signs of premalignancy in the mucosa can usually be detected clinically and remedial action at an early stage is generally effective in eliminating the lesions and avoiding their recurrence.", "contents": "Premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa. The term premalignant lesion is defined and an explanation of the logical use of the term leukoplakia is given. The more common premalignant lesions of the mouth are described. Known and suspected aetiological factors in the development of oral carcinoma are discussed. It is emphasised that oral squamous cell carcinoma is, very largely a preventable disease. Signs of premalignancy in the mucosa can usually be detected clinically and remedial action at an early stage is generally effective in eliminating the lesions and avoiding their recurrence.", "PMID": 1070974}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6652", "title": "Histological assessment of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "An histological assessment has been made of condyles removed at condylotomy. The tissue was removed from patients where conservative treatment had proved unsuccessful. In most of the condyles degenerative changes were found and in some, evidence of trauma. The importance of adaption is discussed. The need for proper pre-operative assessment is emphasised.", "contents": "Histological assessment of the temporomandibular joint. An histological assessment has been made of condyles removed at condylotomy. The tissue was removed from patients where conservative treatment had proved unsuccessful. In most of the condyles degenerative changes were found and in some, evidence of trauma. The importance of adaption is discussed. The need for proper pre-operative assessment is emphasised.", "PMID": 1070975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6653", "title": "Fluoridation in Canberra. III. Dental caries after ten years.", "content": "The water supply of Canberra was fluoridated in eptember 1964. This report covers the period 1965 to 1974 during which children aged five to twelve years were examined. These children had lived in Canberra since fluoridation commenced. In comparison with base-line data the results showed a progressive improvement in the DMF and defindices. The reduction in the DMF index for children aged six years who were examined in 1974 was 81.0 per cent, and for children aged twelve years it was 48.5 per cent. The reduction was greatest for incisor teeth.", "contents": "Fluoridation in Canberra. III. Dental caries after ten years. The water supply of Canberra was fluoridated in eptember 1964. This report covers the period 1965 to 1974 during which children aged five to twelve years were examined. These children had lived in Canberra since fluoridation commenced. In comparison with base-line data the results showed a progressive improvement in the DMF and defindices. The reduction in the DMF index for children aged six years who were examined in 1974 was 81.0 per cent, and for children aged twelve years it was 48.5 per cent. The reduction was greatest for incisor teeth.", "PMID": 1070976}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6654", "title": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), smoking, and cancer in a longitudinal population study.", "content": "In 1969, the prevalence of raised levels (5 ng/ml of serum) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was estimated in 2372 persons aged 40 years and over in Busselton, Western Australia. There were raised levels of CEA in 73 subjects (3%). The prevalence increased progressively with age in both non-smokers and smokers with a higher rate of prevalence at all ages in smokers, and a peak of 11% in smokers aged 65--74 years. Among non-smokers, the prevalence was similar in both men and women (1%), in smokers there was a stepwise rise in prevalence with increasing tobacco consumption. Subsequently, levels of CEA of 5 ng/ml or over tended to disappear from the sera in a greater proportion of the non/exsmokers than of smokers. In the following five years, \"CEA-associated\" cancer occurred in nine of 73 subjects (13%) with raised levels of CEA compared with 25 in 2299 (1%) in those with normal CEA levels. This association was independent of the confounding effects of age, sex, and smoking habit. The five year data on 2372 subjects have confirmed that CEA screening of healthy Busselton subjects has identified a group at future risk of developing \"CEA-associated\" cancers, in addition to drawing attention to the presence of existing cancers.", "contents": "Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), smoking, and cancer in a longitudinal population study. In 1969, the prevalence of raised levels (5 ng/ml of serum) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was estimated in 2372 persons aged 40 years and over in Busselton, Western Australia. There were raised levels of CEA in 73 subjects (3%). The prevalence increased progressively with age in both non-smokers and smokers with a higher rate of prevalence at all ages in smokers, and a peak of 11% in smokers aged 65--74 years. Among non-smokers, the prevalence was similar in both men and women (1%), in smokers there was a stepwise rise in prevalence with increasing tobacco consumption. Subsequently, levels of CEA of 5 ng/ml or over tended to disappear from the sera in a greater proportion of the non/exsmokers than of smokers. In the following five years, \"CEA-associated\" cancer occurred in nine of 73 subjects (13%) with raised levels of CEA compared with 25 in 2299 (1%) in those with normal CEA levels. This association was independent of the confounding effects of age, sex, and smoking habit. The five year data on 2372 subjects have confirmed that CEA screening of healthy Busselton subjects has identified a group at future risk of developing \"CEA-associated\" cancers, in addition to drawing attention to the presence of existing cancers.", "PMID": 1070982}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6655", "title": "A clinical evaluation of large-area short-time haemodialysis.", "content": "A large-area short-time (LAST) haemodialysis regimen (three hours by three times per week on a 2-5 M2 haemodialyser) has been compared with conventional haemodialysis (six hours by three times per week on a 1-3 M2 haemodialyser) on four patients over a period of eight months. Parameters monitored throughout the study included: Serum biochemistries, haematocrit, extra-cellular fluid space, platelet function, granulocyte kinetics, immunological status and neurological status. All patients showed weight increases (3--12%) during the LAST dialysis period. These increases were related to problems of intradialytic hypotension which resulted from the increased rate of fluid removal required during the LAST dialysis period. Hypotension was not a problem during routine dialysis all patients showed an increase of 10--20% (P less than 0-05) in predialysis serum urea and creatinine and a moderate decrease in predialysis serum bicarbonate (from 24-8 +/- 2-2 to 21-4 +/- 2-6 mM/I, P less than 0-005). This study indicates that, providing fluid balance can be controlled, a LAST dialysis regimen provides comparable therapy to conventional haemodialysis. However, recent studies have suggested that short-time dialysis may be possible with conventional 1-0 to 1-3 M2 haemodialysers, indicating that short-time haemodialysis may not need to involve more costly large-area haemodialysers.", "contents": "A clinical evaluation of large-area short-time haemodialysis. A large-area short-time (LAST) haemodialysis regimen (three hours by three times per week on a 2-5 M2 haemodialyser) has been compared with conventional haemodialysis (six hours by three times per week on a 1-3 M2 haemodialyser) on four patients over a period of eight months. Parameters monitored throughout the study included: Serum biochemistries, haematocrit, extra-cellular fluid space, platelet function, granulocyte kinetics, immunological status and neurological status. All patients showed weight increases (3--12%) during the LAST dialysis period. These increases were related to problems of intradialytic hypotension which resulted from the increased rate of fluid removal required during the LAST dialysis period. Hypotension was not a problem during routine dialysis all patients showed an increase of 10--20% (P less than 0-05) in predialysis serum urea and creatinine and a moderate decrease in predialysis serum bicarbonate (from 24-8 +/- 2-2 to 21-4 +/- 2-6 mM/I, P less than 0-005). This study indicates that, providing fluid balance can be controlled, a LAST dialysis regimen provides comparable therapy to conventional haemodialysis. However, recent studies have suggested that short-time dialysis may be possible with conventional 1-0 to 1-3 M2 haemodialysers, indicating that short-time haemodialysis may not need to involve more costly large-area haemodialysers.", "PMID": 1070983}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6656", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in Graves' disease.", "content": "Histocompatibility antigen typing was undertaken in 100 Caucasian patients with Graves' disease (autoimmune thyrotoxicosis) and in 100 healthy Caucasian blood donors. Standard lymphocyte microcytotoxicity methods were used to tests for the presence of 22 HL-A antigens in all subjects. There was a significant difference between the groups in respect of the HL-A 8 antigen which was present in 40 patients and in 25 controls (P less than 0-0023). There was no significant difference between the patients and controls with respect to the frequency of occurrence of any of the other HL-A antigens tested.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in Graves' disease. Histocompatibility antigen typing was undertaken in 100 Caucasian patients with Graves' disease (autoimmune thyrotoxicosis) and in 100 healthy Caucasian blood donors. Standard lymphocyte microcytotoxicity methods were used to tests for the presence of 22 HL-A antigens in all subjects. There was a significant difference between the groups in respect of the HL-A 8 antigen which was present in 40 patients and in 25 controls (P less than 0-0023). There was no significant difference between the patients and controls with respect to the frequency of occurrence of any of the other HL-A antigens tested.", "PMID": 1070984}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6657", "title": "Evidence that mouse thyroid stimulator does not stimulate the human thyroid gland.", "content": "Thyroid 131I uptake and human thyroid stimulator (HTS) level were measured in 20 untreated thyrotoxic patients who also showed mouse thyroid stimulator (MTS) ACtivity. The correlation between thyroid uptake and HTS level was highly significant (P less than 0-005), the coefficient, r, being 0-66, comparable with the value 0-68 obtained in a previous study of patients not showing MTS. Thus, the presence of widely varying amounts of MTS does not impair the close correlation existing between HTS level and thyroid 131I uptake in thyrotoxic people. There was no correlation between MTS level and thyroid 131I uptake (r = 0-11, n.s.). It is concluded that MTS, a potent stimulator of the thyroid glands of mice, guinea pigs and monkeys, does not stimulate the human thyroid gland.", "contents": "Evidence that mouse thyroid stimulator does not stimulate the human thyroid gland. Thyroid 131I uptake and human thyroid stimulator (HTS) level were measured in 20 untreated thyrotoxic patients who also showed mouse thyroid stimulator (MTS) ACtivity. The correlation between thyroid uptake and HTS level was highly significant (P less than 0-005), the coefficient, r, being 0-66, comparable with the value 0-68 obtained in a previous study of patients not showing MTS. Thus, the presence of widely varying amounts of MTS does not impair the close correlation existing between HTS level and thyroid 131I uptake in thyrotoxic people. There was no correlation between MTS level and thyroid 131I uptake (r = 0-11, n.s.). It is concluded that MTS, a potent stimulator of the thyroid glands of mice, guinea pigs and monkeys, does not stimulate the human thyroid gland.", "PMID": 1070985}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6658", "title": "Goitre survey in Armidale and the New England region.", "content": "The results of a goitre survey in school children in the New England Region are presented and compared with previous studies. Goitre incidence has fallen significantly in Tamworth but has remained unchanged in Armidale. Analyses of blood and urine showed no differnces in thyroid hormone levels, TSH, and urinary iodide in goitre and non-goitre subjects. In one group of goitre subjects prolactin levels were found to be significantly higher than those in a non-goitre group matched for sex, age and years in the district. The estimated iodine intake was well above normal requirements in all age groups studied. Sources of dietary iodine in the New England Region are outlined with special reference to milk and water. A brief review of clinical thyroid disease in Armidale is presented and reveals an unusually high incidence of both hyper- and hypo-thyroidism.", "contents": "Goitre survey in Armidale and the New England region. The results of a goitre survey in school children in the New England Region are presented and compared with previous studies. Goitre incidence has fallen significantly in Tamworth but has remained unchanged in Armidale. Analyses of blood and urine showed no differnces in thyroid hormone levels, TSH, and urinary iodide in goitre and non-goitre subjects. In one group of goitre subjects prolactin levels were found to be significantly higher than those in a non-goitre group matched for sex, age and years in the district. The estimated iodine intake was well above normal requirements in all age groups studied. Sources of dietary iodine in the New England Region are outlined with special reference to milk and water. A brief review of clinical thyroid disease in Armidale is presented and reveals an unusually high incidence of both hyper- and hypo-thyroidism.", "PMID": 1070986}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6659", "title": "T3 toxicosis and its relation to the iodide status in Singapore.", "content": "Baseline thyroid function tests (including total serum thyroxine iodide-T4I, total serum tri-iodothyronine T3 as well as T3 Sephadex Uptake Studies (T3U)) were determined in 82 normal Asian subjects. In addition, another group of normal volunteers (39) were assessed as regard serum and 24-hour urinary iodide levels to gauge the iodide status of the community; the results were comparable to that of goitre-free regions of the world. Having established the range of values of normal thyroid function tests, 103 consecutive clinically thyrotoxic patients (both new and relapsed cases) were similarly studied in an attempt to elucidate the magnitude of the problem of T3 toxicosis, and its relation to the iodide status in Singapore. Only three clinically hyperthyroid patients were foudn to have normal PBI T3 levels. A detailed analysis and discussion of the data is presented. It is concluded that T3 toxicosis is a rarity in Singapore.", "contents": "T3 toxicosis and its relation to the iodide status in Singapore. Baseline thyroid function tests (including total serum thyroxine iodide-T4I, total serum tri-iodothyronine T3 as well as T3 Sephadex Uptake Studies (T3U)) were determined in 82 normal Asian subjects. In addition, another group of normal volunteers (39) were assessed as regard serum and 24-hour urinary iodide levels to gauge the iodide status of the community; the results were comparable to that of goitre-free regions of the world. Having established the range of values of normal thyroid function tests, 103 consecutive clinically thyrotoxic patients (both new and relapsed cases) were similarly studied in an attempt to elucidate the magnitude of the problem of T3 toxicosis, and its relation to the iodide status in Singapore. Only three clinically hyperthyroid patients were foudn to have normal PBI T3 levels. A detailed analysis and discussion of the data is presented. It is concluded that T3 toxicosis is a rarity in Singapore.", "PMID": 1070987}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6660", "title": "Hypokalaemia occurring during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.", "content": "Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was used to test pituitary function in six patients with suspected pituitary deficiency. In each, a fall in serum potassium concentration of from 0-63 to 1-48 mEq/litre (mean fall 1-10 mEq/litre +/- 0-30 SEM) was observed during the two hour period following administration of 1-15 units of insulin per kilogram body weight. In several patients the resulting hypokalaemia was at a level which has been associated with cardiac complications.", "contents": "Hypokalaemia occurring during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was used to test pituitary function in six patients with suspected pituitary deficiency. In each, a fall in serum potassium concentration of from 0-63 to 1-48 mEq/litre (mean fall 1-10 mEq/litre +/- 0-30 SEM) was observed during the two hour period following administration of 1-15 units of insulin per kilogram body weight. In several patients the resulting hypokalaemia was at a level which has been associated with cardiac complications.", "PMID": 1070988}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6661", "title": "Diabetes mellitus and tropical form of chronic calcific pancreatitis in Thailand.", "content": "Six cases of chronic calcific pancreatitis in Thailand occurring in patients aged 13 to 22 years are reported. Protein malnutrition was a possible aetiologic factor. Abdominal pain was mild to moderate and intermittent and not a presenting feature. Severe diabetes mellitus was present at all. Extensive pancreatic calcification was seeen on abdominal X-ray.", "contents": "Diabetes mellitus and tropical form of chronic calcific pancreatitis in Thailand. Six cases of chronic calcific pancreatitis in Thailand occurring in patients aged 13 to 22 years are reported. Protein malnutrition was a possible aetiologic factor. Abdominal pain was mild to moderate and intermittent and not a presenting feature. Severe diabetes mellitus was present at all. Extensive pancreatic calcification was seeen on abdominal X-ray.", "PMID": 1070989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6662", "title": "Thorotrast-induced haemangioendothelial sarcoma--a lesson from the past.", "content": "Complications following a carotid arteriogram done in 1947 with Thorotrast are described in a 47-year-old man who subsequently died from them in 1970. They included a local cervical granuloma with associated haemangioendothelial sarcoma, chromosome changes characteristic of radiation damage and widespread haemangioendothelial sarcomatous deposits in brain, lung, liver, probably arising from multicentric primary sites in the bone marrow. A survey of the use of Thorotrast as a contrast medium in Australia and New Zealand showed that its use was extremely limited. The prinicpal complications seen have been two cervical granulomas and one hepatoma.", "contents": "Thorotrast-induced haemangioendothelial sarcoma--a lesson from the past. Complications following a carotid arteriogram done in 1947 with Thorotrast are described in a 47-year-old man who subsequently died from them in 1970. They included a local cervical granuloma with associated haemangioendothelial sarcoma, chromosome changes characteristic of radiation damage and widespread haemangioendothelial sarcomatous deposits in brain, lung, liver, probably arising from multicentric primary sites in the bone marrow. A survey of the use of Thorotrast as a contrast medium in Australia and New Zealand showed that its use was extremely limited. The prinicpal complications seen have been two cervical granulomas and one hepatoma.", "PMID": 1070990}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6663", "title": "Myocardial infarction in Wegener's granulomatosis.", "content": "A case is described of a 28-year-old man who presented with a picture of classical Wegener's granulomatosis; and who, in the absence of fulminating renal or respiratory disease died from myocardial infarction. Other reports of cardiac involvement are discussed and compared with the picture presented by this patient.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in Wegener's granulomatosis. A case is described of a 28-year-old man who presented with a picture of classical Wegener's granulomatosis; and who, in the absence of fulminating renal or respiratory disease died from myocardial infarction. Other reports of cardiac involvement are discussed and compared with the picture presented by this patient.", "PMID": 1070991}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6664", "title": "An unusual case of local gigantism.", "content": "A 38-year-old female with an unusual degree of gigantism of the left leg is described. There was no other known association. Angiogram did not reveal any abnormality. The patient refused surgical intervention.", "contents": "An unusual case of local gigantism. A 38-year-old female with an unusual degree of gigantism of the left leg is described. There was no other known association. Angiogram did not reveal any abnormality. The patient refused surgical intervention.", "PMID": 1070992}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6665", "title": "Complement and the clinician.", "content": "The estimation of complement in serum, and in other body fluids, particularly synovial fluid, now has an established place in the assessment, prognosis and response to treatment of those diseases associated with immunological phenomena. Some knowledge of the complement sequence itself, the patterns characteristic of various disease processes and the interacting factors which may affect the levels of the various components have been summarised. Disease states closely resembling lupus erythematosus have been associated with genetically determined deficiencies of classic pathway components and deficiencies of terminal sequence components may lead to severe recurrent infections.", "contents": "Complement and the clinician. The estimation of complement in serum, and in other body fluids, particularly synovial fluid, now has an established place in the assessment, prognosis and response to treatment of those diseases associated with immunological phenomena. Some knowledge of the complement sequence itself, the patterns characteristic of various disease processes and the interacting factors which may affect the levels of the various components have been summarised. Disease states closely resembling lupus erythematosus have been associated with genetically determined deficiencies of classic pathway components and deficiencies of terminal sequence components may lead to severe recurrent infections.", "PMID": 1070993}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6666", "title": "Drug interactions in the management of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Only some of the areas of drug interactions of relevance to those treating rheumatic diseases have been mentioned and there are still enormous gaps in our knowledge. It is likely that some potential areas of danger have been over-emphasised, being based on speculation rather than real data or purely animal experiments using non-clinical doses of drugs. We are learning how certain drugs can stimulate or inhibit the metabolism of other drugs through effects on liver enzymes systems. For example, the metabolism of corticosteroids is induced by phenylbutazone (and also by phenobarbital and phenytoin). The patient with active rheumatoid arthritis with a low serum albumin would be unusually susceptible to changes induced by combinations of highly protein-bound anti-inflammatory drugs. Finally, although drug interactions are responsible for adverse effects it has been suggested that a more frequent cause of therapeutic failure is not drug interactions but the increase in the number of drug defaulters when more than one drug is prescribed.", "contents": "Drug interactions in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Only some of the areas of drug interactions of relevance to those treating rheumatic diseases have been mentioned and there are still enormous gaps in our knowledge. It is likely that some potential areas of danger have been over-emphasised, being based on speculation rather than real data or purely animal experiments using non-clinical doses of drugs. We are learning how certain drugs can stimulate or inhibit the metabolism of other drugs through effects on liver enzymes systems. For example, the metabolism of corticosteroids is induced by phenylbutazone (and also by phenobarbital and phenytoin). The patient with active rheumatoid arthritis with a low serum albumin would be unusually susceptible to changes induced by combinations of highly protein-bound anti-inflammatory drugs. Finally, although drug interactions are responsible for adverse effects it has been suggested that a more frequent cause of therapeutic failure is not drug interactions but the increase in the number of drug defaulters when more than one drug is prescribed.", "PMID": 1070994}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6667", "title": "Pathology, aetiology and pathogenesis of analgesic nephropathy.", "content": "1. The initial site of damage in analgesic abuse is the renal medulla and the characteristic lesion is renal papillary necrosis. The papillary necrosis appears to be an ischaemic infarct. The cortical lesion of chronic interstial nephritis is a non-specific change and secondary to obstruction to tubules in the necrotic medulla. 2. Medullary perfusion and the concentration mechanism appear to be important factors in the genesis of renal papillary necrosis. 3. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that abuse of compound analgesics containing aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine result in renal papillary necrosis and the clinical syndrome of analgesic nephropathy. In the APC mixture aspirin appears to be the major nephrotoxic agent while phenacetin plays a synergistic but secondary role in the renal nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Pathology, aetiology and pathogenesis of analgesic nephropathy. 1. The initial site of damage in analgesic abuse is the renal medulla and the characteristic lesion is renal papillary necrosis. The papillary necrosis appears to be an ischaemic infarct. The cortical lesion of chronic interstial nephritis is a non-specific change and secondary to obstruction to tubules in the necrotic medulla. 2. Medullary perfusion and the concentration mechanism appear to be important factors in the genesis of renal papillary necrosis. 3. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that abuse of compound analgesics containing aspirin, phenacetin and caffeine result in renal papillary necrosis and the clinical syndrome of analgesic nephropathy. In the APC mixture aspirin appears to be the major nephrotoxic agent while phenacetin plays a synergistic but secondary role in the renal nephrotoxicity.", "PMID": 1070995}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6668", "title": "Does aspirin play a role in analgesic nephropathy?", "content": "Using a compound analgesic mixture, it was found that renal pathology could be produced in rats if the analgesic mixture was administered as a concentrated aqueous suspension, but that development of renal pathology was not favored by hot, dry environmental conditions. Determination of whole body total salicylate concentrations in rats and humans receiving various doses of aspirin revealed that twice daily doses of 24, 60 and 125 mg/kg aspirin in the rat were equivalent to human doses of 8, 20 and (approximately) 40 ordinary 325 mg aspirin tablets daily. These doses of aspirin were then employed in a subchronic study of the nephrotoxicity of aspirin in the rat using the experimental design which maximized the nephrotoxic effects of the compound analgesic mixture. Six groups of ten male and ten female rats received aspirin orally at doses of 24,60 or 125 mg/kg twice a day five days a week for 12 weeks. Two additional groups of ten male and ten female rats received only the vehicle, at a volume equivalent to that received by the high dose group, and served as controls. Four groups (one each, control, low, mid-, and high dose) were denied access to water for 16 hours daily overnight. No pathologic renal changes were observed in any of the rats. These findings are consistent with a growing body of evidence, from both animal and human studies, that aspirin alone does not produce analgesic nephropathy.", "contents": "Does aspirin play a role in analgesic nephropathy? Using a compound analgesic mixture, it was found that renal pathology could be produced in rats if the analgesic mixture was administered as a concentrated aqueous suspension, but that development of renal pathology was not favored by hot, dry environmental conditions. Determination of whole body total salicylate concentrations in rats and humans receiving various doses of aspirin revealed that twice daily doses of 24, 60 and 125 mg/kg aspirin in the rat were equivalent to human doses of 8, 20 and (approximately) 40 ordinary 325 mg aspirin tablets daily. These doses of aspirin were then employed in a subchronic study of the nephrotoxicity of aspirin in the rat using the experimental design which maximized the nephrotoxic effects of the compound analgesic mixture. Six groups of ten male and ten female rats received aspirin orally at doses of 24,60 or 125 mg/kg twice a day five days a week for 12 weeks. Two additional groups of ten male and ten female rats received only the vehicle, at a volume equivalent to that received by the high dose group, and served as controls. Four groups (one each, control, low, mid-, and high dose) were denied access to water for 16 hours daily overnight. No pathologic renal changes were observed in any of the rats. These findings are consistent with a growing body of evidence, from both animal and human studies, that aspirin alone does not produce analgesic nephropathy.", "PMID": 1070998}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6669", "title": "Mental health services by and for Austrailian aborigines.", "content": "Based on a program developed for the Papago Indians of Arizona, five Australian Aborigines were trained as Behavioral Health workers, to deliver mental health services to their group. The problems of the Aborigines are very similar to those of the Indians. The training consisted of developing basic skills in interviewing, case indentification and several methods of intervention, including crisis intervention, family and alcoholism counselling. A mental health clinic was developed for the Aboriginal community for health services and training. Community projects and field trips were part of the training, as was report writing, record keeping and presentations to professional groups.", "contents": "Mental health services by and for Austrailian aborigines. Based on a program developed for the Papago Indians of Arizona, five Australian Aborigines were trained as Behavioral Health workers, to deliver mental health services to their group. The problems of the Aborigines are very similar to those of the Indians. The training consisted of developing basic skills in interviewing, case indentification and several methods of intervention, including crisis intervention, family and alcoholism counselling. A mental health clinic was developed for the Aboriginal community for health services and training. Community projects and field trips were part of the training, as was report writing, record keeping and presentations to professional groups.", "PMID": 1070999}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6670", "title": "Social geography of suicidal behaviour in Hobart.", "content": "Psychological notions are required to explain geographical patterns. Mapping and statistical analysis for years 1971, 1973, 1974 and half of 1975 revealed that attempted suicide occurs commonly in the area surrounding the central business area of urban Hobart and also in the older housing department areas. Physical patterns and social structure are related in a tangible way for the expression of suicidal behaviour in a spatial pattern.", "contents": "Social geography of suicidal behaviour in Hobart. Psychological notions are required to explain geographical patterns. Mapping and statistical analysis for years 1971, 1973, 1974 and half of 1975 revealed that attempted suicide occurs commonly in the area surrounding the central business area of urban Hobart and also in the older housing department areas. Physical patterns and social structure are related in a tangible way for the expression of suicidal behaviour in a spatial pattern.", "PMID": 1071001}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6671", "title": "Family interaction and adolescent suicidal behaviour: a preliminary investigation.", "content": "While investigators have emphasized the importance of familial relations in the production of suicidal behaviour in adolescence, experimental evaluation of specific family interaction processes has, thus far, been neglected. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible relationships between adolescent suicidal behaviour and total on-going family functioning. Hypotheses were advanced to evaluate the communication, interaction and reinforcement patterns in families. A modified revealed differences technique was employed to elicit standardized segments of interaction which were video-taped and later studied by two independent raters. The sample consisted of twelve individually matched, intact family tetrads, six normal (N) and six containing an adolescent female who had exhibited suicidal behaviour (SM). Results suggest that SM families constitute a malfunctioning system which can be differentiated from that of normal samples. As compared with the N group, SM family interaction evidenced less effective productivity, specificity, and adaptive interaction, and higher rates of conflict and negative reinforcement. Overall findings were discussed in terms of current family theory and their possible relationship to the genesis, maintenance and management of some classes of suicidal behaviour.", "contents": "Family interaction and adolescent suicidal behaviour: a preliminary investigation. While investigators have emphasized the importance of familial relations in the production of suicidal behaviour in adolescence, experimental evaluation of specific family interaction processes has, thus far, been neglected. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible relationships between adolescent suicidal behaviour and total on-going family functioning. Hypotheses were advanced to evaluate the communication, interaction and reinforcement patterns in families. A modified revealed differences technique was employed to elicit standardized segments of interaction which were video-taped and later studied by two independent raters. The sample consisted of twelve individually matched, intact family tetrads, six normal (N) and six containing an adolescent female who had exhibited suicidal behaviour (SM). Results suggest that SM families constitute a malfunctioning system which can be differentiated from that of normal samples. As compared with the N group, SM family interaction evidenced less effective productivity, specificity, and adaptive interaction, and higher rates of conflict and negative reinforcement. Overall findings were discussed in terms of current family theory and their possible relationship to the genesis, maintenance and management of some classes of suicidal behaviour.", "PMID": 1071002}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6672", "title": "Borges, Luria and hypermnesia--a note.", "content": "Similarities between a fictional and an actual case of hypermnesia are presented. The question whether the fictional character could have been based on the real person is considered from various angles. No definite conclusion is reached.", "contents": "Borges, Luria and hypermnesia--a note. Similarities between a fictional and an actual case of hypermnesia are presented. The question whether the fictional character could have been based on the real person is considered from various angles. No definite conclusion is reached.", "PMID": 1071003}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6673", "title": "Conners Teacher Questionnaire--norms and validity.", "content": "A random sample of Auckland elementary school children (N=418) were rated by their teachers on Conners Teacher Questionnaire, one of the measures recommended by the National Institute of Mental Health for use in drug studies with children. Norms were found to be comparable with a New York sample on two of the four factors but children from a Midwestern university town differed substantially from the New Zealand and New York groups so that further standardisation work is necessary. A replica of Conners factor structure was also attempted and the results compared additionally with a similar U.S. study. It was concluded that despite some definite differences, the original factor structure appeared sufficiently stable across studies not to change the present scoring system except to add the Sociability Factor. The tendencies for boys to be rated higher on acting out type behaviors and girls on neurotic symptoms is consistent with clinical experience and previous studies.", "contents": "Conners Teacher Questionnaire--norms and validity. A random sample of Auckland elementary school children (N=418) were rated by their teachers on Conners Teacher Questionnaire, one of the measures recommended by the National Institute of Mental Health for use in drug studies with children. Norms were found to be comparable with a New York sample on two of the four factors but children from a Midwestern university town differed substantially from the New Zealand and New York groups so that further standardisation work is necessary. A replica of Conners factor structure was also attempted and the results compared additionally with a similar U.S. study. It was concluded that despite some definite differences, the original factor structure appeared sufficiently stable across studies not to change the present scoring system except to add the Sociability Factor. The tendencies for boys to be rated higher on acting out type behaviors and girls on neurotic symptoms is consistent with clinical experience and previous studies.", "PMID": 1071004}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6674", "title": "Evaluation of an inpatient service by consumer feedback.", "content": "Over the past few years, the Sound View-Throgs Neck Community Mental Health Center has conducted a number of studies of client satisfaction with our services. The findings suggest that the majority of clients are generally satisfied with the help they receive. However, the level of satisfaction apparently depends on specific aspects or features of the program being evaluated, as well as the particular unit which is providing the services. We have used face-to-face, telephone, and mail survey procedures in these studies; and we have sampled both clients who have completed their treatment and those in the early phases of the treatment process. In one of the studies, the former SVTN-CMHC patients we surveyed had been hospitalized in the inpatient unit located at Bronx Municipal Hospital Center. We randomly selected one hundred patients who had been discharged from the unit during the first six months of 1971. After excluding children under the age of sixteen, patients who were subsequently hospitalized or were too symptomatic to be interviewed, and those living outside New York City, we interviewed twenty-five ex-patients. We asked questions about their feelings related to the need for hospitalization, their present problems, whether hospitalization had helped them, their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with ward life, and their feelings about discharge. The results indicated that these ex-patients felt at least moderately satisfied with their hospital experience. However, they were relatively dissatisfied with provisions for privacy on the ward, the fact that doctors and other hospital staff were not readily available to them, the doctor's understanding of their problems, and the evening recreation programs. There was some discrepancy between the ratings, which were mostly favorable, and the comments, which were predominantly unfavorable. There are various possible explanations for this, ranging from the limited validity of rating items in such a study to the possibility that this group of ex-patients were so accustomed to negative experiences that their overall assessments were not significantly influenced by them. There is some possibility that the highly positive ratings may stem from an unexpected source. For approximately half of the sample, the major purpose of hospitalization was to provide an opportunity to get away from their usual surroundings. The in-hospital treatment per se was relatively unimportant to them, and their favorable ratings may be a way of indicating that the hospital simply served as a refuge, which they were seeking. Since a patient may approach the hospital with self-defined needs either for treatment or mainly for refuge--it may be worth while to provide alternative programs to meet these different needs. A \"refuge\" program, for example, may not require an in-hospital environment; and even if it does, the staffing pattern should be different from that of a hospital with a treatment-oriented program.", "contents": "Evaluation of an inpatient service by consumer feedback. Over the past few years, the Sound View-Throgs Neck Community Mental Health Center has conducted a number of studies of client satisfaction with our services. The findings suggest that the majority of clients are generally satisfied with the help they receive. However, the level of satisfaction apparently depends on specific aspects or features of the program being evaluated, as well as the particular unit which is providing the services. We have used face-to-face, telephone, and mail survey procedures in these studies; and we have sampled both clients who have completed their treatment and those in the early phases of the treatment process. In one of the studies, the former SVTN-CMHC patients we surveyed had been hospitalized in the inpatient unit located at Bronx Municipal Hospital Center. We randomly selected one hundred patients who had been discharged from the unit during the first six months of 1971. After excluding children under the age of sixteen, patients who were subsequently hospitalized or were too symptomatic to be interviewed, and those living outside New York City, we interviewed twenty-five ex-patients. We asked questions about their feelings related to the need for hospitalization, their present problems, whether hospitalization had helped them, their satisfaction or dissatisfaction with ward life, and their feelings about discharge. The results indicated that these ex-patients felt at least moderately satisfied with their hospital experience. However, they were relatively dissatisfied with provisions for privacy on the ward, the fact that doctors and other hospital staff were not readily available to them, the doctor's understanding of their problems, and the evening recreation programs. There was some discrepancy between the ratings, which were mostly favorable, and the comments, which were predominantly unfavorable. There are various possible explanations for this, ranging from the limited validity of rating items in such a study to the possibility that this group of ex-patients were so accustomed to negative experiences that their overall assessments were not significantly influenced by them. There is some possibility that the highly positive ratings may stem from an unexpected source. For approximately half of the sample, the major purpose of hospitalization was to provide an opportunity to get away from their usual surroundings. The in-hospital treatment per se was relatively unimportant to them, and their favorable ratings may be a way of indicating that the hospital simply served as a refuge, which they were seeking. Since a patient may approach the hospital with self-defined needs either for treatment or mainly for refuge--it may be worth while to provide alternative programs to meet these different needs. A \"refuge\" program, for example, may not require an in-hospital environment; and even if it does, the staffing pattern should be different from that of a hospital with a treatment-oriented program.", "PMID": 1071005}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6675", "title": "Risk-taking propensity, depression and parasuicide.", "content": "One hundred patients admitted consecutively to an inpatient psychiatric unit were given questionnaires to measure risk-taking propensity and depression. The purpose was to study the relationship between risk-taking, depression, and recent suicide attempts. It was found that depressed patients showed a bimodal clustering towards the extremes of risk-taking. There was a history of suicide attempts only when a certain threshold of risk-taking was exceeded. These findings are discussed with relation to defensive styles of psychological adaptation and to arousal thresholds.", "contents": "Risk-taking propensity, depression and parasuicide. One hundred patients admitted consecutively to an inpatient psychiatric unit were given questionnaires to measure risk-taking propensity and depression. The purpose was to study the relationship between risk-taking, depression, and recent suicide attempts. It was found that depressed patients showed a bimodal clustering towards the extremes of risk-taking. There was a history of suicide attempts only when a certain threshold of risk-taking was exceeded. These findings are discussed with relation to defensive styles of psychological adaptation and to arousal thresholds.", "PMID": 1071006}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6676", "title": "The Little Nell Complex--an Oedipal variant.", "content": "An oedipal relationship between a girl and her grandfather might be named the \"Little Nell Complex\" after Dickens' description of the close relationship between thirteen year old Little Nell and her grandfather in \"The Old Curiosity Shop\". A clinical illustration of a Little Nell Complex is described in a seventeen year old girl who presented with depression following the death of her grandmother. Oedipal complexes existing between the patient and her parents, the patient and her grandparents, and between the patient's mother and her parents, are described. In offering notations the \"erotic\" component of the Oedipus complex has usually received more attention than the \"attachment\" component. It is felt that Bowlby's concepts of attachment behaviour may be useful in the consideration of oedipal behaviour and in the structuring of therapy.", "contents": "The Little Nell Complex--an Oedipal variant. An oedipal relationship between a girl and her grandfather might be named the \"Little Nell Complex\" after Dickens' description of the close relationship between thirteen year old Little Nell and her grandfather in \"The Old Curiosity Shop\". A clinical illustration of a Little Nell Complex is described in a seventeen year old girl who presented with depression following the death of her grandmother. Oedipal complexes existing between the patient and her parents, the patient and her grandparents, and between the patient's mother and her parents, are described. In offering notations the \"erotic\" component of the Oedipus complex has usually received more attention than the \"attachment\" component. It is felt that Bowlby's concepts of attachment behaviour may be useful in the consideration of oedipal behaviour and in the structuring of therapy.", "PMID": 1071007}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6677", "title": "Unexpected recoveries from chronic severe psychiatric illness during treatment by psychological modes.", "content": "Four patients with psychotic illnesses and two with obsessional neuroses made unexpected recoveries attributable to psychological processes. They had been ill for periods ranging from 6 months to 19 years before first seen. All had physical therapies of several kinds including one who had approximately 500 ECT and another who had bimedial lobotomy. Follow-up after recoveries ranged from 6 to 24 years. In two cases psychotherapy (psychoanalytically orientated) was significant. Changed family dynamics, the support of a psychopomp, and the mobilisation of previously unrealized ego-resources were other significant psychological processes. Exhaustive re-evaluation of patients resistant to physical therapies is urged.", "contents": "Unexpected recoveries from chronic severe psychiatric illness during treatment by psychological modes. Four patients with psychotic illnesses and two with obsessional neuroses made unexpected recoveries attributable to psychological processes. They had been ill for periods ranging from 6 months to 19 years before first seen. All had physical therapies of several kinds including one who had approximately 500 ECT and another who had bimedial lobotomy. Follow-up after recoveries ranged from 6 to 24 years. In two cases psychotherapy (psychoanalytically orientated) was significant. Changed family dynamics, the support of a psychopomp, and the mobilisation of previously unrealized ego-resources were other significant psychological processes. Exhaustive re-evaluation of patients resistant to physical therapies is urged.", "PMID": 1071008}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6678", "title": "A preliminary study on humoral control of granulopoiesis in primary myelofibrosis and chronic granulocytic leukaemia.", "content": "The extent of the urine Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF/u), as well as the Colony Stimulating Activity (CSA) of peripheral-white blood cells (WBC) were evaluated in two groups of patients with myeloproliferative disorders, at the disease onset. The first patient group deals with Primary Myelofibrosis (PM), whereas the second group deals with Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia (CGL). The Stanley technique was used for the above-mentioned assay, and in each group of patients either human or murine bone-marrow cell-suspensions were cultivated. In all patients with PM, a low CSF/u was detected, while patients with CGL showed a high CSF/u, regardless whether Ph1-positive or not. CSA of WBC in the PM-group was normal. In contrast, a significant low CSA in the CGL-group was noted. This fact could be of some importance in differentiating the two disorders at their onset.", "contents": "A preliminary study on humoral control of granulopoiesis in primary myelofibrosis and chronic granulocytic leukaemia. The extent of the urine Colony Stimulating Factor (CSF/u), as well as the Colony Stimulating Activity (CSA) of peripheral-white blood cells (WBC) were evaluated in two groups of patients with myeloproliferative disorders, at the disease onset. The first patient group deals with Primary Myelofibrosis (PM), whereas the second group deals with Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia (CGL). The Stanley technique was used for the above-mentioned assay, and in each group of patients either human or murine bone-marrow cell-suspensions were cultivated. In all patients with PM, a low CSF/u was detected, while patients with CGL showed a high CSF/u, regardless whether Ph1-positive or not. CSA of WBC in the PM-group was normal. In contrast, a significant low CSA in the CGL-group was noted. This fact could be of some importance in differentiating the two disorders at their onset.", "PMID": 1071009}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6679", "title": "Cytotoxic antibodies to human leukaemia cells in normal human sera.", "content": "Antibodies cytotoxic for human leukaemia cells were demonstrated in the serum of normal individuals: two of them being the fathers of leukaemia children, the third one being a normal unrelated donor. One of these sera (obtained from the father of an eight years old girl with acute myeloblastic leukaemia) appears to react widely with cells from acute leukaemias, both lymphoid and myeloid. On the other hand, the serum obtained from the normal blood donor appears to react almost exclusively with cells from acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, and more especially with those which do not form rosettes with sheep red cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxic antibodies to human leukaemia cells in normal human sera. Antibodies cytotoxic for human leukaemia cells were demonstrated in the serum of normal individuals: two of them being the fathers of leukaemia children, the third one being a normal unrelated donor. One of these sera (obtained from the father of an eight years old girl with acute myeloblastic leukaemia) appears to react widely with cells from acute leukaemias, both lymphoid and myeloid. On the other hand, the serum obtained from the normal blood donor appears to react almost exclusively with cells from acute lymphoblastic leukaemias, and more especially with those which do not form rosettes with sheep red cells.", "PMID": 1071010}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6680", "title": "Deoxyribonucleases activities in human leukemic cells and mouse lymphoblasts.", "content": "The deoxyribonuclease activities from human lymphocytes have been compared with the activities from acute lymphocytic leukemic cells and mouse leukemic cells L5178Y using the in situ detection of deoxyribonucleases in DNA-containing polyacrylamide gels following their separation by micro-disc-electrophoresis. A neutral deoxyribonuclease activity is completely missing in leukemic cells of untreated patients while a group of acid deoxyribonuclease activities is increased. A similar deoxyribonuclease pattern can be seen in L5178Y cells. Under medical treatment the increment of the acid deoxyribonuclease activities disappears and the neutral deoxyribonuclease activity reappears.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleases activities in human leukemic cells and mouse lymphoblasts. The deoxyribonuclease activities from human lymphocytes have been compared with the activities from acute lymphocytic leukemic cells and mouse leukemic cells L5178Y using the in situ detection of deoxyribonucleases in DNA-containing polyacrylamide gels following their separation by micro-disc-electrophoresis. A neutral deoxyribonuclease activity is completely missing in leukemic cells of untreated patients while a group of acid deoxyribonuclease activities is increased. A similar deoxyribonuclease pattern can be seen in L5178Y cells. Under medical treatment the increment of the acid deoxyribonuclease activities disappears and the neutral deoxyribonuclease activity reappears.", "PMID": 1071014}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6681", "title": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia associated with nitrosourea chemotherapy: report of two cases.", "content": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia developed in two patients who were treated postoperatively with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Both patients survived more than 4 years after the diagnosis of brain tumor, and both had extended periods of myelosuppression secondary to nitrosourea chemotherapy. Nitrosourea therapy may have facilitated the development of acute leukemia in these patients.", "contents": "Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia associated with nitrosourea chemotherapy: report of two cases. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia developed in two patients who were treated postoperatively with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Both patients survived more than 4 years after the diagnosis of brain tumor, and both had extended periods of myelosuppression secondary to nitrosourea chemotherapy. Nitrosourea therapy may have facilitated the development of acute leukemia in these patients.", "PMID": 1071015}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6682", "title": "[Transient blood modifications of glycolysis in hypercapnic patients with artificial ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten patients with respiratory insufficiency (mean age: 63 years) are studied during the first 12 hours of intubation and assisted ventilation by a strong volumic respirator (Bennett MA1, FIO2: 0.40). Arterial blood samples are taken before, and after 30 min, one, two, four, six and 12 hours of assisted ventilation, for measurement of blood gases, acid-base equilibrium, haemoglobin and haematocrit, and, by various enzymatic methods, of lactate, pyruvate, ATP and 2,3-DPG concentrations. The PaCO2 rapidly decreases from 75 to 44 mmHg within 30 min ventilation. At the same time, SH+] decreases from 50 to 34 nmol/l. This \"reventilation alkalosis\" is still more marked later on (PaCO2: 34 mmHg; H+: nmol/l at the sixth hour). The mean PaO2 remains to about 70 mmHg during the assisted ventilation. The glycemia varies little and remains at a high level (140 mg%). The arterial blood lactate concentration progressively increases (from 1.6 to 2.5 mmol/l) at the second hour of ventilation, then decreases to 1.8 mmol/l at the 12th hour. The arterial blood pyruvate concentration also increases, with a peak at the fourth hour. The 2,3-DPG concentration significantly increases from the fourth hour on, whilst the blood ATP decrease is already significant at the first hour of assisted ventilation. These transient changes in glycolysis in chronic hypercapnic patients during assisted ventilation are similar to those observed in the dog when PaCO2 is rapidly normalized after a long term hypercapnia.", "contents": "[Transient blood modifications of glycolysis in hypercapnic patients with artificial ventilation (author's transl)]. Ten patients with respiratory insufficiency (mean age: 63 years) are studied during the first 12 hours of intubation and assisted ventilation by a strong volumic respirator (Bennett MA1, FIO2: 0.40). Arterial blood samples are taken before, and after 30 min, one, two, four, six and 12 hours of assisted ventilation, for measurement of blood gases, acid-base equilibrium, haemoglobin and haematocrit, and, by various enzymatic methods, of lactate, pyruvate, ATP and 2,3-DPG concentrations. The PaCO2 rapidly decreases from 75 to 44 mmHg within 30 min ventilation. At the same time, SH+] decreases from 50 to 34 nmol/l. This \"reventilation alkalosis\" is still more marked later on (PaCO2: 34 mmHg; H+: nmol/l at the sixth hour). The mean PaO2 remains to about 70 mmHg during the assisted ventilation. The glycemia varies little and remains at a high level (140 mg%). The arterial blood lactate concentration progressively increases (from 1.6 to 2.5 mmol/l) at the second hour of ventilation, then decreases to 1.8 mmol/l at the 12th hour. The arterial blood pyruvate concentration also increases, with a peak at the fourth hour. The 2,3-DPG concentration significantly increases from the fourth hour on, whilst the blood ATP decrease is already significant at the first hour of assisted ventilation. These transient changes in glycolysis in chronic hypercapnic patients during assisted ventilation are similar to those observed in the dog when PaCO2 is rapidly normalized after a long term hypercapnia.", "PMID": 1071011}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6683", "title": "Tumor detection in extremities of man with 99mTc-tetracycline.", "content": "Twelve patients with tumors and three with osteitis of the extremities were studied using 99mTc-labelled tetracycline in order to image the process with gamma camera. The diagnosis of all cases were verified histologically. The labelled tetracycline was found to give positive images for the most malignant tumors and active osteitis which together comprised about half of the studied cases.", "contents": "Tumor detection in extremities of man with 99mTc-tetracycline. Twelve patients with tumors and three with osteitis of the extremities were studied using 99mTc-labelled tetracycline in order to image the process with gamma camera. The diagnosis of all cases were verified histologically. The labelled tetracycline was found to give positive images for the most malignant tumors and active osteitis which together comprised about half of the studied cases.", "PMID": 1071035}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6684", "title": "Myelodysplasia: the natural history of kyphosis and scoliosis. A preliminary report.", "content": "The results of this study support the concept that the levels of the bifid vertebral arch and of functional motor activity are significant influences on the development of scoliosis and kyphosis in patients born with myelodysplasia. 'Significant' degrees of scoliosis and kyphosis may appear at any time during life, but most frequently occur during late childhood or adolescence. Not all 'significant' curvatures require treatment, nor do all children with myelodysplasia and factors predisposing to kyphosis and scoliosis develop these complications. It is believed that the preliminary cumulative percentage curves presented in this study will be of value in counselling parents of afflicted newborn infants, and in planning the management of patients born with myelodysplasia.", "contents": "Myelodysplasia: the natural history of kyphosis and scoliosis. A preliminary report. The results of this study support the concept that the levels of the bifid vertebral arch and of functional motor activity are significant influences on the development of scoliosis and kyphosis in patients born with myelodysplasia. 'Significant' degrees of scoliosis and kyphosis may appear at any time during life, but most frequently occur during late childhood or adolescence. Not all 'significant' curvatures require treatment, nor do all children with myelodysplasia and factors predisposing to kyphosis and scoliosis develop these complications. It is believed that the preliminary cumulative percentage curves presented in this study will be of value in counselling parents of afflicted newborn infants, and in planning the management of patients born with myelodysplasia.", "PMID": 1071079}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6685", "title": "Gliosis and aqueductule formation in the aqueduct of Sylvius.", "content": "A study was made of the cerebral aqueducts of 30 children with hydrocephalus but without myelomeningocele. A sequence of events is demonstrated which suggests a mechanism of aqueductule formation and burial of ependymal cells. The cellularity of areas of gliosis may normally decrease and resemble normal neural tissue, but occasionally activity is perpetuated by continuing irritants. The only evidence of gliosis long after the event may be the presence of buried ependymal cells or aqueductules, The presence of a small aqueductal 'ghost' and ciliated columnar epithelial lining suggests an intra-uterine timing of the insult.", "contents": "Gliosis and aqueductule formation in the aqueduct of Sylvius. A study was made of the cerebral aqueducts of 30 children with hydrocephalus but without myelomeningocele. A sequence of events is demonstrated which suggests a mechanism of aqueductule formation and burial of ependymal cells. The cellularity of areas of gliosis may normally decrease and resemble normal neural tissue, but occasionally activity is perpetuated by continuing irritants. The only evidence of gliosis long after the event may be the presence of buried ependymal cells or aqueductules, The presence of a small aqueductal 'ghost' and ciliated columnar epithelial lining suggests an intra-uterine timing of the insult.", "PMID": 1071080}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6686", "title": "Preliminary studies on the impregnation of silastic elastomers with antimicrobial substances.", "content": "This study of the effects of various factors on the antibacterial activity of gentamicin-impregnated Silastic has shown that it is unaffected by autoclaving and storage. It has also shown that this activity persists for long periods under crudely simulated in-use conditions. This form of Silastic will be studied further in an attempt to evaluate the kinetics of gentamicin diffusion within it, and to investigate its possible use in preventing colonisation of Holter shunts.", "contents": "Preliminary studies on the impregnation of silastic elastomers with antimicrobial substances. This study of the effects of various factors on the antibacterial activity of gentamicin-impregnated Silastic has shown that it is unaffected by autoclaving and storage. It has also shown that this activity persists for long periods under crudely simulated in-use conditions. This form of Silastic will be studied further in an attempt to evaluate the kinetics of gentamicin diffusion within it, and to investigate its possible use in preventing colonisation of Holter shunts.", "PMID": 1071081}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6687", "title": "Once a shunt, always a shunt?", "content": "Over a period of 15 years, during which some 1000 operations were performed, CSF-drainage systems were able to be removed in 40 of a total of 444 children with communicating hydrocephalus or hydrocephalus associated with myelomeningocele. Shunts were removed from 26 children in the former group, of whom 17 continued to be compensated; in the latter group there were 14 removals, all of whom remained compensated. It is stressed that true compensation can be proven only by continuous measurement of ventricular fluid pressure over periods of several hours or at intervals of days or weeks, and four cases are discussed in which decompensation occurred, in two cases with fatal results.", "contents": "Once a shunt, always a shunt? Over a period of 15 years, during which some 1000 operations were performed, CSF-drainage systems were able to be removed in 40 of a total of 444 children with communicating hydrocephalus or hydrocephalus associated with myelomeningocele. Shunts were removed from 26 children in the former group, of whom 17 continued to be compensated; in the latter group there were 14 removals, all of whom remained compensated. It is stressed that true compensation can be proven only by continuous measurement of ventricular fluid pressure over periods of several hours or at intervals of days or weeks, and four cases are discussed in which decompensation occurred, in two cases with fatal results.", "PMID": 1071082}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6688", "title": "Skull changes and intellectual status in hydrocephalic children following CSF shunting.", "content": "A total of 76 shunt-treated hydrocephalic children were examined at least once between two and 12-years after surgery to determine what skull changes had occurred and to assess the children's intellectual status. The high incidence of skull changes in shunt-treated, non-tumoral, hydrocephalic children was confirmed. A strict relationship existed between skull changes and low intracranial pressure. The results indicate that impairment of mental development parallels the degree of skull changes, suggesting a close relationship between impaired mental development and cerebrospinal fluid hypotension.", "contents": "Skull changes and intellectual status in hydrocephalic children following CSF shunting. A total of 76 shunt-treated hydrocephalic children were examined at least once between two and 12-years after surgery to determine what skull changes had occurred and to assess the children's intellectual status. The high incidence of skull changes in shunt-treated, non-tumoral, hydrocephalic children was confirmed. A strict relationship existed between skull changes and low intracranial pressure. The results indicate that impairment of mental development parallels the degree of skull changes, suggesting a close relationship between impaired mental development and cerebrospinal fluid hypotension.", "PMID": 1071083}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6689", "title": "Isolation and characterization of high and low differentiation-inducible Friend leukemia lines.", "content": "Induction of erythrodifferentiation was carried out by addition of dimenthyl sulfoxide or butyric acid to the culture medium among 80 subclones of T-3-Cl-2 Friend mouse leukemia line. Hemoglobin-positive cells were counted on day 5 of the inducer treatment on the hemocytometer after benzidine staining. Some cell lines were indicible by both of the inducers, but others were insensitive to dimethyl sulfoxide, but sensitive to butyric acid. Eight characteristic T-3-Cl-2 subclones have been selected; 2 highly inducible, 2 moderately inducible, and 4 minimally inducible. The data of differentiation inducibility together with the history of the T-3-Cl-2 line may facilitate extensive application of the T-3-Cl-2 system.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of high and low differentiation-inducible Friend leukemia lines. Induction of erythrodifferentiation was carried out by addition of dimenthyl sulfoxide or butyric acid to the culture medium among 80 subclones of T-3-Cl-2 Friend mouse leukemia line. Hemoglobin-positive cells were counted on day 5 of the inducer treatment on the hemocytometer after benzidine staining. Some cell lines were indicible by both of the inducers, but others were insensitive to dimethyl sulfoxide, but sensitive to butyric acid. Eight characteristic T-3-Cl-2 subclones have been selected; 2 highly inducible, 2 moderately inducible, and 4 minimally inducible. The data of differentiation inducibility together with the history of the T-3-Cl-2 line may facilitate extensive application of the T-3-Cl-2 system.", "PMID": 1071084}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6690", "title": "Experimental enzyme replacement in genetic and other disorders.", "content": "To correct a genetic defect, it would not be enough, say, to inject the missing enzyme, since the body's immune defenses would rapidly destroy it. A \"Trojan horse\" is needed to evade immune surveillance. The evolution of such an approach is described, as well as how it has been used to \"cure\" Tay-Sachs disease in culture, utilizing immunoglobulin-disguised liposomes to bring hexosaminidase A to deficient cells.", "contents": "Experimental enzyme replacement in genetic and other disorders. To correct a genetic defect, it would not be enough, say, to inject the missing enzyme, since the body's immune defenses would rapidly destroy it. A \"Trojan horse\" is needed to evade immune surveillance. The evolution of such an approach is described, as well as how it has been used to \"cure\" Tay-Sachs disease in culture, utilizing immunoglobulin-disguised liposomes to bring hexosaminidase A to deficient cells.", "PMID": 1071086}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6691", "title": "Fibrosarcoma of bone. A demographic, clinical and histopathological study of all cases recorded in the Swedish cancer registry from 1958 to 1968.", "content": "The clinical records, radiographs and histopathological material of all forty-one patients recorded as suffering from fibrosarcoma of bone in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 to 1968 have been analysed; in addition, four cases were found on histological review of a series of osteosarcomas. From this re-examination, twenty-four patients with genuine fibrosarcoma of bone were identified; twenty-two had primary neoplasms and two secondary. No sex or geographical differences were found. The tumours showed a prevalence for patients in the adult and older age groups. Half of the tumours arose from femoral or tibial metaphysial bone adjacent to a knee joint. All the tumours were of the medullary type. Almost one-third presented with a pathological fracture, and soft-tissue extension had occurred in all but three tumours. In contrast to previous reports, these tumours were more malignant than osteosarcomas and showed a five-year survival rate of only 4-2 per cent. In accessible sites, ablative surgery was used as the primary treatment, Fibrosarcoma of bone is a distinctive lesion and should be distinguished carefully from periosteal and soft-tissue fibrosarcomas because of differences in prognosis and treatment.", "contents": "Fibrosarcoma of bone. A demographic, clinical and histopathological study of all cases recorded in the Swedish cancer registry from 1958 to 1968. The clinical records, radiographs and histopathological material of all forty-one patients recorded as suffering from fibrosarcoma of bone in the Swedish Cancer Registry for the years 1958 to 1968 have been analysed; in addition, four cases were found on histological review of a series of osteosarcomas. From this re-examination, twenty-four patients with genuine fibrosarcoma of bone were identified; twenty-two had primary neoplasms and two secondary. No sex or geographical differences were found. The tumours showed a prevalence for patients in the adult and older age groups. Half of the tumours arose from femoral or tibial metaphysial bone adjacent to a knee joint. All the tumours were of the medullary type. Almost one-third presented with a pathological fracture, and soft-tissue extension had occurred in all but three tumours. In contrast to previous reports, these tumours were more malignant than osteosarcomas and showed a five-year survival rate of only 4-2 per cent. In accessible sites, ablative surgery was used as the primary treatment, Fibrosarcoma of bone is a distinctive lesion and should be distinguished carefully from periosteal and soft-tissue fibrosarcomas because of differences in prognosis and treatment.", "PMID": 1071089}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6692", "title": "Metastatic spread of fibrosarcoma of bone; A report on forty-nine cases, and a comparison with osteosarcoma.", "content": "Of tumours arising in otherwise normal bones, fibrosarcoma is about one-third as common as osteosarcoma and may have a very slightly better prognosis. A comparison of the aetiology and behaviour of forty-nine fibrosarcomata and 152 osteosarcomata indicates several similar features. Fibrosarcoma lacks the characteristic peak incidence in adolescence of osteosarcoma, but the age and sex distributions of both tumour types in patients of middle life--twenty-five to sixty-five years--are remarkably similar, even in their frequency. With fibrosarcoma, perhaps, lung metastases are fewer and appear later, thus contributing to the slightly better survival, but there is some increase in the proportion of extra-pulmonary secondaries. As with osteosarcoma, patients with fibrosarcoma show some increase in the length of post-metastatic survival when metastases are of later appearance. For the whole series the five-year crude survival rate was 21 per cent, better results being recorded for patients with histologically well differentiated tumours (30 per cent) and for long bone tumours when the patient was metastasis-free initially and the tumour was treated by prompt ablation (40 per cent). These are probably the best results one may expect for osseous fibrosarcoma without recourse to adjuvant antimetastatic therapy. Complete control of the primary tumour is likewise mandatory, and can be assured only by complete surgical removal when this is technically feasible.", "contents": "Metastatic spread of fibrosarcoma of bone; A report on forty-nine cases, and a comparison with osteosarcoma. Of tumours arising in otherwise normal bones, fibrosarcoma is about one-third as common as osteosarcoma and may have a very slightly better prognosis. A comparison of the aetiology and behaviour of forty-nine fibrosarcomata and 152 osteosarcomata indicates several similar features. Fibrosarcoma lacks the characteristic peak incidence in adolescence of osteosarcoma, but the age and sex distributions of both tumour types in patients of middle life--twenty-five to sixty-five years--are remarkably similar, even in their frequency. With fibrosarcoma, perhaps, lung metastases are fewer and appear later, thus contributing to the slightly better survival, but there is some increase in the proportion of extra-pulmonary secondaries. As with osteosarcoma, patients with fibrosarcoma show some increase in the length of post-metastatic survival when metastases are of later appearance. For the whole series the five-year crude survival rate was 21 per cent, better results being recorded for patients with histologically well differentiated tumours (30 per cent) and for long bone tumours when the patient was metastasis-free initially and the tumour was treated by prompt ablation (40 per cent). These are probably the best results one may expect for osseous fibrosarcoma without recourse to adjuvant antimetastatic therapy. Complete control of the primary tumour is likewise mandatory, and can be assured only by complete surgical removal when this is technically feasible.", "PMID": 1071090}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6693", "title": "Wholebody autoradiography: a beta-radioluminescence method for detecting tritium.", "content": "A method of increasing the sensitivity of X-ray film for the wholebody autoradiography of tritiated compounds is described. Thirty micrometre sections are sprayed with a scintillator, Diphenyl oxazole (PPO) and exposed to light sensitive (screen) X-ray film at -70 degrees C. The method permits a substantial reduction in the required dose of tritium and of the period of exposure of tissue sections.", "contents": "Wholebody autoradiography: a beta-radioluminescence method for detecting tritium. A method of increasing the sensitivity of X-ray film for the wholebody autoradiography of tritiated compounds is described. Thirty micrometre sections are sprayed with a scintillator, Diphenyl oxazole (PPO) and exposed to light sensitive (screen) X-ray film at -70 degrees C. The method permits a substantial reduction in the required dose of tritium and of the period of exposure of tissue sections.", "PMID": 1071116}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6694", "title": "A standard field area frame for use in automatic image analysis.", "content": "Thin, copper electroformed microcomponents have been used to provide standard field area frames for comparative cell counting techniques using automatic image analysis. The design of the frames and the technique for using them is outlined.", "contents": "A standard field area frame for use in automatic image analysis. Thin, copper electroformed microcomponents have been used to provide standard field area frames for comparative cell counting techniques using automatic image analysis. The design of the frames and the technique for using them is outlined.", "PMID": 1071117}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6695", "title": "Nutrition of elderly men living alone. I. Intakes of energy and nutrients.", "content": "The energy and nutrient intakes of 35 men aged 70 years and over, living alone at home, were studied using five-day records. The mean energy intake was 1628 (SD 545) kcal/day. Protein and calcium intakes were generally adequate, but 60% of the old men took less than 10mg of iron per day. Intakes of vitamin C were below 15 mg/day in 34%. Thirty-four percent took less than 0.8 mg thiamine daily. Intakes of vitamin A and riboflavin were, in general, adequate, except for a small number of subjects. It is concluded that about one-third of the men had deficient vitamin C or thiamine intakes.", "contents": "Nutrition of elderly men living alone. I. Intakes of energy and nutrients. The energy and nutrient intakes of 35 men aged 70 years and over, living alone at home, were studied using five-day records. The mean energy intake was 1628 (SD 545) kcal/day. Protein and calcium intakes were generally adequate, but 60% of the old men took less than 10mg of iron per day. Intakes of vitamin C were below 15 mg/day in 34%. Thirty-four percent took less than 0.8 mg thiamine daily. Intakes of vitamin A and riboflavin were, in general, adequate, except for a small number of subjects. It is concluded that about one-third of the men had deficient vitamin C or thiamine intakes.", "PMID": 1071137}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6696", "title": "Anorexia nervosa: a study of 44 strictly defined cases.", "content": "Forty-four patients with strictly defined anorexia nervosa were studied. They were found to come from the higher socio-economic levels and to be the early born of older parents. Their families were of average size, but females were over-represented. Premorbid obesity was uncommon, but over two-thirds had secondary depression. The treatment methods used until 1974 showed no great variation in success. Poor prognosis was most commonly linked to use of purgatives. A new treatment programme involving re-feeding to reach ideal weight and followed by psychotherapy shows encouraging results.", "contents": "Anorexia nervosa: a study of 44 strictly defined cases. Forty-four patients with strictly defined anorexia nervosa were studied. They were found to come from the higher socio-economic levels and to be the early born of older parents. Their families were of average size, but females were over-represented. Premorbid obesity was uncommon, but over two-thirds had secondary depression. The treatment methods used until 1974 showed no great variation in success. Poor prognosis was most commonly linked to use of purgatives. A new treatment programme involving re-feeding to reach ideal weight and followed by psychotherapy shows encouraging results.", "PMID": 1071138}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6697", "title": "Acute nephritis: a local epidemic.", "content": "A dramatic increase in the incidence and severity of actue glomerulonephritis in the childhood population of Tauranga is report. The clinical features of the disease and streptococcal aetiology are discussed.", "contents": "Acute nephritis: a local epidemic. A dramatic increase in the incidence and severity of actue glomerulonephritis in the childhood population of Tauranga is report. The clinical features of the disease and streptococcal aetiology are discussed.", "PMID": 1071139}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6698", "title": "Lymecycline (Tetralysal) in the management of non-specific urethritis.", "content": "One thousand and sixty patients with non-specific urethritis were treated with lymecycline (Tetralysal). An initial course of 600mg 12-hourly for one week was successful in 90.5% of cases, while 2% responded to a further course of 300mg 12-hourly for three weeks.", "contents": "Lymecycline (Tetralysal) in the management of non-specific urethritis. One thousand and sixty patients with non-specific urethritis were treated with lymecycline (Tetralysal). An initial course of 600mg 12-hourly for one week was successful in 90.5% of cases, while 2% responded to a further course of 300mg 12-hourly for three weeks.", "PMID": 1071140}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6699", "title": "[Spino-thalamic cordotomy in cancerous pain. Results of a series of 124 patients operated on by the direct posterior approach].", "content": "The authors -- about a series of 124 cancerous patients treated during the 12 last years with open spino-thalamic cordotomy for intractable pain -- have tried to evaluate effectiveness of the operation with regard to its levels in relation to the site of pain. Patients suffering median or bilateral perineo-pelvic pain, isolated or associated with algias in one or both legs (group I: 50%) underwent a bilateral C8-C6 cordotomy in one stage. Patients with the same perineo-pelvic cancers but suffering only unilateral pain (group II : 31,8%) and patients with painful cancers in the leg (group III : 3,2%), were operated on with a C7 controlateral cordotomy. Patients suffering widespread unilateral pain in the chest, isolated or associated with algias in the arm, for instance from lung or breast cancers (group IV : 15%) underwent a controlateral C2 cordotomy. There was 3,2% mortality and one paraplegia. A useful early effect(i.e. complete or partial relief) was obtained : in 85% cases (60% and 25%) for the 1st group, in only 51% (36% and 15%) for the 2nd, and in 87% (56% and 31%) for the 4th. Relief was complete in each of the 4 cases of the 3rd group. In the 2nd group 39% of patients were completely relieved of their initial unilateral pain, but complained of an early post-operative pain on the other side. This secondary pain was supposed existing prior to the operation, but masked because of its lesser intensity. The useful results at the time of death, after a 6 month mean survival (from 1 month to 4 years), were 63,75% in the 1st group, 33% in the 2nd, 100% in the 3rd and 72% in the 4th. The high rate of poor results with unilateral cervical cordotomy in the perineo-pelvic cancers with apparently unilateral pain, led us since then to systematically perform for them a bilateral cordotomy. Thus, our general management for pain of malignant origin is now as follows: C8-C6 bilateral cordotomy for all the perineo-pelvic cancers whatever uni- or bilateral the site of pain may be; C7 controlateral cordotomy for the painful cancers of the leg; and C2 controlateral cordotomy for hemithoracic and/or arm pain, when related to very extended lung or breast cancers. We prefer complete posterior rhizotomy for limited cancers of the thoracic wall, and selective posterior rhizotomy through the scope, from -- the brachial plexus roots down to T4 -- for pain as from the PANCOAST-TOBIAS syndromes, or in case of painful involvements of the upper limb roots. For cervico-facial cancers we generally use combined sections of the sensory cranial nerves in the posterior fossa and of the cervical posterior roots.", "contents": "[Spino-thalamic cordotomy in cancerous pain. Results of a series of 124 patients operated on by the direct posterior approach]. The authors -- about a series of 124 cancerous patients treated during the 12 last years with open spino-thalamic cordotomy for intractable pain -- have tried to evaluate effectiveness of the operation with regard to its levels in relation to the site of pain. Patients suffering median or bilateral perineo-pelvic pain, isolated or associated with algias in one or both legs (group I: 50%) underwent a bilateral C8-C6 cordotomy in one stage. Patients with the same perineo-pelvic cancers but suffering only unilateral pain (group II : 31,8%) and patients with painful cancers in the leg (group III : 3,2%), were operated on with a C7 controlateral cordotomy. Patients suffering widespread unilateral pain in the chest, isolated or associated with algias in the arm, for instance from lung or breast cancers (group IV : 15%) underwent a controlateral C2 cordotomy. There was 3,2% mortality and one paraplegia. A useful early effect(i.e. complete or partial relief) was obtained : in 85% cases (60% and 25%) for the 1st group, in only 51% (36% and 15%) for the 2nd, and in 87% (56% and 31%) for the 4th. Relief was complete in each of the 4 cases of the 3rd group. In the 2nd group 39% of patients were completely relieved of their initial unilateral pain, but complained of an early post-operative pain on the other side. This secondary pain was supposed existing prior to the operation, but masked because of its lesser intensity. The useful results at the time of death, after a 6 month mean survival (from 1 month to 4 years), were 63,75% in the 1st group, 33% in the 2nd, 100% in the 3rd and 72% in the 4th. The high rate of poor results with unilateral cervical cordotomy in the perineo-pelvic cancers with apparently unilateral pain, led us since then to systematically perform for them a bilateral cordotomy. Thus, our general management for pain of malignant origin is now as follows: C8-C6 bilateral cordotomy for all the perineo-pelvic cancers whatever uni- or bilateral the site of pain may be; C7 controlateral cordotomy for the painful cancers of the leg; and C2 controlateral cordotomy for hemithoracic and/or arm pain, when related to very extended lung or breast cancers. We prefer complete posterior rhizotomy for limited cancers of the thoracic wall, and selective posterior rhizotomy through the scope, from -- the brachial plexus roots down to T4 -- for pain as from the PANCOAST-TOBIAS syndromes, or in case of painful involvements of the upper limb roots. For cervico-facial cancers we generally use combined sections of the sensory cranial nerves in the posterior fossa and of the cervical posterior roots.", "PMID": 1071136}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6700", "title": "Nutrition of elderly men living alone. Part 2, Vitamin C and thiamine status.", "content": "A dietary survey using the five day record method was carried out on 35 elderly men living alone in the Christchurch area. The mean calculated intake of vitamin C for these men was 31 mg/day. These dietary intakes of vitamin C were significantly correlated with both plasma vitamin C levels and with leucocyte vitamin C levels. Twelve men (34 percent) with lowered dietary intakes of vitamin C were in the range for asymptomatic scurvy. The mean calculated intake of thiamine was 1.05 mg/day. The mean TPP effect was 12.9 percent (n = 27). Dietary intakes of thiamine showed a significant inverse relationship with TPP effect. Eight subjects (23 percent) who too, less than the Australian dietary allowance had an elevated TPP effect. By both dietary and biochemical methods there was evidence of subclinical vitamin C and thiamine deficiencies in more than a quarter of these men.", "contents": "Nutrition of elderly men living alone. Part 2, Vitamin C and thiamine status. A dietary survey using the five day record method was carried out on 35 elderly men living alone in the Christchurch area. The mean calculated intake of vitamin C for these men was 31 mg/day. These dietary intakes of vitamin C were significantly correlated with both plasma vitamin C levels and with leucocyte vitamin C levels. Twelve men (34 percent) with lowered dietary intakes of vitamin C were in the range for asymptomatic scurvy. The mean calculated intake of thiamine was 1.05 mg/day. The mean TPP effect was 12.9 percent (n = 27). Dietary intakes of thiamine showed a significant inverse relationship with TPP effect. Eight subjects (23 percent) who too, less than the Australian dietary allowance had an elevated TPP effect. By both dietary and biochemical methods there was evidence of subclinical vitamin C and thiamine deficiencies in more than a quarter of these men.", "PMID": 1071143}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6701", "title": "Evaluation of the airflowmeter in the assessment of airways obstruction.", "content": "The airflowmeter, a new inexpensive instrument measuring severity of airways obstruction in arbitrary units, was found to correlate well with standard respiratory function tests, and to be more sensitive than FEV1 in detecting changes in obstruction. Despite the distortion of maximal expiratory flow-volume relationship induced by the resistance of the meter, and the considerable variability between instruments, the airflowmeter should prove useful for regular monitoring of patients with variable airways obstruction.", "contents": "Evaluation of the airflowmeter in the assessment of airways obstruction. The airflowmeter, a new inexpensive instrument measuring severity of airways obstruction in arbitrary units, was found to correlate well with standard respiratory function tests, and to be more sensitive than FEV1 in detecting changes in obstruction. Despite the distortion of maximal expiratory flow-volume relationship induced by the resistance of the meter, and the considerable variability between instruments, the airflowmeter should prove useful for regular monitoring of patients with variable airways obstruction.", "PMID": 1071144}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6702", "title": "Bacterial meningitis: a review of 53 patients.", "content": "The mortality figures and incidence of bacterial meningitis in children from Tauranga are reviewed. The high rate of meningitis in relationship to overseas countries is discussed.", "contents": "Bacterial meningitis: a review of 53 patients. The mortality figures and incidence of bacterial meningitis in children from Tauranga are reviewed. The high rate of meningitis in relationship to overseas countries is discussed.", "PMID": 1071145}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6703", "title": "Abdominal tuberculosis in Kathmandu, Nepal.", "content": "Twenty-five cases of abdominal tuberculosis treated in Kathmandu, Nepal are presented. The clinical features, diagnostic investigations, surgical treatment and pathology are discussed and the literature on abdominal tuberculosis, with special reference to developing countries, is reviewed.", "contents": "Abdominal tuberculosis in Kathmandu, Nepal. Twenty-five cases of abdominal tuberculosis treated in Kathmandu, Nepal are presented. The clinical features, diagnostic investigations, surgical treatment and pathology are discussed and the literature on abdominal tuberculosis, with special reference to developing countries, is reviewed.", "PMID": 1071146}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6704", "title": "Neurological sequelae after lithium intoxication.", "content": "Severe lithium intoxication was seen in a 57-year-old woman despite close monitoring of blood lithium levels over 23 months. High blood lithium levels were aggravated by drug induced hyponatremia. Neurological sequelae were still present six months after admission,", "contents": "Neurological sequelae after lithium intoxication. Severe lithium intoxication was seen in a 57-year-old woman despite close monitoring of blood lithium levels over 23 months. High blood lithium levels were aggravated by drug induced hyponatremia. Neurological sequelae were still present six months after admission,", "PMID": 1071147}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6705", "title": "Ectopic ureter in the female causing incontinence.", "content": "A case of urinary incontinence is presented in a 12-year-old girl, illustrating the clinical and radiological difficulties in reaching the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Ectopic ureter in the female causing incontinence. A case of urinary incontinence is presented in a 12-year-old girl, illustrating the clinical and radiological difficulties in reaching the correct diagnosis.", "PMID": 1071148}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6706", "title": "Cancer chemotherapy: drug combination and multiple modality treatment.", "content": "Research has provided many antitumour agents which show varying degrees of effectness against both experimental animal and human cancers. Successful selection of drugs for use in combination can increase antitumour effectiveness. Combination toxicity indices can assist in selecting potentially useful drug combinations. As a result of the first-order kinetics of drug induced tumour cell kill, ability to cure by chemotherapy is inversely related to the size of the tumour population. For chemotherapeutic cure of advanced relatively drug-resistant cancers (animal or human) with existing drugs, there must be prior reduction of tumour burden by alternative treatment methods. In such cases the correct target for present agents is the metastases remaining after noncurative surgery and/or radiotherapy.", "contents": "Cancer chemotherapy: drug combination and multiple modality treatment. Research has provided many antitumour agents which show varying degrees of effectness against both experimental animal and human cancers. Successful selection of drugs for use in combination can increase antitumour effectiveness. Combination toxicity indices can assist in selecting potentially useful drug combinations. As a result of the first-order kinetics of drug induced tumour cell kill, ability to cure by chemotherapy is inversely related to the size of the tumour population. For chemotherapeutic cure of advanced relatively drug-resistant cancers (animal or human) with existing drugs, there must be prior reduction of tumour burden by alternative treatment methods. In such cases the correct target for present agents is the metastases remaining after noncurative surgery and/or radiotherapy.", "PMID": 1071151}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6707", "title": "Colonoscopy: a new diagnostic and therapeutic technique.", "content": "Since January 1974, 150 colonoscopies have been performed. The method is reviewed and indications for diagnosis or therapy are outlined and examples illustrating these indications are given. It has proved to be an excellent diagnostic and therapeutic technique.", "contents": "Colonoscopy: a new diagnostic and therapeutic technique. Since January 1974, 150 colonoscopies have been performed. The method is reviewed and indications for diagnosis or therapy are outlined and examples illustrating these indications are given. It has proved to be an excellent diagnostic and therapeutic technique.", "PMID": 1071153}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6708", "title": "The practice nurse.", "content": "This is a review of one year of operation of the practice nurse scheme immediately following the introduction of a subsidy for practice nurses in urban practices. The versatility and competence of the nurse is illustrated. The contribution of the nurse to prevention, surveillance and practice efficiency is emphasised.", "contents": "The practice nurse. This is a review of one year of operation of the practice nurse scheme immediately following the introduction of a subsidy for practice nurses in urban practices. The versatility and competence of the nurse is illustrated. The contribution of the nurse to prevention, surveillance and practice efficiency is emphasised.", "PMID": 1071154}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6709", "title": "Transient hyperthyroidism complicating hydatidiform mole.", "content": "A 15-week pregnant patient with hydatidiform mole presented with overt features of hyperthyroidism. With evacuation of the uterus and subsequently hysterectomy, her thyroid state returned to normal. The transient nature of the syndrome makes definitive anti-thyroid treatment unnecessary.", "contents": "Transient hyperthyroidism complicating hydatidiform mole. A 15-week pregnant patient with hydatidiform mole presented with overt features of hyperthyroidism. With evacuation of the uterus and subsequently hysterectomy, her thyroid state returned to normal. The transient nature of the syndrome makes definitive anti-thyroid treatment unnecessary.", "PMID": 1071157}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6710", "title": "The angle of obesity: a simple measurement for body typing.", "content": "Measurements of the angle at the xiphisternal notch was taken in 143 school children between the ages of six and fifteen years, the average being eight. The children were graded as thin (T), normal with a tendency to be thin (NT), normal (N), normal tending to be fat (NF), and fat (F). This trading was by visual assessment. The average angle was found to be 90 degrees. Those with lesser than the average angle tended to be thin and those with greater than the average angle tended to be fat. The smaller angled were considered to have a larger thorax and smaller abdomen and vice versa for the larger angled children. The significance of these findings to various diseases is discussed and the significance of measuring this angle.", "contents": "The angle of obesity: a simple measurement for body typing. Measurements of the angle at the xiphisternal notch was taken in 143 school children between the ages of six and fifteen years, the average being eight. The children were graded as thin (T), normal with a tendency to be thin (NT), normal (N), normal tending to be fat (NF), and fat (F). This trading was by visual assessment. The average angle was found to be 90 degrees. Those with lesser than the average angle tended to be thin and those with greater than the average angle tended to be fat. The smaller angled were considered to have a larger thorax and smaller abdomen and vice versa for the larger angled children. The significance of these findings to various diseases is discussed and the significance of measuring this angle.", "PMID": 1071158}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6711", "title": "Attitudes of the public to medical care: Part 7. Specialist services.", "content": "A sample of the adult population in Auckland and Dunedin was surveyed with regard to their utilisation of an opinions about private specialist services. Generally the utilisation of such services was high: almost half the respondents had either had a member of their family utilise the services of a specialist or had utilised such services themselves in the previous five years. The number of services for one patient for one consulting cause showed \"specialists\" were acting as such rather than as consultants. Not all such services were initiated through a general practitioner. Slightly more respondents would choose a private specialist rather than a hosptial specialist if their general practitioner considered a specialist opinion necessary and about one quarter of respondents had no preference: the reason for such a choice being made are described. There was considerable misinformation and lack of knowledge concerning the financing of such services.", "contents": "Attitudes of the public to medical care: Part 7. Specialist services. A sample of the adult population in Auckland and Dunedin was surveyed with regard to their utilisation of an opinions about private specialist services. Generally the utilisation of such services was high: almost half the respondents had either had a member of their family utilise the services of a specialist or had utilised such services themselves in the previous five years. The number of services for one patient for one consulting cause showed \"specialists\" were acting as such rather than as consultants. Not all such services were initiated through a general practitioner. Slightly more respondents would choose a private specialist rather than a hosptial specialist if their general practitioner considered a specialist opinion necessary and about one quarter of respondents had no preference: the reason for such a choice being made are described. There was considerable misinformation and lack of knowledge concerning the financing of such services.", "PMID": 1071159}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6712", "title": "A case of self-induced digoxin poisoning: with His bundle studies of the site of heart block.", "content": "A case of digoxin overdose was described. Despite vigorous gastric lavage, the serum digoxin which was 0.8 ng/ml on admission rose to 7 ng/ml four hours later. The main side-effects were symptoms of nausea and anorexia and conduction defects including complete atrioventricular dissociation requiring pacemaker insertion. Opportunity was taken to study the site of heart block with His bundle electrography during the conduction disturbances. This showed that the site of block was situated above the His-Purkinje system in the atrioventricular (A-V) node.", "contents": "A case of self-induced digoxin poisoning: with His bundle studies of the site of heart block. A case of digoxin overdose was described. Despite vigorous gastric lavage, the serum digoxin which was 0.8 ng/ml on admission rose to 7 ng/ml four hours later. The main side-effects were symptoms of nausea and anorexia and conduction defects including complete atrioventricular dissociation requiring pacemaker insertion. Opportunity was taken to study the site of heart block with His bundle electrography during the conduction disturbances. This showed that the site of block was situated above the His-Purkinje system in the atrioventricular (A-V) node.", "PMID": 1071160}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6713", "title": "[Cranial irradiation in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent literature is reviewed an 48 personal cases of cranial irradiation in treating acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in infancy are reported.", "contents": "[Cranial irradiation in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)]. Recent literature is reviewed an 48 personal cases of cranial irradiation in treating acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in infancy are reported.", "PMID": 1071218}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6714", "title": "[Problems posed by loss of cheek tissue on a tumorous terrain].", "content": "The authors describe the case of a patient with right retrocommissural lesion treated by iridiumtherapy and an enormous orostoma which appeared three years later. Radiography showing a metallic opacity caused hesitation for some time between diagnosis of radionecrosis and a recurrence. Treatment called for extensive excision of the cheek. Satisfactory cover was obtained by means of a broad lingual flap for the deeper layers and by a cervical flap for the superficial layers.", "contents": "[Problems posed by loss of cheek tissue on a tumorous terrain]. The authors describe the case of a patient with right retrocommissural lesion treated by iridiumtherapy and an enormous orostoma which appeared three years later. Radiography showing a metallic opacity caused hesitation for some time between diagnosis of radionecrosis and a recurrence. Treatment called for extensive excision of the cheek. Satisfactory cover was obtained by means of a broad lingual flap for the deeper layers and by a cervical flap for the superficial layers.", "PMID": 1071233}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6715", "title": "[Hereditary enamel dysplasia. Therapeutic approach apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases of hereditary dysplasia in the same generation of a family are presented. The genetic line is suggestive of a dominant transmission. The therapeutic attitude in each case: --Orthodontic, endodontic and prosthetic rehabilitation in the 1st case. At the patient's strong urging, a total fixed denture was made, which made it possible to correct moderate protrusion of the incisors and to obtain the aesthetic result desired by the patient. This work was carried out in the Stomatological Clinic of Lyon, by students working for their specialty certificate in stomatology. --In the case of the younger sister, the presence of a markde skeletal open-bite and the refusal of any surgical solution led to the total extractions requested by the patient. A mobile denture was made by her own dentist. Thus complete assessment and knowledge of the patient's precise wishes make it possible to adopt the most desirable therapeutic approach in each case.", "contents": "[Hereditary enamel dysplasia. Therapeutic approach apropos of 2 cases]. Two cases of hereditary dysplasia in the same generation of a family are presented. The genetic line is suggestive of a dominant transmission. The therapeutic attitude in each case: --Orthodontic, endodontic and prosthetic rehabilitation in the 1st case. At the patient's strong urging, a total fixed denture was made, which made it possible to correct moderate protrusion of the incisors and to obtain the aesthetic result desired by the patient. This work was carried out in the Stomatological Clinic of Lyon, by students working for their specialty certificate in stomatology. --In the case of the younger sister, the presence of a markde skeletal open-bite and the refusal of any surgical solution led to the total extractions requested by the patient. A mobile denture was made by her own dentist. Thus complete assessment and knowledge of the patient's precise wishes make it possible to adopt the most desirable therapeutic approach in each case.", "PMID": 1071235}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6716", "title": "[Several cases using a Kirschner nail in the treatment of low subcondylar fractures of the mandible].", "content": "The authors report four cases of low sub-condylar fractures of the mandible treated surgically. In three cases fixation was obtained using a transfocal Kirschner nail. They then describe the operative technique with its difficulties and the indications for transfocal nailing.", "contents": "[Several cases using a Kirschner nail in the treatment of low subcondylar fractures of the mandible]. The authors report four cases of low sub-condylar fractures of the mandible treated surgically. In three cases fixation was obtained using a transfocal Kirschner nail. They then describe the operative technique with its difficulties and the indications for transfocal nailing.", "PMID": 1071236}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6717", "title": "[Mandibular synthesis. Placement of the synthesis as a function of mandibular stress].", "content": "After recalling Michelet's principles of mandibular osteosynthesis, the authors relate their experiences after 18 months of biomechanical analysis. They define the best locations for osteosyntheses according to calculations of when flexion and torsion occur, taking anatomical conditions into account. Details are given of the position of the plate or plates according to the location of the fracture or osteotomy (horizontal branch, symphysal and para-symphysal region and angle). Analysis of stresses within the osteosynthesized mandible has resulted in the development of what seems to be a reliable medium. One hundred anf forty facial osteosyntheses they have carried out confirm their faith in the safety of the method.", "contents": "[Mandibular synthesis. Placement of the synthesis as a function of mandibular stress]. After recalling Michelet's principles of mandibular osteosynthesis, the authors relate their experiences after 18 months of biomechanical analysis. They define the best locations for osteosyntheses according to calculations of when flexion and torsion occur, taking anatomical conditions into account. Details are given of the position of the plate or plates according to the location of the fracture or osteotomy (horizontal branch, symphysal and para-symphysal region and angle). Analysis of stresses within the osteosynthesized mandible has resulted in the development of what seems to be a reliable medium. One hundred anf forty facial osteosyntheses they have carried out confirm their faith in the safety of the method.", "PMID": 1071237}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6718", "title": "[Non-surgical treatment of tuberous angiomas of the lip. Apropos of 26 cases].", "content": "Among the various methods that can be used for the treatment of hemangiomas of the face, the use of Yttrium 90 radium needles seems to give the most satisfactory esthetic results. One application is usually sufficient to obtain disappearance of the tumor. Spontaneous regression is now a generally accepted fact, however, and the essential problem remains whether hamangiomas should be treated all when no complications are present.", "contents": "[Non-surgical treatment of tuberous angiomas of the lip. Apropos of 26 cases]. Among the various methods that can be used for the treatment of hemangiomas of the face, the use of Yttrium 90 radium needles seems to give the most satisfactory esthetic results. One application is usually sufficient to obtain disappearance of the tumor. Spontaneous regression is now a generally accepted fact, however, and the essential problem remains whether hamangiomas should be treated all when no complications are present.", "PMID": 1071238}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6719", "title": "[Multiple cancers of the oral cavity. An unusual association of an epidermoid carcinoma of the mucosa with a bone carcinoma of salivary origin].", "content": "Multiple cancers cannot be considered as accidentally discovered curiosities. They have their own characteristics and differ from multifocal cancers or those secondary to a primary cancer. The authors describe the rare case of a patient suffering from two different types of cancer of the oral cavity; the first one was an epidermoid carcinoma of the upper alveolar mucosa, the second a salivary carcinoma of both epidermoid and glandular type situated within the bone of the mandible. A comparative study was carried out on the muco-epidermoid tumour and the adenosquamous carcinoma which proved the separate indentity of the second cancer. The galloping development of the adenosquamous carcinoma raises the problem of the effect of the primary cancer on the development of the second.", "contents": "[Multiple cancers of the oral cavity. An unusual association of an epidermoid carcinoma of the mucosa with a bone carcinoma of salivary origin]. Multiple cancers cannot be considered as accidentally discovered curiosities. They have their own characteristics and differ from multifocal cancers or those secondary to a primary cancer. The authors describe the rare case of a patient suffering from two different types of cancer of the oral cavity; the first one was an epidermoid carcinoma of the upper alveolar mucosa, the second a salivary carcinoma of both epidermoid and glandular type situated within the bone of the mandible. A comparative study was carried out on the muco-epidermoid tumour and the adenosquamous carcinoma which proved the separate indentity of the second cancer. The galloping development of the adenosquamous carcinoma raises the problem of the effect of the primary cancer on the development of the second.", "PMID": 1071239}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6720", "title": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia: cytogenetic findings and their relations to pathogenesis and clinic.", "content": "The chromosome constitution of myeloid cells of 106 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) was studied. Two thirds of the patients were in the chronic and one third in the blastic phase. Particular attention was paid to patients with a mixture of Ph1-positive and Ph1-negative metaphases, and those with additional chromosome anomalies. A statistical analysis of the additional anomalies observed during the chronic and the blastic phase waandom involvement of certain chromosome groups. Chromosomal findings in medullary and extramedullary tissues were compared; the results suggest an accumulation of cells with additional anomalies in extramedullary sites. Ph1-negative patients were shown to be older and to have a survival shorter than Ph1-positive patients. The medium survival time of patients in the blastic phase may be longer in those without additional chromosome anomalies. Apart from the chromosomal status, hemoglobin concentration, the number of platelets and the percentage of myeloblasts in the bone marrow had a definite influence on survival times.", "contents": "Chronic myelocytic leukemia: cytogenetic findings and their relations to pathogenesis and clinic. The chromosome constitution of myeloid cells of 106 patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) was studied. Two thirds of the patients were in the chronic and one third in the blastic phase. Particular attention was paid to patients with a mixture of Ph1-positive and Ph1-negative metaphases, and those with additional chromosome anomalies. A statistical analysis of the additional anomalies observed during the chronic and the blastic phase waandom involvement of certain chromosome groups. Chromosomal findings in medullary and extramedullary tissues were compared; the results suggest an accumulation of cells with additional anomalies in extramedullary sites. Ph1-negative patients were shown to be older and to have a survival shorter than Ph1-positive patients. The medium survival time of patients in the blastic phase may be longer in those without additional chromosome anomalies. Apart from the chromosomal status, hemoglobin concentration, the number of platelets and the percentage of myeloblasts in the bone marrow had a definite influence on survival times.", "PMID": 1071284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6721", "title": "Physical assessment of 30 chronic cannabis users and 30 matched controls.", "content": "Ganja is used extensively in the working-class population of Jamaica, particularly in certain agricultural and fishing communities. Ganja, smoking is illegal but can be accepted as part of the culture in these areas. Sixty male subjects were chosen for assessment, 30 chronic smokers and 30 controls from comparable social, economic, and cultural backgrounds, and were matched for height and age. A chronic smoker had somked a minimum of three spliffs per day for a minimum of 10 years. The subjects were admitted to the hospital for 1 week for psychologic and physical assessment. The physical assessment included a detailed medical history and examination, heart and lung radiography, electrocardiograms, respiratory, liver, and renal function tests, hematology, treponemal serology, and chromosomal studies. No significant physical abnormalities were found, except in two smokers, and there was no reason to suspect that these disabilities were related to ganja. No significant differences between the two groups were demonstrated in the wide range of tests administered.", "contents": "Physical assessment of 30 chronic cannabis users and 30 matched controls. Ganja is used extensively in the working-class population of Jamaica, particularly in certain agricultural and fishing communities. Ganja, smoking is illegal but can be accepted as part of the culture in these areas. Sixty male subjects were chosen for assessment, 30 chronic smokers and 30 controls from comparable social, economic, and cultural backgrounds, and were matched for height and age. A chronic smoker had somked a minimum of three spliffs per day for a minimum of 10 years. The subjects were admitted to the hospital for 1 week for psychologic and physical assessment. The physical assessment included a detailed medical history and examination, heart and lung radiography, electrocardiograms, respiratory, liver, and renal function tests, hematology, treponemal serology, and chromosomal studies. No significant physical abnormalities were found, except in two smokers, and there was no reason to suspect that these disabilities were related to ganja. No significant differences between the two groups were demonstrated in the wide range of tests administered.", "PMID": 1071376}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6722", "title": "The 94-day cannabis study.", "content": "The UCLA cannabis project has provided several interesting observations that contribute to our knowledge about this plant and its constituents. Some of the findings (reduction in intraocular pressure, bronchodilation) may have therapeutic significance in the future. Certain results (testosterone lowering, airway narrowing after heavy use) indicate that side effects are also a possibility. Other data (unchanged immune response, lack of chromosomal alterations) seem to controvert the reports of other investigators. Still other information obtained (hemispheric lateralization, electroencephalographic changes) appears to represent new knowledge about the effects of cannabis on humans.", "contents": "The 94-day cannabis study. The UCLA cannabis project has provided several interesting observations that contribute to our knowledge about this plant and its constituents. Some of the findings (reduction in intraocular pressure, bronchodilation) may have therapeutic significance in the future. Certain results (testosterone lowering, airway narrowing after heavy use) indicate that side effects are also a possibility. Other data (unchanged immune response, lack of chromosomal alterations) seem to controvert the reports of other investigators. Still other information obtained (hemispheric lateralization, electroencephalographic changes) appears to represent new knowledge about the effects of cannabis on humans.", "PMID": 1071381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6723", "title": "Neuropsychologic, intellectual, and personality correlates of chronic marijuana use in native Costa Ricans.", "content": "The present cross-cultural study investigated the effects of chronic marijuana usage on higher adaptive brain functions and personality in native Costa Ricans. After extensive standardization in Costa Rica, a battery of neuropsychologic, intelligence, and personality tests was administered to two carefully matched groups of marijuana users and controls (NU = NC = 41). Multivariate analyses of multiple combinations of variables, followed by separate univariate tests on each measure, revealed essentially no significant differences between users and nonusers on any of the neuropsychologic, intelligence, or personality tests. Furthermore, no relationship was found between level of daily use (high vs low) and test performance. These findings were discussed in terms of previous chronic and acute studies of changes in adaptive brain functions and personality as a function of marijuana intake.", "contents": "Neuropsychologic, intellectual, and personality correlates of chronic marijuana use in native Costa Ricans. The present cross-cultural study investigated the effects of chronic marijuana usage on higher adaptive brain functions and personality in native Costa Ricans. After extensive standardization in Costa Rica, a battery of neuropsychologic, intelligence, and personality tests was administered to two carefully matched groups of marijuana users and controls (NU = NC = 41). Multivariate analyses of multiple combinations of variables, followed by separate univariate tests on each measure, revealed essentially no significant differences between users and nonusers on any of the neuropsychologic, intelligence, or personality tests. Furthermore, no relationship was found between level of daily use (high vs low) and test performance. These findings were discussed in terms of previous chronic and acute studies of changes in adaptive brain functions and personality as a function of marijuana intake.", "PMID": 1071383}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6724", "title": "Differential association between chronic cannabis use and brain function deficits.", "content": "To summarize, 12 objective tests that generated 16 test variables were administered to 850 male regular cannabis users and 839 nonusers. The tests were designed to assess various modalities, including speed of psychomotor performance, distance estimation, time estimation, immediate memory, and visuomotor coordination. Most of the test variables differentiated significantly between consumers and controls. At the same time, a significant second-order interaction emerged in most cases. This interaction meant that, under certain conditions that relate to the two dimensions \"literacy-illiteracy\" and/or \"urbanism-ruralism,\" the superiority of controls over cannabis users became impressive, whereas under other conditions it almost disappeared. To account for this complex pattern of results, a working hypothesis was presented to the effect that \"other conditions being equal, the lower the nondrug  level of proficiency on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance the smaller the size of function deficit associated with drug usage.\" For an empirical examination of the hypothesis, six predictions were formulated. Three predictions defined specific relationships between level of performance, on one hand, and each of three organismic variables, on the other: literacy, urbanism, and age. The remaining predictions delineated relationships to be expected between size of function deficit and the three organismic variables. All our predictions were confirmed, showing less function impairment to be contingent with cannabis usage among the illiterates, rurals, and older subjects. Level of cortical arousal was suggested as the central process associated with the three organismic variables. Because the version of our working hypothesis was formulated with reference to chronic material, the possibility of a transposition of the paradign to research on the acute effects of the drug was discussed. The suggestion was made that our working hypothesis, in either version, is capable of establishing genuine integration between reports that present conflicting results on possible function deficits contingent with cannabis consumption.", "contents": "Differential association between chronic cannabis use and brain function deficits. To summarize, 12 objective tests that generated 16 test variables were administered to 850 male regular cannabis users and 839 nonusers. The tests were designed to assess various modalities, including speed of psychomotor performance, distance estimation, time estimation, immediate memory, and visuomotor coordination. Most of the test variables differentiated significantly between consumers and controls. At the same time, a significant second-order interaction emerged in most cases. This interaction meant that, under certain conditions that relate to the two dimensions \"literacy-illiteracy\" and/or \"urbanism-ruralism,\" the superiority of controls over cannabis users became impressive, whereas under other conditions it almost disappeared. To account for this complex pattern of results, a working hypothesis was presented to the effect that \"other conditions being equal, the lower the nondrug  level of proficiency on tests of cognitive and psychomotor performance the smaller the size of function deficit associated with drug usage.\" For an empirical examination of the hypothesis, six predictions were formulated. Three predictions defined specific relationships between level of performance, on one hand, and each of three organismic variables, on the other: literacy, urbanism, and age. The remaining predictions delineated relationships to be expected between size of function deficit and the three organismic variables. All our predictions were confirmed, showing less function impairment to be contingent with cannabis usage among the illiterates, rurals, and older subjects. Level of cortical arousal was suggested as the central process associated with the three organismic variables. Because the version of our working hypothesis was formulated with reference to chronic material, the possibility of a transposition of the paradign to research on the acute effects of the drug was discussed. The suggestion was made that our working hypothesis, in either version, is capable of establishing genuine integration between reports that present conflicting results on possible function deficits contingent with cannabis consumption.", "PMID": 1071386}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6725", "title": "Effects of acute and chronic inhalation of hashish, marijuana, and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on brain electrical activity in man: evidence for tissue tolerance.", "content": "An EEG profile for cannabis preparations equated for delta 9-THC activity has been defined in occasional cannabis users in New York and in long-term, high-dose hashish users in Athens. The EEG effects of enhanced alpha activity, decreased beta activity, and decreased mean frequency are dose dependent, both in intensity and in duration. The behavioral measures, particularly self-ratings of euphoria (\"high\" or \"mastura\") and heart rate, are also dose dependent and interrelated with the EEG measures. Tolerance to the cerebral, heart rate, and behavioral effects of repeated inhalations of delta 9-THC are demonstrable in chronic users and also in short-term (21-day) experimental administration studies. delta9-THC and cannabis preparations are distinguishable from opiates, hallucinogens, and deliriants by their EEG effects. No differences in incidence of abnormal EEG records were found between long-term heavy hashish users and controls. Taken in conjunction with the neurologic, echo-EEG, and psychopathologic data in these men, we failed to define a syndrome of persistent brain damage as a result of hashish use, although persistent adaptational changes are noted in the development of tissue tolerance.", "contents": "Effects of acute and chronic inhalation of hashish, marijuana, and delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol on brain electrical activity in man: evidence for tissue tolerance. An EEG profile for cannabis preparations equated for delta 9-THC activity has been defined in occasional cannabis users in New York and in long-term, high-dose hashish users in Athens. The EEG effects of enhanced alpha activity, decreased beta activity, and decreased mean frequency are dose dependent, both in intensity and in duration. The behavioral measures, particularly self-ratings of euphoria (\"high\" or \"mastura\") and heart rate, are also dose dependent and interrelated with the EEG measures. Tolerance to the cerebral, heart rate, and behavioral effects of repeated inhalations of delta 9-THC are demonstrable in chronic users and also in short-term (21-day) experimental administration studies. delta9-THC and cannabis preparations are distinguishable from opiates, hallucinogens, and deliriants by their EEG effects. No differences in incidence of abnormal EEG records were found between long-term heavy hashish users and controls. Taken in conjunction with the neurologic, echo-EEG, and psychopathologic data in these men, we failed to define a syndrome of persistent brain damage as a result of hashish use, although persistent adaptational changes are noted in the development of tissue tolerance.", "PMID": 1071390}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6726", "title": "Role of cannabis in psychiatric disturbance.", "content": "Clinical observation suggests that cannabis is implicated in some types of psychiatric disturbance. A record of admissions to two urban and four rural hospitals in Jamaica is examined along with details of individual cases. One-third of male admissions to the psychiatric hospital have used cannabis. Of 74 males admitted to another psychiatric service over a 12-month period, 29 had used cannabis. Ten of these patients were diagnosed as \"ganja psychosis,\" and four others were classified as \"marijuana-modified mania.\" At another psychiatric service, 54 of 223 admissions (24.2%) for functional psychosis presented with cannabis usage as a comtributory factor. These 54 patients included 14 and seven cases of hypomanic and depressive reactions, respectively. At three other rural general hospitals, psychiatric admissions for psychosis showed 11 of 51, seven of 18, and 39 of 75 patients, respectively, in whom cannabis was considered directly responsible. These findings lend support to the idea of causation of illness or modification of existing illness. The negative findings of controlled studies in the same country are not inconsistent. A  suggested classification for adverse reactions to cannabis offered by one author is recommended, because it is in accord with common local clinical experience.", "contents": "Role of cannabis in psychiatric disturbance. Clinical observation suggests that cannabis is implicated in some types of psychiatric disturbance. A record of admissions to two urban and four rural hospitals in Jamaica is examined along with details of individual cases. One-third of male admissions to the psychiatric hospital have used cannabis. Of 74 males admitted to another psychiatric service over a 12-month period, 29 had used cannabis. Ten of these patients were diagnosed as \"ganja psychosis,\" and four others were classified as \"marijuana-modified mania.\" At another psychiatric service, 54 of 223 admissions (24.2%) for functional psychosis presented with cannabis usage as a comtributory factor. These 54 patients included 14 and seven cases of hypomanic and depressive reactions, respectively. At three other rural general hospitals, psychiatric admissions for psychosis showed 11 of 51, seven of 18, and 39 of 75 patients, respectively, in whom cannabis was considered directly responsible. These findings lend support to the idea of causation of illness or modification of existing illness. The negative findings of controlled studies in the same country are not inconsistent. A  suggested classification for adverse reactions to cannabis offered by one author is recommended, because it is in accord with common local clinical experience.", "PMID": 1071395}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6727", "title": "[Effects of lesions in the pontine tegmentum on the sleep stages in the rat].", "content": "1. Limited coagulations of the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus nuclei have been performed in rats and the sleep-waking cycle was continuously monitored during 9 days. The cortical and diencephalic noradrenaline content was mesured at the termination of the experiment, on the 10th post lesion day. 2. The bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus is followed by the appearance of a uro-genital syndrome consisting of hema turia, bladder distension and penile erection. The states of sleep are disturbed during the first two days (increase of slow-wave sleep and decrease of paradoxical sleep times) and thereafter return to normal. Additionally, an hyperthermia appears during the third experimental day. The cortical and diencephalic noradrenaline content decrease to 70%. 3. The simultaneous lesion of both locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus nuclei is followed by the appearance of an aphagia adipsia syndrome in addition to the uro-genital syndrome. After these lesions, it is no long possible to find paradoxical sleep episodes in polygraphic recordings while the amount of slow wave sleep is normal. Cortical and diencephalic noradrenaline content decrease more than 50%. 4. In normal rats direct injection of 6 hydroxydopamine directly in both locus coeruleus and nuclei subcoeruleus had no discernable effects either on the behaviour or on the states of sleep. The cortical noradrenaline content decreased 30% below control values. 5. These results are consistent with but do not prove the hypothesis that part of the pontine tegmentum might play an important role in triggering paradoxical sleep episodes. The role of these regions in the regulation of internal temperature, food consumption and bladder motricity is also discussed.", "contents": "[Effects of lesions in the pontine tegmentum on the sleep stages in the rat]. 1. Limited coagulations of the locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus nuclei have been performed in rats and the sleep-waking cycle was continuously monitored during 9 days. The cortical and diencephalic noradrenaline content was mesured at the termination of the experiment, on the 10th post lesion day. 2. The bilateral destruction of the locus coeruleus is followed by the appearance of a uro-genital syndrome consisting of hema turia, bladder distension and penile erection. The states of sleep are disturbed during the first two days (increase of slow-wave sleep and decrease of paradoxical sleep times) and thereafter return to normal. Additionally, an hyperthermia appears during the third experimental day. The cortical and diencephalic noradrenaline content decrease to 70%. 3. The simultaneous lesion of both locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus nuclei is followed by the appearance of an aphagia adipsia syndrome in addition to the uro-genital syndrome. After these lesions, it is no long possible to find paradoxical sleep episodes in polygraphic recordings while the amount of slow wave sleep is normal. Cortical and diencephalic noradrenaline content decrease more than 50%. 4. In normal rats direct injection of 6 hydroxydopamine directly in both locus coeruleus and nuclei subcoeruleus had no discernable effects either on the behaviour or on the states of sleep. The cortical noradrenaline content decreased 30% below control values. 5. These results are consistent with but do not prove the hypothesis that part of the pontine tegmentum might play an important role in triggering paradoxical sleep episodes. The role of these regions in the regulation of internal temperature, food consumption and bladder motricity is also discussed.", "PMID": 1071400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6728", "title": "Once daily dosage beta-blockade: antihypertensive efficacy of slow release oxprenolol as related to renin and age.", "content": "A single daily dose antihypertensive therapy with a new slow-release (SR) form of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent oxprenolol was as effective as a standard tid beta-blocker regimen in maintaining therapeutic effects over 24 hours. The good overall response rate (target larger than or equal to mmHg diastolic) of 67% was achieved in eight of the 11 high renin patients and 16 out of the 20 normal renin ones; the five low renin patients, who were also older, proved to be non-responsive. In terms of age, 83% of the patients aged under 40 years showed a reduction in diastolic pressure to larger than or equal to 95 mmHg, this percentage being significantly better than the 50% response rate in the 40--56-year-olds. In nine of the 12 beta-blocker non-responders the diastolic blood pressure was reduced to larger than 95 mmHg by adding a diuretic, and in four of the nine, all of them low renin patients, this effect persisted in response to diuretics alone. Oxprenolol SR suppresses renin acutely (59%) and chronically (62%), and it blunts the renin stimulatory effects of diuretics.", "contents": "Once daily dosage beta-blockade: antihypertensive efficacy of slow release oxprenolol as related to renin and age. A single daily dose antihypertensive therapy with a new slow-release (SR) form of the beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent oxprenolol was as effective as a standard tid beta-blocker regimen in maintaining therapeutic effects over 24 hours. The good overall response rate (target larger than or equal to mmHg diastolic) of 67% was achieved in eight of the 11 high renin patients and 16 out of the 20 normal renin ones; the five low renin patients, who were also older, proved to be non-responsive. In terms of age, 83% of the patients aged under 40 years showed a reduction in diastolic pressure to larger than or equal to 95 mmHg, this percentage being significantly better than the 50% response rate in the 40--56-year-olds. In nine of the 12 beta-blocker non-responders the diastolic blood pressure was reduced to larger than 95 mmHg by adding a diuretic, and in four of the nine, all of them low renin patients, this effect persisted in response to diuretics alone. Oxprenolol SR suppresses renin acutely (59%) and chronically (62%), and it blunts the renin stimulatory effects of diuretics.", "PMID": 1071402}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6729", "title": "The effects of saralasin, an angiotensin II antagonist, on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "Blood pressure reduction with saralasin infusion was seen only in hypertensive patients with abnormally elevated basal plasma renin and angiotensin II levels, and after sodium depletion the reduction in blood pressure was more marked. In normal subjects, and in hypertensives with plasma renin and angiotensin II levels within the normal range, there was no marked fall in blood pressure across saralasin infusion regardless of the sodium status of the individual. Plasma aldosterone concentration fell during saralasin infusion in those subjects with high baseline renin and angiotensin II levels. This fall occurred in the sodium replete and deplete states. In the normal subjects, and those hypertensives with normal plasma renin levels, there was no fall in aldosterone in the sodium replete state. However, after sodium depletion the expected rise in aldosterone was abolished during saralasin infusion, the plasma aldosterone falling to within the normal sodium replete range, rising again after the saralasin infusion was stopped. This study supports the concept of a direct role for renin and angiotensin II in the maintenance of hypertension in those subjects with elevated basal plasma renin. Plasma aldosterone would appear to be controlled, at least in part, by the prevailing plasma angiotensin II level in those subjects with elevated basal levels of angiotensin II; that is in high renin hypertensives, and in normal subjects and normal renin hypertensives who are sodium deplete.", "contents": "The effects of saralasin, an angiotensin II antagonist, on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal and hypertensive subjects. Blood pressure reduction with saralasin infusion was seen only in hypertensive patients with abnormally elevated basal plasma renin and angiotensin II levels, and after sodium depletion the reduction in blood pressure was more marked. In normal subjects, and in hypertensives with plasma renin and angiotensin II levels within the normal range, there was no marked fall in blood pressure across saralasin infusion regardless of the sodium status of the individual. Plasma aldosterone concentration fell during saralasin infusion in those subjects with high baseline renin and angiotensin II levels. This fall occurred in the sodium replete and deplete states. In the normal subjects, and those hypertensives with normal plasma renin levels, there was no fall in aldosterone in the sodium replete state. However, after sodium depletion the expected rise in aldosterone was abolished during saralasin infusion, the plasma aldosterone falling to within the normal sodium replete range, rising again after the saralasin infusion was stopped. This study supports the concept of a direct role for renin and angiotensin II in the maintenance of hypertension in those subjects with elevated basal plasma renin. Plasma aldosterone would appear to be controlled, at least in part, by the prevailing plasma angiotensin II level in those subjects with elevated basal levels of angiotensin II; that is in high renin hypertensives, and in normal subjects and normal renin hypertensives who are sodium deplete.", "PMID": 1071403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6730", "title": "Angiotensin II blockade in patients with essential hypertension.", "content": "Patients with essential hypertension were sodium deprived by five days on a 10 mM sodium diet and were then infused with an incremental infusion of saralasin, a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II. Patients with normal renin hypertension showed no change in lying or standing blood pressure during the infusion of saralasin. Angiotensin II is not, therefore, directly maintaining blood pressure in these patients when sodium deprived by diet, and is therefore unlikely to be playing any direct role in maintaining their blood pressure on their normal sodium intake. Patients with low renin hypertension showed a significant rise in blood pressure during saralasin infusion. Saralasin may be a further method of distinguishing low renin hypertensives from other hypertensives if they are infused when sodium deprived by diet.", "contents": "Angiotensin II blockade in patients with essential hypertension. Patients with essential hypertension were sodium deprived by five days on a 10 mM sodium diet and were then infused with an incremental infusion of saralasin, a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II. Patients with normal renin hypertension showed no change in lying or standing blood pressure during the infusion of saralasin. Angiotensin II is not, therefore, directly maintaining blood pressure in these patients when sodium deprived by diet, and is therefore unlikely to be playing any direct role in maintaining their blood pressure on their normal sodium intake. Patients with low renin hypertension showed a significant rise in blood pressure during saralasin infusion. Saralasin may be a further method of distinguishing low renin hypertensives from other hypertensives if they are infused when sodium deprived by diet.", "PMID": 1071404}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6731", "title": "Follow-up of renin in essential hypertension.", "content": "In a prospective study of patients with essential hypertension, plasma renin levels showed a progressive increase with longer follow-up. This was associated with a parallel increase in renal vascular resistance. Arterial blood pressure and plasma volume did not change significantly during follow-up. In patients where the hypertension was complicated by myocardial infarction there was a comparatively greater increase in renin levels and renal vascular resistance which may be attributable to chronic reduction of cardiac output.", "contents": "Follow-up of renin in essential hypertension. In a prospective study of patients with essential hypertension, plasma renin levels showed a progressive increase with longer follow-up. This was associated with a parallel increase in renal vascular resistance. Arterial blood pressure and plasma volume did not change significantly during follow-up. In patients where the hypertension was complicated by myocardial infarction there was a comparatively greater increase in renin levels and renal vascular resistance which may be attributable to chronic reduction of cardiac output.", "PMID": 1071405}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6732", "title": "Centrally acting alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in hypertension: mechanisms and their role in therapy.", "content": "Experimental work in animals has shown that both methyldopa and clonidine lower the blood pressure predominantly by an action on the central nervous system. This action is due to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation by clonidine and by alpha-methyl-noradrenaline. The evidence for a central site of action for these drugs in man is indirect but persuasive. Both drugs lower blood pressure and heart rate without causing much postural or exercise hypetension. Sympathetic responses like the overshoot of pressure following Valsalva's manoeuvre are reduced but not abolished. Failure of ejaculation in the male is much less common than with drugs that are known to blockade sympathetic adrenergic neurones in the periphery.", "contents": "Centrally acting alpha-adrenoceptor agonists in hypertension: mechanisms and their role in therapy. Experimental work in animals has shown that both methyldopa and clonidine lower the blood pressure predominantly by an action on the central nervous system. This action is due to alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation by clonidine and by alpha-methyl-noradrenaline. The evidence for a central site of action for these drugs in man is indirect but persuasive. Both drugs lower blood pressure and heart rate without causing much postural or exercise hypetension. Sympathetic responses like the overshoot of pressure following Valsalva's manoeuvre are reduced but not abolished. Failure of ejaculation in the male is much less common than with drugs that are known to blockade sympathetic adrenergic neurones in the periphery.", "PMID": 1071409}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6733", "title": "Attitudes of Australian psychiatrists toward certain aspects of psychotherapy.", "content": "An 81-item questionnaire was mailed to all Australian fellows and members of the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrsits (May, 1973 listing). The questionnaire obtained background data, therapeutic school, and 5-point ratings on therapeutic techniques, goals of psychotherapy, helpfulness of various therapist attributes, and opinions on some theoretical issues from a sample of 275 respondents. Similar studies are underway in Great Britain and the United States, and comparisons among the three samples will be done at a later date. Data from these studies will also be used as a base line for study of changes in subsequent years.", "contents": "Attitudes of Australian psychiatrists toward certain aspects of psychotherapy. An 81-item questionnaire was mailed to all Australian fellows and members of the Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrsits (May, 1973 listing). The questionnaire obtained background data, therapeutic school, and 5-point ratings on therapeutic techniques, goals of psychotherapy, helpfulness of various therapist attributes, and opinions on some theoretical issues from a sample of 275 respondents. Similar studies are underway in Great Britain and the United States, and comparisons among the three samples will be done at a later date. Data from these studies will also be used as a base line for study of changes in subsequent years.", "PMID": 1071412}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6734", "title": "Community Push: a community-oriented evaluation programme in a psychiatric ward.", "content": "Evaluation of mental health programmes is a neglected area in New Zealand. This paper describes a community-oriented, experimental programme designed to provide a model for evaluation in the context of an inpatient psychiatric unit. Its primary objective is to improve patient care. This is achieved by emphasizing real-life needs, and dealing with these by a series of clearly specified steps involving goal-setting. Community resources, especially volunteers, are used. A variety of evaluative data are produced and the overall result is a \"self-correcting\" programme which is appreciated both by patients and staff.", "contents": "Community Push: a community-oriented evaluation programme in a psychiatric ward. Evaluation of mental health programmes is a neglected area in New Zealand. This paper describes a community-oriented, experimental programme designed to provide a model for evaluation in the context of an inpatient psychiatric unit. Its primary objective is to improve patient care. This is achieved by emphasizing real-life needs, and dealing with these by a series of clearly specified steps involving goal-setting. Community resources, especially volunteers, are used. A variety of evaluative data are produced and the overall result is a \"self-correcting\" programme which is appreciated both by patients and staff.", "PMID": 1071413}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6735", "title": "Season of birth in schizophrenia: an Australian study.", "content": "The authors have studied the season of birth in schizophrenics comparing those born in both southern and northern hemispheres. Their findings do not support the notion of seasonal variations claimed by other authors. The clinical significance of reports published in the literature is questioned.", "contents": "Season of birth in schizophrenia: an Australian study. The authors have studied the season of birth in schizophrenics comparing those born in both southern and northern hemispheres. Their findings do not support the notion of seasonal variations claimed by other authors. The clinical significance of reports published in the literature is questioned.", "PMID": 1071414}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6736", "title": "The use of the role construct repertory grid in studying changes during psychotherapy.", "content": "A case study including a detailed principal component analysis of repertory grids is reported in illustration of the use of grid method in the evaluation of psychotherapy. Grid method covers areas not accounted for by more symptom-bound criteria. Some of the problems of comparability and interpretation are discussed.", "contents": "The use of the role construct repertory grid in studying changes during psychotherapy. A case study including a detailed principal component analysis of repertory grids is reported in illustration of the use of grid method in the evaluation of psychotherapy. Grid method covers areas not accounted for by more symptom-bound criteria. Some of the problems of comparability and interpretation are discussed.", "PMID": 1071415}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6737", "title": "Wider perspectives in the behavioural treatment of anorexia nervosa: a case study.", "content": "Hospital-based operant conditioning programmes have been reported as the most effective treatment available for anorexia nervosa. Two refinements of these techniques are outlined and illustrated in this case study. In the first, the external controls on the patient's activities imposed by the operant programme are relaxed in stages as weight increases, allowing the patient to assume progressively more self-control. The second entails re-educative therapy designed to develop adequate covert and behavioural responses for coping with the psycho-social consequences of weight gain and with other environmental stresses.", "contents": "Wider perspectives in the behavioural treatment of anorexia nervosa: a case study. Hospital-based operant conditioning programmes have been reported as the most effective treatment available for anorexia nervosa. Two refinements of these techniques are outlined and illustrated in this case study. In the first, the external controls on the patient's activities imposed by the operant programme are relaxed in stages as weight increases, allowing the patient to assume progressively more self-control. The second entails re-educative therapy designed to develop adequate covert and behavioural responses for coping with the psycho-social consequences of weight gain and with other environmental stresses.", "PMID": 1071416}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6738", "title": "A heterosexual transvestite club: psychiatric aspects.", "content": "An Australian club for heterosexual transvestites, the Seahorse Club, is described. Emphasis is given to the history and activities of the club and the behaviour of members at club meetings. Indications for referring transvestites requesting medical help to the club are discussed.", "contents": "A heterosexual transvestite club: psychiatric aspects. An Australian club for heterosexual transvestites, the Seahorse Club, is described. Emphasis is given to the history and activities of the club and the behaviour of members at club meetings. Indications for referring transvestites requesting medical help to the club are discussed.", "PMID": 1071417}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6739", "title": "Moral behavior, an invitation to enquiry.", "content": "The term Moral Behavior is used to designate that behavior which best promotes the cooperation and peaceful coexistance of human beings. The present and future behavior of Executives and Legislators is to a great extent dependent on the moral behavior of those involved with or controlled by authoritative figures. The subject of Moral Behavior has been written about by many disciplines. However, the subject has not been reviewed on a multidisciplinary basis looking to the possibility of making definite recommendations in areas which might effect positive changes.", "contents": "Moral behavior, an invitation to enquiry. The term Moral Behavior is used to designate that behavior which best promotes the cooperation and peaceful coexistance of human beings. The present and future behavior of Executives and Legislators is to a great extent dependent on the moral behavior of those involved with or controlled by authoritative figures. The subject of Moral Behavior has been written about by many disciplines. However, the subject has not been reviewed on a multidisciplinary basis looking to the possibility of making definite recommendations in areas which might effect positive changes.", "PMID": 1071418}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6740", "title": "Affinity of sphingomyelin in myelin proteolipid of bovine brain white matter.", "content": "A preparation of proteolipid, the principal component of the myelin sheath, was obtained from the bovine brain white matter with satisfactory reproducibility. Much of the lipid portion, containing most of the component sphingomyelin, was removed by precipitation with a mixture of ethanol and ether, and the precipitate fraction exhibited a preferential affinity for sphingomyelin. Since phosphatidylcholine, which did not show so much combining affinity for the precipitate fraction, exhibited an enhanced interaction by means of hydrogenation of the fatty chains, it is assumed that the affinity of sphingomyelin depends on the hydrophobic region of the molecule. Sphingomyelin is considered to interact with a complex formed by the ionic linkage between the basic protein and acidic phospholipid, which is obtained by further removal of the lipid portion from the precipitate fraction by dialysis.", "contents": "Affinity of sphingomyelin in myelin proteolipid of bovine brain white matter. A preparation of proteolipid, the principal component of the myelin sheath, was obtained from the bovine brain white matter with satisfactory reproducibility. Much of the lipid portion, containing most of the component sphingomyelin, was removed by precipitation with a mixture of ethanol and ether, and the precipitate fraction exhibited a preferential affinity for sphingomyelin. Since phosphatidylcholine, which did not show so much combining affinity for the precipitate fraction, exhibited an enhanced interaction by means of hydrogenation of the fatty chains, it is assumed that the affinity of sphingomyelin depends on the hydrophobic region of the molecule. Sphingomyelin is considered to interact with a complex formed by the ionic linkage between the basic protein and acidic phospholipid, which is obtained by further removal of the lipid portion from the precipitate fraction by dialysis.", "PMID": 1071428}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6741", "title": "A case of vasculo-Behcet's syndrome.", "content": "A case of Behcet's syndrome with vascular complications is presented. This case had a familial occurrence of Behcet's syndrome. His vascular complications were deep vein thrombophlebitis of both legs, aneurysms of the left common iliac artery and the left femoral artery and the occlusion of the left subclavian artery. He was successfully operated on for the aneurysms. This paper discusses the problems accompanying the aneurysm of Behcet's syndrome. The authors pointed out that the subclavian steal syndrome may be diagnosed as neuro-Behet's syndrome and stressed the importance of vascular survay in Behcet's syndrome when the patient complaints of thrombophlebitis.", "contents": "A case of vasculo-Behcet's syndrome. A case of Behcet's syndrome with vascular complications is presented. This case had a familial occurrence of Behcet's syndrome. His vascular complications were deep vein thrombophlebitis of both legs, aneurysms of the left common iliac artery and the left femoral artery and the occlusion of the left subclavian artery. He was successfully operated on for the aneurysms. This paper discusses the problems accompanying the aneurysm of Behcet's syndrome. The authors pointed out that the subclavian steal syndrome may be diagnosed as neuro-Behet's syndrome and stressed the importance of vascular survay in Behcet's syndrome when the patient complaints of thrombophlebitis.", "PMID": 1071429}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6742", "title": "Effect of the methyl methacrylate-tributylborane sealant in preventing occlusal caries.", "content": "A newly developed pit and fissure sealant, named Enamite, was studied technologically and clinically. Major ingredients of the sealant are a solution of 3% 2-hydroxy-3-beta-naphthoxypropyl methacrylate in methyl methacrylate and poly (methyl methacrylate) powder, using tributylborane as an initiator. In comparison with other commercially available sealants, Enamite showed much greater adhesiveness to enamel, which was confirmed by scanning electron micrographic observations. The sealant was applied to 161 first molars in 99 children, aged 6-8 years, to determine the caries preventive as well as the caries retardation effect. Among the treated teeth, 98 were intact and the remaining had incipient caries. The right side teeth of each subject was assigned to the test side and the other side served as a control. Each child was evaluated every 6 months by clinical exploration and bite-wing X-ray survey. At the final examination, the electric conductivity test was also used for the caries detection. After 2 years the sealant was effective in preventing 57.1% of the occlusal caries on treated compared with control teeth. When evaluation was made by including the caries retardation effect--teeth initially carious but remaining sealed after 2 years were counted as effective--, the sealant was effective in preventing or retarding 96.3% of the occlusal caries.", "contents": "Effect of the methyl methacrylate-tributylborane sealant in preventing occlusal caries. A newly developed pit and fissure sealant, named Enamite, was studied technologically and clinically. Major ingredients of the sealant are a solution of 3% 2-hydroxy-3-beta-naphthoxypropyl methacrylate in methyl methacrylate and poly (methyl methacrylate) powder, using tributylborane as an initiator. In comparison with other commercially available sealants, Enamite showed much greater adhesiveness to enamel, which was confirmed by scanning electron micrographic observations. The sealant was applied to 161 first molars in 99 children, aged 6-8 years, to determine the caries preventive as well as the caries retardation effect. Among the treated teeth, 98 were intact and the remaining had incipient caries. The right side teeth of each subject was assigned to the test side and the other side served as a control. Each child was evaluated every 6 months by clinical exploration and bite-wing X-ray survey. At the final examination, the electric conductivity test was also used for the caries detection. After 2 years the sealant was effective in preventing 57.1% of the occlusal caries on treated compared with control teeth. When evaluation was made by including the caries retardation effect--teeth initially carious but remaining sealed after 2 years were counted as effective--, the sealant was effective in preventing or retarding 96.3% of the occlusal caries.", "PMID": 1071430}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6743", "title": "Observations on two cases of change in the dental arch and occlusion during the period of changing dentition.", "content": "The object of this study was to know what changes take place on the dental arch during the changing dentition. For this purpose, two excellent cases were observed from six to twelve years of age, and the following results were obtained from its observation. Enlargement of dental arch was observed till the shedding of the deciduous second molar. In the anterior segment, not only the increment of the arch width but also the labial inclination and/or movement of the permanent incisors was noted in conjunction with the eruption of these teeth. These tendencies were slightly observed during the eruption of the permanent canine. In the buccal segment, the space for the permanent buccal teeth increased during the time of eruption of the permanent canine and first premolar, and this increase made it possible for these teeth to align normally.", "contents": "Observations on two cases of change in the dental arch and occlusion during the period of changing dentition. The object of this study was to know what changes take place on the dental arch during the changing dentition. For this purpose, two excellent cases were observed from six to twelve years of age, and the following results were obtained from its observation. Enlargement of dental arch was observed till the shedding of the deciduous second molar. In the anterior segment, not only the increment of the arch width but also the labial inclination and/or movement of the permanent incisors was noted in conjunction with the eruption of these teeth. These tendencies were slightly observed during the eruption of the permanent canine. In the buccal segment, the space for the permanent buccal teeth increased during the time of eruption of the permanent canine and first premolar, and this increase made it possible for these teeth to align normally.", "PMID": 1071431}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6744", "title": "Histopathologic and roentgenologic studies on the effects of irradiation on the human mandibles.", "content": "The present study deals with the pathologic change of the mandible following radiation therapy for oral cancer, histopathologically and roentgenologically. The results are summarized as follows: 1) As the resorptive change of the cortex and the trabeculae, irregular and bizarre resorption and enlargement of the lacunae were observed, 2) The grade of injury of the osteocytes was described by the percentage of the number of the lacunae, which were empty and in which the nuclei of the osteocytes could not be seen. Consequently these results correspond considerably well with the clinical aspects. 3) Osteophytes in the spongy and compact bone were observed, and also narrowing and plugging of the Haversian canal and the canal of Volkmann with mineral were seen as the sclerotic change. 4) Thickening of the tunica intima, obstruction, disarrangement of the elastic fibers and distruption of the vessels were observed in the inferior alveolar artery, the arterioles, and also occlusion, which gave various appearances, in the vessels within the Haversian canal and the canal of Volkmann was seen. 5) The following four groups, based upon the radiographic change, were classified as: Group I, irregular osteolytic change; Group II, marked osteosclerotic change; Group III, irregular mixture of osteolytic and osteosclerotic change; and Group IV, no remarkable change.", "contents": "Histopathologic and roentgenologic studies on the effects of irradiation on the human mandibles. The present study deals with the pathologic change of the mandible following radiation therapy for oral cancer, histopathologically and roentgenologically. The results are summarized as follows: 1) As the resorptive change of the cortex and the trabeculae, irregular and bizarre resorption and enlargement of the lacunae were observed, 2) The grade of injury of the osteocytes was described by the percentage of the number of the lacunae, which were empty and in which the nuclei of the osteocytes could not be seen. Consequently these results correspond considerably well with the clinical aspects. 3) Osteophytes in the spongy and compact bone were observed, and also narrowing and plugging of the Haversian canal and the canal of Volkmann with mineral were seen as the sclerotic change. 4) Thickening of the tunica intima, obstruction, disarrangement of the elastic fibers and distruption of the vessels were observed in the inferior alveolar artery, the arterioles, and also occlusion, which gave various appearances, in the vessels within the Haversian canal and the canal of Volkmann was seen. 5) The following four groups, based upon the radiographic change, were classified as: Group I, irregular osteolytic change; Group II, marked osteosclerotic change; Group III, irregular mixture of osteolytic and osteosclerotic change; and Group IV, no remarkable change.", "PMID": 1071432}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6745", "title": "Laboratory and clinical evaluation of a new volume ventilator.", "content": "A three phase laboratory and clinical evaluation of a new fluidically controlled volume ventilator (Ohio 550) was undertaken to determine if this more compact, less complex and less costly unit retained the multiple advantages which have been established for volume ventilators in the continuous ventilatory support of patients in respiratory failure. Inspired volume, peak pressure, and flow rates were continuously monitored while a \"test lung\" was ventilated with its \"effective compliance\" reduced, and ambulatory patients with varying degrees of obstructive and restrictive ventilatory impairment were ventilated with the 550 respirator. Since adequate tidal and minute volumes were achieved under these conditions of markedly altered breathing mechanics, ten patients in acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation were managed with the 550 respirator. Aside from the absence of a sighing device, not considered by the authors to be a major disadvantage, the mechanical characteristics, inspired oxygen control and alarm systems were judged satisfactory and compared favorably with the volume ventilators currently available. The fluidic control system is expected to enhance the reliability and minimize the maintenance required of this respirator.", "contents": "Laboratory and clinical evaluation of a new volume ventilator. A three phase laboratory and clinical evaluation of a new fluidically controlled volume ventilator (Ohio 550) was undertaken to determine if this more compact, less complex and less costly unit retained the multiple advantages which have been established for volume ventilators in the continuous ventilatory support of patients in respiratory failure. Inspired volume, peak pressure, and flow rates were continuously monitored while a \"test lung\" was ventilated with its \"effective compliance\" reduced, and ambulatory patients with varying degrees of obstructive and restrictive ventilatory impairment were ventilated with the 550 respirator. Since adequate tidal and minute volumes were achieved under these conditions of markedly altered breathing mechanics, ten patients in acute respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation were managed with the 550 respirator. Aside from the absence of a sighing device, not considered by the authors to be a major disadvantage, the mechanical characteristics, inspired oxygen control and alarm systems were judged satisfactory and compared favorably with the volume ventilators currently available. The fluidic control system is expected to enhance the reliability and minimize the maintenance required of this respirator.", "PMID": 1071434}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6746", "title": "Study of markers of human erythroid differentiation in hybrid cells.", "content": "Somatic cell hybrids exhibiting co-expression of the globin genes of two species were generated by fusion of mouse erythroleukemia cells with Chinese hamster or human marrow erythroid cells. In contrast, extinction of the mouse globin genes occurred in hybrids formed between the erythroleukemia cells and human fibroblasts. Direct detection of the human globin genes in human X mouse fibroblast hybrids was achieved by annealing of DNA from these cells to human globin complementary DNA. This method was developed to permit the chromosomal assignment of the human globin genes.", "contents": "Study of markers of human erythroid differentiation in hybrid cells. Somatic cell hybrids exhibiting co-expression of the globin genes of two species were generated by fusion of mouse erythroleukemia cells with Chinese hamster or human marrow erythroid cells. In contrast, extinction of the mouse globin genes occurred in hybrids formed between the erythroleukemia cells and human fibroblasts. Direct detection of the human globin genes in human X mouse fibroblast hybrids was achieved by annealing of DNA from these cells to human globin complementary DNA. This method was developed to permit the chromosomal assignment of the human globin genes.", "PMID": 1071439}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6747", "title": "Behaviour of leukocyte acid phosphatase in various chronic diseases.", "content": "Leukocyte acid phosphatases were investigated in 146 patients with different chronic diseases. The method of investigation used was that of Kaplow and Burstone slightly modified by the authors in what regards the pH of the incubation medium. Normal or slightly increased scores were observed in the granulocytic series of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hepatitis, lupus erythematosus disseminatus and chronic lymphocytic leukemia a moderate enzymatic activity was generally observed in the lymphocyte and more marked in severe forms of disease. A marked increase of the enzyme activity was observed in patients with myeloma. The possibility of a correlation between the intensity of enzyme activity and immunoglobulin formation is discussed.", "contents": "Behaviour of leukocyte acid phosphatase in various chronic diseases. Leukocyte acid phosphatases were investigated in 146 patients with different chronic diseases. The method of investigation used was that of Kaplow and Burstone slightly modified by the authors in what regards the pH of the incubation medium. Normal or slightly increased scores were observed in the granulocytic series of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, chronic hepatitis, lupus erythematosus disseminatus and chronic lymphocytic leukemia a moderate enzymatic activity was generally observed in the lymphocyte and more marked in severe forms of disease. A marked increase of the enzyme activity was observed in patients with myeloma. The possibility of a correlation between the intensity of enzyme activity and immunoglobulin formation is discussed.", "PMID": 1071475}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6748", "title": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or malignant lymphomas.", "content": "In sixty children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease or lymphosarcoma 121 determinations of the NBT test were performed in various periods of disease. All the children studied were free of infectious complications. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia the NBT test values were low during relapses of the disease and increased above normal values in the period of remission. In the group with Hodgkin's disease an increase of the NBT test values was always associated with the active stage of the disease. No significant differences between the relapse and the remission period were found in children with lymphosarcoma.", "contents": "Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or malignant lymphomas. In sixty children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease or lymphosarcoma 121 determinations of the NBT test were performed in various periods of disease. All the children studied were free of infectious complications. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia the NBT test values were low during relapses of the disease and increased above normal values in the period of remission. In the group with Hodgkin's disease an increase of the NBT test values was always associated with the active stage of the disease. No significant differences between the relapse and the remission period were found in children with lymphosarcoma.", "PMID": 1071476}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6749", "title": "Immunoglobulin and granulocyte cytochemical reactions in L-asparaginase treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "content": "The dose-dependent effect of L-asparaginase (Crasnitin, Bayer) on the serum IgG, IgA and IgM content was studied in 14 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This effect was less evident in the intracellular metabolism of peripheral blood granulocytes (studied by the NBT test), in the myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activities and in the serum glycogen and lipid content.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin and granulocyte cytochemical reactions in L-asparaginase treated children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The dose-dependent effect of L-asparaginase (Crasnitin, Bayer) on the serum IgG, IgA and IgM content was studied in 14 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. This effect was less evident in the intracellular metabolism of peripheral blood granulocytes (studied by the NBT test), in the myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activities and in the serum glycogen and lipid content.", "PMID": 1071477}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6750", "title": "The sealing of fissures in a school dental programme.", "content": "An examination was made of 817 children, mean age 6.9 years. Of their first permanent molars 42.4 per cent were assessed as suitable for fissure sealant. Of these teeth 522 were sealed and compared with contra-lateral controls after one year. The retention rate of and the mean application time for the sealant are presented and discussed.", "contents": "The sealing of fissures in a school dental programme. An examination was made of 817 children, mean age 6.9 years. Of their first permanent molars 42.4 per cent were assessed as suitable for fissure sealant. Of these teeth 522 were sealed and compared with contra-lateral controls after one year. The retention rate of and the mean application time for the sealant are presented and discussed.", "PMID": 1071527}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6751", "title": "Dental health education in the South Australian school dental programme.", "content": "The role of dental health education as part of the school dental service is reviewed. Activities which promote dental health education and which involve school children, their parents, and dental therapists are also reviewed and comments are made on their evaluation. The effects of these programmes on the children's dental health, their health practices and their attitude to dental care is summarized.", "contents": "Dental health education in the South Australian school dental programme. The role of dental health education as part of the school dental service is reviewed. Activities which promote dental health education and which involve school children, their parents, and dental therapists are also reviewed and comments are made on their evaluation. The effects of these programmes on the children's dental health, their health practices and their attitude to dental care is summarized.", "PMID": 1071528}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6752", "title": "Dental conditions in high school students, Sydney, 1972.", "content": "Dental examinations of 1,895 first year students of nine Sydney metropolitan State high schools were carried out in 1972. The schools were chosen from three socio-economic areas representing upper-middle, lower-middle, and working class groups. Minimal differences were shown in the prevalence of dental diseases, treatment needs, and dental practices between the upper-middle and lower-middle socio-economic groups. The working class group showed a higher prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis, and treatment needs and reported different dental health practices from the other groups.", "contents": "Dental conditions in high school students, Sydney, 1972. Dental examinations of 1,895 first year students of nine Sydney metropolitan State high schools were carried out in 1972. The schools were chosen from three socio-economic areas representing upper-middle, lower-middle, and working class groups. Minimal differences were shown in the prevalence of dental diseases, treatment needs, and dental practices between the upper-middle and lower-middle socio-economic groups. The working class group showed a higher prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis, and treatment needs and reported different dental health practices from the other groups.", "PMID": 1071529}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6753", "title": "Comparative studies of artificial respiration sets for babies and infants.", "content": "In experiments on appropriately modified manikins the action and effectiveness of artificial respiration sets for infants Penlon (British production) and Ambu (Danish production) were compared. The tidal volume, pressure and characteristics of respiratory phases, rebreathing, oxygen concentration, safety systems and their effect on ventilation were assessed. It was found that better ventilation parameters for the needs of resuscitation of newborns and babies can be obtained using the Ambu set, particularly when compliance is lower and bronchial resistance is higher. The Ambu set is simple, easy and safe to use.", "contents": "Comparative studies of artificial respiration sets for babies and infants. In experiments on appropriately modified manikins the action and effectiveness of artificial respiration sets for infants Penlon (British production) and Ambu (Danish production) were compared. The tidal volume, pressure and characteristics of respiratory phases, rebreathing, oxygen concentration, safety systems and their effect on ventilation were assessed. It was found that better ventilation parameters for the needs of resuscitation of newborns and babies can be obtained using the Ambu set, particularly when compliance is lower and bronchial resistance is higher. The Ambu set is simple, easy and safe to use.", "PMID": 1071525}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6754", "title": "Phase identification of dental amalgam using transmission electron microscopy.", "content": "Dental amalgam specimens were polished and afterward etched by an acid iodine solution. The replicas were obtained by the vacuum coating technique. The electron micrographs indicated that it was possible to identify the silver-mercury (gamma1) and tin-mercury (gamma2) intermetallic compounds formed during amalgam setting.", "contents": "Phase identification of dental amalgam using transmission electron microscopy. Dental amalgam specimens were polished and afterward etched by an acid iodine solution. The replicas were obtained by the vacuum coating technique. The electron micrographs indicated that it was possible to identify the silver-mercury (gamma1) and tin-mercury (gamma2) intermetallic compounds formed during amalgam setting.", "PMID": 1071531}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6755", "title": "The probable significance of hypertriglyceridaemia in viral hepatitis.", "content": "It is proposed that the raised serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity (SGPT) in viral hepatitis reflects an adaptive increase in glutamic pyruvic transminase in muscle for the increased transamination of alanine for post-absorptive glucose homeostasis. However, in a disease where the SGPT is elevated for four to six weeks, muscle cannot be an indefinite source of alanine unless it could, concurrently, resynthesize alanine. Since the two substrates of muscle are glucose and fat, fasting blood sugars, serum triglycerides and SGPT were estimated weekly, for one month, in 12 children with viral hepatitis. This was done to see if there was evidence of increased substrate availability for alanine synthesis, and whether any relationship existed between increased substrate availability and SGPT. The results show that there is a relationship between triglycerides and SGPT. This suggests that the hypertriglyceridaemia, by providing substrate to meet the energy requirements of muscle, spares glucose for alanine synthesis to maintain the alanine content of muscle. The paper suggests the existence of a glucose-alanine-pyruvate-glucose cycle in viral hepatitis and also reviews evidence for increased ammonia uptake by muscle, in liver diseases associated with raised SGPT, to support the concept of amino acid synthesis.", "contents": "The probable significance of hypertriglyceridaemia in viral hepatitis. It is proposed that the raised serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity (SGPT) in viral hepatitis reflects an adaptive increase in glutamic pyruvic transminase in muscle for the increased transamination of alanine for post-absorptive glucose homeostasis. However, in a disease where the SGPT is elevated for four to six weeks, muscle cannot be an indefinite source of alanine unless it could, concurrently, resynthesize alanine. Since the two substrates of muscle are glucose and fat, fasting blood sugars, serum triglycerides and SGPT were estimated weekly, for one month, in 12 children with viral hepatitis. This was done to see if there was evidence of increased substrate availability for alanine synthesis, and whether any relationship existed between increased substrate availability and SGPT. The results show that there is a relationship between triglycerides and SGPT. This suggests that the hypertriglyceridaemia, by providing substrate to meet the energy requirements of muscle, spares glucose for alanine synthesis to maintain the alanine content of muscle. The paper suggests the existence of a glucose-alanine-pyruvate-glucose cycle in viral hepatitis and also reviews evidence for increased ammonia uptake by muscle, in liver diseases associated with raised SGPT, to support the concept of amino acid synthesis.", "PMID": 1071534}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6756", "title": "Xylose-1-14C absorption test: the use of urine, serum and breath analysis, and comparison with a colorimetric assay.", "content": "The xylose absorption and excretion test has been reassessed in controls and patients with coeliac disease. Xylose has been assayed in both serum and urine colorimetrically and by liquid scintillation counting using xylose-1-14C. The excretion of 14CO2 in breath following administration of xylose-1-14C has been measured. Liquid scintillation counting is a simple and reliable method for the measurement of xylose absorption. Serum xylose levels, urinary xylose excretion, or breath 14CO2 in isolation were poor screening tests for mucosal disease. The use of serum levels and urinary excretion in combination improved the discriminatory value of the test though small gut biopsy was more reliable.", "contents": "Xylose-1-14C absorption test: the use of urine, serum and breath analysis, and comparison with a colorimetric assay. The xylose absorption and excretion test has been reassessed in controls and patients with coeliac disease. Xylose has been assayed in both serum and urine colorimetrically and by liquid scintillation counting using xylose-1-14C. The excretion of 14CO2 in breath following administration of xylose-1-14C has been measured. Liquid scintillation counting is a simple and reliable method for the measurement of xylose absorption. Serum xylose levels, urinary xylose excretion, or breath 14CO2 in isolation were poor screening tests for mucosal disease. The use of serum levels and urinary excretion in combination improved the discriminatory value of the test though small gut biopsy was more reliable.", "PMID": 1071535}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6757", "title": "Follow-up studies on liver disease associated with HBsAg carriers.", "content": "Eight male subjects who were initially studied in 1972 with liver biopsy because of HBsAg carrier status were re-studied two years later with liver biopsy, clinical examination and standard liver function tests. Three of the eight subjects remained antigen positive and had continuing liver disease, this being either chronic active hepatitis or chronic persistent hepatitis. two subjects became HBsAg negative and their liver biopsies returned to normal. One subject became HBsAg negative but his biopsy disclosed chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis in the presence of normal liver function tests. While persistence of the antigenaemia is associated with persisting liver disease, the converse is not true in that the disappearance of the antigen does not necessarily imply an improvement in liver disease. Liver biopsy remains the only reliable means of assessing liver disease as biochemical tests of liver function and the clinical findings may be of little value.", "contents": "Follow-up studies on liver disease associated with HBsAg carriers. Eight male subjects who were initially studied in 1972 with liver biopsy because of HBsAg carrier status were re-studied two years later with liver biopsy, clinical examination and standard liver function tests. Three of the eight subjects remained antigen positive and had continuing liver disease, this being either chronic active hepatitis or chronic persistent hepatitis. two subjects became HBsAg negative and their liver biopsies returned to normal. One subject became HBsAg negative but his biopsy disclosed chronic active hepatitis with cirrhosis in the presence of normal liver function tests. While persistence of the antigenaemia is associated with persisting liver disease, the converse is not true in that the disappearance of the antigen does not necessarily imply an improvement in liver disease. Liver biopsy remains the only reliable means of assessing liver disease as biochemical tests of liver function and the clinical findings may be of little value.", "PMID": 1071536}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6758", "title": "Detection of vesicoureteric reflux using radionuclide micturating cystography.", "content": "Radionuclide micturating cystography (RMC) has been compared with the standard micturating cystourethrogram for detecting vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). Of 16 renal tracts with VUR radiologically classified as gross all had reflux demonstrated on RMC and in 15 of these the reflux reached the renal pelvis. Eight of the 12 renal tracts with moderate VUR and three of four with slight VUR were shown to reflux on RMC. RMC should prove valuable for following the course of patients with VUR treated surgically or conservatively because of the lower gonadal radiation dose resulting from this technique compared with the conventional radiological method.", "contents": "Detection of vesicoureteric reflux using radionuclide micturating cystography. Radionuclide micturating cystography (RMC) has been compared with the standard micturating cystourethrogram for detecting vesicoureteric reflux (VUR). Of 16 renal tracts with VUR radiologically classified as gross all had reflux demonstrated on RMC and in 15 of these the reflux reached the renal pelvis. Eight of the 12 renal tracts with moderate VUR and three of four with slight VUR were shown to reflux on RMC. RMC should prove valuable for following the course of patients with VUR treated surgically or conservatively because of the lower gonadal radiation dose resulting from this technique compared with the conventional radiological method.", "PMID": 1071537}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6759", "title": "Duodenal ulcer--does it exist in Australia aborigines?", "content": "Analysis of barium meal examinations performed at the Darwin Hospital on 742 non-Aboriginal patients showed that 82 (11.5%) had duodenal ulcers. A similar analysis of barium meal examinations performed on 94 Aboriginal patients at the same hospital did not reveal any duodenal ulcers. Aboriginal patients form 22% of the local population and 18% of the hospital admissions. Therefore, it is suggested that duodenal ulcer is an uncommon disease in the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory of Australia.", "contents": "Duodenal ulcer--does it exist in Australia aborigines? Analysis of barium meal examinations performed at the Darwin Hospital on 742 non-Aboriginal patients showed that 82 (11.5%) had duodenal ulcers. A similar analysis of barium meal examinations performed on 94 Aboriginal patients at the same hospital did not reveal any duodenal ulcers. Aboriginal patients form 22% of the local population and 18% of the hospital admissions. Therefore, it is suggested that duodenal ulcer is an uncommon disease in the Aboriginal population of the Northern Territory of Australia.", "PMID": 1071538}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6760", "title": "Studies on serum amylase in normal man and in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Amylase isoenzymes in serum, urine, saliva, jejunal juice, and pancreatic tissue were separated by isoelectric focusing. Isoamylase patterns obtained indicated that the majority of amylase activity in normal serum is of salivary gland origin. Pancreatic amylase is characteristically predominant in acute pancreatitis. The increased renal clearance of amylase in acute pancreatitis may be partly due to the increased proportion of the smaller molecular weight pancreatic amylase. However, a demonstrated increase in the renal clearance of salivary amylase in acute pancreatitis suggests a renal cause also. Autopsy pancreas samples devoid of TAME (p-tosyl arginine methyl ester) esterase activity (e.g. trypsin and plasma enzymes such as thrombin and plasmin) had isoenzyme patterns different to those samples with free proteolytic activity. Incubation of TAME esterase free pancreas with trypsin caused conversion of the former isoamylase pattern to one with the predominant isoenzymes focusing coincident with the predominant peak in serum from acute pancreatitis, jejunal aspirate, and TAME esterase positive autopsy pancreas. Such conversion suggests that pancreatic amylase is synthesized in a form different from that found in the intestinal lumen and serum.", "contents": "Studies on serum amylase in normal man and in acute pancreatitis. Amylase isoenzymes in serum, urine, saliva, jejunal juice, and pancreatic tissue were separated by isoelectric focusing. Isoamylase patterns obtained indicated that the majority of amylase activity in normal serum is of salivary gland origin. Pancreatic amylase is characteristically predominant in acute pancreatitis. The increased renal clearance of amylase in acute pancreatitis may be partly due to the increased proportion of the smaller molecular weight pancreatic amylase. However, a demonstrated increase in the renal clearance of salivary amylase in acute pancreatitis suggests a renal cause also. Autopsy pancreas samples devoid of TAME (p-tosyl arginine methyl ester) esterase activity (e.g. trypsin and plasma enzymes such as thrombin and plasmin) had isoenzyme patterns different to those samples with free proteolytic activity. Incubation of TAME esterase free pancreas with trypsin caused conversion of the former isoamylase pattern to one with the predominant isoenzymes focusing coincident with the predominant peak in serum from acute pancreatitis, jejunal aspirate, and TAME esterase positive autopsy pancreas. Such conversion suggests that pancreatic amylase is synthesized in a form different from that found in the intestinal lumen and serum.", "PMID": 1071539}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6761", "title": "The significance of lowered jejunal disaccharidase levels.", "content": "Disaccharidase estimations on 115 consecutive jejunal biopsies are reported. The patients were divided into four groups: 1. Normal jejunal biopsy light microscopy, not milk intolerant, 82 cases. 2. Normal jejunal biopsy light microscopy, milk intolerant, eight cases. 3. Patients with giardiasis, 11 cases. 4. Coeliac disease patients, 14 cases. The lowest disaccharidase levels were found in coeliac disease, with giardiasis cases showing intermediate levels. Poor correlation of lactase levels with milk intolerance was found. Three cases in Group 1 showing lowered lactase levels were given metronidazole and showed remission of clinical symptoms, raising the possibility that they had undiagnosed infections with Giardia lamblia.", "contents": "The significance of lowered jejunal disaccharidase levels. Disaccharidase estimations on 115 consecutive jejunal biopsies are reported. The patients were divided into four groups: 1. Normal jejunal biopsy light microscopy, not milk intolerant, 82 cases. 2. Normal jejunal biopsy light microscopy, milk intolerant, eight cases. 3. Patients with giardiasis, 11 cases. 4. Coeliac disease patients, 14 cases. The lowest disaccharidase levels were found in coeliac disease, with giardiasis cases showing intermediate levels. Poor correlation of lactase levels with milk intolerance was found. Three cases in Group 1 showing lowered lactase levels were given metronidazole and showed remission of clinical symptoms, raising the possibility that they had undiagnosed infections with Giardia lamblia.", "PMID": 1071540}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6762", "title": "Effect on respiration of diazepam, chloropromazine and haloperidol in patients with chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "The effect on respiration of diazepam, haloperidol and chloropromazine in patients with chronic airways obstruction was studied on ten patients by the modified rebreathing method of ventilatory response to carbon-dioxide. The two parameters of the ventilatory response studied were: (a) the slope expressed as litres/minute/mmHg CO2 and (b) minute ventilation at a computed pCO2 57 mmHg (VE 57). A significant decrease in either of these parameters indicated respiratory depression. Following administration of 10 mg diazepam intramuscularly to ten patients a significant depression of respiration was observed in five patients. Administration of 50 mg chloropromazine intramuscularly to eight patients significantly depressed respiration of three patients. A significant depression of respiration was not observed in any of the ten patients given 5 mg haloperidol intramuscularly. These results indicate that the lack of significant respiratory depression from an intramuscular injection of 5 mg of haloperidol to patients with severe chronic airways obstruction makes it a safer drug, for the management of acute psychotic episodes in such patients, than 50 mg of chloropromazine or 10 mg of diazepam given intramuscularly.", "contents": "Effect on respiration of diazepam, chloropromazine and haloperidol in patients with chronic airways obstruction. The effect on respiration of diazepam, haloperidol and chloropromazine in patients with chronic airways obstruction was studied on ten patients by the modified rebreathing method of ventilatory response to carbon-dioxide. The two parameters of the ventilatory response studied were: (a) the slope expressed as litres/minute/mmHg CO2 and (b) minute ventilation at a computed pCO2 57 mmHg (VE 57). A significant decrease in either of these parameters indicated respiratory depression. Following administration of 10 mg diazepam intramuscularly to ten patients a significant depression of respiration was observed in five patients. Administration of 50 mg chloropromazine intramuscularly to eight patients significantly depressed respiration of three patients. A significant depression of respiration was not observed in any of the ten patients given 5 mg haloperidol intramuscularly. These results indicate that the lack of significant respiratory depression from an intramuscular injection of 5 mg of haloperidol to patients with severe chronic airways obstruction makes it a safer drug, for the management of acute psychotic episodes in such patients, than 50 mg of chloropromazine or 10 mg of diazepam given intramuscularly.", "PMID": 1071541}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6763", "title": "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: nerve conduction studies before, during and after carbamazepine therapy.", "content": "Fifty-four patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were treated with carbamazepine for a period of one year. Clinical assessment and nerve conduction velocity studies (NCV) were done periodically. Forty-nine patients had symptomatic relief of all sensory manifestations but NCV remained essentially unchanged. Untoward effects of the drug were frequent but transitory. It was concluded that carbamazepine is a dependable drug for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic sensory polyneuropathy.", "contents": "Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: nerve conduction studies before, during and after carbamazepine therapy. Fifty-four patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy were treated with carbamazepine for a period of one year. Clinical assessment and nerve conduction velocity studies (NCV) were done periodically. Forty-nine patients had symptomatic relief of all sensory manifestations but NCV remained essentially unchanged. Untoward effects of the drug were frequent but transitory. It was concluded that carbamazepine is a dependable drug for the treatment of symptomatic diabetic sensory polyneuropathy.", "PMID": 1071542}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6764", "title": "Severe haemolytic anaemia complicating infectious mononucleosis.", "content": "The case record of a patient suffering from infectious mononucleosis, complicated by severe haemolytic anaemia, with overt intravascular haemolysis, is reported. Investigation of such cases usually shows a high titre of cold agglutinins with anti-i specificity. In the case reported, the results of serological investigations were atypical, and suggested that cold agglutinins with anti-L activity (rather than anti-i) were predominant in the aetiology of the haemolysis.", "contents": "Severe haemolytic anaemia complicating infectious mononucleosis. The case record of a patient suffering from infectious mononucleosis, complicated by severe haemolytic anaemia, with overt intravascular haemolysis, is reported. Investigation of such cases usually shows a high titre of cold agglutinins with anti-i specificity. In the case reported, the results of serological investigations were atypical, and suggested that cold agglutinins with anti-L activity (rather than anti-i) were predominant in the aetiology of the haemolysis.", "PMID": 1071543}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6765", "title": "Extensive primary lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "A case of extensive primary lymphocytic lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) of the gastrointestinal tract is reported. At the time of presentation the patient had diffuse involvement of the gastrointestinal tract from the stomach to the ano-rectal junction. Malabsorption was present. Pre-treatment immunologic studies showed elevated serum IgA and IgG, but impaired humoral and cellular immunity. Death occurred 13 months after diagnosis.", "contents": "Extensive primary lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. A case of extensive primary lymphocytic lymphoma (lymphosarcoma) of the gastrointestinal tract is reported. At the time of presentation the patient had diffuse involvement of the gastrointestinal tract from the stomach to the ano-rectal junction. Malabsorption was present. Pre-treatment immunologic studies showed elevated serum IgA and IgG, but impaired humoral and cellular immunity. Death occurred 13 months after diagnosis.", "PMID": 1071544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6766", "title": "Double pylorus: a complication of chronic gastric ulcer?", "content": "A case of double pylorus with a chronic ulcer in one of the two channels is described. The patient, a middle-aged man with active rheumatoid arthritis, required partial gastrectomy to allow continued treatment of the arthritis with anti-inflammatory drugs. Detailed histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed features consistent with intramural penetration of an ulcer across the pyloric ring, resulting in a gastro-duodenal fistula. The findings provide further support for the hypothesis that the double pylorus is an acquired lesion, which occurs as an uncommon complication of chronic peptic ulcer.", "contents": "Double pylorus: a complication of chronic gastric ulcer? A case of double pylorus with a chronic ulcer in one of the two channels is described. The patient, a middle-aged man with active rheumatoid arthritis, required partial gastrectomy to allow continued treatment of the arthritis with anti-inflammatory drugs. Detailed histological examination of the surgical specimen revealed features consistent with intramural penetration of an ulcer across the pyloric ring, resulting in a gastro-duodenal fistula. The findings provide further support for the hypothesis that the double pylorus is an acquired lesion, which occurs as an uncommon complication of chronic peptic ulcer.", "PMID": 1071545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6767", "title": "The haemolytic uraemic syndrome and oral contraceptives.", "content": "A case of haemolytic uraemic syndrome is described in a young woman in whom the illness was apparently precipitated by the change from a low to a high oestrogen containing oral contraceptive agent.", "contents": "The haemolytic uraemic syndrome and oral contraceptives. A case of haemolytic uraemic syndrome is described in a young woman in whom the illness was apparently precipitated by the change from a low to a high oestrogen containing oral contraceptive agent.", "PMID": 1071546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6768", "title": "The role of intensive care units.", "content": "The indications for intensive care are discussed. Selection of patients should be based upon the apparent reversibility of disease processes and the likelihood of producing worthwhile relief of suffering. Admission statistics for one II-bed unit are also presented, and survival rates exceeding 90% of three \"model\" conditions-namely, fat embolism, tetanus and Gullain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome-are reported. The hospital costs for treating critically ill patients are approximately three times those for treating the \"average\" patient.", "contents": "The role of intensive care units. The indications for intensive care are discussed. Selection of patients should be based upon the apparent reversibility of disease processes and the likelihood of producing worthwhile relief of suffering. Admission statistics for one II-bed unit are also presented, and survival rates exceeding 90% of three \"model\" conditions-namely, fat embolism, tetanus and Gullain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome-are reported. The hospital costs for treating critically ill patients are approximately three times those for treating the \"average\" patient.", "PMID": 1071551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6769", "title": "Patient monitoring.", "content": "Optimum results are obtained in the care of the critically ill patient if efforts are directed to maintaining the internal environment in a state as near normal as possible. This cannot be done without the use of basic monitoring procedures. Complex investigations may have a legitmate and necessary role as research tools. There is, however, a real risk of complex procedures becoming an end in themselves in general intensive therapy units, where they are apt to distract overworked nurses and medical attendants from the care of their patients. It is important, therfore, for clearcut indications for various monitoring procedures to be defined, and in this paper an attempt has been made to outline alogical approach to the monitoring of critically ill genral surgical patients admitted intensive therapy units.", "contents": "Patient monitoring. Optimum results are obtained in the care of the critically ill patient if efforts are directed to maintaining the internal environment in a state as near normal as possible. This cannot be done without the use of basic monitoring procedures. Complex investigations may have a legitmate and necessary role as research tools. There is, however, a real risk of complex procedures becoming an end in themselves in general intensive therapy units, where they are apt to distract overworked nurses and medical attendants from the care of their patients. It is important, therfore, for clearcut indications for various monitoring procedures to be defined, and in this paper an attempt has been made to outline alogical approach to the monitoring of critically ill genral surgical patients admitted intensive therapy units.", "PMID": 1071552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6770", "title": "The rational use of blood.", "content": "A rational approach to the use of blood entails careful assessment of blood loss in the individual patient and a clear awareness of the advantages and disadvantages which may follow the use of whole blood. The use of red cell concentrates in preference to whole blood has therapeutic and immunological advantages for a majority of patients. Predictable changes which follow massive transfusion must be assessed and appropriate steps taken to minimize any undesirable results in the patient. A protocol for emergency transfusion is outlined.", "contents": "The rational use of blood. A rational approach to the use of blood entails careful assessment of blood loss in the individual patient and a clear awareness of the advantages and disadvantages which may follow the use of whole blood. The use of red cell concentrates in preference to whole blood has therapeutic and immunological advantages for a majority of patients. Predictable changes which follow massive transfusion must be assessed and appropriate steps taken to minimize any undesirable results in the patient. A protocol for emergency transfusion is outlined.", "PMID": 1071553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6771", "title": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome of deposition of platelet-fibrin thrombi in the microcirculation, with consumption of platelets and clotting factors and possible clinical features of bleeding or thrombosis or both. It may be produced by activation of coagulation, platelet aggregation or endothelial damage. It is not a primary disease, but a common and important complication of many serious illnesses, especially sepsis, carcinoma and obstetrical accidents. Shock and acidosis are frequent precipitating factors, and vitamin K deficiency is a common complicating factor. DIC usually produces no clinical features, but it may give rise to bleeding, ischemic organ damage or shock. Although its clinical contribution is often difficult to separate from that due to the underlying disease, DIC remains the commonest cause of a generalized bleeding tendency in acutely sick patients. Laboratory confirmation consists of the demonstration of thrombocytopenia, coagulation impairment, hypofibrinogenamia, raised levels of fibrin degradation products, and positive results of para-coagulation tests. The most important therapeutic measure is control of the underlying disease, but replacement therapy and heparin may be required, especially if bleeding is significant and the process is not acute and self-limited.", "contents": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome of deposition of platelet-fibrin thrombi in the microcirculation, with consumption of platelets and clotting factors and possible clinical features of bleeding or thrombosis or both. It may be produced by activation of coagulation, platelet aggregation or endothelial damage. It is not a primary disease, but a common and important complication of many serious illnesses, especially sepsis, carcinoma and obstetrical accidents. Shock and acidosis are frequent precipitating factors, and vitamin K deficiency is a common complicating factor. DIC usually produces no clinical features, but it may give rise to bleeding, ischemic organ damage or shock. Although its clinical contribution is often difficult to separate from that due to the underlying disease, DIC remains the commonest cause of a generalized bleeding tendency in acutely sick patients. Laboratory confirmation consists of the demonstration of thrombocytopenia, coagulation impairment, hypofibrinogenamia, raised levels of fibrin degradation products, and positive results of para-coagulation tests. The most important therapeutic measure is control of the underlying disease, but replacement therapy and heparin may be required, especially if bleeding is significant and the process is not acute and self-limited.", "PMID": 1071554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6772", "title": "Selective surgery for carcinoma of the rectum.", "content": "The importance of selecting the best operation for each patient in the management of carcinoma of the rectum is emphasized. Selection must be based upon many factors, including the level of the lesion, and the mode and extent of spread. Using these important guidelines, the place of local excision, tube resection, and abdominal resection with anastomosis by the trans-sphincteric approach are discussed and the techniques described.", "contents": "Selective surgery for carcinoma of the rectum. The importance of selecting the best operation for each patient in the management of carcinoma of the rectum is emphasized. Selection must be based upon many factors, including the level of the lesion, and the mode and extent of spread. Using these important guidelines, the place of local excision, tube resection, and abdominal resection with anastomosis by the trans-sphincteric approach are discussed and the techniques described.", "PMID": 1071555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6773", "title": "A fifteen-year study of breast cancer in Tasmania.", "content": "Seven hundred and seventy-nine patients presenting with breast cancer in Tasmania between 1930 and 1975 have been studied. No comparisons of different treatment have been made, but overall survival has been assessed. Median survival in the group was only 3-3 years, but 30% of patients were still alive at ten years. Other factors assessed in relation to survival were axillary node involvement, site, size, age, parity, breast feeding and place of birth.", "contents": "A fifteen-year study of breast cancer in Tasmania. Seven hundred and seventy-nine patients presenting with breast cancer in Tasmania between 1930 and 1975 have been studied. No comparisons of different treatment have been made, but overall survival has been assessed. Median survival in the group was only 3-3 years, but 30% of patients were still alive at ten years. Other factors assessed in relation to survival were axillary node involvement, site, size, age, parity, breast feeding and place of birth.", "PMID": 1071556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6774", "title": "Bilateral carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "A review of patients treated at the Peter MacCallum Clinic, Melbourne, between 1968 and 1973 inclusive, revealed 76 cases of primary carcinoma involving the opposite breast. Twenty-one of these occurred synchronously, when they were usually associated with elderly patients, a strong family history and an increased delay in presentation. The behaviour of these tumours was unremarkable, though the survival of the patients may have been less than those with single lesions, and in accord with the doubled risk of distant spread and local recurrence. Fifty-five patients with metachronous lesions did not present initally with features which would help to identify them as being prone to this double pathology. About 50% of the second carcinomas occurred within five years, but the remainder developed at intervals which were in several cases longer than 20 years. The patients did not present earlier on the second occasion, and several had advanced lesions. There was no evidence that the behaviour of the second carcinoma was influenced by immunological factors or patient susceptibility. Implications with regard to management are outlined, and the importance of long-term follow-up with regular examination is emphasized.", "contents": "Bilateral carcinoma of the breast. A review of patients treated at the Peter MacCallum Clinic, Melbourne, between 1968 and 1973 inclusive, revealed 76 cases of primary carcinoma involving the opposite breast. Twenty-one of these occurred synchronously, when they were usually associated with elderly patients, a strong family history and an increased delay in presentation. The behaviour of these tumours was unremarkable, though the survival of the patients may have been less than those with single lesions, and in accord with the doubled risk of distant spread and local recurrence. Fifty-five patients with metachronous lesions did not present initally with features which would help to identify them as being prone to this double pathology. About 50% of the second carcinomas occurred within five years, but the remainder developed at intervals which were in several cases longer than 20 years. The patients did not present earlier on the second occasion, and several had advanced lesions. There was no evidence that the behaviour of the second carcinoma was influenced by immunological factors or patient susceptibility. Implications with regard to management are outlined, and the importance of long-term follow-up with regular examination is emphasized.", "PMID": 1071557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6775", "title": "The possible relationship between mammary dysplasia and breast cancer.", "content": "The literature concerning a possible association between benign mammary dysplasia and breast cancer is reviewed. Prospective studies confirm a higher increase in the incidence of breast cancer in patients with clinically and biopsy proven benign mammary dysplasia than in those in whom it has not shown to be present. A plea is made for active follow-up of these patients.", "contents": "The possible relationship between mammary dysplasia and breast cancer. The literature concerning a possible association between benign mammary dysplasia and breast cancer is reviewed. Prospective studies confirm a higher increase in the incidence of breast cancer in patients with clinically and biopsy proven benign mammary dysplasia than in those in whom it has not shown to be present. A plea is made for active follow-up of these patients.", "PMID": 1071558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6776", "title": "The outpatient diagnosis of breast lumps.", "content": "A plan of management, based on a personal experience of 421 cases, has been developed for the outpatient diagnosis of breast symptoms. In the majority of patients the presence of absence of malignancy can be established with a high degree of certainty before biopsy, and benign masses can be safely excised on an outpatient basis. Only those patients whose breast symptoms and findings suggest malignancy need be admitted to hospital and prepared for major breast surgery. This plan has been shown to be safe, while avoiding unnecessary hospital bed occupancy.", "contents": "The outpatient diagnosis of breast lumps. A plan of management, based on a personal experience of 421 cases, has been developed for the outpatient diagnosis of breast symptoms. In the majority of patients the presence of absence of malignancy can be established with a high degree of certainty before biopsy, and benign masses can be safely excised on an outpatient basis. Only those patients whose breast symptoms and findings suggest malignancy need be admitted to hospital and prepared for major breast surgery. This plan has been shown to be safe, while avoiding unnecessary hospital bed occupancy.", "PMID": 1071559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6777", "title": "The early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip.", "content": "In 1964, a screening programme was commenced in South Australia to diagnose and treat congenital dislocation of the hip in the neonatal period. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a statistical review of cases seen at the Queen Victoria Hospital during 1971 and 1972. Related factors, and the recommended method of treatment, are discussed, along with problems of early diagnosis and treatment of newborn children found to have unstable hips.", "contents": "The early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. In 1964, a screening programme was commenced in South Australia to diagnose and treat congenital dislocation of the hip in the neonatal period. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of a statistical review of cases seen at the Queen Victoria Hospital during 1971 and 1972. Related factors, and the recommended method of treatment, are discussed, along with problems of early diagnosis and treatment of newborn children found to have unstable hips.", "PMID": 1071561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6778", "title": "Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine.", "content": "The records of 30 patients who had suffered from vertebral osteomyelitis were reviewed. They conformed to a constant pattern, though varying in tems of: (i) the severity of the disease due to host-organism interrelationship; and (ii) age distribution. Causative organisms could not always be identifed, though all lesions settled with conservative measures of rest and antibiotics. A high proportion of the patients who were followed up for more than one year were back at work. The anatomical distribution of the lesions can be explained by our knowledge of the vascular supply to the vertebral bodies.", "contents": "Pyogenic osteomyelitis of the spine. The records of 30 patients who had suffered from vertebral osteomyelitis were reviewed. They conformed to a constant pattern, though varying in tems of: (i) the severity of the disease due to host-organism interrelationship; and (ii) age distribution. Causative organisms could not always be identifed, though all lesions settled with conservative measures of rest and antibiotics. A high proportion of the patients who were followed up for more than one year were back at work. The anatomical distribution of the lesions can be explained by our knowledge of the vascular supply to the vertebral bodies.", "PMID": 1071562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6779", "title": "Cervico-mediastinal lymphangioma.", "content": "Two cases of cervico-mediastinal lymphangioma ppesenting in adults are reported. In one the lesion originated in the mediastinum and only when advanced showed extension into the neck. The other was associated with a cervical cystic hygroma. Both wwer relieved by one-stage excision. Although they are benign, the tendency of these lesions is to become progressively larger, and to infiltrate between the vital structures in the neck and mediastinum. These features, and the importance of early surgery, are illustrated by the patients we now report.", "contents": "Cervico-mediastinal lymphangioma. Two cases of cervico-mediastinal lymphangioma ppesenting in adults are reported. In one the lesion originated in the mediastinum and only when advanced showed extension into the neck. The other was associated with a cervical cystic hygroma. Both wwer relieved by one-stage excision. Although they are benign, the tendency of these lesions is to become progressively larger, and to infiltrate between the vital structures in the neck and mediastinum. These features, and the importance of early surgery, are illustrated by the patients we now report.", "PMID": 1071563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6780", "title": "Ureterocalycostomy in the management of renal and ureteric trauma: report of a case.", "content": "The operation of ureterocalycostomy, although rarely indicated, may occasionally be most useful, and constitute a desirable alternative to removal of an injured kidney. A case of renal transection with avulsion at the pelvi-ureteric junction, managed successfully by carrying out this procedure, is now reported.", "contents": "Ureterocalycostomy in the management of renal and ureteric trauma: report of a case. The operation of ureterocalycostomy, although rarely indicated, may occasionally be most useful, and constitute a desirable alternative to removal of an injured kidney. A case of renal transection with avulsion at the pelvi-ureteric junction, managed successfully by carrying out this procedure, is now reported.", "PMID": 1071564}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6781", "title": "The anterior approach to the adrenal gland.", "content": "The traditional approach to the adrenal gland is via a loin incision. While this is frequently the ideal approach for unilateral disease if both adrenals are to be examined or removed the surgeon must choose between bilateral loin incisions and a transabdominal approach. A bilateral posterior approach may be made with the patient is a prone, semi-jacknife position. This, however, is often unsuitable for sick patients, and of course does not permit the surgeon to perform a laparotomy or simultaneous oophorectomy if this is considered necessary. We feel, therefore, that an anterior approach merits serious consideration.", "contents": "The anterior approach to the adrenal gland. The traditional approach to the adrenal gland is via a loin incision. While this is frequently the ideal approach for unilateral disease if both adrenals are to be examined or removed the surgeon must choose between bilateral loin incisions and a transabdominal approach. A bilateral posterior approach may be made with the patient is a prone, semi-jacknife position. This, however, is often unsuitable for sick patients, and of course does not permit the surgeon to perform a laparotomy or simultaneous oophorectomy if this is considered necessary. We feel, therefore, that an anterior approach merits serious consideration.", "PMID": 1071565}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6782", "title": "Operative pancreatography.", "content": "The results of operative pancreatography in 32 patients with pancreatitis are reported. The main pancreatic duct was successfully and adequately demonstrated in 30 patients: in 29 by cannulation of the major ampulla, and in one by direct needle puncture of the duct. No films were obtained in one patient, and in another only  the accessory duct could be demonstrated. There was thus a high rate of technical success, but the frequency of gross abnormalities of the major pancreatic duct was low, except in those patients with traumatic pancreatitis. These results are relevant to the assessment of the value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in pancreatic disease.", "contents": "Operative pancreatography. The results of operative pancreatography in 32 patients with pancreatitis are reported. The main pancreatic duct was successfully and adequately demonstrated in 30 patients: in 29 by cannulation of the major ampulla, and in one by direct needle puncture of the duct. No films were obtained in one patient, and in another only  the accessory duct could be demonstrated. There was thus a high rate of technical success, but the frequency of gross abnormalities of the major pancreatic duct was low, except in those patients with traumatic pancreatitis. These results are relevant to the assessment of the value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in pancreatic disease.", "PMID": 1071566}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6783", "title": "Breast loss and delay in breast cancer diagnosis: behavioural science in surgical research.", "content": "By the use of the methods of behavioural science, a study of women's attitudes to breast cancer and to breast surgery was carried out to provide firm data which might begin to settle the argement regarding conservative surgery for breast cancer. Conscious fears, including that of mastectomy, were found to have no significatn influence on the time that a woman takes to report the presence of a breast lump to her doctor, or to commence the practice breast self-examination. The length of delay is determined by unconscious, non-rational processes, and other factors beyond her control. Rational argument, therefdore, such as that earlier diagnosis will permit more conservative surgery including partial mastectomy, will not influence women to present any earlier or to practise breast self-examination.", "contents": "Breast loss and delay in breast cancer diagnosis: behavioural science in surgical research. By the use of the methods of behavioural science, a study of women's attitudes to breast cancer and to breast surgery was carried out to provide firm data which might begin to settle the argement regarding conservative surgery for breast cancer. Conscious fears, including that of mastectomy, were found to have no significatn influence on the time that a woman takes to report the presence of a breast lump to her doctor, or to commence the practice breast self-examination. The length of delay is determined by unconscious, non-rational processes, and other factors beyond her control. Rational argument, therefdore, such as that earlier diagnosis will permit more conservative surgery including partial mastectomy, will not influence women to present any earlier or to practise breast self-examination.", "PMID": 1071567}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6784", "title": "A brief review of the concepts related to certain modern analytical methods and their use in medical science.", "content": "A number of sophisticated analytical methods are avialable in Australia and are in current use in medical research. Some basoc knowledge is required to understand the concepts behind their use, and expertise is necessary for interpretation of the results. In this brief review, the principles behind a number of modern analytical methods such as emission spectroscopy, electron microprobe, mass spectroscopy, infra-red spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, have been described in simple terms. These techniques may be used in the analysis of biological specimens. a number of illustrations of their use in medical research have been given.", "contents": "A brief review of the concepts related to certain modern analytical methods and their use in medical science. A number of sophisticated analytical methods are avialable in Australia and are in current use in medical research. Some basoc knowledge is required to understand the concepts behind their use, and expertise is necessary for interpretation of the results. In this brief review, the principles behind a number of modern analytical methods such as emission spectroscopy, electron microprobe, mass spectroscopy, infra-red spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, have been described in simple terms. These techniques may be used in the analysis of biological specimens. a number of illustrations of their use in medical research have been given.", "PMID": 1071568}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6785", "title": "Stimulation of renin secretion by frusemide and diazoxide in the isolated rat kidney.", "content": "1. The effect of diazoxide (17-3 micronmol min-1 g-1) and frusemide (0-12 micronmol min-1 g-1) on renin secretion was examined in the isolated perfused rat kidney. These substances are potential renal vasodilators with opposite effects on urine sodium excretion. 2. Both agents significantly increased renin secretion rate above control values. In the case of frusemide this was not altered by ureteric occlusion and presumed absence of urine flow. 3. Mean renal perfusion pressure decreased to the same extent with diazoxide and frusemide infusion as in the control experiments and no additional vasodilatory effect was observed on the basis of changes in flow rate of perfusate. 4. These observations identify an intrarenal site of action for diazoxide and frusemide on renin secretion. The apparent independence of this stimulatory action on renal vasodilation and urine flow suggests a direct effect on the renin-producing cell.", "contents": "Stimulation of renin secretion by frusemide and diazoxide in the isolated rat kidney. 1. The effect of diazoxide (17-3 micronmol min-1 g-1) and frusemide (0-12 micronmol min-1 g-1) on renin secretion was examined in the isolated perfused rat kidney. These substances are potential renal vasodilators with opposite effects on urine sodium excretion. 2. Both agents significantly increased renin secretion rate above control values. In the case of frusemide this was not altered by ureteric occlusion and presumed absence of urine flow. 3. Mean renal perfusion pressure decreased to the same extent with diazoxide and frusemide infusion as in the control experiments and no additional vasodilatory effect was observed on the basis of changes in flow rate of perfusate. 4. These observations identify an intrarenal site of action for diazoxide and frusemide on renin secretion. The apparent independence of this stimulatory action on renal vasodilation and urine flow suggests a direct effect on the renin-producing cell.", "PMID": 1071582}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6786", "title": "Inter-relationship between autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate, tubuloglomerular feedback and juxtaglomerular renin activity in normotensive and hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Reduction of renal perfusion pressure from 133 mmHg to 117 mmHg in control rats did not induce a significant change of kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or nephron GFR determined in distal tubules. In contrast, nephron GFR measured in proximal tubular segments (NGFR-P) fell significantly. 2. Qualitatively the same response of filtration rate to changes of arterial blood pressure was found in the chronically clipped kidneys of Goldblatt hypertensive rats after acute removal of the clip. 3. In contrast, autoregulation of kidney GFR, NGFR-D and NGFR-P was abolished in the contralateral kidneys of Goldblatt hypertensive rats. 4. Microperfusion studies showed that tubuloglomerular feedback regulation of NGFR was present in the renin-rich ischaemic kidneys of Goldblatt rats after removal of the constricting clip, but greatly attenuated in the renin-depleted contralateral kidneys. 5. These data indicate that tubuloglomerular feedback participates in establishing renal autoregulation, possibly by mediation of the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Inter-relationship between autoregulation of glomerular filtration rate, tubuloglomerular feedback and juxtaglomerular renin activity in normotensive and hypertensive rats. 1. Reduction of renal perfusion pressure from 133 mmHg to 117 mmHg in control rats did not induce a significant change of kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or nephron GFR determined in distal tubules. In contrast, nephron GFR measured in proximal tubular segments (NGFR-P) fell significantly. 2. Qualitatively the same response of filtration rate to changes of arterial blood pressure was found in the chronically clipped kidneys of Goldblatt hypertensive rats after acute removal of the clip. 3. In contrast, autoregulation of kidney GFR, NGFR-D and NGFR-P was abolished in the contralateral kidneys of Goldblatt hypertensive rats. 4. Microperfusion studies showed that tubuloglomerular feedback regulation of NGFR was present in the renin-rich ischaemic kidneys of Goldblatt rats after removal of the constricting clip, but greatly attenuated in the renin-depleted contralateral kidneys. 5. These data indicate that tubuloglomerular feedback participates in establishing renal autoregulation, possibly by mediation of the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 1071583}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6787", "title": "Effects of carotid occlusion and clonidine on renin secretion in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "1. Sympathetic reflexes were activated by carotid occlusion in anaesthetized dogs in which changes in renal perfusion pressure were prevented. This produced a prompt and reversible increase in plasma renin activity. 2. Administration of clonidine decreased plasma renin activity, arterial pressure and heart rate and blocked the renin secretory and blood pressure responses to carotid occlusion. 3. These results support the hypothesis that the suppression of renin secretion by clonidine is a consequence of the decrease in sympathetic activity produced by this drug.", "contents": "Effects of carotid occlusion and clonidine on renin secretion in anaesthetized dogs. 1. Sympathetic reflexes were activated by carotid occlusion in anaesthetized dogs in which changes in renal perfusion pressure were prevented. This produced a prompt and reversible increase in plasma renin activity. 2. Administration of clonidine decreased plasma renin activity, arterial pressure and heart rate and blocked the renin secretory and blood pressure responses to carotid occlusion. 3. These results support the hypothesis that the suppression of renin secretion by clonidine is a consequence of the decrease in sympathetic activity produced by this drug.", "PMID": 1071584}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6788", "title": "[Neuropsychic manifestations of loaiasis. A clinical case of potomania].", "content": "The authors report a case of polyurodipsic syndrome in the course of a loasis. The patient recovered after a carbamazide treatment. The authors discuss the neuro-psychic symptoms in filarioses and their induction mode.", "contents": "[Neuropsychic manifestations of loaiasis. A clinical case of potomania]. The authors report a case of polyurodipsic syndrome in the course of a loasis. The patient recovered after a carbamazide treatment. The authors discuss the neuro-psychic symptoms in filarioses and their induction mode.", "PMID": 1071580}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6789", "title": "Effects of aldosterone and spironolactone on arterial renin in rats.", "content": "1. The metabolic role of arterial angiotensin I-forming enzyme (i.e. renin activity) was studied in total homogenates and in subcellular fractions of the aorta of normotensive and hypertensive rats. 2. Angiotensin I-forming enzyme was measured in (a) uninephrectomized rats rendered hypertensive with D-aldosterone and sodium chloride (10 g/l drinking solution, (b) rats treated in the same manner but with the addition of spironolactone, and (c) control rats. 3. Hypertension developed in aldosterone-treated rats within 3-6 weeks and was associated with decreased plasma and renal renin values. Total aortic renin activity was up to sixfold higher in the hypertensive animals than in control animals and there was an increased ratio of supernatant to microsomal renin activity in the aorta. 4. In spironolactone-treated rats blood pressure and total aortic renin concentrations were comparable with those in the control rats. 5. The results support the hypothesis that renin generated at local vascular sites, which is independent of circulating renin levels, contributes to regulation of blood pressure.", "contents": "Effects of aldosterone and spironolactone on arterial renin in rats. 1. The metabolic role of arterial angiotensin I-forming enzyme (i.e. renin activity) was studied in total homogenates and in subcellular fractions of the aorta of normotensive and hypertensive rats. 2. Angiotensin I-forming enzyme was measured in (a) uninephrectomized rats rendered hypertensive with D-aldosterone and sodium chloride (10 g/l drinking solution, (b) rats treated in the same manner but with the addition of spironolactone, and (c) control rats. 3. Hypertension developed in aldosterone-treated rats within 3-6 weeks and was associated with decreased plasma and renal renin values. Total aortic renin activity was up to sixfold higher in the hypertensive animals than in control animals and there was an increased ratio of supernatant to microsomal renin activity in the aorta. 4. In spironolactone-treated rats blood pressure and total aortic renin concentrations were comparable with those in the control rats. 5. The results support the hypothesis that renin generated at local vascular sites, which is independent of circulating renin levels, contributes to regulation of blood pressure.", "PMID": 1071585}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6790", "title": "The role of sodium retention in Goldblatt 2-kidney hypertension in the rat.", "content": "1. Infusion of angiotensin II antagonist failed to restore the blood pressure of short-term Goldblatt 2-kidney hypertensive rats to normal levels before and after sodium restriction. 2. The blood pressure of both normal and sodium-restricted Goldblatt 2 hypertensive rats remained elevated 6 h after bilateral nephrectomy. 3. The residual hypertension found during antagonist infusion and after bilateral nephrectomy is not maintained by the renin-angiotensin system or sodium retention.", "contents": "The role of sodium retention in Goldblatt 2-kidney hypertension in the rat. 1. Infusion of angiotensin II antagonist failed to restore the blood pressure of short-term Goldblatt 2-kidney hypertensive rats to normal levels before and after sodium restriction. 2. The blood pressure of both normal and sodium-restricted Goldblatt 2 hypertensive rats remained elevated 6 h after bilateral nephrectomy. 3. The residual hypertension found during antagonist infusion and after bilateral nephrectomy is not maintained by the renin-angiotensin system or sodium retention.", "PMID": 1071586}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6791", "title": "Salt, frusemide and renin in severe experimental renal hypertension.", "content": "1. Sodium-deficient diet failed to alter development and maintenance of severe renal hypertension produced in the rat by ligation of the aorta between the renal arteries. 2. High sodium diet did not alter the early phase of this hypertension, but significantly decreased blood pressure elevation in the late phases. 3. The decrease in blood pressure produced by high sodium intake does not appear to be mediated by renin suppression. 4. Frusemide effectively reduced blood pressure and renin at all phases.", "contents": "Salt, frusemide and renin in severe experimental renal hypertension. 1. Sodium-deficient diet failed to alter development and maintenance of severe renal hypertension produced in the rat by ligation of the aorta between the renal arteries. 2. High sodium diet did not alter the early phase of this hypertension, but significantly decreased blood pressure elevation in the late phases. 3. The decrease in blood pressure produced by high sodium intake does not appear to be mediated by renin suppression. 4. Frusemide effectively reduced blood pressure and renin at all phases.", "PMID": 1071587}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6792", "title": "Casual, basal and supplemental blood pressures in 519 first-degree relatives of substantial hypertensive patients and in 350 population controls.", "content": "1. The casual blood pressure is the sum of the relatively stable basal pressure taken under defined conditions of rest and the labile supplemental pressure (casual minus basal), which represents the response to the current degree of physical, mental and probably metabolic stimulation. 2. The basal and supplemental blood pressures behave differently and it seems likely that different factors are involved in their pathogenesis. 3. The 5 and 8 years follow-up mortality is closely related to the basal pressure but not to the supplemental pressure. 4. The rise with age in the basal blood pressure is greater in the relatives of substantial hypertensive patients than in population control subjects. 5. Above the age group 30-39 years there is an increase in the rate of rise of the mean basal blood pressure with age among the first-degree relatives of hypertensive patients. In a population control group an acceleration in the rate of rise of the mean basal blood pressure with age also occurs but a decade or more later than in the relatives of hypertensive patients. 6. In males the mean supplemental pressures (systolic and diastolic) do not rise appreciably with age and the mean supplemental pressures of first-degree relatives and control subjects do not differ appreciably. 7. In females the mean supplemental pressures rise with age but, except after age 60 years, the pressure rise in first-degree relatives is only a little greater than in control subjects. 8. When hypertensive patients with similar casual blood pressures are compared the basal blood pressures are higher in patients with glomerulonephritis than in essential hypertensive patients. 9. In the first-degree relatives of substantial hypertensive patients high-ranking basal blood pressures occur much more frequently than in general population control subjects. 10. The close resemblance of the blood pressures in like twins indicates that genetic or familial factors have an important influence on blood pressure, and on the occurrence of frank hypertension.", "contents": "Casual, basal and supplemental blood pressures in 519 first-degree relatives of substantial hypertensive patients and in 350 population controls. 1. The casual blood pressure is the sum of the relatively stable basal pressure taken under defined conditions of rest and the labile supplemental pressure (casual minus basal), which represents the response to the current degree of physical, mental and probably metabolic stimulation. 2. The basal and supplemental blood pressures behave differently and it seems likely that different factors are involved in their pathogenesis. 3. The 5 and 8 years follow-up mortality is closely related to the basal pressure but not to the supplemental pressure. 4. The rise with age in the basal blood pressure is greater in the relatives of substantial hypertensive patients than in population control subjects. 5. Above the age group 30-39 years there is an increase in the rate of rise of the mean basal blood pressure with age among the first-degree relatives of hypertensive patients. In a population control group an acceleration in the rate of rise of the mean basal blood pressure with age also occurs but a decade or more later than in the relatives of hypertensive patients. 6. In males the mean supplemental pressures (systolic and diastolic) do not rise appreciably with age and the mean supplemental pressures of first-degree relatives and control subjects do not differ appreciably. 7. In females the mean supplemental pressures rise with age but, except after age 60 years, the pressure rise in first-degree relatives is only a little greater than in control subjects. 8. When hypertensive patients with similar casual blood pressures are compared the basal blood pressures are higher in patients with glomerulonephritis than in essential hypertensive patients. 9. In the first-degree relatives of substantial hypertensive patients high-ranking basal blood pressures occur much more frequently than in general population control subjects. 10. The close resemblance of the blood pressures in like twins indicates that genetic or familial factors have an important influence on blood pressure, and on the occurrence of frank hypertension.", "PMID": 1071588}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6793", "title": "Exchangeable sodium in experimental hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. Total exchangeable sodium was measured in rats by a radio-sodium equilibration method, before and after the production of hypertension by clipping the left renal artery, with or without contralateral naphrectomy. 2. Clipping of one renal artery with removal of the other kidney produced severe hypertension with no significant changes in exchangeable sodium or plasma renin levels. 3. Clipping of one renal artery without contralateral nephrectomy produced severe hypertension in some animals, but little change in blood pressure in others. The animals which developed severe hypertension had a marked increase in exchangeable sodium with a concomitant rise in plasma renin; the animals with smaller rises in blood pressure did not have these changes. 4. The fact that both plasma renin levels and exchangeable sodium levels increase according to this method, suggests that hypertension in the two-kidney model is renin-dependent.", "contents": "Exchangeable sodium in experimental hypertension in rats. 1. Total exchangeable sodium was measured in rats by a radio-sodium equilibration method, before and after the production of hypertension by clipping the left renal artery, with or without contralateral naphrectomy. 2. Clipping of one renal artery with removal of the other kidney produced severe hypertension with no significant changes in exchangeable sodium or plasma renin levels. 3. Clipping of one renal artery without contralateral nephrectomy produced severe hypertension in some animals, but little change in blood pressure in others. The animals which developed severe hypertension had a marked increase in exchangeable sodium with a concomitant rise in plasma renin; the animals with smaller rises in blood pressure did not have these changes. 4. The fact that both plasma renin levels and exchangeable sodium levels increase according to this method, suggests that hypertension in the two-kidney model is renin-dependent.", "PMID": 1071589}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6794", "title": "Cardiac output changes during experimental renal hypertension in the rabbit.", "content": "1. The haemodynamic changes during the development of hypertension in rabbits have been studied for 1 week before and 4-5 weeks after sham-operation (thirteen rabbits) or bilateral renal cellophan wrapping (thirteen rabbits), Doppler flowmeters being used to measure cardiac output. 2. There was a significant but transient rise in cardiac output on post-operative day 4 in six of thirteen sham-operated rabbits and six of thirteen renal-wrap rabbits before development of hypertension. Both groups showed the same rise in mean cardiac output of 10%. The reise in cardiac output was more transient than in other species, and was not essential for subsequent development of hypertension.", "contents": "Cardiac output changes during experimental renal hypertension in the rabbit. 1. The haemodynamic changes during the development of hypertension in rabbits have been studied for 1 week before and 4-5 weeks after sham-operation (thirteen rabbits) or bilateral renal cellophan wrapping (thirteen rabbits), Doppler flowmeters being used to measure cardiac output. 2. There was a significant but transient rise in cardiac output on post-operative day 4 in six of thirteen sham-operated rabbits and six of thirteen renal-wrap rabbits before development of hypertension. Both groups showed the same rise in mean cardiac output of 10%. The reise in cardiac output was more transient than in other species, and was not essential for subsequent development of hypertension.", "PMID": 1071590}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6795", "title": "Ventricular performance after onset of renal hypertension.", "content": "1. In renal hypertensive dogs, the slope of the relation between either stroke volume or cardiac output and end-diastolic pressure is shifted to the right of the normal curves. 2. The maximum to which stroke volume or cardiac output can be raised during loading is significantly less. These changes in cardiac performance appear to be unrelated to the severity of hypertension.", "contents": "Ventricular performance after onset of renal hypertension. 1. In renal hypertensive dogs, the slope of the relation between either stroke volume or cardiac output and end-diastolic pressure is shifted to the right of the normal curves. 2. The maximum to which stroke volume or cardiac output can be raised during loading is significantly less. These changes in cardiac performance appear to be unrelated to the severity of hypertension.", "PMID": 1071591}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6796", "title": "Lowering of blood pressure, plasma renin substrate, cholesterol and triglyceride by portacaval anastomosis in rats fed on a 60% sucrose/5% lard diet.", "content": "1. Portacaval anastomosis was carried out in ten rats fed on a 60% sucrose/5% lard diet, which induced moderate hypertriglyceridaemia, mild hypercholesterolaemia and normotension. 2. Plasma triglyceride was decreased to 45% of concentrations observed in ten pair-weighed control rats. 3. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were reduced to 58%, renin substrate to 70% and aortic blood pressure to 80% of control values by portacaval shunt surgery. 4. Individual blood pressures were directly related to plasma renin substrate concentrations.", "contents": "Lowering of blood pressure, plasma renin substrate, cholesterol and triglyceride by portacaval anastomosis in rats fed on a 60% sucrose/5% lard diet. 1. Portacaval anastomosis was carried out in ten rats fed on a 60% sucrose/5% lard diet, which induced moderate hypertriglyceridaemia, mild hypercholesterolaemia and normotension. 2. Plasma triglyceride was decreased to 45% of concentrations observed in ten pair-weighed control rats. 3. Plasma cholesterol concentrations were reduced to 58%, renin substrate to 70% and aortic blood pressure to 80% of control values by portacaval shunt surgery. 4. Individual blood pressures were directly related to plasma renin substrate concentrations.", "PMID": 1071592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6797", "title": "Studies on the effect of angiotensin II and of Des -angiotensin II on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in the dog.", "content": "1. The effect of infusions of equimolar doses of angiotensin II (AII) and of Des -angiotensin II (heptapeptide) on plasma renin activity, blood pressure and plasma aldosterone were compared in normal anaesthetized dexamethasone-suppressed dogs. 2. Plasma renin activity was equally suppressed by both compounds. The increase in blood pressure induced by the heptapeptide averaged 43-62% of the increase during AII infusions. No significant differences in aldosterone increase were observed between AII and the heptapeptide. Plasma aldosterone, however, dropped significantly faster in heptapeptide-treated dogs after the end of the infusions. 3. Sar -Ala -angiotensin II (saralasin, 400 pmol min-1 kg-1) suppressed plasma aldosterone that was stimulated by heptapeptide (20 pmol min-1 kg-1) completely. The same angiotensin antagonist had only a moderate effect on plasma aldosterone stimulated by AII. After stopping the antagonist infusion, plasma aldosterone rose significantly higher in dogs infused with AII than in those receiving the heptapeptide. 4. The results demonstrate differences between the effects of AII and the heptapeptide both on blood pressure and on plasma aldosterone. They do not support the hypothesis that the heptapeptide may be the main mediator of aldosterone secretion.", "contents": "Studies on the effect of angiotensin II and of Des -angiotensin II on blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone in the dog. 1. The effect of infusions of equimolar doses of angiotensin II (AII) and of Des -angiotensin II (heptapeptide) on plasma renin activity, blood pressure and plasma aldosterone were compared in normal anaesthetized dexamethasone-suppressed dogs. 2. Plasma renin activity was equally suppressed by both compounds. The increase in blood pressure induced by the heptapeptide averaged 43-62% of the increase during AII infusions. No significant differences in aldosterone increase were observed between AII and the heptapeptide. Plasma aldosterone, however, dropped significantly faster in heptapeptide-treated dogs after the end of the infusions. 3. Sar -Ala -angiotensin II (saralasin, 400 pmol min-1 kg-1) suppressed plasma aldosterone that was stimulated by heptapeptide (20 pmol min-1 kg-1) completely. The same angiotensin antagonist had only a moderate effect on plasma aldosterone stimulated by AII. After stopping the antagonist infusion, plasma aldosterone rose significantly higher in dogs infused with AII than in those receiving the heptapeptide. 4. The results demonstrate differences between the effects of AII and the heptapeptide both on blood pressure and on plasma aldosterone. They do not support the hypothesis that the heptapeptide may be the main mediator of aldosterone secretion.", "PMID": 1071593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6798", "title": "An investigation of the prolonged pressor response to renin in the nephrectomized rat.", "content": "1. In an investigation of the prolonged pressor response to renin that develops after nephrectomy, angiotensin I dose-response curves and rat renin clearances were studied in nephrectomized rats and paired sham-nephrectomized control animals under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. 2. Both threshold and slope of the angiotensin I dose-response curves were decreased at 15-27 h after nephrectomy. 3. The ratio of renin clearance (determined during renin infusions) in the nephrectomized rat to that in the paired sham-nephrectomized control animals was 0-49+/-0-03 (SEM), P less than 0-001 (n = 12 pairs). 4. Both factors contribute towards the prolongation of the blood pressure increase after intravenously administered renin in the nephrectomized animal.", "contents": "An investigation of the prolonged pressor response to renin in the nephrectomized rat. 1. In an investigation of the prolonged pressor response to renin that develops after nephrectomy, angiotensin I dose-response curves and rat renin clearances were studied in nephrectomized rats and paired sham-nephrectomized control animals under pentobarbitone anaesthesia. 2. Both threshold and slope of the angiotensin I dose-response curves were decreased at 15-27 h after nephrectomy. 3. The ratio of renin clearance (determined during renin infusions) in the nephrectomized rat to that in the paired sham-nephrectomized control animals was 0-49+/-0-03 (SEM), P less than 0-001 (n = 12 pairs). 4. Both factors contribute towards the prolongation of the blood pressure increase after intravenously administered renin in the nephrectomized animal.", "PMID": 1071594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6799", "title": "Evidence against inhibition of the renin-angiotensinogen reaction by des-angiotensin substrate in the rat.", "content": "1. The possible inhibitory effect of des-angiotensin I substrate on the renin-substrate reaction was studied. For this purpose rat angiotensinogen was purified 50-fool from plasma of nephrectomized rats. Des-angiotensin substrate was prepared from the purified angiotensinogen preparation by reaction with immobilized hog renin (coupled to Sepharose). 2. In kinetic experiments it was found that desangiotensin I substrate in concentrations of 0-225 and 0-45 micronmol/l has no influence on the reaction between rat renin and rat angiotensinogen.", "contents": "Evidence against inhibition of the renin-angiotensinogen reaction by des-angiotensin substrate in the rat. 1. The possible inhibitory effect of des-angiotensin I substrate on the renin-substrate reaction was studied. For this purpose rat angiotensinogen was purified 50-fool from plasma of nephrectomized rats. Des-angiotensin substrate was prepared from the purified angiotensinogen preparation by reaction with immobilized hog renin (coupled to Sepharose). 2. In kinetic experiments it was found that desangiotensin I substrate in concentrations of 0-225 and 0-45 micronmol/l has no influence on the reaction between rat renin and rat angiotensinogen.", "PMID": 1071595}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6800", "title": "Delayed onset and reduced severity of adrenal-compression hypertension in rats treated with digitoxin.", "content": "1. Bilateral compression of adrenal glands combined with unilateral nephrectomy and followed by imposition of a high sodium chloride intake caused severe hypertension in all rats, accompanied by enlargement of the heart, kidneys and adrenal glands, atrophy of the thymus and severe nephrosclerosis. 2. Digitoxin treatment delayed the onset, reduced the incidence and ameliorated the magnitude of the hypertensive response in such rats; it also reduced the degree of cardiac hypertrophy, the severity of nephrosclerosis and completely prevented enlargement of the adrenals and kidneys or atrophy of the thymus.", "contents": "Delayed onset and reduced severity of adrenal-compression hypertension in rats treated with digitoxin. 1. Bilateral compression of adrenal glands combined with unilateral nephrectomy and followed by imposition of a high sodium chloride intake caused severe hypertension in all rats, accompanied by enlargement of the heart, kidneys and adrenal glands, atrophy of the thymus and severe nephrosclerosis. 2. Digitoxin treatment delayed the onset, reduced the incidence and ameliorated the magnitude of the hypertensive response in such rats; it also reduced the degree of cardiac hypertrophy, the severity of nephrosclerosis and completely prevented enlargement of the adrenals and kidneys or atrophy of the thymus.", "PMID": 1071596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6801", "title": "Anti-hypertensive action of DL-alpha-tocopharyl esters in rats.", "content": "1. Oral administration of DL-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate (EN) (0-04 or 0-2 mmol day-1 kg-1) or DL-alpha-tocopharyl acetate (EA) (0-2 mmol day-1 kh-1) delayed the progress of hypertension in unilaterally nephrectomized rats, which were treated with deoxycorticosterone and salt, and in genetically hypertensive rats (SHR) which were given sodium chloride solution. Suppression of body weight gain, incidence of pneumonia and mortality were reduced by treatment with EN or EA. 2. Severe hypertension in old SHR (9 months)  further progressed, when drinking water was replaced by sodium chloride solution, and four out of ten of these animals died of cerebral haemorrhage during 4 weeks. The administration of EN or EA prevented the increase in blood pressure and incidence of stroke.", "contents": "Anti-hypertensive action of DL-alpha-tocopharyl esters in rats. 1. Oral administration of DL-alpha-tocopheryl nicotinate (EN) (0-04 or 0-2 mmol day-1 kg-1) or DL-alpha-tocopharyl acetate (EA) (0-2 mmol day-1 kh-1) delayed the progress of hypertension in unilaterally nephrectomized rats, which were treated with deoxycorticosterone and salt, and in genetically hypertensive rats (SHR) which were given sodium chloride solution. Suppression of body weight gain, incidence of pneumonia and mortality were reduced by treatment with EN or EA. 2. Severe hypertension in old SHR (9 months)  further progressed, when drinking water was replaced by sodium chloride solution, and four out of ten of these animals died of cerebral haemorrhage during 4 weeks. The administration of EN or EA prevented the increase in blood pressure and incidence of stroke.", "PMID": 1071597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6802", "title": "Humoral response and blood pressure regulation during hypercapnia and haemorrhage in dogs.", "content": "1. The blood-bathed organ technique was used to study the release of catecholamines, angiotensin II and prostaglandin-like (PL) substances into the circulation during hypercapnia and after haemorrhage in anaesthetized dogs. 2. Elevated blood concentrations of noradrenaline, angiotensin II and prostaglandin-like substances have been detected during both experimental conditions. 3. The rise of arterial blood pressure during hypercapnia and after haemorrhage was associated with elevated concentrations of angiotensin II in the blood and could be abolished by inhibition of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme with SQ 20881. 4. The compensation of arterial pressure during both stresses was significantly impaired by release of prostaglandin-like substances; it could be restored by inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis with indomethacin. 5. The results indicate that activation of the renin-angiotensin system represents the major humoral mechanism for the maintenance of arterial pressure during hypercapnic acidosis and after haemorrhage.", "contents": "Humoral response and blood pressure regulation during hypercapnia and haemorrhage in dogs. 1. The blood-bathed organ technique was used to study the release of catecholamines, angiotensin II and prostaglandin-like (PL) substances into the circulation during hypercapnia and after haemorrhage in anaesthetized dogs. 2. Elevated blood concentrations of noradrenaline, angiotensin II and prostaglandin-like substances have been detected during both experimental conditions. 3. The rise of arterial blood pressure during hypercapnia and after haemorrhage was associated with elevated concentrations of angiotensin II in the blood and could be abolished by inhibition of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme with SQ 20881. 4. The compensation of arterial pressure during both stresses was significantly impaired by release of prostaglandin-like substances; it could be restored by inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis with indomethacin. 5. The results indicate that activation of the renin-angiotensin system represents the major humoral mechanism for the maintenance of arterial pressure during hypercapnic acidosis and after haemorrhage.", "PMID": 1071598}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6803", "title": "Evidence of altered permeability of the erythrocyte membrane for sodium and potassium ions in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Erythrocyte membrane permeability to sodium and potsssium ions was studied in 8-10 weeks spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, Kyoto/Wistar strain), normotensive Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. The rate of 22Na efflux from the erythrocytes and the rate constant of Na/Na exchange were considerably greater in SHR than in normotensive Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. This difference remained the same in rats adrenalectomized 7 days before the experiment. The maximum difference in the constants was found when the sodium-potassium pump was blocked by ouabain. 3. The accumulation of 42K in the erythrocytes of SHR (the sodium-potassium pump being blocked) took place at a considerably slower rate, and the K+ wash-out into a potassium-free medium was faster than that in the normotensive Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. 4. These results indicate a higher permeability of the erythrocyte membrane of SHR for Na+ and K+, compared with normotensive Wistar and Sprague-dawley strains. It is suggested that this may reflect a more widespread cell-membrane defect, which could serve as a general cause for activating the mechanisms maintaining high blood pressure.", "contents": "Evidence of altered permeability of the erythrocyte membrane for sodium and potassium ions in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. Erythrocyte membrane permeability to sodium and potsssium ions was studied in 8-10 weeks spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, Kyoto/Wistar strain), normotensive Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. 2. The rate of 22Na efflux from the erythrocytes and the rate constant of Na/Na exchange were considerably greater in SHR than in normotensive Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. This difference remained the same in rats adrenalectomized 7 days before the experiment. The maximum difference in the constants was found when the sodium-potassium pump was blocked by ouabain. 3. The accumulation of 42K in the erythrocytes of SHR (the sodium-potassium pump being blocked) took place at a considerably slower rate, and the K+ wash-out into a potassium-free medium was faster than that in the normotensive Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats. 4. These results indicate a higher permeability of the erythrocyte membrane of SHR for Na+ and K+, compared with normotensive Wistar and Sprague-dawley strains. It is suggested that this may reflect a more widespread cell-membrane defect, which could serve as a general cause for activating the mechanisms maintaining high blood pressure.", "PMID": 1071599}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6804", "title": "Follow-up of renin in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Twenty-three subjects with essential hypertension were followed for a period of up to 7 years. They were untreated during the investigations. 2. Plasma renin concentration was found to decrease temporarily in some subjects. The ultimate change was a gradual rise. In those subjects who suffered myocardial infarction renin tended to rise more sharply. 3. A relationship was established with the rise in renal vascular resistance, which almost invariably occurred over the years.", "contents": "Follow-up of renin in essential hypertension. 1. Twenty-three subjects with essential hypertension were followed for a period of up to 7 years. They were untreated during the investigations. 2. Plasma renin concentration was found to decrease temporarily in some subjects. The ultimate change was a gradual rise. In those subjects who suffered myocardial infarction renin tended to rise more sharply. 3. A relationship was established with the rise in renal vascular resistance, which almost invariably occurred over the years.", "PMID": 1071600}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6805", "title": "Solitary kidney and ageing as causes of low renin and aldosterone concentrations: relevance to \"low-renin\" essential hypertension.", "content": "1. As experimental models of reduced nephron population in man, (a) twelve men aged 15-32 years who had one kidney removed 1-13 years previously and (b) fourteen normotensive men aged 70-90 years were studied. Results were compared with those in eighteen normotensive men aged 18-28 years and eleven men aged 19-33 years with essential hypertension. 2. While the subjects followed a routine of normal diet and daily activity, measurements were made, after overnight recumbency and in the fasting state, of plasma volume and renin activity on one occasion in hospital and of blood pressure on five to fourteen occasions in the home. Blood pressure was also measured after standing for 2 min and plasma renin activity after 1 h standing, sitting or walking. Twenty-four hour urinary aldosterone excretion was also measured. 3. The measurements were repeated in the normotensive subjects and subjects in (a) and (b) above after 10 days of sodium-restricted diet (40 mmol of sodium/day). 4. The mean plasma renin activity (recumbent) in essential hypertensive subjects was higher than in normotensive subjects. In subjects of (a) and (b) above, it was lower than normotensive subjects, and was not increased by dietary sodium restriction in subjects of (a). 5. The mean aldosterone excretion level was lower in old normotensive subjects than in the other groups, and increased in each group after dietary sodium restriction. 6. Mean plasma volume/surface area was not different between the four groups and in normotensive, essential hypertensive and nephrectomized subjects but not subjects aged 70-90 years was negatively correlated with standing diastolic blood pressure.", "contents": "Solitary kidney and ageing as causes of low renin and aldosterone concentrations: relevance to \"low-renin\" essential hypertension. 1. As experimental models of reduced nephron population in man, (a) twelve men aged 15-32 years who had one kidney removed 1-13 years previously and (b) fourteen normotensive men aged 70-90 years were studied. Results were compared with those in eighteen normotensive men aged 18-28 years and eleven men aged 19-33 years with essential hypertension. 2. While the subjects followed a routine of normal diet and daily activity, measurements were made, after overnight recumbency and in the fasting state, of plasma volume and renin activity on one occasion in hospital and of blood pressure on five to fourteen occasions in the home. Blood pressure was also measured after standing for 2 min and plasma renin activity after 1 h standing, sitting or walking. Twenty-four hour urinary aldosterone excretion was also measured. 3. The measurements were repeated in the normotensive subjects and subjects in (a) and (b) above after 10 days of sodium-restricted diet (40 mmol of sodium/day). 4. The mean plasma renin activity (recumbent) in essential hypertensive subjects was higher than in normotensive subjects. In subjects of (a) and (b) above, it was lower than normotensive subjects, and was not increased by dietary sodium restriction in subjects of (a). 5. The mean aldosterone excretion level was lower in old normotensive subjects than in the other groups, and increased in each group after dietary sodium restriction. 6. Mean plasma volume/surface area was not different between the four groups and in normotensive, essential hypertensive and nephrectomized subjects but not subjects aged 70-90 years was negatively correlated with standing diastolic blood pressure.", "PMID": 1071601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6806", "title": "High-renin essential hypertension: adrenergic cardiovascular correlates.", "content": "1. Patients with mild essential hypertension and elevated plasma renin activity, when compared with normal subjects and hypertensive subjects with normal plasma renin, demonstrated features of sympathetic nervous cardiovascular excitation, accompanied by a raised plasma noradrenaline concentration. 2. An elevated heart rate at rest, shortened cardiac pre-ejection period, and greater heart rate reduction with acute beta-adrenoreceptor blockade (intravenous propranolol) in high-renin essential hypertension were indicative of adrenergic cardiac excitation. An elevated total of peripheral vascular resistance at rest and a greater fall in peripheral resistance with alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade (intravenous phentolamine) suggested the existence of a neurogenic increase in arteriolar resistance. 3. Blood pressure was normalized by 'total' autonomic blockade (atropine plus propranolol plus phentolamine) in the hypertensive subjects with elevated plasma renin activity. 4. These findings suggest that in mild high-renin essential hypertension increased adrenergic drive to the heart and resistance vessels exists. The elevation of blood pressure is sustained predominantly by neurogenic mechanisms. The high plasma renin activity is seen as an expression of sympathetic nervous system overactivity.", "contents": "High-renin essential hypertension: adrenergic cardiovascular correlates. 1. Patients with mild essential hypertension and elevated plasma renin activity, when compared with normal subjects and hypertensive subjects with normal plasma renin, demonstrated features of sympathetic nervous cardiovascular excitation, accompanied by a raised plasma noradrenaline concentration. 2. An elevated heart rate at rest, shortened cardiac pre-ejection period, and greater heart rate reduction with acute beta-adrenoreceptor blockade (intravenous propranolol) in high-renin essential hypertension were indicative of adrenergic cardiac excitation. An elevated total of peripheral vascular resistance at rest and a greater fall in peripheral resistance with alpha-adrenoreceptor blockade (intravenous phentolamine) suggested the existence of a neurogenic increase in arteriolar resistance. 3. Blood pressure was normalized by 'total' autonomic blockade (atropine plus propranolol plus phentolamine) in the hypertensive subjects with elevated plasma renin activity. 4. These findings suggest that in mild high-renin essential hypertension increased adrenergic drive to the heart and resistance vessels exists. The elevation of blood pressure is sustained predominantly by neurogenic mechanisms. The high plasma renin activity is seen as an expression of sympathetic nervous system overactivity.", "PMID": 1071602}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6807", "title": "Reduced plasma renin activity in essential hypertension: effects of blood pressure, age and sodium.", "content": "1. Supine plasma renin activity and its responsiveness to erect posture and frusemide were reduced in fifty-one patients with essential hypertension, compared with fifty-one age- and sex-matched control subjects. 2. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium excretion was similar in hypertensive patients nad control subjects. 2. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium excretion was similar in hypertensive patients and control subjects, but after intravenous frusemide hypertensive patients excreted significantly less sodium. 3. A significant inverse relationship between plasma renin activity and diastolic blood pressure was demonstrated in hypertensive patients and in normotensive control subjects. 4. A significant inverse relationship between plasma renin activity and age, independent of blood pressure, was shown in hypertensive patients and control subjects. 5. It is concluded that the reduced renin values found in essential hypertension are, in part, the result of the elevated blood pressure acting on the kidney.", "contents": "Reduced plasma renin activity in essential hypertension: effects of blood pressure, age and sodium. 1. Supine plasma renin activity and its responsiveness to erect posture and frusemide were reduced in fifty-one patients with essential hypertension, compared with fifty-one age- and sex-matched control subjects. 2. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium excretion was similar in hypertensive patients nad control subjects. 2. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium excretion was similar in hypertensive patients and control subjects, but after intravenous frusemide hypertensive patients excreted significantly less sodium. 3. A significant inverse relationship between plasma renin activity and diastolic blood pressure was demonstrated in hypertensive patients and in normotensive control subjects. 4. A significant inverse relationship between plasma renin activity and age, independent of blood pressure, was shown in hypertensive patients and control subjects. 5. It is concluded that the reduced renin values found in essential hypertension are, in part, the result of the elevated blood pressure acting on the kidney.", "PMID": 1071603}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6808", "title": "Change in the renin dependency of blood pressure induced by volume depletion and/or propranolol therapy in hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and renin dependency of the blood pressure was analysed in ten patients with various forms of hypertension before and during treatment with volume depletion and/or propranolol. Renin dependency was tested by infusion of the specific competitive angiotensin II antagonist Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (P113). 2. The P113-induced fall of the blood pressure did correlate with the log PRA (r=0-888, P less than 0-001). This correlation was found irrespective of different types of hypertension and treatment schedules. 3. During volume depletion, PRA was stimulated and renin dependency of the blood pressure increased. Propranolol therapy suppressed PRA during normovolaemia as well as during volume depletion, and this was accompanied by a decrease of the renin dependency. 4. No incication was found that a given PRA is of special importance for blood pressure elevation in different patients. 5. Suppression of PRA by propranolol is one of the anti-hypertensive mechanisms of this drug.", "contents": "Change in the renin dependency of blood pressure induced by volume depletion and/or propranolol therapy in hypertensive patients. 1. Plasma renin activity (PRA) and renin dependency of the blood pressure was analysed in ten patients with various forms of hypertension before and during treatment with volume depletion and/or propranolol. Renin dependency was tested by infusion of the specific competitive angiotensin II antagonist Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (P113). 2. The P113-induced fall of the blood pressure did correlate with the log PRA (r=0-888, P less than 0-001). This correlation was found irrespective of different types of hypertension and treatment schedules. 3. During volume depletion, PRA was stimulated and renin dependency of the blood pressure increased. Propranolol therapy suppressed PRA during normovolaemia as well as during volume depletion, and this was accompanied by a decrease of the renin dependency. 4. No incication was found that a given PRA is of special importance for blood pressure elevation in different patients. 5. Suppression of PRA by propranolol is one of the anti-hypertensive mechanisms of this drug.", "PMID": 1071604}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6809", "title": "The renin-angiotensin system and the pathogenesis of vascular disease in malignant hypertension.", "content": "1. The syndrome of malignant hypertension in man and animals has three fundamental components: high blood pressure, activation of the renin-angiotensin system and the rapid development of necrotizing arteriolar disease. 2. The high blood pressure can be associated with different conformations of the arteriolar microcirculation. The emergence of an arteriolar reaction pattern characterized by the formation of focal dilatations, with intervening constricted segments, is of fundamental pathophysiological importance. 3. Activation of the renin system is reflected in an increased renin secretion rate from the kidneys and an increased rate of angiotensin II generation in the pulmonary vascular bed. 4. The crucial pathogenetic process, leading eventually to severe arteriolar wall damage, is a penetration of plasmatic macromolecules into the wall of distended arteriolar segments, as observed in states of severe experimental hypertension. 5. Renin can induce vascular disease, but hypersecretion of renin is not a necessary condition for the development of hypertensive arteriolar necrosis.", "contents": "The renin-angiotensin system and the pathogenesis of vascular disease in malignant hypertension. 1. The syndrome of malignant hypertension in man and animals has three fundamental components: high blood pressure, activation of the renin-angiotensin system and the rapid development of necrotizing arteriolar disease. 2. The high blood pressure can be associated with different conformations of the arteriolar microcirculation. The emergence of an arteriolar reaction pattern characterized by the formation of focal dilatations, with intervening constricted segments, is of fundamental pathophysiological importance. 3. Activation of the renin system is reflected in an increased renin secretion rate from the kidneys and an increased rate of angiotensin II generation in the pulmonary vascular bed. 4. The crucial pathogenetic process, leading eventually to severe arteriolar wall damage, is a penetration of plasmatic macromolecules into the wall of distended arteriolar segments, as observed in states of severe experimental hypertension. 5. Renin can induce vascular disease, but hypersecretion of renin is not a necessary condition for the development of hypertensive arteriolar necrosis.", "PMID": 1071605}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6810", "title": "Angiotensin II blockade in normal subjects and essential hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. Saralasin (Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II), a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II (AII), has been infused into normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension when deprived of sodium by 5 days of a 10 mmol/day sodium diet. 2. When saralasin was given by an incremental rate of infusion starting at 0-25 microng min-1 kg-1, sodium-deprived normal subjects showed a fall in standing blood pressure with no change in lying blood pressure, sodium-deprived normal-renin hypertensive patients showed no change in lying or standing blood pressure and sodium-deprived low-renin patients showed a significant sustained rise in lying and standing blood pressure. 3. These findings suggest that: (a) standing blood pressure in sodium-deprived normal subjects is angiotensin II dependent; (b)normal-renin hypertensive patients when sodium deprived by diet alone do not appear to be angiotensin II dependent (angiotensin II is unlikely therefore to be directly maintaining their blood pressure on their normal sodium intake);(c) the rise in blood pressure seen in low-renin hypertensive patients with saralasin may be a further way of distinguishing this group of patients.", "contents": "Angiotensin II blockade in normal subjects and essential hypertensive patients. 1. Saralasin (Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II), a competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II (AII), has been infused into normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension when deprived of sodium by 5 days of a 10 mmol/day sodium diet. 2. When saralasin was given by an incremental rate of infusion starting at 0-25 microng min-1 kg-1, sodium-deprived normal subjects showed a fall in standing blood pressure with no change in lying blood pressure, sodium-deprived normal-renin hypertensive patients showed no change in lying or standing blood pressure and sodium-deprived low-renin patients showed a significant sustained rise in lying and standing blood pressure. 3. These findings suggest that: (a) standing blood pressure in sodium-deprived normal subjects is angiotensin II dependent; (b)normal-renin hypertensive patients when sodium deprived by diet alone do not appear to be angiotensin II dependent (angiotensin II is unlikely therefore to be directly maintaining their blood pressure on their normal sodium intake);(c) the rise in blood pressure seen in low-renin hypertensive patients with saralasin may be a further way of distinguishing this group of patients.", "PMID": 1071606}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6811", "title": "Determination of renin-dependency and sodium-dependency in the three renin sub-groups of essential hypertension.", "content": "1. In all three renin sub-groups of essential hypertension, the state of sodium balance determines the degree of participation of the renin-angiotensin system in sustaining high blood pressure. 2. Even the low-renin type can become renin-dependent when sufficient sodium depletion has bee achieved. 3. The main difference between patients of these sub-groups appears to be their variable capacity to become depleted of sodium under standard dietary regimens.", "contents": "Determination of renin-dependency and sodium-dependency in the three renin sub-groups of essential hypertension. 1. In all three renin sub-groups of essential hypertension, the state of sodium balance determines the degree of participation of the renin-angiotensin system in sustaining high blood pressure. 2. Even the low-renin type can become renin-dependent when sufficient sodium depletion has bee achieved. 3. The main difference between patients of these sub-groups appears to be their variable capacity to become depleted of sodium under standard dietary regimens.", "PMID": 1071607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6812", "title": "Dissociation of blood angiotensin II and plasma renin activity during chronic treatment in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Plasma renin activity and circulating amounts of blood angiotensin II were measured in twenty-six patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. 2. Measurements were made during a control period and at 1, 4, 9 and 14 weeks of diuretic treatment with metolazone or hydrochlorothiazide. 3. Linear regression analysis indicated a progressive change in the relation of plasma renin activity and blood angiotensin II. 4. During  chronic diuretic therapy (beyond 14 weeks) blood angiotensin II had stabilized to low and relatively fixed values across a wide range of plasma renin activities.", "contents": "Dissociation of blood angiotensin II and plasma renin activity during chronic treatment in essential hypertension. 1. Plasma renin activity and circulating amounts of blood angiotensin II were measured in twenty-six patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. 2. Measurements were made during a control period and at 1, 4, 9 and 14 weeks of diuretic treatment with metolazone or hydrochlorothiazide. 3. Linear regression analysis indicated a progressive change in the relation of plasma renin activity and blood angiotensin II. 4. During  chronic diuretic therapy (beyond 14 weeks) blood angiotensin II had stabilized to low and relatively fixed values across a wide range of plasma renin activities.", "PMID": 1071608}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6813", "title": "The role of vascular capacitance in the genesis of essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Analysis of relationships between blood volume, vascular capacitance, cardiopulmonary and peripheral blood volumes, labelled albumin disappearance rate, plasma renin activity, blood pressure and age was performed in essential hypertensive males. 2. The results indicate that capacitance bed constriction probably occurs with age in essential hypertension leading to an increase in the product blood volume xvascular capacitance tone even in the presence of low blood volume. 3. A metabolic defect in the venous vascular bed along with an abnormality of regulation of renal sodium excretion is postulated.", "contents": "The role of vascular capacitance in the genesis of essential hypertension. 1. Analysis of relationships between blood volume, vascular capacitance, cardiopulmonary and peripheral blood volumes, labelled albumin disappearance rate, plasma renin activity, blood pressure and age was performed in essential hypertensive males. 2. The results indicate that capacitance bed constriction probably occurs with age in essential hypertension leading to an increase in the product blood volume xvascular capacitance tone even in the presence of low blood volume. 3. A metabolic defect in the venous vascular bed along with an abnormality of regulation of renal sodium excretion is postulated.", "PMID": 1071609}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6814", "title": "Increased central blood volume: a poosible pathophysiological factor im mild low-renin essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Patients with mild low-renin hypertension characteristically have increased central blood volume. The total blood volume is normal; the larger central blood volume reflects a shift of the blood from peripheral to central (cardiopulmonary) segments of the capacity system. 2. A relationship between central blood volume and plasma renin activity is demonstrable during tilting in normal and hypertensive subjects. In thirteen indivicuals there was a strong correlation between the decrease of the central blood volume and the increase in plasma renin activity in response to 12 min of 35 degree head-up tilt. 3. We propose that the elevated central blood volume causes greater stretch of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors and this in turn depresses renin release in mild low-renin hypertension.", "contents": "Increased central blood volume: a poosible pathophysiological factor im mild low-renin essential hypertension. 1. Patients with mild low-renin hypertension characteristically have increased central blood volume. The total blood volume is normal; the larger central blood volume reflects a shift of the blood from peripheral to central (cardiopulmonary) segments of the capacity system. 2. A relationship between central blood volume and plasma renin activity is demonstrable during tilting in normal and hypertensive subjects. In thirteen indivicuals there was a strong correlation between the decrease of the central blood volume and the increase in plasma renin activity in response to 12 min of 35 degree head-up tilt. 3. We propose that the elevated central blood volume causes greater stretch of cardiopulmonary mechanoreceptors and this in turn depresses renin release in mild low-renin hypertension.", "PMID": 1071610}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6815", "title": "Significance of increase in labelled albumin disappearance rate in arterial hypertension.", "content": "1. Relationships between labelled albumin disappearance rate (LADR), plasma volume, blood volume, plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood pressure (BP) were studied in normotensive control subjects and patients with hypertension of different aetiology and severity. In essential hypertensive patients without complications an inverse linear relationship was found between blood pressure and plasma or blood volume. 2. Very close inverse correlations were found between LADR and PRA in both normotensive subjects and patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. LADR appears to be an excellent reference standard for PRA. 3. It is postulated that LADR mainly reflects the relation between circulating fluid and vascular capacitance tone. LADR is increased in hypertension and blood volume may still be inappropriately high.", "contents": "Significance of increase in labelled albumin disappearance rate in arterial hypertension. 1. Relationships between labelled albumin disappearance rate (LADR), plasma volume, blood volume, plasma renin activity (PRA) and blood pressure (BP) were studied in normotensive control subjects and patients with hypertension of different aetiology and severity. In essential hypertensive patients without complications an inverse linear relationship was found between blood pressure and plasma or blood volume. 2. Very close inverse correlations were found between LADR and PRA in both normotensive subjects and patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension. LADR appears to be an excellent reference standard for PRA. 3. It is postulated that LADR mainly reflects the relation between circulating fluid and vascular capacitance tone. LADR is increased in hypertension and blood volume may still be inappropriately high.", "PMID": 1071611}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6816", "title": "The effect of intravenous angiotensin II on the peripheral circulation with particular reference to its bearing on general haemodynamics.", "content": "1. Central and peripheral haemodynamic effects of intravenous infusion of angiotensin II have been investigated in ten normotensive subjects. Angiotensin II was given at the rate of 0-12-5-0 microng/min. 2. The pressor response to angiotensin II was accompanied by a significant increase in the total peripheral resistance, central venous pressure and by a marked reduction of the intravascular forearm volume and venous distensibility. Forearm circulation time was shortened. 3. Cardiac index, heart rate, forearm vascular resistance and the forearm blood flow did not change significantly in the whole group but in the individual subjects some of the variables changed markedly in either direction. 4. Direct action of angiotensin II on the vessels and its central and peripheral sympathomimetic aciton as well as the role of the baroreflex as responsible causes for haemodynamic changes after angiotensin II are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of intravenous angiotensin II on the peripheral circulation with particular reference to its bearing on general haemodynamics. 1. Central and peripheral haemodynamic effects of intravenous infusion of angiotensin II have been investigated in ten normotensive subjects. Angiotensin II was given at the rate of 0-12-5-0 microng/min. 2. The pressor response to angiotensin II was accompanied by a significant increase in the total peripheral resistance, central venous pressure and by a marked reduction of the intravascular forearm volume and venous distensibility. Forearm circulation time was shortened. 3. Cardiac index, heart rate, forearm vascular resistance and the forearm blood flow did not change significantly in the whole group but in the individual subjects some of the variables changed markedly in either direction. 4. Direct action of angiotensin II on the vessels and its central and peripheral sympathomimetic aciton as well as the role of the baroreflex as responsible causes for haemodynamic changes after angiotensin II are discussed.", "PMID": 1071612}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6817", "title": "The haemodynamic response to salt and water loading in patients with end-stage renal disease and anephric man.", "content": "1. Patients with end-stage renal disease and anephric patients underwent expansion and depletion of body fluids with salt and water. This resulted in four different sequential haemodynamic patterns: (i) no significant increase in blood pressure; (ii) increase in blood pressure associated with a rise in cardiac output and no effect on total peripheral resistance; (iii) increase in cardiac output followed by a rise in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance; (iv) increase in total peripheral resistance and blood pressure without significant changes in cardiac output. 2. It is concluded that an initial rise in cardiac output is not necessary to increase-blood pressure in either anephric man or patients with end-stage renaldisease.", "contents": "The haemodynamic response to salt and water loading in patients with end-stage renal disease and anephric man. 1. Patients with end-stage renal disease and anephric patients underwent expansion and depletion of body fluids with salt and water. This resulted in four different sequential haemodynamic patterns: (i) no significant increase in blood pressure; (ii) increase in blood pressure associated with a rise in cardiac output and no effect on total peripheral resistance; (iii) increase in cardiac output followed by a rise in blood pressure and total peripheral resistance; (iv) increase in total peripheral resistance and blood pressure without significant changes in cardiac output. 2. It is concluded that an initial rise in cardiac output is not necessary to increase-blood pressure in either anephric man or patients with end-stage renaldisease.", "PMID": 1071613}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6818", "title": "Primary malignant nephrosclerosis.", "content": "1. As proposed by Sch\u00fcrmann & MacMahon (1933), we suggest that two types of malignant nephrosclerosis exist. 2. In the type called primary malignant nephrosclerosis, renal vascular lesions precede hypertension. 3. In the second type, called secondary malignant nephrosclerosis, renal vascular lesions are considered to be the consequence of malignant hypertension.", "contents": "Primary malignant nephrosclerosis. 1. As proposed by Sch\u00fcrmann & MacMahon (1933), we suggest that two types of malignant nephrosclerosis exist. 2. In the type called primary malignant nephrosclerosis, renal vascular lesions precede hypertension. 3. In the second type, called secondary malignant nephrosclerosis, renal vascular lesions are considered to be the consequence of malignant hypertension.", "PMID": 1071614}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6819", "title": "Surgical intervention in severe and complicated renal hypertension: Report of the Sydney Renal Hypertension Group (1969-75).", "content": "1. A prospective study was undertaken in seventy-eight patients with renal hypertension (fifty-eight with renovascular disease and twenty with renal parenchymal disease), after their presentation to an advisory group as possible candidates for surgical management. 2. Vascular repair and/or nephrectomy were performed in forty-four patients, and the remainder were treated with anti-hypertensive drugs. The control of blood pressure was then assessed over periods of 6-70 months. 3. Of the patients treated surgically, fifteen (34%) were normotensive without medication and fifteen had improved blood pressure control; the morbidity rate was the same as in the medically treated group, but mortality was lower and blood pressure control was better, particularly among patients under 40 years of age. 4. Surgery undertaken primarily to conserve renal function was beneficial in four of nine patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis and severe, progressive uraemia. 5. The blood pressure response to surgical correction of unilateral renal lesions was predicted correctly by the preoperative renal vein renin ratio in fifteen of eighteen cases.", "contents": "Surgical intervention in severe and complicated renal hypertension: Report of the Sydney Renal Hypertension Group (1969-75). 1. A prospective study was undertaken in seventy-eight patients with renal hypertension (fifty-eight with renovascular disease and twenty with renal parenchymal disease), after their presentation to an advisory group as possible candidates for surgical management. 2. Vascular repair and/or nephrectomy were performed in forty-four patients, and the remainder were treated with anti-hypertensive drugs. The control of blood pressure was then assessed over periods of 6-70 months. 3. Of the patients treated surgically, fifteen (34%) were normotensive without medication and fifteen had improved blood pressure control; the morbidity rate was the same as in the medically treated group, but mortality was lower and blood pressure control was better, particularly among patients under 40 years of age. 4. Surgery undertaken primarily to conserve renal function was beneficial in four of nine patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis and severe, progressive uraemia. 5. The blood pressure response to surgical correction of unilateral renal lesions was predicted correctly by the preoperative renal vein renin ratio in fifteen of eighteen cases.", "PMID": 1071615}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6820", "title": "Diazoxide-induced stimulation of renin release in renal vein renin sampling.", "content": "1. The acute effect of diazoxide (150-300 mg, intravenously) on renal venous renin has been evaluated in forty-four patients with suspected renal hypertension. 2. In twenty-seven studies which showed no lateralization, diazoxide raised the mean peripheral renin to 175% of control (P less than 0-05) but the renal vein renin ratio showed an insignificant change (1-15 to 1-21). 3. In seventeen studies which showed lateralization the increase in peripheral renin was similar, but mean renal vein renin ratio increased from 1-90 to 3-52 (P less than 0-005), and the mean ratio of contralateral renal vein to peripheral renin showed no change (1-05 to 1-07), indicating persistence of contralateral suppression. 4. Diazoxide accentuates the distinction between lateralizing and non-lateralizing renal vein renin studies.", "contents": "Diazoxide-induced stimulation of renin release in renal vein renin sampling. 1. The acute effect of diazoxide (150-300 mg, intravenously) on renal venous renin has been evaluated in forty-four patients with suspected renal hypertension. 2. In twenty-seven studies which showed no lateralization, diazoxide raised the mean peripheral renin to 175% of control (P less than 0-05) but the renal vein renin ratio showed an insignificant change (1-15 to 1-21). 3. In seventeen studies which showed lateralization the increase in peripheral renin was similar, but mean renal vein renin ratio increased from 1-90 to 3-52 (P less than 0-005), and the mean ratio of contralateral renal vein to peripheral renin showed no change (1-05 to 1-07), indicating persistence of contralateral suppression. 4. Diazoxide accentuates the distinction between lateralizing and non-lateralizing renal vein renin studies.", "PMID": 1071616}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6821", "title": "Clinical significance of plasma renin activity in human renovascular hypertension.", "content": "1. Plasma renin activity (PRA) in peripheral venous blood of patients with renovascular hypertension was found to be high (thirty-five), normal (twenty-one) and low (three). Twenty-one patients with high PRA were cured or improved after successful surgery, as were eight of eleven with normal PRA and one with a low PRA. After surgery high PRA values became normal or low. 2. A beta-receptor-blocking agent (oxprenolol) decreased PRA in twenty-eight patients (responders) and it either did not modify or increased PRA in the other fifteen (non-responders). All fourteen non-responders were cured by surgery, as were thirteen out of fifteen responders; ten non-responders became responders after surgery. Oxprenolol suppressed renin secretion of both kidneys of two patients with essential hypertension, and it either decreased (six) or did not modify (four) renin secretion from the ischaemic kidney. 3. PRA measurement in renal veins of twenty-six patients with renovascular hypertension showed that only the ischaemic kidney contributes to the peripheral PRA, renin secretion being suppressed in the contralateral kidney. The suppression of renin secretion from the ischaemic kidney produced either by nephrectomy (nine) or by aortorenal by-pass (six) normalized blood pressure. 4. Peripheral PRA values are of poor diagnostic significance and PRA unresponsiveness to a beta-receptor-blocking drug and the suppression of renin secretion from the ischaemic kidney are characteristic findings of renovascular hypertension curable by appropriate surgery.", "contents": "Clinical significance of plasma renin activity in human renovascular hypertension. 1. Plasma renin activity (PRA) in peripheral venous blood of patients with renovascular hypertension was found to be high (thirty-five), normal (twenty-one) and low (three). Twenty-one patients with high PRA were cured or improved after successful surgery, as were eight of eleven with normal PRA and one with a low PRA. After surgery high PRA values became normal or low. 2. A beta-receptor-blocking agent (oxprenolol) decreased PRA in twenty-eight patients (responders) and it either did not modify or increased PRA in the other fifteen (non-responders). All fourteen non-responders were cured by surgery, as were thirteen out of fifteen responders; ten non-responders became responders after surgery. Oxprenolol suppressed renin secretion of both kidneys of two patients with essential hypertension, and it either decreased (six) or did not modify (four) renin secretion from the ischaemic kidney. 3. PRA measurement in renal veins of twenty-six patients with renovascular hypertension showed that only the ischaemic kidney contributes to the peripheral PRA, renin secretion being suppressed in the contralateral kidney. The suppression of renin secretion from the ischaemic kidney produced either by nephrectomy (nine) or by aortorenal by-pass (six) normalized blood pressure. 4. Peripheral PRA values are of poor diagnostic significance and PRA unresponsiveness to a beta-receptor-blocking drug and the suppression of renin secretion from the ischaemic kidney are characteristic findings of renovascular hypertension curable by appropriate surgery.", "PMID": 1071617}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6822", "title": "The immediate plasma renin response to propranolol: evidence for a different mode of renin release in essential and renal hypertension.", "content": "1. The immediate short-term effects of intravenous injections of propranolol on plasma renin activity were studied in thirty-one normal subjects, 102 patients with benign essential and sixty-six patients with renal hypertension. 2. In essential hypertensive patients and normal subjects a marked fall in plasma renin activity was observed within 15 min, which was directly proportional to initial plasma renin values. In contrast, in patients with renal hypertension the fall observed was much less pronounced, or totally absent. 3. These differences in response to propranolol, which were particularly pronounced in patients with high initial renin values, suggest a dominant role of sympathetic tone at the juxtaglomerular apparatus for basal renin release in normal individuals and essential hypertensive subjects only. 4. The observations also indicate that sympathetic activity plays no part in the control of basal renin secretion in patients with renal hypertension, in whom basal renin secretion may be maintained by the renal baroreceptors.", "contents": "The immediate plasma renin response to propranolol: evidence for a different mode of renin release in essential and renal hypertension. 1. The immediate short-term effects of intravenous injections of propranolol on plasma renin activity were studied in thirty-one normal subjects, 102 patients with benign essential and sixty-six patients with renal hypertension. 2. In essential hypertensive patients and normal subjects a marked fall in plasma renin activity was observed within 15 min, which was directly proportional to initial plasma renin values. In contrast, in patients with renal hypertension the fall observed was much less pronounced, or totally absent. 3. These differences in response to propranolol, which were particularly pronounced in patients with high initial renin values, suggest a dominant role of sympathetic tone at the juxtaglomerular apparatus for basal renin release in normal individuals and essential hypertensive subjects only. 4. The observations also indicate that sympathetic activity plays no part in the control of basal renin secretion in patients with renal hypertension, in whom basal renin secretion may be maintained by the renal baroreceptors.", "PMID": 1071618}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6823", "title": "Results and costs of investigating newly detected hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. Eighty unselected hypertensive subjects were investigated at a cost of $78.00 per patient, in a short out-patient study programme. Seven (9%) were found to have a cause for their hypertension; incidental abnormalities were found in twenty-two (28%). 2. The combination of clinical selection and planned out-patient investigation should detect all patients with secondary hypertension.", "contents": "Results and costs of investigating newly detected hypertensive patients. 1. Eighty unselected hypertensive subjects were investigated at a cost of $78.00 per patient, in a short out-patient study programme. Seven (9%) were found to have a cause for their hypertension; incidental abnormalities were found in twenty-two (28%). 2. The combination of clinical selection and planned out-patient investigation should detect all patients with secondary hypertension.", "PMID": 1071619}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6824", "title": "Effects of indomethacin in rabbit renovascular hypertension.", "content": "1. Indomethacin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and interferes with renin release; these effects were studied in rabbit renovascular hypertension. 2. Ten intravenous injections (3 mg day-1 kg-1 after two initial doses of 9 mg/kg) of indomethacin were given daily to ten normal rabbits, ten rabbits with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension (2KH), tension (1KH). Twelve appropriate control rabbits received diluent phosphate buffer without indomethacin. Plasma renin activity and plasma prostaglandin E2 were measured by radioimmunoassay. 3. In the normal group, indomethacin significantly decreased plasma prostaglandin E2 (1-15 to 0-2 ng/ml, SEM 0-2; P less than 0-01) and plasma renin activity (20 to 3 ng h-1 ml-1, SEM 1, P less than 0-01). Plasma creatinine increased slightly but the mean blood pressure was not significantly changed by indomethacin. 4. Six of ten rabbits with 2KH showed results similar to those in the normal rabbits. In four of ten rabbits in which development of 2KH was accompanied by increments in plasma renin activity (18 to 31-5 ng h-1 ml-1, SEM 3 and 4 respectively; P less than 0-01) and plasma prostaglandin E2 (1-2 to 3-4 ng/ml, SEM 0-2 and 0-4 respectively; P less than 0-05), treatment with indomethacin produced renal failure (plasma creatinine increasing to 7-6 mg/100 ml), oliguria, malignant hypertension (mean blood pressure, 168 mmHg, SEM 7-7) and death within 5 days. 5. In 1KH, indomethacin decreased plasma renin activity and plasma prostaglandin E2, but caused increased mean blood pressure (102 to 121 mmHg, SEM 4 and 6 respectively; P less than 0-01) and decreased renal function (plasma creatinine 0-9 +/- 0-04 to 3-5 +/- 1 mg/100 ml, SEM 0-04 and 1 respectively; P less than 0-01). 6. Aggravation of hypertension was conditioned by pre-existing levels of renal function and, to a lesser extent, by plasma renin activities. 7. These results suggest that prostaglandins exert a protective effect on renal function in renovascular hypertension.", "contents": "Effects of indomethacin in rabbit renovascular hypertension. 1. Indomethacin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and interferes with renin release; these effects were studied in rabbit renovascular hypertension. 2. Ten intravenous injections (3 mg day-1 kg-1 after two initial doses of 9 mg/kg) of indomethacin were given daily to ten normal rabbits, ten rabbits with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension (2KH), tension (1KH). Twelve appropriate control rabbits received diluent phosphate buffer without indomethacin. Plasma renin activity and plasma prostaglandin E2 were measured by radioimmunoassay. 3. In the normal group, indomethacin significantly decreased plasma prostaglandin E2 (1-15 to 0-2 ng/ml, SEM 0-2; P less than 0-01) and plasma renin activity (20 to 3 ng h-1 ml-1, SEM 1, P less than 0-01). Plasma creatinine increased slightly but the mean blood pressure was not significantly changed by indomethacin. 4. Six of ten rabbits with 2KH showed results similar to those in the normal rabbits. In four of ten rabbits in which development of 2KH was accompanied by increments in plasma renin activity (18 to 31-5 ng h-1 ml-1, SEM 3 and 4 respectively; P less than 0-01) and plasma prostaglandin E2 (1-2 to 3-4 ng/ml, SEM 0-2 and 0-4 respectively; P less than 0-05), treatment with indomethacin produced renal failure (plasma creatinine increasing to 7-6 mg/100 ml), oliguria, malignant hypertension (mean blood pressure, 168 mmHg, SEM 7-7) and death within 5 days. 5. In 1KH, indomethacin decreased plasma renin activity and plasma prostaglandin E2, but caused increased mean blood pressure (102 to 121 mmHg, SEM 4 and 6 respectively; P less than 0-01) and decreased renal function (plasma creatinine 0-9 +/- 0-04 to 3-5 +/- 1 mg/100 ml, SEM 0-04 and 1 respectively; P less than 0-01). 6. Aggravation of hypertension was conditioned by pre-existing levels of renal function and, to a lesser extent, by plasma renin activities. 7. These results suggest that prostaglandins exert a protective effect on renal function in renovascular hypertension.", "PMID": 1071620}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6825", "title": "Renal prostaglandin synthesis in hypertension induced by deoxycorticosterone and sodium chloride in the rat.", "content": "1. The role of renal medullary prostaglandin E has been examined in rats with hypertension induced by sodium chloride and deoxycorticosterone (salt-DOC). 2. Synthesis of prostaglandin E was normal in early salt-DOC hypertension. Indomethacin exacerbated the hypertension, and depressed synthesis of prostaglandin E equally in hypertensive and control rats. 3. Synthesis of prostaglandin E was depressed in rats with late salt-DOC hypertension. 4. The results lend support to the concept that prostaglandin E is involved in the regulation of arterial pressure.", "contents": "Renal prostaglandin synthesis in hypertension induced by deoxycorticosterone and sodium chloride in the rat. 1. The role of renal medullary prostaglandin E has been examined in rats with hypertension induced by sodium chloride and deoxycorticosterone (salt-DOC). 2. Synthesis of prostaglandin E was normal in early salt-DOC hypertension. Indomethacin exacerbated the hypertension, and depressed synthesis of prostaglandin E equally in hypertensive and control rats. 3. Synthesis of prostaglandin E was depressed in rats with late salt-DOC hypertension. 4. The results lend support to the concept that prostaglandin E is involved in the regulation of arterial pressure.", "PMID": 1071621}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6826", "title": "Vascular actions of frusemide and bumetanide on the rat superior mesenteric vascular bed: interactions with prostaglandins.", "content": "1. The addition of frusemide or bumetanide to perfusion fluid inhibited the response of the isolated mesenteric vascular bed to noradrenaline. 2. Addition of prostaglandin E2 to the perfusion fluid completely restored the response to noradrenaline. 3. Inhibition of prostaglandin secretion by indomethacin with restoration of responses to noradrenaline by the addition of exogenous prostaglandin E2 prevented the inhibitory effect of frusemide or bumetanide on responses to noradrenaline. 4. The inhibitory effects of diuretics on responsiveness to noradrenaline is mediated by blockade of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "Vascular actions of frusemide and bumetanide on the rat superior mesenteric vascular bed: interactions with prostaglandins. 1. The addition of frusemide or bumetanide to perfusion fluid inhibited the response of the isolated mesenteric vascular bed to noradrenaline. 2. Addition of prostaglandin E2 to the perfusion fluid completely restored the response to noradrenaline. 3. Inhibition of prostaglandin secretion by indomethacin with restoration of responses to noradrenaline by the addition of exogenous prostaglandin E2 prevented the inhibitory effect of frusemide or bumetanide on responses to noradrenaline. 4. The inhibitory effects of diuretics on responsiveness to noradrenaline is mediated by blockade of endogenous prostaglandin synthesis.", "PMID": 1071622}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6827", "title": "Renal urinary kallikrein in normotensive and hypertensive rats during enhanced excretion of water and electrolytes.", "content": "1. Urinary kallikrein excreted by normal rats is significantly increased (P less than 0-001) 2 h after: (a) water loading, (b) water loading plus frusemide, 0-27 mmol (10 mg) per rat, (c) salt loading. In water-loaded rats, 5 i.u. of renin strikingly reduced kallikrein excretion (P less than 0-01) but considerably increased sodium excretion (P less than 0-001). 2. Renal kallikrein, measured by its kininogenase activity within 2 h of water loading, was significantly increased (P less than 0-05); after water loading and frusemide it was 40% decreased (P less than 0-001) and after salt loading it was reduced by approximately 50% (P less than 0-02). Renin did not change renal kallikrein. 3. Severely hypertensive (one-kidney) rats (blood pressure greater than 150 mmHg) showed no increase of urinary kallikrein after water loading, although there was a marked natriuresis, in moderately hypertensive rats (blood pressure less than 150 mmHg) urinary kallikrein was only one-third of that observed in control normotensive rats, after an equal degree of water loading.", "contents": "Renal urinary kallikrein in normotensive and hypertensive rats during enhanced excretion of water and electrolytes. 1. Urinary kallikrein excreted by normal rats is significantly increased (P less than 0-001) 2 h after: (a) water loading, (b) water loading plus frusemide, 0-27 mmol (10 mg) per rat, (c) salt loading. In water-loaded rats, 5 i.u. of renin strikingly reduced kallikrein excretion (P less than 0-01) but considerably increased sodium excretion (P less than 0-001). 2. Renal kallikrein, measured by its kininogenase activity within 2 h of water loading, was significantly increased (P less than 0-05); after water loading and frusemide it was 40% decreased (P less than 0-001) and after salt loading it was reduced by approximately 50% (P less than 0-02). Renin did not change renal kallikrein. 3. Severely hypertensive (one-kidney) rats (blood pressure greater than 150 mmHg) showed no increase of urinary kallikrein after water loading, although there was a marked natriuresis, in moderately hypertensive rats (blood pressure less than 150 mmHg) urinary kallikrein was only one-third of that observed in control normotensive rats, after an equal degree of water loading.", "PMID": 1071623}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6828", "title": "Urinary kallikrein and plasma renin during the reversal of renovascular hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. Urinary kallikrein, sodium, potassium and water excretion, and plasma renin activity were measured before and during the reversal of experimental hypertension produced by unclamping the renal artery in rats. 2. Kallikrein excretion decreased significantly after unclamping, suggesting that it does not play a significant role in the reversal of hypertension. 3. A decrease in plasma renin activity coupled with a slight increase of sodium excretion was observed, indicating that these might participate in the reversal of hypertension.", "contents": "Urinary kallikrein and plasma renin during the reversal of renovascular hypertension in rats. 1. Urinary kallikrein, sodium, potassium and water excretion, and plasma renin activity were measured before and during the reversal of experimental hypertension produced by unclamping the renal artery in rats. 2. Kallikrein excretion decreased significantly after unclamping, suggesting that it does not play a significant role in the reversal of hypertension. 3. A decrease in plasma renin activity coupled with a slight increase of sodium excretion was observed, indicating that these might participate in the reversal of hypertension.", "PMID": 1071624}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6829", "title": "The renal vascular lesions of severe and malignant hypertension: a light-immunofluorescent microscopy, transmission and scanning electron-microscopy study.", "content": "1. Arterial and glomerular lesions were studied in seventy-eight specimens from patients with severe or malignant primary or secondary hypertension by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and light-microscopy and immunofluorescent microscopy. 2. The lesions were classified as compensatory, decompensated and reparative. The arterial lesions of primary and secondary hypertension were qualitatively similar. Each of the microscopy techniques contributed to a better understanding of the changes.", "contents": "The renal vascular lesions of severe and malignant hypertension: a light-immunofluorescent microscopy, transmission and scanning electron-microscopy study. 1. Arterial and glomerular lesions were studied in seventy-eight specimens from patients with severe or malignant primary or secondary hypertension by transmission and scanning electron microscopy and light-microscopy and immunofluorescent microscopy. 2. The lesions were classified as compensatory, decompensated and reparative. The arterial lesions of primary and secondary hypertension were qualitatively similar. Each of the microscopy techniques contributed to a better understanding of the changes.", "PMID": 1071625}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6830", "title": "Contribution of prostaglandins to the renal vascular supersensitivity to vasoconstrictor agents exhibited by New Zealand genetic hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Studies were made of the effects on responses to vasoconstrictor agents of prostaglandins released from Krebs perfused isolated kidneys of genetic hypertensive and normotensive rats. 2. Prostaglandin E-like activity, detected by bioassay, was released from kidneys of both groups of rats during the vasoconstriction produced by noradrenaline, angiotensin or prostaglandin F2alpha. 3. In preparations obtained from hypertensive rats, responses to higher doses of noradrenaline or angiotensin were initially greater than those from normotensive rats and these were then reduced to a greater extent by infusion of indomethacin, which abolished release of prostaglandin E-like activity. Thereafter, in kidneys of either group, vasoconstriction to noradrenaline was potentiated by infusion of prostaglandin E2. 4. We conclude that, in rats, renal prostaglandins released in response to vasoconstrictor agents could augment the effect of such agents and in genetic hypertensive rats release of renal prostaglandins could contribute to the disease.", "contents": "Contribution of prostaglandins to the renal vascular supersensitivity to vasoconstrictor agents exhibited by New Zealand genetic hypertensive rats. 1. Studies were made of the effects on responses to vasoconstrictor agents of prostaglandins released from Krebs perfused isolated kidneys of genetic hypertensive and normotensive rats. 2. Prostaglandin E-like activity, detected by bioassay, was released from kidneys of both groups of rats during the vasoconstriction produced by noradrenaline, angiotensin or prostaglandin F2alpha. 3. In preparations obtained from hypertensive rats, responses to higher doses of noradrenaline or angiotensin were initially greater than those from normotensive rats and these were then reduced to a greater extent by infusion of indomethacin, which abolished release of prostaglandin E-like activity. Thereafter, in kidneys of either group, vasoconstriction to noradrenaline was potentiated by infusion of prostaglandin E2. 4. We conclude that, in rats, renal prostaglandins released in response to vasoconstrictor agents could augment the effect of such agents and in genetic hypertensive rats release of renal prostaglandins could contribute to the disease.", "PMID": 1071626}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6831", "title": "The effects of aldosterone and spironolactone on renal kallikrein in the rat.", "content": "1. A technique has been developed for the measurement of kallikrein 'production' in rat renal cortical cells in suspension. 2. After preparative steps, column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose yielded a peak of alpha-N-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (Tos-Arg-OMe) esterase activity identical with kallikrein isolated from rat urine in respect of pH optimum, effects of inhibitors, biological activity and immunological properties. 3. The nutrient medium surrounding incubated cells contained measurable kallikrein activity, which was increased by aldosterone and decreased by spironolactone. 4. The results raised the possibility that kallikrein could be an aldosterone-induced protein.", "contents": "The effects of aldosterone and spironolactone on renal kallikrein in the rat. 1. A technique has been developed for the measurement of kallikrein 'production' in rat renal cortical cells in suspension. 2. After preparative steps, column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose yielded a peak of alpha-N-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (Tos-Arg-OMe) esterase activity identical with kallikrein isolated from rat urine in respect of pH optimum, effects of inhibitors, biological activity and immunological properties. 3. The nutrient medium surrounding incubated cells contained measurable kallikrein activity, which was increased by aldosterone and decreased by spironolactone. 4. The results raised the possibility that kallikrein could be an aldosterone-induced protein.", "PMID": 1071627}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6832", "title": "Renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems in sodium homeostasis and hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. Urinary kallikrein excretion was measured in rats by an enzyme kinetic method employing radioimmunoassay of generated bradykinin. 2. Rats given a sodium load (NaCl solution, 20 g/l, to drink) for 28 days showed acute and prolonged significant falls in urinary kallikrein excretion associated with suppression of plasma renin and angiotensin. 3. Conversely sodium-depleted rats showed increases in urinary kallikrein excretion, associated with rises in plasma renin and angiotensin. 4. A close and significant direct relation between plasma renin activity and urinary kallikrein excretion was demonstrated. 5. The diuresis and natriuresis induced by frusemide in rats was associated with increased urinary kallikrein excretion and acute rises in plasma renin. 6. In chronic renal hypertensive rats urinary kallikrein excretion was increased only in the animals with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. This group was also the only group that demonstrated a significant rise in plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Renin-angiotensin and kallikrein-kinin systems in sodium homeostasis and hypertension in rats. 1. Urinary kallikrein excretion was measured in rats by an enzyme kinetic method employing radioimmunoassay of generated bradykinin. 2. Rats given a sodium load (NaCl solution, 20 g/l, to drink) for 28 days showed acute and prolonged significant falls in urinary kallikrein excretion associated with suppression of plasma renin and angiotensin. 3. Conversely sodium-depleted rats showed increases in urinary kallikrein excretion, associated with rises in plasma renin and angiotensin. 4. A close and significant direct relation between plasma renin activity and urinary kallikrein excretion was demonstrated. 5. The diuresis and natriuresis induced by frusemide in rats was associated with increased urinary kallikrein excretion and acute rises in plasma renin. 6. In chronic renal hypertensive rats urinary kallikrein excretion was increased only in the animals with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. This group was also the only group that demonstrated a significant rise in plasma renin activity.", "PMID": 1071628}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6833", "title": "Anti-hypertensive lipid tissue from culture of renomedullary interstitial cells of the rat.", "content": "1. Allogenic transplants of cultured renomedullary interstitial cells exert a powerful anti-hypertensive action. The blood pressure of hypertensive animals usually drops slowly over 8-12 h whereas the pulse is unchanged or reduced. 2. Lipids derived from the cultured cells exert a similar anti-hypertensive action. 3. The anti-hypertensive action of transplanted cultured cells almost certainly results from the secretion of a substance(s) that acts in the manner of a hormone. The tissue culture lipid is a prime candidate hormone. 4. The relationship of the kidney to the hypertensive state is considered to entail pro- and anti-hypertensive actions. The pro-hypertensive actions include (a) activation of the renal pressor system (mainly renin-angiotensin), (b) failure to prevent sodium and fluid overloading because of either an injured or absent kidney or the excessive action of mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone). The antihypertensive actions of the kidney include (a) the relief of sodium and fluid overloading through diuresis-natriuresis and (b) the action of the reno-medullary interstitial cell hormone (the antihypertensive renomedullary hormone).", "contents": "Anti-hypertensive lipid tissue from culture of renomedullary interstitial cells of the rat. 1. Allogenic transplants of cultured renomedullary interstitial cells exert a powerful anti-hypertensive action. The blood pressure of hypertensive animals usually drops slowly over 8-12 h whereas the pulse is unchanged or reduced. 2. Lipids derived from the cultured cells exert a similar anti-hypertensive action. 3. The anti-hypertensive action of transplanted cultured cells almost certainly results from the secretion of a substance(s) that acts in the manner of a hormone. The tissue culture lipid is a prime candidate hormone. 4. The relationship of the kidney to the hypertensive state is considered to entail pro- and anti-hypertensive actions. The pro-hypertensive actions include (a) activation of the renal pressor system (mainly renin-angiotensin), (b) failure to prevent sodium and fluid overloading because of either an injured or absent kidney or the excessive action of mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone). The antihypertensive actions of the kidney include (a) the relief of sodium and fluid overloading through diuresis-natriuresis and (b) the action of the reno-medullary interstitial cell hormone (the antihypertensive renomedullary hormone).", "PMID": 1071629}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6834", "title": "Deoxycorticosterone measured by a radioimmunoassay in vivo in rats undergoing adrenal regeneration.", "content": "1. The free deoxycorticosterone pool in the rat was measured by means of a radioimmunoassay in vivo. 2. The free deoxycorticosterone pool in rats with adrenal regeneration with normal or high blood pressure was similar. 3. In rats with adrenal regeneration, the free deoxycorticosterone pool 21 days post-operatively was significantly lower than that in sham-operated control rats and returned to control values at 60 days.", "contents": "Deoxycorticosterone measured by a radioimmunoassay in vivo in rats undergoing adrenal regeneration. 1. The free deoxycorticosterone pool in the rat was measured by means of a radioimmunoassay in vivo. 2. The free deoxycorticosterone pool in rats with adrenal regeneration with normal or high blood pressure was similar. 3. In rats with adrenal regeneration, the free deoxycorticosterone pool 21 days post-operatively was significantly lower than that in sham-operated control rats and returned to control values at 60 days.", "PMID": 1071630}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6835", "title": "Deoxycorticosterone hypertension in the pig.", "content": "1. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) implantation (100 mg/kg) caused mean arterial pressure to rise in 5-10 days from control pressures of 100-115 mmHg to stable hypertensive values of 140-160 mmHg in approximately 1 month. In six of seven pigs elevations of mean arterial pressure were entirely the result of increased total peripheral resistance. 2. Single implants maintained serum DOCA at approximately ten times normal concentration for up to 90 days. 3. Moderate but variable decreases in serum aldosterone followed implantation. 4. Hypokalaemia, polydipsia and suppressed plasma renin activity were evident by the fifth post-implantation day and persisted thereafter. No consistent change occurred in serum sodium. 5. Noradrenaline or angiotensin caused increases in total peripheral resistance at lower threshold infusion rates in hypertensive pigs compared with control animals. 6. In isolated, perfused hind-limb preparations, hypertensive vascular beds were characterized by both functional (increased vascular smooth muscle sensitivity) and structural (elevated resistance of maximally dilated vascular bed) changes. 'Protection' from increased arterial wall stresses in hypertensive pigs prevented structural, but not functional, alterations.", "contents": "Deoxycorticosterone hypertension in the pig. 1. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) implantation (100 mg/kg) caused mean arterial pressure to rise in 5-10 days from control pressures of 100-115 mmHg to stable hypertensive values of 140-160 mmHg in approximately 1 month. In six of seven pigs elevations of mean arterial pressure were entirely the result of increased total peripheral resistance. 2. Single implants maintained serum DOCA at approximately ten times normal concentration for up to 90 days. 3. Moderate but variable decreases in serum aldosterone followed implantation. 4. Hypokalaemia, polydipsia and suppressed plasma renin activity were evident by the fifth post-implantation day and persisted thereafter. No consistent change occurred in serum sodium. 5. Noradrenaline or angiotensin caused increases in total peripheral resistance at lower threshold infusion rates in hypertensive pigs compared with control animals. 6. In isolated, perfused hind-limb preparations, hypertensive vascular beds were characterized by both functional (increased vascular smooth muscle sensitivity) and structural (elevated resistance of maximally dilated vascular bed) changes. 'Protection' from increased arterial wall stresses in hypertensive pigs prevented structural, but not functional, alterations.", "PMID": 1071631}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6836", "title": "Influence of spironolactone on endogenous steroid metabolism in man.", "content": "1. Mild secondary hyperaldosteronism was induced in ten healthy young males by a low sodium diet for 14 days. After 7 days on the diet, five subjects each were treated with spironolactone (group S) or triamterene (group T) daily. 2. The daily negative sodium balance was identical during the first 3 days of medication with both drugs but sodium loss was more severe during the following days in group S. Consequently, the plasma renin activity was higher during the last days of spironolactone compared with triamterene medication. 3. Changes in plasma electrolytes were similar in both groups. 4. No influence of either drug on the synthesis chain leading to cortisol was observed. 5. Plasma concentrations of deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone, however, increased considerably in group S, whereas triamterene did not influence these steroids. 6. Whereas triamterene induced a prompt increase of plasma aldosterone, an increase was delayed for the first 3 days of treatment with spironolactone. Later, plasma aldosterone concentrations rose rapidly in group S and were no longer different from those in group T. 7. Results are interpreted as being due to an initial inhibition of aldosterone synthesis by spironolactone, which is finally compensated, at least in part, by increased activation of the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Influence of spironolactone on endogenous steroid metabolism in man. 1. Mild secondary hyperaldosteronism was induced in ten healthy young males by a low sodium diet for 14 days. After 7 days on the diet, five subjects each were treated with spironolactone (group S) or triamterene (group T) daily. 2. The daily negative sodium balance was identical during the first 3 days of medication with both drugs but sodium loss was more severe during the following days in group S. Consequently, the plasma renin activity was higher during the last days of spironolactone compared with triamterene medication. 3. Changes in plasma electrolytes were similar in both groups. 4. No influence of either drug on the synthesis chain leading to cortisol was observed. 5. Plasma concentrations of deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone, however, increased considerably in group S, whereas triamterene did not influence these steroids. 6. Whereas triamterene induced a prompt increase of plasma aldosterone, an increase was delayed for the first 3 days of treatment with spironolactone. Later, plasma aldosterone concentrations rose rapidly in group S and were no longer different from those in group T. 7. Results are interpreted as being due to an initial inhibition of aldosterone synthesis by spironolactone, which is finally compensated, at least in part, by increased activation of the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 1071632}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6837", "title": "The arteriolar lesions of steroid hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. The arteriolar lesions of rats with deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt hypertension have been studied by colloidal carbon injection and light- and electron-microscopy. 2. Colloidal carbon particles enter the media of arterioles to form focal deposits when hypertension develops. 3. The focal lesions are similar to those seen after angiotensin infusion or renal artery constriction. They are characterized by endothelial damage and plasma deposition in the media. 4. Heavy deposition of carbon in the glomeruli of DOCA-treated animals was found to be caused by increased mesangial uptake and not by hypertensive vascular damage. 5. Angiotensin II concentrations fell during the development of hypertension and vascular lesions. The renin-angiotensin system was not implicated in the development of vascular damage in this form of hypertension.", "contents": "The arteriolar lesions of steroid hypertension in rats. 1. The arteriolar lesions of rats with deoxycorticosterone (DOCA)-salt hypertension have been studied by colloidal carbon injection and light- and electron-microscopy. 2. Colloidal carbon particles enter the media of arterioles to form focal deposits when hypertension develops. 3. The focal lesions are similar to those seen after angiotensin infusion or renal artery constriction. They are characterized by endothelial damage and plasma deposition in the media. 4. Heavy deposition of carbon in the glomeruli of DOCA-treated animals was found to be caused by increased mesangial uptake and not by hypertensive vascular damage. 5. Angiotensin II concentrations fell during the development of hypertension and vascular lesions. The renin-angiotensin system was not implicated in the development of vascular damage in this form of hypertension.", "PMID": 1071633}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6838", "title": "The role of 11-deoxycorticosterone in human hypertension.", "content": "1. Using a newly developed and validated radioassay method, we have measured plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone concentrations in a wide spectrum of human hypertensive states. 2. Patients with essential and renovascular hypertension have normal plasma concentrations of 11-deoxycorticosterone. 3. Elevated concentrations are seen in some patients with primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome, low-renin hypertension, and in adult hypertensive subjects with elevated urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion. 4. An aetiological role for deoxycorticosterone in certain forms of human hypertension appears likely.", "contents": "The role of 11-deoxycorticosterone in human hypertension. 1. Using a newly developed and validated radioassay method, we have measured plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone concentrations in a wide spectrum of human hypertensive states. 2. Patients with essential and renovascular hypertension have normal plasma concentrations of 11-deoxycorticosterone. 3. Elevated concentrations are seen in some patients with primary aldosteronism, Cushing's syndrome, low-renin hypertension, and in adult hypertensive subjects with elevated urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion. 4. An aetiological role for deoxycorticosterone in certain forms of human hypertension appears likely.", "PMID": 1071634}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6839", "title": "Increased renal sensitivity to aldosterone in the potassium-loaded rat.", "content": "1. The renal response to aldosterone (urinary sodium and potassium excretion) was determined in adrenalectomized rats previously fed either a high potassium diet or a control diet. High K+ rats showed an enhanced response to aldosterone at all doses tested. 2. This enhanced response to aldosterone required the presence of the adrenal glands during the induction period, could be suppressed by a high sodium intake, but could not be induced by a low sodium diet. 3. No difference between high K+ and control rats could be detected in renal mineralcorticoid receptors, assessed by both in vivo and in vitro binding of tritiated aldosterone. 4. The method of the induction, and the mechanism of the enhanced response, remain to be defined.", "contents": "Increased renal sensitivity to aldosterone in the potassium-loaded rat. 1. The renal response to aldosterone (urinary sodium and potassium excretion) was determined in adrenalectomized rats previously fed either a high potassium diet or a control diet. High K+ rats showed an enhanced response to aldosterone at all doses tested. 2. This enhanced response to aldosterone required the presence of the adrenal glands during the induction period, could be suppressed by a high sodium intake, but could not be induced by a low sodium diet. 3. No difference between high K+ and control rats could be detected in renal mineralcorticoid receptors, assessed by both in vivo and in vitro binding of tritiated aldosterone. 4. The method of the induction, and the mechanism of the enhanced response, remain to be defined.", "PMID": 1071635}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6840", "title": "Role of steroids in hypertension: evaluation of plasma mineralocorticoid activity with aldosterone receptors.", "content": "1. A competitive \"mineralocorticoid\" receptor-binding technique has been used to study plasma \"mineralocoroticoid\" activity in normal and hypertensive states. The binding reaction mixture contains the competitor steroids in undiluted plasma, [3H]aldosterone and rat kidney slices. Thus plasma binding and receptor occupancy can be simultaneously considered. 2. Competitor activities relative to that of aldosterone (100%) were: deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 16%, cortisol, 0-4%; 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC), 0-1%; 16beta-OH-dehydroepiandrosterone and 16-oxo-androstenediol, inactive. (Binding characteristics for aldosterone and the other steroids tested with the rat receptor were found to be similar to those with receptors in slices from human kidney, obtained at operation.) These steroids and the spironolactone SC14266 were less active in plasma than in buffer, suggesting that they bind significantly to plasma and that reduces their capacity to occupy the receptors. 3. These competition data also suggest that at normal and even mildly elevated concentrations, cortisol does, but DOC and 18-OH-DOC do not, contribute significantly to the plasma mineralocorticoid activity. Competitor activity in plasma samples taken at 12.00 hours from normal subjects (upright) was greater than that in those taken at 08.00 hours (supine). This physiological change, corresponding to an increase in aldosterone, was detected even though there was an associated decrease in plasma cortisol. Competitor activity in plasma from patients with primary aldosteronism was markedly elevated as compared with that of normal subjects. However, an increase in plasma steroids which bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor was not detected in plasma from patients with \"low-renin essential hypertension\".", "contents": "Role of steroids in hypertension: evaluation of plasma mineralocorticoid activity with aldosterone receptors. 1. A competitive \"mineralocorticoid\" receptor-binding technique has been used to study plasma \"mineralocoroticoid\" activity in normal and hypertensive states. The binding reaction mixture contains the competitor steroids in undiluted plasma, [3H]aldosterone and rat kidney slices. Thus plasma binding and receptor occupancy can be simultaneously considered. 2. Competitor activities relative to that of aldosterone (100%) were: deoxycorticosterone (DOC), 16%, cortisol, 0-4%; 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC), 0-1%; 16beta-OH-dehydroepiandrosterone and 16-oxo-androstenediol, inactive. (Binding characteristics for aldosterone and the other steroids tested with the rat receptor were found to be similar to those with receptors in slices from human kidney, obtained at operation.) These steroids and the spironolactone SC14266 were less active in plasma than in buffer, suggesting that they bind significantly to plasma and that reduces their capacity to occupy the receptors. 3. These competition data also suggest that at normal and even mildly elevated concentrations, cortisol does, but DOC and 18-OH-DOC do not, contribute significantly to the plasma mineralocorticoid activity. Competitor activity in plasma samples taken at 12.00 hours from normal subjects (upright) was greater than that in those taken at 08.00 hours (supine). This physiological change, corresponding to an increase in aldosterone, was detected even though there was an associated decrease in plasma cortisol. Competitor activity in plasma from patients with primary aldosteronism was markedly elevated as compared with that of normal subjects. However, an increase in plasma steroids which bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor was not detected in plasma from patients with \"low-renin essential hypertension\".", "PMID": 1071637}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6841", "title": "Angiotensin II analogues and aldosterone secretion in sodium-deficient sheep.", "content": "1. The angiotensin analogues Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (AII), Sar1-Ile8-AII, Sar1-Leu8-AII, Sar1-Thr8-AII, [Des1-Asp]-Ile8-AII and [Des1-Asp]-Sar2-Ile8-AII and converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 80221) infused by intra-adrenal arterial infusion had no effect on aldosterone secretion in sodium-deficient sheep at doses in excess of those shown to block exogenous angiotensin II or III infusion. 2. It is suggested that the intrinsic agonist activity of the analogues may fulfil the requirements for a permissive role for angiotensin in the aldosterone response to sodium deficiency.", "contents": "Angiotensin II analogues and aldosterone secretion in sodium-deficient sheep. 1. The angiotensin analogues Sar1-Ala8-angiotensin II (AII), Sar1-Ile8-AII, Sar1-Leu8-AII, Sar1-Thr8-AII, [Des1-Asp]-Ile8-AII and [Des1-Asp]-Sar2-Ile8-AII and converting enzyme inhibitor (SQ 80221) infused by intra-adrenal arterial infusion had no effect on aldosterone secretion in sodium-deficient sheep at doses in excess of those shown to block exogenous angiotensin II or III infusion. 2. It is suggested that the intrinsic agonist activity of the analogues may fulfil the requirements for a permissive role for angiotensin in the aldosterone response to sodium deficiency.", "PMID": 1071638}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6842", "title": "Does the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the vascular lesions in renal hypertensive rats?", "content": "1. Renal hypertensive rats with a normal or suppressed activity of the renin-angiotensin system develop vascular lesions which are similar to those observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats on high sodium diet. 2. Exposure of a vascular bed to high blood pressure results in a rapid damage of the vascular wall, irrespective of the state of the renin-angiotensin system.", "contents": "Does the renin-angiotensin system contribute to the vascular lesions in renal hypertensive rats? 1. Renal hypertensive rats with a normal or suppressed activity of the renin-angiotensin system develop vascular lesions which are similar to those observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats on high sodium diet. 2. Exposure of a vascular bed to high blood pressure results in a rapid damage of the vascular wall, irrespective of the state of the renin-angiotensin system.", "PMID": 1071639}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6843", "title": "SC 23992: radioreceptor assays for therapeutic and side effects.", "content": "1. A new spirolactone (SC 23992) has been assayed in vitro to determine its affinity for mineralocorticoid and androgen receptors. 2. Although two to eight times as potent as anti-aldosterone agent as Aldactone in vivo, SC 23992 has only approximately 10% the potency in vitro. 3. This discrepancy between potency in vivo and in vitro appears to be explained on radioreceptor assay of the principal metabolites of Aldactone SC 23992. 4. SC 23992 may represent an antimineralocorticoid with less antiandrogen side effects.", "contents": "SC 23992: radioreceptor assays for therapeutic and side effects. 1. A new spirolactone (SC 23992) has been assayed in vitro to determine its affinity for mineralocorticoid and androgen receptors. 2. Although two to eight times as potent as anti-aldosterone agent as Aldactone in vivo, SC 23992 has only approximately 10% the potency in vitro. 3. This discrepancy between potency in vivo and in vitro appears to be explained on radioreceptor assay of the principal metabolites of Aldactone SC 23992. 4. SC 23992 may represent an antimineralocorticoid with less antiandrogen side effects.", "PMID": 1071640}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6844", "title": "Carotid baroreceptor reflex in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "1. A graded decrease and increase in carotid baroreceptor activity (induced by a varying pressure in a neck chamber) caused a linearly related increase and decrease in arterial blood pressure. This occurred in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. 2. Decrease of carotid baroreceptor activity caused a greater increase of blood pressure in normotensive than in hypertensive subjects. Increasing the activity caused changes of similar magnitude in the two groups. 3. Decrease of baroreceptor activity also caused an increase in heart rate although increasing the activity of the reflex had little effect on heart rate, particularly in normotensive subjects. Thus the carotid baroreceptor effect on blood pressure does not always reflect that on heart rate and inference of one reflex response from measurement of the other may be in error.", "contents": "Carotid baroreceptor reflex in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. 1. A graded decrease and increase in carotid baroreceptor activity (induced by a varying pressure in a neck chamber) caused a linearly related increase and decrease in arterial blood pressure. This occurred in both normotensive and hypertensive subjects. 2. Decrease of carotid baroreceptor activity caused a greater increase of blood pressure in normotensive than in hypertensive subjects. Increasing the activity caused changes of similar magnitude in the two groups. 3. Decrease of baroreceptor activity also caused an increase in heart rate although increasing the activity of the reflex had little effect on heart rate, particularly in normotensive subjects. Thus the carotid baroreceptor effect on blood pressure does not always reflect that on heart rate and inference of one reflex response from measurement of the other may be in error.", "PMID": 1071641}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6845", "title": "Factors influencing the carotid baroreceptor response to pressure changes in a neck chamber.", "content": "1. Transmission of pneumatic pressure from a neck chamber to the region of the carotid sinus is imperfect and asymmetric (86% of positive pressure, 64% of negative pressure). This has to be taken into account in the correct analysis of the carotid baroreceptor reflex. 2. There is no evidence for a reduction in cerebral blood flow nor of carotid chemoreceptor stimulation in response to an increase in neck chamber pressure of about 45 mmHg. Thus it is likely that the pressor response to this manoeuvre is in fact due to reduction in carotid baroreceptor activity.", "contents": "Factors influencing the carotid baroreceptor response to pressure changes in a neck chamber. 1. Transmission of pneumatic pressure from a neck chamber to the region of the carotid sinus is imperfect and asymmetric (86% of positive pressure, 64% of negative pressure). This has to be taken into account in the correct analysis of the carotid baroreceptor reflex. 2. There is no evidence for a reduction in cerebral blood flow nor of carotid chemoreceptor stimulation in response to an increase in neck chamber pressure of about 45 mmHg. Thus it is likely that the pressor response to this manoeuvre is in fact due to reduction in carotid baroreceptor activity.", "PMID": 1071642}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6846", "title": "Resetting of the baroreceptor in hypotension in rats.", "content": "1. A progressive but incomplete adaptation of the aortic baroreceptor was observed after 1 and 6 h of hypotension in rats subjected to controlled bleeding. Administration of phenoxybenzamine produced a greater downward displacement of baroreceptor activation range. 2. Complete adaptation was observed after 48 h of maintained hypotension in rats treated with reserpine. 3. The range of the aortic baroreceptor activation shifted upward as pressure returned to normotension, indicating the reversibility of baroreceptor adaptation in hypotension.", "contents": "Resetting of the baroreceptor in hypotension in rats. 1. A progressive but incomplete adaptation of the aortic baroreceptor was observed after 1 and 6 h of hypotension in rats subjected to controlled bleeding. Administration of phenoxybenzamine produced a greater downward displacement of baroreceptor activation range. 2. Complete adaptation was observed after 48 h of maintained hypotension in rats treated with reserpine. 3. The range of the aortic baroreceptor activation shifted upward as pressure returned to normotension, indicating the reversibility of baroreceptor adaptation in hypotension.", "PMID": 1071643}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6847", "title": "Cardiac reflexes conducted by vagal afferents in normotensive and renal hypertensive dogs.", "content": "1. The renal sympathetic reflex responses to transient balloon occlusion of the descending aorta (systemic baroreceptor activation) and the ascending aorta (cardiac stretch-receptor activation) have been studied together with blood pressure increases after successive cutting of carotid sinus, aortic and vagus nerves in acute experiments in the dog. 2. Results from these experiments provide evidence for cardiac vagal afferent participation in the tonic regulation of systemic blood pressure. 3. In other experiments the reflex pressure-response curve of the isolated gracilis muscle at constant flow to transient ascending aorta occlusion was measured. This curve was moved to the right in renal hypertensive dogs as compared with normotensive dogs. The threshold response of left ventricular vagal afferent nerves was shifted to higher left ventricular pressure in the former. 3. These findings indicate resetting of ventricular receptors in hypertensive animals.", "contents": "Cardiac reflexes conducted by vagal afferents in normotensive and renal hypertensive dogs. 1. The renal sympathetic reflex responses to transient balloon occlusion of the descending aorta (systemic baroreceptor activation) and the ascending aorta (cardiac stretch-receptor activation) have been studied together with blood pressure increases after successive cutting of carotid sinus, aortic and vagus nerves in acute experiments in the dog. 2. Results from these experiments provide evidence for cardiac vagal afferent participation in the tonic regulation of systemic blood pressure. 3. In other experiments the reflex pressure-response curve of the isolated gracilis muscle at constant flow to transient ascending aorta occlusion was measured. This curve was moved to the right in renal hypertensive dogs as compared with normotensive dogs. The threshold response of left ventricular vagal afferent nerves was shifted to higher left ventricular pressure in the former. 3. These findings indicate resetting of ventricular receptors in hypertensive animals.", "PMID": 1071644}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6848", "title": "Relationship of age and blood pressure to baroreflex sensitivity and arterial compliance in man.", "content": "1. The relationship between baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and arterial compliance index (ACI) has been investigated (a) in paired subjects matched in one instance for systolic blood pressure with differing ages, and (b) in another instance matched for age with differing systolic blood pressures. 2. There was a significant negative correlation between BRS and age and between ACI and age in the twelve systolic blood pressure-matched subjects. 3. A significant negative correlation of systolic blood pressure with both BRS and ACI was observed in the fourteen age-matched subjects. 4. Both BRS and ACI appear to decrease with increasing age and systolic blood pressure. This decrease in BRS is probably due at least in part to the observed reduction in arterial distensibility.", "contents": "Relationship of age and blood pressure to baroreflex sensitivity and arterial compliance in man. 1. The relationship between baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) and arterial compliance index (ACI) has been investigated (a) in paired subjects matched in one instance for systolic blood pressure with differing ages, and (b) in another instance matched for age with differing systolic blood pressures. 2. There was a significant negative correlation between BRS and age and between ACI and age in the twelve systolic blood pressure-matched subjects. 3. A significant negative correlation of systolic blood pressure with both BRS and ACI was observed in the fourteen age-matched subjects. 4. Both BRS and ACI appear to decrease with increasing age and systolic blood pressure. This decrease in BRS is probably due at least in part to the observed reduction in arterial distensibility.", "PMID": 1071645}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6849", "title": "Baroreflex control of coronary conductance in normotensive and renal hypertensive conscious dogs with complete heart block.", "content": "1. The autonomic and local control of the circumflex coronary bed evoked through acute rises in aortic pressure (aortic balloon inflation) was analysed in conscious, normotensive and hypertensive dogs in complete heart block with ventricles paced at 100 beats/min. 2. In normotensive dogs there was an initial rise (6-12 s) in circumflex conductance preceding a fall in conductance as aortic pressure increased and was sustained. The initial rise, but not the later fall, in circumflex conductance was partly due to a cholinoreceptor and partly due to alpha-adrenoreceptor mechanisms. Local constrictor mechanisms were responsible for the later fall in conductance. 3. The initial cholinoreceptor component of the rise in circumflex conductance is initiated through arterial baroreflex mechanisms. 4. The initial autonomic mechanisms regulating circumflex conductance appear to be absent in renal hypertension. 5. The absence of the transient autonomic rise in circumflex flow and conductance in response to rapid elevations in aortic pressure in certain forms of hypertension, e.g; during tachyarrhythmias and behavioural disturbances, may result in myocardial ischaemia when it is least appropriate.", "contents": "Baroreflex control of coronary conductance in normotensive and renal hypertensive conscious dogs with complete heart block. 1. The autonomic and local control of the circumflex coronary bed evoked through acute rises in aortic pressure (aortic balloon inflation) was analysed in conscious, normotensive and hypertensive dogs in complete heart block with ventricles paced at 100 beats/min. 2. In normotensive dogs there was an initial rise (6-12 s) in circumflex conductance preceding a fall in conductance as aortic pressure increased and was sustained. The initial rise, but not the later fall, in circumflex conductance was partly due to a cholinoreceptor and partly due to alpha-adrenoreceptor mechanisms. Local constrictor mechanisms were responsible for the later fall in conductance. 3. The initial cholinoreceptor component of the rise in circumflex conductance is initiated through arterial baroreflex mechanisms. 4. The initial autonomic mechanisms regulating circumflex conductance appear to be absent in renal hypertension. 5. The absence of the transient autonomic rise in circumflex flow and conductance in response to rapid elevations in aortic pressure in certain forms of hypertension, e.g; during tachyarrhythmias and behavioural disturbances, may result in myocardial ischaemia when it is least appropriate.", "PMID": 1071646}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6850", "title": "Time-course of the reduction of baroreceptor sensitivity in experimental hypertensive rabbits.", "content": "1. Hypertension was produced experimentally in three groups of rabbits by atherosclerosis, meical sclerosis and renal encapsulation. 2. The sensitivity of afferent baroreceptor fibre recordings, obtained from an isolated perfused aortic arch preparation, was reduced in all three treated groups. 3. The reduction of baroreceptor sensitivity was directly related to the increase in the lability of the blood pressure in the intact animal and to the reduction of the distensibility of the perfused region. 4. There was a closer relationship between the length of time of rabbits had been hypertensive and the reduction in the baroreceptor sensitivity, than to the level of their blood pressure. 5. The reduction of baroreflex sensitivity obtained by the infusion of phenylephrine was also directly correlated with the period of the hypertension. 6. Baroreceptor resetting occurred to a higher pressure in the renal hypertensive group.", "contents": "Time-course of the reduction of baroreceptor sensitivity in experimental hypertensive rabbits. 1. Hypertension was produced experimentally in three groups of rabbits by atherosclerosis, meical sclerosis and renal encapsulation. 2. The sensitivity of afferent baroreceptor fibre recordings, obtained from an isolated perfused aortic arch preparation, was reduced in all three treated groups. 3. The reduction of baroreceptor sensitivity was directly related to the increase in the lability of the blood pressure in the intact animal and to the reduction of the distensibility of the perfused region. 4. There was a closer relationship between the length of time of rabbits had been hypertensive and the reduction in the baroreceptor sensitivity, than to the level of their blood pressure. 5. The reduction of baroreflex sensitivity obtained by the infusion of phenylephrine was also directly correlated with the period of the hypertension. 6. Baroreceptor resetting occurred to a higher pressure in the renal hypertensive group.", "PMID": 1071647}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6851", "title": "Importance of hypertension and genetic factors for atherogenesis in rats.", "content": "1. A new experimental system has been used to analyse factors involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis in rats. 2. Arterial fat deposition in the cerebral arteries was affected by blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentrations, strain difference and age, of which high blood pressure was the most important. 3. A genetic factor independent of hypertension was shown to be involved in acute arterial fat deposition in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "contents": "Importance of hypertension and genetic factors for atherogenesis in rats. 1. A new experimental system has been used to analyse factors involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis in rats. 2. Arterial fat deposition in the cerebral arteries was affected by blood pressure, serum cholesterol concentrations, strain difference and age, of which high blood pressure was the most important. 3. A genetic factor independent of hypertension was shown to be involved in acute arterial fat deposition in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "PMID": 1071648}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6852", "title": "Interplay of sino-aortic reflexes and haemodynamic changes during natural sleep in the cat.", "content": "1. When the sino-aortic afferents are intact, desynchronized sleep causes a small decrease in the blood pressure, a vasodilation in the mesenteric and renal beds, and a vasoconstriction in the external iliac bed. 2. After sino-aortic deafferentation desynchronized sleep causes a larger fall in the blood pressure, a greater vasodilatation in the mesenteric and renal beds, and a vasodilatation replaces the vasoconstriction in the external iliac bed. 3. The sino-aortic reflexes play an active role in controlling circulation during desynchronized sleep by opposing the centrally induced reduction in adrenergic sympathetic tone. This effect of sino-aortic reflexes is similar on both visceral and muscular vessels. In addition, the muscular bed, but not the visceral one, is regulated by a spinal reflex vasoconstriction mechanism which is apparent only when the sino-aortic reflexes are intact.", "contents": "Interplay of sino-aortic reflexes and haemodynamic changes during natural sleep in the cat. 1. When the sino-aortic afferents are intact, desynchronized sleep causes a small decrease in the blood pressure, a vasodilation in the mesenteric and renal beds, and a vasoconstriction in the external iliac bed. 2. After sino-aortic deafferentation desynchronized sleep causes a larger fall in the blood pressure, a greater vasodilatation in the mesenteric and renal beds, and a vasodilatation replaces the vasoconstriction in the external iliac bed. 3. The sino-aortic reflexes play an active role in controlling circulation during desynchronized sleep by opposing the centrally induced reduction in adrenergic sympathetic tone. This effect of sino-aortic reflexes is similar on both visceral and muscular vessels. In addition, the muscular bed, but not the visceral one, is regulated by a spinal reflex vasoconstriction mechanism which is apparent only when the sino-aortic reflexes are intact.", "PMID": 1071649}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6853", "title": "Lack of hypotensive effect on central injection of angiotensin inhibitors in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive rats.", "content": "1. Injections of antagonists of angiotensin II into the cerebral ventricles of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats were performed in order to assess the role of the isorenin-angiotensin system in the brain. 2. No hypotensive effect was obtained in either normotensive or hypertensive rats, suggesting that intracranial isoangiotensin has little role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in the rat.", "contents": "Lack of hypotensive effect on central injection of angiotensin inhibitors in spontaneously hypertensive (SH) and normotensive rats. 1. Injections of antagonists of angiotensin II into the cerebral ventricles of normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats were performed in order to assess the role of the isorenin-angiotensin system in the brain. 2. No hypotensive effect was obtained in either normotensive or hypertensive rats, suggesting that intracranial isoangiotensin has little role in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension in the rat.", "PMID": 1071650}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6854", "title": "Effect of intraventricular perfusion of angiotensin II in conscious normal rats and in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus.", "content": "1. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid was perfused through the cerebral ventricles of conscious rats. A basal secretion rate of 16 +/- 3 X 10(-15) mol of immunoreactive angiotensin II/min was calculated for intact rats. 2. Most of the immunoreactive angiotensin II consisted probably of the heptapeptide or pentapeptide angiotensin II fragments. 3. The pressor response to intraventricular perfusions of angiotensin II were normal in Long-Evans rats, virtually absent in rats homozygous for hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, irrespective of whether they were injected with vasopressin tannate or not, and intermediate in rats heterozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. 4. The results suggest that the pressor response to intraventricular angiotensin II is related to the release of vasopressin.", "contents": "Effect of intraventricular perfusion of angiotensin II in conscious normal rats and in rats with hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. 1. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid was perfused through the cerebral ventricles of conscious rats. A basal secretion rate of 16 +/- 3 X 10(-15) mol of immunoreactive angiotensin II/min was calculated for intact rats. 2. Most of the immunoreactive angiotensin II consisted probably of the heptapeptide or pentapeptide angiotensin II fragments. 3. The pressor response to intraventricular perfusions of angiotensin II were normal in Long-Evans rats, virtually absent in rats homozygous for hereditary hypothalamic diabetes insipidus, irrespective of whether they were injected with vasopressin tannate or not, and intermediate in rats heterozygous for hypothalamic diabetes insipidus. 4. The results suggest that the pressor response to intraventricular angiotensin II is related to the release of vasopressin.", "PMID": 1071651}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6855", "title": "Effect of angiotensin II on noradrenaline content in the rat hypothalamus.", "content": "1. Intravenous administration of angiotensin II reduced the adrenaline content, increased the catechol-O-methyltransferase activity, and decreased the monoamine oxidase activity of rat hypothalamus. 2. Intraventricularly administrated angiotensin II reduced the noradreanline content to a smaller extent. 3. The change produced by intravenous administration of angiotensin might be indirectly caused by a response to angiotensin.", "contents": "Effect of angiotensin II on noradrenaline content in the rat hypothalamus. 1. Intravenous administration of angiotensin II reduced the adrenaline content, increased the catechol-O-methyltransferase activity, and decreased the monoamine oxidase activity of rat hypothalamus. 2. Intraventricularly administrated angiotensin II reduced the noradreanline content to a smaller extent. 3. The change produced by intravenous administration of angiotensin might be indirectly caused by a response to angiotensin.", "PMID": 1071652}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6856", "title": "Impermeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid  barrier for angiotensin II in rats.", "content": "1. Anaesthetized, nephrectomized rats were infused intravenously with unlabelled angiotensin II (AII) or with [3H]angiotensin II (3H-labelled AII). The brain ventricular system was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The perfusate was collected from the cisterna magna and analysed for AII by radioimmunological and biochemical methods. 2. No increase of immunoreactive AII in cerebrospinal fluid could be shown during intravenous infusion of AII. 3. During intravenous infusions of 3H-labelled AII at pressor doses small amounts of radioactivity were found in cerebrospinal fluid perfusate. 4. The radioactivity of cerebrospinal fluid outflow could not be related to AII.", "contents": "Impermeability of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid  barrier for angiotensin II in rats. 1. Anaesthetized, nephrectomized rats were infused intravenously with unlabelled angiotensin II (AII) or with [3H]angiotensin II (3H-labelled AII). The brain ventricular system was perfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The perfusate was collected from the cisterna magna and analysed for AII by radioimmunological and biochemical methods. 2. No increase of immunoreactive AII in cerebrospinal fluid could be shown during intravenous infusion of AII. 3. During intravenous infusions of 3H-labelled AII at pressor doses small amounts of radioactivity were found in cerebrospinal fluid perfusate. 4. The radioactivity of cerebrospinal fluid outflow could not be related to AII.", "PMID": 1071653}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6857", "title": "Blood pressure response to central and peripheral injection of angiotensin II and 8-C-phenylglycine analogue of angiotensin II in rats with experimental hypertension.", "content": "1. We have compared the effect of central and peripheral administration of angiotensin II and (1-succinamoly-5-valine-8-phenylglycine)angiotensin II on blood pressure of male conscious unrestrained rats with normal blood pressure, and with spontaneous hypertension or chronic renal hypertension. 2. After central and peripheral injection of angiotensin II all rats exhibited a significant dose-related increase in blood pressure. 3. Administration of the analogue was without effect in normotensive rats. Ten-weeks-old rats with spontaneous hypertension showed a significant blood pressure decrease after central injection, but an increase after peripheral injection. This centrally induced decrease could not be observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats 14 weeks old. In these animals the analogue increased the blood pressure. In rats with chronic renal hypertension in contrast to peripheral injection, central administration decreased the pressure significantly. 4. Plasma renin activity was not changed after central injection of the analogue in normotensive rats. 5. These observations suggest the participation of the intrinsic brain isorenin-angiotensin system in central blood pressure regulation in these forms of experimental hypertension.", "contents": "Blood pressure response to central and peripheral injection of angiotensin II and 8-C-phenylglycine analogue of angiotensin II in rats with experimental hypertension. 1. We have compared the effect of central and peripheral administration of angiotensin II and (1-succinamoly-5-valine-8-phenylglycine)angiotensin II on blood pressure of male conscious unrestrained rats with normal blood pressure, and with spontaneous hypertension or chronic renal hypertension. 2. After central and peripheral injection of angiotensin II all rats exhibited a significant dose-related increase in blood pressure. 3. Administration of the analogue was without effect in normotensive rats. Ten-weeks-old rats with spontaneous hypertension showed a significant blood pressure decrease after central injection, but an increase after peripheral injection. This centrally induced decrease could not be observed in spontaneously hypertensive rats 14 weeks old. In these animals the analogue increased the blood pressure. In rats with chronic renal hypertension in contrast to peripheral injection, central administration decreased the pressure significantly. 4. Plasma renin activity was not changed after central injection of the analogue in normotensive rats. 5. These observations suggest the participation of the intrinsic brain isorenin-angiotensin system in central blood pressure regulation in these forms of experimental hypertension.", "PMID": 1071654}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6858", "title": "Enhancement of the anti-hypertensive effect of methyldopa and other anti-hypertensive drugs by carbidopa in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. A peripheral inhibitor of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, carbidopa [(-)-L-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylbenzenepropanoic acid monohydrate], at doses up to 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally or 30 mg/kg orally had no effect on directly recorded arterial pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats derived from the Wistar/Okamoto strain. It enhanced, however, the anti-hypertensive effects of methydopa, hydrallazine, guanethidine and clonidine, and, to a lesser extent, reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide. The mechanism of this enhancement is presently unkonwn, but biochemical studies support the assumption that carbidopa is likely to reduce sympathetic nervous system activity. 2. The conversion of [3H]tyrosine (given intraperitoneally) to dopa (3,4-dihydroxypheylalanine) and catecholamines was measured in the hearts and adrenals of control rats and animals pretreated with carbidopa (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Carbidopa significantly decreased the accumulation of 3H-labelled catecholamines in both organs and increased their total tyrosine content and the specific radioactivity of tyrosine.", "contents": "Enhancement of the anti-hypertensive effect of methyldopa and other anti-hypertensive drugs by carbidopa in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. A peripheral inhibitor of L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, carbidopa [(-)-L-alpha-hydrazino-3,4-dihydroxy-alpha-methylbenzenepropanoic acid monohydrate], at doses up to 25 mg/kg intraperitoneally or 30 mg/kg orally had no effect on directly recorded arterial pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats derived from the Wistar/Okamoto strain. It enhanced, however, the anti-hypertensive effects of methydopa, hydrallazine, guanethidine and clonidine, and, to a lesser extent, reserpine and hydrochlorothiazide. The mechanism of this enhancement is presently unkonwn, but biochemical studies support the assumption that carbidopa is likely to reduce sympathetic nervous system activity. 2. The conversion of [3H]tyrosine (given intraperitoneally) to dopa (3,4-dihydroxypheylalanine) and catecholamines was measured in the hearts and adrenals of control rats and animals pretreated with carbidopa (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Carbidopa significantly decreased the accumulation of 3H-labelled catecholamines in both organs and increased their total tyrosine content and the specific radioactivity of tyrosine.", "PMID": 1071655}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6859", "title": "Some factors influencing the damaging effect of acute arterial hypertension on cerebral vessels in rats.", "content": "1. Abrupt increase of arterial blood pressure can give rise to multifocal areas of protein extravasation in the brain due to overstretching of the vessels. 2. The vascular tone of the resistance vessels is of importance for the occurrence of the increased permeability. 3. Vasodilatation aggravates the damaging effect of acute hypertension whereas vasoconstriction induced by hyperventilation reduces the incidence of areas of increased permeability. 4. Ligation of a carotid artery prevents lesions in the ipsilateral hemisphere.", "contents": "Some factors influencing the damaging effect of acute arterial hypertension on cerebral vessels in rats. 1. Abrupt increase of arterial blood pressure can give rise to multifocal areas of protein extravasation in the brain due to overstretching of the vessels. 2. The vascular tone of the resistance vessels is of importance for the occurrence of the increased permeability. 3. Vasodilatation aggravates the damaging effect of acute hypertension whereas vasoconstriction induced by hyperventilation reduces the incidence of areas of increased permeability. 4. Ligation of a carotid artery prevents lesions in the ipsilateral hemisphere.", "PMID": 1071656}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6860", "title": "Reduction of the hypotensive effect of clonidine and alpha-methyldopa by various psychotropic drugs.", "content": "1. In chloralose-anaesthetized cats the centrally induced hypotensive effect of clonidine, and in some cases alpha-methyldopa, was diminished by pretreatment with a variety of tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptic agents. 2. The interaction is assumed to occur at the central alpha-adrenoreceptors. Clonidine or alpha-methyl-noradrenaline (from alpha-methyldopa) are the agonists, and the aforementioned psychotropic drugs are the antagonists. 3. Psychotropic drugs which are not alpha-receptor blockers, like butyrophenone neuroleptics (pimozide and haloperidol) or benzodiazepine tranquillizers, do not significantly diminsh the centrally induced hypotensive effect of clonidine.", "contents": "Reduction of the hypotensive effect of clonidine and alpha-methyldopa by various psychotropic drugs. 1. In chloralose-anaesthetized cats the centrally induced hypotensive effect of clonidine, and in some cases alpha-methyldopa, was diminished by pretreatment with a variety of tricyclic antidepressants and neuroleptic agents. 2. The interaction is assumed to occur at the central alpha-adrenoreceptors. Clonidine or alpha-methyl-noradrenaline (from alpha-methyldopa) are the agonists, and the aforementioned psychotropic drugs are the antagonists. 3. Psychotropic drugs which are not alpha-receptor blockers, like butyrophenone neuroleptics (pimozide and haloperidol) or benzodiazepine tranquillizers, do not significantly diminsh the centrally induced hypotensive effect of clonidine.", "PMID": 1071657}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6861", "title": "Neural and non-neural mechanisms in spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "1. The pathogenesis of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is considered to consist of neurogenic and non-neurogenic factors, both of which contribute to initiation and maintenance mechanisms. 2. Neurogenic factors have been demonstrated by the destruction of the central nervous system, sympathectomy, recording of sympathetic discharge, hind-limb perfusion and study of noradrenaline. These factors are mainly involved in the initiation of hypertension, and they appear to diminish in importance after the establishment of hypertension, as indicated by the noradrenaline-turnover study. 3. The non-neurogenic factors have been demonstrated haemodynamically by increased peripheral vascular resistance remaining even after sympathectomy. They have also been demonstrated histologically by the narrowing of resistance arteries with medial hyperplasia or hypertrophy. These factors appear to participate in maintenance mechanisms. 4. Increased incorporation of labelled amino acid into non-collagenous and collagenous protein of the arterial walls precedes medial hypertrophy and hyertensive arteriosclerosis. It seems to play a role therefore both during neurogenic initiation and later non-neurogenic maintenance of blood pressure. 5. Non-collagenous protein metabolism of arterial walls is increased in young SHR, and it is partly dependent on neural innervation as detected by surgical or pharmacological sympathectomy. It indicates a close linkage between neurological and structural changes in the initiation of spontaneous hypertension.", "contents": "Neural and non-neural mechanisms in spontaneous hypertension. 1. The pathogenesis of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) is considered to consist of neurogenic and non-neurogenic factors, both of which contribute to initiation and maintenance mechanisms. 2. Neurogenic factors have been demonstrated by the destruction of the central nervous system, sympathectomy, recording of sympathetic discharge, hind-limb perfusion and study of noradrenaline. These factors are mainly involved in the initiation of hypertension, and they appear to diminish in importance after the establishment of hypertension, as indicated by the noradrenaline-turnover study. 3. The non-neurogenic factors have been demonstrated haemodynamically by increased peripheral vascular resistance remaining even after sympathectomy. They have also been demonstrated histologically by the narrowing of resistance arteries with medial hyperplasia or hypertrophy. These factors appear to participate in maintenance mechanisms. 4. Increased incorporation of labelled amino acid into non-collagenous and collagenous protein of the arterial walls precedes medial hypertrophy and hyertensive arteriosclerosis. It seems to play a role therefore both during neurogenic initiation and later non-neurogenic maintenance of blood pressure. 5. Non-collagenous protein metabolism of arterial walls is increased in young SHR, and it is partly dependent on neural innervation as detected by surgical or pharmacological sympathectomy. It indicates a close linkage between neurological and structural changes in the initiation of spontaneous hypertension.", "PMID": 1071658}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6862", "title": "Sympathotonia in primary hypertension and in a caricature resembling dysautonomia.", "content": "1. Plasma catecholamines and adrenergic correlates of cardiac function were compared in young men with borderline hypetension, classified according to renin status (group 1). Plasma catecholamines were increased and cardiac pre-ejection periods were shortened in 'high'-renin patients. 2. Plasma catecholamines were raised in 70% of 'high'-renin patients with primary hypertension (group 2), were related directly with age in normotensive females and were related inversely with catecholamine responses to postural stress in both normotensive and hypertensive subject (P less than 0-01). 3. The raised catecholamines of four 'high'-renin patients with pronounced features of sympathetic nerve activity-acricatures were elevated further during,hypertensive periods. Mean arterial blood pressures were reduced 20-30% after either alpha- or beta-receptor blockade. Catecholamines were reduced after beta-receptor blockade. 4. There appears to be a spectrum of neurogenic 'gain' in primary hypertension; it is suppressed in 'low'-renin hypertension, directly related to blood pressure in 'normal'-renin hypertension, increased in 'high'-renin hypertension and achieves a maximum in caricatures. Neurogenic factors seem to be important in the cause and maintenance of 'high'- and 'normal'-renin hypertension respectively. The caricatures may be examples of a severe form of hypothalamic stimulation.", "contents": "Sympathotonia in primary hypertension and in a caricature resembling dysautonomia. 1. Plasma catecholamines and adrenergic correlates of cardiac function were compared in young men with borderline hypetension, classified according to renin status (group 1). Plasma catecholamines were increased and cardiac pre-ejection periods were shortened in 'high'-renin patients. 2. Plasma catecholamines were raised in 70% of 'high'-renin patients with primary hypertension (group 2), were related directly with age in normotensive females and were related inversely with catecholamine responses to postural stress in both normotensive and hypertensive subject (P less than 0-01). 3. The raised catecholamines of four 'high'-renin patients with pronounced features of sympathetic nerve activity-acricatures were elevated further during,hypertensive periods. Mean arterial blood pressures were reduced 20-30% after either alpha- or beta-receptor blockade. Catecholamines were reduced after beta-receptor blockade. 4. There appears to be a spectrum of neurogenic 'gain' in primary hypertension; it is suppressed in 'low'-renin hypertension, directly related to blood pressure in 'normal'-renin hypertension, increased in 'high'-renin hypertension and achieves a maximum in caricatures. Neurogenic factors seem to be important in the cause and maintenance of 'high'- and 'normal'-renin hypertension respectively. The caricatures may be examples of a severe form of hypothalamic stimulation.", "PMID": 1071659}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6863", "title": "Plasma noradrenaline and renovascular hypertension in the rat.", "content": "1. Plasma noradrenaline was measured in groups of rats up to 4 weeks after application of a renal artery clip. 2. When renal artery clipping was accoumpanied by contralateral nephrectomy (one-kidney model) plasma noradrenaline was significantly higher in hypertensive rats than in sham-operated control rats at 7, 14 and 28 days. 3. Plasma noradrenaline was not altered at any time examined in the two-kidney model (unilateral clip and contralateral kidney left in situ). 4. Neurogenic mechanisms mediated by the peripheral sympathetic nervous system appear to participate in the development of one-kidney renovascular hypertension, but do not play a significant role in the two-kidney model.", "contents": "Plasma noradrenaline and renovascular hypertension in the rat. 1. Plasma noradrenaline was measured in groups of rats up to 4 weeks after application of a renal artery clip. 2. When renal artery clipping was accoumpanied by contralateral nephrectomy (one-kidney model) plasma noradrenaline was significantly higher in hypertensive rats than in sham-operated control rats at 7, 14 and 28 days. 3. Plasma noradrenaline was not altered at any time examined in the two-kidney model (unilateral clip and contralateral kidney left in situ). 4. Neurogenic mechanisms mediated by the peripheral sympathetic nervous system appear to participate in the development of one-kidney renovascular hypertension, but do not play a significant role in the two-kidney model.", "PMID": 1071660}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6864", "title": "Anti-hypertensive effect of metoprolol in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Oral and intravenous administration of metoprolol to adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with established hypertension lowered arterial blood pressure within 4 days of treatment. 2. Steady state plasma concentrations of metoprolol were similar to those of patients during anti-hypertensive treatment with this drug. 3. The neuroeffector function of portal veins of SHR treated orally for 14 days or intravenously for 4 days was not impaired when studied in vitro. This is in contrast to previous findings after long-term treatment. 4. It is concluded that the anti-hypertensive effect of metoprolol in SHR in many respects resembles that observed in patients. It is suggested that impairment of vasomotor nerve control may contribute to the anti-hypertensive effect of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists.", "contents": "Anti-hypertensive effect of metoprolol in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. Oral and intravenous administration of metoprolol to adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with established hypertension lowered arterial blood pressure within 4 days of treatment. 2. Steady state plasma concentrations of metoprolol were similar to those of patients during anti-hypertensive treatment with this drug. 3. The neuroeffector function of portal veins of SHR treated orally for 14 days or intravenously for 4 days was not impaired when studied in vitro. This is in contrast to previous findings after long-term treatment. 4. It is concluded that the anti-hypertensive effect of metoprolol in SHR in many respects resembles that observed in patients. It is suggested that impairment of vasomotor nerve control may contribute to the anti-hypertensive effect of beta-adrenoreceptor antagonists.", "PMID": 1071661}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6865", "title": "The effects of propranolol on spontaneous and experimental hypertension in the rat.", "content": "1. The hypotensive effect of propranolol and its correlation with the changes in heart rate, plasma volume and plasma renin activity produced by this drug were studied in normotensive rats and in rats with spontaneous, renovascular and deoxycorticosterone-induced hypertension. 2. No correlation was found between the fall in arterial pressure and the reduction in heart rate and plasma volume. On the contrary, a direct correlation was found between the hypotensive response and plasma renin activity: rats with high renin showed the maximum response, those with low renin no response. 3. Studies on blood volume distribution in different organs and the direct measurement of blood flow in the splanchnic bed demonstrated a significant correlation between the effect of propranolol on capillary permeability and the haemodynamic changes which it causes, namely a significant increase in portal venous pressure.", "contents": "The effects of propranolol on spontaneous and experimental hypertension in the rat. 1. The hypotensive effect of propranolol and its correlation with the changes in heart rate, plasma volume and plasma renin activity produced by this drug were studied in normotensive rats and in rats with spontaneous, renovascular and deoxycorticosterone-induced hypertension. 2. No correlation was found between the fall in arterial pressure and the reduction in heart rate and plasma volume. On the contrary, a direct correlation was found between the hypotensive response and plasma renin activity: rats with high renin showed the maximum response, those with low renin no response. 3. Studies on blood volume distribution in different organs and the direct measurement of blood flow in the splanchnic bed demonstrated a significant correlation between the effect of propranolol on capillary permeability and the haemodynamic changes which it causes, namely a significant increase in portal venous pressure.", "PMID": 1071662}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6866", "title": "Vasopressin and malignant deoxycorticosterone hypertension in rats.", "content": "1. The role of arginine-vasopressin in the pathogenesis of malignant deoxycorticosterone (DOC) hypertension of rats was investigated. 2. In rats with malignant DOC hypertension plasma arginine-vasopressin concentrations increased more than tenfold subsequent to volume depletion and a rise of serum osmolality. 3. The injection of a specific antibody serum for arginine-vasopressin caused a marked fall of blood pressure in rats with malignant DOC hypertension, whereas the injection of angiotensin II antiserum did not affect blood pressure. 4. In rats exhibiting a benign course of DOC hypertension plasma concentrations of arginine-vasopressin were increased threefold in comparison with normotensive control rats; the injection of an arginine-vasopressin antiserum induced a significant but small fall of blood pressure. 5. It is concluded that in the pathogenesis of malignant DOC hypertension arginine-vasopressin might play the role that the renin-angiotensin system plays in the pathogenesis of malignant renal hypertension.", "contents": "Vasopressin and malignant deoxycorticosterone hypertension in rats. 1. The role of arginine-vasopressin in the pathogenesis of malignant deoxycorticosterone (DOC) hypertension of rats was investigated. 2. In rats with malignant DOC hypertension plasma arginine-vasopressin concentrations increased more than tenfold subsequent to volume depletion and a rise of serum osmolality. 3. The injection of a specific antibody serum for arginine-vasopressin caused a marked fall of blood pressure in rats with malignant DOC hypertension, whereas the injection of angiotensin II antiserum did not affect blood pressure. 4. In rats exhibiting a benign course of DOC hypertension plasma concentrations of arginine-vasopressin were increased threefold in comparison with normotensive control rats; the injection of an arginine-vasopressin antiserum induced a significant but small fall of blood pressure. 5. It is concluded that in the pathogenesis of malignant DOC hypertension arginine-vasopressin might play the role that the renin-angiotensin system plays in the pathogenesis of malignant renal hypertension.", "PMID": 1071663}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6867", "title": "Interaction of angiotensin II with catecholamines in the circulation of the dog and cat.", "content": "1. The blood-bathed organ technique was employed to study the effects of angiotensin II and catecholamines on an isolated everted rat aorta bathed in the extracorporeal circulating blood of adult dogs and cats. 2. When the injections were made into the bathing blood close to the everted rat aorta, angiotensin II was half as potent as adrenaline or noradrenaline on a molar basis. 3. After intravenous injections, the vasoconstrictor potency of angiotensin was twenty times that of adrenaline or noradrenaline on the everted rat aorta. The increase in potency was due to the interaction of angiotensin II with catecholamines on the preparation. 4. Intravenous phenoxybenzamine abolished the potentiated vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II on the blood-bathed everted rat aorta, but it did not abolish the pressor effect of angiotensin II on the cardiovascular system of the animals. The results suggest that catecholamines released into the circulating blood by intravenous angiotensin II do not play an important role in the pressor effect of angiotensin II.", "contents": "Interaction of angiotensin II with catecholamines in the circulation of the dog and cat. 1. The blood-bathed organ technique was employed to study the effects of angiotensin II and catecholamines on an isolated everted rat aorta bathed in the extracorporeal circulating blood of adult dogs and cats. 2. When the injections were made into the bathing blood close to the everted rat aorta, angiotensin II was half as potent as adrenaline or noradrenaline on a molar basis. 3. After intravenous injections, the vasoconstrictor potency of angiotensin was twenty times that of adrenaline or noradrenaline on the everted rat aorta. The increase in potency was due to the interaction of angiotensin II with catecholamines on the preparation. 4. Intravenous phenoxybenzamine abolished the potentiated vasoconstrictor effect of angiotensin II on the blood-bathed everted rat aorta, but it did not abolish the pressor effect of angiotensin II on the cardiovascular system of the animals. The results suggest that catecholamines released into the circulating blood by intravenous angiotensin II do not play an important role in the pressor effect of angiotensin II.", "PMID": 1071664}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6868", "title": "Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was determined in normotensive control subjects and patients with labile or established essential hypertension. The enzyme activity was 25-9 +/- 1-9 (SEM) 29-6 +/- 2-5 and 25-1 +/- 1-9 micronmol min-1 1-1, for control, labile and established hypertensive subjects respectively. 2. Neither blood pressure nor serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was changed in normotensive control subjects by administration of phentolamine; however, in patients with essential hypertension blood pressure was significantly decreased (P is less than 0-01) and serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was slightly increased. With propranolol administration, blood pressure and the serum enzyme activity were not significantly changed in normotensive or hypertensive subjects. 3. Our results suggest that there is no correlation between serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity and blood pressure.", "contents": "Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity in essential hypertension. 1. Serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was determined in normotensive control subjects and patients with labile or established essential hypertension. The enzyme activity was 25-9 +/- 1-9 (SEM) 29-6 +/- 2-5 and 25-1 +/- 1-9 micronmol min-1 1-1, for control, labile and established hypertensive subjects respectively. 2. Neither blood pressure nor serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was changed in normotensive control subjects by administration of phentolamine; however, in patients with essential hypertension blood pressure was significantly decreased (P is less than 0-01) and serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity was slightly increased. With propranolol administration, blood pressure and the serum enzyme activity were not significantly changed in normotensive or hypertensive subjects. 3. Our results suggest that there is no correlation between serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase activity and blood pressure.", "PMID": 1071665}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6869", "title": "Anti-hypertensive effect of acebutolol: its relation to sympathetic nervous system responsiveness and to plasma renin and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities.", "content": "1. Acebutolol, a beta1-receptor blocker, has, at a daily dose of 800 mg, a mild but significant anti-hypertensive effect in moderate sustained essential hypertension with normal or low plasma renin activity. 2. Prediction of its anti-hypertensive effect is better based on the evaluation of the sympathetic nervous system responsiveness to head-up tilt than on the evaluation of plasma renin activity or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. 3. The anti-hypertensive effect of acebutolol is better explained on the basis of inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system activity than on the basis of suppression of plasma renin activity. 4. A positive correlation between plasma renin activity and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in patients on diuretics suggests the common dependence of these two variables on sympathetic overactivity.", "contents": "Anti-hypertensive effect of acebutolol: its relation to sympathetic nervous system responsiveness and to plasma renin and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activities. 1. Acebutolol, a beta1-receptor blocker, has, at a daily dose of 800 mg, a mild but significant anti-hypertensive effect in moderate sustained essential hypertension with normal or low plasma renin activity. 2. Prediction of its anti-hypertensive effect is better based on the evaluation of the sympathetic nervous system responsiveness to head-up tilt than on the evaluation of plasma renin activity or dopamine-beta-hydroxylase. 3. The anti-hypertensive effect of acebutolol is better explained on the basis of inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system activity than on the basis of suppression of plasma renin activity. 4. A positive correlation between plasma renin activity and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in patients on diuretics suggests the common dependence of these two variables on sympathetic overactivity.", "PMID": 1071666}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6870", "title": "Increased plasma noradrenaline concentrations in essential hypertension and their decrease after long-term treatment with a beta-receptor-blocking agent (prindolol).", "content": "1. Plasma noradrenaline was measured in fifty-nine patients with mild to severe essential hypertension and in fifteen normotensive control subjects under basal and orthostatic conditions. 2. In patients with essential hypertension mean plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly higher than in control subjects under basal and orthostatic conditions. 3. In patients with essential hypertension basal diastolic blood pressure correlated closely with the corresponding plasma noradrenaline concentrations. 4. Long-term treatment with prindolol of patients with essential hypertension led to a significant fall in diastolic and systolic blood pressure and heart rate and to a significant decrease in plasma noradrenaline concentrations under basal and orthostatic conditions. 5. The adrenergic response to upright posture, reflected by an increase in plasma noradrenaline, was not abolished by prindolol. 6. It is concluded that the anti-hypertensive effect of prindolol in patients with essential hypertension is at least partially mediated by a decrease of sympathetic nervous activity.", "contents": "Increased plasma noradrenaline concentrations in essential hypertension and their decrease after long-term treatment with a beta-receptor-blocking agent (prindolol). 1. Plasma noradrenaline was measured in fifty-nine patients with mild to severe essential hypertension and in fifteen normotensive control subjects under basal and orthostatic conditions. 2. In patients with essential hypertension mean plasma noradrenaline concentrations were significantly higher than in control subjects under basal and orthostatic conditions. 3. In patients with essential hypertension basal diastolic blood pressure correlated closely with the corresponding plasma noradrenaline concentrations. 4. Long-term treatment with prindolol of patients with essential hypertension led to a significant fall in diastolic and systolic blood pressure and heart rate and to a significant decrease in plasma noradrenaline concentrations under basal and orthostatic conditions. 5. The adrenergic response to upright posture, reflected by an increase in plasma noradrenaline, was not abolished by prindolol. 6. It is concluded that the anti-hypertensive effect of prindolol in patients with essential hypertension is at least partially mediated by a decrease of sympathetic nervous activity.", "PMID": 1071667}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6871", "title": "Effect of long-term anti-hypertensive beta-receptor-blocking treatment on haemodynamic and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in man.", "content": "1. Central and regional haemodynamics and leg metabolism at rest, during and after a prolonged exercise were studied in seven untreated hypertensive males before and after a long-term treatment (6 weeks) with an unselective beta-receptor-blocking drug (alprenolol). 2. Alprenolol treatment (200-400 mg, twice daily) decreased arterial blood pressure at rest and during exercise; it reduced heart rate in relation to drug plasma concentrations during and after exercise; it left cardiac output unchanged; it reduced leg blood flow at rest, but had no effect on leg blood flow during exercise. 3. Alprenolol treatment also decreased lipolysis and lactate release in relation to drug plasma concentrations during exercise.", "contents": "Effect of long-term anti-hypertensive beta-receptor-blocking treatment on haemodynamic and metabolic responses to prolonged exercise in man. 1. Central and regional haemodynamics and leg metabolism at rest, during and after a prolonged exercise were studied in seven untreated hypertensive males before and after a long-term treatment (6 weeks) with an unselective beta-receptor-blocking drug (alprenolol). 2. Alprenolol treatment (200-400 mg, twice daily) decreased arterial blood pressure at rest and during exercise; it reduced heart rate in relation to drug plasma concentrations during and after exercise; it left cardiac output unchanged; it reduced leg blood flow at rest, but had no effect on leg blood flow during exercise. 3. Alprenolol treatment also decreased lipolysis and lactate release in relation to drug plasma concentrations during exercise.", "PMID": 1071668}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6872", "title": "Vascular lesions in hypertensive rats under salt loading: kidney renin and lysosomal enzymes.", "content": "1. Renal and cerebral vascular lesions occurred more often and earlier in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) given a high salt diet than in SHR given a normal diet. 2. Kidney renin activity was low during high salt loading; the kidney renin activity of rats with hypertensive renal vascular lesions was moderately elevated. Kidney renin activity or cathepsin D activities were higher in stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) aged 9 months than in stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR). 3. beta-Glucuronidase, cathepsin D and deoxyribonuclease activities were greater in the kidney of Wistar/Kyoto (WK) rats or SHR when there were hypertensive vascular lesions. These three enzyme activities were also greater in the aorta of SHR aged 13-14 months than in the aorta of WK rats. 4. It was supposed that kidney renin activity and lysosomal enzyme activities were related to hypertensive vascular lesions.", "contents": "Vascular lesions in hypertensive rats under salt loading: kidney renin and lysosomal enzymes. 1. Renal and cerebral vascular lesions occurred more often and earlier in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) given a high salt diet than in SHR given a normal diet. 2. Kidney renin activity was low during high salt loading; the kidney renin activity of rats with hypertensive renal vascular lesions was moderately elevated. Kidney renin activity or cathepsin D activities were higher in stroke-prone SHR (SHRSP) aged 9 months than in stroke-resistant SHR (SHRSR). 3. beta-Glucuronidase, cathepsin D and deoxyribonuclease activities were greater in the kidney of Wistar/Kyoto (WK) rats or SHR when there were hypertensive vascular lesions. These three enzyme activities were also greater in the aorta of SHR aged 13-14 months than in the aorta of WK rats. 4. It was supposed that kidney renin activity and lysosomal enzyme activities were related to hypertensive vascular lesions.", "PMID": 1071669}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6873", "title": "Haemodynamic responses to exercise and acute beta-receptor blockade in renin sub-types of essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Haemodynamic and renin responses to dynamic exercise before and after intravenous beta-adrenoreceptor blockade with propranolol were compared in twenty-one patients with essential hypertension and either high (n = 7), normal (n = 7) or low plasma renin activity (n = 7). 2. Renin and heart-rate responses to exercise and beta-receptor blockade diminished from high-renin to normal and to low-renin patients, effects which were blunted with increasing age. 3. Among the renin groups cardiac output, stroke volume, diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, systemic pressure and peripheral vascular resistance as well as their changes produced by exercise and acute beta-receptor blockade were not significantly different. 4. Long-term anti-hypertensive propranolol effects correlated with pre-treatment renin status, renin stimulation and its suppression by acute beta-receptor blockade as well as with the exercise tachycardia and the patient's age. 5. The results suggest different adrenergic control mechanisms in renin sub-types of essential hypertension, age being a modulating factor.", "contents": "Haemodynamic responses to exercise and acute beta-receptor blockade in renin sub-types of essential hypertension. 1. Haemodynamic and renin responses to dynamic exercise before and after intravenous beta-adrenoreceptor blockade with propranolol were compared in twenty-one patients with essential hypertension and either high (n = 7), normal (n = 7) or low plasma renin activity (n = 7). 2. Renin and heart-rate responses to exercise and beta-receptor blockade diminished from high-renin to normal and to low-renin patients, effects which were blunted with increasing age. 3. Among the renin groups cardiac output, stroke volume, diastolic pulmonary artery pressure, systemic pressure and peripheral vascular resistance as well as their changes produced by exercise and acute beta-receptor blockade were not significantly different. 4. Long-term anti-hypertensive propranolol effects correlated with pre-treatment renin status, renin stimulation and its suppression by acute beta-receptor blockade as well as with the exercise tachycardia and the patient's age. 5. The results suggest different adrenergic control mechanisms in renin sub-types of essential hypertension, age being a modulating factor.", "PMID": 1071670}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6874", "title": "Effects of intravenous labetalol on blood pressure, angiotensin II and aldosterone in hypertension: comparison with propranolol.", "content": "1. Labetalol, a compound with both alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking actions, was given intravenously (1-5-2-0 mg/kg) in twenty recumbent hypertensive patients. 2. There was a rapid reduction in systolic and diastolic pressures in all, maintained up to 24 h in some subjects. 3. Severe hypotension was not seen in recumbent subjects, but postural hypotension was common. 4. Labetalol caused significant lowering of heart rate. 5. Labetalol induced significant and related lowering of plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations, most obviously when these were initially high. 6. In a cross-over comparison in five patients against 10 mg of propranolol intravenously, labetalol was more effective in lowering blood pressure, but less effective in lowering pulse rate or plasma angiotensin II.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous labetalol on blood pressure, angiotensin II and aldosterone in hypertension: comparison with propranolol. 1. Labetalol, a compound with both alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking actions, was given intravenously (1-5-2-0 mg/kg) in twenty recumbent hypertensive patients. 2. There was a rapid reduction in systolic and diastolic pressures in all, maintained up to 24 h in some subjects. 3. Severe hypotension was not seen in recumbent subjects, but postural hypotension was common. 4. Labetalol caused significant lowering of heart rate. 5. Labetalol induced significant and related lowering of plasma angiotensin II and aldosterone concentrations, most obviously when these were initially high. 6. In a cross-over comparison in five patients against 10 mg of propranolol intravenously, labetalol was more effective in lowering blood pressure, but less effective in lowering pulse rate or plasma angiotensin II.", "PMID": 1071671}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6875", "title": "Combined alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor blockade in hypertension: a controlled trial of labetalol (AH 5158) compared with propranolol and placebo.", "content": "1. Labetalol (AH 5158) is a new drug which has both alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist activity. Labetalol has been compared with propranolol and placebo for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension (150/100 to 189/114 mmHg), in a double-blind cross-over trial with three 10 week treatment periods. 2. Both drugs reduced blood pressures in nine of the ten patients who have completed the trial. Relative to placebo labetalol caused decreases in supine pressures similar to those caused by propranolol (average -10/-10 and -10/-9 mmHg respectively), with a greater effect on standing (labetalol -20/-19; propranolol -8/-12 mmHg; P less than 0-01) and after exercise (labetolol -27/-18 and propranolol -16/-14 mmHg). 3. Labetalol and propranolol caused a similar fall in supine pulse rate (-11/min and -13/min respectively), but there was less bradycardia on standing (labetalol -11/min; propranolol -18/min; P less than 0-001) and after exercise (labetalol -17/min; propranolol -23/min; P less than 0-001). 4. The average dose ratios of labetalol to propranolol was 2-4:1 (w/w). 5. These results suggest that the effect of labetalol on blood pressure involves both alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist properties. 6. Further evaluation of labetalol is warranted as it may have some advantages in respect of producing less bradycardia, improved peripheral blood flow and less effect on airways resistance than 'pure' beta-receptor-blocking agents.", "contents": "Combined alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor blockade in hypertension: a controlled trial of labetalol (AH 5158) compared with propranolol and placebo. 1. Labetalol (AH 5158) is a new drug which has both alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist activity. Labetalol has been compared with propranolol and placebo for the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension (150/100 to 189/114 mmHg), in a double-blind cross-over trial with three 10 week treatment periods. 2. Both drugs reduced blood pressures in nine of the ten patients who have completed the trial. Relative to placebo labetalol caused decreases in supine pressures similar to those caused by propranolol (average -10/-10 and -10/-9 mmHg respectively), with a greater effect on standing (labetalol -20/-19; propranolol -8/-12 mmHg; P less than 0-01) and after exercise (labetolol -27/-18 and propranolol -16/-14 mmHg). 3. Labetalol and propranolol caused a similar fall in supine pulse rate (-11/min and -13/min respectively), but there was less bradycardia on standing (labetalol -11/min; propranolol -18/min; P less than 0-001) and after exercise (labetalol -17/min; propranolol -23/min; P less than 0-001). 4. The average dose ratios of labetalol to propranolol was 2-4:1 (w/w). 5. These results suggest that the effect of labetalol on blood pressure involves both alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist properties. 6. Further evaluation of labetalol is warranted as it may have some advantages in respect of producing less bradycardia, improved peripheral blood flow and less effect on airways resistance than 'pure' beta-receptor-blocking agents.", "PMID": 1071672}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6876", "title": "Compared incidence of first myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients under treatment containing propranolol or excluding beta-receptor blockade.", "content": "1. After some exclusions, 169 severe uncomplicated essential hypertensive patients presenting consecutively were divided into two groups according to their treatment. Of these, 121 had been given longterm treatment containing propranolol (PC group) and forty-eight had been treated with hypotensive agents excluding any beta-receptor-blocker group, the non-beta-receptor-blocker (NBB) group. 2. There were no significant differences in myocardial infarction risk factors between the two groups. 3. After a mean follow-up of 5-25 years, nine of the 121 subjects (7-5%) in the PC group had suffered first infarctions and fifteen of the forty-eight subjects (31%) in the NBB group, a significant difference (P less than 0-01). 4. It was concluded that the presence of propranolol had prevented more or caused fewer infarctions, perhaps a combination of both, than had the older hypotensive agents unsupported by beta-receptor blockade.", "contents": "Compared incidence of first myocardial infarction in hypertensive patients under treatment containing propranolol or excluding beta-receptor blockade. 1. After some exclusions, 169 severe uncomplicated essential hypertensive patients presenting consecutively were divided into two groups according to their treatment. Of these, 121 had been given longterm treatment containing propranolol (PC group) and forty-eight had been treated with hypotensive agents excluding any beta-receptor-blocker group, the non-beta-receptor-blocker (NBB) group. 2. There were no significant differences in myocardial infarction risk factors between the two groups. 3. After a mean follow-up of 5-25 years, nine of the 121 subjects (7-5%) in the PC group had suffered first infarctions and fifteen of the forty-eight subjects (31%) in the NBB group, a significant difference (P less than 0-01). 4. It was concluded that the presence of propranolol had prevented more or caused fewer infarctions, perhaps a combination of both, than had the older hypotensive agents unsupported by beta-receptor blockade.", "PMID": 1071673}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6877", "title": "The effect on blood pressure of beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs given once daily.", "content": "1. Blood pressure was controlled to the same extent whether propranolol or pindolol was given once or three times/day. 2. The anti-hypertensive action of beta-receptor-blocking drugs persisted for 36-48 h when administration ceased.", "contents": "The effect on blood pressure of beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking drugs given once daily. 1. Blood pressure was controlled to the same extent whether propranolol or pindolol was given once or three times/day. 2. The anti-hypertensive action of beta-receptor-blocking drugs persisted for 36-48 h when administration ceased.", "PMID": 1071674}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6878", "title": "Effects of noradrenaline on consecutive vascular segments at low or normal calcium concentrations in control and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. An 'isogravimetric' technique, plus measurement of pressure in a small artery, was used to investigate the responses of upstream and downstream precapillary and postcapillary resistance vessels in the hindquarters of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normal control rats perfused at constant flow. 2. Dose-response curves to noradrenaline were constructed under conditions of low or normal calcium. 3. In both control rats and SHR the dependence on external calcium during contraction increased peripherally, with the smaller pre- and post-capillary resistance vessels being most dependent and larger arteries least dependent. 4. There may be differences between SHR and control rats in regard to the handling of calcium, particularly in the small pre- and post-capillary resistance vessels.", "contents": "Effects of noradrenaline on consecutive vascular segments at low or normal calcium concentrations in control and spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. An 'isogravimetric' technique, plus measurement of pressure in a small artery, was used to investigate the responses of upstream and downstream precapillary and postcapillary resistance vessels in the hindquarters of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normal control rats perfused at constant flow. 2. Dose-response curves to noradrenaline were constructed under conditions of low or normal calcium. 3. In both control rats and SHR the dependence on external calcium during contraction increased peripherally, with the smaller pre- and post-capillary resistance vessels being most dependent and larger arteries least dependent. 4. There may be differences between SHR and control rats in regard to the handling of calcium, particularly in the small pre- and post-capillary resistance vessels.", "PMID": 1071675}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6879", "title": "Comparison of metoprolol and propranolol in modification of haemodynamic and renin-aldosterone responses to tilting in humans.", "content": "1. Acute oral administration of metoprolol and propranolol to ten normal males resulted in equal reduction in heart rate both supine and after passive tilting to 60 degrees. 2. Tilted systolic blood pressure was reduced by both agents but metoprolol alone reduced supine systolic blood pressure. 3. Tilted but not supine diastolic blood pressure was reduced by both agents. 4. Metoprolol and propranolol both reduced the rise in plasma renin activity induced by tilting. 5. No effect of tilting was observed on plasma aldosterone.", "contents": "Comparison of metoprolol and propranolol in modification of haemodynamic and renin-aldosterone responses to tilting in humans. 1. Acute oral administration of metoprolol and propranolol to ten normal males resulted in equal reduction in heart rate both supine and after passive tilting to 60 degrees. 2. Tilted systolic blood pressure was reduced by both agents but metoprolol alone reduced supine systolic blood pressure. 3. Tilted but not supine diastolic blood pressure was reduced by both agents. 4. Metoprolol and propranolol both reduced the rise in plasma renin activity induced by tilting. 5. No effect of tilting was observed on plasma aldosterone.", "PMID": 1071676}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6880", "title": "Clinical trial of the beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agent tolamolol with the use of 24 hour blood pressure recordings.", "content": "1. The average blood pressure over 24 h and its variability were measured in eight unrestricted subjects before and after commencing therapy with a new beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agent, tolamolol. 2. The drug caused a fall of 15 +/- 6 mgHg in mean arterial pressure and heart rate fell by 13 beats/min. The variation in blood pressure and heart rate over 24 h was unchanged after treatment.", "contents": "Clinical trial of the beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agent tolamolol with the use of 24 hour blood pressure recordings. 1. The average blood pressure over 24 h and its variability were measured in eight unrestricted subjects before and after commencing therapy with a new beta-adrenoreceptor-blocking agent, tolamolol. 2. The drug caused a fall of 15 +/- 6 mgHg in mean arterial pressure and heart rate fell by 13 beats/min. The variation in blood pressure and heart rate over 24 h was unchanged after treatment.", "PMID": 1071677}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6881", "title": "beta-receptor-blockade hypotension and the central nervous system.", "content": "1. Intravenous infusion of propranolol (3-86 micronmol h-1 kg-1) for 2 h lowered arterial pressure in the conscious rabbit whereas similar infusions of practolol (37-6 micronmol h-1 kg-1) did not. 2. The fall in blood pressure produced by propranolol was accompanied by a decrease in splanchnic nerve activity. Practolol did not change splanchnic nerve activity. 3. A centrally mediated decrease in sympathetic nervous activity makes an important contribution to the hypotensive action of propranolol in the rabbit. This effect is not shown by practolol.", "contents": "beta-receptor-blockade hypotension and the central nervous system. 1. Intravenous infusion of propranolol (3-86 micronmol h-1 kg-1) for 2 h lowered arterial pressure in the conscious rabbit whereas similar infusions of practolol (37-6 micronmol h-1 kg-1) did not. 2. The fall in blood pressure produced by propranolol was accompanied by a decrease in splanchnic nerve activity. Practolol did not change splanchnic nerve activity. 3. A centrally mediated decrease in sympathetic nervous activity makes an important contribution to the hypotensive action of propranolol in the rabbit. This effect is not shown by practolol.", "PMID": 1071678}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6882", "title": "Increase of total body potassium and decrease of exchangeable sodium after long-term treatment with a beta-receptor-blocking agent (prindolol) in essential hypertension.", "content": "1. The effect of long-term treatment with prindolol on blood pressure, total body potassium (Kt), exchangeable sodium (Nae) and plasma renin activity was investigated in twelve patients with essential hypertension. 2. Systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly reduced from 164/112 to 127/90 mmHg under basal conditions. 3. Before treatment Nae in patients with essential hypertension was significantly higher than in normotensive individuals. After an average of 16 weeks on prindolol Nae in patients with essential hypertension was significantly decreased, despite an average increased in body weight of 2 kg in the patients. 4. In contrast to the decrease in Nae, Kt was found to be significantly increased after long-term treatment with prindolol. Kt values of patients before and after prindolol, however, did not differ significantly from the corresponding sex- and age-dependent normal values. 5. Plasma renin activity was slightly diminished under basal and orthostatic conditions; the stimulatory effect orthostatis was not abolished but reduced by prindolol. 6. It is suggested that the changes in sodium balance contribute to the anti-hypertensive effect of prindolol in patients with essential hypertension.", "contents": "Increase of total body potassium and decrease of exchangeable sodium after long-term treatment with a beta-receptor-blocking agent (prindolol) in essential hypertension. 1. The effect of long-term treatment with prindolol on blood pressure, total body potassium (Kt), exchangeable sodium (Nae) and plasma renin activity was investigated in twelve patients with essential hypertension. 2. Systolic and diastolic pressures were significantly reduced from 164/112 to 127/90 mmHg under basal conditions. 3. Before treatment Nae in patients with essential hypertension was significantly higher than in normotensive individuals. After an average of 16 weeks on prindolol Nae in patients with essential hypertension was significantly decreased, despite an average increased in body weight of 2 kg in the patients. 4. In contrast to the decrease in Nae, Kt was found to be significantly increased after long-term treatment with prindolol. Kt values of patients before and after prindolol, however, did not differ significantly from the corresponding sex- and age-dependent normal values. 5. Plasma renin activity was slightly diminished under basal and orthostatic conditions; the stimulatory effect orthostatis was not abolished but reduced by prindolol. 6. It is suggested that the changes in sodium balance contribute to the anti-hypertensive effect of prindolol in patients with essential hypertension.", "PMID": 1071679}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6883", "title": "Cardiac function in the treatment of arterial hypertension with propranolol.", "content": "1. Propranolol, when used for treating arterial hypertension, may influence determinants of both cardiac and vascular function; the consequent changes in cardiac performance may result from the interaction of different and possibly opposite effects. 2. Cardiac funtion was investigated in fifty-four primary hypertensive men in the pretreatment state and after 3 weeks of propranolol therapy at a daily dose of 320 mg. 3. beta-Receptor blockade caused depression of pre-injection left ventricular function, which was unrelated to the direction and the extent of changes in peripheral circulation. 4. The ejection left ventricular function could be either depressed or improved depending on the direction to which treatment shifted the vascular resistance, and consequently, the impedance to left ventricular ejection. 5. Withdrawal of the adrenergic support is probably the major factor responsible for the poor ventricular adaptation to an augmented impedance.", "contents": "Cardiac function in the treatment of arterial hypertension with propranolol. 1. Propranolol, when used for treating arterial hypertension, may influence determinants of both cardiac and vascular function; the consequent changes in cardiac performance may result from the interaction of different and possibly opposite effects. 2. Cardiac funtion was investigated in fifty-four primary hypertensive men in the pretreatment state and after 3 weeks of propranolol therapy at a daily dose of 320 mg. 3. beta-Receptor blockade caused depression of pre-injection left ventricular function, which was unrelated to the direction and the extent of changes in peripheral circulation. 4. The ejection left ventricular function could be either depressed or improved depending on the direction to which treatment shifted the vascular resistance, and consequently, the impedance to left ventricular ejection. 5. Withdrawal of the adrenergic support is probably the major factor responsible for the poor ventricular adaptation to an augmented impedance.", "PMID": 1071680}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6884", "title": "Comparison of a slow-release formulation of oxprenolol with conventional oxprenolol in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "1. Patients with moderate to severe hypertension were studied during a 12 weeks period, while taking a slow-release formulation of oxprenolol once daily, in a dose equal to their previous total daily dose of oxprenolol given in divided doses. 2. There were no significant differences between blood pressure at the beginning and end of the 12 weeks period. 3. Once-daily dosage offers advantages of patient compliance.", "contents": "Comparison of a slow-release formulation of oxprenolol with conventional oxprenolol in the treatment of hypertension. 1. Patients with moderate to severe hypertension were studied during a 12 weeks period, while taking a slow-release formulation of oxprenolol once daily, in a dose equal to their previous total daily dose of oxprenolol given in divided doses. 2. There were no significant differences between blood pressure at the beginning and end of the 12 weeks period. 3. Once-daily dosage offers advantages of patient compliance.", "PMID": 1071681}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6885", "title": "Assessment of autonomic and non-autonomic components of resting hindlimb vascular resistance and reactivity to pressor substances in renal hypertensive rabbits.", "content": "1. Hindlimb vascular resistance (HVR) was measured before and after pharmacological autonomic blockade in unanesthetized renal cellophan-wrap hypertensive or normotensive rabbits with previously implanted Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters. 2. When the blood pressure was restored to resting values after autonomic block, the elevated resting HVR in the hypertensive rabbits was entirely accounted for by an increased non-autonomic component (i.e. HVR after block). If the pressure was not restored after block the autonomic component (i.e. resting HVR minus non-autonomic HVR) was overestimated and the non-autonomic component was underestimated. 3. During maximum vasodilatation the minimum HVR was significantly higher in the hypertensive rabbits than in the normotensive group, probably due to structural differences of resistance vessels. 4. Reactivity of the hindlimb bed to noradrenaline, angiotensin II and vasopressin injections was approximately twice as great in the hypertensive rabbits as in the sham-operated group, probably as a consequence of the structural changes.", "contents": "Assessment of autonomic and non-autonomic components of resting hindlimb vascular resistance and reactivity to pressor substances in renal hypertensive rabbits. 1. Hindlimb vascular resistance (HVR) was measured before and after pharmacological autonomic blockade in unanesthetized renal cellophan-wrap hypertensive or normotensive rabbits with previously implanted Doppler ultrasonic flowmeters. 2. When the blood pressure was restored to resting values after autonomic block, the elevated resting HVR in the hypertensive rabbits was entirely accounted for by an increased non-autonomic component (i.e. HVR after block). If the pressure was not restored after block the autonomic component (i.e. resting HVR minus non-autonomic HVR) was overestimated and the non-autonomic component was underestimated. 3. During maximum vasodilatation the minimum HVR was significantly higher in the hypertensive rabbits than in the normotensive group, probably due to structural differences of resistance vessels. 4. Reactivity of the hindlimb bed to noradrenaline, angiotensin II and vasopressin injections was approximately twice as great in the hypertensive rabbits as in the sham-operated group, probably as a consequence of the structural changes.", "PMID": 1071682}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6886", "title": "Vasodilating drugs: contrasting haemodynamic effects.", "content": "1. We investigated the haemodynamic effects of intravenously administered hydrallazine, diazoxide and nitroprusside and orally administered minoxidil to determine whether vasodilators (such as nitroprusside) which do not increase cardiac output might be better treatment for hypertensive complications associated with, or caused by, myocardial failure than those that do. 2. Hydrallazine and diazoxide caused increases in heart rate, cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume, the ratio of cardiac output to cardiopulmonary volume, and pulmonary artery pressure. Nitroprusside, although decreasing pressure and vascular resistance, caused no significant change in the other functions except for reducing pulmonary artery pressure. Minoxidil, when given orally, had the potential for causing pulmonary hypertension. This seemed explained by increased flow (hyperdynamic type) in some but by congestive cardiac failure in others; the latter condition was probably intensified by the marked fluid retention that the drug can cause. 3. On the basis of these results a classification of vasodilators was constructed which depends on the presence or absence of a venodilating effect. Vasodilators which produce no (or little) venodilatation, increase heart rate, cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume and pulmonary artery pressure. In this class are diazoxide, hydrallazine and minoxidil. Those that cause venodilatation do not stimulate the heart nor do they cause pulmonary hypertension. Nitroprusside and nitroglycerine are drugs of this type. 4. These results suggest that drugs producing both venodilatation and arteriolar dilatation may be more specific therapy for hypertensive complications associated with cardiac failure than those that cause only arteriolar dilatation.", "contents": "Vasodilating drugs: contrasting haemodynamic effects. 1. We investigated the haemodynamic effects of intravenously administered hydrallazine, diazoxide and nitroprusside and orally administered minoxidil to determine whether vasodilators (such as nitroprusside) which do not increase cardiac output might be better treatment for hypertensive complications associated with, or caused by, myocardial failure than those that do. 2. Hydrallazine and diazoxide caused increases in heart rate, cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume, the ratio of cardiac output to cardiopulmonary volume, and pulmonary artery pressure. Nitroprusside, although decreasing pressure and vascular resistance, caused no significant change in the other functions except for reducing pulmonary artery pressure. Minoxidil, when given orally, had the potential for causing pulmonary hypertension. This seemed explained by increased flow (hyperdynamic type) in some but by congestive cardiac failure in others; the latter condition was probably intensified by the marked fluid retention that the drug can cause. 3. On the basis of these results a classification of vasodilators was constructed which depends on the presence or absence of a venodilating effect. Vasodilators which produce no (or little) venodilatation, increase heart rate, cardiac output, cardiopulmonary blood volume and pulmonary artery pressure. In this class are diazoxide, hydrallazine and minoxidil. Those that cause venodilatation do not stimulate the heart nor do they cause pulmonary hypertension. Nitroprusside and nitroglycerine are drugs of this type. 4. These results suggest that drugs producing both venodilatation and arteriolar dilatation may be more specific therapy for hypertensive complications associated with cardiac failure than those that cause only arteriolar dilatation.", "PMID": 1071683}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6887", "title": "The use of minoxidil in the treatment of severe essential hypertension: a report on 100 patients.", "content": "1. One hundred patients with severe essential hypertension have been treated with minoxidil for a mean period of 8-4 months in a study involving eleven European centres. Seventy-two males and twenty-eight females were included in the group; the mean age was 55 years and the initial supine systolic and diastolic pressures averaged 212 (range 150-270) and 125 (range 90-150) mmHg respectively. 2. Reduction of supine diastolic pressure to less than 100 mmHg occurred in 94% of patients within 4 weeks. After the average follow-up period of 8-4 months the mean pressures were 151/91 mmHg. Concomitant therapy with beta-receptor-blocking agents and diuretics resulted in satisfactory control of heart rate and weight gain. 3. Side effects included increased hair growth, nausea, fatigue, rash and darkening of the skin. ECG showed mainly T-wave changes and echocardiographic examination indicated improved ventricular emptying.", "contents": "The use of minoxidil in the treatment of severe essential hypertension: a report on 100 patients. 1. One hundred patients with severe essential hypertension have been treated with minoxidil for a mean period of 8-4 months in a study involving eleven European centres. Seventy-two males and twenty-eight females were included in the group; the mean age was 55 years and the initial supine systolic and diastolic pressures averaged 212 (range 150-270) and 125 (range 90-150) mmHg respectively. 2. Reduction of supine diastolic pressure to less than 100 mmHg occurred in 94% of patients within 4 weeks. After the average follow-up period of 8-4 months the mean pressures were 151/91 mmHg. Concomitant therapy with beta-receptor-blocking agents and diuretics resulted in satisfactory control of heart rate and weight gain. 3. Side effects included increased hair growth, nausea, fatigue, rash and darkening of the skin. ECG showed mainly T-wave changes and echocardiographic examination indicated improved ventricular emptying.", "PMID": 1071684}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6888", "title": "Treatment of severe hypertension with minoxidil and its effects on systemic and pulmonary haemodynamics.", "content": "1. The chronic administration of minoxidil, 0-024-0-212 mmol (5-40 mg) daily, to fifty-two severely hypertensive patients resulted in an average reduction of mean arterial pressure from 170 to 111 mmHg. 2. Haemodynamic studies in twelve of these patients indicated that the rise in pulmonary arterial pressure in patients without heart failure appears to be a direct result of a disproportionately large increase in cardiac output with respect to a relatively small decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. Anti-hypertensive treatment of patients with congestive heart failure resulted in a decrease in mean pulmonary arterial pressure.", "contents": "Treatment of severe hypertension with minoxidil and its effects on systemic and pulmonary haemodynamics. 1. The chronic administration of minoxidil, 0-024-0-212 mmol (5-40 mg) daily, to fifty-two severely hypertensive patients resulted in an average reduction of mean arterial pressure from 170 to 111 mmHg. 2. Haemodynamic studies in twelve of these patients indicated that the rise in pulmonary arterial pressure in patients without heart failure appears to be a direct result of a disproportionately large increase in cardiac output with respect to a relatively small decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance. Anti-hypertensive treatment of patients with congestive heart failure resulted in a decrease in mean pulmonary arterial pressure.", "PMID": 1071685}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6889", "title": "Clinical and haemodynamic study of minoxidil in moderately hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. We have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of minoxidil in moderately hypertensive out-patients. Eight patients were treated with hydrochlorothiazide and minoxidil for 5 months. The only female patient developed slight, reversible facial hair growth. In the other seven patients there was a moderate decrease in blood pressure. There were only minimal side-effects. Mild exertional tachycardia and a mean increase in body weight of 0-5 kg was found, but no oedema or signs of cardiac insufficiency were observed. No abnormalities were seen during routine blood tests. 2. This study shows that minoxidil combined with a diuretic may be successfully used in treating moderately hypertensive male patients.", "contents": "Clinical and haemodynamic study of minoxidil in moderately hypertensive patients. 1. We have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of minoxidil in moderately hypertensive out-patients. Eight patients were treated with hydrochlorothiazide and minoxidil for 5 months. The only female patient developed slight, reversible facial hair growth. In the other seven patients there was a moderate decrease in blood pressure. There were only minimal side-effects. Mild exertional tachycardia and a mean increase in body weight of 0-5 kg was found, but no oedema or signs of cardiac insufficiency were observed. No abnormalities were seen during routine blood tests. 2. This study shows that minoxidil combined with a diuretic may be successfully used in treating moderately hypertensive male patients.", "PMID": 1071686}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6890", "title": "Treatment of hypertension in middle-aged men: a feasibility study in a community.", "content": "1. In a health examination survey of 2322 men, aged 49-50 years, the prevalence of hypertension was 7-5%. All men with a supine diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 105 mmHg were invited to a hypertension clinic. 2. Two years' treatment in eighty-six men achieved a blood pressure reduction of 31/16 mmHg, which was maintained for a 4 years period and considered satisfactory in 80% of the subjects. Propranolol was used in more than 80% of the cases. 3. The study indicates that it is possible to obtain acceptable blood pressure control in the community.", "contents": "Treatment of hypertension in middle-aged men: a feasibility study in a community. 1. In a health examination survey of 2322 men, aged 49-50 years, the prevalence of hypertension was 7-5%. All men with a supine diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 105 mmHg were invited to a hypertension clinic. 2. Two years' treatment in eighty-six men achieved a blood pressure reduction of 31/16 mmHg, which was maintained for a 4 years period and considered satisfactory in 80% of the subjects. Propranolol was used in more than 80% of the cases. 3. The study indicates that it is possible to obtain acceptable blood pressure control in the community.", "PMID": 1071687}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6891", "title": "Haemodynamic and endocrinological changes during anti-hypertensive treatment with a new vasodilator substance (L6150) and propranolol.", "content": "1. In eighteen subjects with mild to moderate hypertension the effectiveness of the new vasodilator drug L6150 (Lepetit) was studied. Its mechanism of action was identified by systemic and renal blood flow measurements and by estimating changes in plasma renin and aldosterone concentration and plasma volume. The reflexly induced hyperkinetic circulatory state could be completely corrected by adding propranolol or prevented by pretreatment with the latter drug. 2. Sodium retention was an invariable phenomenon. It was not due to a stimulation of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone axis since plasma aldosterone was significantly decreased, presumably as a consequence of plasma volume expansion.", "contents": "Haemodynamic and endocrinological changes during anti-hypertensive treatment with a new vasodilator substance (L6150) and propranolol. 1. In eighteen subjects with mild to moderate hypertension the effectiveness of the new vasodilator drug L6150 (Lepetit) was studied. Its mechanism of action was identified by systemic and renal blood flow measurements and by estimating changes in plasma renin and aldosterone concentration and plasma volume. The reflexly induced hyperkinetic circulatory state could be completely corrected by adding propranolol or prevented by pretreatment with the latter drug. 2. Sodium retention was an invariable phenomenon. It was not due to a stimulation of the reninangiotensin-aldosterone axis since plasma aldosterone was significantly decreased, presumably as a consequence of plasma volume expansion.", "PMID": 1071688}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6892", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of prazosin in dogs.", "content": "1. In pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs, prazosin (2 x 1-3 micronmol day-1 kg-1; 2 x 0-5 mg day-1 kg-1) administered orally for 3 days reduced resting aortic blood pressure as well as the pressor response to bilateral carotid occlusion. Prazosin neither affected resting heart rate nor the tachycardia induced by intravenous isoprenaline, noradrenaline and electrical stimulation of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres. Prazosin significantly attenuated the fall in perfusion pressure in a perfused hind leg resulting from the section of the ipsilateral sympathetic lumbar chain. Furthermore, the drug inhibited by about 50% the hind-leg pressor responses elicited by intra-arterial administration of alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists and by stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain, without altering the effects of angiotension II. 2. Acute administration of prazosin into the innervated hind leg provoked a dose-related reduction in vascular resistance. However, after spinal anaesthesia no such an effect was observed even when vascular tone was increased by infusion of vasopressin. Under the same experimental conditions administration of papaverine induced a vasodilatation. 3. This study confirms that prazosin impairs the function of vascular alpha-adrenoreceptors, and strongly challenges the claim that this compound produces a directly mediated vasodilatation of the leg vascular bed.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of prazosin in dogs. 1. In pentobarbitone-anaesthetized dogs, prazosin (2 x 1-3 micronmol day-1 kg-1; 2 x 0-5 mg day-1 kg-1) administered orally for 3 days reduced resting aortic blood pressure as well as the pressor response to bilateral carotid occlusion. Prazosin neither affected resting heart rate nor the tachycardia induced by intravenous isoprenaline, noradrenaline and electrical stimulation of preganglionic and postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres. Prazosin significantly attenuated the fall in perfusion pressure in a perfused hind leg resulting from the section of the ipsilateral sympathetic lumbar chain. Furthermore, the drug inhibited by about 50% the hind-leg pressor responses elicited by intra-arterial administration of alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists and by stimulation of the lumbar sympathetic chain, without altering the effects of angiotension II. 2. Acute administration of prazosin into the innervated hind leg provoked a dose-related reduction in vascular resistance. However, after spinal anaesthesia no such an effect was observed even when vascular tone was increased by infusion of vasopressin. Under the same experimental conditions administration of papaverine induced a vasodilatation. 3. This study confirms that prazosin impairs the function of vascular alpha-adrenoreceptors, and strongly challenges the claim that this compound produces a directly mediated vasodilatation of the leg vascular bed.", "PMID": 1071689}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6893", "title": "Changes in vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to vasoconstrictor agents induced by corticosteroids, adrenalectomy and differing salt intake in rats.", "content": "1. Isolated hind limbs of rats were perfused and vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to noradrenaline, methoxamine and potassium chloride was measured and dose-response curves were obtained. 2. The sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to noradrenaline is attenuated by adrenalectomy and low sodium diet; it is enhanced by corticosterone. High sodium diet or administration of deoxycorticosterone did not alter the dose-response curve significantly. 3. The increased sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle after corticosterone treatment is not related to changes in the contractile protein or alterations in the neuronal uptake and extraneuronal metabolism of noradrenaline. 4. These results suggest that the increased sensitivity in corticosterone-treated rats may be due to the number of receptors, receptor affinity to noradrenaline, or changes in the functional link between receptor and contractile apparatus.", "contents": "Changes in vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to vasoconstrictor agents induced by corticosteroids, adrenalectomy and differing salt intake in rats. 1. Isolated hind limbs of rats were perfused and vascular smooth muscle sensitivity to noradrenaline, methoxamine and potassium chloride was measured and dose-response curves were obtained. 2. The sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle to noradrenaline is attenuated by adrenalectomy and low sodium diet; it is enhanced by corticosterone. High sodium diet or administration of deoxycorticosterone did not alter the dose-response curve significantly. 3. The increased sensitivity of vascular smooth muscle after corticosterone treatment is not related to changes in the contractile protein or alterations in the neuronal uptake and extraneuronal metabolism of noradrenaline. 4. These results suggest that the increased sensitivity in corticosterone-treated rats may be due to the number of receptors, receptor affinity to noradrenaline, or changes in the functional link between receptor and contractile apparatus.", "PMID": 1071690}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6894", "title": "A study of the use of prazosin in hypertensive patients in Korea.", "content": "1. The effects of prazosin administered alone or in combination were studied in thirty patients between August 1974 and March 1975. 2. All patients had previously received treatment for hypertension with other agents, for from 2 months to 10 years. All thirty patients had refractory hypertension which had not responded satisfactorily to other treatment. 3. Patients were treated initially with prazosin; polythiazide, or polythiazide plus tolamolol, were added when necessary. 4. A satisfactory blood pressure response to prazosin alone, or prazosin in dual or triple combination therapy, occurred in all thirty patients. 5. Prazosin was well tolerated.", "contents": "A study of the use of prazosin in hypertensive patients in Korea. 1. The effects of prazosin administered alone or in combination were studied in thirty patients between August 1974 and March 1975. 2. All patients had previously received treatment for hypertension with other agents, for from 2 months to 10 years. All thirty patients had refractory hypertension which had not responded satisfactorily to other treatment. 3. Patients were treated initially with prazosin; polythiazide, or polythiazide plus tolamolol, were added when necessary. 4. A satisfactory blood pressure response to prazosin alone, or prazosin in dual or triple combination therapy, occurred in all thirty patients. 5. Prazosin was well tolerated.", "PMID": 1071691}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6895", "title": "Prazosin and hydrallazine in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "1. Two vasodilators, prazosin and hydrallazine, have been compared in three double-blind cross-over studies designed to test their effect when used in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agent and a thiazide. 2. Single doses of 3 mg of prazosin or 75 mg of hydrallazine were administered to patients whose blood pressures remained uncontrolled on a thiazide and a beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agent. Both agents produced significant falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure apparent at 1 h. The effects of prazosin persisted for 6-7 h and those of hydrallazine for 4-6 h. Tachycardia was more marked and more prolonged after hydrallazine and continued after the blood pressure had risen to base-line levels or above. 3. In 6 week and 12 week double-blind cross-over studies, mean falls in blood pressure were similar with prazosin and hydrallazine. Similar falls in the supine diastolic blood pressure were achieved with 1 mg of prazosin and 20 mg of hyrallazine, but for a given fall in supine diastolic blood pressure, prazosin produced a significantly lower standing diastolic blood pressure. 4. Severe side effects were more pronounced after hydrallazine, which necessitated withdrawal of seven patients, whereas only one patient on prazosin withdrew from the trial because of side effects.", "contents": "Prazosin and hydrallazine in the treatment of hypertension. 1. Two vasodilators, prazosin and hydrallazine, have been compared in three double-blind cross-over studies designed to test their effect when used in combination with a beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agent and a thiazide. 2. Single doses of 3 mg of prazosin or 75 mg of hydrallazine were administered to patients whose blood pressures remained uncontrolled on a thiazide and a beta-adrenoceptor-blocking agent. Both agents produced significant falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure apparent at 1 h. The effects of prazosin persisted for 6-7 h and those of hydrallazine for 4-6 h. Tachycardia was more marked and more prolonged after hydrallazine and continued after the blood pressure had risen to base-line levels or above. 3. In 6 week and 12 week double-blind cross-over studies, mean falls in blood pressure were similar with prazosin and hydrallazine. Similar falls in the supine diastolic blood pressure were achieved with 1 mg of prazosin and 20 mg of hyrallazine, but for a given fall in supine diastolic blood pressure, prazosin produced a significantly lower standing diastolic blood pressure. 4. Severe side effects were more pronounced after hydrallazine, which necessitated withdrawal of seven patients, whereas only one patient on prazosin withdrew from the trial because of side effects.", "PMID": 1071692}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6896", "title": "Comparison of the effects of pharmacological therapy and a low-sodium diet on mild hypertension.", "content": "1. The effect of a low-sodium diet and pharmacological therapy has been compared in eighty-one patients with mild hypertension. 2. Both pharmacological therapy and a low-sodium diet reduced lying and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of pharmacological therapy and a low-sodium diet on mild hypertension. 1. The effect of a low-sodium diet and pharmacological therapy has been compared in eighty-one patients with mild hypertension. 2. Both pharmacological therapy and a low-sodium diet reduced lying and standing systolic and diastolic blood pressure significantly.", "PMID": 1071693}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6897", "title": "A comparison of the effects of chlorothiazide and of metolazone in the treatment of hypertension.", "content": "1. A cross-over study was done in twenty patients with hypertension to compare the effects of chlorothiazide (0-5 g twice daily) and metolazone (5 mg daily) in combination with other anti-hypertensive agents. 2. Compared with absence of diuretic therapy, chlorothiazide and metolazone both produced significantly lower blood pressures. 3. Blood pressures on metolazone tended to be lower than on chlorothiazide but this difference was not statistically significant. 4. Both diuretics significantly lowered serum potassium concentrations and total body potassium to a similar degree, but the serum potassium did not fall below the normal range in any patient and no potassium supplements were needed. No electrocardiographic changes suggestive of hypokalaemia were noted. 5. Small but significant increases in serum bicarbonate, calcium, urea and acid were observed with both diuretics. 6. Patient acceptance was excellent and no adverse effects were encountered.", "contents": "A comparison of the effects of chlorothiazide and of metolazone in the treatment of hypertension. 1. A cross-over study was done in twenty patients with hypertension to compare the effects of chlorothiazide (0-5 g twice daily) and metolazone (5 mg daily) in combination with other anti-hypertensive agents. 2. Compared with absence of diuretic therapy, chlorothiazide and metolazone both produced significantly lower blood pressures. 3. Blood pressures on metolazone tended to be lower than on chlorothiazide but this difference was not statistically significant. 4. Both diuretics significantly lowered serum potassium concentrations and total body potassium to a similar degree, but the serum potassium did not fall below the normal range in any patient and no potassium supplements were needed. No electrocardiographic changes suggestive of hypokalaemia were noted. 5. Small but significant increases in serum bicarbonate, calcium, urea and acid were observed with both diuretics. 6. Patient acceptance was excellent and no adverse effects were encountered.", "PMID": 1071694}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6898", "title": "Relative effectiveness of chlorothiazide, reserpine and hydrallazine in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. Previous studies in this laboratory indicated that a mixture of anti-hypertensive agents in the drinking water controlled the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The present study was designed to determine which of the agents exerted the greatest anti-hypertensive effect. 2. Treatment was begun at 12 weeks of age in groups of eleven to seventeen rats with one of the following drugs: reserpine, chlorothiazide or hydrallazine. Blood pressures were recorded by the tail method under light ether anaesthesia every 2 weeks until the rats were approximately 70 weeks of age. 3. At 50 weeks of age, blood pressure of chlorothiazaide-treated rats averaged 40 mmHg below untreated control SHR; reserpine-treated SHR were also 40 mmHg lower than control rats, and hydrallazine-treated SHR were 85 mmHg below the control rats. 4. Rats in all groups gained weight normally and appeared in good health. Although all drugs were active, hydrallazine was considerably more effective than chlorothiazide or reserpine in the SHR.", "contents": "Relative effectiveness of chlorothiazide, reserpine and hydrallazine in spontaneously hypertensive rats. 1. Previous studies in this laboratory indicated that a mixture of anti-hypertensive agents in the drinking water controlled the blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The present study was designed to determine which of the agents exerted the greatest anti-hypertensive effect. 2. Treatment was begun at 12 weeks of age in groups of eleven to seventeen rats with one of the following drugs: reserpine, chlorothiazide or hydrallazine. Blood pressures were recorded by the tail method under light ether anaesthesia every 2 weeks until the rats were approximately 70 weeks of age. 3. At 50 weeks of age, blood pressure of chlorothiazaide-treated rats averaged 40 mmHg below untreated control SHR; reserpine-treated SHR were also 40 mmHg lower than control rats, and hydrallazine-treated SHR were 85 mmHg below the control rats. 4. Rats in all groups gained weight normally and appeared in good health. Although all drugs were active, hydrallazine was considerably more effective than chlorothiazide or reserpine in the SHR.", "PMID": 1071695}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6899", "title": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies with clonidine in normal subjects.", "content": "1. A highly specific and sensitive assay based on stable isotope dilution and mass fragmentography has been developed to measure clonidine in plasma. 2. Plasma half-lives of clonidine ranged from 6-9 to 9-4 h in five normotensive subjects. 3. Plasma clonidine concentration correlated with reduction in salivary flow and degree of sedation but not with change in blood pressure.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies with clonidine in normal subjects. 1. A highly specific and sensitive assay based on stable isotope dilution and mass fragmentography has been developed to measure clonidine in plasma. 2. Plasma half-lives of clonidine ranged from 6-9 to 9-4 h in five normotensive subjects. 3. Plasma clonidine concentration correlated with reduction in salivary flow and degree of sedation but not with change in blood pressure.", "PMID": 1071696}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6900", "title": "Haemodynamic and endocrine changes during anti-hypertensive treatment with clonidine and its derivative St 600.", "content": "1. The cardio-renal haemodynamic and endocrine effects of the anti-hypertensive agents 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (clonidine, St 155) and 2-(5-fluor-o-toluidine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (St 600) were investigated in twelve patients with essential hypertension. 2. The anti-hypertensive action of both compounds was similar and was accompanied by a reduction in heart rate and in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance being unchanged. There was no alteration in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, and renal vascular resistance showed a significant decrease. Blood volume and plasma renin concentration did not change significantly. An inverse relation changes in plasma volume and plasma aldosterone concentration was observed. In the face of similar reductions in blood pressure, no differences were observed between systemic and renal haemodynamic and endocrine responses after clonidine and St 600.", "contents": "Haemodynamic and endocrine changes during anti-hypertensive treatment with clonidine and its derivative St 600. 1. The cardio-renal haemodynamic and endocrine effects of the anti-hypertensive agents 2-(2,6-dichlorophenylamine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (clonidine, St 155) and 2-(5-fluor-o-toluidine)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride (St 600) were investigated in twelve patients with essential hypertension. 2. The anti-hypertensive action of both compounds was similar and was accompanied by a reduction in heart rate and in cardiac output, total peripheral resistance being unchanged. There was no alteration in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, and renal vascular resistance showed a significant decrease. Blood volume and plasma renin concentration did not change significantly. An inverse relation changes in plasma volume and plasma aldosterone concentration was observed. In the face of similar reductions in blood pressure, no differences were observed between systemic and renal haemodynamic and endocrine responses after clonidine and St 600.", "PMID": 1071697}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6901", "title": "Report on progress in the Australian National Blood Pressure Study (NBPS).", "content": "1. The National Blood Pressure Study (NBPS) is a single blind trial designed to test the efficacy of active drug treatment in reducing complications from mild hypertension (mean diastolic pressure = 95-109 mmHg). 2. Between 1973 and 1975, four centres screened about 104 000 subjects aged 30-69 years, yielding an estimated prevalence of hypertension (greater than or equal to 95 mmHg diastolic) of 16% and of moderate-to-severe hypertension (greater than of equal to 110 mmHg diastolic) of 1-3%. 3. Some 4000 subjects selected for untreated uncomplicated mild hypertension were randomized to either active treatment (cholorothiazide +alpha-methyldopa and/or a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist as required) or to matching placebos. 4. At 1 year mean pressures had fallen significantly below entry pressures in both groups but in the active group the fall was greater by a margin of 14-4+/-1-3 (SEM) mmHg systolic and 7-1+/-0-7 mmHg diastolic. At 1 year 5% of subjects in the placebo group had been placed on active treatment on the ethical grounds that pressure had exceeded the mild hypertension limit. 5. Trial end-points (death, morbidity from stroke, hypertensive heart and renal disease, and ischaemic heart disease) number 106 (nine deaths) thus far, of which ischaemic heart disease accounts for 71% and stroke 19%. 6. The duration of trial may need to be extended beyond the original estimate of 5 years.", "contents": "Report on progress in the Australian National Blood Pressure Study (NBPS). 1. The National Blood Pressure Study (NBPS) is a single blind trial designed to test the efficacy of active drug treatment in reducing complications from mild hypertension (mean diastolic pressure = 95-109 mmHg). 2. Between 1973 and 1975, four centres screened about 104 000 subjects aged 30-69 years, yielding an estimated prevalence of hypertension (greater than or equal to 95 mmHg diastolic) of 16% and of moderate-to-severe hypertension (greater than of equal to 110 mmHg diastolic) of 1-3%. 3. Some 4000 subjects selected for untreated uncomplicated mild hypertension were randomized to either active treatment (cholorothiazide +alpha-methyldopa and/or a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist as required) or to matching placebos. 4. At 1 year mean pressures had fallen significantly below entry pressures in both groups but in the active group the fall was greater by a margin of 14-4+/-1-3 (SEM) mmHg systolic and 7-1+/-0-7 mmHg diastolic. At 1 year 5% of subjects in the placebo group had been placed on active treatment on the ethical grounds that pressure had exceeded the mild hypertension limit. 5. Trial end-points (death, morbidity from stroke, hypertensive heart and renal disease, and ischaemic heart disease) number 106 (nine deaths) thus far, of which ischaemic heart disease accounts for 71% and stroke 19%. 6. The duration of trial may need to be extended beyond the original estimate of 5 years.", "PMID": 1071698}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6902", "title": "Characteristics and prognosis for women with hypertension in a community: results of a longitudinal study in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden.", "content": "1. During the years 1968-69 a population study of 1462 women aged 38-60 years was carried out in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. A total of 126 women were classified as hypertensive. 2. Hypertensive women reported a history of albuminuria and hypertension during pregnancy more often than women in the general population. Albuminuria, alterations of the eye-ground vessels and ECG changes indicating left ventricular strain were more often found in hypertensive women. Hypertensive women were on average heavier. 3. The same population sample was re-studied 6 years later. Two of the 126 women classified as hypertensive had died during the 6 years interval since the first examination, both from myocardial infarction. The death rate was similar to the population sample as a whole.", "contents": "Characteristics and prognosis for women with hypertension in a community: results of a longitudinal study in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. 1. During the years 1968-69 a population study of 1462 women aged 38-60 years was carried out in G\u00f6teborg, Sweden. A total of 126 women were classified as hypertensive. 2. Hypertensive women reported a history of albuminuria and hypertension during pregnancy more often than women in the general population. Albuminuria, alterations of the eye-ground vessels and ECG changes indicating left ventricular strain were more often found in hypertensive women. Hypertensive women were on average heavier. 3. The same population sample was re-studied 6 years later. Two of the 126 women classified as hypertensive had died during the 6 years interval since the first examination, both from myocardial infarction. The death rate was similar to the population sample as a whole.", "PMID": 1071699}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6903", "title": "Evidence for peripheral vascular involvement in mild elevation of blood pressure in man.", "content": "1. Cardiac output at rest, intra-arterial blood pressure and hand blood flow at maximal vasodilatation were studied in two groups of 18-25 year-old men: forty-four with mild blood pressure elevation were referred from a military enlistment centre, and twenty-nine normotensive volunteers were mainly recruited from the same enlistment centre. 2. The study group was characterized by a significantly higher cardiac index at rest, and a significantly higher blood flow resistance in the hand at maximal vasodilatation than the control group, indicating the presence of structural modifications in the resistance vessels of patients with mild blood pressure elevation. 3. The tendency to increased vascular resistance in the blood vessels of the hand at maximal vasodilatation was more pronounced in patients with a normal cardiac index than in those with a high index. This suggests inclusion in the study group of tense, anxious individuals with an elevated cardiac index but otherwise normal circulation, but does not exclude the possibility that these patients may develop structural changes later on.", "contents": "Evidence for peripheral vascular involvement in mild elevation of blood pressure in man. 1. Cardiac output at rest, intra-arterial blood pressure and hand blood flow at maximal vasodilatation were studied in two groups of 18-25 year-old men: forty-four with mild blood pressure elevation were referred from a military enlistment centre, and twenty-nine normotensive volunteers were mainly recruited from the same enlistment centre. 2. The study group was characterized by a significantly higher cardiac index at rest, and a significantly higher blood flow resistance in the hand at maximal vasodilatation than the control group, indicating the presence of structural modifications in the resistance vessels of patients with mild blood pressure elevation. 3. The tendency to increased vascular resistance in the blood vessels of the hand at maximal vasodilatation was more pronounced in patients with a normal cardiac index than in those with a high index. This suggests inclusion in the study group of tense, anxious individuals with an elevated cardiac index but otherwise normal circulation, but does not exclude the possibility that these patients may develop structural changes later on.", "PMID": 1071700}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6904", "title": "Effectiveness of screening for hypertension in Scotland.", "content": "1. Data from long-term follow-up of subjects screened for hypertension indicate that the elevation of blood pressure represents a major contribution to community-attributable risk of death. 2. Attendance rates at screening, and drop-out rates from follow-up, have been assessed in studies in Glasgow. 3. Screening and follow-up are probably best conducted from general practice, and should be regarded as an extension of good primary care.", "contents": "Effectiveness of screening for hypertension in Scotland. 1. Data from long-term follow-up of subjects screened for hypertension indicate that the elevation of blood pressure represents a major contribution to community-attributable risk of death. 2. Attendance rates at screening, and drop-out rates from follow-up, have been assessed in studies in Glasgow. 3. Screening and follow-up are probably best conducted from general practice, and should be regarded as an extension of good primary care.", "PMID": 1071701}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6905", "title": "Identification and treatment of arterial hypertension in general practice.", "content": "1. A screening programme has been set up in a group general practice for identifying and treating moderate high blood pressure in men and women aged 45-54 years, and at the same time the identification and treatment of high blood pressure in patients in reference general practices has been monitored. 2. The special measures resulted in a response rate of 68-8%. In the reference practices, 14-9% of patients attending during the study had their blood pressure reading recorded on the monitoring form. 3. The overall prevalence of diastolic blood pressure (phase 4) greater than or equal to 105 mmHg in the special hypertension programme is 3-8 times that observed in the reference practices.", "contents": "Identification and treatment of arterial hypertension in general practice. 1. A screening programme has been set up in a group general practice for identifying and treating moderate high blood pressure in men and women aged 45-54 years, and at the same time the identification and treatment of high blood pressure in patients in reference general practices has been monitored. 2. The special measures resulted in a response rate of 68-8%. In the reference practices, 14-9% of patients attending during the study had their blood pressure reading recorded on the monitoring form. 3. The overall prevalence of diastolic blood pressure (phase 4) greater than or equal to 105 mmHg in the special hypertension programme is 3-8 times that observed in the reference practices.", "PMID": 1071702}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6906", "title": "Alcohol use, hypertension and coronary heart disease.", "content": "1. Male death rates from hypertension and stroke in England and Wales in 1949-53 were highest in those socio-economic and occupational groups with the highest death rates for cirrhosis of the liver (and presumably with highest alcohol intake. 2. In prevalence data from the Busselton population in Western Australia in 1969, there was a significant association between hypertension and a history of heavy drinking. 3. Together with other data, these observations suggest that up to 30% of hypertension in affluent countries may prove to be attributable to the use of alcohol.", "contents": "Alcohol use, hypertension and coronary heart disease. 1. Male death rates from hypertension and stroke in England and Wales in 1949-53 were highest in those socio-economic and occupational groups with the highest death rates for cirrhosis of the liver (and presumably with highest alcohol intake. 2. In prevalence data from the Busselton population in Western Australia in 1969, there was a significant association between hypertension and a history of heavy drinking. 3. Together with other data, these observations suggest that up to 30% of hypertension in affluent countries may prove to be attributable to the use of alcohol.", "PMID": 1071703}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6907", "title": "Effect of weight on prevalence of hypertension, and its interaction with the arm circumference: Belgian Hypertension Committee Epidemiological Study.", "content": "1. A first sample of a cross-section of the Belgian population was studied. 2. The presence of hypertension or borderline hypertension was established on the basis of two examinations at 1-3 weeks intervals, during which the blood pressure was measured four times after 10 min rest. 3. The prevalence of both hypertension and borderline hypertension increased with age in the two sexes and, independently of age, with the relative weight. 4. The probable effect of arm circumference in overestimation of blood pressure in heavy subjects was analysed by multivariate correlations. It was concluded that if the influence of arm circumference is excluded, the effect of relative weight on blood pressure is less marked but still present.", "contents": "Effect of weight on prevalence of hypertension, and its interaction with the arm circumference: Belgian Hypertension Committee Epidemiological Study. 1. A first sample of a cross-section of the Belgian population was studied. 2. The presence of hypertension or borderline hypertension was established on the basis of two examinations at 1-3 weeks intervals, during which the blood pressure was measured four times after 10 min rest. 3. The prevalence of both hypertension and borderline hypertension increased with age in the two sexes and, independently of age, with the relative weight. 4. The probable effect of arm circumference in overestimation of blood pressure in heavy subjects was analysed by multivariate correlations. It was concluded that if the influence of arm circumference is excluded, the effect of relative weight on blood pressure is less marked but still present.", "PMID": 1071704}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6908", "title": "Blood pressure and its spontaneous variations in a northern Italian population.", "content": "1. Blood pressure has been measured in a random sample of 5852 subjects (both sexes, 20-64 years old). The prevalence of hypertension (blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mmHg and/or 95 mmHg; 150 mmHg and/or 90 mmHg under the age of 30 years) was 29-5%. 2. In a cohort of 972 detected hypertensive subjects, longitudinal changes (2 and 5 months after the initial examination) were evaluated. The phenomenon of regression toward the mean value was evident. 3. The implications of the variability of blood pressure in a community control programme of hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "Blood pressure and its spontaneous variations in a northern Italian population. 1. Blood pressure has been measured in a random sample of 5852 subjects (both sexes, 20-64 years old). The prevalence of hypertension (blood pressure greater than or equal to 160 mmHg and/or 95 mmHg; 150 mmHg and/or 90 mmHg under the age of 30 years) was 29-5%. 2. In a cohort of 972 detected hypertensive subjects, longitudinal changes (2 and 5 months after the initial examination) were evaluated. The phenomenon of regression toward the mean value was evident. 3. The implications of the variability of blood pressure in a community control programme of hypertension are discussed.", "PMID": 1071705}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6909", "title": "A 40 years' follow-up study of 1000 untreated hypertensive patients.", "content": "1. This study includes 1038 patients (325 men and 713 women) who consulted the medical out-patient clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, during the years 1932-38. All these patients had a blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg or 180 mmHg or more. 2. The average age at the first examination was 54 years; 97% were followed at intervals of 10 years until 1975, when sixty patients were still alive. Treatment was minimal until 1970. 3. Sixty percent of the men and 76% of the women reached an age of 65 years or more. Nine percent of the total patients lived to 85 years or more. Excess mortality was far higher in men than in women. 4. Causes of death were stroke in 17%, heart failure in 24%, coronary occlusion in 16%, uraemia in 4% and other diseases in 39%. At the first examination, thirteen cases of malignant hypertension were registered, none at later sessions.", "contents": "A 40 years' follow-up study of 1000 untreated hypertensive patients. 1. This study includes 1038 patients (325 men and 713 women) who consulted the medical out-patient clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, during the years 1932-38. All these patients had a blood pressure of 160/100 mmHg or 180 mmHg or more. 2. The average age at the first examination was 54 years; 97% were followed at intervals of 10 years until 1975, when sixty patients were still alive. Treatment was minimal until 1970. 3. Sixty percent of the men and 76% of the women reached an age of 65 years or more. Nine percent of the total patients lived to 85 years or more. Excess mortality was far higher in men than in women. 4. Causes of death were stroke in 17%, heart failure in 24%, coronary occlusion in 16%, uraemia in 4% and other diseases in 39%. At the first examination, thirteen cases of malignant hypertension were registered, none at later sessions.", "PMID": 1071706}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6910", "title": "Blood pressure response to physical activity in hypertensive subjects at different times of the day.", "content": "1. Active orthostasis causes a fall of systolic blood pressure in the morning; this fall was more extensive in severe arterial hypertension. 2. Everyday physical activity produces a marked rise of systolic blood pressure, which is higher at noon and in the evening than in the morning; the hypertensive response is somewhat greater in WHO II and III, than in WHO I, grades of hypertension. 3. In studies on blood pressure behaviour in hypertensive subjects the circadian variability not only of the blood pressure at rest but also of the blood pressure response to various stimuli has to be considered.", "contents": "Blood pressure response to physical activity in hypertensive subjects at different times of the day. 1. Active orthostasis causes a fall of systolic blood pressure in the morning; this fall was more extensive in severe arterial hypertension. 2. Everyday physical activity produces a marked rise of systolic blood pressure, which is higher at noon and in the evening than in the morning; the hypertensive response is somewhat greater in WHO II and III, than in WHO I, grades of hypertension. 3. In studies on blood pressure behaviour in hypertensive subjects the circadian variability not only of the blood pressure at rest but also of the blood pressure response to various stimuli has to be considered.", "PMID": 1071707}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6911", "title": "Blood pressure and heart rate response to isometric exercise and mental arithmetic in normotensive and hypertensive subjects.", "content": "1. Sustained hand-grip exercise and mental arithmetic were performed by normal and hypertensive subjects. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded with a device which allows blind and unbiased measurements, based on the conventional cuff method. 2. Both stimuli caused increases in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which were greater for isometric exercise than for mental arithmetic. 3. Normal females had a greater response to repeated exercise, and had a smaller systolic pressure elevation during mental arithmetic than the other groups. 4. Repeated testing showed good reproducibility in normal subjects.", "contents": "Blood pressure and heart rate response to isometric exercise and mental arithmetic in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. 1. Sustained hand-grip exercise and mental arithmetic were performed by normal and hypertensive subjects. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded with a device which allows blind and unbiased measurements, based on the conventional cuff method. 2. Both stimuli caused increases in heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which were greater for isometric exercise than for mental arithmetic. 3. Normal females had a greater response to repeated exercise, and had a smaller systolic pressure elevation during mental arithmetic than the other groups. 4. Repeated testing showed good reproducibility in normal subjects.", "PMID": 1071708}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6912", "title": "Reversed diurnal blood pressure rhythm in hypertensive pregnancies.", "content": "1. Reversal of the normal diurnal blood pressure pattern has been demonstrated in women with severe hypertension and renal impairment in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia). 2. Maximum arterial pressure occurred at night in these women. The phenomenon was not due to hypotensive drug therapy or posture. Patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension in pregnancy retained a normal diurnal blood pressure pattern. 3. Nocturnal hypertension in pre-eclampsia is of theoretical interest and practical importance.", "contents": "Reversed diurnal blood pressure rhythm in hypertensive pregnancies. 1. Reversal of the normal diurnal blood pressure pattern has been demonstrated in women with severe hypertension and renal impairment in pregnancy (pre-eclampsia). 2. Maximum arterial pressure occurred at night in these women. The phenomenon was not due to hypotensive drug therapy or posture. Patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension in pregnancy retained a normal diurnal blood pressure pattern. 3. Nocturnal hypertension in pre-eclampsia is of theoretical interest and practical importance.", "PMID": 1071709}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6913", "title": "Accelerated hypertension in the rat: relation between renin, renal vascular lesions, salt intake and blood pressure.", "content": "1. Complete ligation of the aorta between the origins of the two renal arteries in the rat produces a predictable form of accelerated hypertension. Changes in the blood pressure, plasma renin activity and renal histological lesions have been studied. 2. Group 1 rats and their control group (group 2) received tap water, and group 3 and its control group (group 4) received sodium chloride solution (0-154 mol/l) in place of tap water, for 4 weeks before aortic ligation. In the experimental groups 1 and 3, complete ligation was carried out. In groups 2 and 4 the aorta and renal arteries were exposed, but not ligated. Interlobular artery lesions were studied on a blind basis and graded 0-4 according to severity. 3. Groups 1 and 3 developed severe hypertension. In group 1 the raised mean arterial pressure showed a significant correlation with increased plasma renin activity. Both mean arterial pressure and plasma renin activity also showed a significant correlation with changes in interlobular arteries. In group 3 the raised mean arterial blood pressure did not show a significant correlation with the depressed plasma renin activity, or with changes in interlobular arteries. A significant correlation was, however, found between plasma renin activity and interlobular artery lesions in group 3. 4. These results suggest that the renin-angiotensin system may influence renal vascular lesions through some mechanism independent of the blood pressure.", "contents": "Accelerated hypertension in the rat: relation between renin, renal vascular lesions, salt intake and blood pressure. 1. Complete ligation of the aorta between the origins of the two renal arteries in the rat produces a predictable form of accelerated hypertension. Changes in the blood pressure, plasma renin activity and renal histological lesions have been studied. 2. Group 1 rats and their control group (group 2) received tap water, and group 3 and its control group (group 4) received sodium chloride solution (0-154 mol/l) in place of tap water, for 4 weeks before aortic ligation. In the experimental groups 1 and 3, complete ligation was carried out. In groups 2 and 4 the aorta and renal arteries were exposed, but not ligated. Interlobular artery lesions were studied on a blind basis and graded 0-4 according to severity. 3. Groups 1 and 3 developed severe hypertension. In group 1 the raised mean arterial pressure showed a significant correlation with increased plasma renin activity. Both mean arterial pressure and plasma renin activity also showed a significant correlation with changes in interlobular arteries. In group 3 the raised mean arterial blood pressure did not show a significant correlation with the depressed plasma renin activity, or with changes in interlobular arteries. A significant correlation was, however, found between plasma renin activity and interlobular artery lesions in group 3. 4. These results suggest that the renin-angiotensin system may influence renal vascular lesions through some mechanism independent of the blood pressure.", "PMID": 1071710}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6914", "title": "Increased renal excretion of arginine-vasopressin during mild hydropenia in young men with mild essential benign hypertension.", "content": "1. The rate of renal excretion of arginine-vasopressin was determined during unrestricted fluid intake for 24 h and in response to fluid deprivation for 18 h in nine young men with very mild essential hypertension and compared with that in sixteen normotensive men of similar age. 2. Despite an equivalent osmolar stimulus, excretion of arginine-vasopressin was significantly greater in the reference group than in the reference group. This difference increased progressively with increasing dehydration. 3. We suggest that these findings are mainly due to an increased rate of secretion of arginine-vasopressin in response to mild hydropenia in hypertensive patients and that a moderate increase of release of arginine-vasopressin during periods of fluid deprivation may exert vascular effects and thus influence the perpetuation of hypertension.", "contents": "Increased renal excretion of arginine-vasopressin during mild hydropenia in young men with mild essential benign hypertension. 1. The rate of renal excretion of arginine-vasopressin was determined during unrestricted fluid intake for 24 h and in response to fluid deprivation for 18 h in nine young men with very mild essential hypertension and compared with that in sixteen normotensive men of similar age. 2. Despite an equivalent osmolar stimulus, excretion of arginine-vasopressin was significantly greater in the reference group than in the reference group. This difference increased progressively with increasing dehydration. 3. We suggest that these findings are mainly due to an increased rate of secretion of arginine-vasopressin in response to mild hydropenia in hypertensive patients and that a moderate increase of release of arginine-vasopressin during periods of fluid deprivation may exert vascular effects and thus influence the perpetuation of hypertension.", "PMID": 1071711}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6915", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair synthesis: a new factor for defining high blood pressure.", "content": "1. The level of DNA repair synthesis has been compared in males diagnosed as having hypertension (diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 100 mmHg), males with slightly elevated blood pressure (greater than 95th percentile corrected for age) and males with normal or subnormal blood pressure (less than or equal to 30th percentile corrected for age). 2. The hypertensive males and the males with elevated blood pressure could not be distinguished from each other with respect to the levels of chemically induced repair synthesis, but both were significantly increased over the induced repair synthesis values of individuals with normal or low blood pressure. Since it has been shown previously that lymphocytes with high repair synthesis values also have increased levels of both carcinogen-DNA binding and chromosomal aberrations (Nord\u00e9n, Scherst\u00e9n, Thulin, Pero, Bryngelsson & Mitelman, 1975), the biological significance of this variable appears to be of value in discriminating between normal and high blood pressure groups.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid repair synthesis: a new factor for defining high blood pressure. 1. The level of DNA repair synthesis has been compared in males diagnosed as having hypertension (diastolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 100 mmHg), males with slightly elevated blood pressure (greater than 95th percentile corrected for age) and males with normal or subnormal blood pressure (less than or equal to 30th percentile corrected for age). 2. The hypertensive males and the males with elevated blood pressure could not be distinguished from each other with respect to the levels of chemically induced repair synthesis, but both were significantly increased over the induced repair synthesis values of individuals with normal or low blood pressure. Since it has been shown previously that lymphocytes with high repair synthesis values also have increased levels of both carcinogen-DNA binding and chromosomal aberrations (Nord\u00e9n, Scherst\u00e9n, Thulin, Pero, Bryngelsson & Mitelman, 1975), the biological significance of this variable appears to be of value in discriminating between normal and high blood pressure groups.", "PMID": 1071712}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6916", "title": "Thrombolysis by ultrasound.", "content": "1. A new method of destroying thrombi in blood vessels by ultrasound and simultaneously removing them is reported. 2. Experiments were performed in twenty dogs with artificial thrombi in the iliac and femoral arteries and veins. The length of the thrombi ranged from 4 to 5 cm and the age from 12 h to 10 days. The unit used consisted of a generator, a frequency counter, an ultrasonic transducer with the hollow waveguide and a vacuum pump. For protection of the vessel wall the guide is surrounded by a plastic tube. The ultrasonic frequency is 26-5 kHz, the amplitude 25-30 micronm. The time needed to destroy the thrombus by ultrasound and suck out the thrombotic material ranged from 2-5 to 5 min. 3. To check side effects, experiments were performed in forty-four dogs. No significant changes were seen in the fibrinolytic system or microscopic structure of the vessel wall after ultrasound.", "contents": "Thrombolysis by ultrasound. 1. A new method of destroying thrombi in blood vessels by ultrasound and simultaneously removing them is reported. 2. Experiments were performed in twenty dogs with artificial thrombi in the iliac and femoral arteries and veins. The length of the thrombi ranged from 4 to 5 cm and the age from 12 h to 10 days. The unit used consisted of a generator, a frequency counter, an ultrasonic transducer with the hollow waveguide and a vacuum pump. For protection of the vessel wall the guide is surrounded by a plastic tube. The ultrasonic frequency is 26-5 kHz, the amplitude 25-30 micronm. The time needed to destroy the thrombus by ultrasound and suck out the thrombotic material ranged from 2-5 to 5 min. 3. To check side effects, experiments were performed in forty-four dogs. No significant changes were seen in the fibrinolytic system or microscopic structure of the vessel wall after ultrasound.", "PMID": 1071713}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6917", "title": "The pathogenesis of hypertensive vascular changes in the rat: microscopic and ultrastructural correlation in vivo.", "content": "1. This study describes the changes observed in the rat microcirculation in vivo in the transparent tissue chamber of the rat back, during the florid hypertension produced by ligation of the rat aorta between both renal arteries. 2. Besides providing a new model for analysis of the action of therapeutic agents in hypertension, direct evidence of the variation in blood flow in hypertension is discussed. Fixation of the chamber tissues allows direct ultrastructural correlation with the altered function of particular vessels observed and recorded cinemicroscopically in vivo.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of hypertensive vascular changes in the rat: microscopic and ultrastructural correlation in vivo. 1. This study describes the changes observed in the rat microcirculation in vivo in the transparent tissue chamber of the rat back, during the florid hypertension produced by ligation of the rat aorta between both renal arteries. 2. Besides providing a new model for analysis of the action of therapeutic agents in hypertension, direct evidence of the variation in blood flow in hypertension is discussed. Fixation of the chamber tissues allows direct ultrastructural correlation with the altered function of particular vessels observed and recorded cinemicroscopically in vivo.", "PMID": 1071714}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6918", "title": "Effects of blood pressure reduction on the structural vascular abnormality in skin and muscle vascular beds in human essential hypertension.", "content": "1. Vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation was examined in two vascular beds in two groups of hypertensive patients and in normotensive control subjects before and during anti-hypertensive therapy in the hypertension groups. 2. In one group of twelve untreated patients with essential hypertension, examined with plethysmography and intra-arterial blood pressure recording, a significantly higher vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation was found in the hands compared with normotensive control subjects matched for age, sex, weight and height. This indicated a structural vascular abnormality in the patient group. 3. After 5 years of anti-hypertensive therapy in the patient group the difference in vascular resistance between patients and control subjects had decreased significantly, indicating a reversibility of the structural vascular abnormality. 4. Vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation was examined in the calves of twelve untreated patients with essential hypertension and fourteen normotensive control subjects. Plethysmographic technique and indirect blood pressure recordings were used. A significantly higher vascular resistance was found in patients than in control subjects, indicating a structural vascular abnormality also in this vascular bed. 5. Anti-hypertensive treatment for 6 months in the patient group did not change vascular resistance at maximal dilatation, indicating that the structural vascular abnormality remained. 6. During acute reduction of blood pressure in hypertension by means of trimethaphan infusion, blood pressure and blood flow to the hands were reduced proportionally with no change of vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation. 7. This indicates that resistance at maximal dilatation was unaffected by the acute reduction of blood pressure, in contrast to the findings after prolonged reduction of blood pressure in this vascular bed.", "contents": "Effects of blood pressure reduction on the structural vascular abnormality in skin and muscle vascular beds in human essential hypertension. 1. Vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation was examined in two vascular beds in two groups of hypertensive patients and in normotensive control subjects before and during anti-hypertensive therapy in the hypertension groups. 2. In one group of twelve untreated patients with essential hypertension, examined with plethysmography and intra-arterial blood pressure recording, a significantly higher vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation was found in the hands compared with normotensive control subjects matched for age, sex, weight and height. This indicated a structural vascular abnormality in the patient group. 3. After 5 years of anti-hypertensive therapy in the patient group the difference in vascular resistance between patients and control subjects had decreased significantly, indicating a reversibility of the structural vascular abnormality. 4. Vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation was examined in the calves of twelve untreated patients with essential hypertension and fourteen normotensive control subjects. Plethysmographic technique and indirect blood pressure recordings were used. A significantly higher vascular resistance was found in patients than in control subjects, indicating a structural vascular abnormality also in this vascular bed. 5. Anti-hypertensive treatment for 6 months in the patient group did not change vascular resistance at maximal dilatation, indicating that the structural vascular abnormality remained. 6. During acute reduction of blood pressure in hypertension by means of trimethaphan infusion, blood pressure and blood flow to the hands were reduced proportionally with no change of vascular resistance at maximal vasodilatation. 7. This indicates that resistance at maximal dilatation was unaffected by the acute reduction of blood pressure, in contrast to the findings after prolonged reduction of blood pressure in this vascular bed.", "PMID": 1071715}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6919", "title": "The intrarenal release of renin in the rat.", "content": "1. A technique was developed to measure renin concentration in nanolitre volumes of blood. 2. The renin concentration in renal venous blood was higher that in renal arterial blood. 3. The renin concentration in blood from the efferent arteriole was less than in blood from the renal artery and renal vein. 4. Renin enters the circulation distal to the efferent arteriole. 5. The release of renin into the interstitium would allow local formation of angiotensin and the system could act as an intrarenal control mechanism.", "contents": "The intrarenal release of renin in the rat. 1. A technique was developed to measure renin concentration in nanolitre volumes of blood. 2. The renin concentration in renal venous blood was higher that in renal arterial blood. 3. The renin concentration in blood from the efferent arteriole was less than in blood from the renal artery and renal vein. 4. Renin enters the circulation distal to the efferent arteriole. 5. The release of renin into the interstitium would allow local formation of angiotensin and the system could act as an intrarenal control mechanism.", "PMID": 1071716}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6920", "title": "Role of the renal nerves in renin release during suprarenal aortic stenosis in cats.", "content": "1. Renin release from an intact, innervated kidney and from the contralateral denervated kidney was measured before and during a period of suprarenal aortic stenosis. 2. Aortic stenosis of 10 min duration reduced renal perfusion pressure to 50 mmHg and increased renin release from both kidneys, but the response from the innervated kidney was greater. 3. A study of the time-course of the response during 30 min of aortic stenosis showed that the difference in rate of renin release between the innervated and the denervated kidney is greatest during the first few minutes of aortic stenosis.", "contents": "Role of the renal nerves in renin release during suprarenal aortic stenosis in cats. 1. Renin release from an intact, innervated kidney and from the contralateral denervated kidney was measured before and during a period of suprarenal aortic stenosis. 2. Aortic stenosis of 10 min duration reduced renal perfusion pressure to 50 mmHg and increased renin release from both kidneys, but the response from the innervated kidney was greater. 3. A study of the time-course of the response during 30 min of aortic stenosis showed that the difference in rate of renin release between the innervated and the denervated kidney is greatest during the first few minutes of aortic stenosis.", "PMID": 1071717}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6921", "title": "Renin inhibitory effect of synthetic phosphorylethanolamine (PE-104) in the rat.", "content": "1. The renin inhibitory effect of 2-[4-(4'-chlorophenoxy)phenoxy - acetylamino]ethylphosphoryl-ethanolamine (PE-104) was examined both in vitro and in vivo. 2. PE-104 inhibited the rate of angiotensin formation from dog renin and renin substrate reaction. The Ki value was 2 mmol/l and the inhibition was competitive. 3. In normotensive rats, infusion of PE-104 abolished the increases of blood pressure and plasma angiotensin I concentration due to renin injection. In renal hypertensive rats, infusion of PE-104 decreased blood pressure and this was associated with a decrease of plasma angiotensin I concentration. 4. These observations confirm that PE-104 is a renin inhibitor.", "contents": "Renin inhibitory effect of synthetic phosphorylethanolamine (PE-104) in the rat. 1. The renin inhibitory effect of 2-[4-(4'-chlorophenoxy)phenoxy - acetylamino]ethylphosphoryl-ethanolamine (PE-104) was examined both in vitro and in vivo. 2. PE-104 inhibited the rate of angiotensin formation from dog renin and renin substrate reaction. The Ki value was 2 mmol/l and the inhibition was competitive. 3. In normotensive rats, infusion of PE-104 abolished the increases of blood pressure and plasma angiotensin I concentration due to renin injection. In renal hypertensive rats, infusion of PE-104 decreased blood pressure and this was associated with a decrease of plasma angiotensin I concentration. 4. These observations confirm that PE-104 is a renin inhibitor.", "PMID": 1071718}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6922", "title": "Renin release from isolated rat glomeruli.", "content": "1. By the use of a mechanical graded sieving technique a high yield of isolated glomeruli has been obtained from rat kidny. 2. Microscopy and renin assay have shown the presence of renin-containing juxtaglomerular cells attached to these glomeruli. 3. The viability of isolated glomeruli has been confirmed by the ability of the cells to survive and divide in tissue culture and by their exclusion of vital dyes. 4. In superfusion after washout of extracellular renin, the glomeruli actively release constant amounts of renin over 3 h in direct proportion to the number of superfused. 5. Decreasing sodium concentration from 140 to 110 mol/l with constant osmolarity of 305 mosmol/l stimulated renin release by a direct effect on juxtaglomerular cells. 6. Catecholamines stimulated renin release in vitro in proportion to the potency of their action on beta-adrenoreceptors. 7. The system of superfusion of isolated glomeruli provides a technique for studying the influence of mediators leading to renin release acting directly on juxtaglomerular cells, independent of pressure change, tubular sodium, the sympathetic nervous system and circulating hormones.", "contents": "Renin release from isolated rat glomeruli. 1. By the use of a mechanical graded sieving technique a high yield of isolated glomeruli has been obtained from rat kidny. 2. Microscopy and renin assay have shown the presence of renin-containing juxtaglomerular cells attached to these glomeruli. 3. The viability of isolated glomeruli has been confirmed by the ability of the cells to survive and divide in tissue culture and by their exclusion of vital dyes. 4. In superfusion after washout of extracellular renin, the glomeruli actively release constant amounts of renin over 3 h in direct proportion to the number of superfused. 5. Decreasing sodium concentration from 140 to 110 mol/l with constant osmolarity of 305 mosmol/l stimulated renin release by a direct effect on juxtaglomerular cells. 6. Catecholamines stimulated renin release in vitro in proportion to the potency of their action on beta-adrenoreceptors. 7. The system of superfusion of isolated glomeruli provides a technique for studying the influence of mediators leading to renin release acting directly on juxtaglomerular cells, independent of pressure change, tubular sodium, the sympathetic nervous system and circulating hormones.", "PMID": 1071719}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6923", "title": "[Comparative study of the effectiveness of several antihypoxic agents and their combinations].", "content": "In 30--60 minutes following their administration sodium oxybutyrate in a dose of 100 mg/kg, mexamine in a dose of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg and also gutimine in doses of 25,50 and 100 mg/kg under conditions of hypoxic hypoxia corresponding to an altitude of 10000 m produce a marked antihypoxic effect. A combination of sodium oxybutyrate in the above dose, of mexamine in amounts of 1,2.5 and 5 mg/kg and also of gutimine in doses of 25,50 and 100 mg/kg permit it in some cases to achieve potentiation of antihypoxic effects of the drugs.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the effectiveness of several antihypoxic agents and their combinations]. In 30--60 minutes following their administration sodium oxybutyrate in a dose of 100 mg/kg, mexamine in a dose of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg and also gutimine in doses of 25,50 and 100 mg/kg under conditions of hypoxic hypoxia corresponding to an altitude of 10000 m produce a marked antihypoxic effect. A combination of sodium oxybutyrate in the above dose, of mexamine in amounts of 1,2.5 and 5 mg/kg and also of gutimine in doses of 25,50 and 100 mg/kg permit it in some cases to achieve potentiation of antihypoxic effects of the drugs.", "PMID": 1071724}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6924", "title": "Localization of alkaline phosphatase in subcellular structures of human osteogenic sarcomas.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of osteogenic sarcomas has revealed association of the product of the reaction for alkaline phosphatase with membranous structures. The structural and function polymorphism of osteogenic sarcoma cells is also shown.", "contents": "Localization of alkaline phosphatase in subcellular structures of human osteogenic sarcomas. Electron microscopic study of osteogenic sarcomas has revealed association of the product of the reaction for alkaline phosphatase with membranous structures. The structural and function polymorphism of osteogenic sarcoma cells is also shown.", "PMID": 1071744}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6925", "title": "A technique for developing established cell lines from human osteosarcomas.", "content": "A method is described which has been successfully used to develop two human osteogenic sarcomas into established lines in culture. This method provides a means whereby cells growing from explanted tumor tissue can be immediately cloned and the fibroblastic (nonneoplastic) cells thus selected against. Both lines have been passaged for over 100 population doublings since cloning and have retained the ability to form colonies from single cells plated at low density without the use of feeder layers or conditioned medium. In culture, the osteogenic sarcoma cells are nonfibroblastic, pile up, and appear to retain a morphological similarity to the in vivo tumors from which they were derived. A karyotype of cells derived from one of the tumors containing a marker chromosome is also presented.", "contents": "A technique for developing established cell lines from human osteosarcomas. A method is described which has been successfully used to develop two human osteogenic sarcomas into established lines in culture. This method provides a means whereby cells growing from explanted tumor tissue can be immediately cloned and the fibroblastic (nonneoplastic) cells thus selected against. Both lines have been passaged for over 100 population doublings since cloning and have retained the ability to form colonies from single cells plated at low density without the use of feeder layers or conditioned medium. In culture, the osteogenic sarcoma cells are nonfibroblastic, pile up, and appear to retain a morphological similarity to the in vivo tumors from which they were derived. A karyotype of cells derived from one of the tumors containing a marker chromosome is also presented.", "PMID": 1071745}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6926", "title": "Caries and the planning of dental treatment for five-year-old children.", "content": "A survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the primary teeth and first permanent molars of five-year-old children and the occurrence of spaces between their primary molars. The representative sample investigated consisted of 965 children attending compulsory kindergarten in Jerusalem. 84% of the children were found to have carious teeth. Average d.i.f. was 4.7 (+/-3.6). The rate of decay was found to be the same in males and females. 30% were found to have eight or more carious teeth and a large number of extractions had to be carried out in this group. Most of the children examined did not have spaces between their primary molars, a fact that necessitated the use of diagnostic radiographs for all cases of extensive treatment. 77% of the children still had no permanent molars. Of those whose permanent molars had erupted, 73% had no caries. A definite association was found to exist between the prevalence of caries in primary teeth and its prevalence in permanent molars. On the basis of the findings it is concluded that compulsory kindergarten is a suitable frame-work for the commencement of organised dental services. Most of the services required may be provided by general dental practitioners who have received some additional specialised training to equip them to treat children. For problematical children--with particular medical or behavioural problems--more specialised treatment can be provided through medical centres in which paedodontic specialists and more sophisticated equipment are available. Currently available manpower in the dental profession is apparently not sufficient and considerable thought will have to be devoted to solution of this problem.", "contents": "Caries and the planning of dental treatment for five-year-old children. A survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of dental caries in the primary teeth and first permanent molars of five-year-old children and the occurrence of spaces between their primary molars. The representative sample investigated consisted of 965 children attending compulsory kindergarten in Jerusalem. 84% of the children were found to have carious teeth. Average d.i.f. was 4.7 (+/-3.6). The rate of decay was found to be the same in males and females. 30% were found to have eight or more carious teeth and a large number of extractions had to be carried out in this group. Most of the children examined did not have spaces between their primary molars, a fact that necessitated the use of diagnostic radiographs for all cases of extensive treatment. 77% of the children still had no permanent molars. Of those whose permanent molars had erupted, 73% had no caries. A definite association was found to exist between the prevalence of caries in primary teeth and its prevalence in permanent molars. On the basis of the findings it is concluded that compulsory kindergarten is a suitable frame-work for the commencement of organised dental services. Most of the services required may be provided by general dental practitioners who have received some additional specialised training to equip them to treat children. For problematical children--with particular medical or behavioural problems--more specialised treatment can be provided through medical centres in which paedodontic specialists and more sophisticated equipment are available. Currently available manpower in the dental profession is apparently not sufficient and considerable thought will have to be devoted to solution of this problem.", "PMID": 1071748}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6927", "title": "The effectiveness of a dental education program on oral cleanliness for school children of 11 to 14 years old.", "content": "A dental health eduction program on oral cleanliness was given to 175 Jerusalem school-children aged 11 to 14 years. The children were divided into three groups, each numbering approximately 60: Experimental Group 1, Experimental Group 2 and Control Group. The study was conducted over an 8-week period. During the first week the Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP)--an oral hygiene index--was recorded for all the children and used as the base line for the study. It was then recorded one month after the education program was transmitted and again two months afterwards. The objectives of the study were: 1) To examine the effectiveness of a program for providing dental health information and teaching oral hygiene practice to elementary schoolchildren. 2) To find the best method of instruction in the use of toothbrushing. 3) To measure the effectiveness of toothbrushing instruction by testing toothbrushing performance over a given period. The dental health education program consisted of a lecture, 40 animated color slides and toothbrushing instruction given individually and to a group. The results indicated that the education program presented together with toothbrushing instruction improved oral cleanliness and toothbrushing skill. The group receiving individual toothbrushing instruction showed the greates improvement in home care oral cleanliness and in standard of toothbrushing performance skill. Oral cleanliness and toothbrushing skill (taught by both methods) improved with time. Girls showed a slight but constantly greater level of improvement in both oral cleanliness and tooth brushing skill.", "contents": "The effectiveness of a dental education program on oral cleanliness for school children of 11 to 14 years old. A dental health eduction program on oral cleanliness was given to 175 Jerusalem school-children aged 11 to 14 years. The children were divided into three groups, each numbering approximately 60: Experimental Group 1, Experimental Group 2 and Control Group. The study was conducted over an 8-week period. During the first week the Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP)--an oral hygiene index--was recorded for all the children and used as the base line for the study. It was then recorded one month after the education program was transmitted and again two months afterwards. The objectives of the study were: 1) To examine the effectiveness of a program for providing dental health information and teaching oral hygiene practice to elementary schoolchildren. 2) To find the best method of instruction in the use of toothbrushing. 3) To measure the effectiveness of toothbrushing instruction by testing toothbrushing performance over a given period. The dental health education program consisted of a lecture, 40 animated color slides and toothbrushing instruction given individually and to a group. The results indicated that the education program presented together with toothbrushing instruction improved oral cleanliness and toothbrushing skill. The group receiving individual toothbrushing instruction showed the greates improvement in home care oral cleanliness and in standard of toothbrushing performance skill. Oral cleanliness and toothbrushing skill (taught by both methods) improved with time. Girls showed a slight but constantly greater level of improvement in both oral cleanliness and tooth brushing skill.", "PMID": 1071749}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6928", "title": "Malignant bone tumors of the lower extremity.", "content": "The malignant bone lesions discussed in this paper are those commonly encountered by the podiatrist. An attempt is made to review basic important information concerning these lesions, along with relevant pathologic and histologic characteristics which are necessary for a correct diagnosis. Points of controversy exist regarding classification and histologic and pathologic findings. This makes one realize that a great deal more must be learned about these dreaded cancers so they may be treated more effectively. The podiatrist should be fully able to diagnose these malignant tumors in the foot and lower extremity.", "contents": "Malignant bone tumors of the lower extremity. The malignant bone lesions discussed in this paper are those commonly encountered by the podiatrist. An attempt is made to review basic important information concerning these lesions, along with relevant pathologic and histologic characteristics which are necessary for a correct diagnosis. Points of controversy exist regarding classification and histologic and pathologic findings. This makes one realize that a great deal more must be learned about these dreaded cancers so they may be treated more effectively. The podiatrist should be fully able to diagnose these malignant tumors in the foot and lower extremity.", "PMID": 1071753}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6929", "title": "[A rare case of mandibulo-oculo-facial syndrome, the new \"Frans\u00e7ois\" syndrome].", "content": "An unusual case presenting congenital malformations involving the face and mastication apparatus is described. It has been classified as a mandibular-ocular-facial syndrome (Fran\u00e7ise's\"new syndrome\".", "contents": "[A rare case of mandibulo-oculo-facial syndrome, the new \"Frans\u00e7ois\" syndrome]. An unusual case presenting congenital malformations involving the face and mastication apparatus is described. It has been classified as a mandibular-ocular-facial syndrome (Fran\u00e7ise's\"new syndrome\".", "PMID": 1071780}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6930", "title": "[Ectodermal dysplasia. Clinical case].", "content": "A case of ectodermal dysplasia with anodontia, and severe hypotrichosis is described. Clinical aspects and differential diagnosis with Huth-chinson-Gildorf syndrome are also discussed.", "contents": "[Ectodermal dysplasia. Clinical case]. A case of ectodermal dysplasia with anodontia, and severe hypotrichosis is described. Clinical aspects and differential diagnosis with Huth-chinson-Gildorf syndrome are also discussed.", "PMID": 1071781}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6931", "title": "[Reparative giant cell granuloma. Mandibular localization in a 16 month old girl].", "content": "A case of mandibular reparative giant-cell granuloma in a 16-month-old girl is reported. Few similar cases have been described in the literature. The lesion was atypical with respect to its site and the patient's age. Its extension necessitated endoral disarticulation of half the mandible. Conservation of the periosteum led to complete regeneration of the resected bone, with its condyle and coronoid.", "contents": "[Reparative giant cell granuloma. Mandibular localization in a 16 month old girl]. A case of mandibular reparative giant-cell granuloma in a 16-month-old girl is reported. Few similar cases have been described in the literature. The lesion was atypical with respect to its site and the patient's age. Its extension necessitated endoral disarticulation of half the mandible. Conservation of the periosteum led to complete regeneration of the resected bone, with its condyle and coronoid.", "PMID": 1071782}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6932", "title": "[The use of lyopholized dura mater in reconstructive surgery of mouth floor neoplasms].", "content": "Lyophilised dura mater is proposed for the reconstruction of the mouth floor after surgical stripping in case of T1, T2 and T3 cancer, The features of this substance are described, along with the surgical modalities involved.", "contents": "[The use of lyopholized dura mater in reconstructive surgery of mouth floor neoplasms]. Lyophilised dura mater is proposed for the reconstruction of the mouth floor after surgical stripping in case of T1, T2 and T3 cancer, The features of this substance are described, along with the surgical modalities involved.", "PMID": 1071783}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6933", "title": "[Dental pulp and dentin reaction to oxyphosphate cement].", "content": "Tetracycline labelling was employed to assess pulp and dentin reactivity to the use of oxyphosphate cement in the dog. A comparison was made of dentine conditions below control cavities and those containing the cement. In the former, the pulp and dentin response consisted of enhanced dentinogenesis, whereas in the latter this parameter showed no particular changes throughout the experimental period.", "contents": "[Dental pulp and dentin reaction to oxyphosphate cement]. Tetracycline labelling was employed to assess pulp and dentin reactivity to the use of oxyphosphate cement in the dog. A comparison was made of dentine conditions below control cavities and those containing the cement. In the former, the pulp and dentin response consisted of enhanced dentinogenesis, whereas in the latter this parameter showed no particular changes throughout the experimental period.", "PMID": 1071784}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6934", "title": "Nitrophenylated derivatives of epsilon-aminocaproi?0+CID: SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION.", "content": "A brief account of the clinical and pharmacological characteristics of clindamycin is given and the results obtained in the treatment of various odontostomatological diseases in 28 patients are presented.", "contents": "Nitrophenylated derivatives of epsilon-aminocaproi?0+CID: SYNTHESIS AND PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION. A brief account of the clinical and pharmacological characteristics of clindamycin is given and the results obtained in the treatment of various odontostomatological diseases in 28 patients are presented.", "PMID": 1071785}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6935", "title": "[The use of a bactericidal substance as medication in the indirect capping of healthy dentin].", "content": "An association of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazol (Bactrim, Roche) was employed in the indirect capping of healthy teeth in the dog. Tetracycline labelling showed dentinogenesis in these teeth and comparison was made with the controls, A quantitative and qualitative change in dentinogenesis was noted below the control cavities. This alteration was less marked in Bactrim-treated teeth. It is deduced, therefore, that the operations involved in the preparation and filling of cavities in healthy teeth leads to pulp damage that can be partly prevented by using a bactericide.", "contents": "[The use of a bactericidal substance as medication in the indirect capping of healthy dentin]. An association of trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazol (Bactrim, Roche) was employed in the indirect capping of healthy teeth in the dog. Tetracycline labelling showed dentinogenesis in these teeth and comparison was made with the controls, A quantitative and qualitative change in dentinogenesis was noted below the control cavities. This alteration was less marked in Bactrim-treated teeth. It is deduced, therefore, that the operations involved in the preparation and filling of cavities in healthy teeth leads to pulp damage that can be partly prevented by using a bactericide.", "PMID": 1071786}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6936", "title": "[Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The AA., present a case of \"agnogenic myeloid metaplasia\" (MMA). They describe the principal findings that have led to this diagnosis: Fe59-erythrocynesis, radiologic study of skeleton and cytogenetic study. Fe59-erythrocynesis have shown an hypergetting of spleen and liver and an hypogetting of skeleton. The radiography of skeleton and particularly of humerus, femur and pelvis have shown a diffuse osteosclerosis with rare osteolytic areas. The cytogenetic study have shown an alteration with C-group trisomy.", "contents": "[Agnogenic myeloid metaplasia (author's transl)]. The AA., present a case of \"agnogenic myeloid metaplasia\" (MMA). They describe the principal findings that have led to this diagnosis: Fe59-erythrocynesis, radiologic study of skeleton and cytogenetic study. Fe59-erythrocynesis have shown an hypergetting of spleen and liver and an hypogetting of skeleton. The radiography of skeleton and particularly of humerus, femur and pelvis have shown a diffuse osteosclerosis with rare osteolytic areas. The cytogenetic study have shown an alteration with C-group trisomy.", "PMID": 1071813}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6937", "title": "[Adenase of formed elements of blood of donors and of patients with different blood diseases].", "content": "The adenase activity was determined in erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes of donors and of patients with chronic lympholeucosis, chronic myeloleucosis and acute leucosis. A decrease in specific activity of the enzyme was observed in erythrocytes of the patients. In the leucocytes the adenase activity was not found both in normal persons and in all the patients examined. It was shown that the adenase is present in thrombocytes of the patients. Complete absence of the adenase activity was noted in the thrombocytes of healthy donors.", "contents": "[Adenase of formed elements of blood of donors and of patients with different blood diseases]. The adenase activity was determined in erythrocytes, leucocytes and thrombocytes of donors and of patients with chronic lympholeucosis, chronic myeloleucosis and acute leucosis. A decrease in specific activity of the enzyme was observed in erythrocytes of the patients. In the leucocytes the adenase activity was not found both in normal persons and in all the patients examined. It was shown that the adenase is present in thrombocytes of the patients. Complete absence of the adenase activity was noted in the thrombocytes of healthy donors.", "PMID": 1071848}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6938", "title": "The relative importance of the major risk factors in atherosclerotic and other diseases.", "content": "Examination of results from the Framingham study shows considerable disparity between the various clinical conditions which are grouped together as atherosclerotic diseases in their relationship to systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol level and cigarette smoking. The outstanding features are the dominance of blood pressure in cerebral conditions and the apparent unimportance of smoking in angina pectoris. Analysis of results from the National Co-operative Pooling Project shows that up to 70% of cardiac conditions in this category may be related to these three risk factors with each being of approximately equal importance. Further evidence suggesting that these factors are of greater importance than is commonly realised for non-cardiovascular deaths has been derived from results in the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study. Though not conclusive, it is hoped that this analysis adds perspective to considerations of pathogenesis and prevention.", "contents": "The relative importance of the major risk factors in atherosclerotic and other diseases. Examination of results from the Framingham study shows considerable disparity between the various clinical conditions which are grouped together as atherosclerotic diseases in their relationship to systolic blood pressure, serum cholesterol level and cigarette smoking. The outstanding features are the dominance of blood pressure in cerebral conditions and the apparent unimportance of smoking in angina pectoris. Analysis of results from the National Co-operative Pooling Project shows that up to 70% of cardiac conditions in this category may be related to these three risk factors with each being of approximately equal importance. Further evidence suggesting that these factors are of greater importance than is commonly realised for non-cardiovascular deaths has been derived from results in the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study. Though not conclusive, it is hoped that this analysis adds perspective to considerations of pathogenesis and prevention.", "PMID": 1071865}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6939", "title": "Alcohol usage as a possible explanation for socio-economic and occupational differentials in mortality from hypertension and coronary heart disease in England and Wales.", "content": "Alcohol usage as a possible explanation for socio-economic and occupational differentials in mortality from hypertension and coronary heart disease in England and Wales.", "contents": "Alcohol usage as a possible explanation for socio-economic and occupational differentials in mortality from hypertension and coronary heart disease in England and Wales. Alcohol usage as a possible explanation for socio-economic and occupational differentials in mortality from hypertension and coronary heart disease in England and Wales.", "PMID": 1071866}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6940", "title": "Community control of hypertension.", "content": "The adequacy of treatment of hypertension in a community was monitored at triennial mass health examinations. Hypertensives were not adequately retained on treatment until a disease register was developed and a practice nurse given responsibility for maintaining contact with patients on the register. The advent of newer therapeutic agents and intensification of the interest of both doctor and patient in the results of treatment were associated with progressive improvement in the adequacy of control of blood pressure.", "contents": "Community control of hypertension. The adequacy of treatment of hypertension in a community was monitored at triennial mass health examinations. Hypertensives were not adequately retained on treatment until a disease register was developed and a practice nurse given responsibility for maintaining contact with patients on the register. The advent of newer therapeutic agents and intensification of the interest of both doctor and patient in the results of treatment were associated with progressive improvement in the adequacy of control of blood pressure.", "PMID": 1071867}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6941", "title": "Rationalisation of hospital services for stroke patients.", "content": "Over a six month period, the Royal Melbourne Hospital admitted 25% of the stroke patients expected from the north-west region of Melbourne. When the private sector and Mount Royal Hospital were included, a total of 57% of expected demand was met by the hospital services of the region. The natural history of stroke in in hospital consisted of an early \"active\" phase with a high death rate and a high investigation rate. Three weeks after admission this activity had largely subsided and it is suggested that the acute general hospital was no longer providing the most appropriate care. Transfer of patients with stroke three weeks after admission to a lower cost care situation with more appropriate use of staff would enable the Royal Melbourne Hospital to meet the demand for hospitalisation from its region.", "contents": "Rationalisation of hospital services for stroke patients. Over a six month period, the Royal Melbourne Hospital admitted 25% of the stroke patients expected from the north-west region of Melbourne. When the private sector and Mount Royal Hospital were included, a total of 57% of expected demand was met by the hospital services of the region. The natural history of stroke in in hospital consisted of an early \"active\" phase with a high death rate and a high investigation rate. Three weeks after admission this activity had largely subsided and it is suggested that the acute general hospital was no longer providing the most appropriate care. Transfer of patients with stroke three weeks after admission to a lower cost care situation with more appropriate use of staff would enable the Royal Melbourne Hospital to meet the demand for hospitalisation from its region.", "PMID": 1071868}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6942", "title": "Prospects for prevention of atherosclerosis in the young.", "content": "There appears to be a need to protect our young from an atherogenic way of life. The average male child today has one chance in three of a cardiovascular catastrophe before age 60. Atherosclerosis and the conditions which predispose appear to have their onset in childhood. Correctable precursors of cardiovascular disease have been identified, and their contribution to risk has been estimated not only for adults but for college students as well. An analysis of the combined impact of atherogenic risk factors indicates that they exert greater force early in life than later. Although the optimal time to begin prophylaxis is not established, there is evidence to suggest that measures instituted late in life when lesions are advanced is of only limited value. Prevention of atherosclerosis is best viewed as a family affair since the propensity to disease and contributing factors tend to be shared by family members. It is also difficult to implement effectively preventive measures which include dietary changes, weight control, exercise and restriction of cigarettes for one family member without involving the rest of the family. Optimal levels of the correctable precursors of cardiovascular disease are not established for children. However, the rise in serum lipids, blood pressure, weight and blood sugar observed in transition from childhood to adult life is not inevitable, or desirable. Paediatricians can alter the appalling cardiovascular mortality statistics by not allowing the process or the habits and conditions which promote it to reach an irreversible stage. Cardiovascular disease may well begin in childhood with \"medical trivia\" such as a tendency to obesity, moderate cholesterol and blood pressure elevations, lack of exercise and the cigarette habit. In some respects a heart attack at age 45 can be regarded as a failure of the paediatrician. Awaiting proof of the efficacy of the indicated prophylactic measures is not acceptable since this will be a long time in coming. We must learn how to correct risk factors effectively in childhood as soon as they appear. We must establish goals based on optimal as distinct from usual levels of risk factors. Paediatricians' resolve about prevention of atherosclerosis in childhood needs to be strengthened and we must develop a sense of urgency about this.", "contents": "Prospects for prevention of atherosclerosis in the young. There appears to be a need to protect our young from an atherogenic way of life. The average male child today has one chance in three of a cardiovascular catastrophe before age 60. Atherosclerosis and the conditions which predispose appear to have their onset in childhood. Correctable precursors of cardiovascular disease have been identified, and their contribution to risk has been estimated not only for adults but for college students as well. An analysis of the combined impact of atherogenic risk factors indicates that they exert greater force early in life than later. Although the optimal time to begin prophylaxis is not established, there is evidence to suggest that measures instituted late in life when lesions are advanced is of only limited value. Prevention of atherosclerosis is best viewed as a family affair since the propensity to disease and contributing factors tend to be shared by family members. It is also difficult to implement effectively preventive measures which include dietary changes, weight control, exercise and restriction of cigarettes for one family member without involving the rest of the family. Optimal levels of the correctable precursors of cardiovascular disease are not established for children. However, the rise in serum lipids, blood pressure, weight and blood sugar observed in transition from childhood to adult life is not inevitable, or desirable. Paediatricians can alter the appalling cardiovascular mortality statistics by not allowing the process or the habits and conditions which promote it to reach an irreversible stage. Cardiovascular disease may well begin in childhood with \"medical trivia\" such as a tendency to obesity, moderate cholesterol and blood pressure elevations, lack of exercise and the cigarette habit. In some respects a heart attack at age 45 can be regarded as a failure of the paediatrician. Awaiting proof of the efficacy of the indicated prophylactic measures is not acceptable since this will be a long time in coming. We must learn how to correct risk factors effectively in childhood as soon as they appear. We must establish goals based on optimal as distinct from usual levels of risk factors. Paediatricians' resolve about prevention of atherosclerosis in childhood needs to be strengthened and we must develop a sense of urgency about this.", "PMID": 1071869}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6943", "title": "Comparison of plasma lipids at birth and in second year of life.", "content": "The value of measuring plasma lipids at birth as a guide to hyperlipidaemia in the future has been studied in 230 infants. There was a weak overall correlation between the cholesterol concentration at birth and during the second year of life (r = +0-215, P less than 0-05). There was no such relationship for triglyceride concentration. Not one of seven infants showing hypercholesterolaemia at birth had a raised level at follow-up. By contrast, all seven infants whose cholesterol levels exceeded two standard deviations at follow-up had normal values at birth. This discrepancy may reflect the influence of diet on plasma lipids. The mean plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations during the second year were significantly lower in those infants being fed diets that contained increased amounts of unsaturated fat. The likelihood of hyperlipidaemia being found during the second year of life therefore depended more on the nature of the infant's food than on the presence of hyperlipidaemia at birth. The added influence of genetic components was suggested by the finding of a greater prevalence of early cardiovascular events in the families of infants showing hyperlipidaemia at one to two years of age.", "contents": "Comparison of plasma lipids at birth and in second year of life. The value of measuring plasma lipids at birth as a guide to hyperlipidaemia in the future has been studied in 230 infants. There was a weak overall correlation between the cholesterol concentration at birth and during the second year of life (r = +0-215, P less than 0-05). There was no such relationship for triglyceride concentration. Not one of seven infants showing hypercholesterolaemia at birth had a raised level at follow-up. By contrast, all seven infants whose cholesterol levels exceeded two standard deviations at follow-up had normal values at birth. This discrepancy may reflect the influence of diet on plasma lipids. The mean plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations during the second year were significantly lower in those infants being fed diets that contained increased amounts of unsaturated fat. The likelihood of hyperlipidaemia being found during the second year of life therefore depended more on the nature of the infant's food than on the presence of hyperlipidaemia at birth. The added influence of genetic components was suggested by the finding of a greater prevalence of early cardiovascular events in the families of infants showing hyperlipidaemia at one to two years of age.", "PMID": 1071870}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6944", "title": "Behavioural epidemiology and coronary heart disease: some sources of error and an alternative conceptual model.", "content": "While the quantity of evidence relating behaviour and coronary heart disease is great, the quality is variable. It is possible to discern two broad categories of research error, the methodological and the conceptual, to account for this. The former may be corrected by sufficiently careful study design: the latter may require a complete re-examination of hypotheses. An alternative conceptual model is proposed in which three components (a) a surfeit of adversity in the absence of support, (b) consequent arousal and activation of the cardiovascular system, and (c) the coexistence of one or more of a well documented set of organic risk factors, allow the integrated and systematic testing of hypotheses relating behaviour and coronary heart disease. The authors are presently employing this conceptual model in the investigation of a number of such hypotheses.", "contents": "Behavioural epidemiology and coronary heart disease: some sources of error and an alternative conceptual model. While the quantity of evidence relating behaviour and coronary heart disease is great, the quality is variable. It is possible to discern two broad categories of research error, the methodological and the conceptual, to account for this. The former may be corrected by sufficiently careful study design: the latter may require a complete re-examination of hypotheses. An alternative conceptual model is proposed in which three components (a) a surfeit of adversity in the absence of support, (b) consequent arousal and activation of the cardiovascular system, and (c) the coexistence of one or more of a well documented set of organic risk factors, allow the integrated and systematic testing of hypotheses relating behaviour and coronary heart disease. The authors are presently employing this conceptual model in the investigation of a number of such hypotheses.", "PMID": 1071871}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6945", "title": "Consensus opinion and observer accuracy in electrocardiography with reference to coronary arteriographic information.", "content": "In this study reader performance in resting electrocardiographic (ECG) reading and case summary interpretation was investigated. Eight cardiologists were asked to read independently 105 paired ECG--Case summary sheets on either two or four occasions. The order of ECG--Case summary inspection for each sheet was randomized over trials. The results show low levels of inter- and intra-reader reliability when physicians report on ECG traces. Reference to coronary arteriographic information confirms that the resting ECG has limited utility in the detection of coronary artery disease.", "contents": "Consensus opinion and observer accuracy in electrocardiography with reference to coronary arteriographic information. In this study reader performance in resting electrocardiographic (ECG) reading and case summary interpretation was investigated. Eight cardiologists were asked to read independently 105 paired ECG--Case summary sheets on either two or four occasions. The order of ECG--Case summary inspection for each sheet was randomized over trials. The results show low levels of inter- and intra-reader reliability when physicians report on ECG traces. Reference to coronary arteriographic information confirms that the resting ECG has limited utility in the detection of coronary artery disease.", "PMID": 1071872}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6946", "title": "Changing results of treatment of infarction in a coronary case unit.", "content": "A comparison has been made between the first 300 patients admitted from 1963 to 1967 to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of The Royal Melbourne Hospital with transmural cardiac infarction, and two groups of similar numbers admitted in 1969 and 1974. While the age spectrum and duration of stay of survivors in the Unit has remained similar, there has been a reduction in mortality, most marked in the most recent group of patients. The improvement was seen in all age groups, but was statistically significant only in the patients under 50 years and over 70 years. The reduction occurred in both sexes and was most evident in the patients admitted with severe cardiac infarction. The improvement in results of treatment is due in part, at least, to improvements in management introduced since 1963.", "contents": "Changing results of treatment of infarction in a coronary case unit. A comparison has been made between the first 300 patients admitted from 1963 to 1967 to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of The Royal Melbourne Hospital with transmural cardiac infarction, and two groups of similar numbers admitted in 1969 and 1974. While the age spectrum and duration of stay of survivors in the Unit has remained similar, there has been a reduction in mortality, most marked in the most recent group of patients. The improvement was seen in all age groups, but was statistically significant only in the patients under 50 years and over 70 years. The reduction occurred in both sexes and was most evident in the patients admitted with severe cardiac infarction. The improvement in results of treatment is due in part, at least, to improvements in management introduced since 1963.", "PMID": 1071873}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6947", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction: one year follow-up of 1138 cases from the Perth Community Coronary Register.", "content": "The one year mortality of patients from the Perth Acute Myocardial Infarction Register surviving the acute episode (first 28 days) is presented. Of 1138 patients suffering definite or possible acute myocardial infarction in one year, 705 (62%) survived 28 days. There were 89 deaths (11-5%) in the subsequent 11 months. One year mortality was related to age but not sex, previous symptoms of coronary heart disease, but not hypertension or diabetes, to tachycardia and congestive cardiac failure at first examination, but not arrhythmias in the acute episode. These observations highlight the importance of protecting the myocardium in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction: one year follow-up of 1138 cases from the Perth Community Coronary Register. The one year mortality of patients from the Perth Acute Myocardial Infarction Register surviving the acute episode (first 28 days) is presented. Of 1138 patients suffering definite or possible acute myocardial infarction in one year, 705 (62%) survived 28 days. There were 89 deaths (11-5%) in the subsequent 11 months. One year mortality was related to age but not sex, previous symptoms of coronary heart disease, but not hypertension or diabetes, to tachycardia and congestive cardiac failure at first examination, but not arrhythmias in the acute episode. These observations highlight the importance of protecting the myocardium in the acute phase of myocardial infarction.", "PMID": 1071874}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6948", "title": "New approaches to the management of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Pre-excitation has been defined as \"a condition in which all or some portion of the ventricular muscle is activated earlier in relation to atrial events, than would be expected had the impulse reached the ventricle by way of the normal atrioventricular conduction system\". The susceptibility of patients with pre-excitation to paroxysmal tachycardias had been described many years previously. The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was initially thought to have a relatively benign prognosis. Subsequently, it was recognised that some patients were prone to life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden death. This recognition has given impetus to sophisticated electrophysiological study of the pre-excitation syndromes by recently developed techniques of catheterisation, epicardial mapping and surgery. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent advances in management of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome which have been based upon these electrophysiological techniques.", "contents": "New approaches to the management of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pre-excitation has been defined as \"a condition in which all or some portion of the ventricular muscle is activated earlier in relation to atrial events, than would be expected had the impulse reached the ventricle by way of the normal atrioventricular conduction system\". The susceptibility of patients with pre-excitation to paroxysmal tachycardias had been described many years previously. The Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was initially thought to have a relatively benign prognosis. Subsequently, it was recognised that some patients were prone to life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden death. This recognition has given impetus to sophisticated electrophysiological study of the pre-excitation syndromes by recently developed techniques of catheterisation, epicardial mapping and surgery. The purpose of this review is to highlight the recent advances in management of the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome which have been based upon these electrophysiological techniques.", "PMID": 1071875}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6949", "title": "Plasma heparin concentrations during subcutaneous heparin therapy.", "content": "Plasma heparin concentrations were measured at two-hourly intervals following the subcutaneous injection of varying the doses of heparin. With doses of 5000 and 10,000 units, peak plasma concentrations were seen most commonly four hours after the injection. There was a wide range of peak values at both dose levels with considerable overlap and no correlation could be shown between plasma heparin concentration and the age, sex or weight of the individual. Traces only of heparin could be detected in the blood after a 1000 unit injection. Comparable results were obtained up to six hours after the injection with either the calcium or sodium salts of heparin.", "contents": "Plasma heparin concentrations during subcutaneous heparin therapy. Plasma heparin concentrations were measured at two-hourly intervals following the subcutaneous injection of varying the doses of heparin. With doses of 5000 and 10,000 units, peak plasma concentrations were seen most commonly four hours after the injection. There was a wide range of peak values at both dose levels with considerable overlap and no correlation could be shown between plasma heparin concentration and the age, sex or weight of the individual. Traces only of heparin could be detected in the blood after a 1000 unit injection. Comparable results were obtained up to six hours after the injection with either the calcium or sodium salts of heparin.", "PMID": 1071877}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6950", "title": "Murray Valley encephalitis in Australia, 1974: antibody response in cases and community.", "content": "Fifty-three patients accepted on clinical grounds as cases of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) in Australia in 1974 were examined for antibody to MVE virus. Only one (who died early in the disease and whose diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation) did not develop antibody; 13 patients showed stationary or single convalescent titres not diagnostic of recent infection, but other evidence that infection was recent was obtained in eight; 39 showed significant rise or fall in titre confirming recent infection. Haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) was more effective in establishing a diagnosis than complement-fixation (CF) although both tests were of value. Patients varied widely in timing and magnitude of rise and fall of titre. Two showed late rises in antibody titre which raises the possibility of recrudescent persisting infection. CF titres were enhanced in some sera by increase in the number of units of antigen used and by inactivation at 56 degrees C rather than 60 degrees C. Five patients with clinically-acceptable diagnoses of MVE (and one with minor illness) showed higher HI titres to Kunjin than to MVE virus. The results in several cases suggest that Kunjin virus was the infecting agent. In others it is possible that MVE infection had occurred in patients with pre-existing Kunjin antibody. HI reactivity to MVE virus was found in IgM fractions of sera taken for at least 40 days and in some cases for over 100 days after onset of symptoms. IgM fractions gave similar titres to MVE and Alfuy virus but clearly distinguished MVE-Alfuy and Kunjin viruses. HI antibody to MVE virus was found in about 10% of sera from family contacts or neighbours of patients with encephalitis, and in a similar proportion of patients in Victoria with various febrile illnesses not accepted as MVE. One patient with minor illness had antibody response to Kunjin virus. 2589 sera from pathology laboratories in towns in the Murray Valley gave additional evidence of community immunity to flaviviruses and suggested some increase in the proportion reactive between January and May 1974. HI and plaque reduction tests on these sera also gave evidence of antibody to Kunjin virus in the Murray Valley.", "contents": "Murray Valley encephalitis in Australia, 1974: antibody response in cases and community. Fifty-three patients accepted on clinical grounds as cases of Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) in Australia in 1974 were examined for antibody to MVE virus. Only one (who died early in the disease and whose diagnosis was confirmed by virus isolation) did not develop antibody; 13 patients showed stationary or single convalescent titres not diagnostic of recent infection, but other evidence that infection was recent was obtained in eight; 39 showed significant rise or fall in titre confirming recent infection. Haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) was more effective in establishing a diagnosis than complement-fixation (CF) although both tests were of value. Patients varied widely in timing and magnitude of rise and fall of titre. Two showed late rises in antibody titre which raises the possibility of recrudescent persisting infection. CF titres were enhanced in some sera by increase in the number of units of antigen used and by inactivation at 56 degrees C rather than 60 degrees C. Five patients with clinically-acceptable diagnoses of MVE (and one with minor illness) showed higher HI titres to Kunjin than to MVE virus. The results in several cases suggest that Kunjin virus was the infecting agent. In others it is possible that MVE infection had occurred in patients with pre-existing Kunjin antibody. HI reactivity to MVE virus was found in IgM fractions of sera taken for at least 40 days and in some cases for over 100 days after onset of symptoms. IgM fractions gave similar titres to MVE and Alfuy virus but clearly distinguished MVE-Alfuy and Kunjin viruses. HI antibody to MVE virus was found in about 10% of sera from family contacts or neighbours of patients with encephalitis, and in a similar proportion of patients in Victoria with various febrile illnesses not accepted as MVE. One patient with minor illness had antibody response to Kunjin virus. 2589 sera from pathology laboratories in towns in the Murray Valley gave additional evidence of community immunity to flaviviruses and suggested some increase in the proportion reactive between January and May 1974. HI and plaque reduction tests on these sera also gave evidence of antibody to Kunjin virus in the Murray Valley.", "PMID": 1071876}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6951", "title": "Smooth muscle-associated contractile protein in human and experimental acute leukaemias.", "content": "Cells from ten human myeloblastic leukaemias and from spontaneous rat myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukaemias were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with human serum containing smooth muscle antibody. Strong positive cell outline staining of blast cells was seen in cryostat sections of rat leukaemic lymph nodes, spleen and liver. In cell smears of human and rat leukaemias, cell outline fluorescence was restricted to cells in close contact with each other. Membrane immunofluorescence tests of suspensions of viable leukaemic cells were negative. Specificity of the immunofluorescent staining reaction was established by failure to obtain staining with normal serum, or with smooth muscle antibody serum neutralized by homogenates of smooth muscle or extracts containing actin derived from smooth muscle. These observations suggest that smooth muscle-associated microfilaments are present in leukaemic blast cells and that expression of the antigen is dependent on cell-cell contact. The presence of this antigen may facilitate leukaemic infiltration of tissues.", "contents": "Smooth muscle-associated contractile protein in human and experimental acute leukaemias. Cells from ten human myeloblastic leukaemias and from spontaneous rat myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukaemias were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with human serum containing smooth muscle antibody. Strong positive cell outline staining of blast cells was seen in cryostat sections of rat leukaemic lymph nodes, spleen and liver. In cell smears of human and rat leukaemias, cell outline fluorescence was restricted to cells in close contact with each other. Membrane immunofluorescence tests of suspensions of viable leukaemic cells were negative. Specificity of the immunofluorescent staining reaction was established by failure to obtain staining with normal serum, or with smooth muscle antibody serum neutralized by homogenates of smooth muscle or extracts containing actin derived from smooth muscle. These observations suggest that smooth muscle-associated microfilaments are present in leukaemic blast cells and that expression of the antigen is dependent on cell-cell contact. The presence of this antigen may facilitate leukaemic infiltration of tissues.", "PMID": 1071878}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6952", "title": "Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) with severe bowel involvement. Treatment by extensive resection of the small intestine.", "content": "A 48-year-old man with previously diagnosed scleroderma with bowel involvement was admitted to hospital with severe malnutrition attributed to malabsorption. Shortly after this, he developed features of intestinal obstruction followed by paralytic ileus. Due to failure to respond to medical treatment, operation was carried out. On two occasions adhesions were divided, but the bowel failed to function. At a third operation the proximal half of the small bowel below the duodeno-jejunal flexure was excised. Following this the patient made a good recovery. Small bowel involvement in scleroderma is discussed. Malabsorption is probably related to bacterial proliferaiton in the small bowel secondary to stasis and may be helped by antibiotic drugs. Other disturbances resulting in inability of the bowel to propel its contents may comprise syndromes of obstruction and paralytic ileus. Although management of scleroderma bowel involvement is usually medical, surgical treatment may be indicated under certain circumstances. It may be life-saving.", "contents": "Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis) with severe bowel involvement. Treatment by extensive resection of the small intestine. A 48-year-old man with previously diagnosed scleroderma with bowel involvement was admitted to hospital with severe malnutrition attributed to malabsorption. Shortly after this, he developed features of intestinal obstruction followed by paralytic ileus. Due to failure to respond to medical treatment, operation was carried out. On two occasions adhesions were divided, but the bowel failed to function. At a third operation the proximal half of the small bowel below the duodeno-jejunal flexure was excised. Following this the patient made a good recovery. Small bowel involvement in scleroderma is discussed. Malabsorption is probably related to bacterial proliferaiton in the small bowel secondary to stasis and may be helped by antibiotic drugs. Other disturbances resulting in inability of the bowel to propel its contents may comprise syndromes of obstruction and paralytic ileus. Although management of scleroderma bowel involvement is usually medical, surgical treatment may be indicated under certain circumstances. It may be life-saving.", "PMID": 1071879}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6953", "title": "Chronic granulomatous hepatitis.", "content": "Three cases are described in which a chronic relapsing febrile illness was associated with granulomas in the liver. None of the known causes of hepatic granulomas was present in these patients. In two cases there was clinical improvement after corticosteroid treatment and this was associated with resolution of the histological changes on liver biopsy. These three cases support the concept that chronic granulomatous hepatitis of unknown aetiology is a distinct entity.", "contents": "Chronic granulomatous hepatitis. Three cases are described in which a chronic relapsing febrile illness was associated with granulomas in the liver. None of the known causes of hepatic granulomas was present in these patients. In two cases there was clinical improvement after corticosteroid treatment and this was associated with resolution of the histological changes on liver biopsy. These three cases support the concept that chronic granulomatous hepatitis of unknown aetiology is a distinct entity.", "PMID": 1071880}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6954", "title": "Giardiasis following gastric surgery.", "content": "A patient is presented who developed acute life-threatening diarrhoea due to infestation with Giardia lamblia. We propose that the severity of the illness may have been related to hypochlorhydria following gastric surgery.", "contents": "Giardiasis following gastric surgery. A patient is presented who developed acute life-threatening diarrhoea due to infestation with Giardia lamblia. We propose that the severity of the illness may have been related to hypochlorhydria following gastric surgery.", "PMID": 1071881}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6955", "title": "Intemittent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep causing profound hypoxaemia. A neglected mechanism exacerbating chronic respiratory failure.", "content": "An obese patient with a ten year history of respiratory failure presented with insomnia and marked daytime somnolence. Respriatory failure had been attributed to obesity, respiratory centre insensitivity to carbon dioxide, and to diffuse airways obstruction. To investigate the possible role of episodic apnoea with frequent nocturnal arousals, continous recordings were obtained during sleep of arterial oxygen saturation, oesophageal pressure and the motions of the rib-cage and abdomen/diaphragm. Repeated episodes of hypoventilation and profound hypoxaemia were found which were due to intermittent obstruction of the upper airway rather than to cessation of breathing efforts. During the episodes of hypoxaemia, values of arterial O2 tension fell to as low as 24 mmHg. Episodic hypoxaemia was relieved but not abolished, by the use of a collar, designed to hold the mandible forward. Previous reports indicated that recognition of intermittent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep and treatment by a permanent tracheostomy, resulted in a significant long-term imporvement of pulmonary and cardiac function and relief of insomnia and day-time somnolence. When tracheostomy is inadvisable, as in the present patient, it is hoped that similar long-term benefits will result from a supportive collar.", "contents": "Intemittent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep causing profound hypoxaemia. A neglected mechanism exacerbating chronic respiratory failure. An obese patient with a ten year history of respiratory failure presented with insomnia and marked daytime somnolence. Respriatory failure had been attributed to obesity, respiratory centre insensitivity to carbon dioxide, and to diffuse airways obstruction. To investigate the possible role of episodic apnoea with frequent nocturnal arousals, continous recordings were obtained during sleep of arterial oxygen saturation, oesophageal pressure and the motions of the rib-cage and abdomen/diaphragm. Repeated episodes of hypoventilation and profound hypoxaemia were found which were due to intermittent obstruction of the upper airway rather than to cessation of breathing efforts. During the episodes of hypoxaemia, values of arterial O2 tension fell to as low as 24 mmHg. Episodic hypoxaemia was relieved but not abolished, by the use of a collar, designed to hold the mandible forward. Previous reports indicated that recognition of intermittent obstruction of the upper airway during sleep and treatment by a permanent tracheostomy, resulted in a significant long-term imporvement of pulmonary and cardiac function and relief of insomnia and day-time somnolence. When tracheostomy is inadvisable, as in the present patient, it is hoped that similar long-term benefits will result from a supportive collar.", "PMID": 1071882}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6956", "title": "Analgesic abuse and kidney disease.", "content": "The analgesic syndrome, comprising renal disease, hypertension, peptic ulcer, anaemia and recurrent headache, accounts for wide-spread morbidity and mortality especially in Queensland and New South Wales. Epidemiological and clinical evidence gathered from many Western societies implicates unsupervised consumption of compound analgesic preparations, particularly those containing phenacetin, in the causation of the majority of cases. Laboratory experiments so far have failed to produce an entirely satisfactory model of clinical analgesic nephropathy. In small animals, papillary necrosis results from prolonged feeding with large doses of aspirin and a number of other anti-inflammatory agents more readily than when phenacetin, paracetamol or phenazone is given alone. The apparently conflicting deductive and experimental data may be reconciled if, as indicated by preliminary observations, salicylates enhance the toxicity of phenacetin derivatives. In planning a programme of prevention for the analgesic syndrome, the central aetiological role of non-narcotic drug dependency must be recognized. As the analgesics to which addiction commonly occurs are the compound powders and tablets, or those containing a stimulant, these preparations should be available only in circumstances where their use can be monitored. Suspected unsupervised and unwarranted consumption of analgesics should be checked by urinary testing for drug metabolites. Because the underlying problem of analgesic dependency is behavioural and environmental in origin rather than medical, the physician must combine forces with the social engineer to devise a definitive solution for this condition.", "contents": "Analgesic abuse and kidney disease. The analgesic syndrome, comprising renal disease, hypertension, peptic ulcer, anaemia and recurrent headache, accounts for wide-spread morbidity and mortality especially in Queensland and New South Wales. Epidemiological and clinical evidence gathered from many Western societies implicates unsupervised consumption of compound analgesic preparations, particularly those containing phenacetin, in the causation of the majority of cases. Laboratory experiments so far have failed to produce an entirely satisfactory model of clinical analgesic nephropathy. In small animals, papillary necrosis results from prolonged feeding with large doses of aspirin and a number of other anti-inflammatory agents more readily than when phenacetin, paracetamol or phenazone is given alone. The apparently conflicting deductive and experimental data may be reconciled if, as indicated by preliminary observations, salicylates enhance the toxicity of phenacetin derivatives. In planning a programme of prevention for the analgesic syndrome, the central aetiological role of non-narcotic drug dependency must be recognized. As the analgesics to which addiction commonly occurs are the compound powders and tablets, or those containing a stimulant, these preparations should be available only in circumstances where their use can be monitored. Suspected unsupervised and unwarranted consumption of analgesics should be checked by urinary testing for drug metabolites. Because the underlying problem of analgesic dependency is behavioural and environmental in origin rather than medical, the physician must combine forces with the social engineer to devise a definitive solution for this condition.", "PMID": 1071883}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6957", "title": "Extinction of globin gene expression in human fibroblast x mouse erythroleukemia cell hybrids.", "content": "We have chosen human fibroblast x mouse erythroleukemia hybrid cells as a model system to examine regulation of unique genes. The globin genes were studied as a marker of erythroid differentiation. Three separate hybrid cell lines were incubated in 2% dimethylsulfoxide, an agent which induces erythroid differentiation of the parental erythroleukemia cells. Neither human nor mouse globin mRNA sequences could be detected by a sensitive molecular hybridization assay which utilized globin complementary D N A. However, td n a from one of the cell lines was shown to contain both the mouse and humand globin genes. Thus, loss of the genes by chromosomal segregation did not account for their failure to be expressed. Cocultivation of the mouse erythroleukemia cells with excess human fibroblasts did not prevent erythroid differentiation of the erythroleukemia cells in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide. Similarly globin gene expression was preserved in tetraploid cells generated by fusion of two erythroleukemia lines. Thus, extinction of globin geneated by fusion of two erythroleukemia lines. Thus, extinction of blobin gene expression in the human fibroblast x erythroleukemia hybrids occurred at the level of mRNA production and appeared to be due to the presence of the fibroblast genome within the hybrial cell.", "contents": "Extinction of globin gene expression in human fibroblast x mouse erythroleukemia cell hybrids. We have chosen human fibroblast x mouse erythroleukemia hybrid cells as a model system to examine regulation of unique genes. The globin genes were studied as a marker of erythroid differentiation. Three separate hybrid cell lines were incubated in 2% dimethylsulfoxide, an agent which induces erythroid differentiation of the parental erythroleukemia cells. Neither human nor mouse globin mRNA sequences could be detected by a sensitive molecular hybridization assay which utilized globin complementary D N A. However, td n a from one of the cell lines was shown to contain both the mouse and humand globin genes. Thus, loss of the genes by chromosomal segregation did not account for their failure to be expressed. Cocultivation of the mouse erythroleukemia cells with excess human fibroblasts did not prevent erythroid differentiation of the erythroleukemia cells in the presence of dimethylsulfoxide. Similarly globin gene expression was preserved in tetraploid cells generated by fusion of two erythroleukemia lines. Thus, extinction of globin geneated by fusion of two erythroleukemia lines. Thus, extinction of blobin gene expression in the human fibroblast x erythroleukemia hybrids occurred at the level of mRNA production and appeared to be due to the presence of the fibroblast genome within the hybrial cell.", "PMID": 1071909}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6958", "title": "Measles in Port Moresby.", "content": "To assess the importance and severity of measles in the Port Moresby area, 101 cases seen in hospital Out-Patients, and 26 cases seen in urban clinics during 1974, and 277 cases admitted during 1973-74, are analysed. The majority of cases were in children under 3 year of age. Of the 101 out-patients, only 19 had uncomplicated measles. 61 had pneumonia and 28 had gastro-enteritis. 19 needed admission to hospital. There were no deaths. Of the 277 admitted patients, 73% had pneumonia, 26% had gastro-enteritis and 22% were dehydrated. There were 6 deaths (a case mortality rate of 2.2%). All the children who died had pneumonia; 4 children developed tuberculosis. The disease appears to be more severe in Papua New Guinea than in most developed countries tough less severe than in many other developing countries. We estimate that the cost of treating measles is about K25,205 per annum. The introduction of measles vaccination might reduce the cost of measles to the community by K14,000 per annum, and would save children from an unpleasant and often serious disease.", "contents": "Measles in Port Moresby. To assess the importance and severity of measles in the Port Moresby area, 101 cases seen in hospital Out-Patients, and 26 cases seen in urban clinics during 1974, and 277 cases admitted during 1973-74, are analysed. The majority of cases were in children under 3 year of age. Of the 101 out-patients, only 19 had uncomplicated measles. 61 had pneumonia and 28 had gastro-enteritis. 19 needed admission to hospital. There were no deaths. Of the 277 admitted patients, 73% had pneumonia, 26% had gastro-enteritis and 22% were dehydrated. There were 6 deaths (a case mortality rate of 2.2%). All the children who died had pneumonia; 4 children developed tuberculosis. The disease appears to be more severe in Papua New Guinea than in most developed countries tough less severe than in many other developing countries. We estimate that the cost of treating measles is about K25,205 per annum. The introduction of measles vaccination might reduce the cost of measles to the community by K14,000 per annum, and would save children from an unpleasant and often serious disease.", "PMID": 1071927}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6959", "title": "An approach to the rehabilitation of the injured.", "content": "Accidents and injuries account for an increasing number of patients admitted to hospitals throughout Papua New Guinea. The growing importance of this problem is stressed. The approach taken to treat injuries of the musculo-skeletal system at the Angau Memorial Hospital, Lae, is outlined with special emphasis on patient rehabilitation. Tables illustrating the relative frequency of fractures, the average period of incapacity following selected fractures and the prognosis of spinal cord injuries are included. It is emphasised that, provided an enthusiastic, knowledgable and co-operative approach is taken towards the treatment and rehabilitation of spinal cord and head injuries, the ultimate outlook can be greatly improved and a more optimistic outlook for these patients is justified.", "contents": "An approach to the rehabilitation of the injured. Accidents and injuries account for an increasing number of patients admitted to hospitals throughout Papua New Guinea. The growing importance of this problem is stressed. The approach taken to treat injuries of the musculo-skeletal system at the Angau Memorial Hospital, Lae, is outlined with special emphasis on patient rehabilitation. Tables illustrating the relative frequency of fractures, the average period of incapacity following selected fractures and the prognosis of spinal cord injuries are included. It is emphasised that, provided an enthusiastic, knowledgable and co-operative approach is taken towards the treatment and rehabilitation of spinal cord and head injuries, the ultimate outlook can be greatly improved and a more optimistic outlook for these patients is justified.", "PMID": 1071928}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6960", "title": "A radiological study of urinary tract disease in Port Moresby 1972-74.", "content": "During a 21/2 year period at Port Moresby, 852 patients had intravenous pyelograms. Two thirds of the patients were males and over half were Papua New Guineans. 34% of the patients had detectable urinary tract abnormalities of whom 38% had urinary calculi. Renal and ureteric calculi were particularly common in expatriate males, being found twice as commonly as in Papua New Guinean males. Although there were some Papua New Guinean male children with bladder calculi, the frequency appeared less than that found in some other developing countries. Other common findings included congenital urinary tract abnormalities, prostatomegaly and poor renal function. There were a few patients with malignant neoplasms including Wilms' tumours and carcinoma of the kidney.", "contents": "A radiological study of urinary tract disease in Port Moresby 1972-74. During a 21/2 year period at Port Moresby, 852 patients had intravenous pyelograms. Two thirds of the patients were males and over half were Papua New Guineans. 34% of the patients had detectable urinary tract abnormalities of whom 38% had urinary calculi. Renal and ureteric calculi were particularly common in expatriate males, being found twice as commonly as in Papua New Guinean males. Although there were some Papua New Guinean male children with bladder calculi, the frequency appeared less than that found in some other developing countries. Other common findings included congenital urinary tract abnormalities, prostatomegaly and poor renal function. There were a few patients with malignant neoplasms including Wilms' tumours and carcinoma of the kidney.", "PMID": 1071929}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6961", "title": "Prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in New Britain, Papua New Guinea.", "content": "A seroepidemiological study of toxoplasmosis was conducted in four areas of New Britain (Papua New Guinea). The areas surveyed were of heterogeneous nature with regard to topography, soil, fauna, and the people's eating habits. The prevalence of human infection as measured by the presence of dye-test antibodies was high in Ewase area and Witu island with no cats, but not on Lolobau and Kilengi, where cats were present. Observations obtained from the investigation led to speculation that consumption of raw meat or other factors, individually or in combination, may have played an essential role in the transmission of Toxoplasma in the Ewase and Witu areas.", "contents": "Prevalence of toxoplasma antibodies in New Britain, Papua New Guinea. A seroepidemiological study of toxoplasmosis was conducted in four areas of New Britain (Papua New Guinea). The areas surveyed were of heterogeneous nature with regard to topography, soil, fauna, and the people's eating habits. The prevalence of human infection as measured by the presence of dye-test antibodies was high in Ewase area and Witu island with no cats, but not on Lolobau and Kilengi, where cats were present. Observations obtained from the investigation led to speculation that consumption of raw meat or other factors, individually or in combination, may have played an essential role in the transmission of Toxoplasma in the Ewase and Witu areas.", "PMID": 1071930}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6962", "title": "Melanin biosynthesis in skin. The redskinned' New Guinean.", "content": "A distinctive unique red-toned skin colour found among New Guineans appears to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The red skin colour is associated with red melanin granules within the epidermis, independent of hair bulbs, and described here for the first time. The red skin colour is also associated with smaller melanosome size and apparently diminished transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes. The chemistry of this skin melanin cannot be elucidate without the availability of more substantial samples or the development of new technology. It does appear to be associated with variation of catechlolamine metabolism as well as a defect of gaze fixation.", "contents": "Melanin biosynthesis in skin. The redskinned' New Guinean. A distinctive unique red-toned skin colour found among New Guineans appears to be inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The red skin colour is associated with red melanin granules within the epidermis, independent of hair bulbs, and described here for the first time. The red skin colour is also associated with smaller melanosome size and apparently diminished transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes. The chemistry of this skin melanin cannot be elucidate without the availability of more substantial samples or the development of new technology. It does appear to be associated with variation of catechlolamine metabolism as well as a defect of gaze fixation.", "PMID": 1071931}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6963", "title": "Central hypotensive effects of angiotensin II in the rat.", "content": "The floor of the fourth cerebral ventricle of urethane-anesthetized rats was exposed through the occipital foramen. Angiotensin II (10-1000 ng), applied onto the surface of the area postrema, induced a rapid lowering of the blood pressure. Pretreatment of the rats with reserpine abolished the hypotensive response to angiotensin II. It is concluded that the local application of angiotensin II induced in the vicinity of the area postrema a release of some biogenic amine, which has an inhibitory effect on the cardiovascular centres.", "contents": "Central hypotensive effects of angiotensin II in the rat. The floor of the fourth cerebral ventricle of urethane-anesthetized rats was exposed through the occipital foramen. Angiotensin II (10-1000 ng), applied onto the surface of the area postrema, induced a rapid lowering of the blood pressure. Pretreatment of the rats with reserpine abolished the hypotensive response to angiotensin II. It is concluded that the local application of angiotensin II induced in the vicinity of the area postrema a release of some biogenic amine, which has an inhibitory effect on the cardiovascular centres.", "PMID": 1071937}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6964", "title": "Site and mode of action of clonidine in the central nervous system.", "content": "In urethane-anaesthetized rats clonidine was administered intravenously (i.v.), intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or onto the surface of the area postrema which protrudes into the fourth cerebral ventricle. In each instance clonidine induced a dose-dependent lowering of the blood pressure. The region of the area postrema appears to be the most sensitive site for the action of clonidine so far studied. In order to obtain similar blood pressure effects, approximately 8 times higher amounts were needed i.c.v., and about 80 times higher amounts i.v., than onto the surface of the area postrema. A pretreatment of the rats with the specific histamine H2-receptor blocking drug, metiamide (4.5 micronmoles/rat i.c.v.) shifted the dose-response curve of clonidine (i.c.v.) to the right. The results suggest that clonidine exerts its hypotensive effect in the rat via a stimulation of histamine H2-receptors in, or in the vicinity of, the area postrema.", "contents": "Site and mode of action of clonidine in the central nervous system. In urethane-anaesthetized rats clonidine was administered intravenously (i.v.), intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) or onto the surface of the area postrema which protrudes into the fourth cerebral ventricle. In each instance clonidine induced a dose-dependent lowering of the blood pressure. The region of the area postrema appears to be the most sensitive site for the action of clonidine so far studied. In order to obtain similar blood pressure effects, approximately 8 times higher amounts were needed i.c.v., and about 80 times higher amounts i.v., than onto the surface of the area postrema. A pretreatment of the rats with the specific histamine H2-receptor blocking drug, metiamide (4.5 micronmoles/rat i.c.v.) shifted the dose-response curve of clonidine (i.c.v.) to the right. The results suggest that clonidine exerts its hypotensive effect in the rat via a stimulation of histamine H2-receptors in, or in the vicinity of, the area postrema.", "PMID": 1071938}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6965", "title": "Severe arterial hypertension (grade III and IV).", "content": "The aim of this study was to evaluate the number, outcome, survival time, and causes of death of patients with severe arterial hypertension who were admitted to the Department of Medicine at Landspitalinn (National Hospital) in Reykjavik during the years 1957 to 1971. During this period 117 patients were found to have severe arterial hypertension (12.6% of all cases of hypertension diagnosed) according to the grading of Keith and Wagener, 20 patients with grade IV retinopathy and 97 patients with grade III. The case histories were analysed according to age and sex distribution, blood urea, electrocardiographic changes, heart size by X-ray at the time of diagnosis and final outcome. The survival calculations were done by the decrement method (life tables) and aim taken from patient age 65 years and less. Relatively fewer patients with severe arterial hypertension were admitted during the last five year period (1967-1971) than during the two previous five year periods. The main causes of death were cerebrovascular accidents (26.6%), myocardial infarctions (22.8%), and renal failure (22.8%). Approximately 50% of the men and 60% of the women survived five years. Elevated blood urea values and signs of left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG at the time of diagnosis carried a more sinister prognosis.", "contents": "Severe arterial hypertension (grade III and IV). The aim of this study was to evaluate the number, outcome, survival time, and causes of death of patients with severe arterial hypertension who were admitted to the Department of Medicine at Landspitalinn (National Hospital) in Reykjavik during the years 1957 to 1971. During this period 117 patients were found to have severe arterial hypertension (12.6% of all cases of hypertension diagnosed) according to the grading of Keith and Wagener, 20 patients with grade IV retinopathy and 97 patients with grade III. The case histories were analysed according to age and sex distribution, blood urea, electrocardiographic changes, heart size by X-ray at the time of diagnosis and final outcome. The survival calculations were done by the decrement method (life tables) and aim taken from patient age 65 years and less. Relatively fewer patients with severe arterial hypertension were admitted during the last five year period (1967-1971) than during the two previous five year periods. The main causes of death were cerebrovascular accidents (26.6%), myocardial infarctions (22.8%), and renal failure (22.8%). Approximately 50% of the men and 60% of the women survived five years. Elevated blood urea values and signs of left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG at the time of diagnosis carried a more sinister prognosis.", "PMID": 1071939}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6966", "title": "The treatment of hypertension--an analysis of drug prescription data.", "content": "This paper describes a study of the degree of continuity in the drug treatment of hypertension. An analysis of antihypertensive drugs dispensed to 916 individuals during 1970-74 revealed that 22% of the men and 27% of the women were without treatment for 20-50% of their observation time. A closer examination of 46 patients under 60 years of age showed that between 2 and 20 physicians had been involved in the antihypertensive treatment of the individual patient. The time without treatment in this group of unselected patients varied between 0 and 77% of the observation time, the degree of discontinuity being insignificantly correlated to the resulting blood pressure level. Non-compliance was the cause for discontinuing a drug in at least every fifth case.", "contents": "The treatment of hypertension--an analysis of drug prescription data. This paper describes a study of the degree of continuity in the drug treatment of hypertension. An analysis of antihypertensive drugs dispensed to 916 individuals during 1970-74 revealed that 22% of the men and 27% of the women were without treatment for 20-50% of their observation time. A closer examination of 46 patients under 60 years of age showed that between 2 and 20 physicians had been involved in the antihypertensive treatment of the individual patient. The time without treatment in this group of unselected patients varied between 0 and 77% of the observation time, the degree of discontinuity being insignificantly correlated to the resulting blood pressure level. Non-compliance was the cause for discontinuing a drug in at least every fifth case.", "PMID": 1071940}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6967", "title": "Conn's syndrome. A follow-up of thirteen surgically treated cases.", "content": "Thirteen patients were followed for 4-46 months after removal of an aldosterone producing adenoma. Normotension was achieved in all cases but two in whom moderate diastolic hypertension was easily managed on diuretic therapy. All were cured of hypokalemia and symptoms related to low plasm potassium. Persistaent selective hypoaldosteronism was seen in one patient. A gratifying regression of symptoms and signs related to arterial hypertension was seen. Medical treatment with aldosterone antagonists may \"cure\" the patient to the same extent as surgery. The present results encourage the use of surgical treatment in these young patients since a life-long drug therapy--with its attendant problems--is the only alternative.", "contents": "Conn's syndrome. A follow-up of thirteen surgically treated cases. Thirteen patients were followed for 4-46 months after removal of an aldosterone producing adenoma. Normotension was achieved in all cases but two in whom moderate diastolic hypertension was easily managed on diuretic therapy. All were cured of hypokalemia and symptoms related to low plasm potassium. Persistaent selective hypoaldosteronism was seen in one patient. A gratifying regression of symptoms and signs related to arterial hypertension was seen. Medical treatment with aldosterone antagonists may \"cure\" the patient to the same extent as surgery. The present results encourage the use of surgical treatment in these young patients since a life-long drug therapy--with its attendant problems--is the only alternative.", "PMID": 1071948}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6968", "title": "Haemodynamics studies in young men with mild blood pressure elevation.", "content": "The cardiac output at rest, and the intra-arterial blood pressure and hand blood flow at maximal vasodilation were determined in two groups of men aged 18-22 years. 44 patients were referred from a military enlistment centre because of mild blood pressure elevation, and 29 normotensive volunteers were mainly recruited from the same enlistment centre. In addition, in a majority of subjects in both groups the auscultatory blood pressure of both parents was determined. The patients were characterized by a significantly higher cardiac index at rest, and a significantly higher vascular resistance in the hand blood vessels at maximal vasodilation than the controls, indicating the presence of structural alterations in the resistance vessels of these subjects with only very mild blood pressure elevation. The tendency to increased vascular resistance in the hand blood vessels at maximal vasodilation was more prominent in patients with a normal cardiac index than in those with a high index. This suggests inclusion in the patient group of tense, anxious individuals with an elevated cardiac index but otherwise normal circulation, but does not exclude the possibility that these patients may develop structural vascular changes later on. The parents' blood pressure was higher in the group of patients, both for patients with a normal and those with a high cardiac index, compared to the parents of the controls.", "contents": "Haemodynamics studies in young men with mild blood pressure elevation. The cardiac output at rest, and the intra-arterial blood pressure and hand blood flow at maximal vasodilation were determined in two groups of men aged 18-22 years. 44 patients were referred from a military enlistment centre because of mild blood pressure elevation, and 29 normotensive volunteers were mainly recruited from the same enlistment centre. In addition, in a majority of subjects in both groups the auscultatory blood pressure of both parents was determined. The patients were characterized by a significantly higher cardiac index at rest, and a significantly higher vascular resistance in the hand blood vessels at maximal vasodilation than the controls, indicating the presence of structural alterations in the resistance vessels of these subjects with only very mild blood pressure elevation. The tendency to increased vascular resistance in the hand blood vessels at maximal vasodilation was more prominent in patients with a normal cardiac index than in those with a high index. This suggests inclusion in the patient group of tense, anxious individuals with an elevated cardiac index but otherwise normal circulation, but does not exclude the possibility that these patients may develop structural vascular changes later on. The parents' blood pressure was higher in the group of patients, both for patients with a normal and those with a high cardiac index, compared to the parents of the controls.", "PMID": 1071953}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6969", "title": "Plasma renin activity and blood pressure during long term treatment with propranolol and diuretic.", "content": "19 primary hypertensive patients were treated in random succession with diuretic, propranolol and the combination of both. It was found that the diuretic gave a sustained increase in plasma renin activity (PRA). There was a negative correlation between PRA level attained and blood pressure reduction. Propranolol treatment gave a sustained reduction of PRA. There was no correlation between PRA reduction and blood pressure reduction. When diuretic was combined with propranolol, PRA was in average at control level, and there was no correlation between the PRA reduction from diuretic value to combination value and the corresponding additional blood pressure fall. It is concluded that propranolol treatment does not transform patients to \"low renin hypertensives\" specifically sensitive to diuretic treatment.", "contents": "Plasma renin activity and blood pressure during long term treatment with propranolol and diuretic. 19 primary hypertensive patients were treated in random succession with diuretic, propranolol and the combination of both. It was found that the diuretic gave a sustained increase in plasma renin activity (PRA). There was a negative correlation between PRA level attained and blood pressure reduction. Propranolol treatment gave a sustained reduction of PRA. There was no correlation between PRA reduction and blood pressure reduction. When diuretic was combined with propranolol, PRA was in average at control level, and there was no correlation between the PRA reduction from diuretic value to combination value and the corresponding additional blood pressure fall. It is concluded that propranolol treatment does not transform patients to \"low renin hypertensives\" specifically sensitive to diuretic treatment.", "PMID": 1071960}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6970", "title": "Macrophage mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity.", "content": "The following evidence from our research has implicated the macrophage as an important effector cell in pyran and/or C. parvum induced host resistance to solid tumors: (1) Increased infiltration of tumors with histiocytes following systemic treatment with pyran;17 (2) activated peritoneal macrophages with tumoricidal activity have been recovered from the peritoneal cavity of normal or tumor bearing mice treated with pyran or C. parvum;17 (3) activated peritoneal macrophages mixed with tumor cells in vitro and transplanted into syngeneic recipients inhibited tumor growth; (4) trypan blue, an inhibitor of macrophage function, prevent C. parvum induced regression of methylcholanthrene tumors; and (5) direct intralesional injection of activated macrophages into the MCA 2182 tumor inhibited tumor growth and increased the MST.", "contents": "Macrophage mediated tumor cell cytotoxicity. The following evidence from our research has implicated the macrophage as an important effector cell in pyran and/or C. parvum induced host resistance to solid tumors: (1) Increased infiltration of tumors with histiocytes following systemic treatment with pyran;17 (2) activated peritoneal macrophages with tumoricidal activity have been recovered from the peritoneal cavity of normal or tumor bearing mice treated with pyran or C. parvum;17 (3) activated peritoneal macrophages mixed with tumor cells in vitro and transplanted into syngeneic recipients inhibited tumor growth; (4) trypan blue, an inhibitor of macrophage function, prevent C. parvum induced regression of methylcholanthrene tumors; and (5) direct intralesional injection of activated macrophages into the MCA 2182 tumor inhibited tumor growth and increased the MST.", "PMID": 1071961}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6971", "title": "Discussion paper: tumor-directed cellular hypersensitivity detected by leucocyte migration in patients with renal carcinoma.", "content": "Leucocyte migration inhibition detected in vitro by the capillary tube technique (LMCT) has proved a useful tool for detection of tumor-specific cell-mediated hypersensitivity (TCMH) in man. Investigations in pateints with renal tumors are reported. It is shown that TCMH is a feature of hypernephroma in man, that the antigenic specificity is found in autologous as well as allogeneic tumor tissue and in fetal kidney tissue. The pattern of reactivity compared to postoperative survival and occurrence of metastases and postoperative clinical course shows a clear association between TCMH and tumor elimination. The capacity of hypernephroma patients to develop a cell-mediated immune response is generally not reduced. In allogeneic combinations, small noninvading tumors usually have a high antigenicity, whereas tumors with early dispersion show a low antigenicity. The development of TCMH and associated tumor elimination therefore may be depending preferably on the antigenicity of the tumor, less on the immune capacity of the tumor host.", "contents": "Discussion paper: tumor-directed cellular hypersensitivity detected by leucocyte migration in patients with renal carcinoma. Leucocyte migration inhibition detected in vitro by the capillary tube technique (LMCT) has proved a useful tool for detection of tumor-specific cell-mediated hypersensitivity (TCMH) in man. Investigations in pateints with renal tumors are reported. It is shown that TCMH is a feature of hypernephroma in man, that the antigenic specificity is found in autologous as well as allogeneic tumor tissue and in fetal kidney tissue. The pattern of reactivity compared to postoperative survival and occurrence of metastases and postoperative clinical course shows a clear association between TCMH and tumor elimination. The capacity of hypernephroma patients to develop a cell-mediated immune response is generally not reduced. In allogeneic combinations, small noninvading tumors usually have a high antigenicity, whereas tumors with early dispersion show a low antigenicity. The development of TCMH and associated tumor elimination therefore may be depending preferably on the antigenicity of the tumor, less on the immune capacity of the tumor host.", "PMID": 1071963}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6972", "title": "Mediation of immune responses to tumor antigens in vitro by immune RNA.", "content": "It was shown that normal nonimmune C3H mouse spleen cells became specifically cytotoxic to chemically-induced syngeneic C3H tumor cells by incubation with xenogeneic I-RNA extracted from the lymphoid organs of specifically immunized guinea pigs. This response was specific for the tumor used to immunize the I-RNA donor. In a totally syngeneic system, we showed that syngeneic I-RNA extracted from the spleens of tumor-bearing rats mediated cytotoxic immune reactions which were directed specifically against the tumor-associated antigens of syngeneic rat tumor target cells. Active antitumor I-RNA synthesis in the lymphoid organs of I-RNA donor animals reached a maximum between days 14 and 21, depending on the route of administration and the nature of the immunizing tumor. Active I-RNA preparations were insensitive to treatment with deoxyribonuclease or pronase, but were inactivated by ribonuclease treatment; thereby indicating that the active moiety was one or more species of RNA. The active fractions of the I-RNA preparations had sedimentation values in sucrose density gradients of 12-16S, and comprised only a small fraction of the total RNA present in the lymphoid cells. Active antitumor I-RNA appeared to be localized in the cytoplasm of sensitized lymphoid cells, rather than in the nucleus. Lymphocytes from normal human donors as well as from cancer patients, when incubated with xenogeneic or allogeneic I-RNA, became specifically cytotoxic for human tumor cells in vitro. Crossreactivity among tumors of the same histologic type was observed, but not crossreactivity with tumors of other histologic types. Xenogeneic I-RNA extracted from the lymphoid organs of donor animals immunized either iwth tumor cells or normal tissues, following incubation with normal allogeneic lymphocytes, mediated cytotoxic immune reactions which were directed both against tumor-associated antigens and normal transplantation antigens. However, when autologous lymphocytes were used as effector cells, only immune reactions directed against tumor-associated antigens were observed. Allogeneic I-RNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes of human cancer patients mediated specific cytotoxic immune reactions that were directed against common tumor-associated antigens shared by human tumors of similar histologic type. I-RNA's directed against \"self\" normal cell surface antigens appear to be recognized as self by lymphocytes, and immune responses against these self antigens are not elicited. On the other hand, I-RNA's directed against \"nonself\" tumor-associated antigens induce lymphocytes to effect specific antitumor immune responses. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that I-RNA is an information-containing ribonucleic acid molecule capable of mediating immune reactions in vitro which are specific for the tumor-associated antigens of the tumor used to immunize the I-RNA donor.", "contents": "Mediation of immune responses to tumor antigens in vitro by immune RNA. It was shown that normal nonimmune C3H mouse spleen cells became specifically cytotoxic to chemically-induced syngeneic C3H tumor cells by incubation with xenogeneic I-RNA extracted from the lymphoid organs of specifically immunized guinea pigs. This response was specific for the tumor used to immunize the I-RNA donor. In a totally syngeneic system, we showed that syngeneic I-RNA extracted from the spleens of tumor-bearing rats mediated cytotoxic immune reactions which were directed specifically against the tumor-associated antigens of syngeneic rat tumor target cells. Active antitumor I-RNA synthesis in the lymphoid organs of I-RNA donor animals reached a maximum between days 14 and 21, depending on the route of administration and the nature of the immunizing tumor. Active I-RNA preparations were insensitive to treatment with deoxyribonuclease or pronase, but were inactivated by ribonuclease treatment; thereby indicating that the active moiety was one or more species of RNA. The active fractions of the I-RNA preparations had sedimentation values in sucrose density gradients of 12-16S, and comprised only a small fraction of the total RNA present in the lymphoid cells. Active antitumor I-RNA appeared to be localized in the cytoplasm of sensitized lymphoid cells, rather than in the nucleus. Lymphocytes from normal human donors as well as from cancer patients, when incubated with xenogeneic or allogeneic I-RNA, became specifically cytotoxic for human tumor cells in vitro. Crossreactivity among tumors of the same histologic type was observed, but not crossreactivity with tumors of other histologic types. Xenogeneic I-RNA extracted from the lymphoid organs of donor animals immunized either iwth tumor cells or normal tissues, following incubation with normal allogeneic lymphocytes, mediated cytotoxic immune reactions which were directed both against tumor-associated antigens and normal transplantation antigens. However, when autologous lymphocytes were used as effector cells, only immune reactions directed against tumor-associated antigens were observed. Allogeneic I-RNA extracted from peripheral blood lymphocytes of human cancer patients mediated specific cytotoxic immune reactions that were directed against common tumor-associated antigens shared by human tumors of similar histologic type. I-RNA's directed against \"self\" normal cell surface antigens appear to be recognized as self by lymphocytes, and immune responses against these self antigens are not elicited. On the other hand, I-RNA's directed against \"nonself\" tumor-associated antigens induce lymphocytes to effect specific antitumor immune responses. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that I-RNA is an information-containing ribonucleic acid molecule capable of mediating immune reactions in vitro which are specific for the tumor-associated antigens of the tumor used to immunize the I-RNA donor.", "PMID": 1071964}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6973", "title": "The complement system in tumor immunity: significance of elevated levels of complement in tumor bearing hosts.", "content": "The elevation of complement level in the sera and depressed state of tuberculin reaction were observed in lung cancer patients. A clinical follow-up study demonstrated negative conversion of tuberculin reaction while keeping the complement at an elevated level during the observation period. This phenomenon can be explained; the complement system is elevated to compensate the depressed cell-mediated system to prevent the immunological surveillance system from invading agents in tumor bearing hosts. The immunological states of the patients with various diseases are classified into six stages according to the tuberculin reactivity, positive or negative, and complement level: elevated, normal, or depressed. A healthy control group is composed of the group of complement normal and tuberculin positive (Stage I). Most of acute inflammation falls into the elevated level of both complement and positive tuberculin reaction (Stage II). Sarcoidosis, leprosy, and Wegener's granulomatosis are divided into the elevated level of complement and depressed tuberculin reaction (Stage III). Systemic lupus erythematosus is in Stage V with the depressed state of both tuberculin reaction and complement level. A follow-up study of lung cancer patients showed a possible chronological sequence starting from Stage I through III, and finally to V, similar to the progression-of-disease process. The biological and medical significance related to the phenomenon is discussed, standing upon immunochemical, phylogenical, and immunogenetical standpoints of complement research.", "contents": "The complement system in tumor immunity: significance of elevated levels of complement in tumor bearing hosts. The elevation of complement level in the sera and depressed state of tuberculin reaction were observed in lung cancer patients. A clinical follow-up study demonstrated negative conversion of tuberculin reaction while keeping the complement at an elevated level during the observation period. This phenomenon can be explained; the complement system is elevated to compensate the depressed cell-mediated system to prevent the immunological surveillance system from invading agents in tumor bearing hosts. The immunological states of the patients with various diseases are classified into six stages according to the tuberculin reactivity, positive or negative, and complement level: elevated, normal, or depressed. A healthy control group is composed of the group of complement normal and tuberculin positive (Stage I). Most of acute inflammation falls into the elevated level of both complement and positive tuberculin reaction (Stage II). Sarcoidosis, leprosy, and Wegener's granulomatosis are divided into the elevated level of complement and depressed tuberculin reaction (Stage III). Systemic lupus erythematosus is in Stage V with the depressed state of both tuberculin reaction and complement level. A follow-up study of lung cancer patients showed a possible chronological sequence starting from Stage I through III, and finally to V, similar to the progression-of-disease process. The biological and medical significance related to the phenomenon is discussed, standing upon immunochemical, phylogenical, and immunogenetical standpoints of complement research.", "PMID": 1071966}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6974", "title": "Reversal of immunosuppression induced by murine leukemia viruses.", "content": "BALB/c mice infected with Rowson-Parr virus, a lymphatic leukemia virus isolated from the Friend complex, undergo a rapid depression of antibody response. Spleen cells from these mice in culture show a similar deficit in the response to stimulation with sheep red cells and inhibit the reactivity of normal splenocytes. In an attempt to reverse this immunosuppression, near normal responses were obtained in vitro from infected splenocytes by increasing antigen dose, by adding E. coli lipopolysaccharide, or, more effectively, by cocultivating with small numbers of unfractionated or T cell-depleted peritoneal exudate cells (PC), whereas other manipulations proved ineffective. PC did not prevent the inhibition of normal splenocytes by infected spleen cells, but exhibited substantial restorative activity in vivo. In similar experiments, the immunosuppression exerted by the entire Friend complex could be reversed by PC in vitro but not in vivo. These results indicate that a functional deficit of macrophages may be partially responsible for the immunological impairment induced by leukemia viruses and suggest rational approaches to evaluate the relevance of this impairment to oncogenesis.", "contents": "Reversal of immunosuppression induced by murine leukemia viruses. BALB/c mice infected with Rowson-Parr virus, a lymphatic leukemia virus isolated from the Friend complex, undergo a rapid depression of antibody response. Spleen cells from these mice in culture show a similar deficit in the response to stimulation with sheep red cells and inhibit the reactivity of normal splenocytes. In an attempt to reverse this immunosuppression, near normal responses were obtained in vitro from infected splenocytes by increasing antigen dose, by adding E. coli lipopolysaccharide, or, more effectively, by cocultivating with small numbers of unfractionated or T cell-depleted peritoneal exudate cells (PC), whereas other manipulations proved ineffective. PC did not prevent the inhibition of normal splenocytes by infected spleen cells, but exhibited substantial restorative activity in vivo. In similar experiments, the immunosuppression exerted by the entire Friend complex could be reversed by PC in vitro but not in vivo. These results indicate that a functional deficit of macrophages may be partially responsible for the immunological impairment induced by leukemia viruses and suggest rational approaches to evaluate the relevance of this impairment to oncogenesis.", "PMID": 1071970}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6975", "title": "Subversive activity of syngeneic tumor cells as an escape mechanism from immune surveillance and the role of prostaglandins.", "content": "Mice bearing a syngeneic tumor become increasingly immunodepressed during growth of the tumor, being unable to develop both cellular and humoral immunity to a histoincompatible tumor allograft and to reject the allograft. This failure to reject a strongly antigenic tumor allograft suggests that immunodepression associated with growth of a weakly antigenic syngeneic tumor provides the syngeneic tumor with an escape mechanism. This immunodepression is also manifest by the suppression of the response of spleen cells to mitogen stimulation by syngeneic tumor cells, both in vivo and in vitro. T cells that are stimulated by PHA, a T-cell mitogen, are the primary targets, and their suppression is the result of the direct subversive activity of the tumor cells. Subversion of T cells by tumor cells seems to be mediated through the prostaglandin pathway, because the prostaglandin PGE2 is itself suppressive, and an antagonist of PGE2 and an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetases both inhibit the subversive activity of tumor cells. Several tumor cell lines tested, of different etiology and histologic type, all were subversive. This suggests that this subversive activity may be a general property of tumor cells and may be a key element in their ability to thwart the immunological system of the host. For this reason, any therapeutic regimen of cancer, based on immunostimulating drugs, should include drugs that can inhibit active subversion of the immune system by the tumor itself. Antagonists of prostaglandins and inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetases show promise in this regard.", "contents": "Subversive activity of syngeneic tumor cells as an escape mechanism from immune surveillance and the role of prostaglandins. Mice bearing a syngeneic tumor become increasingly immunodepressed during growth of the tumor, being unable to develop both cellular and humoral immunity to a histoincompatible tumor allograft and to reject the allograft. This failure to reject a strongly antigenic tumor allograft suggests that immunodepression associated with growth of a weakly antigenic syngeneic tumor provides the syngeneic tumor with an escape mechanism. This immunodepression is also manifest by the suppression of the response of spleen cells to mitogen stimulation by syngeneic tumor cells, both in vivo and in vitro. T cells that are stimulated by PHA, a T-cell mitogen, are the primary targets, and their suppression is the result of the direct subversive activity of the tumor cells. Subversion of T cells by tumor cells seems to be mediated through the prostaglandin pathway, because the prostaglandin PGE2 is itself suppressive, and an antagonist of PGE2 and an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthetases both inhibit the subversive activity of tumor cells. Several tumor cell lines tested, of different etiology and histologic type, all were subversive. This suggests that this subversive activity may be a general property of tumor cells and may be a key element in their ability to thwart the immunological system of the host. For this reason, any therapeutic regimen of cancer, based on immunostimulating drugs, should include drugs that can inhibit active subversion of the immune system by the tumor itself. Antagonists of prostaglandins and inhibitors of prostaglandin synthetases show promise in this regard.", "PMID": 1071971}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6976", "title": "Influence of immune stimulators on viral leukemogenesis.", "content": "Injection of RNA, extracted from statolon by the SDS-phenol method, into FLV-infected mice 24 hours before SRBC immunization restored the immune response to SRBC to normal levels. Leukemosuppression was observed in 50% of the RNA-treated FLV-infected mice. These RNA-treated mice were clinically normal 25 days after infection, whereas all untreated infected mice developed erythroleukemia. Furthermore, all RNA-treated mice with suppressed erythroleukemia produced antibody which was cytotoxic for Friend leukemia cells. Our studies, and studies by others, indicate that the immunostimulatory and leukemosuppressive principle in statolon appears to be a dsRNA.", "contents": "Influence of immune stimulators on viral leukemogenesis. Injection of RNA, extracted from statolon by the SDS-phenol method, into FLV-infected mice 24 hours before SRBC immunization restored the immune response to SRBC to normal levels. Leukemosuppression was observed in 50% of the RNA-treated FLV-infected mice. These RNA-treated mice were clinically normal 25 days after infection, whereas all untreated infected mice developed erythroleukemia. Furthermore, all RNA-treated mice with suppressed erythroleukemia produced antibody which was cytotoxic for Friend leukemia cells. Our studies, and studies by others, indicate that the immunostimulatory and leukemosuppressive principle in statolon appears to be a dsRNA.", "PMID": 1071975}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6977", "title": "Immunogenicity of modified tumor cells in syngenic hosts.", "content": "Modified tumor cells were used to immunize three murine hosts against syngenic ascitic lymphomas: C3H-6C3HED, BALB/c-P1798, and DBA/2-L1210. When the host was capable of a significant immune response against the malignant cells during progressive tumor growth (e.g., C3H vs. 6C3HED), protective immunization against a larger challenge tumor dose was achieved after fewer vaccinations. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced host response to iodoacetamide (IAd) modified P1798 and L1210 so as to confer resistance after fewer immunizations with these weakly antigenic tumors. Similarities among the three systems were also seen. Modified cells may be stored at 4 degrees C several weeks and are effective when 107-108 are given i.p.; resistance appears maximal about one week after vaccination. In immunotherapy trials, C3H mice implanted with 5 x 104 6C3HED cells and treated at least four times with IAd-6C3HED demonstrated a 25% cure rate. A model was presented for evaluating parameters of response to immunotherapy in conjunction with chemotherapy. Cell-mediated immunity in resistant mice was demonstrated by inhibition of DNA synthesis in cultures of lymphoma cells and sensitized peritoneal cells (PEC) compared to that with nonimmune PEC. This assay system may also provide an opportunity for examining the hypothesis of immunostimulation of tumor growth in vitro. Humoral response to modified cells was established by membrane immunofluorescence. Although anti-6C3HED and anti-L1210 appear specific, anti-P1798 antiserum reacts with BALB/c thymocytes and murine fetal antigen.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of modified tumor cells in syngenic hosts. Modified tumor cells were used to immunize three murine hosts against syngenic ascitic lymphomas: C3H-6C3HED, BALB/c-P1798, and DBA/2-L1210. When the host was capable of a significant immune response against the malignant cells during progressive tumor growth (e.g., C3H vs. 6C3HED), protective immunization against a larger challenge tumor dose was achieved after fewer vaccinations. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced host response to iodoacetamide (IAd) modified P1798 and L1210 so as to confer resistance after fewer immunizations with these weakly antigenic tumors. Similarities among the three systems were also seen. Modified cells may be stored at 4 degrees C several weeks and are effective when 107-108 are given i.p.; resistance appears maximal about one week after vaccination. In immunotherapy trials, C3H mice implanted with 5 x 104 6C3HED cells and treated at least four times with IAd-6C3HED demonstrated a 25% cure rate. A model was presented for evaluating parameters of response to immunotherapy in conjunction with chemotherapy. Cell-mediated immunity in resistant mice was demonstrated by inhibition of DNA synthesis in cultures of lymphoma cells and sensitized peritoneal cells (PEC) compared to that with nonimmune PEC. This assay system may also provide an opportunity for examining the hypothesis of immunostimulation of tumor growth in vitro. Humoral response to modified cells was established by membrane immunofluorescence. Although anti-6C3HED and anti-L1210 appear specific, anti-P1798 antiserum reacts with BALB/c thymocytes and murine fetal antigen.", "PMID": 1071980}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6978", "title": "[Study of antihypoxic properties and toxicity of mexamine (5-methoxytryptamine)].", "content": "On its introduction to mongrel albino mice in doses of 1 to 200 mg/kg mexamine (5-methoxytryptamine) exerted a marked antihypoxic action in conditions of hypoxic hypoxia (a \"rise\" in the pressure chamber to an altitude of 8000 to 10 000 m) 5--180 minutes after administration of the drug. The possibility of reducing the toxicity of mexamine through preventive introduction of the agent in a dose of 1 mg/kg was established. With such a modification of the toxicity no mitigation of the antihypoxic effectiveness of the basic dose of the agent is observed.", "contents": "[Study of antihypoxic properties and toxicity of mexamine (5-methoxytryptamine)]. On its introduction to mongrel albino mice in doses of 1 to 200 mg/kg mexamine (5-methoxytryptamine) exerted a marked antihypoxic action in conditions of hypoxic hypoxia (a \"rise\" in the pressure chamber to an altitude of 8000 to 10 000 m) 5--180 minutes after administration of the drug. The possibility of reducing the toxicity of mexamine through preventive introduction of the agent in a dose of 1 mg/kg was established. With such a modification of the toxicity no mitigation of the antihypoxic effectiveness of the basic dose of the agent is observed.", "PMID": 1071989}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6979", "title": "Duovirus infection as a cause of infantile gastro-enteritis in Port Moresby.", "content": "A preliminary study of nine children under five years of age admitted to Port Moresby General Hospital with acute gastro-enteritis showed that five (56%) were excreting duovirus in their stools as shown by electron microscopy. Duovirus was not demonstrated in the stools of any of eight children with gastro-enteritis seen at Kainantu Health Centre.", "contents": "Duovirus infection as a cause of infantile gastro-enteritis in Port Moresby. A preliminary study of nine children under five years of age admitted to Port Moresby General Hospital with acute gastro-enteritis showed that five (56%) were excreting duovirus in their stools as shown by electron microscopy. Duovirus was not demonstrated in the stools of any of eight children with gastro-enteritis seen at Kainantu Health Centre.", "PMID": 1072168}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6980", "title": "A radiological survey of upper gastrointestinal lesions in Port Moresby 1972-74.", "content": "During  2 1/2 year period in Port Moresby General Hospital, 1023 patients had barium meals. Two-thirds of the patients were males and over half were expatriates. Positive findings were noted in  26% of Papua New Guineans but only 11% of expatriates. Over half of those with positive findings had peptic ulcer. Chronic duodenal ulcer, including deformed duodenal cap, was the commonest finding in both Papua New Guineans and expatriates but gastric ulcer was also common in Papua New Guinean males. The incidence of peptic ulcer is less than that reported in Goroka and in some other countries. The next commonest findings were carcinoma of the oesophagus and stomach in Papua New Guineans and hiatus hernia in expatriate males.", "contents": "A radiological survey of upper gastrointestinal lesions in Port Moresby 1972-74. During  2 1/2 year period in Port Moresby General Hospital, 1023 patients had barium meals. Two-thirds of the patients were males and over half were expatriates. Positive findings were noted in  26% of Papua New Guineans but only 11% of expatriates. Over half of those with positive findings had peptic ulcer. Chronic duodenal ulcer, including deformed duodenal cap, was the commonest finding in both Papua New Guineans and expatriates but gastric ulcer was also common in Papua New Guinean males. The incidence of peptic ulcer is less than that reported in Goroka and in some other countries. The next commonest findings were carcinoma of the oesophagus and stomach in Papua New Guineans and hiatus hernia in expatriate males.", "PMID": 1072169}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6981", "title": "A study of human intestinal helminthiases on Kar Kar Island, Madang Province.", "content": "This paper reports the results of an epidemiological survey of intestinal helminths in a village on Kar Kar Island, Madang Province. Samples of blood and faeces were collected from 320 people from all age-groups living in 51 houses in Kaul village. Three helminth species were recorded: Ascaris lumbricoides infections were highest and heaviest in childhood, and fell to low levels in adult life, the overall infection rate being 57%. More than 70% of the adult population were infected with Necator americanus, though almost all infections were light. 21% were infected with Trichuris trichiura, and all infections with this species were light. The parasitological findings were related to the haematological results, and the social and physical environmental factors affecting these findings are discussed. It is concluded that Ascaris infection is the principal cause of the high eosinophilia in the community.", "contents": "A study of human intestinal helminthiases on Kar Kar Island, Madang Province. This paper reports the results of an epidemiological survey of intestinal helminths in a village on Kar Kar Island, Madang Province. Samples of blood and faeces were collected from 320 people from all age-groups living in 51 houses in Kaul village. Three helminth species were recorded: Ascaris lumbricoides infections were highest and heaviest in childhood, and fell to low levels in adult life, the overall infection rate being 57%. More than 70% of the adult population were infected with Necator americanus, though almost all infections were light. 21% were infected with Trichuris trichiura, and all infections with this species were light. The parasitological findings were related to the haematological results, and the social and physical environmental factors affecting these findings are discussed. It is concluded that Ascaris infection is the principal cause of the high eosinophilia in the community.", "PMID": 1072172}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6982", "title": "A case of enteritis necroticans in pregnancy.", "content": "This report describes a case of enteritis necroticans in pregnancy and comments on the surgical aspects of treatment.", "contents": "A case of enteritis necroticans in pregnancy. This report describes a case of enteritis necroticans in pregnancy and comments on the surgical aspects of treatment.", "PMID": 1072173}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6983", "title": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia in a Melanesian.", "content": "A case of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is documented in a Melanesian child, and the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder are discussed. This is the third inherited bleeding disorder to be reported in Papua New Guinea, haemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) and Factor XIII deficiency having been described previously.", "contents": "Glanzmann's thrombasthenia in a Melanesian. A case of Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is documented in a Melanesian child, and the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder are discussed. This is the third inherited bleeding disorder to be reported in Papua New Guinea, haemophilia A (Factor VIII deficiency) and Factor XIII deficiency having been described previously.", "PMID": 1072174}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6984", "title": "[Methods for measurement and analysis of human dietary behavior].", "content": "Food intake in humans may be studied by the measurement of the quantity of food ingested, by the estimate of sensations evoked by food, and by recordings of the motor and secretory activities of the digestive tract. These methods may be used to study normal as well as pathologic food intake in humans.", "contents": "[Methods for measurement and analysis of human dietary behavior]. Food intake in humans may be studied by the measurement of the quantity of food ingested, by the estimate of sensations evoked by food, and by recordings of the motor and secretory activities of the digestive tract. These methods may be used to study normal as well as pathologic food intake in humans.", "PMID": 1072184}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6985", "title": "A study of leukemic cell infiltration in the testis and ovary.", "content": "The behavior of leukemic cell infiltration in the testis or ovary was examined on 99 autopsy cases of various leukemia, which were performed in the Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, from 1964 to 1975. The incidence of leukemic cell infiltration was 48.5% in the testis and 58.1% in the ovary. The frequency of leukemic cell infiltration in the testis or ovary itself showed no significant increase in recent years, although median survival time became longer by a more aggressive combination chemotherapy. These findings show that the testis and ovary are essentially a preferred site of leukemic cell infiltration. Especially in acute monocytic leukemia, leukemic cell infiltration was revealed in all cases. In addition, short discussions were made on the role of sex hormones in the infiltration, proliferation, and persistence of leukemic cells of each type of leukemia in the testis or ovary.", "contents": "A study of leukemic cell infiltration in the testis and ovary. The behavior of leukemic cell infiltration in the testis or ovary was examined on 99 autopsy cases of various leukemia, which were performed in the Department of Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, from 1964 to 1975. The incidence of leukemic cell infiltration was 48.5% in the testis and 58.1% in the ovary. The frequency of leukemic cell infiltration in the testis or ovary itself showed no significant increase in recent years, although median survival time became longer by a more aggressive combination chemotherapy. These findings show that the testis and ovary are essentially a preferred site of leukemic cell infiltration. Especially in acute monocytic leukemia, leukemic cell infiltration was revealed in all cases. In addition, short discussions were made on the role of sex hormones in the infiltration, proliferation, and persistence of leukemic cells of each type of leukemia in the testis or ovary.", "PMID": 1072185}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6986", "title": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. I. discovery of Calliphora species first in Thailand (Diptera: Calliphoridae).", "content": "Species of flies, Calliphora vomitoria (Linn\u00e9) and C. pattoni Aubertin, found for the first time in Thailand are reported, together with detailed illustrations of genitalia. These are known to be Palearctic species, which are commonly found in Europe or northern parts of Asia. These flies were found in Doi Inthanon, the highest mountain in Thailand, which belongs to the Oriental region.", "contents": "Studies on medically important flies in Thailand. I. discovery of Calliphora species first in Thailand (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Species of flies, Calliphora vomitoria (Linn\u00e9) and C. pattoni Aubertin, found for the first time in Thailand are reported, together with detailed illustrations of genitalia. These are known to be Palearctic species, which are commonly found in Europe or northern parts of Asia. These flies were found in Doi Inthanon, the highest mountain in Thailand, which belongs to the Oriental region.", "PMID": 1072186}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6987", "title": "Distant metastasis of carcinoma in the maxillo-facical region--relationship to the method of therapy and TNM system.", "content": "Based upon the autopsy findings, the incidence of distant metastasis was studied to seek the relativity between the method of treatment and the TNM system at the time of initial examination on 31 cases with squamous cell carcinoma in the maxillo-facial region. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The incidence of distant metastasis among all of these cases was 58 per cent. 2) There was no significant difference in the incidence between the groups with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. 3) There was no relativity with the TNM system. 4) In the group with radiation therapy, the incidence at the \"sites of the movable mucosa\" was significantly higher than that at the \"sites of the non-movable mucosa.\" 5) There was no relationship to the performance of radical neck dissection.", "contents": "Distant metastasis of carcinoma in the maxillo-facical region--relationship to the method of therapy and TNM system. Based upon the autopsy findings, the incidence of distant metastasis was studied to seek the relativity between the method of treatment and the TNM system at the time of initial examination on 31 cases with squamous cell carcinoma in the maxillo-facial region. The results are summarized as follows: 1) The incidence of distant metastasis among all of these cases was 58 per cent. 2) There was no significant difference in the incidence between the groups with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. 3) There was no relativity with the TNM system. 4) In the group with radiation therapy, the incidence at the \"sites of the movable mucosa\" was significantly higher than that at the \"sites of the non-movable mucosa.\" 5) There was no relationship to the performance of radical neck dissection.", "PMID": 1072188}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6988", "title": "The aspect of ultrastructural changes of the osteoblasts and surface areas of alveolar bone appearing in experimental tooth movement.", "content": "Molars of mature Wistar rats were moved experimentally by orthodontic elastic for four days. Then, the aspects of ultrastructural changes of the osteoblasts and structure of the alveolar bone surface which appeared in experimental tooth movement were studied. The following results were obtained. 1) These osteoblasts are classified into three groups according to their position. 2) The most active response to the orthodontic force is exhibited by the second group of cells with the ability of rapid production of abundant acid polysaccharide; i) Abundant rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum with markedly dilated cisternae. ii) Well developed Golgi apparatus and electron opaque granules with a limiting membrane are found in the cytoplasm. Large granules are frequently seen to be secreted out of the cell. iii) The mitochondria are of large size and round shape with well developed cristae. 3) The surface of the new alveolar bone is covered with a belt-shaped structure consisting of small dense spherical-shaped structures. 4) Osteoclasts are rarely seen, but the original function of the cells appears to be almost inactive.", "contents": "The aspect of ultrastructural changes of the osteoblasts and surface areas of alveolar bone appearing in experimental tooth movement. Molars of mature Wistar rats were moved experimentally by orthodontic elastic for four days. Then, the aspects of ultrastructural changes of the osteoblasts and structure of the alveolar bone surface which appeared in experimental tooth movement were studied. The following results were obtained. 1) These osteoblasts are classified into three groups according to their position. 2) The most active response to the orthodontic force is exhibited by the second group of cells with the ability of rapid production of abundant acid polysaccharide; i) Abundant rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum with markedly dilated cisternae. ii) Well developed Golgi apparatus and electron opaque granules with a limiting membrane are found in the cytoplasm. Large granules are frequently seen to be secreted out of the cell. iii) The mitochondria are of large size and round shape with well developed cristae. 3) The surface of the new alveolar bone is covered with a belt-shaped structure consisting of small dense spherical-shaped structures. 4) Osteoclasts are rarely seen, but the original function of the cells appears to be almost inactive.", "PMID": 1072189}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6989", "title": "Absolute alkaline phosphatase positive and negative neutrophil counts in chronic granulocytic leukemia.", "content": "Absolute counts for the alkaline phosphatase positive (AP+) fraction of potentially AP+ neutrophils were measured cytochemically during the course of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL), from the clinical onset of the disease. In a previous study of different kinds of severe granulocytopenia, the AP positivity of circulating neutrophils appeared to indicate a kinetic parameter. Early release of mature, non-stored bone marrow granulocytes apparently furnished more AP+ neutrophils, whereas release of stored cells furnished more AP- cells. If we consider enzyme activity to indicate a kinetic parameter, its differential diagnostic usefulness would be less than generally supposed. One hundred and forty eight determinations in 74 CGL patients showed that low AP values are valid for CGL statistically, especially between the 2nd to 5th years of clinical disease, but normal or higher counts of circulating AP+ fraction of mature neutrophils could be found in one fourth of advanced cases (blastic metamorphosis excluded), and even more (17/37) in the earliest period of the CGL process. A similar tendency appears to be detectable in the absolute counts for circulating AP- cells.", "contents": "Absolute alkaline phosphatase positive and negative neutrophil counts in chronic granulocytic leukemia. Absolute counts for the alkaline phosphatase positive (AP+) fraction of potentially AP+ neutrophils were measured cytochemically during the course of chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL), from the clinical onset of the disease. In a previous study of different kinds of severe granulocytopenia, the AP positivity of circulating neutrophils appeared to indicate a kinetic parameter. Early release of mature, non-stored bone marrow granulocytes apparently furnished more AP+ neutrophils, whereas release of stored cells furnished more AP- cells. If we consider enzyme activity to indicate a kinetic parameter, its differential diagnostic usefulness would be less than generally supposed. One hundred and forty eight determinations in 74 CGL patients showed that low AP values are valid for CGL statistically, especially between the 2nd to 5th years of clinical disease, but normal or higher counts of circulating AP+ fraction of mature neutrophils could be found in one fourth of advanced cases (blastic metamorphosis excluded), and even more (17/37) in the earliest period of the CGL process. A similar tendency appears to be detectable in the absolute counts for circulating AP- cells.", "PMID": 1072210}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6990", "title": "Erythropoietin level in patients with acute leukaemia.", "content": "Erythropoietin level in the serum and urine of adult patients with acute leukaemia (AML, ALL, MML) was estimated by polycythaemic mouse bioassay in order to obtain more information about the associated anaemia. In AML and ALL patients the serum erythropoietin level as found to be increased and in a negative correlation with the blood haemoglobin concentration. In ALL patients erythropoietin in urine was increased regularly while in AML patients it was not. No correlation between the serum level and the urinary excretion of ESF, or between the blood Hb and the serum ESF, was found in MML patients. The results show that anaemia in leukaemia is not due to the low ESF level.", "contents": "Erythropoietin level in patients with acute leukaemia. Erythropoietin level in the serum and urine of adult patients with acute leukaemia (AML, ALL, MML) was estimated by polycythaemic mouse bioassay in order to obtain more information about the associated anaemia. In AML and ALL patients the serum erythropoietin level as found to be increased and in a negative correlation with the blood haemoglobin concentration. In ALL patients erythropoietin in urine was increased regularly while in AML patients it was not. No correlation between the serum level and the urinary excretion of ESF, or between the blood Hb and the serum ESF, was found in MML patients. The results show that anaemia in leukaemia is not due to the low ESF level.", "PMID": 1072211}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6991", "title": "Prazosin in the treatment of patients with hypertension and renal functional impairment.", "content": "Prazosin was used as an additional antihypertensive agent for treating 16 patients with hypertension and significant renal functional impairment. The drug was effective in 13 patients at a mean daily dose of 7.9 mg. The most important side effect of prazosin treatment was dizziness which occurred on standing or following exertion, and was seen either after the first dose or following a large increase in dose. This could be prevented by giving the very first dose of 0.5 mg late in the evening. Five patients complained of palpitations. In no patient was there a deterioration in renal function which could be attributed to prazosin. Five women had a significant improvement in renal function.", "contents": "Prazosin in the treatment of patients with hypertension and renal functional impairment. Prazosin was used as an additional antihypertensive agent for treating 16 patients with hypertension and significant renal functional impairment. The drug was effective in 13 patients at a mean daily dose of 7.9 mg. The most important side effect of prazosin treatment was dizziness which occurred on standing or following exertion, and was seen either after the first dose or following a large increase in dose. This could be prevented by giving the very first dose of 0.5 mg late in the evening. Five patients complained of palpitations. In no patient was there a deterioration in renal function which could be attributed to prazosin. Five women had a significant improvement in renal function.", "PMID": 1072280}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6992", "title": "Thyroid function following intravenous pyelography.", "content": "Thyroid function was assessed by total serum thyroxine, free thyroxine index and serum triiodothyronine immediately prior to intravenous pyelography in 105 female outpatients. The thyroid function tests were repeated two months later. Although all three parameters showed a statistically significant mean rise, the changes were small and not clinically significant. Two patients from the study population with a past history of thyrotoxicosis had a transient elevation in serum triiodothyronine but neither patient developed clinical features of hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "Thyroid function following intravenous pyelography. Thyroid function was assessed by total serum thyroxine, free thyroxine index and serum triiodothyronine immediately prior to intravenous pyelography in 105 female outpatients. The thyroid function tests were repeated two months later. Although all three parameters showed a statistically significant mean rise, the changes were small and not clinically significant. Two patients from the study population with a past history of thyrotoxicosis had a transient elevation in serum triiodothyronine but neither patient developed clinical features of hyperthyroidism.", "PMID": 1072281}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6993", "title": "Some perceived postgraduate education needs of house surgeons. Registrars and specialists.", "content": "In December 1974 questionnaires concerning postgraduate education were sent to all New Zealand medical practitioners. This paper refers to the replies from house-surgeons/registrars and from specialists. Fifty-seven percent of the house surgeons/registrars replied to their questionnaire. Nearly 70 percent of those who chose general practice expected to train vocationally for this discipline wholly in New Zealand, compared with nearly 60 percent of pathology/radiology and undecided candidates, and 20 to 35 percent of medical surgical and O and G candidates. On the average the house officers will expect full-time continuing medical education (CME) for about three weeks every one to three years and local CME for about three hours each week. Seventy percent of GP candidates and 30 percent of specialist candidates expected and full-time CME to be in New Zealand. Fifty-six percent of the specialists gave information. Only 14 percent had trained solely in New Zealand and 80 to 90 percent of physician and surgeon groups had trained beyond Australasia. Full-time CME amounted to about five days each year and local CME to about two hours each week. New Zealand CME was not rated highly, but visiting overseas specialists were regarded as essential by most respondents, as was travel overseas for vocational training and CME. Learning methods most preferred were reading, lectures followed by small group discussions and plenary sessions, and small groups using member expertise. Television, tapes and films were poorly regarded.", "contents": "Some perceived postgraduate education needs of house surgeons. Registrars and specialists. In December 1974 questionnaires concerning postgraduate education were sent to all New Zealand medical practitioners. This paper refers to the replies from house-surgeons/registrars and from specialists. Fifty-seven percent of the house surgeons/registrars replied to their questionnaire. Nearly 70 percent of those who chose general practice expected to train vocationally for this discipline wholly in New Zealand, compared with nearly 60 percent of pathology/radiology and undecided candidates, and 20 to 35 percent of medical surgical and O and G candidates. On the average the house officers will expect full-time continuing medical education (CME) for about three weeks every one to three years and local CME for about three hours each week. Seventy percent of GP candidates and 30 percent of specialist candidates expected and full-time CME to be in New Zealand. Fifty-six percent of the specialists gave information. Only 14 percent had trained solely in New Zealand and 80 to 90 percent of physician and surgeon groups had trained beyond Australasia. Full-time CME amounted to about five days each year and local CME to about two hours each week. New Zealand CME was not rated highly, but visiting overseas specialists were regarded as essential by most respondents, as was travel overseas for vocational training and CME. Learning methods most preferred were reading, lectures followed by small group discussions and plenary sessions, and small groups using member expertise. Television, tapes and films were poorly regarded.", "PMID": 1072282}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6994", "title": "Imported methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: a case report.", "content": "The first isolate of a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus at the Wellington Hospital was made on 31 March 1976, from a man who had emigrated from the United Kingdom in 1973. The infection was successfully treated with co-trimoxazole and fucidin. The epidemiological implications of this infection are discussed.", "contents": "Imported methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: a case report. The first isolate of a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus at the Wellington Hospital was made on 31 March 1976, from a man who had emigrated from the United Kingdom in 1973. The infection was successfully treated with co-trimoxazole and fucidin. The epidemiological implications of this infection are discussed.", "PMID": 1072283}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6995", "title": "Primary amoebic mengingoencephalitis contracted in a thermal tributary of the Waikato River--Taupo: a case report.", "content": "The case history and identification of the aetiological agent of a case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis contracted from a natural thermal steam is presented. The diagnosis and treatment of suspected cases is discussed.", "contents": "Primary amoebic mengingoencephalitis contracted in a thermal tributary of the Waikato River--Taupo: a case report. The case history and identification of the aetiological agent of a case of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis contracted from a natural thermal steam is presented. The diagnosis and treatment of suspected cases is discussed.", "PMID": 1072284}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6996", "title": "Hypercalcaemia in acute renal failure.", "content": "A case of myoglobinuric acute renal failure complicated by hypercalcaemia is reported. Data on 13 other such cases published in the English literature since 1964 are summarised. Hypercalcaemia appears to be uniquely confined to rhabdomyolysis-myoglobinuric acute renal failure. Serum calcium concentrations should be monitored in such patients.", "contents": "Hypercalcaemia in acute renal failure. A case of myoglobinuric acute renal failure complicated by hypercalcaemia is reported. Data on 13 other such cases published in the English literature since 1964 are summarised. Hypercalcaemia appears to be uniquely confined to rhabdomyolysis-myoglobinuric acute renal failure. Serum calcium concentrations should be monitored in such patients.", "PMID": 1072285}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6997", "title": "Psychological treatment of self-injury.", "content": "Behavioural treatment techniques were used for eliminating self-injurious behaviours of two mentally retarded patients. During treatment, each self-injurious response resulted in punishment followed by a timeout period and then differential reinforcement of other behaviours incompatible with self-injury. This procedure was effective in rapidly eliminating self-injury.", "contents": "Psychological treatment of self-injury. Behavioural treatment techniques were used for eliminating self-injurious behaviours of two mentally retarded patients. During treatment, each self-injurious response resulted in punishment followed by a timeout period and then differential reinforcement of other behaviours incompatible with self-injury. This procedure was effective in rapidly eliminating self-injury.", "PMID": 1072286}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6998", "title": "Alcoholism, life events, and psychiatric impairmant.", "content": "A sample of 122 DPs was compared to a \"normative\" sample of CSRs. The presentation of psychiatric disorder scores and numbers and kind of stressful life events was detailed. Results of this comparative analysis suggest that research that focuses on high psychiatric disorder-controlling for life events is in order. Furthermore, therapeutic intervention must obviously take into account the iterative nature of alcohol and stressful life events. Also, these findings suggest and support the role of life stress in the possible formation of alcoholism.", "contents": "Alcoholism, life events, and psychiatric impairmant. A sample of 122 DPs was compared to a \"normative\" sample of CSRs. The presentation of psychiatric disorder scores and numbers and kind of stressful life events was detailed. Results of this comparative analysis suggest that research that focuses on high psychiatric disorder-controlling for life events is in order. Furthermore, therapeutic intervention must obviously take into account the iterative nature of alcohol and stressful life events. Also, these findings suggest and support the role of life stress in the possible formation of alcoholism.", "PMID": 1072377}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_6999", "title": "Alcoholism and the child molester.", "content": "This study shows a high association among drinking, alcoholism, and child molestation. Forty-nine percent of the child molesters were drinking at the time of commission of the offense, and 34% were drinking heavily, defined as 10 or more beers or the equivalent. The alcoholism rate for the group was 52% based on the MAST or 33% based on the more stringent Pokorny shortened version of it. An interesting and unexpected finding was a statistically significantly lower incidence of drinking at the time of commission of the offense in male-child molesters compared with female-child molesters. In addition, the male-child molesters had a definitely lower alcoholism rate compared with female-child molesters. The importance of these findings for treatment programs is emphasized.", "contents": "Alcoholism and the child molester. This study shows a high association among drinking, alcoholism, and child molestation. Forty-nine percent of the child molesters were drinking at the time of commission of the offense, and 34% were drinking heavily, defined as 10 or more beers or the equivalent. The alcoholism rate for the group was 52% based on the MAST or 33% based on the more stringent Pokorny shortened version of it. An interesting and unexpected finding was a statistically significantly lower incidence of drinking at the time of commission of the offense in male-child molesters compared with female-child molesters. In addition, the male-child molesters had a definitely lower alcoholism rate compared with female-child molesters. The importance of these findings for treatment programs is emphasized.", "PMID": 1072381}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7000", "title": "Changing perceptions of self and spouse from sober to intoxicated state: implications for research into family factors that maintain alcohol abuse.", "content": "This paper has concentrated on reporting changes along eight dimensions of the Leary ICL in perception of self and of spouse between sober, as if intoxicated, and intoxicated conditions for couples with an alcoholic member. Major findings were that of a pilot sample of four couples, three couples showed significant changes in the responsible-hypernormal dimension, though not always in the same direction, that, otherwise, there were highly individualized patterns of change along the eight dimensions both for each couple and for each separate member of a couple, and that the ability of an individual to predict his or her experience of the intoxicated condition is highly variable, not only from couple to couple but also between husband and wife and even between one dimension and another for a given individual. Changes in congruence of these perceptions between husband and wife and their potential utility were also discussed. Advantages of conceptualizing alcoholism in interactional terms and the importance of developing research techniques that address the interactional variables were also discussed.", "contents": "Changing perceptions of self and spouse from sober to intoxicated state: implications for research into family factors that maintain alcohol abuse. This paper has concentrated on reporting changes along eight dimensions of the Leary ICL in perception of self and of spouse between sober, as if intoxicated, and intoxicated conditions for couples with an alcoholic member. Major findings were that of a pilot sample of four couples, three couples showed significant changes in the responsible-hypernormal dimension, though not always in the same direction, that, otherwise, there were highly individualized patterns of change along the eight dimensions both for each couple and for each separate member of a couple, and that the ability of an individual to predict his or her experience of the intoxicated condition is highly variable, not only from couple to couple but also between husband and wife and even between one dimension and another for a given individual. Changes in congruence of these perceptions between husband and wife and their potential utility were also discussed. Advantages of conceptualizing alcoholism in interactional terms and the importance of developing research techniques that address the interactional variables were also discussed.", "PMID": 1072382}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7001", "title": "Behavioral disorders in children with parental alcoholism.", "content": "The influence of parental alcoholism on the personalities of the children was studied by use of the Devereux Rating Scales to delineate problem behavior patterns. The subjects for the investigation were identified as a result of their parents being in treatment for alcoholism, and a control group matched for age, sex, race, family size, and socioeconomic status was utilized. The findings suggest that the presence of parental alcoholism acts as a serious deterrent to healthy personality development in the children, and the degree of disturbance in these individuals might be greater than previously suspected. Several implications of these observations are discussed, including the importance of considering alcohol abuse as a total family problem.", "contents": "Behavioral disorders in children with parental alcoholism. The influence of parental alcoholism on the personalities of the children was studied by use of the Devereux Rating Scales to delineate problem behavior patterns. The subjects for the investigation were identified as a result of their parents being in treatment for alcoholism, and a control group matched for age, sex, race, family size, and socioeconomic status was utilized. The findings suggest that the presence of parental alcoholism acts as a serious deterrent to healthy personality development in the children, and the degree of disturbance in these individuals might be greater than previously suspected. Several implications of these observations are discussed, including the importance of considering alcohol abuse as a total family problem.", "PMID": 1072384}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7002", "title": "Treatment outcome for earlier-phase alcoholics.", "content": "Employed alcoholics treated in a traditional inpatient alcoholism treatment program were classified by their alcoholism counselors as being in either the chronic phase or in earlier phases of alcoholism. Three-month follow-up data indicated that a significantly smaller proportion (41%) of the earlier-phase alcoholics than of the chronics (59%) were maintaining abstinence. Given abstinence as the primary success criterion, it must be concluded that earlier-phase alcoholics treated in this program were less successful than chronics. However, follow-up data also indicated that earlier-phase alcoholics were more likely than chronics to be controlling their drinking. These findings are discussed in light of the newly emerging paradigm of alcohol problems as a multidimensional rather than a unidimensional problem; it is suggested that success criteria be relaxed to include controlled or responsible drinking as acceptable treatment objectives and that experimental treatment programs, specifically for earlier-phase alcoholics, be initiated.", "contents": "Treatment outcome for earlier-phase alcoholics. Employed alcoholics treated in a traditional inpatient alcoholism treatment program were classified by their alcoholism counselors as being in either the chronic phase or in earlier phases of alcoholism. Three-month follow-up data indicated that a significantly smaller proportion (41%) of the earlier-phase alcoholics than of the chronics (59%) were maintaining abstinence. Given abstinence as the primary success criterion, it must be concluded that earlier-phase alcoholics treated in this program were less successful than chronics. However, follow-up data also indicated that earlier-phase alcoholics were more likely than chronics to be controlling their drinking. These findings are discussed in light of the newly emerging paradigm of alcohol problems as a multidimensional rather than a unidimensional problem; it is suggested that success criteria be relaxed to include controlled or responsible drinking as acceptable treatment objectives and that experimental treatment programs, specifically for earlier-phase alcoholics, be initiated.", "PMID": 1072388}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7003", "title": "Alcohol consumption during pregnancy as reported to the obstetrician and to an independent interviewer.", "content": "Data on the 67 women asked by this study and by their physician about their drinking indicate that most of them reported \"occasional\" consumption to the physician, no matter what their drinking behavior appeared to be as estimated by personal interview. That is, heavy drinkers (by the estimates of this study) underestimated and infrequent drinkers overestimated alcohol consumption relative to the personal interview when reporting to their physician. Becuase of the difficulty in classifying responses, a rather loose criterion of \"disagreement\" of the two estimates was established. About 10% of the women gave conflicting reports to the study interviewer and the physician by this criterion. In most cases of conflict, the report to the physician was lower. These data suggest that the reports of drinking to the physician were of limited usefulness, becuase all women tended to declare similar quantities. Furthermore, physician interrogation failed to detect almost all the heavier drinkers found by an independent interview.", "contents": "Alcohol consumption during pregnancy as reported to the obstetrician and to an independent interviewer. Data on the 67 women asked by this study and by their physician about their drinking indicate that most of them reported \"occasional\" consumption to the physician, no matter what their drinking behavior appeared to be as estimated by personal interview. That is, heavy drinkers (by the estimates of this study) underestimated and infrequent drinkers overestimated alcohol consumption relative to the personal interview when reporting to their physician. Becuase of the difficulty in classifying responses, a rather loose criterion of \"disagreement\" of the two estimates was established. About 10% of the women gave conflicting reports to the study interviewer and the physician by this criterion. In most cases of conflict, the report to the physician was lower. These data suggest that the reports of drinking to the physician were of limited usefulness, becuase all women tended to declare similar quantities. Furthermore, physician interrogation failed to detect almost all the heavier drinkers found by an independent interview.", "PMID": 1072394}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7004", "title": "Methadone and alcohol.", "content": "We have demonstrated the dangers of alcoholism that complicate methadone treatment of heroin addiction. In future papers, we will attempt to identify contributory factors and suggest interventionist techniques. In the final analysis, however, rehabilitation programs, vocational programs, and, above all, alleviation of the dreadful socioeconomic deprivations related to, among other factors, the racial bias under which most of these people have been born and have suffered during their lives will, in the long run, prove the most satisfactory means of reducing the heroin problem, except for a minority whose psychologic problems will then provide the irreducible minimum from which the majority of the addicts will come. As has so often been stated, the great drug problem in this country is alcoholism. We know that legal prohibition does not prevent the rise of alcoholism, and we know to our sorrow that not only does it give rise to enormous wealth and power to criminals and criminal gangs but that some of them are now also profiting from the great wealth to be made by dealing in heroin.", "contents": "Methadone and alcohol. We have demonstrated the dangers of alcoholism that complicate methadone treatment of heroin addiction. In future papers, we will attempt to identify contributory factors and suggest interventionist techniques. In the final analysis, however, rehabilitation programs, vocational programs, and, above all, alleviation of the dreadful socioeconomic deprivations related to, among other factors, the racial bias under which most of these people have been born and have suffered during their lives will, in the long run, prove the most satisfactory means of reducing the heroin problem, except for a minority whose psychologic problems will then provide the irreducible minimum from which the majority of the addicts will come. As has so often been stated, the great drug problem in this country is alcoholism. We know that legal prohibition does not prevent the rise of alcoholism, and we know to our sorrow that not only does it give rise to enormous wealth and power to criminals and criminal gangs but that some of them are now also profiting from the great wealth to be made by dealing in heroin.", "PMID": 1072398}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7005", "title": "Secondary prevention of alcoholism using a population of offenders arrested for driving while intoxicated.", "content": "The paper describes a comprehensive and objective evaluation of 2358 persons arrested in Philadelphia for driving while intoxicated. It was demonstrated that 63.8% of this population was involved with alcohol to an extent that a diagnosis of alcoholism was evident, and it is suggested that these persons are in need of intensive treatment to prevent further dependency on alcohol. It is significant that these persons were diagnosed as suffering from alcoholism because they had been arrested for DWI and referred for evaluation. They are considered to offer an excellent opportunity for early intervention of what might be a progressive disease process. The study utilizes four parameters on which a diagnosis of serious alcohol impairment is established. They are the blood alcohol concentration at the time of arrest, the quantity and frequency of alcohol intake, the behavior associated with the drinking, and the Eysenck Personality Inventory, which measures the degree of neuroticism found in these subjects. Problems in the establishment of a diagnosis of alcoholism in this particular population are presented, and the need for measurement with several instruments is emphasized. Through use of the techniques described, it is possible that specific treatment directions can be established based on particular patterns of alcoholism.", "contents": "Secondary prevention of alcoholism using a population of offenders arrested for driving while intoxicated. The paper describes a comprehensive and objective evaluation of 2358 persons arrested in Philadelphia for driving while intoxicated. It was demonstrated that 63.8% of this population was involved with alcohol to an extent that a diagnosis of alcoholism was evident, and it is suggested that these persons are in need of intensive treatment to prevent further dependency on alcohol. It is significant that these persons were diagnosed as suffering from alcoholism because they had been arrested for DWI and referred for evaluation. They are considered to offer an excellent opportunity for early intervention of what might be a progressive disease process. The study utilizes four parameters on which a diagnosis of serious alcohol impairment is established. They are the blood alcohol concentration at the time of arrest, the quantity and frequency of alcohol intake, the behavior associated with the drinking, and the Eysenck Personality Inventory, which measures the degree of neuroticism found in these subjects. Problems in the establishment of a diagnosis of alcoholism in this particular population are presented, and the need for measurement with several instruments is emphasized. Through use of the techniques described, it is possible that specific treatment directions can be established based on particular patterns of alcoholism.", "PMID": 1072400}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7006", "title": "Rural alcohol abuse.", "content": "One hundred and forty-eight rural males between the ages of 18 and 60 volunteered to be tested and were interviewed with a series of scales and background information items that were selected to predict alcohol abuse or nonabuse. The subjects were classified as Black abusers, Black nonabusers, White abusers, and White nonabusers. Major sections of the test and interview format included measures of achievement need, alienation, tolerance of deviance, leisure time, religious fundamentalism, general deviation, mobility, age, family size, and education. Criteria of abuse and nonabuse were based on interview information related to quantity consumed, circumstances for drinking, problems related to drinking, and a community estimate from references. Field research data across 32 Texas villages were used to develop recommendations for education, information, and treatment for strictly rural American areas. Analysis of variance methods identified significant differences between abusers and nonabusers on measures of tolerance of deviance, religious fundamentalism, general deviation, mobility, age, and education.", "contents": "Rural alcohol abuse. One hundred and forty-eight rural males between the ages of 18 and 60 volunteered to be tested and were interviewed with a series of scales and background information items that were selected to predict alcohol abuse or nonabuse. The subjects were classified as Black abusers, Black nonabusers, White abusers, and White nonabusers. Major sections of the test and interview format included measures of achievement need, alienation, tolerance of deviance, leisure time, religious fundamentalism, general deviation, mobility, age, family size, and education. Criteria of abuse and nonabuse were based on interview information related to quantity consumed, circumstances for drinking, problems related to drinking, and a community estimate from references. Field research data across 32 Texas villages were used to develop recommendations for education, information, and treatment for strictly rural American areas. Analysis of variance methods identified significant differences between abusers and nonabusers on measures of tolerance of deviance, religious fundamentalism, general deviation, mobility, age, and education.", "PMID": 1072403}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7007", "title": "Occlusive mesenteric infarction. A retrospective study of 83 cases.", "content": "Acute mesenteric infarction was diagnosed clinically or post mortem in 83 patients over a 10 years period in 4 surgical departments. The present study is concerned with 56 of these patients who suffered occlusive disease of the mesenteric vessels and on whom sufficient data were available. Of these 17, patients had presented at least one symptom of chronic intestinal ischemia before the fatal exacerbation. Of 42 patients treated surgically 14 had operations with curative intend and 3 patients, all with venous thrombosis, survived after small bowel resection. Only 19 percent of the patients who underwent surgery were treated within 24 hours after onset of symptoms. Early diagnosis promptly followed by surgery might save some patients. A radical improvement of survival rate can however no be expected for the acute cases. More attention should be paid to the syndrome of abdominal angina, as elective arterial reconstruction in patients with chronic intestinal ischemia carries a low mortality and renders satisfactory results.", "contents": "Occlusive mesenteric infarction. A retrospective study of 83 cases. Acute mesenteric infarction was diagnosed clinically or post mortem in 83 patients over a 10 years period in 4 surgical departments. The present study is concerned with 56 of these patients who suffered occlusive disease of the mesenteric vessels and on whom sufficient data were available. Of these 17, patients had presented at least one symptom of chronic intestinal ischemia before the fatal exacerbation. Of 42 patients treated surgically 14 had operations with curative intend and 3 patients, all with venous thrombosis, survived after small bowel resection. Only 19 percent of the patients who underwent surgery were treated within 24 hours after onset of symptoms. Early diagnosis promptly followed by surgery might save some patients. A radical improvement of survival rate can however no be expected for the acute cases. More attention should be paid to the syndrome of abdominal angina, as elective arterial reconstruction in patients with chronic intestinal ischemia carries a low mortality and renders satisfactory results.", "PMID": 1072544}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7008", "title": "Acute mesenteric infarction caused by small vessel disease.", "content": "A case of acute mesenteric infarction caused by small vessel disease is reported. The patient recovered after 2 operations by which extensive bowel-resections were performed. The resected bowel showed intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis of the small mesenteric arteries. Since also thrombocytosis and increased platelet aggregation was demonstrated the main cause of thrombosis however is supposed to be hypercoagulability.", "contents": "Acute mesenteric infarction caused by small vessel disease. A case of acute mesenteric infarction caused by small vessel disease is reported. The patient recovered after 2 operations by which extensive bowel-resections were performed. The resected bowel showed intimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis of the small mesenteric arteries. Since also thrombocytosis and increased platelet aggregation was demonstrated the main cause of thrombosis however is supposed to be hypercoagulability.", "PMID": 1072545}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7009", "title": "Arterial embolism in the upper limb.", "content": "Upper extremity embolectomy was carried out in 20 patients. Two patients died postoperatively of their primary disease. Of the remaining 18 patients 10 had embolectomy performed within 12 hours after the onset of symptoms, 8 of these had excellent results and 2 had fair results. Eight patients were embolectomized after 12 hours, 2 had excellent results, 2 had fair results, 2 poor results and 2 had the forearm amputated.", "contents": "Arterial embolism in the upper limb. Upper extremity embolectomy was carried out in 20 patients. Two patients died postoperatively of their primary disease. Of the remaining 18 patients 10 had embolectomy performed within 12 hours after the onset of symptoms, 8 of these had excellent results and 2 had fair results. Eight patients were embolectomized after 12 hours, 2 had excellent results, 2 had fair results, 2 poor results and 2 had the forearm amputated.", "PMID": 1072546}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7010", "title": "High occlusion of the abdominal aorta.", "content": "In the period 1969-1976 27 patients have been operated for high occlusion of the abdominal aorta. The patients had a high frequency of concomitant arteriosclerotic involvement of other parts of the cardiovascular system. The over all mortality was 11 per cent, the 3 deaths were all related to simultaneous operation on the renal arteries. The renal arteries were not operated upon in the other 24 cases. The operative morbidity was low and the prognosis is good as there have been no late death, and 83 per cent of the patients are free of recurrence throughout the follow-up period (mean 2.1 years, range 3 months-7 years).", "contents": "High occlusion of the abdominal aorta. In the period 1969-1976 27 patients have been operated for high occlusion of the abdominal aorta. The patients had a high frequency of concomitant arteriosclerotic involvement of other parts of the cardiovascular system. The over all mortality was 11 per cent, the 3 deaths were all related to simultaneous operation on the renal arteries. The renal arteries were not operated upon in the other 24 cases. The operative morbidity was low and the prognosis is good as there have been no late death, and 83 per cent of the patients are free of recurrence throughout the follow-up period (mean 2.1 years, range 3 months-7 years).", "PMID": 1072547}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7011", "title": "Rehabilitation after arterial reconstruction of the lower limbs. A four to six years follow-up study.", "content": "The social fate of 105 patients was followed 4 to 6 years after arterial reconstruction of the arteries of the lower limbs. At the time of operation half of the patients had ischemic symptoms at rest. None died, and none were amputated as a result of the arterial reconstruction. In 84 per cent the operation aimed at restoring the working-capacity including the ability to do housework. In 11 per cent the aim was preservation of personal independence. Five per cent had non-disabling claudication. In 60 per cent the working-capacity was restored, and only 5 per cent were confined to nursing care. At the end of the follow-up period 74 per cent of the patients were alive, and of these 50 per cent had retained their working-capacity. Forty-five per cent were personal independent pensioners and 5 per cent were confined to nursing care. The majority of senescent patients, threatened by amputation of the lower limbs, will retain their personal independence after arterial reconstruction. The socioeconomic importance of this fact is stressed.", "contents": "Rehabilitation after arterial reconstruction of the lower limbs. A four to six years follow-up study. The social fate of 105 patients was followed 4 to 6 years after arterial reconstruction of the arteries of the lower limbs. At the time of operation half of the patients had ischemic symptoms at rest. None died, and none were amputated as a result of the arterial reconstruction. In 84 per cent the operation aimed at restoring the working-capacity including the ability to do housework. In 11 per cent the aim was preservation of personal independence. Five per cent had non-disabling claudication. In 60 per cent the working-capacity was restored, and only 5 per cent were confined to nursing care. At the end of the follow-up period 74 per cent of the patients were alive, and of these 50 per cent had retained their working-capacity. Forty-five per cent were personal independent pensioners and 5 per cent were confined to nursing care. The majority of senescent patients, threatened by amputation of the lower limbs, will retain their personal independence after arterial reconstruction. The socioeconomic importance of this fact is stressed.", "PMID": 1072548}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7012", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of induced hypercarbia during halothane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia.", "content": "The effect of induced hypercarbia on the cardiovascular system during steady-state halothane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia was investigated in 4 male patients without cardiac disease. Heart rate, cardiac index, systemic and pulmonary blood pressures rose as pCO2 was increased. Stroke volume, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance remained unchanged. Oxygen consumption decreased and oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood increased. In conclusion the primary effect of hypercarbia was an increased heart rate and a resultant increase of cardiac output. The pressure changes merely reflect the effect on cardiac output. Under these circumstances a regulatory role of mixed venous pO2 on cardiac output is highly unlikely.", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of induced hypercarbia during halothane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia. The effect of induced hypercarbia on the cardiovascular system during steady-state halothane-nitrous oxide anaesthesia was investigated in 4 male patients without cardiac disease. Heart rate, cardiac index, systemic and pulmonary blood pressures rose as pCO2 was increased. Stroke volume, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance remained unchanged. Oxygen consumption decreased and oxygen saturation of mixed venous blood increased. In conclusion the primary effect of hypercarbia was an increased heart rate and a resultant increase of cardiac output. The pressure changes merely reflect the effect on cardiac output. Under these circumstances a regulatory role of mixed venous pO2 on cardiac output is highly unlikely.", "PMID": 1072549}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7013", "title": "Experimental hydronephrosis. An electrophysiologic investigation before and after release of obstruction.", "content": "Pelvi-ureteric function was studied in pigs with experimental urinary tract obstruction, and again, 5 weeks after relief of the obstruction. Study parameters comprised EMG records taken from pelvis and ureter, measurements of intrapelvic pressure and urine flow, and some supplementary studies of renal function. Total obstruction of 5 and 6 weeks duration induced by cuffing the proximal ureter occasioned severe hydronephrosis and renal failure. Pelvic peristaltic activity was of low frequency, and abnormality was clearly more marked after the longer period of obstruction. There was, for example, some preservation of pelvi-ureteric synergism at 5 weeks, but at 6 weeks ureteric activity was wholly autonomous. Pelvic function was similarly isolated, and non productive. Inspection 5 weeks after reconstruction by pelvis resection and neo-anastomosis of the ureter showed continued absence of renal function and no restitution of normal peristaltic patterns. Partial obstruction, effected by implantation of the ureter in the psoas muscle, induced mild pelvic dilatation and impaired renal function, but there were only minor signs of disruption of normal anterograde pelvi-ureteric activity - irregularities, pauses in activity, and double activity complexes. When the ureter was freed functional patterns returned to normal. Both during obstruction and after relief, pelvic pressure increases during forced diuresis were the equivalent of or lower than the pre-determined norm. Cautery at the pelvi-ureteric junction destroyed the musculature and induced a progressive (fibrous stenosis. There was progressive dissociation of pelvi-ureteric activity, total when obstruction was total in which case ureteric activity was only autonomous, and partial when obstruction was partial in which case varying degrees of synergism and autonomous activity were seen. Successful reconstruction (pelvic resection and neo-anastomosis of the ureter) restored an apparent synergism in pelvi-ureteric function.", "contents": "Experimental hydronephrosis. An electrophysiologic investigation before and after release of obstruction. Pelvi-ureteric function was studied in pigs with experimental urinary tract obstruction, and again, 5 weeks after relief of the obstruction. Study parameters comprised EMG records taken from pelvis and ureter, measurements of intrapelvic pressure and urine flow, and some supplementary studies of renal function. Total obstruction of 5 and 6 weeks duration induced by cuffing the proximal ureter occasioned severe hydronephrosis and renal failure. Pelvic peristaltic activity was of low frequency, and abnormality was clearly more marked after the longer period of obstruction. There was, for example, some preservation of pelvi-ureteric synergism at 5 weeks, but at 6 weeks ureteric activity was wholly autonomous. Pelvic function was similarly isolated, and non productive. Inspection 5 weeks after reconstruction by pelvis resection and neo-anastomosis of the ureter showed continued absence of renal function and no restitution of normal peristaltic patterns. Partial obstruction, effected by implantation of the ureter in the psoas muscle, induced mild pelvic dilatation and impaired renal function, but there were only minor signs of disruption of normal anterograde pelvi-ureteric activity - irregularities, pauses in activity, and double activity complexes. When the ureter was freed functional patterns returned to normal. Both during obstruction and after relief, pelvic pressure increases during forced diuresis were the equivalent of or lower than the pre-determined norm. Cautery at the pelvi-ureteric junction destroyed the musculature and induced a progressive (fibrous stenosis. There was progressive dissociation of pelvi-ureteric activity, total when obstruction was total in which case ureteric activity was only autonomous, and partial when obstruction was partial in which case varying degrees of synergism and autonomous activity were seen. Successful reconstruction (pelvic resection and neo-anastomosis of the ureter) restored an apparent synergism in pelvi-ureteric function.", "PMID": 1072550}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7014", "title": "Morphology of the upper urinary tract in experimental hydronephrosis in pigs.", "content": "In the light of electrophysiologic findings in obstructions of the upper urinary tract in pigs, the morphological changes in kidneys, pelvices and ureters were evaluated. Gross anatomical and light and electron microscopical studies were undertaken. In total obstructions severe damage to the parenchyma was seen after 5 to 6 weeks independent of the way the obstruction was obtained. Pelvic musculature was rapidly destructed. After reconstruction performed as dismembered pyeloplasty no regeneration was registered neither in the parenchyma, in pelvic musculature or at the site of the anastomosis. In partial obstruction there were minimal to moderate changes both in parenchyma and in musculature and no signs of regression after reconstruction or relief of the obstruction. Also in these cases there were no muscular regeneration at the site of the anastomosis. When morphology was compared to electrophysiological findings a good correlation was found.", "contents": "Morphology of the upper urinary tract in experimental hydronephrosis in pigs. In the light of electrophysiologic findings in obstructions of the upper urinary tract in pigs, the morphological changes in kidneys, pelvices and ureters were evaluated. Gross anatomical and light and electron microscopical studies were undertaken. In total obstructions severe damage to the parenchyma was seen after 5 to 6 weeks independent of the way the obstruction was obtained. Pelvic musculature was rapidly destructed. After reconstruction performed as dismembered pyeloplasty no regeneration was registered neither in the parenchyma, in pelvic musculature or at the site of the anastomosis. In partial obstruction there were minimal to moderate changes both in parenchyma and in musculature and no signs of regression after reconstruction or relief of the obstruction. Also in these cases there were no muscular regeneration at the site of the anastomosis. When morphology was compared to electrophysiological findings a good correlation was found.", "PMID": 1072551}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7015", "title": "Predictive value of renography and i.v. urography  for the outcome of reconstructive surgery in patients with hydronephrosis.", "content": "Intravenous urography and isotope renography studies were made in 54 patients with hydronephrosis. Thirty six of these patients underwent reconstructive surgery and were also studied postoperatively. Both studies gave more or less consistent results - that is to say evaluations of renal function and drainage from each individual study were similar - but no individual parameter was of any specific significance in the selection of patients for therapy. Points were allocated to each parameter, and after summing these points for each individual patient, 3 groupings became apparent: a low count group - patients with pelvectasia but normal renal function:a middle count group - patients with certain hydronephrosis; and a high count group with severe hydronephrosis, and markedly impaired renal function. Post-operatively, renal function was unaltered or mildly reduced in group 1, and improved in groups 2 and 3, though the differences were not statistically significant. It was hoped that the studied would allow differentiation between patients of the low count group, but the conundrum remains - which of them can be categorized as normal variants, and which were in fact displaying early pathological signs of essentially progressive disease.", "contents": "Predictive value of renography and i.v. urography  for the outcome of reconstructive surgery in patients with hydronephrosis. Intravenous urography and isotope renography studies were made in 54 patients with hydronephrosis. Thirty six of these patients underwent reconstructive surgery and were also studied postoperatively. Both studies gave more or less consistent results - that is to say evaluations of renal function and drainage from each individual study were similar - but no individual parameter was of any specific significance in the selection of patients for therapy. Points were allocated to each parameter, and after summing these points for each individual patient, 3 groupings became apparent: a low count group - patients with pelvectasia but normal renal function:a middle count group - patients with certain hydronephrosis; and a high count group with severe hydronephrosis, and markedly impaired renal function. Post-operatively, renal function was unaltered or mildly reduced in group 1, and improved in groups 2 and 3, though the differences were not statistically significant. It was hoped that the studied would allow differentiation between patients of the low count group, but the conundrum remains - which of them can be categorized as normal variants, and which were in fact displaying early pathological signs of essentially progressive disease.", "PMID": 1072552}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7016", "title": "Percutaneous intrapelvic pressure registration in hydronephrosis during diuresis.", "content": "Percutaneous registration of renal pelvis pressure was undertaken successfully in 17 of 22 patients with unilateral hydronephrosis. Intrapelvic pressure was registered continuously during diuresis induced by mannitol and Urografin. In 10 cases additional increase in urine flow was induced by administration of furosemide. Ureteric urine flow was recorded through a cystoscopically introduced catheter on the side under investigation in 7 cases. The basic pressure was on average 12 mmHg and more than 20 mmHg in 2 cases only. No correlation was found between baseline pressure and degree of hydronephrosis. The intrapelvic pressure rose during forced diuresis with a few exceptions within normal limits. No correlation was demonstrated between pressure rise and renographically estimated kidney function. Pelvic peristaltic activity was detectable in only 3 cases. It is concluded that preoperative registration of renal pelvic pressure during diuresis as performed in this study is of no value in selection of the method of treatment in patients with hydronephrosis.", "contents": "Percutaneous intrapelvic pressure registration in hydronephrosis during diuresis. Percutaneous registration of renal pelvis pressure was undertaken successfully in 17 of 22 patients with unilateral hydronephrosis. Intrapelvic pressure was registered continuously during diuresis induced by mannitol and Urografin. In 10 cases additional increase in urine flow was induced by administration of furosemide. Ureteric urine flow was recorded through a cystoscopically introduced catheter on the side under investigation in 7 cases. The basic pressure was on average 12 mmHg and more than 20 mmHg in 2 cases only. No correlation was found between baseline pressure and degree of hydronephrosis. The intrapelvic pressure rose during forced diuresis with a few exceptions within normal limits. No correlation was demonstrated between pressure rise and renographically estimated kidney function. Pelvic peristaltic activity was detectable in only 3 cases. It is concluded that preoperative registration of renal pelvic pressure during diuresis as performed in this study is of no value in selection of the method of treatment in patients with hydronephrosis.", "PMID": 1072553}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7017", "title": "Dynamics of upper urinary tract in man. Peroperative electrophysiological findings in patients with manifest or suspected hydronephrosis.", "content": "In 31 patients undergoing surgery in treatment of hydronephrosis, peroperative pelvic pressure measurements were made. EMG records were taken from pelvis and ureter, and occasional measurements of urine flow were made. In 6 instances these studies were also made in the contralateral \"normal\" kidney, but in 2 of these patients the diseased kidney was not studied. Pelvic pressure during antidiuresis in these 6 \"normal\" kidneys was about 5 mmHg, and pelvic activity of frequency 5/min. Pelvi-ureteric impulse transmission was anterograde and conduction times were constant. Conduction ratios varied. During forced diuresis mild pelvic pressure rises were seen together with transient increase in pelvic activity over the period of pressure increase. In the studies of hydronephrotic kidneys no significant differences were seen in pelvic pressure of frequency of pelvic activity compared with the \"normal\" kidney studies, but impulse transmission was markedly disturbed, manifest by varying conduction times, and, on occasion, total dissociation of activity within the pelvis, and between the pelvis and ureter. The more severe the degree of hydronephrosis, the more marked the disturbance. The findings are similar to those made in experiments with pigs after establishment of varying degrees of urine flow obstruction.", "contents": "Dynamics of upper urinary tract in man. Peroperative electrophysiological findings in patients with manifest or suspected hydronephrosis. In 31 patients undergoing surgery in treatment of hydronephrosis, peroperative pelvic pressure measurements were made. EMG records were taken from pelvis and ureter, and occasional measurements of urine flow were made. In 6 instances these studies were also made in the contralateral \"normal\" kidney, but in 2 of these patients the diseased kidney was not studied. Pelvic pressure during antidiuresis in these 6 \"normal\" kidneys was about 5 mmHg, and pelvic activity of frequency 5/min. Pelvi-ureteric impulse transmission was anterograde and conduction times were constant. Conduction ratios varied. During forced diuresis mild pelvic pressure rises were seen together with transient increase in pelvic activity over the period of pressure increase. In the studies of hydronephrotic kidneys no significant differences were seen in pelvic pressure of frequency of pelvic activity compared with the \"normal\" kidney studies, but impulse transmission was markedly disturbed, manifest by varying conduction times, and, on occasion, total dissociation of activity within the pelvis, and between the pelvis and ureter. The more severe the degree of hydronephrosis, the more marked the disturbance. The findings are similar to those made in experiments with pigs after establishment of varying degrees of urine flow obstruction.", "PMID": 1072554}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7018", "title": "Renal pelvic function following total alloplastic replacement of ureter in pigs. Electrophysiology, renal function and morphology.", "content": "Total replacement of one ureter was under-taken in pigs. After an observation period of 2-3 months further studies were made. Pelvic peristaltic activity as reflected by pelvic pressure waves and electrical activity was indistinguishable from that in normal pigs. In particular, retrograde activity was not observed. It appears that ureteric peristalsis is not a prerequisite of normal pelvic function. Providing only that the calibre is sufficient, function of a ureteric prosthesis is satisfactory, and no changes in kidney or pelvis function and morphology are apparent.", "contents": "Renal pelvic function following total alloplastic replacement of ureter in pigs. Electrophysiology, renal function and morphology. Total replacement of one ureter was under-taken in pigs. After an observation period of 2-3 months further studies were made. Pelvic peristaltic activity as reflected by pelvic pressure waves and electrical activity was indistinguishable from that in normal pigs. In particular, retrograde activity was not observed. It appears that ureteric peristalsis is not a prerequisite of normal pelvic function. Providing only that the calibre is sufficient, function of a ureteric prosthesis is satisfactory, and no changes in kidney or pelvis function and morphology are apparent.", "PMID": 1072555}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7019", "title": "Late results from mucosal denudation for urinary bladder papillomatosis.", "content": "The study comprises 16 patients who during the period 1965-1972 underwent mucosal denudation (stripping) for multiple, highly differentiated, non-invasive bladder papillomas. No major complications to the operation were seen. In 3 of the 16 patients histological examination of the operative specimen revealed a more malignant tumour than found on preoperative biopsy. During the observation period, which averaged 4 years, the disease recurred in 10 of the 16 patients. In 4 of them, repeated biopsy showed a more malignant tumour than did the operative specimen. The study moreover demonstrated that following mucosal stripping, pronounced bladder contracture occurred in all the patients and dilatation of the upper urinary tracts in half of them. These serious complications mean that even if the disease does not recur, a reasonably normal life for the patient is unattainable. The method, consequently, cannot be recommended.", "contents": "Late results from mucosal denudation for urinary bladder papillomatosis. The study comprises 16 patients who during the period 1965-1972 underwent mucosal denudation (stripping) for multiple, highly differentiated, non-invasive bladder papillomas. No major complications to the operation were seen. In 3 of the 16 patients histological examination of the operative specimen revealed a more malignant tumour than found on preoperative biopsy. During the observation period, which averaged 4 years, the disease recurred in 10 of the 16 patients. In 4 of them, repeated biopsy showed a more malignant tumour than did the operative specimen. The study moreover demonstrated that following mucosal stripping, pronounced bladder contracture occurred in all the patients and dilatation of the upper urinary tracts in half of them. These serious complications mean that even if the disease does not recur, a reasonably normal life for the patient is unattainable. The method, consequently, cannot be recommended.", "PMID": 1072556}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7020", "title": "Total cystectomy and cutaneous uretero-ileostomy following supervoltage radiotherapy for bladder carcinoma.", "content": "Cutaneous uretero-ileostomy was performed on 59 patients previously given irradiation at a dose of 6000 rads as a curative treatment. In 47 patients the urinary diversion was combined with total cystectomy. The indication for operation was residual tumour and/or subjective symptoms. It is concluded that radical surgery following super-voltage radiotherapy is possible, but implies a high lethality and severe complications. The prognosis is especially poor in patients who at the time of surgery have invasive malignant tumours. In our opinion, the operation should be done only if necessitated by severe subjective symptoms and not on the sole indication of residual tumour.", "contents": "Total cystectomy and cutaneous uretero-ileostomy following supervoltage radiotherapy for bladder carcinoma. Cutaneous uretero-ileostomy was performed on 59 patients previously given irradiation at a dose of 6000 rads as a curative treatment. In 47 patients the urinary diversion was combined with total cystectomy. The indication for operation was residual tumour and/or subjective symptoms. It is concluded that radical surgery following super-voltage radiotherapy is possible, but implies a high lethality and severe complications. The prognosis is especially poor in patients who at the time of surgery have invasive malignant tumours. In our opinion, the operation should be done only if necessitated by severe subjective symptoms and not on the sole indication of residual tumour.", "PMID": 1072557}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7021", "title": "Anaesthesia for cystoscopy. A comparative study of 3 methods of intravenous anaesthesia: diazepam-fentanyl, thiomebumal and althesin.", "content": "Three different methods of anaesthesia for diagnostic cystoscopy are compared in randomly divided series of 100 males each. Group I received diazepam-fentanyl supplemented with Althesin in case of therapeutic transurethral procedures. Group II had thiomebumalnatrium-N2O-O2 and group III had althesin-N2O-O2. Group I had no premedication while the two others were premedicated with morphine-scopolamine mixture. The period during and after anaesthesia was observed independently by the urologist, the anaesthetist, the nurses on the ward and by interviewing the patient the day after the cystoscopy. The anaesthetist was the only one who knew the method to be used. Diazepam-fentanyl proved to give sufficient analgesia. This combination offered the shortest and most uncomplicated period of recovery. Five patients given diazepam-fentanyl remembered the cystoscopy as being painful. All these cases could be related to insufficient coordination of anaesthesia and cystoscopy, which seems to be of major importance for this method.", "contents": "Anaesthesia for cystoscopy. A comparative study of 3 methods of intravenous anaesthesia: diazepam-fentanyl, thiomebumal and althesin. Three different methods of anaesthesia for diagnostic cystoscopy are compared in randomly divided series of 100 males each. Group I received diazepam-fentanyl supplemented with Althesin in case of therapeutic transurethral procedures. Group II had thiomebumalnatrium-N2O-O2 and group III had althesin-N2O-O2. Group I had no premedication while the two others were premedicated with morphine-scopolamine mixture. The period during and after anaesthesia was observed independently by the urologist, the anaesthetist, the nurses on the ward and by interviewing the patient the day after the cystoscopy. The anaesthetist was the only one who knew the method to be used. Diazepam-fentanyl proved to give sufficient analgesia. This combination offered the shortest and most uncomplicated period of recovery. Five patients given diazepam-fentanyl remembered the cystoscopy as being painful. All these cases could be related to insufficient coordination of anaesthesia and cystoscopy, which seems to be of major importance for this method.", "PMID": 1072558}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7022", "title": "Duplication of the inferior vena cava in retrocaval ureter. A case of peroperative urodynamic investigation.", "content": "A patient with partial duplication of the inferior vena cava and a retrocaval ureter was preoperatively studied by uro-cavography and renography. Peroperatively intrapelvic pressure measurements were made, and simultaneous EMG recordings were taken from the pelvis, and from the ureter proximal and distal to the retrocaval segment. The electrophysiological activity was normal with normal anterograde impulse transmission. Renal pelvic pressure and pressure increase during forced diuresis was within a normal range.", "contents": "Duplication of the inferior vena cava in retrocaval ureter. A case of peroperative urodynamic investigation. A patient with partial duplication of the inferior vena cava and a retrocaval ureter was preoperatively studied by uro-cavography and renography. Peroperatively intrapelvic pressure measurements were made, and simultaneous EMG recordings were taken from the pelvis, and from the ureter proximal and distal to the retrocaval segment. The electrophysiological activity was normal with normal anterograde impulse transmission. Renal pelvic pressure and pressure increase during forced diuresis was within a normal range.", "PMID": 1072559}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7023", "title": "Right ovarian vein syndrome. A case with pre- and peroperative electromyographic registration of ureteral activity.", "content": "Electrophysiological studies of ureteral function in a patient with right ovarian vein syndrome demonstrated intermittent antiperistalsis as reflected from pre-operative endoureteral activity recordings. The antiperistalsis was related to the patient intermittent right flank pain. Per-operative EMG and pressure measurements revealed that the antiperistalsis apparently arose from the area of obstruction and caused pressure waves of higher amplitude than those seen during normal anterograde peristaltic activity. After section of the vein, exclusively anterograde peristalsis was observed, and at 3 month follow-up, the patient was free of right side colics.", "contents": "Right ovarian vein syndrome. A case with pre- and peroperative electromyographic registration of ureteral activity. Electrophysiological studies of ureteral function in a patient with right ovarian vein syndrome demonstrated intermittent antiperistalsis as reflected from pre-operative endoureteral activity recordings. The antiperistalsis was related to the patient intermittent right flank pain. Per-operative EMG and pressure measurements revealed that the antiperistalsis apparently arose from the area of obstruction and caused pressure waves of higher amplitude than those seen during normal anterograde peristaltic activity. After section of the vein, exclusively anterograde peristalsis was observed, and at 3 month follow-up, the patient was free of right side colics.", "PMID": 1072560}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7024", "title": "Appendico-vesical fistula. A new case and a brief review of the literature.", "content": "A new case of appendico-vesical fistula is submitted. After a brief review of the literature, it is concluded that these fistulas usually manifest themselves clinically in recurrent urinary infections without gastro-intestinal symptoms. The best aids in the difficult diagnosis are cystography and cystoscopy. Treatment is by appendectomy and excision of the fistular opening.", "contents": "Appendico-vesical fistula. A new case and a brief review of the literature. A new case of appendico-vesical fistula is submitted. After a brief review of the literature, it is concluded that these fistulas usually manifest themselves clinically in recurrent urinary infections without gastro-intestinal symptoms. The best aids in the difficult diagnosis are cystography and cystoscopy. Treatment is by appendectomy and excision of the fistular opening.", "PMID": 1072561}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7025", "title": "Complete sagittal septum of the bladder. A case report.", "content": "A case of complete sagittal septum of the bladder, successfully treated by resection of the septum is reported. The literature of this rare malformation is reviewed and alternate surgical procedures are discussed with regards to bladder function and continence.", "contents": "Complete sagittal septum of the bladder. A case report. A case of complete sagittal septum of the bladder, successfully treated by resection of the septum is reported. The literature of this rare malformation is reviewed and alternate surgical procedures are discussed with regards to bladder function and continence.", "PMID": 1072562}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7026", "title": "Renal vein renin ratio. Predictive value in renal and renovascular hypertension.", "content": "Renal vein renin ratios were determined in hypertensive patients, 19 with renal artery stenosis, 7 with renal artery occlusion and 13 with unilateral renal hypoplasia. Twenty-one of these patients were treated surgically. Renal vein renin ratios of greater than or equal to 1.5 were associated with high frequency of operative success, but ratios less than 1.5 by no means excluded good surgical results.", "contents": "Renal vein renin ratio. Predictive value in renal and renovascular hypertension. Renal vein renin ratios were determined in hypertensive patients, 19 with renal artery stenosis, 7 with renal artery occlusion and 13 with unilateral renal hypoplasia. Twenty-one of these patients were treated surgically. Renal vein renin ratios of greater than or equal to 1.5 were associated with high frequency of operative success, but ratios less than 1.5 by no means excluded good surgical results.", "PMID": 1072563}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7027", "title": "[The socio-medical significance of chronic rheumatoid arthritis (proceedings)].", "content": "The last figures, portraying to the cost complex concerning rheumatism, have been released by the Austrian Health Insurance Organisation. Attention is called to the problem of unauthorized sick leave and to the cooperation of all pertinently concerned, with regards controlling cost inflation.", "contents": "[The socio-medical significance of chronic rheumatoid arthritis (proceedings)]. The last figures, portraying to the cost complex concerning rheumatism, have been released by the Austrian Health Insurance Organisation. Attention is called to the problem of unauthorized sick leave and to the cooperation of all pertinently concerned, with regards controlling cost inflation.", "PMID": 1072576}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7028", "title": "Transovarial transmission of LaCrosse virus in Aedes triseriatus.", "content": "As part of a continuing investigation on the ecology of LaCrosse virus in Wisconsin, field and laboratory studies were conducted to explore the possibility that the virus is transmitted transovarially in A. triseriatus mosquitoes. In laboratory experiments, A. triseriatus mosquitoes were infected by ingesting LaCrosse virus in defibrinated blood. LaCrosse virus was recovered from F1 eggs, larvae, and adults that originated from the infected parent mosquitoes. In a subsequent field study aimed at determining if transovarial transmission accounted for the survival of LaCrosse virus during the winter season, larvae that originated from overwintering A. triseriatus eggs were collected from a LaCrosse virus enzootic area in southwestern Wisconsin. LaCrosse virus was isolated from these larvae and from adult A. triseriatus that were reared from field-collected larvae. These findings strongly imply that A. triseriatus is the reservoir of LaCrosse virus and that transovarial transmission is the mechanism responsible for the maintenance of the virus during the winter season in the north central region of the United States.", "contents": "Transovarial transmission of LaCrosse virus in Aedes triseriatus. As part of a continuing investigation on the ecology of LaCrosse virus in Wisconsin, field and laboratory studies were conducted to explore the possibility that the virus is transmitted transovarially in A. triseriatus mosquitoes. In laboratory experiments, A. triseriatus mosquitoes were infected by ingesting LaCrosse virus in defibrinated blood. LaCrosse virus was recovered from F1 eggs, larvae, and adults that originated from the infected parent mosquitoes. In a subsequent field study aimed at determining if transovarial transmission accounted for the survival of LaCrosse virus during the winter season, larvae that originated from overwintering A. triseriatus eggs were collected from a LaCrosse virus enzootic area in southwestern Wisconsin. LaCrosse virus was isolated from these larvae and from adult A. triseriatus that were reared from field-collected larvae. These findings strongly imply that A. triseriatus is the reservoir of LaCrosse virus and that transovarial transmission is the mechanism responsible for the maintenance of the virus during the winter season in the north central region of the United States.", "PMID": 1072592}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7029", "title": "Symbiosis and attenuation.", "content": "Parasitic protozoa and bacteria transmitted by vector insects and ticks resist destruction in the intermediate host, possibly through the possession of antigens similar to those of the host. There is no evidence that symbiotic microorganisms have evolved similar eclipsed antigens. Symbiotes are protected from destruction by the natural lytic agents in the host, because they remain for the most part inside special cells that have lost the ability to recognize the symbiotes as \"nonself.\" Metallic ions may play an important role in attenuation through their effect on cell membranes and on the release of lytic agents. The symbiotes of insects are useful and interesting subjects for studying attenuation.", "contents": "Symbiosis and attenuation. Parasitic protozoa and bacteria transmitted by vector insects and ticks resist destruction in the intermediate host, possibly through the possession of antigens similar to those of the host. There is no evidence that symbiotic microorganisms have evolved similar eclipsed antigens. Symbiotes are protected from destruction by the natural lytic agents in the host, because they remain for the most part inside special cells that have lost the ability to recognize the symbiotes as \"nonself.\" Metallic ions may play an important role in attenuation through their effect on cell membranes and on the release of lytic agents. The symbiotes of insects are useful and interesting subjects for studying attenuation.", "PMID": 1072593}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7030", "title": "In vivo behavior of a Sindbis virus mutant isolated from persistently infected Aedes aegypti cell cultures.", "content": "A mutant of the Sindbis virus SV-S was found to interfere with the regular course of infection by the wild strain of the virus SV-W in A. aegypti mosquitoes and in suckling mice. In mosquitoes, this result was manifested by a reduced titer of SV-W in the presence of SV-S and by a failure of the mosquitoes to transmit SV-W. In the brains of suckling mice, in the presence of SV-S, the growth of sc inoculated SV-W was suppressed, and as a result, the usually lethal course of infection by this virus was converted into a nonlethal one.", "contents": "In vivo behavior of a Sindbis virus mutant isolated from persistently infected Aedes aegypti cell cultures. A mutant of the Sindbis virus SV-S was found to interfere with the regular course of infection by the wild strain of the virus SV-W in A. aegypti mosquitoes and in suckling mice. In mosquitoes, this result was manifested by a reduced titer of SV-W in the presence of SV-S and by a failure of the mosquitoes to transmit SV-W. In the brains of suckling mice, in the presence of SV-S, the growth of sc inoculated SV-W was suppressed, and as a result, the usually lethal course of infection by this virus was converted into a nonlethal one.", "PMID": 1072594}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7031", "title": "Arbovirus infection of vertebrate and insect cell cultures, with special emphasis on Mokola, Obodhiang, and kotonkan viruses of the rabies serogroup.", "content": "Multiplication of rabies serogroup viruses, Obodhiang and kotonkan (two presumptive arboviruses), was induced in vertebrate cell cultures with Singh's A. albopictus cell cultures used as \"helper cells\" in cocultivation experiments. Plaque formation without prior in vitro adaptation was induced in Vero cell cultures with eight rabies serogroup viruses: in all five instances by cocultivation of either infected BHK-21 or A. albopictus cells with Vero cells under agar overlay and in three of eight instances by direct plaque assay of infected mouse brain suspensions. In cross-plaque reduction neutralization tests with cloned viruses that represented human pathogens, rabies, Duvenhage, and Mokola, on the one hand, and the presumptive arboviruses Obodhiang and kotonkan, on the other hand, Mokola virus shared common antigenic components with both the nonarboviruses and the arboviruses. Biologically, Mokola virus was different from the other two human pathogens, rabies and Duvenhage, in that it multiplied in both vertebrate and invertebrate cell cultures. Mokola virus thus appears to be the biologic and serologic bridging agent.", "contents": "Arbovirus infection of vertebrate and insect cell cultures, with special emphasis on Mokola, Obodhiang, and kotonkan viruses of the rabies serogroup. Multiplication of rabies serogroup viruses, Obodhiang and kotonkan (two presumptive arboviruses), was induced in vertebrate cell cultures with Singh's A. albopictus cell cultures used as \"helper cells\" in cocultivation experiments. Plaque formation without prior in vitro adaptation was induced in Vero cell cultures with eight rabies serogroup viruses: in all five instances by cocultivation of either infected BHK-21 or A. albopictus cells with Vero cells under agar overlay and in three of eight instances by direct plaque assay of infected mouse brain suspensions. In cross-plaque reduction neutralization tests with cloned viruses that represented human pathogens, rabies, Duvenhage, and Mokola, on the one hand, and the presumptive arboviruses Obodhiang and kotonkan, on the other hand, Mokola virus shared common antigenic components with both the nonarboviruses and the arboviruses. Biologically, Mokola virus was different from the other two human pathogens, rabies and Duvenhage, in that it multiplied in both vertebrate and invertebrate cell cultures. Mokola virus thus appears to be the biologic and serologic bridging agent.", "PMID": 1072596}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7032", "title": "Neutralization of a togavirus by antivector antisera.", "content": "An A. aegypti-propagated togavirus (Sindbis) is neutralized by antisera to both whole-body extracts and to salivary fluid of the vector mosquito. Virus propagated in Vero cells is not neutralized by such antisera. Neutralizing activity resides in the immune globulin fraction of sera. Sera from animals injected with adjuvant neutralized neither virus propagated in mosquitoes nor virus obtained from Vero cells. Although neutralizing titers were low, such activity may protect, to some degree, vertebrate hosts normally exposed to vector antigens.", "contents": "Neutralization of a togavirus by antivector antisera. An A. aegypti-propagated togavirus (Sindbis) is neutralized by antisera to both whole-body extracts and to salivary fluid of the vector mosquito. Virus propagated in Vero cells is not neutralized by such antisera. Neutralizing activity resides in the immune globulin fraction of sera. Sera from animals injected with adjuvant neutralized neither virus propagated in mosquitoes nor virus obtained from Vero cells. Although neutralizing titers were low, such activity may protect, to some degree, vertebrate hosts normally exposed to vector antigens.", "PMID": 1072597}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7033", "title": "Genetic studies of pathologic conditions and susceptibility to infection in Biomphalaria glabrata.", "content": "During studies on the genetics of variation in susceptibility of B. galbrata to infection with S. mansoni, four types of proliferative amoebocytic accumulations have been observed. They occur in four different clonal stocks of B. glabrata, beginning as amoebocytic aggregations, namely, in the atrial cavity, pericardial cavity, periaortic space, and hemocoel between the stomach and intestine. Persistent amoebocytic accumulations involve the sinuses around the stomach, intestine, and hepatopancreas. In these snails, nests of undifferentiated cells occur in the anterior pericardial wall, which is considered to be a hemopoietic area. Crossing experiments indicate the involvement of genetic factors, possibly in combination with infectious agents.", "contents": "Genetic studies of pathologic conditions and susceptibility to infection in Biomphalaria glabrata. During studies on the genetics of variation in susceptibility of B. galbrata to infection with S. mansoni, four types of proliferative amoebocytic accumulations have been observed. They occur in four different clonal stocks of B. glabrata, beginning as amoebocytic aggregations, namely, in the atrial cavity, pericardial cavity, periaortic space, and hemocoel between the stomach and intestine. Persistent amoebocytic accumulations involve the sinuses around the stomach, intestine, and hepatopancreas. In these snails, nests of undifferentiated cells occur in the anterior pericardial wall, which is considered to be a hemopoietic area. Crossing experiments indicate the involvement of genetic factors, possibly in combination with infectious agents.", "PMID": 1072601}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7034", "title": "[Myelomonocytic chloroleukemia. Histochemical evaluation of two observations].", "content": "A myelosarcoma was diagnosed in the bioptic excision of an eight year old boy's middle ear. An autopsy of this case as well as that of a 47 year old man revealed the presence of tumoriform chloroleukaemia. The histochemical positivity of naphthol AS-D-chloracetate-esterase and NaF-sensitive non-specific esterase showed the simultaneous double differentiation of tumour cells thus serving as evidence of their myelomonocytic nature. The first observation also revealed the presence of atypical eosinophil leucocytes with PAS-positive, naftol AS-D-chloracetate-esterase-negative granules. Both observations brought evidence of the reticular as well as tumour cells showing signs of erythrocytophagia which may have a share in the development of the tumour tissue green coloration.", "contents": "[Myelomonocytic chloroleukemia. Histochemical evaluation of two observations]. A myelosarcoma was diagnosed in the bioptic excision of an eight year old boy's middle ear. An autopsy of this case as well as that of a 47 year old man revealed the presence of tumoriform chloroleukaemia. The histochemical positivity of naphthol AS-D-chloracetate-esterase and NaF-sensitive non-specific esterase showed the simultaneous double differentiation of tumour cells thus serving as evidence of their myelomonocytic nature. The first observation also revealed the presence of atypical eosinophil leucocytes with PAS-positive, naftol AS-D-chloracetate-esterase-negative granules. Both observations brought evidence of the reticular as well as tumour cells showing signs of erythrocytophagia which may have a share in the development of the tumour tissue green coloration.", "PMID": 1072607}
{"id": "pubmed23n0035_7035", "title": "The stiff man syndrome: a psychiatric disease?", "content": "Although the Stiff Man Syndrome has been traditionally viewed as a neurologic disorder, a number of recent articles have documented a pattern of familial, interpersonal, and intrapsychic stress which suggests that this disease may be, to a considerable degree, psychosomatic in origin. The present paper reviews several recent articles and focuses on a single case study. Although the medical diagnosis was earlier confirmed, an in-depth psychiatric evaluation and extensive psychological assessment showed many psychopathological concomitants associated with the severe muscle spasm and stiffness. A follow-up after about a year of group and individual psychotherapy showed that the symptoms were still in remission, and that the patient was functioning personally and occupationally on a significantly improved level.", "contents": "The stiff man syndrome: a psychiatric disease? Although the Stiff Man Syndrome has been traditionally viewed as a neurologic disorder, a number of recent articles have documented a pattern of familial, interpersonal, and intrapsychic stress which suggests that this disease may be, to a considerable degree, psychosomatic in origin. The present paper reviews several recent articles and focuses on a single case study. Although the medical diagnosis was earlier confirmed, an in-depth psychiatric evaluation and extensive psychological assessment showed many psychopathological concomitants associated with the severe muscle spasm and stiffness. A follow-up after about a year of group and individual psychotherapy showed that the symptoms were still in remission, and that the patient was functioning personally and occupationally on a significantly improved level.", "PMID": 1072608}